Prehistoric Investigations in Northeast Thailand, Parts i - iii: Excavations at Ban Na Di, Non Kao Noi, Ban Muang Phruk, Ban Chiang Hian, Non Noi, Ban Kho Noi and site surveys in the Upper Songkhram and Middle Chi Valleys 9781407392202, 9781407392219, 9781407392226, 9780860543008, 9781407338835

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Prehistoric Investigations in Northeast Thailand Excavations at Ban Na Di, Non Kao Noi, Ban Muang Phruk, Ban Chiang Hian, Non Noi,· Ban Kho Noi and site surveys in the Upper Songkhram and Middle Chi Valleys

Charles Higham and Amphan Kijngam With contributions from Payom Chantaratiyakarn, Warrachai Wiriyaromp, Philip Houghton, Metha Wichakana, Warankhana Rajpitak, Nigel Seeley, T.T. Chang, E. Loresto, Brian Vincent, Jacqui Pilditch, Ingrid Adamcyzk, Richard McGovern-Wilson, P.D. Jones, Robert Maddin and Y. Q. Weng

Part i

BAR International Series 231 (i) 1984

·B.A.R.

122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B. Se., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S231(i), 1985: 'Prehistoric Investigations in Northeast Thailand', Part i

©

Charles Higharn and Arnphan Kijngam, 198L1-

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407392202 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407392219 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9781407392226 (Volume III) paperback ISBN 9780860543008 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407338835 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543008 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

t ab le o f c ontents

r e. E tI _ _E

CD I F

C .) h 4

N ., CD L . LA 4 4I E

E

t ir

CD t1 E E

ACKN3 f iLEDGEKENTS

xiv

I N TRODUCT MN

1

S ECT KN C le CHAPTER CNE

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam PREV IOUS RESEARCH I N NORTHEAST THA ILAND The p resent

r esearch s trategy

The c ultural CH6FTER

a nd c hronolog ical

f ramework

THE EXCAVATICN CF BAN NA D I, B AN W e iNG PHRU( AN) N ON K PC > N I CH

2 2

B an Na D i:

2 3

t he e xcavation

l evels

T he s tratigraphic s equence: s ummary Ban Na D i: t he r adiocarbon c hronology

2 9 3 0

T he

3 2

t est

e xcavation a t Non Kao Nbi

3 4 3 5

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam T HE M IK TER IAL CULTURE FRCM BAN t kA D I J ewellery The e vidence

CHAPTER FOUR

1 3

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam

The t est e xcavation a t B an W ang P hruk T he e xcavation: s ummary CH6FTER 11FEE

4 1 2

f or metallurgy

5 7 5 8 8 1

The i nsect wax T he remains o f f abric The c lay s eals

1 24 1 26 1 48

T he c lay a nvils

1 52

The c lay f igurines T he c lay l adles

1 58 1 73

The b one a nd a ntler a rtefacts T he whetstones

1 75 1 87

The s tone f lakes M iscellaneous c lay a rtefacts

1 92 1 93

The a pplique o rnament o n p otsherds T he c lay p ipes

2 03 2 15

The material

c ulture

f rom B an W ang Phruk

2 17

T he material

c ulture

f rom Non K ao Nbi

2 21

Metha W ichakana THE R WS FROM BAN NA D I A M RELATED S ITES Detailed d escription o f The r im t ypes:

s ummary

2 23 r im t ypes

2 28 2 58

t ab le o f c ontents

" \/ C>L_ LJ NA E E

CHAPTER F IVE

CHAPTER S IX

CHAPTER E IGHT

C )

Charles H ighan a nd Amphan K ijngam THE BUR IAL POTTERY FROM BAN NA D I The multivariate a nalysis o f r ound b ased v essels The multivariate a nalysis o f p edestalled v essels . ,. Manufacturing t echniques

2 91 2 93 3 00 3 04

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam T HE B IOLCGACAL R EMA INS FROA BAN NA D I

3 53

Bovidae S uidae

3 53 3 59

Cervidae Canidae

3 63 3 64

Manidae F elidae

3 67 3 67

Mustelidae

3 67

R anidae Ames

3 67 3 68

Varanidae C rocodylidae T rionychidae

3 70 3 70 3 70

, V iverridae

3 70

L eporidae M luridae

3 72 3 72

Herpestes javanicus

3 75

Cphicephalidae

3 76

Anabanditidae

3 76

C laridae B agridae

3 77 3 77

S iluridae Cyprinidae

3 78 3 78

T he B an Na D i

CHAPTER SEVEN

W

f aunal

s pectrum

3 78

T he f aunal material f rom h uman b urials The molluscan r emains

3 79 3 82

T he r i ce r emains

3 84

P hilip Houghton a nd Warrachai I N iriyaromp T HE PEOPLE CF BAN NA D I

3 91

I ntroduction Methods o f a nalysis

3 91 3 91

F indings D iscussion

3 93 3 99

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam THE MORTUARY R ITUAL AT BAN NA D I Mortuary p hase o ne

4 13 4 16

Mortuary p hase

t wo

4 33

Mortuary p hase

t hree

R eview o f

t he mortuary e vidence

4 34 4 35

t ab le

CHAPTER N INE

o f c ontents

Metha W ichakana THE ANALYSIS CF UPPER 9 0 INGKHR OW SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

CHAPTER TEN

5 46

P ayom Chantaratiyakarn THE RESEARCH PROGRAMME

I N THE

M UDDLE CH I VALLEY A i ms a nd methods

5 65 5 65

General

5 68

r esearch s trategy

Summary

5 71

SECT 1 0 4 IMO CHAPTER ELEVEN P ayam Chant a r ati yakarn THE EXCAVAT 104 CF BAN CH I ANG H L AN AHD BAN M D K M

5 76

I ntroduction

5 76

T he s tratigraphy o f B an Chiang H ian

5 77

The

r ad iocarbon c hronology

The material

5 78

c ulture

5 79

The e xcavation o f Ban Kho Nöi

5 83

T he b iological Summary

5 83 5 85

r emains

CHAPTER TWELVE P ayam , Chant a r ati yakarn THE POTTERY F FC 1 4 1 1 BAN CH I M G HL AN AND RELATED S I T ES The

5 90

r im t ypes f rom Ban Chiang H ian

The p ottery

t r an B an Kho Nöi

R ims w ith p arallels a t Non Chai The r ime f rom Non Nöi B an Chiang H ian:

a nd Non Dua

t he body s herds

T he a pplique d ecoration

5 90 5 99

f rom B an Chiang H ian

Conclusions

6 01 6 01 6 10 6 13 6 17

CHAPTER TH IRTEEN P ayam i Chantaratiyakarn THE M UDDLE CH I AREA :

SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

6 22

CHAPTER P3URTEEN P ayam Chantaratiyakarn THE M IDDLE CH I A FFJC CONCLUS ICNS

L T h 1l EE

6 38

rI4F tE E E

SECT I CH TH REE CHAPTER F IF TEEN B rian V incent THE M INERALOG ICAL ANALYSIS CF POTTERY FROM BAN I 4

D I A t e RELATED S ITES

6 44

t ab le

o f c ontents

I ntroduction For m er

6 44

s tud ies

i n p rehistoric T hai

c eram ics

6 44

E thnographic s tudies S tyle a nalysis a nd f abric a nalysis

6 48 6 49

Methods employed

6 52

Definition o f S akon Näkhon B asin c eram ic t raditions:

p reli m inary c onsiderations

6 53

Ceram ic a nalysis B an Na D i mortuary p hase 1 p ottery

6 55 6 55

Ceram ic a nvils

6 68

f rom l evels 6 a nd 7

B an Na D i mortuary p hase 2 pottery

6 69

F iring t emperatures

6 71

The c lay u sed f or

b urial

f i gurines

6 74

XRD a nalysis

6 75

E lectron m icroprobe a nalysis

6 75

B an Na D i

6 77

non-burial

B an Na D i

r ims

B an Na D i

e xotic

6 78

The a t

f abrics

o f

A lkali water B an Na D i Pottery

pottery

6 82

t he e xotic f abrics

6 84

f ilters

c eram ics:

f rom s ites

6 84 s ummery

r elated

6 85 t o B an Na D i

6 86

Conclusions

6 89

SECT I CH F CUR CHAPTER S I XTEEN Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam THE CULTURAL » D C l eCNOLCG ICAL FRAMEWORK FOR NORTHEAST T HA I I ntroduction: B an Na D i:

PREH ISTORY

6 98

t he s ignificance o f B an Na D i

s ummary

7 01

B an Chiang a nd B an Na D i

7 03

B an Na D i

a nd Non Nbk T ha

7 05

B an Na D i

a nd t he Chi Valley s ites

7 05

B an Na D i

a nd B an Chiang:

7 07

Three

r eg ional

T he M iddle Chi E lements o f

g roups

7 10

a rea

a model

e xplanation o f

c hronology

7 12 f or

t he d evelopment

c entralised p olities

a nd

i n

Northeast Thailand T he

7 13

l ate p eriod a t B an Chiang: wes

t here

c entralisation? T he Chi

7 19

Valley a nd t he e mergence o f

The a rticulation o f

t he M iddle Chi

c hiefdoms

APPEND IX INO

7 20

a nd Upper

Songkhram a reas

APPEND IX CNE

698

7 23

Northeast Thailand a nd Southeast Asian P rehistory

7 25

Comparison w ith o ther

7 26

r egions

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam CHECKLIST CF RAD I OCARBON DATES

7 31

Philip Houghton a nd Whrrachai W iriyaramp THE PEOPLE CF BAN h t i1 4 D / I: CENSUS » D BONE S IZES

7 37

t ab le

SUMMARY

o f c ontents

I N THA I

7 46

WORKS REFERRED TO I N THE TEXT

8 96

I NDEX

9 14

c )1 4E

NZ L _ LI

M E

7 17

C)

F .IC LI F

E

1 -1 General Map o f Mainland Southeast Asia 1 -2 C ross s ection o f

t he p rincipal

1 5

t andfonms f ound

i n

t he

Khorat P lateau 1 -3 The p rincipal

1 6 c limatic v ariables

f ound o n t he Khorat P lateau c ompared w ith R ed R iver Delta a nd Kuala Lumpur

t he 1 7

1 -4 T he S akon N äkhon B asin

1 8

1 -5 The Chi Valley

1 9

1 -6 T he c ultural a nd c hronological Thai p rehistory 1 -7 T he c hronolog ical

f ramework

f or Northeast

r elationships b etween d ifferent

2 0 s ites

i n

t ab le o f c ontents

Northeast Thailand 2 -1 P lan o f

2 1

t he v illage o f B an Na D i

3 6

2 -2 The c entral a rea o f B an Na D i 2 -3a-n The s ections t hrough t he e xcavated a rea o f B an N a D i 2 -4 T he B an Na D i r adiocarbon c hronology 2 -5 T he s tratigraphy o f Non Kao Nö i

3 7 3 8-51 5 2 5 3

2 -6 The b urial

5 4

p lan o f Non Kao Nbi

2 -7 T he s tratigraphy o f B an N ivang Phruk

5 5

2 -8 The b urial p lan o f B an W ang Phruk

5 6

3 -1 3 -2

B an N a D i: B an Na D i:

6 2 6 5

3 -3

B an Na D i: t rochus s hell b urial 3 2

3 -4

B an Na D i: t rochus s hell b racelets f rom b urial 3 2 ( cont.) B an Na D i: j ewellery o f s tone, s hell a nd t ooth

3 -5

t he l arge s hell b eads t rochus s hell b racelets b racelets

6 6

3 -6

B an Na D i:

s tone b racelets

3 -7

B an Na D i:

o rnaments o f

3 -8

B an Na D i:

3 -9 B an Na D i: 3 -10 B an Na D i:

f rom

i vory,

6 7 6 8 7 2

t ooth a nd bone

7 5

t he b lue a nd o range g lass b eads

8 0

t he c lay moulds t he s tone moulds

1 28 1 29

3 -11 B an Na D i: a c lay c rucible f rom l evel 6 3 -12 B an Na D i: a c lay c rucible f rom l evel 6

1 30 1 31

3 -13 B an N a D i: b ronze b racelets a nd c oil 3 -14 Ban Na D i: b ronze b racelets

1 32 1 33

3 -15 B an Na D i:

1 34

b ronze r ings

3 -16 B an Na D i: b ronze a rtefacts 3 -17 B an Na D i: t he b ronze b racelet c atch 3 -18 S I EN I v iew o f " w ire' t ram b urial 4 5 s tone b racelet

1 35 1 11 1 36

3 -19 T ransverse v iew o f t he ' w ire' b urial 4 5 s tone b racelet

1 37

f rom

3 -20 S keleton o f c ast s tructure o f t he ' w ire' t ram t he b urial 4 5 s tone b racelet ( x1000) 3 -21 C ross-section t hrough a l evel 8 c rucible f ragment 3 -22 Scatter p lot o f b asis o f

t he B an Na D i

l ead a gainst

1 38 1 39

b ronzes o n t he

t in

1 41

3 -23 Scatter p lot o f t he B an Na D i b ronzes o n t he b asis o f a f actor a nalysis o f c opper, t in l ead a nd a rsenic 3 -24 Scatter p lot o f t he B an Na D i b ronzes o n t he b asis o f f actor a nalysis o f a ll metals 3 -25 T he c ross s ections o f b racelets f rom B an N a D i 3 -26 B an Na D i:

i ron a rtefacts

1 43 a 1 43 1 44 1 45

3 -27 B an Na D i: i ron a rtefacts 3 -28 The f abrics t ram B an Na D i 3 -29 B an Na D i: t he c lay s eals

1 46 1 47 1 51

3 -30 B an Na D i: 3 -31 B an Na D i:

t he c lay a nvils t he c lay a nvils

1 54 1 55

3 -32 B an Na D i: 3 -33 B an Na D i:

t he c lay a nvils t he c lay a nvils

1 56 1 57

3 -34 Ban Na D i:

t he c attle

f igurines

t ram

t able

o f c ontents

t he b urials

1 68

3 -35 B an Na D i: t he c attle f i gurines f rom b urial 3 -36 B an Na D i: c attle, e lephant, d eer a nd h uman f i gurines 3 -37 B an Na D i:

c attle

f i gurines

3 -38 B an Na D i:

c attle,

4 7

1 69 1 70

f rom b urials

h uman a nd f ish

1 71

f igurines

1 72

3 -39 B an Na D i:

t he c lay

3 -40 B an Na D i:

t he b one p o ints

l adles f rom l evel

7

1 74 1 81

3 -41

B an Na D i:

t he b one p oints

f rom l evel

6 a nd 7

1 82

3 -42 B an Na D i:

t he b one p oints

f rom l evels 4 -6

3 -43 B an Na D i:

t he bone a rtefacts

3 -44 B an Na D i: 3-45 Ban Na D i:

t he worked bone a nd a ntler t he bone a rtefacts f rom b urials

1 85 1 86

3 -46 B an Na D i:

t he whetstones

1 90

3 -47 B an Na D i:

t he whetstones

1 91

3 -48 B an Na D i:

t he s tone

1 92

f rom l evel

1 83

7

1 84

f lakes

3 -49 B an Na D i: m iscellaneous c lay a rtefacts 3 -50 B an Na D i: m iscellaneous c lay a rtefacts 3 -51

B an Na D i:

c lay matting

1 98 1 99

i mpressions

a nd c lay r ings

2 00

3 -52 B an Na D i:

c lay points a nd d iscs

2 01

3 -53 B an Na D i: 3-54 B an Na D i:

t he p erforated r ice s teamers t he applique o rnament o n p otsherds

2 08 2 09

3 -55 B an Na D i: 3 -56 B an Na D i:

t he a pplique o rnament o n potsherds t he applique o rnament o n p otsherds

2 10 2 11

3 -57 B an Na D i:

t he applique o rnament

2 12

3 -58 The

f requencies p er

t ypes o f 3 -59 The

l evel

a pplique o rnament

r elationships b etween

b asis o f

o f

a c luster

3 -60 B an Na D i:

a t B an Na D i

a nalysis o f

4 -2 Pottery r im t ypes l evel

2 18 c ulture

2 21

t he main c hanges

i n

t he r im ,

2 22 a fter B ronson

f r o m Non Kao Nöi

2 27

a nd

8

4 -3 Pottery r im t ypes

2 14 2 19 2 20

c ulture by l evel a reas o f

t he

t he applique d ecoration

t he complete pots

a summary o f

4 -1 The p rincipal Ban Na D i

on

t he c lay p ellets

3 -63 Non Kao Nbi: material

2 13

l evels a t B an N a D i

3 -61 B an Na D i: t he c lay p ipes 3 -62 B an W ang P hruk: t he material 3 -64 B an Na D i:

o n p otsherds

t he d ifferent

2 64 f rom B an Na D i

l evel

7

2 65

4 -4 Pottery r im t ypes

f rom B an Na D i

l evels 6 a nd 7

2 66

4 -5 Pottery r im t ypes

f rom B an Na D i

l evel

6

2 67

6

4 -6 Pottery r im t ypes

f rom B an Na D i

l evel

4 -7 Pottery

f r o m B an Na D i

l evels 6 a nd 5

r im t ypes

2 68 2 69

4 -8 Pottery r im t ypes

f rom B an Na D i

l evel

5

2 70

4 -9 Pottery r im t ypes

f rom B an Na D i

l evel

5

2 71

4 -10 Pottery r im t ypes

f rom B an Na D i

l evel

5

2 72

4 -11 Pottery

f rom B an Na D i

l evel

4

2 73

r im t ypes

4 -12 Pottery r im t ypes f rom B an Na D i 4 -13 Pottery r im t ypes f r o m B an N a D i

l evel 4 l evels 4 a nd 3

2 74 2 75

4 -14 Pottery r im t ypes f rom B an Na D i 4 -15 Pottery r im t ypes f rom B an Na D i

l evel l evel

2 76 2 77

4 -16 Pottery r im t ypes

f r o m B an W ang P hruk

3 3

2 78

t ab le

o f c ontents

4 -17 Pottery r im t ypes

f rom B an W ang P hruk

2 79

4 -18 Pottery r im t ypes

f rom B an W ang P hruk

2 80

4 -19 Pottery r im t ypes

f rom B an W ang P hruk

2 81

4 -20 T he complete v essels f rom B an N a D i w ith r im t ypes i dentified i n l evels 6 -8 4 -21 T he common 4 -22 The

r im t ypes

r esults o f

i dentified

a c luster

d iagram ,

o f a ffinity b etween r im s amples B an Na D i a nd B an W ang P hruk 4 -23 H istogram s how ing t he by

l ayer

l evel

l evels a t 2 84 r im t ypes r im

l ayer

l ayer

4 -27 H istograms show ing

2 86

f requency occurrence a t Ban Na D i

4 -26 H istogram s how ing t he r im t ypes by

2 85

f requency occurrence o f

a t Ban Na D i

r im t ypes by

2 83

s how ing t he d egree

f rom t he

a t Non Kao Nbi

4 -25 H istogram s how ing t he o f

2 82

l evels 4 -5 a t B an N a D i

f requency occurrence o f

4 -24 H istogram s how ing t he t ypes b y

i n

t he c ommon

( cont.)

2 87

f requency occurrence o f

a t B an Muang P hruk t he

2 88

f requency o ccurrence o f

t emper

t ypes by l ayer a t Hon Kao Nbi, B an Na D i a nd Ban W ang P hruk.289 4 -28 C luster d iagram s how ing t he r elationships b etween t he l evels B an Na D i

" •/ 4 Z )

o n

t he b asis o f

tJ

E

t amper

t ypes

tJ

2 90

% Ai C>

1

E

5 -1

The r esults o f a f actor a nalysis o f b ased pots f ro ' ' , B an Na D i

r ound

5 -2

The c lusters o f

5 -3

B an Na D i:

p ot

f onm l a

3 12

5 -4

B an Nä D i:

pot

f onm l a

3 13

3 10

r ound b ased v essels

r esulting f rom a f actor

a nalysis

3 11

5 -5

B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm l b

3 14

5 -6 5 -7

B an Na D i: B an Na D i:

pot pot

f orm l b f orm l c

3 15 3 16

5 -8

B an Na D i:

pot

f orm l c

3 17

5 -9 B an Na D i: 5 -10 B an Na D i:

pot pot

f orm l c f orm 2

3 18 3 19

5 -11 B an Na D i:

pot

f orm 2

3 20

5 -12 B an Nä D i:

pot

f onm 2

3 21

5 -13 B an Nä D i:

p ot

f onm 3

3 22

5 -14 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orms 3 a nd 4

3 23

5 -15 Ban Na D i:

p ot

f orm 4

3 24

5 -16 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 4

3 25

5 -17 Ban Nä D i:

pot

f onm 4

3 26

5 -18 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 4

3 27

5 -19 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 4

3 28

5 -20 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 4

3 29

5 -21 B an Na D i: 5 -22 B an Na D i:

p ot pot

f orms 4 a nd 5 f onm 6

3 30 3 31

5 -23 B an Na D i:

pot

f orms 7 a nd 9

3 32

t ab le

5 -24 B an Na D i: 5 -25 B an Na D i: 5-26 F actor

p ot p ot

o f c ontents

f orm 9 f orms 1 0-13

a nalysis

f or

5 -27 R esults o f

a c luster

5 -28 B an N a D i: 5 -30 B an N a D i:

pot p ot

3 33 3 34

p edestalled v essels a nalysis

f or

3 35

p edestalled v essels

f orm 1 4a f orm 1 4b

3 36 3 37 3 38

5 -29 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 4b

3 39

5 -31

p ot

f orm 1 4b

3 40

B an N a D i:

5 -32 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 4b

3 41

5 -33 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 4b

3 42

5 -35 B an Na D i:

p ot

f or m e 1 5 a nd 1 7

3 43

5 -34 B an Na D i: 5 -36 B an Na D i:

pot p ot

f or m e 1 4b a nd 1 4c f or m e 1 6 a nd 1 8

3 44 3 45

5 -37 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 9

3 46

5 -38 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 9

3 47

5 -39 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 9

3 48

5 -40 B an Na D i: 5 -41 B an Na D i:

pot pot

f orm 2 0 f orm 2 1

3 49 3 50

5 -42 S tability/access d iagra rn f or 5 -43 S tability/access d ata 6-1 Ban N a D i:

t he

f aunal

6 -2 B an Na D i: t he f aunal small f ish a nd f rog 6 -3 Ban N a D i:

s catter

f or

r ound b ased v essels

3 51

t he p edestalled v essels

3 52

spectrum e xcluding small

f ish

s pectrum f or

i nclud ing

l evels 4 -8,

3 86 3 87

p lot

o f

t he d imensions o f

b ovid

o f

t he d i mensions o f b ovid

o f

b ovid magna

s econd f ore p halanges 6 -4 B an Na D i: f irst

s catter

3 88

p lot

f ore p halanges

6 -5 B an N a D i:

s catter

3 89

p lot

3 89

6-6 B an Na D i:

s catter p lot o f bovid metacarpals

3 90

6 -7 B an N a D i:

o utline o f

3 90

t he

r i ce g rains

7-1 G raph s how ing age a t d eath o f 7 -2 B an N a D i: s urvivorship c urve 7 -3 Ban Na D i: mortality c urve

t he p eople o f B an Na D i f or mortuary p hase 1

4 06 4 07

f or mortuary p hase 1

7 -4 B an N a D i:

l ife e xpectancy c urves

7 -5 B an Na D i:

s urvivorship c urves

4 08

f or mortuary p hase

f or B an Na D i

1

4 09

a nd comparative

s amples

4 10

8-1 Ban Na D i:

t he mortuary p hase l a b urials

i n s quares A 1-4

4 43

8 -2 B an Na D i:

t he mortuary p hase l b b urials

i n s quares A 1-4

4 43

8 -3 B an N a D i:

t he mortuary p hase l c b urials

8 -4 B an N a D i: 8 -5 B an N a D i:

t he mortuary p hase 2 b urials t he mortuary p hase 3 b urials

i n s quares A l-4 i n s quares A 1-4

4 45 4 45

8 -6 B an N a D i:

t he mortuary p hase l a b urial

4 7

4 47

8 -7 Ban Na D i:

b urials 4 0, b urial

8 -8 B an N a D i:

4 2

4 5 a nd 4 6 a nd 4 4

b urials 3 7-8 8 -9 Ban Na D i:

b urial

3 6

( mortuary p hase

b urials 1 9 a nd 2 1 i n square F 6

8 -11

b urials 2 4

B an Na D i:

l b)

l a)

4 43

a nd

i n s quare F 6

( mortuary p hase l a)

( mortuary p hase l b)

8 -10 B an N a D i:

i n s quare F 6

(m ortuary p hase

( mortuary p hase

b urials 4 1

i n s quares A A-4

4 48

a nd

l b)

4 49

i n s quare F 6

4 50

( mortuary p hase l b) 4 51

(mortuary p hase l b)

-

X I I

-

a nd 2 7

( mortuary

t ab le

o f c ontents

p hase 1 c) i n s quare F 6 b urials 3 1 a nd 3 2 ( mortuary p hase

8 -12 B an Na D i:

4 52 l c)

i n s quare F 6 8 -13 B an Na D i: 8 -14 B an Na D i

4 53

b urials 1 6 a nd 1 7 i n s quare F 6 b urial

( mortuary p hase

4 54

4 7 s quare F6

8 -15 The g rave a ssemblage

1 c)

( mortuary p hase

f rom b urial

8 -16 Cattle f i gurines f rom b urial 4 7 8 -17 Cattle f i gurines f rom b urial 4 7 8 -18 B an Na D i b urials 4 0, 4 5 a nd 4 6

4 7

l a)

4 55

( mortuary p hase l a)

( cont.) s quare F 6

( mortuary p hase l a) 8 -19 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

8 -20 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblages

4 56 4 57 4 58 4 59

f rom b urial

4 5

4 60

f rom b urials 4 0 a nd 4 6

4 61

8 -21 B an Na D i 8 -22 B an Na D i

b urials 3 7 a nd 3 9 s quare F 6 ( mortuary p hase 1 b) The g rave a ssemblages f rom b urials 3 7, 3 9 a nd 2 1

4 62 4 63

8 -23 B an Na D i

b urial

4 64

8 -24 B an Na D i: 8 -25 B an Na D i

4 2 s quare F 6 mortuary p hase l b

t he g rave a ssemblages b urial

3 8 s quare F6 mortuary p hase l b

8-26 The g rave a ssemblage 8 -27 B an Na D i

b urial

f rom b urials 5 0 a nd 4 2

4 1

f rom b urial

4 65 4 66

3 8

4 67

s quare F 6 mortuary p hase l a

4 68

8-28 B an Na D i

b urial

4 4

4 69

8 -29 B an Na D i

b urial

3 6 s quare F 6 mortuary p hase l b

4 70

8-30 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

8 -31 B an Na D i:

b urials 3 1-32 square F6 mortuary p hase l c

f rom b urial

3 6

4 71 4 72

8 -32 B an Na D i: t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 3 1 8 -33 B an Na D i b urial 3 5 s quare F6 mortuary p hase l c

4 73 4 74

8-34 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

3 5

4 75

8 -35 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

f r o m b urial

3 2

4 76

t he g rave a ssemblage

f r o m b urials 3 0 a nd 3 2

8 -36 B an Na D i: 8 -37 B an Na D i

b urial

8 -38 B an Na D i 8 -39 B an Na D i

b urials 1 9 a nd 2 1 b urials 1 9 a nd 2 1

8-40 B an Na D i

b urial

8 -41 B an Na D i: 8 -42 B an Na D i 8 -43 B an Na D i:

2 7 s quare F 6 mortuary p hase

l c

square F 6 mortuary p hase l b s quare F 6 mortuary p hase l b

2 4 s quare F6 mortuary p hase l b

t he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

4 77 4 78 4 79 4 80 4 81

1 9

4 82

b urials 1 6 a nd 1 7 s quare F 6 mortuary p hase

l c

4 83

t he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

1 6

8-44 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

f r o m b urial

1 7

8 -45 B an Na D i: 8 -46 B an Na D i:

b urial 2 2 s quare A2 mortuary p hase l a t he g rave a ssemblages f r o m b urials

4 86

2 0,

4 87

2 2,

4 84 4 85

3 4 a nd 2 5

8-47 B an Na D i:

b urial

2 6 s quare A3 mortuary p hase

8 -48 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

l a

4 88

2 6

4 89

8 -49 Ban Na D i:

b urial

2 8 b aulk A3/AA mortuary p hase l a

4 90

8 -50 B an Na D i:

b urial

3 3 b autk A3/AA mortuary p hase l a

4 91

8 -51 B an Na D i:

b urial

4 3 square AA mortuary p hase l a

8 -52 B an Na D i:

b urial

2 3 b aulk A3/AA mortuary p hase

4 92 l b

4 93

8 -53 Ban Na D i:

b urial

4 9 square AA mortuary p hase l b

4 94

8 -54 B an Na D i:

b urial

2 5 s quare A3 mortuary p hase

4 95

8-55 B an Na D i:

b urial

3 0 s quare AA mortuary p hase l b

4 96

8 -56 B an Na D i:

b urial

1 2 s quare A3 mortuary p hase l b

4 97

8-57 The g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

1 2

8 -58 T he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

1 2

8-59 B an Na D i:

b urials 1 3

l b

4 98 ( cont.)

( mortuary p hase 1 B)

a nd 1 8

4 99

t ab le

o f c ontents

( mortuary p hase 1 C) 8 -60 B an Na D i:

s quare AA

5 00

t he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

1 8

8-61 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

1 8

8 -62 B an Na D i: 8 -63 B an Na D i:

b urial

8 -64 B an N a D i: 8 -65 B an Na D i: 8 -66 B an Na D i: 8-67 B an Na D i: 8 -68 B an Na D i:

5 03

t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 4 8 t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 4 8 ( cont.) t he g rave a ssemblage f r o m b urial 4 8 ( cont.)

5 04 5 05 5 06

t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 5 0 2 0 s quare AA mortuary p hase l c

5 07

b urial

5 09

b urial

5 08

2 9 s quare AA mortuary p hase l c

8-69 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage b urials 1 0 a nd 1 1

8-71

burial

B an Na D i:

5 02

4 8 b aulk A3/AA mortuary p hase l c

8 -70 B an Na D i: 8 -72 B an Na D i:

5 01

f rom b urial

2 9

5 10

s quares A3/AA mortuary p hase l c 5 11

1 0 squares A3/AA mortuary p hase l c

t he g rave a ssemblages

f rom b urials 1 0 a nd 1 1

5 12 5 13

8 -73 B an Na D i:

b urial

3 4 s quare A l mortuary p hase l a

5 14

8 -74 B an Na D i:

b urial

1 4 s quare A l mortuary p hase l b

5 15

8 -75 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

8 -76 B an Na D i: 8 -77 B an Na D i:

b urial

f rom b urial

1 4

1 5 s quare A l mortuary p hase

t he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

5 16 l b

5 17

1 5

5 18

8 -78 B an Na D i:

b urials IS 1 9-22 s quare F 5 5 19 he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urials TS 1 5 a nd TS 1 9 5 20 8 -79 B an Na D i: t

8 -80 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblages

f rom b urials 1 3,

TS16 a nd 1521 8 -81

B an Na D i:

b urials 1S15-18 s quare F5.

A LL

153,

5 22 a re

mortuary p hase l b 8 -82 B an Na D i: 8 -83 B an Na D i:

b urials TS7-14. A ll

5 21

5 23 a re mortuary p hase l c

t he g rave a ssemblages

5 24

f rom b urials TS7 5 25

1S13 a nd 1S17 TS 1 2 mortuary p hase l c

5 26

f rom b urial 1512 rom b urial TS12 t he g rave a ssemblage f

5 27

8-84 B an Na D i:

b urial

8 -85 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

( cont. .)

5 28 5 29 5 30

8 -90 B an Na D i:

cont.) t he g rave a ssemblage f r o m b urial 1S12 ( hase l c b urials 1S4-6 square F5 mortuary p rom b urial 155 t he g rave a ssemblage f r o m b urial 156 t he g rave a ssemblage f

8 -91 B an Na D i:

b urials TS1-3 s quare F5 p robably

8 -86 B an Na D i: 8 -87 B an Na D i: 8-88 B an Na D i: 8 -89 B an Na D i:

5 31 5 32

mortuary p hase l c

5 33

8 -92 B an N a D i:

b urial

4 s quare A l mortuary p hase 2

5 34

8 -93 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 4 b urial 5 s quare A l mortuary p hase 2

5 36

8 -95 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

5

5 37

8 -96 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

f rom b urial

6

8 -94 B an Na D i:

8 -97 B an Na D i:

5 35

mortuary p hase 2

5 38

b urial

5 39

7 s quare A2 mortuary p hase 2

8 -98 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

8 -99 B an N a D i:

b urial

f rom b urial

7

8 s quare A l mortuary p hase 2

he g rave a ssemblage 8 -100 B an Na D i : t

f rom b urial

8

5 40 5 41 5 42

he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 8 ( cont.) B an Na D i : t urial 2 s quare AA mortuary p hase 3 8 -102 B an Na D i :b urial 1 s quare Aß mortuary p hase 3 8 -103 B an Na D i :b

5 43

urial 8 -104 B an Na D i :b

3 s quare A3 mortuary p hase 3

5 46

9 -1

a ll

8 -101

The d istribution o f

i dentified p rehistoric

5 44 5 45

t ab le

s ites

i n

t he Upper S ongkhram s urvey a rea

9 -2 T he d istribution o f r elative 9 -3 Map o f

t o

d istribution o f

5 60

p rehistoric s ites a nd r andom p oints

t he a rea u nder

t he Upper

9 -4 Map o f

o f c ontents

s oil

t ypes 3 a nd 5

5 61

Songkhram s urvey a rea s how ing

t he

p resumed s alt working mounds

t he Upper

5 62

Songkhram s urvey a rea s how ing

t he d istribution o f E arly P eriod s ites 9 -5 Map o f

t he Upper

5 63

Songkhram s urvey a rea s how ing

t he d istribution o f L ate P eriod s ites 1 0-1 The Chi

Valley:

s ite

1 0-2 The Chi Valley: 1 0-3 T he M iddle Chi

5 64

l ocation map

r ainfall

5 72

i sohyets

5 73

s urvey a rea

5 74

1 0-4 P lan o f B an Chiang H ian

5 75

1 1-1 B an Chiang H ian:

t he s tratigraphy

1 1-2 B an Chiang H ian:

t he material

1 1-3 B an Kho Nb i:

t he material

5 87

c ulture

5 88

c ulture

5 89

1 2-1 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

t ram l ayer

1 1

6 02

1 2-2 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

f rom l ayer

1 0

6 03

9

1 2-3 B an Chiang H ian

r im t ypes

f rom l ayer

1 2-4 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

f r o m l ayers 7 -10

6 04 6 05

1 2-5 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

f r o m l ayer

7

6 06

1 2-6 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

f rom l ayer

6

6 07

1 2-7 Ban Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

f r o m l ayers 6

1 2-8 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

f r o m l ayers 5 a nd 6

a nd s urface

f inish

1 2-9 B an Chiang H ian: a nd applique

t ypes

s urface

t ypes

1 2-10 B an Chiang H ian:

f rom l ayers 1 0-11 f inish

t ram L ayer t he

6 08

t ypes o f

t ypes

6 09

f rom l ayers 5 -10

1 1

6 15

a pplique d ecoration

f rom

l ayers 9 a nd 1 1

6 16

1 2-11 B an Chiang H ian:

t he p ercentage o f

r im t ypes p er

1 2-12 B an Chiang H ian:

t he p ercentage o f

s urface

p er

6 20

f inish p er

s oil 1 3-2 The

6 19

t ypes

l ayer

1 2-13 B an Chiang H ian:

1 3-1 The

f inish

l ayer

c luster

d iagram o f

r im t ypes a nd body

l evel

6 21

r elationships b etween s ites a nd f requencies

i n

t he M iddle Chi

Valley

6 24

r elationship b etween s ite s ize a nd

c atchment

p roductivity

1 3-3 The main v ariables c hiefdom i n

t he Chi

i n

i n

t he g eology o f

1 5-2 Map s how ing

t he

o t

Valley

r 1 1

1 =1

c lay s ources

6 37

1 4. 11= t E. .

t he Khorat P lateau

l ocation o f

6 25

a

V alley ( after H igham 1 984)

N/ C) L_I1 PA F E

1 5-1 Map o f

t he M iddle Chi

t he d evelopment

6 93 i n

t he Upper

t ab le

o f c ontents

Songkhr am Valley

6 57

1 5-3 S ections t hrough modern a nd p rehistoric s herds t o i llustrate f abric c haracteristics 1 5-4 Pot 3 5, ( form l a, f abric 3 ) s how ing s hrinkage c rack

6 94 6 95

1 5-5 Example o f s urface f inish o f " g am kaeo" were 6 57 1 5-6 Comparison o f v itrification s tructures b etween modern c lay a nd p rehistoric Ban Na D i

l ocal were

6 96

1 5-7 XRD spectra o f modern S akon N äkhon p ottery c lays 1 6-1 The Red R iver Delta,

s how ing t he

l ocation o f

6 97

t he d istribution

o f P hung Nguyen s ites

7 27

1 6-2 The i nterrelationships b etween t he v ariables t hought t o u nderlie t he t ransition f rom Go M lun t o Dong Son p hases

-

XVI

-

7 28

a ckno w ledge ments

ACKNOWLEDGE MENTS

The

f i e ld work

F ine Arts r epresents

l ead ing

cont inued t he

t h is

a t Non Cha i , a nd

P is it Charoenwongsa , o f

t o

r eport was

F ine

Arts

t he

owes much

d irector

Depart ment .

o f

Payo m

o f Tha i K i jnga m

Chantarat iyakarn ,

i n

t he Un ivers ity o f Otago .

o f

t he

a nd

t he

s upport

t he

course

o f

p rov ided

New

f unded

t he

by

Zea land

by

r im , base

t he mater ia l t he

t he

o r body

p lann ing i n

K i jnga m

t he

t he

a nd

Tha i

was

t he

Th is a nd

s uperv is ion

Archaeo logy t hen

s tudy t he

on

o t

D iv is ion

d irector

t he

t he mater ia l excavated

co-d irectors were

F ine Arts Depart ment, not

on

t he

r ecovered, f urther

consc ious

l east

t he

f urther

f ro m

f ro m

P is it

The oversa w

was

s taff l i ke

o f

co mp lete

pottery

t he

a nd

dat ing

a nd

o f

pack ing

e ach

pottery , a nd

cost

o f t he

t o

a nd

As

t he

a f i na l

despatch

i n

t he

a nd

Otago

o f

o rder

o f

R ichard

Chr is Mo isa

Ponwe iser was

Mart in

Newe l l

d rew

p repared

i n

conservat ion

a l l

o f

F isher

t ook

n ear ly

r espons ib le

Mason

t he

Anthropology

p roject .

G raeme

h e lped

months

operat ion .

wh ich

Un ivers ity

L isa

s ix

s ect ions

t hroughout

d raw ings .

d raw ings .

o f

r e ma ins , sort ing The New Zea land

t he d ra w ing o f a l l a rtefacts

t he

i lustrat ions ,

vesse ls , wh i le

s herd

f or

o f a l l pottery

r eport poss ib le .

t he

T rojans

p reparat ion

t h in

a ss istance ,

o f

t asks .

f ine-screen ing

p rov ided Th is

t he most d e mand ing

r ad iocarbon

1 ,000 t he

t he co mp let ion o f t h is

t he

r im

f ro m

Tha i land .

worked

t echn ica l ly

o f over

i nvo lved

a l l

vesse ls , scrut in is ing

f or o rgan ic

f or per iods

Th is

sort ing

sort ing

f unerary

screen ing

a ss istants

o f mater ia l

t echn ica l

Depart ment

f ine

r eached Duned in .

i n it ia l

i nvolved

r econstruct ing

t he

t en

a ss istance

$200 ,000 , made

Th is

t he

a host o f o ther n ecessary

f unded

t o

u ndertook

government .

p reparat ion

back

o f excavated mater ia l

t hen

excavated mater ia l .

r ecovery

mater ia l

t onnes

s tudents s herds ,

r ecovered

government a lso

act ,

o f

h e i nv ited Char les H igha m t o co-d irect Foundat ion 's cont inu ing s upport t o t he

f ie ldwork,

t he

N .Z .

f auna l mater ia l a nd

work

t he

postg raduate

I n November 1 981, 1 .5

i n to

part

t hen D irector-Genera l , De jo Sao wananon .

Th irty-f ive f inds ,

a s

a rchaeolog ists . The Foundat ion s ubsequent ly s upported a s we l l a s Metha W ichakana , Warracha i W ir iyaro mp a nd

a t

Dur ing

t o

r esearch

Amphan

t he Northeast Tha i land p roject, a nd t he f ie ldwork a s part o f t he Ford t ra in ing Amphan

u ndertaken

Depart ment 's Northeast Tha i land Archaeo log ica l P roject . a cont inuat ion o f t he r esearch begun a t Ban Ch iang

on

a l l

t he

f or most o f s amp les

s he l l

a nd

f or

o ther

f rag i le a rtefacts . Many

co l leagues

Warankhana

Ra jp itak ,

P i (d itch

h ave

l ooked

P i ld itch

a lso

r estored

s uperv ised a nd

i s

h as

t hrough

t he

a nd

t he

t he

p reh istor ic

a nd

T .T . o f

r ice

Peacock

t h in

s ect ions ,

a nd

E .

f or

Reay, Dav id

i n terpretat ion t he

o f

Un ivers ity

-

C raw t he

o f

XV I I

-

on

i ts

t h is

r eport .

a nd

J acqu i

r e ma ins , a nd

o f

Ph i l ip

t he

p resent

a nd

h is

made

a nd

t he

ava i lab le I nst itute h ave

Char les

gu ided

B r ian

c era m ics f i nd ings t he ir

t o

t ime

l ook

a t

contr ibuted

Land is

geolog ica l a spects

Southampton

r e ma ins ,

f or mat .

p re l im inary

co l leagues

J acqu i

Houghton

h uman

a na lys ing

Research

Many

o f

Weng

f igur ines .

Loresto R ice

u s .

b ronze

t o

t ask

I nternat iona l

Y .Q .

t hes is

work

1 000

Tony o f

catt le

Master's t h is

s ubstance

t he

Chang

r ema ins

t he

a nd

t he

Madd in ,

o f

aweinsp ir ing

t he

c r it ic ism .

V incent w ith Dav id

a spects

b r ing ing

t he

t o

Robert

b ronzes

o f over

be lo w .

r esources

a nd

t he

f or

s tudy

f ound

adv ice

a t var ious

begun

a re

B r ian

contr ibuted

See ley ,

Warracha i W ir iyaro mp 's

r espons ib le

V incent

h ave

N ige l

adv ised

o f h is work , h im

t hrough

a ckno w ledgements

so me o f

t he m inef ie lds w ith

a t

t o

h and

adv ise

Un ivers ity

o f

w ith

Otago

p reparat ion o f t he The h as

not

carefu l

been

beset

t he

Co mput ing

been

r eader o f

ab le

ab le

i nc lus ion Desp ite

t o

a nd

t o

t he

co mp lete

co mp lete

aga in , we

s uch

contr ibut ion ,

a sp ir ing

c eram ic ist .

p rocedures ,

Centre

were

a nd

most

B ryan Man ly was t he

s taff

s upport ive

o f

t he

i n

t he

t ext .

awa it h is spec ia l ist r eport w ith not

t he

s tat ist ica l

be lo w

w i l l

h is

a na lys is

o f

b r id le

hope

s l ight,

not ice t he

g reat a nt ic ipat ion .

h er work

must

l acunae , we ho wever

t ext

t he

t o

on

t he

our

F rank

Joyce Wh ite

i mpat ience t h is

t o

Fahy

a rtefacts , a nd we l i kew ise , h as

pa laeoenv ironment

contents o f

our

g aps .

i ron

r ead

i n

t ime

h er

f or

f ind ings .

book w i l l be s een a s a

u nderstand ing

o f

t he

p reh istory

o f

Northeast Tha i land . The

t ext

co mputer-a ided

t h is

r eport was

" prose"

o f

p rogra mme .

t he pub l isher w ithout t he g ratefu l t o G raeme Mason consc ious t hat

t h is

t hat i s

t ypograph ic

a sma l l

p r ice

p repared

w ith

F ina l copy

t he

h as

i n terven ing p rodedure f or p roof r ead ing a t o r

o ther e rrors

t o

pay

f or

s t i l l

Un ivers ity

p roceeded

o f Otago

d irect ly

t o

o f s ub-ed it ing . We a re l east once , but r e ma in

l urk

exped it ious

i n

t he

t ext .

pub l icat ion

We

o f

f ee l

r esu lts ,

a nd hope our r eaders w i l l agree . We a re deep ly i ndebted t o D r . Hands f or mak ing t he pub l icat ion o f our f i nd ings i n Northeast

Anthony Tha i land

poss ib le . I t h as

t hat

r esu lts

a l ways

s hou ld

Foundat ion

be

g reat ly

been

a n

ax io mat ic

ava i lab le a ss isted

t o t h is

part

t he

Tha i

a im

by

R ichard Carley Hunt Fe l lo wsh ip,

t o

co mp let ion .

r epresents

I ndeed ,

t h is

r eport

e nab le

o f

t h is

p rogra mme ,

peop le .

The

award ing

h im

t o

Wenner

Amphan

work

on

t h is

t he G ren

K i jnga m r eport

a t o

a cord ia l a nd mutua l ly b enef ic ia l

l i a ison bet ween t he F ine Arts Depart ment a nd t he Un ivers ity o f Otago . We a re most g ratefu l t o our r espect ive i nst itut ions f o r t he ir s upport a nd t o t he work

Ford

a nd

Wenner G ren

t ogether both

Foundat ions

i n Tha i land

a nd New

f or mak ing

i t poss ib le

Zea land .

Char le s H ig ham

Amphan K ijngam

Department o f Anthropology

R esearch D ivision

Universi t y o f O tago

F ine A rts Department

Duned in

S ri Ayuthaya Road

New Zea l and

Theves,

B angkok

1 0300.

f or

u s

t o

a cknow ledgements

For Chet , who pushed

t he boat out .

lntrcduct,on

INTAC>DUCTIC>N

This volume sets out to scrutinise the prehistory of the Northern Khorat Plateau, a small part of monsoonal sub-tropical lowland Southeast Asia,. between c. 20 0 0 BC and 30 0 AD. This is a particularly interesting period because it encompasses the transition from autonomous to centralised societies. The fieldwork upon which the study is based ,. began 0 . It would be fair to say that the models we held of later in 198 Southeast Asian prehistory then are diametrically opposed to those suggested below. Let us briefly recapitulate the situation in 1980 . There had been three major excavations in Northeast Thailand ,. the first at Non Nok Tha in 1966-8, the next at Ban Chiang in 197 4-5 and the last at Non Chai in 1978. The first two underwrote claims for an extremely early and indigenous development of metallurgy: bronze during the fourth millennium iron by 150 0 BC (Bayard 1972 ,. Solheim 1968, Gorman and BC ., and Charoenwongsa 1976). These claims and indeed counterclaims for the primacy of Northeast Thailand as a centre of metallurgy dommated thinking and diverted energy from exploring the area"s prehistory from a broader base. In a word ,. In no Northeast Thailand became the focus ot sensation and polemic. case ,. was the evidence for early dates matched by the publication of the Such a review would evidence necessary tor a scholarly assessment. entail not only the precise source of the dated matter ,. but also statements on the stratigraphic integrity of the loca-tion of metal within the sites. This concern with early dates for metalworking was but one of the problems facing us in 1980. We both inclined to accept the early chronology ,. but only because we had both worked at Ban Chiang and appreciated the professional skills with which all three maJor excavations were conducted. Consider the importance of such early chronologies for metallurgy. In Chana, the richly documented sequences revealed a pattern of growing social complexity and technological sophistication. Firstly there was the Shang Bronze Age, followed by the 6th century BC advent of iron and its proliferation during the Warring States and Han periods. While the Red River Valley was fully exposed to Han expansion, Northeast Thailand lay west of the Annamite Range ., known to the Chinese as the "Fortress of the Sky". Then as now ,. it was geographically isolated from maritime exchange routes. The scientific community was invited to accept the indigenous development of bronze and iron working in inland Southeast Asia, en a context of unchanging ,. stable ,. small-scale village communities. Such a juxtaposition, it validat_ed ,. would run counter to any notion of even the most general regularities of culture process. We shall address this issue at length. It is also necessary to consider briefly, the nature of the Southeast Asian sites. The area is sub Ject to the southwest monsoon, which bnngs periods of intense rainfall between May and October. The inhabitants raise their houses on wooden posts. This also occurred during the late prehistoric period in the Red River Delta and in Yunnan. To jud_ge from the number and size of postholes found in the excavated Thai sites ,. the same building techrnque was practiced there during prehistory. Now ,. this situation has ruled out the formation, let alone the preservation, of clearly -

1 -

lntrcduct1on stratified buildmg levels. Bioturbat10n and human disturbance ,. not to mention the erosive power of the monsoon rains ,. have further blurred stratigraphic clarity. Excavation is therefore always demanding and often unrewarding. The prehistorian w orking in Northeast Thailand is also confronted with a serious problem in the lack of published comparative data. The luxury of those concerned with the Aegean ,. Yucatan or the Valley of Mexico is viewed enviously by the few workers in Northeast Thailand ,. because in each of those areas ,. there is an established chronological and cultural framework for reference and it necessary ,. refinement. As will be seen ,. such a framework is only now being established in our area. This lack of comparative data is matched by the rarity of debate on theoretical issues ,n Southeast Asian prehistory. Nearly all the authors who have contributed to this volume were educated in a non-Western tradition and in 1980 ,. had received little exposure to the growing debate o n theoretical issues in prehistory. Moreover ,. their research and learning were conducted in a foreign language ,. about a subject replete with arcane Jargon. Last in this litany of problems,. is the near absence of palaeoecological data. This lacuna was to have been partially tilled by research undertaken by Joyce White ,. of the University of Pennsylvania. During the excavation of Ban Na Di ,. she was undertaking detailed environmental research in the vicirnty of Ban Chiang. She kindly agreed to include the Ban Na Di site territory 1n her field studies ,. and in view of her participation ,. our own detailed research plans were set aside. Unfortunately ,. we heard in mid 1983 that she would be unable to complete her research in time for inclusion in this volume. The absence of her important contribution will be self evident to any reader of the chapters below. to working in Northeast There are however ,. many advantages Thailand which redress the problems enumerated above. The area remams a virtual tabula rasa,, yet to anyone working there who has a European background .. it provides several potentialfy important variables; There is clearly a prehistoric sequence measured in millennia. The variables too .. are arresting in their likely significance and interplay. There is a subsistence base incorporating rice ,. the cultivation of which is susceptible to considerable mtensitication. The area including its surrounding hills is rich in the ores of tin .. lead and copper while the plateau itself bears laterite iron ore. These same hills y ield the high quality stone in which the plateau is deficient. The terrain there incorporates two maJor river valleys with extensive flood plains, but the distribution oi soils amenable to the various techrnques of rice cultivation presents a mo saic. good tracts being circumscribed by middle and high terraces which to this day, are largely under scrub forest. The area is removed from the sea ,. yet the prehistoric inhabitants obtatned martne products. They were also exposed albeit indirectly to the expansion of Indian and Chinese culture. All these variables have been to a greater or lesser extent. considered semmal in the process of increased cultural complexity in more intensively studied regions. A particular attraction ot Northeast Thailand is its potential as a further area for the consideration of processes .involved in the change from first acephalous societies to centralised chiefdoms,. and then on to the development of the state.

Introduction While this volume 1s not an appropriate vehicle tor maJor theoretical departures .. the position adopted must be made explicit. When the research was being formulated, there were several simple modele purporting to describe the prehistoric sequence as it was then understood (Gorman 1977.. Higham 1977). It was planned to test these models against newly acquired data.. and this testing procedure as will be seen.. represents the main thrust of much of our work. A basic tenet ot the programme is that the understanding of Northeast Thai prehistory will advance only by constantly proposing .. testing and reformulating models. The more general the model becomes ., the greater will be its reliance on what Binford (1982) has termed n "middle range theory. While the formulation of a specific model is set out in the final chapter ., each of the intervening studies incorporates examples of such middle range theory. These involve inter alia the predictability of social structure from mortuary behaviour and settlement patterns ., the role of imported rarities and the implications of a sharp and pervasive change in material culture. While each constituent study is an entity in its own right ., all underpin and contribute to the ultimate formulation of a specific model for the change from autonomy to hierarchy. The model was pieced together with two objectives in mind. The first was to identify the variables underlying the process of change to centralised s ocieties. The second was to lay the initial and tentative foundations for the presentation of the area as one which may with profit be incorporated into any general explanatory model tor increased complexity. The sites are known .. the problems isolated. Only time and effort stand in the way of this last objective. We will focus on two areas. The . first straddles the watershed between the Pao and Songkhram rivers and will be described as the Upper Songkhram area. It incorporates Ban Chiang and the major excavated site to be described .. Ban Na Di. The second area lies in the middle reaches of the Chi Valley. It begins with the southern bank .. extends across the flood plain and continues into the network of tributary streams which lace the l ow and middle terraces. It will be described as the Middle Chi area. The former area is treated in section o ne and the latter in section two. Section three contains the results of Vincent" s analyses of ceramic thin sections .. and is placed towards the end of this report because its subject matter covers sites described in the previous two sections. Section tour comprises an overall synthesis. We have adopted one firm principle: that models are heuristic and require stringent testing. This makes it axiomatic that all relevant data are available to the scientific community. The following chapters have attempted to honour this axiom.

- 3 -

I n troduct ion : p rev ious

r esearch

i n Northeast Tha i land

CD 1 '4

E l A

I NTR ODUCT I ON : PRE V I OUS

P lann ing 1 979 .

At

p re l im inary Ch iang

f or

t hat

p r inc ipa l

was

a

ava i lab le

t he me

t rad it ion

excavat ions en larged t hose

r ev ie wed

a t

s ites 1 979 ,

Ch iang .

s tressed

t hat

a t

s ize ,

popu lat ion

t he

pub l ished

o f

s ize

meta l lurgy i t

i n

nonex istant I t

a nd

Ban s ites .

t hat Northeast Tha i land

1 968 ,

Gor man f or

a n

1 978) .

The

equa l ly

e arly

a nd

need

excavat ion

made

t he

Supplementary

a t about a dozen

f or

e ach

not be

r eports s i te

t rends

f ro m

cannot

t he

Nakhon

s andstone ,

case ,

be

t he

s ites

i n

quest ion .

p roject,

was

t here was

t o be

a w ide gap

i nfor mat ion patterns ,

a l l

on

s ite

t he

t o

t ype

cons ider i n

o f

t he

t o

o rder

no

a t

t o

a k in

I t must

s ign if icant meta l lurg ica l

per iod

t hat

bet ween t he

I ts

t rad it ion

s ettle ment

h ierarch ies o r

t he

i n

r ole

i nfor mat ion

Aegean

o f

wh ich

b ronze

Mesoa mer ica , was

t he

genera l uplands

does

not

f lood

p la ins

f a l l

i nto

centres

t here

s ector .

p r inc ipa l

l evees t he A l l

two on

i nc ised

t he

oxbo w

age

p ract ica l ly

a nd

p resence r iverbed .

1 -2) . t he

i nto

e ither r ivers ,

t o f lood

s t rea ms

o f

r e lat ive ly Th is

The

i s An

n arro w

s i tuat ion

4 -

t hat

o f

p rone

p la ins

i s i n

t he t he

p resent t hrough

bet ween o f

n atural

l akes

s evere

f eature

f lood ing

t erra in

Under

n arro wer

i mportant

l arger

b asa lt

extend ing

t o

i n land, sma l ler

t he

per manent

I t a nd

p lateau

a nd

co mpr ises

b acks wa mp .

h ave

a n

t he

subd iv ided

bear

Mun

The

a nd

o f

l imestone

f i rst

f osters

t he

i t i s

R iver

bedrock

As ia

( Burl ing

category .

bas ins .

channe l,

p la in

co m mon ly

l akes .

i s

h ave

t he

ho wever,

oxbo w

bas ic

i nc ised

Southeast p la ins

major

Songkhra m

( 1964)

o f

r iver

d ra inage

outcrops

t he

o f

t r ibutary

The

l akes

l andscape

l evees

two

major

e t a l . ( f ig

t h is

Sma l ler

t he

n eatly

o f

t he

f ew

w ith

parts

t he

i s

beg inn ing

l ow

f lood ing . r ivers ,

a

Moor man

a nd

a nd

deep ly

a re

t andfor ms

p la in ,

geograph ies a nd

e ssent ia l character ho wever,

Bas in ,

t hough

f lood

l ack

i n

a word,

( 1972)

t he Mun a nd Ch i va l leys .

southern

swa mps .

o f

s ettle ment

f or mat ive

Tha i land

1 -1) .

i ncorporates

cond it ions ,

i n

f i rst, o t s ites

a nd

was

I n

p lateau , s ubd iv ided

f ive

one

people

r esearch

e arly

The

s ettle ment pattern

excavate

There

t he

contrast

( f ig

Sakon

f or mu lated .

t he

t h is

Renfre w

uplands , and

e levated

t o

t er ms .

f or

o ften

Northeast

r iver

Tha

o f

on

i n Tha i land .

i s

i ncludes

i nto

c la i ms

were

extre me ly

( 1976),

1 965) .

r iver

Nok

1 976) .

c la ims

def in it ive

p reh istor ic

outset o f

cu ltura l

t he

t he

t o

h a lf

based

a rch itectura l co mplex ity, soc ia l o rgan isat ion

s tress

o r

t he

t he

t he

data .

poss ib le

Ch i

s econd

These c la i ms a re we l l k no wn Unt i l

was

o f

l eve ls ,

o r

F lannery

t he

l ed

t o establ ish

s econd

f or a n

t he

and

t he

Non

r eports was ( So the im

a lso

object ives

k no w ledge

a nd

made

a t

i nvest igat ions

work ing

ava i lab le ,

two

The

our

bet ween c la i ms

t er ms

TH A IL AND

i n a scholarly manner .

I n

expand

smal ler

p resent .

a re

i n

Charoen wongsa

p re l im inary

i ron work ing .

began

excavat ions

a nd

Ch iang

undertake a s ite s urvey Ban

f or

t he

I N NORTHE AST

o f Northeast Tha i land was

major

b ronze

Ban

upon

two

o f

o f

a t

deve lop ment o f

t he

Gor man

E

C> N 1F E

p rogra m me

p reh istory

f ro m

1 971,

E F t

RESE ARCH

r esearch

t he

r eports

( Bayard

i nfor mat ion was The

t h is

t ime,

-F

\ F=.

CD,

f lood o f

a nd

s easona l p la ins

t he ma in

l engths

o f

cons iderab te

I n troduct ion : p rev ious

i n tens ity .

The

nor ma l ly conf luence t r ibutary a nd

t he

a reas

t ow

o f

h ave

a n

t he

a nd

but The

t he ir

cons iderab le t ime .

a lso

I t

a nd

due

H i l ls

f orces

so i ls ,

The

o ften

These

s andy

outcrops

t he

sma l ler

t he o f

o f

date ,

t errace

e ros ion

over ly ing

a nd

demarcate

i so lated

i n

s urv iv ing m idd le

s ubstrate .

g round .

t erra in ,

n ear

r estr icted

l oca l

s urface

e ros ion ,

b roadest

o f upper P le istocene

The

t o

u ndu lat ing

i s

more

i s p robab ly

c layey

o f h igh

s l ight ly

h igh

a nd

l ater it ic

t errace

s urv ives

h as

on ly

a s

so i ls p robab ly date

p lateau

h igh

t o

south

a nd

country

w ith in

t he

a l l o f wh ich co mpr ise weathered s andstone .

so i ls

qua l it ies

a re

o f

p la ins .

s andy

i ncreas ing ly

i s lands

f or m

s ed iment .

d istr ibut ion

P le istocene

degree

t errace

co mpr ise

i n Northeast Tha i land

r ivers ,

t o

t here

p lateau , n ear ly

Ch i

a n

e levated

t he

f lood

t ransported

u neven They

e ar ly

west,

l ow

r iver

s ubjected

s l ightly

a nd

The

a re

t akes

p resent

Mun

r eg ions . so i ls

concret ions

t o

t he

t he

r edepos it ion . been

t errace

f r ing ing

r esearch

o f

o f

a re

t he

t hree

t erraces

per meab i l ity,

f urther

a nd

s a l in ity,

s ubd iv ided

f lood

s lope ,

on

p la ins

vary

t exture

t he

a nd

bas is

o f

s uscept ib i l ity t o f lood ing . F ro m t he v iewpo int o f h ave been s ubd iv ided i nto f ive ma jor g roups ,

accord ing f ert i l ity .

m icro-re l ief

g ro w ing r ice , w ith s even

t o

The ir a nd

t he so i ls s ub-un its

( Rob inson a nd S tee l 1 972) . A t he

f urther

d ifference

s outhwest

i mportant

between

monsoon

u nt i l November .

i n

Th is

e nv ironmenta l

t he

wet

a nd

May

b r ings

t he

per iod

i s

var iab le

t he

d ry

i n

Northeast

s easons .

i n ter m ittent, o f max imum

The

h eavy

Tha i land

onset

r a infa l ls

p lant g ro wth .

i s

o f

t he

wh ich

l ast

There

i s

a n

a bundance o f water a nd much f lood ing , but i t i s i mportant t o note t hat t he i nc idence o f r a infa l l i s not p red ictable a nd t he poss ib i l ity o f i nsuff ic ient r a in

t o

b r ing

r ice

t o

maturat ion

l asts

f ro m Nove mber t o

s een

f ro m

f ig

1 -3 ,

c annot

t he onset o f

t here

i s

be

r a ins

r u led

t he

a marked

out .

The

f o l lo w ing

def ic iency

o f

d ry

s eason

year .

As may

water

dur ing

t h is

be

a ssess

t he

per iod . F ive v egetat ion d ry

s eason ,

s ubtrop ica l w ith

m i l lenn ia o f

t he

t he

h e ight

s ubtrop ica l wet a nd

so

bet ween f orest .

d ry

descr ibed

i n

1 5

m

spec ies f ewer t he

a re

wet

t ree

i s

c .

o f

concerns

and

Th is

t ype

was

a reas

dec iduous

cond it ions ,

a nd

t o

o f

Ho ldr idge

o r

t rees

s tands ,

2 5

where

mo ister

m

t rans it ion

t akes

p reh istor ic

p redo m inate

p robab ly

on

p lace

a t

s ett lement

t o i n

p resent

s trong t he

F lood . P la in

swa mp

g rasses

a nd McNee ly

1 977) .

mo ist ga l lery

f orest .

So i ls Boonsong

a nd a nd

a ny

t ree

gu ide

g ro wth

Narro wer

vegetat ion McNee ly

p la ins a re adapt ive Scho mburgk 's

i s

w ith

ho wever, be ing

i t was

scattered

l ow

r iver va l leys

a lso

( 1977)

a ffect

note

t o

a ssoc iated

t he

t iger .

deer .

Ch iang

The

i nd icate

o f

t he r iver t he Chao

t he

The

mo ist monsoon

f orest on

f auna

a nd

t andsna i ls

exp lo itat ion

o f

t he

f ro m l atter

t he

by

( Boonsong s usta ined

a

co mmun it ies . r iver

f or t he e lephant , r h inoceros , water buffa lo , p ig

w i ld c att le , p ig , t he s a mbar deer, muntjak, a nd t he

h ave

a n ima l

g rass lands

mo ist h igher

do m inated

s tunted

ho wever, may

t he

t hat

p robab ly

a m ,

patterns .

dec iduous

t he

a nd

t o 4 00

var iat ions

t erraces dur ing p reh istory . The n ature o f t he vegetat ion on f lood p la ins i s more p rob lemat ica l . I f t he h istor ic vegetat ion o f Phraya

a s

dense

The

adapted

( 1967)

f a ir ly

a nd

dec iduous .

phys io log ica l ly

cover

by

open ,

d r ier

a re

s tudy

i t d iff icu lt

a monsoona l c l imate w ith a l ong

var iab ly

Many

spec ies

make

Be ing

co mpr ises

f orest w ith

h ard ly

mod if icat ion

i n deta i l . f orest

Th is

p reva i l .

D ipterocarp

h uman

p r inc ipa l

mo ist .

a canopy

cond it ions

o f

p lateau

t he

o ther h and ,

l arge

carn ivores

f lood

deer a nd f avours s uch

a s

e arly p reh istor ic contexts a t Ban f auna l

g roup :

e lephant

a nd

w i ld

Introduct ion: previous research in Northeast Thailan d water buffalo were absent, and rhinoceros very rare (Higham and Kijngam 1979). This chapter concentrates on the Upper Songkhram Valley, but will also refer to recent excavations in two nearby areas, the Middle Chi Valley and the Upper Chi Valley (figs 1-4 ., 1-5). PREVIOUS RESEARCH IN NORTHEAST THAILAND

The first serious archaeological research in the area commenced in 1963, and was undertaken by the Fine Arts Department and the University of Hawaii under the overall direction of W.G. Solheim. The aim of this programme was to survey the archaeological sites threatened by flooding due to dam construction. In the first year ., more than twenty sites of historic or prehistoric origin were identified (Solheim 1968). Among them Non Nok Tha in the Upper Chi Valley. The second season was incorporated the test excavation of Non Nok Tha. The recovery of human skeletal remains and bronze artefacts encouraged further work at the site ., and maj or excavations were undertaken in 1966 and 1968. Non Nok Tha is a small prehistoric site located about 500 m south of the village of Ban Na Di in Northwestern Phu Wiang district., Khon Kaen It is about province (Solheim 1968 ., Bayard 1970 ., 197 1 ., 1972 ., 1977, 1984). 100 by 100 m in extent, and stands up to 1.5 m above the level of the surrounding rice fields. These rice fields comprise the Roi Et sandy loam soils which are suited to rice cultivation. 340 m 2, or about 3.2" of the mound has been excavated. Nine cultural layers were identified in 1.4 m of cultural deposit. These nine layers have been grouped by Bayard into The EP three major periods ., the early (EP) ., middle (MP) and late (LP). comprises three phases, the MP eight, and the LP, six. Bayard (1984) has recently renamed these phases ., but to avoid possible confusion ., the older and more familiar names will be employed. Bayard maintains that bronze technology appeared during EP 3. There is some evidence for the raising of domestic cattle ,, pig and dog as well as the consumption of rice during the EP. Hunting deer and wild cattle was also undertaken, al though the lack of any screening of excavated soils has ruled out the retention of small animal bones or microfauna (Higham and Leach 197 1, Higham 1972, 1975, 1977). In the MP, the evidence for bronze technology increased markedly, most of the metal artefacts being found as grave goods (Bayard 1984). There is no evidence for the MP use of iron ., but the grave assemblages suggest continuity of the site's use as a cemetery over a considerable time span. After a period of aban�onment which probably commenced some time during the period 500 - O B C., the site was reoccupied by people who possessed iron tools ., cremated the dead, and had little use for bronze. Bayard identified 217 burials at Non Nok Tha ., and the human remains have been analysed by Brooks and Brooks (1983) and Pietrusewsky (1974, 1974a). Among their principal conclusions, was the finding that the level of health and diet were reasonably high ., and that mortality among the young was generally higher in the earlier assemblage of graves. In his . analysis of the mortuary practices at Non Nok Tha ., Bayard (1984) has suggested that the distribution of grave goods, particularly in the MP assemblage, reflects a ranked society.

