Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, Volume 2D: Catalogs for Metals and Related Remains from Ban Chiang, Ban Tong, Ban Phak Top, and Don Klang 9780934718691

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BAN CHIANG, NORTHEAST THAILAND, VOLUME 2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS FROM BAN CHIANG, BAN TONG, BAN PHAK TOP, AND DON KLANG

Frontispiece  Four aspects of metal artifact analysis: metallography, photography, crucible analysis, and formal illustration.

thai archaeology monograph series Series editor, Joyce C. White

Pietrusewsky, Michael, and Michele Toomay Douglas Ban Chiang, A Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand I: The Human Skeletal Remains, 2002. White, Joyce C, and Elizabeth G Hamilton, editors Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, 2A: Background to the Study of the Metal Remains, 2018. White, Joyce C, and Elizabeth G Hamilton, editors Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, 2B: Metals and Related Evidence from Ban Chiang, Ban Tong, Ban Phak Top, and Don Klang, 2018. White, Joyce C, and Elizabeth G Hamilton, editors Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, 2C: The Metal Remains in Regional Context, 2019. White, Joyce C, and Elizabeth G Hamilton, editors Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, 2D: Catalogs for Metals and Related Remains from Ban Chiang, Ban Tong, Ban Phak Top, and Don Klang, 2021.

University Museum Monograph 157

BAN CHIANG, NORTHEAST THAILAND, VOLUME 2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS FROM BAN CHIANG, BAN TONG, BAN PHAK TOP, AND DON KLANG Joyce C. White and Elizabeth G. Hamilton, editors

university of pennsylvania museum of archaeology and anthropology philadelphia

library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Names: White, Joyce C., 1952- editor. | Hamilton, Elizabeth G. (Elizabeth Garrett), editor. Title: Ban Chiang, northeast Thailand. Volume 2D, Catalogs for metals and related remains from Ban Chiang, Ban Tong, Ban Phak Top, and Don Klang / Joyce C. White and Elizabeth G. Hamilton, editors. Other titles: Volume 2D. Catalogs for metals and related remains from Ban Chiang, Ban Tong, Ban Phak Top, and Don Klang Identifiers: LCCN 2021009994 | ISBN 9781931707930 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781934536995 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Metal-work, Prehistoric--Thailand--Ban Chiang (Udon Thani)--Catalogs. | Antiquities, Prehistoric--Thailand--Ban Chiang (Udon Thani)--Catalogs. | Excavations (Archaeology)--Thailand--Ban Chiang (Udon Thani)--Catalogs. | Ban Chiang (Udon Thani, Thailand)--Antiquities--Catalogs. Classification: LCC GN778.32.T5 B363 2021 | DDC 016. 9593/021--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021009994

© 2021 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved Published 2021 Distributed for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology by the University of Pennsylvania Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper.

dedication This volume is dedicated to the people of Ban Chiang village. They have graciously hosted research and researchers over the decades from the 1960s, including Joyce White’s stay in 1979–1981. They are also commended for strategically developing their special heritage asset, resulting in a charming and renowned venue for Thai citizens and international visitors to learn about the ancient past of Ban Chiang and northeast Thailand. One resident in particular should be mentioned, Angkhana Boonpong, who has been Joyce’s friend for forty years. Angkhana is recognized for tirelessly championing her village, the Ban Chiang Project, the Ban Chiang National Museum, and more for decades. Her devotion to encouraging Ban Chiang in all its dimensions to be the best it can be is a model for heritage managers at the local level, now and in the future.

Acknowledgments

A

‌comprehensive review of persons and entities who have contributed to the re‌search program for Ban Chiang generally, including the metals study, is presented in the preface of TAM 2A and is not reiterated here. However, brief acknowledgments are noted for persons who, in one way or another, were particularly instrumental in the content and creation of this volume. Christine Sherman provided the first template for the artifact catalogs and compiled the crucible catalog many years ago, which greatly assisted the development of subsequent drafts. Vincent Pigott’s use of the metals collection in his University of Pennsylvania courses on archaeometallurgy in the 1980s led to a particularly large sample of artifacts with mounted and polished samples. Alissa Hinckley was the first to recognize the importance of the classes of flat, wire/rods, and amorphous, thus providing organizational structure for the majority of artifacts in the study collection. Alissa also contributed technical studies for many artifacts from the tested sites in her work for her M.A. thesis at the University of Bradford. Metallurgist Samuel Nash of the Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology (MASCA) worked closely with archaeometallurgist Elizabeth Hamilton on the interpretation of the photomicrographs, and his expertise in the use of different etchants to bring out structural details in polished metal surfaces is deeply appreciated. Stuart Fleming, Scientific Director of the Penn Museum’s MASCA section and Charles Swann of the Bartol Research Institute at the University of Delaware, provided via PIXE most of the elemental analyses for the copper-base artifacts. William Vernon pioneered the study of crucibles in Thai archaeology and his detailed study of the crucible sherds provided the insightful observations for these artifacts in the catalogs. Most of the drawings were done by work-study students at the University of Pennsylvania, and Ardeth Anderson and Vivian Wolovitz also contributed drawings. Ardeth has worked with great dedication on preparing all drawings for publication as well as layout. Janice Cross’s assistance with editing the manuscript greatly helped move this volume along to completion. Page Selinsky’s ever patient efforts in creating a final product with clarity and beauty is greatly appreciated. As reviewed in TAM 2A’s preface, various sources of funds supported the work throughout the project, but special thanks go to the Henry Luce Foundation, Inc., for their grant in the late 1990s that specifically supported monograph preparation. Those funds allowed Elizabeth Hamilton to systematically reanalyze the study collection presented here.

Contents



acknowledgments

list of figures list of tables

1

introduction to the catalogs of metals and related remains from ban chiang, ban phak top, ban tong, and don klang

2

catalog of metals and crucibles: ban chiang (bc and bces)

vi xi xvii

1

Contents and Organization 1 The Sites: Ban Chiang, Ban Phak Top, Ban Tong, and Don Klang 1 Chronology 2 Context Types: Grave Goods versus Non-grave Good Artifacts 2 Artifact Class, Type, and Subtype 3 Key to Individual Catalog Entries 7

11

Lower Early Period Grave Good Metals 11 Bangles 11 Points 12 Lower Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 13 Wire/Rods 13 Flat Artifacts 13 Amorphous Artifacts 14 Crucibles 15 Upper Early Period Grave Good Metals 16 Adze/Axes 16 Bangles 16 Upper Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 17 Bangles 17 Blades 18 Points 18 Wire/Rods 19 Flat Artifacts 19 Amorphous Artifacts 20

viii

CONTENTS

Crucibles 23 Early Period–Middle Period Grave Good Metals 24 Bangles 24 Early Period–Middle Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 25 Bangles 25 Blades 27 Points 28 Wire/Rods 28 Flat Artifacts 28 Amorphous Artifacts 29 Crucibles 32 Middle Period Grave Good Metals 36 Bangles 36 Blades 40 Points 41 Middle Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 41 Bangles 41 Blades 42 Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts 43 Wire/Rods 43 Flat Artifacts 45 Amorphous Artifacts 46 Crucibles 50 Middle Period–Late Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 57 Bangles 57 Bells 59 Blades 59 Points 60 Wire/Rods 60 Flat Artifacts 61 Amorphous Artifacts 62 Crucibles 64 Late Period Grave Good Metals 66 Bangles 66 Blades 67 Points 68 Wire/Rods 69 Late Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 70 Bangles 70 Bells 73 Blades 73 Points 74 Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts 74 Wire/Rods 75 Flat Artifacts 75 Amorphous Artifacts 79 Crucibles 82

CONTENTS

ix

Late Period–Protohistoric Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 84 Adze/Axes 84 Bangles 84 Bells 85 Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts 85 Flat Artifacts 85 Amorphous Artifacts 86 Crucibles 86 No Assigned Period 86 Crucibles 86

3

catalog of metals and crucibles from the tested sites: ban phak top, ban tong, and don klang

88

Ban Phak Top Upper Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 88 Bangles 88 Flat Artifacts 89 Amorphous Artifacts 89 Crucibles 90 Late Period Non-grave Good Metals 90 Points 90 Wire/Rods 90 Flat Artifacts 91 Amorphous Artifacts 91 Ban Tong Lower Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 91 Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts 91 Wire/Rods 91 Amorphous Artifacts 92 Crucibles 92 Upper Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 93 Bangles 93 Points 93 Wire/Rods 93 Flat Artifacts 95 Amorphous Artifacts 97 Crucibles 101 Middle Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 102 Bangles 102 Wire/Rods 102 Flat Artifacts 104 Amorphous Artifacts 104 Crucibles 105 Middle Period–Late Period Non-grave Good Metals 105 Wire/Rods 105

x

CONTENTS

Amorphous Artifacts 106 Late Period–Protohistoric Period Non-grave Good Metals 106 Bangles 106 Blades 106 Flat Artifacts 106 Don Klang Early Period–Middle Period Non-grave Good Metals 107 Wire/Rods 107 Amorphous Artifacts 107 Late Period Grave Good Metals 107 Adze/Axes 107 Blades 108 Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts 109 Late Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 109 Bangles 109 Bells 111 Wire/Rods 111 Flat Artifacts 118 Amorphous Artifacts 118 Crucibles 120 Late Period–Protohistoric Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles 121 Bells 121 Wire/Rods 121 Flat Artifacts 122 Amorphous Artifacts 122 No Assigned Period 122 Crucibles 122

4

catalog of analyzed crucible and slag prills (ban chiang) Middle Period Late Period

123 123 124

5

metals from prehistoric contexts not included in the catalogs 125

6

illustrations of selected metals and crucibles

126

7

photomicrographs of analyzed metals

152

8

introduction to the concordance tables

203

concordance tables references

205 291

Figures

EP = Early Period MP = Middle Period LP = Late Period Four aspects of metal artifact analysis 1 Bangle terminology 2 Bangle types based on cross sections of bangle shafts 3 Point terminology 4.1 Ban Chiang lower EP selected grave good metals 4.2 Ban Chiang lower EP selected non-grave good metals and crucibles 5 Ban Chiang upper EP grave good metals 6 Ban Chiang upper EP selected non-grave good metals and crucibles 7 Ban Chiang EP–MP grave good metals 8 Ban Chiang EP–MP selected non-grave good metals and crucibles 9 Ban Chiang MP selected grave good metals (1 of 3) 10 Ban Chiang MP selected grave good metals (2 of 3) 11 Ban Chiang MP selected grave good metals (3 of 3) 12 Ban Chiang MP selected non-grave good metals (1 of 2) 13 Ban Chiang MP selected non-grave good metals (2 of 2) and crucibles 14 Ban Chiang MP–LP selected non-grave good metals (1 of 2) 15 Ban Chiang MP–LP selected non-grave good metals (2 of 2) and crucibles 16 Ban Chiang LP selected grave good metals (1 of 3) 17 Ban Chiang LP selected grave good metals (2 of 3) 18 Ban Chiang LP selected grave good metals (3 of 3) 19 Ban Chiang LP selected non-grave good metals (1 of 3) 20 Ban Chiang LP selected non-grave good metals (2 of 3) 21 Ban Chiang LP selected non-grave good metals (3 of 3) and crucibles 22 Ban Chiang LP–Protohistoric selected non-grave good metals 23.1 Ban Phak Top selected upper EP non-grave good metals

Frontispiece 4 5 6 127 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146

xii

FIGURES

23.2 24.1 24.2 25.1 25.2 25.3 26 27 28

Ban Phak Top selected LP non-grave good metal Ban Tong lower EP selected non-grave good metals Ban Tong upper EP selected non-grave good metals Ban Tong MP selected non-grave good metals Ban Tong MP–LP selected non-grave good metal Ban Tong LP–Protohistoric selected non-grave good metals Don Klang LP grave good metals Don Klang LP selected non-grave good metals Don Klang LP–Protohistoric selected non-grave good metals

146 147 147 148 148 148 149 150 151

Photomicrographs 29a 29b 29c 29d 30a 30b 30c 30d 31a 31b 32a 32b 32c 32d 33a 33b 33c 33d 34a 34b 34c 34d 35a 35b 35c 35d 36a 36b 36c 36d 37a 37b 37c 37d 38a 38b 39a 39b

Lower EP grave good bronze bangle BCES 526/1592 (100x) Lower EP grave good bronze bangle BCES 596A/1984 (200x) Lower EP grave good bronze spear point BCES 762/2834 (blade) (100x) Lower EP grave good bronze spear point BCES 762/2834 (socket) (100x) Lower EP non-grave good bronze rod BCES 621/2031 (100x) Lower EP non-grave good copper-base flat BC 687/1100 (100x) Lower EP non-grave good copper-base flat BCES 2037/2804 (400x) Lower EP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 601/2021 (200x) Upper EP grave good bronze adze/axe BC 694/1203A (200x) Upper EP grave good bronze bangle BC 693D/1203A (100x) Upper EP non-grave good bronze bangle BC 679A/1071 (100x) Upper EP non-grave good copper-base bangle BC 2168/1115 (200x) Upper EP non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 649/2173 (200x) Upper EP non-grave good bronze point BCES 741/2625 (400x) Upper EP non-grave good copper-base rod BCES 528/1595 (200x) Upper EP non-grave good bronze flat BCES 546/1662 (100x) Upper EP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 660/952 (100x) Upper EP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 538/1617 (100x) EP–MP grave good bronze bangle BC 708A/1594 (100x) EP–MP grave good copper-base bangle BC 709A/1594 (200x) EP–MP non-grave good copper-base bangle BC 713/893A (100x) EP–MP non-grave good copper-base bangle BC 713/893A (600x) EP–MP non-grave good copper-base bangle BC 2155/702 (100x) EP–MP non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 488/1408 (100x) EP–MP non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 609/2069 (100x) EP–MP non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 616/2097 (400x) EP–MP non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 617/2097 (200x) EP–MP non-grave good arsenical tin bronze rod BCES 486/1395 (100x) EP–MP non-grave good arsenical tin bronze rod BCES 486/1395 (600x) EP–MP non-grave good copper-base flat BC 656B/928 (100x) EP–MP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 647A/890 (100x) EP–MP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 649/896 (100x) EP–MP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 677/1052 (100x) EP–MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 678A/1063B (100x) EP–MP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 719/1589 (100x) EP–MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 2163/804B (100x) MP grave good bronze bangle BCES 490/1286 (100x) MP grave good bronze bangle BCES 491/1286 (100x)

153 153 153 153 154 154 154 154 155 155 156 156 156 156 157 157 157 157 158 158 158 158 159 159 159 159 160 160 160 160 161 161 161 161 162 162 163 163

FIGURES

39c 39d 40a 40b 40c 40d 41a 41b 41c 41d 42a 42b 42c 42d 43a 43b 43c 43d 44a 44b 44c 44d 45a 45b 45c 45d 46a 46b 46c 46d 47a 47b 47c 47d 48a 48b 48c 48d 49a 49b 49c 49d 50a 50b 50c 50d 51a 51b 51c

MP grave good bronze bangle BCES 591/1981 (100x) MP grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 395A/1115 (200x) MP grave good bronze bangle BCES 395B/1115 (100x) MP grave good bronze-iron point BCES 548/1582 (160x) MP non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 1229/1077 (200x) MP non-grave good bronze blade BCES 480/1367 (100x) MP non-grave good copper-base rod BC 698B/1426 (400x) MP non-grave good bronze rod BC 2188/530 (200x) MP non-grave good bronze rod BCES 502/1460 (100x) MP non-grave good bronze flat BCES 1230/1118 (200x) MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 613/582 (100x) MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 621/676 (100x) MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 621/676 (200x) MP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 652/912 (100x) MP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 698A/1426 (100x) MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 342/934 (200x) MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 364/1010 (400x) MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 517/1533 (400x) MP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BCES 729/2548 (100x) MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 807/2576 (100x) MP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 820/2743 (400x) MP non-grave good bronze/copper amorphous BCES 1402/1320 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 272/715 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 288/775 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 288/775 (400x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 302/799 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 317/863 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 332/899 (200x) MP–LP non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 359B/996 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good copper-base rod BCES 312/854 (200x) MP–LP non-grave good copper-base wire BCES 1188/748 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze flat BCES 742/2635 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 2123/811 (200x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 278/729 (400x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 299A/791 (200x) MP–LP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BCES 351/952 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BCES 414/1182 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 415/1183 (100x) LP grave good high-tin bronze bangle BC 720B/918 (100x) LP grave good iron point BCES 426B/1222 (500x) LP grave good iron point BCES 749/2669 (200x) LP grave good iron point BCES 1205/850 (100x) LP grave good high-tin bronze wire BC 633/770 (400x) LP grave good high-tin bronze wire BC 2161A/781 (200x) LP grave good high-tin bronze wire BC 2208/918 (200x) LP grave good high-tin bronze wire BC 2208/918 (400x) LP non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BC 604A/492 (400x) LP non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BC 2156/322 (100x) LP non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 205/379 (100x)

xiii

163 163 164 164 164 164 165 165 165 165 166 166 166 166 167 167 167 167 168 168 168 168 169 169 169 169 170 170 170 170 171 171 171 171 172 172 172 172 173 173 173 173 174 174 174 174 175 175 175

xiv

FIGURES

51d LP non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 219/439 (100x) 52a LP non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 238/490 (100x) 52b LP non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 252/620 (200x) 52c LP non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 253/595A (100x) 52d LP non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 269/672 (200x) 53a LP non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 799/2549 (100x) 53b LP non-grave good high-tin bronze miscellaneous BC 2207/355 (200x) 53c LP non-grave good copper-base wire BCES 735/2601 (100x) 53d LP non-grave good copper-base flat BC 602/284 (100x) 54a LP non-grave good copper-base flat BCES 226A/448 (100x) 54b LP non-grave good impure copper flat BCES 237/516 (200x) 54c LP non-grave good copper-base flat BCES 268/671 (100x) 54d LP non-grave good copper-base flat BCES 2009/391 (100x) 55a LP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 603/471 (100x) 55b LP non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 609/539 (400x) 55c LP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 703/1545 (100x) 55d LP non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 708/2436 (200x) 56a LP–Protohistoric Period non-grave good bronze flat BC 601/277 (100x) 56b LP–Protohistoric Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 2167/365 (100x) 57a Upper EP non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BPT 16/69 (100x) 57b Upper EP non-grave good bronze bangle BPT 22/84 (100x) 57c Upper EP non-grave good bronze bangle BPT 57/107 (100x) 57d Upper EP non-grave good bronze flat BPT 14B/67 (40x) 58a Upper EP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BPT 14A/67 (100x) 58b Upper EP non-grave good bronze amorphous BPT 23/79 (100x) 58c Upper EP non-grave good bronze amorphous BPT 27/85 (100x) 59a Lower EP non-grave good bronze wire BT 889/1694 (200x) 59b Lower EP non-grave good antimonial leaded arsenical copper amorphous BT 905/1716 (600x) 59c Upper EP non-grave good bronze wire BT 582/1396 (100x) 59d Upper EP non-grave good impure copper wire BT 853/1634 (400x) 60a Upper EP non-grave good bronze flat BT 532/1173 (100x) 60b Upper EP non-grave good copper-base flat BT 533/1175 (100x) 60c Upper EP non-grave good bronze flat BT 534/1176 (200x) 60d Upper EP non-grave good copper-base flat BT 798/1558 (100x) 61a Upper EP non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 607/1420 (400x) 61b Upper EP non-grave good arsenical tin bronze amorphous BT 615/1426 (100x) 61c Upper EP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BT 623/1439 (100x) 61d Upper EP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BT 700/1492 (100x) 62a Upper EP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BT 716/1502 (100x) 62b Upper EP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BT 731/1513 (100x) 62c Upper EP non-grave good impure copper amorphous BT 812/1581 (100x) 62d Upper EP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BT 814/1582 (100x) 63a Upper EP non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 822/1588 (100x) 63b Upper EP non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 859/1639 (100x) 63c MP non-grave good bronze bangle BT 514/1108 (100x) 63d MP non-grave good bronze wire BT 508/1081 (400x) 64a MP non-grave good bronze wire BT 509/1083 (200x)

175 176 176 176 176 177 177 177 177 178 178 178 178 179 179 179 179 180 180 181 181 181 181 182 182 182 183 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 185 185 185 185 186 186 186 186 187 187 187 187 188

FIGURES

64b 64c 64d 65a 65b 65c 65d 66a 66b 67a 67b 67c 67d 68a 68b 68c 69a 69b 69c 69d 70a 70b 70c 70d 71a 71b 71c 71d 72a 72b 72c 72d 73a 73b 73c 73d 74a 74b 74c 74d 75a 75b 75c 75d 76a 76b 76c 76d 77a

MP non-grave good impure copper rod BT 541/1214 (100x) MP non-grave good copper-base wire BT 551/1296 (100x) MP non-grave good bronze rod BT 555/1303 (400x) MP non-grave good copper-base wire BT 565/1325 (100x) MP non-grave good copper-base amorphous BT 564/1324 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good copper-base wire BT 498/923 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze rod BT 506/982 (100x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 496/910 (200x) MP–LP non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 496/910 (100x) LP grave good iron adze/axe DK 283/445 (100x) LP grave good iron adze/axe DK 283/445 (600x) LP grave good iron adze/axe DK 302/457 (600x) LP grave good iron adze/axe DK 302/457 (200x) LP grave good iron blade DK 255A/400 (100x) LP grave good iron blade DK 255B/400 (100x) LP grave good iron miscellaneous DK 256/400 (100x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze bangle DK 209A/381 (200x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze bangle DK 209B/381 (200x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze bangle DK 214/388 (100x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze bangle DK 219/388 (400x) LP non-grave good bronze bangle DK 236/394 (100x) LP non-grave good copper-base bangle DK 285/426 (100x) LP non-grave good copper-base bell DK 211/380 (200x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 113/306 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 120/310 (200x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 126/320 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 126/320 (100x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 127/339 (200x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 128/318 (200x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 134/328 (100x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 135/328 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 141/327 (100x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 146/329 (100x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 146/329 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 149/329 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 151/331 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 153/332 (400x) LP non-grave good probable high-tin bronze wire DK 176A/362 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 176B/362 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 178/364 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 218/388 (100x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 261A/405 (200x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 261B/405 (100x) LP non-grave good copper-base rod DK 294/439 (100x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 295/436 (400x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze amorphous DK 155/331 (100x) LP non-grave good high-tin bronze amorphous DK 155/331 (400x) LP non-grave good bronze amorphous DK 265/416 (100x) LP–Protohistoric Period non-grave good copper-base bell

xv

188 188 188 189 189 189 189 190 190 191 191 191 191 192 192 192 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 195 195 195 195 196 196 196 196 197 197 197 197 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200

xvi

FIGURES

77b 77c 77d 78a 78b 78c

DK 341/285 (100x) LP–Protohistoric Period non-grave good high-tin bronze flat DK 109/287 (200x) MP copper-base slag prill BCES 382A/1073 (400x) MP high-tin bronze crucible prill BCES 2020A/1982 (400x) MP impure copper crucible prill BCES 2020B/1982 (100x) LP impure copper crucible prill BC 987A/1005A (100x) LP leaded copper crucible prill BC 987B/1005A (400x)

201 201 201 201 202 202 202

Tables

1 Modern or Historic Metals Recovered from Prehistoric Contexts 2 Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID 3 Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period 4 Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period 5 Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact ID 6 Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Period 7 Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period

125 205 224 242 260 270 280

1 Introduction to the Catalogs of Metals and Related Remains from Ban Chiang, Ban Phak Top, Ban Tong, and Don Klang

T

hese catalogs bring together artifact-specific information for the collection of metals and metal-related remains excavated from four sites in northeast Thailand in 1974–1975 by the Penn Museum (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology) and Fine Arts Department of Thailand. This volume completes the four-volume suite devoted to the study and analysis of this collection in terms of its contribution to understanding the metal age of Thailand from diverse perspectives, including technology; cultural, social, and economic roles of metals; and economic organization of metal production and metal product manufacturing. The volume is best used alongside the previously published volumes of the Thai Archaeology Monograph Series (TAM) that present, among other topics, chronological framework and excavation methodology (TAM 2A, chapter 2), typology (TAM 2B, chapter 3), technical analyses (TAM 2B, chapter 4), lead isotope studies (TAM 2C, chapter 3), and full data on human remains including age, sex, pathologies, and skeletal completeness (TAM 1).

Contents and Organization The catalogs organize the object-specific entries for the metal and crucible artifacts in the study collection in a hierarchy of five nested levels: first by sites, then chronological period, context category, artifact class, and finally material (copper-base alloy, bimetallic, or iron). This organization facilitates the

reader’s sense of the corpus of archaeometallurgical evidence present at each individual site for each period present in the site’s sequence, including both grave goods and objects recovered outside of graves. The entire corpus of 639 copper-base, bimetallic, and iron artifacts and 102 crucibles from the four sites is presented in two catalogs. Because the authors believe that no metal assemblage can be assessed unless the full range and number of artifacts is included in the assessment, the catalogs list and describe even small amorphous copper-base pieces, which were likely casting drippings and thus byproducts of metal artifact manufacture (TAM 2B:56). The analyses of four crucible prills and one slag prill are described in the Prill Catalog.

The Sites: Ban Chiang, Ban Phak Top, Ban Tong, and Don Klang The artifacts from Ban Chiang are presented in the first catalog. These include artifacts from both the BC locale excavated in 1974, and the BCES (Ban Chiang Eastern Soi) locale, located some hundred meters from the BC locale, excavated in 1975. The artifacts from Ban Phak Top, Ban Tong, and Don Klang are presented in the Tested Sites catalog. These sites were identified during reconnaissance survey, and test excavations were undertaken in 1975 by William Schauffler, a University of Pennsylvania graduate student. Ban Phak Top and Ban Tong are in the Sakhon Nakon Basin a few

2

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

kilometers distant from Ban Chiang; Don Klang is in the upper Nam Phong Basin near Non Nok Tha. The excavation methods and recording systems employed by Schauffler were very similar to those used at Ban Chiang, allowing for coordinated reporting and classification of remains.

Chronology Catalog entries for the objects from each site are subdivided by relative chronology, from the earliest to the latest periods; i.e., for the catalog of artifacts from a site, finds attributable to the earliest period, the lower Early Period, are presented first. The order is then upper Early Period, Early Period–Middle Period, Middle Period, Middle Period–Late Period, Late Period, Late Period–Protohistoric. The dating of Ban Chiang is a contentious issue (see TAM 2A, chapter 2 for a discussion), but the working chronology used in these volumes is presented in TAM 2A, table 2.3. The correlations among the sequences of Ban Chiang and the tested sites of Ban Phak Top, Ban Tong, and Don Klang are presented in TAM 2A, table 2.1.

Context Types: Grave Goods versus Non-grave Good Artifacts The study recognizes four general kinds of contexts from which artifacts were excavated. The first general context type is grave good (gg). Grave goods were in most instances described as such in the field and the designation indicates artifacts whose condition and obvious association and placement with a skeleton, e.g., a bracelet on a wrist, indicates deliberate placement with the body. However, the majority of metal finds excavated from the four sites were not recognized as grave goods, and they are presumed to have been deposited during daily life activities. They were recovered from three different general contexts: burial-associated (ba), feature (fea), and general soil matrix (gsm) (see TAM 2A, chapter 2 for discussion). Burial-associated is an ambiguous context for artifacts that are not clearly grave goods but were recovered in close association with a skeleton. This category would be assigned to artifacts excavated

from contexts such as “removing grave fill.” It is possible that the artifact was placed with the burial, but also possible that it came from dirt dug out for the grave and then was redeposited in the fill, thus predating the grave (White 2008:94). Arguments could also be made that these ambiguous artifacts could be displaced from higher and hence later contexts (e.g., Higham 2011). Here the authors assume that, in the case of Ban Chiang, redeposition of burialassociated metal objects into intrusive features such as graves from preceding deposits (including of the same time period as the burial) is more likely than downward movement into graves from significantly later deposits through post-depositional mechanisms such as bioturbation. Analyses of the artifacts from burial-associated contexts at Ban Chiang (see TAM 2B, chapter 6), most of which are small and fragmentary, suggest that they resemble artifacts from other non-burial contexts such as features and the general soil matrix more than they do grave goods. (See TAM 2B:153–154 for a fuller discussion.) The second non-grave good general context is feature. Most features are deposits resulting from occupation use of the site. Several feature types can be defined ranging from deliberately intrusive features, such as postholes and pits, to features that likely represent debris deposited on ancient surfaces, such as artifact scatters. It is assumed that materials from most features were recovered from in situ contexts as they were deposited by ancient inhabitants, many by small but specific events. Some features were intentionally placed such as a posthole, others created haphazardly by, for example, tossing a broken pot over the side of the porch. Given that the feature outlines and contents are usually still intact, it is assumed that most materials recovered from features have not significantly moved since deposition of that feature in prehistory. Given their likely depositional stability over time, features provide important contexts from which the non-burial deposit has been delineated into levels (discussed in TAM 2A, chapter 2). The third non-grave good context is the general soil matrix. Materials recovered from excavating spits, i.e., excavation layers that most commonly were 10 cm in thickness, would be assigned to this context. As noted above, most materials recovered from the general soil matrix are presumably accumulations of ongoing incremental and undifferentiated deposits

INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGS

of debris of daily life. Materials recovered from the general soil matrix have the highest probability among all contexts to have had repeated displacement from a variety of both natural and cultural taphonomic processes. In the catalogs, grave goods are presented separately from non-grave good artifacts. For example, Ban Chiang’s lower Early Period metal remains begin with grave goods, which are then followed by catalog entries for non-grave good remains including metals and crucibles, then upper Early Period grave goods, and non-grave goods, and so forth.

Artifact Class, Type, and Subtype The fourth layer of organization is artifact class. The classification used in this study includes both intact artifacts and fragments. Morphology is the primary criterion, though function is implied in some of the class assignments. Three groupings of artifacts are recognized and nine major classes. Some classes are further subdivided into types and subtypes (see TAM 2B, chapter 3). The three groups are 1) personal ornaments, 2) implements, and 3) other.

Personal Ornaments Bangles represent the majority of the personal ornaments. The class of bangles comprises curved lengths of metal with variable cross sections (see Fig. 1 for bangle terminology). The curvature and scale are such that the object could have fit around a human body part, whether arm, ankle, or finger. This class combines bracelets, anklets, necklaces, and finger rings. Fragmentary examples are arcs of the original circles. The bangle typology is based at the first level on shaft cross section, which is applicable to both intact and fragmentary examples (Fig. 2). Intact examples can display various closure forms, such as a simple closed ring, C-form, and spirals (see Fig. 1), thus providing the basis for bangle subtypes. The detailed typology based on cross section and closure variation is described in TAM 2B, chapter 2. Bells are a second class in the group personal ornaments. These are small, round, rattle-type bells (clapper is loose within a globe), often with a small loop for attachment and a slit in the body (see TAM

3

2B, fig. 3.9a–f ). Bells frequently show spiral or concentric grooves, possibly a product of lost wax manufacture (TAM 2B:48). Similar bells have been found as bangle attachments in unprovenienced examples.

Implements Adze/axes is one of three classes of implements recognized. Adze/axes are hafted or socketed tools with flat, broad blades with cutting edges transverse to and in alignment with the axis of the hafting elements. All excavated examples are socketed. Adze/ axe blades can be straight, winged, or symmetrically splayed (fan-shaped) (see TAM 2B, figs. 3.10a–e and 3.11). Blades is a class for flat cutting instruments, including what appear to be knives, curved sickles, and blades with tangs. Their primary working areas are cutting edges along a longitudinal side parallel to the axis of the hafting element, if present. Cutting edges can be either straight or curved. Hafting elements include tangs, but some blades lacking these elements may have been hafted to wood or bamboo along the longitudinal side opposite the working edge (see TAM 2B, figs. 3.12–3.14). Blade types recognized include lunate, curved, straight, and unclassified. Points is a class of socketed or tanged piercing or thrusting tools, including spearheads, small points, and other small and long, straight points that have a tapered end coming to a point extending from and in alignment with the hafting element. The cross section of the point can be flattened or round. The hafting element on complete examples is either a socket or a tang (see TAM 2B, figs. 3.15–3.18).

Other In the group “other,” most artifacts cannot be assigned a particular function, but several classes are recognized. Miscellaneous are artifacts, some probably fragmentary, that were clearly deliberately shaped but that are unique in the corpus or whose function is not clear and whose morphology does not fit other classes. The miscellaneous class includes a bronze knob that may have been a bangle adorno (decorative addition), a copper-base hook that was probably for fishing, two artifacts that may have been

4

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

inside surface shaft interior diameter

shaft height flange shaft width

opening outside surface

top surface bottom surface chord length measurements

shaft closure

closed circle bangle

overlapping bangle

band bangle

cuff bangle disk bangle C-shaped bangle

spiral bangle

Figure 1  Bangle terminology.

sockets, and other items whose function could not be guessed at but which clearly once had been part of a shaped item (see TAM 2B, fig. 3.19). Wire/Rods are lengths of metal, straight or slightly curved, of consistent width or slightly tapered, commonly with either an oval/round or a square cross section. Wires range from 1–3.9 mm in thickness; rods are thicker than 4 mm. The typology presented in TAM 2B:53–55 and used in the catalogs is: A: rod with round cross section equal to or greater than 0.4 cm in diameter B: rod with rectangular, D-shaped, or flattened oval cross section

C: wire (diameter between 0.15 cm and 0.39 cm) with round/oval cross section D: fine wire (cross section diameter 50% complete, the chord length is the same as the bangle’s maximum external diameter. If a bangle fragment is < 50% complete, a chord length for the arc is given (see Figure 1 for illustration of a chord length). An interior diameter is estimated to the nearest centimeter from a diameter curve graph, when possible. Sometimes the bangle fragment is too short to estimate the interior diameter, and in that case, no interior diameter is given. If the bangle is > 50% complete, an interior diameter from a direct measurement is given. Implements such as blades, points, and adze/axes have additional measurements of blade length and width, when the artifact is complete enough to measure. Location: Many of the more complete artifacts were returned to Thailand in 1987 to be exhibited at the Ban Chiang National Museum, and these are noted. If there is no location field, the artifact at the time of writing is at the Penn Museum.

INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGS

Material: The metal or alloy. The material was determined by visual inspection (to separate iron versus copper-base), by elemental tests (see below), and by inspection of a mounted and polished sample under an optical microscope at a magnification of 100x–600x. If the copper-base material is noted as being “at least 5% tin,” the presence of α+δ eutectoid in the microstructure has shown that there is more than 5% tin in the alloy. Classification by eye as a “bronze” is also based on corrosion that closely follows the jagged shape of the α+δ eutectoid, as the eutectoid phase corrodes before the alpha bronze phase. The presence of reddish redeposited copper in voids that contrast with the bronze color of the surrounding matrix also allows the sample to be classified as a bronze. Martensitic needles in a copperbase artifact indicate that the material is a quenched high-tin bronze with at least 20% tin. If the only notation is “copper-base,” then we know only that the metal is copper or copper alloy. Iron and steel are included together under the label “iron.” Elemental analyses: Refers to analyses performed on samples from copper-base artifacts by Stuart Fleming of MASCA (Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology) and Charles Swann of the PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy) facility at the Bartol Research Institute of the University of Delaware, and by Alissa Hinckley at the SEM/EDX (Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray) facility at Bradford University, England. The Bradford EDX results are only semi-quantitative, therefore elemental quantities are estimates. See TAM 2B chapter 4 for full discussion of compositional studies. In addition, 14 artifacts and four prills were analyzed by Pryce (TAM 2C, chapter 3) using EDXRF (energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence). Only the major alloying elements in the sample are listed in the catalogs (see TAM 2B, appendix A, table A.3 for trace impurities). If this field is absent, then no compositional analysis was performed. Corrosion: As discussed in the section on elemental analysis in TAM 2B, chapter 2, the level of corrosion in a sample can affect the accuracy of an elemental reading. Therefore, the corrosion level of any sample that has been analyzed spectroscopically is provided here. The level was judged by eye. The judgment of mild, moderate, or severe is relative, because almost all the artifacts had some degree of corrosion. Severe corrosion implies that over half the

9

metal surface has been corroded, but that solid metal still exists; moderate that dendrites are all outlined with thin or thick lines of corrosion, but at least half of the metal remains. Mild implies that only a modest degree of intergranular and interdendritic corrosion has taken place. In bimetallic artifacts, corrosion assessments may be given for both the copper-base portion and the iron. In that case, the corrosion of the iron may be total. As a general rule, bronzes with tin contents ranging from 5–17% corrode relatively easily. Impure coppers (coppers with less than 2% of alloying material) and the high tin β-martensite bronzes found in these samples are more resistant to corrosion. Sample: Sample location on the artifact. The orientation of the mounted sample is described, i.e., whether the examined surface was from the cross section (perpendicular to a surface), lengthwise (parallel to the surface), or at an angle to the surface of the artifact. Microstructure: Describes the structure of a polished sample from a copper-base or iron artifact as seen under the microscope at a magnification of 100x or greater, and what the structure indicates about the manufacture of the artifact. The first phrase or sentence briefly summarizes what the microstructure indicates regarding the manufacturing process, e.g., if there was post-casting treatment. The summary is followed by a more complete description of the microstructure. Heavy corrosion is noted when present. A reference selection of metallographic structures is presented in the photomicrograph figures in TAM 2B, chapter 4, and the readers of the catalogs are referred to these figures to illustrate the verbal descriptions. If this field is absent, then no metallographic analysis was performed. Photomicrographs: Refers the reader to the figure number or numbers in this volume that contain the photomicrograph. It also lists the negative numbers of optical photographs taken of the microstructures that are shown in the figures of this volume. “NS” means “New Series” and refers to the photographs taken by Elizabeth Hamilton and Samuel Nash from 1999–2001; negatives without the “NS” refer to photomicrographs taken by various analysts from 1976–1993. Comments: Lists Vickers scale microhardness data when available. Unless otherwise noted, all the microhardness loads were 200 gm. If the artifact is

10

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

in White (1982), the catalog number is given. Also included are other data and observations by Joyce White (JW), and Tamsen Fuller (TF), the conservator who treated many of the more complete metal

artifacts in 1978. If a comment is not attributed, it is by Elizabeth Hamilton (EH). Pryce’s lead isotope sample number if present is listed here (see TAM 2C, chapter 3 for more details).

2 Catalog of Metals and Crucibles: Ban Chiang (BC and BCES)

Lower Early Period Grave Good Metals Bangles COPPER-BASE BCES 526/1592 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2D, BCES Burial 38 (Burial Phase IVc), D6, SEQ, layer 24B, feature 8, deep hole cut from above area over ankles of B.38. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.15a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 4.1a; TAM 2B: figure 3.4u. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.6 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Long cored dendrites, with extensive corrosion that often takes the jagged shape of an α+δ eutectoid phase. There are numerous bits of twinned redeposited copper in the frequent gas and shrinkage voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 29a; Neg. 1539. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. Bangle fragment from a deep feature cut from layer 24 over BCES B.38 ankles; fragment joined with a B.38 burial bangle, perhaps BCES 595/1984, from layer 28.

BCES 594/1984 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2D, BCES Burial 38 (Burial Phase IVc), D6, SEQ, layer 28s, around left foot. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.15a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with a round cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 4.1b; TAM 2B: figure 3.4v. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.3 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height: 0.5 cm. Shaft width: 0.6 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. Cat. no. 93 in White (1982:78). BCES 595/1984 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2D, BCES Burial 38 (Burial Phase IVc), D6, SEQ, layer 28s, on left foot. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.15a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-0. Description: Two fragments of a bangle with a round cross section and smooth surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 4.1c; TAM 2B: figure 3.4w. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.4 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. Cat. no. 93 in White (1982:78). BCES 596A/1984 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2D, BCES Burial 38 (Burial Phase IVc), D6, SEQ, layer 28s, on right ankle. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.15a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-1. Description: Complete bangle, originally round cross section with corroded surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 4.1d; TAM 2B: figure 3.3b. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.8 cm. Interior diameter: 5.7 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.5 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 10.28%. Corrosion: Mild. EDXRF: Tin 11.2%. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with shrinkage cavities and extensive interdendritic corrosion. A few small bits of α+δ eutectoid remain, along with redeposited copper with twins. Photomicrographs: Figure 29b; Neg. 1275. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. Cat. no. 93 in White (1982:78). Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/2; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. BCES 596B/1984 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2D, BCES Burial 38 (Burial Phase IVc), D6, SEQ, layer 28s, on right ankle. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.15a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment, oval in cross section with corroded surface. Circular opening. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.8 cm. Interior diameter: 5.6 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.5 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 9.703%.

Corrosion: Mild. EDXRF: Tin 15.2%. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with shrinkage cavities and extensive interdendritic corrosion. A few small bits of α+δ eutectoid remain, along with redeposited copper without twins. Photomicrographs: None taken, but closely resembles BCES 596A/1984, Figure 29b. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. Cat. no. 93 in White (1982:78). Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/3; see TAM 2C, chapter 3.

Points COPPER-BASE BCES 762/2834 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2A, BCES Burial 76 (Burial Phase IIIa), D6/D7, layer 27s. Adjacent and beneath right side of cranium. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.16a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: Socketed spear point. Description: Largely intact spearhead with curled tip and central rib. Point has rounded shoulders. Socket is round to oval in cross section, 2.3 cm by 1.7 cm at the mouth of the socket. Drawing: Figure 4.1e; TAM 2B: figure 3.16a and color figure 3.30. Dimensions: Length: 13.6 cm. Max. blade width: 3.9 cm. Blade thickness: 0.3 cm. Original length of unbent point: 15.5 cm. Depth of socket: not recorded. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE for socket: Tin 9.229%. For blade: Tin 10.996%. Corrosion of both: Moderate. EDXRF of socket: Tin 9.7%. Sample: Two samples were taken, one from socket edge and one from the side of the blade. The blade sample is a cross section that includes the edge and the central spine. Microstructure: Blade: Cast, a small amount of work, annealed. The structure is granular, with considerable interdendritic corrosion. Scattered grains

13

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

had mechanical twins, but these grains were not concentrated on the edges of the blade. A few grains had annealing twins. Socket: Same as blade, but with smaller grains and more annealing twins. Photomicrographs: Figures 29c, 29d; Negs. NS 186 (blade), NS 187 (socket). Comments: Tip was bent before interment. Cat. no. 92 in White (1982:77, figure 43). Conserved 5/78. Vickers hardness range (five readings each): socket 73–111, blade 87–100. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/1; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. Results suggest the copper originated at the Sepon copper production locality in central Laos.

Lower Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BC 711/1609 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 5, B5/ C5, layer 11, feature 1, medium pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Type C wire with oval cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 2.0 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 621/2031 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2B, D6, NEQ, layer 29, described in the bag log as: “removal grey soil from yellow sterile layer.” Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type B rod with a D-shaped cross section. Drawing: Figure 4.2f; TAM 2B: figure 3.21j. Dimensions: Length: 3.4 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.8 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. There is no visible α+δ eutectoid, though the corrosion has the jagged shape typical of the eutectoid. The numerous gas and corrosion voids were partially filled with

twinned redeposited copper. Photomicrographs: Figure 30a; Neg. 1502.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 671B/1011 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 7, C4, NWQ, layer 11, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 687/1100 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 5, C4, SWQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Irregular flat fragment. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cut into two pieces; one mounted in cross section and the other mounted flat. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Many large gas voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 30b; Neg. NS 121. Comments: Vickers hardness range (six readings): 80–87. BC 688/1134 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 7, B5, layer 12s, material from cleaning for photography of BC Burial 26 (Burial Phase IV). Context type: Burial-associated Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 2037/2804 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2A, D4, SWQ, layer 30s, excavated with the removal of bones of BCES Burial 72 (Burial Phase II–III). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Small rectangular flat piece with rounded edges. Almost completely corroded. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: Only a few remnants of metal remain. The pseudomorphic structure of the corrosion suggests that the original metal was composed of small regular grains. Photomicrographs: Figure 30c; Neg. NS 298. Comments: This is one of the earliest burialassociated copper-base fragments. It was excavated from under the skeleton, whose grave was cut deeply into natural soil.

IRON BC 2081/1211 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 7–6, C5, NWQ, layer 11, material from area beneath BC Burial 31 (Burial Phase III–IV). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.7 cm. Mounted before thickness could be determined. Material: Iron. Sample: Entire object. Microstructure: Corroded. Pseudomorphic remnants of pearlite. Comments: This piece of iron was either labeled incorrectly in the field or is likely intrusive into this level. In the interests of completeness, it is included in the databases and discussed in the text.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 671A/1011 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 7, C4, NWQ, layer 11, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 684/1180 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 5, C4, SEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix.

Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 691/1192 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 7, C3, SWQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 692/1194 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 6, C3, SWQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 695/1207 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 7, C5, NWQ, layer 11s, material associated with BC Burial 31 (Burial Phase III–IV). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Crumbs. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 696/1373 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 4, C6, SEQ, layer 19, feature 17, identified as a “hearth” in plan, a “hearth?, no charcoal” in the bag log. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 2142/1140 Archaeological context: lower EP Level 6, C3, SEQ, layer 8, exposing BC Burial 34 (Burial Phase IIc). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Originally assigned to feature 2 of layer 8 that was later recognized as BC Burial 34.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BC 2229/1237A Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 5, C5, SEQ–SWQ, layer 12s, feature 4, small pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 601/2021 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2C, D6, NEQ, layer 29s, scraping surface of layer. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small lump with a wedge-shaped cross section. Drawing: Figure 4.2g; TAM 2B: figure 3.23n. Dimensions: Length: 2 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast, cooled relatively slowly or partially annealed. Residual cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion and pockets of redeposited copper. Grain boundaries are very clearly marked. The grains are small. Photomicrographs: Figure 30d; Neg. NS 179.

Crucibles BC 2121/1374A Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 6, C6, NEQ–NWQ, layer 18s, feature 2, excavated with the removal of pots over BC Burial 43’s abdomen, including BC Burial 43 Pot A 1374 (see TAM 2A: figure 2.8b for drawing of this vessel). The large i&i vessel in this feature contained BC Burial 43A, an infant, 3–6 months old. Burial Phase IIc. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Rim and body fragment; tapered rim. Exterior is light gray; interior is medium gray with slight reddish tint near the rim. The clay is very hard and vitrified. Fairly abundant, carbonized rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 5.8 cm. Width: 4.5 cm. Thickness: 0.7–1.4 cm. Weight: 35.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Small amounts of green dross on the interior. A small (1.0 mm in diameter) dark gray metal prill was extracted from the core of the crucible body. Comments: BC Burial 43 is an Early Period Phase

15

IIc burial with i&i pottery (TAM 2A figure 2.8b). Dark gray metal prills are rare among Ban Chiang crucibles but common among Phu Lon crucibles. Although this crucible fragment was excavated with grave goods overlying BC Burial 43, it was judged not clearly a grave good itself due to its fragmentary condition and lack of other evidence to consider BC Burial 43 a “founder’s burial.” To err on the cautious side, the piece is judged as “burial-associated” only. BC 2129/1260 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 7, C6, SEQ, layer 16/17, feature 1, excavated from soil at the base of BC 1349A Pot A, a cache of a single pot. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is medium gray with small remnants of lagging and some vitrification. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Width: 1.1 cm. Thickness: 1.3 cm. Weight: 3.1 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Interior has several small areas of green dross. BC 2135/1248 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 7, C6, SEQ, layer 15, soil matrix next to BC Burial 39 (Burial Phase Va). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is light reddish gray and very rough with rice chaff. Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 1.9 cm. Width: 1.4 cm. Thickness: 0.66 cm. Weight: 1.2 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A small patch of pitted black slag on one end of interior. Comments: As the description of the bag indicates, the crucible fragment came from the deposit into which Burial 39 was interred; fragment is assigned to the lower EP. BCES 756/2771 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 2C, D6/D7, layer 21s, feature 1, from a small shallow hole next to BCES Burial 31 from Burial Phase IVc. Context type: Feature. Description: Spout, rim (tapered), and body fragment, > ½ present. Exterior is light to medium gray; interior is triple lagged. The first layer of lagging

16

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

(which is the layer adhering to the crucible surface) is an off-white with an underlying reddish-brown coloration. The middle layer is similar to the first. Both layers are not more than 1 mm thick. The top layer is buff color and ranges in thickness from 1–2 mm. The paste has quartz grains with distinct signatures that also appear in very small sizes in the lagging, suggesting washing and sieving the clay. Abundant rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 4.2h; TAM 2B: figure 5.2c and color figure 5.5. Dimensions: Length: 6.5 cm. Width: 7.0 cm. Thickness: 0.11–1.0 cm. Weight: 70.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Each layer has small patches of green dross on the top of each surface. Comments: The crucible was used at least three times.

Upper Early Period Grave Good Metals Adze/Axes COPPER-BASE BC 694/1203A Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, BC Burial 23 (Burial Phase Va), C5, SEQ–SWQ, layer 11s, by left side of neck. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figures 3.11, 6.14a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: Socketed adze/axe. Description: Complete adze with fan-shaped blade and elliptical socket. The blade faces are asymmetrical, one face tapering smoothly from the socket hole to the blade edge, the other with the blade area flattened with angled side facets. Drawing: Figure 5a; TAM 2B: figure 3.10a, and color figure 3.24. Dimensions: Length 9.0 cm. Width of blade: 7.1 cm. Max. outer diameter of socket: 3.0 cm. Height of socket: 1.2 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 16.87%. Corrosion: Severe. Sample: From cutting edge. Microstructure: As-cast. Some strain marks that

indicate post-casting, possibly post-depositional stress. Heavily corroded. Photomicrographs: Figure 31a; Neg. NS 123. Comments: Placement in grave indicates hafting as an adze. Drawing was made after sampling. Corrosion may have enhanced the tin value. Cat. no. 94 in White (1982:78). Conserved 10/78. Conservator TF noted carbonized material and rice grain impressions found on the surface near the socket.

Bangles COPPER-BASE BC 693A/1203A BC 693B/1203A BC 693C/1203A BC 693D/1203A Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, BC Burial 23 (Burial Phase Va), C5, SEQ–SWQ, layer 11s, around lower left arm of skeleton. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figures 3.11, 6.14a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-1. Description: Three complete closed bangles and one incomplete bangle corroded together. They all have round cross sections and smooth surfaces. Circular openings. Drawing: Figure 5b; TAM 2B: figures 3.3a, and color figure 3.24. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.2 cm. Interior diameter: 6.1 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Bronze. (Only BC 693D was analyzed, but it is assumed that the others were made of similar alloy.) Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 13.5%. Corrosion: Moderate. EDXRF: Tin 11.9%. Sample: From end of broken bangle (BC 693D/1203A), mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Large, strongly cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 31b; Neg. NS 122. Comments: Vickers hardness range on D (five readings): 80–98. Cat. no. 95 in White (1982:78, figure 51). Conserved in 5/78. Conservator TF noted that a bone fragment is fastened to patch of exterior

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

corrosion. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/4; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. Results from one bangle suggest the copper originated at the Sepon copper producing locality in central Laos.

Upper Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bangles COPPER-BASE BC 679A/1071 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, SEQ, layer 11, feature 3 (possible disturbed burial) that had fragments of human bone, pottery, animal bone, and bronze bangles. Context type: Feature. Type: A-0. Description: Three fragments with round cross sections and smooth surfaces. Probably two separate, apparently identical bangles corroded together, as seen in the figure 8 cross-section illustration. The two bangles are labeled A and B. Drawing: Figure 6a; TAM 2B: figure 3.4b. Dimensions: (both A and B) Chord length: 6 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 19.5%. Corrosion: Severe. EDXRF: Tin 15.4%. Sample: From end of BC 679A/1071. Angle of mounting is unclear. Microstructure: As-cast. Severely corroded. Photomicrographs: Figure 32a; Neg. NS 120. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. Corrosion may have enhanced the tin percentage. Associated with a bone fragment. Lead isotope analysis on BC 679A by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/6; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. Results suggest the copper originated at the Sepon copper producing locality in Laos. BC 679B/1071 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, SEQ, layer 11, feature 3 (possible disturbed burial) that had fragments of human bone, pottery, animal bone, and bronze bangles.

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Context type: Feature. Type: A-0. Description: Three fragments with round cross sections and smooth surfaces. Probably two separate, apparently identical bangles corroded together, as seen in the figure 8 cross-section illustration. The two bangles are labeled A and B. Drawing: Figure 6a; TAM 2B: figure 3.4b. Dimensions: (both A and B) Chord length: 6 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base (Only BC 679A/1071 was analyzed.) Comments: Conserved in 5/78. Associated with a bone fragment. BC 680/1071 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, SEQ, layer 11, feature 3 (possible disturbed burial) that had fragments of human bone, pottery, animal bone, and bronze bangles. Context type: Feature. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with oval cross section and corroded surface. Two separate bangle fragments corroded together. Drawing: Figure 6b. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.3 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Probably an unconserved fragment of BC 679A&B, although they do not fit together. BC 2166/1119 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, Square C5, SWQ, layer 11, associated with BC Burial 23 (Burial Phase Va) excavated from deposit above the burial and under an overlying large vessel judged not to be a grave good. Context type: Burial-associated. Type: A-0. Description: 3 small pieces of curved ring. Dimensions: Chord length of longest piece: 0.9 cm. Interior diameter: 2 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 2168/1115 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, C6,

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

NEQ, layer 14s, feature 5, excavated with the pottery feature at head of BC Burial 28 (Burial Phase Vc). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: A-0. Description: Short, thick bangle fragment with oval cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 6c; TAM 2B: figure 3.4g. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.1 cm. Interior diameter: too small to record. Shaft height: 0.5 cm. Shaft width: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Worked and annealed. Only a small corner of metal remains uncorroded. The structure is granular with clear annealing twins. Photomicrographs: Figure 32b; Neg. NS 142. Comments: Although excavated with a burial feature, fragmentary condition led to designation as “burial-associated.” BC 2187/1071 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, Square C5, SEQ, layer 11, feature 3 (possible disturbed burial). Context type: Feature. Type: O-0. Description: Two small, corroded, irregular bangle fragments. Dimensions: Chord length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. See BC 679 A&B and 680 from same bag. BCES 649/2173 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2F, D4, NEQ, layer 24, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: H-0. Description: Short, thick bangle fragment, rectangular in cross section with a corroded surface. Corrosion has rounded the cross section. A small, disktype bangle. Drawing: Figure 6d; TAM 2B: figure 3.6j. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.5 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height: 0.6 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Elemental analyses: SEM of inclusions. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Worked and annealed. The

structure is a mosaic of small grains, many with annealing twins. The twins, grains, and inclusions show no sign of deformation. Photomicrographs: Figure 32c; Neg. 1685. Comments: SEM showed that some inclusions were of copper sulfide and others were of lead.

Blades COPPER-BASE BC 661/962 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, SWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: A blunt-point triangle with no tang or socket. Drawing: Figure 6e; TAM 2B: figure 3.12a. Dimensions: Length: 3.2 cm. Max. blade width: 1.9 cm. Blade thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Points COPPER-BASE BCES 741/2625 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2G, D5/D6, layer 21s, surface scraping. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Small point, tanged. Description: Tanged point with rounded shoulders and with tips of blade and tang broken off. Drawing: Figure 6f; TAM 2B: figure 3.15c. Dimensions: Length: 5 cm. Blade length: 2.9 cm. Blade width: 1.4 cm. Blade thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 4.4%; Arsenic 0.7%. Corrosion: Very mild (tang); severe (body). EDXRF: Tin 6.6%; Arsenic 1.8%. Sample: Two samples, one cross section through the tang, one through the body. Both mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Tang was cast and extensively worked. Cored dendrites are flattened in one direction; many strain lines are evident. Body sample is

19

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

largely corroded. Almost no metal remained in the thick end. Photomicrograph is of the tang. Photomicrographs: Figure 32d; Neg. NS 185; TAM 2B: figure 4.5. Comments: Vickers hardness range for tang (five readings): 143–154. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/5; see TAM 2C, chapter 3.

Some of the islands show strain lines or lines of mechanical twinning. Photomicrographs: Figure 33a; Neg. NS 176.

COPPER-BASE

BCES 627A/2118 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2H, D4, SWQ, layer 22, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: One piece of Type C wire with oval cross section. Dimensions: Length: 3.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BC 651B/903B Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, C3, SWQ, layer 7s, associated with BC Burial 19 (Burial Phase Vc), bag is for burial removal. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 0.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 627B/2118 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2H, D4, SWQ, layer 22, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: One Type C wire with oval cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Wire/Rods

BC 674A/1019 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, C3, SWQ, layer 7, associated with BC Burial 19 (Burial Phase Vc), material probably in vicinity of the head. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 528/1595 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2G, D6, SEQ, layer 24B, feature 5, from a possible insect hole. Context type: Feature. Description: Type A rod with round/oval cross section. Drawing: Figure 6g; TAM 2B: figure 3.21i. Dimensions: Length: 3.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Unclear whether this piece was cast to shape or formed by working. It is heavily corroded and only granular islands of metal remain.

IRON BC 1122/1087 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C3, NWQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A tapering rod with an oval cross section. Drawing: Figure 6h. Dimensions: Length: 3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: This piece is stratigraphically early for iron. It is assumed to be intrusive into the EP levels, but is included in the databases.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 662/967 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, NEQ, layer 10, spit removal.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 666B/984 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, SWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two flattened pieces. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.9 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 673/1018A Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, SWQ, layer 10, layer exploration near BC Burial 23, but not clearly close enough to be considered “burial-associated.” Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened, curved shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: Cast, heavily worked. Many cracks, pores, and remnants of α+δ eutectoid. Corrosion-etched strain lines can be seen along the outer edge of the figure eight. The interior of both bulges is dendritic. Photomicrographs: Figure 33b; Neg. 1500. Comments: This may have been a bangle. BCES 1371/1736 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2F, D5, NWQ, layer 23 spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE

BC 675/1025 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C3, SWQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BC 651A/903B Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, C3, SWQ, layer 7s, associated with BC Burial 19 (Burial Phase Vc). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Three small bits. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 536/1615 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2G, D6, SWQ, layer 24B, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BC 654/922 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, SWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 546/1662 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2F, D5, NWQ–SWQ, layer 23s, feature 12, from grave cut of BCES Burial 33 (Burial Phase Va). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Short flattened fragment with a figure-eight cross section. Drawing: Figure 6i; TAM 2B: figure 3.22e. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm.

BC 655/923 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Three irregular lumps. Drawing: Figure 6j. Drawing is of largest piece. Dimensions: Length: 2.0 cm. Material: Copper-base.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BC 657/930 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, SEQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 659/934 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, NEQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Elongated lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 660/952 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Five small irregular pieces. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast, relatively slow cooled. The sample stained and scratched very easily, so the photo is of the metal unetched. A clear dendritic structure is revealed, with large dendrites and extensive interdendritic corrosion that has eaten away any possible sign of a second phase. Numerous non-metallic inclusions. Photomicrographs: Figure 33c; Neg. 1609. BC 663/970 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, SWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small lump plus crumbs. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 664/978 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, SEQ, layer 10, associated with BC Burial 21 (Burial Phase Va). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Three round lumps plus two flakes of metal.

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Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 665/983 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 666A/984 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, SWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump plus small flake. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 666C/984 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, SWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Crumbs. Dimensions: Length: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 667/991 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C4, SWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 674B/1019 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, C3, SWQ, layer 7, with potsherds associated with BC Burial 19 (Burial Phase Vc). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Small globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 676/1028 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, SEQ, layer 10. Context type: General soil matrix.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Description: Amorphous. Four small irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 681/1074 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C3, NEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Elongated lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 682/1104 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, C3, NWQ, layer 8s, associated with BC Burial 53 (Burial Phase Vc). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Excavated as feature 3, but White defined Burial 53 from in situ skull and associated pot.

BC 710/1598 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8–7, B5/C5, layer 10/11s, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Elongated lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 2128/1177 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C6, SWQ, layer 15, spit removal adjacent to Burial 36. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 2143/1192 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 7, C3, SWQ, layer 8s, near BC Burial 29 (Burial Phase Va). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BC 683/1118 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C6, SWQ, layer 14, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 523/1569 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2G, D5, NWQ, layer 22s, feature 11, shell clump. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BC 690/1178 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C6, SEQ, layer 15, spit adjacent to Burial 35, not clear if close enough to burial to be “burial-associated.” Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 524/1589 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2G, D5, SWQ, layer 22, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Flattened lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.0 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BC 699/1443 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C3/ C4, layer 5, feature 1, mixed artifact clump. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 538/1617 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2G, D6, NWQ, layer 24, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small irregular nodule. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites, with

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

heavy interdendritic corrosion. Numerous gas voids are filled with twinned redeposited copper. Several long cracks are oriented in the same direction; these are probably stress cracking. Photomicrographs: Figure 33d; Neg. NS 177. BCES 543/1629 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2F, D6, NEQ–NWQ, layer 25s, surface scraping. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 657/2215 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2G, D4, NEQ, layer 24s, with pots associated with BCES Burial 56 (Burial Phase Vb). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Originally assigned as feature 9, subsequently pots assigned to Burial 56.

Crucibles BC 2003/853 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, B6, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, rounded. The fragment is completely vitrified and lagged. Temper is rice chaff and is visible as white pieces. Dimensions: Length: 2.0 cm. Width: 1.5 cm. Thickness: 1.3 cm. Weight: 4.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A 3–5 mm layer of red, orange, yellow, greenish frothy glass is incorporated into a lagged layer. Lagging extends over the rim. One small area of green dross. BC 2132/917 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C3, NWQ, layer 6, feature 7, excavated with a clump of pottery near BC 917 Pot A and some bone. Context type: Feature. Description: Rim fragment, rounded and slightly curved. Exterior is medium gray to reddish gray near

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rim; interior is light gray except near the rim edge where it is pale red to reddish gray and finely pitted. Small grains of quartz are abundant but do not appear to represent lagging. Sponge spicules are fairly abundant in the paste and are vitrified. Moderately abundant grog or fired clay temper. Dimensions: Length: ~3.2 cm. Width: 1.8 cm. Thickness: 0.3–0.7 cm. Weight: 4.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Two small spots of green dross on interior and one spot of dross on the exterior. The exterior spot has black frothy glass, malachite spherules, and a copper prill (~1.5 mm) that is deeply altered to cuprite and malachite. The interior and exterior of the rim edge has a thin layer of slag. Several pieces of magnetite are present as well as a piece of charcoal. Two small pieces of a silvery colored metal are present. Comments: Similar looking pieces of silvery metal were found in crucibles from Phu Lon and SEM/ EDS studies showed these to contain tin. Ambiguous relationship to burial, so termed “feature.” BC 2150/1272B Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C6, SEQ–SWQ, layer 15, feature 2, excavated beyond the head area (cranium was missing) of BC Burial 39 (Burial Phase Va). Although pots in the feature were assigned to Burial 39, the disturbed state of the feature, the skeleton, the area around the skeleton, and the fragmentary condition of the crucible pieces argued against the artifact being classed as a grave good. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Crucible fragment consisting of spout, rim, and body, > ½ present. Exterior is light gray to medium gray near the rim; interior is medium gray with small patches of light gray and reddish gray lagging. Abundant, medium-textured rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 6k; TAM 2B: figure 5.1d. Dimensions: Length: 14.2 cm. Width: 9.0 cm. Thickness: 0.2–0.8 cm. Weight: 153.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Some of the lagging incorporates red copper-colored and brownish black glass. Green dross occurs near the spout end and extends as a band near the rim on the interior. Comments: Thirteen pieces glued together. A mold fragment (BC 2194/1272, TAM 2B: fig.5.9b) was also found near the crucible piece.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

BC 2204/1061A Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C3, NEQ, layer 7, disturbed area. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, rounded. Both the exterior and interior surfaces are medium gray to grayish brown with lagging on the interior. Sparse, fine rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.0 cm. Width: 1.3 cm. Thickness: 0.9 cm. Weight: 4.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: One large area and several smaller areas of green dross. A little frothy brownish black slag on the lower central part of the fragment. BC 2233/935A Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8, C5, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small body fragment. Exterior is light to medium gray; half the interior is covered with a thick coat of gray-green dross. Dimensions: Length: 3.4 cm. Width: 3.2 cm. Thickness: 1.2 cm. Weight: 12.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Extensive though thin red staining on the interior. Large thick graygreen dross patch. Mineral deposits. Comments: Two drill holes from sampling. BCES 519A/1539 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 2G, D5, SEQ, layer 22s, feature 10a, from a pit of medium diameter in large pit (feature 10). Context type: Feature. Description: Rim (tapered) and body fragment, three-quarters of a bowl. Exterior is light to dark gray and somewhat rough; interior is dark gray and red. Abundant rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 6l; TAM 2B: figure 5.2a. Dimensions: Diameter: 8.7 cm. Depth: 4.3 cm. Thickness: 1–12 cm. Weight: 124.4 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Near the rim the fragment is glassy with patches of green dross. Cuprite, malachite, and frothy black and yellowish green glass occur within the dross patches. Comments: Some vitrified sponge spicules.

Early Period–Middle Period Grave Good Metals Bangles COPPER-BASE BC 708A/1594 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, BC Burial 49 (Burial Phase Vc–MP), B5/C5, layer 10s/10, subadult lower legs with bronze anklets (see BC 708B/1594, 708C/1594, and 709A&B/1594). Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.13a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: K-1. Description: Complete, closed disk bangle, one of a trio of bangles designed to be worn as a set. This bangle was one of the two exterior bangles. The outer surface is scalloped, and has a variable D-shaped cross section, while the interior bangle is notched along its outer edge to match the scallops of the exterior bangles. BC 708A/1594 and BC 708C/1594 have D-shaped cross sections; BC 708B/1594 has a flat cross section. Smooth surface, circular opening. Drawing: Figure 7a; TAM 2B: figure 3.6n and color figure 3.27. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.8 cm. Interior diameter: 5.1 cm. Shaft height: 0.4 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 6.83%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Cross section cut through shaft. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 34a; Neg. NS 128. Comments: This bangle is a mirror image of BC 708C/1594. The exterior bangles in this set are morphologically similar to bangles BC 709A&B/1594. Cat. no. 104 in White (1982:79, figure 49). Conserved in 5/78. TF: Pitch-like material and bone remnants were trapped in the surface corrosion. Iron stains were found on the exterior bangles. BC 708B/1594 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, BC Burial 49 (Burial Phase Vc–MP), B5/C5, layer

25

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

10s/10, subadult lower legs with bronze anklets (see BC 708A/1594, BC 708C/1594, and BC 709A&B/1594). Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.13a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: K-1. Description: The interior bangle of a three-bangle set. This is a complete, closed disk bangle with a flat cross section and notched along its outer edge to match the scallops of the exterior bangles. Smooth surface, circular opening. Drawing: Figure 7a; TAM 2B: figure 3.6n and color figure 3.27. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.8 cm. Interior diameter: 5.1 cm. Shaft height: 0.4 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Probably bronze (to match BC 708A/1594). Comments: Cat. no. 104 in White (1982:79, figure 49). Conserved in 5/78. BC 708C/1594 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, BC Burial 49 (Burial Phase Vc–MP), B5/C5, layer 10s/10, subadult lower legs with bronze anklets (see BC 708A/1594, BC 708B/1594, and BC 709A&B/1594). Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.13a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: K-1. Description: A complete, closed disk bangle, one of a trio of bangles designed to be worn as a set. This bangle is one of the two exterior bangles. The outer surface is scalloped and has a variable D-shaped cross section, a smooth surface, and a circular opening. Drawing: Figure 7a; TAM 2B: figure 3.6n and color figure 3.27. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.8 cm. Interior diameter: 5.1 cm. Shaft height: 0.4 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Probably bronze (to match BC 708A/1594). Comments: This bangle is a mirror image of BC 708A/1594. Exterior bangles in this set are morphologically similar to bangles BC 709 A&B/1594. Cat.

no. 104 in White (1982:79, figure 49). Conserved in 5/78. TF: Pitch-like material and bone remnants were trapped in the surface corrosion. Iron stains were found on the exterior bangles. BC 709A/1594 BC 709B/1594 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, BC Burial 49 (Burial Phase Vc–MP), B5/C5, layer 10s/10, subadult lower legs with bronze anklets (see BC 708A/1594, BC 708B/1594, BC 708C/1594). Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.13a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: Bangle, both are K-1. Description: Two complete disk mirror-image bangles designed to be worn together as a set. The upper and lower surfaces are scalloped, and the interior surfaces that meet are flat. The cross sections are D-shaped. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 7b; TAM 2B: figure 3.6o. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.8 cm. Interior diameter: 5.1 cm. Shaft height: 0.4 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Through shaft of BC 709A/1594. Angle of mounting is unknown. Microstructure: As-cast. Dendritic, with extensive interdendritic corrosion and nascent grain boundaries. Photomicrographs: Figure 34b; Neg. 1239. Comments: These two bangles are morphologically similar to the outer bangles of BC 708/1594, but lack its matching inner notched bangle. Each set was found on a different leg of BC Burial 49. Conserved in 5/78. TF: Bone remains were embedded in the surface corrosion of BC 709A/1594.

Early Period–Middle Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bangles COPPER-BASE BC 713/893A Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C3, NEQ, layer 7s, feature 1, a mixed artifact cluster. Feature is next to the fragmentary skeleton of BC Burial 17 but not clearly part of the burial.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Context type: Feature. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle (necklace?) fragment, round cross section, slightly corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 8a; TAM 2B: figure 3.4c. Dimensions: Chord length: 6 cm. Interior diameter: 12 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section of shaft end. Microstructure: Cast, worked, annealed, and worked again. At 100x, the structure consists of highly corroded cored dendrites. At 600x, a mosaic of tiny grains filled with strain lines and annealing twins can be seen; some of the twins are bent. Grain size varies and working is more evident near the edges. Redeposited copper occupies some corrosion and shrinkage voids. Photomicrographs: Figures 34c, 34d; Negs. 1525; NS 129. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 124–184. Conserved in 5/78. Crucible fragment found in same feature. BC 2155/702 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C3, NEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-3. Description: Small, complete ring with overlapping ends, round cross section, and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 8b; TAM 2B: figure 3.3f. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.6 cm. Interior diameter: 1 cm. Shaft height: 0.6 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: At an angle through shaft, mounted cut side up. Microstructure: As-cast. Almost completely corroded with a few dendrites remaining. Photomicrographs: Figure 35a; Neg. 1243. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. Crucible fragment and iron flat piece found in same stratigraphic location (same bag number). Location might also be assigned to Level 10. BC 2157/946 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, Square C5, SWQ, layer 9, feature (cache in pot). Context type: Feature. Type: A-0.

Description: Seven bangle fragments of a ring with round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 8c. Only the largest fragment was drawn. Dimensions: Chord length of longest piece: 2.4 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height: 0.5 cm. Shaft width: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Field records say pot with B.23, but lab analysis suggests pot unrelated to burial. Object consists of seven fragments ranging from 1.2 cm by 0.8 cm down to 0.7 cm by 0.3 cm. Conserved in 10/78. BCES 488/1408 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 3A, D7, layer 21, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section (appears oval because of corrosion) and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 8d; TAM 2B: figure 3.4s. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.8 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites, extensive interdendritic corrosion with large non-metallic inclusions. Photomicrographs: Figure 35b; Neg. 1503. BCES 609/2069 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 3A, D4, NEQ, layer 21s, feature 3, excavated from a posthole. Context type: Feature. Type: F-0. Description: Band-like bangle fragment with a crescent-shaped cross section and a smooth surface. The concave surface is the inside surface. Drawing: Figure 8e; TAM 2B: figure 3.6c. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.5 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height: 1.0 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Material: Leaded bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 18.2%; Lead 7.59%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: V-notch, cut surface mounted, making an angled cross section.

27

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Microstructure: As-cast. Extensively corroded dendrites, non-metallic inclusions, and twinned redeposited copper. Photomicrographs: Figure 35c; Neg. 1277. Comments: Corrosion may have enhanced tin value. Form closely resembles BCES 616/2097. Conserved in 10/78. TF: Concave surface contains some carbonized organic remains. BCES 616/2097 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 3A, D4, NEQ–NWQ, layer 21s, from under feature 24 of layer 20s. Feature 24 is a group of reconstructible Middle Period Phase VII pots. Bangles were associated with human bone. Classified as feature-possible disturbed burial. Context type: Feature. Type: F-0. Description: Bangle fragment with a crescentshaped cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 8f; TAM 2B: figure 3.6d. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.5 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height: 1.1 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Material: Leaded bronze. Elemental analyses: Tin 15.9%; Lead 12.5%. Corrosion: Severe. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with very extensive interdendritic corrosion. Lumps of twinned redeposited copper occupy some of the numerous gas voids. Globules of lead are visible and corroded strain lines are found along the edge. Photomicrographs: Figure 35d; Neg. NS 181. Comments: Corrosion may have enhanced tin value. Form closely resembles BCES 609/2069. Conserved in 5/78. TF: Numerous rice husk impressions on the concave surface. BCES 617/2097 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 3A, D4, NEQ–NWQ, layer 21s, from under feature 24 of layer 20s. Feature 24 is a group of reconstructible Middle Period Phase VII pots. Bangles were associated with human bone. Classified as feature, possible disturbed burial. Context type: Feature. Type: A-2. Description: Bangle fragment with a round cross

section and a corroded surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 8g; TAM 2B: figure 3.3e. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.0 cm. Interior diameter: 3.4 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.5 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 16.7%. Corrosion: Severe. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites; extensive corrosion has left only islands of dendrites, along with many non-metallic inclusions and large shrinkage cavities. On the edges the corrosion product, mostly cuprite, shows clearly defined grains. Photomicrographs: Figure 36a; Neg. 1281. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. Corrosion may have enhanced the tin value.

IRON BC 1118/820 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, SWQ, layer 9, excavation of soil matrix exposing BC Burial 9 (Burial Phase VI?). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: A-0. Description: Thirteen pieces of bangle with a round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 8h; TAM 2B: figure 3.8e. Dimensions: Chord length of longest piece: 2.8 cm. Estimated chord length of all pieces together: 5 cm. Shaft heights and widths: 0.3 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: This iron bangle is, along with BC 712/887 and BC 1117/786, stratigraphically the lowest well-provenienced iron in the collection.

Blades COPPER-BASE BC 700/1487 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4/ C5, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: Triangular blade point fragment.

28

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Drawing: Figure 8i; TAM 2B: figure 3.12b. Dimensions: Length: 5.1 cm. Blade length: 4.9 cm. Max. blade width: 3.0 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Points COPPER-BASE BC 715/1491 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4/ C5, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Small point, tanged Description: Shaped like a tanged arrowhead, nearly complete. Tang end is broken off. Shoulders are rounded. Drawing: Figure 8j; TAM 2B: figure 3.15a. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Max. blade width: 1.6 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Point recovered during screening. Conserved 10/78.

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BC 646/878 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, B5, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A rod with rectangular cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 685/1089 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, NWQ–NEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type B rod with oval/rectangular cross section. Drawing: Figure 8k; TAM 2B: figure 3.21b. Dimensions: Length: 3.3 cm. Widest cross section diameter: 0.8 cm; narrowest: 0.5 cm.

Material: Copper-base. BC 701/1490 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4/ C5, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A rod with oval cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 3.5 cm. Shaft height: 0.7 cm. Shaft width: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 486/1395 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 3A, D5, SWQ, layer 21s, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A rod with round cross section. Drawing: Figure 8l; TAM 2B: figure 3.21g. Dimensions: Length: 6.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Arsenical tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 2%; Arsenic 3.7%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Very long cored dendrites along with nascent grain boundaries. Tiny amounts of what may be a pale second phase can be seen at 600x. It is not α+δ eutectoid, but may be an arsenic-rich peritectic. Photomicrographs: Figures 36b, 36c; Negs. 1504; NS 172. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 81–108.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 626B/701 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, B5, layer 10s, feature 5, lump of laterite. Context type: Feature. Description: Two flattened pieces. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.0 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Feature 5 is laterite, possibly used as a grave marker.

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BC 634/791 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, NWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape, slightly curved. Dimensions: Length: 2.4 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 656B/928 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, SWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small flat fragment with square ends. Drawing: Figure 8m; TAM 2B: figure 3.22c. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast, relatively slow cooling. Only islands of metal remain in the corrosion. The dendrites are outlined by inclusions, some of which are cuprous oxide, which are strung like beads in the interdendritic zones. There is no noticeable coring. The grain boundaries are clear. Photomicrographs: Figure 36d; Neg. NS 125. BC 669B/1009 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, NWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened irregular shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 2189/890 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, NWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 610/2069 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 3A, D4, NEQ, layer 21s, feature 3, posthole. Context type: Feature. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base.

IRON BC 712/887 Archaeological context: EP–MP VI?, Level 9, BC Burial 9, C4, SWQ, layer 9, iron piece found under left femur. Bag for lifting human bone, animal bone, and associated artifacts. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened shape. Possibly a bracelet fragment. Drawing: Figure 8n; TAM 2B: figure 3.22l. Dimensions: Length: 3.4 cm. Material: Iron. Completely corroded. Sample: Entire object. Microstructure: Corroded, but pseudomorphic pearlitic structures are visible. Comments: This piece of iron is, along with BC 1117/786 and BC 1118/820, stratigraphically the deepest iron in the Ban Chiang corpus.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 625/700 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, NWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 626A/701 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, B5, layer 10s, feature 5, lump of laterite. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Three irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Feature 5 is laterite, possibly used as a grave marker. BC 629/720 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, SWQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

BC 630/726 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 635/793 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, NWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 636/816 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, SEQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 637/818 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C3, NEQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 639/824 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C3, SWQ, layer 6, scraping quadrant. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 640/834 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BC 641/838 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Nineteen or more flakes and crumbs. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 644/869 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Three small fragments. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 647/890 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, NWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Nine small fragments, curved or irregular. Drawing: For drawing of the two largest, see Figure 8o (marked BC 647A and BC 647B); TAM 2B: figure 3.23d–e (BC 647A–B/890). Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section of longest piece (BC 647A/890). Microstructure: As-cast, cooling relatively slow. Cored dendrites with clear grain boundaries. Photomicrographs: Figure 37a; Neg. NS 114. BC 649/896 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Six small fragments. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section of longest piece. Both halves mounted. Microstructure: As-cast dendritic, extensive interdendritic corrosion. Many non-metallic inclusions. Photomicrographs: Figure 37b; Neg. 1606.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BC 653/913 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, SWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 656A/928 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, SWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Seven irregular lumps, some of which are probably broken off from the largest pieces. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 2.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 658/933 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, SWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 670/1010 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, SEQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two small lumps. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 677/1052 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, NEQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small, rounded lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cut in half, both pieces mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast, relatively slow cooling. Strongly cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion and clear grain boundaries. The dendrites are large by Ban Chiang standards. Photomicrographs: Figure 37c; Neg. NS 117; TAM 2B: color figure 4.2.

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BC 678A/1063B Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, SWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Three elongated lumps. Drawing of largest: Figure 8p; TAM 2B: figure 3.23g. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 2.2 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section of longest dimension of largest piece. Microstructure: As-cast. Large cored dendrites with large gas and corrosion voids. A few small bits of α+δ eutectoid have survived the corrosion process. Photomicrographs: Figure 37d; Neg. NS 119. Comments: Drawing is of largest piece. BC 686/1092 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, NEQ–NWQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Drawing: Figure 8q. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 706/1584 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, B5/ C5, layer 9, scraping layer. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 2.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 707/1594 Archaeological context: upper EP–MP, Level 9, B5/C5, layer 10s/10, associated with BC Burial 49 (Burial Phase Vc–VI). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Three crumbs. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Originally assigned feature 1. BC 719/1589 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, B5/ C5, layer 9, scraping layer. Context type: General soil matrix.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Description: Amorphous. Elongated lump. Drawing: Figure 8r; TAM 2B: figure 3.23i. Dimensions: Length: 2.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast. One end consists of large, cored dendrites, the other of large, twinned grains. Subgrains can be seen inside the larger grains even at 100x. Photomicrographs: Figure 38a; Neg. 1686. BC 2163/804B Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, NWQ, layer 9, general soil removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 3.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive corrosion. Numerous patches of redeposited copper. Photomicrographs: Figure 38b; Neg. 1511. BC 2224/913 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, SWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 421/1206 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 3A, D5, NWQ, layer 18s, scraping quad. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Originally labeled as feature 8.

IRON BC 1117/786 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, NWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Knobby lump.

Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Weight: 10.9 gm. Material: Iron. Completely corroded. Comments: This iron lump is, along with BC 712/887 and BC 1118/820, a flat and a bangle respectively, stratigraphically the lowest well-provenienced iron in the collection.

Crucibles BC 968/696 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, NWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, rounded. Exterior is light gray; interior is very rough with areas of light and dark gray and a small area that is brown and raised. There is a layer of lagging as much as ~3 mm thick. Fine grog or fired clay with minor amounts of rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.5 cm. Width: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 1.2 cm. Weight: 15.7 gm. Crucible diameter is 10 cm, based on rim chart measurement. Evidence of metal processing: Slag present on and beneath the lagging. The slag varies in thickness but is thickest at the rim edge (~4 mm). The slag has partially altered to magnetite and later alterations of some of the magnetite to limonite. Some malachite and dark red cuprite are also present. BC 970/735 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, NWQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light grayish brown; interior is light green and has a patch of lagging 15 mm in length, 8 mm in width, and 1.5 mm thick. Temper is quartz sand and moderately abundant, medium-textured rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 3.5 cm. Width: 3.0 cm. Thickness: 1.4 cm. Weight: 14.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Several areas of green dross lie in and under the lagging. The dross is malachite with some cuprite. There are microscopic copper prills as well. Comments: Thin section analysis. Features: Quartz grains are angular to subrounded and variable in size and monocrystalline. The larger grains have many fractures and some are filled with black matter, probably of

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

organic origin. No other minerals are visible. There is a thin slag layer with pockets of malachite and areas with many tiny cuprite crystals as well as some very tiny copper prills that show up under reflected light. Most of the rice chaff temper is burned out, leaving voids, but many plant remnants persist. Modal analysis: Average of two 800-point counts—matrix 58.2%, quartz 17.5%, rice chaff 11.8%, grog 0.5%, voids 12.0%. BC 972/735 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, NWQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Both exterior and interior are a light gray. Medium- to fine-grained rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Width: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 1.0 cm. Weight: 9.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A light colored post-depositional matrix of clayey soil adheres to most of the fragment. A small amount of black slag lies on the interior with several small spots of green dross. BC 973/745 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, NEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior surface is light gray; interior is covered with red lagging (~1 mm thick). Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 4.0 cm. Width: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 1.4 cm. Weight: 14.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A small area of weathered multicolored glass and a few spots of light green dross on lagging. BC 974/778 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C3, NWQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is dark gray with gray to reddish gray lagging. Lagging (~1.5–2.0 mm thick) on the interior. Abundant, carbonized, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Width: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 1.1 cm. Weight: 8.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Interior has a small, raised, reddish, pitted slag area and a raised red surface with green dross.

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BC 975/786 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, NWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim and body fragment (< ½ present); rounded rim. Exterior is light gray; interior is gray to reddish gray with two layers of lagging. Temper is rice chaff with a little grog or fired clay. Drawing: Figure 8s; TAM 2B: figures 5.1b, 5.3, and color figure 5.4. Dimensions: Length: 6.8 cm. Width: 5.5 cm. Thickness: 0.9–1.1 cm. Weight: 57.5 gm. The diameter of this crucible is 11 cm. Evidence of metal processing: The reddish gray interior is due to lagging, however, during the initial use of the crucible no lagging was present. A thin, uneven layer of black frothy glass (slag) extends over the rim. This layer of slag is thicker at the rim and has spots of green dross. Covering the slag layer is a thin tan lagging (~1.5 mm thick) with reddish violet patches. There is a second layer of lagging (~1 mm thick) that is uneven at the surface with raised areas of green dross and black slag with minor magnetite inclusions. Comments: Judging from the number of lagging layers, this crucible was used at least three times. BC 977/788 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, NWQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Crucible fragment, including spout, rim, and body portions. Tapered rim. Exterior is light gray; interior is light to dark gray and reddish with remnants of lagging. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 5.3 cm. Width: 3.5 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.3 cm. Weight: 14.2 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A thin layer of copper-colored glass on interior. Also present are patches of black glass, a little green dross, one malachite spherule with a core of cuprite, and one black spherule (~3 mm in diameter) that is magnetic and probably magnetite rich. BC 978/796 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, B5, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is medium gray; interior is covered by lagging. The fragment is vitrified, especially near the rim. Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 4.3 cm. Width: 3.3 cm. Thickness: 0.9–1.2 cm. Weight: 18.9 gm. Estimated Diameter: 10 cm. Evidence of metal processing: Two layers of lagging cover the entire interior. The exposed part of the bottom layer is thin, greenish gray, and has areas of green dross and one spot of cuprite. The top layer is thicker, ~2 mm, and reddish violet. It incorporates some green and copper-colored frothy slag on the rim area extending a little onto the exterior. A sawed section through this area revealed a copper prill, ~1 mm long, surrounded by cuprite, malachite, and glass. Comments: Based on the layers of lagging, this crucible appears to have been used twice. BC 979/810 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C3, SWQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is medium gray; interior is dark gray. Red to greenish gray lagging (up to ~3 mm thick). Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.4 cm. Width: 2.0 cm. Thickness: 1.2 cm. Weight: 10.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Within the lagging are areas of cuprite and malachite. BC 980/843A Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is covered with a thin gray lagging. Temper is a combination of grog, black slag, and rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 4.5 cm. Width: 2.6 cm. Thickness: 1.0 cm. Weight: 14.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Frothy, copper-colored glass and some black glass are incorporated into the lagging with a number of green dross spots and spherules across the surface. Comments: Thin section analysis. Features: Quartz grains are common, monocrystalline, and have normal extinctions. The quartz grains are slightly

fractured, and most are without inclusions. No other minerals are visible. A few freshwater sponge spicules are visible (Spongilla), suggesting that the clay source was once a ponded area. There is a thin slag remnant incorporated into a lagging. There is some malachite visible and tiny round black spots, which under reflected light look like prills. Modal analysis: Average of two 800-point counts—matrix 71.8%, grog 14.1%, quartz 3.6%, rice chaff 3.6%, voids 6.9%. BC 983/906 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, B5, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light to medium gray; interior is medium gray with a dark patch in the center of the fragment. The interior surface is vitrified. Temper is mineral matter (sand-quartz) with a trace of rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 3.0 cm. Width: 2.1 cm. Thickness: 0.5–1.1 cm. Weight: 9.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Examination of the dark patch on the interior reveals red and black glass with several, very small spots of green dross. BC 984/995 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, SEQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is gray and reddish gray. Lagging is present. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.0 cm. Width: 2.7 cm. Thickness: 1.6 cm. Weight: 11.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Within the lagging are spots and patches of green dross. A large, raised area near the edge is covered with malachite and with massive, crystalline cuprite beneath the surface. Also present is a little magnetite. BC 988/1036 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, NWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is medium gray; interior has deep copper red lagging up to 1 mm thick. Temper is rice chaff and mineral matter. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Width: 2.1 cm.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Thickness: 1.0 cm. Weight: 7.1 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A medium gray raised layer of lagging on one end has several spots of green dross. BC 989/1036 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, NWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray to grayish brown; interior has a thin layer of lagging that is mostly reddish purple. Moderately abundant, fine rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 4.2 cm. Width: 3.2 cm. Thickness: 0.9 cm. Weight: 16.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Two patches of green dross lie near the edge of the lagging. Comments: Two pieces glued together. BC 990/1059 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, SWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Crucible fragment including spout, rim, and body portions with > ½ present. Exterior is light gray; interior is dark gray with remnants of medium brown lagging varying in thickness up to 2 mm. The lagging is thin, rough, and copper colored near the spout end. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 8t; TAM 2B: figure 5.1c. Dimensions: Length: 10.5 cm. Width: 8.5 cm. Depth: 2.8 cm. Max. thickness: 1.7 cm. Weight: 159.4 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Copper-colored glass present on lagging. Comments: This large specimen consists of three pieces glued together to form a little more than onehalf of a crucible. BC 1002/772 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, rounded. Exterior is light gray; interior surface is red to gray with extensive lagging—patches are of variable thickness. Some vitrification of rim. Temper is fine rice chaff, mostly carbonized, with possible pieces of slag.

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Dimensions: Length: ~2.5 cm. Width: 1.2 cm. Thickness: 1.0 cm. Weight: 4.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The interior is weathered red and has patches of multicolored glass and light green dross. BC 2006/739 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, NEQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior surface is light to medium gray; most of the interior is covered with lagging (1–2 mm thick). The fragment is partly vitrified. Temper is grog or fired clay with white and dark gray pieces as well as rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 3.2 cm. Width: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 0.2–0.9 cm. Weight: 9.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Green to grayish green dross is present both on and within the lagging. Black and brown glassy slag can be seen under the lagging. Comments: At least two episodes of use. BC 2007/891 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C5, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray; interior is copper colored. A lagging extends over the rim. Sparse amount of rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Width: 1.1 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.0 cm. Weight: 2.2 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The lagging contains very small metallic specks. A few spots of light green dross. BC 2127/893E Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C3, NEQ, layer 7s, excavated with sherds under BC Burial 17. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is light gray to reddish gray with thin remnants of lagging and a little vitrification. Temper is moderately abundant rice chaff with some slag. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Width: 1.5 cm. Thickness: 0.7 cm. Weight: 3.0 gm.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Evidence of metal processing: A small amount red glass is on the exterior. The interior has small remnants of frothy black glass and a few tiny spots of green dross. Comments: Fragmentary condition of crucible and its excavation context under a burial, which was also fragmentary, led to designation of context type as “burial-associated.” BC 2136/929A Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C3, SWQ–SEQ, layer 7s, excavated with pottery associated with BC Burial 8. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is gray to reddish gray. Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 1.7 cm. Width: 1.6 cm. Thickness: 0.7 cm. Weight: 2.1 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The interior has one small greenish gray, pitted patch of dross. Comments: Fragmentary condition of crucible led to designation of context type as “burial-associated.” BC 2151/806 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C4, NEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is gray to grayish red with lagging, up to ~3 mm thick in places. Carbonized rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.6 cm. Width: 1.2 cm. Thickness: 1.7 cm. Weight: 6.1 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Red glass lies between the crucible’s surface and its lagging and a small amount of red glass lies on top of the lagging. One spot of green dross lies on one edge of the lagging. Comments: Evidence implies at least two episodes of use. BC 2183/702 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C3, NEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is gray to light reddish gray with extensive lagging and one raised section with frothy black glass. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper.

Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Width: 1.7 cm. Thickness: 0.5–1.1 cm. Weight: 3.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Around the raised area are some tiny spots of a silvery gray metal. A little red copper-colored glass on the interior. Comments: The silvery gray metal is possibly tin based on color and ductility. BC 2234/1000 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 9, C6, SEQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; most of the interior or concave side is covered with red-stained dross/slag. The concave side without dross/slag is also red stained. The crucible appears to have been lagged at least once. Dimensions: Length: 3.6 cm. Width: 2.6 cm. Thickness: 1.1 cm. Weight: 3.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Large patch of slag/dross deposit. Extensive dark red staining, a few bits of green dross and white minerals. Possibly two uses. Comments: One drill hole from sampling.

Middle Period Grave Good Metals Bangles COPPER-BASE BCES 490/1286 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, BCES Burial 16 (Burial Phase VIIa), D7, layer 20s, on right ankle. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.11a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: B-2. Description: Complete, thick bangle, C-shaped, with round cross section and smooth surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 9a; TAM 2B: figure 3.5b. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.4 cm. Interior diameter: 4.6 cm. Shaft height and width: 1.0 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: V-notch halfway through the exterior side of the shaft, cut side mounted up in an angled cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Heavily corroded; only

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

coarse cored dendrites remain, along with a great deal of gas porosity and non-metallic inclusion. Photomicrographs: Figure 39a; Neg. NS 173. Comments: Very similar in morphology to BCES 492/1286. Conserved in 5/78. BCES 491/1286 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, BCES Burial 16 (Burial Phase VIIa), D7, layer 20s, on right wrist. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.11a– b, 6.11d. Context type: Grave good. Type: F-3. Description: Complete band bangle with overlapping ends, a crescent-shaped cross section, and corroded surface. Oval opening. Drawing: Figure 9b; TAM 2B: figure 3.6b. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.9 cm. Max. interior diameter: 4.3 cm. Shaft height: 1.7 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 15.3%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: V-cut through band; mounted surface is an angled cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Moderately corroded; only coarse cored dendrites remain. Few non-metallic inclusions and little gas porosity. Photomicrographs: Figure 39b; Neg. NS 174. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. Corrosion may have enhanced tin value. Cat no. 98 in White (1982:78–79, figure 48). BCES 492/1286 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, BCES Burial 16 (Burial Phase VIIa), D7, layer 20s, on left ankle. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.11a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: B-2. Description: Complete, thick, C-shaped bangle with a round cross section and smooth surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 9c; TAM 2B: figure 3.5c. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.4 cm. Interior diameter: 4.6 cm. Shaft height: 1.0 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base.

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BCES 591/1981 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, BCES Burial 40 (Burial Phase VIIa), D4, SEQ–SWQ, layer 19s, on left upper arm. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.10a–d. Context type: Grave good. Type: E-1. Description: Complete, closed bangle with a T-shaped cross section and a smooth surface. The T-bar is next to the wrist. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 9d; TAM 2B: figure 3.6a and color figure 3.31. Dimensions: Chord length: 10.0 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height: 1.1 cm. Shaft width: 2.2 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 15.4%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Cross section of T-bar. Microstructure: As-cast. Long cored dendrites and extensive interdendritic corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 39c; Neg. NS 178. Comments: Conserved in 1978. Corrosion may have enhanced tin value. Cat. no. 103 in White (1982:79, figure 49). JW: Bangles in this form are made of stone as well. In addition to this Type E-1 bracelet, the BCES Burial 40 skeleton also wore a calcite bangle of the same form (BCES 592/1981). Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/10; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. BCES 1239/1114 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, BCES Burial 14 (Burial Phase VIIa), D7, layer 19s, on right elbow. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.12a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-1. Description: Complete, closed bangle with round cross section and corroded surfaces. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 9e; TAM 2B: figure 3.3c. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.8 cm. Interior diameter: 4.3 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. TF: One side has

38

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

many organic remains and impressions. Cat. no. 100 in White (1982:79). BCES 494A/1438 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 23 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, NWQ, layer 17s, on lower arm. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.6a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-3. Description: Slender, complete bangle with overlapping ends, round cross section, and smooth surface. Slightly oval opening. Drawing: Figure 9f; TAM 2B: figure 3.3g. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.8 cm. Interior diameter: 3.1 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. Very similar in morphology to BCES 494B/1438 and BCES 494C/1438. BCES 494B/1438 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 23 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, NWQ, layer 17s, on lower arm. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.6a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-0. Description: One-half of a slender bangle with a round cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 9g; TAM 2B: figure 3.4t. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.9 cm. Interior diameter: 3 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. Very similar to BCES 494A/1438 and BCES 494C/1438. BCES 494C/1438 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 23 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, NWQ, layer 17s, on skeleton, location uncertain. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.6a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-3. Description: Slender, complete bangle with overlapping ends, round cross section and smooth surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 9h; TAM 2B: figure 3.3h. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.0 cm. Interior

diameter: 2.8 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. Very similar to BCES 494A/1438 and BCES 494B/1438. BCES 495A/1438 BCES 495B/1438 BCES 495C/1438 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 23 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, NWQ, layer 17s, on lower arm. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.6a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-3. Description: Two bangles with overlapping ends corroded together plus one extraneous fragment. The bangles have slender, round cross sections and corroded surfaces. Circular openings. Drawing: Figure 9i; TAM 2B: figure 3.3i. Dimensions: Chord length of 495A and 495B: 4.0 cm. Interior diameter of 494A and 495B: 2.5 cm. Shaft height and width of 495A and 495B: 0.4 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. Cat. no. 101 in White (1982:79). BCES 532A/1601 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 26 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, SWQ, layer 17s/17, on left wrist. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.8a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: N-1. Description: A complete, wide band bangle with bosses and grooves parallel to edges of the shaft. It has a flat cross section and a circular opening. Drawing: Figure 10a; TAM 2B: figure 3.6r and color figure 3.28. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.2 cm. Interior diameter: 3.7 cm. Shaft height: 3.5 cm. Shaft thickness: 0.3 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base. BCES 395A/1115 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3F, BCES Burial 12 (Burial Phase VIII), D4, NEQ, layer 14,

39

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

around left ankle. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.5a–d. Context type: Grave good. Type: B-2. Description: Complete C-shaped bangle with round cross section; bangle marked by lightly incised diagonal slashes along approximately two-thirds of the exterior surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 10b; TAM 2B: figure 3.5a. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.2 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.6 cm. Material: Leaded bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 6.7%; Lead 5.18%. Corrosion: Moderate. EDXRF: Tin 8.4%; Lead 4.4%. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with a small amount of α+δ eutectoid, tiny lead globules and bits of redeposited copper. Most of the eutectoid has been corroded away. There are also many non-metallic inclusions and shrinkage voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 39d; Neg. NS 170. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. TF: Surface has been partially cleaned of corrosion, revealing incisions. Remaining corroded surface has rice and possibly reed mat impressions. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/10; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. BCES 395B/1115 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3F, BCES Burial 12 (Burial Phase VIII), D4, NEQ, layer 14, around right ankle. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.5a–d. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-2. Description: Complete C-shaped bangle with round cross section and smooth surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 10c; TAM 2B: figure 3.3d and color figure 3.26. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.9 cm. Interior diameter: 4.3 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with corrosion. Small amount of α+δ eutectoid is present. Photomicrographs: Figure 40a; Neg. 1580. Comments: Conserved in 5/78.

IRON BCES 530A/1601 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 26 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, SWQ, layer 17s/17, on left elbow. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.8a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-1. Description: Complete closed bangle with round cross section and corroded surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 10d; TAM 2B: figure 3.8a. Drawing probably made after bangle was cut for sampling. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.0 cm. Interior diameter: 4.5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.8 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Iron. Comments: This bangle was drawn after being cut for sampling. No analysis was performed because of corrosion. Cat. no. 109 in White (1982:80, figure 46). Conserved in 10/78. TF: This artifact was fused by corrosion to BCES 530B/1601. The corroded surface shows the impressions of some mineralized rice husks. BCES 530B/1601 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 26 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, SWQ, layer 17s/17, on left elbow. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.8a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-1. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section and corroded surface. Circular opening. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.5 cm. Interior diameter: 4.2 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.6 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Iron. Comments: Cat. no. 109 in White (1982:80, figure 46). Conserved in 10/78. TF: This artifact was fused by corrosion to BCES 530A/1601. The corroded surface shows the impressions of some mineralized rice husks. BCES 531/1601 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 26 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, SWQ, layer

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17s/17, on right elbow. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.8a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-3. Description: Complete bangle (in three pieces) with overlapping ends, round cross section and corroded surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 10e; TAM 2B: figure 3.8b. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.9 cm. Interior diameter: 4.5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.8 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Iron. Comments: Cat. no. 108 in White (1982:80, figure 46). Conserved in 10/78. TF: There are rice impressions in the corrosion.

together or a spiral bracelet with a round cross section and corroded surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 10g; TAM 2B: figure 3.8c. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.7 cm. Interior diameter: 3 cm. Shaft height: 0.6 cm. Shaft width: 0.5 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Iron. Comments: Bangles BCES 530A/1601, BCES 531/1601, BCES 532A–C/1601, and BCES 533/1601 were found on the same skeleton. Cat. no. 110 in White (1982:80). Conserved in 10/78. TF: Rice husks, mineralized and as impressions, are seen on exterior and interior of rings.

BCES 532B/1601 BCES 532C/1601 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 26 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, SWQ, layer 17s/17, on left wrist. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.8a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-0. Description: Fragments of bangles with round cross section and corroded surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 10f; TAM 2B: figure 3.8g and color figure 3.28. Dimensions: Chord length of 532B: 5.2 cm. Chord length of 532C: 6.1 cm. Interior diameter of both: 4 cm. Shaft height and width of both: 0.6 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand and UPM. Material: Iron. Comments: Cat. no. 107 in White (1982:80, figure 46). Conserved in 1978. These bangles were found wrapped around a tubular copper-base bangle, 532A/1601.

IRON

BCES 533/1601 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, BCES Burial 26 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, SWQ, layer 17s/17, around right forearm. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.8a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: A-3. Description: Either several bangles corroded

Blades

BCES 516/1533 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, BCES Burial 80 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, SEQ, layer 16/17s, from a disturbed fragmentary burial. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.9. Context type: Grave good. Type: Straight blade. Description: Flat symmetrical blade fragment with intact tip. Drawing: Figure 11a; TAM 2B: figure 3.13f. Dimensions: Length: 7.2 cm. Max. blade width: 2.3 cm. Blade thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Conserved 10/78. TF: Blade has patch of mineralized vegetable matter. BCES 399A/1115 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3F, BCES Burial 12 (Burial Phase VIII), D4, NEQ, layer 14, from under right forearm and pelvis. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.5a–c, 6.5e Context type: Grave good. Type: Straight blade. Description: Paddle-shaped blade with flat tang. Drawing: Figure 11b; TAM 2B: figure 3.13e. Dimensions: Total length: 9.6 cm. Blade length: 5.2 cm. Max. blade width (at top): 3.2 cm. Blade thickness (at top): 0.7 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Wood fibers are embedded in the

41

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

corrosion around the tang, probably the remains of a wooden haft. BCES 399B/1115 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3F, BCES Burial 12 (Burial Phase VIII), D4, NEQ, layer 14, from under right forearm and pelvis. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.5a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: Lunate blade. Description: Blade with a slightly convex outer edge and ends folded in towards the concave edge. Drawing: Figure 11c; TAM 2B: figure 3.13c. Dimensions: Length: 8.5 cm. Blade width (at center): 2.0 cm. Blade thickness (at center): 0.4 cm. Material: Iron.

Points BIMETALLIC BCES 548/1582 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, BCES Burial 80 (Burial Phase VIIb), D4, SEQ, layer 17s, a disturbed burial. Grave good. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.9. Context type: Grave good. Type: Spear point, socketed. Description: Bimetallic spearhead fragment, bronze socket cast on to iron blade. Blade has obtuse shoulders. Bronze socket is 6.0 cm long and tapers to 1.5 cm diameter where it joins the iron blade. Drawing: Figure 11d; TAM 2B: figure 3.16b and color figure 3.29. Dimensions: Length: 11.0 cm. Max. blade width: 3.4 cm. Blade thickness: 0.6 cm. Length of bronze socket: 6.0 cm. Depth of socket: 4.4 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Socket is bronze, with at least 5% tin, based on the presence of α+δ eutectoid. Spearhead is iron. Sample: Bronze sample taken from end of socket. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with some α+δ eutectoid. Photomicrographs: Figure 40b; Neg. 1692. Comments: The iron blade was sampled by Stech and Maddin (1988). Though it was completely corroded, they state that it was made of terrestrial iron

because of the low nickel content. How the nickel level was ascertained was not stated, but it was probably by PIXE. This iron sample is missing. Cat. no. 105 in White (1982:80, figure 46). Conserved 10/78. TF: Fiber or string marks along with rice grains can be seen on the fragment of the iron blade. BCES 573/1813 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, BCES Burial 24 (Burial Phase VIIb), SEQ, layer 18s, beneath lower right arm. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.7a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: Spear point, socketed. Description: Bimetallic socketed spearhead with broken tip; copper-base socket was cast on to iron spearhead. The junction of the point with the socket has rounded shoulders. Drawing: Figure 11e; TAM 2B: figure 3.16c and color figure 3.29. Dimensions: Length: 28.6 cm. Max. blade width: 3.6 cm. Length of socket: 7.2 cm, tapers to diameter of 1.3 cm where it joins the blade. Depth of socket: 5.8 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base socket; iron blade. Corrosion of iron: Total. Comments: Cat. no. 106 in White (1982:80, figure 46). Conserved 10/78. TF: Impressions of woven material, string, and organic material can be seen in the corrosion on the iron blade.

Middle Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bangles COPPER-BASE BC 2158/584 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, NWQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Ring fragment with round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 12a; TAM 2B: figure 3.4e.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Dimensions: Chord length: 1.6 cm. Interior diameter: 1.5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 2159/593 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, SEQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: I-0. Description: Short bangle fragment with a roughly scalloped exterior edge and corroded surface. The cross section varies from D-shaped to bullet-shaped because of the scalloping. Drawing: Figure 12b; TAM 2B: figure 3.6k. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.1 cm. Interior diameter: impossible to determine. Shaft height: 0.6 cm. Shaft width: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 319/865 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3CD, Square D7, layer 18, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Two fragments of bangle with round cross section glued together. Drawing: Figure 12c. Dimensions: Chord length: 0.5 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 422/1216 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, Square D6, SEQ, layer 17, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Unknown. Description: Fragment of bangle. Dimensions: Longest dimension: ~ 2.3 cm (estimated from photo). Material: Copper-base. BCES 606/2043 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3B, D4, NWQ, layer 20, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with a round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 12d; TAM 2B: figure 3.4x.

Dimensions: Chord length: 5.2 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. BCES 1229/1077 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3F, BCES Burial 12 (Burial Phase VIII), D4, NEQ, layer 15, feature 1 of layer 12, from among sherds over right side of body. Context type: Burial-associated. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with a round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 12e; TAM 2B: figure 3.4y. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.7 cm. Interior diameter: unable to determine. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendritic structure with interdendritic corrosion; α+δ eutectoid survives in a few areas. Many gas and shrinkage voids, some with twinned redeposited copper. Photomicrographs: Figure 40c; Neg. 1497. Comments: The fragmentary condition of the bangle led to its context type designation as “burialassociated.”

Blades COPPER-BASE BCES 480/1367 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, SWQ, layer 20s, feature 1 of layer 18s, a ditch. Context type: Feature. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: Triangular blade fragment. Drawing: Figure 12f; TAM 2B: figure 3.12c. Dimensions: Length: 5.9 cm. Max. blade width: 2.5 cm. Blade thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 11.5%; Lead 0.8%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: V-cut through side. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

extensive interdendritic corrosion. Small globules of lead visible, along with pseudomorphic remains of twinned redeposited copper. Photomicrographs: Figure 40d; Neg. 1262. Comments: Crucible fragments found in same feature.

Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts IRON BC 1107/487 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, B5, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Socket? Description: Possible socket, heavily corroded and broken in two. Dimensions: Length: 4.1 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 819/2734 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4/D5, layer 14, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Socket? Description: Heavily corroded piece of socket or cylinder. Dimensions: Length: 3.7 cm. Interior diameter of socket: 2.0 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: This is the earliest implement with an iron socket in the collection.

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BC 606/530 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C5, SEQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of Type C wire with oval cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

43

BC 645C/870 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, BC Burial 11 (Burial Phase VIIa), C5, SEQ–SWQ, layer 8, among sherds on right side of body. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type A rod with round cross section. Drawing: Figure 12g; TAM 2B: figure 3.21a. Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Fragmentary piece not clearly a grave good led to designation of context type as “burialassociated.” BC 698B/1426 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10 est., C3/ C4, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of a Type A rod with rectangular cross section. Appears to be one rod broken in two. Drawing: Figure 12h; TAM 2B: figure 3.21c. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 5.2 cm. Total length: 7.9 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Elemental analyses: SEM of inclusions show that some inclusions are copper sulfide. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: Worked, annealed. Variable grains with many annealing twins. The frequent blue-gray non-metallic inclusions show some signs of flattening, probably from the first working. The hardness range suggests that the rod is bronze. Photomicrographs: Figure 41a; Neg. NS 126; TAM 2B: color figure 4.6. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 80–101. BC 2188/530 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C5, SEQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A rod with round cross section. Drawing: Figure 12i; TAM 2B: figure 3.21d. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 15.2%. Corrosion: Moderate.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. At the edges are a few strain lines marked by corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 41b; Neg. 1662. Comments: Tin value may have been enhanced by corrosion. BCES 436/1230 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D6, SEQ, layer 17s, feature 13, discrete human bone. Context type: Feature. Description: Type C wire with oval cross section. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 458/1309 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D6, SWQ, layer 19, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A rod with oval cross section. Drawing: Figure 12j; TAM 2B: figure 3.21f. Dimensions: Length: 3.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 502/1460 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3B, D6, NWQ, layer 22, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A rod with round cross section. Drawing: Figure 12k; TAM 2B: figure 3.21h. Dimensions: Length: 2.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Long, fine-cored dendrites with some interdendritic corrosion. A small amount of α+δ eutectoid has survived the corrosion. Some islands of redeposited copper can be seen in the voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 41c; Neg. 1532.

SEQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two or more pieces of fine straight wire, Type C, plus loose clumps of corrosion Drawing: Figure 12l; TAM 2B: figure 3.20l. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 4.3 cm. Cross section diameter has been thinned by corrosion; cross section diameter of longest piece: less than 0.2 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 435/1233 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D6, SWQ, layer 17, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Slightly curved Type B rod with rectangular cross section. Drawing: Figure 12m; TAM 2B: figure 3.21p. Dimensions: Length: 4.4 cm. Total length: 5.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.7 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: This may be a bangle or anklet fragment. BCES 452/1273 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D6, NEQ, layer 19s, feature 4, from an irregular pit with sherds, clay, and iron. Context type: Feature. Description: Type A rod with oval cross section. Drawing: Figure 12n; TAM 2B: figure 3.21q. Dimensions: Length: 3.7 cm. Cross section diameter: ~0.7 cm under the corrosion. Material: Iron. Corrosion: Too corroded for analysis. Sample: Cross section.

IRON

BCES 472/1335 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D6, SEQ, layer 20, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type B rod in two pieces with irregular cross section. Drawing: Figure 12o; TAM 2B: figure 3.21r. Dimensions: Total length: 5.5 cm. Length of longest piece: 4.0 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.7 cm under the corrosion. Material: Iron.

BC 1108/593 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4,

BCES 761/2826 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4/D5,

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

layer 16s, feature 2, from ditch that disturbed several MP VIIa burials. Context type: Feature. Description: Two pieces of a Type A rod with originally rectangular cross section, now round from corrosion. Drawing: Figure 12p; TAM 2B: figure 3.21t. Dimensions: Total length: 6.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Crucible fragment found in same feature.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 620/668 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C3, NEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 645B/870 Archaeological context: MP (Burial Phase VIIa), Level 10, C5, SEQ–SWQ, layer 8, associated with sherds over BC Burial 11. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 2.6 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Not clearly a deliberately placed grave good, so context type designated as “burial-associated.” BC 2165/676 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C3, NWQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Drawing: Figure 12q. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 371/1024 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3F, D4, NEQ, layer 12s/14, associated with sherds over BCES Burial 12 (Burial Phase VIII).

Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened, curved shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Not clearly a deliberately placed grave good, so context type designated as “burial-associated.” BCES 430/1224 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D6, NEQ, layer 17, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 731/2559 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D5/D6, layer 16, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Only small pieces remain. BCES 1230/1118 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, NEQ, layer 18s, feature 3, from a large hole. Context type: Feature. Description: Mitten-shaped, slightly curved fragment. Drawing: Figure 12r; TAM 2B: figure 3.22g. Dimensions: Length: 3.3 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion and gas and shrinkage voids with twinned redeposited copper. Photomicrographs: Figure 41d; Neg. 1498.

IRON BC 1110/620 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C5, SEQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Material: Iron.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

BC 1111/669 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C5, SEQ–SWQ, layer 3, excavated with material near BC Burial 11 (Burial VIIa). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened shape with one squared-off end. Dimensions: Length: 4.2 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Iron. BC 1113/697 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C3, NEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Iron. BC 1114/702 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C3, NEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape with a smoothly curved edge. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Iron.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 610/545 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, B6, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous lump plus six crumbs. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 612/581 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C5, SEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BC 613/582 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C5, NWQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Drawing: Figure 12s; TAM 2B: figure 3.23b. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: Cast, some working and annealing, possibly accidental. A dendritic structure with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Along the edge the dendrites have disappeared in favor of twinned grains outlined by corrosion. The dendrites and grains are surrounded by a halo of pale matter. Remnants of α+δ eutectoid survive the corrosion. Numerous small dark globules may indicate the presence of lead. A long straight crack or fold appears from the exterior through the interior of the sample. Redeposited twinned copper appears in the many voids left by corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 42a; Neg. NS 106. BC 614/595 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C5, NEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two small globular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 615/608 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, SWQ, layer 4, sediment leveling. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Flattish lump. Drawing: Figure 12t. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 616/615 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, NEQ, layer 4, surface scrapings. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Drawing: Figure 13a. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BC 618/639 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, SEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Three small irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 619/660 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, SEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 621/676 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C3, NWQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small irregular lump. Drawing: Figure 13b; TAM 2B: figure 3.23c. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with a great deal of α+δ eutectoid remaining in the center. Based on the amount of eutectoid this sample has a high tin content. Twinned redeposited copper occupies some corrosion voids. Photomicrographs: Figures 42b, 42c; Negs. 1603; NS 108; TAM 2B: figures 4.12, 4.13, and color figure 4.11. BC 624/691 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C3, NEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 638/819 Archaeological context: MP, Level 9–8, B6, layer 7, removing sediments around BC Burial 15 (Burial Phase VI). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump.