- 6 -

Introduction: previous research in Northeast Thailand

Although the excavators have submitted 26 radiocarbon or TL samples to various laboratories .. the results are internally inconsistent and still most controversial (Higham 1984). Bayard feels that the end of the EP .. with its associated bronze .. belongs towards the end of the third millennium BC, with the MP dating between 2000 and 500 BC. The proposed early dates for bronze working attracted considerable interest .. and further excavation in the area soon followed. Late in 1969, an expedition from the University of Otago commenced site surveys and excavations in the Phu Wiang district of Khon Kaen Province and Suwannaphum district of Roi Et Province. The former is located in the Upper Chi Valley, and the latter is in the lower reaches of the same river. Four sites were tested in the former area: Non Nong Chik .. Don Sawan, Don Kok and Don Wat Koo. In terms of pottery analysis and radiocarbon dating, it was shown that Non Nong Chik and Don Sawan were occupied by people related to Non Nok Tha during the MP and LP respectively. Three sites were tested in the Roi Et area (Higham 1977). They are Bo Phan Khan, Don Taphan and Non Dua. Non Dua is located within a set of moats. Bo Phan Khan lies adjacent to an extensive .. exposed salt deposit while Don Taphan is a large mound next to the Lam Siao Yai River. Cultural deposits at all sites extended to a depth of approximately six m. The cultural material and radiocarbon dates reveal initial occupation of the area during the middle of the first millenium BC. Higham (1977) had divided the occupation of Non Dua into three phases, the distinctions resting on changes in pottery typology. Phase one lasted from c. 500-0 BC .. phase two from 0-700 AD and the last phase from 700-1000 AD. Deposits at Bo Phan Khan and Don Taphan relate in the main .. to phase two at Non Dua. At the time of writing, Higham was unable to identify any clear parallels in terms of pottery styles with other Northeast Thai sites .. but it was clear .. that the Non Nok Tha and Roi Et assemblages were quite different. In 1972, Silpakon and Thammasat Universities undertook research in the Nong Han district of Udorn Thani province (Preecha and Pukajorn 1974, Kethutat 1976). This area was chosen because of its proximity to the looted site of Ban Chiang, painted pottery from which was reported as being up to 6000 years old on the basis of TL dating. Two sites were excavated, Ban Orn Kaeo and Ban That. The former is very close to Ban Chiang itself, and was test excavated in 1972 and 1973. Ban That .. six km south of Ban Chiang, was excavated in 1973. The excavators recovered evidence for bronze and iron technology at both sites .. including two axe halberds at Ban That. Incised and painted pots which are generally known as "Orn Kaeo" ware were found in the basal levels of both sites. This style is found in the Middle Period at nearby Ban Chiang. At present, only preliminary reports are available ., and no dates nor descriptions of the biological material have , been published. In 1973., the Fine Arts Department and the University Museum .. Philadelphia ., established a major research project at Ban Chiang under the direction of Pisit Charoenwongsa and Chester Gorman. Excavations followed in 1974 and 1975. A site survey and test excavations in the general area were at the same time undertaken by William Schauffler (Schauffler 1976). Ban Chiang had, at that time .. already been examined on several occasions by officers of the Fine Arts Department .. beginning with Vidya lntakosai in 1967. He reported that plain and painted wares were associated with bronze artefacts in the inhumation graves there. Three sherds were sent for TL dating analysis, and the results suggested

- 7 -

I n troduct ion : p rev ious

occupat ion

dur ing

excavated t o

i n

excavate

s equence

I n

i n

t he

l o wer

a nd

b ronze

r u led

n ear

o r

t he

i ron .

covered

h ead

s andstone

c lay

a nd

cur ious

i nto

e ither

mou lds

deep ly

def in it ive

s i te .

o f s tone

o r

f ro m

t he

( 1979)

t ools

a nd

catt le

r ol lers made

econo my

r ound

a s we l l as

f a i lure on

t he

r eported

h as

t he

l ayers

i ncluded

f igur ines

o f

been

body .

pa inted ware

o rna ments made

occupat ion

c ast ing,

c ircu lar

t he

were

The ir

conclus ions

p laced

cord- mark ing

b ronze

i nc ised

squares

Sut iragsa

f eet, a long w ith

f or

chronology

Further Geangoon .

a ssoc iated w ith b lack pottery bear ing

w ith

a nd

BC . Pote

a ny

t he

o rna ments

Cu ltura l mater ia l

c ruc ibles ,

t he

a nd

a nd

out o f

l eve ls were

t ools

i n Northeast Tha i land

m i l lenn iu m

Sut iragsa

ho wever,

l ayers , pottery

were p laced o f

f ourth

N ikho m

cu ltura l character ist ics

des igns

l ater

by

bur ia ls

o r

t hat bur ia ls i nc ised

t he

1 972

r esearch

c lay .

made

No

p rov ided

o f

i ns ight

by

e ither

excavator . Ban twenty a nd

Ch iang

h a .

t he I n

phases

I n

dated

a nd

t o

pottery,

i s t o

spec ies .

Aquat ic

e arl iest ev idence was

t hus

t hat

The

hu man by

g roups , a n

i ron

t o He

r ice

w ith

r eported

were age

f ound more a t

death

Ev idence co m mon h igh .

t hat

f or

i n

i n

var ious

on

500

BC,

a s

we l l

t entat ive ly buff pa inted

BC .

The

a nd

b ronze

l ast

burn ished BC .

The

t echnology

e arly 1 983 ,

p igs ,

f i rst

i n

i ron work ing . Bayard

a nd

t auna l mater ial

f ro m

f ro m

t he

The

t he

i n

t he t he

t he

nor deb i l itat ing, a nd

i n

was

i s

genera l,

t o wer noted,

t he

dogs ,

r ange a nd

f rogs .

l eve ls

The

w ith

t he

l i ke ly .

h ave

been

i nto

two

a sse mb lage

o f

The

a rtefacts .

cons idered

t he

sma ller

4 contexts , a nd

a ssoc iated

t o

hunted

o f

i n it ia l occupat ion

equ iva lent o f phases r e ma ins

l ater one .

a lso

i ron

p reh istor ic

excavat ions

t he

f or mer h e dated t o

f ish

f or

t he

a nd

phase

were

Ch iang

d iv ided

e arl ier bur ia l g roup d isorders

i n

f ie lds was

Ban

g roup

t han

t urt les ,

ev idence

He

l atter

e arl ier

ch ickens

f ound

f ixed

t hat

t rapp ing, a

buffa lo

i n

t he

i nd icated

t hrough

water

( 1981) .

f requently t he

t he

a l ate . t he

Kaeo,

s l ipped

o f e arly

s he l lf ish ,

cu lt ivat ion

t he e nd o f phase 4 , a nd

2 000

f i rst m i l lenn iu m

a na lysed

catt le ,

t he

r e ma ins a nd

r ed t he

t o

t o two

p redo m inated .

Om

r ed

1 000

( Loots- W issovva

h ave

i ncluded

a nd

a fter

4 , wh ich was

f or extre me ly

ev idence

do mest ic

P ietruse wsky

early

c la i ms

f or t he water buffa lo was

deve lop ment o f wet a nalysed

by

i ssue

obta ined , perhaps

conte mporary

poss ib i l ity

( 1979) The

f auna

c .

t hese

1 983) .

K i jnga m

a nd

t he

controvers ia l

ma inta ined

l arge ma m ma ls

Ban

r i te .

f ound

B lack

o f

a nd

1 80

i nto s ix

bur ia l

spearhead .

The we l l k no wn o f

and

des igns

a t

phase

l atter h a lf o f

f urther, added

1 983 , Solhe im a nd

f ound

i n

h ave

t he excavators

before

curv i l inear

t hat

t o

excavated

character ist ic

centur ies

character ised t he

BC),

b ronze

a

dates

r eopened

excavat ions .

i nhab itants

1 200 5 , w ith

wh ich

h igh ly

H igha m 1 975

a f ew e laborate

t o

2 ,900

i s

r e ma ins ,

u n l ike ly

t he cu ltura l s equence

a socketed

BC .

excavat ions

p roved

t o

1 600

Southeast As ia , a nd

t he

3 ,600

f ound

dated

been

Charoen wongsa

t o

i s

a nd Charoen wongsa

pottery

w ith

phase

mound

approx i mate ly

p reh istor ic

o f chang ing mater ia l cu lture

2 (c .

pottery match ing

t o

phase ,

h as

Ban Ch iang Both

bas is

cover ing

r evea led

p reh istor ic

spears , were

t he per iod

v i llage ,

h as

t hey s ubd iv ided

i nc ised

pa inted

be longs

p reh istor ic

t he

t h is , Gor man

3 , dated

b i -meta l l ic

pottery

t he

vesse ls

a nd

two

Of

1 and

phase

cord- marked I nc ised

o f

r eport,

on

s ubstant ia l ho wever,

bur ia l a ssoc iated w ith

burn ished

phases .

a s

5 h a .

t he ir phases

a c rouched g rey

t o

a

part

extent

a p re l im inary

p reh istor ic Dur ing

i s

a smal l

max i mu m

exceeded 3 .5 m2.

i tse lf

On ly

5 a nd

6 .

i nfants

a nd

ch i ldren

Moreover,

t he

average

t han but o f

i n

t he

t hese d iet and

l ater were

g roup . n e ither

h ea lth were

I n troduct ion : p rev ious

Dur ing

t he

s i te-surveyed Ban 2 5

Phak km

Top,

west

t here , The ware

o r

o ther

Ch iang,

were

worked

bone

Rad iocarbon m idd le o f

t he

was

s uch

t here .

i s

a s

BC

-

200

mater ial cu lture w ith

t hat kno wn

phase were t he

f ound

The

water

l ast

and

i nc ised 4 .

s ite

two

and

t o

be

The

bur ia ls

pa inted

l o wer

cord- marked

l o wer

pots

a

f ound

f or

s a le

o t p reh istor ic bur ials .

dark

g rey

No

r ed

t o

on

b lack

buff o f

i nclud ing

l ater

c lay

para l le led

a t

i n

pa inted Ban

f igur ines ,

Ban

Ch iang .

i n it ia l occupat ion dur ing

r evealed

phases

t he

The

b ronze

a nd

l east

t o

t o

per iod

o f

t er ms

o f

i n

bur ia ls o f t he

a rtefacts , wh i te

beads were

9 0

t hree

bet ween

t he

correspond

Tha .

G lass

Tha

a t

dated

corresponds

and

s ku l ls .

excavated

makes

t he

exerc ise

were

bur ia l

a lso

l atest

one

p it

f ound

by

Schauffler

t o

The

t hose

cut

i nto

r eport o f

i s

l atter

s ter i le ,

i n

r ad iocarbon

j o int p rogra m me

1 984) .

I t

K radung , Loe i P rov ince out

t o

t he

r epresented p ied mont

upland by

Ch iang

a rchaeo log ica l

f orty-f ive

s ites i n

r evea led p art

o f

l ocated, t he

but

t he

t he

a nd

l ocated

beads .

i n

r evea led Aga in ,

o f

w ith

a n

a ssoc iated

Ban Ch iang

t hese

t hree a

w ith

phase

3 .

s ites , wh ich

most

t entat ive

o f

t he

o f a pot

t he

val ley

both

b ronze

t he

( 1977)

Nok

Tha

wou ld

p la in

a nd

t he

Petchabun

r esu lted

i n

t est excavated . Choen

R iver .

o f 4 00 o r

The

e arly

cou ld

- 9

Ko

An

r ecogn it ion

o f

Kha w

i s

f ound

t h is t o

t ound

a s

i n

t he

l o wer a lso

L i tt le

l ight

t o

t est

square

were

s hed

t he

Wong

t est

f rag ments

o f

R iver .

not be

t he

m

0 AD

s im i lar

we l l

i n

adaptat ion

r esu lt

very

a s

2x2

v i l lages

Mounta ins .

Non Nong

BC, and

o f

Phong i ron ,

i n it ia l hypothes is

Phu I t s et

f ound

t he

c ruc ib le

i nterest ing i s

be

B ronze was

Severa l

t he

d irect ion

Amphoe

agr icu ltural

Non

work ing

a nd

t hat

l ow land

s im i lar s ituat ion was

o f

bet ween

Depart ment

t he

t rans it iona l s ites

l id wh ich A

a rea

under

by Gor man

dates

most

F ine Arts

P rov ince .

i ron .

b ronze

t he

Phu Kh ieo, Chayaphu m

s urvey

t he

no

Non Cha i .

t he

was

u ndertaken

t he

o f cu ltura l depos it .

but

Perhaps

r ecovery

s ite

r ad iocarbon

chronology

Don K lang t here

va l ley

square ,

t he

t hree were

about one m t he

env iron ment .

s ite

a nd

t he

a ssoc iated

dates

bet ween

on

a nd

a nd

bet ween

extens ive l ocated

advanced

Hoab inh ian

Ban

ecotone

centred

and A mphoe

t est a hypothes is

bet ween

f or

f ive

t hree m

1 ) .

1 978 . a f urther ( 1982 ,

on ly

o f Ban Ch iang phase

l i e w ith

ava i lab le

t he

was

a nd

we l l

t he Un ivers ity Museu m , Ph i lade lph ia , was Penny

l ocated

character ist ic

a ff in it ies may

i nterpretat ion

i s

Tong h ad a cu ltura l s trat igraphy

f ound .

was

whose

p re l im inary

( append ix

I n a nd

Ban

pot s im i lar

pottery

On ly a b r ief a nd

was

co mplete

r ad iocarbon

i ron

bur ia ls were

1 ) .

a t Non Nok

buffalo

southeast o f Ban Ch iang .

deep,

on

The

about a nd

l ater bur ia ls .

km

o f

Tha .

L ocated

northeast o f Non Nok

i s

both

exa m ined :

l ooted

character ist ic

a l l

I t t hus

assoc iated w ith

nu merous

km

i s

No

t est excavat ion

AD .

Nok

o f

suggest

( append ix

The

Top

s evere ly

cu lture,

a re

Top

Schauftler

s ites were

a sse mblage

r ol lers

pe l lets

Phak

abandon ment a t Non

conta ined

nu mber

mater ia l

upper most

BC

Phak

been

t he mound .

c lay

The

Ban

The

5 00

Ban

decorat ion .

l ocated about 30

phases .

approx i mate ly

t he

Three

character ist ica lly

pe l let-bo w f ro m

excavat ions ,

h ad

o f

curv i l inear

south west o f Ban Ch iang .

d ist inct

edge

a nd

t h ird m i l lenn iu m

Don K lang km

s i te

a rtefacts , and

s ite

o f a cons iderab le

t he

dates

Ch iang

Don K lang .

t he

i nc ised,

f ound

Ban

The

r eports

p resence

bore

a nd

t o ward

f ro m

a nd

t he

i n Northeast Tha i land

t est excavat ions .

Ch iang .

v i l lagers ' t he

pottery

colour

Tong

Ban

opened

but

conf ir med

o f

u ndertook

Ban

o f

square was

course

a nd

r esearch

a

p la ins

excavat ion

mater ia l

f ro m

a t Ban Puan Phu , a

The

metre

o f

depos it

a sma l l nu mber o f g lass

exa m ined

i n deta i l .

i n troduct ion : p rev ious

The

l ast

s ite

was

Ban

r esearch

Puan

i n Northeast Tha i land

Phu .

Aga in , s trat igraphy

was

s ha l lo w ,

t he depos its be ing j ust l ess t han one m t h ick . I n add it ion t o s evera l e n igmat ic do med c lay f eatures , a bur ia l a ssoc iated w ith a n i ron axe a nd s evera l g lass t he v ic in ity Penny

beads was

o f

( 1982)

adaptat ion

f ound .

An

t h is bur ia l p rov ided

h as

t o

conc luded

t hat,

l ow land

r iver ine

a

u nprovenanced

charcoa l

s amp le

f rom

a deter m inat ion o f approx imate ly 9 00 BC . f ar

f rom

p rov id ing

e nv ironment,

ev idence

t he

f or

Petchabun

e arly

Mounta in

p iedmont was occup ied l ate i n t he p reh istor ic p er iod . The most l i ke ly d ate f or t h is expans ion i s 5 00 t o 0 BC . I n 1 976 , t he F ine Arts Depart ment u ndertook t est excavat ions a t two s i tes .

Ban Sa Baeng

Sang ,

two

r evea led cu ltura l t he

km

about l eve ls

upper

axe .

one

o f

m

Ban

o f

Sa

a ssoc iated

cu ltura l

The

excavat ions

d epos it wh ich

Thosarat 1 976) . w ith

mater ia l

northwest o f Ban Ch iang , a nd Non Na

Baeng .

cu ltura l

( Sr isuchat a nd

l eve l ,

The

i s about 1 3 km

north

pottery,

f rom

both

was

a t

t he

s ubd iv ided

l atter

i n to

two

One bur ia l was r ecogn ised

b ronze

l eve ls

o rnaments

i nc luded

a nd

b ronze

i n

a n

i ron

a nd

i ron

a rtefacts , c lay pe l lets , g lass beads , c lay f igur ines , f rag ments o f c ruc ib le , c lay a nv i ls a nd c lay l ad les . The pottery i n t he l ower l eve l i s character ised by cord- mark ing w ith s erpent ine app l ique decorat ion a t t he s hou lder a nd pa int ing a nd i nc is ing . Red on buff pa inted ware was f ound i n t he upper l eve l . c lear ly

There a re f ive r ad iocarbon dates

i n terna l ly

( append ix

1 ) .

They

a re

i ncons istent .

s i te

Non Cha i was , before i ts destruct ion , a l arge p reh istor ic s ett lement l ocated on t he outsk irts o f Khon Kaen . U rgent r escue excavat ions

were

u ndertaken

t here

u nder

t he

d irect ion o f P is it Charoenwongsa

i n 1 977-8

p r ior t o t he r emova l o f t he s i te t o f ac i l itate r oad construct ion . excavators e ncountered a s trat igraphy t o a depth o f about f ive m d iv ided

t he

1 983) .

The

l oca l ised

cu ltura l s equence charcoa l

i n to

s a mp les

concentrat ions

o f

s ix

phases

wh ich

burnt

were

( Charoenwongsa co l lected

mater ia l ,

r evea led

f rom

The a nd

a nd Bayard h earths

occupat ion

a nd

bet ween

about 3 00 BC a nd 2 00 AD . The pottery s ty les a re do m inated by r ed s l ipp ing a nd r ed on buff pa inted decorat ion . B ronze a nd i ron were f ound t hroughout t he

t he

s econd

s equence ,

l o west

but

l ayer .

g lass beads made

F ragments

o f

c lay

t he ir

i n it ia l appearance

mou lds

f or

t he

c ast ing

i n o f

b race lets a nd be l ts a ttest t o l oca l b ronze work ing . These f i nd ings a t Non Cha i r esemb le t hose f ro m Ban Kok , wh ich i s l ocated about two km southwest o f Khon Kaen . Red s l ipped pottery was f ound

t hroughout

t hrough

t he

t he

s equence .

l ayers A

t here ,

but

r ad iocarbon

i ron

s amp le

appeared f ro m

t he

about b ase

h a lf

way

t he

s i te

o f

p rov ided a date o f 9 30 ±90 BC . After

t he

excavat ions

were

Daengiet worked

p resent

r esearch

u ndertaken

i n

Nakhon

km

He

The

o f

Ban

l owest

Sakon

a t Ban Waeng, a s i te

Sawang Daeng D in , Sakon e ast

p rogramme

t he

Ch iang .

bur ia ls

wh ich

f ound

were

l ocated

P rov ince . c u ltura l

f ound

a rtefacts , wh i le o ther a rtefacts , s uch a s r eca l led Kwanyuen

t he

L ater mater ia l a t Ban Ch iang

opened

a t est

a re yet ava i lab le . I n 1 979 , t hree Tha ,

Ban

Ch iang

ava i lab le .

There

square

ma jor

a nd h ad

a t Non

excavat ions

Non

Cha i .

a lso

been

No a

b egan ,

Nakhon s i te

depos its

i s t o

1 980 ,

t est Sod

both

r ol lers

a nd

approx imate ly

Kh i K l ing been

def in it ive

cons iderab le

i n

4 1

a depth o f 1 .5 m . i ron

a nd

b ronze

f rag ments o f

( Daengiet 1 980) .

h ad

f urther I n

i n Waeng d istr ict o f Amphoe

Th is

conta ined c lay

two

Bas in .

1 981, but no

u ndertaken , r eports , n umber

i ron

F ina l ly , S taporn

a t

r eports

Non

ho wever, o f

sma l l

Nok were t est

I n troduct ion : p rev ious

excavat ions ,

none

noth ing

k no wn

was

h ea lth o f There

t he

were

advance

a nd

f ramework . on

t he

a t

Non

by

Not ing

t hat by

i ron

Tha

a nd

n ear

Ban

t he

t he

t he

w ith

o f

per m its

t he

a more

c hange

t o

d ra wn

t hat o f r ice

t he

p resent

t he

Lo wer

var iab les .

t he Lo wer Ch i

cu lt ivat ion were

by

a nd

f ie ld work

r esearch

u s ing

n ecessary

d ry m idd le

t ested

was

u ndertaken

s i mple , s ettle ment

p lough

i nto

been

based

a ttempt

r esearch

t o

cu ltura l

mode ls ,

t echnolog ica l

t hat wet

mode l

k no wn o f

a nd

o f

a s

The

Ban

t hat

a nd

e ar l ier

s econd t he

l o wer a t a nd

p rogramme ,

a nd

r ema ins , H igha m

a nd

no

eco log ica l a nd

r ice

cu lt ivat ion ,

Non

u rban ised

econo m ic

r e l iance

on

a

pattern

d ispers ion

monsoon-structured

The

p resent

s et

out

s i te

s urveys

i mportant course c lose ly . t rad it ion

t o a nd

t o

o f

r esearch

t est

t hem

by

s tress

t hat

t he

p resent

Wh ite

( 1982)

over

a per iod

f ol lo ws Gor man

i n

Before

two

r esearch

f urther

o f

i dent ify ing :

t h is ma jor

r ev iewed

t echno logy l east

two

soc ia l

be lo w ex isted

o r

t hree

co mp lex ity .

t h is , s uggest ing

t echn ique

have

t hat

emp loyed

a t

t echn ical ly and

system

t he both

1 978 :48) .

w ith

t hese

acqu ired

data

t he

mode ls

were

cont inu ity

been

, : eu lt ivat ion ,

agr icu lture

out l in ing

f our m i l lenn ia .

a s

by Gor man ( 1978) .

i n

f or

t he

p lace

be

t or a t

t o

p rogra mme .

emphas ised

wou ld

sw idden

began

aga inst n ew ly

excavat ion .

p resent

b ronze

i nundat ion

p rogra mme

a

s ett lements :

mit igated aga inst u rban concentrat ions" ( Gor man

a nd

i s

p lough a nd

r easons

seems

r equ ired

The

cu lt ivat ion

changes

a s

d , was

Th is

co mp lex ity

Tha

d iscern ib le

EP

r ice

p resented

t hat

hypothes ised

settle ment t he

was

bones

soc ia l

Ch ina , w i l l

Nok

Ban Ch iang , f avoured sma l l a nd d ispersed

dysfunct ional;

o f

r is ing i n

r ena med

agr icu lture .

change , wh ich t han

buffa lo

s ign if icance .

f or m

a nd

water

f our, no w

soc ia l

p resumpt ion

were

a nd

p lough

overv iew

a nd

f auna l

i ron

r ice

p roduct ive

Ch iang

t here

o f

phase

wet

econo m ic

centur ies

a s

sought

sw idden

Ban Ch iang

econo m ic

h is mode l , was

m i l lenn ia , but

t he

observed , p lough ing

f ive

s ites

t hen

t hen

i ntens ive

Th is

so me

s uch

" An

o r

s uch

a very

p receded

t he

i t poss ib le

i n it ia l s ett lement o f

Tha

con junct ion

p ract ice

f ound want ing .

He

on

s uggested

o f

o f

t he

cons iderab le

adhes ions .

wet

f i rst

a nd

t he

t he s ites excavated .

exp loratory

I t was

e nv ironmenta l

part

P ract ica l ly

h ierarchy,

Nor was

based

t he

o f

o r

chronolog ica l

The

was

buffa lo

a na lys is t hat

( 1976) h as

C ruc ia l

a nd

Th is mode l h as

a s

dur ing what was

change

a nd

s imp le

expans ion o f s ett lement

H ian

p roposed

cons istent

Goody

p lans .

so me

r e lated

h e

t he

t he Ch i R iver .

Fo l lo w ing t here

a nd

n ature

r eg iona l

1 6 m2.

s ize

( see be lo w) .

K i jnga m

a t

m i l lenn ia ,

s i te

a

s ett le ment o f Non Nok

t o

t he

Ro i E t P rov ince . o f

exceed ing

ava i lab le .

1 977),

a co mb inat ion

Ch iang

r e jected

i n

a rea

house

ho wever, t hen

i n Northeast Tha i land

p atterns ,

a t

i n wh ich H igha m

t echno logy

r eaches o f

p reh istor ic

( 1972 ,

a n

o r even

a ttempt

were ,

s evera l

p rerequ is ites

no

H igha m

t o

Va l ley

peop le

kno w ledge

expans ion mode l Ch i Va l ley

s ett lement

a re

There

Nok

covered

about

s er ious

L im ited

advanced

o f wh ich

p reh istor ic

a ny

r esearch

The i n

W ith in

mode ls

der ived

r esearch

d es ign ,

pub l ished f i rst

t he t h is

dur ing

f o l lo ws

Ban l ong

i n

both

Ch iang

m ind , f ro m i t

i s t he

Gor man fs cu ltura l

t imespan ,

s he

I n troduct ion : p rev ious

" peacefu l , agrar ian o rgan isat ion

appears

r esearch

i n No rtheast T ha i tand

v i l lage soc iet ies

t o

have

been

. .

no

co mplex , s trat if ied soc ial

a

cause

o r

consequence

a

d iametr ica l ly

of

t he

develop ment of metal t echnology ."

MacDona ld 's p roposed

t he o f

( 1980)

BC,

a nd

t he

f i rst m i l lenn ium

a s tate

p roduct iv ity t hat

Ban

A

f ro m

depend

c l ient

H is

data

very

on

by

o f

i ts

t h is

own

o r ig ins

a re

dur ing

s uscept ib le

t he p resent

The mode ls on

h a

wh ich

o f t o

up

s tate

t he

s ize

p lateau a nd

e ar ly

h ave

i n

t he

s usta ined h e

t he

PRESENT

o f

t he

t he

ex istence These

i n for mat ion

a t

t he

co mmencement o f

They

were

based

t he

o f

two

ga ined

p resent p rogra mme

on

i mpress ions

d iff icu lt when

confronted w ith

bas in s uch a s t he Khorat P lateau . d iscrete a rea was r eso lved on t he Songkhra m

ga ined

s i tes , a nd f a i led t o confor m t o t he f our p r inc ip les a nd Wagstaff ( 1982) i n t he ir cons iderat ion o f Me l ian

These beg in w ith a def ined a rea o f s tudy, s i mp le a nd more

t he Upper

t o

s ett lement s tructure .

co mpr ise

l i ght

e st imated i t h ad

RESE ARCH STRATEGY

f oundat ions .

wh i le excavat ing s ing le advocated by Renfrew i s land

dur ing

p reh istor ic

i ts

a sserted ,

a h ierarch ic

bas ica l ly

i n

He 1 500

catchment

a t Ph ima i a nd perhaps , Non Cha i .

scrut iny

by

t he ava i lab le d ata , a ssum ing

Therefore ,

made

t he

s ites

t o

s i te

f ro m

not

catchment .

ava i lab le

s haky

p reh istory .

( 1978)

h a lf o f

on

v iew .

a rea

r esearch p rogra mme .

THE

r ested

southern

cou ld

oppos ite

t he Sakon Nakhon

not ions

2 0

s ize

i n

t he

about

v i l lages

t he

i n

app l ied

S tepona it is

l arge , s uperord inate

mode ls

a n

He

covered

s i te

popu lat ion on

t akes

so mewhere BC .

advanced

Ch iang

s equence .

mode l

deve lop ment o f ch iefdo ms

a rea ,

i t was

a n

i n

t he

c ase o f

extens ive s ed imentary

I n t he event, t he i dent if icat ion o f a bas is o f two f actors . I n t he c ase o f f e tt w ise

t o

u ndertake

r esearch

i n

a n

a rea cont iguous w ith one o f t he f ew extens ive ly excavated s i tes i n t he Khorat P lateau , n a me ly Ban Ch iang . Second ly , i t s ee med s ens ib le t o work i n a n

a rea

who le .

co mpr is ing

a l l

Consequently, t he

I t i ncorporates so i ls o f t he

t he

t he ma jor e nv ironmenta l zones o f t he p lateau a s a l and

s urround ing

l acustr ine

l ower, m idd le

f lood

a nd

h igh

p la in

a n

extens ive

l ake was

s e lected .

a nd w ith in a manageab le a rea , t he

t erraces

e ach

l aced w ith

a n et wo rk

o f

sma l l s trea ms . The

M idd le

Ch i Va l ley

i ncorporates a l arge moated a w ide var iety l ong

o f d ifferent so i l

The

s econd

r equ irement

t ime

per iod

i s

i ndeed ,

t he

s tab i l ity

more

s equence a t Ban Ch iang Renfrew approach b ase

patterns . a rea h ave

was b een

a nd

w ith i i ; i n

i n

was

f or

a

s i te

Gor man

f ra m e work' :

o f

( K i jngam ,

w ith t he

a

perspect ive ,

e i ther

cu ltura l

a nd

t hat a t

p ropose One

o f

a ny

o f

Wh ite l east

s ince

c hange ( 1982) .

a o r

The

t hree m i l lenn ia

a nd

a "concrete ecolog ical t he

weaknesses

i n for mat ion

d e l im ited ,

r esearch

H ig t am

i t

conta ins

a rea .

t hen

absc r i ce

because

a lso

r eg i mes .

( 1978)

a ssurance

s urvey

H ian , a nd

a d iachron ic i nvo lve

s 'udy

(op .ci t

a rchaeology

descr ibed

a n

t he

t he

i n it ia l s trategy

t o

by

p rov ided

a systemat ic

Spac ia l t he

i nvo 'ves

l i ke ly

Wagstaff

1 980 ,

s e lected

t ypes a nd d ra inage

descr ibed

o f occupat ion were p resent

d ata

was

s ett lement, Ban Ch iang

on

e nv ironmenta l ly

p rogra m me , a nd W ir iyaro mp

so me

1 980) .

o f

t he

s ett lement d iverse r esu lts

F ina l ly,

a

T he

deduct ive

approach

No rtheast overa l l ,

i n

t he

Many

based

data

a n

t he

changes f urther

wh ich

b eg in w ith

a nd

bear

a n

t he

on

wh ich

The

been

r egarded

P lateau

h as ( 1978)

u nchang ing

t he

a nd

a nd

d escr ibed .

peacefu l I t w i l l

a nd

a s

cu ltura l

be

a s

f ound

t o

i s

t he

a s

a n

by

The

t he

"Bronze

a re

H igham

( 1977) ,

adopts

t he

o f

t he

Age"

two These

t o

po int

a

Khorat

u n iqueness .

conservat ive ,

soc iet ies

o f

t o

data .

s econd

s tressed

p r inc ipa l object ive be

c la ims

i dent ify a ny

There

adaptat ion

t o

a n

l arge ly

n ecessary

a nd

s urvey

advanced

both

a nd

confl ict ing

I t

( 1982) .

cu ltura l

o f

i s t he

by

change .

we l l

Wh ite

h ave

n ature

was

The i n

phase o f b ronze work ing .

quest ion .

d ist inct ive

( 1982)

Exam inat ion o f t h is p ropos it ion be

o f

p reh istor ic

Wh ite

cons idered

r esearch

e arly

i n it ia l mode ls

( 1980)

s tance .

Gor man

i n

r eco mmended .

s ettlement patterns

excavat ion

a ssess ment o f

i s

been

character ised

a re

p rocesses

( 1978), MacDona ld

co mparat ive

p reh istor ic

p reh istor ic

r equ ire

not

u nusua l ly

p rob lems

o f

h ad

phase

o f a n

s trategy

a ssumpt ions

1 980

I ndeed ,

o r absence

n ature

i ssues

Gorman

i n

manner .

p ropos it ions

r esearch

spec if ic

i n it ia l exp loratory

p resence

e stab l ish

on

ava i lab le

systemat ic

r ema ins on

Tha i

p resent

t he

exce l lent exa mp le

t here .

r esearch

o f

t he

t o

course

o f a rchaeo log ica l r esearch descr ibed by Sa lmon

( 1982) .

not d iff icu lt

t o

r efute

o f n ew ly acqu ired d ata , t he

p resentat ion

o f

n ew

must

i n

t urn , be

hypotheses on

ones

o ften

t estable a nd

t he

p rov ide

bas is on ly

Thus , whereas

part ia l

exp lanat ions .

As

t he

n umber

so

s ubd iv is ions .

h as The

o t

t he

excavated r ange

k ey s i te o f Ban Ch iang . s ix

phases , we

Late

Per iods ,

c hanges

i n

s i te

a t

u se

h ave

no

no w t he

t he

Nok

part icu lar

Moreover, Bayard Nok

Tha

a nd

I n

f i rst

Don

i s

add it ion Wh ite 's

h av ing

Ban Ch iang

H ian

Tha ,

k no wn

corre lat ion h as

Sawan

conduc ive

Bayard

pottery . a s

i dent if ies

scheme

i n

s ix

a nd t o

contrast t hree

r eg ions w ith

based

t h is

a nd

h is

Each a s

s tudy,

t he

t o

t he

Upper Ch i

a rea

i s

h eur ist ic

i s

g iven a nd

f or

Khon

r eferred

i ts own t he

t o

Kaen a s

aga in

a rea

s et o f phase

u se

o f

on

Per iods , Ch iang .

Phu

W iang , Non

a re

a t Non Dua w ith

s uch

( 1980)

f ive i n

a

n ew

phases , a t t he Lo wer

p lethora

o t

i s not e asy . p roposed

be lo w

t he

a nd

Ban

MacDona ld 's t here

( f ig

a s er ies o f r eg iona l

1 -6) .

a rchaeolog ica l s equences ,

Western

( 1976)

Later

f or

Essent ia l ly ,

r espect ive ly

Western Khon Kaen , Sakon Nakhon , Upper Ch i , Lo wer Mun-Ch i a nd I n

pursu it

p r inc ipa l ly

a nd

t hem

Faced

t h is , a nd

r eproduced

t he

Cons ider t he

Ear ly, M idd le

s uggested

At Non Cha i ,

a re

i nto

h as

c u ltura l

t hree we l l k no wn p er iods o f

r e-na med

chaot ic .

r ecogn ised

i s

e ither

Ear ly , M idd le

t hose

r ecently

i s

The

t he

w ith

t here

s ituat ion

( 1984) h as

H is

Tha i land

a nd Charoenwongsa 's

s ubd iv is ions

s ub-d iv is ions , a n u nderstand ing o f s tructure phases .

Northeast

chrono log ica l

t o Gor man

phases

t hree , a nd

The

i n

( 1982) s ubd iv is ion

a scr ipt ion o f s ix s uccess ive phases . Ch i Va l ley .

not

f our

o f mortuary

( 1984)

s ites

s uggested

EMPL OYED

cons iderat ion o f cu ltura l p rocesses .

h ave

s ty le

Non

o f

p resent s ituat ion

o f o rder o r o f a j ud ic ious

These

r efutab le .

THE CULTURAL AND CHRONOL OG IC AL FRAME WORK

i ncreased,

i t i s

i s

M idd le n a mes .

spec ia l ists

r eferred Ch i

t o

( f igs

a s 1 -4

The scheme

f am i l iar w ith

t he

h e

t he Loe i ,

Upper Mun . Upper Ch i , a nd

1 -5) .

i s d escr ibed d ata .

S ince

The cultural and chronological framework the number of such specialists is minute, the scheme is regarded as too unwieldy for the present purpose. Again, most if not all the subdivisions are based on changes in pottery typology which might retlect a variety of underlying causes singly or in combination. The principal aim of the present work is to test current models and suggest an alternative one. This requires the use of phases defined on the basis of the variables which are to used in the model: social organisation .. technology, exchange patterns, intensification, demography and warfare. Bayard (1984:163) does in fact allude to four such general periods ., as follows:

GENERAL PER/00 A. The development of at least semi-sedentary agricultural communities (although the type of agriculture practiced is still a matter of debate; see White 1984) during the period 3500-2500 BC, with noticeable but fairly weak social ranking. GENERAL PERIOD B. The appearance of bronze technology (and presumed strengthening of already present trade links) during the period 2500-1800 BC) with an increase in social ranking, but still a simple ranked level. GENERAL PERIOD C. The introduction of iron technology and intensive wet rice farming during the mid-First Millennium BC, w1lh a more marked increase in ranking. GENERAL PERIOD 0. Shortly thereafter the rise of incipient states, or at least the complex chiefdoms Wheatley posits (1983:419), and the development of true states by a fusion of these indigenous organisms with Indian socio-political and religious concepts, commencing shortly after Ille__ beginning of the present era. It is clearly recognised that not all sub-regions in Northeast Thailand proceeded contemporaneously through these four general periods. But this phenomenon is foremost among the factors we seek to explain. Older archaeologists too, will recognise a correspondence between the first three general periods and the three age system. In the following pages, the four general periods proposed by Bayard will be used as a convenient shorthand notation. The relationships between individual sites is set out in fig 1-7. It is the latter which will be used when discussing individual sites and their relationships. It will be seen that Bayard's chronology has been modified to our own interpretations, for which arguments are presented in section three below. It is most refreshing however .. to find that the claims for remarkably early dates have now subsided, and been replaced by a more realistic assessment. Indeed, a broad concensus is nearly upon us.

- 14 -

The

c u ltura l a nd

c hrono log ica l

F IGURE Genera l map

o f

Southeast

Non Nok Tha 5 , t he Phraya Va lley

Red

As ia :

1 , Ban

R iver De lta

8 , Ph i ma i 9 ,

t he

f ra me work

1 -1 Ch iang

2 ,

6 , Ban Don

T ransbassac

- 1 5

-

a rea .

Ban

Ta

Na

Phet

D i 1 ,

3 ,

Non Cha i 4 ,

t he

Lo wer Chao

0

s et t le ment .

o f

ö

m idd le t er

S andstone

f ramework

a l luv iu m

c hrono log ica l

a l luv iu m , c l ay , o f

c u ltura l a nd

t r ibutary s trea m

The

F IGURE

C ross s ect ion o f i n

0 ( 0 0

2,

1 -2

t he p r inc ipa l

l andfor ms

t he Sakon Nakhon Bas in

- 1 6

a l luv iu m , s and

Ok i a l luv iu m

o f

0 .

-

f ound

The

H ano i( 1 0m )

2 3 ,4°

c u ltura l a nd

c hrono log ica l

f ra mework

U don T han i( 1 78m) 2 6 ,7 ° 1 564

K ua la L umpu r( 3 9m ) 2 Z4 ° 2 365

1 7 35

( 9 )

( 40 -1 6 )

( 6 -7 )

. 1 60m m

1 60mm

1 60 mm

140

1 4 0

1 40

120

1 20

1 20

. 100

1 00

1 00

-8 0

8 0

8 0

6 0

6 0

. : . *

a n

D e

4 0

3 0°

4 0

2 0

2 0°

2 0

1 0°

D raugh t

D ec

J an

M o is t

F IGURE

0

2 0°

2 0

0°

We t

1 -3

The p r inc ipa l f eatures o f

t he c l imate

Northeast Tha i land

4 0

i n

J an

D ec

(»

..I,

5·

a, CD

::,

0

:r

'1("

z CD

::,

0

CD '1("

en

-t

I

..A

...

m

:0

C

.,, B

The Sakon Nakhon Basin

L

0

·10 20

�Lake 30

N

+

1.0km.

k./Jj Land >300m.

Land< 150m.

c=J Land 150 -300m.

s c=J

• Prehistoric sites 1 Ban Chiang. 2 Ban Na Di. 3 Ban Orn Kaeo. 4 Ban T hat. 5 Ban Tong. 6 Don Khi Kling 7 Ban Phak Top. 8 Ban Waeng. 9 Ban Muang Phruk. 10Non Kao Noi. 11 Ban Sa Bang 12 Non Nong Ch1k. 13 Non Nok Tha. 14 Phu Wiang sites ( Don Sawan, Don Wat Kao, Don Kok) 15 Don Klang 16 Non Taeng Saeng. 17 Ban Yang. 18 Ban Chit.19 Non Chai

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The

c u ltura l a nd

chrono log ica l

F IGURE

1 -5

The Ch i Va l tey

f ra me work

C .T ha i land ' V ie tN am ( Chan S en) I (RPr iR T hr ir

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L Q J

D varava t i

z

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( Non N ok T ha l ( Ban C h iang ) ( Ban N aD i )

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F IGURE A

scheme

Tha i land a s

s ho w ing

t he

a fter Bayard

c u ltura l

1 984.

a nd

1 -6

chrono log ica l

H is Upper Ch i a rea

t he M idd le Ch i , .

— 20

—

f ra mework

i s d escr ibed

f or i n

Northeast

t h is

r eport

The

c u ltura l a nd c hrono log ica l f ra mework

B AN C H IANG B AN N A D I 1 000

G enera l P er iod D

N ON N OK T HA

N ON C HA I

N ON D UA

B AN C H IAN H IAN

P hase 3

5 00

AD 0 B C

G ene ra l P e r iod C

? Leve l 3 L a te P er iod

1 000

G enera l P er iod B

E a r ly P e r iod

P hase 2

L eve l 6

M idd le P e r iod

L eve l7

••L eve l 8

1 500

P hase 1

?L eve l4

.•• M idd le P e r iod

P hase 3

A bandoned

L eve l5

5 00

P hase 2

P hase1

• .

E ar ly P er iod 2 000

2 500

E ar ly P er iod E ar ly P er iod

G enera l P e r iod A 3 000

E ar ly P e r iod A

3 500

F IGURE

1 -7

The chrono log ica l r e lat ionsh ips b et ween excavated i n Northeast Tha i land

s i tes

Excavations in the Upper Songkhrarn area

CHAPTER

TWO

THE EXCAVATIONS OF BAN NA DI ,. BAN MUANG PHRUK AND NON KAO NOi

Ban Na Di is one of the prehistoric sites in the Upper Songkhram survey area identified in 1980. During that same year ,. it was subjected to a test excavation, and the discovery of a deep and intact cultural deposit lead to the decision to undertake a major excavation there. The location of such village settlements is , discussed more fully. in chapter · ni·ne. . At this juncture, it is stressed that Ban Na Di is typical of most prehistoric sites in the survey area, in terms of its proximity to two small streams, and immediate access to the soils of the low terrace. These are the soils best adapted to the cultivation of rice in the area to this day. Its location is set out in fig 9-1. Figs 2-1 and 2 show the present village and the central portion of Ban Na Di. The contours are set out as less than 25-100 cm below the datum which is located at X. Square F5 was excavated between November 1980 and May 1981. The excavation technique was essentially that developed by Charoenwongsa and Gorman at Ban Chiang in 19�4-75, but experience gained there made possible some refinements. Ban Chiang was a stratigraphically demanding site due to bioturbation by a species of beetle as well as the process which led to the build up of deposits there. The former accumulates soil to build a subterranean nest measuring 60-70 mm in diameter. Its activities were reflected at Ban Chiang in a marbled soil in the upper 2-3 m of deposit within which the recognition of culturally significant layers was virtually impossible. Nor was it possible to recognise the edge of inhumation graves or the point from which they were cut. Indeed, upper burials there were recognised only when bone or offerings were encountered. The response to this situation was to excavate the site in 10 cm unit levels until a clear change in soil colour or texture was recognised. After the removal of each 10 cm thick level ,. the surface in each square was scraped clean and all "features" noted were recorded by drawing a.nd photography. Such features included pits, animal disturbance ,. post holes and graves. Naturally ,. all features were excavated as discrete units and the contents separately labelled and bagged for later analysis. Only when all features were excavated, was the next 10 cm level removed. All soils at Ban Chiang were screened. There is no douQt that at least during the period 500-0 BC ,. houses raised on stilts were used in the Red River area of Vietnam and Yunnan province of Southern China. This type of structure is a response to intense seasonal rains and the prevalence of flooding. It is the traditional method of house construction in Northeast Thailand today. The size and depth of some of the post holes found at Ban Chiang and Ban Na Di are very similar to those excavated for modern houses although no house plans are known from either site due to the limited areas so far opened ... up. Such a house design provides for living space raised several feet above the ground. Clearly therefore ,. the recovery of actual occupation floors in archaeological sites cannot be expected. During its life span

- 22 -

Excavat ions

ho wever,

a house

accu mu lates The

h igh

l atter a re

t raff ic .

occupat ion

s and

l eve l .

Na

t o

t hat t o

As

p rov ided

t he

c lar ity

by

t he

p r inc ipa l

r ef ine ment

t he

s econd was

t hrough

t he

a 1 mm

r etent ion

mesh

i n

subs istence

act iv it ies

f or mer

up

be

o f

o f

r a ised

u nderneath .

u ndergo

c learly i n

a t g round

t he

r egu lar

s trat if ied

a rchaeolog ica l

l eve l .

a rchaeolog ica l depos its

s een ,

a t

Ban

s evera l

docu ment ing o f

Ch iang,

c lear

act iv it ies

s trat igraphy

( Leve l up

a s

i n

t he

nu merous

Th is

but

a t

t h is

l eve ls

were

u ndertaken basa l

a t

two m

a t

l enses

o f

deve loped

a t

c lean

D I : THE

E ight

l eve ls were l eve ls

bu l ldozer,

a nd

e ncountered ,

t hen

t here

nu mbered A

o f

h ere

t he

no

per iod

LE VELS

act iv ity

a nd

l ayer bu i lt

excavat ion

l eve l

descr ipt ion o f e ach

u n it o r

r ecogn ised

s ubjected on ly

8

i s

t he

on

t he

o f squares A1-4 .

t o

l eve l

i n

l evel l ing 7

a nd t he

by

mater ia l

t h is square .

e arl iest

f ol lo ws , beg inn ing w ith

be i nto

2-3)

t he

l eve l 8 occupat ion

t op :

( F ig

dur ing

Consequently

t o

i ns ight

t here .

contents)

been

r e ma ins

n ew

a nd

h ad

l eve ls .

l eve l f or pass ing

t exture

r ecogn ised

l oot ing .

p rov ided

a s trat igraph ic

F6

occupat ion

e ach u n it

t he p reh istor ic

a s

c lear

m icro-organ ic

a nd

EXC A VAT I ON

square

be ing

f ro m

f ro m

e nabled

a r esu lt o f p reh istor ic

t echn ique

t olerably

quant it ies

bas is o t colour,

upper

excavat ion

o f a s a mple

t hroughout

i s def ined

t he

o f e ight

screen .

cons iderab le

BAN N IA

l atest .

o f

depos it ion

t o

r ecogn it ion

r ecovered

a re

t he

a re

f lood water .

The

The

s tables

e ncountered

w i l l

s tructures

a n i ma l

docu mented

p lace

n ature

t hose

case .

a s

t ook

t he

detr itus wh ich

f loors

bu i ld

t hose

f or

house

o r

o f manure , a nd t he

a rea

e nv iron ment

modern space

i n it iate

r egu larly

Moreover,

Ban Ch iang was The

t he

we l l

D i was

by

So me

correspond ing

part ia l ly

L ipper Songkhra m

a p rotected

c leared

correspond

a s

t he

work ing

f acts

act iv it ies

D i wou ld

on ly

p rov ide

a nt ic ipated

e ncountered Ban

t o

l eve ls

I t was

g round

f loors .

t hese

contexts where

was

p rov ide

i ts

r egu larly

A l l

Ban Na

may

u nder

s uff ic iently

i n

The

l eve l

a

was

l eve ls

1 i s

t he

l atest .

Leve l 1 Th is

i s

I t co mpr ises 3 /3-3/4) . contents pottery .

a

t h in , s uperf ic ia l

a co mpacted

Severa l o t

t h is

The

post

l eve l

so i l

holes

i nclude

r e ma ins

l eve l vary ing

coloured a nd

p its were

n a i ls ,

c learly

dark

g lass ,

r eflect

occupat ion mater ia l a nd w i ll not be

bet ween f ound

p last ic

t he

past

cons idered

1 5-20

r edd ish

cm

b ro wn

i n

cut

f ro m

a nd

e ssent ia l ly

f ew

depth .

(Munse l l l eve l

years

5 T h

1 .

The

modern

bu i ld

up

o f

f urther .

Leve l 2 Leve l p resent

2 var ies

v i l lagers ,

i n

t he

t h ickness

squares

bet ween

A2-4

years ago a nd

t he postholes w ith in

a rea

by

covered

f or med

by

t ree

square

r oots ,

A4

were

l eve l 2 may

was

t ogether

1 0-40

covered

w ith

f or merly

a

-

by

h ave

Accord ing a house

be longed

garden

a part icu larly

- 2 3

cm .

soft

a nd

t o

u nt i l t o

i t .

s evera l

so i l,

were

t he

c .

1 0 The

holes noted .

Excavat ions

The

so i l

l eve l

t exture

1 , but

(Munse l l

5YR

mou ld- made bu i lt up

i s

t he

3 /3) .

f ro m

c .

t he

Upper Songkhra m

softer a nd mo ister

cblour

c lay

i n

i s

s im i lar,

The

t han

smok ing

p ipes

1 550 AD

a t

t hat co mpr is ing

be ing

contents

o f

t he

co mpacted

i n

genera l ,

dark

r edd ish

t h is

l eve l

i nclude

most

r ecovered .

t he

a rea

These

s uggest

t hat

b ro wn o f

t he

t he

l eve l

e arl iest .

Leve l 3 Th is

l eve l

bet ween

l eve ls

var iable ,

but

6 /4) w ith because l ighter

t ends

a reas

i ntrus ions ,

var ies

o f

s uch o f

3

i s

more

r edd ish 3 .

r eflect

Leve l

3 ,

t he

i s

(Munse l l

I ndeed

ad m ixture

honeyco mbed

i nto

1 0 T h

l eve l

so me

depth .

5 /4) .

o f

b ro wn

a sh

f ro m

h earths

post

holes

a nd

When

w ith

l eve l i n

de l ineated apparent ly

part icu larly

1 0YR

t he

i s

1 0YR

excavat ing ,

t he

3 ,

4 /2) .

cu ltura l

cut

one

(Munse l l

c learly

(Munse l l

p its

d ist inct ion

e arl ier

b ro wn

contrasted

a reas

The

The

3 were

g rey ish

o f by

i n

colour .

ye l lo w ish

contents

coloured

cm

so i l

t ight

cut

b ro wn

5 5

i n

a

b ro wn

holes

squares A3 and A4, were may

a nd

t o wards

post

l eve l

2 0

bas ica lly

ye l lo w ish

a s

t he ir dark colour

bet ween

2 and

i nto

i n

Th is

depos its .

i t a t

a

l ater

per iod . Dur ing r ol led

occupat ion basa l t he

n ature

( fro m

noted

Th is

t ind ing

( Ca lder

1 972) .

There

o f

t he

l eve l

g rave

1 550 AD) date h ave

i t was

worn .

l eve l 3 , o r upper

on ly A

excavat ion

a nd

t hat many

s uggests were

4 .

I n

, a lso

no

goods , depth

a scr ibed

t o

been

cut

dur ing

t he

descr ipt ion o f

t he

bur ia ls

i s

was

r e lat ive

t o

l eve l

f ound

t he

t hree

case

i n

l eve l

depos its

i nhu mat ion a g rave i t c lear

per iod

3 were r eflects

bur ials w ith in

cut

l eve l 3 a nd

2 , makes

occupat ion

s herds

t hat

v is ible

but

c lear ly

t hat

r epresented

t hey by

l ate

cou ld

l eve l 3 .

be lo w .

Leve l 4 Aga in , bet ween darker

t h is

l evels

l eve l 3

so i l

( to

Munse l l

excavat ion ,

t he

so i l

was c learer

i n A2-4

A2

co mpr ised

potsherds . abundant As

a

t hat

t hey t hey

1 5-20 w ith

cm

concentrat ion by

b ronze

o f

4 /3 h arder

t he

aga in

i r regu larly a nd

charcoa l .

c lay

s heet p its Th is o f

l eve l

b ronze

f ound

f unct ion

t hat

by

but

s urface a

o f

4

a nd t akes

t he

s uch

l eve l 4 i n carpet

o f

were

so

holes ,

f i red i n A

bur ia l .

l eve l .

f or m

f eature

i n A4, but

o f

i nhu mat ion

post

f rag ments .

Dur ing

d ist inct ion

s herds

a n

part ia l ly

s l ightly

t he

dense

t hese

over

i n terface a

b ro wn) .

a nother occupat ion

b locks

The o f

b locks was The

f i rst

f eature .

a concentrat ion

f rag ments .

The w ith in

f ro m

s haped

f r iable ,

matr ix

a t

The

dark

squares .

co mpr ised

o f

cm) .

4 /4 :

more

a s herd

der ive

t ype

a nd

so i l

r epresented

( 10-75

character ised

7 .5YR

o ther

t hought

c learly

depth be ing

-

darker

i t was

ev idence

l ong) w ith

i n

i n

f ug it ive ,

1 0YR

t han

o f a n ew

potsherds

a ssoc iated

i s

c learly

i t h appens , exa mp les

var iable

4

appeared

I ndeed,

S tructura l w ith

i s

a nd

t ogether

o f

l arge

c lay

quest ion s econd

(c .

m ixed was

sma l ler

t h is one was not r inged

f eatures

w i l l

be

d iscussed

be lo w . I n f ound

square A3 ,

l y ing

i n

t here were

a s hal lo w

not a ssoc iated w ith

t he

co mp lete

depress ion

a nyth ing

n earby .

i n

s ke letons

a c rouched

o f

two young p igs ,

pos it ion .

They

were

Excavat ions

F ive and were t ro m j ar

bur ia ls

h ave

p robably

bur ia ls

o f

t he

ch i ldren

i ncluded

been

t he

Upper Songkhrarn

a scr ibed

cut do wn

L eve l 4 , s ince

goods

i n

f ro m

cut

t o

( see

l ayer .

l eve i 4 , a nd

i s v is ib le . be lo w

sma l l b ronze

t h is

t he

A L L f ive

f or

a rea

Four

( nos .

a deta i led

l i e

l ast was

i n

4-8) co mpr ise

descr ipt ion) .

b race lets , a t anged

l eve l . 5 ,

def in ite ly

i ron

cut

l idded

The

g rave

k n ife , socketed

i ron

hoe, cutt ing i mple ments a nd b lue-glass beads . The pots were cord- marked on t he outs ide a nd r ed s l ipped on t he i nter ior . Leve l 5 Th is 5YR

4 /4

f eatures matr ix The

l eve l var ies

-

5YR

a nd

3 /4

deep

l atter

a nd

a

1 A4

Th is

f eature

No . Th is above .

The

post

ho les .

a nd

7 0 cm .

l ayer

The

f rag ments

s andy

t he

f or mer

o f

matr ix

and

f ew

a s

i s

many

conta ins

she t tf ish

w ith

i n squares A1-4

The colour

i ncludes

n u mber o f concentrat ions

d istr ibuted

co mpr ises

l i e on

t op

2 A4

1 6

c lay

f eature

b locks

b locks

I t measures

I t measures

s haped

2 5

p it

a so i l

charcoa l .

a rtefacts .

o f

A

part ia l ly

f i red

f o llo ws :

1 6

h eat .

t o

m)

bet ween b ro wn) .

s herds ,

c learer,

Those

No .

s ee ms

1 .0

l eve l 5 i s

b locks o f c lay .

cons iderab le

r edd ish

pottery

h ave o f

t h ickness

(c .

i ncorporat ing

character ist ic

i n

( dark

o f

o f

c .

c lay

4 0

x

wh ich

30

cm ,

h ave a nd

been s ubjected

i s

a

3 0

cm

t o

deep

o f a p it .

c .

i s

l ocated

3 7

x

part ia l ly

3 0

j ust

cm

f i red

over one m

a nd

f ro m

co mpr ises

c lay, m ixed

w ith

no

a s et

potsherds

1 descr ibed

o f

i r regu larly

a nd

p ieces

o f

charcoa l . No .

3 A4

Th is 2 2

cm

f eature

i s

c .

4 0

These t h is

i s

cm

I t i s

s urrounded

by

t iny

o f g reen

f lecks

measures f i rst

a s

part ia l ly w ith in

4 5 t he

o f

on

cm

contents

excavated

f lecks o f b ronze

r inged t o

t he

by

s tress

2 .

p ieces

c ruc ib le

t hat

t he

r ecoverable

dark w ith

be ing

i r regu lar

x 3 0

l eve ls

west o f no

I t measures

4 5

x

t he

o f

6 7

ones .

b ronze These

p roducts

a nd

b ronze

f rag ments

f ound

f eatures were

o f b ronze

corros ion

a lso a nd

copper corros ion .

t he bu ild up o f

bet ween

about a m

1 4

f eature ,

b locks

on ly

so i l s ta ined

4 A3

Th is c lay

a re

i mportant

square were

No .

l ocated deep .

f eatures

f rag ments . i n

1 6

4 /5 .

c ross

s hape ,

a nd was o f t o

a

c .

p it,

p lace

l eve l 5 , There

corros ion

s ect ioned,

t ogether 4 0 cm

but t he

i t

t hough i s

r ound

t hey

p ieces

deep .

s ee ms

b locks

co mpr ised

w ith

- 2 5

-

packed

charcoa l .

I t

The c lay b locks appeared t hat

i nto .

t he

The o f

p it

was

b locks

t i rst appeared

a concentrat ion i t .

l oose ly o f

on

b ronze

l i e t he

a t

l east

e nt ire ly i nterface

f rag ments

a nd

Excavat ions

c .

c .

No .

5 A2

Th is

f eature was

4 0

cm No .

6 Al

Th is

f eature

No . Th is appeared 90

1 8

c lay

f eature t he

o f

Th is

c lay

were

t o

t h is

north t he

a nd

i n

Al

i s

o f c lay

o f

no .

5 .

I t

unusua l depth o f

co mpr ised h ave

l oose ly

been

r eta ined

part icu larly

f ro m

t h is

r ich

f eature

i n

bore

h igh ly

a re

l i ke ly

o f

cm

t hese

a nd

a

charcoa l

a nd

by

so i l

a nd

r eaches

excavated s ect ion

l oose ly

darkened

t he

o f

by

c lay

c .

corros ion . t o

r e mov ing

t hrough

be h a lf

t he ir centres .

accu mu lat ion

o f

b ronze

b ronze

conta in ing

b roken

by

packed

f rag ments

s t i l l

a depth

b ronze

f eatures , two po ints n eed

c ross

conta ined

t hat

b ronze

i ron

no

corros ion , o f

were

o f

corros ion .

f rag ments

mou tds

p it a nd

f eatures

i n

i n

and

b ronze ,

part icu larly

concerned o r

sma l l v i l lage

l i ne

i t w ith

sm ith ies .

t h is

t he

cut

t he

c lay

beco mes

b ronze part

o f

The p rocedure

Tuyeres

by

soon

w ith

i n

t ubes , a nd

r eta ined

charcoa l a nd

cast

c lay .

o f ba mboo

o f charcoa l

t he

were

l onger sme lted

be llo ws made

a bed

p laced

t hese

i s

i s worked

f ro m

t o wards i s

4 0

l eve l 5 were

f rag ments ,

a s ha l lo w

f ed

x

f lecks o f charcoa l a nd

l eve l .

A lthough

I ron

r ed

t hrough

f orced

wa l ls

a i r

o f

t he

hot once

t he

a re operated .

i s

no

been

t hese d irect

made

c ruc ibles , mou lds t h is

m

r ead i ly

5

p iece

4 0

i n

s urrounded

o f

Most o f

5 ,

c .

o f

a ssoc iat ion ,

d irected

h ave

1 .2

a tta ined

most

Leve l

r evea l a co mp lete

i n

excavate

c lay

There

a nd

a nd

c ircu mference

One

f unct ion

c ruc ible

i s

t uyeres

i n

1 8

cou ld

a p it .

centre

Northeast Tha i land,

p it .

cm

by many

t he

t he

a lso

meta l lurgy .

i s

l o wer,

o f sp it

measures

Many

f ound

t o

I t was

deep .

These

w ith in

concentrat ions

character ist ic

i s

s l ightly

x 40

r inged

b locks case ,

charcoa l .

t he

i s

A l l t hose descr ibed

I t

l eve l .

a sma ll c luster o f f i red c lay b locks measur ing

corros ion .

cons ider ing

e ach

were

basa l

f ibre matt ing .

f eature

s tressed .

They

f ro m

i n depth .

cm

surface

4 0

b ronze

I t was

b locks ,

a rea

8 Al 2 1

half a m .

t he

l eve l 6 depos its

cm

3 0

c lay .

i mpress ions o f No .

I n

7 Al

o f

i nto

3 0

c .

i f conta ined

I n

cut

co mpr ises

a nd

I t measured

f rag ments t he

cm

b locks

t ogether

Upper S ongkhra m

1 5

f i rst on

cm .

packed

t he

20

i n extent a nd

3 0 x 3 0

i n

part

o f

act iv it ies ev idence

o f

per ishab le

a nd Ban

a re matched f or

t he

D i

was

t he o r

s ubstances .

charcoa l a l l s uggest Na

i n

t uyeres

devoted

Ban

The t he

D i c lay but

f eatures .

t hese

abundance

t hat dur ing t o

Na

be l lo ws ,

o f

cou ld

b ronze ,

t he bu i ld up o f

manufacture

o f

l eve l

b ronze

a rtetacts . Leve l 6 Th is p r inc ipa l ly a re

more

l eve l var ies dark dark

b ro wn

i n

t h ickness

bet ween

(Munse l l 7 .5YR

ye l lo w ish

b ro wn

1 5

3 /4), but

(Munse l l

1 0YR

a nd

8 0

a reas 4 /4)

cm .

I ts

a scr ibed

a nd

dark

co lour

t o

l eve l .

r edd ish

i s 6

g rey

Excavat ions

(Munse l l 5YR f ro m

cut a nd

t he

u sed

conta in

l eve l

l i tt le

dur ing

ev idence

i n

f or

l eve l 6 /7

a c a lf was

t he

A3 .

bu i ld

s urv iva l

i n

up

notable

o f

l eve l

f rag ments

cut dur ing

depos its

s ke letons

t here .

A lthough

i n squares A1-2 ,

i n

up

t he

f urnaces s uch

The

o f

cut

f urnaces

i nc idence There

l eve l

by

l o west

s ave

be ing

a n

o f

i s very

6 so i l .

a re

t he

p laced

t he

no

h ave

parts

f or

absence

D i dur ing

t here a lso

r are .

bu i ld

suggests

t hey

c lay t hat

accord ing ly .

co mplete

p rotected

a rt icu lat ion

by

I n

co mplete , a rt icu lat ing s ke leton o f

f ound

were

t hat e ither was

i nto

6 a re

t he

t he

i ndustr ial act iv ity a t t h is part o f Ban Na 6

a rea

ho wever,

decl ined

o f square A4 ,

s ke letons

perfect

i s

Another was

Both

was no ev idence

I t

s tructures

i nterface

r ecovered .

square

Upper Sonqkhra m

l eve l 6 mater ia l cut

above .

b ronze , c ruc ible , and mou ld t he

t he

4 /2) .

Squares A1-4 do wn

i n

i n

o f

l eve l

a p it .

The ir

occupat ion o f

o r

l eve l

a rt icu lat ing

ev idence

6

There

accu mu lat ion

f urther

l i ttle

o f

h ead .

a n i ma l

f or s tructures .

Leve l 7 The (Munse l l

genera l

1 0YR

matr ix

3 /4)

t o

o f

l eve l

dark

s evera l f eatures wh ich d ist ingu ish 7 conta ins

a cons iderab le

These vary

i n

a t ense may ho l lo ws

t h ickness r un

i n

t he

s lo wed

a nd

r evea ls

a s er ies

be lo w .

A lthough

d iscrete , most post holes

hor izon ,

o f

t he

The was

s ect ion

depos its

conta ined

many

ho les

mortuary

Th is

l a id

a nother .

S trat if ied f ro m

l eve l

charcoa l, ad m itted

o f

s im i lar

s tructures

s and

f ound

a ce metery .

r ather

l eve l

o r

t hey

two

cases ,

c lear ly

f i l led

i n

s uspens ion

s ect ion

i n

bau lk

s lu mped

A3/4

i nto

t he

g rave

extent

a nd

a re

m ixed

when

by

f i ll

qu ite

g raves

s uch

s he l l m idden pattern .

a nd

l enses a nd

depos its .

Be lo w

l enses wh ich

square

Bur ia ls were

t he

were

The l ooted

r e lat ive ly

but

t hey

t he

s and

o f

quadrant a nd

t he

l enses .

h ave

t here

SW

bes ide

ba lance

cou ld

dwe l l ings , s ince

i s approx i mate ly

F6 ,

i nterred

The

s uper i mposed

l enses , t han

l eve l 7 , wh ich I n

7 depos its .

i ntact,

s and

i n

o f act iv it ies .

i s

r epeated

i n

para lle l

There

i s

one

bur ia ls

5 exa mples , a

i n

t uyeres .

The

squares a nd

except ion 1 2

channe l

i n

r o ws a nd

2 8

o ften

t o

t h is

was

a t Ban Na

h av ing

A3

on

square

There

a re

u sed

f or

been

i s no ev idence

a nd

f urnace

t he i s

t han

5 - 1 0 mm

t h ick

o f

f urnace

before

r e-f ir ing .

These

u se

t here

o f

Bur ia ls

D i .