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Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 643/860 Archaeological context: MP, Level 9, C4, SWQ, layer 9, cleaning BC Burial 9 (Burial Phase VI). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 645A/870 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C5, SEQ–SWQ, layer 8, excavated with sherds overlying BC Burial 11 (Burial Phase VIIa). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Two small irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 650/900 Archaeological context: MP, Level 9, C3, NEQ, layer 7s, possibly associated with BC Burial 17 (Burial Phase VI). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Originally assigned feature 4. BC 652/912 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C6, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Flattish piece. Drawing: Figure 13c; TAM 2B: figure 3.23f. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: Cast, probably followed by annealing, either deliberately or by accident. Granular, with remains of dendrites and interdendritic and intergranular corrosion. Some of the dendrites/grains have deformation lines. Photomicrographs: Figure 42d; Neg. 1607. BC 669A/1009 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C6,

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

NWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 689/1145 Archaeological context: MP, Level 9, C6, SEQ, layer 14s, excavating material associated with BC Burial 27 (Burial Phase VI+). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Ten or more crumbs and flakes. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 698A/1426 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10 est., C3/ C4, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Drawing: Figure 13d. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast, dendritic. Gas porosity, heavy corrosion next to exterior. Photomicrographs: Figure 43a; Neg. 1613. BCES 342/934 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D5, layer 15s, feature 11, from a large soft soil feature with charcoal. Context type: Feature. Description: Small irregular nodule. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Large patches of α+δ eutectoid can be seen in one area near edge. Photomicrographs: Figure 43b; Neg. NS 167. BCES 353/960 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D7, layer 19s, material from lifting of BCES Burial 10 (Burial Phase VIIa). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump.

Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 364/1010 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3F, D4, NEQ, feature 1 of layer 12s, layer 12s/14, from among sherds overlying BCES Burial 12 (Burial Phase VIII). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Flattened and with a figure-eight shape. Drawing: Figure 13e; TAM 2B: figure 3.23m. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section through widest section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion and remains of α+δ eutectoid. Many gas and shrinkage pores; small bits of twinned redeposited copper can be seen in some voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 43c; Neg. NS 168. BCES 423/1218 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3E, D4, NEQ, layer 15, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Max. length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 434/1229 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D6, SWQ, layer 17, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 453/1274 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D6, NEQ–SEQ, layer 19s, feature 5, a deep pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Mistakenly attributed to bag 1279 in some records but corrected here.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BCES 462/1313 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, SWQ, layer 16, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 517/1533 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, SEQ, layer 16/17s, feature 5, with materials assigned to BCES Burial 80 (Burial Phase VIIb). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Small irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with some interdendritic corrosion. Patches of α+δ eutectoid can be seen. Twinned redeposited copper is in some voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 43d; Neg. NS 175. Comments: Originally assigned feature 5. Entire sample mounted. BCES 729/2548 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D5/D6, layer 15, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Drawing: Figure 13f; TAM 2B: figure 3.23p. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast, slow cooled or partial annealing. Structure of large, undistorted grains with faint dendrites. Gas and shrinkage voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 44a; Neg. 1496. BCES 807/2576 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5/D6, layer 17s, feature 1, from a hole with reddish brown soil. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Flattened, curved, and irregular. Drawing: Figure 13g; TAM 2B: figure 3.23q. Dimensions: Length: 3.5 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin.

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Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Large, globular cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Patches of α+δ eutectoid can be seen. Photomicrographs: Figure 44b; Neg. 1515. BCES 820/2743 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4/D5, layer 15s, feature 2, from a hole cutting through the legs of BCES Burial 71. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Irregular with one side flat and one side convex. Drawing: Figure 13h; TAM 2B: figure 3.23r. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast. Relatively fine cored dendrites with some interdendritic corrosion. Patches of α+δ eutectoid can be seen. Large lumps of twinned redeposited copper present in some voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 44c; Neg. NS 189. Comments: Object may be casting sprue. BCES 1402/1320 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D7, layer 19s, on left side of body near foot of BCES Burial 15 (Burial Phase VIIa). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Plano-convex two-lobed lump. Drawing: Figure 13i; TAM 2B: figure 3.23s. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Material: Copper and bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE (combination of both alloys): Tin 3.7%; Lead 1%. Corrosion: Mild. EDXRF (of bronze portion): Tin 9.7%; Lead 3.5%. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. An amorphous specimen of unusual structure. The bronze-colored half, has rather corroded cored dendrites with numerous voids and non-metallic inclusions. Large amounts of α+δ eutectoid, both corroded and uncorroded, can be seen in this portion. There are numerous voids in this area that are filled with redeposited copper. The other portion contains large, globular grains with clear grain boundaries and twins, but no eutectoid or redeposited copper. This second area is quite coppery in color. The line of demarcation, which can be seen with the naked eye, appears to be the result of

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alloys of distinctly different composition having impinged in the liquid state and adhered to each other. Both portions of the sample have many voids and dark inclusions, some of lead. Photomicrographs: Figure 44d; Neg. 1488. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 67–101. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/8-9; see TAM 2C, chapter 3.

IRON BC 2118/871 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C5, SEQ–SWQ, layer 8/9, scraping area around BC Burial 11 (Burial Phase VIIa). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Four or more small lumps, some of which are broken-off corrosion. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 2.0 cm. Material: Iron.

Crucibles BC 960A/398 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, NEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light pinkish gray; interior is light brown to medium gray and pink near the edge of the rim. Interior is rough with a thin layer of lagging. Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Width: 1.5 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.0 cm. Weight: 3.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Spots of light green dross are common, and a small amount of copper-colored glass occurs along one edge. Comments: Very similar to BC 960B/398, but the pieces do not fit together. BC 960B/398 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, NEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light pinkish gray; interior is light brown to medium gray. Interior is rough with a thin layer of lagging.

Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.0 cm. Width: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 1.3 cm. Weight: 9.2 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Spots of light green dross are common. Comments: Very similar to BC 960A/398, but the pieces do not fit together. BC 963/588 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, B6, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim and body fragments reconstructed (< ½ present); tapered rim. Exterior is light to medium gray; interior is pinkish gray to copper red with remnants of lagging on one piece and traces on the other two. Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 4.5 cm. Width: 3.7 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.3 cm. Weight: 20.2 gm. Evidence of metal processing: One small patch of green dross on the lagging of one piece and traces on the others. Comments: This artifact consists of three pieces glued together. BC 965/592 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, B6, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light to medium gray; interior is slightly pinkish gray. Remnants of lagging. There is some vitrification. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Width: 2.2 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.0 cm. Weight: 5.8 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Several spots of copper-colored glass approximately 10 mm from the rim edge. The rest of the surface contains remnants of lagging, slag, and light green dross. BC 967/612 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, NWQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Spout, rim, and body fragment (< ½ present); tapered rim. Exterior is light gray; interior is light gray to reddish brown. A thin lagging is on the surface. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 5.6 cm. Width: 5.0 cm.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Thickness: 1.2 cm. Weight: 43.1 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A small black slag patch exists in the middle of the lagging as well as a little green dross. BC 969/722 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, NWQ, layer 7, feature 1a, excavated with a scatter of animal bone and sherds. Context type: Feature. Description: Spout and body fragment (< ½ present). The spout is broken and weathered. Exterior surface is medium gray; interior surface is light brown and gray. Remnants of lagging are present on the interior and are thicker near the end of the spout. Abundant, medium- to coarse-grained rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 13j; TAM 2B: figure 5.1a. Dimensions: Length: 6.3 cm. Width: 5.5 cm. Thickness: 1.1 cm. Weight: 42.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The only evidence of use is a little embedded black slag near the spout. BC 981A/897 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C6, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Fragment indeterminate as to part of crucible. Exterior is light gray; interior has a layer of reddish gray lagging (up to 5 mm thick). Grog or fired clay temper. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Width: 1.0 cm. Thickness: 1.0 cm. Weight: 1.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Lagging has two patches of green dross as well as red copper-colored slag and a little black slag. Inside the larger dross area, the composition is largely cuprite with a core of copper. Also present is a little magnetite. BC 981B/897 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C6, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Fragment indeterminate as to part of crucible. Both exterior and interior are light to dark gray. Fairly abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Width: 0.8 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Weight: 0.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A thin layer of copper-colored glass has some tiny spots of black

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slag; an apparent thin black frothy glass lies under the red glass. BC 985/981 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C6, NEQ, layer 11, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Spout fragment. Exterior is grayish brown; interior has a thin, red layer of lagging, which is very thin in the center. Abundant, medium-textured rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 4.0 cm. Width: 2.4 cm. Thickness: 1.3 cm. Weight: 9.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: None. Comments: No evidence of metal residues, but the presence of lagging supports the assessment that the object is a crucible fragment. BC 986/982 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C6, SEQ, layer 11, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is gray to light red. Remnants of lagging are present. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 4.0 cm. Width: 3.2 cm. Thickness: 0.8–1.2 cm. Weight: 15.9 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Within the lagging are many light green dross spots. BC 991/1209 Archaeological context: MP, Level 9–10, C6, SEQ, layer 14s, feature 8, excavated with a clump of MP sherds protruding from sidewall. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is vitrified and covered with one thin layer of lagging that is largely red, but is partially gray around one edge. After use, a second layer of lagging was applied. Fairly abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Width: 1.8 cm. Thickness: 0.4–1.2 cm. Weight: 5.8 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A small green dross spot exists along one edge. The crucible was used and then another layer of light gray lagging was applied, which now covers no more than half of the top and is no more than 1.5 mm thick. Comments: Although there are two layers of lagging there is no evidence it was used a second time.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

BC 992/1209 Archaeological context: MP, Level 9–10, C6, SEQ, layer 14s, feature 8, excavated with a clump of MP sherds protruding from sidewall. Context type: Feature. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray; interior contains remnants of lagging. The interior is partially vitrified. Temper is moderately abundant rice chaff—mostly carbonized. Dimensions: Length: 3.7 cm. Width: 3.0 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.0 cm. Weight: 11.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Some red and multicolored glass adheres in one area. Many spots and patches of light green dross are on the lower end of the piece. BC 998/692 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C3, SWQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, rounded. Exterior is light gray, rough, and partially vitrified, especially at the rim; interior has lagging. Moderately abundant, medium-textured rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.0 cm. Width: 1.8 cm. Thickness: 0.3–1.0 cm. Weight: 4.1 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The lagging has a little pitted red and yellow glass on one edge and a small patch of black glass. BC 2002/1009 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C6, NWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is dark gray to grayish red. Coarse, carbonized rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.6 cm. Width: 1.7 cm. Thickness: 1.0 cm. Weight: 6.8 gm. Evidence of metal processing: None. Comments: No evidence that this crucible was ever used for metal production. BC 2122/776 Archaeological context: MP, Level 10, C4, SEQ, layer 7, recovered during the removal of BC Burial 2’s bones and pottery. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Rim and body fragment; strongly

tapered and curved rim. Exterior is light gray with red blotches near the rim; interior has a thin layer of lagging that is red to reddish gray and is slightly pitted and rough in places. Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 4.4 cm. Width: 3.5 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.7 cm. Weight: 27.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A thin layer of frothy slag covers the upper one-half of interior. The slag is covered with spots of green dross and some copper-colored glass that is incorporated in the lagging. Comments: Some sponge spicules in temper. Crucible piece’s fragmentary condition and lack of evidence for purposeful placement justify attribution of context type as “burial-associated,” and not as a grave good. BCES 419/1205 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, SEQ, layer 18s, feature 8 of layer 17s, recovered with the pottery concentration over the feet of BCES Burial 73 (Burial Phase VIIa), but the crucible was quite possibly related to metal processing debris in the south quads including the casting hearth dump in the SWQ. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Complete crucible with tapered rim. Rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 13k; TAM 2B: figure 5.1f and color figure 5.10. Dimensions: Length: 8.9 cm. Diameter: 8.9 cm. Width: 6.4 cm. Height: 4.6 cm. Thickness: 1.1 cm. Weight: 113.5 gm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Evidence of metal processing: Tiny red stains (possible glass) just inside the rim. Comments: Cat. no. 51 in White (1982:38, figure 47). Much of the information presented here comes from the original lab notes made in the 1970s. Vernon conducted a limited inspection through the case at the Ban Chiang National Museum but was unable to examine it closely. Due to the close association of scatter burials and metal processing evidence in this square and level, this crucible was considered more likely a part of the metalworking dump than a deliberate grave good with Burial 73. Bag context originally called Burial 18 in the field records before it was realized to be part of Burial 73.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BCES 440A/1253 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, SEQ, layer 19s, feature 8 of layer 17s, recovered from among the grave goods over the feet of BCES Burial 73 (Burial Phase VIIa), but possibly related to the collapsed casting hearth in the SWQ. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is grayish brown grading into dark gray at one end; interior is reddish gray with layer of lagging, up to ~2.0 mm thick. Temper is moderately abundant rice chaff and mineral sand (contains quartz, garnet, and epidote). Dimensions: Length: 3.5 cm. Width: 2.9 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.5 cm. Weight: 11.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: None. Comments: Although the lagged layer indicates this crucible was prepared for processing metal, no direct evidence demonstrates it was ever used for that purpose. Bag context originally called Burial 18 in the field records before it was realized to be part of Burial 73. BCES 440B/1253 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, SEQ, layer 19s, feature 8 of layer 17s, recovered from among the grave goods over the feet of BCES Burial 73 (Burial Phase VIIa), but possibly related to the collapsed casting hearth in the SWQ. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray; interior is light grayish brown near the top, but the rest is dark reddish brown. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.7 cm. Width: 2.0 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.2 cm. Weight: 8.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Green dross patches are found on the interior. Much of the lower surface is rough with small black slag patches and some red copper glass. Two tiny black and gray metallic spherules are present. Comments: Two fragments are glued together. Bag context originally called Burial 18 in the field records before it was realized to be part of Burial 73. Context type designated as “burial-associated” because this and other nearby crucibles seem likely to be related to a casting hearth dump nearby.

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BCES 478/1367 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, SWQ, layer 20s, feature 1 of layer 18s, from a ditch near the collapsed casting hearth dump of this level. Context type: Feature. Description: Spout, rim, and body fragment; the crucible is three-quarters complete. Exterior surface is light gray; interior is light gray and lagged. Temper is abundant, coarse rice chaff and quartz grains. Drawing: Figure 13l; TAM 2B: figure 5.1g and color figure 5.10. Dimensions: Length: 11.6 cm. Width: 7.3 cm. Thickness of bottom: 1.9 cm. Weight: 149.9 gm. Depth of interior: 3.0 cm. Total volume: 58 ml. Evidence of metal processing: The exterior has pitting, cracks, and a small patch of slag. The interior has two large and three small areas of green dross and cuprite within the lagging. Magnetite is present in a granular layer over some of the dross. Comments: Quartz grains in the lagging have the same signature as those in the paste and appear to have been derived from washing and sieving the paste. Max. metal capacity: 463.5 gm. BCES 760/2826 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4/ D5, layer 16s, feature 2, from the ditch near casting hearth and MP Phase VII burials in this level. Context type: Feature. Description: Complete crucible with tapered rim. The interior has lagging. Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 13m; TAM 2B: figure 5.2d and color figure 5.10. Dimensions: Diameter: 11.9 cm. Width: 9.2 cm. Height: 5.9 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.8 cm. Weight: 295.9 gm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Evidence of metal processing: Green dross is present within the lagging. A dark red stain (glass?) is inside the rim for most of the crucible. Comments: Cat. no. 52 in White (1982:38, figure 47). Much of the information presented here comes from the original lab notes made in the 1970s. Vernon conducted a limited inspection through the case glass at the Ban Chiang National Museum but was unable to examine it closely.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

BCES 1234/1204 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, SWQ, layer 18s, feature 1 of layer 16s, associated with a collapsed casting hearth dump. Context type: Feature. Description: Rim (tapered) and body fragment (3/4 of the bowl is present). Exterior is light gray; interior is dark gray at the bottom and light gray near the rim. Remnants of light-colored lagging. Moderate amount of rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 13n; TAM 2B: figure 5.2f. Dimensions: Reconstructed rim diameter: 7.5 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.5 cm. Height: 4.5 cm. Thickness of bottom: 1.5 cm. Weight: 111.4 gm. Total volume: 78 ml. Evidence of metal processing: Small spots of frothy dark gray glass. Comments: Sparse grains of laterite occur in the matrix. Max. metal capacity: 623.4 gm. BCES 1235/1204 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, SWQ, layer 18s, feature 1 of layer 16s, associated with a collapsed casting hearth dump. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is reddish gray. Temper is organic with a moderate amount of very small bean-shaped pieces. Dimensions: Length: 4.5 cm. Width: 3.2 cm. Thickness: 1.5 cm. Weight: 23.9 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The interior surface has tiny irregular pits that contain green dross. Comments: Sparse grains of laterite occur in the matrix. BCES 1236/1204 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, SWQ, layer 18s, feature 1 of layer 16s, associated with a collapsed casting hearth dump. Context type: Feature. Description: Five pieces glued together, consisting of spout, rim (tapered), and body. Exterior is light to medium gray grading into black toward the interior of the spout; interior is a deep copper red that is slightly glassy (glass/slag) in places. Temper is moderately abundant rice chaff, much of it carbonized. Dimensions: Length: 5.2 cm. Width: 4.1 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.6 cm. Weight: 19.8 gm.

Evidence of metal processing: Several black, magnetic, frothy glass spots. BCES 1287/1355 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3B, D6, NWQ, layer 21s, feature 1, from a deep posthole cut into Level 2 containing animal bone, antler, and sherds. Context type: Feature. Description: Spout and rim fragment. Exterior and interior is medium gray. Much of the piece is partially to completely vitrified. Temper is coarse rice chaff in a paste with abundant quartz grains. Dimensions: Length: 3.0 cm. Width: 2.8 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.0 cm. Weight: 4.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A thin partial layer up to 2.0 mm thick contains multicolored glass and green dross patches. One dross patch had an underlying mass of cuprite within which tiny prills of copper could be identified. BCES 1295A/1383 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, SEQ, layer 17, from soil matrix surrounding BCES Burial 19 (Burial Phase VIIb). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior reddish brown. Moderately abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.4 cm. Width: 2.2 cm. Thickness: 1.0–1.4 cm. Weight: 8.9 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Remnants of green dross spherules as well as red glass and black slag. BCES 1295B/1383 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, SEQ, layer 17, from soil matrix surrounding BCES Burial 19 (Burial Phase VIIb). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray; interior is reddish brown. Remnants of lagging on the interior. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Width: 2.0 cm. Thickness: 0.2–0.9 cm. Weight: 3.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Within the lagging is some copper-red glass and two spots of light green dross.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BCES 1351/1627 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, NWQ, layer 17s, from soil matrix exposing and lifting BCES Burial 20 (Burial Phase VIIb). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray to grayish brown; interior is light reddish gray and slightly rough. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.5 cm. Width: 2.7 cm. Thickness: 0.7–1.6 cm. Weight: 10.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Red glass spots can be seen under magnification. BCES 2015/1854 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4, SEQ, layer 18, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light to medium gray; interior is reddish brown grading into black. The rim end is partially vitrified. Abundant, moderately sized rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.5 cm. Width: 1.7 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.0 cm. Weight: 6.9 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The rim end has a small amount of multicolored glass. A little green dross is on the surface of the glass. Comments: Sparse pieces of slag in the paste. BCES 2016/1853 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4, SEQ, layer 18, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray; interior is medium gray with a thin red surface layer. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 1.7 cm. Width: 1.7 cm. Thickness: 0.1–0.7 cm. Weight: 2.4 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Copper-red glass visible under magnification. Comments: Sparse pieces of slag in the paste. BCES 2017/1496 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4, SWQ, layer 18, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is reddish brown with slight remnants of lagging. Temper is moderately abundant slag with rice chaff.

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Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Width: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.0 cm. Weight: 5.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Lagging incorporates some red glass. Comments: Thin section analysis. Features: Quartz grains are common and monocrystalline, but the very small grains are extremely abundant. Some grains have fractures, most of which are filled with a black material, probably of organic origin. The small grains are most likely native to the clay and were not counted in the modal analysis. No other minerals are visible. There is a very small remnant of black slag remaining with a malachite spherule. However, slag is present as a temper component. Most of the rice chaff temper has been burned out, but some traces remain. Modal analysis: Average of two 800-point counts—matrix 79.9%, quartz 3.4%, slag (as temper) 7.6%, rice chaff 4.0%, voids 5.1%. BCES 2020/1982 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4, SEQ–SWQ, layer 19, removal of pedestal after BCES Burial 40 has been lifted. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Both exterior and interior variable colored. Remnants of two layers of lagging; lagging is seen on both interior and exterior. Abundant rice chaff temper. Drawing: None; for photograph see TAM 2B: color figure 5.8. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Width: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 2.0 cm. Weight: 11.8 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The lagging has a green dross layer up to 5.5 mm thick on the interior. Several copper and bronze prills are present, the largest ~1.0 mm in diameter, and some cuprite and malachite. Glass is chiefly yellowish brown and black with a few tiny embedded gray metallic particles. Comments: Two prills (BCES 2020A/1982 and BCES 2020B/1982) were extracted and analyzed by PIXE and EDXRF spectroscopy—see Prill Catalog. BCES 2021/1982 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4, SEQ–SWQ, layer 19, removal of pedestal after BCES Burial 40 has been lifted. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

greenish red; interior is medium gray near the rim and dark gray near the base of the fragment. Interior has lagging. Rim edge is partially vitrified. Temper is moderately abundant organic material with a minor amount of rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 2.6 cm. Width: 2.3 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.6 cm. Weight: 8.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The lagging incorporates a 4.0 mm layer of dross, slag, and yellow glass. The slag also contains cuprite, azurite, and some tiny copper prills. BCES 2043/1724 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, SEQ, layer 17s/19s, from soil matrix around BCES Burials 19 and 24 (Burial Phase VIIb). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray; interior is grayish brown. Temper is abundant, coarse rice chaff with pieces of a frothy, black, magnetic slag. Dimensions: Length: ~3.0 cm. Width: 2.3 cm. Thickness: 0.1–0.9 cm. Weight: 5.4 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Very small remnants of a copper-red glass occur on the interior. BCES 2052A/1366 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, D4, NWQ, layer 1, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior and interior are light gray, becoming darker at the bottom of the fragment. Temper is moderately abundant, coarse rice chaff and grog or fired clay. Dimensions: Length: 6.0 cm. Width: 5.0 cm. Thickness: 0.2–0.9 cm. Weight: 26.5 gm. Reconstructed diameter: ~10.0 cm. Evidence of metal processing: The rim has small cracks and a reddish patch as well as several very small copper-red glass spots. Two black frothy slag spots are also near the edge of the rim—both are moderately magnetic. BCES 2052B/1366 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3DE, D4, NWQ, layer 17, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray with small reddish-brown areas; interior is medium

gray with thin remnants of lagging. Fairly abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 5.0 cm. Width: 3.4 cm. Thickness: 0.6–1.4 cm. Weight: 22.1 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Within the lagging are small patches and spherules of green dross. BCES 2053/1542 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, SWQ, layer 17, feature 8, from a posthole. Context type: Feature. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is reddish gray; interior is medium gray. Lagging on the interior. Temper is abundant, medium-textured rice chaff and other organic material. Dimensions: Length: 3.0 cm. Width: 3.0 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.6 cm. Weight: 13.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Lagging has reddish orange glass near the rim and several patches of green dross throughout. One 4.0 mm diameter nodule is primarily cuprite. Tiny copper prills throughout the glassy material can be see under magnification, and larger gray, metallic magnetic grains are present in a clear matrix. Comments: Thin section analysis. Features: Quartz grains are common and monocrystalline. They are mostly clear but some with fractures that are filled with black matter, probably of organic origin. No other minerals are visible. There is a slag layer that is up to 4.0 mm thick incorporated into a lagging. Pockets of malachite, massive and spherules, are present as well as some cuprite. Many tiny copper prills are present that can be seen in reflected light. The rice chaff temper is almost completely burned out, but a few traces can be seen. Modal analysis: Average of two 800 counts—matrix 69.1%, quartz 4.5%, rice chaff 12.4%, grog 1.5%, voids 12.5%. Grain sizes, as observed on a disaggregated piece under megascopic binocular microscope: quartz grains variable in size, up to ~1.0 mm in diameter or length and angular to subrounded. BCES 2055A/1536 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, NWQ, layer 17, feature 9, from a scatter of animal and human bone, and small finds under BCES 1426 Pot A and BCES 1390 Pot B. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray;

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

interior is purplish to greenish gray. Partial lagging. Temper is abundant, coarse rice chaff, much of it carbonized and making the piece friable. Dimensions: Length: 5.0 cm. Width: 6.5 cm. Thickness: 1.5 cm. Weight: 46.2 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Lagging has 4.0 mm thick layer of cuprite and malachite in places. Some tiny copper prills can be seen under magnification in a broken piece. Also present is red copper-colored glass. Comments: Some azurite and red hematite are present. BCES 2055B/1536 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3D, D4, NWQ, layer 17, feature 9, from a scatter of animal and human bone, and small finds under BCES 1426 Pot A and BCES 1390 Pot B. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment, slightly curved. Exterior surface is grayish to light brown; interior surface is medium gray and rough. The interior surface is quartz-rich, likely a product of quartz in the paste as well as the quartz temper, but does not appear to be true lagging. Parts of the interior surface are vitrified. Temper is abundant rice chaff and lesser amounts of quartz grains. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Width: 1.7 cm. Thickness: 1.1 cm. Weight: 5.8 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Two green dross patches at one end of the fragment and several weathered small green spherules visible throughout the interior surface. Comments: The quartz grains in the temper are magnetic with small pieces of magnetite visible in many of the grains.

Middle Period–Late Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bangles COPPER-BASE BCES 272/715 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, NWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix.

57

Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with an oval cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 14a; TAM 2B: figure 3.4n. Dimensions: Chord length: 3 cm. Interior diameter: 3 cm. Shaft height: 0.2 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Angled cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Very corroded cored dendrites, with possible deformation marks on some grains. Photomicrographs: Figure 45a; Neg. 1587. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. BCES 288/775 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, SWQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: I-0. Description: Bangle fragment with V-shaped notches on exterior and a triangular cross section with the apex of the triangle on the outer edge. Drawing: Figure 14b; TAM 2B: figure 3.6l. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.2 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.8 cm. Material: Leaded bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 8.8%; Lead 2.88%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Pronounced cored dendrites with considerable gas porosity and α+δ eutectoid. There are strain lines in the grains as well as bent twins in the redeposited copper, probably from accidental post-manufacturing stresses. Photomicrographs: Figures 45b, 45c; Negs. NS 161–162. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. TF: One rice husk impression in the surface corrosion. BCES 302/799 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D4, NWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 14c; TAM 2B: figure 3.4o.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Dimensions: Chord length: 3.1 cm. Interior diameter: 3 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites; at 400x, a bit of α+δ eutectoid can be seen on the periphery. There are nascent grain boundaries. Some of the grains on the edge show strain markings that may reflect post-manufacturing stresses. Some bits of redeposited copper lie in the voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 45d; Neg. 1573. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. BCES 305/806 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D4, NEQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Long bangle fragment with round cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 14d; TAM 2B: figure 3.4p. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.0 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. BCES 317/863 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6, NEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Thick, bent bangle fragment with oval cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 14e; TAM 2B: figure 3.4q. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.5 cm. Interior diameter: impossible to determine. Shaft height: 0.4 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Angled cross section of shaft. Microstructure: As-cast. Heavily corroded; what remains is dendritic with faint traces of coring. Also seen are some strain markings, nascent grain boundaries, and gas and shrinkage porosity. Photomicrographs: Figure 46a; Neg. NS 165. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. TF: Some carbonized material was found in the surface corrosion. BCES 332/899 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6,

SEQ, layer 12, possibly associated with BCES Burial 5 (Burial Phase IX). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: H-0. Description: Short, thick bangle fragment with rectangular cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 14f; TAM 2B: figure 3.6i. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.7 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.5 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with large gas and shrinkage voids; much α+δ eutectoid remains, along with twinned redeposited copper in the voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 46b; Neg. NS 166. BCES 347/950 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D6, NEQ, layer 14, feature 8, excavated near a gray mottled soil feature. Context type: Feature. Type: J-0. Description: Three fragments of a bangle with a D-shaped cross section and corroded surface. The inside surface is the flat side of the D-shape. Drawing: Figure 14g; TAM 2B: figure 3.6m. Dimensions: Chord length of longest piece: 1.6 cm. Shaft height: 0.6 cm. Shaft width: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 359A/996 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D4, NWQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: G-2. Description: Complete band ring with flat cross section and smooth surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 14h; TAM 2B: figure 3.6f. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.0 cm. Interior diameter: 2 cm. Shaft height: 0.6 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. BCES 359B/996 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D4, NWQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0.

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Description: Short bangle fragment with a round cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 14i; TAM 2B: figure 3.4r. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.7 cm. Interior diameter: unable to determine. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. A few long strain lines can be seen. Photomicrographs: Figure 46c; Neg. 1572. Comments: Conserved in 10/78.

Context type: General soil matrix. Type: O-2. Description: Complete C-shaped ring with heavily corroded surface. Cross section is distorted by the corrosion; the opening is probably circular. Drawing: Figure 14k; TAM 2B: figure 3.8k. Dimensions: All measurements distorted by corrosion. Chord length: 3.3 cm. Interior diameter: 1 cm. Shaft height: 0.6 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. TF: Some fibrous material, perhaps reed, has been mineralized and attached to the interior of ring.

BCES 359C/996 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D4, NWQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: One bangle fragment, oval in cross section. Dimensions: Chord length: 0.6 cm. Interior diameter: impossible to determine. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Bells

BCES 375/1049 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D6, NEQ, layer 15, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: G-2. Description: Complete small band ring with a lenticular cross section and smooth exterior surface. Interior surface is corroded. Drawing: Figure 14j; TAM 2B: figure 3.6g. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.5 cm. Interior diameter: 0.9 cm. Shaft height: 0.8 cm. Shaft width: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. TF: Rice impression and carbonized organic matter on interior of ring.

IRON BCES 1199/799 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D4, NEQ, layer 12, spit removal.

COPPER-BASE BCES 725/2511 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D5/ D6, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Bell. Description: Intact bell with loop, with spiral grooves on surface. Ball is missing or never existed. Drawing: Figure 14l; TAM 2B: figure 3.9d and color figure 3.25. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Width: 1.3 cm. Width of opening: 0.3 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Cat. no. 114 in White (1982:81). This bell was likely a bangle attachment. Conserved 10/78.

Blades IRON BCES 352/959 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D4, SEQ, layer 14s, feature 1, from a cluster of human or faunal bone and iron. Context type: Feature. Type: Straight blade. Description: Fragment of blade and tang.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Drawing: Figure 14m; TAM 2B: figure 3.13d. Dimensions: Length: 10.2 cm. Max. blade width: 2.5 cm. Blade thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Conserved 10/78. BCES 381/1067 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D6, NEQ, layer 15, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Unclassified blade, droplet shaped. Description: Blade fragment. Drawing: Figure 14n; TAM 2B: figure 3.13g. Dimensions: Length: 5.6 cm. Max. blade width: 2.9 cm. Blade thickness: 0.7 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Conserved 10/78. BCES 1147/627 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D7, layer 14s, feature 3, from an ashy, greasy, shallow hole. Context type: Feature. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: Blade fragment. Drawing: Figure 14o; TAM 2B: figure 3.13i. Dimensions: Length: 4.2 cm. Max. width: 2.2 cm. Material: Iron.

Points COPPER-BASE BCES 397/1125 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D6, NEQ–SEQ, layer 16s, feature 3, a cluster of animal bones and small finds. Context type: Feature. Type: Small point, tanged. Description: Small projectile point with long but broken tang. Shoulders are swept-back. Drawing: Figure 14p; TAM 2B: figure 3.15b. Dimensions: Total length: 4.5 cm. Blade length: 1.3 cm. Blade width: 1.1 cm. Blade thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

IRON BCES 350/955 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3DE, D5, SWQ, layer 9s–15s, removing pedestal under BCES Burial 9 (Burial Phase IX). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: Spike. Description: Hollow spike-shaped point with broken tip. Interior socket almost entirely filled with corrosion. Drawing: Figure 14q; TAM 2B: figure 3.17e. Dimensions: Length: 5.8 cm. Max. blade width: 1.4 cm. Blade thickness: 1.4 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Conserved 10/78. TF: Mineralized rice grains in socket hole. Relatively intact condition raises possibility it was associated with Burial 9, hence context type designated as “burial-associated.”

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BCES 312/854 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6, NEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type B rod with rectangular cross section. Drawing: Figure 15a; TAM 2B: figure 3.21e. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Largest cross section diameter: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Strongly cored dendrites with interdendritic corrosion and many large voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 46d; Neg. 1483. BCES 346/946 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D4, NEQ, layer 14, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A rod with oval cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.8 cm. Largest cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BCES 1188/748 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, NEQ, layer 13s, feature 4, a few sherds in a patch of soft soil. Context type: Feature. Description: Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 2.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.25 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Two pieces were mounted, one longitudinally and one in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. This piece is very heavily corroded, but dendritic islands remain. Photomicrographs: Figure 47a; Neg. 1631.

IRON BCES 1197/787 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, SWQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Twisted and coiled Type B rod with round/squarish cross section. Dimensions: Length: 2.4 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BCES 307/821 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6, SEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small fragment. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 329A/889 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D5, SEQ, layer 14, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 378/1061 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D6, SWQ, layer 15, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened crumbs. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.2 cm Material: Copper-base. BCES 742/2635 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D6/ D7, layer 14, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flat fragment with wedge-shaped cross section. Drawing: Figure 15b; TAM 2B: figure 3.22f. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 12.8%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Long, fine cored dendrites that suggest a rapid cooling. The small amount of corrosion has eaten away tiny areas that may have been the second phase. Twinned redeposited copper has filled some corrosion voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 47b; Neg. 1542.

IRON BCES 256/627 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D7, layer 14s, feature 3, soil feature. Context type: Feature. Description: One thick, flattened, piece with a right-angle curve. Drawing: Figure 15c. Dimensions: Length: 3.8 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1155/635 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D7, layer 14, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened, curved shape. Dimensions: Length: 2.8 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Imprints of rice husks.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

BCES 1182/714 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D7, layer 16, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened triangular shape. Drawing: Figure 15d. Dimensions: Length: 3.3 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron.

Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Pockets of redeposited copper occupy some corrosion voids. A crack through the middle is likely due to stress corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 47c; Neg. NS 135.

BCES 1185/720 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, NEQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened elongated shape, with one regular curved edge, very corroded. Drawing: Figure 15e. Dimensions: Length: 4.5 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron.

BCES 275/720 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, NEQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 1212/877 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6, NWQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape; looks like the blunt tip of a tool. Drawing: Figure 15f. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1219/896 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6, SWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened elongated shape. Dimensions: Length: 3.3 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Imprints of rice husks.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 2123/811 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 10, C4, SEQ, layer 8, from matrix under BC Burial 2. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Oval lump. Drawing: Figure 15g; TAM 2B: figure 3.23j.

BCES 276/723 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D7, layer 16, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 278/729 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6, NEQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Elongated lump. Drawing: Figure 15h; TAM 2B: figure 3.23k. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with α+δ eutectoid remaining in the center of the sample. Twinned redeposited copper occupies some corrosion voids. There may be lead globules as well. Photomicrographs: Figure 47d; Neg. NS 160. BCES 287/747 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, SEQ, layer 12, pedestal removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

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BCES 289/760 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, SEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Spherical. Dimensions: Length: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 299B/791 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D5, NEQ–NWQ, layer 14s, surface scraping. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 290/756 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6, NWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 329B/889 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D5, SEQ, layer 14, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.7 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 291/756 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6, NWQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Metal attached to slag or ceramic.

BCES 348/950 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D6, NEQ, layer 14, feature 8, soil feature. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BCES 296/776 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D7, layer 17, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Five small amorphous bits. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 299A/791 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D5, NEQ–NWQ–SEQ–SWQ, layer 14s, surface scraping Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Elongated irregular lump. Drawing: Figure 15i; TAM 2B: figure 3.23l. Dimensions: Length: 2.8 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with some interdendritic corrosion. α+δ eutectoid survives in certain areas. Twinned redeposited copper occupies some corrosion voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 48a; Neg. NS 164.

BCES 351/952 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3DF, D5, SWQ, layer 9s–15s, pedestal removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small irregular nodule. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. This specimen has a very coppery color. It is composed of cored dendrites, with large areas of strain markings especially near the edge. Corrosion is pronounced, along with gas and shrinkage pits. Photomicrographs: Figure 48b; Neg. 1623. BCES 389/1097 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D6, SEQ, layer 15, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

BCES 414/1182 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D4, SWQ, layer 15, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small spherical nodule. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites, very heavy corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 48c; Neg. 1624. BCES 415/1183 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D4, SEQ, layer 15, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small irregular nodule. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites, with interdendritic corrosion in the shape of α+δ eutectoid. Photomicrographs: Figure 48d; Neg. NS 171.

IRON BCES 1148/627 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D7, layer 14, feature 3, ashy soil feature. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.6 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1181/713 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, NEQ, layer 12, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 5.4 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1191/755 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, SEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump.

Dimensions: Length: 4.3 cm. Material: Iron.

Crucibles BC 962/562 Archaeological context: MP–LP, C5, South section cleaning. Context type: Section cleaning. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is grayish brown; interior is medium to dark gray and has remnants of lagging. Abundant, medium-textured rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Width: 2.0 cm. Thickness: 2.0 cm. Weight: 9.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A spot of green dross in the lagging. BC 2231/679 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 10, C4, SEQ, layer 7, above and around sherd scatter over Burial 22. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Small body fragment, wedge-shaped in cross section. Temper includes some organic material, especially rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Width: 3 cm. Max. thickness: 1.4 cm. Weight: 12.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Interior is covered with a red-stained lagging layer and small bits of mineral deposit caught in the lagging layer. Comments: Two drill holes from sampling. BCES 298/790 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, NEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Three pieces glued to form a portion of body and a spout with tapered rim. Exterior is medium gray to grayish brown and moderately rough; interior is pinkish gray. The interior is lagged in a thin uniform layer. Abundant rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 15j; TAM 2B: figure 5.1e. Dimensions: Length: 13.0 cm. Width: 10.0 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.9 cm. Weight: 205.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A little green dross and black frothy glass on interior. Very small metallic, magnetic spherules (prills) also are present.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Comments: There is some clay adhering to the interior—post-depositional. BCES 726/2530 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D5/ D6, layer 14s, feature 2, an isolated crucible. Context type: Feature. Description: Spout and rim (tapered) fragment. Exterior is dark gray and pale brown; interior is a mottled light and medium gray. Lagging remnants occur near the spout end. Moderately abundant rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 15k; TAM 2B: figure 5.2b. Dimensions: Length: 6.5 cm. Width: 6.0 cm. Thickness: 0.1–2.1 cm. Weight: 68.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Green dross is visible under magnification in the lagging. A small patch of copper-red glass is near the broken end and two small spots of black glass are near the end of the spout. BCES 1198A/788 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, NEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray to grayish brown; interior is light to reddish gray. Moderate amount of rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 5.3 cm. Width: 3.0 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.4 cm. Weight: 16.2 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Black frothy glass patches on interior, largest is ~1.0 mm in diameter. BCES 1198B/788 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, NEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is grayish black with several black remnants of a lagged surface. Abundant rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.4 cm. Width: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 1.4–1.7 cm. Weight: 17.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Thin pink glassy layer on one small corner of fragment. BCES 1198C/788 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D5, NEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix.

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Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray; interior is light grayish brown and lagged with a layer up to 1.0 mm thick. Moderate amount of grog or fired clay temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.5 cm. Width: 3.0 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.3 cm. Weight: 13.7 gm. Reconstructed diameter: ~8.0 cm. Evidence of metal processing: The lagged layer is red and slightly glassy (glass/slag) near the rim. BCES 1221/907 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3F, D6, SEQ, layer 13, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray; interior is medium to brownish gray with thin remnants of lagging. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 5.7 cm. Width: 3.6 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.3 cm. Weight: 21.7 gm. The original diameter of the crucible was ~12 cm as determined from a rim chart. Evidence of metal processing: Lagging contains small black frothy glass particles and green dross in cavities. There is also a small red glass patch. BCES 1254/1123 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 3E, D6, NEQ, layer 16s, feature 1, a scatter of sherds and laterite. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is medium gray. A thin reddish gray layer on the interior appears to be a remnant of lagging. Temper is coarse rice chaff with an abundant quartz grain additive. Dimensions: Length: 4.0 cm. Width: 3.3 cm. Thickness: 1.3 cm. Weight: 17.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: None. Comments: Although there is no direct evidence that this crucible was ever used for metal production, the red copper color on the lagging suggests melting or smelting of copper or copper-alloy. Thin section analysis. Features: Quartz grains are very abundant, monocrystalline (and variable in size up to ~1 mm in length). Many of the grains are fractured and filled with iron oxide. No other minerals are visible. (Common laterite nodules are 1–2 mm in length.) There is no slag present. Most of the rice chaff is

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burned out, but there still are trace remains. Modal analysis: Average of two 800 counts—matrix 50.2%, quartz 30.7%, laterite 3.2%, rice chaff 5.8%, voids 10.1%. Note grain sizes were not determined in thin section, but from a disaggregated piece observed under a megascopic binocular microscope.

Late Period Grave Good Metals Bangles COPPER-BASE BC 704/1557 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 55 (Burial Phase X), B5/C5, layer 5. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.2. Context type: Grave good. Type: C-2. Description: Complete, C-shaped disk bangle with flat cross section and faint scalloping on the outer edge. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 16a; TAM 2B: figure 3.5d. Dimensions: Interior diameter: 3.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. Cat. no. 102 in White (1982:79). Somewhat similar in shape to BC 720A–D/918 from BC Burial 14. BC 720A/918 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10, on lower leg of skeleton. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figures 6.1a, 6.1c. Context type: Grave good. Type: Da-0. Description: Fragment of a disk bangle with a wedge-shaped cross section. The widest part of the wedge is the interior surface. No obvious surface decoration, but the surfaces are slightly corroded. Drawing: Figure 16b; TAM 2B: figure 3.5e. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.5 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height: 0.4 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Very like BC 720B/918. BC 720B/918 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial

14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10, on lower leg of skeleton. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figures 6.1a, 6.1c. Context type: Grave good. Type: Da-0. Description: Fragment of a disk bangle with a wedge-shaped cross section. The widest part of the wedge is the interior surface. No obvious surface decoration, but the surfaces are slightly corroded. Drawing: Figure 16c; TAM 2B: figure 3.5f. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.4 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height: 0.4 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: From end of shaft. Cross section. Microstructure: Hot worked and quenched. The structure consists of β martensitic needles and α particles in a dark matrix, with a ring (of β?) around each of the α particles. The α particles show no uniform directionality. In more corroded areas, only islands of α phase survive. Photomicrographs: Figure 49a; Neg. NS 277; TAM 2B: figure 4.15. Comments: Very like BC 720A/918. BC 720C/918 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10, on lower leg of skeleton. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figures 6.1a, 6.1c. Context type: Grave good. Type: Da-0. Description: Fragment of a disk bangle with wedge-shaped cross section. The widest part of the wedge is the interior surface. No obvious surface decoration, but the surfaces are slightly corroded. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 16d; TAM 2B: figure 3.5g. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.5 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height: 0.3 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Very like BC 720D/918. BC 720D/918 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10, on lower leg of skeleton. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figures 6.1a, 6.1c. Context type: Grave good. Type: Da-0.

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Description: Fragment of a disk bangle with wedge-shaped cross section and a circular opening. The broad end of the wedge is the interior surface. No obvious surface decoration, but the surfaces are slightly corroded. Drawing: Figure 16e; TAM 2B: figure 3.5h. Dimensions: Chord length: 6.3 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height: 0.3 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Very like BC 720C/918. BC 2161B/781 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10s, at neck. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.1a. Context type: Grave good. Type: L-0. Description: A strip of metal wrapped in a tight helix around a hollow core. Hollow core is less than 1 mm in diameter. Drawing: Figure 16f; TAM 2B: figure 3.6p. Dimensions: Chord length: 0.9 cm. Interior diameter: cannot be measured. Shaft height and width: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 2211/918 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10, found on arm. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.1a. Context type: Grave good. Type: Db-0. Description: Fragment of a wedged-shaped bangle with a small ridge at the outer edge and a corroded surface. The wide part of the wedge is located on the outer edge. Drawing: Figure 16g; TAM 2B: figure 3.5i. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.3 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height: 0.3 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Closely resembles BC 720A–D/918, except that the wide edge of the wedge is on the outer edge.

location in burial not known. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.3a. Context type: Grave good. Type: G-4. Description: Spiral finger-sized ring, heavily corroded. Circular opening. Cross section cannot be determined with precision but is probably bandshaped. Also includes numerous pieces of iron oxide mixed with soil, a product of corrosion. Drawing: Figure 16h; TAM 2B: figure 3.8h. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.2 cm. Interior diameter (with corrosion): 1.1 cm. Shaft height: 0.8 cm. Shaft width: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: JW: This object is described as “iron ore?” in the field small finds register. Its position was not marked in the grave in the field plans, and the bag number is the general bag used to “lift” the burial, particularly that portion in the D4/D5 baulk. As the object turned out to be an iron ring and as it is found in a grave (BCES B.7) with several other iron grave goods, the object is considered a probable grave good for this burial.

Blades IRON

IRON

BC 1120/885 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10s. Location in grave not clear. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.1a. Context type: Grave good. Type: Lunate blade. Description: Corroded but largely intact. Sides are parallel, except that one end has a spike perpendicular to the sides. One loose piece may have been the spike from the other end. The corrosion obscures any sign of use or sharpening. Drawing: Figure 16i; TAM 2B: figure 3.13a. Dimensions: Length: 8.7 cm. Max. width of blade: 2.2 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Resembles BCES 399B/1115.

BCES 745/2669 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), D4/D5, layer 11s. Exact

BCES 336/903 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), D5, SEQ, layer 13, beside

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lower leg on right. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.3a. Context type: Grave good. Type: Unclassified blade, plus several lumps of corrosion. Description: Looks like a broken-off blade tip. Drawing: Figure 16j. Dimensions: Length: 2.6 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Considerable corrosion. BCES 2004/2669 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), D4/D5, layer 11s, under right side near cranium. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.3a–d. Context type: Grave good. Type: Curved blade. Description: Large sickle-shaped tool with partial tang, badly corroded. Drawing: Figure 16k; TAM 2B: figure 3.12f. Dimensions: Length: 36.5 cm. Average blade width: 4.0 cm. Blade thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Extensive wood remains around the tang. BCES 2044/1403 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), D4, layer 14, exact placement in grave not clear, except must have been near skull based on bag number context. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.3a. Context type: Grave good. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: Fragment of wide blade, very corroded. Drawing: Figure 17a; TAM 2B: figure 3.13k. Dimensions: Length: 5.8 cm. Max. blade width: 3.1 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Originally designated as from feature 3, a small cluster of material including iron near skull. BCES 394/1021 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, BCES Burial 13 (Burial Phase X), D4, SWQ–SEQ, layer 14, above skeleton, inside Pot B. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.4a–c.

Context type: Grave good. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: Bar-like piece, badly corroded. Dimensions: Length: 11.6 cm. Max. blade width 2.5 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Originally designated as feature 5 of Layer 12s. Artifact missing at time of Hamilton reanalysis.

Points IRON BCES 426A/1222 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), D4, NEQ, layer 15, among iron artifacts under cranium. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.3a (merged with 426B/1222 in drawing). Context type: Grave good. Type: Unclassified point, socketed. Description: Several long rod-like pieces, one with a hollow socket. Two of the pieces are heavily corroded (with pieces spalling off) but have a core of sound metal. Socket partially filled with corrosion. Blade shape is unclear; shoulder shape impossible to determine. Drawing: Figure 17b; TAM 2B: figure 3.18a. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 24 cm. Estimated original width of blade: 3–4 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: The corrosion makes it difficult to determine the original shape or number of pieces of this artifact. Conserved 10/78. BCES 426B/1222 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), D4, NEQ, layer 15, among iron artifacts under cranium. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.3a (merged with 426A/1222 in drawing). Context type: Grave good. Type: Spear point, tanged. Description: Point with long tang in two pieces, heavily corroded. Most of blade is missing. Shoulders appear to be obtuse. Drawing: Figure 17c; TAM 2B: figure 3.17d.

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 11.7 cm. Material: Iron. Sample: Cross section of one rod. Microstructure: Bloomery iron. Ferrite with small bits of pearlite in the grain boundaries in certain areas. Inside a few grains are small needle or minnow-like shapes that may be iron nitrite, indicating that the metal was heated in air and had picked up nitrogen. The grains are not noticeably distorted in any direction. Photomicrographs: Figure 49b; Neg. 1261. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 138–160. Conserved 10/78. TF: Tang has mineralized wood or reed remains. Corrosion on head has mineralized and carbonized rice remains. Two further samples were cut from this artifact, but both were completely corroded, so no new photos could be taken to improve the quality of the photomicrograph. BCES 749/2669 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D4/D5, BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), layer 11s, along left side of leg above body. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.3a, 6.3e–f. Context type: Grave good. Type: Spear point, socketed. Description: Spearhead with wood still embedded in the socket. Blade has narrow obtuse shoulders. Socket partially filled with corrosion. Drawing: Figure 18a; TAM 2B: figure 3.17b. Dimensions: Length: 38.7 cm. Max. blade width: 4.0 cm. Blade thickness: 0.8 cm. Material: Iron. Sample: V-cut from edge, mounted cut side up. Microstructure: The specimen goes from ferrite on the surface to ~0.55% C. This could result from carburization or decarburization. Longitudinal inclusions (silicates from the dark gray color) are strung out in the same direction, showing that the piece was forged. There is little slag. Photomicrographs: Figure 49c; Neg. 1285. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings, ferrite to pearlite): 87–214. BCES 1205/850 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), D5, SEQ, layer 14s, from along left lower leg. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure

6.3a, 6.3e. Context type: Grave good. Type: Spike. Description: Long tapering socket in two pieces. Drawing: Figure 18b; TAM 2B: figure 3.17f. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 13.1 cm. Diameter at base of socket: ~1.5 cm, distorted by corrosion. Material: Iron. Sample: Cross section of tip. Microstructure: Forged, very slowly cooled. Banded ferrite with some spheroidization of the tiny amount of pearlite present. The grains are large in the areas of pure ferrite and small in the areas with inclusions. Some slag inclusions are flattened. Tiny bits of what may be carbide inclusions can be seen at high magnification. Photomicrographs: Figure 49d; Neg. NS 191. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 102–123. Socket partially filled with corrosion.

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BC 633/770 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10s, from vicinity of jaw, likely pieces of one or more necklaces. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.1a–b. Context type: Grave good. Description: Nine pieces of fine Type D wire with round cross sections. Drawing: Figure 18c; TAM 2B: figure 3.20a (longest piece). Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.6 cm. Total length of all pieces: 6.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.06 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 24.8%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Two pieces in one mount, one mounted longitudinally and one in cross section. Microstructure: Hot worked and quenched. What may be martensitic needles appear along the edges of the sample, but they may also be mechanical twins. The matrix phase is otherwise featureless and looks like γ phase. The structure is otherwise

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granular with zones of α within the grains as well as segregating along the grain boundaries. The α is random in orientation in both the longitudinal and the cross section mount. Photomicrographs: Figure 50a; Neg. NS 180. Comments: Conserved in 5/78. BC 2161A/781 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10s, found at neck by jaw, probably pieces of one or more necklaces. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.1a–b. Context type: Grave good. Description: Nine pieces of Type D fine wire with round cross sections. Drawing: Figure 18d; TAM 2B: figure 3.20b. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 2.4 cm. Total length: 10.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.07 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 22.94%. Corrosion: Mild. EDXRF: Tin 78.8% (from corrosion product). Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked and quenched. This is classic β-tin martensite. The needles are very clear and cover most of the sample, along with occasional elongated rafts of α. Photomicrographs: Figure 50b; Neg. NS 137. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings of the β needles): 243–273. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/15; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. BC 2208/918 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X), C6, SEQ, layer 10, in center of neck. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.1a–b. Context type: Grave good. Description: Seventy-two pieces of thin wire, round to somewhat rectangular in cross section. Type D. Drawing: Figure 18e; TAM 2B: figure 3.20c (representative pieces). Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 2.6 cm. Total length: 66 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Two pieces mounted longitudinally, one mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. One of the longitudinal specimens shows nondirectional α

in a dark matrix, with only a few martensitic needles. This matrix is probably γ phase rather than β. The other longitudinal sample shows very heavy needling, with zones (of β?) around the elongated and unidirectional α The transverse sample shows α and heavy needling in a dark matrix. Photomicrographs: Figures 50c, 50d; Negs. NS 151–152. Comments: This is the artifact referred to during excavation as “Bianca’s necklace.” Vickers hardness range for the β phase was 303–480 (six readings). A single hardness reading for the α phase was 271.

IRON BCES 748/2669 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), D4/D5, layer 11s, on the right side of jaw. Burial drawing: TAM 2B, figure 6.3a. Context type: Grave good. Description: Thick Type A rod with a cross section round at one end and oval at the other. Drawing: Figure 18f; TAM 2B: figure 3.21s. Dimensions: Length: 8.3 cm. Round cross section diameter: 2.0 cm. Material: Iron.

Late Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bangles COPPER-BASE BC 604A/492 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C4, SEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Curved bangle fragment with round cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 19a; TAM 2B: figure 3.4a. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.3 cm. Interior diameter: 3 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Leaded bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 14.94%; Lead 5.35%. Corrosion: Mild.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Sample: Cross section of shaft. Microstructure: As-cast. Moderately corroded; cored dendrites with small amounts of α+δ eutectoid. Photomicrographs: Figure 51a; Neg. NS 104. BC 2156/322 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C6, NEQ, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section and corroded surface, plus three small broken fragments. Drawing: Figure 19b; TAM 2B: figure 3.4d. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.8 cm. Interior diameter: 7 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Leaded bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 12.9%; Lead 16.29%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion and large blobs of lead. Many copper sulfide inclusions. Photomicrographs: Figure 51b; Neg. NS 136. BC 2162/520 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C5, layer 6s, feature 9, excavated from a non-human bone cluster. Context type: Feature. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 19c; TAM 2B: figure 3.4f. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.3 cm. Interior diameter: 12 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 184/282 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, SEQ, layer 7s, surface scraping. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: O-0. Description: Two short bangle fragments with a round cross section and corroded surface. Dimensions: Chord length of longest piece: 2.0 cm. Interior diameter: 4.0 cm. Shaft height: 0.8 cm. Shaft width: 0.6 cm.

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Sample: Cut through shaft, too corroded to analyze. Material: Copper-base. BCES 205/379 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, SEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Short bangle fragment with a round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 19d; TAM 2B: figure 3.4h. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.9 cm. Interior diameter: impossible to determine. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Cast, with some possible post-casting work. Cored dendrites with corrosion-etched strain marks apparent near the edges of the shaft; α+δ eutectoid visible in the center. Photomicrographs: Figure 51c; Neg. 1505. BCES 219/439 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 19e; TAM 2B: figure 3.4i. Dimensions: Chord length: 4.4 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Mildly cored dendrites with small areas of α+δ eutectoid visible at 600x. Photomicrographs: Figure 51d; Neg. 1534. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. BCES 236/507 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D7, layer 10s/10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: H-0. Description: One piece, oval in cross section. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.6 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height: 0.8 cm. Shaft width: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

BCES 238/490 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, NWQ, layer 9, sediment near BCES Burial 2 (Burial Phase X). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: A-0. Description: Four short bangle fragments, with round cross sections and corroded surfaces. Drawing: Figure 19f; TAM 2B: figure 3.4j. Drawing is of the two largest pieces. Dimensions: Chord length of longest piece: 3.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Extensive corrosion has left only islands of cored dendrites. Photomicrographs: Figure 52a; Neg. 1533. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. BCES 252/620 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D6, NEQ, layer 11. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Short, thick bangle fragment with corroded surface. Corrosion has distorted the cross section, but it was originally round or oval. Drawing: Figure 19g; TAM 2B: figure 3.4k. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.4 cm. Interior diameter: 8 cm. Shaft height: 0.6 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 16.8%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. A cored dendritic structure with some interdendritic corrosion, though large amounts of α+δ eutectoid remain in the center. Redeposited copper has filled some corrosion and gas voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 52b; Neg. NS 158. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 107–132. BCES 253/595A Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D5, SEQ, layer 10s, feature 9, isolated small find. Context type: Feature. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with a round cross section and corroded surface.

Drawing: Figure 19h; TAM 2B: figure 3.4l. Dimensions: Chord length: 4 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites, with some α+δ eutectoid remaining in the center, though most of the eutectoid has been corroded away. Redeposited copper occupies some gas and corrosion voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 52c; Neg. 1480. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. BCES 269/672 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D6, SEQ, layer 11, general soil matrix under BCES Burial 4. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 19i; TAM 2B: figure 3.4m. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.7 cm. Interior diameter: 5 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Cast, some working(?). Cored dendrites with much interdendritic corrosion. No second phase remains, though the corrosion reflects the jagged shape expected of α+δ eutectoid. Twinned redeposited copper has filled some large gas voids. Corroded strain marks appear along one side. Photomicrographs: Figure 52d; Neg. NS 159. Comments: Conserved in 10/78. BCES 799/2549 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6/D7, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: F-0. Description: Short band bangle fragment with crescent-shaped cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 19j; TAM 2B: figure 3.6e. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.8 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height: 2.2 cm. Shaft width: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 53a; Neg. 1541.