I t was

t he

a rea

s urrounded wh ich

by

p robab ly

very

f or

l arge

wh ich two

Th is

d ifferent p ieces

cou ld

o f

h ave

charcoa l s ta ined

r epresent

r ich w ith

one

bur ia ls .

f ac i l ity .

s tructura l ly

f u l l o f

wa l l

were

s uper i mposed

a b ronze- work ing

externa l

a re

A4 .

t oo, were

a c entra l hol lo w

t hrough

no more

corros ion .

one

s and

t hen , p rov ided

a

l enses t he

t he

contents

n u merous

t he best p reserved

t he

I n

o thers

southern

absence

r evea led

out

a nd

l eve l

r efuse .

bet ween

exa mp le was

a n

f i rst p lace

t he m .

l eve l 7 i s , i t ,

p ract ica l ly

pattern

n u merous , on

o f

a s

t he

t he ir

b ro wn

ho wever,

i n squares A1- A4 .

a nd

s tructures

f or occupat ion

a nd

t hrough

t hroughout

w ith in

cover

d isplayed

exclus ive ly

t op o f e ach o ther post

cut cut

deep, s uggest a r ange u sed

cm . i n

bear ing

The

t he

a re

devo id o f mater ia l cu lture .

a cons iderable

F6

t hose

water

detr itus .

8 be lo w

t han

t he

2 0

l ength ,

ye llo w ish

There

I n

l enses

l enses

been

square

l eve l 6 .

2 a nd

i n

dark

3 /3) .

p robably

p its were

l eve l

i ntact

1 .3 m

so me

( 5YR

l enses wh ich

d ist inct iveness

t o

excavat ion more

t he

1o r

t en m

when

f ine

h ave

a nd

The r e lat ive

o f

coloured

i t f ro m

bet ween

depos ited

i s

b ro wn

nu mber o f s and

f or e ight g round

7

r edd ish

r ake

out

f lecks o f b ronze

Excavat ions

As

one

i nfrequent . t ook

t he

s and

p roceeds

Ev idence f or m

6 ,surface ye l lo w

coloured

bu i lt

above .

up

l eve ls s uch

a s

burnt

s he l l,

a n i ma l

s hape

a depth

o f

t he

t o wards g roup

t he

o f

p it

f our

3 4)

Th is

about

8 0

was

h ad

s he l lf ish

o f

u nder lay

a dense

t he

a nd

u nderlay

i nto

l eve l 7 f ro m

On ly

c ircu lar,

about

charcoa l ,

i n a

Th inner h earths post

o f

o f

l ocated c lose t h is

context

7 0 a lso

o f

c .

f or m

o f

a rea

a nd

i n wh ich

i mportant

t o

young

ch i ldren , a nd

post dated

Al

8 0

cm

a tta ined

i n

was 2 0

p it

f i l l

o f

a nd

t he

by

t o

p it The

1 .34

m

( 1 , s urface a depth

w ith

t h ick

l eve l

cm

s ea led

t h is

B .34

square ,

( bur ia l

t h is

a nd

A2

i n

o f

w ith

t hat

packed cm

deep .

w ith

sma l l

t he

c lear

a ce metery

p its .

was

u ndertaken .

adu lt bur ia ls

t he

qu ite

2 5

n u mber o f c ircu lar

act iv it ies were two

s itu h earths .

packed

contrast

s uggest

l ayers

dense ly

t he

o f

I t was

t our

t h ickest was so i l

one

1 , s urface

a n i ma l bone .

s evera l o f

o f

packed

co mpr ised

h ard

t he

cutt ing

p it u se

o f

The

b iggest o f a

square Al

Th is

The

a nd

t hat

l o wer

deep .

t he

l eve l 7 ( feature

I ts

do mest ic

note

A 1/2 were e arly , both a ntedat ing

f ound .

i ncreased

concentrat ions

A4 ,

by

concentrat ions

l o west

p its , h earths

squares A3

t our

i n t he excavated a rea .

cm .

t o

p it

e ncrustat ion

i n

f ound

patches

t he

a nd

i ncorporated

5 0

r efuse

i n

squares

i t i s

cm .

i t

Th is

o f

p it

a nd o rgan ic mater ia l

f rag ments o f s he l l a nd

c ircu lar

These

t o a n

was

p resent

a nd

Al

t he

r ecovered

u se

o f

o f

d ia meter

t ook

p it

p it was

square f or m

charcoa l .

s econd

t he

The

F i lapatud z ize .

o f

t h is

o f

r eferred

t hree h av ing been cut dur ing

edges ,

l ayers .

f i l l

The

t h is was

f ound

s tra ight

r edd ish o r d ark

o f

a lso

d ia meter t hat

r e ma in ing

l o west hor izon

depth

charcoal .

ho les

mortuary

o f

a

t he

w ith

A t he

i ts

( feature

b ro wn

a wh ite

f urther

were

mak ing

l ater

t op

s urv iv ing

A2

s and

ba mboo .

So me

p it was

a nd

l enses , pottery

7

t ook

f lecks

1 /4

a shy

Leve l Those

B .14 .

r each ing

co mpr is ing

t he

concentrat ion

3 4)

a s

The

by

most These

o f

t he

t he

pottery

b ronze

datu m ,

s econd two

o f

o f

i n

patch

o f

hol lo w

conta in ing

charcoa l .

p its ,

P i la

t he

r ar ity

ova l

character ised

o f

a

4 /4) .

beca me

i ncreased .

f ound

co mpr ised

o f a depos it

p ract ica l ly

genera

7 .5YR

i n

d iscovered

A

i n

t op most

be lo w

conta ined

cut 4 0) .

a matr ix

be l l-shaped

I t was

I t

6 /6) s et

depos its

cm

l eve l 8 .

cm .

a n

l eve l was

i nter-cutt ing

one

a s

f rag ments

4 68

base .

t he bu i ld up o f o f

o f

r ecogn ised (Munse l l

a nd

bur ia ls

a nd was

burn ing

a nd

h earths ,

o f

depos ited

bone

f ibre

a nd

p it

The

s uccess ive

ba mboo

a tta ined

t he

A2,

a

f i rst

s econd

a nd

a rea

act iv it ies , ho wever,

exa mple

l ayers .

f ro m

i ncluded

holes ,

p robably

The

r esu lted

Upper Songkhra m

squares Al

7 mater ia l

s ix

was

f lood waters . wh ich

t o

(Munse ll 5YR

l eve l

o f

Th is

post

I t was

so i l

t he

occupat ion

c learest

4 0) .

s andy

b ro wn was

The

o f

south

f or

o f p its ,

l enses .

i n

B .14

a l ength o f

I n

i n squares

a nd

1 5 were

t ime .

Leve l 8 Th is bet ween g reyer

i s

3 0 i n

t he

a nd

l o west

5 0

colour

(Munse ll

e ssence , a d iffuse Dur ing

t he

u lt i mate ly 3 4) cut

i nd icates c ase

be long ing h igher

course

o f

t hat

t hey (A2) ,

t o

t han

t he

were t he

l eve l 8 . t he

s urface

l eve l a t Ban Na D i .

d ist ingu ished

1 0YR

4 /2 , dark

s trat igraph ica l

cut

t hrough

g rave was The o f

g rave l eve l

h earths

l eve l 8 f ro m

cut

B .26

- 2 8

t hat

-

was

t h ickness

f lood

r ather

2 2 , 2 6

t he s and l eve l

f eature

c learly

7 .

i n

l enses .

excavated ( nos

t o

basa l

cut t hrough

f or

a nd

bur ia ls

r e lat ionsh ip

i n

be ing

I t co mpr ises

p its were

e arly

c learly

8 , a nd

7 by

b ro wn) .

l arge

t hree

I t var ies

r eve l

g rey ish

up, s everal

There a re

t he

f ro m

i nterspersed w ith

bu i ld

r efuse .

n atura l , but

o f B .22

i s

s he l l m idden

t i l led w ith

i nto

cu ltura l

cm , a nd

a nd a nd

l enses I n

t he

1 sp .47, a p it

v is ible

2 0

cm

f or B .34 was a lso noted w ith in

Excavat ions

( eve !

7 .

A

n umber spreads . cut A

sma ll Th is

w ith in

t hree

part icu lar

o f

l enses a lso

8 a nd

l eve l 8 exa mp les

a d ia meter

s andy

l oa m

o f

cut

The matr ix

m .

cu ltural colour,

r ecogn it ion two The

up

r e ma ins

o f

was

a t Ban Na a nd

s uggest s trong ly t he

hu man

e ight

l eve ls

f ro m

8 co mpr ises

a nd

f ound

t o

mater ia l dur ing

charcoa l

conta in

t h is

The

s ite

was

r ich

a n

o rgan ic

f ound

per iod

i n

act iv it ies

was

r a ised

f or

l eve l

r ecent

i n

t o

do wn

by

f lood water .

mater ia l

a nd

t o

o rgan ic

o f post holes

g round, a nd

i t poss ible

t he

The basa l

C learly, water

abundance

t he

l oa m

a l lo w

t o botto m .

i n

a nd

above

so i l bu i ld

up

t h is

r u les

act iv it ies were

s uggest

i ncorporat ing

Severa l

a nd

t o

square

pottery

p its

were

s herds .

r eflect occupat ion

F6 ,

wh ich

bur ia ls .

may

t hat

t he

s evera l

f lood

excavated,

No

a nd

bur ia ls were

act iv it ies .

i nd icate

i s

so me

f ound

No

cut

L eve l 8

l oca l ised

6 per iod .

t h is

t o

a re

no

s uggest

l eve l bu i ld

t he mortuary

There

f or mortuary

cont inued

r e ma ins were

ev idence

dur ing

over

r eserved

Squares A1-2

l eve l 8 , but s he l lf ish

occupat ion

act iv ity

t he

u se , a nd

occupat ion

r arer .

t hat squares A3-4 were

up .

Two

a rea, wh ich

f e l l

l eve l 6 r e ma ins

f ro m

decap itated

i nto

d isuse

square

F6

ca lf

dur ing due

t o

l oot ing . Leve l

5 :

b ronze-cast ing .

The

e nt ire

The

l eve l

c ruc ib les , mou lds , a nd Leve l 4 : B ronze squares r e ma ins

A1-2 ,

t here

a rea i s

o f

r ich

squares

i n

A1-4

f urnaces ,

h as

ev idenced

f rag ments

o f

i n

A4,

b ronze ,

charcoa l . c ast ing

was

cont inued

i n to

a concentrat ion

l eve l 4

o f

f ive

j ar

square

bur ials

but

conta in ing

i n t he

o f ch i ldren .

Leve l bur ia ls

a

o f u se .

i n

s ke letons were t he

I t

co mpr ises

a s andy

Neverthe less , so me

t hese make

r efuse

super i mposed

f ound

u sed

The

r espect ive ly .

outl ines o f t hese

co mpr ise

l a id

r ich

s ize

f loors .

a shy

i s he ld

Leve l 6 : There not

t he

t op

s and

Leve l 7 : Squares A3-4 a nd F5-6 were a re

t hree

i n square A4 .

s evera l p rocesses .

The

concentrat ions .

l eve l, wh ich

t h is

p its , t he m .

r ef lect d ist inct patterns o f act iv ity .

Leve l l enses

f ound

s uff ic iently

1 - 8 f ro m

act iv it ies .

l eve l, a nd

vary

l enses o f

o f occupat ion

u ndertaken a t g round

cm

n atura l , wh ich

D i bas ica l ly

r eflects

t hat houses were

r ecovery

1 00

( "p ink") , bears

t extures

nu mbered

i mportant .

c ircu lar t hrough

t he

charcoa l

SE QUENCE : SU M M ARY

content

cu ltura l mater ia l

r eflect ing

a nd

was

a reas o f d isturbance .

i ncorporate a n u mber o f t h in bu i ld

7

A2

d iscrete

t our

l eve l 8 was

7 /3

square

t h in ,

o f

o f

a rea

i n

l eve l

o f 9 4, 9 8

s urface

depos its l eve ls

do wn

upper

STR AT IGRAPH IC

o f e ight

depos it ion

out

a nd

8

w ith

a c luster

The

coloured Munse ll 5YR

but

l eve l

cut

d ia meters

f ro m

1 . 10

p its as we l l a s post ho les

o f

i nterspersed

f ourth ,

h ave

c .

THE

Upper Songkhra m

conta ins

t he

f urther p it, p robably

h ad

t he

character ist ic

s and

square

l eve l

i n

f ound Leve l

n umerous

Th is

o f

l eve l

i n squares A3 2 :

Th is

post holes

Leve l act iv it ies

3 :

l eve l cut

a nd A4 t oo ,

f ro m

1 : Co mpr ises t he

r eflects

t he

occupat ion be long

r eflects

t o u se

l eve l 2 i nto bu i ld

p resent v i l lagers

a nd

up

o f

t he ir

- 2 9

-

act iv ity,

a lthough

t hree

l eve l 3 occupat ion . f or

occupat ion .

There

a re

r ef lect ing

t he

3 . cu ltura l mater ia l r ecent a ncestors .

The Radiocarbon Chronology

BAN NA DI: T H E RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY (fig 2-4)

The dating of settlement and cemetery sites like Ban Na Di has proved difficult and the results from Non Nok Tha and Ban Chiang ., controversial. The selection of radiocarbon samples from Ban Na Di was based on the reliability of their provenance. If insufficient well-provenanced charcoal was available from a given layer ., no sample was submitted tor analysis. During the excavations a house was being constructed nearby. As the postholes were dug ., so pieces of charcoal were brought to the surface. Clearly ., charcoal samples scattered in occupation matrices at Ban Na Di woutd not necessarily date the level in which they were assembled. Obtaining an internally consistent radiocarbon chronology for Northeast Thai occupation and burial sites has not been straightforward. This in part is due to serious bioturbation by burrowing beetles. In a situation where graves intercut each other and pits and postholes relocated charcoal in prehistory, the importance of dating only clearly in situ contexts is clear. Radiocarbon samples from Ban Na Di come from five sources: charcoal rich hearths, thick layers of charcoal sealing pits, charcoal from bronze-working furnaces ., charcoal sealed within a pit and in one case ., a large piece of charcoal from the base of a posthole. The dates obtained are as follows (bp date is uncorrected 5568 year half-life; 2-sigma BC/AD ranges use Klein corrections):

LEVEL 8 Sample No. 1: square A1., feature 2., surface of spit 40 ., dry weight 2.5 g: NZ-5377 (R9345/5) 3150±180 bp; range (corrected): 1735-1105 BC This feature interpreted as an natural substrate.

comprised

a

in silu hearth.

lens of compacted It is located c.

charcoal-rich soil ., 30 cm above the

Sample No. 2: A1., spit 42., dry weight 10.49 g: NZ-5242 (R9251/5) 2840±80 bp; range (corrected): 1330 -805 BC This sample was collected from a charcoal-rich midden lens located practically on the natural substrate. LEVEL 7 Sample No. 3: A3, feature 1., spit 35., dry weight 10.98 g: NZ-5241 (R9251/4) 2420±60 bp; range (corrected): 775-395 BC This charcoal.

feature

comprised

a bronze working

furnace

containing

Sample No. 4: A1., feature 1 ., surface of spit 34., dry weight 18.59 g: NZ-5240 (R9251/3) 2370±70 bp; range (corrected): 760-385 BC

- 30 -

much

a pit.

This sample was

he Radio arbon Ch

nology

taken

layer of charcoal which sealed

from a thic

Sam le No. 5: A4,. spits 32 and 33 r d y weight 11.0 g: NZ-5378 (R9345/6) 2600±60 bp; range (corrected): 850-605 BC This sample came from a circular concentration of fire-hardened red soil contai ing many small fragments of charcoal. Samples No. 6-9: A2. feature 6,. surface of spit 40 The following four dates all come from succe si e la bell-s aped pit. There is no doubt that the pit was occupation of level 7. The dates are. from bottom to top:

e

D y

2 3 4

i g t (g) 5.0 6. 15

4.9 4.9

NZ- No.

Date (bp)

1830±145

NZ-5474 NZ-5473

2130±170 1930±145 1810±135

NZ-5475 NZ-5376

cor

l yers in this ut during the

.

range OC/

155 -450 JO 420 BC-205 N) 370 BC-360 N.) 150 OC-530 N)

LE Sampl NZ-523

o. 10: A2, tea ure 4,. surface of s it 26, dry wei ht 18.14 g: (R9251/2) 2300±70 bp; range corrected) 565-185 C

This sa ple w s of level 6 into le el 7.

a en

s the base

rom a

EVEL 5 S ple No. 1 : A4. eatu e 5,. surface of it 15, d y ei 9.49 g: NZ-5375 (R93 5/3) 1610±75 bp; range (corrected) 240-585 AD Three large pieces of charcoal were removed from lay blocks comprising this bronze working furnace.

the

interstices of

Sam le No. 12: A3, feature 5, surface of spit 14, dry eight 4.1 g: NZ-5238 (R9251/1) 1865±_55 bp; range (corrected) 0-240 AD his feature comprises a concentration of clay blocks interpreted as a b o ze working furnace. It was first noted at the surface of level 5 and therefore rightly belongs to the level 4 and 5 interface.

EVEL 4 Sample No. 13: A3 ,. feature 1,. surface of spit 12,. dry weight 3. 7 g: NZ-5374 (R9345/2) 1755±120 bp; range (corrected) 3 BC-455 AO

- 31 -

The Radiocarbon Chronology This feature comprises a shallow pit, recognised first on the surface of spit 12; it underlies 8.3. Comments on the radiocarbon chronology With the exception of samples 6-9 above the dates conform reasonably well with their relative stratigraphic positions. Samples 6-9 are set aside because they are at such variance with all others, and if accepted as reasonable, would provide a most bizarre chronological basis for prehistoric technological development in Southeast Asia. The rema1mng nine dates suggest the following chronology for the successive layers at Ban Na Di: Level 8: Level Level

7:

s:

The basal horizon belongs to the second half of the second millennium BC until c. 900 BC belongs between c. 900 BC and c. 500 BC is dated between c. 500 BC-100 BC

Level 5:

is dated between c.

Level 3:

is dated after 200 AO

100 BC-200 AO

THE TEST EXCAVATION AT NON KAO NOi

Non Kao Noi is a relatively small and low mound in the rice field on the northern margins of the Lake Kumphawapi Flood Plain (fig 2-5). he precise extent of this site has to . be determined but superficial impressions are that it is small, measuring perhaps only 75 x 50 m. It lies near the confluence of two streams, and a test square excavated in 1980 revealed five inhumation burials, one at least laid out in a flexed position. The cultural deposits are only 1.5 m deep. This site was probably used as a cemetery because of the extreme rarity of postholes encountered. The test square was laid out approximately ten m from the margi of the mound, and measured 3 x 3 m. Test excavation began in Ma eh 1980. The reason why the central part of the mound was not selected for test excavation is that it was apparently looted. Excavation at Non Kao Noi revealed five clearly distinct levels (fig 2-5). They are numbered from the top: level 5 is the earliest and level 1 is the latest. A description of each follows, begining with the latest. Level 1 is a thin, superficial level varying between 10-12 cm in depth. It comprises a very soft soil coloured pinkish grey (Munsell 7 .5 YR 6/2). Several root holes were noted there. Level 2 varied in thickness between 20-40 cm. The soil texture is much more compact than that comprising the soft level 1. The contents of this level include a small number of tiny potsherds that were clearly rolled and worn. In this level a few pieces of burnt clay began to appear. The soil colour contrasts with level 1, being in general, light brown (Munsell 7 .5YR 6/4).

- 32 -

T est e xcavat ion

Leve l d ist inct ion

3 var ies

bet ween

(Munse l l : 7 ,5 YR Sherds

a nd

p rev ious

b et ween

l eve ls

3 a nd

s t i l l

4

A

p r imar i ly

i n s o i l

co lour

i s

softer

a nd

burnt c lay

o f

i s

h arder

a nd

f i nd ings

depth .

There

i s

r ema ins mo ister

a re more

co loured

F ive

t he

i n

cm .

a nd

no

c lear

t i ght t han

abundant

but

t he ir s ize 1 0

cm

b ro wn

wh i le

b ro wn

l eve l

t han

(Munse l l :

i n

2 . t he

bur ia ls

h ave

f ro m

a n upper

g rave

goods

descr ipt ion o f e ach bur ia l

f or

cm .

upper

deep

r i tes .

The

genera l so i l

beca me

was Apart

r ecovered .

The

6 /4) .

t he

cm

s tone adze was

potsherds

been

a scr ibed

i s no

l ayer .

i s a s

t hat 2 0

P ink

Potsherds

so i l

appeared

r are .

These

l eve l above s ter i le .

t here a s

t o

t h is

l eve l

c lear ev idence

Ho wever

s uch

l eve l .

i n mortuary

2 0-45

bet ween

r ecovered .

t h is

a nd

7 .5YR

o f

d ist inct ion

exceeds

u sed

bet ween

f rag ments

i n

w ide

been

t h ickness

The

mater ia ls

so i l co lour

h ave

l ay a t t he b ase a nd

do wn

t he

i n it ia l occupat ion

i nhumat ion

a ssoc iat ion w ith

3 5-45

co lour

about

may

l i ght

s t ick ier ,

A l l o f t hem

so i l

l ater ite , part o f a po l ished

5 var ies

r eflect

cut

l ater ite

s tone

potsherds a nd

matr ix

b et ween i n

i n g reat n u mbers Th is

Leve l

i n depth

i s

l u mp

e ncountered .

was

cm The

t exture

7 /3) character ises

f ound

l eve ls . f ro m

3 .

No i

l eve ls .

(Munse l l . 5 YR a re

t he

o f s cattered

Leve l 4 var ies l eve ls

1 5-35

2 a nd

6 /4), but

g roups

a t Non k ao

who le

t hese pots

( f ig

t hat a ny

bur ia ls were

a nd

s tone

2-6) . bur ia l

f ound

beads .

i n The

f ol lo ws

Bur ia l 1 Th is square .

bur ia l

f ound

i n

a

vesse l

b ig

coarse bow ls

l ay

I t was

c lose

a ssoc iat ion w ith a nd

t h in

l o wer part .

on

t hree

t he

appl ied

t he

on ly

i t bears

cord- mark ing w ith

t o

i nco mplete ,

m idd le p art

co mp lete

a

t h ick

One sma l l bo w l

a t

t he

t he

e ast s ect ion

upper

pottery

app l ied

l o wer p art .

bands

o f

o f

a nd

vesse ls _

band

a t

po int

i s decorated w ith

a nd

r ed

t he

l imbs

t est be ing

One o f t hese

t he

m id

The o ther two a re m id

o f

t o wer

po int

i s

a nd

r e lat ive ly sma l l

cord- mark ing

a t

t he

p a inted mot ifs .

Bur ia ls 2-3 Both

bur ia ls

2 a nd

l imbs

o f bur ia l 2 were

bur ia l

3

l ay

i n

t he

3 were

d isturbed

r ecovered wh i te

s ect ion .

These

t he

by

bur ia ls were

t ight g reen s tone beads wh ich were p laced

bur ia l

4 .

upper parts

On ly

o f

f ound

i n

t he

t he

l ower

s ke leton

o f

a ssoc iat ion w ith

n ear t he a nk le o f t he

dead .

Bur ia l 4 Th is b roken vesse ls mot ifs

bur ia l

pottery f ound a nd

a

cord- marked . a nd

t h in

mo t ifs .

i s

One

a t Ban Ch iang t h ick

appl ied

a nd

was

f ound

i s

b lack

Ch iang

Ear ly

vesse l

( Ban

cordon

a t

t he

m id

i n

app l ied

bands

There was

a t

a l u mp

t he m id o f

po int , a nd

l ater ite

p laced

I t may we l l h ave been u sed

a ssoc iat ion

a nd

s im i lar

Per iod) . po int .

The o ther two cons ist o f cord- marked

s ide o f t he s ku l l .

Bur ia l 5

i nco mp lete ,

vesse ls .

t o

a s p art o f

e arly

l o wer

pots w ith a nd

t hree

t he

I t bears The

t o

i nc ised part

everted

a sma l l bo w l w ith over

w ith

t he

i s

r ims

r ed p a inted r ight

t he mortuary

h and r i te .

T est e xcavat ion

corner

a t Non K ao No i

Th is bur ia l co mpr ises on ly t he two t ib ias a nd i t l ay part ia l ly a t t he bet ween t he north a nd e ast s ect ion . No g rave goods were

def in ite ly

f ound

i n a ssoc iat ion .

The Rad iocarbon Chrono logy

Unfortunate ly excavat ion

were

t he

not

c harcoa l

we l t

s a mples

e nough

c o l lected

p rovenanced

f or

dur ing

t he

r ad iocarbon

t est d at ing .

A lthough absolute chrono logy cou ld not be e stab l ished , i t i s poss ib le p ropose a r e lat ive c era m ic t ypo logy t or co mpar ison w ith r e lated s i tes .

THE

Ban m

above

Lake

TEST

Muang t he

EXC AVAT ION AT

Phruk

p la in

i s a v i l lage

a nd

Kumpha wap i .

on ly

I t

i s

a nd

t racks

o f

s herds .

The

p rec ise

extent

a rea was

o f t he mound , a nd S ix The

l eve ls

l eve ls

1 , t he

a re

l atest . Leve l

depth . T ree

i n

co mpr ises 5YR

a t

s i te

t he

r ecogn ised

a

f ro m

t h in ,

t o

t op .

t o

t he

be

t h ickness

l oam

t hat

r oots

became

t i es

t he ( f ig

2-7) . l eve l

t he

bet ween

b ro wn

2 0-30 l i ght

wh i le

t est

c entre

e ar l iest a nd l atest .

1 5-20

cm

(Munse l l 5 T h

One b ronze b race let was

r are ,

pottery

The

n ear

o f

Road

o f

excavat ion t he

vary ing

coloured

f ive

b ank

2 x 2 m .

t est

r edd ish

bet ween

so i l ,

n umbers

deter m ined .

Leve l 6 i s

l eve l

about

f lood ing .

f o l lo ws , b eg inn ing w ith

s uperf ic ia l

i n

r is ing

s easona l

h ighest p art

l eve l a re abundant .

s andy

T ree

a mound

s ubstant ia l

dur ing

t he

PHRUK

p resent d ry-season

h as

a soft so i l coloured

var ied

l ight

p rone y ie ld

t he

d escr ipt ion o f e ach

t h is

2

6 /3) .

s e lected

n umbered

1 i s

Leve l

v i l lage o f

on

t he

t he excavat ion square measured

I t co mpr ises

r oots

t he

were

A

l ocated

e ast o f

part icu lar ly

cutt ings

excavat ion

3 km

BAN MUANG

t o

cm .

The

r edd ish

r ecovered . so i l

b ro wn

a

f ew

pottery

4 0-60

cm .

So i l

i n

5 /3) .

t exture (Munse l l

s herds

were

e ncountered . Leve l 3 var ies co lour a re exact ly Leve l so i l

4 var ies

co loured

r ecovered counters f requent ly

l i ght

i n a nd

t h is

i s

s t i l l

matr ix

i n

b et ween

t h ickness

l eve l o f

t exture

a nd

so i l

l eve l 2 , but potsherds a re more co mmon .

ye l lo w ish

f rag ments

bet ween

b ro wn

co mpr ise i ron .

7 0-80

cm .

(Munse l l

pottery Red

s herds ,

s l ipped

I t cons ists

1 0YR

6 /4) .

c lay

potsherds

o f soft

Mater ia ls

pe l lets , a re

c lay

t he

most

e ncountered .

Leve l 5 var ies ye l lo w ish

i n t h ickness

t he s a me a s

b ro wn

soft .

i n

(Munse l l

The

i ncorporat ing

l ayer

t h ickness 1 0YR

i nc ludes

pottery

bet ween

6 /4) .

t hree

s herds ,

The descr ipt ions o f e ach a re a s

The

8 0-100 so i l

p it

f eatures .

f rag ments

f o l lo ws .

No .1 ( 17)

- 3 4

-

cm .

appears o f

The

co lour

i s

much

d arker

They

conta in

s he l lf ish

a nd

t i ght

but

i t

a so i l

c harcoa l .

Test excavation at Ban Muang Phruk This feature comprises a dark matrix soil and groups of sherds which are red painted and slipped. It measures c. 130 x 30 cm and is c. 19 cm deep. No.3 (17) This feature consists of light sandy loam soil. It measures c. 50 x 40 cm and is c. 29 cm deep. Groups of red slipped potsherds, a small lump of laterite and small flecks of bronze corrosion are scattered in this feature. No.2 (19) This feature consists of a dark matrix soil, fragments of shell fish ., charcoal and a few pot-sherds. Level 6 varies in thickness between 25-45 cm. The colour is light brown (Munsell 7 .5YR 6/4). The soil is still soft and comprises yellow stained sandy loam with many lenses of lighter material. At the same time potsherds are extremely rare: only one rim of indeterminate status was found. Four pit features and one inhumation burial were recognised. Descriptions of each are as follows. No.

4 (23) This feature has a dark soil fill. It measures c. 60x50 cm and is c. 55 cm deep. A few pottery sherds were recovered in it. No.5 (23) This feature measures c. 75x35 cm and is c. 64 cm deep. Materials recovered are the same as feature 4 (17) No.6 (23) This feature measures c. 38x20 cm· deep. Materials encountered comprise a few pottery sherds and animal bone. No.7 (24) This feature is apparently bigger than the previous ones. It measures c. 190x45 cm. Materials encountered include a few potsherds and an incomplete skeleton of a child (burial 1: fig 2-8).

The Radiocarbon Chronology Unfortunately, no securely provenanced charcoal was found at Ban Muang Phruk so we cannot present any dates. However rims from the basal deposits encountered there match very closely in form ,. those found in level 5 at Ban Na Di, and therefore date the initial occupation to the period from c. 100 BC. THE EXC AVATIONS: SUMMARY

The three sites described above are constituent parts of a settlement pattern which will be considered below. All three have yielded evidence for the practice of inhumation burial and of occupation. The chronological and cultural relationships between the sites is largely dependent on the results of a detailed analysis of the material culture. The next two chapters will therefore, be devoted to a description of the artefacts found during the excavation of the Upper Songkhram sites.

- 35 -

B an Na D: p lans

a nd

s trat igraph ic

s ect ions

F IGURE 21 P lan o f t he v i l lage o f Ban Na D i

Ban Na D: p lans

a nd

s trat igraph ic

s ect ions

M EET ING H OUS E

F IGURE

2-2

The centra l a rea o f Ban Na D i

Ban

Na

F 1 ( a i iiE

D i : ° tans

2-3 A

a nd

s tral igraph ic

s ect ions

Ban Na D: A1-4, e ast s ect ion

Ban

Na

D: p tans

a nd

s trat iqraph ic

s ect ions

2

F IGURE

2-3B

Ban Na D: Al 4 , west s ect ion

B an Na D : p lans

B AN N AD I

a nd

s trat igraph ic

s ect ions

1 9 80-8 1 ,S QUARE A l ,S OUTH S ECT ION

D a rk r edd ish b rown 5 YR 3 /3-3 /4 D ark r edd ish 5 YR 3 /3

b rown

D ark r edd ish b rown 5 YR 3 / 4

- -0 -

D ark r edd ish b rown 5 YR 3 / 3

9-

R edd ish b rown 5 YR 4 / 4

• • • • 0

2m_

0 1 4 •

O 4

•

O 4

• 4

O 4

• 0

4

0 •

4 6

•

O

4 •

4 4

•

O

0 O 6 •

1 1 41

0 0 •

0 0

O

O 4 1

• 0

4 1

0

6 0

O 4

• 0

. •

0 S

• 0

4

• 6 • 6 • 4 •

0

0 0

0 4

•

0 0

4 0

•

0 0

•

4 01 1

4 0 4 0

• 0

0 4 4 •

O

4 4 0 •

O

0

0 4

0

0 0

0

• C

0 4

6 0 • 1 1

• • • 11 0

•

11

4 4

4 0

0

4 •

4

0 4

4 0

0 0

•

0 0

0 0

• 0

4 0

0

4 0

• •

0

•

•

6

•

4

• •

• •

0

0

4

D ark b rown 75 YR 3 / 4

4 1 •

0

4 • 0 4 1 0 4 6 0 1 4 0 4 , 0 4 1 04 •

•

D ark y e l low ish b rown 1 0YR 3 / 4 „ Hea r th

4m_

N A T U R A L

am C ha rcoa l

4 6

01

• 0

0 0

•

G ene ra l L aye r ©

S and l e ns

0 0 4 0

6

• 0

• •

0 1 1

4 0

• 4

4 0

0 0

4

•

3m_

0

• 0

4 4

0 4

0

) •

O

0 4

0

• •

•

FTIAsh l e ns

A t

A n ima ' d i s turbance

F IGURE 2-3c Ban Na D i : A l, south s ect ion

B an Na D i : p lans

B AN N AD I

1 9 80-8 1

a nd

s trat igraph ic

S QUARE A l

s ect ions

N ORTH S ECT ION

r r r

D ark r edd ish b rown 5 YR 3 /3 -3 /4

D a tum— 5 0cms _ _ ;_

D a rk r edd ish b rown 5 YR 3 / 3

D ark r edd ish b rown 5 YR 3 / 4

4 . - 41 0 -

i m

D a rk r edd ish b rown 5 YR 3 /3

R edd ish b rown 5 YR 4 1 4 •

•

•

•

• 0 •

0 •

• •

2m

• •

• • •

•

• •

• •

•

•

•

• •

• • •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

d o

•

•

•

•

• • •

•

• •

•

•

• •

• • •

•

•

•

•

•

• •

•

•

•

•

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n ima l d i s turbance NM I A

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2-5

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2-6

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SECT ION

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F IGURE

2-8

The bur ia l p lan o f Ban Muang Phruk

2 p cm

CHAPTER

THREE

THE MATERIAL CULTURE FROM BAN NA DI ,. BAN MUANG PHRUK AND NON KAO NOi

N.B. Most of this chapter was prepared by Higham and Kijngam. J. Pilditch wrote the sections on the stone and shell jewellery ,, glass beads ,, The clay bead, insect wax ,. bronze bracelet typology and the textiles. contributions by Maddin, Seeley Rajpitak, McGovern-Wilson ,, Adamczyk and Jones are noted in the appropriate parts of the text.

The excavations at Ban Na Di yielded a rich material culture .. both from occupation contexts and the burials. The following description is ordered on the basis of twelve major groups for Ban Na Di .. including for Within example Jewellery ,, evidence tor metallurgy and obJects of bone. each grouping .. there is a further subdivision by artefact type and the material used in manufacture. Each item described is placed an chronological order by level or mortuary phase. It is noted here that the principal mortuary remains at Ban Na D1 were interred during the build up ot levels 6 and 7. They are subdivided into three phases ,, the approximate dates of which are:

M>r tuary phase phase phase phase phase

1a 1b 1c 2 3

900-700 BC 700-500 BC

soo-•oo ac

f ran 200 NJ af ter 500 N.)

( lower l eve l 7) (mi d l evel 7) (upper l eve l 7) (l eve l 4) ( l eve l 3)

Each artefact when recovered, was given a sequential catalogue number. In the following text then .. each specimen is described according to its provenance within a square, its layer and "spit" number, level or mortuary phase designation .. and its catalogue number. Spits are the excavators designation of units within cultural levels. There follows a brief review of material items recovered at Ban Muang Phruk and Non Kao Noi

- 57 -

Mater ia l c u lture

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TABLE

P rovenance

i n

Cat.

N e

A3 buri al

2 6

1 377

l a

F6 burial

4 7

1 891

l a

t he h as

outer

t he spec ies

a l lo wed

beads

so me

i nd icate

s hapes , wh ich were f ro m

square do wn

s uch

both

b lanks t o

t hat t hen

s ides w ith were

t hen

a c ircu lar s hape .

a way

were

The

D i beads ,

f ro m a s

made

beads

t hat

so me

a

w ith

were two

t he

one

t hen p ly

n eck laces

holes

3-1

beads

n

( d i mens ions

d i am .

t hickness

2 42 4 .0-4.5 1 5

i n m m)

0 .5-0.9

3 .2

F6 burial

4 6

1 886

l a

7 90 2 .7-5.0

0 .5-1.0

4 4

1 890

l a

1 65 3 .0-4.3

0 .6-1.2

F6 burial

4 5

1 889

l a

2 15 3 .0-5.8

0 .5-1.2

TS19 TS40

l a

7 850 3 .2-4.7

0 .2-1.1

F5 bur

TS21

TS38

l a

7 76 4 .0-4.9

0 .2-0.5

F5 bur

TS22 TS37

l a

2 20 2 .8-4.9

0 .2-0.8

F6 burial

3 6

1 887

l b

1 27 3 .9-5.0

0 .4-1.6

F6 b urial

3 8

1 888

l b

2 19 3 .2-5.0

0 .2-1.2

o r more r eady

t hread

( f ig

f ol lo ws-

F 6 burial F5 b ur

s he l ls '

not qu ite square o r were so me what

beads

r ecovered

s he l l d isc

beads

usua lly

g round

corners . Ban

t he

t hese

i nd iv idua l n eck laces a re

Ban Na D i : t he

and

do wn

r esu lt ing

r ounded

o f

o f

i nfor mat ion on

sma ll square

Nu mbers g round

no

So me m isshapen

i nto

t he

vest iges

have

r oughs were

t he

but w ith t he

a nd

t echn iques .

beads were

f rag ments h av ing Deta i ls o f

beads

t hrough

d r i t t

t he

edges

s trung .

u sed,

t he

t hough

At p resent, we

not centra l a nd where

s tra ight

o f

r eflect wear .

a nd

sma l l

s he l l were

approx i mately

sma l ler

f aces

a t

f ro m

perforat ion

t h innest measured

s tructure

cond it ion

f ound

beads

o r shape , be ing

a centra l

s tra ight,

t he ir manufacture .

cone

o r

we l l

i nto manufactur ing

t h in p ieces

were

were

t ogether .

These u sed

s ize

t he

usua l ly

and

good

i n

ends

s tructure h ave surv ived .

a

3-1)

a rtefacts

h av ing

Th is may

open

ce mented

l i tt le

a nd

var iab le ,

t h ickest, 0 .9 m m .

h ave

s he l l

( f ig

t he over whe lm ing major ity were sma l l d isc

mm

a nd

1 2 ,600

BE ADS

t o was

3-28) .

N . / later :a l

z u tture

F6 burial

These twenty

t our

spec i men

l b

F5 bur

TS16

l b

F5 bur

TS17 TS69

3 .0-4.2

0 .4-0.9 0 .4-1.5

6

l b

4 00 2 .6-5.0 236

A4 burial

4 8

1 369

F5 bur F5 bur

out

2 .0-3.6

0 .2-0.7

1c

7 8 2 .4-4.8

0 .4-0 -g

TS 8 TS68

l c

900 3 .0-4.4

0 .3-0.7

TS12 TS67

l c

1 70 2 .7-3.4

0 .4-0.6

These

d ia meter,

s trung

These be ing

i r regu larly

cyl indr ica l .

i n

were

i s

The

mm

r ectangu lar

2 4

l c

have

i n

e v ve ttery

1 019

s tands

and

E

29

f ound .

t r iang les .

Na

A4 burial

beads

beads

Ban

l b

TS15 TS46

d isc

l arge

49

F5 bur

were

b lunt

t ro m

shaped

l arge

s ize

5 .5

c ross

s ect ion ,

The

r ange

i n

9 .5

and

beads ,

shape ,

narro w

one

and

o f

t ro m 1 .1 i n

t o

t o

l ong

and

3 6 .0

d ist inct

ova l

one t hese

ova l

ob late

bet ween

The

wh ich

on ly

major ity

f ro m

l ength

mm .

o f

but

sect ions , vary ing

vary

a nd

s he ll

and

d ifferent .

sect ions

she l l beads

bet ween

l ong itud ina l

i n

marked ly

l ong itud ina l

l arge

w ith

vary

bead

i s

t ransverse

s ect ion . A l t

spec i mens

l ess

r ectangu lar

she l l

w ith

made

i n

shape were

r ounded

and

pertorated

l eave

l atera l ly

f ro m

assoc iated d isc F6

Th is

The W ith

bur ia ls

bur ia l y ie lded

3-2 .

Cat .

The

be

t o

due

smooth . an

cat .

d r i t t

major ity

one

i n

b it o f

F6 ,

and

she l l more

o f

a r ough ly

f ro m t hese a l t

i n

both

t hese

t u mbl ing

so

beads

beads

as

t o

were

were

conjunct ion w ith

a

t hen

cyl indr ica l

by

ends ,

l arge

o r

t ra m

she l l was

pol ished , perhaps

except ion ,

square

B .38 Cat .

t hree

A ll

cut

f ound

t he

sma t ter

r eveals

p rocess ,

but

t h is bur ial

a re

1 210c

has

d i mens ions

t o

a

s l ight t he

o f

s et

abras ions

surface

s im i lar

one

a re

out

sub-rectangu lar wh ich

i s

l ength .

part icu larly

i n

may

genera l ,

Cat . f lat

i n

c ross

1 210b

edge

and

a l most s ub-tr iangu lar . 1 861

surface

o f

t h is

spec i men

port ion

has

h as

surv ived .

been

corroded

I t i s

c ircu lar

and

on ly

i n c ross

part

o f

s ect ion .

147a-n

f ourteen

surface wh ich , where bored

f ro m

The

shaped

exa m inat ion

s ect ion , cat .

o r ig ina l pol ished B .36 Cat .

beads .

been

manufactur ing

c ross i s

L arge

has

m icroscop ic

The o ther

1 210d

f our

1 210a

t he

oval

The

F6

she l l .

f ive

shaped

o ft

t hen

b lock

o f

l atera l ly

1 210a-d

s ect ion .

t he

a cone

were

The

o r

beads .

t able

F6

b lanks

channe l .

t he

w ith

B .44 Cat .

has

The

us ing

a wa isted

excess

B locks

t ransverse ly

g round do wn unt i l a l l t he edges were obta ined .

i n

s a me way .

e ither

0 .5 m m .

was

t h ickness

t he

cut

o f

s hape

a

were

i n

t hrough

w ith

l arge worn , a

beads

f ro m

r evea led c ircu lar

B .36

bore

t races

o t

a

pol ished

an

e roded

i nter ior .

These

beads

were

d r i ll,

t he

r egu lar ity

a nd

c lean

cuts

-

Mater ia l

suggest ing cats .

t he

147a-b

F6 B .45 Cat . Th is t he

a re

i n

Cat .

c at .

Th is p reced ing pol ished

h ave

f or merly

e roded .

1 861

D i :

i ewenery

a c ircu lar

c ats .

147e

c ross

a nd

s ect ion ,

t hough

k more ova l .

po l ished .

The

c ross

Much

s ect ion

s urv ives ,

i s

c ircu lar

but

a nd

p arts t he

o f

e nds

( B .38) .

1 862a-b 1 862a

F6 B .17 Cat .

was

no w

sub-tr iangu lar . before

Most

Ban Na

1 863

F6 B .46 Cat .

bored

o f meta l .

f ro m

sub-tr iangu lar, a nd

spec i men

s urface

t aper, a s

u se a re

c u lture

h as

The t he

a

l atter

c ircu lar

c ross

i s part icu larly

f ina l s hap ing

a nd

s ect ion ,

wh i le

t h in , s uggest ing

cat .

t hat

1 862b

t he

i s

hole was

pol ish ing .

1 065 spec i men

ones .

I t

s urface h as

i s

both

i s

sub-rectangu lar

l ater

s urv ived , but

a nd

t he

P rovenance

d i mens ions o f

Level burial

o r

i n

r est

TABLE Ban Na D i : t he

h as

d ifferent

s ect ion .

i s p itted

a nd

s hape Most

f ro m

o f

e roded .

3-2

t he

Cat. No.

a qu ite c ross

l arge s he l l beads

( in m in)

Length

Perforation

p hase

Maxi mum

D iameter D i ameter

F6 Burial

4 4

l a

1 210a

3 8.5

7 .4

2 .5

4 .0

F6 Burial

4 4

l a

1 210b

2 2.2

8 .5

4 .0

4 .0

F6 Burial

4 4

l a

1 210c

1 8.5

7 .1

3 .5

3 .5

F6 Burial

4 4

l a

1 210d

2 0.2

7 .2

3 .2

F6 Burial

4 5

l a

1 863

3 4.0

6 .0

3 .0

a _3 .0

3 .5

F6 Burial

4 6

l a

1 862a

1 9.5

5 .7

2 .9

3 .0

F 6 Burial

4 6

l a

1 86b

1 6.2

5 .5

3 .2

3 .2

F6 Burial

3 8

l b

1 861

3 5.7

5 .3

2 .5

2 .7

F 6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147a

1 1.7

9 .5

3 .8

4 .5

F6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147b

1 1.6

8 .6

4 .0

4 .0

F6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147c

1 1.8

8 .5

3 .1

4 .2 4 .0

F6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147d

1 2.6

8 .5

3 .6

F 6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147e

1 1.0

8 .7

3 .0

3 .0

F 6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147t

1 3.1

9 .1

4 .0

4 .1

F 6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147g

1 5.0

8 .4

3 .9

4 .1

F 6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147h

1 4.1

8 .1

3 .8

4 .0

F6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147i

1 2.6

7 .9

3 .5

3 .5

F 6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147i

1 5.0

8 .7

3 .6

F6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147k

2 0.6

8 .5

2 .6

_ y3 .1

3 .9

F6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 1471

1 0.6

8 .6

3 .8

3 .8

F 6 Burial

3 6

l b

1 147m

1 1.8

8 .1

3 .5

3 .8

t he

Mater ia l c u lture

F 6 Burial

3 6

F 5 Burial 1512 F 6 Burial 1 7 F 6 Burial AA 3 6

bead

B an N a D i :

j ewe l lery

l b

1 147n

1 1.8

7 .0

3 .6 - 3 .6

l c l c

TS66 1 872

7 .5 2 6.4

5 .8 2 2.2

4 .0 - 4 .2 6 .4 - 6 .4

1 065 1 141

2 6.4 1 1.2

2 2.2 4 .3

6 .4 - 6 .4 3 .0 - 3 .0

1 7 l c Level . 7

A4 3 6 Leve l 7 cat . Th is

f ro m

141

i s

po l ished

a l l over

t he

outs ide

s urface .

I t h as

a very

t h in wa l l ( 0 .5 - 0 .7 mm) . She l l beads : s ummary

l b

E longated l arge beads a re most bur ia ls . They a re f urther conf ined

square

F6 .

n umbered

They

were

about

worn

1 2 ,500 .

The

F5-F6 bur ia ls ( 95 .2%) , t he a re f ound i n bur ia ls f rom ( cat .1872)

i n

con junct ion

ma jor ity

CLAY BE AD

i s

o f

w ith

s he l l

d isc

t hese

were

f ound

beads i n

wh ich

squares

r est i n A3-A4 bur ia ls . These sma l l d isc beads phases l a-c . The b road s he l l bead f ro m B . 1 7

i s s et apart on account o f

Th is bead

f requently f ound i n phase l a a nd t o a sma l l g roup o f i nter ments i n

(A3

i ts s hape .

1 6 Leve l 5 Cat .

t i ght b ro wn w ith d ark

g rey

2 84)

p atches .

The perforat ion

i s

a long t he L arger ax is a nd s ho ws l ong itud ina l g rooves . At one e nd t he open ing i s s l ight ly r a ised a nd t hen f lattened wh i le a t t he o ther t here i s a p ronounced

ob l ique

apparent a lthough

f latten ing .

Under

2 0x

magn if icat ion ,

t here were so me very sma l l

no

i r regu lar b lack

t emper

was

i nc lus ions .

Severa l exper iments i n t he mak ing o f c lay beads were u ndertaken . The method t hat most cons istent ly made beads w ith t he appearance o f t hat above was a s f ol lo ws : A ba l l o f wet c lay bamboo

h e ld

a t

a n

a ng le

contact w ith

t he bench

t hrough

c lay

t he

was

pushed

on

a bench .

i t became

l eav ing

do wn

onto

Where

f lattened .

t he

a po inted ba l l

o f

s t ick c lay

o f sp l it c ame

i n

The s t ick was t hen pu t ted up

a r a ised , r agged open ing

a nd

g rooved

l i nes

l i ke

t hose s een i n t he o r ig ina l . The r agged edge was t hen t r immed before t he bead was l eft t o d ry f or s evera l days a fter wh ich i t was t i ght ly t i red i n a n open k i ln .

Mater ia l c u lture

f ro m

B an N a D i :

j ewe l lery

q -r

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

_

1 . 1 —X

F IGURE Ban Na D i : t he A-N . Q-R .

B .36 Cats .1147a-n 0 .

B .46 Cats .1862a-b S . U-X .

3-1

l arge s he l l beads B .45 Cat .1863 P .

B .38 Cat .1861

A4 3 6 L .7 Cat .1141 T .

B .44 Cats .1210a-d

B .17 Cat .1065

Mater ia l c u lture

f ro m

B an Na D i :

BRACELETS OF TROCHUS SHELL

Severa l b race lets contexts . s urface . The o f

They There

a re i s

Th is

i s

h as

t o a g reater extent . o f

t he

a nd

s he l l .

1 05 .9

t h irteen

The

a r idge

The t he

f ro m

i n

c ross

t he

bur ia l a re

u neven

f ro m

t he

across

i s

2 0 .2

h ave

because o f

b race lets t o

o f a f a irly

6 .4

f unerary

s lop ing

a lmost concentr ica l ly b race lets wh ich

o f

r ange

a n

t ransverse ly

s ect ion var ies

d ia meter

h e ight one

r unn ing

r unn ing

p ronounced

max imum

mm , wh i te

b race lets

c ircu lar w ith

a d iagona l g roove

l ess

( f igs 3- 2 /4 )

o f s he l l were r ecovered , aga in ma in ly

approx imate ly

i nterna l s urtace i t .

j e we l lery

s ide .

a round

part

been worked

t he

var ies

c ircu lar

one

i n it ia l s hape bet ween

mm .

The

s tandard

s ize .

9 0 .1

g roup There

o t i s

a var iat ion o f l ess t han 1 cm bet ween t he d ia meters . Th is i nd icates t hat on ly one b race let was made f ro m t he basa l port ion o f e ach t rochus s he l l . The a nd

b race lets were made

r emov ing

band . worked

Th is

t he

cou ld

u nt i l

n arro wer t han f ragments were

t he

centre t hen

h ave

n acre

by

port ion t he

was

t ak ing o f

t he

edges

a t ransverse s l ice s he l l

so

smoothed

exposed .

These

Phase/ Cat.

n o.

f ro m

l eave

t he base a c ircu lar

o ft o r i t cou ld be f urther were

spec imens

u sua l ly

a nd

s evera l

3-3

Ban Na D i : t he d imens ions o f s he l l b race lets

P rovenance

t o

b race lets

t he o thers . Fourteen co mp lete f ound a t Ban Na D i ( tab le 3-3) .

TABLE

a s

( in m m)

Cuter D iameter

L evel

Näx i mun Height

F 6 Bur i al

3 6

l b

1 146

0 .85.7

7 .7

F 6 Bur i al

3 8

l b

1 194a

8 9.0

8 .4

F 6 B ur i al

3 8

l b

1 194b

0 .88.0

8 .0

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

l b

1 859a

1 04.3

1 5.6

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

l c

1 859b

1 06.0

1 7.0

F 6 Bur i at

3 2

l c

1 859c

1 00.5

1 7.3

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

l c

1 859d

1 02.9

1 6.8

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

l c

1 859e

9 8.0

1 7.9

F 6 Burial

3 2

l c

1 859f

9 8.2

1 6.3

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

l c

1 859g

9 7.2

1 6.2

F 6 Burial

3 2

l c

1 859h

9 7.0

1 6.5

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

l c

1 859i

1 05.2

1 7.1

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

l c

1 859j

9 6.0

1 6.5

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

l c

1 859k

9 5.1

1 5.6

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

l c

1 8591

9 7.3

1 7.0

F 6 Bur i al

3 2

1 859 rn

9 6.4

1 8.3

l c

A2 3 6

Level

7 '

7 47

-

-

A4 2 7

Level

7

7 89

6 . .73.0

1 0.8

Mater ia l c u lture

A l 4 0

Level L evel

A l 4 3

f ro m

B an N a D i : j ewe l lery

8 9 88 8 1 103

c .84.5 8 6. 0

OTHER SHELL BRACELET

A

f rag mentary

b race let was

f ound

1 0.0 6 .3

( f ig 3-5)

i n Al/A2 4 3

( Leve l 8 ) c at .

1 309 .

I ts outer c ircumference i s c . 2 .0 mm . I t i s 3 3 mm b road a nd 5 mm t h ick . L ike some o t t he s tone b race lets , i t was r epa ired i n p reh istory by b or ing a ho le t hrough t he edge t ogether w ith meta l w ire . i s

c lear ly

v is ib le

r epa ired h ints

i n

t hat

o f t he b roken s eg ment a nd t y ing t he p ieces The g roove wh ich was worn by t he meta l b ind ing

f ig

3-5a .

The

c are

w ith

wh ich

SHELL DEC ORAT IVE OBJECT A l 4 1, Leve l 8 c at .

Th is c ircu lar d isc not p ierced , so

h as been cut

i t i s h ard

t o

e nv isage

n acreous s urface o f t he s he l l s urv ives . 1 mm

b race let

was

f ro m

a s ing le

i ts

u se

1 066

p iece

f ig 3-5b

o f

s he l l .

I t

a s a bead o r pendant .

The d iameter i s 3 2 mm

a nd

i s

The

i t i s

c .

t h ick .

DOG

TOOTH NECKL ACE Bur ia l TS

Th is bur ia l conta ined death .

t h is

i t was a n object o f so me va lue .

He

wore

t he

r ema ins o f

a n eck lace made

o f

1 2 TS c at .

a ma le

both

upper

2 5

aged a nd

( f ig 3-5)

4 0

- 5 0

l o wer

y ears

c an ine

a t

t eeth

f ro m t he do mest ic dog . A l l h ave been bored l atera l ly t hrough t he r oot . The u se o f a n ima l can ines a s n eck lace beads r ecurred a t Ban Ch iang ( EP d ) , t hough

t he a n ima l

i n quest ion was

t he

t iger .

Mater ia l c u lture

f ro m

B an N a D i :

j ewe l lery

a

F IGURE T rochus

3-2

s he l l b race lets

A .

A4

2 7 L .7 Cat .789 B .

D .

A2 3 6 L .7 Cat .747 E . G .

f ro m

Ban Na D i

Al 4 0 L .8 Cat .988 C .

Bur .38 Cat .1194a

Al 4 3 L .8 Cat .1103 F .

Bur .38 Cat .1194b

Bur .36 Cat .1146

Mater ia l c u lture

f ro m

B an Na D i :

i ewe l lery

F IGURE 3 -3 Ban Na D i: t rochus s he L L b racelets f rom b ur ial 3 2 A . c et.1859h B . Cät.1859i C . c e t. 1859 j D . Cät.1859k E .

Cat . 1859 rn F

Cat .1 859 l

V 4 ,

d

F IGURE

A .

3-4

Ban Na D i : t rochus s he l l b race lets f ro m bur ia l 3 2 ( cont .) Cat .1859a B . Cat .1859b C .Cat .1859c D . Cat .1859d E . Cat .1859e F .

Cat .1859f G .

Cat .1859g

Mater ia l c u lture

f ro m

F IGURE

B an Na D i :

j e we l lery

3-5

Ban Na D i : j e we l lery o f s tone , s he l l a nd A .

She l l b race let s ho w ing hole bored

Cat .1309 B .

She l l p laque Al 4 1 L .8 Cat .10 1 36 C .

Bur .47 Cat .1297 D .

Dog

t ooth

f or r epa irs .

t ooth n eck lace Bur .

A1/2 4 3 L .8

P ierced

s tone bead

TS12 Cat .TS25

Mater ia l c u lture

f ro m

B an N a D i :

ST ONE BRACELETS

N ine co mp lete o r part ia l s tone D imens ions a re s et out i n t ab le 3-4 .

( f ig 3-6)

b race lets

TABLE

j ewe l lery

were

f ound

Mortuary

Ban

Na

D i .

3-4

Ban Na D i : t he d i mens ions o f t he s tone b race lets

P rovenance

a t

Cat.no.

p hase o r

( in mm)

Cuter

I nner

Maxümum

D iameter

D iameter

Height

l evel

F 6 B . 4 5 F 5 2 5

i s l a

F 6 B .

4 7

l a

1 307

F 5 B .

TS 1 7

l b

IS 3 3a

F 5 B . TS 1 7

l b

TS 3 3b

F 6 B .

l c

1 6

1 417 T S 4 1

5 3.0 5 8.5

7 .8 8 .9

9 5.8

5 7.5

1 0.1

1 14.3

5 3.9

1 5.7

1 13.0

5 8.2

1 4.5

1 441

-

5 8.8

1 4.2

1 36.0

7 1.0

8 .1

1 00.0 -

c . 3 6.0 -

3 .3

A l/A2

3 8

l evel

7

1 291

A3/AA A l 3 6

3 5

l evel l evel .

7 7

1 426 8 52

AU spec imens h ave s egment wh ich was r a ised vest ig ia l B .TS

1 7 Mortuary Phase

t he

c .

a b road p roject ing s ect ion a nd a centra l r ibbed by a s much a s 4 - 5 mm i n so me c ases but

i n o thers .

These o f

1 06.5 1 16.0

body .

l b Cats .

spec imens were The

f or mer

3 3a a nd 3 3b

f ound

i s made

i n

t he

( f igs 3-6 , a a nd d )

a rea o f

o f a t i ght g rey

t he

r ight h and

s tate on

t he

wh ich t here a re n umerous f i ne s tr iat ions . These a re p robably u s ing a g r ind ing s tone t o co mp lete s hap ing t he b race let . . The o f

t he

b race let

i s made

o f

i n p art icu lar bears n umerous

c a lc ite ,

a nd

i s

o f

very

s im i lar

a nd

bears n umerous manufactur ing s tr iat ions on a l l s urfaces . B .45 Mortuary phase

i s Cat 1 417

( f ig

3-6b)

o f

t he r esu lt o f i n ter ior edge

para l le l s tr iat ions . s ize

s hou lder

s urface

p roport ion .

The

l atter

I t a lso

Mater ia l c u lture

Th is b race let was s ke leton . Th is appears t o o f

a n

adu lt

f ema le ,

a nd

t he

b race let may

were d isturbed . i n a nt iqu ity . On

mm

b reakage

t he

B an Na D : j ewe l lery

t ound l y ing i n a ssoc iat ion w ith a n i nfant 's h ave been a s econdary bur ia l w ith in t he g rave

adu lt r ema ins tw ice b roken f ro m

f ro m

a nd

h ave

a p iece

o f

b ronze

e ach hole t o j o in t he b roken s egments . j ust over 1 mm i n d ia meter . The b ronze corroded

cond it ion .

There

i s

been

r e located

when

no

s ign

w ire

was

p laced

l i ke ly

i nterpretat ion

f ro m

i s

i t was

f ash ion ing

F5 2 5 TS Cat .

t hat

t he

b roken .

o f

a c lasp

o r

s tud

t o

f ac i l itate

no

B .47 Cat .

s ke leton was

I t was b roken e ach occas ion .

spec imen was

o f marb le .

The

b roken p laced Th is

There

l a

r epa ir

s urface

t he

r esu lt

( f ig 3-6c)

t hought

t o

be a g rave c ut , but

t hree t imes i n a nt iqu ity The ho les a nd t he w ire

oppos ite

i s

a nd r epa ired w ith a re c . 1 .7 mm i n

f ound

( f ig 3-6e)

on

t he

r ight wr ist o f a n

so, o r

p arts

o f

f or t he man

r emov ing t he

t he b race let

t o

h ave put

i t wou ld

b race let .

adu lt ma le . i s so

t he

b race let

I t

b race let on .

h ad

i s

sma l l , t hat

h ave been t o u nt ie

The

i n

i t

The

t he b ronze f act,

been

a nd r epa ired tw ice . Two o f t he b ronze f asten ings ho wever, were so a s t o s ecure a b roken ch ip o f marb le f rom t he outer edge .

f ind ing

i s

i nterest ing

because

i t i nd icates

cou ld not h ave been r emoved w ithout b reak ing h ave

t o

t he

i s , however , h uman bone adher ing

i nterna l d iameter o f

i mposs ib le

on ly way o f do ing i n

i n a f eature

f ound .

1 307 Mortuary phase

wou ld h ave been w ire

u sed on

F ine s tr iat ions cover t he s urface o f t h is o rna ment .

Th is made

was

s tr iat ions

4 1 equ iva lent o f Mortuary phase

t o i ts exter ior . b ronze w ire on d ia meter .

w ire

f i ne

h and was The most

t he b race let w ith a n abrader .

Th is b race let was f ound i n wh ich

b ronze

Aga in ,

t hrough

The ho les i n quest ion measured w ire h as s urv ived t hough a

r emova l o f t he b race let f ro m t he wr ist i n s i tuat ions where t he t oo l arge t o per m it putt ing t he o rnament on o r t ak ing i t o ft b race let when

t he

I t i s made o f marb le . The b race let was e ach occas ion , a hole was d r i l led a bout 4

been

worn

a t

a l l

t imes ,

a nd

i n it ia l ly

t hat once on , t he b race let

i t aga in .

p laced

on

I n a word , t he

i t must

wr ist when

t he

person was much younger . B .16 Cat .

1 441 Mortuary phase

Th is r edepos ited

spec imen

bones beyond

b roken dur ing

( f ig 3-6f)

o f

l imestone .

t he

f eet o f B .16 .

I t was I t i s

f ound

i n

f ragmentary

a g roup

o f

a nd c learly

t he p reh istor ic per iod .

Al/A2 Leve l 7 Cat . On ly

i s made

l c

a sma l l

1 291 ( f ig 3-6g) s ect ion

made o f t ravert ine o r t uta . A3/A4 Leve l 7 Cat .

1 426

o f

t h is

b race let

was

The centra l r ibbed a rea ( f ig 3-6h)

f ound .

I t

i s

p robab ly

i s very s ha l low .

Mater ia l c u lture

Aga in , on ty marble .

The

a sma l l p iece

c entra l

r ibb ing

f ro m

o t

B an Na D i :

j ewe l lery

t h is b race let was

i s very

s ha l lo w .

A

f ound .

ho le

d r i l led t hrough t he f lange o f t he b race let , p resumably There a re n umerous s tr iat ions a long t he s urfaces . Al Leve l 7 Cat . Th is

8 52

w ide

t o

h as been

e ffect

r epa irs .

l eve l 7 .

I t was

( f ig 3- 6 i)

f rag mentary

made o f ca lc ite .

I t was made o f

2 mm

spec imen was

f ound

i n occupat ion

I t bears no ev idence o t s tr iat ions on

t he s urtace .

STONE BRACELETS : MANUF ACTUR ING METHODS Severa l o f t hat

t he

d isc

s and o r c lay d isc The

may

t he

h ave

was

ho les

a re

been

t hen

covered out u s ing

g round

s l ightly

r oughed out o f

o r so me o ther med ium

h o le was d r i l led

s hape

centra l

s hape was

out

so

t he

t or ho ld ing

t hat

o ff

s tone

i t f i rm .

i nd icate

t hat

f or m

u s ing

s and ,

i t was d r i l led

Th is

The

o f cyl inder a nd s tone

f ro m

o r

s uggests

t hen embedded edges o f

a n exact centre cou ld

so me

med ium , a nd t hen po l ished . I n t he c ase o f c at . sof t t hat a k n ife cou ld h ave been u sed t o c arve t he ho le

centre . a nd

so me

not be

s and . o ther

The

i n t he

s een . f ina l

abras ive

TS33a t he s tone i s so i t . The s tra ight s ides o f

one s ide on ly .

6

1 11 1 1■ 4%.

— . 4 F IGURE B . Bur .

Bur .

b i n

3-6 4 5

Ban Na Cat .1417

4 7 Cat .1307

3 5 L .7 Cat .1426

F . I .

D s : C . Bur .

t he F5

s tone 2 5

b race lets .

L .7

Cat .TS41

1 6 Cat .1441

Al 3 6 L .7 Cat .852

G .

A . D .

A1/2

3 8

Bur .

TS

1 7

Cat .TS33a

Bur .

TS

1 7

Cat .33b

L .7

Cat .1291

H .

E .

A3/4

Mater ia l c u tture

f ro m

B an Na D:

I V ORY ORNA MENTS

Leve ls o f

5 a nd

6 h ave

y ie lded

t he

( f ig

j ewe l lery

3-7)

r ema ins o f a f ew

b race lets made

i vory .

A2/A3

1 9 Leve l 6 Cat . Th is

h as

depth

smooth t he

s ect ion o f

2 7

1 355

o f a n mm

i vory

a nd

but u ndecorated .

s urfaces ,

( f ig

wh ich

a

3-7a)

b race let

h ad

t h ickness

o f

a d iameter 2 .9

Under a m icroscope

r esu lts

f ro m

po t ish ing .

mm . t here

The

o f

c .

The a re

7 5

mm .

s urface f i ne

edges

i s

I t

very

s tr iat ions

h ave

on

a r ounded

c ross s ect ion . A2

1 7 Leve l 5 Cat . On ly

e st imate

4 42

a sma l l s ect ion

i ts

d ia meter w ith

perhaps by a s much f ine

s tr iat ions

i s 3 7 .5 m m A4

r un

deep

a s

d iameter

o f

edge

r ounded .

Th is

s ect ion

4 42 , was

edge

i s

2 3 .0 m m

t he

f rag ment o f mm

5 22

a nd max imum

bead

t ooth .

s urv ived , so

was

l arger

e nd w ith

a s harp

due

t o

t he

t han cat . po int .

po l ish ing

t o

1 355 Aga in ,

p rocess .

I t

t h ickness o f 2 .5 m m .

t h is

i vory

b race let h as

t h ickness

s urv ived .

o f 3 .5 m m .

The

I t h ad

a

s urv iv ing

( f ig 3-7d) h av ing

a s im i lar s hape

para l le l g rooves

r unn ing

The

b race let h as

t o

across

cut across

c ats .

1 355

i ts s hort ax is . i t .

The o ther

a d ia meter o f 7 5 .0 mm , h e ight o f

t h ickness o f 2 .9 m m .

5 82

( f ig

made

BONE,

I V ORY OR TOOTH

5 18

( f ig

( f ig

3-7)

3- 7 e) by

bor ing

a hole

t hrough

The ho le h as a d ia meter o f 2 .0 m m .

A2 3 0 Leve l 7 Cat .

i t i s h ard

certa in ly

i s r ounded , h as a s er ies o f n icks

cut o ff square .

Th is

edges

s urfaces ,

o f b race let, wh i le

2 7 Leve l 7 Cat .

c an ine

The

I t i s

a nd max imum

OTHER ORNAMENTS OF

A4

b race let h as

( f ig 3- 7b)

decorated w ith

One edge , wh ich

t h is

2 5 mm .

8 20

7 5 .0

Al 1 9 Leve l 5 Cat .

a nd

o f

a nd h as a max imum

On ly a sma l l c .

3-7b)

accuracy .

across

1 3 Leve l 5 Cat .

i s

( f ig

3-if)

t he

r oot o f a dog 's

Mater ia l c u lture

Th is t ooth w ith

bead t he

approx imate ly

i s

s im i lar

ho le

Th is a n

wou ld

e ar h ave

a rtefact may

h ave

been

i s

I t

a n

j e we l lery

I t was r oot .

Th is

bone

b roken

a very

c ircu lar,

a nd

made

T he

sma l l

cut

i nterna l d ia meter o f on ly

2 365

i tem

was

before

s ect ion wh ich t apers s hape o f a l ozenge . construct ion , but was The

t he

pendant .

b een

was g round

5 82 .

3-7g)

1 6 Leve l 5 Cat .

h ave

c at .

t hrough

( f ig

h ad

1 839

mm , b readth o f 3 .5 m m , a nd A4

B an N a D i :

f ro m

dog 's

can ine

d ia meter o f t he ho le

i s

2 mm .

Al 1 9 Leve l 5 Cat .

o r

t o

p ierced

f ro m

t he edges a re

b race let,

f ro m

bone .

2 6 mm .

a n eck

I t h as

a depth

o f

i t 1 7

r ounded .

( f ig 3-7h) cut

t o

s hape

co mp let ion .

but on ly

p art ia l ly

Essent ia l ly,

g round .

i t co mpr ises

I t may

a

centra l

t o a n arro w constr ict ion before be ing cut t o t he The o ther e nd s ho ws s igns o f h av ing a s im i lar One

edge

o f

t o a r ounded p rof i le , t he o ther was

qu ite

r ough ly

l ozenge-shaped

pendant

I f a b race let,

b roken

i n

p roject ion

a nt iqu ity . a lso

bears

l ong a nd h as a max imum w idth o f 1 0 .5 m m .

- 1 4

-

cut marks .

t he

centra l s ect ion cut

I t i s no w

t o

s hape .

5 6 .2 m m

Mater ia l c u lture

f ro m

B an Na D s :

j ewe l lery

b

a

C

d

f

h

F IGURE Ban Na D i : o rna ments o f A . D .

A2/ A3

1 9 L .6 Cat .1355 B .

Al 1 9 L .5 Cat .522 E . G .

A4

A2

3-7 i vory, t ooth a nd

1 7 L .5 Cat .442 C .

2 7 L .8 Cat .582 F .

Al 1 8 L .5 Cat .1839 H .

- 1 5

-

A4

bone A4

1 3 L .5 Cat 8 20

A2 3 0 L .7 Cat .

1 6 L .5 Cat .236

5 18

Mater ia l c u lture

f ro m

B an Na D :

GLASS BE ADS

Bur ia l 8 (Al) was was

cut

f ro m

These a re Cat .

1 430a

a

very

a l arge

f or

t he

a nd

g rave

goods

t he

r e ma ins

i nc luded

f ive

o f a n

i n fant .

b lue-g lass

I t

beads .

descr ibed be lo w :

s tr iat ions

h as

account

h as

3-8)

a j ar bur ia l conta in ing

4 „

i nd iv idua l ly

t ransverse g lass

l eve l

( f ig

j ewe l lery

r egu lar

a nd

two

s harp ly

sma l l

n umber o f sma l l

f act t hat

a ir

i t d iffers

f or med

l umps

o f

bubb les

f ro m

t he

p rof i le . f r it

Per forat ion

e nc losed

embedded

r est o f

i n

i n

The

i t wh ich

t he s et

h as

i t .

may

i n co lour .

Cat . 1 430b : t he p rof i le s ho ws many t a int f acets . There i s a f law r unn ing a long one s ide o f t he perforat ion a nd ob l ique ly i nto t he body o f t he bead . One

e nd

i s

a t

a n

a ng le

f ro m

t he

s igns o f h av ing been r e-opened t ransverse t he

s tr iat ions

r eworked

Cat .

1 430c :

a nd

t he

who le

t he

s urface

t h is i s

t he

l ength o f

Cat .

1 430d :

spec imen

e nd

h as

s ho ws

Cat t he

t he

s l ight ly

a smooth

a col lapsed

o ff vert ica l .

perforat ion

p rof i le ,

f lange

There

t he

i ns ide

a re

onto

a re

not

l o wer

e nd

t he

s ho ws i t .

The

f ound

i s

on

p itted

perforat ion .

t ransverse

t he

spec imen

h as

a smooth

s tr iat ions

The a long

There a re

p rof i le

but w ith

a

f law

r unn ing

t he perforat ion . The f lattened e nds a re i s r ough ly a t r ight a ng les t o t he c entra l

t ransverse s tr iat ions a long

t he

l ength o f t he perforat ion .

t he s urface o f

t he perforat ion .

BLUE GL ASS BE ADS : MANUF ACTUR ING Severa l methods o f bead ,

i nc lud ing

beads , mou ld ing l i nes .

i s

Ho wever ,

i t s ee ms beads

s ince

u n l ike ly

s ho w The

r esu lt

o f

p resent, A was s and

perhaps

e nt ire ly

t he

r u led

f lattened p rof i le been

i s

method

cons istent t o

be

molten

t he

g lass

s tate

a p lan ish ing

c lay

h am mer .

Th is

no

e nds were I n

o f

t race

two

a s

i n

i t .

t he

c ase ,

t he

j unct ion

c ase by

o f c at .

g r ind ing ,

e nds

o f

t he s tep

f lat s urfaces . be low

i s o f

one

wh ich

t hese

p roduces

beads ,

a nd

a t

l i ke ly one .

g lass was w rapped

i nto

p art icu lar

o f mou ld

a f ina l o r penu lt imate

appearance

t o

t h is s tyle

t hese

not p roduced

e ach

f lattened

o r a med ium

f or med

t o p roduce

c ase

out, e spec ia l ly

t he most

s t ick ing

was

t he

i s

descr ibed

r ectangu lar p iece o f p last ic o f baked

I n

was .

w ith

TECHN IQUE

been u sed

t here

p ressure bet ween

i t i s cons idered

t o p revent

h ave

because

h av ing

manufactur ing

e i ther made t oo

t o

a nd mou ld ing .

t he

t hat

s igns

wh ich

k no wn

u n l ike ly

t he p roduct ion by

t he

a re

g r ind ing

G r ind ing cannot be

1 430a .

not

p erforat ion

1 430e : t he l ast bead h as a smooth p rof i le w ith one e nd ob l ique a nd o ther s tra ight . A l ong itud ina l f law a nd t ransverse s tr iat ions a re t ound

on

i n

t he

co l lapsed

t he perforat ion .

a long t he l ength o f one s ide o f not para l le l , but t he perforat ion r idge .

o f

a nd h ad

a rea .

upper

bead

on

t ransverse

a fter a f lange

coated

The

g lass wh i le

a doub le

t oo l was

r ound

u sed

a r od wh ich

t h in ly w ith c lay o r t i ne cone i n

by

s uch

i n a p l iab le a

f lat

a way

but

ob ject, t hat

i t

Mater ia l c u lture

not on ly a round o ther o f

f lattened

on

t he

a nd

t he

t he

r od

l eav ing

cones

p rocess .

may

Wh i te

cone 's

c aus ing

caused

was

overco me

we l l

h ave

a sma l l a

An

a lternat ive

cones

cou ld

on

f lat

a

be

t o

t hat

s urface ,

c aused by

on

t o

t he

a nother

a t

i n to

u se

o f

g lass

t he

beads

i nto

t he

s l ight ly

f aceted

Max.

t o

t o

o f

appearance

o f

a t

t he

a ng le

beads

be ing

L .

Max.

b r.

f ro m

D iameter

bur ia l 8

S .G .* Weight

Mansell

(gn )

c olour

1 7.0

6 .5

2 .3429

4 .042 7 .5B 4 /8

1 3.3

6 .0

2 .3328

2 .250 1 0BG 5 /6

1 430 c

9 .8

1 2.9

5 .6

2 .3552

1 .919 1 0BG 5 /6

1 430 d

1 0.4

1 3.9

5 .0

2 .3594

2 .338 1 0BG 5 /6

1 430 e

1 2.4

1 4.5

5 .0

2 .3529

2 .841

f ew

3 .

sma l l o range

None s ided f lat .

was t ubes

The

t erra-cotta . occurred

t he

n ew a re

t he

p its

o f

t he

bead

d iagona l ly

o r

e nds . t yp ica l Th is

w ith

colour

o f

i s

l atera l ly The o f

be

i n

i s

a nd a n beco me

colour ing

a nd

be

s een

s een i s

t o

poorly

l arge

on

s h iny .

conta in

m ixed .

t hrough

t he matr ix o f

The

s urface

o ld t o

t he

corros ion h ave

p ig ments were

e nds

o f

l i tt le t he

t han

ch ipp ing

exa m inat ion

quartz

a nd

genera l ly o r no

t he t lo w

d istort ion

co l lo ida l

o ther h and

a re a re

appearance

a nd where

colours

s ho ws

r ather

t he

f ro m

b eads

The

m icroscop ic

s ho w t he

r esu lted

h as

g ra ins

u neven

on

a nd

s urface

Under

ch ips

The

perforat ions .

t he

a nd

A l l but one c a me

bur ia ls .

m inute

The

s urface due

f ound . w ith

a matt o rangey-bro wn

c an

manufacture , a s poor m ix ing may The

beads were

t h in wa l ls

1 0BG 5 /6

g rav ity

a ssoc iat ion

s urface

s h iny

g lass .

may

g lass

f ound

Sma l l p its

so me

r idged .

t he

a n

1 1.4

marks

t he

f or m ing

r otate

1 3.9

t he

Th is

f latten

1 430 b

matr ix a t

open ing .

1 430 a

u sua l ly

t he

3-5

* spec if ic

h as

o f

On occas ion

t he

a means

aper t ure

s tra ight

t he e nds

t he g lass be ing not qu ite hot e nough .

Ca t_ No.

o f

The

s tage

open ing

f orced

Ban Na D: t he g lass beads

A

t ime

over

t he r od onto a f lat

f lat s urface .

h a mmer a s

were

TABLE

l eve l

t h is

f ro m

col lapse

pushed

out

perforat ion .

f or med

s l ipped

t o

spread

t he perforat ion .

t he

t he t he

i t a nd

t he bead a t t he s ame

f o ld

p art ia l ly

g lass

be ing

f lange aga inst t he s ides o f

t he

bead was

o t

j e we l lery

r otated

o f

s tr iat ions

bet ween

r od

but

been

t he

f lange

B an Na D i :

edge

t ransverse

s t i l l p l iab le

by

s ides

one

t he

s urface a nd co mpressed t h is

f ro m

s tress

i s p itted

t reat ment

a nd

dur ing

i n a reas o f so lub i l ity .

r ough ly m ixed w ith

a lka l i a nd t hen h eated s uff ic iently f or most p last ic . The r esu lt ing mass was t hen d ra wn

f i ne ly g round quartz o f t he mater ia ls t o out i nto a t ube a nd

Mater ia l c u lture

when

i t h ad

smoothed . g r ind ing . m ix ing t he

cooled ,

The

t he

t ube

smoothness

o f

f ro m

was

cut

t he

g lass

contrast

r ise

f ro m

t o

t o

l ack

be ing

o f

been

s uff ic ient

solub le .

t he smooth s h iny

i n to

caused t he

l engths

Cat.No.

a lso

by

a nd

t he

be due

corros ion

i n so me

matt

t he n ew

due

p arts

s urface

e nds

t o so me t o

bad

t o

p revent

i n

marked

i s

c h ips .

3-6

The o range g lass beads

L evel

s hort

c a lc ium

Certa in ty

s urface o f

TABLE

P rovenance

j ewe l lery

outer s urface may

The matt s urface may h ave

g iv ing

B an Na D i :

f ro m

Ban Na D i

Length

B readth

D ia rneter o f a per t ure

A3

4

2 10

3 .5

4 .6

A3/A4 7

1 2

3

1 158

4 .9

4 .5

2 .5 2 .6

A 1/A2 7

3

1 142

3 .9

4 .9

2 .8

A3/A4 8

3

1 170

5 .5

4 .7

3 .1

A3/A4 6

3

1 148e

4 .1

4 .1

2 .5

A3/A4 6

3

1 148a

2 .0

4 .9

2 .1

A3/A4 6

3

1 148c

5 .1

4 .6

2 .6

A3/A4 6

3

1 148b

4 .0

4 .0

2 .7

A3/A4 6 A4 5

3 3

1 148d 5 3

4 .6 2 .1

4 .6 3 .3

2 .6 1 .1

A4

6

3

5 8

2 .0

4 .1

2 .0

A4

6

3

6 4

1 .4

3 .0

1 .1

A3/A4 8

3

1 171

2 .5

3 .9

2 .3

THE GL ASS BE ADS : CO MMENT ON OR IG INS There Dur ing g lass . f ro m

The I nd ia

s econd soda

a re

t h is

d ifferent s ty les two

western

p roduct was

a nd

d ifferent

conta ined

r ec ipe s ee ms

a nd

g reatly

two

per iod ,

a lka l i , up

i ncreased

soda ,

t o h ave t o

t he

4 0%

o f bead , both

r ec ipes p robab ly a n

o f

l ead

postdat ing

g enera l ly

i n troduced

a lka l i s uch

o r ig inated

spec if ic

were

a s

i nto

potash ,

i n Ch ina , a nd o f

t he

c .

g lass .

2 00

u se

t o

AD .

make

Southeast As ia a nd

l ime .

conta ined

o r l ead a nd b ar iu m .

g rav ity

i n

The

a s we l l a s

These h eavy s a lts The

co mparat ive

p rox im ity o f Ch ina t o Ban Na D i m ight f avour a Ch inese o r ig in . The spec if ic g rav it ies o t t he Ban Na D i beads ho wever, r anged bet ween 2 .3 a nd 2 .46 , wh ich o f t he S ia m .

f avours I nd ian

a Western

t ype

a nd

h ence

a poss ib le

i n fluenced port a nd manufactur ing

o r ig in

c entres

i n

f r ing ing

I nd ia

o r one

t he Gu lf o f

Mater ia l c u lture

Both t he

t ypes o f bead

o range

beads

a lso

a re

r ecovered

f ro m

source

one

i s

m i l lenn ium AD

Tax i ta . o f

t he

exchange

B an Na D i :

r e lat ive ly

h ave

r each ing even i nto Afr ica . t he best k no wn port centre

f ro m

a n

co mmon

extreme ly

I dent ify ing c r it ica l

s uch

s teps

I t

d ia meter o f 1 mm .

( f ig

t hough mortuary

no

r ectangu lar The b reak

s uggests

t hat

perforat ion

i s

phase

j ust descr ibed .

2 a nd

d istr ibut ion ,

c lose ly

a ssess ing

t o

t he ir

e ar ly

f i rst

3- 5c)

i n

phase

f ound

s hape ,

l i es a long

t he

i t

i s

part

ev ident .

t herefore

was

r ecovered .

1 297) . ho le

I t was

p ierc ing

t he

b roken

i t h av ing

i n a

t he s econd perforat ion .

o f

a

I t was

I t p robab ly o r ig inated

Two were

i n a ssoc iat ion w ith

l a Cat .

The s econd bead i s f rag mentary . I t banded agate , one s urface be ing po l ished appearance

more t o

r are a t Ban Na D i .

( F8 B .47 , mortuary

was

o f

i n Southeast As ia .

S tone beads were extre me ly

a nt iqu ity .

r ange

beads

n ecessary

The e arl ier , a f lat s tone spacer bead , was s ke leton

i n Northeast Tha i land a nd

w ide

The b lue beads a re not r epresented a t Oc Eo, i n Southeast As ia , but s im i lar ones h ave been

ST ONE BE ADS

human

j e we l lery

co mpr ises a n a nd do med . f a ir ly

f ound

I nd ia .

spher ica l

a ssoc iated

contemporary i n

l arge w ith

o range- wh ite The genera l

t he

bead ,

w ith bur ia l 8 , g lass

beads

Mater ia l c u lture

f rom

B an Na D i :

F IGURE

j ewe l lery

3-8

Ban Na D i : b lue g lass beads ( a-e) a nd o range g lass beads A-E . B .8 Cats .1430a-e I . A3/A4 8 L .3 Cat .1170 J .

A3/A4 6 L .3 Cat .1148a K .

A3/A4 6 L .3 Cat .1148b

L .

A3/A4 6 L .3 Cat .1148c M .

A3/A4 6 L .3 Cat .1148d

N . P .

A3/A4 6 L .3 Cat .1148e 0 .

A4 6 L .3 Cat .58

A4 6 L .3 Cat 6 4 Q . A3/ A4 8 L .3 Cat .1171 R . A3 5 L .3 Cat .53

( f-r)

B an Na D i : e v idence

f or meta l lurgy

THE EV IDENCE FOR MET ALLURGY

THE CL AY MOULDS

Severa l Cat .

6 43a

descr ibed c ast ing

b roken

(A4 ,

1 4 ,

f i rst .

f rag ments

I t was

c lear ly

a meta l , p resumab ly

t h is

t ype

edge

o f

f ound w ith

made

were

t he

mou ld

t he

t he

The

t h ick .

a

Th is

i n

w ith

a d ia meter

f lo wed h ave

t e mper .

out o f

been

The

o f

2 4

o f

f ound

des ign

over

i s

a t ine

by

t he mou ld

I t

o f

i s

r emove

The

i nter ior

h ave

been

t emp late .

Th is

po int, s uch

l ayer o f c lay

i s c ircu lar

t hat

c lay was

t he

i n o f

c .

a s

4 mm

a d ifferent, coarser c lay w ith much

p robab le

t he

me lt ing

be

spec imen

on ly

patterned

w i l l

i nvolved

i ntact .

cou ld

a l ow

exter ior

on ly

Ban Na D i . a nd

p rocess

t he

wh ich

a n ex ist ing

a t

co mp lete ,

t he

I t

s urrounded

mm .

t o

were

most

part

covered w ith

t he mou ld when

b roken

a s

o r a meta l w ith

t hen

t urn , was

chaff

t he

b race let .

r ibbed

i mpressed

t emp late was

r ice

mou lds i s

made

3-9)

f u l l outer edges o f t he mou ld

bears

c lay

c lay 3-i)

b ronze ,

cou ld h ave been made o f wax L ead .

o f

l eve l 5 : t ab le

( f ig

t he

f i red .

co mp leted

i n c ross s ect ion

t emp late S ince

me lted

a nd

t he mou ld wou td

b race let ,

t h is

p art icu lar

spec imen was c learly n ever u sed . A3/A4

1 9 Leve l 6 Cat .

1 871

Th is i s a sma l l f rag ment o f t he i n ter ior s ect ion o f a b race let mou ld . There i s no s ign o f t he outer s ect ion wh ich character ises t hose a lready d escr ibed . A4

1 4 Leve l 5 Cat . Th is

doub le

mou ld,

s ect ions

u sed

a lready

r ound w ith

6 43b

spec imen

t he

t o

c ast

e nc los ing

1 4 Leve l 5 Cat . Th is

one

i nner s ect ion

except across A l

t hat

t he

h as

6 43d

decorat ion on

t he

mou ld

t han cats . There

( f ig

i s

1 528

coarser c lay .

The

t hat

i t was

i nner

t ogether a nd

bears

t he

a

mou ld packed

i mpress ion o f a

across .

3-9c) i ntended

t o

I t r ese mb les

co mp r ises

f a int

b e a doub le mou ld but on ly t he

f i rst

r idges

two

r unn ing

i n a t

every 9 0

way

degrees

t he b race let .

( f ig

3-9d)

f rag mentary

( f ig

spec imen .

There

i s no

ev idence

f or

3-9e) des igned

I n a l l var iab les

i nner mou ld

- 0 .1 m m w ide .

p laced

b race let mou ld

p robab ly

f ragment was

6 43a-d . a n

except

co mp leted

i nter ior mou ld p iece .

1 9 Leve l 5 Cat . Th is

6 43a The

t emp late were

s urv ived .

i s a sma l l and

cat .

b race lets .

l i nes e ach about 0 .3 m m

pattern

1 4 Leve l 5 Cat .

r esemb les two

Each

t he outs ide edge o f

Th is

A l

6 43c

spec imen was

3-9b)

t he

outer c lay .

r ibbed des ign o f para l le l A4

( f ig

c lose ly

s urrounded

decorat ive

t o make

o ther

g rooves

by i n

t han

a n t he

a much

b roader b race let

s ize , however,

outer one w ith i n ter ior mou ld

i t i s s im i lar .

a cons iderab ly a re

about

0 .6

B an Na D i : e v idence

Al 1 4 Leve l 5 Cat . The h ave i n

t he

a l l

c lay

A3

o ther

t he

c lay

t o

s urrounded

mou ld

1 730

was

t he

h eav i ly

a

coarser ,

mou ld

u sed

i n

decorat ion .

decorat ion , nor does

I t does

c onf igurat ion

chaff

i t

ho wever, correspond o f

t empered

a n

i n terna l

mater ia l .

The

r ecogn ised .

( f ig 3-9h) f o r

a smooth-surfaced

i nner mou ld

t empered co loured

1 4 Leve l 5 Cat . Th is

not bear a ny

b race let mou ld

by

u sed

character ist ic

smooth a nd

been

does

b ronze object c annot be

Th is

A4

r espects

s ect ion

s urface

t ubu lar s hape o f a b race let .

1 6 Leve l 5 Cat .

h as

( f ig 3-9g)

i nter ior mou ld r ound ,

i ntended

1 699

f or meta l lurgy

w ith

r ice

o f

f ine

chaff .

c lay

The

b race let

s urrounded

i n ter ior o f

o r

a nk let .

by

a

t he mou ld

s k in

I t o f

i s very

l i ght g rey . 1 862

( f ig

3-9 i)

co mpr ises

a n

e nt ire

cast ing .

The

b race let

I t co mp r ises

a n

i nner core

s ect ion wou ld o f

a nd h ave

f ine

c lay

cannot

t herefore ,

h ad

r ibbed

a

e nc losed

by

h ave

ex ter ior a n

outer

s ect ion o f much coarser c lay . A4

1 5 Leve t 5 Cat . Th is

s ect ion , was f ine c lay

2 05

spec imen

( f ig

c lose ly

i ntended

3-9 j) r esemb les

f or a r ibbed

c at .

a nd outer cover ing o f coarse c lay

Al 9 Leve l 4 Cat .

1 535

( f ig

l t r eta ins

co mpr ises

a n

conta in ing much

a co mp lete

i nner core

cera m ics , two p ieces o f were r ecogn ised f ro m

r ema ins . I t was des igned f or a dur ing t he u npack ing o f t he non

c lay mou lds u sed f or c ast ing sma l l r ibbed l eve l 5 contexts . Unfortunate ly, t hese

spec imens were s ubsequent ly m isp laced .

TABLE

3-7

Ban Na D i : t he c lay mou lds

P rovenance

A3/A4

Level

Cät.Nb.

( i n m m)

Nhxi mun d iameter

1 9

6

A4

1 4

5

6 43a

7 .1

A4

1 4

5

6 43b

C . 7 .0

A4 A4

1 4 1 4

5 5

6 43c 6 43d

7 .0 c . 6 .5

A l

1 9

5

1 528

AA

1 4

5

1 699

A3

1 6

5

1 730

A4

1 4

5

1 682

6 .7

A4

1 5

5

2 05

6 .0

4

1 535

5 .0

A l

9

o f

r ice chaff .

3-9k)

Ha lf a s ect ion o f t h is spec imen r ibbed b race let . I t i s a lso noted, t hat bur ia l be l ts

1 682 .

b race let a nd

1 871

- 8 2

c . 5 .5

-

c .

1 4.0

c .

1 3.0

o f

b racetet

Introduction: previous research 1n Northeast Thailand

THE STONE MOULDS (fig 3-10)

There are two broken pieces of ·mould made of sandstone. Both were halves of what was formerly a double mould. The first comes from A3 20 level 8 cat. 578 (fig 3-10b). The outer surface of the mould had been shaped to an oval cross section, 33 mm deep at its greatest extent. The inner surface was ground to a straight plane .. and within it .. was cut the outline of part of an axe blade. Half the cutting edge has survived ,. and the shape reveals a lunate edge characteristic of axes and moulds from Non Nok Tha, Ban Chiang, Doc Chua and sites in the Red River Valley. The maximum depth of the blade measured from the inner surface of the mould was c. 3 mm. The second fragment comes from A1/A2 35 level 7 cat. 1299 (fig 3-10a). Like that described above, the outer surface was ground to an oval shape. Its maximum depth was 25 mm. The inner surface was ground to a flat surface into which was cut two conduits each leading to the mould for an arrowhead. Unfortunately only part of the outline of one arrowhead has survived, but there is enough to see that there was a central rib on the blade. The upper surface of the mould is present .. and there is a clear enlargement there to facilitate the pouring of molten metal into the mould when both halves were joined. Three further pieces may derive from a mould. The first is a fragment of sandstone cut straight and smooth on two edges .. which join at a right angle. The beginnings of a central depression for the object being cast is visible. This piece comes from A2 · levet 7 cat. 1480 (fig 3-10d). The second sandstone piece comes from A2/3 level 5 cat. 1885. It is flat on both sides, with a rounded end. The flat face has all the hallmarks of a mould, though there is no obvious incised area to take the poured metal. It is, however ,, a fragment only and the incised section may be missing. The last specimen comes from A3 l�vel 7 cat. 1443 (fig 3-10c). It has the characteristic rounded exterior contour, and flat top. The interior surface had been ground .. but not to the point of being completely flat. There is no sign of the incised area tor receiving the molten metal .. but only part of the presumed mould has survived. The exterior is darkened and cracked as if it had been subjected to heat. This may well reflect pre-heating of the mould to lessen the risk of fracture due to thermal shock. The discovery at Ban Na Di of a casting sprue made of a lead-tin alloy, albeit in level 4, hints at the use of stone moulds in the casting process. It seems probable that the stone moulds were used for casting a lead implement. These were then covered in clay moulds before the lead was melted out to make way for bronze. Given the high melting point for bronze, it is thought that thermal shock would have destroyed stone moulds during casting.

- 83 -

Ban Na D1: crucibles THE CRUCIBLES (fig 3-11 and 12)

Two complete crucibles were found at Ban Na Di. They were made of a clay heavily tempered with rice chaff. The first (cat. 480) was found in the base of a post hole in square A2, which was cut from level 6 (fig 3-11). It measures 125 mm in length, is 89 mm wide and 54 mm deep. The basal thickness is 20 mm, but the walls progressively taper to no thickness at all. When full, it would have contained about 80 m l ot molten metal. The crucible has a moulded spout for pouring and several flecks of bronze adhere to its inside surface. The second crucible (cat. 343 fig 3-12) came from an occupation context in level 6, square A4. It is larger than the first, being c. 150 mm and 116.5 mm wide. It is also extremely thick at the base ( c. 24 mm), and would have held 75-80 m l of metal. The unusual shape and temper of these crucibles, as well as the presence of metal adhering to their surfaces, makes it possible to recognise fragments ot pottery as originating from crucibles. Fragments of crucible: level 8 Square A1 There are five fragments of crucible. All have bronze corrosion adhering to them. One comes from a shallow pit cut 30 cm above the natural substrate. The rest come from occupation contexts (two from sp. 40, two from sp. 42). One piece comes from the spout, three from rims and one from a body piece. Square A2 There are seven fragments · of crucible from this square, all being found in spit 46. This is c. 20 cm above the natural substrate. All have fragments of bronze adhering to them. Baulk A2/3 There are three small pieces from this baulk. One has a 3-4 mm thick layer of corrosion containing many flecks of copper or bronze. A second has a layer of slag up to 8 mm thick with a fleck of metal measuring 2 .5 x 2 mm. Square A3 There are five pieces of crucible from this square. Two come from the pouring spout and have bronze corrosion adhering to them. The remaining three are from rim sections. All were found on or within 25 30 cm of the bottom of the site's occupation layers. Baulk A3/4

- 84 -

B an Na

Th is bau lk p roduced spout .

The

c ross

f ive p ieces .

s ect ion

r evea ls

t hat t h is c ruc ible was u sed a t meta l .

The

r e ma in ing

s econd

D i : c . ‘ , ruc ib tes

p iece

l east

h as

One

t hree t hree

b ronze

t hree p ieces a l l co me

f ro m

i s

a n

a l most co mplete

l ayers t imes .

s tag

o f

corros ion

There were

t o

a

depth

smal l s ect ions o f

a lso

o f

pour ing

s uggest ing spots

6 mm .

o f

The

r im .

Square A4 The

s even

t he

surface .

p it,

t he

p ieces

Two

o ther

p robab ly

spout o f a c ruc ible n u merous f ro m

sma l l

sp .

f ro m

p ieces

3 4,

a

and

square

f ro m

post

h as

f rag ments i s

t h is

co me

a ll

conta in

i nto natura l .

One

p iece

co mpr ises

hole .

o f metal . r ich

corros ion

cut

a l ayer o f b ronze

part icu larly

b ronze

f eatures

A

s lag

f urther

i n meta l ,

7 mm

p iece ,

t he

t he

t h ick

f ound

on

One was a pour ing

conta in ing

i n

a

p it

cut

l argest p iece measur ing 4 .5

x 1 .5 m m . Leve l 8 c ruc ibles : su m mary I t

i s

occupat ion

c lear

t hat

Ban

Na D i .

o f

a nd

t he

a re

u ndergo ing

s even

p rocesses wh ich

o f

t he

spec ia l ist

c ruc ib le

The

r e ma inder

were

The

f rag ments

f ro m

meta llurgy The

u nderlay

t he

a na lys is .

f rag ments

t e mpered

was

cera m ics

f ro m

l eve l 8 were

i s

f ound

o f

notab le

t h is

g rog

f ro m

f or c ruc ib les

depos it ion

I t

w ith

p ract iced

used

s lag

a t

were

across

t he

i n

t h is

l eve l conta in

and

t he

e arl iest

dur ing

l eve l . 8 ,

t he

c ruc ib les

s tage ,

t hat on ly

r ice

a much e nt ire

chaff

t e mper .

h arder cera m ic . excavated

a rea

o f squares Al - A4 . C ruc ib les

f ro m

Leve l 7

Square Al There Each w ith

a re

bears r ice

two

r im

a 1 -2 m m

f rag ments ,

t h ick

both

f ro m

sp .

l ayer o f b ronze

s lag .

One

chaff, t he o ther w ith

3 2

w ith in

p iece

i s

l eve l

7 .

t e mpered

c lay .

Bau lk Al/ A2 Both t e mpered t o wards

f rag ments w ith

t he

h ave

c lay .

base o f

They

s lag

adher ing

co me

f ro m

t o t he

t he

i nner

s urface

o f

surfaces , sp .

4 1,

a nd

a re

t hat

i s

l eve l 7 .

Square A2 A l l

t he

occupat ion

twe lve

depos its .

f rag ments Deta i ls

a re

o f a s

c ruc ib le

TABLE

Ban Na D i : t he

c ruc ible

f ro m

square

A2

co me

f ol lo ws :

3-8

f rag ments

- 8 5

-

f ro m

l eve l 7 square A2

f ro m

B an

Spit

n

Na

D i : c ruc ib les

n c lay

n chaff

t emper

t emper

n

w ith s tag adhering

4 5

2

1

1

2

4 3

1

1

-

1

4 2

1

1

-

4 1

4

1

3

1

4

4 0

1

1

-

1

3 8

1

1

-

1

3 6

1

1

-

1

3 5

1

-

1

1

3 3

-

-

1

1

Bau lk A2/ A3 There

a re

two

p ieces

co mpr ises

a p ract ica lly

The

t h ickness

basa l

b ronze f ro m I t

s lag

l i n ing

l iberal ly

i s

Th is

l argest

measur ing

sp .

accret ion t he

1 .4

c ruc ib le

3 6 .

c ruc ib le

t9

There

i nter ior . The

w ith

f ro m

I t

s econd

r ice

i s

a

2 mm

p iece was

a nd o f

t he

The

base

h as

a

o f

t h is

i s

i n

o f o r

l ayer

a nd

f ound

copper

s lag

t he

t h ick

l ayer

l arger

t o

c lay-te mpered ,

f lecks

So me

bau lk .

f ro m

i s

r im

chaff,

s evera l

m in .

t h is

s ect ion

mm .

conta ins x

c ross

1 5 .0

e nt ire

t e mpered

t h ick .

outer part o f

c .

t he

a p it cut f ro m

i s

o f

co mplete

r im . o f

co mes sp .

s lag

b ronze ,

adher ing

3 4 .

9 mm t o

t he t he

a s we l l .

Square A3 Th is square a nd s urrounded I ts was

by

i nter ior was f ound

b ronze

r ich

i n

assoc iated

s lag

t o

t e mpered w ith

l ayer conta ined

charcoa l

s ta in ing p ieces

w ith

a depth

4 .0

f urnace . mm

o f

a c lay

f rag ments One I t

o f

i s

adher ing

t he

t o

i t .

o f

t he

l i ned

c ruc ible

r im

Ban Na D i : t he

c ruc ible

s ect ion ,

The

f ro m

n c lay

n c haff

t emper

t emper

c lay

l eve l 1 square A3

n w ith s tag adhering

b ronze .

f rag ments

3-9

f rag ments

f urnace ,

corroded

r ice chaff .

TABLE

Spit

r e ma ins

many

o f charcoa l .

t h is

o f

t he

a nd

a nd i s

h as

r ich ly

B an N a

-

3 9

1

1

3 4

3

2

3 1

1

1

3 0

1

1

_

2 9

2

1

1

2 7

1

1

2 5

1

1

2 1

1

1

Three

f urther

f i ll f or B .26 . t races

D i : c ruc ib les

o f

f rag ments

Two a re s tag .

Deta i ls o f t he

r im

Two

3 1 1 2

-

were

f ound

f rag ments a nd

were

r ema in ing

1

1 _

1 1

i n

t he

t empered

1

t he

upper p art o f

o ther a body

w ith

c lay,

f rag ments a re s et out

i n

t he

t he

s herd .

o ther

t he a ttached

g rave

A L L bear

w ith

chaff .

t ab le .

Bau lk A3/ A4 There A l l

but

f ound

one i n sp .

a re were 2 4 .

e ight

f rag ments

f ound

i n

t he

Deta i ls a re

o t

c ruc ib le

g rave

a s

f i l l

S pit

n

l eve l t he

7 on

t h is

b au lk .

l ast spec imen

be ing

f o l lo ws :

TABLE

Ban Na D i : t he c ruc ib le

f ro m

t or B .18 ,

3-10

f rag ments

n w i t h c lay tempe r

f ro m

l eve l 7 bau lk A3/4

n w i t h c haff

n w i t h s tag

te r npe r

adher ing

3 0

7

6

1

-

2 4

1

1

-

1

Square A4 There

a re

s ix

pour ing

spout, a nother

b ase

1 2 .5 m m

i s

c ruc ib le

t h ick .

t he

f rag ments ,

co mp lete

c ross

one

be ing

s ect ion

a n

f ro m

a l most r im

t o

co mp lete base .

t he

B an N a D i : c ruc ib les

TABLE

Ban Na D i : t he

Sp it

c ruc ib le

3-11

f rag ments

f ro m

n c lay

n c haft

t amper

t amper

l eve l 7 square A4

n w ith s tag adhering

3 6

1

1

-

1

2 5

2

2

-

-

2 6

1

1

-

-

3 1

2

2

-

2

Square F6 There

a re

t en

f rag ments

o f

c ruc ib le

f rom

square

F6 .

A l l

der ive

f ro m l eve l 7 contexts . There i s a p iece o f spout t ro m sp . 1 2 , e ncrusted i ns ide a nd out w ith s tag . The o ther n ine c ruc ib le f rag ments f ro m body ( 7) a nd

r im

( 2) s ect ions .

Deta i ls a re

a s

f ol lo ws :

TABLE

Ban Na D i : t he c ruc ib le

S p it

3 -12

f ragments

f ro m

n c lay

n c haff

t emper

t amper

l eve l 7 square F6

n w ith s lag a dher i ng

2

1 3

2

2

1 2

1

1

1

1 1

3

3

3

1 0

1

-

9

1

1

2

2

-

C ruc ib les : Leve l 6

1

1 1

1

2

Ban Na D i : c ruc ib les

Cons iderat ion must be

cons idered

work ing

i n

l eve l

o f

t he

c ruc ib les

i n

t he

l ight o f

5 above .

o f c layl ined

p it

f urnaces .

a nd most o f

t he

c ruc ib le

b ases o f A1/2

t hese

sp .

o r ig inat ing

t hese

f rag ments

a nd

square

f rag ments a re

f ro m

f ound

sp .

were i n

t he

o ften o f

o r ig inated

t he

s unk

construct ion i nto

t herefore , a sc r ibed

t o

f urnaces i n

l eve l

l oca l b ronze

l eve l 6 c lustered

r ema ins

1 8-20

l eve l

" upper most

l eve l

r ound

Ban Na D i : t he c ruc ible

Spit

i n square 5 above .

l eve l 6 , but

n

3-13

f rag ments

n c lay t emper

f ro m

n c haff t emper

l eve l 6

n w i t h b ronze a dher i ng

A l

2 2

2

2

2

A l

2 0

4

4

2

A2

2 3

1

1

1

A2

2 5

1

1

1

A2

2 5

A2

2 2

1

1

A2*

2 1

7

7

A3

2 0

1

A3/4

1 9

1

1

1

A4

1 9

6

6

3

1

1

1

1

u nprovenanced * T hese

ones . t he mm .

a re

t hree

t ime ,

F ina l ly ,

p resent,

t hey

t hey

c ame

d ifferences

They a re w ith one

s a me

1

f rom one c rucible

bet ween

except ion ,

h ave

h ave

2

1

f ragments c ould a ll

There

6 , t he

l eve l 5 " .

TABLE

Square

f or

emp loyed was

p its

Thus ,

A4

speak ing , w ith in

abundant ev idence

t echn ique

No w

l eve l 5 f urnaces .

2 0-22 ,

The f o l lo w ing

The

t ound , s tr ictly

t he

t he

l ibera l ly

l eve l 6 c ruc ib les a nd e arl ier

t e mpered w ith

t h icker bases , vary ing

very

l i ttle

b ronze

i t i s a sma l l nodu le , o r very

t h ick concret ion character ist ic o f

t h in

s lag

bet ween adher ing

r ice

c . t o

chaft .

t hem .

When

f i lm o f corros ion r ather t han

t he e ar l ier

l eve ls .

At

2 5 .0 a nd 3 0 .0 t he

TABLE

Ban Na D i : t he

Square

Spit

c ruc ib le

n

3-14

t rag ments

f ro m

l eve l 5

n c lay

n c hat f

te r rper

t e r rper

n b ronze s tained

A l

1 6

1

-

2

A l

1 8

2

-

2

1

A l

1 9

4

-

4

2

A2

1 7

1

-

1

A2 A2

1 8 1 9

1 7

_

1 7

A2

2 0

3

-

1

1

A2/3

1 4

1

-

1

1

A3

1 5

1

A3

1 6

4

-

A3/4

1 5

1

-

1

A3/4

1 7

1

-

1

A4

1 3

1

-

1

1 4

1

-

unprovenanced

1 4

1

1 0

-

1 0

1

1 6

6

-

6

1

unprovenanced 1 7

2

-

2

unprovenanced 1 5 u nprovenanced

Cruc ibles : Leve l 5 Square Al There very

t h ick

r im .

Th is

a re

f ive

base

part icu lar

charcoa l s ta ined

f rag ments

( up

t o

a t

hor izon

so i l r ich

i n

o f c ruc ib le .

l east

2 2

m m),

conta ined

A l l co me t aper ing

two

c lay

f ro m

t o

vesse ls w ith

a t h in

f urnaces

edge

a

a t

t he

s urrounded

by

f lecks o f b ronze .

Square A2 Sp its b ronze

1 9-20

a nd

i n

t h is

square

charcoa l s ta ined

c ruc ib le , a l l o f wh ich

conta ined

so i l .

They

conta in a dense

a c lay

a lso

f urnace , many

y ie lded

twe lve

ad m ixture o f r ice

f lecks o f

f rag ments

o f

chaff .

Bau lk A2/ A3 One mm

t h ick .

Square A3

f rag ment

was

I t i s unusua l

f ound, t o

f ind

conta in ing s uch

t h ick

a

l ayer

s lag

i n

o f t h is

b ronze

s tag

l eve l o r

c .

l eve l

4 .5

Ban Na D1: crucibles

This square contained a clay furnace presumably used in bronze casting. Five crucible fragments were found nearby. One piece had a basal thickness of 24 mm. Baulk A 3/A4 There are only two small fragments of crucible from this baulk. Square A4 Level 5 contexts in this square were rich in large pieces of fired clay from bronze furnaces, bronze detritus and charcoal. In addition, twenty pieces of crucible were found. The largest piece comprises a complete spout and most of the adJoining body. The basal thickness is 2 3.0 mm. The outer skin of clay is burnt to an orange colour and had clearly been subjected to intense heat. The clay is thick with rice chaff. The other 19 pieces were small and fragmented.

The crucible fragments: summary Level 5 and 6 crucibles are similar in the clear preference for a heavy admixture of rice chaff in the clay, a thick basal section and rarity of bronze slag adhering to them.

BRONZE: ARTEFACTS AND PIECES OF CORRODED METAL (figs 3-13/16)

During the course of excavating Ban Na Di, numerous pieces of heavily corroded bronze were found. Some comprised tiny flecks of green corrosion and were not retained. The recoverable pieces were catalogued and their provenances set out in the table below.

TABLE 3-15 Ban Na Di: fragments of corroded bronze

8

F6

A1

2

1

A1/2

A2.

A2/3 11

2

- 91 -

A3 4

A3/4 2

AA

B an Na D i : c ruc ib les

7

4 6

1 6

4

4

4 0

9

2 7

6

-

1 3

-

5

4

5

1

2 6

5

-

2 3

9

2

3

2 0

4 3

-

2 1

2 1

4 r o

-

4

1

1 9

-

4

-

1 1

2

-

-

-

2

-

-

2

The mortuary

b ronze

a nd

a rtefacts

occupat ion

beg inn ing w ith

2 1

f ro m

Ban

contexts .

Na

D i

h ave

The w i l l be

1 9

been

8 7

-

f ound

i n

both

descr ibed by a rtefact t ype ,

t he most abundant : t he b race let .

THE BRONZE BRACELETS FROM MORTUARY CONTEXTS ( *

i nd icates a rtefact h as been a na lysed

F6 Cat .

193 Bur ia l 3 8 Mortuary Phase

f or co mpos it ion : s ee

l b

Th is b race let h as a p iano-convex c ross s ect ion . The edge .

The

outer

f lat on

t he

r e ma in

i ntact,

edge

l o wer edge

vegetab le

t he

f ibres

A

be

p ieces

s een o f

t o

c loth

5 4 .0 mm

a nd

F5 Cat .

TS

These

do med

h av ing

p resent

a nd

t he

b race lets be

p la in

adhere

c ross

t he

a re

b race lets i n

t he

r ound

measures 5 0 .9 mm

t he

a nd

outer

p la in

decorated

w ith

a

o f

s urface .

by

be lo w

s ide a s

t he

a nd

h av ing a t

f a lse

a n

a lso

k nobs

Remnants

h ave

a n

o f

i nterna l

6 .0 m m .

Though h eav i ly corroded , t hey

a

square

t ogether

f igure

c ross

s ect ion .

Sma l l

i nterna l d iameter

i s

2 .5 mm . l b

*

i n

one

a rea .

e ight,

a nd

para l le l

The

max imum

The ir

c ross

g rooves

i nterna l

r un

d ia meter

1 0 .9 m m .

l c

a c ircu lar c ross

pattern

b roken .

They

The max imum

s ect ion

I t h as a barbed beve l c lasp a nd

s et s ide

descr ibed

w ith

t he c ross s ect ion , 2 .9 by

b race let h as

o r

t hat a re

l b

s urface .

a

i s on t he l o wer

Twentyt wo

s ect ion measures 9 .5 by

f used o f

one .

s urfaces .

t ogether .

F6 Cat 9 41 Bur ia l 1 7 Mortuary Phase

9 2 .4 mm .

upper

1 6 Mortuary Phase

a re

f or m

f lat s ide

t esse lat ions

corroded

both

f used

t o

t he

been

on

b race lets

6 2a-c Bur ia l TS

t ransverse ly

w ires

on

l arge

t he c ross s ect ion measures 2 .5 by

t hree

s ect ions

Th is

w ith

1 228 Bur ia l 3 6 Mortuary Phase

s et o f n ineteen

c an

decorated

a nd

r est

a re

d ia meter o f 6 0 .0 mm F6 Cat .

i s

t ab le 3-21)

t he

a nd

a n

i nterna l d ia meter o f

outer h a lf o f

appearance

ob l ique

f i l igree

t he

a ng le

t echn ique .

o f t o

s hort t he

t he

s urface

square

vert ica l .

i s

s ect ion Th is

i s

Ban

F6 Cat . Th is

spec i men

co mpr ises

I t i s

a f inger

t o

r otted

sma l l

be

I ts

i nterna l d ia meter

d ia meter

i s

i s

a sma l l

5 5 .0 m m

r ice k erne ls were

A3/4 Cat .

t he

co i l

w ith

a re

h em ispher ica l surface

has

b ronze ,

i n

both

o f

t he

t he

sect ion

adher ing

b race lets

t o

i dent ica l

a nd

pos it ions

a re

t he

on

e ach

Al Cat .

o f

These

a re

bur ia l o f s ect ion , i nterna l

two

a n t he

t o

f i t

Al Cat .

One

second

d ia meter

measure ments h ard

t rag mentary

i nfant .

i s

o f

a

a re 3 .5 by

t hese

a s

t iny

h as

a n

and

A3 Cat .

i n

1 .0

by

2 31 Bur ia l 3 Mortuary

band

shaped

upper i s

a nd

poss ib le

a nd

t he

c ross

t hat

c ross

THE

spec i men

t ound

t h is

i s

BR ONZE

upper quarter o f

c .

5 mm

d ia meter,

t i r ing

f abr ic

away can

a nd be

adheres i s

f la ws

s een t o

i n t he

5 2 .0 m m .

i n

a ssoc iat ion w ith

be

o r

co i l w ith

The

f or mer

a h e l ix band . 2 .0 m m

a one o r

28 .0

a n h as

mm .

two

year o ld

j ar

c ross

a max i mum

Cross

r espect ive ly .

t he

ova l

s ect ion

I t wou ld

be

ch i ld .

2 *

2 0 .0

w ith

mm

t he

a nd

i nfant

t he

j ar

c ross

bur ia l .

I t

s ect ion

i s

3

h as

g rooves

not

t o

a n

cut

by

h ave

t ransversely

even w idth

corros ion . 1 .5

a l l p ieces

I ts

a l l

s urv ived . i nto

t he way

t he r ound

i nterna l d ia meter

The

n arro w but

i t

i s 5 8 .0 m m

6 .0 m m .

BR A CELETS FR O M

OCCUP AT I ON CONTEXTS

7 71

was

a ssoc iated

The

d iscovered

i s b roken , but

I t i s due

Matt ing

2 .6 m m .

s ect ion measures

F6 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is

s ect ion

l o wer edges .

i nterna l

mm .

i nterna l d ia meter

3 .9 by

Phase

Th is h eav i ly corroded b race let

I ts

3 .5

corroded

Woven

a ssoc iat ion

o f

c .

o f

u neven

l atter,

Phase

f ound

d ia meter

p lano-convex, measur ing

by

t he

b race lets onto

b race let was i nternal

t o

3 .0 and

be

2 *

r ectangu lar

1 431 Bur ia l 8 Mortuary

Th is

Phase

c ircles

2 7 .0. m m

t o

t he m . The base h as a pattern a nd t ransversa l ly . The i nner

The max i mu m

appears

s ect ion .

core .

k nobs

co mp lete ly

caused

4 27a-b Bur ia l 5 Mortuary

c ross

l arge

l c

a c lay

r ow

spec i men .

s urface o f one o f t he b race lets .

c ross

measures

Phase

a l most

core

c ircu lar

t oo

t he outer s urface .

w ith

a concentr ic

b race lets

b ronze

a

l c

s upported by a square w ire r unn ing beneath o f r ectangu lar r idges g rooved concentr ica l ly s urfaces

w ith

a b race let, yet

a c ircu lar

1 378a-b Bur ial 4 8 Mortuary

outer

o f

i s 3 3 .0 a m .

c ross

f ound

l c

Phase

b race let

a nd

b race lets

cons idered

1 061 Bur ia l 1 8 Mortuary

Th is

These

a

t oo

r ing .

A4 Cat .

t he

D i b ronze

1 348 Bur ia l 1 7 Mortuary Phase

s ect ion .

a nd

Na

f ound w ith

a ny

i n

t he

mortuary

part icu lar

- 9 3

a rea

i nter ment .

-

o f

square I t

h as

F6 , but was a

c ircu lar

not

c ross

B an

s ect ion measur ing A2

5 .0 by

4 0 Leve l 7 Cat .

These

a re

very

t h in

core

curve .

t han

one

4 .0 m m A4 The

A2 A

corroded The

b race let

o r ig ina l

c lay

o f

p ieces , so me

c ross

i s

a re

s ect ions a re

r e ma ins .

f lat

r e ma ins .

corroded

i nd icates

a rtefact .

c .

8 0 .0 m m .

f used

t ogether

c ircu lar .

i nner

The

I t h as

The

exter ior

s urface

h as

s urface

been

h as

a

l ost but a

b race let o r ig ina l wou ld

a c ross s ect ion o f 3 .0 by

h ave

h ad

1 2 .5 m m .

b ronze

e ither

The

t hat

r e ma in .

t hey

co me

Two

o f

f ro m

a co i l

t he m

c ross sect ion was p robab ly c ircu lar .

o r

a re

f used

f ro m

more

I t measures

c .

i n d ia meter .

c ross

a nd

i nterna l d ia meter

1 290

1 9 Leve l 6 Cat .

There

t h is

c ross-sect ion .

f rag ments

t ogether wh ich

and

The

o f ye l lo w ish

A2/3 Leve l 7 Cat . Four

t he

7 79

On ly a s hort f rag ment o f

a p lano-convex

b race lets

8 02

t han one b race let .

F6 Leve t 7 Cat .

convex

DIb ronze

4 .5 m m , and

f rag mentary

i nd icat ing more

s l ight

Na

i s

3 60

s ect ion no

o f

t h is

apparent

b race let

c lay

core .

h as

a marked

I t h as

a n

convex-concave

i nterna l

d ia meter

o f

curve .

5 1 .0

mm

a depth o f 7 .5 m m . 2 4 Leve l 6 Cat .

p iece

o f

4 39

b race let

w ith

a

c ircu lar

c ross

s ect ion .

The

d ia meter

was

c .

5 1 .0 m m . A3

1 8 Leve l 6 Cat .

Th is Al

f rag ment has

1 9 Leve l 5 Cat .

Four

f rag ments

s ect ion . s hape . A2/ A3 Two c .

o f

Ho wever

3 59 badly t he

1 4 Leve l 5 Cat .

f rag ments

corroded

c .

5 5 mm

Al

1 4 Leve l 5 Cat . a re

a nd

s evera l

t he

b race let

corros ian may

have

i s a long

t he

appear

t o

r e moved

h ave

t he

a n

ova l c ross

o r ig ina l

r ectangu lar

l ong itud ina l ax is .

188b-c

o f b race let .

t h ick w ith

o f

t o

a c ircu lar c ross sect ion

The g reater d ia meter

7 .8 m m

There

3 49

The

a c ircu lar c ross

f i rst h ad a d ia meter o f c ross

s ect ion .

s ect ion measures

The

0 .

s econd

2 .8 by

6 7 mm h as

a nd was

a d ia meter

3 .4 .

2 00a-b f rag ments

o f

be s ure what sort o f a rtefact

badly t hey

- 9 4

corroded b ronze . co me

-

t ro m .

The

I t i s not easy i nterna l d iameter

_ i s

B an Na D i b ronze 2 5 .0 m m

a nd

t he c ross s ect ion measures 2 .8 by

A2 2 0 Leve l 5 Cat . Th is

f rag ment

s ect ion

i s

b race lets

o f

2 .2 m m .

3 05 b ronze

c ircu lar a nd

h as

a

beve l

a nd

barb

a t

one

f rag ment appears undecorated .

e nd .

The

I t measures

c ross 3 .4

by

3 .4 mm . A3

1 0 Leve l 4 Cat .

A

r ectangu lar

c ross-sect ioned

outer s urface . i s 6 0 .0 m m A2 A

1 43

The

a nd

t ong

f rag ment,

a long

i ts

r ough

w ith

h e ight .

a s l ight ly

The

convex

i nterna l

d ia meter

1 .7 mm .

2 02

f rag ment o f b ronze i s

b race let t i es

t he c ross s ect ion measures 3 .3 by

1 6 Leve t 4 Cat .

s urface

ax is

r od w ith one

wh ich may

e nd

denote

beve l led .

a b reak .

The

The

t ip

o f

t he

u nworked

beve l led

e nd

h as

a

c ircu lar c ross s ect ion . A2

1 7 Leve l 4 Cat .

A

f rag ment

s urtace .

The

wax w ires f a lse

o f

t o

i t i s much pattern

h ave

s urface o f

b race let

been

t he po int

A4 8 Leve l 4 Cat . Laboratory o f

t he

measures mm . A2

t ound

by

w ith a nd

2 .2

i s

const itute

a re

open .

1 6 .0 m m

o r ig ina l ly a nd A3/4 The

t here

t he

outer

c ross-sect ioned

o f

t he

where t he

t he

o r ig ina l

f rag ment

w ires

used

i s po inted w ith one

t ip, b roken a nd bent .

i te ms .

a nd

barb

h ave

s econd

The

barb

f i rst

c lasp

been

a t

t ost .

object h as

i s

• a

one

s l im

e nd .

I ts

Both

c ross

ova l t he

s ect ion

a d iameter o f on ly

1 0 .0

a r ing .

c ross

Whether i t was

s ect ion . t he

b roken

The

u neven

c irc le

f or m

u nder s tress

i t f or ms

i s due i n

t o

u nc lear .

t he c ross s ect ion measures 4 .5 by

i s

i r regu lar

i ts method o f The

i nterna l

4 .5 m m .

m inera l ised Two

f rag ments

p ieces The

f used

c ross

o f

n arro w

t ogether s uggest

s ect ions

were

d isc

b race lets

t hat

t here were

apparent ly

t r iangu lar

decorat ion v is ib le .

7 Leve l 3 Cat . f i rst o f

s ite ,

e nd

two

The

spec imens .

i s no

r ound

t he

4 6a-b

g roup .

two

u s ing

on

i n deta i l t han o ther examp les o f t h is

s ect ion , a nd was p robab ly

a nd

co mp lete ly t h is

g rooves

1 70

A3 6 Leve l 3 Cat . Severa l

t he

One

t he

mm .

manufacture o r whether d iameter

a t

a beve l

Th is spec imen h as a square e nds

f or med

p rec ise

d isc losed

r od

1 5 Leve l 4 Cat .

i ts

been

t ransverse

9 0a-b

I t h as a n ova l c ross

a nd

ob l ique

f lattened a nd

beve l

9 .3

h ave l ess

square .

a na lys is

c ross-sect ioned t ips

w ith

pattern may

but

f i l igree

appear

a

2 14

two

160a-b spec imens

h as

a sma l l , u neven

i nter ior d ia meter .

The

B an Na D i b race lets

outer edge o f t he r ectangu lar c ross s ect ion h as h ad g rooves i mp ressed t ransverse ly i n to t he s urface wh i le i t was s t i l l p l iab le . P resumab ly t h is occurred dur ing t he f or m ing o f t he wax t emplate . I t measures 3 8 .0 mm i n i n terna l d iameter a nd h as a c ross s ect ion o f 1 2 .5 by 3 .2 mm . The s econd s et o f f rag ments co mes f ro m

a r ectangu lar c ross s ect ioned

l ong ax is l y ing a long i ts h e ight . make i t a very sma l l spec imen i f s ect ion measures 8 .0 by 3 .0 mm .

c irclet w ith

I n add it ion t o t he r e lat ive ly comp lete spec i mens wh ich h ave descr ibed i nd iv idua l ly , t he f o l low ing b race let f rag ments were i dent if ied :

TABLE

3-16

Ban Na D i : t he b ronze b race let f rag ments cat. P rovenance Level

D iem . c /s

o f

I nternal D iameter

* * *

2 03 1 76 8 4

A2 1 6 A2 1 5 A3 8

4 4 4

4 .0 b y 2 .7 fr a gnent tr agment

* * *

1 39 1 87 1 68

A3 1 1 A3 1 3 A2 1 5

4 4 4

fr agnent f ragnent 1 .6 b y 1 .6

* * * *

1 41 9 9 1 45 2 34

A l 1 2 A4 9 A3 1 1 A4 1 6

4 4 5 5

1 .0 2 .0 3 .0 3 .2

*

2 29

A4 1 6

5

5 .0 b y 5 .1

*

1 92

AA 1 4

5

4 .0 b y 4 .0

* 2 00a,b A l *

2 15

t he

I ts i n terna l d iameter o f on ly 4 0 .0 mm i ndeed , i t i s a b race let . The c ross

by b y by b y

2 .5 2 .5 3 .6 2 .8

1 4

5

2 .5 b y 2 .0

A3 1 4

5

4 .5 b y 4 .5

*

1 61

A l

1 3

5

2 .8 b y 2 .8

*

2 75

A2 1 9

5

4 .6 b y 4 .0

*

1 215 3 05

A3/4 1 3 A2 2 0

5 5

3 .4 b y 3 .4

*

1 82

A4 1 4

5

3 .6 b y 3 .3

* *

3 48 3 49

A3 1 8 A3 1 8

6 6

3 .0 b y 8 .0 4 .0 by 4 .0

* 1 086 * 6 93

A4 3 3 A3 2 4

7 7

4 .0 b y 3 .5 2 .0 b y 1 4.0

* 1 370

A3/4 3 0

7

3 .4 b y 3 .6

* *

8 30 8 26

A2 4 3 A3 3 2

7 7

t ragnent fr agnent

*

8 69

A3 3 4

7

fr agnent

* 1 038

A3 4 1

8

fr agnent

4 6.0

0 .20.0

been a lso

B an Na D i b ronze

b race lets

c /s : t he b readth d imens ion t he depth d imens ion

i s expressed

i s exp ressed

f i rst,

l ast .

THE BR ONZE F INGER R INGS

No no

f inger

r ings were

f ound

r ings

a t a i l were

f ound

f inger

n s i tu i n mortuary contexts , a nd i n

l eve ls

8-6 .

Tab le

3-17

s ets

i ndeed , out

t he

deta i ls o f t h is c lass o f o rna ment .

TABLE

3-17

Ban Na D i : t he b ronze Cat.

P rovenance Level

D iem .

f inger r ings

o f

I nternal D iameter

c /s

*

6 2

A4 6

3

3 .0 b y 4 .6

*

7 5

A2 8

3

3 .7 b y 3 .4

*

7 9

A3 8

1 5.7

3

1 .6 b y 2 .1

1 868 A3/4 5

3

3 .7 b y 3 .7

2 2.6

1 159 A3/4 7 * 1 95 A2 1 6

3 4

2 .5 by 3 .2 2 .0 by 5 .2

1 7.5 1 6.8

* 1 93 * 1 26

4 4

3 .6 b y 4 .0 2 .8 by 4 .0

1 9.0 1 1.2

* 1162 A2/3 9

4

3 .0 by 3 .5

* 1 70

A2 1 5

4

4 .6 by 4 .8

* 1 54

A l

A3 1 3 A l 1 1

4

2 .8 by 4 .5

* 1175 A2/3 1 1

4

2 .0 by 2 .9

* 1 74

5

2 .3 by 2 .8

A l

t he

1 2 1 3

-

1 4.0 -

f i rst measure ment expresses

t he b readth ,

t he s econd measurement expresses

t he depth .

THE BRONZE ANKLETS

Bur ia l 2 9 , t hat o f a young ank lets , There t ext i le

one

i s on

on

no t he

so me matt ing .

e ach

apparent

a nk le .

decorat ion ,

i nner s urface The

ch i ld , was They

a nd

f ound wear ing i dent ica l ,

a lthough

t he

i nterna l d ia meter

i s c ircu lar, measures

a re

one

o ther bore

i s 4 1 mm , a nd

1 2 .1 m m .

- 9 1

-

a nd h ad

t he

two t he

r ema ins

t he

so l id

part icu larly

c ross

b ronze heavy .

i mpress ion o f

f abr ic

o f a nd

s ect ion , wh ich

B an Na D i : b ronze

a rtefacts

BRONZE ARROWHE ADS

There

a re

a t

l east

t hree

a nd

poss ib ly

f our

qu ite

d ist inct

t ypes

o f

a rro whead . F6

1 0 Leve l 7 Cat .

Th is

a rro whead was

a ssoc iat ion . added

a

I t i s

spec imen

Th is spec imen

One

h as

f ound

t ang .

f unct ion

spec imen

convex

a n arro w

i n

cutt ing

o f a

edge .

p roject i le f or

p rovenance a nd

t he

3 8 ,

but

b lade

l ong , but

h as

t he

The max imum

t he

b lade , a nd

t he

mortuary

not

i n

centra l

t ang

i s

b readth

p r i mary r ibs

f or

b roken ,

so

i s 2 6 .0 m m .

a rea

o f

F6 .

I t h as

a

t ong a nd 2 2 .5 mm w ide .

p roject ion A

f our

b road on

t he

l i ke ly o f

The

a rtefacts t ang

i s

not

edge w ith t o

t h is

descr ibed c lass

i s

t hat

above

o f

L ength Max w idth o f c utting edge

F6

7

9 53

A3 3 5

7

9 03

4 2.0

2 8.0

A l

7

7 52

5 5.0

4 0.0

7

1 014

6 3.0

C . 5 4.0

F 6

5 3 2 7

c .

c .

4 8.0

t hey

a rtefact .

3-1 8 .

2 8.0

They s hape .

h aft ing .

( Cat .

Ban Na D i : t he b ronze a rro wheads

P rovenance L evel Cat.

def in ite .

u n l ike ly

f o l lo ws :

TABLE

i s b roken , so

a convex

f ac i l itate s eems

exp lanat ion , t h is

t ang

w ide .

cutt ing

The mou ld

manufacture

s ize a re a s

b arbs .

ch ise ls , but

more

po ints .

no

I t i s 1 2 .0 mm

f o l lo w ing

t ang , a nd

t hat t hey were u sed a s

spec ia l ised des igned

h as

bur ia l t he

8 18 *

i n co mmon a f lat

poss ib le

o f

I t i s 2 7 .0 m m

l ength cannot be deter m ined . The

v ic in ity

barbs , a nd

l east 4 0 .0 m m

a lso

no

A2 4 3 Leve l 7 Cat .

h ave

a t

t he a nd

1 014 *

was

concave base a nd

t he

i n

t ang

l ength cannot be a scerta ined .

7 Leve l 7 Cat .

Th is

f ound

I t h as

s trength .

t he actua l F6

1 884

I t

g iven

i s

t he ir

r epresent 1 299) was Deta i ls

o f

B an

Na

THE

F6

8 Leve l 7 Cat .

Th is

a rtefact

F6

BR ONZE

a rtefacts

F ISH HO OKS

1 867

t akes

t he

f or m

I t h as a c lear po int, but no mm

D i : b ronze

o f a sma l l hook , p robably

s urv iv ing

barb .

I t i s

i ntended

1 9 mm

i n

f or

l ength

f i sh ing . a nd

7 .2

a t

t he

w ide . 1 Leve l 7 Cat .

Th is

spec i men

e nd

o f

t he

1 090 *

t oo,

shank

i s

t o

p robably

a ss ist

i n

a

f i sh

hook .

s ecur ing

t he

There

l i ne .

i s

a swe l l ing

Aga in ,

t he

barb

e nd

i s

m iss ing .

THE These f ro m a s

t he

beads ,

t ab le

a rea

because a nd

o f square

conservat ion

t he

r e ma ins

l i ke

F6

A

f urther a nd

t he

d ia meter .

i nverted

t hey

r evea led

t hread

i n

spec i men

h as

i nner

t he

f ro m

A4

hole ,

wh ich

I t purpose

co mes

f or m

o f

a hol lo w

r uns

a re i n

co m ma .

Both

caut ious ly

e ach

e ach .

co me

i nterpreted

case ,

Deta i ls

P rovenance Cat.

* F6

1 1 4

a

a re

hole

s et

The t hey were s tructural quenched

purpose were t he

o f

t hese

b roken r im

f eatures objects

wh ich

a re

( cat .

t he

bar,

a decorat ive

f or

out

i n

I t

i s

b ronze

Level

Length 2 5.0

1 6.0

2 5.0

1 6.0

BR ONZE

4 mm

i n

bead .

BO WLS

r ibbed edge,

o f b ronze

a re

1 mm

W id th

7

one

i s

i s

beads

7

deep

5 4) .*

3-19

1 885

a long

f rag ments

be

3

I t outer d ia meter

1 261

THE

t hey

l eve l

t hrough

i t may

Ban Na D i : t he

* F6

5

t ube .

l ength w ise

i s u nkno wn , but

TABLE

but

a n

a nd

h as

o f

BE ADS

3-19 .

c ircu lar, a nd

two a rtefacts a re s haped

mortuary

s uspens ion

BR ONZE

a rtefacts wh ich

vesse ls .

cons istent

vesse ls .

- 9 9

-

w ith

i s

makes

not

k no wn

i t s ee m

Moreover, cat . quench ing .

f or

s ure ,

l i ke ly 5 6

Most

t hat

s ho ws k no wn

B an

Na

DI :b ronze

TABLE Ban Na D i : t he

P rovenance Cat.

A2/ A3 Part

o f

a

3

5 6

3

* A3 8

8 3

4

sma l l

l o wer

a

wh i le

p laced on a nd

t op

t o

max i mu m

bo w ls

D iameter Depth c .

1 40.0 3 0.5

c .

1 28.0 3 3.0

THE BR ONZE

BELLS

perforated

h and le .

188a

be l l, wax

h a lf

Level

* A304 6 1 153

square-sect ioned

3-20 b ronze

* , 63 6

1 4 Leve l 5 Cat .

a rtefacts

w ith

a

f i la ments .

t h ird

f or m

Two

capped

a l oop .

c ircu mference

parts

t he m .

The

o f

o f

A

was

co i l

o f

a max i mu m

mm .

The

f or med

h em isphere

double

be l t h as

1 4 .0

I t

a

f ro m

f or med

wax

t he

was

t hen

h e ight o f 2 1 .0 m m

s urface

o f

t he

be l l

h as

r a ised, curv i l inear decorat ion . Al 3 Leve l 2 Cat . A

1 597

be l l , co mp lete w ith

j o ined

on ly

i r regu lar

ova l

g rooves i s

on

not c lear .

Al

upper h a lf .

hole

t hrough

r unn ing

i ntent ion .

l ateral ly

A

p iece

sma l l

be l l

w ind ing wax do wn

t he

i s

i n

f ront a nd

way u nt i l t he waxen

t he

These

back f or m

a p iece

o f

co i l ing

f ine

s tone .