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Comments: TF: Several rice grain impressions can be seen on the corrosion on the exterior surface.

IRON BCES 322/869 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3E, D5, NWQ, layer 14, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: O-0. Description: Bangle fragment with corroded surface. Cross section shape is difficult to determine, but it is not round, as in the drawing. Drawing: Figure 19k; TAM 2B: figure 3.8f. Dimensions: Chord length: 5.8 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height: 1.5 cm. Shaft width: 0.8 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 2064/850 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, near BCES Burial 7 (Burial Phase X), D5, SEQ, layer 14s. Context type: Burial-associated. Type: G-4. Description: Complete spiral ring. Band-like in cross section and with corroded surface. Circular opening. Drawing: Figure 19l; TAM 2B: figure 3.8i. Dimensions: Chord length: 2.1 cm. Interior diameter: 1 cm. Shaft height: 0.3 cm. Shaft width: 1.7 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Might be a grave good but because its exact provenience is unclear; designated “burialassociated.”

Bells COPPER-BASE BCES 162/205 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D4, NEQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Bell. Description: Intact bell with loop broken off. Bronze ball clapper remains inside. Decorated with fine grooves in a spiral or concentric pattern. Drawing: Figure 19m; TAM 2B: figure 3.9b and

color figure 3.25. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Width: 1.5 cm. Width of opening: 0.2 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Cat. no. 112 in White (1982:81). This may have been attached to a bangle. BCES 254/604A Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D5, SWQ, layer 10s, feature 8, small find feature. Context type: Feature. Type: Bell. Description: Bell with intact loop. Drawing: Figure 19n; TAM 2B: figure 3.9c and color figure 3.25. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Width: 1.2 cm. Width of opening: 0.3 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Cat. no. 113 in White (1982:81). Conserved 10/78. Ball is missing.

Blades IRON BCES 195/328 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, SWQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Lunate blade. Description: Crescent-shaped blade. Drawing: Figure 19o; TAM 2B: figure 3.13b. Dimensions: Length: 6.9 cm. Width: 2 cm. Blade thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 245/543 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D5, SEQ, layer 9s, feature 3, from a cluster of pots, clay rollers, animal bone, and iron. Context type: Feature. Type: Curved blade. Description: Wide curved tapering blade with intact tip. Drawing: Figure 19p; TAM 2B: figure 3.12d. Dimensions: Length: 11.8 cm. Max. blade width:

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

3.3 cm. Blade thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Conserved 10/78. BCES 700/2397 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D4/D5, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: Triangular blade fragment with heavy corrosion. Object may be a spear point tip. Drawing: Figure 19q; TAM 2B: figure 3.13h. Dimensions: Blade length: 3.8 cm. Max. blade width: 2.2 cm. Blade thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Conserved 10/78. TF: Both surfaces are covered with mineralized remains of fibrous material and rice grains. BCES 1170/679A Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D5, NEQ, layer 11, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Curved blade. Description: Fragment of curved blade with thick broken tang or handle. Drawing: Figure 19r; TAM 2B: figure 3.12e. Dimensions: Total length: 11.5 cm. Estimated length of existing blade: 9.9 cm. Existing tang length: 1.6 cm. From base of tang to end of blade thickness tapers from about 7 mm to 2.5 mm, and width increases from 1.4 to 2.2 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Conserved 10/78. TF: Rice impressions in the corrosion. BCES 2003/543 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D5, SEQ, layer 9s, feature 3 (pedestaled from layer 8), from a cluster of pots (BCES 543 Pots A–D), rollers, iron artifacts and animal bone. Context type: Feature. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: Broad blade fragment, heavily corroded. Drawing: Figure 20a; TAM 2B: figure 3.13j. Dimensions: Length: 5.6 cm. Max. blade width: 3.0 cm. Blade thickness: 0.4 cm. Thickness of corroded end: 1.3 cm. Material: Iron.

Points IRON BC 1109/614 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C3, NEQ, layer 2s, next to pestle fragment. Feature number unknown, discrete small find. Context type: Feature. Type: Spear point, socketed. Description: Socketed point with blade that looks paddle-shaped, with obtuse shoulders. The tip of the blade may have broken off, but the corrosion makes it difficult to tell. Largely intact except for the possibly broken tip. Socket partially filled with corrosion. Drawing: Figure 20b; TAM 2B: figure 3.17a. Dimensions: Length: 14 cm. Max. blade width: 5.3 cm. Blade thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Possibly modern. BCES 772/2371 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D5/D6, layer 5s, surface scraping. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Unclassified point. Description: Point blade fragment. Drawing: Figure 20c; TAM 2B: figure 3.18b. Dimensions: Length: 4.5 cm. Max. blade width: 4.2 cm. Blade thickness: 1 cm. Material: Iron.

Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 2207/355 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, B6, layer 2, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Knob. Description: Spherical knob, possibly a bangle adorno. Drawing: Figure 20d; TAM 2B: figure 3.19a. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 27.25%; Lead 4.08%. Corrosion: Mild. EDXRF: Tin 19.8%;

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Lead 4.1%. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. A cored dendritic structure with copious amounts of α+δ eutectoid. From the elemental analysis, this is a cast, unworked and unquenched high-tin bronze. Corrosion is minimal and largely confined to one edge. A layer of redeposited copper has segregated itself on the corroded edge and can be seen in patches; its structure is one of small twinned grains. Photomicrographs: Figure 53b; Neg. NS 144; TAM 2B: figure 4.10. Comments: Vickers hardness range of body (five readings, includes matrix and α+δ eutectoid): 125–162. Hardness of segregated copper layer (five readings): 47–50. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/16; see TAM 2C, chapter 3.

BCES 735/2601 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D6/D7, layer 11, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Two pieces were mounted, one longitudinally and one in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with an unusually large number of gas, shrinkage, and corrosion voids. The microstructure of both pieces is identical. Photomicrographs: Figure 53c; Neg. 1630.

IRON

BC 1105/460 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C4, SWQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire, bent into a curve. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.4 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Thinned by corrosion and flaking. Material: Iron.

BCES 1109/251 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D5, NEQ, Layer 5, sediment removal across surface of hard sherds. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Socket. Description: Socket for some type of implement. Drawing: Figure 20e; TAM 2B: figure 3.19d. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Too corroded to measure interior diameter. Material: Iron.

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BCES 696/2388 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D5/D6, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Straight Type B rod with D-shaped cross section. Drawing: Figure 20f; TAM 2B: figure 3.21k. Dimensions: Total length: 4.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base.

IRON

BC 2218/495 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C5, layer 6, all quadrants, surface scraping. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Heavily corroded Type A thick rod with round cross section. Drawing: Figure 20g; TAM 2B: figure 3.21o. Dimensions: Length: 4.6 cm. Max. cross section: 1.2 cm. Cross section shape not clear. Material: Iron.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 602/284 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C4, NEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flat fragment with square end.

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Drawing: Figure 20h; TAM 2B: figure 3.22b. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section mounted cut side up. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 53d; Neg. 1595. BC 617/638 Archaeological context: LP (Burial Phase X), Level 11, C6, NWQ, layer 8, near BC Burial 1 (Burial Phase X). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 622/688 Archaeological context: LP (Burial Phase X), Level 11, C6, SEQ, layer 8, spit removal that revealed BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened shape, very corroded. Dimensions: Length: 1.7 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 623/690 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C3, SWQ, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 627B/714 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C3, SEQ, layer 2, feature 2, sherd cluster. Context type: Feature. Description: Four corroded pieces, probably originally one piece. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 2.1 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 115/232 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D6, SEQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape.

Dimensions: Length: 0.5 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 169/236 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D6, NWQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 207/384 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D4, SEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 226A/448 Archaeological context: LP (Burial Phase X), Level 3H, D6, NWQ, layer 9, from matrix over BCES Burial 2. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Thin square fragment. Dimensions: Length: 2.4 cm. Thickness: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Both halves mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Dendrites with extensive intergranular corrosion. Inclusions cluster in strings between the dendrites. No visible coring. Photomicrographs: Figure 54a; Neg. 1617. BCES 226B/448 Archaeological context: LP (Burial Phase X), Level 3H, D6, NWQ, layer 9, from matrix over BCES Burial 2. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Thickness: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 234/501 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D5, SEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BCES 237/516 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D5, SEQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Pointed flat fragment. Drawing: Figure 20i; TAM 2B: figure 3.22d. Dimensions: Length: 4 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Impure copper. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 1.4%; Lead 0.8%. Corrosion: Mild. EDXRF: Tin 1.6%; Lead 4.3%. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: Granular with faint traces of coring. The metal is low in tin, which may account for the faintness of the coring. Corrosion has outlined many grain boundaries. The grains are very irregular in size and shape. There are numerous gas voids, some filled or partially filled with corrosion product. There is no sign of deformation. Photomicrographs: Figure 54b; Neg. NS 156. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 65–84. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/BC/17; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. BCES 268/671 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D5, NEQ, layer 11, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Irregular flat fragment. Dimensions: Length: 2.4 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: Cast, annealed. Granular, extensive intergranular corrosion along with shrinkage voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 54c; Neg. 1620. BCES 284/681 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D4, SEQ, layer 11s, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 306/811 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D5, SWQ, layer 14s, dirt under pottery feature associated with BCES Burial 9 (Burial Phase IX). Context type: Burial-associated.

Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 2009/391 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, SEQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Triangular flattened fragment. Drawing: Figure 20j; TAM 2B: figure 3.22h. Dimensions: Length: 2 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Dendrites with very extensive corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 54d; Neg. 1632.

IRON BC 1134/501 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C6, SEQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape with a square end and one straight side. Dimensions: Length: 3.2 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 142/169 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D7, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape with one curved edge. Drawing: Figure 20k. Dimensions: Length: 4.8 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 153/198 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D6, NWQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flat, slender, elongated piece so broken up by corrosion that measurements are difficult to ascertain. Dimensions: Length: 8.7 cm. Material: Iron.

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BCES 163/205 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D4, NEQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened, elongated piece broken up by corrosion. Drawing: Figure 20l. Dimensions: Length: 8.3 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 179/271 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3l, D6, NEQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Large flat piece in many fragments. Drawing: Figure 20m; TAM 2B: figure 3.22m. Dimensions: Length: 8.2 cm. Thickness impossible to estimate. Material: Iron. BCES 300/796A Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D5, SWQ, layer 14s, associated with pots over BCES Burial 9 (Burial Phase IX). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Long, irregular flattened shape. Drawing: Figure 21a. Dimensions: Length: 6.1 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 691/2379 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D5/D6, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape. Drawing: Figure 21b. Dimensions: Length: 2.8 cm. Thickness: 0.7 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 693/2384 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D5/D6, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Thick, flattened shape with one straight edge and one strongly curved edge. Drawing: Figure 21c. Dimensions: Length: 4.7 cm. Thickness: 1.0 cm. Material: Iron.

BCES 800/2554 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D4/5, layer 8s, among pot sherds associated with BCES Burial 9 (Burial Phase IX). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 3.3 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1094/206 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D6, NWQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Long, flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1095/206 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D6, NWQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape with a rounded edge. Drawing: Figure 21d. Dimensions: Length: 3.8 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1098/218 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D4, SWQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened, irregular shape with one straight edge Drawing: Figure 21e. Dimensions: Length: 4.3 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1103/231 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D6, NWQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape with one straight edge. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1106/234 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D4, NWQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape with a rounded tip.

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Drawing: Figure 21f. Dimensions: Length: 4.1 cm. Thickness: 0.9 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1119/299 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D7, layer 6s, feature 3, sherd-bone scatter. Context type: Feature. Description: Flattened shape with regular, curved edge. Drawing: Figure 21g. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Possible tip of blade. BCES 1125/324 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, SWQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape with large knob of corrosion. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Thickness (away from corrosion knob): 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1142/585 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D4, NWQ, layer 8, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened, triangular shape, thickly knobbed with corrosion. Dimensions: Length: 6.8 cm. Thickness is impossible to determine. Material: Iron. BCES 1157/640 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3GH, D6, SEQ, layer 11s/11, sediment with BCES Burial 4 (Burial Phase IX). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Slightly curved flattened shape with two straight edges, very corroded. Drawing: Figure 21h. Dimensions: Length: 5.6 cm. Thickness: 0.8 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1444/192 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D4, NEQ, layer 5s, feature 3, sediment feature.

Context type: Feature. Description: Flattened, rectangular shape. Dimensions: Length: 2.8 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 603/471 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C5, NEQ, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. An S-shaped lump. Drawing: Figure 21i; TAM 2B: figure 3.23a. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: Cast, annealed or cooled very slowly. Small equiaxed grains with intergranular corrosion. Large gas and corrosion voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 55a; Neg. NS 102. BC 605/495 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C5, All quadrants, layer 6, surface scraping. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 607/533 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C4, NWQ, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Several flecks. Dimensions: Length: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 609/539 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C4, SEQ, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Wedge-shaped lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cut in half; both pieces mounted in cross section.

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Microstructure: Cast, some subsequent strain(?). Dendritic structure with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Twinned redeposited copper fills some voids. The red copper color contrasts with the yellow of the bronze matrix. The dendrites are marked by what appears to be widespread strain lines, cause unknown. Photomicrographs: Figure 55b; Neg. NS 105. BC 611/576 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C4, SEQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Originally labeled as feature 5. BC 627A/714 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C3, SEQ, layer 2, feature 2, sherd cluster. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump plus several small fragments. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BC 628/716 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C6, NEQ, layer 8, feature, discrete small find of a pestle. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Two irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Found near pestle. BC 703/1545 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, B5/C5, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Possibly a bell plus parts of a ceramic mold. Drawing: Figure 21j; TAM 2B: figure 3.23h. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast. Large cored dendrites with interdendritic corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 55c; Neg. NS 127.

Comments: It is unclear what this is. It may be a bell in the process of being cast in a ceramic mold. The islands of metal are dendritic. There is a whitish rim around some of the islands—a result of tin segregation? BC 705/1565 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, B5/C5, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 127/140 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D7, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small, elongated lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 177/265 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D6, SWQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 208/362 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, NWQ, layer 7, spit removal, possibly associated with BCES Burial 2. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Cut, corroded. Originally assigned to feature 5. BCES 214/421 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, NWQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

BCES 217/436 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D5, NEQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 228/449 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, SEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 251/622 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D4, NEQ, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 261A/648 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D6, NWQ, layer 10, sediment under BCES Burial 2 (Burial Phase X) after human remains lifted. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 261B/648 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D6, NWQ, layer 10, sediment under BCES Burial 2 (Burial Phase X) after human remains lifted. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 263/649 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D6, NWQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Spherical. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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BCES 279/733A Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D6, SEQ, layer 12, among grave goods associated with BCES Burial 5 (Burial Phase IX). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Three crumbs. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Originally assigned feature 2 of layer 11s. BCES 701A/2397 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D5/D6, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Spherical. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 701B/2397 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D5/D6, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Spherical. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BCES 708/2436 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D5/D6, layer 9, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Roundish lump. Drawing: Figure 21k; TAM 2B: figure 3.23o. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Elemental analyses: SEM of inclusions. Quantitative SEM of matrix showed 9.07% tin. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with some interdendritic corrosion. Patches of α+δ eutectoid can be seen. Twinned redeposited copper is in some voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 55d; Neg. NS 183. Comments: SEM showed that some inclusions were of lead.

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IRON BC 1119/918 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C6, SEQ, layer 10, associated with BC Burial 14 (Burial Phase X). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 140/167 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D4, NWQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump that looks like it was bent or twisted. Drawing: Figure 21l. Dimensions: Length: 5.0 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 186/288 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D5, SWQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 4.6 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 196/336 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, NEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump with additional corroded piece. Dimensions: Length: 6.5 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1093/205 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D4, NEQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 3.7 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1099/220 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D6, SEQ, layer 6, spit removal.

Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 4.5 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1105/232 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3I, D6, SEQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 3.2 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 1150/628 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D5, SWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 4.2 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Originally assigned feature 5 of layer 9s from spit near BCES Burial 9. BCES 2008/536 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D6, SEQ, layer 10s, feature 3, discrete small find (large sherd). Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 5.1 cm. Material: Iron. BCES 2038/370 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6, NWQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Material: Iron.

Crucibles BC 961/533 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C4, NWQ, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is gray; interior is covered with a lagging that is reddish purple underneath and greenish gray to black on top. Fine

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

grog or fired clay temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.0 cm. Width: 2.0 cm. Thickness: 0.9 cm. Weight: 5.4 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Black slag is mixed with most of the lagging forming a rough pebbly surface. Several spots of green dross as well as a large patch of dross on the surface of the lagging. BC 987/1005A Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, C4, SEQ, layer 7, feature 1b, excavated with a clump of redon-buff sherds in the east section. Context type: Feature. Description: Rim fragment, rounded. Exterior is medium gray; interior is very rough with black slag incorporated in the lagging. Rice chaff temper. Drawing: None; for photographs see TAM 2B: color figures 5.6, 5.7. Dimensions: Length: 4.0 cm. Width: 2.4 cm. Thickness: 0.9–1.5 cm. Weight: 19.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The layer of black slag is up to 7 mm thick. Light green dross patches lie on the lagging near the rim edge. A sawed section through the slag revealed at least ten rounded copper-rich prills, the largest being ~2 x 1 mm. Half of this large prill (BC 987A/1005A) was mounted, analyzed, and revealed a copper content of 98.1%. Comments: JW: Assigned to Late Period based on associated sherds and associated charcoal date. Two prills (BC 987A/1005A and BC 987B/1005A) from this crucible were analyzed. See Prill Catalog. BC 2232/941 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C6, NWQ, layer 8/9s, excavated with removal of BC Burial 3 (Burial Phase X). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Small fragment with a tapered rim. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Width: 2.3 cm. Thickness: 1.2 cm. Weight: 5.4 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Extensive red staining on interior; green dross patch; mineral deposits. BC 2235/443 Archaeological context: LP, Level 11, C5, SWQ, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small body fragment. Exterior is a

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uniform light gray-brown. Most of interior side is covered with patches of dross/slag. No red stain. Dimensions: Length: 3.3 cm. Width: 2.1 cm. Thickness: 1.1 cm. Weight: 5.8 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Dross/slag patches. BCES 768A/2617 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6/D7, layer 14s, feature 1 of layer 7s, from a large pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment (two pieces glued together). Exterior is light gray; interior is pinkish gray, thinly lagged. Temper is a combination of moderately abundant, coarse rice chaff and small pieces of black slag. Dimensions: Length: 4.6 cm. Width: 4.5 cm. Thickness: 1.0 cm. Weight: 31.8 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Within the lagging are small spots of black frothy glass and two very small, gray metallic, non-magnetic spherules. BCES 768B/2617 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6/D7, layer 14s, feature 1 of layer 7s, from a large pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is reddish brown with remnants of lagging. Temper is moderately abundant rice chaff along with common quartz grains. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Width: 1.9 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Weight: 4.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Within the lagging is some black glass covered with a copper-colored film. There is a large green dross patch with a core of cuprite containing arborescent copper. Comments: Sparse grains of slag in the paste. BCES 768C/2617 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6/D7, layer 14s, feature 1 of layer 7s, from a large pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Rim (tapered) and body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is pinkish gray on a very thin layer of lagging. There are small cracks in the lagging near the rim. Temper is abundant, coarse rice chaff, most of it carbonized. Dimensions: Length: 4.5 cm. Width: 3.5 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.3 cm. Weight: 20.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: None.

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Comments: There is no direct evidence of metal processing (e.g., residues). BCES 768D/2617 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6/D7, layer 14s, feature 1 of layer 7s, from a large pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is light gray; interior is black with a little pinkish gray area near the rim. Lagging is present on the interior. Temper is abundant, coarse rice chaff, much of it carbonized. Dimensions: Length: 5.2 cm. Width: 3.0 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.1 cm. Weight: 19.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The lagging has two small, frothy black patches, one on the rim edge. BCES 768E/2617 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3H, D6/D7, layer 14s, feature 1 of layer 7s, from a large pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is pinkish gray. The interior is smooth, which seems to be due to the application of a clay slurry. Abundant, coarse-grained rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 3.0 cm. Width: 2.0 cm. Thickness: 0.5–0.8 cm. Weight: 4.4 gm. Evidence of metal processing: None. Comments: No direct evidence of metal production was found. BCES 783/2451 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3G, D5/D6, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Spout fragment. Exterior is light to pinkish gray with a red glassy area on one side; interior is pale red around the spout end and microscopically glassy and the remainder is dark gray. Fairly abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Drawing: Figure 21m; TAM 2B: figure 5.2e. Dimensions: Length: 5.4 cm. Width: 4.2 cm. Thickness: 0.1–1.5 cm. Weight: 25.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: A small patch of black and red frothy glass with green dross and cuprite near the spout end.

Late Period–Protohistoric Period Nongrave Good Metals and Crucibles Adze/Axes IRON BC 1100/141 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, B5, layer 2, sediment removal of test area. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Socketed adze/axe or pick head. Description: Broken, narrow-bladed axe or pick, badly corroded. Only the tip of the blade is preserved, along with several fragments of corrosion. Drawing: Figure 22a; TAM 2B: figure 3.10b. Dimensions: Length: 5.6 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Only the tip is preserved in the corrosion, enough to show the beginning of the socket. Artifact number contains several lumps of iron oxide. Possibly modern. BC 1101A/336 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, C5, NEQ, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Socketed adze/axe or pick head. Description: Narrow-bladed axe or pick, badly corroded. Drawing: Figure 22b; TAM 2B: figure 3.10c. Dimensions: Length of axe: 11.1 cm. Width of blade at end: 2.4 cm. Outer diameter of socket: 3.0 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Socket partly filled with corrosion. Possibly modern.

Bangles COPPER-BASE BC 2160/276 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, C4, SWQ, layer 3, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: M-0. Description: Bangle fragment with a V-shaped cross section and corroded surface.

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CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Drawing: Figure 22c; TAM 2B: figure 3.6q. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.6 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base.

IRON BC 1115B/1406 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12 estimated, C3/C4, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Short, thick curved fragment with round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 22d; TAM 2B: figure 3.8d. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.7 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height: 0.5 cm. Shaft width: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. BC 2087/158 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, C5, layer 1. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: I-0. Description: Bangle fragment with triangular cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 22e; TAM 2B: figure 3.8j. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.8 cm. Interior diameter: 7 cm. Shaft height: 1.2 cm. Shaft width: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron.

Bells COPPER-BASE BC 608/535 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 11–12, C3, NWQ, layer 2, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Fragment of a small bell with a pattern of spirals or concentric circles. Drawing: Figure 22f; TAM 2B: figure 3.9a. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Bangles with bells like this attached have been found in unprovenienced contexts. Conserved 5/78.

Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts IRON BC 1101B/336 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, C5, NEQ, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Socket. Description: Heavily corroded socket with solid tip. Drawing: Figure 22g; TAM 2B: figure 3.19c. Dimensions: Length: 7.2 cm. Interior diameter of socket: 1.1 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Socket partially filled with corrosion.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 601/277 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, C4, NEQ, layer 3, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flat fragment. Drawing: Figure 22h; TAM 2B: figure 3.22a. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast, cooled quickly. Strongly cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Large gas and corrosion voids, some with redeposited copper. Photomicrographs: Figure 56a; Neg. NS 100; TAM 2B: figure 4.1.

IRON BC 1102/340 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, C5, NEQ, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Triangular flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 3.0 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron.

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BC 1103/365 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, B5, layer 3, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened corroded shape. Dimensions: Length: 3.9 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. BC 1115A/1406 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, C3/C4, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Five corroded flattened pieces, possibly at one time a single piece. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 3.9 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron. BC 1123/1404 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12 est., C3/C4, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape with a regular, smooth curved edge. Dimensions: Length: 4.3 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron. BC 1124/1408 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12 est., C3/C4, layer 3, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Six thin, flat fragments that probably were one piece. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 2.2 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Iron. BC 1131/1542 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, B5/C5, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened shape with a smooth, squared-off end. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Iron. BC 1132/1543 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, B5/C5, layer 3, spit removal.

Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Square-edged, flattened shape. Dimensions: Length: 4.1 cm. Thickness: 0.6 cm. Material: Iron.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BC 2167/365 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, B5, layer 3, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Rounded lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: Cast; annealed or slow cooling. Untwinned grains with ghost dendrites. Many gas voids. Photomicrographs: Figure 56b; Neg. NS 139; TAM 2B: figure 4.3.

Crucibles BC 1106A/477 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 12, C6, SEQ, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray and rough due to rice chaff temper; interior is relatively smooth and light pinkish gray. Coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Width: 1.8 cm. Thickness: 1.2 cm. Weight: 7.9 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The light pinkish gray color is due to a very thin layer of red, pitted glass that covers about two-thirds of the surface.

No Assigned Period Crucibles BC 993/1370 Archaeological context: B5, profile cleanings. Context type: Section cleaning.

CATALOG: BAN CHIANG

Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is reddish purple with remnants of lagging. Abundant, coarse rice chaff temper. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Width: 1.5 cm. Thickness: 0.9 cm. Weight: 5.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: None. Comments: There is no direct evidence (e.g., residues) that this crucible was ever used for metal production.

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3 Catalog of Metals and Crucibles from the Tested Sites: Ban Phak Top, Ban Tong, and Don Klang

BAN PHAK TOP Upper Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bangles COPPER-BASE BPT 16/69 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, SWQ, layer 5s, feature 4, cultural disturbance. Context type: Feature. Type: A-0. Description: Eighteen fragments, none longer than 1 cm. Round cross sections. Dimensions: Length of largest fragment: 1.0 cm. Cross section: 0.5 cm. Material: Leaded bronze. Elemental analyses: EDX: Tin 15%; Lead 2%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Largest piece was mounted whole; orientation is unknown. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with corrosion; some α+δ eutectoid and shrinkage voids can be seen. Photomicrographs: Figure 57a; Neg. 1316. Comments: Corrosion may have enhanced tin value.

BPT 21/82 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, SWQ, layer 5, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Unknown. Description: Seven fragments assigned to bangle category. Cross sections are irregular, so type is unknown. Drawing: Figure 23.1a. Drawing shows only the largest fragment. Dimensions: Object consisted of seven fragments ranging from 1.2 cm by 0.8 cm down to 0.7 cm by 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BPT 22/84 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, NEQ, layer 5, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: O-0. Description: Short bangle fragment, bent (probably post-manufacturing) with an oval cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 23.1b. Dimensions: Chord length: 2 cm. Shaft height: 0.8 cm. Shaft width: 0.5 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: EDX: 2% Tin. Corrosion: Severe. Sample: From corner(?). Microstructure: As-cast. Only islands of metal are left; they look like remains of dendrites. Etching

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

showed subgrain boundaries, but little else. Photomicrographs: Figure 57b; Neg. 1318. BPT 57/107 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8B, NEQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 23.1c; TAM 2B: figure 3.7a. Dimensions: Chord length: 2 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Elemental analyses: None. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Heavily corroded cored dendrites. A few tiny pieces of α+δ eutectoid are visible at 400x, as are small bits of non-metallic inclusions. Photomicrographs: Figure 57c; Neg. NS 195.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BPT 14B/67 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, NWQ, layer 5s, feature 3, from a large pit with bones, charcoal, a crucible fragment, and copperbase fragments. Context type: Feature. Description: Twelve or more small flat fragments. The largest is triangular. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.7 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Bronze. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Mounted flat. Microstructure: As-cast. Rather fine uncored dendrites with interdendritic corrosion that has eaten away the α+δ eutectoid. In some areas, strain marks are etched by corrosion. One crack contains a long, twisted river of twinned redeposited copper. Photomicrographs: Figure 57d; Neg. 1007.

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Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BPT 14A/67 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, NWQ, layer 5s, feature 3, from a large pit with bones, charcoal, a crucible fragment, and copperbase fragments. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Oval lump. Drawing: Figure 23.1d; TAM 2B: figure 3.23t. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast. Large, globular cored dendrites surrounded? by extensive interdendritic corrosion. Any possible α+δ eutectoid has been corroded away. Nascent grain boundaries along with one or two grains can be seen. A few dendrites show strain marks. The stress was probably post-manufacture. Photomicrographs: Figure 58a; Neg. NS 192. Comments: Crucible fragment found in same feature. BPT 18/71 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, NWQ, layer 5, sediment removal of test pit in quad. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: From test pit. BPT 23/79 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, SEQ, layer 5, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Roundish lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 13.3%; EDX: Tin 16%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Globular cored dendrites with interdendritic corrosion. Patches of α+δ eutectoid can be seen. Some scattered dendrites show striations.

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Photomicrographs: Figure 58b; Neg. NS 194. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 92–143. BPT 27/85 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8B, layer 6s, scraping square. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small round lump. Drawing: Figure 23.1e; TAM 2B: figure 3.23u. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. The interdendritic corrosion has assumed the jagged shape of α+δ eutectoid. Photomicrographs: Figure 58c; Neg. 1635.

Crucibles BPT 2014/67 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 9, NWQ, layer 5s, feature 3, found in a large pit with bones, Cu-base fragments, charcoal, and a clay hornshaped object. Context type: Feature. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior is rough with a layer of lagging. Temper is grog or fired clay in white to very light gray pieces. Dimensions: Length: 2.6 cm. Width: 1.9 cm. Thickness: 0.7 cm. Weight: 5.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Interior has slag and green dross in a lagged layer. Also present are small sections of black and red frothy glass, magnetite, cuprite, very tiny silvery spherules, and gray metallic pieces. BPT 2073/112 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 8B, NWQ, layer 7, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is medium gray; interior is copper red. Temper is abundant finegrained quartz sand. Dimensions: Length: 2.6 cm. Width: 1.6 cm. Thickness: 1.2 cm. Weight: 6.6 gm. Evidence of metal processing: There is a

fine-grained glass layer over virtually the entire interior surface. The glass is frothy on the underside and there are several spots of green dross.

Late Period Non-grave Good Metals Points IRON BPT 363/47 Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, layer 4, test pit in quad. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Spear point, socketed. Description: Long intact point with considerable corrosion. Narrow obtuse shoulders. Drawing: Figure 23.2f; TAM 2B: figure 3.17c. Dimensions: Length: 15.5 cm. Length of blade: 5.5 cm. Max. blade width: 2.3 cm. Blade thickness: 0.7 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Conserved 10/78. Socket partially filled with corrosion.

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BPT 9/62 Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, SWQ, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Iron BPT 2012/47 Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, layer 4, sediment removal in test pit. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type B rod with oval cross section. Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Max. cross section diameter: 0.7 cm.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

Material: Iron.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BPT 6/57 Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, layer 4, sediment removal in test pit. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened, curved shape. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BPT 3/50 Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, layer 4, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Four amorphous pieces. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BPT 4/56 Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BPT 7/59 Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BPT 91/114 Archaeological context: LP, Level 10 estimated, N section, layer 4, section cleaning. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump.

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Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Level estimated based on depth and layer reached on date material was excavated.

IRON BPT 2090/38 Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Flattened lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Material: Iron.

BAN TONG Lower Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts COPPER-BASE BT 890/1696 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 3, SWQ, layer 15, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Hook. Description: Hook with hole at top. Drawing: Figure 24.1a; TAM 2B: figure 3.19b. Dimensions: Length: 4.1 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Cat. no. 97 in White (1982:78–79). Conserved 5/78. Probably a fishhook but shows no sign of a barb.

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BT 889/1694 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 3, SWQ, layer 15, sediment removal.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Hooked wire. Type D. Cross section is unknown. Drawing is from sample mount. Drawing: Figure 24.1b; TAM 2B: figure 3.20f. Dimensions: Length: 2.0 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 6.99%; EDX: Tin 7%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Worked, annealed, and worked. This hook-shaped fragment of wire shows corrosion and cracking along grain boundaries. The structure is one of fine grains with numerous annealing twins. Intergranular cracking extending from the surface is common. The numerous blue-gray inclusions are all flattened along the length of the specimen, showing extensive working. A few annealing twins are bent. Photomicrographs: Figure 59a; Neg. NS 210; TAM 2B: figure 4.7. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 90–98. BT 900/1706 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 3, SWQ, layer 15, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Wire. Type C. Too corroded for analysis. Dimensions: Mounted before measurements were taken. Material: Copper-base.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BT 877/1669 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 3, SEQ, layer 15, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 905/1716 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 3, SEQ, layer 16, sediment removal.

Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small flattish lump. Drawing: Figure 24.1c. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Width: 0.5 cm. Material: Antimonial leaded arsenical copper. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 0.05%; Antimony 9.4%; Lead 6%; Arsenic 1.5%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Whole object mounted lengthwise. Microstructure: As-cast. Partially recrystallized? The quantity of alloying elements makes this structure complex. The structure is dendritic over a matrix of irregular grains. There is no sign of deformation. Photomicrographs: Figure 59b; Neg. NS 211. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 50–119. This alloy is unique in the materials in this study. The artifact was mounted before a drawing could be made. A crucible fragment was found in the same layer with same bag number. BT 908/1717 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 3, SEQ, layer 16, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Crucibles BT 1160/1716 Archaeological context: lower EP, Level 3, SEQ, layer 16, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is medium gray; interior is very rough and is covered with lagging. Temper is moderately abundant rice chaff. No drawing. Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Width: 1.4 cm. Thickness: 0.2–0.8 cm. Weight: 2.5 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The lagging contains both slag and green dross. There are a number of small copper and bronze prills, the largest of which is 1.0 x 1.5 mm. Comments: Some pieces of laterite in the paste.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

Upper Early Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bangles COPPER-BASE BT 572/1372 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NEQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Bangle fragment with round cross section. Drawing: Figure 24.2d. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.3 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cut and mounted, but too corroded for analysis. BT 613/1426 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Three small bangle fragments with round/oval cross sections. Cross sections distorted by corrosion. They resemble each other closely, but do not fit together. Drawing: Figure 24.2e. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.8 cm (largest fragment). Interior diameter: ~8 cm. Shaft height: 0.3 cm. Shaft width: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Shaft cut through in cross section; sample was too corroded for analysis.

Points COPPER-BASE BT 799/1565 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NEQ, layer 12A, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Small point, tanged. Description: Small tanged projectile point with

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broken tip; resembles a flattened arrowhead. Shoulders are swept-back. Drawing: Figure 24.2f; TAM 2B: figure 3.15d. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Length of blade: 1.8 cm. Max. blade width: 1.2 cm. Blade thickness: 0.1 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Cat. no. 96 in White (1982:78–79). Conserved 5/78.

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BT 528/1169 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SWQ, layer 7, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of Type D fine wire with rectangular cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 0.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 531/1171 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SWQ, layer 7, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two or more broken pieces of Type C wire with round cross section. Looks like a strip coiled into a tube. Dimensions: Total length: 1.2 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 568/1346 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, SWQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of Type C wire with oval cross section. Appears to be one piece broken in two. Dimensions: Total length of both pieces: 1.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 575/1372 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6,

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

NEQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 582/1396 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: One Type D fine wire. Dimensions: Length: 1 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm (from mounted sample). Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: EDX: Tin 10%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Worked, annealed, worked. Large grains with abundant annealing twins and strain markings. Photomicrographs: Figure 59c; Neg. NS 202.

round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.0 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 609/1421 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: One Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 0.4 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 610/1421 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with oval cross section. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 596/1408 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Seven fragments of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 4.1 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 738A/1519 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C curved wire, broken in two, with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 0.9 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.15 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 601/1412 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.3 cm. Total length: 0.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 767/1535 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Three pieces of Type C wire with round cross section, one of which is strongly curved. Dimensions: Total length: 2.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.16 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 606B/1419 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Three pieces of Type D fine wire with

BT 816/1586 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 13, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with oval cross section.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 853/1634 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 14, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type D fine wire, round cross section. It looks like a flat strip wound around itself. Drawing: Figure 24.2g; TAM 2B: figure 3.20e. Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Impure copper. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 0.027%; Arsenic 0.85%; EDX: no Tin; Lead 1%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Worked, annealed. Very fine annealed grains. This is a very dirty sample, with many dark, rough, irregular inclusions. Photomicrographs: Figure 59d; Neg. NS 209. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 73–80. BT 855/1629 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SEQ, layer 14, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two fragments of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.17 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 875/1670 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 15, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with irregular, knobby, round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Cross section diameter: variable. Material: Copper-base.

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Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BT 532/1173 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SWQ, layer 7, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Fragment with wedge-shaped cross section. Drawing: Figure 24.2h; TAM 2B: figure 3.22i. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with interdendritic corrosion. A few small bits of twinned redeposited copper can be seen at 600x. Photomicrographs: Figure 60a; Neg. 1637. BT 533/1175 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SWQ, layer 7, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two small irregular flattened fragments. Dimensions: Total length: 1.1 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Mounted flat and whole. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion and gas voids. Some nascent grain boundaries. Photomicrographs: Figure 60b; Neg. 1293. BT 534/1176 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SWQ, layer 7, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small lenticular flat fragment. Drawing: Figure 24.2i; TAM 2B: figure 3.22j. Dimensions: Length: 3.5 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: EDX: Tin 4%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Middle section mounted flat. Microstructure: Worked, annealed, worked. The grains are flattened and filled with thick and thin strain lines. The inclusions are flattened and there are numerous cracks. The annealing twins are distorted.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Photomicrographs: Figure 60c; Neg. 1294. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 170–198. BT 563/1322 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SWQ, layer 8, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two small, flattened fragments. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.7 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 600/1411 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SEQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 632/1455 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NEQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened elongated fragment. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Thickness: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 661/1468 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NEQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two flattened fragments. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.4 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

SWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small curved flattened piece with irregular edges. Drawing: Figure 24.2k. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 727/1509 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 756B/1524 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment broken in two. Dimensions: Total length: 0.7 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 780/1536 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 702/1494 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, SEQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened, curved fragment. Drawing: Figure 24.2j. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 798/1558 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SWQ, layer 7, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Small flat fragment. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Transverse section. Microstructure: Heavy corrosion has left only patches of cored dendrites. Photomicrographs: Figure 60d; Neg. 1305. Comments: Sample mounted before thickness measurement could be taken.

BT 726/1507 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5,

BT 809/1578 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5,

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

SEQ, layer 12A, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened, curved fragment. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Sample mounted before thickness measurement could be taken. Too corroded to analyze. BT 827/1603 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NEQ, layer 13, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 834/1613 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 14, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 999/1392 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment in four pieces that join together. Drawing: Figure 24.2l. Dimensions: Length: 3.3 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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SWQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Spherical shape. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 592/1403 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SEQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two small globular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 597/1410 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SEQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 602/1413 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

COPPER-BASE

BT 605/1413 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 561/1322 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SWQ, layer 8, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Elongated lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 606A/1419 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 571/1370 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5,

BT 607/1420 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6,

Amorphous Artifacts

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

SEQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Patches of α+δ eutectoid can be seen, along with nascent grain boundaries. Photomicrographs: Figure 61a; Neg. NS 203. BT 608/1420 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SEQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 615/1426 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SEQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Large irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Material: Arsenical tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 2.9%; Arsenic 1.9%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Strongly cored dendrites, with many gas and shrinkage voids. Numerous inclusions cluster in the areas richer in tin and arsenic. Photomicrographs: Figure 61b; Neg. NS 204. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings of dendrites and interdendritic areas): 71–123. All measurements are from mounted object. BT 616/1425 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, NWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 617/1426 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6,

NWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 623/1439 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: Probably as-cast, relatively slow cooled and with some likely accidental stress and heating. Large, globular cored dendrites, with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Nascent grain boundaries and some annealing twins can be seen within the dendritic islands. Photomicrographs: Figure 61c; Neg. NS 205. Comments: All measurements are from mounted object. BT 626/1446 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 10, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 654/1468 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NEQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 657/1469 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

BT 658/1469 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 660/1468 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NEQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Spherical shape. Dimensions: Length: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 668/1472 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 700/1492 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, SEQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Very heavy corrosion has left only cored dendritic islands. Photomicrographs: Figure 61d; Neg. 1302. BT 704/1491 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NWQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 706/1495 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NWQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump.

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Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 707/1496 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NWQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Uncertain shape. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 708/1468 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NWQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Three globular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 710/1498 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NWQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 716/1502 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, SEQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small, rounded lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites in a sea of corrosion. Numerous inclusions trapped in the corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 62a; Neg. 1303. Comments: All measurements are from mounted object. BT 717/1502 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, SEQ, layer 11, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

BT 731/1513 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small, rounded lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Strongly cored dendrites with occasional bits of twinned redeposited copper amid heavy corrosion. Few inclusions. Photomicrographs: Figure 62b; Neg. NS 206. BT 738B/1519 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Three irregular lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.7 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 745/1517 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, SEQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 753/1523 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, SEQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Two very small lumps. Dimensions: Length of largest: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 756A/1524 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 772/1535 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix.

Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 774/1533 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NEQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 777/1535 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 12, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular flattened lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 793/1552 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 13, sediment removal from test pit. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 800/1564 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 13, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 803/1566 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, NEQ, layer 12A, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Mounted before shape could be determined. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Entire object mounted, but too corroded for analysis. BT 812/1581 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4,

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

NWQ, layer 13, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small spherical lump. Drawing: Figure 24.2m; TAM 2B: figure 3.23v. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Impure copper. Elemental analyses: EDX: Tin 0.6%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Irregular grains, with faint dendrites and numerous non-metallic inclusions and gas voids. The low level of impurities probably accounts for the weak dendrites. Photomicrographs: Figure 62c; Neg. 1640. BT 814/1582 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 13, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. A mix of fine cored dendrites and large globular dendrites. This may be a result of two phases of cooling—one cools to the fine dendrites and one to the coarse. Within the globular bodies are inclusions with rings around them. Photomicrographs: Figure 62d; Neg. 1306. Comments: All measurements are from mounted object. BT 822/1588 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NWQ, layer 13, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small lump with a figure-eight cross section. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: EDX: Tin 10%. Corrosion: Severe. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Large, globular cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 63a; Neg. NS 208. Comments: All measurements are from mounted object.

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BT 859/1639 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 14, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Small, rounded lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: EDX: Tin 9%. Corrosion: Severe. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Dendritic, with heavy interdendritic corrosion. It is pitted, with some inclusions. Etchants seem to have had no effect. Photomicrographs: Figure 63b; Neg. 1309. Comments: All measurements are from mounted object. BT 865/1648 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 4, NEQ, layer 14, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Elongated lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Crucibles BT 595/1403 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 6, SEQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, tapered. Exterior is covered with a rough gray glaze or vitrified coating with red patches on the rim. Interior has black glass on the upper part and some red glass at the rim’s edge. Temper is coarse, light gray grog or fired clay. Dimensions: Length: 3.5 cm. Width: 1.7 cm. Thickness: 0.2–0.5 cm. Weight: 2.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: In addition to the glass on the interior there are three small green dross patches and red, pitted glass on most of the rest of the surface. Tiny copper prills occur in red glass under one of the dross patches. Some tiny, gray, non-magnetic prills occur in the central area. BT 624/1438 Archaeological context: upper(?) EP, Level 4, SWQ, layer 10, sediment removal.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, rounded. Exterior is light gray; interior is medium gray, rough, and has a lagged layer, 2–4 mm thick. Temper is grog or fired clay and rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Width: 2.6 cm. Thickness: 0.4–1.0 cm. Weight: 9.4 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Within the lagging are spots of green dross, some reddish brown and black frothy glass, some cuprite and malachite, and very small pieces of copper and bronze (up to ~0.25 mm diameter). Also, some very tiny gray prills on the surface of the lagging. BT 2084/1377 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, SWQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is light gray; interior has remnants of lagging. Temper is grog or fired clay and rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 3.8 cm. Width: 2.6 cm. Thickness: 0.9 cm. Weight: 11.3 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Interior is covered with black slag, dark gray and green dross, red glass, and cuprite. There are some very small gray metallic prills. BT 2088A/1369 Archaeological context: upper EP, Level 5, SWQ, layer 9, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, rounded. Exterior is light gray; interior is medium gray and has a layer of lagging up to 3.0 mm thick. Temper is grog or fired clay with a lesser amount of rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 2.2 cm. Width: 1.8 cm. Thickness: 0.8–1.2 cm. Weight: 5.4 gm. Evidence of metal processing: Interior is covered with dark gray and reddish-purple slag with spots of green dross and multicolored glass, all incorporated into the lagging. Small copper and bronze prills are present, the largest being 0.5 mm in diameter. Comments: Some sponge spicules in the paste.

Middle Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bangles COPPER-BASE BT 514/1108 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NWQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: H-0. Description: Bangle fragment with rectangular cross section and corroded surface. One of the ends has a V-cut about 4 mm deep. The corrosion layer in it matches the depth of the corrosion on the bangle surface, so that the cut appears to date from antiquity. Drawing: Figure 25.1a; TAM 2B: figure 3.7f. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.3 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height: 0.8 cm. Shaft width: 0.5 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Elemental analyses: EDX: 7% Tin. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Shaft cut through in cross section; cut piece mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: As-cast, cooled relatively slowly. Dendrites with a small degree of coring and large grains. A small amount of α+δ eutectoid has survived corrosion. There are many blue-gray non-metallic inclusions, and at one end, large gas and shrinkage holes. Photomicrographs: Figure 63c; Neg. NS 200.

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BT 508/1081 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, SWQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with a round to oval cross section. Drawing: Figure 25.1b; TAM 2B: figure 3.20d. Dimensions: Length: 5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Bronze.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 9.3%; EDX: Tin 13%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with some interdendritic corrosion. Small bits of α+δ eutectoid can be seen, along with strain lines near the long edge. There is otherwise no sign of deformation. Photomicrographs: Figure 63d; Neg. NS 197. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 93–111. BT 509/1083 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, SWQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with rectangular cross section. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 x 0.3 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: EDX: Tin 10%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Worked, annealed, worked. Fine equiaxed grains with abundant annealing twins and strain marks. The grains are finer on the edge than in the interior, suggesting edge work prior to the annealing, but since the grains are undistorted, the final work was not very extensive. Photomicrographs: Figure 64a; Neg. NS 199; TAM 2B: color figure 4.4. BT 527/1166 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NEQ– SEQ, layer 6, recovered while exposing the pot and bones of BT Burial 1 (Burial Phase 2). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type C wire with wedge-shaped cross section. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 535/1190 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NWQ, layer 7, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with round cross section.

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Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 536/1190 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NWQ, layer 7/8s, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Three pieces of Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.4 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 541/1214 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NEQ, layer 7, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of Type B rod with irregular cross section. Drawing: Figure 25.1c; TAM 2B: figure 3.21m. Dimensions: Total length: 5.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.5 cm. Material: Impure copper. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 0.5%; Lead 0.05%; EDX: Tin 0.6%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Granular, but the grains are not equiaxed. Blue-gray inclusions within and on the borders of the grains. Except for the inclusions, the grains are largely featureless. Photomicrographs: Figure 64b; Neg. 1638. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 89–103. BT 551/1296 Archaeological context: MP, Level 6, SEQ, layer 8, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with D-shaped cross section. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.36 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: As-cast. Fine dendrites with occasional large globular areas of uncored metal. Extensive interdendritic corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 64c; Neg. 1295.

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BT 555/1303 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NEQ, layer 8, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type B rod with square cross section. Drawing: Figure 25.1d; TAM 2B: figure 3.21n. Dimensions: Length: 3.2 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 6.4%; EDX: Tin 7%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Worked, annealed, some working. Cycle may have been repeated several times. Very small grains, strain-marked and obviously worked. Many of the inclusions are flattened longitudinally. The annealing twins, however, are largely undistorted. The specimen is banded, showing microsegregation. Photomicrographs: Figure 64d; Neg. NS 262. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 143–182. BT 565/1325 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NEQ, layer 8, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Four pieces of Type C wire with round cross sections. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.2 cm. Total length of all: 3.1 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.25 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 65a; Neg. 1298.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BT 513/1096 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NWQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Long, straight-edged fragment. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Thickness: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base.

BT 549/1282 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NWQ, layer 7, scraping surface of all quads. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Tiny, flattened fragment. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BT 512/1092 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, SWQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 517/1130 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, SEQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 519/1128 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, SEQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 525/1166 Archaeological context: MP 2, Level 7A, NEQ, layer 6, recovered while exposing pottery and bones of BT Burial 1 (Burial Phase 2). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Cone-shaped. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 540/1214 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NEQ, layer 7, sediment removal.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 564/1324 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, NEQ, layer 8, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Object mounted before measurements could be taken. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with heavy interdendritic corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 65b; Neg. 1297.

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Middle Period–Late Period Non-grave Good Metals Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE BT 483/829 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 7B, SEQ, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 2.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Crucibles

BT 498/923 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 7B, SEQ, layer 5, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with oval cross section. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. The corrosion is very extensive; only islands of cored dendrites survive. Photomicrographs: Figure 65c; Neg. 1588.

BT 1116/1148 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, SEQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is medium gray and rough; interior has a reddish purple, lagged layer (1–1.5 mm thick). Temper is grog or fired clay with a little rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Width: 1.3 cm. Thickness: 0.9 cm. Weight: 2.2 gm. Evidence of metal processing: The lagged layer has fine frothy red glass on top and olive-green glass on the bottom. There are a few spots of green dross in red glass cavities. Comments: Some pieces of laterite in the paste.

BT 506/982 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 7B, NEQ, layer 5, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A curved rod with an oval/rectangular cross section. Drawing: Figure 25.2e; TAM 2B: figure 3.21 l. Dimensions: Length: 1.7 cm. Total length: 2.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with interdendritic corrosion. Small bits of α+δ eutectoid can be seen at 600x. Photomicrographs: Figure 65d; Neg. 1636.

BT 2040/0000 Archaeological context: MP, Level 7A, associated with BT Burial 1 (Burial Phase 2). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: No measurements. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Bag number missing.

BT 507/987 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 7B, SWQ, layer 5, sediment removal.

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Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type A rod with round cross section, broken in two. Dimensions: Total length: 2.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE BT 482/817 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 7B, SWQ, layer 4s, scraping surface of all quads. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. BT 496/910 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 7B, SWQ, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Large irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 2.4 cm. Material: Bronze with at least 5% tin. Sample: Cross section through width. Microstructure: As-cast. Large, globular cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. Patches of α+δ eutectoid can be seen, along with redeposited copper and subgrain boundaries. The inclusions within the dendrites appear to be sunk in depressions. Photomicrographs: Figures 66a, 66b; Negs. 1577, NS 196. BT 1096/911 Archaeological context: MP–LP, Level 7B, SWQ, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Drawing: Figure 25.2f. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Attached to sherd.

Late Period–Protohistoric Period Nongrave Good Metals Bangles COPPER-BASE BT 480/813 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 8A, SWQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Short bangle fragment with a round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 25.3g; TAM 2B: figure 3.7b. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.7 cm. Interior diameter: 2 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Blades Iron BT 471/760 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 8A, NEQ, Layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: Fragment of blade, very corroded and distorted. Dimensions: Length: 5.4 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Shape unclear because of corrosion.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE BT 457/716 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 8B, NWQ, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment with pointed end. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

BT 459/719 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 8B, SEQ, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened, curved shape. Dimensions: Length: 2.0 cm. Material: Copper-base.

IRON BT 1066/716 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 8B, NWQ, layer 2, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment with a smooth curved outline. Dimensions: Length: 3.7 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Iron. Comments: Possible blade.

DON KLANG Early Period–Middle Period Non-grave Good Metals Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE DK 262/417 Archaeological context: EP (upper)–MP, Level 2B, NQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Four small pieces of a Type B rod with oval cross section. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 2086/504 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 2A, WQ, layer 9, feature 3, large pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Four pieces of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 3.2 cm. Cross section

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diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE DK 322/492 Archaeological context: EP–MP, Level 2A, EQ, layer 8, feature 1, large pit. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Mounted before shape could be determined. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Mounted, but too corroded for analysis. Measurements are from mounted object.

Late Period Grave Good Metals Adze/Axes IRON DK 283/445 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2/3, DK Burial 8 (Ceramic Phase 3), SQ, layer 6, with grave goods under the skeleton. Burial drawing: TAM 2B: figure 6.19a. Context type: Grave good. Type: Socketed winged adze/axe. Description: Four pieces of adze/axe that clearly belong to one artifact. Socket partially filled with corrosion. Drawing: Figure 26a; TAM 2B: figure 3.10d. Dimensions: Length, socket to blade edge: 9.9 cm. Wingspan length: 14 cm. Average blade width: 3.9 cm. Width of waist: 1.8 cm. Outer diameter of socket: 2.8 cm. Inner diameter of socket: 1.8 cm. Blade thickness: 0.9 cm. Material: Iron. Sample: Cross section of wing. Microstructure: Forged iron. Very heterogeneous carbon content ranging from 0.25% to 0.7%, with varying amounts of ferrite and pearlite. The highest carbon content occurs in the center of the sample. In some areas the ferrite shows side plates and

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Widmanstätten structure. The ferrite shows that this specimen was rapidly cooled, though not water quenched, from high in the austenite phase. Photomicrographs: Figures 67a, 67b; Negs. NS 287–288. Comments: Closely resembles in shape DK 302/457. Conserved 10/78. TF: Mineralized woody deposits on both sides of blade and socket. One rice lemma or seed impression.

removing a section at the cutting edge directly opposite the socket. This operation left the artifact in several pieces. The microstructure described above was observed on a separate sample cut in 2001.

DK 302/457 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2/3, DK Burial 8 (Ceramic Phase 3), SQ, layer 7, from under the skeleton. Burial drawing: TAM 2B: figures 6.19a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: Socketed winged adze/axe. Description: Socket partially filled with corrosion. Drawing: Figure 26b; TAM 2B: figure 3.10e. Dimensions: Socket to blade edge length: 10.5 cm. Wingspan length: 14.4 cm. Average blade width: 3.5 cm. Width of waist: 2.2 cm. Outer diameter of socket: 3.2 cm. Inner diameter of socket: 2.2 cm. Blade thickness: 0.7 cm. Material: Iron. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Manganese 0.071%; Sulfur 0.011%; Phosphorus 0.016%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Cross section of wing. Microstructure: Wrought, irregularly carburized. The microstructure varies from pure ferrite to a steel with a carbon content of up to 0.7% C. Most of the carbon is on one side. The ferrite-pearlite mix may also contain upper bainite. The ferrite in the carburized region and in the grain boundaries has a Widmanstätten structure, indicating that the artifact was cooled relatively quickly from a temperature high in the austenite phase, well over 800ºC. The artifact may have been cooled in cool air or quenched in oil or hot water. Photomicrographs: Figures 67c, 67d; Negs. NS 279, 285; TAM 2B: figures 4.18, 4.20. Comments: Closely resembles DK 283/445. Vickers hardness range for the ferrite (five readings): 132–160. For the bainite or tempered martensite (six readings): 301–383. Conserved 10/78. TF: Many rice impressions in the corrosion. Woody remains on outside of socket. Pigott and Marder (1984) performed a metallographic analysis of this artifact,

DK 255A/400 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, DK Burial 5 (Ceramic Phase 4), NQ, layer 6, on right side of skeleton near upper leg. Burial drawing: TAM 2B: figures 3.14, 6.18a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: Curved blade. Description: Long sickle-like tool with intact tang. Drawing: Figure 26c; TAM 2B: figures 3.12g. Dimensions: Length: 30.9 cm. Chord length: 12 cm. Average blade width: 3.0 cm. Blade thickness: 0.9 cm. Material: Iron. Sample: Cross section of tang. Microstructure: Forged and air cooled from a high temperature. Pearlite and ferrite near the edges, ferrite in the middle. The pearlite contains 0.05% carbon at its densest. At 600x, the pearlite shows partial spheroidization, which suggests that the object was held at a high temperature for several hours, not necessarily deliberately (Pigott and Marder 1984). Photomicrographs: Figure 68a; Neg. NS 248. Comments: Conserved 10/78. TF: Mineralized fabric remains on one side; piece of bone is attached to convex edge. Crucible fragment found nearby. This blade, judging from its placement in the grave, was hafted together with DK 255B/400 to form a composite tool (Pigott and Marder 1984).