The

be ing

t hree

decorat ion .

manner

t he

a ttached

I t

f ro m

t o

two

do med

r ectangle w ith

l oop .

f or med

wax

over

a n

i s

e l l ipses

a n

s heet o r wax

t he

s ide ,

equa l ly

patterned

w ith

f i la ments

p robab ly

w ithout

h e ight 3 3 .5 m m .

a n arro w t he

u neven

core

ova l .

be l l was s tand ing i ron

An

s ho w

t hree One

t he

port ion

qu ite

u se

t he

a nd

a round t o

co i l ing

cont inued

The

h andle

perpend icu larly i s a ttached

cons iderab le f i l igree

f or med

s hou lder a nd

f ro m

t o

t he

d ifferences

i t r ather

i n

wh ich

may

conta in

made

f ro m

two

do med

j o ined

w ith

wax

p robab ly

by

across

be

a t

i n

s ize , s hape

s hape

I t wou ld

made

t h is

a l oop

patterns , but d iffer were

by t hen

l oop .

a c lay been

i n

i s

two

a nd

open .

The

I t was

t he

co mplete .

r ing

f a lse

a t

poss ib ly

h ave

core

ovo id .

s tart ing

tw ig .

appears

l o wer

i n o f

f i la ment

t h ird

o f

a c lay

o f b ronze

be l ls A l l

execut ion .

mou lded

l eav ing

i s

t he

i s 3 1 .7 m m , a nd

f or m

r ound

t he manner o f a f orked

and

i ron

f ro m

i r regu lar

f or ms

whether

w idth

f or med

f lat ,

1 877

f i la ments

o f b ronze w ith

I t was A

i t

but

o f

The max i mu m

1 Leve l 2 Cat .

Th is

a h and le .

t he

t he

t h is

i n

t he

i ntr icate ly a sma l l e ll ipses t op

h a lf

s tage

t hat

i mpress ions were made . Each

o f

t he

188a h as a double Cat .

1 877

appears

be l ls

h as

sp ira l

l oop

t o

h ave

a

d ifferent

s et w ith

a h andle

- 1 00

t he s et

-

t ype hole onto

o f

l oop

para lle l a l oop

o r t o

h and le . t he

wh ich

l ong i n

t urn

Cat . ax is . h as

B an

t he

hole a t

r ectangle wel l

i nd icate When

r e ma ined a l l a re

r ight

o f cat .

a ngles 1 597

be l l was

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b roken

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These

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o f

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core

was

i r regu lar

d ifferences may

be l ls

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t he

s tone

cou ld

h ave

co mes wh ich ,

l ead

h as a n

o r

a c ircu lar t he

a much

object r eused .

e nd

i n

vent

- 1 01

-

1 2

s ince

l eve l

t hen

h ave

f i t ted

c ircu lar, w ith

a

been

t he

c ire

mou lds

t han

b ronze .

very

n ature ,

i ts t he

I t

f i ll

h ave t o

po int o f

4 .

t o

s tone

part icu lar spec i men

was

s tone

p lace , but

u sed

s im ilar

t o wer me lt ing

wou ld

2 .8 m m .

A3/4

s afeguarded

s urv ive

t he

i n

l ost .

h e ld, was

a p rocess

h ave

Th is

wh ich

cast ing

t o

been

t e mplate wou ld

out

wou ld

i s

a nd

s tones

SPRUE

f ro m

i t

Th is

l ead melted p rocedure

been me lted h igh , a nd

a l loy

a t e mp late .

f or s uch

r e moved

t hese

a rtefact

t he

t he

Th is

because

t o

c lay

o f

LE AD-T IN ALL OY CAST ING

i nterest ing

t echn ique .

c rack ing

t he

t he

r e ma ins i n

c ast,

None

i s most u nusual

i t wou ld I t

most t he

mou ld

perdue

t o a lso

c lapper .

THE

Th is

i s

D i : b ronze

d ifferent u ses . t he

a s

co mpr ises

Na

h as

a

cast ing

f lat vent .

a d ia meter

o f

Bronze technology: dIscuss1on THE BRONZE TECHNOLOGY (N.

Seeley and W.

Rajpitak)

In examm,ng prehistoric copper alloy artefacts and related material from an excavation, the main questions to which an answer may be sought include the following. What types of metal ore were used, and what was their provenance? How was the smelting, refining, alloying and fabricaton carried out? Were particular alloys selected tor specific functional or decorative purposes? Can a chronology be established for the introduction of particular alloys or fabrication processes? Is there any evidence for trade in metal artefacts ,. or for the borrowing of techniques? It is rare that all these questions can be answered tor any particular site, as one would not normally expect to find contexts containing metal extraction ,. occupation ,. and burials together. Nevertheless, it has been found possible to answer a significant number in the case of Ban Na Di, as we have evidence of occupation and burials over an extended period, with finds proving the presence of secondary metallurgical operations such as alloying and casting. The copper alloy artefacts from Ban Na Di fall into three functional categories. The great majority consist of personal ornaments, especially bracelets and rings. Utilitarian artefacts with cutting ,edges are represented by group of arrowheads,. and the third category comprises fragments of containers ,. which would have served both a decorative and utilitarian function. The reason for considering these as a separate category will become apparent later. The '(ery limited number and range of utilitarian artefacts is probably explained partly be the nature ot the site, with many of the finds coming from burials, and partly from the fact that for much of the occupation period iron was available ,. and would have been preferred for such artefacts for both technological and economic reasons.

a

THE CONDITION OF THE COPPER ALLOY ARTEFACTS AND THE RELIABILITY OF THE QUANTITATIVE ELEMENTAL ANALYSES The conditions for the preservation of metals at Ban Na Di are not very favourable ,. and the majority of the copper alloy artefacts are badly if not completely corroded. Table 3-21 shows the analyses for copper as measured ,. and also by difference from 100". For uncorroded artefacts ,. the latter is generally more accurate, but where corrosio n exists, indicated in table 3-21 by one, two or three asterisks corresponding to its extent ,. the first figure should be taken. In the case of the more corroded artefacts ,. it is dangerous to place any reliance on the numerical values theselves, as the component elements may be leached out to differing extents ,. but rather one may use the analyses as indicators of the type of alloy used. As will be shown below ,. this usually gives all the information which is required.

- 102 -

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0

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C O C O O D C O C O C O .N C D a l C D C D 1 - r - C » ( V t r ) U 1 9 .. 1. . e . . 2c o r - 1 . - 1 . - . T - ,r 1 . . 9 C O C I

n t e t n t g e t * * * * : :

1 1

0

.

C D C D C D

•

C O C D e -

, 0

1

•

9 C D C D C D

•

r e C o 0 0

•

C D C D

•

C D e t C D C )

•

c o c y c D N c o e - g u t h - C D N 0 3 u l U D h . r e c n e t U 1 C I e t U 1 N

0

•

r N C O e - c D c D

c v r e U 1 C D O D C D r - N u 1 0 0 h . s t r ' C O C D h . O D 0 D C D ' , i f e- 0 C O 0 0 e l c o

4. ,

•

C D C 7

•

.

N - O D r - r 0 0 0

u o N

e

•

C O

z i 22212 2 7 . 27 e-2 , e t e t

•

•

.

C D c k C D v - C D C Y r - C D N - 0

4

•

8

N C D e t 0 1 r o C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D 0 C D C D

•

•

C D C D

8

0 0

0 0 0 1 L O 1 4 1 Q D 0 3 O D r e C D C O e t 0 , u 1 r - e 4 i t C D N C D C D r e C O 0 U l 0 e l t 0 C D O D r e c v i n C D C Y C Y v - r - C Y C D

C D C Y e - r - e -

CO

N

•

•

1 ,

0 0 C o e - C o . 4 C o O D C D C O N N N 0 3 C Y c Y C D C O e h 0 e t I t m . 0 1 c o 0 3 C D C O 0 3 O D r - N 0 r y r q 9.. c o

94 .

b racelet

p rov c at.no a rtefact

3

•

•

4

C O 0 1

1

•

C D C V n t C O C D C o

, -

C D C D C D N e t e- er - r-

•

1 ) N C D C O

I n

N . c p c o c o u ‚ N h . 0 1 0 G O G O r - C D . - N

0

C O C O C O

C D u 1 N . O D

C Y C Y C D C D 0 4

•

6

0 /

•

•

C D 0 u 1 C D C O 1 . 0

0 3 G O C D C O

1

•

•

e - e f t C O N C O C D

C D C D c e C D

C D Q 0 r e U 1 4 D N r - C D C C N e t C Y C D n t e - C D C Y r e e t C D I t L i , 0 C D C D N C D C D C D C Y C D 0 0 0 •

•

C O C D C O C V 0

e t h c o c 0

u l C O C O C Y h r r e- C D r- C O 0 3 h 9. 9. C D C D C D C D C D C D C D 0 •

•

0 3 u l e t r C O C O

h . c o c c C C

I - U 1 C D C D c o 0 c D C D 0 r - e t

0

•

N c v C D C D O D U D C O C O t ) h - C O C O

c c h . h . c o

•

•

•

.

r 1 . 1 )

•

•

.

. 1 0 . u l c o c o

C O 4 0 C D U 1

•

•

.

C o n e u 1 r e r e h - n t U 1 C O 0

O D V e t h . r q C o 0 1 n e C D h ( N 0 r e r e v - C D C D C D C D 0 C D e t 0 •

.

4

c c c c h . m .

C D C D. C D C D

0

T. C I v - C O

C D N e t T. N

C O F - C O C O

` D : ‘ ( " . '2Z I re,1 2 . 2

e t * * *

-

g i t * * * * * *

* * *

n t * * *

corrosion

0 0 1 -

t echno logy : d iscuss ion

n t C 7 0 , r e r e r e r e * * *

* ** * **

CO & I

" 0

i ndicates

B ronze

*

*

*

MICROSTRUCTURAL EXAMINATION

Samples of several of the artefacts were examined by the techniques of optical metallography and electron probe microanalysis. The latter is of value for carrying out analyses tor ascertaining from the structure of the metal ,, the extent of mechanical and heat treatment it has undergone. and hence the methods of fabrication which have been used in antiquity. In most cases ,, the technological information can be gleaned from surface examination of the artefact. but in case of doubt ,, or where unusual alloys were known or suspected to have been used. a small fragment of metal was cut out ,. mounted in polyester resin, ground, polished and examined with the aid of these techniques. The most important general conclusion relating to the Ban Na Di metalwork, and early Thai bronzes in general, is that decorative objects were fabricated by casting wherever possible, and other fabrication techniques such as cold working and Joining were strenuously avoided.

COPPER ALLOYS UTILISED UNALLOYED COPPER: there is as yet very little evidence tor the use of unalloyed copper for artefact fabrication in Thailand during the prehistoric period. Those artefacts from Ban Na Di which show the lowest tin content are highly corroded. and were probably all normal low tin bronzes. The reason tor this. lack of copper artefacts is not so clear. Given that the knowledge of alloying with tin existed at a very early stage in copper ·metallurgy in Thailand ,. there would still have been decorative and functional occasions for the use of nominally pure copper. One possibility is that the copper ores exploited in Thailand in the early period usually contained a small amount of tin,. but this does not explain items like cat. 2281, which ,. white not of pure copper ,. but a copper-lead alloy, contains a It wilt only be possible to resolve this question negligible quantity of tin. completely when primary metal smelting sites can be properly excavated and investigated. and ore analyses carried out. LOW TIN BRONZE: forty-two of the objects from Ban Na Di (541') were binary low tin bronzes. containing originally between 2" and 14" tin. These were largely bracelets ,, but also included all five of the arrowheads This analysed ,, and six of the pieces of scrap bronze or casting spills. alloy is suitable for both cold working or both, and is a better colour than leaded tin bronze al though the latter is better for precision castings. LEADED COPPER: This rather unusual alloy was represented by three objects (3.8'5) Cats. 139 and 360 ,, both highly corroded bracelet fragments. may originally have contained more tin than the analyses indicate. Cat. 2281. a comma-shaped bead ,, is most interesting because it is almost identical with cat. 1261 ,. which is however ,. a normal low tin bronze. Leaded copper may be cast easily. but the main point of interest of these items is their lack of tin, suggesting that relatively pure copper was av_ailable ,, at least from time to time. LEADED TIN BRONZE: this alloy was found in twenty-five obJects (32'5) ,. all rings or bracelets except for three pieces of casting scrap. From a technological point of view ,, this is the optimum alloy for casting

-

106 -

Bronze technology: d1scuss1on

decorative ob Jects as it produces a metal of reasonable colour, with an improved fluidity and hence ease of casting conferred by the presence of lead. The alloy has poor mechanical properties, tending to fracture along is therefore not normally used for the the grain b���g�rt�sr and manufacture ot tools and weapons. It would be interesting to determine whether or not there is a chronological implication in the introduction of leaded tin bronzes in Thailand, whether i t has any regional significance, or it whether it merely reflects the fluctuating availability of lead r as certainly does not relate to the function ot the artefacts cast in it (see below for an analysis of this point). HIGH TIN BRONZES: three items (cats. 12, 5 6 and 133) were certainly binary high tin bronzes, and two further items (cats. 83 and 1153 ) were probably also of this type. We have shown elsewhere (Rajpitak and Seeley 1979 ) that this alloy was probabaly chosen because it had a closer resemblance to gold than any other copper alloy known before the advent of brass. It was however r most difficult to fabricate, requiring to be hot worked in a very critical temperature range, and then quenched from that temperature in order to prevent it becoming extremely brittle. The composition range was also highly critical, ideally very clos to 2415 tin, thus necessitating considerable precision in alloying. For these reasons ,, the alloy was only used for certain luxury wares, principally vessels and items of jewellery, at a period around the beginning of our era. It appears probable that the alloy was first produced in Southeast Asia, where tin was plentiful ,, and utilised to a limited extent in parts of South and East Asia and the Near East up to about the 12th. century, when brass became readily available. It appears to have been completely unknown to the prehistoric and classical civilizations of Europe or Western Asia. THE TRACE ELEMENTS In addition to the technol·ogically. significant elements which were added intentionally in order to modify the properties of the copper, in this case tin and lead, analysis was carried out tor a further eight elements, namely arsenic, antimony, zinc, silver ,. bismuth ,. iron, cobalt and nickel. The first tour of these may be found as intentional components of copper alloy formulations ,. the last four occur only as accidental traces in these alloys. ARSENIC: No intentional arsenical bronzes are known from Thailand, although most of the copper alloy artefacts analysed contained 0.1-0.51' arsenic ,, and a few as much as 1.61'. This is perfectly in line with analyses from other parts of the world r where arsenic as an impurity in copper ores may give trace concentrations varying up to about 21'. One apparent anomaly is found in cat. 137 ,, a rectangular section bracelet. This was highly corroded, but the analysis of an area of relatively sound metal gave arsenic 3.561' and tin 4.8515. The presence of tin shows that this was not an arsenical bronze in the accepted sense ,, and it the arsenic were added intentionally it was probably done in order to whiten the surface of the metal. It is considered more likely ,, this is an example ot an exceptionally high arsenic level accidentally derived from the particular metal ore used.

- 107 -

B ronze

ANT IMONY s im i lar ,

AND

a nd

B IS MUTH :

t end

t o

Arsen ic ,

occur

s urpr is ing

t hat many

o f

genera l ly

i n

be lo w

about

l eve ls

poss ib le

o re

concentrat ions

o f

occurs

extract ion

a nd

detect ion .

I t

f ro m

r ef in ing , i s

but

t o

t h is was

a lthough cannot

I RON : The sme lt ing

f urnace ,

t he

r ange

f ound .

Th is

meta l l ic

i ron .

a re

a lso

i n

t he

h igh

t in

i n

b ronze . r esu lts

i mproved

des ign , wh ich

f ro m

AND

may

s ign if icant a lthough

o f

t he

a

but

t he

t he

be lo w

f ro m

f or

w ith

o res , t he

no

but

on

l im it

o f

Ban Na D i t han

t he

i s

t he

s i lver,

p robab le

c ause ,

i n

t he

scrap

t he

r ef in ing

p rocess .

i n

b ronze) ,

sma l l

3 .6%

l ate

p er iod h ave

h ere

u t i l isat ion

f ro m

o f

a s

many

copper

was

i nc lus ions

o f

Northern

observed

not

sme lted t he

i ron

a reas , e .g .

certa in ly

cons istent w ith

W ith

t h is , o r even h igher ,

not p rev ious ly i s

t o t he

p r im it ive

o f

t he m icrostructure , a s wh ite h igh

r egard w ith in

Ban Na D i f a l ls w ith in

sme lted

t i n

o f

per iod .

cond it ions

f ro m

meta l

manufacture

s ign if icance w ith

o f

copper

quant it ies

3 .76%

s i lver

t or

r educ ing

extent

i n

s ho wed

l ater p reh istor ic

t he

t or

i n

qu ite

a na lysed ,

l i tt le

u sed

1 33 , a h igh

per iod, we

i s

i n

2 98)

i s o f no

o f

a nd

p resence

N ICKEL :

be

o f

t hat

These

so me

coba lt

p resent more

a re

va lue i s

both

f or

absent

o fen

d eta i led o re a na lyses a re f or

up

t he

f ro m

i t

i n

i ntent iona l , i n

a

r e lat ive ly

f urnace l ate

a

a nd

d ate

o f o f

t ype o f a l loy .

COBALT a nd

s amp les ( cat .

i ron concentrat ions a s

I ts

b ismuth ,

i nfor mat ion

ga ined

a rtefacts ,

a rtefacts

certa in ly

dur ing

t ype

copper o f

p robab ly t h is

was

( cat .

p rotoh istor ic

t herefore

a nd

potent ia l markers

i n quant it ies

t he

i n b ronze

s ho wed

be

l oca l e nr ichment

observed

A lthough

co mmon

I nd ia

o f

s amp le

i nd icat ive

s a mp le

chem ica l ly

deta i led

a re

t he

i ron content o f t he a rtefacts

nor ma l ly I n one

i ron t he

o f

i n more

i ncorporat ion

i t i s

a nd

one except ion , t he f urnaces .

o f

o f

w idespread

r eta ined

One

S i lver

r ather,

a nt imony

c an

t hey

a re

I t i s not

f ro m wh ich a rtefacts h ave been a na lysed .

i n Tha i land

p resence

sources ,

s evera l

p resent

both

f urther

p robab ly

i n many

acc identa l

b ismuth

absence

a lthough

corroded , a nd

decorat ive objects

o re

i s

0 .5% .

exc luded .

t he

noth ing

u sua l ly

f ound

about

h igh ly

t he

be

i s

conta ined

I n

i n

I t

i n Tha i land

S IL VER : S i lver was up

0 .1% .

ho wever,

o ther s i tes

r ang ing

a rtefacts

t races

corre lat ions .

a nd

s ame m inera l s u ites .

e lements ,

Z INC :

i n

a nt imony

t he

sources ,

t hese

i dent if icat ion .

Z inc

i n

t he

o re source

observable

t echno logy : d iscuss ion

co mmon

f ro m

t han

i mpur it ies

p rovenanc ing not

most

o f

i n mater ia l

r equ ired before

a ny

i n

purposes . t he

Ban

f ro m

copper I t

Na

o ther

i n terpretat ion

o res ,

i s

perhaps

D i

b ronzes ,

s ites .

c an

be

Aga in , o ffered

t hese data .

FUNCT IONAL CHO ICE OF ALL OY

EDGED t he

TOOLS : The

a rro wheads .

f ound

t o

be

on ly

b inary

t he meta l lograph ic

copper

As m ight be t i n

b ronzes ,

ev idence

a l loy

edged

expected , a l l a nd

po ints

t o

t oo ls

f ro m

Ban

f ive wh ich were

a lthough

t hey

were

Na

D i were

a na lysed were

bad ly

c orroded ,

t he ir h av ing been c ast, a nnea led , a nd

Bronze technology: discussion

cold worked on the cutting edge to harden and sharpen them. The absence of lead from all five strongly supports the view that he choice of alloy was firmly based on a knowledge of its properties ,. and in critical applications the most appropriate formulation was selected. DECORATIVE ARTEFACTS: Most of the artefacts examined were decorative ,. and were fabricated by casting. Almost all consisted of low tin bronzes (60.51') ,. or leaded tin bronzes (361'). This is completely in line with what has been found at other prehistoric sites in Thailand. LUXURY ITEMS: A small number of artefacts were found to be quenched high tin bronzes,. with a nominal composition of copper ,. 761' tin ,. 241'. These occur on a number of later prehistoric sites in Thailand ,. and date from probably the second and first centuries BC and AD. They almost always None of them had comprise vessels ,. or small personal ornaments. completely normal microstructures for this class of alloy ,. and they may represent an early or degenerate aspect of this specialised metallurgical technique. As explained above ,. the difficultiues in producing and fabricating this particular alloy must place these objects in a category of their own ,. reserved for certain luxury decorative items. THE METALWORKING TECHNOLOGY There is no evidence of extractive metallurgy at Ban Na Di ,. nor_ would this be expected at a normal habitation site. There is ,. however,. ample evidence of secondary metallurgical operations ,. in the form of crucible fragments ,. moulds ,. metal spills and furnaces. This is consistent with local alloying and casting operations ,. using metal brought in from outside. The size of the crucibles ,. as deduced from the fragments and the two complete specimens ,. is such that melting and alloying was probably carried out on a scale which would have . allowed the casting of only one of the larger ,. or several of the smaller,. ornaments at a single pouring. Although at least two piece mould were found in the excavations ,. the majority of the items were certainly cast using the cire perdue process ,. and the existence of piece moulds does not prove that the final casting was carried out in them,. as it is certain that in some cases they were used to replicate wax models for casting by the lost wax process. The great majority of the decorative artefacts were cast,. and no doubt surface finished ., but not annealed or mechanically worked in any way. There are however exceptions,. e.g. cat. 176 ,. which has been heavily worked and annealed, but it is just possible that this is not ,. as was originally thought,. a fragment of bracelet, but rather,. part of an edged tool. Although only a limited number of the metal spills were analysed,. it would seem likely that the few items of high tin bronze identified were fabricated elsewhere and imported ,. rather than being of local manufacture.

- 109 -

B ronze

t echnology : d iscuss ion

THE LE AD-T IN CAST ING An so l id if ied

i mportant meta l f ro m

a nd t he

e n ig mat ic i tem , pour ing cone o f

SPRUE

cat . 1 206 , i s c erta in ly t he a mou ld . I ts co mpos it ion i s

approx imate ly one part o f t in t o t hree o f l ead , wh ich wou ld h ave so l id if ied bet ween about 1 80 a nd 2 70° C . Th is can be on ly one o f two t h ings : t he sprue

b roken

f ro m

pattern made A lthough

a

a n

object

c ast

i n

o f a t ow

me lt ing

a l loy

i nstead

f ew

sma l l

objects

Don Ta Phet , a rtefacts p reh istor ic Tha i land . Th is On

t i n

l ead

a nd ev idence a hot

one

a rtefacts

f or

l ost

c l imate ,

u s ing wax, a nd

ago

been

S ir John

a ssoc iated w ith

l ead

s uch

h ave

part icu lar o f wax ,

a l loy ,

f or

o r

part

cast ing

f ound

o f

a

purposes .

i n a bur ia l a t Ban

o t l ead-t in a l loy a re so t ar u nkno wn f ro m o f course does not mean t hat t hey d id not ex ist .

t he o ther h and, over a century

p reh istor ic I n

o f

t h is

c ast ing

a p rocess

t he mo lten

h as

Evans

r ema ins

r ecent ly

wou ld

been

doubt less

a l loy wou ld

d iscussed

f ro m

f i nds

o f

cast ing workshops , r eported

h ave

not damage

i n V ietnam .

advantages

s andstone

over

o r

even

wooden mou lds .

THE BRACELET CATCHES Of ( f ig

part icu lar

3-17) .

These

t echno log ica l a re

notab ly

i nterest

"modern"

a re

t he

b race lets

i n s ty le , a nd

t he

w ith

c atches

f i rst examp les o f

s uch a dev ice we h ave observed t ro m a p reh istor ic context . The s imp ler b race lets a re c ircu lar i n s ect ion , w ith beve l led e nds i ncorporat ing a n u ndercut ,

a l lo w ing

decorated , e ach

f latt ish

t er m inate

l arge ly

t hem

i n

h a lf

concea led

ach ievement

i n

manufacture ,

a nd

t o

be

s ect ioned ,

a mort ise

by

t he

u se

a re

j o int,

o f

c apab le

a nd l ocked

f or m

a

r equ ir ing o f

l ocked .

soph ist icated .

when

These

t echn ique , t oo ls

t ogether more

wh ich

decorat ion .

meta lwork ing t he

p ressed

b race lets

The e nds

t ogether

not

both

c lean ly

The

i s

i ns ign if icant p rec i s ion

cutt ing

i n

o r abrad ing

t he meta l .

MET AL OGRAPH IC Many

o f

t he

a rtefacts

t hat no u sefu l a na lys is The

f ol lo w ing

Ban

Na

D i were

corroded

s tructure

cou ld

t o be

t he

po int

u ndertaken .

i s

8 18

Th is

spec imen

w ith

a t ot o f corros ion

a n

a rro whead . p roduct .

The

s tructure cons isted o f equ iax ia t g ra ins ,

The

object was

cast,

t hen

a nnea led ,

t he

h ave been worked .

F6 4 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is

f ro m

t he meta lograph ic

s even spec imens were ho wever , a na lysed .

A2 4 3 Leve l 7 Cat .

edge may

o f

STRUCTURE

spec imen

i s

cored dendr ites i n amount due t o t he sma l l b lack

1 885 a

p ierced

bead

( a+6) eutecto id . l ow

l ead g lobu les .

content

o f

o r

pendant .

The t he

The

s tructure

co mpr ised

e utecto id was p resent i n a sma l l t in i n t he a l loy . There a re a lso

The object was cast .

Bronze technology: discussion

FIGURE 3-17 fhe bronze bracelet catch from Burial 17 (Cat.

A1 13 Level 5 Cat.

941).

Scale 2:1.

161

This object is a bracelet recovered in three pieces. The structure consisted of cored dendrites with very little a+a eutectoid. There are a few black lead globules .. and the object was cast. A4 12 Level 4 Cat.

133

This object is a fragment only, and may derive from a bracelet. The structure revealed a large grain of /J2 phase (/J1 or T phase in s ome texts) with a+a eutectoid inside the grain .. the a-phase forming along the original 8 grain boundaries. The leaf-like phase is aphase. The a-phase seems to form a Widmanstatten pattern in the 8-grains. The decomposition of 8-grains into (a+8) eutectoid is only partial. The very dark dots are iron inclusions; before etching these appear as silvery metallic inclusions. From the analytical results .. the composition of tin in this sample was 29 wtpercent tin. The object was cast and quenched from the 81 region (81 ordered region or T region at around 6000 C into water. A2 15 Level 4 Cat.

176

This specimen comes from a bn1celet. The structure consisted of twinned a phase in (a+a) eutectoid, the a-phase is small. The object was cast, then worked and annealed.

-

111 -

B ronze

A4 5 Leve l 3 Cat . The

s tructure

sma l l amount was c ast .

t echno logy : d iscuss ion

5 4

o f

t h is

c ircu lar

bead

( a+8) eutecto id

o f

A3 6 Leve l 3 Cat .

cons isted

i n

t he

t he

space .

The

a

object

5 6

Th is object was poss ibly a n eckr ing . s tructure i s a-phase i n t he corroded a reas ,

o f cored a-dendr ites w ith

i nterdendr it ic

corroded

background

I t was very bad ly corroded . The u n ident if ied backg round . I n so me

s ho wed

object was p robab ly cast a nd quenched i nto water .

f eatures

f ro m

o f

ß- martens ite .

Th is

( a+ß) r eg ion ( 586-7980 C

t he

THE ANALYS IS OF BRONZE W IRE R .

A 4add in a nd Y .Q .

Weng

The observat ions r eported on were ma de by

Y .Q .ireng

i n a s tudy h i part ial

f u lf i l lment of t he r equ irements of a l aboratory course g iven by R . a t

t he

Un ivers i ty

of Pennsy lvan ia

i n

t he

autumn

of

1 983 .

i re

A ladd in a re most

gratefu l t o Professor A ladd in f or a l lo w ing us

t o

i nclude

t h is sect ion , and i t

must

a

h ighly

t entat ive

be

c learly

apprec iated

produced as part of h is c ruc ible

f ragments .

a nd

s tone

t hat

t he

were

p ieces were

manner .

a r epa ir .

I n

t he

t hat

t hey were

o rder

h e ld

t he

t he

t hat

a re

The i nvest igate

t he

outer edge

l ast case ,

h ere emphas ised a nd

t entat ive ,

t he

t here

a re

two

u sed

a nd

f ro m

a nd

f ig

3-6 .

I n

t o

have

of go i ng

f our cases ,

t he

t he

t o

- 12

t echn ique ,

be lo w

a re

One

i s

i nserted i t cou ld

t he

i n

t aken

meta l .

extreme ly conf ir m

not

phase

s teps were

t o

t he

e ffect

t he d iameter

D i dur ing mortuary o f work ing

i n

t o

The s econd , i s

Certa in ly,

i s n ecessary

-

i nstance , ( cat .

s ecured

b ronze w ire was a

i t i s

b race let,

exp lanat ions .

i ntr igu ing , a nd

t he conclus ions wh ich a re o ffered .

t he

i ntended

acc identa l ly .

s uch

method

r esearch

c lear ly

poss ib le

a t Ban Na

r esu lts descr ibed

much more

b race let was

t he wr ist .

t hat w ithout

a nd

t he

b roken

f ractured

o f a meta l w ire

t hat t he

i n

act ion was

r epa ired when r emova l

t o o f

f i rst m i l lenn ium BC, i s a l loy

' w i re' and

were

t ime

I n one

per iod ic

p resence

t he

s tatement

D i

wh ich

a t

t ogether w ith a meta l w ire .

de l iberate ly

i s t he e ar ly

i lustrat ions

i lustrated adjacent

o f t he b race let was so sma l l h ave been r emoved a t a l l . t hat

t he Ban Na

across

ba lance ,

f ac i l itate

f ive

on

f ractures

t he

b race lets were

t o

r esearch

r emained unava i lable

bored

f ro m

I n

i s

t hese pages do not appear belo w .

b race lets

ho les

1 307) , a s eg ment s ame

1 38-141 ,

Consequent ly , The

noted

on-going

i t

Unfortunately ,

appeared on pages press .

t hat

I t

l a , t o i s

p re l im inary o r mod ify

B an Na

The b race let deta i led a na lys is . Fo l lo w ing t he

D i : a na lys is

f ro m

t he

bur ia l

c lean ing

4 5 ,

o f

made .

These

i nc luded

t he

mortuary

t he

' w ire ' o f corros ion p roducts

o f b ronze

a rea

i n

a s er ies

' w ire '

phase t he

l a

was

v ic in ity

o f

co mpos it ion u se

o f

o f

measure ment

meta l lurg ica l b race let by

t he meta l u s ing

opt ica l

s tructure co ld

As s ho wn

EDAX .

m icroscopy a s

t o

we l l

o f

h ardness ,

j o in

observat ion

a nd

t o

var ious

deter m ine

w ith

EDAX t he

These observat ions were deter m ine

a s

t he

f or

o f meta l lurg ica l observat ions were

a id o f t he scann ing e lectron m icroscope equ ipped w ith D ispers ive X-Ray Ana lys is) a nd t he deter m inat ion o f by

chosen

a ug mented

a spects

whether

t he

( Energy che m ica l o f

s hap ing

t he

o f

t he

f org ing methods was u sed . by

t he S .E .M .

( scann ing

e lectron m icroscope)

i n

f ig

3-18 ,

t he c ross-sect ion o f t he w ire i s s em i-c ircu lar r ather t han c ircu lar . The h e ight i s 3 .2 m m , t he w idth about 6 .0 mm . The m icrostructure o f both t he t ransverse a nd l ong itud ina l s ect ions i s t he s a me , i . e . , a f ine equ i-axed g ra in s ize about 1 0 m icrons ( 0 .01 m m) i n d iameter ( the t ransverse s ect ion i s s een i n f ig 3-19) . I f t he meta l h ad u ndergone cold h a mmer ing i n t he s hap ing p rocess t he g ra ins wou ld h ave been e longated i n t he l ong itud ina l d irect ion . At a s t i l l h igher magn if icat ion , ( x1000), t he s ke leton o f a cast s tructure s urrounds ' w ire ' was g ra in

c ast

boundary

w ith in

t he

t he g ra ins

i n p lace a rea

i n

was

apparatus .

( f ig

t he

3-20) .

We

b race let .

obta ined

Th is method

w ith

conc lude ,

The u se

t hat

t he

c hem ica l co mpos it ion o f

t he

o f

t he

o f deter m in ing

t herefore ,

EDAX

t he

a nd

s tandards

che m ica l co mpos it ion

i s doubtfu l even a s a s em i-quant itat ive i nd icat ion o f t he e lements a nd certa in ly does not g ive t he exact co mpos it ion . I t i s , ho wever, accurate t o s ay o f

t he

a l loy

u sed

a t ernary

t hat

a l loy

o f

i n

t he

j o in o f

t he

copper-arsen ic-t in ,

i n t in a nd w ith notab le

amounts

parts o f

i . e . ,

o f a rsen ic .

t he

b race let

a copper-base

Such

a n

cons ists

a l loy

»h igh"

a t loy was most

l i ke ly

made f ro m sme lt ing a copper m inera l h igh i n a rsen ic by add ing t he m inera l cass iter ite t o t he copper a rsen ic o re . To h ave added t he meta l t in t o t he mo lten

copper-arsen ic

a l loy

wou ld

t o p revent t he t oss o f a rsen ic by cons ider u n l ike ly i n t hose t imes . deter m ined by t he a rsen ic i s l o wer

There t he

f igure ,

i s

a notab le

n ear s urface a

r equ ired

a r educ ing

s ame method ( EDAX) , i s s ho wn i n a nd t he copper h igher by about

i nd icat ing t hat much o f t he a rsen ic t he g ra in boundary a reas . t o

h ave

h as

d ifference

r eg ions

demarcat ion

o t

t i ne

i n

t he i s

a t mosphere

evaporat ion , a soph ist icated p rocess we The c hem ica l co mpos it ion o f t he matr ix,

f or med

t ab le 3-22 . The t he s ame amount

a s econd

phase

t he m icrostructure

' w ire '

a s

s ho wn

detectab le .

i n

The

f ro m

f ig

s ituated t he

3-19 .

d ifference

centre I n i n

m icrostructure ho wever , i s i n t he f or m o f a r odl ike m icrostructure i n c entre but a more equ i-axed g ra in s ize i n t he a rea adjacent t o s urface . coo l ing

We

Tab le t he

cons ider

r ate dur ing

s urface

d ifference i n I f t he ' w ire '

3-23 t o

t h is

d ifference

t o

h ave

been

i n

t hat t he t he t he

caused

by

a d ifferent

across

t he meta l f ro m

so l id if icat ion .

s ho ws t he

t he m icrohardness

c entre

t he r ead ings i s h ad been made

h ave been a ny d ifference

i n

( after

r ead ings

r e mov ing

t he

corros ion

l ayer) .

The

cons istent w ith t he v ar iat ion i n t he g ra in s ize . by a co ld work ing method t here wou ld not t he m icrohardness

r ead ings .

CRUC IBLE FRAG MENT

Ban Na Di: analysis of bronze scoria within a crucible A typical crucible fragment is shown in fig 3-21. The crucible it was made of comes from A4 ,. level 8 and is dated to c. 1500-800 BC. clay in a circular form with an outside diameter of 75 mm and an inside diameter of 55 mm. A sample ,. shown in fig 3-21 ,. was removed from the crucible. There were many small copper droplets surrounded by clay and pieces of green and blue slag. One of these droplets shows a typical dendritic pattern characteristic of a cast metal. Since the crucible could have been used either for smelting or for metting ,. use of the EDAX apparatus associated with the SEM was employed. The sample shown in fig 3-21 was analysed and gave the elemental results shown in table 3-24. The analysis shows that the bead is essentially copper with about 31' arsenic. The slag ,. also analysed by the same method ,. gave the results shown in table 3-25. Oxygen was determined in association and shows substantial amounts, e.g., the copper (in the slag) was essentially CuO. We believe that the crucible was used for melting rather than smelting for the following reasons: 1. It would have been impracticable to smelt in such a small crucible (55mm inside and 75mm outside diameters). 2. The high content of the copper (26.61' by weight) as CuO in the "slag" and the low content of the iron (0.1541' by weight) in the copper bead indicate a strong oxidising condition in the melting process. In a smelting process there would have been a much smaller content of copper jn the real slag and a higher iron content in the copper bead. 3. The magnesium and calcium, in the forms of MgO and Cao respectively, were either added in the melting process to increase fluidity of any slag or, more likely, came from the clay of the crucible. For these reasons we consider the crucible as having been used for melting. Furthermore, since the excavation reports mention many such crucible fragments, all very much the same as analysed herein, with no indication of more extensive and decisive smelting scoriae, the people of Ban Na Di were involved with the met ting of alloys, most likely obtained as alloys rather than making alloys · since no pieces of copper and tin were discovered in association with the crucibles.

DISCUSSION

These studies indicate that the people of Ban Na Di were very much acquainted with an alloy melting technology as well as a casting tradition certainly by the middle of the second millennium. There may have been an interrelation between the inhabitants of Ban Na Di and the nearby peoples of Ban Chiang (see fig 9-1)M On their own these analyses show a unique method for either repairing or creating a stone bracelet which could be expanded as the wearer required by separating the bracelet and connecting it by casting a thin D-shaped 'wire' of a ternary alloy (Cu-Sn-As) in small drilled holes. The ternary alloy, having a relatively low melting temperature, allowed the solidification of the casting technology without much evaporation of the arsenic volatile at the melting point of the copper. It is of interest that the alloy used in the repair technology is the ternary Cu-Sn-As whereas the metal from the crucible was copper with less arsenic. The bracelet, excavated from a burial dated

-

114 -

B an Na D : a na lys is

t o

ca .

t h is t he

9 00-700 BC, was

a t

l east 3 00

i nd icate a r ea l izat ion

o f

t he

meta lsm iths

t hat

t here

d irect

must

t he

t he

I t was cold

o f

Ban

Na

h ave

molten

s uperf ic ia l ly on

o f b ronze

i n add it ion

s urface

above

t o

t he

f urther more s hown work ing

soph ist icated

operat ion

sort

t he

t he

one

t hat

t he

t echno logy,

years o r o f

t he c ruc ib le .

d istorted was

s tone

We

a n overf lo w

not s ho w

a ny

weight

16

u n ique

l a , cat .

a tom ic %

S .E.

A l

2 .90

7 .44

S n

2 4.19

1 4.13

1 .41

Cu

6 6.21

7 2.23

0 .67

As

6 .71

6 .21

5 .19

TABLE

way

o f

l ocated

( 200 g t oad , s urface

( from s urface

' w ire ' f ro m phase

r eg ion-Hv

t o c entre)

%

s tone b race let

l a , c at .

1 417 .

1 84-280)

Hv

1

1 86

2 3

1 54 1 53

5

1 52

4

1 52

TABLE Che m ica l co mpos it ion o f co mpos it ion o f

1 417)

4 .93

i n bur ia l 4 5 , mortuary

3-24

t he copper s lag

t he copper bead w ith in L eve l 8 c ruc ib le

- 15

-

a nd e lementa l

t he s lag

f rag ment

f ro m

o f a

not

r epa ir ing

3-23

Hardness g rad ient f or b ronze

o f meta l

Wh i te

E le ment concentrat ion o f t he matr ix o f t he b ronze w ire

e lement

t o

exa m ined

e lements

s tructure .

3-22

( bur ia l 4 5 , mortuary phase

by

a ssume

a rrangement

b race lets

expand ing a s tone b race let .

TABLE

Does

obta ined

a mou ld c ast ing operat ion .

g ra in a

a l loy

e ar l ier?

t he

s ho wed

i nd icat ing

r epa ir

t han

c lay Each

' w ire ' does

a s

t he

3 00

a na lysed

ho le , aga in

s uch

o f

hole .

l ater

a c ruc ib le

o f a t ernary

ava i lab le

so me

i nto

years

c astab i l ity

D i not

been

meta l

s cor ia w ith in

a

a o r

Ban Na Di: analysis of bronze scoria within a crucible

element

As Si

Ag Sn

Fe

Cu Mg

Al p

s

ea Ti

2n

chemi ca l Cffl1X)Si t i on of s l ag (weight ")

e lementa l c�s i t i on of copper bead (weight ") 2 .94 0.31 0.65 0.40 0.15 95.55

41.52 9.61 0.44 26 .62 4.19 10.53 0.88 9.61 5.82 0.08 0.11

VARIATIONS IN THE ASSEMBLAGE WITH TIME A simple scatter plot of the percentages of lead and tin (fig 3-22) indicates considerable variation in the quantities of these metals. Because of the long time span involved .. it was decided to subject the percentage figures for the different metal in table 3-25 to two factor analyses. The first was based only on the metals which were in all probability .. deliberately added together to form an appropriate alloy. These are copper .. tin.. lead and arsenic. The second included all the sample .. including the trace elements. The initial assumption of the factor analyses was that there was no variation· in alloys used with time .. or with the individual artefact types which were cast. As may be seen in figs 3-23 and 24.. there is considerable variation in the values for each factor. The sorted rotated factor loadings for each of the an_alyses are set out in tables 3-25/6. For the distribution in fig 3-23.. that is the one based only on the four principal metals, factor one reflects high scores for copper.. with both tin and lead being low and arsenic unimportant. Factor two on the other hand .. reflects high values for lead and arsenic. In the case of fig 3-24.. the analysis based on all metals traced identifies lead as important in determining the values of factor 1 and tin for faqtor 2. Two further factors were identified .. factor 3 reflecting high values for nickel and bismuth and factor 4, a high value for zinc. Since most of the objects in question are bracelets or rings .. it was decided to commence interpreting the two figures from a chronological stance. To this end .. two chronological subsets were established. These comprise specimens from levels 8 to 6 inclusive, the balance coming from levels 5 to 3. This choice was made on three grounds. The �istinction corresponds to that proposed by White (1982a) for the transition from the middle to the late period at Ban Chiang. Secondly, it has been shown that

- 116 -

Variations in bronze working with time there was a major change in the fabric used in making crucibles, and it is felt desirable to test whether there were related changes in metallurgical processes. Finally, there was clearly a major change in the use of this part of the site during the change from level 6 to level 5. The cemetery was abandoned, and the area was given over to bronze working. Again, was this change in behaviour matched by a different bronze technology?

TABLE 3- 25 Ban Na Di bronze artefacts: the sorted rotated factor loadings ,. based on the analysis of all elements identified

FJCT"ffi

FJCTCR

FJCT"ffi

FJCT"ffi

0.803 0.689 0.000 -0.663 -0.300 0.359 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.391

0.000 0.000 0.86 2 -0.673 0.666 0.000 0.000· 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.634 0.624 0.577 0.567 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.455 0.000 -0.3 20 0.000 0.880 0.000

1

Pb Sb Sn

Cu Fe

Ni Bi

As Co

Zn

Ag

2

4

1 11 5 7 9 3 8 10 6

2

3

4

The above factor loading matrix has been· rearranged so that the columns appear in decreasing order of variance explained by factors. The rows have been rearranged so that for each successive factor, loadings greater than .5 appear first. Loadings less than .25 have been replaced by zero.

TABLE 3- 26 The Ban Na Di bronzes: sorted rotated factor loadings based on the ana.lysis of the frequencies of Cu,. Sn, P b and As

FJCTCR

1

CU

Sn

As Pb

11 1 3 2

0.960 -0.869 0.000 -0.508

- 117 -

FJCT"ffi

2

-0.265 0.000 0.797 0.640

Var iat ions

The

above

appear

i n

f actor

i n b ronze work ing w ith

l oad ing matr ix

decreas ing

h ave

been

t han

. 5 appear f i rst .

o rder

r earranged

so

h as

been

r earranged

o f

var iance

exp la ined

t hat

f or e ach

s uccess ive

Load ings

l ess

t han

TABLE Ban Na D i b ronzes : t he

by

so

t hat

t he

f acto rs .

co lumns

The

r o ws

f actor, l oad ings g reater

. 25 h ave been

r ep laced

by

z ero .

3-27

f actor scores

f or e ach b ronze spec imen ,

based on a n a na lys is o f a l l e lements a nd on

t ime

i dent if ied

t he bas is o f Cu , Sn , Pb a nd As

( co lumns

1 -4)

( co lumns 5-6)

ACTOR FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR F 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 1 290 b racelet 8 A2 3

0.405 0.214 0.537 0.494 -

1 8 A3 4

0.254 0.066

8 A l 7 F 6

4 0

F 6

9 87

f ragment

4 1 885 c omma p endant

6 1 1 7 F 3 7 A2 4 7 F6

1 036 b racelet

1 261

c omma p endant

8 18 a rrowhead

0.843

0 .402

0 .146

0 .621

0.430

5 .751

0 .108 0.560

2 .729 1.101

0.409 0.680 0 .874

1.077 0.354 1 .283 -

1 .370

0 .417

0 .316

0 .666

0 .299 0.425

0.694 0.205

0 .320 0.173

0 .025 0.150 0 .018 0.281

9 53 a rrowhead

0.397 0.164 0.845 0.650 -

1 .180 0.268

7 1 014 a rrowhead

0.884 0.383 0.173 0.712 -

1 .164 0.280

5

7 A3 3 5

9 03 a rrowhead

0.463 0.074 0.324 0.228

0 .241

0.528

7A l

7 52 a rrowhead

0.708 0.849 0.263 0.209

1 .101

0.297

3 2

7 F6 1 1 7 F6

1

1 090

f ish hook

7 99 b racelet

0.856 0.769 0.390 0.157

1 .285 0.240

0.161 0.549 0.402 -

1 .168 0.268

0.891

0.288 0.177 0.276 0.638 -

0 .546 0.445

7 A3/4 3 0 1 370 b racetet

0.454 0.127 -

0 .345

7 A3 3 2

8 26 b racelet

0.411 0.187 0.684 0.547 -

0 .886 0.352

7 A2 4 0

8 02 b racelet

0.646 0.331

0.412 0.207

0 .650 0.417

7 A3 3 4

8 69 b racelet

7 A3 2 4

6 93 b racelet

0.348 0.410 0.219 0.557 0.240 0.040 0.426 0.506 -

0.535 0 .227 -

0.509 0.214 0.547 0.401 0.356 0.358 0.042 0.101

0 .315 0.491 1 .123 0.236

7 A2 4 3

8 30 b racelet

7 AA 3 3 1 086 b racelet 7 F6

9 1 048

t wo s pheres

1 .189 0.358

9 83

f ragment

1.628

0.486 0.116 0 .919 -

7 F 6 1 0 1 084

f ragment

0.449

0 .281

7 A2 3 8

7 26

f ragment

6 A3 1 8

3 49 b racelet

7 F 6 5

0.393 0.201 0.584 0.668 0 .033

6 F 5 B .TS16 Cat.TS62a b r

1.708 0.978 -

3 .103 2.830

6 A3/4 2 0 1 258 b racelet

0.317 0.492 0.411

1 9 1 126 b racelet

6 A3 1 8

3 48 b racelet

1 .062

0 .057

0 .533 0.453 0 .641

0.425

0.180 0.412 0.083 0.355

0.105 0.772

6 AA

0 .866

1 .075 0.230

0 .815 0.378 0 .669 0.205 1 .804

5 .426

0 .417 0.486

0.663 0 .013 0.116 -

0 .638

1 .100

0 .145

0.462 1.023 0.301

0.281

0.147 0.033 0.581 0.043 0 .096 0 .335 0 .914 0.762 1 .056

6 AA

1 9

3 45

f ragment

0.343

6 AA

1 9

3 61

f ragment

0.435 0.902

6 A3 1 7

2 94

f ragment

5 AA

1 4

1 92 b racelet

0.409 0.367 0.224 0.515 0.386 0.649 0.858 0.188

5 AA 1 6

2 29 b racelet

0.159 0.716

5 A2 1 9

2 75 b racelet

0.073 0 .766 0.219 0.244 0.329

0 .706

5 A2 2 0

3 05 b racelet

0 .502 0.257

0 .321

0 .065

0 .118

0 .258

0 .487 0.467 1 .113 0.197 0.180 0 .759 -

1 .950 0.033

Var iat ions

i n b ronze work ing w ith

5 AA 1 4

1 82 b racelet

5 AA 1 6 5 A3 1 4

2 34 b racelet 2 15 b racelet

0 .025 0.735 0 .032 1 .770 0.182 0.834 0.360 0.308

5A l 5A l

1 61 b racelet 2 00 b racelet

0.405 0.260 0.362 0.295 0 .337 0.270 0 .457 0 .512 0.566 0.265 0.669 0.778

1 74 r ing 2 98 f ragment

0 .133 2 .217 0.539 0.431 2.404 1.254 2 .299 0.192 2.128 0 .134 0.566 0.565

5 AA 8 2 98 f ragment 5 AA15 2 22 f ragment 4A l B .5 4 27 b racelet

4 .015 0 .081 0.790 0.510 1.534 0 .957 0 .099 0.404 0.293 0.449 0 .142 0 .472 0.253 0 .345 0.464 0.270 0.274 0.672

4 A3 1 1 4 A3 8

1 39 b racelet 8 4 b racelet

0 .177 0.682 0.430 0.355 0.654 0 .290 0.444 0.232

4 AA 8 4 A2 1 5 4 AA 9

9 0 b racelet 1 68 b racelet 9 9 b racelet

3 .050 1 .353 0.081 0.650 3.335 1 .086 0.636 1 .099 0.091 0.115 0 .312 0.663 2 .204 0.116 0 .406

2 .173 1 .674 1 .326

4A l 1 2 4 A3 1 1

1 41 b racelet 1 45 b racelet

1 .998 0 .172 0 .934 0.161

1 .611 0 .697

4 A3 1 0 4 A3 8

1 43 b racelet 8 3 b omd

2 .012 0.062 2 .549 0.415 1.267 2 .409 0 .050 0 .365 0.494 0.289 0.365 0.610

1 3 1 4

5A 1 3 5 AA 1

4 AA

2 .973

0 .173

0 .365

t ime

0 .049 1.862

2 .178

0 .703 0.243 0 .754 0 .290

0 .493 0 .700 0 .191 0.535

0 .959 0.390 1.321 1 .604 0 .121 0.342

9

b racelet

0 .232

0 .676 0.267 0.021 0.667 0.744

4 A2 1 6 4 A2 1 6

2 03 b racelet 2 14 b racelet

0 .634 0.023

0 .570 0.294 0.650 0.938 0 .966 1 .401 0.498 0.373 1.561 1.026

4 A3 1 3 1 87 b racelet 4A l B .8 1 431 b racelet 4 A3 B .1 7 9 r ing

0 .047 0.228 1 .266

0 .698 0.609 0.295 0.752 0.799 0 .658 0.460 0.311 0.702 0.792 0 .320 0 .882 0.072 1.058 0 .582

4A l 1 2 4 A3 1 3

1 54 r ing 1 93 r ing

0.271 0 .410 0.419 0.342 0.190 0.157 0.232 0.998 0 .015 0 .481 1 .078 0.124

4 A2 1 5

1 70 r ing

0.825 0.314 0.414 0.181

4 A2 1 6 1 95 r ing 4 A2/3 9 1 162 r ing 4A l

1 1

1 26 r ing

4 A2/3 1 1

0 .895 0.343

0.554 0.456 0.311 0.291 0 .620 0.249 0.303 0 .369 0.446 0.287 0.376 0.703 0.471

1 175 r ing

1 .890 0.511 0.343 1.265 0.863

0.064 0.267 0.410 0.345

0 .288

0 .350

4 A3 9 4 AA 1 2

9 8 f ragment 1 33 f ragment

0.709 0.747 0.445 0.156 1 .148 0.276 1.348 5 .901 0.394 0.171 2.908 1.117

4 A2 1 5

1 76 b racelet

0.056

1 .342 0.495 0.366 1.470 1.001

3 AA 5 5 4 ? b ead 3 A3/4 6 1 153 b omd

0 .334 0 .612 1 .049 1 .073 0.658 0.614 0.578 0.450 0.328 0.183 0 .742 0.386

3 A3 6 5 6 b omd 3 A3/4 7 1 160 r ing

0.228 0.220 0.536 -0.195 0 .363 0.490 1.308 1 .874 4 .876 1 .858 1.096 0.026

3 AA

6

6 2 r ing

0.386 0.319 0.753

3 A2

8

7 5 r ing

a re

0 .049

I n f igs 3-23 a nd 2 4 , t he spec imens d ist ingu ished f ro m t he l ater ones by

ev ident t hat t he

e ar l ier s amp le

t he data i n t ab le 3-21 makes a r e lat ive ly l ow t i n-bronze . h ave

a

s ign if icant

character ised

by

l ead

a l ow

0 .377 0.272

d isp lays

f ro m t he e ar l ier o f t he t he sy mbo ls employed .

f ar

l ess var iab i l ity .

two s ets I t i s s e lf

Exam inat ion o f

i t c lear, t hat t hese a rtefacts were made f rom On ly two spec imens , a bead a nd b race let,

content . t o

3 .446

0 .625 0.505 0.294 0.683 0.754

very

The l ow

f ive t i n

p roject i le

content a nd

po ints

a na lysed

a co mp lete

a re

absence

Var iat ions

o f

l ead .

a rsen ic

One

b race let,

t hat

f ro m

bur ia l

TS

1 6 ,

t ime

i s

s et

apart

by

i ts

h igh

so me

o f

t he

content ( 3 .557x) .

The

l ater

spec imens

r eta in

i n

i n b ronze work ing w ith

t he

f i e ld

o f

s a mp le

i s

much

t he

t in

b ronze

t ow

l ead

g reater co mp lex ity

a l loys .

Th is

o f des ign :

more

var iab le .

a l loy ,

i s

not

i ndeed

Wh i le

t here was

a s

so me

a major deve lop ment

i t h appens ,

o f

t he

corre lated

w ith

L ater b race lets a nd

a

r ings

a re o f s tr ik ing ly s i mp le s hape . At t he s ame t ime , a t l east f our spec imens d isp lay t he extre me ly h igh t in content wh ich h as been i dent if ied a lready both

a t

l ate

See ley

per iod

1 979) .

t here

i s

t empora l

r e lated

t o

Ban

There

a

Ch iang

a re

var iat ion

p rocess

a nd

i n

o f

t he

s ituat ion

h as

been

Ban

Don

s trong

s amp le ,

i nterna l

co mp lex ity o f des ign e ncourag ing Th is

a t

t herefore ,

Ta

but

t h is

i n

t he

t he add it ion o f f urther

f or

t hat

deve lop ment

l ead

cons idered

t ypo logy o f t he s a mp le o f b race lets a nd

Phet

g rounds

( Ra jp itak

a nd

conc lud ing

t hat

was

not

c learly

o f

g reater

l i ght

f or e as ier c ast ing .

on

t he

bas is

o f

t he

t o

f a l l

r ings .

THE TYPOL OGY OF THE BRONZE BRACELETS AND R INGS Typo log ica l ly, i nto

one

5mm

i n d ia meter,

n arro w

f our

s urfaces

These f a lse

o f

a re

t he

des igns

categor ies . t ransverse

a nd

t er med 7

c ross

i s

t he

b ronze

a re

g rooves

h atch ing .

t he

The

on

on ly

one

t o

f ina l

y ie ld

( cat .1378) ,

One

exa mp le

f urther spec imens o f t h is i s

a cons iderab le

be

a r esu lt

when

t he

f i l igree was

des igns

Th is e nd

contrast

p la in

t o

o r

g reater

i s

a n

i n

t han

a rb itrary

so me

o f

These were t o

t ry

t o

t he c ross S ix convex .

a nd

2 .5

cm

l ess

a s

No

o f

f our

t hese

t he

w ire

t ypes .

o r

The

l eve ls

5 so

6 a nd

exa mp les .

c learer

f ro m

The

a re No t here

g ap may

r ecord

o f

t he

t imes

p icture

o f

t he

f a lse

ga ined .

t he

des igns f ound .

On ly

p ieces

t he

very t o

one bore

e nd

b race lets

a l l appear

be

b race let t he s a me

o f

var ies ,

so me

a ny

s ect ions

square ,

r ings were

l eve l 7 but

t he

we l l made

o f

on

t he may

t he

i n

l eve l ( f ig

were

r ectangu lar

changes ,

before

c ross

r ings .

been h ad

h istogra ms

j e we l lery

o ther

s ect ion . were

a n

Th is u ses .

I n o rder made

o f

3-25) .

r ecogn ised : a nd

t he

h ave

They equa l

t hose w ith

a s

not h ave

conce ivab ly o f

wh i le

c ategor ised

r ings may

bas is

co mmon .

i nterna l d ia meters

b race lets

f igure were

chrono log ica l

f ound

very much more

a rtefacts w ith

des ignated

t h is

b race lets

f urther d iv ided

c ross

app l ied

b race let was

t he mou ld

were

The

were

t han

sma l ler

deter m ine

i n

been

They

r ings

two ways .

s ect ions w ith in e ach

p iano-convex ,

h as

not .

o f a l l

accurate

much

t h ickness

does

t he

t hat

t hree

a n

except ion , a l l

The

o f

t he o ther decorated b race lets .

d iv is ion

t he

a l l

4 .

except ion

i nterna l d ia meter o f a nd

one

t he

A

a re

g rooved

be

d istr ibut ion

b race lets

were c ategor ised

bet ween i t may

o r more

h atched b race let decorat ions a re b race lets h ave both t ypes o f

o f decorat ion was current

t o most o f

The

o r

one

approx imate ly

i n deta i l above .

examp les

r ecovered

popu lar .

t he ir

l eve l

one

t ime

were

f or m o f

pattern w ith

i n

but w ith

t he

t ype were

f i nds

a nd

r ecovered t he

gap

f ew

des ign

pattern . t o

o f

t ype

i nd icat ing

o f

appears

bosses

across

A l l t hese a re descr ibed

t hem

contemporaneous .

r un

o r

t ransverse a nd concentr ic g rooves .

on ly exa mp les o f t he k nobbed a nd c ross conf ined t o t h is l eve l . One pa ir o f decorat ions

b race lets

k nobs

t hat

a nother g roup w ith

f i l igree b race lets . Leve l

on

There

t hey

r ectangu lar

l eve l

f ive .

were , w ith

c ircu lar , t he

outer

ova l , edge

The ma jor ity o f t he c ross

The typology of bronze bracelets and rings

sections were circular before this time also. This trend continued in level five, where the first of the rings are found. Of the three in this section one is circular, another oval and one is rectangular. In level tour, the number of rings increased and the majority of the cross sections are now rectangular. At no stage does the production of circular cross sectioned bracelets cease, and indeed they were the predominant variety.

IRON ARTE FACTS AND FRAGME NTS (figs 3-26 and 27)

Numerous fragments of iron were recovered at Ban Na Di. distributed in the occupation levels as follows:

They were

TABLE 3-28 Ban Na Di: iron fragments LEVEL

A1

A1/2

A2./3

A2.

A3

A3/4

AA

4 2

1 4 4 8

8

7

6

5

4 3

u

7

5

1

3

5

1 4

1

5

8

7 7

6

Sl ag

1 8 2

It is clear that iron only became abundant at Ban Na Di during level 5. The first evidence for iron smelting also occurred during the build up of level 5. THE IRON ARTEFACTS FROM BURIAL CONTEXTS F6 B.16 Cat.

1444a-d Mortuary Phase 1c

These four iron circlets appear to be too large to be bracelets or anklets. Moreover, their open ends would have made them impractical as bracelets. They have a diameter of c. 11-4 mm, which is compatible with their being neck rings. A fragment of woven material adheres to the outer edge of

-

121 -

Ban Na D i :

t he n eck

t he

1 442 Mortuary Phase

Th is

i s a f rag ment

a rtefact

a max imum

F6 B .16 Cat . Th is

bad ly

s ect ion . t o

o f

i r on

r ings , wh ich h ave a c ircu lar c ross s ect ion

F6 B .16 Cat .

a nd

r ema ins

depth o f

o f

c .

corroded

a n

i ron

spear

b lade .

I t h as

a centra l

r ib

3 4 mm .

p iece

i s no

i n d ia meter .

l c

1 883 Mortuary Phase

There

f ive m m

i s

obv ious

l c

a

b and

b race let

decorat ion

but

w ith

r ice

a r ectangu lar

g ra ins

a nd

c ross

f abr ic

adhere

r ing .

I t was

t he s urface .

F6 B .17 Cat .

9 92 Mortuary Phase

Th is

band

c ircu lar

f ound

i n

t he

p robab ly

l ed

a nd

t he

t o

i tse lf

F6 B .17 Cat .

i ts

co mp lete

curved

k n ife

Th is

Th is

h as

f or m

a doub le

outer

r e-use

o f

d ia meter measures

corros ion , h as

t he c .

g rave 2 3

mm

a d iameter o f 1 6 mm .

across .

t he

s a me

h ad

i ts i ron

c .

t o

p reh istor ic

l c

been

p rovenance opened

i n

a s

t he

i ron

a nt iqu ity

t o

r ing make

p r imary a ssoc iat ion cannot be pos it ive ly t ang w ith a curved e nd , a s tra ight cutt ing

upper s urface .

The

b lade

i s 2 9 mm

deep , a nd

t he

t ota l

1 50 m m .

3 79 Mortuary Phase 2

j ar bur ia l conta ined

but w ith

The

6 mm

g rave so a n

i s e st imated a s

Al B .4 Cat .

co i led

t hough

i ncorporates much

i s c ircu lar a nd

above .

a nd

l ength

been 1 7 ,

r e locat ion .

s uccess ive i nter ments , a ff ir med . The k n ife h as edge

h as

Bur ia l

9 91 Mortuary Phase

n ear ly

descr ibed

i ron f or

i nner, wh ich

The band

Th is

o f

g rave

l c

l egs

sp layed .

t he

r ema ins o f a n

An

i ron

i n fant,

a rtefact was

l y ing

f ound

i n a f eta l pos it ion ,

bet ween

t he

l egs .

I t

i s a n arro w , k n ife-l ike i mp lement 7 3 .0 m m l ong a nd 2 7 mm deep . I t h as a l unate s hape w ith t he vest iges o f two p roject ions a t e ach e nd . One edge o f

t he

concave

ye l lo w ish t he

s h iny

Th is f or m ,

t h is

a rtefact

h as

Part o f a r ice

a

g ra in

t h in

s urface

i s adher ing

band

t o

o f

a

t he s ide o f

3 73 Mortuary Phase 2 bur ia l

i s very

Sief l 7 .

a rtefact

Part

L ike

o f

t he

B .4 ,

t h is

t o

wooden i n

a co mp lete ,

socketed

i mp lement

t he modern Northeast Tha i wa isted h aft

h as

r ice g ra ins .

co mp lete

2 0 .6 mm

vesse l

i ron a rtefacts .

r esembles

t ime

conta ined

s urv ived .

The

i ron

I t h as a l ength o f

c .

wh ich

d igg ing port ion

i n

s t ick o f

o r t he

1 25 mm .

1 428a Mortuary Phase 2

a ssoc iated w ith bur ia l

j ar

s im i lar

i s covered

Al B .8 Cat .

t h is

o f

t ool .

Al B .5 Cat .

l ong

s ide

s ubstance .

cat .

deep .

r unn ing

3 79

f i rst o f

descr ibed

Aga in ,

a long

conta ined

The

t he

t here

above .

t he

f our

edge , a nd

band

o f

i mp lements

I t i s a n arro w

i s a n arrow

concave

r ema ins

i ron

i nfant ,

f ro m

t h is

b lade , 6 9 .3 mm

o f a s h iny

extend ing

a n

s ubstance ,

over e ach o f t he

B an Na D i : t he

po inted

e nds .

Al 9 .8 Cat . There

i s

t ang

s t i l l

Th is

r ema ins o f

i r on

i mp lement s ure ly was u sed a s a c utt ing

1 428b Mortuary Phase 2

no

doubt

t hat

covered

t h is

bY t he

co mp lete

r ema ins

o f

i mp lement was a wooden

h aft .

a k n ife . The

b lade bears n umerous r ice g ra ins . The overa l l l ength o f mm , t he b lade i tse lf b e ing 7 2 .8 mm t ong a nd 2 9 .5 mm f or mer ly a p roject ing hook a t t he A l B .8 Cat .

l ength o f

I t h as

s urface o f

a

t he

t he k n ife i s 1 21 .5 deep . There was

f ar e nd o f t he b lade .

1 428c Mortuary Phase 2

Th is a rtefact Approx imate ly a s

t ool .

compr ises a t anged k n ife w ith a l ong , curved b lade . t he l ast t h ird o f t he b lade i s m iss ing , but t he s urv iv ing

t he cutt ing edge

i t approached

t he

i s

e nd .

1 20 mm . A

The

f ragment

depth

o f wood

o f

t he

b lade

adheres

t o

n arrowed

t he

cutt ing

edge , a s do n umerous r ice g ra ins . Th is t oo l co mes c losest i n s hape t o t he modern Northeast Tha i r ice-harvest ing s ick le . The

s ize a nd r ema in ing

two

t he

i ron

i mp lements f ro m

t hat t he ir p ieces o f

t h is

i nfant 's bur ia l

f unct ion a nd s ize c annot be i ron , we igh ing 2 1 a nd 1 03

j ar a re

b lade-l ike c ross s ect ion , a nd were covered w ith Al B .8 Cat .

A l B .8 Cat .

f rag mentary

Al B .8 Cat . very

e nds .

po int

t he

r ema ins o f r ice g ra ins .

r ecogn it ion .

1 428e Mortuary Phase 2

covered w ith

Th is

t o

1 428d Mortuary Phase 2

Th is a rtefact was corroded beyond

Th is

corroded

deter m ined . Both a re s ubstant ia l gm r espect ive ly, h ad a deep ,

a rtefact

was

p robab ly

a p art

o f

a k n ife

b lade .

I t i s

r ice g ra ins . 1 428f Mortuary Phase 2

corroded

I t i s

c .

i tem

10 mm

p robab ly t ong

r epresents

a k n ife

a nd 3 5 mm deep .

b lade

w ith

curved

Many r ice g ra ins adhere t o

i t . I RON ARTEF ACTS FROM OCCUPAT ION CONTEXTS A l 1 5 Leve l 5 Cat . Th is

a rtefact

1 882

i s

co mp lete .

I t

i s

a

sma l l

k n ife

l i ke

i mp lement

w ith

a

p roject ing po int a t e ach e nd . I n s hape , i t r esemb les Han per iod h and h e ld s ick les ( Bray 1 984) . Th is part icu lar spec imen i s 6 8 mm i n L ength a nd h as a max imum A4

depth o f 2 5 .5 mm .

1 0 Leve l 4 Cat .

1 05

Th is h eav i ly corroded f ound t he

i n

Bur ia l

cutt ing

cutt ing

i mp lement matches

4 a nd

edge

edge a nd

a re

l eve l 5 above curved

back o f

t he

i n s ize

( cats .

do wnward

i n

a nd

3 79

f or m ,

a nd

hookl ike

t he

1 882) .

sma l l k n ives The

p roject ions

i mp lement a re p ara l le l w ith

e nds o f a nd

e ach o ther .

t he Th is

B an Na D i :

spec imen A3

i s 6 9 mm

l ong a nd

1 Leve l 4 Cat .

t he

0 .

r ema ins

3 5 mm

o f

i r on

deep .

1 46

Exact ly t he s a me co mments app ly t o t h is a s f or cat . 1 05 above . k n ife i s s l ight ly l arger , 7 4 mm i n l ength a nd c . 4 0 m m deep . A4

1 2 Leve l 4 Cat .

Th is

k n ife

i s

1 71

even

character ist ic

more

hooked

f rag mentary

e nds

a re

s t i l l

be obta ined , but t he depth was A2

1 3 Leve l 4 Cat .

Th is

sma l l

c ross

Th is spec imen

t h is

a rtefact ,

socketed

t he

k n ife

spec imen

i s

a s ect ion

o f k n ife

f rag mentary,

out

i n

o rder

t o

emp loyed , a ny

t han

r emoved

sprue

a nd

s uggested

f or t he

t hat

t heory was

o f

i nc ised

make t he

t he ir

i n

t he

t he

i n

co mes

t h is

f ro m

case , i t

a

l arge ,

d ur ing

k no w ledge

f ine

o rna ments The

denta l

r evea led

bet ween

were

f ro m

t he

been

t he

h ad

l ayers

a nd

t he

The

t he t o

t han

o f

l ead s uch

s ty les As be

f ew

o f

t he

u sed a s

i t

f i nd ing f or t h is i n

The i n

a s war m

ach ieved

corros ion

o f

u se a nd

a nd

( cat . 1228) , a dark s urface

i n

b race lets .

a nd a b inocu lar m icroscope .

a b race let

s a lts

h ave

c leaned .

t h is

var ious

t ools

p reh istory .

i n wax

o f

p rocess

t hat l ead was u sed

may

decorat ion on

s tudy

t he med ium

cast ing

i n a p l iab le s ubstance

a c arefu l

chem ica l ly .

u s ing

p ast about

l ost wax

i t a lso

t he

o r ig ina l meta l

t he s urface copper s a lts was

I t i s 4 0 mm

I NSECT WAX

t he Northeast o f Tha i tand

c ast ing t h is

r equ ired

c ases g rooves h ad been

r ather

b lade .

b lade , but

c lear ly

deta i ls cou ld be p roduced much more e as i ly

r eta ined

t hose

I t i s equ ipped w ith a po inted , hook-l ike e nd .

very

t e mp lates

Aga inst

methods

t o

8 2

i n V ietna m

I n

s im i lar

1 502

t hough

t he

o f a t i n/ lead Na D i .

aga in ,

t he

cannot

i mp lement .

was c arr ied purpose

i s

b lade

t he s ect ion o f a k n ife

There h as been much specu lat ion f or m

d i mens ion

3 0 mm .

THE RE MA INS OF

t o

above , but

l ength

depth o f 2 2 mm .

t he d ista l e nd .

Al 8 Leve l 3 Cat . Th is

o f

i s p robab ly

1 3 Leve l 4 Cat . Aga in ,

descr ibed

The

1 547

l ong a nd has a max imum

co mpr ises

t hose

j ust descr ibed .

A4 8 Leve l 4 Cat .

A2

c .

t han

ev ident .

1 63 s ect ion

hooked spec imens

Th is

Ban f ine so me wax .

manufactur ing t he

objects

mechan ica l ly

were

carefu l ly

Wh i le c lean ing g rey

s ubstance

b race let .

Further

B an Na D i :

i nsect wax

c lean ing u ncovered more o f t h is s ubstance core

a nd

waxy

co mp lete ly

t exture

c lean ing t h in

t he o f

was

t he

l ayer o f

corroded

noted .

pa ir

t o

More

t he

i t t rapped

o f

above

w ith in

caught bet ween

meta l . t he

Wh i le

s ubstance

b race let a nd

t he

i t was

b ronze

t he

centra l c lay

be ing

was

r emoved

i ts

dur ing

t he

f ound

a t h ird b race let r evea led a

when

t he

water

but

a rtefact

b roke

dur ing

c lean ing . The when

a

s ubstance

f ew

s trength

d rops

o f

a na lys is .

was

o f

t h is

i t

Th is was

not

so lub le

carbon

was

i n

t etrach lor ide

dec ided

u ndertaken

t o

by

were

s ubject

Pau l D .

B ioche m istry Departement, a nd h is

r eport

t he

Jones

i s

L ip ids

were

extracted

ch lorofor m .

c hro matography

L ip id on

s i l ica

ac id(85151) so lvent . Gas on

L iqu id

Chro mosorb

2 10 C °

a t

1 5

wash ing

ge t G

o f

t he

s upport .

The

a m inute

f o l lo wed

t he

Un ivers ity

THA I ART IF ACT

i n

perfor med

column

deta i led

i n

h exane by

f o l lo wed

t h in

l ayer

Hexane :D iethy l-ether :acet ic

L ip id spots we re v isua l ised

WAW

On

t o

Otago

i dent if ied

w ith

d isso lve

i t .

b e lo w .

b race let

were

was

t he

r eproduced

deve loped

Chro matography

deg rees

r esu lts a re a s

by

co mponents

t o

t o

s ubstance

"ANALYS IS OF L IP IDS EXTRACTED FROM A

by

appeared

app l ied

was

i od ine vapour .

on

a co lumn

p rogrammed

o f sp

f ro m

2 300

10

by 2 5 m inutes a t 2 10 deg rees .

t o The

f ol lo ws :

1 ) Th in Layer Chro matography Ana lys is . The var ious

s a mp les

l i p id

i s c learly Bees ' wax

a wax .

o f

was u sed

a nd

t he

Roughy i n

i n a r e lat ive ly

a nd

ch lorofor m

d istance

o f

were

t he

t he

i nsect o r ig in . s amp le

u nref ined

may

r un

aga inst

t hat t he extracted s ubstance s amp le

co mpared

(HopIostethus a t/ant /cm & wax

i s most L i ke ly o f

t r ig lycer ide

h exane

r esu lts s ho w

The m igrat ion

a nd Orange

t he s a mp le wax amounts

extracted w ith

s tandards

The

t o

t he

i nd icates

t hat

p resence o f detectab le

i nd icate

t hat

t he

s a mple wax

f or m .

2 ) Gas L iqu id Chro matography : Co mpar ison wax

s ho ws

However

a t i n

both

l onger

b reakdo wn o f p resent

bet ween

t hat t he

t he

waxes

cha in

chro mographs h ave

l engths

cha ins

t here

t he

o f

1 6

s eems

s a mp le wax wh ich makes

t he s a mp le

o f

t o

s amp le wax t o

1 8

h ave

a nd

bees '

carbons

l ong .

been

cons iderab le

i dent if icat ion o f t he

f atty ac ids

i mposs ib le .

SUMMARY 1 ) Th in Layer Chro matography o f t he s a mp le s hows 2 ) Gas L iqu id Chro matography s ho ws w ith cha in l engths o f 1 6 t o 1 8 carbons . Th is wax

i s o f

wax

t hat

The

i nsect o r ig in . co mb inat ion h ad

been

i t t o

be wax .

t he p resence o f f atty ac ids i s a good i nd icat ion t hat t he

" o f

decorat ion

t rapped

dur ing

on

t he

t he

manufactur ing

b race lets

a nd

t he

p rocess

f ind ing

o f

s eems

t o

e stab l ish i t a s t he c ast ing med ium u sed f or o rna ments a nd be l ls i n t h is r eg ion dur ing p reh istory . I t cannot ho wever be s a id w ith a ny degree o f c erta inty

t hat

t he

s tone mou lds were

i s s t i l l a p robab i l ity

t hat

u sed

t hey were u sed

t o

t o

p roduce wax

cast d irect ly

s hapes

i n b ronze .

a nd

i t

B an Na D i :

I t s eems was

i n

r easonab le

r egu lar u se

on

t o make

t he

t he

i nsect wax

ev idence

t emp lates

t o

date

t o

conclude

t hat wax

r equ ired when wo rk ing b ronze a t

Ban Na D i .

THE As

t he

r esu lt ing

meta l l ic

s a lts

contact w ith

a rtefacts

l eached

t hem .

RE MA INS OF FABR IC

out

Th is

i n

a nd

h ad

t he

i n to

l ead

t o

t he

t he s ubstance o f f rag ments o f f abr ic . copper beads , f rag ments o f n eck lace m inute a nd a na tys is

i n a very

f rag i le

I n

a l t ,

t hree

The

t o-gether

t o

t ypes

n eck lace

f or m

Another I t a lso

h ad

sma l ler

t han

t hey

o f

a n

o f

woven

t ogether

o f

t ext i les

r ema ined

were

were

t he

The

t hread

p rev ious not be

p lant t o

t hat

t he

t he

were

f or m

i n

i f not

s he l l a nd A lthough

f or a photograph ic

f or m

t ype

spec imens

u s ing

co mparat ive modern The

obv ious ly made

s tructure

ones

t hough

corros ion

i n

These was

o f

s ho wed

cotton

a nd

u nder p l ied

morpho log ica l ly i nd iv idua l

j ust w ith in

They

d istorted t ook

2mm

t o

were

t hem

t he

f rom

woven

spun

t aken

t ogether

a nd

spun

c lose

t han

t o i t

t he was

Phase

Context

Ban

r ange

t he

modern

s i lk .

By

s ho wn

t hat

t he

o f t he modern

cotton

f i la ments

( tab le

3-29 f abr ics

o f

w ith

a t

3-29) .

P rovenance

t o

t he ir corroded cond it ion , t he

t he upper s ize

The character ist ics o f t he

o f

be ing

adher ing

f or med

m icroscope ,

f ib res ,

sma l ler

TABLE

so

f or m

5mm

f ound

f abr ic

s i lk

t hat desp ite

o f

cons iderab ly

f ro m

e lectron

t he

but were

w ith

p lant mater ia l .

s er ies o f photographs were

spec imens were

f ibres

d ifferent f ib re

phase 1 contexts .

p reh istor ic

p reh istor ic examp les were

h ad

f rag ments were

measur ing

d ia meters

f ro m

t ext i le

a woven

A

scann ing

exa mp les

photographs

The

w idth

f ro m mortuary

a

u t i l is ing

u nder magn if icat ion .

i n deta i l .

vary ing

t ext i le

a l l

a vegetab le

3-28) .

matt ing .

o f

f ro m

t hat were c learly s een Two o f t hese f ib res were

ce l l

mater ia l

f ound ,

made

a lso

observed

i ron b race lets t h ird

( f ig

t ext i les was

t hreads o f a f i la menta l s ubstance .

s i lk

p reservat ion o f

cond it ion , e nough

t hreads

observab le

cou ld

b ronze a nd

t he t he

t he

s tr ips

Ch iang .

corroded ,

t ext i les

Aga in , on exa m in ing t he t hreads were r ecovered .

l ong a nd co mparat ive ly w ide ce l ls magn if icat ions o f f ro m x20 t o x400 .

t hese

r ap id ly

var ious

t o be poss ib le .

mater ia ls .

t hat

bur ia ls

t he

f ro m

Type

Type

o f Weave o f

t abby

Ban Na D i

f abric

AA Burial

4 8

l c

on b racelet

F 6 B urial AA Bur i al

3 6 2 9

l b 1c

on b racelet weft f ace o n a nklet u nknown

s ilk s i l k

l eaf

AA B urial

2 9

l c

o n a nklet

t abby

l eaf

F 6 Bur i al

1 9

l b

i n b ead

2 -ply t hread v eg.

d i n . f ilament

s trips

. 25

ff l

9 .2 pm 4 .5 pn s trips f i bre

. 30 r un . 47

1 TM

B an Na

o f

f abr ic

l c

b racelet

ta bby

l eaf

F6 Burial

1 6

l c

s ilk

ta bby

s i l k

i s

t he

not

f i la ments

mu lberr ies .

s i lk

f abr ics

c lear .

a re

t hat h ad

The

f lattened f ed

on

Ho wever

Enough

o f

mechan ica l

was observed on

Na

s uggests

t hat

t hey

s uch

a s

appearance may

be

t he

wh ich

l oca l ly

s ize

a nd

were

w i ld

s i lk

dwarf oaks

c aused

e ither by

made

o r

s evera l o f f ro m

a s we l l a s

corros ion o r

f i laments o f t he per iod .

v ar ious

o f

4.7 pm

i n

o f p lants

/ ply . 45 nm

s trips

D i were

g reatly

wh ich

f rag ments

g roup

r ema ined

s ee med

appearance o f a modern ch iffon .

u sed

o f b race lets

t he s urface o f t he

t hread

l ost dur ing f abr ic were

Ban

vary

t hree d ifferent weaves were

c lean ing

f ine

a t

a var iety

t h is

t he

two a nd poss ib ly

f ound

f i laments

t he nor ma l appearance o f s i lk

v ery

r ema ins

1 8

Whether t he

t he

AA Burial

i mported wor ms

D i :

s ho w

f abr ics .

t hat

a t

l east

Dur ing

( cat .1228), a l ayer o f

corros ion .

so mewhat

t o f or

I t was

l oose ly woven

c r imped .

Unfortunate ly

I t h ad

i t was

very

t he

f rag i le

t he

f abr ic f ro m

genera l a nd was

t he s ucceed ing c lean ing p rocess . Ho wever o ther f rag ments o f f ound on t he b race lets a nd i t was poss ib le t o r ecord a nd

s tudy t hem . The g roups o f f ibres were l i ghtly spun i nto a f a irly t h ick t hread o f about 0 .6 o r 0 .7 m m . Modern h and spun Tha i s i lk i s 3 p ly but i t i s

not

t ypes i s

certa in

i f t h is

was

t he

o f c loth were woven .

a weft

l oose ly s l ight ly

f aced weave , where

woven a nd t h inner t han

The u s ing

t he

r ema ins

h ere .

F ro m

t h is

t hread

examp le most c learly

t he warp

t hread

s een

a t

l east

f ro m

i s co mp lete ly

so me

even

o r

c loth

f ound

on

a n

t abby weave , where

i ron

h idden

n eckr ing

both warp

a nd

two

cat .1228 by

we l l t a mped weft t hread . The warp t hreads t he weft s ho w ing so me degree o f soph ist icat ion . o f

co mmon

c ase

The

a re

weft

a

were made a re

o f

k no w ledge

o f

even

t ens ion a nd both

both

t he custo ms o f d ress a nd bur ia ls a t Ban Na D i .

The wo men wore more

t han

one

o f

Th is

s tudy

o f

gar ment

gar ments

t hreads s ho w .

t he

a nd

u t i l ised

o f

t he

no

h int o f s hape o r co lour .

s urrounded

by

a re

var ious

i ts

s t i l l

t ext i les

a t

u nkno wn

persona l

When f inery

l east o f

h as

added

two we ights

course

a s

t o

t he

t he

mortuary

f abr ic .

sma l l

a corpse was bur ied a nd

t he

The

s tyles

f rag ments

i t was d ressed

adornments

a nd

g ive i n o r t hen

was wrapped i n matt ing . I t was l a id i n t he g rave a nd o ther goods added s uch a s pots f ood a nd weapons . There s eems t o be a d ist inct ion i n t he g rave were

goods p laced

t hat were wrapped outs ide

d ifference s uch a s add ing o f objects c eremony .

t he

a nd

matt ing .

p laced n ear t he body a nd I t may

h ave

s ize o f t he objects o r t he t o t he g rave may h ave

been

u ses been

a

t hose wh ich

pure ly

t hat t hey part o f

p ract ica l

h ad o r t he a spec if ic

a

% I>

F IGURE

3-9

Ban Na D o : t he c lay mou lds A .

A4

1 4 L .5 Cat .643a B .

A4

1 4 L .5 Cat .643b C .

D .

A4

1 4 L .5 Cat .643d E .

Al

1 9 L .5 Cat .1528 F .

G .

Al 1 4 L .5 Cat .1699 H . J .

A4

A3

1 6 L .5 Cat .1730

1 5 L .5 Cat .205 K .

A4

1 4 L .5 Cat .

A3/A4 I .

A4

Al 9 L .4 Cat .

6 43c

1 9 L .6 Cat .1871

1 4 L .5 Cat .1682 1 535

B an N a D i :

I lustrat ions

o f s tone mou lds

0

b

d C

F IGURE Ban Na D i : t he A .

A1/ A2

3 5 L .7 Cat .1299 B . D .

3-10 s tone mou lds

A3 2 0 L .G Cat .576 C .

A2 2 9 L .7 Cat .

1 480

A3 2 4 L .7 Cat .1443

B an N a D i :

i lust rat ion o f c lay

c ruc ib le

F IGURE 3-11 Ban Na D i : t he c lay

c ruc ib le

f rom A2 2 6 L .6 Cat .480

B an N a D i :

i lustrat ion

F IGURE Ban Na D i : t he c lay

c ruc ib le

o f c lay

c ruc ib le

312 f ro m A4

1 9 L .6 Cat 3 43

B an Na D i .

I lustrat ions

o f b ronze

a rtefacts

C

e

F IGURE

3-13

Ban Na D i : b ronze b race lets a nd A . D .

B .18 Cat .1061 B .

B .TS16 Cats .TS62a-c E . G .

B .29 Cat .1018b H .

B .5 Cat .427 C .

co i l ( 1 3) . B .3 Cat .231

B .36 Cats .1228a-s F . B .48 Cat .1378a

I .

B .29 Cat .1018a

B .48 Cat .1378b

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f b ronze

a rtefacts

•

I /

a

i

t i Qu e -

• /

. //

e

-

. -

-

--

-

r / ,Zz , - ---1 7 7/ r, ' / rz

--

.

,•\\ \\ \ \\\ \\ \\

. a ir

\\ \\ I1 \I

I ,1i 0 , 11 ,

, ,

\N . ,. / '• . .// \ •\ N , . . - . ' / / • ‘ . . " , . . -_ _ _ _- . . . • . . , - . _ _ _ __ . . . V z -. • • • , -

F IGURE

3-14

Ban Na DC b ronze b race lets . A . D . G .

B .38 Cat .1193 B . F6 u /p Cat .771 E .

Al 1 9 L .5 Cat .359 H . J .

A2 2 0 L .5 Cat .305 C . A3

1 0 L .4 Cat .143 F .

A2

1 7 L .5 Cat .214

B .17 Cat .941 K .

A3 8 L .4 Cat .84 A2

I .

3 1 L .7 Cat .1160

A4

A3 6 L .3 Cat .46

1 9 L .6 Cat .360

B an Na DI : i lustrat ions

o f b ronze

a rtefacts

•

•

8

F IGURE

3-15

Ban Na D i : b ronze

r i ngs .

A .

A3/4

7 L .3 Cat .1159 B .

Al 1 2 L .4 Cat .154 C .

A3

1 3 L .4 Cat . 193

D .

A2/3

1 L .4 Cat .1175 E .

A2

A2

1 6 L .4 Cat 1 95

G .

A2 8 L .3 Cat .75 H .

A3/4

1 5 L .4 Cat .1TO F . 5 L .3 Cat . 1868

I .

Al 1 L .4 Cat .126

Ban Na D i :

i tustrat ions

o f b ronze

a rtefacts

a

•

L3 F IGURE

3-16

Co i l E-G . N-T . Cat .56 L .7

Arro w d .

Cat .1885 k .

Cat .1867

n .

A2

Na H .

h ead a .

D i :

h .

A3/4

A2/3 F6

1 4

b ronze

Lead/t in e . 1 2 L .5

A4 L .4

r .

F8

A-C .

c ast ing

Cat .1206 o .

A3

I .

I .

Sect ion

sprue

b .

5 L .3 Cat .54

Cat .1188a

7 L .7 Cat .1014

4 3 L .7 Cat .818

a rtetacts .

a l loy

A3/4 8 L .3 Cat .1153

B .li Cat .1348

Cat .1597 q .

Ban

Beads

A3 f .

Al F6

I -K .

8 L .4 Cat .83 F6 L .7

3 5 L .7 Cat .903

5 L .7 Cat .953

s .

F6

e .

Cat .1877

1 .

Cat .1090

m .

p .

Al 3 1

A3

A L L o thers a re

1 :2

D .

Hook 6 L .3 FG 4

A l

3 L .2

F6

8 L .7

L .7 ' Cat .752

1 0 L .7 Cat .1884

L .7 Cat .1014 sca le : h , k a nd m : 1 : 1

conta iner L- M .

1 L .7 Cat .1261 g .

1 L .2 1

o f

Be l l

t .

F6 7

Ban

F IGURE

3-18

Na

S .E .M . sca le

F IGURE

DI : i lustrat ions

v ie w a nd

a nd

b ronze

s ect ion

a rtefacts

sect ion o f b ronze

explanat ion , s ee

3-19 T ransverse sca le

o f c ross

o t

o f

page

t he

exp lanat ion , s ee

b ronze

page

' w ire '

13)

13)

' w ire '

( tor

( tor

B an Na D i :

F IGURE

i lustrat ions

o f b ronze

3-20 Ske leton o f cast s tructure ( for sca le

a nd

a rtefacts

f ro m

exp lanat ion , s ee

t he

page

b ronze

' w ire '

13)

1c m F IGURE

3-21 C ross s ect ion o f a c ruc ible

- 1 37

-

f rag ment s ho w ing

b ronze

scor ia .

Please note that pages 139 and 140 were not included in the original publication.

Ban

Na

D i :

i lustrat ions

o f b ronze

a rtefacts

• • •

•

•

S

• r

•

4«

8 0 ( Y )

c 0

C M

C O N

1-

C \ J

( \ I ( N J

0

( \ J

o D

, -

( 9

• •

' I- c \ I ' ( -

F IGURE Scatter p lot o f

0• '

0

C O

• > .•3

( 9

' d •

•

c \ J 0/0 1 j !I

3-22

t he Ban Na D i b ronzes on f requenc ies o f

0 o00 0

l ead

t he bas is o f a nd

t i n

t he percentage

B an N a

5

D i : a na lyses

o f b ronze

a rtefacts

•L eve ls 6 -8 oL eve ls 3 -5

4

3

2

1

4 ,• ( d : 1 •• 4

0

• • o o c

•

.g .. .. .

c e

88 — 1

o

o

o • .

0

o

°

0

o

o

2

3

a __ 5 5

-4

-3

-

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

F ac to r2

F IGURE

3-23

Scatter p lot o f t he Ban Na D i b ronzes on o f t he

t he b as is o f a f actor a na lys is

f requenc ies o f copper, t i n , l ead

a nd a rsen ic

B an N a D i : a na lyses o f b ronze a rtefacts

5

•L eve ls 6 -8 OL eve ls 3 -5

4

o

3 0 2

o o

O

4 . 0 o • O 0

1 •

0 8

o

0

0 o

o

C io• • o

0

00 1

St wo • • ••

«2 _9

1

•

6 , o

o

00

0

•00

o o.

. 2

3

0 u 0 5

4

3

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

F ac to r2

F IGURE 3-24 Scatter p lot o f t he Ban Na D i b ronzes on o f a l l meta ls

t he b as is o f a f actor a na lys is

i dent if ied

T OTAL a l l e ve ls

B an N a D i : a na lyses o f b ronze a rtefacts

r n

‘ .0 I . r l

1 ,1

‘ •

In

I n

CV

l x •

c o F IGURE 3-25 H istogram

s how ing

t he

f requency occurrence o f d ifferent t ypes

o f b ronze b race let a nd

r ing

f rom

Ban Na D i

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ion o f

F IGURE

i r on

a rtefacts

3-26

Ban Na D i : i ron a rtefacts . A . B . D . F .

Socketed d igg ing s t ick o r hoe B .5 Cat .373

I ron co i l B .17 Cat .992 C .Tanged k n ife B .8 Cat .1428b

Tanged k n ife B .8 Cat: 1428c E .

Kn ife b lade B .8 Cat .1428f

Four n eck laces B .16 Cat .1444a-d G .

B race let B .16 Cat .1883

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f

i r on

a rtefacts

aigne-

-

s

i r-

-

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1M

F IGURE 3-27 Ban Na D i : i ron a rtefacts . A .

Part o f a cutt ing i mp lement B .8 Cat .1428e B . Part o f a spear b lade B .18 Cat .1442 C .

Tanged k n ife 8 .17 Cat .991

D-K . Lunate k n ifes d . A4 1 2 L .4 Cat .171 e . A4 8 L .4 Cat .1547 f . BA Cat .379 g . Al 1 5 L .5 Cat .1882 h . A2 1 3 L .4 Cat .1502 I . B .8 Cat .1428a j . A4 1 0 LA Cat .105 k . A3 1 L .4 Cat .148

Ban Na D i :

i lustrat ions

F IGURE The A . B .

Vegetab le

t ibre

Ce l l s t r ucture

matt ing b racelet cat .1228 Modern

t ro m x700 .

F .

f ibres

l abr ic

f abr ic

t ro m

t ro m

n eck lace

t hread

cat .

TS40 , >400 .

cat .

bur ia l S i lk f ro m

3 6 ,

1 378,

x700 .

x 10 .

f ibres

f ro m

r e ma ins

3-28

t hread

b race let

cal .1228 , s i lk

o f

r e ma ins o f

o t

E .

Bar i Na D i

cat .

D .

1 .5 40 ,

C .

F rag ment

I nd iv idual a nk let

Northeast Tha i land

o f

f ibres

cat .1018b,

x600 .

bur ia l

TS

Ce ll s tructure woven t ro m

bur ia l

2 9

1 9 o f

( x20) . woven

s i lk

f ro m

f rag ment x600 .

G .

B an N a D i : t he

c lay

s ea ts

THE CLAY SEALS

( f ig 3 -29)

There a re n ine

a rtefacts

f ro m

Ban Na D i wh ich a re

t reated

u nder t he

h ead ing " c lay s ea l" . These a re s ubd iv is ib le i n to two t ypes . Seven spec imens a re c ircu lar , a nd h ave a ho le bored t hrough t he centre . They match t hose r o l lers , u sed

f ound a t Ban Ch iang , where t hey perhaps t o i mpart a dyed pattern

h as a h and le w ith a n expanded e nd bear ing A3 2 0 Leve l 8 Cat .

h ave been desc r ibed a s onto c loth . The s econd

i nc ised patterns .

4 11 ( f ig 3-29b)

Th is r o l ler h as s ix r o ws o f des ign . The outer edge i s marked ly

d eep ly i nc ised r idges i n convex . One e nd h as h ad

r ather c rude ly mode l led c lay a ttached t o i t . The i nc ised pattern t o t he centra l hole , s uch t hat when t he pattern o f a f lower

i s

A4

( f ig 3-29a)

1 0 Leve l 4 Cat . Th is

These

were

e tched

1 22

r o l ler h as s ix f ash ioned

about

5 mm

a c hevron a p iece o f

o ther e nd i mpressed

bears t he i n to c lay ,

f or med .

c rene lated

b ands

by

cutt ing

out

t he

deep .

The

outer

r unn ing r ound c lay .

s urface

The o f t he

i ts c ircumference .

r esu lt ing

pattern

r o l ler h as

contour .

TABLE

3 -30

Ban Na D i : t he c lay s ea ts

P rovenance

L evel

C at N o .

Max.

L

Max. W idth

D iameter o f c entral p er

A3

2 0

6

4 11

A4

1 0

4

1 22

A4

8

F 5

7

4 4

8 9 TS 6 3

4

1 534

_ 1

c . 3 8.0

3 3

1 647 7 3

5 4.2

3 8.3

A 1/2

1 6

A4

5

A l

7

4 1.0 5 1.5

3 1.1 3 4.7

4 .1 8 .0

2 7.1

4 .7

c . 3 0.0 c .

6 .0 5 .3

i s

a convex

B an N a D i : t he

A4 8 Leve t 4 Cat . Th is o r

s even

o f

c .

i s

l i nes c .

s ea ts

( f ig 3-29d)

r o l ler was b roken s tra ight

c entra l r ibb ing Al/A2

8 9

c lay

l eft

across a fter

7 .0 mm

1 6 Leve l 4 Cat .

1 534

t he m idd le .

t he

Th is

1 647

7 3

was

compr ises exc ised .

c .

s ix The

4 .5 mm .

( f ig 3-290 s urv ives

t o

note

a n exc is ion

( f ig 3-29g)

f ragmentary spec imen bore a d eep ly

Al 7 Leve t 3 Cat .

des ign

c lay

deep , but t he outer one on ly

Th is i s on ly a sma l l f ragment . Enough 5 .0 mm , but t he p attern i s not c lear .

A4 5 Leve l 3 Cat .

The

i nterven ing

r ibbed des ign .

( f ig 3-29c)

Th is spec imen was b roken do wn t he m idd le . The des ign was made by exc is ing c lay t o a depth o f c . 2 mm . I t h as a chevron des ign r unn inj t he l ength part , t here s urface

o f t he r ol ler . I f t he h a lf wh ich s urv ives p ara l le ls t he m iss ing wou ld h ave been 1 4-15 s uch t i nes o f r a ised chevrons . The

i s s l ightly convex .

A4 8 /9 Leve l 4 Cat . Th is

s ea l

1 01 ( f ig 3-29h)

i s qu ite

d ifferent

f ro m

t hose

a lready

descr ibed , because

i t

i s not c ircu lar, a nd h as a h and le . Ha lf o f t he s urface h as been b roken . I t was f ound when r emov ing t he r ema ins o f B .2 , t hough t he a ssoc iat ion i s not def in ite . The des ign was p roduced by exc is ing t he c lay t o l eave a c urv i l inear pattern s urrounded by r ays . The p atterned s urface o f t he s ea l i s convex . I t wou ld h ave been c . 7 8 mm l ong . F5 7 Leve l 4 Cat .TS 6 3

( f ig 3-29e)

On ly a f rag ment o f

t h is

outer s urface ho wever, t o was exc ised A4

t o

a depth o f

1 Leve l 4 Cat . The

l ast

1 864

s ea l

r o l ler h as s urv ived .

note c .

t hat

t he

h as

The

t he c lay

( f ig 3-29 i)

a lso

been

i s e nough o f

curv i l inear .

2 .5 mm .

h ad

a

h and le ,

t hough

c ircu lar a nd h as a des ign co mpr is ing concentr ic s ea t h ad a c ircumference o f c . 5 0 mm . There

There

pattern was

so me

controversy

t he

f unct iona l

c ircles .

over

t he

The

e nd

f ace o f

f unct ion

o f

i s t he

t he

cyl indr ica l s ea ll ike objects . I n part icu lar, i t h as been s uggested t hat t hey were u sed t o i mpart a dyed pattern onto c loth . Th is s eems u n l ike ly on t wo

counts .

F irst ly ,

e ffect cont inuous

t hey

a re

contact w ith

d istr ibuted most u neven ly, a nd s hou ld be noted r o l lers .

I t

does

t hat

t here

s eem

convex r equ ire

i s no

more

a nd

t he mater ia l . f resh

t race o f

l i ke ly

t hat

t herefore

i t wou ld

Second ly,

t he

be

dye

h ard

t o

wou ld

be

i nk ing w ith e ach r evo (ut ion . dye t hey

on

a ny

were

o f u sed

t he t o

Ban

I t

Na

D i

i mpr int

a

Ban Na

r ecogn isable l ast

two

t o

pattern

onto

be descr ibed

D:

a f lex ible cou ld

t he

c lay

med iu m ,

h ard ly

be

s ea ts

s uch

a nyth ing

as

c lay .

o ther

Certa in ly

t han a s ea t .

t he

B an Na D i : t he

c lay

s ea ts

e v - v v v vV \

--J

——

• • • •

F IGURE 3-29 Ban Na D i : t he c lay A . D . G .

A4

1 0 L .4 Cat .122 B .

A4 8 L .4 Cat .89 E . Ad 5 L .3 Cat .1647 H .

F5

s ea ts

A3 2 0 L .6 Cat .411 C . 7 L .4 TS 6 3 F .

A4 8 /9 L .4 Cat .

A l 7 L .3 Cat .73

Al/A2 1 01

I .

1 6 L .4 Cat .1534

A4

1 L .4 Cat .1864

B an Na

D : c tay

a nv i ls

THE CL AY ANV ILS

( f igs 3-30

Th is

t ype

pottery

mak ing

wooden

padd le ,

o f

a rtefact

v i l lages . t o

i s

I t

s hape

i s

s t i l l t he

c lay

t o

i n

3 3)

r egu lar

c lay

a nv i l ,

vesse ls .

Tab le

u se

i n

u sed 3-30

Northeastern

i n

Tha i

con junct ion w ith

s ets

out

t he

a

p r inc ipa l

d imens ions o f t he Ban Na D i spec imens . Spec imens

f ro m

There e ar l iest s l ight

l eve l 7

a re

f ound

no

s uch

co mes

concav ity

a nv i ls

f ro m

on

t he

f ro m

l eve l

upper

t he

7 .

part

s i te 's

l o west cu ltura l l eve l .

A

f eature

o f

t he

o f

a nv i l

a l l

spec imens

f ace ,

a nd

i s

t he

The t he

po inted

j unct ion bet ween i t a nd t he l o wer part . A l l spec imens a re f rag mentary . The most co mp lete ( Cat . 5 07) h as been n eat ly ch ipped r ound t he per iphery

t o

Spec imens

r educe

f ro m

l eve t 6

A l l a nv i ls s urfaces

a re

i ts d ia meter .

f ro m

more

r educed h and le a nd Spec imens

f ro m

Th is h and les

r esemb les detached o f c at . ( cf .

t hose

1 80

f rag ment cat .

o f

sma l ler

t han

cat .

t hose

5 57 .

f ro m

Th is

l eve l

7 .

a nv i l h as

f ro m t he

f ace

y ie lded

s ect ion

o f

one t he

co mp lete

f ace .

l eve l 6 r ather

The

t han

s urface , p resumab ly

i s u nusua l h as

i n

h av ing

been

spec imen ,

l eve l 7 .

r ender ing

a squared

systemat ica l ly

two

co mp lete A

a nv i l f lake

f rag ments ( TS

o f pottery

i t worth less .

r ather

t han

ch ipped

t o

cat .

TABLE C lay

L evel

a nv i ls

Cät.NO.

f ro m

Max.

r ounded r educe

e nd .

i ts

Ban Na D i ( i n m m)

Max.

d am . Max.

f ace

A4

2 5

7

5 07

-

A2

3 7

7

1 851

-

AA

3 5

7

1 850

-

A l

3 2

7

7 60

-

d iam

h andle

7 5.0* c .

1 15.0

c .

1 10.0

-

h as

3 6.0

The

d iameter

331

h eight

o f 2 2)

The h and le

5 07) .

P rovenance

The

a b lack ,

r ed , p resumab ly ox id ised , f ace .

h as

one

f ro m

6 a re

part icu larly

L eve l 5

L eve l

a nd

l eve l

convex ,

B an Na D i : c lay

a nv i ls

A4

3 4

7

1 447

1 09 .3

8 0.3

F 6

1 0

7

1 217

-

9 9.5

7

8 58

-

7 3.5

-

6 6

5 57 6 23

-

1 00.0 5 6.0

-

6

1 238

8 2.8

5 7.2

3 7.0

6 6

6 05 5 56

6 8.8 -

5 0.8 c . 7 1.0

2 9.3 -

c . 6 0.0

F 6

1

A l A2

2 1 2 5

A l iA2

2 5

A2 M

2 3 1 7

A2

2 4

F 5

8

c .

6

6 83

-

6

T S 2 2

-

-

4 7.0 -

3 4.0

AA

1 4

5

1 80

1 17.0

8 0.7*

4 4.0

AA

1 3

5

1 56

-

-

4 0.8

-

4 0.3

AA

1 7

5

2 68

-

A3 A2

1 5 1 7

5 4

1 681 4 64

-

C . 6 7.0* c . 5 5.0

A2

1 6

4

4 21

-

c . 8 5.0

AA A2

1 2 1 3

4 4

3 87 1 37

-

c - 82 -0 c . 8 0.0

2

5 0

-

c . 6 7.0

A l

4

c . 4 0.0 -

* a fter b eing d eliberately r educed b y c hipping t he p eriphery.

Spec imens

f ro m

Leve l 4

There

a re

t han

t he

r ather r e lat ive

t o

f our

t he w idth o f

Spec imen

f ro m

On ly

f ace o f

t he

Spec imens

b roken

h and le .

f ro m

l eve l

4

a l l

i n h av ing

f ro m

a very

t he

f ace

sma l l

f ace

t he h and le .

bur ia l contexts f ound

s uggest ing

co mp lete

spec imen

The

o f a l arge

f ace

f ro m

i s u nusua l

t h is spec imen s urv ives .

a ssoc iat ion

a nd a sma l l 8 58) .

4 64

Leve l 2

Three a nv i ls were a f i rm

f rag ments

Cat .

was

f ound

a nv i l was

i n o r n ear bur ia ls , but t hat a nv i ls were n ear f ound

f rag ment o f a f ace was

B .49 i n

( Cat . t he

f ound

u sed

1 447

g rave i n

i n no a s

t he

case was

t here

g rave o ffer ings .

Mortuary

f i l l o f B .37 g rave

f i l l

Phase ( cat .

o f

B .17

A l b) .

1 217) , ( cat .

B an N a D i : c lay

a nv i ls

\ . 7

F IGURE

3-30

Ban Na D i : t he c lay A . D .

A4

2 5 L .7 Cat .507 B .

A 1/A2

A4

2 5 L .6 Cat .1238 E . G .

a nv i ls

1 4 L .5 Cat .180 C .

A4

A2 2 3 L .6 Cat .605 F . A2

1 6 L .4 Cat .421

3 4 L .7 Cat .1447 A2

1 7 L .4 Cat .464

B an N a D i : c lay

a nv i ls

a

F IGURE 3-31 Ban Na D i : t he c lay A .

A2 C .

1 3 L .4 Cat .137 B .

F6

1L .7 Cet .858 D .

FG

a nv i ls 1 0 L .7 Cat .1217

A l 4 L .2 Cat .50

B an N a D i : c lay

a nv i ls

a

---

-

F IGURE 3-32 Ban Na D i : t he c lay A .

A2 2 5 L .6 Cat .623 B .

C .

A4

A3

a nv i ls 1 7 L .6 Cat .556

1 3 L .5 Cat .156 D . A4 1 7 L .5 Cat .268 E . A4 1 2 L .4 Cat .387

B an N a D : c lay

a nv i ls

a

F IGURE 3-33 Ban Na D i : t he c lay a nv i ls A .

A2 3 7 L .7 Cat .1851 B .

A4 3 5 L .7 Cat .1850

C .

Al 2 2 L .6 Cat .557 D .

A l 3 2 L .7 Cat .760

E .

F5 8 L .6 Cat .TS22 F .

A2 2 4 L .6 Cat .683

B an B a D i : t he

c lay

f igur ines

THE CL AY F IGUR INES

( f igs 3-34

t o 3 8)

CATTLE F IGUR INES FROM BUR IALS

C lay f igur ines were contexts . They r epresent

f ound c att le ,

f ro m both f unerary a nd occupat ion deer , e lephant , f i sh a nd h uman be ings .

The f unerary spec imens a l l co me f rom a r estr icted s et squares F5-6 . The f unerary f igur ines w i l l be t reated f i rst . The f i red

c attle

before

f igur ines

i n ter ment .

I n

were

mou lded

so me

cases ,

by

h and

f i ngerpr ints

o f

a nd

g raves

p robab ly

a re

v is ib le

f ro m l i ght ly

on

t he

s urface o f t he c lay . The a n ima l f or m was mou lded w ithout c lose a ttent ion t o a nato m ica l deta i l w ith t he except ion o f t he horns . Where t hese h ave s urv ived i n tact , t hey were mode l led w ith d e l icacy a nd a ttent ion t o t he curvature .

TABLE 3-32 Ban Na D i : t he catt le

P rovenance

f igur ines

Mbrtuary Phase

C at . N o .

f ro m mortuary contexts

Mhx. L ength ( exclud. h orns)

( i n mm)

Mhx. h eight ( excl. h orns)

H t.of Neck

F 6 B urial F 6 B urial

4 7 4 7

l a l a

1 397 1 399

C .

1 24.3 1 50.0

5 1.0 8 6.0

2 7.1 2 2.0

F 6 B urial F 6 B urial

4 7 4 7

l a l a

1 401 1 396

1 48.0 C . 1 75.0

7 1.0 c . 7 5.0

2 1.0 3 1.0

F 6 Burial

4 7

l a

1 388

C . 1 70.0

c . 7 7.0

2 9.5

F 6 Burial

4 7

l a

1 389

1 54.0

c . 7 2.0

2 2.1

F 6 B urial 4 7 F 6 Burial 4 7

l a l a

1 418 1 402

-

F6 Burial F 6 Burial

l a l a

1 438 1 438

4 0 4 0

F 6 B urial

4 0

l a

1 440

F 6 B urial

4 5

l a

1 384a

c . 1 64.0 -

c . 8 0.0 -

c . 2 3.0 2 9.5 -

-

-

-

1 38.0

7 7.0

2 6.5

F6 Burial

4 5

l a

1 384b

-

-

-

F 6 B urial

4 5

l a

1 385

-

-

-

F 6 Burial F 6 Burial

4 5 4 5

l a l a

1 387 1 383

1 23.0

6 1.0

2 3.0

F6 B urial 4 5 F 6 B urial 4 6

l a l a

1 386 1 437

-

6 6.5

3 1.0 -

l a

1 436

-

-

l a

TS 3 4a

F6 B urial

4 6

F 5 B urial TS19

c . 3 0.0

B an B a D i : t he c lay

f i gur ines

F 5 Burial TS19 F 6 B urial 3 8

l a l b

TS 3 4b 1 419a

F 6 Burial

3 8

l b

1 419b

-

-

3 3.0

F 6 B urial

3 5

l c

1 280

-

-

2 6.5

F6 B .47 Cat . Th is

1 397

f igur ine

except

f or

These were mode l led r ounded a nd two

Th is

was

t he

f ound

horns

a s one

a nd

p iece ,

1 399

spec imen

t o wards

o ther a ttent ion F8 B .47 Cat .

was

f ound

t he h uman

t he

t a i l ,

t he

man 's

a nd

r ear

s tomach

s tands

a rea .

e as i ly

L egs be ing

on

l i ttle

I t

t he

more

Th is

t han

i n

k nees .

Th is adjacent

was

was

gen ita l

a rea ,

f ound

s tand ing

l arge ,

j udge

t o

upr ight

a long f rom

t he

i ts

The basa l s ect ion o f t he s ku l l before t urn ing

1 396

t he

The

t he

h ead 1 397

bes ide

b ase ,

a lthough

t he r ight f orward .

1 388

f ace

horn

l eft a nd

a nk le . n eck .

most o f i s

i n

I t The

i t was

p lace .

I t

( f ig 3-35d) was

f ound

r ight t h igh .

s tand ing

The

upr ight

a nd

f ore l imbs a re s et

r unn ing

para l le l

f urther back a deep

a nd

a nd

f ro m

t he

powerfu l

( f ig 3-35e)

on

basa l p art o f t he T reat ment o f t he

t he

s hou lders

f ace t han i n c ats . 1 397, 1 399 a nd 1 401, r evea l ing n eck . There i s no r a ised r idge a long t he back . F6 B .47 Cat .

a n ima l 's

l arger t han c at .

I t h as p ronounced muscu lar r idg ing over t hat i t r epresents a bu l l . There i s no

r idg ing

spec imen

t o

t he

I t i s cons iderab ly

muscu lar

b roken a nd l ost . curves back f ro m F6 B .47 Cat .

a

t hree

1 401 ( f ig 3-35c)

f igur ine

t oo

i s

f eet .

t o s exua l d i morph ism .

p ronounced

dew lap

on

( f ig 3-35b)

yet mou lded i n t he s ame manner . t he n eck , a f eature s uggest ing

h as

3 2.5

n ubb in . The r idged back a nd dew lap were mode l led w ith f i nger p inches r espect ive ly . F ingerpr ints a re c learly v is ib le .

F6 B .47 Cat .

f ac ing

7 7.0

( f ig 3-35a)

bov id

comp lete

1 45.0

t h is

spec imen

was

f ound

comp lete ,

t ogether w ith

t he

r ight horn . I t h ad been p laced over t he person 's n eck . f ace was schemat ised . V iewed f ro m t he f ront , i t h as a

t r iangu lar s hape , t he

t wo

s ides be ing

very

s l ight ly

concave

a nd

e nd ing

i n

a po int . These s ides a rc i nto t he t ower edge o f t he horns . The r ight h and horn i s a ng led b ack f ro m t he s ku l l , but e nough s urv ives t o r evea l a f orward n eck .

change The

o f a ng le .

r idge

a re co mp lete , a re

on

F inger o r p a lm

t he back

i s

f a ir ly

p r ints

a re

p ronounced .

r epresented a s a sma l l n ubb in .

c lear ly The

v is ib le on

r ear

t he

l egs , wh ich

B an B a D i : t he

F6 B .47 Cat .

1 389

c lay

f igur ines

( f ig 3-34a)

Th is f igur ine was f ound adjacent t o t he upper l eft a rm . I t i s d ist inct ive because o f a c lear r a ised r idge r unn ing a long t he t op o f t he h ead a nd d irect ly i n to before bend ing s harp ly

t he horn . I n t h is c ase , t he l eft horn s lopes back f or ward . There i s a l arge a nd p ronounced r idge

r unn ing a long

t he s hou lders .

F6 B .47 Cat .

1 418

Th is

f rag mentary

On ly part o f t he F6 B .47 Cat .

The n eck

spec imen

was

i s qu ite s lender .

f ound

1 403

but t h is spec ies s eems F6 B .35 Cat .

i ns ide

t he

l eft e lbow .

( f ig 3-34b)

Th is very l arge but f ragmentary I t i s h ard t o deter m ine whether

a rm .

p laced

t orso a nd a p iece o f horn s urv ive .

1 280

t he most

f igur ine was f ound over t he l eft i t does i n f act , r epresent a bov id ,

l i ke ly .

( f ig 3-34c)

The h ead a nd

l egs o f

t h is

f igur ine

a re m iss ing , but

i t i s s t i l l c learly

a bov id . The vest iges o f t he dew lap were f inger p inched , but t he s hou lder a nd n eck a rea i s r ather c arefu l ly mou lded . Th is spec imen was f ound a t t he

l eft s hou lder .

F6 B .38 Cat .

1 419a

( f ig 3-34d)

Th is f igur ine i s u nusua l f or i ts r obustness , a nd i t s s ize h as l ed t o a lmost co mp lete s urv iva l . The h ead i s schemat ic, t he f ace a nd j aw a rea i s

t r iangu lar when v iewed

f ro m

i n

f ront , a nd

e nds w ith a po int .

The eyes ,

nostr i ls a nd mouth a re i gnored . The f ronta l p art o f t he h ead h as a weak r idge qu ite u n l ike t hat i n t he w i ld g aur o r banteng . Ne ither t he dew lap nor t he n eck a re t reated a s i n B .46 spec imens , by f inger p inch ing . They a re on t he contrary, c arefu l ly mou lded a nd smoothed . The horns a re mass ive a nd h ave t he curvature character ist ic o f catt le r ather t han water buffa lo . The

be l ly

r ear

t hough t he t he

a rea

l imbs .

As

t he

i s

t reated

u sua l ,

t he

f ore l imbs

i n

a s

a g racefu l

l imbs

t h is

t ake

spec imen

concave

t he

f orm

a rc o f

t er m inat ing

so l id

i n

t he

p rotuberances ,

h ave a centra l concav ity

r eca l l ing

p resence o f two f eet . The t a i l i s s haped i n to a sma l l bump . Of a l l mortuary f igur ines f rom Ban Na D i , t h is one exh ib its most a esthet ic

s ens ib i l ity .

I t was

F6 B .38 Cat . Th is r ight

1 419b

s econd

f oot .

f ound , p laced ups ide do wn , on

i n

spec imen i t

j ust

i s t he

f ro m

1 439

B .38

was

f ound

c .

2 0

f rag mentary, e nough s urv ives s ame

1 419a .

F6 B .40 Cat .

l eft e lbo w .

( f ig 3-34e)

A lthough

i t was mou lded

t he

( f ig 3-37a)

manner

a nd

t o

t he

cm t o

s ame

beyond

t he

conc lude

t hat

s hape

c at .

a s

B an B a D : t he

The adjacent worth

co mp lete

a

t he

a n

I t i s poss ib le Th is

There

F6 B .40 Cats . On ly

ch i ld

o f

a re

t oo

f ro m

B .40

c Leartcu lated t hese

( B .46)

bur ia ls

f igur ines

d isp lays

both i s

so me

b ifurcate

a

a nd

was

f o l er ic

bones .

I t

t he

f i na l

i n ter ment ,

r e located

catt le

when

1 384a 4 5

t hat

f igur ines .

f resh

bur ia ls

u nusua l

f eatures .

i n

r idge

Both

a nd

r ear

a s ea t 's

f ore

r ear

t he

manner

o f

a long

t he

back ,

c reated

A s im i lar r idge i s f ound a long t he f ore part o f t he i s detached f ro m t he body, i s marked ly t r iangu lar .

by

be l ly .

1 440 t hese

two bov id

f igur ines h ave s urv ived .

( f ig 3-37 )

co mpr ises

f igur ines .

i s

r e located bones ( 8 .40) ,

a ssoc iated w ith

were

r ather

p ronounced

f rag ments o f

Bur ia l

t hree

t hese

1 438 a nd

F6 8 .45 Cat .

spec imens

t h is g rave .

a nd

f i nger-p inch ing . The f ace , wh ich

t hree

bur ia l cut conta ined

A l l

spec imen

f l ippers .

t he

f igur ines

concentrat ion

o f a young

t hat

i nto

s urv ive

bov id

t h is

( B .45) .

were p laced l imbs

t hat

s ke leton

i nfant

o f

r edepos ited

r ecord ing

p art o f o f

r ^. )st t o

c lay

The

t he

best

r ema ins

p reserved

o f

h as

a n

i nfant

s urrounded

part icu lar ly

l ong

by

f ive

f ore l imbs ,

t h , . :

d ist inct ion bet ween r ight a nd l eft l egs be ing r epresented by a s ha l low i nc ised t i ne . The t r iangu lar h ead h as a p ronounced f ronta l r idge a nd a s harp ly

po inted

t he r idge

nose .

a long

t he

A

s ing le

back .

p inch o f t he

Th is

f ingers was u sed

spec imen was

f ound

l y ing

t o

on

r epresent

t he

i nfant 's

r ight s ide . F6 B .45 Cat . Th is

1 384b r ear

spec imens a re F6 B .45 Cat . On ly was

l imbs

i s

mou lded c learly

t h is

t orso

two

horns ,

horns

t o t he

h as

1 383

f ound

u nder

c at .

1 384a .

Two

s urv ived .

The

r idge

on

t he

back

a

h ead

r idge The

on

was

f rag ments

sp layed

were

d a maged

spec imen a nd

s tump,

mou lded f ound by

w ith

i n

h ave

a nt iqu ity .

The

t he a nd

been

p reserved ,

f ore l imbs . t he

t a i l

cons iderab le

t he ch i ld 's

The

r ear

a

sma l l

i s s k i l l

a nd

a re

l eft a nk le .

( f ig 3-37e) i s co mp lete

p r inc ipa l

t he

r obust

Th is spec imen was

f igur ine

t humb .

was

f igur ine

a

f ac ia l

The

1 834a ,

t h is

o f

n ubb in . bov id .

t he

bov id

t hat

a nd

t han

s hape a nd

o f

more

Th is a l l

t orso

l i tt le

F6 8 .45 Cat .

h as

t orso

f inger p inch ing .

u nfortunate

w ith

a re

t he

1 387

quarters

t ogether

o f

r epresented .

t he

F6 B .45 Cat . I t

part

3-37c)

1 385

r a ised by

r ear

( f ig

f eatures o f a nd t he

s ave t he

p ronounced back was

f or

t he

t a i l a nd

t ip

o f

a sse mb lage : schemat ic c arefu l ly

c reated w ith

f ingerpr ints a re c lear ly

v is ib le

mou lded

one f eet,

horns .

horn .

As

a s ing le p inch o f t he t here , n ear

t he

I t

t r iangu tar i n

c at .

f inger

de Wap , • a nd

B an

r ound

t he

t a i l a rea .

F6 B .45 Cat .

B a D :

I t was

t he

f ound

a t t he

On ly

f rag ments

r idge a long

F6 B .46 Cat . Th is r ear

o f

t h is

a nd

t he back .

1 437

f igur ine

r ight s hou lder .

i s

co mpr ise There

s hou lders .

F6 B .46 Cat .

s urv ive .

f ound .

I t was

A

I t

s er ies o f

f ound on

i s

The

co mp lete two

no

except

sma l l

was

c learly

bov id ,

f inger p inches

t he ch i ld 's

ho wever,

i n

t hat

n ubb ins .

f i nger p inch ing

dew lap

cons iderab le a rt ist ic mer it

r a ised

l eft h and .

t o i s

t he The

h ead

i s detached .

body

r ender t he

i s

r idge a long

f inger-p inched .

i ts econo my o f s ty le a nd

The

mou lded

The

a nd

t he n eck

f igur ine

h as

s imp l ic ity .

1 436

The t orso a lone r e ma ins o f what wou ld h ave been a p art icu larly bov id f igur ine . The s hou lders were po werfu l a nd accentuated by a

l arge

r idge d rawn up F5 B .

t h is

i nfant 's

( f ig 3-38a)

spec imen

l imbs

smoothed .

f igur ines

1 386

because p ieces o f t he horns were t he

c lay

by

TS

1 9 Cat .

The

b roken

bur ia l .

sma l ler s a me .

The

o f

r ema ins

( f ig 3-38b)

o f

a nd

f ound

two

f igur ines were

r ear

i n

l imbs

t he

The

two

I t

two

i s

i nto

s ets

o f

two

f ore

mou lded

r ema in ing

o f

f ound

one

i n a ssoc iat ion w ith

r epresent

a

square F6 bur ia ls but t he

f eet a re mou lded

a h ead ,

co mp lete .

accuracy .

3 4a-b

t orso

t hose r ear

a f rag ment s urv ived

TS

The

t han

f inger p inch ing .

sma l l p rotuberances .

l imbs

w ith

a nd

c arefu l

p ieces were

bov id

b roken

r ather

t reat ment i s t he

t hree

There

horns .

One

i s h as

a ttent ion

t o

a nd

basa l s ect ions

on ly

a natom ica l

s urv ive . The

c att le

p redo m inated l b

a nd

l c

f igur ines

i n

p laced

part icu larly so f eet t he

two

horns

I n

by

f ound

cases

w ith

f or B .47 .

r epresented

were

e arl iest mortuary

contexts .

were

o ften w ith

f igur ines t he

so me

i n

sma l l n ubb ins ,

s hou lders .

They were made o f so l id

t he

where

i n tact

c are

r e lat ive

They were mou lded

sma l l p roject ions .

a nd

on ly

F5-F6

t he

g raves t o

r ather

i s

f ore l imbs

co mp lete

c lay wh ich was

r epresented .

There

t han water buffa lo,

by

t o

because

r ather

f ema le : s exua l d i morph ism

(B ibos gaurus) a nd

a mass ive f eature bu l l .

f ronta l

h ints

t hat

t he

p roject ion t he

a rea

t he

o f

t han

s hou lder

horns

s uggests

b anteng bet ween

mode l ler

t he

i s r ear

a s ing le p iece o f c lay,

spec imens

f i red

t he

Th is

pa id

s tand

a l ow t o

t o mou ld ing

upr ight

e as i ly .

t emperature . be

s ure what

t ype

i s no doubt t hat we a re dea l ing w ith c att le

r obust ic ity g aur

t he

They

f ound ,

body .

i n a s ty l ised manner ,

Where mou ld ing was s tyl ised , i t i s not poss ib le o f a n ima l

were

t he

Part icu lar a ttent ion was

The

g raves .

phase , but were a lso p resent i n phase

h ad

i n

be long t hat

t h is

a rea

t o

most

i s marked

(B ibos j ävan icus2 t he

horns .

i n m ind

t he

a ma le

The

f or mer .

a n ima ls

were

both

i n

The ma te t he

The ma le g aur h as absence

b anteng

o r

o f

t h is

do mest ic

B an

DEER AND

Bur ia l

4 7

3-36d) a nd I t s tands 9 .5 mm . f or

ELEPHANT

conta ined

a n

e lephant .

10 .5

mm

h igh

The mode l l ing

c attle .

The

a t

a nd

t he

dew lap

t he

e nd

t he

b roken

a reas

f igur ine was

f ound

bone

t o

t he

h ind

c lay f or mer

a nd

h as

i nto a re

a re

two

a s lender

dep icted n ubb ins .

quarters

5 4 .0

was

The t o

most

o f

t he

Th is

a re

1 402 r ear

h ead

t o

s a me o f

a s

c lay

a sma l l

i s

f ig

l imbs .

w idth o f

t he

p roject ion

r ises

t he

t he

a m in i mum

u sed

r idge

i nco mp lete , but

s upported

i s

a mass ive

body .

across .

app rox imate ly

t runk .

w ith

b ack

( cat .

f or

s ing le

h ave

3-36c)

mm

deer

3-36)

a nt lers .

Th is

t he c a lves .

t echn ique matches t hat u sed f or t he r unn ing t he e nt ire l ength o f t he back . does

a

Unfortunate ly

f ig

a

( f ig

s ave

n eck

a s

l atera l ly across t he

s hou lders

o f

convent ions

e nough

1 405

BUR IALS

f igur ines

a nd

out .

l arge

( cat .

f igur ines

i s co mp lete

u nder a nd bet ween

e lephant

a nd

t he

i s p inched

c lay

F IGUR INES FROM

t echn ique

t he c lay h as sp l intered b road

t he

The

f ore l imbs

sp layed

The

B a D i :

The

The

1 50 .0

l ength

mm .

f igur ine

n eck

i s

f ro m

Aga in ,

i n wh ich

c .

3 5 mm

t he

f ronta l

t he

mou ld ing

catt le . There i s a p inched r id e Part o f one b road e ar s urv ives , a s

f igur ine

was

f ound

overly ing

t he

l eft

f orear m .

HUMAN F IGUR INES FROM

Bur ia l f ro m h ave

4 7

conta ined

t he wa ist up . On ly been outstretched .

two

h uman

BUR IALS

f igur ines .

( f ig

3-36)

The

f i rst

i s

t he s tumps o f t he a r ms s urv ive . The eyes , nostr i ls a nd nose a re

p resent on ly

They appear t o f or med by j abs

w ith a s harp i mp lement i nto t he wet c lay . The s urv iv ing port ion i s i n h e ight . I t was f ound on t he l eft f orear m ( cat . 1 394 f ig 3-36f) . h as

The s econd , more co mp lete spec imen , was f ound i n t he t ost t he extre m it ies o f a r ms a nd l egs but i s o ther w ise

co mp lete .

The

a r ms were

t he eyes a nd mouth were t he

c lay .

The

e ars

f or merly

outstretched .

c reated when

were

p inched

s urv iv ing port ion s tands 8 0 mm

a s harp

out ,

h igh

( cat .

a s

As t he

f ig

ma le

S tyl ist ica l ly, f ro m

A4 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is be ing

t hough

t hey

t o

t he

a l l

t he bur ia ls .

1 847

f igur ine

g iven

n ear ly

( f ig

on ly

f igur ines

They

j abbed

gen ita l ia .

i nto The

f ro m

( f ig

3-38)

occupat ion

depos its

a re , however, f ar sma l ler .

3-38a)

l acks

mass ive

b ifurcate a t

t he

f i rst spec imen ,

3-36e) .

CATTLE F IGUR INES FR OM OCCUPAT ION CONTEXTS

para l le l t hose

l eft h and . I t s ubstant ia l ly

i mplement was

were

1 404

i n t he

7 0 mm

t he

h ead .

s hou lders .

t he base

i nto

I t The

two

i s

h and- mou lded,

f eet t i ny

r ece ived

n ubb ins .

p ro m inence

l ess

emphas is ,

I t s tands e as i ly .

B an B a D i :

A2 Leve l 7 Cat .

7 94

Aga in , on ly s tra ight

back

on

t iny

f our

a n

f eet .

A3 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is s ty le

o f c lay . t he

but t he h ead

i s

absent . h ump

i s a c lear

i s very

1 847

t a i l

f igur ines

There

i s

a t

s hou lders .

t he

a sma l l ,

upr ight

t a i l

I t s tands

f i nger p r int on

t he b ack .

mode l led ,

t acks

a nd

e as i ly

8 01 ( f ig 3-38c)

So me care

s hort

h ead

accentuated

There

f igur ine

o f cats .

c lay

( f ig 3-38b)

t he

t o

t he

a nd h as

f ro m

A3 Leve l 7 Cat .

above .

been

t he

h as been

c rude ly

7 94

The

t aken , w ith

body .

There

a nd

f eet a re a s harp

i s

a l l

t he

r ough ly i nstrument ,

a r a ised

l ump

c are

r ounded

a t

a nd

l umps

t o

d ist ingu ish

t he

s hou lders ,

l ost .

4 46a

( f ig

3-38d)

Th is f igur ine i s co mp lete except f or t he horns . I t i s met icu lous ly mode l led adopt ing t he convent ions f or a vest ig ia l t a i l , b ifurcated l egs e nd t r iangu lar-shaped h ead .

The horns were

a ng led

out a nd

t hen

f or ward

f ro m

t he occ iput . A3 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is a lthought

f igur ine t he

( f ig

i s

8 76

mode l led,

h igh l ight

t he n eck

s im i lar

t o

cat .

4 46a

i n

s ize

a nd

horns .

I t

t reat ment ,

f ore l imbs a re m iss ing .

( f ig 3-38f)

spec imen

c rude ly

3-38c)

very

f ace a nd

A3 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is

4 46b

i s

co mp lete

a s ing le

p inch

except o f

f i nger

f or

t he

a nd

t humb

be ing

i s

r idge .

TABLE Ban Na D i : t he catt le

P rovenance L evel

f igur ines

Cat.No.

3-33

f ro m

occupat ion depos its

Max.

Max.

L ength

H e i ght

( in mm)

Max. W idth n eck

A4

3 4

7

1 847

c . 5 9.0

c . 2 9.0

1 4.0

A2

4 0

7

7 94

c . 4 0.0

2 5.0

1 1.0

A3

3 3

7

8 01

0 . 6 4.0

3 9.5

2 0.0

A3

2 1

7

4 46a

4 8.3

2 5.0

1 1.5

A3

2 1

7

4 46b

C . 4 4.0

-

1 3.9

AA

3 0

7

4 76

4 1.5

-

1 5.0

A3

2 9

7

6 90

-

-

2 9.0

A3

2 4

7

5 39

-

-

-

r ather

emp loyed

t o

B an B a D i :

t he

c lay

f igur ines

F 6

1 2

7

1 270

-

-

-

F 6

6

7

9 61

-

-

-

TS54

F 5

2 1

7

A2

2 3

6

4 10

-

-

A3/4 1 8

6

1 315

-

-

A l

2 2

6

5 28

-

A3

2 0

6

4 02

4 2.0

2 7.0

1 2.0

F 5 A l

8 2 2

6 6

TS23 7 01

c . 4 5.0

c . 2 2.0

1 1.5

6 5

1 881

0 . 43.0

c .

3 33

-

1 5.0 -

Uncer t ain A2 1 8

A3 Leve l 7 Cat . On ly

t he

6 90

( f ig

h ead

h as

po int up wards a nd A3 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is

t here

5 39

i s

-

c . 2 3.0

-

-0 3 6.0

3 0

3-38g) s urv ived .

I ts

s hape

i s a depress ion

( f ig

spec imen

L atter po int up wards

1 3.5

i n

i s most u nusua l .

t he a rea o f

t he

The

horns

f ronta l bone .

3-38h) r epresented

f ro m

on ly

a f ace w ith

by

t he

h ead

a nd

a t r iangu lar out l ine

horns .

v iewed

The

f ro m

t he

f ront . F5 Leve l 7 Cat . The a re

TS54

h ead

a nd

r epresented by

F6 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is a rea s ty le

3-38)

f ore l imbs

( f ig

bov id

f igur ine wh ich was

F6 , but not p rec ise ly

s ize ,

i t

spec imen a re m iss ing .

The r ear

l imbs

3-38n)

i s part o f a l arge

a nd

c. ,t h is

a s ing le nubb in .

1 270

o f square

mortuary

( f ig

f a l ls

contexts .

The

i nto r ear

t he l imbs

a ssoc iated w ith g roup

descr ibed

co mpr ise

two

f ound

i n

a bur ia l . u nder

c lay

t he I n

f igur ines

bosses

a nd

bur ia l

t er ms o f f ro m

t he

t a i l

i s vest ig ia l . F6 Leve l 7 Cat . On ly

9 61 ( f ig 3-38o)

t he

r ear

A2 Leve l 6 Cat . Th is on

t he

s hape

o f

4 10

f igur ine

s hou lders t he

l imbs o f

one

t h is very

sma l l bov id

f igur ine s urv ive .

( f ig 3-38 1)

i s most qu ite

i nterest ing , because

u n l ike

s urv iv ing

a ny

horn

o ther i s

i t h as

bov id

c lear ly

a k in

(Bubalus bubal is) r ather t han w i ld o r do mest ic cattle . A3/A4 Leve l 6 Cat .

1 315

( f ig

3-38 j)

a p ronounced

t igur ine t o

t he

descr ibed . water

h ump The

but f r o

B an B a D i :

On ly

t he

r ear

l imbs

a nd

Th is t iny

5 28

f igur ine

bosses .

t hough

i s very r a ised

t he h ead a nd

Th is

i s

a po int

f or

( f ig

o f

l egs

t he

f ound .

The

t a i l was p rec ise ly

i mp lement .

sma l l . a rea

The

above

r ear t he

l imbs n eck

a re i s

r epresented

r e lat ive ly

by

two

p ronounced ,

f orequarters a re not p resent .

4 02

one

h ump, vest ig ia l

f igur ines

( f ig 3-38k)

The

A3 Leve l 6 Cat .

c lay

t a i l a rea were

s haped , p robab ly w ith a s harp Al Leve l 6 Cat .

t he

3-38 1)

t he

a nd

f ew no

mouth

co mp lete

m in iatures .

h int o f a t a i l .

a nd

t he

horns

The

r ise

I t h as

f ace

a

p ronounced

i s s lender, f i n ishes a t

a l most

vert ica l ly

above

t he

f ronta l a rea . F5 Leve l 6 Cat . The bov id a nd t he s et

TS23

r ear

quarters

confor m ,

f ound

i n

7 01 ( f ig

f igur ine

1 881 Leve l 6 ( f ig Th is

t he

s a me

f igur ine manner

s urv ived .

t he

sche mat ised

f ro m

extre me ly n ubb ins .