Blades IRON

DK 255B/400 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, DK Burial 5 (Ceramic Phase 4), NQ, layer 6, on right side of skeleton near upper leg. Burial drawing: TAM 2B: figures 3.14, 6.18a–b. Context type: Grave good. Type: Unclassified blade. Description: Wide blade fragment, thickened or rolled along one edge. Drawing: Figure 26d; TAM 2B: figure 3.12h.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

Dimensions: Length: 9.1 cm. Max. width: 5.6 cm. Blade thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Iron. Sample: Cross section of edge of blade. Microstructure: Forged carburized iron, with carbon contents varying from zero up to 0.7% C. Very dark pearlite with little ferrite in some areas; pure ferrite in others, especially near edges. Pearlite in the intermediate areas is surrounded by Widmanstätten ferrite. Edges are heavily corroded. Slag stringers line up horizontally. This artifact was not quenched. Carburization could have been accidental, or it could have been deliberately carburized and then suffered decarburization during forging and reheating. Photomicrographs: Figure 68b; Neg. NS 249; TAM 2B: figure 4.19. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings of ferrite and pearlite): 106–127. Conserved 10/78. Crucible fragment found nearby. TF: Mineralized textile remains on one side of blade. This blade, judging from its placement in the grave, was hafted together with DK 255A/400 to form some kind of composite tool (Pigott and Marder 1984).

Miscellaneous Metal Artifacts IRON DK 256/400 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, DK Burial 5 (Ceramic Phase 4), NQ, layer 6, on right side of skeleton near upper leg. Burial drawing: TAM 2B: figures 3.14, 6.18a–c. Context type: Grave good. Type: Ball or large bell. Description: Large solid ball that is cleft in a way that resembles Ban Chiang bells. Ball may have been hollow originally. Drawing: Figure 26e; TAM 2B: figure 3.19e. Dimensions: Length: 4.1 cm. Width of cleft: 1.2 cm. Material: Iron. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Manganese 0.023%; Sulfur 0.013%; Phosphorus: 0.016% (Pigott and Marder 1984). Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Cut along bottom of cleft. Microstructure: Forged bloom iron. Nearly pure ferrite, full of inclusions and dirt from corrosion.

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Grains are large with some subgrains visible. A previous analysis (Pigott and Marder 1984) detected traces of carburization along the edges of the sample, with the presence of pearlite showing that cooling had been slow. These patches of pearlite may have corroded away in the interval between the earlier analysis and the present study. Photomicrographs: Figure 68c; Neg. NS 251. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings of the ferrite): 111–130. Conserved 10/78. TF: Patch of mineralized fabric along edge of cleft.

Late Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bangles COPPER-BASE DK 209A/381 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, under DK Burial 3/Burial 1 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: L-0. Description: A strip of metal wrapped in a spiral around a hollow core. Hollow is approximately 2 mm in diameter. Drawing: Figure 27a; TAM 2B: figure 3.7h. Dimensions: Chord length: 2 cm. Interior diameter: 8 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.3 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. β-tin martensite, with heavy needling and a small amount of twinned α. Photomicrographs: Figure 69a; Neg. NS 245; TAM 2B: color figure 4.14. Comments: Conserved 10/78. Metal piece was excavated from among DK Burials 1 and 3, which intercut with Burial 4 and each other and were otherwise disturbed. “Burial-associated” is the most accurate context type for the object. DK 209B/381 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, under DK Burial 3/Burial 1 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: A-0.

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Description: A smooth-surfaced, slender bangle with a corroded end. Two fragments. Drawing: Figure 27b; TAM 2B: figure 3.7c. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.5 cm. Interior diameter: 8 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.2 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Unknown. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. β-tin martensite, with heavy needling and a small amount of twinned α. Photomicrographs: Figure 69b; Neg. 1645. Comments: Conserved 10/78. Metal pieces were excavated from among DK Burials 1 and 3, which intercut with Burial 4 and each other and were otherwise disturbed. “Burial-associated” is the most accurate context type for the object. DK 212A/380 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6 sediment removal in test pit. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Two slender bangle fragments with round/oval cross sections. Drawing: Figure 27c. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.8 cm. Interior diameter: 2 cm. Shaft height: 0.4 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 214/388 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, with sherds from under DK Burial 3 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: A-0. Description: A necklace or torc fragment, slender, smooth shaft; relatively large internal diameter, round cross section. Drawing: Figure 27d; TAM 2B: figure 3.7d. Dimensions: Chord length: 9.2 cm. Interior diameter: 8 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.2 cm. Location: Ban Chiang National Museum, Thailand. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 22.2%. Corrosion: Very mild. EDXRF: Tin 25.3%. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. This is a β-tin martensite with needles covering most of the

surface. The α is largely unidirectional. Photomicrographs: Figure 69c; Neg. NS 243. Comments: Vickers hardness range (six readings of the β-tin martensite): 212–298. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/DK/1; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. DK 219/388 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, with sherds from under DK Burial 3 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: I-0. Description: Three bangle fragments. Mounted piece has D-shaped cross section. Drawing: Figure 27e; TAM 2B: figure 3.7g. Only the largest fragment was drawn. Dimensions: Chord length of longest fragment: 2 cm. Interior diameter: 8 cm. Shaft height: 0.3 cm. Shaft width: 0.2 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. This is a β-tin martensite, with heavy needling and irregular twinned α. Photomicrographs: Figure 69d; Neg. NS 246. DK 236/394 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, WQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: F-0. Description: Band-shaped bangle fragment with crescent-shaped cross section and smooth surface. Drawing: Figure 27f; TAM 2B: figure 3.7e. Dimensions: Chord length: 3.5 cm. Interior diameter: 6 cm. Shaft height: 1.6 cm. Shaft width: 0.4 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: SEM of matrix: 6.83% tin. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: One corner cut off and mounted cut side up. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with interdendritic and intergranular corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 70a; Neg. NS 247. Comments: Some inclusions were of lead. DK 282/450 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2/3, SQ,

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

layer, material on pedestal under DK Burial 8 (Ceramic Phase 3). Context type: Burial-associated. Type: A-0. Description: Eight fragments of a copper-base ring. Drawing: Figure 27g. Dimensions: Chord length of longest piece: 3.2 cm. Interior diameter: 2 cm. Shaft height: 0.4 cm. Shaft width: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Only two of the pieces fit together. DK 285/426 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2C, EQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: A-0. Description: Short bangle fragment with round cross section and corroded surface. Drawing: Figure 27h. Dimensions: Chord length: 1.6 cm. Interior diameter: 4 cm. Shaft height and width: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cut through shaft, mounted in cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Heavily corroded cored dendrites. Photomicrographs: Figure 70b; Neg. 1589.

Bells COPPER-BASE DK 211/380 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, sediment removal in test pit. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Bell. Description: Three fragments of a bell or pendant and long loop. Drawing: Figure 27i; TAM 2B: figure 3.9e. Dimensions: Length: 2 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section through dome of bell. Microstructure: As-cast. Cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion. The corrosion has the jagged shape of α+δ eutectoid, but no actual eutectoid can be seen.

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Photomicrographs: Figure 70c; Neg. 1015. Comments: Conserved 10/78.

Wire/Rods COPPER-BASE DK 113/306 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3C, WQ, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Three short pieces of Type D fine wire. Cross section is unknown. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.6 cm. Total length: 1.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 20%. EDX: Tin 23%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Cast and worked, probably hot worked. This is an unusual multiphase structure. The first phase consists of irregular grains with annealing twins; these grains are somewhat elongated in one direction, indicating the direction of work. The second phase is an α+δ eutectoid, hardly touched by corrosion, which appears to entrap a third dark and mottled phase. Though this was a high-tin bronze, it does not appear to have been quenched, unless the third dark phase is a γ phase. Photomicrographs: Figure 70d; Neg. NS 217; TAM 2B: figure 4.22. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 216–260. DK 120/310 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3C, EQ, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type D fine wire. Cross section is unknown. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Cross section diameter (measured from mount): 0.27 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Cast and hot worked. Unidirectional islands of α are embedded in a dark γ phase matrix whose grain boundaries can be detected at high magnification. What are probably mechanical

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needles appear only on the edges, especially the long edges. Photomicrographs: Figure 71a; Neg. NS 218. DK 126/320 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3C, Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4), NQ, layer 4, feature 3, with animal bone and sherds overlying burial. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D fine wire. Cross section is unknown. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 55.87%. PIXE result shows anomalously high tin. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked and quenched. This is a β-tin martensite, very heavily needled and with very little α. What α exists is elongated and unidirectional. Photomicrographs: Figures 71b, 71c; Negs. NS 259–260. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 245–294. Slag (DK 125/320) was found in same area. DK 127/339 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3C, DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4), NQ, layer 5s, among pottery overlying skeleton. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D fine wire with a round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 1.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked and quenched. A β-tin martensite, very heavily needled. At high magnification grain boundaries can be seen faintly in the β matrix. Photomicrographs: Figure 71d; Neg. NS 220. DK 128/318 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3C, DK Burial 1 (Ceramic Phase 4), SQ, layer 4/5s, with material above skeleton. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D fine wire. Cross section is round.

Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.12 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked and quenched. A typical β-tin martensite, with unidirectional α and grain boundaries in the matrix. Photomicrographs: Figure 72a; Neg. NS 222. DK 134/328 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, spit removal near DK Burial 3 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Four pieces of fine Type D wire. Cross section is round. Drawing: Figure 27j; TAM 2B: figure 3.20g. Only the longest piece was drawn. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.5 cm. Total length: 3.2 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.11 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 44.4%. EDX: Tin 22%. Corrosion: Mild. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: An unusual structure; it could be partially quenched α+γ. There are no visible martensitic needles, but mixed in with the elongated twinned islands of α are pieces of α precipitate in a Widmanstätten structure. Photomicrographs: Figure 72b; Neg. NS 239. Comments: The PIXE reading shows an anomalously high amount of tin. Vickers hardness range (three readings of the γ matrix): 336–352. Slag (DK 137/328, DK 2085/328) found in same context. DK 135/328 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, spit removal near DK Burial 3 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of fine Type D wire. Cross section is square. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.5 cm. Total length: 2.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally and in cross section. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. β-tin martensitic needles against a dark matrix. The strands of α are unidirectional. Very fine-grain and subgrain lines are visible in the matrix at 600x.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

Photomicrographs: Figure 72c; Neg. NS 225. Comments: Vickers hardness range (six readings of the β and γ matrices): 394–432. Slag (DK 137/328, DK 2085/328) found in same context. DK 140/328 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, spit removal near DK Burial 3 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type C wire. Cross section is unknown. Dimensions: Total length: 1.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 141/327 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NQ, layer 5, excavated with soil immediately over DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Three pieces of fine Type D wire. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.0 cm. Total length: 1.5 cm. Cross section diameter of remaining pieces: 0.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. The sample is corroded over three-fourths of its length, but what remains is clearly β-tin martensite. The small amount of α visible does not orient to any one direction, surprising in a longitudinal section. The matrix has no distinguishable features. Photomicrographs: Figure 72d; Neg. NS 226. DK 143B/327 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NQ, layer 5, associated with DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 0.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 146/329 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 5, test pit near DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D fine wire, slightly curved. Cross section is round.

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Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. There are copious martensitic needles. A dark ring surrounds the α, perhaps a tin-rich β phase. Photomicrographs: Figures 73a, 73b; Negs. NS 227–228. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings of the β-tin martensite): 268–313. DK 149/329 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 5, test pit near DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Four pieces of fine Type D wire. Cross section is round. Drawing: Figure 27k; TAM 2B: figure 3.20h. Only the longest piece was drawn. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.7 cm. Total length: 3.1 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1–0.15 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. This is a β-tin martensitic structure, with very heavy needling. The grain boundaries are outlined with a dark tin rich phase and have a feathery appearance. The α is somewhat oriented in one direction. Photomicrographs: Figure 73c; Neg. NS 230. Comments: One end of the sample displays the signs of a brittle fracture. DK 151/331 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, WQ, layer 5, test pit sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 21.3%; EDX: Tin 25%; Iron 1%. Corrosion: Mild. EDXRF: Tin 32.5%; Iron 1.2 %. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. This is β-tin martensite, with very fine needles and little visible α. The inclusions are elongated parallel to the length of the specimen.

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Photomicrographs: Figure 73d; Neg. NS 232. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings of the β-tin martensite): 294–313. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/DK/2; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. Results suggest the copper originated at the Sepon copper production locality in central Laos. DK 153/332 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 5, test pit sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: One piece of fine Type D wire. Cross section is round. Drawing: Figure 27l; TAM 2B: figure 3.20i. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. β-tin martensite with unidirectional α. Grains are outlined by corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 74a; Neg. NS 233. DK 164/337 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 5, exposing feature (mixed cache). Context type: Feature. Description: Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 169/337 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 5, exposing feature (mixed cache). Context type: Feature. Description: Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.2 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 175/362 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, exposing DK Burial 3 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D fine wire with round cross section.

Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 176A/362 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, exposing DK Burial 3 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: One piece of fine Type D wire. Cross section is round. Drawing: Figure 27m; TAM 2B: figure 3.20j. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.18 cm. Material: Copper-base, probably high-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted in cross section. Microstructure: The microstructure consists only of what appear to be islands of twinned α. The matrix is totally corroded. Photomicrographs: Figure 74b; Neg. 1531. DK 176B/362 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, exposing DK Burial 3 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Three pieces of fine Type D wire. Cross section is squarish. Drawing: Figure 27m; TAM 2B: figure 3.20j. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 2.1 cm. Total length: 3.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.09 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. This is a β-tin martensite, with elongated α and relatively few needles in a γ matrix. Photomicrographs: Figure 74c; Neg. NS 300. DK 177/362 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, exposing DK Burial 3 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 178/364 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3BC, DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4), all quadrants, layer 5,

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

feature 17, from among sherds and animal bones of burial. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. This is a β-tin martensitic structure. Only one small island of metal is uncorroded; it shows needles and twinned α, all oriented in one direction. Some grain boundaries are visible in the β matrix. Photomicrographs: Figure 74d; Neg. NS 241. DK 184/380 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, test pit sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Three pieces of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 0.3 cm. Cross section diameter impossible to determine. Material: Copper-base. Comments: Object is a thin-walled tube broken into pieces. DK 185/380 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, test pit sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 0.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 186/380 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, test pit sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 0.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 190/381 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3BC, SQ, layer 5, lifting DK Burial 1 (Ceramic Phase 4).

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Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 3.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.11 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 191/380 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, test pit sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Three fragments of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.2 cm. Total length of all three pieces: 2.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 192/380 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, test pit sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 204/385 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, EQ, layer 6, spit removal near animal skulls. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Three pieces of Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 208/387 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, sediment under DK Burial 1 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 1.5 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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DK 212B/380 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, test pit sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Four pieces of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 3.2 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base.

DK 242/396 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, SQ, layer 6s, among pots with DK Burial 6 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Five or more pieces of Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 2.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base.

DK 212C/380 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, test pit sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two pieces of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 2.4 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

DK 243/401 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2/3, WQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Length: 2.7 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.16 cm. Material: Copper-base.

DK 216/385 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 6, spit removal near animal skulls. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Three pieces of Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.5 cm. Length of longest piece: 0.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 218/388 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, from under DK Burial 3 (Burial Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Two pieces of Type D fine wire. Cross section is round. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.1 cm. Total length: 1.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. Long strands of α, unidirectional in the long axis, in a dark gray matrix, perhaps of γ. No martensitic needles are visible, but some of the α displays a Widmanstätten structure. Photomicrographs: Figure 75a; Neg. NS 244. Comments: Vickers hardness range (four readings of the γ matrix with a load of 100 gm): 390–442.

DK 247/406 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, SQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Two Type D fine wire pieces with round cross section. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.1 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 261A/405 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, SQ, layer 6s, feature 1, pottery feature associated with DK Burial 6 (Ceramic Phase 4) with Pot A 396. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Fifteen pieces of Type D fine wire. Cross section is round. Drawing: Figure 27n; TAM 2B: figure 3.20k. Thirteen pieces are illustrated. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 1.6 cm. Total length: 11.9 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. Long strands of twinned α phase, parallel to the length of the wire, appear on one-half of the artifact. The other half has only dots of α. The matrix does not seem to have martensitic needles, which suggests that it is γ phase. It does, however, have many mechanical twins or slip lines.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

Photomicrographs: Figure 75b; Neg. NS 252. DK 261B/405 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, SQ, layer 6s, feature 1, pottery feature associated with DK Burial 6 (Ceramic Phase 4) with Pot A 396. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Ten pieces of Type C wire. Cross section is round. Drawing: No drawing, but artifacts resemble in shape those in DK 261A/405. Dimensions: Length of longest piece: 0.6 cm. Total length: 4.9 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: Mounted longitudinally. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. Long strands of twinned α phase are parallel to the length of the wire. The β phase has many needles. Large grains can be seen in the matrix. Photomicrographs: Figure 75c; Neg. NS 253. Comments: Most pieces are embedded in hard dirt. This may account for the slightly thicker cross section diameter compared to DK 261A/405. DK 268/415 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, SQ, layer 6, lifting DK Burial 6 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Three pieces of Type C wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.6 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.15 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 294/439 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2/3, DK Burial 9 (Ceramic Phase 3), NQ–SQ–EQ, layer 7, feature 11 of layer 6, pottery spread over body. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Slightly curved Type A rod with round cross section; one section mounted. Dimensions: Total length: 1.8 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Longitudinally. Microstructure: As-cast. Heavily corroded dendrites. Photomicrographs: Figure 75d; Neg. 1177.

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DK 295/436 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2/3, DK Burial 8 (Ceramic Phase 3), SQ, layer 7, beneath body. Context type: Burial-associated. Description: One Type D fine wire and one small lump of copper-base material. Cross section of wire is round. Dimensions: Length: 2.3 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.12 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Sample: One segment of wire is mounted longitudinally (A) and one in cross section (B) in the same mount. Lump is unmounted. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. This is a β-tin martensite. Sample A has small islands of parallel twinned α phase in a matrix of martensitic needles so fine that they cannot be resolved at 600x. There may also be mechanical twinning or slip lines along the edges; the morphology of the lines is strictly in crystal directions, i.e., 90º or 30º intersections. Sample B is the same, except that the α is not parallel. Photomicrograph is of Sample A. Photomicrographs: Figure 76a; Neg. NS 256. DK 303/462 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 7, feature 17, mixed cache including animal skull. Context type: Feature. Description: Tiny fragment of Type D fine wire with round cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 0.2 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 313/472 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2–3, NQ, layer 7, lifting DK Burial 9 (Ceramic Phase 3). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Type C wire with oval cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 0.9 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 316/482 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 7/8s, feature 28, mixed cache with animal skull and crucible fragments. Context type: Feature.

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Description: Type B rod with oval/flattened cross section. Dimensions: Total length: 1.0 cm. Cross section diameter: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flat fragment with sharp pointed end. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Iron

Iron DK 275/424 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2–3, SQ– WQ, layer 6, under DK Burial 7 (Ceramic Phase 4) Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Twisted piece of Type A rod. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Variable cross section. Material: Iron.

Flat Artifacts COPPER-BASE DK 142/327 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NQ, layer 5, associated with DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened elongated fragment. Dimensions: Length: 1.2 cm. Thickness: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 143A/327 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NQ, layer 5, associated with DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened fragment with rounded outline. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Thickness: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 222/390 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, EQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Flattened fragment crusted with dirt. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 226/393 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, sediment removal.

DK 227/393 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, clearing DK Burial 5 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Flattened fragment with a right-angled corner and a wedge-shaped cross section. Dimensions: Length: 2.9 cm. Max. thickness: 0.4 cm. Material: Iron. DK 335/564A Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NWQ, layer 3, adjacent DK Burial 17 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Irregular flattened fragment with one edge straight and curled under. Dimensions: Length: 7.9 cm. Thickness of least corroded portion: 0.5 cm. Material: Iron.

Amorphous Artifacts COPPER-BASE DK 115/309 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3C, WQ, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 116/310 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3C, EQ, layer 4/5s, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 129/325 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3C, SQ, layer

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

5, spit removal near DK Burial 1 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.0 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 131/327 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NQ, layer 5, sediment removal near DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 144/329 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 5, sediment removal for test pit. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 154/331 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, WQ, layer 5. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 155/331 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, WQ, layer 5, sediment removal for test pit. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Long, curved, irregular piece. Dimensions: Length: 1.4 cm. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: EDX: Tin 20%. Corrosion: Severe. Sample: Whole object mounted lengthwise. Microstructure: Some working, annealing, slow cooling. Only islands of metal are left in this piece. The structure is unusual for a high-tin specimen— according to the EDX, this contains 20% tin. Islands of α, occasionally twinned, sit in a matrix of coarse α+δ eutectoid. There are no martensitic needles, but in addition to the large dendritic blobs of α, there

119

are many small rods of α in a Widmanstätten structure in the eutectoid. This is a high-tin piece that was cooled relatively slowly. Photomicrographs: Figures 76b, 76c; Negs. NS 234, 236. Comments: This may be a bangle fragment. Measurements are from mount. DK 158/334 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NQ, layer 5, sediment near DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 161/337 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 5, multi-component feature suite exposing a cache mixed with pottery, crucibles, and animal skulls. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 166/336 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Crumbs. Dimensions: Length: 0.2 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 171/344 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NQ, layer 5, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Elongated lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 174/360 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NQ–EQ, layer 5, exposing DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Crumbs. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base.

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2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

DK 179/364 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3BC, ALL, layer 5, animal bone and sherds associated with DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Crumbs. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 182/376 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, sediment removal for test pit. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.8 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 217/385 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, EQ, layer 6, sediment removal to expose animal skulls. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Crumbs. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 221/390 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, EQ, layer 6, excavating around animal skulls. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 231/390 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, EQ, layer 6, excavating around animal skulls. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Flattened irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 3.1 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 245/402 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2–3, EQ, layer 6, feature 5, lump of stone. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Tiny globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.4 cm. Material: Copper-base. Comments: From pedestal of Feature 5.

DK 246/406 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, SQ, layer 6, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Crumbs. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.3 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 265/416 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2/3, SQ, layer 6, exposing DK Burial 8 (Ceramic Phase 3). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Small irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 0.7 cm. Material: Bronze. Elemental analyses: EDX: Tin 5%. Corrosion: Moderate. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast, slow cooled. Structure is mostly cored dendrites with extensive interdendritic corrosion, but along the edges are irregular grains. Photomicrographs: Figure 76d; Neg. NS 265. Comments: All measurements are from mounted object. DK 281/426 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2C, EQ, layer 7, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. A thin layer of metal clinging to a small rock or ceramic. Dimensions: Length: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 297/436 Archaeological context: LP, Level 2/3, SQ, layer 7, under DK Burial 8 (Ceramic Phase 3). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Globular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.13 cm. Material: Copper-base. DK 315/482 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 7/8, feature 28, cache mixed with crucible. Context type: Feature. Description: Amorphous. Irregular lump. Dimensions: Length: 1.1 cm. Material: Copper-base.

CATALOG: BAN PHAK TOP, BAN TONG, DON KLANG

IRON DK 122/312 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3C, EQ, layer 4, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Cone shaped. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Material: Iron. DK 165/336 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, SQ, layer 5, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular flattened lump. Drawing: Figure 27o. Dimensions: Length: 3.0 cm. Material: Iron. DK 241/395 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, WQ, layer 6, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. Irregular elongated lump. Dimensions: Length: 4.4 cm. Material: Iron. DK 418/320 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, NQ, layer 4, under DK Burial 2 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Amorphous. Tightly curled flattened sheet. Drawing: Figure 27p. Dimensions: Length: 2.8 cm. Material: Iron.

Crucibles DK 167/337 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3B, EQ, layer 5, matrix over cache of lidded pots and animal skulls. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Rim fragment, rounded. Exterior is light gray; interior is light pink on layer of lagging. Temper is fine-grained rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Width: 2.0 cm. Thickness: 0.2–1.0 cm. Weight: 4.6 gm.

121

Evidence of metal processing: There is a little green dross on the edges and the rim. There is a clear, reddish brown and black glass layer at the base of the lagging. There are very small copper and bronze prills, the largest is ~0.2 mm diameter. Comments: The piece is completely vitrified. DK 2087/400 Archaeological context: LP, Level 3A, NQ, layer 6, associated with DK Burial 5 (Ceramic Phase 4). Context type: Burial-associated. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is mottled brown and gray and very rough; interior is colored the same. Temper is quartz sand. Dimensions: Length: 2.5 cm. Width: 1.8 cm. Thickness: 1.7 cm. Weight: 5.7 gm. Evidence of metal processing: There is a large, vitrified, bubble-shaped structure on the interior, ~1.0 x 1.5 cm, with brown and greenish white glass on the underside.

Late Period–Protohistoric Period Non-grave Good Metals and Crucibles Bells COPPER-BASE DK 341/285 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 4A, SQ, layer 3, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Type: Bell. Description: Small bell with top loop. Drawing: Figure 28a; TAM 2B: figure 3.9f. Dimensions: Length: 2.1 cm. Width: ~1.5 cm. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Artifact cut in half vertically and mounted in cross section; only the loop retains metal. Microstructure: As-cast, heavily corroded. Photomicrographs: Figure 77a; Neg. 1522. Comments: This may have been a bangle attachment.

122

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Wire/Rods

Amorphous Artifacts

IRON

COPPER-BASE

DK 111/289 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 4A, WQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Type B rod. Cross section unclear because of corrosion. Dimensions: Length: 6.7 cm. Material: Iron.

DK 107/285 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 4A, SQ, layer 3, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. One small lump and several crumbs. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.9 cm. Material: Copper-base.

Flat Artifacts

DK 110/287 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 4A, NQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Amorphous. One small lump and several crumbs. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 0.6 cm. Material: Copper-base.

COPPER-BASE DK 109/287 Archaeological context: LP–Protohistoric, Level 4A, NQ, layer 3, spit removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Six or more flat fragments; the large piece is square on three sides; the fourth side is hollowed out to hold a rod of what may be either malachite or bronze/copper, now corroded. Drawing: Figure 28b; TAM 2B: figure 3.22k. Only the large piece is illustrated, drawn from the sample mount. Dimensions: Length of largest piece: 1 cm. Measured from mount. No thickness measurement taken before mounting. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 23.2%. Corrosion: Mild. EDXRF: Tin 25.8%. Sample: Mounted flat. Microstructure: Hot worked, quenched. This is a β-tin martensite in a matrix of dark γ phase. Fine cracks are visible to the naked eye. The β needles are concentrated in certain areas outlined by corrosion-filled cracks. These may be stress or quenching cracks. Photomicrographs: Figure 77b; Neg. NS 215; TAM 2B: figure 4.16 and color figure 4.17. Comments: Vickers hardness range (five readings): 345–426. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA sample ID: SEALIP/TH/DK/3; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. Results suggest the copper originated from the Sepon copper production locality in Laos.

No Assigned Period Crucibles DK 2072/271 Archaeological context: Surface deposit, Level 5, WQ, layer 1, sediment removal. Context type: General soil matrix. Description: Body fragment. Exterior is medium gray; interior is dark gray. Remnants of lagging. Temper is fairly abundant rice chaff. Dimensions: Length: 2.0 cm. Width: 1.6 cm. Thickness: 1.0 cm. Weight: 2.0 gm. Evidence of metal processing: There is a 3 mm thick buff-colored, porous, vitrified slag/glass layer. Comments: Included because this piece was analyzed by Vernon.

4 Catalog of Analyzed Crucible and Slag Prills (Ban Chiang)

P

rills are small bits of metal that were trapped in the fabric of crucibles or in slag. Prills are analyzed because they offer information on the composition of the metal that had been melted in the crucible or smelted during the process that produced the metal from the ore. Many crucible fragments from Ban Chiang, Ban Phak Top, Ban Tong, and Don Klang contained small prills, but this catalog lists only the four crucible prills that were analyzed metallographically and elementally, plus one slag prill analyzed metallographically.

Middle Period BCES 382A/1073 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D5, SWQ, layer 17, spit removal. Extracted from slag piece BCES 382/1073. Context type: General soil matrix. Material: Copper-base. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Recrystallized grains full of inclusions. Either the slag was reheated or the cooling was extremely slow. Photomicrographs: Figure 77c; Neg. NS 169. Comments: Only nine pieces classified as slag were found at Ban Chiang, and they did not exhibit any striking clustering, save that five were Late Period and were found in BCES squares D4 and D5. This piece, 1.7 cm long, is unlikely to be smelting slag, as there is no evidence of smelting at Ban Chiang.

The slag probably resulted from copper melting or refining. BCES 2020A/1982 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4, SEQ–SWQ, layer 19, from matrix beneath skeleton of BCES Burial 40. Extracted from crucible BCES 2020/1982. Context type: General soil matrix. Material: High-tin bronze. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 23%. EDXRF: Tin 16.8%. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: Cast, slow cooled with some subsequent stress. Irregular grains with occasional strain lines and twins. Considerable α+δ eutectoid between the grains. Photomicrographs: Figure 77d; Neg. NS 293. Comments: See TAM 2B: color figure 5.8, for cross section of the crucible. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA #: SEALIP/TH/BC/11; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. Results suggest the copper originated from the Sepon copper production locality in Laos. The high tin content does not mean that the metal melted in the crucible was a high-tin bronze; it is possible that, during the melt, a tin-rich particle was trapped in the crucible. BCES 2020B/1982 Archaeological context: MP, Level 3C, D4, SEQ–SWQ, layer 19, from matrix beneath skeleton of BCES Burial 40. Extracted from crucible BCES

124

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

2020/1982. Context type: General soil matrix. Material: Impure copper. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Copper 97%. Tin: 0.02%. EDXRF: Copper 99.2%. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Small irregular grains, some columnar, outlined by bead-like precipitates. Granular structure reflects the low tin content. Photomicrographs: Figures 78a; Neg. NS 294. Comments: See TAM 2B, Color Figure 5.8, for cross section of the crucible. The difference in composition of Prill A and Prill B of crucible BCES 2020/1982 is noteworthy. It is possible that different alloys were melted at different times in this crucible, the two visible layers of lagging showed that the crucible was used more than once. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA #: SEALIP/TH/BC/12; see TAM 2C, chapter 3. Results suggest the copper originated from the Sepon copper production locality in Laos.

Late Period BC 987A/1005A Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, C4, SEQ, layer 7, feature 1b. Crucible was excavated with a cluster of red-on-buff sherds. Extracted from crucible BC 987/1005A. Context type: Feature. Material: Impure copper. Elemental analyses: PIXE: Tin 0.14%. Lead 0.6%. EDXRF: Tin 0.2%. Lead 1.3%. Sample: Cross section. Microstructure: As-cast. Long, thin, columnar grains with numerous shrinkage voids. Subgrain boundaries can be seen within the grains. The granular structure resulted from the low impurity content and slow cooling. Photomicrographs: Figure 78b; Neg. NS 269. Comments: See TAM 2B: color figures 5.6 and 5.7 for cross section of this crucible showing the prill. Very similar in metallurgical structure to Prill B from same crucible. JW: Assigned to Late Period based on associated sherds. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA #: SEALIP/TH/BC/13; see TAM 2C, chapter 3.

BC 987B/1005A Archaeological context: LP, Level 10, C4, SEQ, layer 7, feature 1. Crucible was excavated with a cluster of red-on-buff sherds. Extracted from crucible BC 987/1005A. Context type: Feature. Material: Leaded copper. Elemental analyses: EDXRF: Tin 1.4%. Lead 3.4%. Microstructure: As-cast. Originally dendritic, cooling to granular with the grains outlined by beadlike precipitates. Little corrosion. Photomicrographs: Figure 78c; Neg. NS 273. Comments: See TAM 2B: color figures 5.6 and 5.7 for cross section of the crucible. Lead isotope analysis by Pryce, LIA #: SEALIP/TH/BC/14; see TAM 2C, chapter 3.

5 Metals from Prehistoric Contexts Not Included in the Catalogs

T

he 639 metal objects and five prills that form the subject of study in TAM 2A, 2B, and 2C included only the prehistoric metal artifacts excavated in 1974–1975 from Ban Chiang, Ban Chiang Eastern Soi, Ban Phak Top, Ban Tong, and Don Klang. Five additional metal artifacts were in the total collection—three from Ban Chiang, one from Ban Phak Top, and one from Ban Tong—but were not analyzed or included in the discussion. These include objects recovered from prehistoric levels at these sites, but which obviously could not be prehistoric, in the judgment of EH. Four of these were modern-looking nails and the fifth was a long iron band (BC 1125/1505) that was clearly machine-made. These artifacts may have been displaced by biodisturbances that did not leave traces, e.g., animal activity.

In at least one case, that of the iron band, it was concluded that the object was likely mislabeled and its correct label could not be determined. Thus only two historic metal artifacts from Ban Chiang were clearly displaced into prehistoric contexts. As a general observation, these few examples of clearly displaced artifacts in a site that has been inhabited by a modern village for at least the last 200 years indicate that such major downward displacement is rare. This point lends support to a view that the hundreds of prehistoric metals excavated outside of grave good contexts should not be summarily dismissed as invalid evidence because they “might” have been displaced downward. Table 1 presents the artifact and provenience information for the historic artifacts.

Table 1  Modern or Historic Metals Recovered from Prehistoric Contexts

Artifact ID

Class

Material Period

BC 1104/455

nail

Fe

LP

11

C6

3

BC 1112/671

nail

Fe

LP

11

C3

2

Fea

BC 1125/1505b

misc. iron Fe

EP lower

5

C4/C5

6s

F.2

fea-?dump

BPT 361/46

nail

Fe

LP

4s

F.1

fea-hole

nail

Fe

EP upper

c

BT 2082/1510

d

Level

10 6

Square Layer

Fea# Context gsm

10/11s F.1

a

fea-sherd

fea-pot

Note: BC = Ban Chiang 1974; BPT = Ban Phak Top; BT = Ban Tong; misc. = miscellaneous; Fe = iron; EP = Early Period; LP = Late Period; F. = feature number; gsm = general soil matrix; fea = feature. a Feature numbers were not assigned in first weeks of excavation. b Small find log says, “Iron in shape of an iron belt.” Bag log says, “Refuse dump(?) containing mostly snails, and animal bones.” This large, obviously modern object, whose layer denotes deep stratigraphic depth suggests either a deep undocumented intrusion or human error in recording. No large iron object was noted on the pertinent plan or feature. Removed from the prehistoric metals corpus. c Small find log says, “large iron nail.” Bag log says, “Feature first observed while removing L. 03—feature probably cut from somewhere in L. 03 or above.” Plan 11.4.75 also notes iron nail. Removed from the prehistoric metals corpus. d Small find log says, “iron detritus.” An apparently modern nail in an Early Period context associated with red-on-buff pot with no evidence for intrusion. Removed from the prehistoric metals corpus.

6 Illustrations of Selected Metals and Crucibles

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 4.1  Ban Chiang lower Early Period selected grave good metals.

a) BCES 526/1592 bronze bangle

c) BCES 595/1984 Cu-base bangle

b) BCES 594/1984 Cu-base bangle

d) BCES 596A/1984 bronze bangle

e) BCES 762/2834 bronze spear point

Figure 4.2  Ban Chiang lower Early Period selected non-grave good metals and crucibles.

f) BCES 621/2031 bronze rod

g) BCES 601/2021 bronze amorphous

h) BCES 756/2771 crucible 0

2cm

127

128

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 5  Ban Chiang upper Early Period grave good metals.

b) BC 693A-D/1203A bronze bangles a) BC 694/1203A bronze adze/axe 0

2cm

129

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 6  Ban Chiang upper Early Period selected non-grave good metals and crucibles.

b) BC 680/1071 Cu-base bangle

c) BC 2168/1115 Cu-base bangle

d) BCES 649/2173 Cu-base bangle

e) BC 661/962 Cu-base blade

a) BC 679A-B/1071 bronze bangles

g) BCES 528/1595 Cu-base rod

h) BC 1122/1087 iron rod

i) BCES 546/1662 bronze flat

j) BC 655/923 Cu-base amorphous

f) BCES 741/2625 bronze point

l) BCES 519A/1539 crucible k) BC 2150/1272B crucible 0

2cm

130

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 7  Ban Chiang Early Period–Middle Period grave good metals.

a) BC 708A-C/1594 bronze bangles

b) BC 709A-B/1594 Cu-base bangles 0

2cm

131

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 8  Early Period–Middle Period selected non-grave good metals and crucibles.

b) BC 2155/702 Cu-base bangle

c) BC 2157/946 Cu-base bangle d) BCES 488/1408 Cu-base bangle

a) BC 713/893A Cu-base bangle

f) BCES 616/2097 leaded bronze bangle

k) BC 685/1089 Cu-base rod

p) 678A/1063B bronze amorphous

g) BCES 617/2097 bronze bangle

h) BC 1118/820 iron bangle

m) BC 656B/928 Cu-base flat l) BCES 486/1395 arsenical tin bronze rod

i) BC 700/1487 Cu-base blade

n) BC 712/887 iron flat

e) BCES 609/2069 leaded bronze bangle

j) BC 715/1491 Cu-base point

o) BC 647A&B/890 Cu-base amorphous

q) BC 686/1092 Cu-base amorphous

r) BC 719/1589 Cu-base amorphous

s) BC 975/786 crucible 0

2cm

t) BC 990/1059 crucible

132

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 9  Ban Chiang Middle Period selected grave good metals (1 of 3).

a) BCES 490/1286 bronze bangle

b) BCES 491/1286 bronze bangle

c) BCES 492/1286 Cu-base bangle

e) BCES 1239/1114 Cu-base bangle d) BCES 591/1981 bronze bangle

f) BCES 494A/1438 Cu-base bangle

h) BCES 494C/1438 Cu-base bangle

g) BCES 494B/1438 Cu-base bangle 0

2cm

i) BCES 495A–C/1438 Cu-base bangles

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 10  Ban Chiang Middle Period selected grave good metals (2 of 3).

a) BCES 532A/1601 Cu-base bangle

d) BCES 530A/1601 iron bangle

b) BCES 395A/1115 leaded bronze bangle

c) BCES 395B/1115 bronze bangle

e) BCES 531/1601 iron bangle

f) BCES 532B–C/1601 iron bangle (see BCES 532A/1601)

g) BCES 533/1601 iron bangles

0

2cm

133

134

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 11  Ban Chiang Middle Period selected grave good metals (3 of 3).

a) BCES 516/1533 iron blade b) BCES 399A/1115 iron blade

c) BCES 399B/1115 iron blade

d) BCES 548/1582 point with bronze socket and iron blade

0

2cm

e) BCES 573/1813 point with copper-base socket and iron blade

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

135

Figure 12  Ban Chiang Middle Period selected non-grave good metals (1 of 2).

a) BC 2158/584 Cu-base bangle

b) BC 2159/593 Cu-base bangle

c) BCES 319/865 Cu-base bangle

d) BCES 606/2043 Cu-base bangle

i) BC 2188/530 bronze rod

g) BC 645C/870 Cu-base rod

e) BCES 1229/1077 bronze bangle

j) BCES 458/1309 Cu-base rod

f) BC 480/1367 bronze blade h) BC 698B/1426 Cu-base rod

k) BCES 502/1460 bronze rod

l) BC 1108/593 iron wire

q) BC 2165/676 Cu-base flat

p) BCES 761/2826 iron rod

m) BCES 435/1233 iron rod

r) BCES 1230/1118 bronze flat

0

2cm

n) BCES 452/1273 iron rod

s) BCES 613/582 bronze amorphous

o) BCES 472/1335 iron rod

t) BC 615/608 Cu-base amorphous

136

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 13  Ban Chiang Middle Period selected non-grave good metals (2 of 2) and crucibles.

a) BC 616/615 Cu-base amorphous

f) BCES 729/2548 Cu-base amorphous

h) BCES 820/2743 bronze amorphous

b) BC 621/676 bronze amorphous

c) BC 652/912 Cu-base amorphous

d) BC 698A/1426 Cu-base amorphous

e) BCES 364/1010 bronze amorphous

g) BCES 807/2576 bronze amorphous

i) BCES 1402/1320 copper and bronze amorphous

j) BC 969/722 crucible

k) BCES 419/1205 crucible

m) BCES 760/2826 crucible l) BCES 478/1367 crucible

0

2cm

n) BCES 1234/1204 crucible

137

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 14  Ban Chiang Middle Period–Late Period selected non-grave good metals (1 of 2).

a) BCES 272/715 Cu-base bangle

b) BCES 288/775 leaded bronze bangle

c) BCES 302/799 bronze bangle

f) BCES 332/899 bronze bangle

h) BCES 359A/996 Cu-base bangle

g) BCES 347/950 Cu-base bangle

j) BCES 375/1049 Cu-base bangle

k) BCES 1199/799 iron bangle

i) BCES 359B/996 Cu-base bangle

l) BCES 725/2511 Cu-base bell 2cm

0

n) BCES 381/1067 iron blade

e) BCES 317/863 Cu-base bangle

d) BCES 305/806 Cu-base bangle

o) BCES 1147/627 iron blade 0

2cm

p) BCES 397/1125 Cu-base point

m) BCES 352/959 iron blade

q) BCES 350/955 iron point

138

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 15  Ban Chiang Middle Period–Late Period selected non-grave good metals (2 of 2) and crucibles.

a) BCES 312/854 Cu-base rod

b) BCES 742/2635 bronze flat

d) BCES 1182/714 iron flat

g) BC 2123/811 bronze amorphous

e) BCES 1185/720 iron flat

h) BCES 278/729 bronze amorphous

c) BCES 256/627 iron flat

f) BCES 1212/877 iron flat

i) BCES 299A/791 bronze amorphous

k) BCES 726/2530 crucible

j) BCES 298/790 crucible

0

2cm

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 16  Ban Chiang Late Period selected grave good metals (1 of 3).

a) BC 704/1557 Cu-base bangle

d) BC 720C/918 Cu-base bangle

b) BC 720A/918 Cu-base bangle

c) BC 720B/918 high-tin bronze bangle

e) BC 720D/918 Cu-base bangle

f) BC 2161B/781 Cu-base bangle g) BC 2211/918 Cu-base bangle h) BCES 745/2669 iron bangle

j) BCES 336/903 iron blade i) BC 1120/885 iron blade

0

2cm

k) BCES 2004/2669 iron blade

139

140

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 17  Ban Chiang Late Period selected grave good metals (2 of 3).

a) BCES 2044/1403 iron blade

c) BCES 426B/1222 iron point

b) BCES 426A/1222 iron point

0

2cm

141

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 18  Ban Chiang Late Period selected grave good metals (3 of 3).

c) BC 633/770 high-tin bronze wire

d) BC 2161A/781 high-tin bronze wire

e) BC 2208/918 high-tin bronze wire b) BCES 1205/850 iron point

a) BCES 749/2669 iron point

0

2cm

f) BCES 748/2669 iron rod

142

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 19  Ban Chiang Late Period selected non-grave good metals (1 of 3).

a) BC 604A/492 leaded bronze bangle

f) BCES 238/490 Cu-base bangle

k) BCES 322/869 iron bangle

c) BC 2162/520 Cu-base bangle

b) BC 2156/322 leaded bronze bangle

g) BCES 252/620 bronze bangle

h) BCES 253/595A bronze bangle

d) BCES 205/379 bronze bangle

i) BCES 269/672 bronze bangle

m) BCES 162/205 Cu-base bell l) BCES 2064/850 iron bangle

0

e) BCES 219/439 bronze bangle

j) BCES 799/2549 Cu-base bangle

n) BCES 254/604A Cu-base bell 2cm

q) BCES 700/2397 iron blade o) BCES 195/328 iron blade p) BCES 245/543 iron blade

0

2cm

r) BCES 1170/679A iron blade

143

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 20  Ban Chiang Late Period selected non-grave good metals (2 of 3).

a) BCES 2003/543 iron blade c) BCES 772/2371 iron point

d) BC 2207/355 high-tin bronze miscellaneous

b) BC 1109/614 iron point

e) BCES 1109/251 iron miscellaneous

j) BCES 2009/391 Cu-base flat

f) BCES 696/2388 Cu-base rod

g) BC 2218/495 iron rod

h) BC 602/284 Cu-base flat

i) BCES 237/516 impure copper flat

k) BCES 142/169 iron flat m) BCES 179/271 iron flat l) BCES 163/205 iron flat 0

2cm

144

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 21  Ban Chiang Late Period selected non-grave good metals (3 of 3) and crucibles.

b) BCES 691/2379 iron flat

c) BCES 693/2384 iron flat

a) BCES 300/796A iron flat

e) BCES 1098/218 iron flat

h) BCES 1157/640 iron flat

f) BCES 1106/234 iron flat

i) BC 603/471 Cu-base amorphous

d) BCES 1095/206 iron flat

g) BCES 1119/299 iron flat

j) BC 703/1545 Cu-base amorphous

k) BCES 708/2436 bronze amorphous l) BCES 140/167 iron amorphous

0

2cm

m) BCES 783/2451 crucible

145

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 22  Ban Chiang Late Period–Protohistoric Period selected non-grave good metals.

c) BC 2160/276 Cu-base bangle

d) BC 1115B/1406 iron bangle

a) BC 1100/141 iron adze/axe b) BC 1101A/336 iron adze/axe

f) BC 608/535 Cu-base bell e) BC 2087/158 iron bangle

0

h) BC 601/277 bronze flat

2cm

g) BC 1101B/336 iron miscellaneous 0

2cm

146

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 23.1  Ban Phak Top selected upper Early Period non-grave good metals.

a) BPT 21/82 Cu-base bangle

b) BPT 22/84 bronze bangle

d) BPT 14A/67 Cu-base amorphous

c) BPT 57/107 bronze bangle

e) BPT 27/85 bronze amorphous

Figure 23.2  Ban Phak Top selected Late Period non-grave good metal.

f) BPT 363/47 iron point 0

2cm

147

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 24.1  Ban Tong lower Early Period selected non-grave good metals.

a) BT 890/1696 Cu-base miscellaneous

b) BT 889/1694 bronze wire

c) BT 905/1716 antimonial leaded arsenical copper amorphous

Figure 24.2  Ban Tong upper Early Period selected non-grave good metals.

d) BT 572/1372 Cu-base bangle e) BT 613/1426 Cu-base bangle

g) BT 853/1634 impure copper wire

h) BT 532/1173 bronze flat

k) BT 726/1507 Cu-base flat

i) BT 534/1176 bronze flat

l) BT 999/1392 Cu-base flat

0

2cm

f) BT 799/1565 Cu-base point

j) BT 702/1494 Cu-base flat

m) BT 812/1581 impure copper amorphous

148

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 25.1  Ban Tong Middle Period selected non-grave good metals.

a) BT 514/1108 bronze bangle

d) BT 555/1303 bronze rod

b) BT 508/1081 bronze wire c) BT 541/1214 impure copper rod

Figure 25.2  Ban Tong Middle Period–Late Period selected non-grave good metals.

e) BT 506/982 bronze rod

f) BT 1096/911 Cu-base amorphous

Figure 25.3  Ban Tong Late Period–Protohistoric Period selected non-grave good metal.

g) BT 480/813 Cu-base bangle

0

2cm

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 26  Don Klang Late Period grave good metals.

a) DK 283/445 iron adze/axe

b) DK 302/457 iron adze/axe

c) DK 255A/400 iron blade e) DK 256/400 iron miscellaneous d) DK 255B/400 iron blade

0

2cm

149

150

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 27  Don Klang Late Period selected non-grave good metals.

a) DK 209A/381 high-tin bronze bangle

c) DK 212A/380 Cu-base bangle

b) DK 209B/381 high-tin bronze bangle

e) DK 219/388 high-tin bronze bangle

h) DK 285/426 Cu-base bangle f) DK 236/394 bronze bangle

i) DK 211/380 Cu-base bell 0

d) DK 214/388 high-tin bronze bangle

g) DK 282/450 Cu-base bangle

j) DK 134/328 high-tin bronze wire

k) DK 149/329 high-tin bronze wire

l) DK 153/332 high-tin bronze wire

2cm

m) DK 176A-B/362 high-tin bronze wires

n) DK 261A/405 high-tin bronze wire

o) DK 165/336 iron amorphous 0

2cm

p) DK 418/320 iron amorphous

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SELECTED METALS AND CRUCIBLES

Figure 28  Don Klang Late Period–Protohistoric Period selected non-grave good metals.

b) DK 109/287 high-tin bronze flat a) DK 341/285 Cu-base bell 0

2cm

0

2cm

151

7 Photomicrographs of Analyzed Metals

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

153

Figure 29a  Lower Early Period grave good bronze bangle BCES 526/1592. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 29b  Lower Early Period grave good bronze bangle BCES 596A/1984. 200x. AH/HP.

Figure 29c  Lower Early Period grave good bronze point BCES 762/2834 (blade). 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 29d  Lower Early Period grave good bronze point BCES 762/2834 (socket). 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7 .

154

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 30a  Lower Early Period non-grave good bronze rod BCES 621/2031. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 30b  Lower Early Period non-grave good copperbase flat BC 687/1100. 100x. AH/HP, K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 30c  Lower Early Period non-grave good copperbase flat BCES 2037/2804. 400x. AH/HP.

Figure 30d  Lower Early Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 601/2021. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

Figure 31a  Upper Early Period grave good bronze adze/ axe BC 694/1203A. 200x. AH/HP.

155

Figure 31b  Upper Early Period grave good bronze bangle BC 693D/1203A. 100x. AH/HP.

156

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 32a  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze bangle BC 679A/1071. 100x. K2Cr2O7 , FeCl3 .

Figure 32b  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase bangle BC 2168/1115. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 32c  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase bangle BCES 649/2173. 200x. AH/HP, K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 32d  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze point BCES 741/2625. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

157

Figure 33a  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase rod BCES 528/1595. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 33b  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze flat BCES 546/1662. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 33c  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase amorphous BC 660/952. 100x. Unetched.

Figure 33d  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 538/1617. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

158

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 34a  Early Period–Middle Period grave good bronze bangle BC 708A/1594. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 34b  Early Period–Middle Period grave good copper-base bangle BC 709A/1594. 200x. AH/HP.

Figure 34c  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good copper-base bangle BC 713/893A. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 34d  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good copper-base bangle BC 713/893A. 600x. AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

159

Figure 35a  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good copper-base bangle BC 2155/702. 100x. Unetched.

Figure 35b  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 488/1408. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 35c  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 609/2069. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 35d  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 616/2097. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

160

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 36a  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 617/2097. 200x. unknown etchant, probably AH/HP.

Figure 36b  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good arsenical tin bronze rod BCES 486/1395. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 36c  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good arsenical tin bronze rod BCES 486/1395. 600x. AH/HP, FeCl3. 

Figure 36d  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good copper-base flat BC 656B/928. 100x. AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

161

Figure 37a  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 647A/890. 100x. FeCl3 .

Figure 37b  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 649/896. 100x. FeCl3 .

Figure 37c  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 677/1052. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 37d  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 678A/1063B. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

162

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 38a  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 719/1589. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 38b  Early Period–Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 2163/804B. 100x. AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

Figure 39a  Middle Period grave good bronze bangle BCES 490/1286. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 39b  Middle Period grave good bronze bangle BCES 491/1286. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 39c  Middle Period grave good bronze bangle BCES 591/1981. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 39d  Middle Period grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 395A/1115. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

163

164

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 40a  Middle Period grave good bronze bangle BCES 395B/1115. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 40b  Middle Period grave good bronze-iron point BCES 548/1582. 160x. FeCl3 .

Figure 40c  Middle Period non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 1229/1077. 200x. AH/HP.

Figure 40d  Middle Period non-grave good bronze blade BCES 480/1367. 100x. AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

165

Figure 41a  Middle Period non-grave good copper-base rod BC 698B/1426. 400x. AH/HP.

Figure 41b  Middle Period non-grave good bronze rod BC 2188/530. 200x. Unknown, may be unetched.

Figure 41c  Middle Period non-grave good bronze rod BCES 502/1460. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 41d  Middle Period non-grave good bronze flat BCES 1230/1118. 200x. AH/HP.

166

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 42a  Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 613/582. 100x. K2Cr2O7 , FeCl3 .

Figure 42b  Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 621/676. 100x. FeCl3 .

Figure 42c  Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 621/676. 200x. FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 42d  Middle Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 652/912. 100x. FeCl3 , AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

167

Figure 43a  Middle Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 698A/1426. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 43b  Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 342/934. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 43c  Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 364/1010. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 43d  Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 517/1533. 400x AH/HP, FeCl3 .

168

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 44a  Middle Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BCES 729/2548. 100x. K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 44b  Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 807/2576. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 44c  Middle Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 820/2743. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 44d  Middle Period non-grave good bronze/copper amorphous BCES 1402/1320. 100x. AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

169

Figure 45a  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 272/715. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 45b  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 288/775. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 45c  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BCES 288/775. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 45d  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 302/799. 100x. AH/HP.

170

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 46a  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 317/863. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 46b  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 332/899. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 46c  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 359B/996. 100x. AH/HP, K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 46d  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good copper-base rod BCES 312/854. 200x. AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

171

Figure 47a  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good copper-base wire BCES 1188/748. 100x. AH/HP, K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 47b  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze flat BCES 742/2635. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 47c  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 2123/811. 200x. AH/HP.

Figure 47d  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 278/729. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

172

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 48a  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 299A/791. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 48b  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BCES 351/952. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 48c  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BCES 414/1182. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 48d  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 415/1183. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

Figure 49a  Late Period grave good high-tin bronze bangle BC 720B/918. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 49b  Late Period grave good iron point BCES 426B/1222. 500x. Unknown etchant.

Figure 49c  Late Period grave good iron point BCES 749/2669. 200x. Probably nital.

Figure 49d  Late Period grave good iron point BCES 1205/850. 100x. Nital 2%.

173

174

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 50a  Late Period grave good high-tin bronze wire BC 633/770. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 50b  Late Period grave good high-tin bronze wire BC 2161A/781. 200x. FeCl3 .

Figure 50c  Late Period grave good high-tin bronze wire BC 2208/918. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 50d  Late Period grave good high-tin bronze wire BC 2208/918. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

175

Figure 51a  Late Period non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BC 604A/492. 400x. FeCl3 .

Figure 51b  Late Period non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BC 2156/322. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 51c  Late Period non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 205/379. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 51d  Late Period non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 219/439. 100x. AH/HP.

176

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 52a  Late Period non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 238/490. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 52b  Late Period non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 252/620. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 52c  Late Period non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 253/595A. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 52d  Late Period non-grave good bronze bangle BCES 269/672. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

177

Figure 53a  Late Period non-grave good copper-base bangle BCES 799/2549. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 53b  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze miscellaneous BC 2207/355. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 53c  Late Period non-grave good copper-base wire BCES 735/2601. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 53d  Late Period non-grave good copper-base flat BC 602/284. 100x. AH/HP.

178

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 54a  Late Period non-grave good copper-base flat BCES 226A/448. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 54b  Late Period non-grave good impure copper flat BCES 237/516. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 54c  Late Period non-grave good copper-base flat BCES 268/671. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 54d  Late Period non-grave good copper-base flat BCES 2009/391. 100x. AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

Figure 55a  Late Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 603/471. 100x. FeCl3 .

Figure 55b  Late Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BC 609/539. 400x. FeCl3 .

Figure 55c  Late Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 703/1545. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 55d  Late Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BCES 708/2436. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

179

180

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 56a  Late Period–Protohistoric Period non-grave good bronze flat BC 601/277. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 56b  Late Period–Protohistoric Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BC 2167/365. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

181

Figure 57a  Upper Early Period non-grave good leaded bronze bangle BPT 16/69. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 57b  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze bangle BPT 22/84. 100x. AH/HP, K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 57c  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze bangle BPT 57/107. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 57d  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze flat BPT 14B/67. 40x. FeCl3 .

182

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 58a  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase amorphous BPT 14A/67. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 58c  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BPT 27/85. 100x. AH/HP, K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 58b  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BPT 23/79. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

183

Figure 59a  Lower Early Period non-grave good bronze wire BT 889/1694. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 59b  Lower Early Period non-grave good antimonial leaded arsenical copper amorphous BT 905/1716. 600x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 59c  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze wire BT 582/1396. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 59d  Upper Early Period non-grave good impure copper wire BT 853/1634. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7 .

184

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 60a  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze flat BT 532/1173. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 60b  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase flat BT 533/1175. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 60c  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze flat BT 534/1176. 200x. AH/HP.

Figure 60d  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase flat BT 798/1558. 100x. AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

185

Figure 61a  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 607/1420. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 61b  Upper Early Period non-grave good arsenical tin bronze amorphous BT 615/1426. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 61c  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase amorphous BT 623/1439. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 61d  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase amorphous BT 700/1492. 100x. AH/HP.

186

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 62a  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase amorphous BT 716/1502. 100x. AH/HP, K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 62b  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase amorphous BT 731/1513. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 62c  Upper Early Period non-grave good impure copper amorphous BT 812/1581. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 62d  Upper Early Period non-grave good copperbase amorphous BT 814/1582. 100x. AH/HP.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

187

Figure 63a  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 822/1588. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 63b  Upper Early Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 859/1639. 100x. AH/HP, K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 63c  Middle Period non-grave good bronze bangle BT 514/1108. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 63d  Middle Period non-grave good bronze wire BT 508/1081. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

188

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 64a  Middle Period non-grave good bronze wire BT 509/1083. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 64b  Middle Period non-grave good impure copper rod BT 541/1214. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 64c  Middle Period non-grave good copper-base wire BT 551/1296. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 64d  Middle Period non-grave good bronze rod BT 555/1303. 400x. Ferric nitrate, K2Cr2O7 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

189

Figure 65a  Middle Period non-grave good copper-base wire BT 565/1325. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 65b  Middle Period non-grave good copper-base amorphous BT 564/1324. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 65c  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good copper-base wire BT 498/923. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 65d  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze rod BT 506/982. 100x. AH/HP, K2Cr2O7 .

190

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 66a  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 496/910. 200x. AH/HP.

Figure 66b  Middle Period–Late Period non-grave good bronze amorphous BT 496/910. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

Figure 67a  Late Period grave good iron adze/axe DK 283/445. 100x. Marshall’s reagent and nital.

Figure 67b  Late Period grave good iron adze/axe DK 283/445. 600x. Marshall’s reagent and nital.

Figure 67c  Late Period grave good iron adze/axe DK 302/457. 600x. Marshall’s reagent and nital.

Figure 67d  Late Period grave good iron adze/axe DK 302/457. 200x. Marshall’s reagent and nital.

191

192

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 68a  Late Period grave good iron blade DK 255A/400. 100x. Nital.

Figure 68c  Late Period grave good iron miscellaneous DK 256/400. 100x. Marshall’s reagent and nital.

Figure 68b  Late Period grave good iron blade DK 255B/400. 100x. Marshall’s reagent and nital.

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

193

Figure 69a  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze bangle DK 209A/381. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 69b  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze bangle DK 209B/381.200x. FeCl3 .

Figure 69c  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze bangle DK 214/388. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 69d  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze bangle DK 219/388. 400x. Ferric nitrate.

194

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 70a  Late Period non-grave good bronze bangle DK 236/394. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 70b  Late Period non-grave good copper-base bangle DK 285/426. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 70c  Late Period non-grave good copper-base bell DK 211/380. 200x. Unknown etchant.

Figure 70d  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 113/306. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

195

Figure 71a  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 120/310. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 71b  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 126/320. 400x. Ferric nitrate.

Figure 71c  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 126/320. 100x. Ferric nitrate.

Figure 71d  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 127/339. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

196

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 72a  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 128/318. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 72b  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 134/328. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 72c  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 135/328. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 72d  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 141/327. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

197

Figure 73a  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 146/329. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 73b  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 146/329. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 73c  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 149/329. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 73d  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 151/331. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

198

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 74a  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 153/332. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 74b  Late Period non-grave good copper-base or probable high-tin bronze wire DK 176A/362. 400x. AH/HP.

Figure 74c  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 176B/362. 400x. Ferric nitrate.

Figure 74d  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 178/364. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

199

Figure 75a  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 218/388. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 75b  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 261A/405. 200x. Ferric nitrate.

Figure 75c  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 261B/405. 100x. Ferric nitrate.

Figure 75d  Late Period non-grave good copper-base rod DK 294/439. 100x. AH/HP.

200

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 76a  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze wire DK 295/436. 400x. Ferric nitrate.

Figure 76b  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze amorphous DK 155/331. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 76c  Late Period non-grave good high-tin bronze amorphous DK 155/331. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 76d  Late Period non-grave good bronze amorphous DK 265/416. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS

201

Figure 77a  Late Period–Protohistoric Period non-grave good copper-base bell DK 341/285. 100x. AH/HP.

Figure 77b  Late Period–Protohistoric Period non-grave good high-tin bronze flat DK 109/287. 200x. AH/HP, FeCl3 .

Figure 77c  Middle Period copper-base slag prill BCES 382A/1073. 400x. AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 77d  Middle Period high-tin bronze crucible prill BCES 2020A/1982. 400x. K2Cr2O7 .

202

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Figure 78a  Middle Period impure copper crucible prill BCES 2020B/1982. 100x. FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7 .

Figure 78c  Late Period leaded copper crucible prill BC 987B/1005A. 400x. FeCl3 .

Figure 78b  Late Period impure copper crucible prill BC 987A/1005A. 100x. AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7 .

8 Introduction to the Concordance Tables

S

ix Concordance Tables are presented to help readers quickly find data on individual artifacts or groups of artifacts. The concordances provide guides to all the information in this volume related to each artifact, whether metal, crucible, or prill, in a handy table format. Each table includes all the artifacts from all four sites. In the first concordance, Table 2, the first table column lists all the artifacts in the study collection, both metals and crucibles, in order by Artifact ID. In the following columns are the period and context (grave good vs. non-grave good), the artifact class, the metal/alloy composition, the page in the catalog where the artifact is described, the figure number and letter in this volume (TAM 2D) where a drawing may be found if one exists, and the photomicrograph figure and letter if one exists. Therefore, if readers know an Artifact ID, for example from a discussion in TAM 2B, they can quickly access all the relevant detailed information for that specific artifact from this concordance. The artifacts from Ban Chiang are alphabetically ahead of the other three tested sites. In the concordance in Table 3, the same information is organized by period/context type. This table allows the reader to see quickly, for example, what artifacts are lower Early Period or Late Period, whether they are grave goods or not, what pages in the catalog contain their descriptions, what artifact class each object is, the artifact compositions, and where to look in the figures for the drawings and/or photomicrographs. The artifacts from all four sites

are intermingled, so that the reader can appreciate each site’s contributions to the corpus by period, for example, each site’s contribution to Middle Period grave goods. In the concordance in Table 4, the same information is organized by artifact class, with the artifacts from all four sites intermingled. The reader can see quickly where all the information related to bangles, for example, may be found, and allows, just from the table, a quick comparison of metals used in each artifact class. The burial numbers are not listed in the concordances, but a list of the metal grave goods recovered from each burial can be found in TAM 2B, table 6.6. Table 5 is a concordance for all metals analyzed by optical metallography, with photomicrographs listed in order by Artifact ID. Some of the artifacts analyzed by optical metallography were also analyzed compositionally and by microhardness testing. Photomicrograph figures are also listed in Tables 2–4, but Table 5 presents more detailed information, including the magnification of the photograph, the etchants used to prepare the sample (in the order used on each sample), the artifact class, the composition, and the negative number for that photomicrograph. The negative number shows when the photograph was taken; photos with numbers preceded by NS (for New Series) were taken in 2000–2001 by Elizabeth Hamilton and Samuel Nash. Photographs given a four-digit number without “NS” were taken some time in the years 1977–1995. The photomicrographs for each site are

204

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

grouped separately. Table 5 also includes figure references for the drawn artifacts. Table 6 presents the same information as Table 5 arranged by period and context type. Thus, if the reader wants to compare, for instance, the metallographic structures for all Early Period metals, regardless of artifact class, the figure references and descriptive information are easy to locate. The artifacts from all four sites are intermingled. Table 7 organizes the same information as Table 5 listed by artifact type with the artifacts from all four sites intermingled. This table would facilitate, for example, a reader who wishes to compare variations in the study collection of microstructures of bangles from the Middle Period. The five prills are listed in the photomicrograph concordance Tables 5–7.

Common abbreviations are: EP = Early Period EP-lower = lower Early Period EP-upper = upper Early Period EP–MP = Early Period–Middle Period MP = Middle Period MP–LP = Middle Period–Late Period LP = Late Period LP–Proto = Late Period–Protohistoric Period Copper-base = artifact made of copper but unable to determine if it has been alloyed with tin (bronze) or other metals such as lead or arsenic, usually because no compositional analysis was performed or the metallographic analysis gave no clear clues as to composition. Bronze = a copper-base alloy with at least 2% tin. In these volumes, “leaded” or “arsenical” copper or bronze has at least 2% of lead or arsenic.

Etchants: AH/HP = ammonium hydroxide (ammonia)/hydrogen peroxide FeCl3 = ferric chloride K2Cr2O7 = potassium dichromate

Table Headings: Catalog pg. = Catalog page number Drawing # = Drawing figure number PM # = Photomicrograph figure number

Concordance Tables (Tables 2–7) Artifacts arranged by Artifact ID  205 Artifacts arranged by Period  224 Artifacts arranged by Artifact Class & Period  242 Photomicrographs arranged by Artifact ID  260 Photomicrographs arranged by Period  270 Photomicrographs arranged by Artifact Class & Period 280

Concordance Tables

Table 2  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

BC 601/277

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

bronze

85

22h

56a

BC 602/284

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

75

20h

53d

BC 603/471

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

79

21i

55a

BC 604A/492

LP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

70

19a

51a

BC 605/495

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

79

BC 606/530

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

43

BC 607/533

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

79

BC 608/535

LP–Proto non-grave good

bell

copper-base

85

BC 609/539

LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

79

BC 610/545

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

46

BC 611/576

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

80

BC 612/581

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

46

BC 613/582

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

46

BC 614/595

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

46

BC 615/608

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

46

12t

BC 616/615

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

46

13a

BC 617/638

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BC 618/639

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

47

BC 619/660

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

47

BC 620/668

MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

45

BC 621/676

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

47

BC 622/688

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BC 623/690

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BC 624/691

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

47

BC 625/700

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

29

BC 626A/701

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

29

BC 626B/701

EP–MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

28

BC 627A/714

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

80

BC 627B/714

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BC 628/716

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

80

22f 55b

12s

13b

42a

42b, 42c

206

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BC 629/720

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

29

BC 630/726

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

BC 633/770

LP grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

69

BC 634/791

EP–MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

29

BC 635/793

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

BC 636/816

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

BC 637/818

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

BC 638/819

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

47

BC 639/824

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

BC 640/834

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

BC 641/838

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

BC 643/860

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

47

BC 644/869

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

BC 645A/870

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

47

BC 645B/870

MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

45

BC 645C/870

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

43

BC 646/878

EP–MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

28

BC 647A/890

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

8o

BC 647B/890

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

8o

BC 649/896

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

30

BC 650/900

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

47

BC 651A/903B

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

20

BC 651B/903B

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

19

BC 652/912

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

47

BC 653/913

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

31

BC 654/922

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

20

BC 655/923

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

20

BC 656A/928

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

31

BC 656B/928

EP–MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

29

BC 657/930

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 658/933

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

31

BC 659/934

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 660/952

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 661/962

EP-upper non-grave good blade

copper-base

18

BC 662/967

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

19

BC 663/970

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 664/978

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 665/983

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 666A/984

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 666B/984

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

20

BC 666C/984

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

18c

PM #

50a

12g 37a 37b

13c

42d

6j 8m

36d

33c 6e

CONCORDANCE TABLES

207

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BC 667/991

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 669A/1009

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

47

BC 669B/1009

EP–MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

29

BC 670/1010

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

31

BC 671A/1011

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

14

BC 671B/1011

EP-lower non-grave good

flat

copper-base

13

BC 673/1018A

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

20

BC 674A/1019

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

19

BC 674B/1019

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 675/1025

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

20

BC 676/1028

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

21

BC 677/1052

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

31

BC 678A/1063B

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

31

8p

37d

BC 679A/1071

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

bronze

17

6a

32a

BC 679B/1071

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

copper-base

17

6a

BC 680/1071

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

copper-base

17

6b

BC 681/1074

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

22

BC 682/1104

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

22

BC 683/1118

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

22

BC 684/1180

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

14

BC 685/1089

EP–MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

28

8k

BC 686/1092

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

31

8q

BC 687/1100

EP-lower non-grave good

flat

copper-base

13

BC 688/1134

EP-lower non-grave good

flat

copper-base

13

BC 689/1145

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

48

BC 690/1178

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

22

BC 691/1192

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

14

BC 692/1194

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

14

BC 693A/1203A

EP-upper grave good

bangle

bronze

16

5b

BC 693B/1203A

EP-upper grave good

bangle

bronze

16

5b

BC 693C/1203A

EP-upper grave good

bangle

bronze

16

5b

BC 693D/1203A

EP-upper grave good

bangle

bronze

16

5b

31b

BC 694/1203A

EP-upper grave good

adze/axe

bronze

16

5a

31a

BC 695/1207

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

14

BC 696/1373

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

14

BC 698A/1426

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

48

13d

43a

wire/rod

12h

41a

BC 698B/1426

MP non-grave good

copper-base

43

BC 699/1443

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

22

BC 700/1487

EP–MP non-grave good

blade

copper-base

27

BC 701/1490

EP–MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

28

BC 703/1545

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

80

PM #

37c

30b

8i 21j

55c

208

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BC 704/1557

LP grave good

bangle

copper-base

66

BC 705/1565

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

80

BC 706/1584

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

31

BC 707/1594

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

31

BC 708A/1594

EP–MP grave good

bangle

bronze

24

7a

BC 708B/1594

EP–MP grave good

bangle

bronze

24

7a

BC 708C/1594

EP–MP grave good

bangle

bronze

25

7a

BC 709A/1594

EP–MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

25

7b

BC 709B/1594

EP–MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

25

7b

BC 710/1598

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

22

BC 711/1609

EP-lower non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

13

BC 712/887

EP–MP non-grave good

flat

iron

29

8n

BC 713/893A

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

25

8a

BC 715/1491

EP–MP non-grave good

point

copper-base

28

8j

BC 719/1589

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

31

8r

BC 720A/918

LP grave good

bangle

copper-base

66

16b

BC 720B/918

LP grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

66

16c

BC 720C/918

LP grave good

bangle

copper-base

66

16d

BC 720D/918

LP grave good

bangle

copper-base

66

16e

BC 960A/398

MP non-grave good

crucible

50

BC 960B/398

MP non-grave good

crucible

50

BC 961/533

LP non-grave good

crucible

82

BC 962/562

MP–LP non-grave good

crucible

64

BC 963/588

MP non-grave good

crucible

50

BC 965/592

MP non-grave good

crucible

50

BC 967/612

MP non-grave good

crucible

50

BC 968/696

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

32

BC 969/722

MP non-grave good

crucible

51

BC 970/735

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

32

BC 972/735

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

33

BC 973/745

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

33

BC 974/778

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

33

BC 975/786

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

33

BC 977/788

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

33

BC 978/796

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

33

BC 979/810

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

34

BC 980/843A

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

34

BC 981A/897

MP non-grave good

crucible

51

BC 981B/897

MP non-grave good

crucible

51

BC 983/906

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

34

BC 984/995

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

34

PM #

16a

13j

8s

34a

34b

34c, 34d 38a 49a

CONCORDANCE TABLES

209

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BC 985/981

MP non-grave good

crucible

51

BC 986/982

MP non-grave good

crucible

51

BC 987/1005A

LP non-grave good

crucible

83

BC 988/1036

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

34

BC 989/1036

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

35

BC 990/1059

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

35

BC 991/1209

MP non-grave good

crucible

51

BC 992/1209

MP non-grave good

crucible

52

BC 998/692

MP non-grave good

crucible

52

BC 1002/772

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

BC 1100/141

LP–Proto non-grave good

adze/axe

iron

84

22a

BC 1101A/336

LP–Proto non-grave good

adze/axe

iron

84

22b

BC 1101B/336

LP–Proto non-grave good

miscellaneous iron

85

22g

BC 1102/340

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

iron

85

BC 1103/365

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

iron

86

BC 1105/460

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

75

BC 1106A/477

LP–Proto non-grave good

crucible

86

BC 1107/487

MP non-grave good

miscellaneous iron

43

BC 1108/593

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

44

12l

BC 1109/614

LP non-grave good

point

iron

74

20b

BC 1110/620

MP non-grave good

flat

iron

45

BC 1111/669

MP non-grave good

flat

iron

46

BC 1113/697

MP non-grave good

flat

iron

46

BC 1114/702

MP non-grave good

flat

iron

46

BC 1115A/1406

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

iron

86

BC 1115B/1406

LP–Proto non-grave good

bangle

iron

85

BC 1117/786

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

32

BC 1118/820

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

iron

27

BC 1119/918

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

BC 1120/885

LP grave good

blade

iron

67

16i

BC 1122/1087

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

iron

19

6h

BC 1123/1404

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

iron

86

BC 1124/1408

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

iron

86

BC 1131/1542

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

iron

86

BC 1132/1543

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

iron

86

BC 1134/501

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

77

BC 2002/1009

MP non-grave good

crucible

52

BC 2003/853

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

23

BC 2006/739

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

35

BC 2007/891

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

35

BC 2081/1211

EP-lower non-grave good

flat

8t

35

iron

14

22d 8h

PM #

210

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

BC 2087/158

LP–Proto non-grave good

bangle

iron

85

BC 2118/871

MP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

50

BC 2121/1374A

EP-lower non-grave good

crucible

15

BC 2122/776

MP non-grave good

crucible

52 62

PM #

22e

BC 2123/811

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

BC 2127/893E

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

BC 2128/1177

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

BC 2129/1260

EP-lower non-grave good

crucible

15

BC 2132/917

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

23

BC 2135/1248

EP-lower non-grave good

crucible

15

BC 2136/929A

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

BC 2142/1140

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

14

BC 2143/1192

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

22

BC 2150/1272B

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

23

BC 2151/806

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

36

BC 2155/702

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

26

8b

35a

BC 2156/322

LP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

71

19b

51b

BC 2157/946

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

26

8c

BC 2158/584

MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

41

12a

BC 2159/593

MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

42

12b

BC 2160/276

LP–Proto non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

84

22c

BC 2161A/781

LP grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

70

18d

BC 2161B/781

LP grave good

bangle

copper-base

67

16f

BC 2162/520

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

71

19c

BC 2163/804B

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

32

BC 2165/676

MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

45

BC 2166/1119

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

copper-base

17

BC 2167/365

LP–Proto non-grave good

copper-base

86

BC 2168/1115

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

copper-base

17

BC 2183/702

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2187/1071

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

copper-base

18

BC 2188/530

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

43

BC 2189/890

EP–MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

29

BC 2204/1061A

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

24

BC 2207/355

LP non-grave good

miscellaneous high-tin bronze

BC 2208/918

LP grave good

wire/rod

BC 2211/918

LP grave good

BC 2218/495

LP non-grave good

BC 2224/913

amorphous

bronze

Catalog pg. Drawing #

15g

47c

35 copper-base

22

36

6k

50b

38b 12q 56b 6c

32b

12i

41b

74

20d

53b

high-tin bronze

70

18e

50c, 50d

bangle

copper-base

67

16g

wire/rod

iron

75

20g

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

32

BC 2229/1237A

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

15

BC 2231/679

MP–LP non-grave good

crucible

crucible

36

64

CONCORDANCE TABLES

211

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BC 2232/941

LP non-grave good

crucible

83

BC 2233/935A

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

24

BC 2234/1000

EP–MP non-grave good

crucible

36

BC 2235/443

LP non-grave good

crucible

83

BCES 115/232

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BCES 127/140

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

80

BCES 140/167

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

21l

BCES 142/169

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

77

20k

BCES 153/198

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

77

BCES 162/205

LP non-grave good

bell

copper-base

73

19m

BCES 163/205

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

20l

BCES 169/236

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BCES 177/265

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

80

BCES 179/271

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

BCES 184/282

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

71

BCES 186/288

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

BCES 195/328

LP non-grave good

blade

iron

73

BCES 196/336

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

BCES 205/379

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

71

BCES 207/384

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BCES 208/362

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

80

BCES 214/421

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

80

BCES 217/436

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

81

PM #

20m

19o 19d

51c

19e

51d

BCES 219/439

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

71

BCES 226A/448

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BCES 226B/448

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BCES 228/449

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

81

BCES 234/501

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

76

BCES 236/507

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

71

BCES 237/516

LP non-grave good

flat

impure copper

77

20i

54b

BCES 238/490

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

72

19f

52a

BCES 245/543

LP non-grave good

blade

iron

73

19p

BCES 251/622

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

81

BCES 252/620

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

72

19g

52b

BCES 253/595A

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

72

19h

52c

BCES 254/604A

LP non-grave good

bell

copper-base

73

19n

BCES 256/627

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

iron

61

15c

BCES 261A/648

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

81

BCES 261B/648

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

81

BCES 263/649

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

81

BCES 268/671

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

77

54a

54c

212

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

BCES 269/672

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

72

19i

52d

BCES 272/715

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

57

14a

45a

BCES 275/720

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

62

BCES 276/723

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

62

BCES 278/729

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

62

15h

47d

BCES 279/733A

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

81

BCES 284/681

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

77

BCES 287/747

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

62

BCES 288/775

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

57

14b

45b, 45c

BCES 289/760

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

63

BCES 290/756

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

63

BCES 291/756

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

63

BCES 296/776

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

63

BCES 298/790

MP–LP non-grave good

crucible

64

15j

BCES 299A/791

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

63

15i

BCES 299B/791

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

63

BCES 300/796A

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

21a

BCES 302/799

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

57

14c

BCES 305/806

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

58

14d

BCES 306/811

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

77

BCES 307/821

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

61

BCES 312/854

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

60

15a

46d 46a

48a

45d

BCES 317/863

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

58

14e

BCES 319/865

MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

42

12c

BCES 322/869

LP non-grave good

bangle

iron

73

19k

BCES 329A/889

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

61

BCES 329B/889

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

63

BCES 332/899

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

58

14f

BCES 336/903

LP grave good

blade

iron

67

16j

BCES 342/934

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

48

BCES 346/946

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

60

BCES 347/950

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

58

BCES 348/950

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

63

BCES 350/955

MP–LP non-grave good

point

iron

60

BCES 351/952

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

63

BCES 352/959

MP–LP non-grave good

blade

iron

59

BCES 353/960

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

48

BCES 359A/996

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

58

14h

BCES 359B/996

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

58

14i

46c

BCES 359C/996

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

59

BCES 364/1010

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

48

13e

43c

46b 43b

14g 14q 48b 14m

CONCORDANCE TABLES

213

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BCES 371/1024

MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

45

BCES 375/1049

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

59

BCES 378/1061

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

61

BCES 381/1067

MP–LP non-grave good

blade

iron

60

BCES 389/1097

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

63

BCES 394/1021

LP grave good

blade

iron

68

PM #

14j 14n

BCES 395A/1115

MP grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

38

10b

39d

BCES 395B/1115

MP grave good

bangle

bronze

39

10c

40a

BCES 397/1125

MP–LP non-grave good

point

copper-base

60

14p

BCES 399A/1115

MP grave good

blade

iron

40

11b

BCES 399B/1115

MP grave good

blade

iron

41

11c

BCES 414/1182

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

64

48c

BCES 415/1183

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

64

48d

BCES 419/1205

MP non-grave good

crucible

BCES 421/1206

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

32

BCES 422/1216

MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

42

BCES 423/1218

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

48

BCES 426A/1222

LP grave good

point

iron

68

17b

BCES 426B/1222

LP grave good

point

iron

68

17c

BCES 430/1224

MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

45

BCES 434/1229

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

48

BCES 435/1233

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

44

BCES 436/1230

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

44

BCES 440A/1253

MP non-grave good

crucible

53

BCES 440B/1253

MP non-grave good

crucible

53

BCES 452/1273

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

44

BCES 453/1274

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

48

BCES 458/1309

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

44

BCES 462/1313

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

49

BCES 472/1335

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

44

12o

BCES 478/1367

MP non-grave good

crucible

53

13l

BCES 480/1367

MP non-grave good

blade

bronze

42

12f

40d

BCES 486/1395

EP–MP non-grave good

wire/rod

arsenical tin bronze

28

8l

36b, 36c

BCES 488/1408

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

26

8d

35b

BCES 490/1286

MP grave good

bangle

bronze

36

9a

39a

BCES 491/1286

MP grave good

bangle

bronze

37

9b

39b

BCES 492/1286

MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

37

9c

BCES 494A/1438

MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

38

9f

BCES 494B/1438

MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

38

9g

BCES 494C/1438

MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

38

9h

BCES 495A–C/1438 MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

38

9i

52

13k

49b

12m

12n 12j

214

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BCES 502/1460

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

44

12k

BCES 516/1533

MP grave good

blade

iron

40

11a

BCES 517/1533

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

49

BCES 519A/1539

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

BCES 523/1569

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

22

BCES 524/1589

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

22

BCES 526/1592

EP-lower grave good

bronze

11

bangle

24

PM # 41c 43d

6l

4.1a

29a 33a

BCES 528/1595

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

19

6g

BCES 530A/1601

MP grave good

bangle

iron

39

10d

BCES 530B/1601

MP grave good

bangle

iron

39

BCES 531/1601

MP grave good

bangle

iron

39

10e

BCES 532A/1601

MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

38

10a

BCES 532B–C/1601 MP grave good

bangle

iron

40

10f

BCES 533/1601

MP grave good

bangle

iron

40

10g

BCES 536/1615

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

20

BCES 538/1617

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

bronze

22

BCES 543/1629

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

23

BCES 546/1662

EP-upper non-grave good flat

bronze

20

6i

33b

BCES 548/1582

MP grave good

point

bronze-iron

41

11d

40b

BCES 573/1813

MP grave good

point

copper-base and iron

41

11e

BCES 591/1981

MP grave good

bangle

bronze

37

9d

BCES 594/1984

EP-lower grave good

bangle

copper-base

11

4.1b

BCES 595/1984

EP-lower grave good

bangle

copper-base

11

4.1c

BCES 596A/1984

EP-lower grave good

bangle

bronze

12

4.1d

29b

BCES 596B/1984

EP-lower grave good

bangle

bronze

12

BCES 601/2021

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

15

4.2g

30d

BCES 606/2043

MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

42

12d

BCES 609/2069

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

26

8e

35c

BCES 610/2069

EP–MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

29

BCES 616/2097

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

27

8f

35d

BCES 617/2097

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

27

8g

36a

BCES 621/2031

EP-lower non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

13

4.2f

30a

BCES 627A/2118

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

19

BCES 627B/2118

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

19

BCES 649/2173

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

copper-base

18

6d

32c

BCES 657/2215

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

23

BCES 691/2379

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

21b

BCES 693/2384

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

21c

BCES 696/2388

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

75

20f

BCES 700/2397

LP non-grave good

blade

iron

74

19q

33d

39c

CONCORDANCE TABLES

215

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BCES 701A/2397

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

81

BCES 701B/2397

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

81

BCES 708/2436

LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

81

21k

BCES 725/2511

MP–LP non-grave good

bell

copper-base

59

14l

BCES 726/2530

MP–LP non-grave good

crucible

65

15k

BCES 729/2548

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

49

13f

44a

BCES 731/2559

MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

45

BCES 735/2601

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

75

BCES 741/2625

EP-upper non-grave good point

bronze

18

6f

32d

BCES 742/2635

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

bronze

61

15b

47b

BCES 745/2669

LP grave good

bangle

iron

67

16h

BCES 748/2669

LP grave good

wire/rod

iron

70

18f

BCES 749/2669

LP grave good

point

iron

69

18a

BCES 756/2771

EP-lower non-grave good

crucible

15

4.2h

BCES 760/2826

MP non-grave good

crucible

53

13m

BCES 761/2826

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

45

12p

bronze

12

4.1e

55d

53c

BCES 762/2834

EP-lower grave good

point

BCES 768A/2617

LP non-grave good

crucible

83

BCES 768B/2617

LP non-grave good

crucible

83

BCES 768C/2617

LP non-grave good

crucible

83

BCES 768D/2617

LP non-grave good

crucible

84

BCES 768E/2617

LP non-grave good

crucible

84

BCES 772/2371

LP non-grave good

point

BCES 783/2451

LP non-grave good

crucible

BCES 799/2549

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BCES 800/2554

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

BCES 807/2576

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

49

BCES 819/2734

MP non-grave good

miscellaneous iron

43

BCES 820/2743

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

49

BCES 1093/205

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

BCES 1094/206

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

BCES 1095/206

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

21d

BCES 1098/218

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

21e

BCES 1099/220

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

BCES 1103/231

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

BCES 1105/232

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

BCES 1106/234

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

78

21f

BCES 1109/251

LP non-grave good

miscellaneous iron

75

20e

BCES 1119/299

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

79

21g

BCES 1125/324

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

79

BCES 1142/585

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

79

iron

PM #

49c

29c, 29d

74

20c

84

21m

72

19j

53a

13g

44b

13h

44c

216

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

BCES 1147/627

MP–LP non-grave good

blade

iron

60

BCES 1148/627

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

64

BCES 1150/628

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

BCES 1155/635

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

iron

61

BCES 1157/640

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

79

21h

BCES 1170/679A

LP non-grave good

blade

iron

74

19r

BCES 1181/713

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

64

BCES 1182/714

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

iron

62

15d

BCES 1185/720

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

iron

62

15e

BCES 1188/748

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

61

BCES 1191/755

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

64

BCES 1197/787

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

61

BCES 1198A/788

MP–LP non-grave good

crucible

65

BCES 1198B/788

MP–LP non-grave good

crucible

65

BCES 1198C/788

MP–LP non-grave good

crucible

65

BCES 1199/799

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

iron

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

14o

47a

59

14k

BCES 1205/850

LP grave good

point

iron

69

18b

BCES 1212/877

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

iron

62

15f

BCES 1219/896

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

iron

62

BCES 1221/907

MP–LP non-grave good

crucible

49d

65

BCES 1229/1077

MP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

42

12e

40c

BCES 1230/1118

MP non-grave good

flat

bronze

45

12r

41d

BCES 1234/1204

MP non-grave good

crucible

54

13n

BCES 1235/1204

MP non-grave good

crucible

54

BCES 1236/1204

MP non-grave good

crucible

54

BCES 1239/1114

MP grave good

bangle

BCES 1254/1123

MP–LP non-grave good

crucible

65

BCES 1287/1355

MP non-grave good

crucible

54

BCES 1295A/1383

MP non-grave good

crucible

54

BCES 1295B/1383

MP non-grave good

crucible

54

BCES 1351/1627

MP non-grave good

crucible

55

BCES 1371/1736

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

20

BCES 1402/1320

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze/copper

49

BCES 1444/192

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

79

BCES 2003/543

LP non-grave good

blade

iron

74

20a

BCES 2004/2669

LP grave good

blade

iron

68

16k

BCES 2008/536

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

BCES 2009/391

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

77

BCES 2015/1854

MP non-grave good

crucible

55

BCES 2016/1853

MP non-grave good

crucible

55

BCES 2017/1496

MP non-grave good

crucible

55

copper-base

37

9e

13i

20j

44d

54d

CONCORDANCE TABLES

217

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

BCES 2020/1982

MP non-grave good

crucible

55

BCES 2021/1982

MP non-grave good

crucible

55

BCES 2037/2804

EP-lower non-grave good

flat

copper-base

13

BCES 2038/370

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

82

BCES 2043/1724

MP non-grave good

crucible

BCES 2044/1403

LP grave good

blade

BCES 2052A/1366

MP non-grave good

crucible

56

BCES 2052B/1366

MP non-grave good

crucible

56

BCES 2053/1542

MP non-grave good

crucible

56

BCES 2055A/1536

MP non-grave good

crucible

56

BCES 2055B/1536

MP non-grave good

crucible

BCES 2064/850

LP non-grave good

bangle

iron

73

BPT 3/50

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

91

BPT 4/56

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

91

BPT 6/57

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

91

BPT 7/59

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

91

BPT 9/62

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

91

BPT 14A/67

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

89

BPT 14B/67

EP-upper non-grave good flat

bronze

89

57d

BPT 16/69

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

leaded bronze

88

57a

BPT 18/71

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

89

BPT 21/82

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

copper-base

88

23.1a

BPT 22/84

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

bronze

88

23.1b

BPT 23/79

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

bronze

89

BPT 27/85

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

bronze

90

23.1e

58c

BPT 57/107

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

bronze

89

23.1c

57c

BPT 91/114

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

91

BPT 363/47

LP non-grave good

point

iron

90

BPT 2012/47

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

90

BPT 2014/67

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

90

BPT 2073/112

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

90

BPT 2090/38

LP non-grave good

amorphous

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

30c

56 iron

68

17a

57

iron

19l

23.1d

58a

57b 58b

23.2f

91

BT 457/716

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

copper-base

106

BT 459/719

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

copper-base

107

BT 471/760

LP–Proto non-grave good

blade

iron

106

BT 480/813

LP–Proto non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

106

BT 482/817

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

106

BT 483/829

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

105

BT 496/910

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

106

BT 498/923

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

105

BT 506/982

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

105

25.3g

66a, 66b 65c 25.2e

65d

218

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BT 507/987

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

105

BT 508/1081

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

102

BT 509/1083

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

103

BT 512/1092

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

104

BT 513/1096

MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

104

BT 514/1108

MP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

102

BT 517/1130

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

104

BT 519/1128

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

104

BT 525/1166

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

104

BT 527/1166

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

103

BT 528/1169

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

93

BT 531/1171

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

93

BT 532/1173

EP-upper non-grave good flat

bronze

95

BT 533/1175

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

95

BT 534/1176

EP-upper non-grave good flat

bronze

95

BT 535/1190

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

103

BT 536/1190

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

103

BT 540/1214

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

104

BT 541/1214

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

impure copper

103

BT 549/1282

MP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

104

BT 551/1296

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

103

BT 555/1303

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

104

BT 561/1322

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

BT 563/1322

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

BT 564/1324

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

105

65b

BT 565/1325

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

104

65a

BT 568/1346

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

93

BT 571/1370

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

97

BT 572/1372

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

copper-base

93

BT 575/1372

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

93

BT 582/1396

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

bronze

94

BT 592/1403

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

97

BT 595/1403

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

BT 596/1408

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

94

BT 597/1410

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

97

BT 600/1411

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

BT 601/1412

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

94

BT 602/1413

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

97

BT 605/1413

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

97

BT 606A/1419

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

97

BT 606B/1419

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

94

25.1b

PM # 63d 64a

25.1a

63c

24.2h

60a 60b

24.2i

60c

25.1c

64b

25.1d

64d

64c

97

101

24.2d 59c

CONCORDANCE TABLES

219

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BT 607/1420

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

bronze

97

BT 608/1420

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

98

BT 609/1421

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

94

BT 610/1421

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

94

BT 613/1426

EP-upper non-grave good bangle

copper-base

93

BT 615/1426

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

arsenical tin bronze

98

BT 616/1425

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

98

BT 617/1426

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

98

BT 623/1439

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

98

BT 624/1438

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

BT 626/1446

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

98

BT 632/1455

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

BT 654/1468

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

98

BT 657/1469

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

98

BT 658/1469

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 660/1468

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 661/1468

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

BT 668/1472

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 700/1492

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 702/1494

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

BT 704/1491

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 706/1495

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 707/1496

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 708/1468

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 710/1498

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 716/1502

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 717/1502

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

99

BT 726/1507

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

BT 727/1509

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

PM # 61a

24.2e 61b

61c

101

BT 731/1513

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 738A/1519

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

94

BT 738B/1519

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 745/1517

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 753/1523

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 756A/1524

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 756B/1524

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

BT 767/1535

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

94

BT 772/1535

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 774/1533

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 777/1535

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 780/1536

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

61d 24.2j

62a 24.2k 62b

220

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BT 793/1552

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 798/1558

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

BT 799/1565

EP-upper non-grave good point

copper-base

93

BT 800/1564

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 803/1566

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

100

BT 809/1578

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

96

BT 812/1581

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

impure copper

100

60d 24.2f

24.2m

BT 814/1582

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

101

BT 816/1586

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

94

BT 822/1588

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

bronze

BT 827/1603

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

97

BT 834/1613

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

97

BT 853/1634

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

impure copper

95

BT 855/1629

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

BT 859/1639

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

bronze

101

BT 865/1648

EP-upper non-grave good amorphous

copper-base

101

BT 875/1670

EP-upper non-grave good wire/rod

copper-base

95

BT 877/1669

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

92

BT 889/1694

EP-lower non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

91

24.1b

BT 890/1696

EP-lower non-grave good

miscellaneous copper-base

91

24.1a

BT 900/1706

EP-lower non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

92 92 92

62c 62d

101

63a

24.2g

59d

95

BT 905/1716

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

antimonial leaded arsenical copper

BT 908/1717

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BT 999/1392

EP-upper non-grave good flat

copper-base

BT 1066/716

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

iron

107

BT 1096/911

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

106

BT 1116/1148

MP non-grave good

crucible

105

BT 1160/1716

EP-lower non-grave good

crucible

92

BT 2040/0000

MP non-grave good

amorphous

BT 2084/1377

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

102

BT 2088A/1369

EP-upper non-grave good crucible

102

DK 107/285

LP–Proto non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

122

DK 109/287

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

high-tin bronze

122

DK 110/287

LP–Proto non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

122

DK 111/289

LP–Proto non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

122

DK 113/306

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

111

DK 115/309

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

118

DK 116/310

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

118

DK 120/310

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

111

DK 122/312

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

120

copper-base

PM #

97

63b

24.1c

59a

59b

24.2l 25.2f

105

28b

77b

70d

71a

CONCORDANCE TABLES

221

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

DK 126/320

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

71b, 71c

DK 127/339

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

71d

DK 128/318

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

72a

DK 129/325

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

118

DK 131/327

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

118

DK 134/328

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

DK 135/328

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

DK 140/328

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

113

DK 141/327

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

113

DK 142/327

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

118

DK 143A/327

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

118

DK 143B/327

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

113

DK 144/329

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

119

DK 146/329

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

113

DK 149/329

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

113

DK 151/331

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

113

DK 153/332

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

114

DK 154/331

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

119

DK 155/331

LP non-grave good

amorphous

high-tin bronze

119

DK 158/334

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

119

DK 161/337

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

119

DK 164/337

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

114

DK 165/336

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

121

copper-base

119

27j

PM #

72b 72c 72d

73a, 73b 27k

73c 73d

27l

74a 76b, 76c

27o

DK 166/336

LP non-grave good

amorphous

DK 167/337

LP non-grave good

crucible

DK 169/337

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

114

DK 171/344

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

119

DK 174/360

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

119

DK 175/362

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

114

DK 176A/362

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

114

27m

74b

DK 176B/362

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

114

27m

74c

DK 177/362

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

114

DK 178/364

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

114

DK 179/364

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

DK 182/376

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

DK 184/380

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

115

DK 185/380

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

115

DK 186/380

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

115

DK 190/381

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

115

DK 191/380

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

115

DK 192/380

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

115

121

74d

222

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

DK 204/385

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

115

DK 208/387

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

115

DK 209A/381

LP non-grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

109

27a

69a

DK 209B/381

LP non-grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

109

27b

69b

DK 211/380

LP non-grave good

bell

copper-base

111

27i

70c

DK 212A/380

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

110

27c

DK 212B/380

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

116

DK 212C/380

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

116

DK 214/388

LP non-grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

110

DK 216/385

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

116

DK 217/385

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

DK 218/388

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

116

DK 219/388

LP non-grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

110

27d

PM #

69c

75a 27e

69d

27f

70a

DK 221/390

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

DK 222/390

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

118

DK 226/393

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

118

DK 227/393

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

118

DK 231/390

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

DK 236/394

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

110

DK 241/395

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

121

DK 242/396

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

116

DK 243/401

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

116

DK 245/402

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

DK 246/406

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

DK 247/406

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

116

DK 255A/400

LP grave good

blade

iron

108

26c

68a

DK 255B/400

LP grave good

blade

iron

108

26d

68b

DK 256/400

LP grave good

miscellaneous iron

109

26e

68c

DK 261A/405

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

116

27n

75b

DK 261B/405

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

116

DK 262/417

EP–MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

107

DK 265/416

LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

120

DK 268/415

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

117

DK 275/424

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

iron

118

DK 281/426

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

DK 282/450

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

110

75c 76d

27g

DK 283/445

LP grave good

adze/axe

iron

107

26a

67a, 67b

DK 285/426

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

111

27h

70b

DK 294/439

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

117

75d

DK 295/436

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

117

76a

DK 297/436

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

CONCORDANCE TABLES

223

Table 2 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Period/context type

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

DK 302/457

LP grave good

adze/axe

iron

108

DK 303/462

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

117

DK 313/472

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

117

DK 315/482

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

120

DK 316/482

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

117

DK 322/492

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

107

DK 335/564A

LP non-grave good

flat

iron

118

DK 341/285

LP–Proto non-grave good

bell

copper-base

DK 418/320

LP non-grave good

amorphous

iron

DK 2086/504

EP–MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

107

DK 2087/400

LP non-grave good

crucible

PM #

26b

67c, 67d

121

28a

77a

121

27p

121

224

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 3  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