They

co me

l egs

a nd

f ro m

a

vest ig ia l

sma l l

t a i l ,

t o

occupat ion contexts .

s ty l ised .

The h ead

Fore

a nd

r ear

l imbs

a re

i s m iss ing .

3-38r)

l acks

a s

h ave

o f

3- 3 8q)

i s

r epresented a s so l itary Cat .

on ly

t er ms

i n squares A1-4

Al Leve l 6 Cat . Th is

( f ig 3-38p)

t he

t he

h ead .

l arger

The

f ore

spec imens

f ro m

l imbs

a re

mortuary

sp layed

i n

contexts .

j ust There

i s a p ronounced h ump . A2 Leve l 5 Cat . Th is c rude ly h ead

i s

3 33

t he

mode l led .

( f ig

3-38m)

on ly

f igur ine

The

h ump

f ro m

over

t he

a

l eve l

5

s hou lders

context . i s

A4 Leve l 5 Cat . Th is

i s

r ecogn isab le a r ms a nd

i s

r ather but

t he

i s m iss ing .

HUMAN F IGUR INES FR OM OCCUPAT ION CONTEXTS

o f

I t

p ronounced

were

f i nger f ace .

s tood

2 49 a

a s

( f ig

outstretched a nd

t humb .

The

a nd On ly

a nd The

s urv iv ing

about 5 0 mm

3-38)

3-38t)

sma l l

h uman .

( f ig

c rude ly t he

t he s a me

p iece

i n h e ight .

mode l led

upper part o f

t he

f igur ine , body

chest a rea mou lded w ith t echn ique i s

4 0 mm

was h igh

u sed a nd

t o

t he

but

c lear ly

i s p resent . a s ing le mou ld

The

p inch ing t he

nose

o r ig ina l Must h ave

B an B a D i : t he

c lay

F ISH F IGU MNE

A4 3 3 Leve t 7 Cat . Th is

n ear ly

a nd wou ld i s

1 085

1 5 .0 m m .

The

h ave

dorsa l

sp ines , r epresented s uggests

t hat

co m mon ly

r epresented

t he

f igur ine been

f i n

by

( f ig

3-38)

( f ig 3-38u)

co mp lete

o r ig ina l ly

f igur ines

h as

f ive

f i sh

been

r a ised

s uccess ive

be longs

i n

r epresents

about 5 .0 m m

a f ish .

I t i s 3 9 .5 m m

l ong ,

l onger .

The

w idth

by

f inger p inch ing

notches .

t o

t he

max imum

The

f am i ly

s hape

a nd

o f

t he

t he

Anabant idae .

f i n

body

Th is

i s

t he Ban Na D i f auna l spectrum .

F igur ines : s u mmary

t he

The

s a me

sma l l

ones .

They

be ing

f ound

spec imen f ro m

convent ions were i n

l eve l 6 r epresents

h uman a ctua l

f igur ine . bones

occupat ion

o f

The t hat

depos its

f or mak ing

t he

l o wer

buffa lo

spec ies , Ban

a nd Na

D i .

l arge

t hrough

part

a water buffa lo .

water a t

t he

d istr ibuted

o f

l eve l

There

co mes t he

u se

f igur ines 6 a nd

5 .

One

i s a lso

f ro m

f i sh

The

catt le l eve ls

t he

f am i ly o f

one

s a me i s

t hese

app ly

7 w ith

sma l l

t o

one

f igur ine

f i sh , a nd

one

l eve l

a s

t he

co mmon

i n

t he

f igur ines

i s

not

k no wn . For a cons iderat ion of t he c lay used 1 7 see page 874

t he manufacture of t hese f igur ines ,

B an B a D r : t he c lay

f i gur ines

a

b

d

F IGURE 3-34 Ban Na D i : t he c attle A .

B .47 Cat .1389 B .

f igur ines

f rom

t he bur ia ls

B .47 Cat .1403 C . 8 .35 Cat .1280 D . E . B .38 Cat .1419b

B .38 Cat .1419a

B an N a D i :

i l tustrat ions

o f

t he

f igur ines

a

C

e F IGURE Ban Na D i : t he c att le A .

Cat .1397 B .

Cat 1 399 C .

3-35

f igur ines Cat .1401 D .

f ro m

bur ia l 4 7

Cat .1396 E .

Cat .1368

B an N a D :

i lustrat ions

o f

t he

f i gur ines

F IGURE 3-36 Ban Na D i : catt le , e lephant a nd deer a nd h uman A .

Bur .46 Cat .1437 B . D .

Bur .

Bur .47 Cat .1402 E .

TS

1 9 Cat .

TS34a-b C .

Bur .47 Cat .1404 F .

f igur ines Bur .47 Cat .1405

Bur .47 Cat .1394

B an N a D i :

i lustrat ions o f

t he

f i gur ines

a

F IGURE 3-37 Ban Na D i : c att le A .

Bur .40 Cat .1439 B . D .

f igur ines

f ro m

Bur .45 Cat .1384a C .

Bur .45 Cat .1383 E .

bur ia ls Bur .45 Cat .1384b

Bur .46 Cat .1436

a

r l

t _ J

F IGURE 3-38 Ban Na D i : c attle , h uman a nd A . D . G . J .

A4 3 4 L .7 Cat .1847 B . A3 2 1 L .7 Cat .446a E .

f i sh

f igur ines

A2 4 0 L .7 Cat .794 C .

A3 3 3 L .7 Cat .801

A3 2 1 L .7 Cat .446b F .

A4 3 0 L .7 Cat .876

A3 2 9 L .7 Cat .690 H .

A3 2 4 L .7 Cat .539

I .

A2 2 3 L .6 Cat .410

A3/A4 1 8 L .6 Cat .1315 K . Al 2 2 L .6 Cat .528 L . M . A2 1 8 L .5 Cat .333 N . F6 1 2 L .7 Cat .1270 0 .

A3 2 0 L .6 Cat .402 F6 6 L .7 Cat .961

P .

F5 8 L .6 Cat .TS 2 3 Q .

U/C

S .

F5 2 1 L .7 Cat .TS 5 4 T .

Al 2 2 L .6 Cat .701 R . A4 L .5 Cat .249 U .

L .6 Cat :1881

A4 3 3 L .7 Cat . 1085

B an Na

DI :c lay

THE CLAY

l ad les

LADLES

( f ig 3-39)

There They f ro m a re

a re

n ine

co mp lete

a re

character ised

i t .

The

r ather

decorat ion .

h and les

r ough ly

by e nd

e ither

s haped

Deta i ls a re a s

o r

f ragmentary

by

i n

a po int o r

h and

a nd

f ro m

Ban Na

D i .

r is ing

up

h and le

i n a pa ir o f

smoothed .

There

n ubb ins . i s

no

They s ign

o f

3-34

The Ban Na D i Lad les

Level

l ad les

f o l lo ws :

TABLE

P rovenance

c lay

ap ract ica l ly c ircu lar bo w l a nd

Cat.Nb.

Max.

( in m m)

Length

o f b ow l

Max. w idth

Max.

o f b ow l

o f b ow l

d epth

AA

3 0

7

9 71

8 5.7

8 2.1

4 6.5

A3

2 5

7

5 89

6 5.5

6 2.5

4 1.5

AA

2 3

7

4 38

7 5.0

7 5.5

4 4.5

A3

2 9

7

7 79

5 8.0

5 8.0

3 8.7

A3

2 3

7

4 08

h andle o nly

F 5 A3

1 4 2 8

7 7

TS38 6 67

h andle o nly h andle o nly

A2

2 7

6

6 77

h andle o nly

A l

1 9

5

1 613

h andle o nly

Ban Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f

t he

c lay

l ad les

a

b

C

d F IGURE

3-39

Ban Na D i : t he c lay A .

A4

3 0 L .7 Cat .971 B . D .

l ad les

A3 2 9 L .7 Cat .779 C . A3 2 5 L .7 Cat .589

A4 2 3 L .7 Cat .438

B an Na D i : b one

a nd

a nt ler a rtefacts

THE BONE AND ANTLER ARTEF ACTS

( f igs 3-40

There a t

Ban

i s

Ban

worked

bone

o f co mp lete g roup

a .

D i .

a nd

t ools

var iety

can

o f a rtefacts made o f bone o r a nt ler

manufacture

These be

p ieces

l oose ly

t ypo log ica l ly,

4 4)

i s

a ttested

a re

by

descr ibed

t er med

a lthough

t he

p resence

be lo w .

" po ints" .

I t

i t i s conceded

o f

The ma jor ity

i s

poss ib le

t hat

t he

t o

u se o f

i s not kno wn w ith a ny deg ree o f certa inty . f ro m

A3/A4 2 8 Cat . Th is

a nt ler .

i tems

Bone po ints

I ts

Loca l

a rtefacts

t hese

t hese

a cons iderab le

Na

t o

Leve l 7

1 319

spec imen

s urv iv ing

h as

a n

i s

8 2 .5

l ength

i ntact po int, but mm .

I t bears

i s

f ractured

s tr iat ions

a long

a l l

over

t he i ts

s tem .

s urface

wh ich r esu lt f ro m s hap ing, p robab ly w ith a s andstone abrader . Two a ttempts were made t o d r i l l a hole c . 2 0 mm f ro m t he po int, a nd t he t h ird

was

s uccessfu l .

f unct iona l a re

f lat

across t he

e nd .

on

one

t he

o f

f i rst

1 0

s urface ,

t he

f lattens

a rtefact,

mater ia l , s uch

a s

l eather .

o f

pa id

t he

o ther, The

cou ld

t he

u sed

t he

h ave

i s

s hape

t he j ust

i n

p ierce

s erved

t o

t he

i tse lf, depth

f ront o f

a s heen

t o

o f

po int

max imum

a rea

There

r epeated ly

ho le

t o

i nc lud ing

3 .0 m m .

o f 2 .9 m m .

i t was

The

was l ength ,

on

be ing

a depth i f

i ts

c ircu lar

s ect ion

t o a s

a ttent ion

mm

but

p lano-convex

perforat ion

part

Part icu lar

The

t o

t h is

a r es i l ient

bear

a

t hread

a nd exped ite s t itch ing . A3 2 2 Cat .

4 82

Th is

bone

po int

bears

They r un t ransverse t o i n c at . 1 319 , but h as i mp le ment, wh ich

i s

o f

i n a nt iqu ity

a n

abrader

r ema ins o f

a nd

u sed

The po int i tse lf A g roove r uns t he

i n

s hap ing

i t .

i s not r ounded a s t he l ength o f t he

bone 's

medu l lary

cav ity .

t he s urv iv ing p iece

i s 12 m m

t ong .

5 47

Th is L ong .

marks

p robab ly what

The s haft was b roken A2 2 6 Cat .

t he

i ts t ong ax is . t hree f acets .

i s

Both

a

t ips

r ather were

c rude ly b roken

s haped i n

doub le

a nt iqu ity .

po inted

There

i s

i mp le ment no

6 5

i nd icat ion

mm t hat

po l ish ing o r g r ind ing were u ndertaken . A4 3 4 Cat . Th is s uggests

106 po int was

a l arge

p resent where t he

po int

i s

t he

po int

f ractured .

g r ind ing o r pol ish ing . A2 3 9 Cat .

cut

7 32

f ro m

a p iece o f metapod ia l bone , t he s ize o f wh ich

deer o r sma l l bov id . b roadens The

t o

Part o f a w idth

i mp le ment

bears

t he o f cut

exter ior s urface c .

1 7 .5

mm .

marks ,

but

i s

The no

s t i l l

t ip

o f

s ign

o f

B an Na D: b one

Th is i n

i s a doub le

a nt iqu ity .

a nd

h as

I t wou ld

a max imum

g round

a nd

about

1 5

b readth o f

back

The

f ro m

a nt ler a rtefacts

i mp lement, one

h ave measured

po l ished .

mm

po inted

a nd

1 .2

a nd

s urv iv ing

t he

t ip .

e nd

o f wh ich was

about 7 0 .0 m m

before

depth o f 5 .8 m m .

co mp lete

Both

e nd

po inted

Both

h as

e nds

a

d ip

f ractured

i t was

b roken ,

e nds were

g lossy

away

s heen

f ro m

t he

l ong ax is o f t he bone . A2 4 3 Cat .

8 44

On ly j udge

t he

f ro m

centra l

i ts

part

contour ,

o f

t h is

i mp lement was

f or mer ly

a po int .

f ound ,

I t h as

but

been

i t was ,

g round

t o

t o

a n

a lmost c ircu lar c ross—sect ion a nd t he marks r esu lt ing f ro m t he u se o f a n abrader a re c lear ly v is ib le . They r un a t a n a ng le o f 0 . 4 5° t o t he l ong ax is .

The po int was s ubjected

A3 2 2 Cat .

h eat , a nd

h as been charred

a l l over .

4 79

Th is

i s

muntjgA :

t o

t he

I t was

t er m ina l e nd

r emoved

by

o f a deer

cutt ing

t ine ,

r ound

s im i lar

i n

s ize

t o

t he per imeter a nd

A lunt iacus

t hen s napp ing

i t o ff f ro m t he r est o f t he a nt ler . Part o f t he exter ior h as s urv ived , but t he r est h as been cut a nd t hen part ia l ly g round . The t ip h as been b roken , l eav ing

a s urv iv ing

A4 3 5 Cat .

l ength o f 5 0 .1 mm .

1 271

L ike cat .

4 79

t h is po int

t hough t h is spec imen ca me r esu lt ing f ro m t he p rocess a nt ler

a re

g round i s

c learly

v is ib le .

a c lear s heen wh ich

A3 3 6 Cat . The

po inted The

c .

l ong .

2 3 mm

A2 2 9 Cat . Aga in , c ircu lar .

Away

F8

7 Cat .

a nt ler The

p robab ly

part

po int

t he

a t

s urv iv ing

t he

t ip

t ip

t hen

i tse lf h as

r ef lects

l eather .

was

i ts u se

I t i s 6 4 mm

t ine

o f a deer a nt ler,

o f deer . The cut marks f ro m t he body o f t he cut

been

a s i n

a n

t o

s hape

b roken , but aw l

t o

a nd t here

puncture

a

l ength .

o f

t h is

a rtefact

i tse lf h as

been

p rojects

f ro m

a

l arge

p iece

o f

s napped o ff , l eav ing on ly a p ro ject ion

Th is p roject ion bears a s l ight s heen .

6 92

d ia meter

notches

f ro m

9 27

d iaphys is .

h as

f ash ioned

The

t o a n ova l c ross s ect ion .

r es i l ient s ubstance , s uch a s

a rea

i s

f ro m a l arger spec ies o f detach ing t he t ip

t he

a cut cut

po inted b reak f ro m

i s t he

notch

above

i t .

l ength be ing

a t

e nd

o f

4 .0

mm ,

po int, 9 0° The

t h is

t he

t o

t he

l ong

beyond

5 4 .0 mm .

9 34

- 1 76

-

h as

c ross

a rtefact

t he

a rea

a rtefact

a nd

b roadens

ax is , t hese

been

s ect ion

a nd

a nd two

notches

b roken . i s

f lattens . sma l l i s

The

p ract ica l ly Th is

t r iangu lar

b roken ,

t he

Ban Na Di: bone and antler artefacts

This bone artefact has a circular cross section and was formerly pointed at each end. The original length is estimated at 90.0 mm .. and the maximum diameter is 7.7 mm. F6 2 Cat.

853

Only the central part of this burnt bone point has survived. been cut to form a circular cross section. b.

It has

Bone points from Level 6

A2 26 Cat.

650

This artefact was probably formerly pointed at both· ends .. but both are now broken. Its surviving length is 59 mm. It has an oval cross section, the maximum and m1n1mum diameters being 6. 7 and 5.5 mm respectively. The surface has been polished all over. On one end, the fracture at the point is slight. There is a band of sheen the colour of which is slightly green. It also appears to have been subjected to heat. A3 18 Cat.

367

Again, this slender ·implement has been fractured at both ends. Its surviving length is 80 mm, and it has a rectangular cross section measuring 4.5 x 3.0 mm. There are striations over all four surfaces at - an angle of about 45 degrees to the long axis. These reflect the shaping of the bone. A4 19 Cat.

551

Only the central shaft of this artefact has survived. -It has a circular cross section 6.5 mm in diameter and a smooth, polished surface. The surviving length is 71.0 mm. A2/ A3 22 Cat.

1241

This artefact may well be made from antler tine. It has been cut, then smoothed and polished over most of its surface. The tip has fractured. It has been subjected to heat. A2/ A3 20 Cat.

1260

The olecranon and to provide a convenient handle .. while the shaft of the ulna has been ground to a circular cross section. Unfortunately the functional end has been broken. There are five parallel incised lines on one side of the shaft .. each c. 1 mm long and between 5 and 13.0 mm apart� This point was made by modifying a bovid ulna.

processes anconaeus have both been cut and smoothed

Cat.

1860 Provenance unknown

- 177 -

B an Na D i : bone

The

s haft

o f

t h is

c ircu lar po inted e nd c .

Bone po ints

A3

1 6 Cat . Th is t he

po int

f ash ioned

There

a re

d iaphys is , p resumab ly

h as

s ince

t hen

f ractured ,

cuts w ith a s harp 1 7 Cat . The

been

cut,

but

on ly

part

o f

t he

Leve l 5

was

deer .

d iaphys is was

A3/A4

h as

s urv ives .

f ro m

The

i n

t o

a

c ut marks

t o

t runcated

I t i s no w

p robab ly

i n

t he

o f

centra l

a

part

a p iece o f bone o f conven ient s ize .

smoothed

t he

r netapod ia l ,

c lear

r emove

cut a nd

t hough

f ro m

s evera l

i mplement .

a po int .

e nd

6 8 mm

The

bears

f unct iona l

ev idence

f or

e nd t hree

l ong .

1 829

centra l

f ractured

s haft

o f

a nt iqu ity .

d ia meter o f 5 .5 m m . f ro m

spec imen

a nt ler a rtefacts

4 95

med ium-s ized o f

a nd

s hap ing

t he

t h is

i mp lement

I t h as

The

a

s urface

bone .

They

h as

c ircu lar

bears many

a re

a t

a n

s urv ived ,

c ross

both

s ect ion

e nds

w ith

h av ing

a max imum

sma l l s tr iat ions wh ich

a ng le o f about 4 5 °

t o

r esu lts

t he

t ong

ax is . Al 1 7 Cat .

6 00

Th is h as

been

s ect ion

i s

a sma l l

( 25 mm

burnt a l t over .

1 0 .0 m m

d .

Bone po ints

A3

1 Cat .

l ong) m id

I t bears many

s ect ion o f

a bone

s tr iat ions , a nd

a rtefact , wh ich

h as a c ircu lar c ross

i n d ia meter . f ro m

l eve l 4

19

Th is

a rtefact co mpr ises

a s harp

po int on

a body w ith

a n

ova l

c ross

s ect ion . I t t er m inates w ith a notch r ese mb l ing a barb , beyond wh ich body cont inued . At t h is po int ho wever, i t h as b roken . The s urface o f a rtefact h as

been

f ro m

t he notch

t ip

t o

po l ished

smooth

a nd

i s b lack

f ro m

burn ing .

bone

po ints

t he t he

The

l ength

were

f ound

i s 3 6 .0 m m .

Bone po ints : s ummary I t damaged . ev idence p robab ly bone

i s

not iceab le They

t hat

may a ny

t hat o f a n

i s u sed

t hat h ave

were

p ract ica l ly f u lf i l led

u sed

aw l ( cats .

a s

a l l

t he

a var iety p roject i le

1 319 , 7 32

t oday a s a part o f co mpos ite

a nd f i sh

o f

f unct ions .

po ints . 1 260) .

One

There

i s

f unct ion

Notched

a nd

no was

s haped

o r sma l l ma mma l

t raps ,

t hrough

( f ig

t he

p r inc ipa l co mponent mater ia l be ing bamboo .

e .

Bone

( a l l co me

a rtefacts f ro m

w ith

l eve l 7 )

a c ircu lar

ho le

bored

one

e nd

3-41)

B an Na D i : b one

A2/A3 2 5 Cat . Th is I t

i s

i s

a rtefact h as

a c ircu lar c ross

4 7 .0

mm

f ro m

t hrough

t he

s haft .

l ocated

s urface

5 .5

mm

i s smooth a nd

A4 2 7 Cat .

s h iny

7 9 mm e nd

o f

A3 2 7 Cat .

f ro m

o f

The

s urv iv ing

e nd

i n

co mpared

wh i le

edges o f a s

a n

t hrough The

A3 3 1 Cat . Th is o f

p roject ion . f i ne s heen . A4 2 3 Cat .

t he

t he t he

i f t he

t he

a rtefact a re

7 74 .

s uch

a s

o f

f ro m

a ho le o f

t he

I t t oo

o f

a

0 .

mm .

bored

3 .0

mm

a rtefact .

l ocated

t he

i s b roken

I ts

across

t ransverse ly

hole

8 .5 m m i s

r epeated ly

bored

f ro m

worn

pu l led

c ross wh ich

s ect ion wh ich i t was

t o

t he

a h igh

t hrough

i s now i n

u se .

t oo l 's

i s

i t .

l ong .

h ave

o r

e ight

sma l l

f ixed

i n

p lace

r egu larly

Both co me

f ro m

a s

across

w ide

4 0

a t

f ro m

a nd

6 5

g rooves , worn

a n

M icroscop ic

very

due ho le

5 mm

Bet ween

percept ib le

They

be The

i s 9 .5 mm p laced

s urface .

s even

i mp le ment was

6 6 mm

scarce ly

a nd

may

f ash ioned .

l ongest d ia meter, wh ich

was

t he

r evea l

added

s heen

exa m inat ion

g rooves

a f u lcrum

on

o f

e ach

before

a

perhaps ,

a

i t .

Leve l 7

7 74 a rtefact

co mpr ises

scapu la .

I t

The work ing

a f lat

h as

edge

p iece

o f

cut

t o

been

i s p ract ica l ly

bone

o r ig ina l ly

i ncorporate

a

h and le-l ike

s tra ight , s harp, a nd worn

t o

a

1 870 t hat

I t t oo was t acks

t h is

spec imen was made

cut a nd

a scapu la , a nd

s harp , but

edge

s even

a rtefact

r est

ho le

I t i s poss ib le cat .

o f

i s

i s

a d ia meter o f 2 .2 m m

t here

Spatu la-l ike objects .

s ect ion

1 364 .

a nd

e l l ipto id

s econd s et o f e le ments were moved

f .

i s

a d ia meter e nd

t here

i f a n e lement was

h as

po int h as e nd,

w ith

aperture

h as

wh ich

The

t he o r ig ina l bone

e nd .

one

p resumab ly t he

s urv iv ing

r esemb les c at .

a rtefact .

s heen , a s

i s bored

po int .

t he

ho le

t he

a d ia meter o f 8 .0 t here

a l l over .

t he

l ast spec i men

s hape

a t one e nd

mm

wh ich

7 40

Th is

t h is

f ro m t he

a nd very n arro w

t he

i n

The

Th is ho le h as a d ia meter o f 4 .3 mm

s urv iv ing

t o

s ect ion w ith

e nd

1 869

s haft ,

ho le .

t he

f ro m

Th is spec imen c lose ly t he

a nt ler a rtefacts

1 364

f ractured

t ransverse ly a nd

a nd

h as

g round

f ro m

a h and lel ike

t he g loss o f cat .

f or

t he s a me

a n atura l ly

extens ion .

f unct ion a s

f lat p iece o f bone ,

One o f

t he

7 74

M ISCELL ANE OUS WORK E L ' -, BONE i \ .ND ANTLER

( f ig

3-44)

edges

i s

B an Na D i : b one

There

a re

s evera l

p ieces

a nd

o f

a nt ler a rtefacts

bone

a nd

a nt ler wh ich

bear

t races

o f

mod if icat ion but a re not co mp leted a rtefacts . A4

2 7 Leve l 7 Cat .

1 838

( f ig 3-44a)

Th is p iece o f bone h as been 6 0 mm

cut

t o

a r ough ly

c ircu lar s ect ion .

I t i s

l ong .

A4 3 3 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is a po int . h eavy

1 830

1 34 m m The

a nd

( f ig 3-44b)

t ong

p iece

cut marks

s harp

a re

i mp lement .

o f bone

h as been cut t o

c lean

a nd

There

a re

s tra ight , no

t he r ough s hape o f

s uggest ing

s igns

o f

t he

u se

o f

a

f urther mod if icat ion by

g r ind ing o r po l ish ing . A4 2 6 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is

i s a n

s ku l l w ith b reak t he

f i rst

i t f ree .

l arger

5 42

a nt ler

f ive

sma l ler

t ine was

3-44c)

f ro m

f our o r The

( f ig

h iunt iacus muntf i rk cuts

f ro m

t i ne was

cut a l l r ound

t hen

i n

l t was

a s harp

r emoved

t he m id

r emoved

i mp lement , i n

t hen

a s im i lar

f ro m

t he

a b lo w

t o

f ash ion , a nd

s ect ion , w ith a s harp

t ool , but

t he e nd was not r e moved .

BONE ARTEF ACTS FR OM On ly f i rst

o lecranon g iven i s

two

( cat . t o

h as t he

apparent

was

f ound

u nclear s inuses l ength

bone

1 852)

cut

spec i men t h is

wh ich

The

r ounded

cat .

r esemb le

t h is

4 1 mm .

s aw .

t o

a

1 260

I t

t he

a rtefact

One

i s i t .

Th is

but

mm ,

a t

f unct ion o f

t h is

i mp lement,

I t i s worth

r ich mortuary

a rea

i n

u nder a c rocod i le s k in .

l east

o f

r eca l l ing

1 7

i n

r esemb l ing No

s econd

s urface c rocod i le

t he

t he

i s

t he

t reat ment

o ther mod if icat ion

a rtefact t he

( cat . t he

1 382)

bone

a rtefact

i s

bears

c ran ium .

The

p resent

The

a rtefact

a t one

notches , i f i t

o f

The

wh ich

b readth , 8 0 mm .

i nc ludes a ho le

h as

u lna

a nato m ica l n ature o f

t he

a nd

3-45)

i n bur ia l contexts .

above .

The

( f ig

bov id

p rof i le ,

The

edge

i s u nkno wn .

a

descr ibed

s tructure

3 05

f ound

i s

spec imen .

mod if icat ion ,

h as been cut t o s hape o f

B .11 .

mortuary

o f

been

f rom

i n assoc iat ion w ith B .42 .

because o f

i mp lements h ave

co mes

been

on

BUR IAL CONTEXTS

e nd w ith

r esemb l ing

o ther

t han

t he

a d ia meter t eeth o f a

a s tatus

object ,

t hat t h is bur ia l was part o f t he r e lat ive ly

square F6 , a nd

i s

l ocated

c lose

t o

a c h i ld

i n terred

B an N a D i : b one

a nd

a nt ler a rtefacts

F IGURE 3-40 Ban Na D i : t he bone po ints

f rom

l eve l 7

A . A3 2 2 Cat .482 B . A4 3 4 Cat ,1106 C . A3/4 2 6 Cat .1319 D . A3 3 6 Cat .927 E . A2 2 6 Ca f t .4 '47 F . A2 3 9 Cat .732 G .

A4 3 5 Cat .1271 H .

^2 2 9 Cat .692

F IGURE Ban Na D i : t he bone po ints A .

A3/4 D .

2 0 Cat .1260 B .

F6 2 Cat .853 E .

f ro m

3-41 t eve t 6 ( a-b) a nd

A2 2 6 Cat .650 C . F6 1 Cat .934 F .

l eve l 7 ( c-f)

A3 2 2 Cat .479

A2 4 3 Cat .844

B an Na D r : b one

a nd

a nt ler a rtefacts

F IGURE 3-42 Ban Na D i : t he bone po ints l eve l 5 ( e—g) a nd A . D .

f ro m

l eve l 6 ( a—d),

l eve l 4 ( h)

A3 1 8 Cat .367 B . U/P Cat .1860 C . A2/3 2 2 Cat .1241 A4 1 9 Cat .551 E . A3/4 1 7 Cat . 1829 F . Al 1 7 Cat .600 G .

A3

1 6 Cat .495 H .

A3

1 Cat .119

B an Na DI :b one

a nd

F IGURE

a nt ler a rtefacts

3-43

Ban Na D i : t he spatu lal ike objects a rtefacts w ith a c ircu lar hole bored ( c-e) .

A l l co me

f ro m

( a-b) a nd bone t hrogh one e nd

l eve l 7 .

A . A3 3 1 Cat .774 B . A4 2 3 Cat .1870 C ' N 2/3 2 5 Cat 1 364 D . A4 2 7 Cat .1889 E .A3 2 7

f .740

B an Na D i : b one

a nd

a nt ler a rtefacts

a

F IGURE

3-44

Ban Na D i : t he worked bone a nd A .

A4 2 7 L .7 Cat .1838 B .

a nt ler

A4 3 3 L .7 Cat .1830 C .

A4 2 6 L .7 Cat .542

B an Na D i : b one

a nd

a ntler a rtefacts

b

F IGURE 3-45 Ban Na D i : t he bone a rtefacts A .

Cat .1382 B .42 MP1b B .

f rom

bur ia l contexts

Cat .1852 B .10/11 MP1c

B an Na D : whetstones

WHETST ONES

( f igs 3-46 a nd

S tone co mpr ises were

i mplements

a g rooved

p robab ly

worn

c ast meta l a rtefacts . A2 3 8 Leve l 8 Cat . Th is

a re

r are

4 7)

a t Ban Na D i .

o r

f lattened

by

h ab itua l

p iece u se

o f

i n

The

r ed

p r inc ipa l a rtefact t ype

s andstone .

r e-sharpen ing

o r

The

g rooves

t r imm ing

The ir d istr ibut ion a nd character ist ics a re a s

n ew ly

f o l lo ws .

7 28

cobb lestone ,

wh ich

measures

6 0

x

6 0

mm ,

h as

a

f acet

worn

smooth , on one s urface .

TABLE

3-35

Ban Na D i : t he whetstones

P rov.

L evel

Cat.

No.

R aw Mater i al

Max i mun

Ca r men t

L ength/ W idth ( nm)

A2

8

7 28

S andstone

5 9.0x58.0

F 5

7

TS 3 4

S andstone

8 9.0x64.0

A d epression 3 4 r im w ide h as b een worn t o a d epth o f c . 8r im i nto t he s tone.

I t h as a

V-shaped c ross s ection A2 2 9

7

7 83

Sandstone

8 0.0x57.0

A V-shaped g roove h as b een

WOr n

t o a

d epth o f 9 .0 nm o n one s urface. I t

i s approx.

2 8

r an w ide. A4 2 7

7

5 97

Sandstone

9 7.0x82.0

A s hallow g roove 3 4 t ym l ong h as b een worn o n

t he

f lat

weathered s urface o f

t his p iece o f

s andstone. AA 3 1

7

1 059

S andstone

9 0.0x50.3

•

This p iece o f

B an Na D : whetstones

s andstone h as a V-shaped g roove 8 0 r im w ide a nd

c .

2 0 r im d eep. A2/A3

7

1 866

S andstone

9 0.0x86.0

This specimen h as a b road. V-shaped depression on one s urface which may r eflect u se a s a whetstone.

I t

i s

c . 4 8.0 rmn w ide a nd 7 - 8r im d eep. A4 2 0

7

3 74

S andstone

5 3.0x47.0

This p iece h as t hree V-shaped g rooves on

i ts

s urface.

These

a re 1 2.0,

1 9.0

a nd 4 5.0 r im w ide r espectively A l

2 7

7

1 747

S andstone

8 3.0x64.0

This specimen h as a v ery b road, s hallow d epression on o ne s urface, which may r esult t r am u se a s a whetstone. a re

t IND

There

c ut marks

on one edge. A3 1 8

7

1 128

S andstone

4 8.0x20.5

This specimen h as b een s haped t o a c ircular s ection

c ross i ncorpor-

a ting a f lattened p iece b earing g rooves a s f or

i f u sed

p recision

g rinding. A3 1 5 5

2 26

S andstone

4 6.0x22.2

A small

p iece o f

s andstone o f r ectangular s hape w ith a g roove worn worn down o ne e dge. A2/3 1 0 5

1 356

S andstone

6 2.9x60.0

This

f lat

s urfaced

sp eci men b ears s everal

n arrow

g rooves

i n o ne

B an Na D i : whetstones

s u rf ace.

- 1 89

-

B an Na DI : whetstones

a

end

F IGURE

3-46

Ban Na D i : t he whetstones A . D .

A2 2 9 L .7 Cat 7 83 B . A2/A3

A4 2 0 L .7 Cat .374 C .

1 0 L .5 Cat .1356 E . G .

F5 L .7 CaLTS 3 4 F .

A2/ A3 L .7 Cat .1866 H .

A3

A4

3 1 L .

A3

Cat .1059

1 8 L .7 Cat .1128

1 5 L .5 Cat .226

B an N a D i : whetstones

-

a

b

1

C

F IGURE 3-47 Ban Na D i : t he whetstones A .

A2 3 8 L .8 Cat .728 B . C .

A4 2 7 L .7 Cat .597

Al 2 7 L .7 Cat .1747

B an

Na

D r :

ST ONE S tone i s

c lear,

i ntents

f lakes o f

t hat a nd

f ew

F IGURE

s ites

f lakes

3-48

( d-f) A .

Al

Cat .1739

E .

a ny

A3

not

a rea , no

f ound

a re

i l lustrated

Na

D: B .

1 7 Cat .1760

s tone A4 F .

s tone

A2

absent f or

t here axes

f ro m

Ban Na

i ndustr ia l u se was a t

a ny

per iod .

o r adzes were

D i .

I t

f or a l l Un l ike

t ound e ither .

be lo w .

f lakes 1 4

3-48)

s tone

p ract iced

t he

Cat .522

( f ig

f lakes

p ract ica l ly

o f exot ic

i n

Ban 1 9

s tone

FL AKES

sort were

i mportat ion

purposes ,

conte mporary The

t he

t he

f ro m

Cat .1712

l eve l C .

2 4 Cat .508

A3

5

( a-c)

a nd

1 6 Cat .1701 D .

l eve l A4

6 2 0

B an N a D i : m isce l laneous

c lay

a rtefacts

M ISCELL ANE OUS CL AY ARTEF ACTS

( f ig

a .

C lay

" pendant"

Th is

( Cat .

a rtefact

1 878

i s u n ique

3-49)

L eve l 5 )

a t Ban Na

D i .

I t

i s

a n

ova l

c lay

" pendant"

w ith a c ircu lar perforat ion a t one e nd . b .

"Pear" s haped These

pear w ith h as

c lay pe l let

sma l l ,

so l id

ba l ls

e nd .

The

a po inted

two

notches

c ircumference .

c ut

o f

c lay

s urface

oppos ite

were

mou lded

e ach

o ther

a t

t he

The ir d istr ibut ion a nd d i mens ions a re a s

TABLE

t o

t he

s hape

i s carefu l ly, smoothed .

Cat .

po int

o f

o f

a

TS

7

max imum

f o l lo ws :

3-36

Ban Na D i : t he pear s haped pendants P rovenance

L evel

C . a t_ No.

Length

A l

2 3

6

4 92

3 5.5

A l

2 2

6

6 22a

3 2.3

A l

2 2

6

6 22b

( nm )

-

W idth ( nm )

1 8.8 1 9.1 2 6.1

A3

1 6

6

2 77

3 6.5

AA

1 6

5

2 42

2 4.5

1 6.2

5

TS14

3 5.8

2 1.3

5

1 83

F 5 AA

6 1 4

c .

Net we ights

A4

2 2 Leve l 7 Cat .

bored

( f ig

-

2 4.1

-

3 -50b) 5 72

Th is a rtefact co mpr ises a c rude ly mode l led l ump o f c lay w ith a ho le l engthw ise . I t i s most p laus ib ly i nterpreted a s a n et we ight . I t i s

4 7 .0 mm

l ong

a nd

Al 1 8 Leve l 5 Cat .

h as a max imum 2 69

d ia meter o f 3 5 .5 mm .

B an Na D i : m isce l laneous

Th is

ova l

c lay

a rtefact

h as

a

c lay

centra l ,

a rtefacts

l engthw ise

perforat ion .

The

s urface r evea ls t oo l ing w ith a f lat i nstrument , aga in r unn ing l engthw ise over t he s urface . I t i s b roken a t approx imate ly t he m idpo int . The max imum

d ia meter

d .

C lay

" Top"

A2

1 9 Leve l 5 Cat . Th is

po inted

( f ig 3-49h)

c lay

base ,

i s 3 1 .5 m m .

2 81

ob ject

h and le

o f

u nkno wn

a nd

centra l

c ircu lar perforat ion h as been made e .

C lay

bear ing mat

i mpress ions

A3 3 6 Leve l 7 Cat . Th is o f

r esemb les The

t hrough

t o

a t op

i n ter ior

i n i s

t hat

i t h as

ho l lo w

a nd

a a

i t .

( f ig 3-51)

9 55

i s a l arge

a b ronze

u se ,

swe l l ing .

cast ing

f rag ment o f p art ia l ly f urnace .

deep .

One

s urface

bears

p ieces

o f mater ia l a re

t he

6 t o

f i red

I t measures i mpress ion

7 mm

1 30 o f

i n w idth .

c lay wh ich co mpr ised p art x

9 2

mm

a nd

a woven mat . Matt ing

i s

The

5 6

m in

i nd iv idua l

o f s im i lar s tyle

i n

u se

t oday i s u sua l ly made o f ba mboo . S im i lar f urnaces a re s t i l l u sed i n Northeast Tha i land , t o r a ise i ron t o t he r equ ired h eat f or f org ing . S im i lar mats

h ave

been

observed ,

be ing

u sed

a s

w ind

b reaks

t o

constra in

f ly ing

sparks . f .

C lay

r ings

Ban Na ova l not

c ross

so me

t o

absence

poss ib i l ity may

D i h as

s ect ion

poss ib le

The

( f ig 3-51)

a re h ave

mortuary

be

o f

t hat

y ie lded a nd s ure

t hey u sed

contexts

a t

i n terpretat ion u n l ike ly .

s evera l b roken a rc

what

h and les

i n

co me

f rag mentary been

a n

wh ich f unct ion

a ny

f ro m

h and les

a s

o f

Ban

o r

der ived

Na

D i

but o r

f ro m a ny

Leve t

I t

pottery absence

r e lated

i s

Cat . No .

c lay

s ite

Aga in ,

Wi

A4

3 7

8

1 875a

1 5.7

3 7

8

1 875b

1 6.1 1 7.5

A4

3 5

7

1 849

A4

3 5

7

1 876

8 .4

A2

3 4

7

1 823

1 6.4

t hey

s uch

f o l lo ws :

r i ngs

A4

t he t hat

b race lets

r enders

s ize a re a s

Max W M

h ad .

aga inst

conce ivable

l ad les . o f

d th ( n m)

o r

I t i s

a rtefacts

a rgues

3-37

Ban Na D i : t he c lay

P rovenance

t hese

pots

vesse ls .

t he

a c ircu lar

t hat o f a b race let .

who le

Deta i ls o f p rovenance a nd

TABLE

objects w ith

f unct ions

t he

c era m ic

b race lets ,

c lay

r esemb les

i n a n

B an N a

C lay

3 6

7

1 818

9 .8

2 5

7

1 484

1 4.3

AA

3 0

7

1 020

1 0.0

A2

4 2

7

8 08

1 2.0

F 5

2 1

7

TS44

1 4.5

F 5

2 5

7

TS55

1 1.5

AA A3

3 6 3 1

7 7

1 337 7 20

1 5.0 1 1.6

A l

3 9

7

9 77

1 4.8

7

8 55

2 4.4

1

A2

3 7

7

7 54

1 4.9

A l

3 8

7

1 873

1 1.9

A4

3 6

7

1 874

1 1.2

A2

4 3

7

8 60

1 6.9

A3

3 6

7

9 22

1 0.0

A l

3 2

7

7 77

1 8.0

A4 A2

1 4 1 6

5 4

1 703 1 97

1 5.1 1 4.2

A2 AS

1 5 1 3

4 4

1 531 1 513

1 3.0 1 3.5

"Nubb in"

Th is

( f ig

7 83

wou ld

a n upturned hook h .

C lay Po ints

t o

f or m

a nd

( f ig

a re

i s

c lay

pots

f ro m

Ban

ho le

bored

Na D i .

t hrough

The sma l l

f ractures

smooth .

These

Two

i s

I t co mpr ises

a

vesse l .

co mp lete

I t e nds w ith

vert ica l perforat ion .

a c ircu lar c ross

not k no wn . t hat none

spec imens

w ith

f ro m

They may h as

been

( cats .

5 06

a nd

2 0

mm .

d iameters o f

c .

s ect ion , mou lded

be

t ugs

f ound

on

f or a who le

t he

2 16) h as Three

co mp lete a c ircu lar

co me

f ro m

l eve ls 5 a nd 6 .

i nhab itants

I n so me t o

cases ,

o f Ban Na D i f ash ioned t he

edges

e ffect a c ircu lar s hape .

a rtefacts

data on a l l d iscs

D i .

a pottery

3-52)

p reh istor ic

f ro m potsherds .

Na t o

a rtefacts w ith

r eca l led

t hem

l eve l 7 a nd one e ach ( f ig

Ban

app l ied

h as a centra l ly p laced

The ir u se

i t must be

C lay D iscs

a t

been

3-52)

f ive

a po int .

u n ique

h ave

vesse l , but

I .

3-50)

spec imen

wh ich

There

a rtefacts

AS

A2 4 0 Leve l 8 Cat .

n ubb in

c lay

A3

F 6

g .

D i : m isce l laneous

a re

r ecovered .

o f u nkno wn

c ircu lar c lay d iscs

r evea l a pattern I n o thers ,

u se .

t he

o f s uccess ive

edges

a re worn

Table 3-38 p rov ides bas ic

B an Na D i : m isce l laneous

TABLE

c lay

3-38

Ban Na D i : t he c lay

P rovenance

Level

Cat.No.

a rtefacts

D iameter

d iscs

( r rn )

I nner

Cuter s urface

s urface

f inish

f inish

p lain

A 1/2

2 9

7

1 811

3 0.7

p lain

A l

3 6

7

8 54

3 7.7

c ordmarked

c ordmarked

A2

3 8

7

7 30

5 0.5

p lain

c ordmarked

A3/4 A3

3 5 3 2

7 7

1 424 8 25

4 2.5 3 6.0

c ordmarked

c ordMarked

c ordmarked

c ordmarked

A l

3 9

7

9 75

3 8.0

c ordmarked

p lain

A3/4

1 8

6

1 250

3 0.0

c ordmarked

p lain

A2 A l

2 4 2 2

6

4 36 4 60

3 6.7 5 7.7

p lain

p lain

p lain

p lain

A l A3

2 1 1 7

4 57 5 65a

4 5.0 2 7.0

p lain

p lain

6

p lain

p lain

A3 AA

1 7 1 4

6 5

5 65b 1 670

4 0.2 3 0.0

c ordmarked

p lain

p lain

p lain

6 6

A l

1 9

5

1 538a

3 0.4

c ordmarked

p lain

A l

1 9

5

1 538b

2 3.0

c ordmarked

p lain

A l

1 9

5

1 538c

2 0.4

c ordmarked

p lain

A l

1 6

5

6 79

3 0.0

p lain

p lain

A4

1 6

5

2 52

5 1.0

c ordmarked

p lain

A l

1 9

5

3 89

5 5.1

c ordmarked

p lain

A l

1 8

5

5 33

2 9.0

c ordmarked

p lain

A l

1 9

5

6 31

5 5.0

cordmarked

p lain

a nd smoothed

A l

1 8

5

3 24

4 3.5

b urnished

p lain

A l

1 4

5

6 42

4 3.3

c ordmarked

p lain

A l

1 7

5

1 709

3 5.0

r ed s lipped

p lain

A l

1 8

5

5 04

3 0.0

p lain

p lain

A3

1 6

5

1 711

2 4.6

c ordmarked

s lipped

& s lipped A2/3

6

3

1 165

CL AY

These They

a re

sma l l ,

t hought

t o

sphero ida l

c ordmarked

4 9.5

c lay

p lain

PELLETS

pe l lets

were

abundant

a t

Ban

Na

h ave been u sed , w ith a p e l let bo w , a s p roject i les .

D i .

B an N a

D i : m isce l laneous

TABLE

I n

N .

c learly

S ize R ange

Average S ize

( di n .

( di n .

i n n m)

i n r im )

1

1 6

1 2.0 - 1 8.0

1 3

1 2.0 - 1 8.0

1 5.5

3

1 2

1 3.0 - 2 0.0

1 6.9

4

1 9

1 2.0 - 2 0.0

1 5.6

5

8 3

1 3.0 - 2 0.0

1 5.4

1 5.9

6

8 6

1 3.0 - 2 1.0

1 6.4

7

2 36

1 2.0 - 2 3.0

1 5.8

8

1 3

1 3.0 - 2 0.0

1 6.5

t he

f ound

pe l lets

2

southern

p rov inces o f Tha i land , s uch

i n a ssoc iat ion w ith a bamboo was

a rtefacts

3-39

Ban Na D i : t he c lay

Level

c lay

i n

a ssoc iat ion

bo w ,

w ith

t o

h unt b irds .

a m idd le

h ave a cons iderab le a nt iqu ity

per iod

a rtefacts A

c ache

a re

s t i l l u sed ,

o f s uch

bur ia l a t Ban Ch iang .

i n Southeast As ia .

pe l lets They

B an Na D i : m isce l laneous

c lay

a rtefacts

b

a

/ \ / \ / \J

c

d

g

f

e

I

F IGURE

3-49

Ban Na D i : m isce l laneous c lay a rtefacts A .

Al 2 3 L .6 Cat .492 B .

Al 2 2 L .6 Cat -622a C .

D .

A3

A4

G .

1 6 L .6 Cat .277 E .

A4

1 4 L .5 Cat .183 H .

1 6 L .5 Cat .242 F .

A2

1 9 L .5 Cat .281

Al 2 2 L .6 Cat .622b F5 6 L .5 Cat .TS

I .

1 4

U/P L .5 Cat .1878

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions o f m isce l laneous

c lay

a rtefacts

a

F IGURE 3-50 Ban Na D i : m isce l laneous c lay a rtefacts A .

A2 4 0 L .8 Cat 7 83 B .

A4 2 2 L .7 Cat .572 C .

Al 1 6 L .5 Cat .269

B an N a D i :

i lustrat ions

o f m isce l laneous

c lay

a rtefacts

a

F IGURE 3-51 Ban Na D i : t he c lay mat a nd A .

i mpress ions

t he C lay R ings

A3 3 6 c at .955 B .

F6

f rom

f ro m

Leve l 7 ( a)

Leve l 7 ( b—c) .

1c at .855 C .

A2 3 7 c at .1823

• B an Na

D i :

i lustrat ions

o f m isce l laneous

F IGURE Ban Na D i : t he

c lay

po ints

c lay

3-52

( a-e) a nd

c lay

A .

A4

2 2 L .7

c at .428 B .

A2

2 5 L .6 cat .506 C .

D .

A4

2 7 L .7

c at .719 E .

A4

1 5 L .5 cat .216 F .

G .

A l 3 9 L .7

cat .975 H .

a rtefacts

A1/2 2 9 L .7

d iscs

( f-h)

A4 2 2 L .7 A3

c at .418

1 6 L .5 c at .1711

c at .1811

Ban Na D i :

PERF ORATED

w ith

Beg inn ing w ith l eve l c ircu lar perforat ions .

b ased

vesse l,

perforat ions

t he

( Nguyen

V iet

s teamers

POTSHERDS

( f ig

3-53)

6 , s evera l f rag ments o f potsherds were The s herds i n quest ion ca me f ro m a be ing

vesse l 's exter ior . The u se o f a rtefacts h ave been descr ibed s tea mers

r ice

1 981) .

cut

w ith

s uch f ro m

I n

a c ircu lar

ceram ics V ietnam

Northeast

i nstru ment

f ound r ound

f ro m

t he

i s con jectura l . S im i lar a nd i dent if ied a s r ice

Tha i land,

s uch

s teamers

a re

current ly a ssoc iated w ith t he p reparat ion o f t he l ocal " st icky" r ice . The vesse l i s t i l ted w ith r ice a nd p laced over a conta iner o f bo i l ing water . S t icky r ice i s t he do m inant var iety because o f i ts t aste a nd r ap id maturat ion .

I t i s s t i l l cooked

u sua l ly made o f ba mboo note:

f or

an

by

s team ing ,

t hought

t he

conta iner

u sed

i s

o r a lum in ium .

a lternat ive poss ib i l ity

t hat

t hese

i mplements

a re

a lka l i water

f i lters , see page 884 .

TABLE

3-40 : The perforated pottery

P rovenance Level Cat. D i on .

r ice s tea mers

Thickness Cuter d ec.

aperture o f

I nner

s herd

d ec.

T emper g roup

A l 2 3 A 1-2 2 7

6 6

6 63 1 782

3 .7 5 .2

7 .8 9 .1

p lain c /m ,inc.

p lain p lain

3 2

TS 8

6

TS64

5 .7

8 .7

c /m

p lain

1

TS 1 0 A2 2 1

6 6

TS65 1 879

5 .4 5 .5

9 .5 8 .5

p lain Om

p tain p tain

3 5

AA 1 9 A l 2 1

6 6

1 764 1 880

4 .9 6 .5

1 2.0 9 .0

p lain p lain

p lain p tain

3 2

AA 1 8 A2 2 3

6 6

5 13 1 768

4 .9 6 .5

8 .7 8 .4

p lain chn

p lain p lain

3 2

A3-3 2 1

6

1 330

5 .3

7 .1

p lain

p ain

3

A3-3 2 2

6

1 749

4 .7

8 .7

chm

p lain

6

TS28

TS 1 0

6

4 .9

9 .4

am

p lain

1

A2 2 2

6

5 94a

5 .7

5 .1

chm

p lain

4

A2 2 2

6

5 94b

6 .0

5 .9

p lain

p lain

4

7 .5

5 .9

cf in

p lain

4

u nprovenanced 6 A2 2 4

6

1 771

6 .9

8 .9

p lain

p ' .ain

2

A3 1 7

6

5 27

7 .9

8 .8

p lain

p lain

2

AA 1 9 A l 1 8

6 5

6 39 1 675

1 0.0 5 .5

8 .1 7 .5

chm chm

p lain p lain

1 8

AA 1 7

5

3 36

5 .5

8 .0

p lain

p lain

2

A l

1 6

5

1 674

1 1.1

1 0.5

p lain

p lain

4

A l

1 5

5

2 87

6 .9

9 .0

p lain

p lain

7

AA

1 7

5

3 39

6 .8

7 .9

p lain

p lain

2 7

A l

1 9

5

6 33

7 .5

7 .8

p lain

p lain

A l

1 9

5

6 33

6 .7

8 .5

p lain

p lain

7

A l

1 8

5

1 689

7 .2

8 .2

p lain

p lain

4

A3 1 5

5

1 727

9 .5

5 .1

p lain

chm

7

B an Na D i :

The g rog

t emper g roups

a nd

a nd

s and w ith

s and

a nd

quant it ies o f G roup

6 :

much

g rog .

g rog

a re

a very

a s

s and

r ice

ad m ixture

G roup

4 :

5 : Fa ir ly w ith

s teamers

f ol lo ws : G roup

sma l l

chaff .

G roup

a nd

t he

o f

Very

l arge

1 : g rog a nd s and . chaff .

dense

p ieces

a sma l l ad m ixture

G roup c lay

o f

G roup 2 :

3 : Rare

g rog

body

w ith

sma l l

a nd

so me

s and .

g rog

o f s tone wh ich

l ooks

l i ke

l ater ite .

THE APPL IQUE ORNA MENT ON POTSHERDS

( f igs 3-54/57)

( Ingr id Ada mczyk, R ichard McGovern- W i lson a nd Char les H igham)

Three

approaches

were

u ndertaken

i n

a na lys ing

t he

s herds

bear ing

app l ique o rnament . The f i rst was t o s ubd iv ide t he a ssemb lage i n to g roups b ased on t he character ist ics o f t he app l ique i tse lf . Each g roup o f s herds was t hen cons idered on t he bas is o f t he f abr ic o f t he c lay a nd t he s urface

f in ish .

descr ipt ion

The

o f

p r inc ipa l object ive o f

t he

mater ia l ,

was

t o

t he

s tudy, o ther

deter m ine

a t

t han

wh ich

t he

s i mp le

po ints

i n

t he

s equence i f a ny, t here was a s ign if icant change i n t he s tyle a nd f abr ic . The f o l lo w ing g roups o f app l ique o rnament were r ecogn ised : Form

1 Ra ised

i ndentat ions . r a ised band . l c

i s

band

app l ied

There a re f our I n l b , t he band

s im i lar

t o

l a

i d , t he band

i s

f a irly w ide , h a lf

Form

c ircu lar

2 Has

s ubd iv is ions . r a ised h as

a re

ho les

t he 2d

t o

mm

smoothed .

t he i n

f lat

5 mm

w ith

a long

1 0

a

i mpressed .

ho les

centre .

d iameter .

The

r a ised

b and

i s

Form

3 I s a s i mp le band

o r

s a me h as 2 e

l ess

t han

4c , t he cuts Form 5 Th is

t end f or m

on

t he

s l ight ly i s

d iameter

h as 2 f ,

t o

r egu lar

t he a re

t o

a s

f ork

t he

i s

about

a r idged

t he

r ounded band t o

on ly t o

l i ke

i n

t here

t he

holes .

band

w ith

i s 2c

i n to

wh ich

r e lat ive ly

deep

a r idge w ith s l ightly

a re

band

ho les

up

a nd

i s

r a ised

F ina l ly

i n 2g, t he

e ach o ther .

t i ne a nd

band w ith b and

2b ,

bet ween

1 0 mm apart .

c lose

Aga in , I n

a po int

p inched

band

r a ised

I n 4b ,

t o

band .

b and .

r ounded

a b and

p inched

r a ised

r a ised

p inched

a very

ho les

h igh .

w ith

s lashes a re a t a s harp d iagona l wh i le

t he ho les a re very

5 mm

pottery

t he w idth be ing p la in .

Form . 1 Co mpr ises a p inched a nd b and

t he

t he

a nd

I n

i mpressed a nd

t hat

i mpress ions

h as

approx imate ly

sma l l

t hey

2 a

except

t o

s ub-types . l a h as on ly a f lat t o s l ight ly i s more p ronounced , r is ing t o about 1 0 mm .

t hen smoothed

d iagona l cuts .

i s about

1 0 mm

4 a

h igh

h as a nd

a i n

b e more vert ica l t han d iagona l .

h as g ross , deep

i ndentat ions

i n

t he

band .

5 a

h as

a f lat

B an N a D i : a pp l ique

o r

s l ight ly

p inched

band , a nd

5b

h as

o rnament

a more

p ronounced

r a ised

b and w ith

t he s lash more o ften vert ica l t han d iagona l . Form

& Co mpr ises

b and

i s

Form

7 Has

across Form

t he

a nd

a nd

a r a ised

9 The

Form

p inched

band

1 2 Th is

r idge

l i ne

whereas Form

1 2b

t he

1 5 A

Form I n

case

band .

I n

Form

i n

w ith l i ke

t he marks

marks

a re

i tse lf

h as a very

band

approx imate ly

i mpress ions c ause h as

1 6b ,

a f lat

t h is

" s lab"

s lab

h as

t o

f or m

t he

6 but

f ingerpr ints

9d

i s

f lat but

acc identa l ly, bears

f i ne

cuts

a r idge

a r a ised

b and

1 6b

r im/body

cord mark ing

across t hese

t he cuts

l i ne w ith

but

t hey

a nd

smooth .

a wavy

h ave

been

var iety

s tashes

h as a re

t han

t he b and b isected by

1 0

mm .

t he

h as

very on ly

h igh

appl ied

g ross

a more

I n

t o

f or m .

h as

" arro w"

cuts

i nto

t o

t he

s urface

i n

1 4a

a r idge

t he

o f t he vesse l .

f or m

o f

a wavy

been cord marked . i s

f lattened

h as I n

t hat

a

a long

t he

band

cord marked

1 6d ,

t here

i s

t he

t op

s urface ,

no

a nd

i s much more obv ious

but

i s

r a ised

t he band .

about

s lashes

p inched

appear s l ight ly wavy .

app l ied

wh ich

a lso

The

i s

t o

i s s im i lar except

i tse lf f or m ing

f or m a nd

mm

r idge

band h as a lso

j unct ion .

band

i t .

3 but bears

v is ib le ,

f or m

been

1 6c

l onger

very

f or m ing

1 0

t he

t he

t he

cuts

i n a b and .

p ronounced wave

appearance .

1 8e ,

s ha l low

a po int .

o f

perhaps

i s o f a wavy

t o

i n

t o

s ide

f or m

s t i l l

g radua l wave

i n

s lashes

s im i lar

h igh w ith

appl ied

band

l ooks

band

1 6c, t h is wavy

t he

a nd

very

1 4b

f or m o f

/ 8 Th is

i s

mm

1 2a

a very

1 7 Co mpr ises

1 8a ,

5-10

smoothed

f lattened

I n

I t

cuts on one

r estr icted

Form

a f ew

t han p inched

a p inched

h as cord mark ing app l ied .

a rea , t he

h as

1 3b .

h igh .

These

a nd

p inch

app l ique

1 8 Th is

t he

t he

l i ke 9 a but w ith cuts .

t he

r a ised

t he band .

6 a ,

i mpress ions .

h as

d isplays

po int 5-10 m m Form

bet ween

i s p inched ,

1 3a ,

1 1 The

a lso

cuts .

r ather

r idge w ith

band .

band

away

band

I n

p inch ing .

i s very

I n

smoothed Form

t he

1 3 The

contour .

7b

o f sma l l dots o f c lay

t ype

o f

d iagona l

i s

i s p la in

/ / Has a r ow

Form

band .

r ounded

band

occas iona l cord- marked Form

d iagona l s lashes .

a nd p ronounced .

I n 9b , t he s ame holds except t hat about h a lf t he w idth o f cuts made i nto i t . 9c was a lso f or med by f inger p inch ing ,

p ronounced

1 0 Th is

r ounded

band w ith

but a lso h as a f lattened h as very

b road

r a ised

s urface .

i s chunk ier a nd

s t i l l s urv iv ing . t he band h as

band w ith

i n 6b , more

a r a ised t op

8 I s

t he band Form

a chunky

f lattened

d iagona l s lashes 1 0

mm

s lashes h as

i n

been

r ounded

l ong . 1 8c

r a ised

c ross

on

1 8b a re t o

p ronounced band . h as

very

med ium t h ick ;

a centra l

s ect ion

bear ing

s ized I n

1 8d ,

r idge wh i le s lashes

o f

Ban Na

med iu m

l ength .

The

a long

i ts

l ength .

w ide ly

spaced

cuts .

For m

1 9 Th is

f or m

vert ica l r ather

band 1 8g

i s

i n

a nd

Each o f

f abr ic

s im i lar

For

mak ing

l ow

l i ttle

t he

p resent

o r absence

var iety o f

t he

f abr ic .

t he

r esu lts

o f

o f

o f

t h in t o

t he

but

t he

appl ique

For m n s herds

8

l a

8

l b

8

7

8

2 a

8

2b

8

3

a lso

a

f resh

b reak

var iab les i n

f or

categor ised

t he

a na lys is .

c lay

A lthough

t hrough t o

f abr ic . i n

be

a ssoc iated

n P lain

f abr ic

by

Sand

i s t he

conclus ions .

l eve l

n w i t h

n w i t h c haff

g ror

p resent

7

_

8

5

5

_

5

4

4

-

4

5

5

_

5 1 2

8

4 a

1 2

-

8

4b

3

3

_

3

8

5 a

9

9

_

9

8

5b

5

5

_

5

8

6a

2

2

-

2

8

6b

2

2

-

2

8

7

2

2

-

2

8

8

1

1

-

1

8

9 a

5

5

_

5

7

l a

7

l b

5 1

a

t he

l ocal c lays .

i t s i mpl if ies t he

by

b roadly

3-41

n Ccrdmarked

1

very

f ound

natural occurrence

f •-> rms a nd

5 4

t he

petrograph ic

v ie wed

were

_

1

on

Ban Na D i a sse mb lage

8

5 4

a re

l i ne .

categor ised

s ect ions

7

1 2

cuts

s lashes

a centra l r idge

t he add it ion o f subtypes does not a lter

Ban Na D i : t he

f ine

f or mer h as more

FABR IC

t he

s and

i ts

TABLE

Level

h as

t e mper was

p r inc ipal

because

one ,

t he

C learly, t he u lt i mate a na lys is o f

o f

app l ied

bas is

The

band

F IN ISH AND

p reparat ion be ing

w ide w ith many t hat

decorat ion was

t he

purposes ,

on

p rev ious

1 9b, t he

o f g rog , chaff a nd

va lue

p resents f abr ics ,

about 2 0 mm

t he

I n

a nd

t he

m icroscope .

d iagnost ic

Table 3-41

t o

o rna ment

s im i lar except

appl ique

current ly

j udge ment

po wered

p resence o f

a

i s

i s

SURF ACE

f in ish

i nclude

Th is

V incent .

bear ing

surface

shou ld

a na lys is . by

sherd

t he

1 8f

f a re

t han hor izonta l .

POTTERY

bas is

D i : appl ique

Ban Na D i : a pp l ique

o rnament

7

l c

2

2

-

2

-

7 7

i d 2 a

7 1 4

7 1 4

-

7 1 2

2

7

2 b

5

_

5

-

7

3

4 7

4 7

-

4 0

7

7

4 a

1 5

1 5

-

1 5

-

7

4 b

7 7

4 c 5 a

1 3 1 3

7

5 b

4

4

-

4

7

6 a

7

7

-

6

1

7 7

7 a 9 a

1 1 12

1 1 12

-

1 9 6

1 8

7

9 b

1 3

1 3

-

1 1

7

9 c

5

1

1 1 3 1 3

-

1 1 2 1 3

2

2

-

2

1 -

2 -

7

1 0

1

1

-

-

1

7

1 1

1

1

-

-

1

7

1 2a

2

2

-

2

-

7

1 2b

9

9

-

7

2

7

1 3

-

8

2

1 0

1 0

6

2 c

3

1

2

3

-

6 6

2 d 2 e

6 3

5 -

1 1

5 3

1 -

6

3

6

4 a

4

2

2

1

3

6

4 b

1

1

-

1

-

6

7 a

4

2

2

4

-

6

7 b

1

1

-

1

-

6 6

9 a 9 b

3 4 4

2 7 4

7 -

3 0 3

4 1 -

6

9d

2 0

1 9

1

1 1

9

2

2

-

2

6

1 0

2

2

-

1

1

6

1 3a

1

-

-

1

-

6

1 3b

1

-

1

1

-

6

1 4a

1

-

1

-

1

6

1 4b

1

-

1

1

-

6

1 5

1

1

-

-

1

5

l a

1

1

-

1

-

5 5

l b 2 a

1 3

1 1

2

2

1 1

5 5

2 b 2 c

7 7

7 6

1

2 4

5 3

5

2 d

5

6

8

3

5 5

2 e 3

2 8

8

2 -

1 5

1 3

5 5

4 a 4 b

2 4

2 3

1

2 4

3

5

5 b

2

2

-

1

1

5

9 a

9

6

3

6

3

1

-

1

1

-

9

8

1

6

3

5 5

9 b 1 0

1 1

B an Na D i : a pp l ique

o rnament

5

1 2a

2

2

-

-

2

5

1 2b

1

1

-

1

-

5

1 3a

5

3

2

4

1

5

1 3b

6

-

6

5

1

5

1 4b

1

-

1

-

1

5

1 6a

1

1

-

-

1

5

1 7a

7

1

6

7

4

2 b

2

-

2

1

1

4

2 e

4

?

2

-

4

4

2 f

3

-

3

2

1

4

2 g

1

-

1

-

1

4

9 5

3

3

-

-

3

4

9 b

1

-

1

1

-

4

1 3b

1

-

1

1

-

4

1 6a

2

-

2

1

1

4 4

1 6b 1 7a

3 2

3 -

2

2

3

4

1 7b

6

-

6

5

4

1 7c

1 9

-

1 9

4

4

1 8a

6

-

6

5

4

1 9a

1

-

1

1

3 3

1 6a 1 6b

1 4

1

3

1 6c

1

1

3

1 7b

2

2

1

1

3

1 7c

8

6

4

1 1 5 1

1 4

4

2

1

3

1 8a

5

4

1

2 4

3

1 8b

5

5

2

3

3

1 8c

6

6

2

4

3

1 8d

6

6

2

4

3 3

1 8e 1 8f

2 1

2

1

1

3

1 8g

1

1

3

1 9a

2

2

3

1 9b

3

3

1

1 1 1

1

3

The app l ique d ecorat ion : s ummary Change w ith s urface

f in ish

c lay

i tse lf .

f ace

o f

a nd

f ro m

change f ro m

i t ,

l eve l

a f abr ic were

s eparates

t ime

i s

s herds

ev ident

bear ing

F ig 3-58 s ho ws t he

t ro m

t e mper ing d ata

o f

i n

p referred

s ty le

o rna ment

a nd

t he ma in

t rends

p r inc ipa l changes

a re

5

3 .

The

a n

i ncreased

t o

4 a nd

cord marked

t o

i ncorporat ing g rog

mater ia l . s ubjected out

t he

app l ique

l eve ls

The t o

t o

changes a

6 a nd

s een

noted

7 a nd

t he

f or mer was

one

c luster

f or

t ro m

were

a na lys is

i n o f

-

t he

o f

t he

On

t he

6 a nd 7 t o

acco mpan ied o f

t act

by

p la in

chaff was

t o

l eve l 5 , a c lear

s herds

t he

conf ir med

c ases

be ing most s im i lar

- 2 07

app l ique , f abr ic

f i rst var iab le .

l eve ls

p roport ion

i n wh ich

o f t he

a nd

co mmonest when

t he

( f ig

3-59) .

Th is

e ach

o ther .

Leve l

B an Na

6 h as g reater a ff in ity w ith

D i : appl ique

o rna ment

l eve l 8 t han w ith

l eve l 5 .

a

F IGURE A .

A4

3-53

1 9 L .6 Cat .1764 D .

F5

Ban Na D i : t he B .

Al

8 L .5 Cat .

perforated

1 8 L .5 Cat 1 65? C . TS64

E .

A2

potsherds

A1/2

2 7

2 1 L .6 Cat .1879

L .6 Cat .1782

B an N a D :

i lustrat ions o f a pp l ique o rna ment

F IGURE 3-54 Ban Na D i : t he app t ique o rna ment on potsherds . A .