EP-lower grave good

BCES 526/1592

bangle

bronze

11

4.1a

EP-lower grave good

BCES 594/1984

bangle

copper-base

11

4.1b

EP-lower grave good

BCES 595/1984

bangle

copper-base

11

4.1c

EP-lower grave good

BCES 596A/1984

bangle

bronze

12

4.1d

29b

EP-lower grave good

BCES 596B/1984

bangle

bronze

12

EP-lower grave good

BCES 762/2834

point

bronze

12

4.1e

29c, 29d

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 671A/1011

amorphous

copper-base

14

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 671B/1011

flat

copper-base

13

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 684/1180

amorphous

copper-base

14

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 687/1100

flat

copper-base

13

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 688/1134

flat

copper-base

13

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 691/1192

amorphous

copper-base

14

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 692/1194

amorphous

copper-base

14

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 695/1207

amorphous

copper-base

14

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 696/1373

amorphous

copper-base

14

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 711/1609

wire/rod

copper-base

13

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 2081/1211

flat

iron

14

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 2121/1374A

crucible

15

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 2129/1260

crucible

15

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 2135/1248

crucible

15

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 2142/1140

amorphous

copper-base

14

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 2229/1237A

amorphous

copper-base

15

EP-lower non-grave good

BCES 601/2021

amorphous

bronze

15

EP-lower non-grave good

BCES 621/2031

wire/rod

bronze

EP-lower non-grave good

BCES 756/2771

crucible

EP-lower non-grave good

BCES 2037/2804

flat

copper-base

13

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 877/1669

amorphous

copper-base

92

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 889/1694

wire/rod

bronze

91

24.1b

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 890/1696

miscellaneous copper-base

91

24.1a

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 900/1706

wire/rod

copper-base

91 92 92

29a

30b

4.2g

30d

13

4.2f

30a

15

4.2h 30c 59a

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 905/1716

amorphous

antimonial leaded arsenical copper

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 908/1717

amorphous

copper-base

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 1160/1716

crucible

EP-upper grave good

BC 693A/1203A

bangle

bronze

16

5b

EP-upper grave good

BC 693B/1203A

bangle

bronze

16

5b

EP-upper grave good

BC 693C/1203A

bangle

bronze

16

5b

EP-upper grave good

BC 693D/1203A

bangle

bronze

16

5b

31b

EP-upper grave good

BC 694/1203A

adze/axe

bronze

16

5a

31a

EP-upper non-grave good BC 651A/903B

amorphous

copper-base

20

EP-upper non-grave good BC 651B/903B

wire/rod

copper-base

19

24.1c

59b

92

CONCORDANCE TABLES

225

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

EP-upper non-grave good BC 654/922

amorphous

copper-base

20

EP-upper non-grave good BC 655/923

amorphous

copper-base

20

EP-upper non-grave good BC 657/930

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 659/934

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 660/952

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 661/962

blade

copper-base

18

EP-upper non-grave good BC 662/967

flat

copper-base

19

EP-upper non-grave good BC 663/970

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 664/978

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 665/983

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 666A/984

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 666B/984

flat

copper-base

20

EP-upper non-grave good BC 666C/984

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 667/991

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 673/1018A

flat

copper-base

20

EP-upper non-grave good BC 674A/1019

wire/rod

copper-base

19

EP-upper non-grave good BC 674B/1019

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 675/1025

flat

copper-base

20

EP-upper non-grave good BC 676/1028

amorphous

copper-base

21

EP-upper non-grave good BC 679A/1071

bangle

bronze

17

EP-upper non-grave good BC 679B/1071

bangle

copper-base

17

6a

EP-upper non-grave good BC 680/1071

bangle

copper-base

17

6b

EP-upper non-grave good BC 681/1074

amorphous

copper-base

22

EP-upper non-grave good BC 682/1104

amorphous

copper-base

22

EP-upper non-grave good BC 683/1118

amorphous

copper-base

22

EP-upper non-grave good BC 690/1178

amorphous

copper-base

22

EP-upper non-grave good BC 699/1443

amorphous

copper-base

22

EP-upper non-grave good BC 710/1598

amorphous

copper-base

22

EP-upper non-grave good BC 1122/1087

wire/rod

iron

19

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2003/853

crucible

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2128/1177

amorphous

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2132/917

crucible

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2143/1192

amorphous

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2150/1272B

crucible

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2166/1119

bangle

copper-base

17

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2168/1115

bangle

copper-base

17

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2187/1071

bangle

copper-base

18

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2204/1061A

crucible

24

EP-upper non-grave good BC 2233/935A

crucible

24

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 519A/1539

crucible

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 523/1569

amorphous

PM #

6j

33c 6e

6a

32a

6h

23 copper-base

22 23

copper-base

22 23

24 copper-base

22

6k 6c

6l

32b

226

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 524/1589

amorphous

copper-base

22

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 528/1595

wire/rod

copper-base

19

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 536/1615

flat

copper-base

20

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 538/1617

amorphous

bronze

22

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 543/1629

amorphous

copper-base

23

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 546/1662

flat

bronze

20

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 627A/2118

wire/rod

copper-base

19

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 627B/2118

wire/rod

copper-base

19

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 649/2173

bangle

copper-base

18

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 657/2215

amorphous

copper-base

22

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 741/2625

point

bronze

18

EP-upper non-grave good BCES 1371/1736

flat

copper-base

20

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 14A/67

amorphous

copper-base

89

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 14B/67

flat

bronze

89

57d

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 16/69

bangle

leaded bronze

88

57a

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 18/71

amorphous

copper-base

89

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 21/82

bangle

copper-base

88

23.1a

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 22/84

bangle

bronze

88

23.1b

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 23/79

amorphous

bronze

89

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 27/85

amorphous

bronze

90

23.1e

58c

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 57/107

bangle

bronze

89

23.1c

57c

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 2014/67

crucible

90

EP-upper non-grave good BPT 2073/112

crucible

90

EP-upper non-grave good BT 528/1169

wire/rod

copper-base

93

EP-upper non-grave good BT 531/1171

wire/rod

copper-base

93

EP-upper non-grave good BT 532/1173

flat

bronze

95

24.2h

60a

EP-upper non-grave good BT 533/1175

flat

copper-base

95

EP-upper non-grave good BT 534/1176

flat

bronze

95

EP-upper non-grave good BT 561/1322

amorphous

copper-base

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 563/1322

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 568/1346

wire/rod

copper-base

93

EP-upper non-grave good BT 571/1370

amorphous

copper-base

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 572/1372

bangle

copper-base

93

EP-upper non-grave good BT 575/1372

wire/rod

copper-base

93

EP-upper non-grave good BT 582/1396

wire/rod

bronze

94

EP-upper non-grave good BT 592/1403

amorphous

copper-base

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 595/1403

crucible

EP-upper non-grave good BT 596/1408

wire/rod

copper-base

94

EP-upper non-grave good BT 597/1410

amorphous

copper-base

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 600/1411

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 601/1412

wire/rod

copper-base

94

101

6g

PM # 33a 33d

6i

33b

6d

32c

6f

32d

23.1d

58a

57b 58b

60b 24.2i

60c

24.2d 59c

CONCORDANCE TABLES

227

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

EP-upper non-grave good BT 602/1413

amorphous

copper-base

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 605/1413

amorphous

copper-base

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 606A/1419

amorphous

copper-base

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 606B/1419

wire/rod

copper-base

94

EP-upper non-grave good BT 607/1420

amorphous

bronze

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 608/1420

amorphous

copper-base

98

EP-upper non-grave good BT 609/1421

wire/rod

copper-base

94

EP-upper non-grave good BT 610/1421

wire/rod

copper-base

94

EP-upper non-grave good BT 613/1426

bangle

copper-base

93

EP-upper non-grave good BT 615/1426

amorphous

arsenical tin bronze

98

EP-upper non-grave good BT 616/1425

amorphous

copper-base

98

EP-upper non-grave good BT 617/1426

amorphous

copper-base

98

EP-upper non-grave good BT 623/1439

amorphous

copper-base

98

EP-upper non-grave good BT 624/1438

crucible

EP-upper non-grave good BT 626/1446

amorphous

copper-base

98

EP-upper non-grave good BT 632/1455

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 654/1468

amorphous

copper-base

98

EP-upper non-grave good BT 657/1469

amorphous

copper-base

98

EP-upper non-grave good BT 658/1469

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 660/1468

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 661/1468

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 668/1472

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 700/1492

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 702/1494

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 704/1491

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 706/1495

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 707/1496

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 708/1468

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 710/1498

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 716/1502

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 717/1502

amorphous

copper-base

99

EP-upper non-grave good BT 726/1507

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 727/1509

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 731/1513

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 738A/1519

wire/rod

copper-base

94

EP-upper non-grave good BT 738B/1519

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 745/1517

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 753/1523

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 756A/1524

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 756B/1524

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 767/1535

wire/rod

copper-base

94

PM #

61a

24.2e 61b

61c

101

61d 24.2j

62a 24.2k 62b

228

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

EP-upper non-grave good BT 772/1535

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 774/1533

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 777/1535

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 780/1536

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 793/1552

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 798/1558

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 799/1565

point

copper-base

93

EP-upper non-grave good BT 800/1564

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 803/1566

amorphous

copper-base

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 809/1578

flat

copper-base

96

EP-upper non-grave good BT 812/1581

amorphous

impure copper

100

EP-upper non-grave good BT 814/1582

amorphous

copper-base

101

EP-upper non-grave good BT 816/1586

wire/rod

copper-base

94

EP-upper non-grave good BT 822/1588

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good BT 827/1603

flat

copper-base

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 834/1613

flat

copper-base

97

PM #

60d 24.2f

24.2m

62c 62d

101

63a

EP-upper non-grave good BT 853/1634

wire/rod

impure copper

95

EP-upper non-grave good BT 855/1629

wire/rod

copper-base

95

24.2g

EP-upper non-grave good BT 859/1639

amorphous

bronze

101

EP-upper non-grave good BT 865/1648

amorphous

copper-base

101

EP-upper non-grave good BT 875/1670

wire/rod

copper-base

95

EP-upper non-grave good BT 999/1392

flat

copper-base

97

EP-upper non-grave good BT 2084/1377

crucible

EP-upper non-grave good BT 2088A/1369

crucible

EP–MP grave good

BC 708A/1594

bangle

bronze

24

7a

EP–MP grave good

BC 708B/1594

bangle

bronze

24

7a

EP–MP grave good

BC 708C/1594

bangle

bronze

25

7a

EP–MP grave good

BC 709A/1594

bangle

copper-base

25

7b

EP–MP grave good

BC 709B/1595

bangle

copper-base

25

7b

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 625/700

amorphous

copper-base

29

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 626A/701

amorphous

copper-base

29

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 626B/701

flat

copper-base

28

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 629/720

amorphous

copper-base

29

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 630/726

amorphous

copper-base

30

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 634/791

flat

copper-base

29

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 635/793

amorphous

copper-base

30

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 636/816

amorphous

copper-base

30

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 637/818

amorphous

copper-base

30

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 639/824

amorphous

copper-base

30

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 640/834

amorphous

copper-base

30

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 641/838

amorphous

copper-base

30

59d 63b

24.2l

102 102 34a

34b

CONCORDANCE TABLES

229

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 644/869

amorphous

copper-base

30

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 646/878

wire/rod

copper-base

28

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 647A/890

amorphous

copper-base

30

8o

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 647B/890

amorphous

copper-base

30

8o

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 649/896

amorphous

copper-base

30

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 653/913

amorphous

copper-base

31

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 656A/928

amorphous

copper-base

31

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 656B/928

flat

copper-base

29

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 658/933

amorphous

copper-base

31

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 669B/1009

flat

copper-base

29

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 670/1010

amorphous

copper-base

31

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 677/1052

amorphous

copper-base

31

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 678A/1063B

amorphous

bronze

31

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 685/1089

wire/rod

copper-base

28

8k

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 686/1092

amorphous

copper-base

31

8q

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 700/1487

blade

copper-base

27

8i

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 701/1490

wire/rod

copper-base

28

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 706/1584

amorphous

copper-base

31

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 707/1594

amorphous

copper-base

31

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 712/887

flat

iron

29

8n

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 713/893A

bangle

copper-base

25

8a

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 715/1491

point

copper-base

28

8j

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 719/1589

amorphous

copper-base

31

8r

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 968/696

crucible

32

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 970/735

crucible

32

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 972/735

crucible

33

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 973/745

crucible

33

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 974/778

crucible

33

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 975/786

crucible

33

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 977/788

crucible

33

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 978/796

crucible

33

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 979/810

crucible

34

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 980/843A

crucible

34

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 983/906

crucible

34

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 984/995

crucible

34

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 988/1036

crucible

34

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 989/1036

crucible

35

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 990/1059

crucible

35

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 1002/772

crucible

35

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 1117/786

amorphous

iron

32

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 1118/820

bangle

iron

27

PM #

37a 37b

8m

36d

37c 8p

8s

8t

8h

37d

34c, 34d 38a

230

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2006/739

crucible

35

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2007/891

crucible

35

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2127/893E

crucible

35

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2136/929A

crucible

36

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2151/806

crucible

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2155/702

bangle

copper-base

26

8b

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2157/946

bangle

copper-base

26

8c

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2163/804B

amorphous

bronze

32

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2183/702

crucible

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2189/890

flat

copper-base

29

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2224/913

amorphous

copper-base

32

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2234/1000

crucible

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 421/1206

amorphous

copper-base

32

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 486/1395

wire/rod

arsenical tin bronze

28

8l

36b, 36c

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 488/1408

bangle

copper-base

26

8d

35b

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 609/2069

bangle

leaded bronze

26

8e

35c

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 610/2069

flat

copper-base

29

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 616/2097

bangle

leaded bronze

27

8f

35d

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 617/2097

bangle

bronze

27

8g

36a

EP–MP non-grave good

DK 262/417

wire/rod

copper-base

107

EP–MP non-grave good

DK 322/492

amorphous

copper-base

107

EP–MP non-grave good

DK 2086/504

wire/rod

copper-base

107

MP grave good

BCES 395A/1115

bangle

leaded bronze

38

10b

39d

MP grave good

BCES 395B/1115

bangle

bronze

39

10c

40a

MP grave good

BCES 399A/1115

blade

iron

40

11b

MP grave good

BCES 399B/1115

blade

iron

41

11c

MP grave good

BCES 490/1286

bangle

bronze

36

9a

39a

MP grave good

BCES 491/1286

bangle

bronze

37

9b

39b

MP grave good

BCES 492/1286

bangle

copper-base

37

9c

MP grave good

BCES 494A/1438

bangle

copper-base

38

9f

MP grave good

BCES 494B/1438

bangle

copper-base

38

9g

MP grave good

BCES 494C/1438

bangle

copper-base

38

9h

MP grave good

BCES 495A–C/1438 bangle

copper-base

38

9i

MP grave good

BCES 516/1533

blade

iron

40

11a

MP grave good

BCES 530A/1601

bangle

iron

39

10d

MP grave good

BCES 530B/1601

bangle

iron

39

MP grave good

BCES 531/1601

bangle

iron

39

10e

MP grave good

BCES 532A/1601

bangle

copper-base

38

10a

MP grave good

BCES 532B–C/1601 bangle

iron

40

10f

MP grave good

BCES 533/1601

bangle

iron

40

10g

MP grave good

BCES 548/1582

point

bronze-iron

41

11d

36 35a 38b

36

36

40b

CONCORDANCE TABLES

231

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

MP grave good

BCES 573/1813

point

copper-base and iron

41

11e

MP grave good

BCES 591/1981

bangle

bronze

37

9d

MP grave good

BCES 1239/1114

bangle

copper-base

37

9e

MP non-grave good

BC 606/530

wire/rod

copper-base

43

MP non-grave good

BC 610/545

amorphous

copper-base

46

MP non-grave good

BC 612/581

amorphous

copper-base

46

MP non-grave good

BC 613/582

amorphous

bronze

46

MP non-grave good

BC 614/595

amorphous

copper-base

46

MP non-grave good

BC 615/608

amorphous

copper-base

46

12t

MP non-grave good

BC 616/615

amorphous

copper-base

46

13a

MP non-grave good

BC 618/639

amorphous

copper-base

47

MP non-grave good

BC 619/660

amorphous

copper-base

47

MP non-grave good

BC 620/668

flat

copper-base

45

MP non-grave good

BC 621/676

amorphous

bronze

47

MP non-grave good

BC 624/691

amorphous

copper-base

47

MP non-grave good

BC 638/819

amorphous

copper-base

47

MP non-grave good

BC 643/860

amorphous

copper-base

47

MP non-grave good

BC 645A/870

amorphous

copper-base

47

MP non-grave good

BC 645B/870

flat

copper-base

45

MP non-grave good

BC 645C/870

wire/rod

copper-base

43

MP non-grave good

BC 650/900

amorphous

copper-base

47

MP non-grave good

BC 652/912

amorphous

copper-base

47

MP non-grave good

BC 669A/1009

amorphous

copper-base

47

MP non-grave good

BC 689/1145

amorphous

copper-base

48

MP non-grave good

BC 698A/1426

amorphous

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BC 698B/1426

wire/rod

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BC 960A/398

crucible

50

MP non-grave good

BC 960B/398

crucible

50

MP non-grave good

BC 963/588

crucible

50

MP non-grave good

BC 965/592

crucible

50

MP non-grave good

BC 967/612

crucible

50

MP non-grave good

BC 969/722

crucible

51

MP non-grave good

BC 981A/897

crucible

51

MP non-grave good

BC 981B/897

crucible

51

MP non-grave good

BC 985/981

crucible

51

MP non-grave good

BC 986/982

crucible

51

MP non-grave good

BC 991/1209

crucible

51

MP non-grave good

BC 992/1209

crucible

52

MP non-grave good

BC 998/692

crucible

52

MP non-grave good

BC 1107/487

miscellaneous iron

43

12s

13b

PM #

39c

42a

42b, 42c

12g 13c

42d

48

13d

43a

43

12h

41a

13j

232

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

MP non-grave good

BC 1108/593

wire/rod

iron

44

MP non-grave good

BC 1110/620

flat

iron

45

MP non-grave good

BC 1111/669

flat

iron

46

MP non-grave good

BC 1113/697

flat

iron

46

MP non-grave good

BC 1114/702

flat

iron

46

MP non-grave good

BC 2002/1009

crucible

MP non-grave good

BC 2118/871

amorphous

MP non-grave good

BC 2122/776

crucible

MP non-grave good

BC 2158/584

bangle

copper-base

41

12a

MP non-grave good

BC 2159/593

bangle

copper-base

42

12b

MP non-grave good

BC 2165/676

flat

copper-base

45

12q

MP non-grave good

BC 2188/530

wire/rod

bronze

43

12i

MP non-grave good

BCES 319/865

bangle

copper-base

42

12c

MP non-grave good

BCES 342/934

amorphous

bronze

48

MP non-grave good

BCES 353/960

amorphous

copper-base

48

MP non-grave good

BCES 364/1010

amorphous

bronze

48

MP non-grave good

BCES 371/1024

flat

copper-base

45

MP non-grave good

BCES 419/1205

crucible

MP non-grave good

BCES 422/1216

bangle

copper-base

42

MP non-grave good

BCES 423/1218

amorphous

copper-base

48

MP non-grave good

BCES 430/1224

flat

copper-base

45

MP non-grave good

BCES 434/1229

amorphous

copper-base

48

MP non-grave good

BCES 435/1233

wire/rod

iron

44

MP non-grave good

BCES 436/1230

wire/rod

copper-base

44

MP non-grave good

BCES 440A/1253

crucible

53

MP non-grave good

BCES 440B/1253

crucible

53

MP non-grave good

BCES 452/1273

wire/rod

iron

44

MP non-grave good

BCES 453/1274

amorphous

copper-base

48

MP non-grave good

BCES 458/1309

wire/rod

copper-base

44

MP non-grave good

BCES 462/1313

amorphous

copper-base

49

MP non-grave good

BCES 472/1335

wire/rod

iron

44

12o

MP non-grave good

BCES 478/1367

crucible

53

13l

MP non-grave good

BCES 480/1367

blade

bronze

42

12f

40d

MP non-grave good

BCES 502/1460

wire/rod

bronze

44

12k

41c

MP non-grave good

BCES 517/1533

amorphous

bronze

49

MP non-grave good

BCES 606/2043

bangle

copper-base

42

12d

MP non-grave good

BCES 729/2548

amorphous

copper-base

49

13f

MP non-grave good

BCES 731/2559

flat

copper-base

45

MP non-grave good

BCES 760/2826

crucible

MP non-grave good

BCES 761/2826

wire/rod

MP non-grave good

BCES 807/2576

amorphous

12l

52 iron

50 52

52

41b 43b

13e

43c

13k

12m

12n 12j

43d

53

13m

iron

45

12p

bronze

49

13g

44a

44b

CONCORDANCE TABLES

233

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

MP non-grave good

BCES 819/2734

miscellaneous iron

43

MP non-grave good

BCES 820/2743

amorphous

bronze

49

13h

44c

MP non-grave good

BCES 1229/1077

bangle

bronze

42

12e

40c

MP non-grave good

BCES 1230/1118

flat

bronze

45

12r

41d

MP non-grave good

BCES 1234/1204

crucible

54

13n

MP non-grave good

BCES 1235/1204

crucible

54

MP non-grave good

BCES 1236/1204

crucible

54

MP non-grave good

BCES 1287/1355

crucible

54

MP non-grave good

BCES 1295A/1383

crucible

54

MP non-grave good

BCES 1295B/1383

crucible

54

MP non-grave good

BCES 1351/1627

crucible

MP non-grave good

BCES 1402/1320

amorphous

MP non-grave good

BCES 2015/1854

crucible

55

MP non-grave good

BCES 2016/1853

crucible

55

MP non-grave good

BCES 2017/1496

crucible

55

MP non-grave good

BCES 2020/1982

crucible

55

MP non-grave good

BCES 2021/1982

crucible

55

MP non-grave good

BCES 2043/1724

crucible

56

MP non-grave good

BCES 2052A/1366

crucible

56

MP non-grave good

BCES 2052B/1366

crucible

56

MP non-grave good

BCES 2053/1542

crucible

56

MP non-grave good

BCES 2055A/1536

crucible

56

MP non-grave good

BCES 2055B/1536

crucible

57

55 bronze/copper

49

MP non-grave good

BT 508/1081

wire/rod

bronze

102

MP non-grave good

BT 509/1083

wire/rod

bronze

103

MP non-grave good

BT 512/1092

amorphous

copper-base

104

MP non-grave good

BT 513/1096

flat

copper-base

104

MP non-grave good

BT 514/1108

bangle

bronze

102

MP non-grave good

BT 517/1130

amorphous

copper-base

104

MP non-grave good

BT 519/1128

amorphous

copper-base

104

MP non-grave good

BT 525/1166

amorphous

copper-base

104

MP non-grave good

BT 527/1166

wire/rod

copper-base

103

MP non-grave good

BT 535/1190

wire/rod

copper-base

103

MP non-grave good

BT 536/1190

wire/rod

copper-base

103

MP non-grave good

BT 540/1214

amorphous

copper-base

104

MP non-grave good

BT 541/1214

wire/rod

impure copper

103

MP non-grave good

BT 549/1282

flat

copper-base

104

MP non-grave good

BT 551/1296

wire/rod

copper-base

103

MP non-grave good

BT 555/1303

wire/rod

bronze

104

13i

44d

25.1b

63d 64a

25.1a

63c

25.1c

64b 64c

25.1d

64d

MP non-grave good

BT 564/1324

amorphous

copper-base

105

65b

MP non-grave good

BT 565/1325

wire/rod

copper-base

104

65a

234

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

MP non-grave good

BT 1116/1148

crucible

MP non-grave good

BT 2040/0000

amorphous

105

MP–LP non-grave good

BC 962/562

crucible

MP–LP non-grave good

BC 2123/811

amorphous

MP–LP non-grave good

BC 2231/679

crucible

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 256/627

flat

iron

61

15c

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 272/715

bangle

copper-base

57

14a

45a

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 275/720

amorphous

copper-base

62

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 276/723

amorphous

copper-base

62

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 278/729

amorphous

bronze

62

15h

47d

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 287/747

amorphous

copper-base

62

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 288/775

bangle

leaded bronze

57

14b

45b, 45c

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 289/760

amorphous

copper-base

63

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 290/756

amorphous

copper-base

63

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 291/756

amorphous

copper-base

63

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 296/776

amorphous

copper-base

63

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 298/790

crucible

64

15j

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 299A/791

amorphous

bronze

63

15i

48a

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 299B/791

amorphous

copper-base

63

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 302/799

bangle

bronze

57

14c

45d

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 305/806

bangle

copper-base

58

14d

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 307/821

flat

copper-base

61

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 312/854

wire/rod

copper-base

60

15a

46d

14e

46a

14f

46b

copper-base

105 64

bronze

62

15g

47c

64

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 317/863

bangle

copper-base

58

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 329A/889

flat

copper-base

61

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 329B/889

amorphous

copper-base

63

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 332/899

bangle

bronze

58

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 346/946

wire/rod

copper-base

60

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 347/950

bangle

copper-base

58

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 348/950

amorphous

copper-base

63

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 350/955

point

iron

60

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 351/952

amorphous

copper-base

63

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 352/959

blade

iron

59

14m

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 359A/996

bangle

copper-base

58

14h

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 359B/996

bangle

copper-base

58

14i

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 359C/996

bangle

copper-base

59

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 375/1049

bangle

copper-base

59

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 378/1061

flat

copper-base

61

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 381/1067

blade

iron

60

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 389/1097

amorphous

copper-base

63

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 397/1125

point

copper-base

60

14g 14q 48b

14j 14n 14p

46c

CONCORDANCE TABLES

235

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 414/1182

amorphous

copper-base

64

48c

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 415/1183

amorphous

bronze

64

48d

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 725/2511

bell

copper-base

59

14l

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 726/2530

crucible

65

15k

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 742/2635

flat

bronze

61

15b

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1147/627

blade

iron

60

14o

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1148/627

amorphous

iron

64

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1155/635

flat

iron

61

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1181/713

amorphous

iron

64

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1182/714

flat

iron

62

15d

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1185/720

flat

iron

62

15e

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1188/748

wire/rod

copper-base

61

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1191/755

amorphous

iron

64

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1197/787

wire/rod

iron

61

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1198A/788

crucible

65

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1198B/788

crucible

65

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1198C/788

crucible

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1199/799

bangle

iron

59

14k

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1212/877

flat

iron

62

15f

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1219/896

flat

iron

62

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1221/907

crucible

65

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1254/1123

crucible

65

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 482/817

amorphous

copper-base

106

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 483/829

wire/rod

copper-base

105

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 496/910

amorphous

bronze

106

66a, 66b

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 498/923

wire/rod

copper-base

105

65c

47b

47a

65

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 506/982

wire/rod

bronze

105

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 507/987

wire/rod

copper-base

105

25.2e

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 1096/911

amorphous

copper-base

106

LP grave good

BC 633/770

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

69

18c

LP grave good

BC 704/1557

bangle

copper-base

66

16a

LP grave good

BC 720A/918

bangle

copper-base

66

16b

LP grave good

BC 720B/918

bangle

high-tin bronze

66

16c

LP grave good

BC 720C/918

bangle

copper-base

66

16d

LP grave good

BC 720D/918

bangle

copper-base

66

16e

LP grave good

BC 1120/885

blade

iron

67

16i

LP grave good

BC 2161A/781

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

70

18d

LP grave good

BC 2161B/781

bangle

copper-base

67

16f

LP grave good

BC 2208/918

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

70

18e

LP grave good

BC 2211/918

bangle

copper-base

67

16g

LP grave good

BCES 336/903

blade

iron

67

16j

65d

25.2f 50a

49a

50b 50c, 50d

236

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

LP grave good

BCES 394/1021

blade

iron

68

LP grave good

BCES 426A/1222

point

iron

68

17b

LP grave good

BCES 426B/1222

point

iron

68

17c

LP grave good

BCES 745/2669

bangle

iron

67

16h

LP grave good

BCES 748/2669

wire/rod

iron

70

18f

LP grave good

BCES 749/2669

point

iron

69

18a

49c

LP grave good

BCES 1205/850

point

iron

69

18b

49d

LP grave good

BCES 2004/2669

blade

iron

68

16k

LP grave good

BCES 2044/1403

blade

iron

68

17a

LP grave good

DK 255A/400

blade

iron

108

26c

68a

LP grave good

DK 255B/400

blade

iron

108

26d

68b

LP grave good

DK 256/400

miscellaneous iron

109

26e

68c

LP grave good

DK 283/445

adze/axe

iron

107

26a

67a, 67b

49b

LP grave good

DK 302/457

adze/axe

iron

108

26b

67c, 67d

LP non-grave good

BC 602/284

flat

copper-base

75

20h

53d

LP non-grave good

BC 603/471

amorphous

copper-base

79

21i

55a

LP non-grave good

BC 604A/492

bangle

leaded bronze

70

19a

51a

LP non-grave good

BC 605/495

amorphous

copper-base

79

LP non-grave good

BC 607/533

amorphous

copper-base

79

LP non-grave good

BC 609/539

amorphous

bronze

79

LP non-grave good

BC 611/576

amorphous

copper-base

80

LP non-grave good

BC 617/638

flat

copper-base

76

LP non-grave good

BC 622/688

flat

copper-base

76

LP non-grave good

BC 623/690

flat

copper-base

76

LP non-grave good

BC 627A/714

amorphous

copper-base

80

LP non-grave good

BC 627B/714

flat

copper-base

76

LP non-grave good

BC 628/716

amorphous

copper-base

80

LP non-grave good

BC 703/1545

amorphous

copper-base

80

LP non-grave good

BC 705/1565

amorphous

copper-base

80

LP non-grave good

BC 961/533

crucible

82

LP non-grave good

BC 987/1005A

crucible

83

LP non-grave good

BC 1105/460

wire/rod

iron

75

LP non-grave good

BC 1109/614

point

iron

74

LP non-grave good

BC 1119/918

amorphous

iron

82

LP non-grave good

BC 1134/501

flat

iron

77

LP non-grave good

BC 2156/322

bangle

leaded bronze

71

LP non-grave good

BC 2162/520

bangle

copper-base

71

19c

LP non-grave good

BC 2207/355

miscellaneous high-tin bronze

74

20d

LP non-grave good

BC 2218/495

wire/rod

75

20g

LP non-grave good

BC 2232/941

crucible

83

LP non-grave good

BC 2235/443

crucible

83

iron

55b

21j

55c

20b

19b

51b 53b

CONCORDANCE TABLES

237

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

LP non-grave good

BCES 115/232

flat

copper-base

76

LP non-grave good

BCES 127/140

amorphous

copper-base

80

LP non-grave good

BCES 140/167

amorphous

iron

82

21l

LP non-grave good

BCES 142/169

flat

iron

77

20k

LP non-grave good

BCES 153/198

flat

iron

77

LP non-grave good

BCES 162/205

bell

copper-base

73

19m

LP non-grave good

BCES 163/205

flat

iron

78

20l

LP non-grave good

BCES 169/236

flat

copper-base

76

LP non-grave good

BCES 177/265

amorphous

copper-base

80

LP non-grave good

BCES 179/271

flat

iron

78

LP non-grave good

BCES 184/282

bangle

copper-base

71

LP non-grave good

BCES 186/288

amorphous

iron

82

LP non-grave good

BCES 195/328

blade

iron

73

LP non-grave good

BCES 196/336

amorphous

iron

73

LP non-grave good

BCES 205/379

bangle

bronze

82

LP non-grave good

BCES 207/384

flat

copper-base

71

LP non-grave good

BCES 208/362

amorphous

copper-base

80

LP non-grave good

BCES 214/421

amorphous

copper-base

80

LP non-grave good

BCES 217/436

amorphous

copper-base

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 219/439

bangle

bronze

71

LP non-grave good

BCES 226A/448

flat

copper-base

76

LP non-grave good

BCES 226B/448

flat

copper-base

76

LP non-grave good

BCES 228/449

amorphous

copper-base

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 234/501

flat

copper-base

76

LP non-grave good

BCES 236/507

bangle

copper-base

71

LP non-grave good

BCES 237/516

flat

impure copper

77

LP non-grave good

BCES 238/490

bangle

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 245/543

blade

iron

LP non-grave good

BCES 251/622

amorphous

copper-base

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 252/620

bangle

bronze

72

19g

52b

LP non-grave good

BCES 253/595A

bangle

bronze

72

19h

52c

LP non-grave good

BCES 254/604A

bell

copper-base

73

19n

LP non-grave good

BCES 261A/648

amorphous

copper-base

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 261B/648

amorphous

copper-base

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 263/649

amorphous

copper-base

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 268/671

flat

copper-base

77

LP non-grave good

BCES 269/672

bangle

bronze

72

LP non-grave good

BCES 279/733A

amorphous

copper-base

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 284/681

flat

copper-base

77

LP non-grave good

BCES 300/796A

flat

iron

78

LP non-grave good

BCES 306/811

flat

copper-base

77

20m

19o 19d

51c

19e

51d 54a

20i

54b

72

19f

52a

73

19p

54c 19i

21a

52d

238

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

LP non-grave good

BCES 322/869

bangle

iron

73

19k

LP non-grave good

BCES 691/2379

flat

iron

78

21b

LP non-grave good

BCES 693/2384

flat

iron

78

21c

LP non-grave good

BCES 696/2388

wire/rod

copper-base

75

20f

LP non-grave good

BCES 700/2397

blade

iron

74

19q

LP non-grave good

BCES 701A/2397

amorphous

copper-base

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 701B/2397

amorphous

copper-base

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 708/2436

amorphous

bronze

81

LP non-grave good

BCES 735/2601

wire/rod

copper-base

75

LP non-grave good

BCES 768A/2617

crucible

83

LP non-grave good

BCES 768B/2617

crucible

83

LP non-grave good

BCES 768C/2617

crucible

83

LP non-grave good

BCES 768D/2617

crucible

84

LP non-grave good

BCES 768E/2617

crucible

LP non-grave good

BCES 772/2371

point

LP non-grave good

BCES 783/2451

crucible

21k

PM #

55d 53c

84 iron

74

20c

84

21m 19j

LP non-grave good

BCES 799/2549

bangle

copper-base

72

LP non-grave good

BCES 800/2554

flat

iron

78

LP non-grave good

BCES 1093/205

amorphous

iron

82

LP non-grave good

BCES 1094/206

flat

iron

78

LP non-grave good

BCES 1095/206

flat

iron

78

21d

LP non-grave good

BCES 1098/218

flat

iron

78

21e

LP non-grave good

BCES 1099/220

amorphous

iron

82

LP non-grave good

BCES 1103/231

flat

iron

78

LP non-grave good

BCES 1105/232

amorphous

iron

82

LP non-grave good

BCES 1106/234

flat

iron

78

LP non-grave good

BCES 1109/251

miscellaneous iron

75

20e

LP non-grave good

BCES 1119/299

flat

iron

79

21g

LP non-grave good

BCES 1125/324

flat

iron

79

LP non-grave good

BCES 1142/585

flat

iron

79

LP non-grave good

BCES 1444/192

flat

iron

79

LP non-grave good

BCES 1150/628

amorphous

iron

82

LP non-grave good

BCES 1157/640

flat

iron

79

21h

LP non-grave good

BCES 1170/679A

blade

iron

74

19r

LP non-grave good

BCES 2003/543

blade

iron

74

20a

LP non-grave good

BCES 2008/536

amorphous

iron

82

LP non-grave good

BCES 2009/391

flat

copper-base

77

LP non-grave good

BCES 2038/370

amorphous

iron

82

LP non-grave good

BCES 2064/850

bangle

iron

73

LP non-grave good

BPT 3/50

amorphous

copper-base

91

LP non-grave good

BPT 4/56

amorphous

copper-base

91

53a

21f

20j 19l

54d

CONCORDANCE TABLES

239

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

LP non-grave good

BPT 6/57

flat

copper-base

91

LP non-grave good

BPT 7/59

amorphous

copper-base

91

LP non-grave good

BPT 9/62

wire/rod

copper-base

90

LP non-grave good

BPT 91/114

amorphous

copper-base

91

LP non-grave good

BPT 363/47

point

iron

90

LP non-grave good

BPT 2012/47

wire/rod

iron

90

LP non-grave good

BPT 2090/38

amorphous

iron

91

PM #

23.2f

LP non-grave good

DK 113/306

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

111

LP non-grave good

DK 115/309

amorphous

copper-base

118

70d

LP non-grave good

DK 116/310

amorphous

copper-base

118

LP non-grave good

DK 120/310

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

111

LP non-grave good

DK 122/312

amorphous

iron

120

LP non-grave good

DK 126/320

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

71b, 71c

71a

LP non-grave good

DK 127/339

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

71d

LP non-grave good

DK 128/318

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

72a

LP non-grave good

DK 129/325

amorphous

copper-base

118

LP non-grave good

DK 131/327

amorphous

copper-base

118

LP non-grave good

DK 134/328

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

LP non-grave good

DK 135/328

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

112

LP non-grave good

DK 140/328

wire/rod

copper-base

113

LP non-grave good

DK 141/327

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

113

LP non-grave good

DK 142/327

flat

copper-base

118

LP non-grave good

DK 143A/327

flat

copper-base

118

LP non-grave good

DK 143B/327

wire/rod

copper-base

113

LP non-grave good

DK 144/329

amorphous

copper-base

119

LP non-grave good

DK 146/329

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

113

LP non-grave good

DK 149/329

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

113

LP non-grave good

DK 151/331

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

113

LP non-grave good

DK 153/332

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

114

LP non-grave good

DK 154/331

amorphous

copper-base

119

LP non-grave good

DK 155/331

amorphous

high-tin bronze

119

LP non-grave good

DK 158/334

amorphous

copper-base

119

LP non-grave good

DK 161/337

amorphous

copper-base

119

LP non-grave good

DK 164/337

wire/rod

copper-base

114

LP non-grave good

DK 165/336

amorphous

iron

121

LP non-grave good

DK 166/336

amorphous

copper-base

119

LP non-grave good

DK 167/337

crucible

LP non-grave good

DK 169/337

wire/rod

copper-base

114

LP non-grave good

DK 171/344

amorphous

copper-base

119

LP non-grave good

DK 174/360

amorphous

copper-base

119

LP non-grave good

DK 175/362

wire/rod

copper-base

114

121

27j

72b 72c 72d

73a, 73b 27k

73c 73d

27l

74a 76b, 76c

27o

240

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

LP non-grave good

DK 176A/362

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

114

27m

74b

LP non-grave good

DK 176B/362

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

114

27m

74c

LP non-grave good

DK 177/362

wire/rod

copper-base

114

LP non-grave good

DK 178/364

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

114

LP non-grave good

DK 179/364

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 182/376

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 184/380

wire/rod

copper-base

115

LP non-grave good

DK 185/380

wire/rod

copper-base

115

LP non-grave good

DK 186/380

wire/rod

copper-base

115

LP non-grave good

DK 190/381

wire/rod

copper-base

115

LP non-grave good

DK 191/380

wire/rod

copper-base

115

LP non-grave good

DK 192/380

wire/rod

copper-base

115

LP non-grave good

DK 204/385

wire/rod

copper-base

115

LP non-grave good

DK 208/387

wire/rod

copper-base

115

LP non-grave good

DK 209A/381

bangle

high-tin bronze

109

27a

69a

LP non-grave good

DK 209B/381

bangle

high-tin bronze

109

27b

69b

LP non-grave good

DK 211/380

bell

copper-base

111

27i

70c

LP non-grave good

DK 212A/380

bangle

copper-base

110

27c

LP non-grave good

DK 212B/380

wire/rod

copper-base

116

LP non-grave good

DK 212C/380

wire/rod

copper-base

116

LP non-grave good

DK 214/388

bangle

high-tin bronze

110

LP non-grave good

DK 216/385

wire/rod

copper-base

115

LP non-grave good

DK 217/385

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 218/388

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

116

LP non-grave good

DK 219/388

bangle

high-tin bronze

110

LP non-grave good

DK 221/390

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 222/390

flat

copper-base

118

LP non-grave good

DK 226/393

flat

copper-base

118

LP non-grave good

DK 227/393

flat

iron

118

LP non-grave good

DK 231/390

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 236/394

bangle

bronze

110

LP non-grave good

DK 241/395

amorphous

iron

121

LP non-grave good

DK 242/396

wire/rod

copper-base

116

LP non-grave good

DK 243/401

wire/rod

copper-base

116

LP non-grave good

DK 245/402

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 246/406

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 247/406

wire/rod

copper-base

116

LP non-grave good

DK 261A/405

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

116

LP non-grave good

DK 261B/405

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

116

75c 76d

LP non-grave good

DK 265/416

amorphous

bronze

120

LP non-grave good

DK 268/415

wire/rod

copper-base

117

PM #

74d

27d

69c

27e

69d

27f

70a

27n

75b

75a

CONCORDANCE TABLES

241

Table 3 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

LP non-grave good

DK 275/424

wire/rod

iron

118

LP non-grave good

DK 281/426

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 282/450

bangle

copper-base

110

27g

LP non-grave good

DK 285/426

bangle

copper-base

111

27h

LP non-grave good

DK 294/439

wire/rod

copper-base

117

75d

LP non-grave good

DK 295/436

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

117

76a

LP non-grave good

DK 297/436

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 303/462

wire/rod

copper-base

117

LP non-grave good

DK 313/472

wire/rod

copper-base

117

LP non-grave good

DK 315/482

amorphous

copper-base

120

LP non-grave good

DK 316/482

wire/rod

copper-base

117

LP non-grave good

DK 335/564A

flat

iron

118

LP non-grave good

DK 418/320

amorphous

iron

121

70b

27p

LP non-grave good

DK 2087/400

crucible

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 601/277

flat

bronze

121 85

22h

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 608/535

bell

copper-base

85

22f

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1100/141

adze/axe

iron

84

22a

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1101A/336

adze/axe

iron

84

22b

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1101B/336

miscellaneous iron

85

22g

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1102/340

flat

iron

85

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1103/365

flat

iron

86

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1106A/477

crucible

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1115A/1406

flat

iron

86

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1115B/1406

bangle

iron

85

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1123/1404

flat

iron

86

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1124/1408

flat

iron

86

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1131/1542

flat

iron

86

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 1132/1543

flat

iron

86

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 2087/158

bangle

iron

85

22e

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 2160/276

bangle

copper-base

84

22c

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 2167/365

amorphous

copper-base

86

LP–Proto non-grave good

BT 457/716

flat

copper-base

106

LP–Proto non-grave good

BT 459/719

flat

copper-base

107

LP–Proto non-grave good

BT 471/760

blade

iron

106

LP–Proto non-grave good

BT 480/813

bangle

copper-base

106

LP–Proto non-grave good

BT 1066/716

flat

iron

107

LP–Proto non-grave good

DK 107/285

amorphous

copper-base

122

LP–Proto non-grave good

DK 109/287

flat

high-tin bronze

122

LP–Proto non-grave good

DK 110/287

amorphous

copper-base

122

LP–Proto non-grave good

DK 111/289

wire/rod

iron

122

LP–Proto non-grave good

DK 341/285

bell

copper-base

121

56a

86 22d

56b

25.3g

28b

77b

28a

77a

242

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 4  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

adze/axe

bronze

BC 694/1203A

EP-upper grave good

16

5a

31a

adze/axe

iron

DK 283/445

LP grave good

107

26a

67a, 67b

adze/axe

iron

DK 302/457

LP grave good

108

26b

67c, 67d

adze/axe

iron

BC 1100/141

LP–Proto non-grave good

84

22a

adze/axe

iron

BC 1101A/336

LP–Proto non-grave good

84

22b

amorphous

copper-base

BC 671A/1011

EP-lower non-grave good

14

amorphous

copper-base

BC 684/1180

EP-lower non-grave good

14

amorphous

copper-base

BC 691/1192

EP-lower non-grave good

14

amorphous

copper-base

BC 692/1194

EP-lower non-grave good

14

amorphous

copper-base

BC 695/1207

EP-lower non-grave good

14

amorphous

copper-base

BC 696/1373

EP-lower non-grave good

14

amorphous

copper-base

BC 2142/1140

EP-lower non-grave good

14

amorphous

copper-base

BC 2229/1237A

EP-lower non-grave good

15

amorphous

bronze

BCES 601/2021

EP-lower non-grave good

15

amorphous

copper-base

BT 877/1669

EP-lower non-grave good

92

amorphous

antimonial leaded arsenical copper

BT 905/1716

EP-lower non-grave good

92

amorphous

copper-base

BT 908/1717

EP-lower non-grave good

92

amorphous

copper-base

BC 651A/903B

EP-upper non-grave good

20

amorphous

copper-base

BC 654/922

EP-upper non-grave good

20

amorphous

copper-base

BC 655/923

EP-upper non-grave good

20

amorphous

copper-base

BC 657/930

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 659/934

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 660/952

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 663/970

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 664/978

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 665/983

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 666A/984

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 666C/984

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 667/991

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 674B/1019

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 676/1028

EP-upper non-grave good

21

amorphous

copper-base

BC 681/1074

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

copper-base

BC 682/1104

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

copper-base

BC 683/1118

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

copper-base

BC 690/1178

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

copper-base

BC 699/1443

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

copper-base

BC 710/1598

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

copper-base

BC 2128/1177

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

copper-base

BC 2143/1192

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 523/1569

EP-upper non-grave good

22

PM #

4.2g

30d

24.1c

59b

6j

33c

CONCORDANCE TABLES

243

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 524/1589

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

bronze

BCES 538/1617

EP-upper non-grave good

22

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 543/1629

EP-upper non-grave good

23

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 657/2215

EP-upper non-grave good

23

amorphous

copper-base

BPT 14A/67

EP-upper non-grave good

89

amorphous

copper-base

BPT 18/71

EP-upper non-grave good

89

amorphous

bronze

BPT 23/79

EP-upper non-grave good

89

amorphous

bronze

BPT 27/85

EP-upper non-grave good

90

amorphous

copper-base

BT 561/1322

EP-upper non-grave good

97

amorphous

copper-base

BT 571/1370

EP-upper non-grave good

97

amorphous

copper-base

BT 592/1403

EP-upper non-grave good

97

amorphous

copper-base

BT 597/1410

EP-upper non-grave good

97

amorphous

copper-base

BT 602/1413

EP-upper non-grave good

97

amorphous

copper-base

BT 605/1413

EP-upper non-grave good

97

amorphous

copper-base

BT 606A/1419

EP-upper non-grave good

97

amorphous

bronze

BT 607/1420

EP-upper non-grave good

97

amorphous

copper-base

BT 608/1420

EP-upper non-grave good

98

amorphous

arsenical tin bronze BT 615/1426

EP-upper non-grave good

98

amorphous

copper-base

BT 616/1425

EP-upper non-grave good

98

amorphous

copper-base

BT 617/1426

EP-upper non-grave good

98

amorphous

copper-base

BT 623/1439

EP-upper non-grave good

98

amorphous

copper-base

BT 626/1446

EP-upper non-grave good

98

amorphous

copper-base

BT 654/1468

EP-upper non-grave good

98

amorphous

copper-base

BT 657/1469

EP-upper non-grave good

98

amorphous

copper-base

BT 658/1469

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 660/1468

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 668/1472

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 700/1492

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 704/1491

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 706/1495

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 707/1496

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 708/1468

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 710/1498

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 716/1502

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 717/1502

EP-upper non-grave good

99

amorphous

copper-base

BT 731/1513

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 738B/1519

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 745/1517

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 753/1523

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 756A/1524

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 772/1535

EP-upper non-grave good

100

PM # 33d

23.1d

58a 58b

23.1e

58c

61a 61b

61c

61d

62a 62b

244

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

amorphous

copper-base

BT 774/1533

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 777/1535

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 793/1552

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 800/1564

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 803/1566

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

impure copper

BT 812/1581

EP-upper non-grave good

100

amorphous

copper-base

BT 814/1582

EP-upper non-grave good

101

amorphous

bronze

BT 822/1588

EP-upper non-grave good

101

63a

amorphous

bronze

BT 859/1639

EP-upper non-grave good

101

63b

amorphous

copper-base

BT 865/1648

EP-upper non-grave good

101

amorphous

copper-base

BC 625/700

EP–MP non-grave good

29

amorphous

copper-base

BC 626A/701

EP–MP non-grave good

29

amorphous

copper-base

BC 629/720

EP–MP non-grave good

29

amorphous

copper-base

BC 630/726

EP–MP non-grave good

30

amorphous

copper-base

BC 635/793

EP–MP non-grave good

30

amorphous

copper-base

BC 636/816

EP–MP non-grave good

30

amorphous

copper-base

BC 637/818

EP–MP non-grave good

30

amorphous

copper-base

BC 639/824

EP–MP non-grave good

30

amorphous

copper-base

BC 640/834

EP–MP non-grave good

30

amorphous

copper-base

BC 641/838

EP–MP non-grave good

30

amorphous

copper-base

BC 644/869

EP–MP non-grave good

30

amorphous

copper-base

BC 647A/890

EP–MP non-grave good

30

8o

amorphous

copper-base

BC 647B/890

EP–MP non-grave good

30

8o

amorphous

copper-base

BC 649/896

EP–MP non-grave good

30

amorphous

copper-base

BC 653/913

EP–MP non-grave good

31

amorphous

copper-base

BC 656A/928

EP–MP non-grave good

31

amorphous

copper-base

BC 658/933

EP–MP non-grave good

31

amorphous

copper-base

BC 670/1010

EP–MP non-grave good

31

amorphous

copper-base

BC 677/1052

EP–MP non-grave good

31

24.2m

PM #

62c 62d

37a 37b

37c

amorphous

bronze

BC 678A/1063B

EP–MP non-grave good

31

8p

amorphous

copper-base

BC 686/1092

EP–MP non-grave good

31

8q

amorphous

copper-base

BC 706/1584

EP–MP non-grave good

31

amorphous

copper-base

BC 707/1594

EP–MP non-grave good

31

amorphous

copper-base

BC 719/1589

EP–MP non-grave good

31

amorphous

iron

BC 1117/786

EP–MP non-grave good

32

amorphous

bronze

BC 2163/804B

EP–MP non-grave good

32

amorphous

copper-base

BC 2224/913

EP–MP non-grave good

32

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 421/1206

EP–MP non-grave good

32

amorphous

copper-base

DK 322/492

EP–MP non-grave good

107

amorphous

copper-base

BC 610/545

MP non-grave good

46

amorphous

copper-base

BC 612/581

MP non-grave good

46

8r

37d

38a 38b

CONCORDANCE TABLES

245

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

amorphous

bronze

BC 613/582

MP non-grave good

46

amorphous

copper-base

BC 614/595

MP non-grave good

46

amorphous

copper-base

BC 615/608

MP non-grave good

46

12t

amorphous

copper-base

BC 616/615

MP non-grave good

46

13a

amorphous

copper-base

BC 618/639

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

copper-base

BC 619/660

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

bronze

BC 621/676

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

copper-base

BC 624/691

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

copper-base

BC 638/819

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

copper-base

BC 643/860

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

copper-base

BC 645A/870

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

copper-base

BC 650/900

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

copper-base

BC 652/912

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

copper-base

BC 669A/1009

MP non-grave good

47

amorphous

copper-base

BC 689/1145

MP non-grave good

48

amorphous

copper-base

BC 698A/1426

MP non-grave good

48

amorphous

iron

BC 2118/871

MP non-grave good

50

amorphous

bronze

BCES 342/934

MP non-grave good

48

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 353/960

MP non-grave good

48

amorphous

bronze

BCES 364/1010

MP non-grave good

48

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 423/1218

MP non-grave good

48

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 434/1229

MP non-grave good

48

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 453/1274

MP non-grave good

48

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 462/1313

MP non-grave good

49

amorphous

bronze

BCES 517/1533

MP non-grave good

49

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 729/2548

MP non-grave good

49

13f

44a

amorphous

bronze

BCES 807/2576

MP non-grave good

49

13g

44b

amorphous

bronze

BCES 820/2743

MP non-grave good

49

13h

44c

amorphous

bronze/copper

BCES 1402/1320

MP non-grave good

49

13i

44d

amorphous

copper-base

BT 512/1092

MP non-grave good

104

amorphous

copper-base

BT 517/1130

MP non-grave good

104

amorphous

copper-base

BT 519/1128

MP non-grave good

104

amorphous

copper-base

BT 525/1166

MP non-grave good

104

amorphous

copper-base

BT 540/1214

MP non-grave good

104

amorphous

copper-base

BT 564/1324

MP non-grave good

105

amorphous

copper-base

BT 2040/0000

MP non-grave good

105

amorphous

bronze

BC 2123/811

MP–LP non-grave good

62

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 275/720

MP–LP non-grave good

62

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 276/723

MP–LP non-grave good

62

amorphous

bronze

BCES 278/729

MP–LP non-grave good

62

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 287/747

MP–LP non-grave good

62

12s

PM # 42a

13b

42b, 42c

13c

42d

13d

43a 43b

13e

43c

43d

65b 15g

47c

15h

47d

246

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 289/760

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 290/756

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 291/756

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 296/776

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

bronze

BCES 299A/791

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 299B/791

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 329B/889

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 348/950

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 351/952

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 389/1097

MP–LP non-grave good

63

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 414/1182

MP–LP non-grave good

64

48c

amorphous

bronze

BCES 415/1183

MP–LP non-grave good

64

48d

amorphous

iron

BCES 1148/627

MP–LP non-grave good

64

amorphous

iron

BCES 1181/713

MP–LP non-grave good

64

amorphous

iron

BCES 1191/755

MP–LP non-grave good

64

amorphous

copper-base

BT 482/817

MP–LP non-grave good

106

amorphous

bronze

BT 496/910

MP–LP non-grave good

106

amorphous

copper-base

BT 1096/911

MP–LP non-grave good

106

25.2f

amorphous

copper-base

BC 603/471

LP non-grave good

79

21i

amorphous

copper-base

BC 605/495

LP non-grave good

79

amorphous

copper-base

BC 607/533

LP non-grave good

79

amorphous

bronze

BC 609/539

LP non-grave good

79

amorphous

copper-base

BC 611/576

LP non-grave good

80

amorphous

copper-base

BC 627A/714

LP non-grave good

80

amorphous

copper-base

BC 628/716

LP non-grave good

80

amorphous

copper-base

BC 703/1545

LP non-grave good

80

amorphous

copper-base

BC 705/1565

LP non-grave good

80

amorphous

iron

BC 1119/918

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 127/140

LP non-grave good

80

amorphous

iron

BCES 140/167

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 177/265

LP non-grave good

80

amorphous

iron

BCES 186/288

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

iron

BCES 196/336

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 208/362

LP non-grave good

80

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 214/421

LP non-grave good

80

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 217/436

LP non-grave good

81

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 228/449

LP non-grave good

81

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 251/622

LP non-grave good

81

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 261A/648

LP non-grave good

81

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 261B/648

LP non-grave good

81

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 263/649

LP non-grave good

81

15i

PM #

48a

48b

66a, 66b 55a

55b

21j

21l

55c

CONCORDANCE TABLES

247

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 279/733A

LP non-grave good

81

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 701A/2397

LP non-grave good

81

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 701B/2397

LP non-grave good

81

amorphous

bronze

BCES 708/2436

LP non-grave good

81

amorphous

iron

BCES 1093/205

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

iron

BCES 1099/220

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

iron

BCES 1105/232

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

iron

BCES 1150/628

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

iron

BCES 2008/536

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

iron

BCES 2038/370

LP non-grave good

82

amorphous

copper-base

BPT 3/50

LP non-grave good

91

amorphous

copper-base

BPT 4/56

LP non-grave good

91

amorphous

copper-base

BPT 7/59

LP non-grave good

91

amorphous

copper-base

BPT 91/114

LP non-grave good

91

amorphous

iron

BPT 2090/38

LP non-grave good

91

amorphous

copper-base

DK 115/309

LP non-grave good

118

amorphous

copper-base

DK 116/310

LP non-grave good

118

amorphous

iron

DK 122/312

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

copper-base

DK 129/325

LP non-grave good

118

amorphous

copper-base

DK 131/327

LP non-grave good

118

amorphous

copper-base

DK 144/329

LP non-grave good

119

amorphous

copper-base

DK 154/331

LP non-grave good

119

amorphous

high-tin bronze

DK 155/331

LP non-grave good

119

amorphous

copper-base

DK 158/334

LP non-grave good

119

amorphous

copper-base

DK 161/337

LP non-grave good

119

amorphous

iron

DK 165/336

LP non-grave good

121

amorphous

copper-base

DK 166/336

LP non-grave good

119

amorphous

copper-base

DK 171/344

LP non-grave good

119

amorphous

copper-base

DK 174/360

LP non-grave good

119

amorphous

copper-base

DK 179/364

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

copper-base

DK 182/376

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

copper-base

DK 217/385

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

copper-base

DK 221/390

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

copper-base

DK 231/390

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

iron

DK 241/395

LP non-grave good

121

amorphous

copper-base

DK 245/402

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

copper-base

DK 246/406

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

bronze

DK 265/416

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

copper-base

DK 281/426

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

copper-base

DK 297/436

LP non-grave good

120

amorphous

copper-base

DK 315/482

LP non-grave good

120

21k

PM #

55d

76b, 76c

27o

76d

248

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

amorphous

iron

DK 418/320

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 2167/365

LP–Proto non-grave good

86

amorphous

copper-base

DK 107/285

LP–Proto non-grave good

122

amorphous

copper-base

DK 110/287

LP–Proto non-grave good

122

bangle

bronze

BCES 526/1592

EP-lower grave good

11

4.1a

bangle

copper-base

BCES 594/1984

EP-lower grave good

11

4.1b

bangle

copper-base

BCES 595/1984

EP-lower grave good

11

4.1c

bangle

bronze

BCES 596A/1984

EP-lower grave good

12

4.1d

bangle

bronze

BCES 596B/1984

EP-lower grave good

12

bangle

bronze

BC 693A/1203A

EP-upper grave good

16

5b

bangle

bronze

BC 693B/1203A

EP-upper grave good

16

5b

bangle

bronze

BC 693C/1203A

EP-upper grave good

16

5b

bangle

bronze

BC 693D/1203A

EP-upper grave good

16

5b

31b

bangle

bronze

BC 679A/1071

EP-upper non-grave good

17

6a

32a

bangle

copper-base

BC 679B/1071

EP-upper non-grave good

17

6a

bangle

copper-base

BC 680/1071

EP-upper non-grave good

17

6b

bangle

copper-base

BC 2166/1119

EP-upper non-grave good

17

bangle

copper-base

BC 2168/1115

EP-upper non-grave good

17

bangle

copper-base

BC 2187/1071

EP-upper non-grave good

18

bangle

copper-base

BCES 649/2173

EP-upper non-grave good

18

bangle

leaded bronze

BPT 16/69

EP-upper non-grave good

88

bangle

copper-base

BPT 21/82

EP-upper non-grave good

88

23.1a

bangle

bronze

BPT 22/84

EP-upper non-grave good

88

23.1b

57b

bangle

bronze

BPT 57/107

EP-upper non-grave good

89

23.1c

57c

bangle

copper-base

BT 572/1372

EP-upper non-grave good

93

24.2d

bangle

copper-base

BT 613/1426

EP-upper non-grave good

93

24.2e

bangle

bronze

BC 708A/1594

EP–MP grave good

24

7a

bangle

bronze

BC 708B/1594

EP–MP grave good

24

7a

bangle

bronze

BC 708C/1594

EP–MP grave good

25

7a

bangle

copper-base

BC 709A/1594

EP–MP grave good

25

7b

bangle

copper-base

BC 709B/1595

EP–MP grave good

25

7b

bangle

copper-base

BC 713/893A

EP–MP non-grave good

25

8a

bangle

iron

BC 1118/820

EP–MP non-grave good

27

8h

bangle

copper-base

BC 2155/702

EP–MP non-grave good

26

8b

bangle

copper-base

BC 2157/946

EP–MP non-grave good

26

8c

bangle

copper-base

BCES 488/1408

EP–MP non-grave good

26

8d

121

PM #

27p 56b

29a

29b

6c

32b

6d

32c 57a

34a

34b 34c, 34d 35a 35b

bangle

leaded bronze

BCES 609/2069

EP–MP non-grave good

26

8e

35c

bangle

leaded bronze

BCES 616/2097

EP–MP non-grave good

27

8f

35d

bangle

bronze

BCES 617/2097

EP–MP non-grave good

27

8g

36a

bangle

leaded bronze

BCES 395A/1115

MP grave good

38

10b

39d

bangle

bronze

BCES 395B/1115

MP grave good

39

10c

40a

CONCORDANCE TABLES

249

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

bangle

bronze

BCES 490/1286

MP grave good

36

9a

39a

bangle

bronze

BCES 491/1286

MP grave good

37

9b

39b

bangle

copper-base

BCES 492/1286

MP grave good

37

9c

bangle

copper-base

BCES 494A/1438

MP grave good

38

9f

bangle

copper-base

BCES 494B/1438

MP grave good

38

9g

bangle

copper-base

BCES 494C/1438

MP grave good

38

9h

bangle

copper-base

BCES 495A–C/1438 MP grave good

38

9i

bangle

iron

BCES 530A/1601

MP grave good

39

10d

bangle

iron

BCES 530B/1601

MP grave good

39

bangle

iron

BCES 531/1601

MP grave good

39

10e

bangle

copper-base

BCES 532A/1601

MP grave good

38

10a

bangle

iron

BCES 532B–C/1601 MP grave good

40

10f

bangle

iron

BCES 533/1601

MP grave good

40

10g

bangle

bronze

BCES 591/1981

MP grave good

37

9d

bangle

copper-base

BCES 1239/1114

MP grave good

37

9e

bangle

copper-base

BC 2158/584

MP non-grave good

41

12a

bangle

copper-base

BC 2159/593

MP non-grave good

42

12b

bangle

copper-base

BCES 319/865

MP non-grave good

42

12c

bangle

copper-base

BCES 422/1216

MP non-grave good

42

bangle

copper-base

BCES 606/2043

MP non-grave good

42

39c

12d

bangle

bronze

BCES 1229/1077

MP non-grave good

42

12e

40c

bangle

bronze

BT 514/1108

MP non-grave good

102

25.1a

63c

bangle

copper-base

BCES 272/715

MP–LP non-grave good

57

14a

45a

bangle

leaded bronze

BCES 288/775

MP–LP non-grave good

57

14b

45b, 45c

bangle

bronze

BCES 302/799

MP–LP non-grave good

57

14c

45d

bangle

copper-base

BCES 305/806

MP–LP non-grave good

58

14d

bangle

copper-base

BCES 317/863

MP–LP non-grave good

58

14e

46a

bangle

bronze

BCES 332/899

MP–LP non-grave good

58

14f

46b

bangle

copper-base

BCES 347/950

MP–LP non-grave good

58

14g

bangle

copper-base

BCES 359A/996

MP–LP non-grave good

58

14h

bangle

copper-base

BCES 359B/996

MP–LP non-grave good

58

14i

bangle

copper-base

BCES 359C/996

MP–LP non-grave good

59

bangle

copper-base

BCES 375/1049

MP–LP non-grave good

59

14j

bangle

iron

BCES 1199/799

MP–LP non-grave good

59

14k

bangle

copper-base

BC 704/1557

LP grave good

66

16a

bangle

copper-base

BC 720A/918

LP grave good

66

16b

bangle

high-tin bronze

BC 720B/918

LP grave good

66

16c

bangle

copper-base

BC 720C/918

LP grave good

66

16d

bangle

copper-base

BC 720D/918

LP grave good

66

16e

bangle

copper-base

BC 2161B/781

LP grave good

67

16f

bangle

copper-base

BC 2211/918

LP grave good

67

16g

46c

49a

250

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

PM #

bangle

iron

BCES 745/2669

LP grave good

67

16h

bangle

leaded bronze

BC 604A/492

LP non-grave good

70

19a

51a

bangle

leaded bronze

BC 2156/322

LP non-grave good

71

19b

51b

bangle

copper-base

BC 2162/520

LP non-grave good

71

19c

bangle

copper-base

BCES 184/282

LP non-grave good

71

bangle

bronze

BCES 205/379

LP non-grave good

71

19d

51c

bangle

bronze

BCES 219/439

LP non-grave good

71

19e

51d

bangle

copper-base

BCES 236/507

LP non-grave good

71

bangle

copper-base

BCES 238/490

LP non-grave good

72

19f

52a

bangle

bronze

BCES 252/620

LP non-grave good

72

19g

52b

bangle

bronze

BCES 253/595A

LP non-grave good

72

19h

52c

bangle

bronze

BCES 269/672

LP non-grave good

72

19i

52d

bangle

iron

BCES 322/869

LP non-grave good

72

19k

bangle

copper-base

BCES 799/2549

LP non-grave good

72

19j

bangle

iron

BCES 2064/850

LP non-grave good

73

19l

53a

bangle

high-tin bronze

DK 209A/381

LP non-grave good

109

27a

69a

bangle

high-tin bronze

DK 209B/381

LP non-grave good

109

27b

69b

bangle

copper-base

DK 212A/380

LP non-grave good

110

27c

bangle

high-tin bronze

DK 214/388

LP non-grave good

110

27d

69c

bangle

high-tin bronze

DK 219/388

LP non-grave good

110

27e

69d

bangle

bronze

DK 236/394

LP non-grave good

110

27f

70a

bangle

copper-base

DK 282/450

LP non-grave good

110

27g

bangle

copper-base

DK 285/426

LP non-grave good

111

27h

bangle

iron

BC 1115B/1406

LP–Proto non-grave good

85

22d

bangle

iron

BC 2087/158

LP–Proto non-grave good

85

22e

bangle

copper-base

BC 2160/276

LP–Proto non-grave good

84

22c

bangle

copper-base

BT 480/813

LP–Proto non-grave good

106

25.3g

bell

copper-base

BCES 725/2511

MP–LP non-grave good

59

14l

bell

copper-base

BCES 162/205

LP non-grave good

73

19m

bell

copper-base

BCES 254/604A

LP non-grave good

73

19n

bell

copper-base

DK 211/380

LP non-grave good

111

27i

bell

copper-base

BC 608/535

LP–Proto non-grave good

85

22f

bell

copper-base

DK 341/285

LP–Proto non-grave good

121

28a

blade

copper-base

BC 661/962

EP-upper non-grave good

18

6e

blade

copper-base

BC 700/1487

EP–MP non-grave good

27

8i

blade

iron

BCES 399A/1115

MP grave good

40

11b

blade

iron

BCES 399B/1115

MP grave good

41

11c

blade

iron

BCES 516/1533

MP grave good

40

11a

blade

bronze

BCES 480/1367

MP non-grave good

42

12f

blade

iron

BCES 352/959

MP–LP non-grave good

59

14m

blade

iron

BCES 381/1067

MP–LP non-grave good

60

14n

70b

70c 77a

40d

CONCORDANCE TABLES

251

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

blade

iron

BCES 1147/627

MP–LP non-grave good

60

14o

blade

iron

BC 1120/885

LP grave good

67

16i

blade

iron

BCES 336/903

LP grave good

67

16j

blade

iron

BCES 394/1021

LP grave good

68

blade

iron

BCES 2004/2669

LP grave good

68

16k

blade

iron

BCES 2044/1403

LP grave good

68

17a

blade

iron

DK 255A/400

LP grave good

108

26c

68a

blade

iron

DK 255B/400

LP grave good

108

26d

68b

blade

iron

BCES 195/328

LP non-grave good

73

19o

blade

iron

BCES 245/543

LP non-grave good

73

19p

blade

iron

BCES 700/2397

LP non-grave good

74

19q

blade

iron

BCES 1170/679A

LP non-grave good

74

19r

blade

iron

BCES 2003/543

LP non-grave good

74

20a

blade

iron

BT 471/760

LP–Proto non-grave good

106

crucible

BC 2121/1374A

EP-lower non-grave good

15

crucible

BC 2129/1260

EP-lower non-grave good

15

crucible

BC 2135/1248

EP-lower non-grave good

15

crucible

BCES 756/2771

EP-lower non-grave good

15

crucible

BT 1160/1716

EP-lower non-grave good

92

crucible

BC 2003/853

EP-upper non-grave good

23

crucible

BC 2132/917

EP-upper non-grave good

23

crucible

BC 2150/1272B

EP-upper non-grave good

23

crucible

BC 2204/1061A

EP-upper non-grave good

24

crucible

BC 2233/935A

EP-upper non-grave good

24

crucible

BCES 519A/1539

EP-upper non-grave good

24

crucible

BPT 2014/67

EP-upper non-grave good

90

crucible

BPT 2073/112

EP-upper non-grave good

90

crucible

BT 595/1403

EP-upper non-grave good

101

crucible

BT 624/1438

EP-upper non-grave good

101

crucible

BT 2084/1377

EP-upper non-grave good

102

crucible

BT 2088A/1369

EP-upper non-grave good

102

crucible

BC 968/696

EP–MP non-grave good

32

crucible

BC 970/735

EP–MP non-grave good

32

crucible

BC 972/735

EP–MP non-grave good

33

crucible

BC 973/745

EP–MP non-grave good

33

crucible

BC 974/778

EP–MP non-grave good

33

crucible

BC 975/786

EP–MP non-grave good

33

crucible

BC 977/788

EP–MP non-grave good

33

crucible

BC 978/796

EP–MP non-grave good

33

crucible

BC 979/810

EP–MP non-grave good

34

crucible

BC 980/843A

EP–MP non-grave good

34

4.2h

6k

6l

8s

PM #

252

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

crucible

BC 983/906

EP–MP non-grave good

34

crucible

BC 984/995

EP–MP non-grave good

34

crucible

BC 988/1036

EP–MP non-grave good

34

crucible

BC 989/1036

EP–MP non-grave good

35

crucible

BC 990/1059

EP–MP non-grave good

35

crucible

BC 1002/772

EP–MP non-grave good

35

crucible

BC 2006/739

EP–MP non-grave good

35

crucible

BC 2007/891

EP–MP non-grave good

35

crucible

BC 2127/893E

EP–MP non-grave good

35

crucible

BC 2136/929A

EP–MP non-grave good

36

crucible

BC 2151/806

EP–MP non-grave good

36

crucible

BC 2183/702

EP–MP non-grave good

36

crucible

BC 2234/1000

EP–MP non-grave good

36

crucible

BC 960A/398

MP non-grave good

50

crucible

BC 960B/398

MP non-grave good

50

crucible

BC 963/588

MP non-grave good

50

crucible

BC 965/592

MP non-grave good

50

crucible

BC 967/612

MP non-grave good

50

crucible

BC 969/722

MP non-grave good

51

crucible

BC 981A/897

MP non-grave good

51

crucible

BC 981B/897

MP non-grave good

51

crucible

BC 985/981

MP non-grave good

51

crucible

BC 986/982

MP non-grave good

51

crucible

BC 991/1209

MP non-grave good

51

crucible

BC 992/1209

MP non-grave good

52

crucible

BC 998/692

MP non-grave good

52

crucible

BC 2002/1009

MP non-grave good

52

crucible

BC 2122/776

MP non-grave good

52

crucible

BCES 419/1205

MP non-grave good

52

crucible

BCES 440A/1253

MP non-grave good

53

crucible

BCES 440B/1253

MP non-grave good

53

crucible

BCES 478/1367

MP non-grave good

53

13l

crucible

BCES 760/2826

MP non-grave good

53

13m

crucible

BCES 1234/1204

MP non-grave good

54

13n

crucible

BCES 1235/1204

MP non-grave good

54

crucible

BCES 1236/1204

MP non-grave good

54

crucible

BCES 1287/1355

MP non-grave good

54

crucible

BCES 1295A/1383

MP non-grave good

54

crucible

BCES 1295B/1383

MP non-grave good

54

crucible

BCES 1351/1627

MP non-grave good

55

crucible

BCES 2015/1854

MP non-grave good

55

8t

13j

13k

PM #

CONCORDANCE TABLES

253

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

crucible

BCES 2016/1853

MP non-grave good

55

crucible

BCES 2017/1496

MP non-grave good

55

crucible

BCES 2020/1982

MP non-grave good

55

crucible

BCES 2021/1982

MP non-grave good

55

crucible

BCES 2043/1724

MP non-grave good

56

crucible

BCES 2052A/1366

MP non-grave good

56

crucible

BCES 2052B/1366

MP non-grave good

56

crucible

BCES 2053/1542

MP non-grave good

56

crucible

BCES 2055A/1536

MP non-grave good

56

crucible

BCES 2055B/1536

MP non-grave good

57

crucible

BT 1116/1148

MP non-grave good

105

crucible

BC 962/562

MP–LP non-grave good

64

crucible

BC 2231/679

MP–LP non-grave good

64

crucible

BCES 298/790

MP–LP non-grave good

64

15j

crucible

BCES 726/2530

MP–LP non-grave good

65

15k

crucible

BCES 1198A/788

MP–LP non-grave good

65

crucible

BCES 1198B/788

MP–LP non-grave good

65

crucible

BCES 1198C/788

MP–LP non-grave good

65

crucible

BCES 1221/907

MP–LP non-grave good

65

crucible

BCES 1254/1123

MP–LP non-grave good

65

crucible

BC 961/533

LP non-grave good

82

crucible

BC 987/1005A

LP non-grave good

83

crucible

BC 2232/941

LP non-grave good

83

crucible

BC 2235/443

LP non-grave good

83

crucible

BCES 768A/2617

LP non-grave good

83

crucible

BCES 768B/2617

LP non-grave good

83

crucible

BCES 768C/2617

LP non-grave good

83

crucible

BCES 768D/2617

LP non-grave good

84

crucible

BCES 768E/2617

LP non-grave good

84

crucible

BCES 783/2451

LP non-grave good

84

crucible

DK 167/337

LP non-grave good

121

crucible

DK 2087/400

LP non-grave good

121

crucible

Catalog pg. Drawing #

BC 1106A/477

LP–Proto non-grave good

86

flat

copper-base

BC 671B/1011

EP-lower non-grave good

13

flat

copper-base

BC 687/1100

EP-lower non-grave good

13

flat

copper-base

BC 688/1134

EP-lower non-grave good

13

flat

iron

BC 2081/1211

EP-lower non-grave good

14

flat

copper-base

BCES 2037/2804

EP-lower non-grave good

13

flat

copper-base

BC 662/967

EP-upper non-grave good

19

flat

copper-base

BC 666B/984

EP-upper non-grave good

20

flat

copper-base

BC 673/1018A

EP-upper non-grave good

20

PM #

21m

30b

30c

254

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

flat

copper-base

BC 675/1025

EP-upper non-grave good

20

flat

copper-base

BCES 536/1615

EP-upper non-grave good

20

flat

bronze

BCES 546/1662

EP-upper non-grave good

20

flat

copper-base

BCES 1371/1736

EP-upper non-grave good

20

flat

bronze

BPT 14B/67

EP-upper non-grave good

89

flat

bronze

BT 532/1173

EP-upper non-grave good

95

flat

copper-base

BT 533/1175

EP-upper non-grave good

95

flat

bronze

BT 534/1176

EP-upper non-grave good

95

flat

copper-base

BT 563/1322

EP-upper non-grave good

96

flat

copper-base

BT 600/1411

EP-upper non-grave good

96

flat

copper-base

BT 632/1455

EP-upper non-grave good

96

flat

copper-base

BT 661/1468

EP-upper non-grave good

96

flat

copper-base

BT 702/1494

EP-upper non-grave good

96

24.2j

flat

copper-base

BT 726/1507

EP-upper non-grave good

96

24.2k

flat

copper-base

BT 727/1509

EP-upper non-grave good

96

flat

copper-base

BT 756B/1524

EP-upper non-grave good

96

flat

copper-base

BT 780/1536

EP-upper non-grave good

96

flat

copper-base

BT 798/1558

EP-upper non-grave good

96

flat

copper-base

BT 809/1578

EP-upper non-grave good

96

flat

copper-base

BT 827/1603

EP-upper non-grave good

97

flat

copper-base

BT 834/1613

EP-upper non-grave good

97

flat

copper-base

BT 999/1392

EP-upper non-grave good

97

flat

copper-base

BC 626B/701

EP–MP non-grave good

28

flat

copper-base

BC 634/791

EP–MP non-grave good

29

flat

copper-base

BC 656B/928

EP–MP non-grave good

29

flat

copper-base

BC 669B/1009

EP–MP non-grave good

29

flat

iron

BC 712/887

EP–MP non-grave good

29

flat

copper-base

BC 2189/890

EP–MP non-grave good

29

flat

copper-base

BCES 610/2069

EP–MP non-grave good

29

flat

copper-base

BC 620/668

MP non-grave good

45

flat

copper-base

BC 645B/870

MP non-grave good

45

flat

iron

BC 1110/620

MP non-grave good

45

flat

iron

BC 1111/669

MP non-grave good

46

flat

iron

BC 1113/697

MP non-grave good

46

flat

iron

BC 1114/702

MP non-grave good

46

flat

copper-base

BC 2165/676

MP non-grave good

45

flat

copper-base

BCES 371/1024

MP non-grave good

45

flat

copper-base

BCES 430/1224

MP non-grave good

45

flat

copper-base

BCES 731/2559

MP non-grave good

45

flat

bronze

BCES 1230/1118

MP non-grave good

45

flat

copper-base

BT 513/1096

MP non-grave good

104

6i

PM #

33b 57d

24.2h

60a 60b

24.2i

60c

60d

24.2l

8m

36d

8n

12q

12r

41d

CONCORDANCE TABLES

255

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

flat

copper-base

BT 549/1282

MP non-grave good

flat

iron

BCES 256/627

MP–LP non-grave good

61

flat

copper-base

BCES 307/821

MP–LP non-grave good

61

flat

copper-base

BCES 329A/889

MP–LP non-grave good

61

flat

copper-base

BCES 378/1061

MP–LP non-grave good

61

flat

bronze

BCES 742/2635

MP–LP non-grave good

61

flat

iron

BCES 1155/635

MP–LP non-grave good

61

flat

iron

BCES 1182/714

MP–LP non-grave good

62

15d

flat

iron

BCES 1185/720

MP–LP non-grave good

62

15e

flat

iron

BCES 1212/877

MP–LP non-grave good

62

15f

flat

iron

BCES 1219/896

MP–LP non-grave good

62

flat

copper-base

BC 602/284

LP non-grave good

75

flat

copper-base

BC 617/638

LP non-grave good

76

flat

copper-base

BC 622/688

LP non-grave good

76

flat

copper-base

BC 623/690

LP non-grave good

76

flat

copper-base

BC 627B/714

LP non-grave good

76

flat

iron

BC 1134/501

LP non-grave good

77

flat

copper-base

BCES 115/232

LP non-grave good

76

flat

iron

BCES 142/169

LP non-grave good

77

flat

iron

BCES 153/198

LP non-grave good

77

flat

iron

BCES 163/205

LP non-grave good

78

flat

copper-base

BCES 169/236

LP non-grave good

76

flat

iron

BCES 179/271

LP non-grave good

78

flat

copper-base

BCES 207/384

LP non-grave good

76

flat

copper-base

BCES 226A/448

LP non-grave good

76

flat

copper-base

BCES 226B/448

LP non-grave good

76

flat

copper-base

BCES 234/501

LP non-grave good

76

flat

impure copper

BCES 237/516

LP non-grave good

77

flat

copper-base

BCES 268/671

LP non-grave good

77

flat

copper-base

BCES 284/681

LP non-grave good

77

flat

iron

BCES 300/796A

LP non-grave good

78

flat

copper-base

BCES 306/811

LP non-grave good

77

flat

iron

BCES 691/2379

LP non-grave good

78

21b

flat

iron

BCES 693/2384

LP non-grave good

78

21c

flat

iron

BCES 800/2554

LP non-grave good

78

flat

iron

BCES 1094/206

LP non-grave good

78

flat

iron

BCES 1095/206

LP non-grave good

78

21d

flat

iron

BCES 1098/218

LP non-grave good

78

21e

flat

iron

BCES 1103/231

LP non-grave good

78

flat

iron

BCES 1106/234

LP non-grave good

78

21f

flat

iron

BCES 1119/299

LP non-grave good

79

21g

PM #

104 15c

15b

20h

47b

53d

20k 20l 20m 54a

20i

54b 54c

21a

256

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

flat

iron

BCES 1125/324

LP non-grave good

79

flat

iron

BCES 1142/585

LP non-grave good

79

flat

iron

BCES 1157/640

LP non-grave good

79

flat

iron

BCES 1444/192

LP non-grave good

79

flat

copper-base

BCES 2009/391

LP non-grave good

77

flat

copper-base

BPT 6/57

LP non-grave good

91

flat

copper-base

DK 142/327

LP non-grave good

118

flat

copper-base

DK 143A/327

LP non-grave good

118

flat

copper-base

DK 222/390

LP non-grave good

118

flat

copper-base

DK 226/393

LP non-grave good

118

flat

iron

DK 227/393

LP non-grave good

118

flat

iron

DK 335/564A

LP non-grave good

118

flat

bronze

BC 601/277

LP–Proto non-grave good

85

flat

iron

BC 1102/340

LP–Proto non-grave good

85

flat

iron

BC 1103/365

LP–Proto non-grave good

86

flat

iron

BC 1115A/1406

LP–Proto non-grave good

86

flat

iron

BC 1123/1404

LP–Proto non-grave good

86

flat

iron

BC 1124/1408

LP–Proto non-grave good

86

flat

iron

BC 1131/1542

LP–Proto non-grave good

86

flat

iron

BC 1132/1543

LP–Proto non-grave good

86

flat

copper-base

BT 457/716

LP–Proto non-grave good

106

flat

copper-base

BT 459/719

LP–Proto non-grave good

107

flat

iron

BT 1066/716

LP–Proto non-grave good

107

flat

high-tin bronze

PM #

21h 20j

54d

22h

56a

77b

DK 109/287

LP–Proto non-grave good

122

28b

miscellaneous copper-base

BT 890/1696

EP-lower non-grave good

91

24.1a

miscellaneous iron

BC 1107/487

MP non-grave good

43

miscellaneous iron

BCES 819/2734

MP non-grave good

miscellaneous iron

DK 256/400

LP grave good

miscellaneous high-tin bronze

BC 2207/355

miscellaneous iron miscellaneous iron point

43 109

26e

68c

LP non-grave good

74

20d

53b

BCES 1109/251

LP non-grave good

75

20e

BC 1101B/336

LP–Proto non-grave good

85

22g

bronze

BCES 762/2834

EP-lower grave good

12

4.1e

29c, 29d

point

bronze

BCES 741/2625

EP-upper non-grave good

18

6f

32d

point

copper-base

BT 799/1565

EP-upper non-grave good

93

24.2f

point

copper-base

BC 715/1491

EP–MP non-grave good

28

8j

point

bronze-iron

BCES 548/1582

MP grave good

41

11d

point

copper-base and iron

BCES 573/1813

MP grave good

41

11e

point

iron

BCES 350/955

MP–LP non-grave good

60

14q

point

copper-base

BCES 397/1125

MP–LP non-grave good

60

14p

point

iron

BCES 426A/1222

LP grave good

68

17b

40b

CONCORDANCE TABLES

257

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

point

iron

BCES 426B/1222

LP grave good

68

17c

49b

point

iron

BCES 749/2669

LP grave good

69

18a

49c

point

iron

BCES 1205/850

LP grave good

69

18b

49d

point

iron

BC 1109/614

LP non-grave good

74

20b

point

iron

BCES 772/2371

LP non-grave good

74

20c

point

iron

BPT 363/47

LP non-grave good

90

23.2f

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 711/1609

EP-lower non-grave good

13

wire/rod

bronze

BCES 621/2031

EP-lower non-grave good

13

4.2f

30a

wire/rod

bronze

BT 889/1694

EP-lower non-grave good

91

24.1b

59a

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 900/1706

EP-lower non-grave good

91

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 651B/903B

EP-upper non-grave good

19

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 674A/1019

EP-upper non-grave good

19

wire/rod

iron

BC 1122/1087

EP-upper non-grave good

19

6h 6g

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 528/1595

EP-upper non-grave good

19

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 627A/2118

EP-upper non-grave good

19

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 627B/2118

EP-upper non-grave good

19

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 528/1169

EP-upper non-grave good

93

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 531/1171

EP-upper non-grave good

93

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 568/1346

EP-upper non-grave good

93

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 575/1372

EP-upper non-grave good

93

wire/rod

bronze

BT 582/1396

EP-upper non-grave good

94

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 596/1408

EP-upper non-grave good

94

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 601/1412

EP-upper non-grave good

94

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 606B/1419

EP-upper non-grave good

94

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 609/1421

EP-upper non-grave good

94

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 610/1421

EP-upper non-grave good

94

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 738A/1519

EP-upper non-grave good

94

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 767/1535

EP-upper non-grave good

94

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 816/1586

EP-upper non-grave good

94

PM #

33a

59c

wire/rod

impure copper

BT 853/1634

EP-upper non-grave good

95

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 855/1629

EP-upper non-grave good

95

24.2g

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 875/1670

EP-upper non-grave good

95

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 646/878

EP–MP non-grave good

28

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 685/1089

EP–MP non-grave good

28

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 701/1490

EP–MP non-grave good

28

wire/rod

arsenical tin bronze BCES 486/1395

EP–MP non-grave good

28

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 262/417

EP–MP non-grave good

107

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 2086/504

EP–MP non-grave good

107

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 606/530

MP non-grave good

43

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 645C/870

MP non-grave good

43

12g

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 698B/1426

MP non-grave good

43

12h

59d

8k 8l

36b, 36c

41a

258

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

wire/rod

iron

BC 1108/593

MP non-grave good

44

12l

wire/rod

bronze

BC 2188/530

MP non-grave good

43

12i

wire/rod

iron

BCES 435/1233

MP non-grave good

44

12m

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 436/1230

MP non-grave good

44

wire/rod

iron

BCES 452/1273

MP non-grave good

44

12n

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 458/1309

MP non-grave good

44

12j

wire/rod

iron

BCES 472/1335

MP non-grave good

44

12o

PM # 41b

wire/rod

bronze

BCES 502/1460

MP non-grave good

44

12k

wire/rod

iron

BCES 761/2826

MP non-grave good

45

12p

41c

wire/rod

bronze

BT 508/1081

MP non-grave good

102

25.1b

wire/rod

bronze

BT 509/1083

MP non-grave good

103

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 527/1166

MP non-grave good

103

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 535/1190

MP non-grave good

103

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 536/1190

MP non-grave good

103

wire/rod

impure copper

BT 541/1214

MP non-grave good

103

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 551/1296

MP non-grave good

103

wire/rod

bronze

BT 555/1303

MP non-grave good

104

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 565/1325

MP non-grave good

104

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 312/854

MP–LP non-grave good

60

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 346/946

MP–LP non-grave good

60

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 1188/748

MP–LP non-grave good

61

wire/rod

iron

BCES 1197/787

MP–LP non-grave good

61

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 483/829

MP–LP non-grave good

105

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 498/923

MP–LP non-grave good

105

wire/rod

bronze

BT 506/982

MP–LP non-grave good

105

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 507/987

MP–LP non-grave good

105

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

BC 633/770

LP grave good

69

18c

50a

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

BC 2161A/781

LP grave good

70

18d

50b

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

BC 2208/918

LP grave good

70

18e

50c, 50d

wire/rod

iron

BCES 748/2669

LP grave good

70

18f

wire/rod

iron

BC 1105/460

LP non-grave good

75

wire/rod

iron

BC 2218/495

LP non-grave good

75

20g

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 696/2388

LP non-grave good

75

20f

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 735/2601

LP non-grave good

75

wire/rod

copper-base

BPT 9/62

LP non-grave good

90

wire/rod

iron

BPT 2012/47

LP non-grave good

90

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 113/306

LP non-grave good

111

70d

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 120/310

LP non-grave good

111

71a

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 126/320

LP non-grave good

112

71b, 71c

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 127/339

LP non-grave good

112

71d

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 128/318

LP non-grave good

112

72a

63d 64a

25.1c

64b 64c

25.1d

64d 65a

15a

46d 47a

65c 25.2e

65d

53c

CONCORDANCE TABLES

259

Table 4 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Artifact, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

Catalog pg. Drawing #

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 134/328

LP non-grave good

112

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 135/328

LP non-grave good

112

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 140/328

LP non-grave good

113

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 141/327

LP non-grave good

113

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 143B/327

LP non-grave good

113

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 146/329

LP non-grave good

113

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 149/329

LP non-grave good

113

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 151/331

LP non-grave good

113

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 153/332

LP non-grave good

114

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 164/337

LP non-grave good

114

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 169/337

LP non-grave good

114

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 175/362

LP non-grave good

114

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 176A/362

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 176B/362

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 177/362

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

wire/rod wire/rod

27j

PM # 72b 72c 72d 73a, 73b

27k

73c 73d

27l

74a

114

27m

74b

LP non-grave good

114

27m

74c

LP non-grave good

114

DK 178/364

LP non-grave good

114

copper-base

DK 184/380

LP non-grave good

115

copper-base

DK 185/380

LP non-grave good

115

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 186/380

LP non-grave good

115

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 190/381

LP non-grave good

115

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 191/380

LP non-grave good

115

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 192/380

LP non-grave good

115

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 204/385

LP non-grave good

115

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 208/387

LP non-grave good

115

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 212B/380

LP non-grave good

116

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 212C/380

LP non-grave good

116

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 216/385

LP non-grave good

116

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 218/388

LP non-grave good

116

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 242/396

LP non-grave good

116

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 243/401

LP non-grave good

116

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 247/406

LP non-grave good

116

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 261A/405

LP non-grave good

116

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 261B/405

LP non-grave good

116

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 268/415

LP non-grave good

117

wire/rod

iron

DK 275/424

LP non-grave good

118

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 294/439

LP non-grave good

117

75d

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 295/436

LP non-grave good

117

76a

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 303/462

LP non-grave good

117

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 313/472

LP non-grave good

117

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 316/482

LP non-grave good

117

wire/rod

iron

DK 111/289

LP–Proto non-grave good

122

74d

75a

27n

75b 75c

260

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 5  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Period/context type

BC 601/277

flat

bronze

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 602/284

flat

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BC 603/471

amorphous

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BC 604A/492

bangle

leaded bronze

LP non-grave good

BC 609/539

amorphous

bronze

LP non-grave good

BC 613/582

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BC 621/676

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BC 621/676

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BC 633/770

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

BC 647A/890

amorphous

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 649/896

amorphous

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 652/912

amorphous

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BC 656B/928

flat

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 660/952

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BC 677/1052

amorphous

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 678A/1063B

amorphous

bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 679A/1071

bangle

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BC 687/1100

flat

copper-base

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 693D/1203A

bangle

bronze

EP-upper grave good

BC 694/1203A

adze/axe

bronze

EP-upper grave good

BC 698A/1426

amorphous

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BC 698B/1426

wire/rod

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BC 703/1545

amorphous

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BC 708A/1594

bangle

bronze

EP–MP grave good

BC 709A/1594

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP grave good

BC 713/893A

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 713/893A

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 719/1589

amorphous

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 720B/918

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

BC 987A/1005A

crucible prill

impure copper

LP non-grave good

BC 987B/1005A

crucible prill

leaded copper

LP non-grave good

BC 2123/811

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BC 2155/702

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2156/322

bangle

leaded bronze

LP non-grave good

BC 2161A/781

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

BC 2163/804B

amorphous

bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2167/365

amorphous

copper-base

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 2168/1115

bangle

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BC 2188/530

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

BC 2207/355

miscellaneous

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

BC 2208/918

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM # 56a

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

Etchants

Negative #

85

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 100

53d

75

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1595

55a

79

100x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 102

19a

70

400x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 104

79

400x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 105

42a

12s

46

100x

K2Cr2O7 , FeCl3

Neg. NS 106

42b

13b

47

100x

FeCl3

Neg. 1603

51a

22h

261

55b

42c

13b

47

200x

FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 108

50a

18c

69

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 180

37a

8o

30

100x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 114

30

100x

FeCl3

Neg. 1606

42d

13c

47

100x

FeCl3 , AH/HP

Neg. 1607

36d

8m

29

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 125

33c

21

100x

unetched

Neg. 1609

37c

31

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 117

37b

37d

8p

31

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 119

32a

6a

17

100x

K2Cr2O7 , FeCl3

Neg. NS 120

13

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 121

30b 31b

5b

16

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 122

31a

5a

16

200x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 123

43a

13d

48

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1613

41a

12h

43

400x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 126

55c

21j

80

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 127

34a

7a

24

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 128

34b

7b

25

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1239

34c

8a

25

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1525

34d

8a

25

600x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 129

38a

8r

31

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1686

49a

16c

66

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 277

78b

124

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 269

78c

124

400x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 273

62

200x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 135

47c

15g

35a

8b

26

100x

unetched

Neg. 1243

51b

19b

71

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 136

50b

18d

70

200x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 137

32

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1511

38b 56b

86

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 139

32b

6c

17

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 142

41b

12i

43

200x

unknown, may be unetched

Neg. 1662

53b

20d

74

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 144

50c

18e

70

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 151

262

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 5 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Period/context type

BC 2208/918

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

BCES 205/379

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 219/439

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 226A/448

flat

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 237/516

flat

impure copper

LP non-grave good

BCES 238/490

bangle

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 252/620

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 253/595A

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 268/671

flat

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 269/672

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 272/715

bangle

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 278/729

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 288/775

bangle

leaded bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 288/775

bangle

leaded bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 299A/791

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 302/799

bangle

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 312/854

wire/rod

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 317/863

bangle

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 332/899

bangle

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 342/934

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 351/952

amorphous

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 359B/996

bangle

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 364/1010

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 382A/1073

slag prill

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BCES 395A/1115

bangle

leaded bronze

MP grave good

BCES 395B/1115

bangle

bronze

MP grave good

BCES 414/1182

amorphous

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 415/1183

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 426B/1222

point

iron

LP grave good

BCES 480/1367

blade

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 486/1395

wire/rod

arsenical tin bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 486/1395

wire/rod

arsenical tin bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 488/1408

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 490/1286

bangle

bronze

MP grave good

BCES 491/1286

bangle

bronze

MP grave good

BCES 502/1460

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 517/1533

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 526/1592

bangle

bronze

EP-lower grave good

BCES 528/1595

wire/rod

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BCES 538/1617

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BCES 546/1662

flat

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

Etchants

263

Negative #

50d

18e

70

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 152

51c

19d

71

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1505

51d

19e

71

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1534

76

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1617

54a 54b

20i

77

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 156

52a

19f

72

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1533

52b

19g

72

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 158

52c

19h

72

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1480

77

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1620

19i

72

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 159

54c 52d 45a

14a

57

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1587

47d

15h

62

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 160

45b

14b

57

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 161

45c

14b

57

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 162

48a

15i

63

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 164

45d

14c

57

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1573

46d

15a

60

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1483

46a

14e

58

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 165

46b

14f

58

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 166

48

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 167

43b 48b

63

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1623

46c

14i

58

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1572

43c

13e

48

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 168

123

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 169

39d

77c 10b

38

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 170

40a

10c

39

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1580

48c

64

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1624

48d

64

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 171

49b

17c

68

500x

unknown

Neg. 1261

40d

12f

42

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1262

36b

8l

28

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1504

36c

8l

28

600x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 172

35b

8d

26

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1503

39a

9a

36

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 173

39b

9b

37

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 174

41c

12k

44

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1532

49

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 175

29a

4.1a

11

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1539

33a

6g

19

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 176

22

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 177

6i

20

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1500

43d

33d 33b

264

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 5 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Period/context type

BCES 548/1582

point

bronze-iron

MP grave good

BCES 591/1981

bangle

bronze

MP grave good

BCES 596A/1984

bangle

bronze

EP-lower grave good

BCES 601/2021

amorphous

bronze

EP-lower non-grave good

BCES 609/2069

bangle

leaded bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 616/2097

bangle

leaded bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 617/2097

bangle

bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 621/2031

wire/rod

bronze

EP-lower non-grave good

BCES 649/2173

bangle

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BCES 708/2436

amorphous

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 729/2548

amorphous

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BCES 735/2601

wire/rod

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 741/2625

point

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BCES 742/2635

flat

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 749/2669

point

iron

LP grave good

BCES 762/2834

point blade

bronze

EP-lower grave good

BCES 762/2834

point socket

bronze

EP-lower grave good

BCES 799/2549

bangle

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 807/2576

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 820/2743

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 1188/748

wire/rod

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1205/850

point

iron

LP grave good

BCES 1229/1077

bangle

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 1230/1118

flat

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 1402/1320

amorphous

bronze/copper

MP non-grave good

BCES 2009/391

flat

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 2020A/1982

crucible prill

high-tin bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 2020B/1982

crucible prill

impure copper

MP non-grave good

BCES 2037/2804

flat

copper-base

EP-lower non-grave good

BPT 14A/67

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 14B/67

flat

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 16/69

bangle

leaded bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 22/84

bangle

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 23/79

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 27/85

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 57/107

bangle

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 496/910

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 496/910

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 498/923

wire/rod

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 506/982

wire/rod

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 508/1081

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

265

Etchants

Negative #

40b

11d

41

160x

FeCl3

Neg. 1692

39c

9d

37

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 178

29b

4.1d

12

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1275

30d

4.2g

15

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 179

35c

8e

26

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1277

35d

8f

27

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 181

36a

8g

27

200x

unknown

Neg. 1281

30a

4.2f

13

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1502

32c

6d

18

200x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1685

55d

21k

81

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 183

44a

13f

49

100x

K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1496

75

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1630

18

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 185

53c 32d

6f

47b

15b

61

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1542

49c

18a

69

200x

probably nital

Neg. 1285

29c

4.1e

12

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 186

29d

4.1e

12

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 187

53a

19j

72

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1541

44b

13g

49

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1515

44c

13h

49

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 189

61

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1631

49d

47a 18b

69

100x

nital 2%

Neg. NS 191

40c

12e

42

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1497

41d

12r

45

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1498

44d

13i

49

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1488

54d

20j

77

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1632

77d

123

400x

K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 293

78a

123

400x

FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 294

30c

13

400x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 298

89

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 192

57d

58a

89

40x

FeCl3

Neg. 1007

57a

88

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1316

88

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1318

89

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 194

57b

23.1d

23.1b

58b 58c

23.1e

90

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1635

57c

23.1c

89

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 195

66a

106

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1577

66b

106

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 196

65c

105

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1588

65d

25.2e

105

100x

AH-HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1636

63d

25.1b

102

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 197

266

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 5 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Period/context type

BT 509/1083

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

BT 514/1108

bangle

bronze

MP non-grave good

BT 532/1173

flat

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 533/1175

flat

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 534/1176

flat

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 541/1214

wire/rod

impure copper

MP non-grave good

BT 551/1296

wire/rod

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BT 555/1303

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

BT 564/1324

amorphous

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BT 565/1325

wire/rod

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BT 582/1396

wire/rod

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 607/1420

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 615/1426

amorphous

arsenical tin bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 623/1439

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 700/1492

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 716/1502

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 731/1513

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 798/1558

flat

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 812/1581

amorphous

impure copper

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 814/1582

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 822/1588

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 853/1634

wire/rod

impure copper

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 859/1639

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 889/1694

wire/rod

bronze

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 905/1716

amorphous

antimonial leaded arsenical copper

EP-lower non-grave good

DK 109/287

flat

high-tin bronze

LP–Proto non-grave good

DK 113/306

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 120/310

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 126/320

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 126/320

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 127/339

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 128/318

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 134/328

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 135/328

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 141/327

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 146/329

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 146/329

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 149/329

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 151/331

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 153/332

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 155/331

amorphous

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

64a

267

Etchants

Negative #

103

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 199

63c

25.1a

102

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 200

60a

24.2h

95

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1637

95

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1293

60b 60c

24.1i

95

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1294

64b

25.1c

103

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1638

103

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1295

64c

104

400x

ferric nitrate, K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 262

65b

64d

25.1d

105

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1297

65a

104

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1298

59c

94

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 202

61a

97

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 203

61b

98

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 204

61c

98

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 205

61d

99

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1302

62a

99

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1303

62b

100

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 206

60d

96

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1305

100

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1640

101

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1306

101

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 208

95

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3, K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 209

101

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1309

62c

24.2m

62d 63a 59d

24.2g

63b 59a

24.1b

91

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 210

59b

24.1c

92

600x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 211

77b

28b

122

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 215

70d

111

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 217

71a

111

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 218

71b

112

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 259

71c

112

100x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 260

71d

112

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 220

72a

112

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 222

72b

112

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 239

72c

27j

112

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 225

72d

113

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 226

73a

113

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 227

113

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 228

113

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 230

113

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 232

114

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 233

119

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 234

73b 73c

27k

73d 74a 76b

27l

268

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 5 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact ID Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

Period/context type

DK 155/331

amorphous

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 176A/362

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 176B/362

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 178/364

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 209A/381

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 209B/381

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 211/380

bell

copper-base

LP non-grave good

DK 214/388

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 218/388

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 219/388

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 236/394

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 255A/400

blade

iron

LP grave good

DK 255B/400

blade

iron

LP grave good

DK 256/400

miscellaneous

iron

LP grave good

DK 261A/405

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 261B/405

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 265/416

amorphous

bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 283/445

adze/axe

iron

LP grave good

DK 283/445

adze/axe

iron

LP grave good

DK 285/426

bangle

copper-base

LP non-grave good

DK 294/439

wire/rod

copper-base

LP non-grave good

DK 295/436

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 302/457

adze/axe

iron

LP grave good

DK 302/457

adze/axe

iron

LP grave good

DK 341/285

bell

copper-base

LP–Proto non-grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

76c

269

Etchants

Negative #

119

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 236

74b

27m

114

400x

AH/HP

Neg. 1531

74c

27m

114

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 300

114

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 241

74d 69a

27a

109

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 245

69b

27b

109

200x

FeCl3

Neg. 1645

70c

27i

111

200x

unknown

Neg. 1015

69c

27d

110

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 243

116

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 244

27e

110

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 246

70a

27f

110

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 247

68a

26c

108

100x

nital

Neg. NS 248

68b

26d

108

100x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 249

75a 69d

68c

26e

109

100x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 251

75b

27n

116

200x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 252

116

100x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 253

75c 76d

120

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 265

67a

26a

107

100x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 287

67b

26a

107

600x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 288

70b

27h

111

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1589

75d

117

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1177

76a

117

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 256

108

600x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 279

67c

26b

67d

26b

108

200x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 285

77a

28a

121

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1522

270

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 6  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

EP-lower grave good

BCES 526/1592

bangle

bronze

EP-lower grave good

BCES 596A/1984

bangle

bronze

EP-lower grave good

BCES 762/2834

point blade

bronze

EP-lower grave good

BCES 762/2834

point socket

bronze

EP-lower non-grave good

BC 687/1100

flat

copper-base

EP-lower non-grave good

BCES 2037/2804

flat

copper-base

EP-lower non-grave good

BCES 601/2021

amorphous

bronze

EP-lower non-grave good

BCES 621/2031

wire/rod

bronze

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 889/1694

wire/rod

bronze

EP-lower non-grave good

BT 905/1716

amorphous

antimonial leaded arsenical copper

EP-upper grave good

BC 693D/1203A

bangle

bronze

EP-upper grave good

BC 694/1203A

adze/axe

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BC 660/952

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BC 679A/1071

bangle

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BC 2168/1115

bangle

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BCES 528/1595

wire/rod

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BCES 538/1617

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BCES 546/1662

flat

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BCES 649/2173

bangle

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BCES 741/2625

point

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 14A/67

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 14B/67

flat

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 16/69

bangle

leaded bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 22/84

bangle

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 23/79

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 27/85

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BPT 57/107

bangle

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 532/1173

flat

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 533/1175

flat

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 534/1176

flat

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 582/1396

wire/rod

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 607/1420

amorphous

bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 615/1426

amorphous

arsenical tin bronze

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 623/1439

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 700/1492

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 716/1502

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 731/1513

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 798/1558

flat

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 812/1581

amorphous

impure copper

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 814/1582

amorphous

copper-base

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 822/1588

amorphous

bronze

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

271

Etchants

Negative #

29a

4.1a

11

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1539

29b

4.1d

12

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1275

29c

4.1e

12

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 186

29d

4.1e

12

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 187

30b

13

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 121

30c

13

400x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 298

4.2g

15

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 179

30a

4.2f

13

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1502

59a

24.1b

91

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 210

59b

24.1c

92

600x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 211

31b

5b

16

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 122

31a

5a

16

200x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 123

21

100x

unetched

Neg. 1609

30d

33c 32a

6a

17

100x

K2Cr2O7, FeCl3

Neg. NS 120

32b

6c

17

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 142

33a

6g

19

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 176

22

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 177

33b

6i

20

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1500

32c

6d

18

200x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1685

32d

6f

18

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 185

58a

23.1d

33d

89

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 192

57d

89

40x

FeCl3

Neg. 1007

57a

88

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1316

88

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1318

89

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 194

23.1e

90

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1635

57c

23.1c

89

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 195

60a

24.2h

95

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1637

95

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1293

57b

23.1b

58b 58c

60b 60c

95

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1294

59c

94

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 202

61a

97

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 203

61b

98

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 204

61c

98

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 205

61d

99

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1302

62a

99

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1303

62b

100

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 206

60d

96

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1305

100

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1640

62d

101

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1306

63a

101

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 208

62c

24.2i

24.2m

272

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 6 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 853/1634

wire/rod

impure copper

EP-upper non-grave good

BT 859/1639

amorphous

bronze

EP–MP grave good

BC 708A/1594

bangle

bronze

EP–MP grave good

BC 709A/1594

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 647A/890

amorphous

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 649/896

amorphous

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 656B/928

flat

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 677/1052

amorphous

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 678A/1063B

amorphous

bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 713/893A

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 713/893A

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 719/1589

amorphous

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2155/702

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BC 2163/804B

amorphous

bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 486/1395

wire/rod

arsenical tin bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 486/1395

wire/rod

arsenical tin bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 488/1408

bangle

copper-base

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 609/2069

bangle

leaded bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 616/2097

bangle

leaded bronze

EP–MP non-grave good

BCES 617/2097

bangle

bronze

MP grave good

BCES 395A/1115

bangle

leaded bronze

MP grave good

BCES 395B/1115

bangle

bronze

MP grave good

BCES 490/1286

bangle

bronze

MP grave good

BCES 491/1286

bangle

bronze

MP grave good

BCES 548/1582

point

bronze-iron

MP grave good

BCES 591/1981

bangle

bronze

MP non-grave good

BC 613/582

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BC 621/676

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BC 621/676

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BC 652/912

amorphous

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BC 698A/1426

amorphous

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BC 698B/1426

wire/rod

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BC 2188/530

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 342/934

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 364/1010

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 382A/1073

slag prill

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BCES 480/1367

blade

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 502/1460

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 517/1533

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 729/2548

amorphous

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BCES 807/2576

amorphous

bronze

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM # 59d

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification 24.2g

63b

273

Etchants

Negative #

95

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 209

101

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1309

34a

7a

24

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 128

34b

7b

25

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1239

37a

8o

37b 36d

8m

37c

30

100x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 114

30

100x

FeCl3

Neg. 1606

29

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 125

31

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 117

37d

8p

31

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 119

34c

8a

25

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1525

34d

8a

25

600x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 129

38a

8r

31

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1686

35a

8b

26

100x

unetched

Neg. 1243

38b

32

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1511

36b

8l

28

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1504

36c

8l

28

600x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 172

35b

8d

26

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1503

35c

8e

26

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1277

35d

8f

27

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 181

36a

8g

27

200x

unknown

Neg. 1281

39d

10b

38

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 170

40a

10c

39

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1580

39a

9a

36

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 173

39b

9b

37

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 174

40b

11d

41

160x

FeCl3

Neg. 1692

39c

9d

37

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 178

42a

12s

46

100x

K2Cr2O7, FeCl3

Neg. NS 106

42b

13b

47

100x

FeCl3

Neg. 1603

42c

13b

47

200x

FeCl3, K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 108

42d

13c

47

100x

FeCl3, AH/HP

Neg. 1607

43a

13d

48

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1613

41a

12h

43

400x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 126

41b

12i

43

200x

unknown, may be unetched

Neg. 1662

48

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 167

48

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 168

123

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 169

43b 43c

13e

77c 40d

12f

42

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1262

41c

12k

44

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1532

49

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 175

43d 44a

13f

49

100x

K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1496

44b

13g

49

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1515

274

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 6 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

MP non-grave good

BCES 820/2743

amorphous

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 1229/1077

bangle

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 1230/1118

flat

bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 1402/1320

amorphous

bronze/copper

MP non-grave good

BCES 2020A/1982

crucible prill

high-tin bronze

MP non-grave good

BCES 2020B/1982

crucible prill

impure copper

MP non-grave good

BT 508/1081

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

BT 509/1083

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

BT 514/1108

bangle

bronze

MP non-grave good

BT 541/1214

wire/rod

impure copper

MP non-grave good

BT 551/1296

wire/rod

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BT 555/1303

wire/rod

bronze

MP non-grave good

BT 564/1324

amorphous

copper-base

MP non-grave good

BT 565/1325

wire/rod

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BC 2123/811

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 272/715

bangle

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 278/729

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 288/775

bangle

leaded bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 288/775

bangle

leaded bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 299A/791

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 302/799

bangle

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 312/854

wire/rod

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 317/863

bangle

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 332/899

bangle

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 351/952

amorphous

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 359B/996

bangle

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 414/1182

amorphous

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 415/1183

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 742/2635

flat

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BCES 1188/748

wire/rod

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 496/910

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 496/910

amorphous

bronze

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 498/923

wire/rod

copper-base

MP–LP non-grave good

BT 506/982

wire/rod

bronze

LP grave good

BC 633/770

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

BC 720B/918

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

BC 2161A/781

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

BC 2208/918

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

BC 2208/918

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP grave good

BCES 426B/1222

point

iron

LP grave good

BCES 749/2669

point

iron

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

275

Etchants

Negative #

44c

13h

49

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 189

40c

12e

42

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1497

41d

12r

45

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1498

44d

13i

49

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1488

77d

123

400x

K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 293

78a

123

400x

FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 294

25.1b

102

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 197

103

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 199

63c

25.1a

102

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 200

64b

25.1c

103

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1638

103

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1295

25.1d

104

400x

ferric nitrate, K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 262

105

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1297

63d 64a

64c 64d 65b 65a

104

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1298

47c

15g

62

200x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 135

45a

14a

57

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1587

47d

15h

62

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 160

45b

14b

57

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 161

45c

14b

57

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 162

48a

15i

63

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 164

45d

14c

57

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1573

46d

15a

60

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1483

46a

14e

58

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 165

46b

14f

58

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 166

63

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1623

58

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1572

48c

64

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1624

48d

64

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 171

61

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1542

47a

61

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1631

66a

106

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1577

66b

106

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 196

48b 46c

47b

14i

15b

105

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1588

65d

65c 25.2e

105

100x

AH-HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1636

50a

18c

69

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 180

49a

16c

66

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 277

50b

18d

70

200x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 137

50c

18e

70

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 151

50d

18e

70

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 152

49b

17c

68

500x

unknown

Neg. 1261

49c

18a

69

200x

probably nital

Neg. 1285

276

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 6 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

LP grave good

BCES 1205/850

point

iron

LP grave good

DK 256/400

miscellaneous

iron

LP grave good

DK 283/445

adze/axe

iron

LP grave good

DK 283/445

adze/axe

iron

LP grave good

DK 302/457

adze/axe

iron

LP grave good

DK 302/457

adze/axe

iron

LP grave good

DK 255A/400

blade

iron

LP grave good

DK 255B/400

blade

iron

LP non-grave good

BC 602/284

flat

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BC 603/471

amorphous

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BC 604A/492

bangle

leaded bronze

LP non-grave good

BC 609/539

amorphous

bronze

LP non-grave good

BC 703/1545

amorphous

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BC 987A/1005A

crucible prill

impure copper

LP non-grave good

BC 987B/1005A

crucible prill

leaded copper

LP non-grave good

BC 2156/322

bangle

leaded bronze

LP non-grave good

BC 2207/355

miscellaneous

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 205/379

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 219/439

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 226A/448

flat

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 237/516

flat

impure copper

LP non-grave good

BCES 238/490

bangle

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 252/620

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 253/595A

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 268/671

flat

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 269/672

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 708/2436

amorphous

bronze

LP non-grave good

BCES 735/2601

wire/rod

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 799/2549

bangle

copper-base

LP non-grave good

BCES 2009/391

flat

copper-base

LP non-grave good

DK 113/306

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 120/310

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 126/320

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 126/320

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 127/339

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 128/318

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 134/328

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 135/328

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 141/327

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 146/329

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 146/329

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

Etchants

277

Negative #

49d

18b

69

100x

nital 2%

Neg. NS 191

68c

26e

109

100x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 251

67a

26a

107

100x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 287

67b

26a

107

600x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 288

67c

26b

108

600x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 279

67d

26b

108

200x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 285

68a

26c

108

100x

nital

Neg. NS 248

68b

26d

108

100x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 249

53d

75

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1595

55a

79

100x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 102

70

400x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 104

79

400x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 105

80

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 127

78b

124

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 269

78c

124

400x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 273

71

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 136

51a

19a

55b 55c

51b

21j

19b

53b

20d

74

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 144

51c

19d

71

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1505

51d

19e

71

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1534

76

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1617

54a 54b

20i

77

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 156

52a

19f

72

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1533

52b

19g

72

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 158

52c

19h

72

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1480

77

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1620

72

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 159

54c 52d

19i

55d

21k

53c 53a

19j

54d

20j

81

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 183

75

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1630

72

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1541

77

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1632

70d

111

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 217

71a

111

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 218

71b

112

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 259

71c

112

100x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 260

71d

112

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 220

72a

112

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 222

72b

112

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 239

72c

27j

112

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 225

72d

113

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 226

73a

113

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 227

73b

113

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 228

278

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 6 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Period Period/context type

Artifact ID

Artifact class

Metal

LP non-grave good

DK 149/329

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 151/331

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 153/332

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 155/331

amorphous

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 155/331

amorphous

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 176A/362

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 176B/362

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 178/364

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 209A/381

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 209B/381

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 211/380

bell

copper-base

LP non-grave good

DK 214/388

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 218/388

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 219/388

bangle

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 236/394

bangle

bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 261A/405

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 261B/405

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 265/416

amorphous

bronze

LP non-grave good

DK 285/426

bangle

copper-base

LP non-grave good

DK 294/439

wire/rod

copper-base

LP non-grave good

DK 295/436

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 601/277

flat

bronze

LP–Proto non-grave good

BC 2167/365

amorphous

copper-base

LP–Proto non-grave good

DK 109/287

flat

high-tin bronze

LP–Proto non-grave good

DK 341/285

bell

copper-base

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM # 73c

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification 27k

73d 74a

27l

76b 76c

279

Etchants

Negative #

113

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 230

113

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 232

114

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 233

119

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 234

119

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 236

74b

27m

114

400x

AH/HP

Neg. 1531

74c

27m

114

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 300

114

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 241

69a

27a

109

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 245

69b

27b

109

200x

FeCl3

Neg. 1645

70c

27i

111

200x

unknown

Neg. 1015

69c

27d

110

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 243

116

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 244

74d

75a 69d

27e

110

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 246

70a

27f

110

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 247

75b

27n

116

200x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 252

75c

116

100x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 253

76d

120

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 265

111

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1589

117

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1177

70b

27h

75d 76a 56a

22h

56b

117

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 256

85

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 100

86

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 139

77b

28b

122

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 215

77a

28a

121

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1522

280

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 7  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

adze/axe

bronze

BC 694/1203A

EP-upper grave good

adze/axe

iron

DK 283/445

LP grave good

adze/axe

iron

DK 283/445

LP grave good

adze/axe

iron

DK 302/457

LP grave good

adze/axe

iron

DK 302/457

LP grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 601/2021

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

antimonial leaded arsenical copper

BT 905/1716

EP-lower non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 660/952

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 538/1617

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BPT 14A/67

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BPT 23/79

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BPT 27/85

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BT 607/1420

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

arsenical tin bronze

BT 615/1426

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BT 623/1439

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BT 700/1492

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BT 716/1502

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BT 731/1513

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

impure copper

BT 812/1581

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BT 814/1582

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BT 822/1588

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BT 859/1639

EP-upper non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 647A/890

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 649/896

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 677/1052

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BC 678A/1063B

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 719/1589

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BC 2163/804B

EP–MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BC 613/582

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BC 621/676

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BC 621/676

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 652/912

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 698A/1426

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 342/934

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 364/1010

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 517/1533

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 729/2548

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 807/2576

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 820/2743

MP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze/copper

BCES 1402/1320

MP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BT 564/1324

MP non-grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

281

Etchants

Negative #

31a

5a

16

200x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 123

67a

26a

107

100x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 287

67b

26a

107

600x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 288

67c

26b

108

600x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 279

67d

26b

108

200x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 285

30d

4.2g

15

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 179

59b

24.1c

92

600x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 211

33c

21

100x

unetched

Neg. 1609

33d

22

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 177

89

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 192

89

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 194

90

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1635

61a

97

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 203

61b

98

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 204

61c

98

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 205

61d

99

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1302

58a

23.1d

58b 58c

23.1e

62a

99

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1303

62b

100

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 206

100

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1640

62d

101

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1306

63a

101

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 208

63b

101

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1309

30

100x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 114

37b

30

100x

FeCl3

Neg. 1606

37c

31

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 117

31

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 119

62c

37a

24.2m

8o

37d

8p

38a

8r

38b

31

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1686

32

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1511

42a

12s

46

100x

K2Cr2O7 , FeCl3

Neg. NS 106

42b

13b

47

100x

FeCl3

Neg. 1603

42c

13b

47

200x

FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 108

42d

13c

47

100x

FeCl3 , AH/HP

Neg. 1607

43a

13d

48

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1613

48

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 167

13e

48

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 168

49

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 175

44a

13f

49

100x

K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1496

44b

13g

49

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1515

44c

13h

49

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 189

44d

13i

49

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1488

105

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1297

43b 43c 43d

65b

282

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 7 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

amorphous

bronze

BC 2123/811

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 278/729

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 299A/791

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 351/952

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BCES 414/1182

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 415/1183

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BT 496/910

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BT 496/910

MP–LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 603/471

LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BC 609/539

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 703/1545

LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

BCES 708/2436

LP non-grave good

amorphous

high-tin bronze

DK 155/331

LP non-grave good

amorphous

high-tin bronze

DK 155/331

LP non-grave good

amorphous

bronze

DK 265/416

LP non-grave good

amorphous

copper-base

BC 2167/365

LP–Proto non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 526/1592

EP-lower grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 596A/1984

EP-lower grave good

bangle

bronze

BC 693D/1203A

EP-upper grave good

bangle

bronze

BC 679A/1071

EP-upper non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BC 2168/1115

EP-upper non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BCES 649/2173

EP-upper non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

BPT 16/69

EP-upper non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BPT 22/84

EP-upper non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BPT 57/107

EP-upper non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BC 708A/1594

EP–MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

BC 709A/1594

EP–MP grave good

bangle

copper-base

BC 713/893A

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BC 713/893A

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BC 2155/702

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BCES 488/1408

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

BCES 609/2069

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

BCES 616/2097

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 617/2097

EP–MP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

BCES 395A/1115

MP grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 395B/1115

MP grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 490/1286

MP grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 491/1286

MP grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 591/1981

MP grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 1229/1077

MP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BT 514/1108

MP non-grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

Etchants

283

Negative #

47c

15g

62

200x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 135

47d

15h

62

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 160

48a

15i

63

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 164

48b

63

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1623

48c

64

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1624

48d

64

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 171

66a

106

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1577

66b

106

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 196

55a

79

100x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 102

55b

79

400x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 105

55c

21j

80

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 127

55d

21k

81

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 183

76b

119

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 234

76c

119

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 236

76d

120

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 265

56b

86

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 139

29a

4.1a

11

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1539

29b

4.1d

12

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1275

31b

5b

16

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 122

32a

6a

17

100x

K2Cr2O7 , FeCl3

Neg. NS 120

32b

6c

17

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 142

32c

6d

17

200x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1685

88

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1316

57a 57b

23.1b

88

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1318

57c

23.1c

89

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 195

34a

7a

25

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 128

34b

7b

25

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1239

34c

8a

25

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1525

34d

8a

25

600x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 129

35a

8b

26

100x

unetched

Neg. 1243

35b

8d

26

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1503

35c

8e

26

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1277

35d

8f

27

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 181

36a

8g

27

200x

unknown

Neg. 1281

39d

10b

38

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 170

40a

10c

39

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1580

39a

9a

36

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 173

39b

9b

37

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 174

39c

9d

37

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 178

40c

12e

42

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1497

63c

25.1a

102

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 200

284

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 7 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

bangle

copper-base

BCES 272/715

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

BCES 288/775

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

BCES 288/775

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 302/799

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BCES 317/863

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 332/899

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BCES 359B/996

MP–LP non-grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

BC 720B/918

LP grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

BC 604A/492

LP non-grave good

bangle

leaded bronze

BC 2156/322

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 205/379

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 219/439

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BCES 238/490

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 252/620

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 253/595A

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

BCES 269/672

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

BCES 799/2549

LP non-grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

DK 209A/381

LP non-grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

DK 209B/381

LP non-grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

DK 214/388

LP non-grave good

bangle

high-tin bronze

DK 219/388

LP non-grave good

bangle

bronze

DK 236/394

LP non-grave good

bangle

copper-base

DK 285/426

LP non-grave good

bell

copper-base

DK 211/380

LP non-grave good

bell

copper-base

DK 341/285

LP–Proto non-grave good

blade

bronze

BCES 480/1367

MP non-grave good

blade

iron

DK 255A/400

LP grave good

blade

iron

DK 255B/400

LP grave good

crucible prill

high-tin bronze

BCES 2020A/1982

MP non-grave good

crucible prill

impure copper

BCES 2020B/1982

MP non-grave good

crucible prill

impure copper

BC 987A/1005A

LP non-grave good

crucible prill

leaded copper

BC 987B/1005A

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

BC 687/1100

EP-lower non-grave good

flat

copper-base

BCES 2037/2804

EP-lower non-grave good

flat

bronze

BCES 546/1662

EP-upper non-grave good

flat

bronze

BPT 14B/67

EP-upper non-grave good

flat

bronze

BT 532/1173

EP-upper non-grave good

flat

copper-base

BT 533/1175

EP-upper non-grave good

flat

bronze

BT 534/1176

EP-upper non-grave good

flat

copper-base

BT 798/1558

EP-upper non-grave good

flat

copper-base

BC 656B/928

EP–MP non-grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

285

Etchants

Negative #

45a

14a

57

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1587

45b

14b

57

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 161

45c

14b

57

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 162

45d

14c

57

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1573

46a

14e

58

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 165

46b

14f

58

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 166

46c

14i

58

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1572

49a

16c

66

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 277

51a

19a

70

400x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 104

51b

19b

71

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 136

51c

19d

71

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1505

51d

19e

71

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1534

52a

19f

72

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1533

52b

19g

72

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 158

52c

19h

72

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1480

52d

19i

72

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 159

53a

19j

72

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1541

69a

27a

109

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 245

69b

27b

109

200x

FeCl3

Neg. 1645

69c

27d

110

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 243

69d

27e

110

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 246

70a

27f

110

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 247

70b

27h

111

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1589

70c

27i

111

200x

unknown

Neg. 1015

77a

28a

121

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1522

40d

12f

42

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1262

68a

26c

108

100x

nital

Neg. NS 248

68b

26d

108

100x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 249

77d

123

400x

K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 293

78a

123

400x

FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 294

78d

124

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 269

78c

124

400x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 273

30b

13

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 121

30c

13

400x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 298

20

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1500

89

40x

FeCl3

Neg. 1007

33b

6i

57d 60a

24.2h

95

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1637

95

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1293

24.2i

95

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1294

96

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1305

8m

29

100x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 125

60b 60c 60d 36d

286

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 7 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

flat

bronze

BCES 1230/1118

MP non-grave good

flat

bronze

BCES 742/2635

MP–LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

BC 602/284

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

BCES 226A/448

LP non-grave good

flat

impure copper

BCES 237/516

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

BCES 268/671

LP non-grave good

flat

copper-base

BCES 2009/391

LP non-grave good

flat

bronze

BC 601/277

LP–Proto non-grave good

flat

high-tin bronze

DK 109/287

LP–Proto non-grave good

miscellaneous

iron

DK 256/400

LP grave good

miscellaneous

high-tin bronze

BC 2207/355

LP non-grave good

point blade

bronze

BCES 762/2834

EP-lower grave good

point socket

bronze

BCES 762/2834

EP-lower grave good

point

bronze

BCES 741/2625

EP-upper non-grave good

point

bronze-iron

BCES 548/1582

MP grave good

point

iron

BCES 426B/1222

LP grave good

point

iron

BCES 749/2669

LP grave good

point

iron

BCES 1205/850

LP grave good

slag prill

copper-base

BCES 382A/1073

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

BCES 621/2031

EP-lower non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

BT 889/1694

EP-lower non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 528/1595

EP-upper non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

BT 582/1396

EP-upper non-grave good

wire/rod

impure copper

BT 853/1634

EP-upper non-grave good

wire/rod

arsenical tin bronze

BCES 486/1395

EP–MP non-grave good

wire/rod

arsenical tin bronze

BCES 486/1395

EP–MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

BC 698B/1426

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

BC 2188/530

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

BCES 502/1460

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

BT 508/1081

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

BT 509/1083

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

impure copper

BT 541/1214

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 551/1296

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

BT 555/1303

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 565/1325

MP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 312/854

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 1188/748

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

BT 498/923

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

bronze

BT 506/982

MP–LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

BC 633/770

LP grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

BC 2161A/781

LP grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

Etchants

287

Negative #

41d

12r

45

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1498

47b

15b

61

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1542

53d

20h

75

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1595

76

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1617

77

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 156

77

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1620

77

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1632

54a 54b

20i

54c 54d

20j

56a

22h

85

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 100

77b

28b

122

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 215

68c

26e

109

100x

Marshall’s Reagent and nital

Neg. NS 251

53b

20d

74

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 144

29c

4.1e

12

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 186

29d

4.1e

12

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 187

32d

6f

18

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 185

40b

11d

41

160x

FeCl3

Neg. 1692

49b

17c

68

500x

unknown

Neg. 1261

49c

18a

69

200x

probably nital

Neg. 1285

49d

18b

69

100x

nital 2%

Neg. NS 191

123

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 169

77c 30a

4.2f

13

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1502

59a

24.1b

91

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 210

33a

6g

19

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 176

94

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 202

59c 59d

24.2g

95

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 209

36b

8l

28

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1504

36c

8l

28

600x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 172

41a

12h

43

400x

AH/HP

Neg. NS 126

41b

12i

43

200x

unknown, may be unetched

Neg. 1662

41c

12k

44

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1532

63d

25.1b

102

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 197

103

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 199

25.1c

103

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1638

103

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1295

25.1d

104

400x

ferric nitrate, K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 262

104

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1298

30

200x

AH/HP

Neg. 1483

64a 64b 64c 64d 65a 46d

15a

47a

61

100x

AH/HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1631

65c

105

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1588

25.2e

105

100x

AH-HP, K2Cr2O7

Neg. 1636

50a

18c

69

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 180

50b

18d

70

200x

FeCl3

Neg. NS 137

65d

288

2D: CATALOGS FOR METALS AND RELATED REMAINS

Table 7 cont'd  Concordance of the Information for Each Photomicrograph, Arranged by Artifact Class and Period Artifact class

Metal

Artifact ID

Period/context type

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

BC 2208/918

LP grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

BC 2208/918

LP grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

BCES 735/2601

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 113/306

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 120/310

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 126/320

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 126/320

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 127/339

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 128/318

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 134/328

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 135/328

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 141/327

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 146/329

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 146/329

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 149/329

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 151/331

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 153/332

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 176A/362

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 176B/362

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 178/364

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 218/388

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 261A/405

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 261B/405

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

copper-base

DK 294/439

LP non-grave good

wire/rod

high-tin bronze

DK 295/436

LP non-grave good

CONCORDANCE TABLES

PM #

Drawing # Catalog pg. Magnification

289

Etchants

Negative #

50c

18e

70

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 151

50d

18e

70

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 152

53c

75

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1630

70d

111

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 217

71a

111

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 218

71b

112

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 259

71c

112

100x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 260

71d

112

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 220

72a

112

200x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 222

112

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 239

72b

27j

72c

112

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 225

72d

113

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 226

73a

113

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 227

113

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 228

113

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 230

113

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 232

73b 73c

27k

73d 74a

27l

114

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 233

74b

27m

114

400x

AH/HP

Neg. 1531

74c

27m

114

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 300

114

400x

AH/HP, FeCl3 , K2Cr2O7

Neg. NS 241

74d 75a

116

100x

AH/HP, FeCl3

Neg. NS 244

116

200x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 252

75c

116

100x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 253

75d

117

100x

AH/HP

Neg. 1177

76a

117

400x

ferric nitrate

Neg. NS 256

75b

27n

References

Thai Archaeology Monograph Series

TAM 2D White, J. C., and E. G. Hamilton (editors)

TAM 1: Pietrusewsky, M., and M. T. Douglas

2021

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Ban Chiang, A Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand I: The Human Skeletal Remains. Thai Archaeology Monograph Series 1. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.

TAM 2A: White, J. C., and E. G. Hamilton (editors) 2018

Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand 2A: Background to the Study of the Metal Remains. Thai Archaeology Monograph Series 2A. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.

TAM 2B: White, J. C., and E. G. Hamilton (editors) 2018

Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand 2B: Metals and Related Evidence from Ban Chiang, Ban Tong, Ban Phak Top, and Don Klang. Thai Archaeology Monograph Series 2B. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.

TAM 2C: White, J. C., and E. G. Hamilton (editors) forthcoming Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand 2C: The Metal Remains in Regional Context. Thai Archaeology Monograph Series 2C. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.

Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand 2D: Catalogs for Metals and Related Remains from Ban Chiang, Ban Tong, Ban Phak Top, and Don Klang. Thai Archaeology Monograph Series 2D. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia. ——————————

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The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia: New Insight on Social Change from Ban Non Wat. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21(3):365–389.

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Prehistoric Iron in Southeast Asia: New Evidence from Northeast Thailand. In Southeast Asian Archaeology at the XV Pacific Science Congress: The Origins of Agriculture, Metallurgy, and the State in Mainland Southeast Asia, edited by D. T. Bayard, pp. 278–301. University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology Vol. 16. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

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