For m

l a L .8 B .

E .

For m

2d L .6 F .

For m For m

i d L .7 C . 2 e L .6 G .

Form For m

2 a L .8 D . 3 L .8 H .

For m For m

2c L .6 4 a L .8

B an N a D r :

i lustrat rons

o f a pp l ique

o rna ment

F IGURE 3-55 Ban Na D i : t he app l ique o rna ment on potsherds . A . E .

Form For m

5b L .8 B . 9 L .7 F .

Form For m

6 L .8 C .

1 0 L .6 G .

Form For m

7 L . .8 D . 1 L .8 H .

For m For m

8 L .8 1 3 L .8

B an N a D i :

i lustrat ions o f a pp l ique o rnament

F IGURE 3-56 Ban Na D i : t he app l ique o rnament on potsherds . A . For m 1 3 L .5 B . D . For m 1 6b L .4 E .

Form For m

1 4 L .6 C . 1 7 L .5 F .

For m For m

1 5 L .6 1 7c L .4

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions o f a pp l ique o rnament

a

F IGURE

3-57

Ban Na D i : t he app t ique o rnament on potsherds . A .

For m

1 8 L .4 B .

For m

1 8b L .3 C .

Form

1 9 L .3

9

C O

1 0 1 1 2A 1 2B

4-4 -7

( « .)

1 A l

-01 1 1 1 1 1 1■ K

1 3A

1 B

e'

"

'

>

1 C 1 D

1 3B

1 1 1 1

( t )

. d . .. .-

1 4A 1 4B 1 5 1 6A 1 6B 1 6C 1 7A 1 7B

1 8A

1 8B

1 8C

1 80 5 B i l f l ow o n ---1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8E 1 8F 1 8G 1 9A 1 9B

1 1 11 0 1 1 3-

6 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 »f l "6 B i l i m7 A 1 1 1 1 1 f lm ill e l e" 7 B 8

9 A

9 B -f f l i all 9 0 9 0

.1 11. 1.33. 1 "--

. .. 141 1 1 1..•-

F IGURE 3-58 F requency p lot o f t he d ifferent t ypes o f app l ique decorat ion a t Ban Na D i by

l eve l

B an Na D

i lustrat ions

o f a pp l ique o rna ment

L eve l 8

6

7

5

4

3

0 .548 0 .564 I 0 .626 0 .677 0 .856

F IGURE The

r e lat ionsh ips bet ween Ban Na D i on

3-59

l eve l a ssemb lages o f app l ique decorat ion a t t he bas is o f a c luster a na lys is

B an Na D i : c lay

THE CL AY

Dur ing H igha m mou lded

c lay

p ipes date k no wn . w ith

At

t he

L eve l

Bayard 's

a nd K i jngam 's

s ite

smok ing

f ro m Ban

t he Na

6 .

Bo w ls

i n

D i , a nd

p ipes were

i n

Loe i

noted . t he

spec imens

P rov ince

a re

Accord ing

1 6th

o f

spec imen

s tems

P IPES

( Bayard

1 980)

century

c lay

p ipe

be ing

t o Ve lder ( 1965) , s uch

but

t he ir durat ion

were

f ound

conf ined

c lear ly

r epresented ,

but

out

a l l

t o

o f

a re

i s not

l eve l

context

TABLE

3-42

Ban Na D i : t he c lay p ipes L evel

A l

6

2 5

Cat . No.

6 55

Ce ment

T his s tem f ragment out o f

AA

2

2

7

T he b ow l 2 3.4 o f

a lone

i s p resent.

2

2

1 202

1

2

1 618

A2

3

2

2 2

A2

2

2

1 584

The i s

A f ragmentary s ection

M .

p attern.

A f ragment o f b ow l. o f

A3

t he bow l

d ecoration d epicts Velder's

n uages A3/AA

i s c learly

c ontext.

mexi mum width o f

b ow l

4 3.0

M lax.

d iam .

fn r l . ,

A f ragment o f bow l. A f ragment o f

bow l.

A f ragment o f b ow l w ith a d ecorative p attern c omprising 2 b ands o f v ertical, l ines.

T his

p arallel

r esembles c losely

t he s pecimen d escribed b y B ayard ( 1980, c omes 2 6' A2

4

2

2 4

f ig 1 1j).

T he

l atter

f rom P a Cha Nei f A i, Lat

N .,

1 01° 4 4'

a nd b asal u pper

1 7 °

E .

This speci men c omprises p art o f

t he s tem

t he bow l.

T he

s tem s urface h as a

p erforated b oss

f or

2 , i n

f rag mentary .

f ol lo ws :

P rovenance

a nd

t he Kumphawap i a rea , s evera l spec imens o f

f i rst h a lt o f

except ion o f one

Deta i ls a re a s

s urvey

s urvey

p ipes

a ttachment

t o

B an N a DI :c lay

p ipes

a t hread. A l

2

2

1 0

T he s tem i s c omplete. maxi mum b readth a t

T he

t he p oint o f

i nserting a b amboo e xtension 1 8 .8 r un .

T he

i s

i mpressed motif

t he h eavenly s wan No examples o f

i s

( Suwannahong).

t his motif were

f ound d uring t he Kumphawap i s urvey. A l

1

2

5

T his s tem p iece h as a v entral hook,

a nd a v ariation o f

n uages d esign. b and o f F 5

1

2

T S 2

F5

S .

1

TS 1

p arallel,

Cnly a f ragment

This

t he

This u nderlies a v ertical

o f

l ines.

s tem s urvives.

f ragment o f bow l

b ears

t he

n uages d esign. F 5

3

1

TS 8

This complete spechmen u nusual small

e xample.

i s a most

T here

i s a v ery

bow l w ith a p ointed b ase

a nd s imple d esign c omprising v ertical,

i ncised

maxi m = d iameter 2 0.3

n m.

l ines.

o f

The

t he bow l

i s

'

B an K i luang

THE MATER IAL CULTURE

Th is

s ect ion

i s

Phruk : mater ia l c u lture

FOUND AT

concerned

BAN MU ANG

w ith

a l l

PHRUK

sma l l

f inds

( f ig

3-62)

f ound

w ith

t he

except ion o f pottery . 1 .

B ronze

On ly b race let

a sma ll

but

no

p iece

o ther

o f

b ronze

a rtefacts

was

nor

f ound

c ruc ibles

i n

l eve l

were

5 .

One

r ecogn ized

b ronze

f ro m

t he

t est excavat ion . 2 .

I ron Re ma ins

One I t

i s

was

a lso

about 4 .7

p iece

o f

i ron was

approx i mate ly 1 .5

f ound cm

7 .8

i n

l eve l

a s we l l a s

C lay

There f i rst

4 .

i n

I n i ron

t he

s evera l

o f

o f

a

f i red,

u sed

a s

a p roject i le

i n

l eve l

1 3 .4

a nd

1 8 .5 m m .

i t was

f ound

I t was

s haped

The u sed a nd

l ast a s

i n

The

i nto

co mpr ises a s inker

i s 5 .6 cm

I t was

o f

i ron

i ron r ing

very

5 .2

corroded .

cm

w ith

i n

l ength

a d ia meter

o f

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

l eve l 4 .

i n

f or

f ound

t h ird

t he a

2 5

f or m

f i red,

f ish ing

l ength .

i n

h unt

i n

l eve l

o f t ong

e ight

b irds .

The

f igur ine

I t h as

l eve l

One

a nd

l ength

s hape

i n

o f

was

d ia meters p iece

a n i ma l

s ite .

o f

1 .3

but c lay .

a d ia meter

f i red

The L iv ing

f ound

i n

bet ween c lay

a nd

i n t h ickness .

i s

i nco mplete .

I t was o f

i nto

5 . i n

vary

cm i t

The

ch ipped

o f a t ype wh ich

i n

barre l

act iv ity .

5 .

t he

were

a s haped

cm

a n

smal l

f ro m

wh ich

l eve l 4 a nd

t o

5 .2

a rtefact

s herds

ba l l o f c lay

co mpr ises

I t i s

c lay

pot

r ounded

4 and

l ayer 4 .

o f

b roken

Four were

two

a n

b race let w ith

categor ies

p ieces

co mpr ises

3 ,

1 .

p iece

l o wer part o f

s econd L eve l

l eve l

A

add it ion ,

c ircu lar counters . me mory, was

f ro m

l ength .

a rt ifacts

a re

cons ists

i n

one

cm were d iscovered 3 .

der ived

cm

about

p robably 2 .5

cm

I lustrat ion o f c lay

p e l lets

f rom

B an N a D i

CMS

F IGURE Ban Na D i : t he c lay

p e l lets

( bot to m

t o

3-60 f rom t op

l eve l 8 t o r ow)

l eve l 4

I lustrat ion

o f

t he

c lay

p ipes

f ro m

Ban Na

t ro m

l eve l 2

CMS

F IGURE 3-61 Ban Na D i : t he c lay

p opes

D i

B an Muang P hruk : mater ia l c u lture

a

F IGURE 3-62 The mater ia l c u lture A . D .

c lay s inker

c lay pe l let G .

L evi B .

l ev .3 E .

f ro m

f i red c lay i ron

i ron b race let

Ban Muang Phruk

l ev .4 C .

f ragment

l ev .4 F .

l eve l 1H . sca le

1 :2

i ron

c lay counter ( ev . i ron r ing

f rag ment

l ev .5

5

( ev .

1

The material culture from N9n Kao Not THE MATE RIAL CULTURE FROM NON KAO NOi

There was very little in terms of material culture at Non Kao Noi other than potsherds and complete vessels found in the burials. These complete vessels are illustrated below r but discussion of the pottery from the site is reserved for the next chapter.

FIGURE 3-63

The complete pots from Non Kao Noi A. D.

pot 2 ,. B. pot 1 ,. C. pot 3 all from burial 1 pot 5 ,. E. pot 6 ,. F. pot 4 all from burial 4 scale in cm see fig 2-6

- 221 -

Changes

shel l beads

t rochus

she ll

b race let s tone b race let

i n a rtefacts

. •

•

o

•

•

0

•

0

•

•

l ad le r ing

0

c lay d isc c lay f igur ine bone

po int

whetstone

c ruc ible

•

anv i l a rtefact

•

•

0

•

•

•

•

•

o

•

•

s ea l

i ron

f rag ment

r ice

s tea mer

g lass

pe llet

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

o

•

o

o o

c lay

p ipe

•

o

•

o

•

•

•

bead

c lay

0

o

c lay mou ld

c lay

a t Ban Na D i

0

•

c lay

b ronze

t ime

-

o

c lay

c lay

t hrough

•

•

•

o •

•

o

•

•

•

•

•

•

8 7 6 5 LEVEL •a bundan t or are

Ban Na D i : a s u m mary o f

t he ma in by

•

4

3

2

3-64 changes

l eve l

- 2 22

,

•

o

F IGURE

-

-

i n

t he mater ia l cu lture

The

r ims

f ro m

B an Na D i a nd

1 1

F •

THE R IMS FROM

E S R

BAN NA

r e lated

s i tes

F 4 C> Li n

D I AND

REL ATED

S ITES

Metha W ichakana

The bas ic

p r inc ipa l

object ive

f ra mework

Songkhra m

f or

s urvey

a ssemb lages

t he

a rea .

bet ween

There

h ave

s i tes

been

t he

Because

s ites ,

t he

Kao No i a re cons idered h ere p reh istor ic

o f

p resent

p reh istor ic t h is

f our

p rev ious None

t ro m

t o

t he

Ban

t o

cons ider i n

t he

n eed

Muang

t hat f ro m

pub l ished

h as

i s

s equence

i nvo lves

mater ia l

i n add it ion

i n Tha i land .

s ect ion

cera m ic

t o

t he

Upper

co mpare

Phruk

a nd

Non

Ban Na D i .

a na lyses

yet approached

o f

t he

pottery

f ro m

spec ia l ist l eve l

o f petrograph ic a na lys is based on t h in s ect ions wh ich i s t he e ssent ia l bas is o f deta i led European a nd Amer ican r eports ( Peacock 1 968 , Shepard 1 956) . Th is

h as

n ecessar i ly

deta i led

s tudy

i ntegrated

part

cond it ioned The

was

f our

Ban

s tud ies

s tab i l ity

g iven

t o

( 1977) was

t he

ab le

i n

r ange

r eported

Na

D i

o f

r esu lts

on

r esearch

r eferred t he

a deta i led

been

s ites

i n

t he

t he ir

i mp l icat ions

by

be lo w

obta ined . a s

a

p rog ramme .

above

f or m ,

Such

a

s eparate

but

s ituat ion

h as

Th is

phases

o f

t he

f or

t he

t he

Aga in ,

p reh istor ic

cases , a nd

( see

cu lture

i n

o f

H igha m

Ro i E t s ites . o f

t h ird

be lo w ,

t he

f our

s tudy

s ect ion

were

t he

o f

cons iderat ion

one

The

phases

a im

f abr ic .

f ro m

Cha i .

t hree

t he

i mp l icat ions

excavated

s herds

a t Non

Chantarat iyakarn

Ch i Va l ley .

a l l

s ty le

i n

r im

co mmon ,

cu ltura l

I n

decorat ion ,

t hree

i n

t he

r eperto ire .

s tudy

by

h ad

r ev iew ing

Charoenwongsa

co mp leted M idd le

t o t hen

pottery

e stabl ish

excavated

r ecent ly

a nd

var iab les o f t o

u ndertook

squares

t he

r eg iona l phases

o r

Rutn in

o f

t he

ho wever,

t he p resent approach a nd object ives .

e stab l ish ing change

n arro wed

i s .

h as

2 )

f or

i dent if ied

genera l

a rea

a nd were

a ssessed . Qu ite by

B ronson

on

t he

t he

bas is

s uccess ive t er ms

a s

most

( 1976) . o f

wh ich

Dvaravat i phases t o

very

a na lys is l arge

r ims , b ases , a nd

phases

s uccess ive

co mp lete

The

e nab led

h im

r eg iona l

ho mogene ity

Khmer . i n

date

t he

h as

f ro m

s herds .

The

t hose

advance i n

body

s uperceded

a nd w ith

t o

s a mp le

He was

e ar l ier

u se

r e lat ions

t he

Chao

been

wares

r ef lected

t he

was

ab le o t

cons idered

t o

i so late s ix

s uch

bet ween

Phraya

a most u sefu l mode l, where in ceram ic

t hat u ndertaken

Chansen

t he

ceram ics

Va l ley t he

descr ipt ive a s

a

o f

who le

advent o f b road

p rocess

o f

pol it ica l

centra l isat ion . B ronson u nder ly ing t ogether be lo w .

(op .ci t . )

t he

w ith The

h is

system

p resent s tudy

B ronson 's

def in it ion

h as been

employed .

r ims '

f or m ,

r epresented t he

h e ight

f abr ic .

g ave

a na lys is ' o f

t he by o f

o f

a n

much

pottery o f

t echn ica l

i s

concerned

a ttr ibute

Four a ttr ibutes

character ist ics t he t he

d iameter o t r im

a nd

a ttent ion

a sse mb lages

o f t he

f i na l ly,

a s

t er ms ,

bas ic

p r inc ip les

genera l

approach ,

h as

a s ing le been

s urface

vesse l 's t he

t he h is been

b road ly

a lmost exc lus ive ly

h ave t he

t o a nd

d escr ipt ive

adopted r ims ,

They

decorat ion ,

vesse l

a nd

a nd

character ist ic

cons idered .

mouth

b road

w ith

where

c haracter ist ics

a re

t he

s ize

a s

approp r iate , o f

" t he

c lay

T he

Where a ttr ibutes , r ims

r ims

a g iven

t hen

be lo w ,

s ummar ised t he actua l

t hey

t he

f ro m

B an Na D i a nd

r im

o r

a re

g rouped

t er ms

g roup

o t a s

r ims

d isp lays

a t ype .

emp loyed

by

I n

s im i lar ity

t he

B ronson

g iven

t o

t he

i n

a l l

t our

actua l descr ipt ion

a re

i lustrat ion o f every

The l aboratory p rocedure began w ith D i . The f i rst s tep , was t o s ubd iv ide

s hou lders

a nd

appropr iate sorted

s i tes

u sed .

o f

These

a re

i n f ig 4-1 . Because wr itten descr ipt ions very r are ly convey appearance o f t he r ims o r t he n ature o f t he f abr ic, much

a ttent ion h as been Na

r e lated

body

l ayer .

by

s herds .

A l l spec imens were

Most a ttent ion was

l ayer

a nd

decorat ive

e lements .

( 1956) a nd

i nc lude

were

t hen

These

p a id

g rouped

c r iter ia

a cons iderat ion

a re

r im

t ype .

t he s trat if ied s a mp le f rom Ban t he s amp le i n to r ims , b ases , l abe l led

t o

t o

t he

r ims .

A l l

on

t he

bas is

o f

t hose

o f whether

t he

co me

s ize

by

f ro m

a nd

r ims were

f or m ,

r eco mmended

r ims

s i te

t he

a nd

Shepard

vesse ls w ith

open o r r estr icted mouths . When a na lysed

a s er ies

a t

a dec is ion t hat

t aken a nd

f or m-groups

b reak

on

character ize

decorat ion

o f

a f resh

t he

I n

so me

c ruc ia l

t o

h ave

a d ist inct

t o

g roups

deter m ine

cases ,

r ims

o f

t he

o f

f abr ic

t he

b as ic

t hat

f abr ic .

e stab l ished , po wered

character ist ics

b road

s ize

was

u nder a l ow

were

e ach

was a nd

f abr ic .

were r im

r esemb le

They

spec imen

b inocu lar m icroscope Temper

i ncorporated

t ypes

e ach

i nc lus ions

f ound

o ther

t herefore

i n

w ith

f or m ,

a t Ban

f or m

s eparated

Na

were

i nto

D i .

f ound

d ifferent

t ypes . When

a s er ies

a ssemb lage ava i lab le

a s

s ites .

I n

a nd Non Cha i . Hav ing t here S ince

t h is

system

o f

f ound

i t wou ld

r e lated

t o

obscure

t ypes

f ound by

one

f ound t he

i n

a l l

r im

t ypes

Songkhram

h ave

I t i s on

t he

i s

on

t he

decorat ion

o r

a scerta ined . d ia meter,

r ecogn ised , a ssessment

t he

f rag mentary a nd

s hape

t he

r im

o r ig ina l s urface The

Phruk

b as is

o f

t ype

system

t ime

a s

s i te

o f

a nd

Chantarat iyakarn 's

Ch i Va l ley, t hat

n a me

s im i lar

l ayer ,

no menc lature .

t o

was

t he

s a me

emp loy

a

i nappropr iate

i f not

i dent ica l

r ims

n umber . a lready

f or

t he

c learly

a nother

Thus , s evera l Rutn in

g iven r im

a rea

r ims « f ound

( 1979) a t Non Cha i .

t he case o f t he p resent s tudy a rea ,

t he

n a me

by

were

a r are

descr ibed

r eta ined .

I n

a rea

Where

p ref ix

o f

t he

r ims

"US", s i te

para l le l

i n

s tand ing wh ich

t hose

f o r

Upper

t hey were

f ro m

f i rst

Non Cha i , a nd

t herefore u sed .

c lear ly

worker 's

a ssessed , doubt

i s

No i , Ban Muang

r ecogn ised

descr ibed

As w i l l be s een , so me

t he o r ig ina l n a me

o ther

M idd le

s ing le

a nd

u sed .

t he

t he

t he

t he M idd le Ch i s urvey

g iven

o f

o f

consequence , a r eg iona l perspect ive was

t hose

been

t he

p resence •o f

f requent ly

i r respect ive

e ncountered .

a

o r ig ina l n a me was

t herefore

t he

s a me

was

a s equent ia l

i n t he M idd le Ch i a rea match Her des ignat ion was

t he

i t

I n

obta ined ,

s amp les

Non Kao

on

t ro m

on

t he

s ite .

f abr ic was

t he

appropr iate

a t

r ims

based

f ol lo wed

e ncountered ,

t ype a n

I n it ia l ly,

t han one

A l l

"MC",

t he

adopted .

i n more

p ref ix

o f

a nd

f o l lo ws .

r im o f

p roceed ing

s tudy

r im w ith

i nvo lved

i s a s

e ach

no menc lature

emp loyed .

t h is

quest ion

a na lys is was was

because

was

t he

by

co mpared

p ract ice ,

c ategor ised

r e lated

approach

sorted

was

The p rocedure

f o l lo wed

c lose ly

o f g roups

a who le

s ize

i s measured

most d iff icu lt var iab le ,

o f

f or m

by i s

t he

on

t he

r im ,

t he

n ature

a ttr ibutes . a lthough i n

where

i n

t he

r im .

quest ion , a rc

o f

o f t he c lay

t he

i s b ased

most

e as i ly

spec imens

t here

quest ion .

s urv iv ing

" type"

The

i s not p resent,

vesse l

vesse l

extend ing t he

i so lat ion o f a r im

j unct ion

o f

f in ish

t he

s evera l

t he

body

o f

t hat o f

i s a n

Then

t here

a re

a rea i s

o f t he

Th is

t oo

i s

r ead i ly

a t

l east

i ts

o r if ice

o r

r im .

f abr ic .

The

f ourth

a nd

Essent ia l ly , t h is

i s

T he

t he

r ims

p roper do ma in o f

i nc lus ions

f ro m

t he

i dent if ied

B an Na D i a nd

r e lated

spec ia l ist c era m ic ist ab le

i n

t he

t h in

s ect ions

o f

t he

s i tes

t o

a na lyse

s herds

i n

non

p last ic

quest ion .

p ract ice a t h in s ect ion o f e ach r im t ype descr ibed be lo w h as p repared a nd t hey a re now u nder a na lys is by Mr B . V incent . e stab l ishment t he

c ross

m icroscope . a nd

o f

g roups e ach

f requenc ies

p re-f ired

u nre l iab le

n atura l ly ad m ixture

t emper

f or

r im

Te mper g roups were

r e lat ive

co mpr ises most

o t

s ect ion

o f

p resent

a

f resh

t hen s et up

t hree

mater ia ls ,

t he

a t

i n

s ubstance , because

i n most i f not a l l t he o f s and a s a t emper ing

on

var iab tes :

part icu lar

t he

g rog ,

i nvolved t hrough

t he

a nd

p resence

c haff .

potsherds .

( 1984) h as

s tudy ing

a b inocu lar

b as is o f s and

c rushed

a s V incent l oca l agent

s tudy

b reak

I n been The

G rog

Sand

s ho wn ,

i s

a

i t occurs

c lay sources h e s amp led . The t herefore h as b e demonstrated on

t he bas is o f a s tat ist ica l a na lys is o f var iat ions i n g ra in s ize l i nked w ith a n a ssessment o f t he v ary ing m inera ls a nd degrees o f a ngu lar ity . Therefore , l i tt le

s tress

r evea l was

h as

vary ing

der ived

r ecogn ised . Group

1 .

been

p laced

amounts

t ro m

r ice

G roups

1 -9

Th is

g roup

o f

on

s and

o rgan ic

chaff .

a s

a t emper ing mater ia l .

t emper wh ich

The

f o l lo w ing

i nc lus ive were on ly

co mpr ises

g rog ,

i n

ma in

f ound

s and

a nd

a l most wh ite i n co lour a nd h as a n u neven adm ixture o f r ice chaff, t hough t he most

Many

p ract ica l ly t emper

a l l

r ims

c ases ,

g roups

were

a t Non Kao No i .

chaff .

The

g rog

i s

l ight,

s hape . There i s a lso so me abundant i nclus ion co mpr ises

s and . Group

2 Th is

g roup

i s

abundance o f s and .

d ist ingu ished

by

l arge

i nclus ions

Group 3 . Wh ite co loured g rog i s t he p redo m inant be r egu larly d isposed i n t he s herd a l most i n t he a lso

so me s and , but no

Group 4 . Group

5 .

Large ,

Group 8 .

G rog

i n

i r regu larly i s

Rounded g ra ins

7 .

Th is

a nd

a n

t emper, a nd i t s ee ms f or m o f r o ws . There

t o i s

t h is g roup, w ith g rog

s haped

p ieces

o f

s and

a nd

s and be ing

r are .

a re

character ist ic

o f

r are a nd chaff absent . o f s and

t h is g roup , t ogether w ith a f ew Group

g rog

chaff .

Chaff was abundant

t h is g roup .

o f

No chaff h as been detected .

g roup

a nd

a ngu lar p ieces

o f g rog

a re

f ound

i n

observed

i s

p ieces o f chaff .

r esemb les

g roup

5 f abr ic, but

t he

s and

o f sma l ler g ra in s ize . Group on ly

8 .

Angu lar,

a very

Group

8 .

r are

The

Sand

i s a lso

t han

one

I t i s t oday

o range

co loured

a ngu lar,

b lack

coloured

p resent, but t here

r ea l ised s ubstance

t hat

So me

i s

f ound ,

w ith

so me

o f

t he

i s no

s and

a nd

g rog

p redo m inates

i n

c tay

a s

t he

f abr ic

a t e mper ing

p repared

g roups

t h is

g roup .

chaff .

i t i s p ract ica l ly u nkno wn f or a potter

w ith

i n Northeast Tha i land .

mater ia ls .

g rog

i nc lus ion o f chaff .

t emper

mater ia l

t o m ix more

u n less

i ncorporates

a s

occurs

a m ixture

o f

j ust descr ibed may we l l i nc lude s and

T he

n atura l

t o

amounts , f i r ing .

t he

r ims

c lay

f ro m

source

cou ld we l l h ave

The

s a me

B an Na D i a nd

i tse lf,

f ound

r eservat ions

a nd

r ice

i ts way

app ly

r e lated

c haff

s i tes

when

acc identa l ly

t o

t he

f abr ic

p resent

i n to

t he

g roups

i n

c lay

f ro m

sma l l b efore

Ban

Na

D i

a nd Ban k luang Phruk , wh ich a re s et out be lo w . Group

1 0 .

Angu lar p ieces

s tone wh ich may

der ive

Group

aga in

a nd

1 .

i s

G rog

Group

1 2 .

pottery

The

f ro m

a lthough

wh ite

two

i s

i n

quant ity

o f s and , but no

Group

1 3 .

Group

Group l ast

1 5 .

two

i s

p redo m inant

i s

i n

I n

t he

i s

r are .

o f

wh ich The

The t he

o f

i n o f

character ist ic

g roup s and

o f

d ist ingu ished

mater ia l

noted .

There

by

a nd

t he

i s

i s

a n

1 0 a nd

I t

a lso

l eve l

f rom i s

8

t hem

wh ite

o r

a s ubstant ia l

abundant

i s

g rog

n ext

i s character ised

i nc lus ion

i n

a ssoc iat ion

t he odd 1 8 .

i n

t oo

t he

a n

w ith

i s

t he

o f

on

t he

l i near p atterns

o range

1 5d ,

o range

a s

a s

Na

D i t he

d ifferent co lours ,

s ub-types

we l l

r evea ls

co loured

g rog .

Ban

amount o f

a nd

h ave

been

b lack, wh i le

wh ite

a nd

b lack .

1 5c, on ly wh ite coloured g rog

b lack mater ia l . wh ite

i n many

Seven

o f

t he

i s co loured wh ite

c ase o f

on ly

g rog , wh ich

The I n

b lack

co loured

i s a lso

L ast s ub-type ,

a l l

c ases ,

t here

p resent

1 5g , h as i s

i s

g rog .

so me

i n

t he s and

f rag ment o f chaff a s we l l .

The o range co loured g rog

i n

a nd

t hough

i s p resent

g rog

1 5b

I n

t he

r ecogn isab le

c haracter ist ic

chaff

a ngu lar out l ine .

s ub-type ,

by

e as i ly

i nd iv idua l p ieces

part icu lar ly

g rog

1 5a ,

aga in .

i n a ssoc iat ion w ith

Group

t han

quant it ies

r are .

h igh ly

c ase

r are

p resent, wh i le

a ngu lar

a re

contour .

p redo m inates

g roup ,

var iab le .

i s very

o range

r arer

sma l l

e as i ly

character ised

a ngu lar ity

a cons istent ly

chaff

a nd

i s

i s extreme ly

Th is

Chaff

1 5f

r ed

chaff .

g rog

extreme

Chaff

def ined .

1 5e

t he

t ype

l eve l 5 , i ncorporates g rog , s and a nd

but h as

i t i s

Very

descr ibed

Th is

r ounded

g roup

Aga in ,

t he

i t f o r ms .

dur ing

s and , chaff a nd

r ice chaff .

1 4 .

bas is o f

a nd

Th is

t hough

co lour .

j ust

D i .

o range

carbon ised

i n

t ypes

Na

g rog

co lour

t hough

p resent .

Ban

aga in ,

p redo m inate ,

l ater ite h ave a lso been noted .

p redo m inates ,

p redo m inant ly

r ice chaff a re a lso

o f g rog

f ro m

s hape .

There

i s

a

f ound

l ibera l

i n

t h is

p resence

t ype o f

i s

s and ,

l arge a nd

a nd

very

very sma l l

amounts o f chaff . Group

1 7 .

o range . Group

I nc ludes

There 1 8 .

Th is

conta ins much s andy Group

c lay, o r 1 9 .

co loured

smal l

i s a lso t ype

s ized

was

f i rst g rog

t he u se o f s and

Th is

g roup

g rog

s and

s and , but no

o range , b lack

t h is g roup

so me

part ic les

a nd very f ound

a t

o r chaff .

de l iberate ly

i ncludes

g rog ,

a nd wh ite

i s abundant, wh i te chaff

a nd i s

s and

wh ite ,

b lack

t rag ments o f chaff .

Ban

Na

We may

D i be

l eve l

5 .

The

dea l ing w ith

o r

c lay

a very

a s a t emper . a nd

i t appears r are .

co loured

r are

c haff .

The

o f med ium

g rog s ize .

i tse lf

i s

Sand

i n

T he

The

f o llo w ing

i dent if ied .

The

r ims

f ro m

s ect ion

g ives

abbrev iat ion TG

r im

Ban Na

D i a nd

a deta i led

r efers

t o

t he

r e lated

s i tes

descr ipt ion

r im

c o l lar

o f

t e mper g roup

t he

s hou lde r

I i

C upped

E ver ted

t op o u t l ip

h p

t o p

i n / /p

o u f l ip

i n l ip

f ace b o t tom t h roa t

F IGURE The

p r inc ipa l a reas o f

t he

4-i r im , ( after B ronson

1 976)

t ypes

i n e ach .

r im

n eck

S t ra igh t

r im

f ound

Descr ipt ion

o f

r ims

f ro m

Non K ao

DET A ILED DESCR IPT ION OF

NON KAO US The

TYPES

NO I

9 t ig 4-2

Th is t ype co mes f ro m a sma l l bo w l f ound i n bur ia l 1a t Non Kao No i . bo w l bears a t h in app l ied cordon a t o r n ear t he m id po int . I t h as a

constr icted

o r if ice

a nd

f in ishes a re p la in a nd

Th is t ip

1 TG

R IM

No i

i s

t ype

Both

squared

i nto

a

exter ior

r im .

Both

exter ior a nd

t r iangu lar

and

i n ter ior

r im

I t h as a d iameter o f about 1 40 m m .

US 2 TG 1 f ig 4-2 h as a constr icted open ing

p robab ly

expanded

g roove .

s i mp le

smoothed .

bu lb

a nd

r im

f in ish

i nter ior

a nd

everted

i s

a d ist inct

t here a re

p la in

a nd

r im .

The

i n terna l

smoothed .

I t

h as a d ia meter o f about 3 60 m m . US Th is

t ype

p robably

3 TG

co mes

6 f ig

t ro m

a nd a n everted r im . The t op o f r im u nder t he r im t ip , i s g rooved . Both p la in a nd smoothed .

t ype

may

h ave

4 TG

h as

a

r estr icted

smoothed on both s ides .

r im , a re

4-2

open ing

t h icken ing .

5 TG

upturned

a nd

everted

I t i s p la in

r im .

a nd

The

r im

smoothed

on

4-2

a nd

b eaded

r im .

I t

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

co mes

convex

6 f ig

open ing

US Th is p robably s hort

open ing

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 40 mm . US

Th is

3 f ig

a r estr icted

s ect ion h as a p ronounced externa l both s ides .

a r estr icted

i s f iat but t he i n ter ior o f t he exter ior a nd i nter ior r im f i n ish

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 60 m m . US

Th is

4-2

a vesse l w ith

6 TG

f ro m

r im .

I t

5 f ig

p la in

p la in

a nd

4-2

a vesse l w ith i s

i s

1 60 mm .

a nd

a n

u nrestr icted

smoothed

on

open ing

both

a nd

s ides .

I t

h as a d iameter o f about 2 00 m m . US Th is The

r im

t ype

i tse lf

i s p robab ly

i s very

t h in .

7 TG

7 f ig

4-2

o f a r estr icted I t

i s

p la in

open ing

a nd

a nd

smoothed

l ong on

ever ted

both

r im .

s ides .

I t

h as a d iameter o f about 2 40 m m . US Th is r estr icted

t ype

h as

open ing .

a t ong I t

i s

8 TG

a nd p la in

4 f ig

t h ick a nd

4-2

everted

r im

smoothed

on

a nd

i t p robab ly

both

s ides .

h ad

a

I t h as

a

d ia meter o f about 2 80 m m . US Th is a nd

t ype

h ad

9 TG

a constr icted

smoothed on both s ides . US

8 f ig

4-2

open ing

a nd

everted

r im .

I t

I t h as a d ia metear o f about 2 00 mm . 1 0 TG

1 f ig

4-2

i s

p la in

Descr ipt ion

Th is

t ype

p robab ly

o f

h as

r ims

a

f ro m

r estr icted

everted r im . I t i s p la in a nd smoothed approx imate ly 2 00 m m . US Th is

t ype

h as

exter ior a nd i nter ior about 2 40 m m .

a

1 TG

f i n ish

t he o f

r im t he

r im

t ip .

t ype

I t i s

body

i s

app rox imate ly

h as

p la in

a n

decorated w ith

Both

cyl indr ica l

s ides .

I t h as

a nd

s hort

smoothed .

5 f ig

smoothed

n eck

a nd

a d iameter o f

everted

r im .Both

I t h as a d ia meter o f

4-2 open ing

on

both

a nd

i n ward

s ides .

i nc ised, para l le l

The

l i nes .

swe l l ing

on

s urv iv ing

I t h as

part

a d ia meter o f

2 00 m m . US

Th is

1 2 TG

a nd

u nrestr icted

a nd

open ing ,

both

open ing

i s p la in

US Th is

on

1 f ig 4-2

constr icted

r im

Non Kao No i

t ype

exter ior

p robab ly

a nd

i nter ior

1 3 TG

1 ,2

h ad

a n

r im

f i n ish

US

1 4 TG

f ig 4-2

u nrestr icted a re

open ing

p la in

a nd

a nd

everted

smoothed .

r im .

I t h as

a

d iameter o f 1 60 m m .

The r im .

vesse l p robab ly

The

r im

i tse lf

i s

h ad

5 f ig

everted

t o

one

i s p la in a nd smoothed on both s ides . US Th is a nd

t ype

everted

exter ior

p robab ly

r im

a nd

t he

i nter ior

r im

d iameter o f approx imate ly

r im

r im

t ype on

h as

t he

f ro m

a vesse l w ith

a re

1 6 TG

a r estr icted

t op

o f

t he

US

a nd p la in

exter ior

a nd

i n ter ior

1 8 - US

t h is t hat

e ar l iest co me

mortuary part

i s

d ist inct

t he

most

l eve l . f ro m

phase

smoothed .

Both

I t

h as

a

r im

i s

everted a nd

r im .

There

smoothed

i s a

on

both

a nd

everted

r im

f in ish

r im .

a re

The

p la in

t op

a nd

o f

t he

smoothed .

D I LE VEL E IGHT

t ypes were

r ecogn ised .

They

co mpr ise

r im

2 5 . US

Th is

open ing

swe l l ing .

1 80 mm .

BAN NA E ight c lear ly

I t

6 f ig 4-2

open ing

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

t ypes US

a nd

I t

t i p .

1 7 TG

t ype h as a r estr icted Both

a r estr icted

p ronounced

open ing

I t h as a d iameter o f about 2 60 m m .

f lat .

everted

a ng led .

4 f ig 4-2

s ides .

i s

a

p la in

g roove

l i p

co mp lex

s harp ly

4-2

h as

marked

Th is

w ith

t hen

1 60 m m . US

Th is

1 f ig

exter ior

s urfaces

open ing

po int a nd

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 60 m m .

1 5 TG

co mes

but

4-2

a r estr icted

I t c lose ly

t he l b .

e ar l iest

Th is

1 8 TG

abundant

matches mortuary

co mpr ises

i s a bo w l s haped w ith

a n

1 0

a nd

f ig

4-2

characterest ic r ims phase

f ro m a nd

a pedesta l led

u nrestr icted

- 2 29

-

t ype

f our t he

pot,

o r s l ight ly

d iscovered

co mp lete very

i n

beg inn ing

wh ich

i n

vesse ls

t he

o f

upper

r estr icted o r if ice .

I t

R i ms

was noted I n

t hat

a l l

t he

r im .

t he

D i

but

one ,

a ll

o f

t he

l eve l e ight

r ims

exter ior cord- mark ing

The edge

mou ld .

Ban Na

vesse ls were mou ld- made .

cases ,

t reat ment and parent

t he

f ro m

o f

t he

Where

r im

was

a s ect ion

i s

u sua l ly

was

h ave

carr ied

part icu lar up

t o

f lat, where

added

externa l

i t was

ho wever,

r im

t he very edge o f •

t he

cut

r im

f ro m

t he

p rof i le

was

r ounded . US I n vesse ls a lso

genera l

t h is

t hat co me

mou ld

s haped w ith r estr icted A l l

t ype

f ro m The

a cord

wrapped

t he o r if ice r ims

i nter ior parts

a re

l o wer

w ith

t ype

a d irect,

Both

i n

r ounded

corresponds

t o

l arge , deep

- 3 6 cms

t op

w ith

bur ia ls ,

r im

r im

i t i s

a re

p robab ly co me

f ro m

spec i mens body

r im

were

a nd

t o

r im

t ype

i s

l eve l 8 .

but

i n

t he

i s

vesse ls

mou lded

part,

t o

were

port ion

was

ho wever, marked ly

t he

a nd

a t

2 2

TG

2 1

i n

Th is

a nd

everted

t al l r im

approx i mate ly

bur ia l

3 00

phases

a t

co mplete vesse ls

a

f or m

p la in

1 f ig

Na

a n

i s

i n a ssoc iat ion

r epresented .

smoothed

everted

f in ish .

r im

h av ing

a s l ightly

The They

because most

beve lled

a t

t he

r im .

4-2

on ly

t ype

t ype

Ban

po int o f p resu med weakness

by

mm .

Aga in , t h is

r ims .

s ure what

s a me

a nd

4-2

on

spec i mens h ave

US

t h icker .

everted

h ave

exter ior

2 8 a nd 3 6 ems b road a nd 2 7

vesse ls w ith

t he

o f

e arly

1 f ig

r epresented

I t r ese mbles

open ing

bet ween

be

o f

4-2

p la in a nd smoothed .

f ound

t o

Both

f lat .

d ia meter

f ro m

2 1 TG

A l l e leven

i s

r im

pots

constr icted

cons iderabty

corresponds

These

port ion .

1 f ig

a re

not

everted

f or m

o f

edge

l arge , s harply

US Th is

a

bod ied

f ractured

j unct ion .

r im

2 0 TG

not poss ib le

f rag ments

l c .

added

added

t he

der ived

A ll h ave

t h is

t he

a nd

US S ince

part

The

I t a lso

a nd

co m mon , a r estr icted

vesse ls

t a ll .

1 8 .

l b

exter ior

i nter ior surface

D i .These

a re

4-2

US

phases

f ro m

smoothed

exter ior and

f ig t o

s ize . co me

has ,

1 0

padd le .

US Th is

TG

s im i lar

mortuary

made .

t he

1 9 i s

one

a n

spec i men ,

everted

i t i s

f or m

r estr icted

w ith

a beve l ,

h as a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly 3 00

mm . US Th is

f or m

t he

r im

edge

but

t he

was

r ecovered .

t ype

cord- mark ing

Th is and L eaf .

o f

i tse lf .

i nter ior

Th is

edge

h as

t he

on

r im r im

The

exter ior o f

was

smoothed w ith t ype

c lose ly t he

neck .

t ype

h as

h as

1 f ig

everted

Th is

4-2

s hape w ith

t he

n eck

a n

bears

externa l bead ing

hor izonta l s trokes .

On ly

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

US

2 4 TG

matches I t h as

1

f ig

US

on

vert ica l cord- mark ing,

h as

one

spec i men

2 60 m m .

4-2

2 3

i n

s hape ,

but

l acks

t he

a d ia meter o f about 2 40 m m .

US

2 5 TG

an

everted

a s ha llo w

exter ior s urfaces were I t h as

2 3 TG

a t a l l a nd

1 f ig

4-2

shape,

g roove

hor izonta l ly

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

but

bet ween

i nstead

two

smoothed w ith 1 80 m m .

o f

po ints .

a beve l, Both

a med iu m

t he

i nter ior

s uch

a s a

R i ms

f ro m

Ban Na

BAN NA Th irty c learly a lso

two

n ew

t raced

h ere .

ones co mpr ise

Th is "O m

1 c),

2 1

-

4 6

i nvo lves

wh ich were

The

2 6 t o

i nter ior

The

mark ing

i tse lf

h as

exter ior r im

TG

f in ish

1 6

These a nd

i s

s im i lar

i s

cord

i n r im

a r ed

f ound

s ize

a re

l arge

pa int . r ed

a nd

i s

r im

f in ish

t ype

bears

i s p la in

open ing

r im .

I t was

exter ior

r im

i nter ior be lo w r im

s ingle not

s urface t he

h as

i s

t he

d ist inct ive

1 8

(mortuary

1 ( the

equ iva lent

vary ing

bet ween

decorat ive

t he

l eave

s tyle

des igns

exter ior

a long

i s

t he

do wn

r im

t ip .

hor izonta l s tr iat ions .

spec i mens

co me

f ro m

t he

Th is

pot

be long ing

a n

w ith

s l ipped .

phase US

i nc ised

but

t he

W ith in

1 f ig

t o

l c .

2 6 , except a nd

t hat

pa inted .

exter ior

i s

i t

The

decorated

l eve l 7 , spec i mens were 2 40 m m .

4-3

t ype

US

2 7 ,

except

t he

i nter ior

smoothed . 1 5a

f ig

upr ight

4-3

body

a bur ia l .

I t

smoothed, There

externa l bead ing, wh ich

t o

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

2 8 TG

hor izonta l ly

r ed

4-3

i n mortuary

deep .

2 9 TG

US t he

band on

t ype

has

body

a n

a nd

i s

a n

i s most t hen

r ed

externa l ly i nterest ing pa inted,

a hor izonta lly

g ives way

3 0 TG

i ncurv ing

surv ives

a cord- marked

be lo w

body .

t o

t ype

u nkno wn .

l i nes , wh i le

h as

The t he

a n

i nter ior

i s

t he

3 1 TG

everted

exter ior

1 f ig

body

beaded t hat

i ts

wh i te

t he

smoothed

a rea

vert ical cord mark ing .

Th is

4-3

a nd marked neck

r im p la in

r im

1

f in ish a nd

f ig

but

a d ia meter o f

body

3 2

TG

smoothed .

1 4

c .

beaded a n

r im .

app l ique

1 50 m m .

r im-junct ion o f t h is

decorated

2 00 m m . US

i t bears

4-3

t he

i s

externa l ly

j unct ion ,

The mouth h as

US Th is i s

The n ew

a d ia meter o f about 3 20 m m .

Th is Where

t o

smoothed ,

hor izonta l ly

a ssoc iated i s

a nd

f urther

s im i lar ity

has

f ig

not

R i ms h ave

spec imen

1 3

1 0 mm .

c lose

and

f in ish

s even 8 were

decorat ive

a band

Both

f ound

t hose

a nd

c .

US The

i nc is ing

smoothed

i t was

p la in

t op .

t o

US Th is

O m •Kaeo

pa int, w ith

2 7 TG

s hape

band

t he

2 3 .

g rave

F 6 l eve l

t hen

r estr icted

bear

( the w idths

The

r ed

vesse ls

over,

f in ish pa inted

t o wards

t o

a nd a l l

US

l eve l

l eve l 7 .

r e lates

marked

exter ior w ith

t ype

and

2 1

f ro m

square

vesse l,

US Th is

Twenty i n

wh ich

co me

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly 3 00 m m . upper most contexts o f

7 .

ones

4-3

vesse ls

t he

i s p la in

l eve l

1 8-US

f ig

two

l b)

bears

i n

p rev ious

5 2 .

car inated .

a

r im

F ive

vesse ls

s harply

i nf i l led w ith

r im

The

phase

1 c) .

cord

d iscovered

decorat ion .

and

t hen

- The s loped .

US o f

SE VEN

t ypes : US

corresponds

phase

f i rst

r im

2 6 - US

(mortuary

cm),

were

a re

l eve l s even

D I LE VEL

r ecogn ised .

They

s tyle

o f mortuary 4 1

t ypes

t ypes US

t ype

Kaeo"

phase

r im

s tyles were

D i

f ig

4-3

w ith

I t h as

i nc ised

t ype

para l le l

a d ia meter o f about

R i ms

Th is

t ype

bears

f ro m

B an Na D i

c lose

s im i lar ity

t o

They a re extreme ly

t h in , a l most spher ica l

pa int

t he

over most

o f

l eve l s even

body .

Each

mor tuary

i n s hape

h as

t hree

vesse ls

a nd

concentr ic

f or body

j unct ion

a ng le .

Both

exter ior a nd

decorated w ith t h ick r ed pa inted band , a nd one o r hor izonta l bands be lo w i t . Th is t ype h as a mouth mm . US The s ing le spec imen f in ish i s decorated w ith c . 1 80 m m .

3 3 TG

i s s im i lar

vert ica l

US These vesse ls vary

a re

i n

h e ight .

t ypes

s ho w

a

spher ica l w ith

w idth Wh i le

bet ween

exter ior

a nd

d ist ingu ished

i nter ior

o f

t he

i nter ior

t hat

s urfaces

t he

i n a t r iang le .

r e lat ionsh ip

- 2 50 t ype

• US a re

a t

a re

two sma l l r ed p a inted d ia meter o f about 1 70

3 2 , except

e nd ing

a constr icted

1 50

t i nes

o f t he r im i s but t hey l ack

exter ior

r im

I ts d iameter

i s

3 4 ,35 a nd 3 6

c lose

t he s ize o f t h is

9 5 . r ed

4-3

t o US

t i nes

phase , t here was a c lear decrease

These

1 f ig

a nd

pa inted

a nd j ust be lo w t he i nter ior body-neck j unct ion . The edge a lso pa inted r ed . A l l t ive spec imens h ave a n everted r im ev idence

9 4

d ecorated w ith

mm

r ims

mortuary

a nd

bet ween s im i lar

1 f ig

1 40

r im .

a nd

t hroughout

The

Vesse ls

2 20 mm

i n

t he mortuary

r im w ith

t ime .

4-3

r e lat ive ly a re

vesse ls .

everted

t he h e ight o f t he

3 4 TG by

a nd

r ema ined i n

t o

o r if ice

t a ll ,

p la in

a nd

1 f ig

4-3

everted

r ims .

smooth .

Both

Th is

t ype

t he

h as

a

d iameter o f about 2 20 mm . US Th is

t ype

co mes

f ro m

a nd a med ium-s ized, everted

r im .

US f ro m US

3 5 TG

a pot w ith spher ica l body o f r estr icted access I ts d ia meter

3 6 TG

R ims f ro m t h is t ype a re phase l b a nd l c . The r im

1 f ig

i s

c .

2 40 mm .

4-3

t he s a me a s t hose o f mortuary i s now much s horter t han i n US

vesse ls 3 4 a nd

3 5 . US Th is

t ype

constr icted vesse ls vet ween

i ncludes

open ing

var ies 1 00

a nd

bet ween

a nd

a l l

1 30

3 7 TG t he

sma l l , 1 20

mm .

1 f ig

sma l l

everted

a nd

1 40

Both

4-3

r ound

b ased

r ims .

T he

bo w ls

w ith

max imum

mm

a nd

t he

max imum

exter ior

a nd

i n ter ior

r im

s l ight ly

w idth

o f

h e ight f i n ish

t he

v ar ies

a re

p la in

a nd smooth . US Th is The

exter ior

pa inted I ts

t ype r im

l i nes .

d iameter

h as

i n

f in ish

I nter ior i s

c .

on r im

t he band

r im on

s ing le

h as t he

a n

t he

f lat

f in ish

1 f ig

4-4

everted t ip

r im

i s

b roaden ing

decorated

i s smoothed

t o

w ith

hor izonta l ly

a nd

a f lat

p ara l le l

t ip . r ed

r ed p a inted .

3 00 m m . US

One

3 8 TG

co mmon ,

spec imen

a marked exter ior

3 9 TG

was

concav ity . o f

t he

r im

1 2

f ig

r ecovered , I t was t ip .

The

4-4 i t h as

a r estr icted

decorated i nter ior

w ith

r im

a

f i n ish

open ing r ed i s

but

p a inted

smoothed

R i ms

f ro m

B an Na D i

l eve l s even

hor izonta l ly . US Th is

t ype

exter ior a nd

p robab ly

i n ter ior r im

4 0 TG

co mes

f in ish

1 7

f ig

f ro m

a n

p la in

a nd

a re

4-4 open

bo w l w ith

very

c rude .

p la in

r im .

I t h as

Both

a d ia meter

o f about 1 60 mm . US Th is everted

t ype

r im .

pa inted

l i nes

o f

r im

t he

Th is

p robab ly

4 1 TG

co mes

A l l spec imens

a re

c .

a t

i s

1m m r ed

t h ick

pa inted .

1 2

f ro m

f ig

4-4

a vesse l w ith

embe l l ished w ith t he

The

n eck

r im

i nter ior

a cyl indr ica l n eck

j unct ion

r im

a nd

two para l le l hor izonta l r ed

f i n ish

on

i s

exter ior .

p la in

a nd

The

t ip

smoothed .

t ype h as a d iameter o f about 2 80 mm . US Th is

t ype

decorated w ith approx imate ly

i s s im i lar a r ed

4 2 TG

t o US

p a inted

band

i nter ior

t ype

r im

1 2

f ig

4-4

i n

f orm

on

t he

a nd

f abr ic, except

r im

t ip .

I t h as

i t was on ly

a d iameter

o f

2 80 mm . US

Th is

4 1

i s

f in ish

4 3 TG

exact ly

a re

p la in

t he a nd

1 2

f ig 4-4

s ame

a s

US

smoothed .

4 1,

I t h as

but

both

exter ior

a nd

a d ia meter o f about 2 80

mm . US The

vesse l

everted

r im

i n ter ior

r im

w ith

4 5

outer edge .

h as

s l ight

f in ish

approx imate ly

US

f or m

4 4 TG a

i nter ior

a re

1 3

s harp ly

p la in

a nd

f ig

4-4

i ncurv ing ,

exter ior

a nd

r estr icted

beads .

smoothed .

Both

I t

h as

open ing

a nd

exter ior

a nd

a

d ia meter

o f

2 00 mm .

h as

a t h ick

US 4 5 TG 1 f ig 4-4 everted r im w ith a s l ight

Both

exter ior

a nd

i nter ior

r im

f i n ish

convex ity

a re

p la in

a nd

a long

t he

smoothed .

I t h as a d iameter o f about 3 20 m m . US Th is s urv iv ing

t ype

h as

p art o f body

exter ior a nd

i nter ior

4 6 TG

a s l ightly

1 f ig

c losed

4-4

o r if ice

a nd

sma l l

everted

r im .

i s decorated w ith c ross-hatched cord- mark ing .

r im

f in ish

a re

p la in

a nd

smoothed .

I t h as

The Both

a d ia meter

o f about 2 00 m m . US b and

Th is

vesse l

was

pa inted

smoothed on

t he

h ad a t

t he

r im

t h is

embe l l ished w ith smoothed .

1 f ig

4-4

open ing

t ip

on

a nd

t he

everted

exter ior

but

t a l l i t

r im . i s

A

r ed

p la in

a nd

i nter ior . US

Aga in

4 7 TG

a r estr icted

t ype a r ed

i s

4 8 TG

s im i lar

pa inted

t o

band

1 4

f ig

US a t

4-4

3 2 .

r im

t ip .

The The

I t h as a mouth d ia meter o f about 2 80 m m . US

4 9 TG

1 f ig

4-4

exter ior i n ter ior

r im i s

f i n ish p la in

i s a nd

R i ms

There p robab ly r ed i s

i s

w ith

one

c .

exa mple

r estr icted

pa inted wh i le

f ro m

t he

o f

t h is

open ing

i nter ior

r im

a nd

r im

US t ip

t ype h as

i s

p la in a nd

f in ish

I t

co mes

r im .

i s p la in

smooth .

5 0 TG

1 3

f ig

The

a nd

f ro m

t ip

o f

smooth .

a vesse l t he

I ts

r im

i s

d ia meter

4-4

i n co mmon , a r estr icted

decorated

w ith

a r ed

pa inted

open ing

b and .

a nd

The

everted

i n ter ior

r im .

r im

The

f i n ish

i s

I t h as a d iameter o f about 2 80 mm . US

Th is

vesse l

f or m

bear ing

a r ed

s ides .

I ts d ia meter

pa inted

band

i s

5 1 TG

h ad

c .

a

on

1 f ig

4-4

r estr icted

t he

t ip .

open ing

I t i s p la in

w ith a nd

a n

everted

smoothed

r im

on

both

2 80 mm . US 5 2 TG

1 f ig

4-4

Th is t ype co mpr ises a l arge spher ica l vesse l w ith a s hort everted Th is vesse l i s cord marked a nd t he b readth var ies bet ween 2 8-45 cms .

r im . a nd

t he h e ight f ro m

2 5-37

cms .

BAN NA S ixteen were

a lso

r im

f ound

t ypes i n

wh ich

l eve l

4 1-43 , 4 7-48 , 5 1-52 .

D I LE VEL

f i rst

6 .

They

The n ew

p la in

t ype

a nd

h as

a n

smoothed

appeared

both

US body

pa inted

t ype i s

r estr icted w ith

band

smoothed .

para l le ls US

on

t he

On ly

one

t he

two

1 8-20 ,

p rev ious

2 6-28 ,

l eve ls ,

3 0 ,

3 5-37,

1 f ig

a nd US

beaded

s urv iv ing

p art

r im . o f

I t

body

i s i s

The

band

The

was

4-5

3 3 .

pa inted

exter ior .

spec imen

externa l ly

The

I t h as a d iameter o f about 2 00 mm .

5 4 TG 3 2

4-5

w ith

s ides .

a r ed

r im

1 f ig

body

decorated w ith a n app l ique band .

Th is

i n US :

t ypes a re descr ibed be lo w .

i ncurv ing

on

S IX

co mpr ise

US 5 3 TG Th is

t he

t ype .

everted

2 80 m m .

Th is r im

B an Na D i l eve t s even

r im

a t

i nter ior

r ecovered

i tse lf

r im r im

a nd

i s everted a nd

t ip , w ith f i n ish

i t h as

a z ig-zag

i s a

p la in

a nd

d iameter

o f

about 2 00 m m . US Th is exter ior o f The

t he

t ype

a nd body

r im

h as

i nter ior bears

co mes

5 5 TG

a r estr icted r im

f in ish

1 f ig

open ing i s

p la in

f ro m

Non Cha i M inor Type i s

spec imens

h ave

a n

u ncerta in .

The

s im i lar

r im

i s decorated w ith

everted

i nter ior a t

hor izonta l

upturned , convex smoothed . I ts

l i ne on

t o

Non

r im

t he

but

r im

t he

t ip

a r ed

5 TG

Cha i

1 f ig

M inor f or m

h as

o t

pa inted

5 6 TG

1 5b

f ig

i s

c _

about 1 .5 mm

Both part

1 40

mm .

t h ick .

4-5

d ist inct ive t he

l i ne a t t he

4-5

r im .

s urv iv ing

t ype

r im-body

a s l ight concav ity .

t he exter ior . US

The

d iameter

a vesse l w ith a body wa l l on ly

t ype

f in ish

a nd

t h in vert ica l cord- mark ing .

Th is

p a inted

4-5

a nd

r im

5 .

The

j unct ion The

i s

exter ior

t ip , a nd one

r ed

R i ms

Th is r im . r ed

t ype

h as

I t i s p la in s l ipped

a

a nd

a nd

f ro m

B an Na D r l eve l s ix

constr icted

smoothed

pa inted

up

open ing ,

on

t he

t o

a nd

cy l indr ica l

exter ior . j ust

The

over

n eck

a nd

i n ter ior

t he

r im

everted

r im

f i n ish

t ip .

i s

I t h as

a

d ia meter o f about 2 40 mm . US

5 7 TG

1 f ig

4-5

Th is t ype , l i ke US 5 6 , h as a constr icted open ing , cy l indr ica l n eck a nd everted r im but i t i s r ed pa inted on ly a t t he r im t ip . There i s a n i mpressed band o f des ign a t t he US Th is n eck

t ype

a nd

aga in ,

everted

l i ke

r im

r im-body

5 8 TG US

but

1 ,15a

5 6 ,

t acks

j unct ion . f ig

h as

a ny

a

4-5

constr icted

p a inted

open ing ,

d ecorat ion .

The

cyl indr ica l

exter ior

r im

f in ish was burn ished w ith vert ica l s trokes . US US

5 9

i s

a nd exter ior

s im i lar

i s

r ed

t o

5 9 TG

US

s l ipped

a nd US

Th is s urface . The

t ype The

h as

a n

f in ish

1 5b

i n

a nd

6 1,

i t

i s

l i ke

6 0 TG

1 3

j unct ion

i s

wh ite

u ncerta in .

6 0 ,

h as

s l ipped

US r im

r ed pa inted t he

l i d

i s

a nd

r ough ly i t i s

o f mortuary

d iameter

1 3

t he

f ig

1 5a ,15b

s l ipped

vesse l

i nter ior

1 9 .

p a int on

t he

r im

decorat ion The

i s

on

exter ior r ounded .

s l ip

r im-body

i s

•

i nter ior .

body

a wh ite

o f

2 00 m m .

f ig 4-5

t he

over

a ng le

i n c ross-sect ion .

The

t he

t ip

4-5

i nter ior .

6 2 TG

r ed

but

pa inted

t r iangu lar

r ed

t he

4-5 u nder

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

The

f abr ic, but both

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 1 80 mm .

a r ed

on

f ig

s l ip

u nkno wn

i s r ed pa inted .

US

4-5

a nd

po l ished .

US 6 1 TG US

f ig

f or m

u nusua l wh ite

body-r im

i n ter ior r im

5 6

i s

Exter ior r im

Th is

c lose ly

vert ica l ly

f i n ish

i s

r esemb les

cord- marked .

I ts

i s about 4 80 mm . Non Cha i Type 2 2 TG

Th is body-r im

t ype

h as

j unct ion .

r im-body

a

r estr icted

There

j unct ion .

1 5a

open ing

f ig

i s a r ed pa inted bend

I t i s exact ly

s im i lar

4-5

a nd

everted

on

i n s hape

t he

r im

r im

t ip

a nd

4 , -. rnper

a nd

everted

w ith a nd

s harp a t

t he

t o Non Cha i

Type 2 2 . US Th is p la in

a nd

r im

t ype

smoothed

h as on

outer s urface be lo w

t he

a n

both r im . US

US beaded

6 4

r im .

I ts d iameter

h as Both i s

c .

a

6 3 TG s ides

a nd

6 4 TG

4-5

open ing i t h as

I ts d ia meter

s l ight ly

i nter ior

1 f ig

u nrestr icted

i s

1 f ig

constr icted

a nd

exter ior

r im

c .

6 5 TG

1 f ig

app l ique

r im .

b and

I t on

i s t he

1 40 mm .

4-5 open ing f i n ish

3 00 mm . US

a n

4-5

a nd a re

l arge

p la in

a nd

externa l ly -smoo thed .

R i ms

Th is wh ich both

t ype

bears

h as

a b and

s ides .

a n o f

f ro m

open ,

r ed

i s

p ronounced

o f

a

s l ightly

i nter ior

Other w ise ,

6 6 TG

i t

i s

a nd

sma l l

p la in

a nd

b eaded

r im

smoothed

on

r ed

6 7 TG

j unct ion

a n everted

pa inted

Both

4 -5

open ing , exter ior

a nd

b eaded

a nd

i n ter ior

r im

r im

w ith

f i n ish

a a re

I t h as a d iameter o f about 3 20 mm .

r im-body

f ro m

1 f ig

r estr icted

US The

body

mouth

t h icken ing .

p la in a nd smoothed .

i s

u nrestr icted

pa int .

US

I t

l eve l s ix

I t h as a d iameter o f about 2 40 mm .

Th is

co mes

B an N a D i

r im .

a nd

a ng le The

s l ipped

1 9 o f

f ig

exter ior

on

4-5

t h is

t he

t ype

r im

i s u ncerta in .

f i n ish

i nter ior .

i s p la in

The

I t p robab ly

a nd

s urv iv ing

smoothed .

part o f

t he

h as vert ica l cord mark ing . US 6 8 TG Th is

r im .

t ype

h as

I t i s p la in

bears

a s l ightly

a nd

smoothed

1 f ig

r estr icted on

both

4-6 open ing

s ides .

smoothed

over vert ica l cord- mark ing .

Th is

h as

a nd

The

I t h as

externa l ly

s urv iv ing

beaded

p art

o f

body

a d iameter o f about 2 80

mm . US p la in

a nd

t ype

smoothed w ith

exter ior ,

t he

6 9 TG

a r estr icted

i nter ior

a r ed

r im

1 f ig 4-6

open ing w ith pa inted

f i n ish

l i ne

i s p la in

externa l ly b eaded

a t

a nd

r im

body

r im .

j unct ion

smoothed .

I t h as

I t i s

on

t he

a d ia meter

o f about 2 00 m m . US The The

r im

wh i le a nd

s hape

s ect ion

t he

o f

t he

i s s harp ly

i nter ior

r im

smoothed be lo w

7 0 TG

r im-body everted .

f in ish t he

i s

7 1

externa l ly d ia meter

i s

co mes

f ro m

r ound beaded c .

Both

t ype

h as

exter ior a nd

part o f

t he body

i s

pa inted

7 1 TG

t h is

a t

r im

r im

t he

r im

I ts d iameter 4-6

a n

u nrestr icted

a nd

smoothed

i s

i s

t ip

f ig

I t i s p la in

t ype

f in ish

1 9

r im .

7 2 TG

1 ,13 ,15a ,15b ,19

a r estr icted

i n ter ior

r im

t he

i s

9 0 °

t o

t he

t o wer part h as

l id

s tra ight s ided body .

r im a t

The

p la in a nd smoothed .

open ing

f in ish

i s cord- marked .

L id

t he

r ed

o f

exter ior

a vesse l w ith

US Th is

The

u nkno wn .

r ed

but ,

p a inted

i t i s p la in

i s about 2 80 mm .

open ing on

both

a nd

l arge

s ides .

I ts

beaded

r im .

1 80 m m . US

Th is

f ig 4-6

r ed pa inted band . US

US

1 5a

j unct ion

a re

7 3 TG r im

p la in

f ig

1 5a o f

f ig

a nd smoothed . i s

a nd

j unct ion . smoothed

c .

4-6 The

f i n ish .

r im

bur ia l contexts .

i tse lf

f i n ish The

7 A TG

1 f ig

4-6

i s

a ng led

The a t

a

i s r ed s l ipped wh i le i nter io r

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 3 60 mm . US

The s urv iv ing

1 60 mm .

t ype 2 1 f ro m

upper part o f exter ior r im

a p la in

4 -6

sma l l externa l ly

I ts d iameter

f or vesse ls

t he

a nd

r im

f i n ish

i s

R i ms

The a ng le o f mouth . part

The

r im

f ro m

t o

B an Na D i l eve l s ix

body

i s u nkno wn .

upper p art o f exter ior

i s smoothed .

The

r im

I t p robab ly

f i n ish

i nterna l part o f

i s

t he

r ed

r im

h as

s l ipped

i s

r ed

a r estr icted

a nd

t he

s l ipped .

l o wer

I t h as

a

d ia meter o f about 2 40 mm . US Th is

t ype

i s

smoothed on both s ides .

t he

t ype

p robab ly

s l ight externa l bead ing I ts d ia meter

i s

c .

i s

US

c .

1,15b

f ig

a constr icted

t he

t ip .

7 4

but

i t

i s

p la in

a nd

r im

w ith

3 20 mm . 4-6 open ing

I t i s p la in

a nd

a nd

everted

smoothed on both s ides .

2 00 mm .

t ype

exter ior a nd

7 6 TG

4-6

a s

h as

a t

US - Th is

1 f ig

s a me

I ts d ia meter US

Th is

7 5 TG

exactly

h as

i n ter ior

7 7 TG

a

r im

1 5b ,15e ,11,19

r estr icted f in ish

i s

f ig

open ing

p la in

4-6

a nd

a nd

a n

everted

smoothed .

I ts

r im .

Both

d ia meter

i s

c .

2 80 mm . US 7 8 TG Th is e verted ,

r im

co mes

i nterna l ly

g rooves

on

both

f ro m

concave

s ides .

cord- mark ing

a t

approx imate ly

1 20 mm .

1 3 ,11,15a ,15c ,15d a

r im .

The

about

4 5

r im

p robab ly

i s externa l ly

co mes

f o lded .

f ig

vesse l

body

be to w t o

7 9 TG

f ro m

t he t he

1 f ig a nd

r estr icted

t o

f or m

access

a nd

d ist inct hor izonta l

r im-body

j unct ion

hor izonta l .

I ts

h as

f ine

d ia meter

i s

4-6

a vesse l w ith

I t i s p la in

4-6

w ith

I t i s smoothed

degrees

US Th is

sma l l

a r estr icted

smoothed

on

both

open ing . s ides .

The I t h as

a d iameter o f about 1 20 m m . US Th is everted s ides .

t ype

r im

co mes

w ith

a s l ightly

I ts d iameter

i s

c .

t ype

exter ior a nd

h as

a

l i p .

r im

4-6

w ith

a

r estr icted

I t i s p la in

a nd

open ing

smoothed

on

a nd both

3 20 m m . 8 1 TG

1 .15 1 a

a constr icted

i n ter ior

1 f ig

vesse l

beaded

US Th is

8 0 TG

f ro m

f ig

o r if ice

f in ish

a re

p la in

US

8 2 TG

4-6

a nd

a nd

everted

s tra ight

smoothed .

I t h as

r im .

Both

a d ia meter

o f about 2 80 m m .

Th is

t ype

para l le ls US

t a l l , everted

r im .

r ed

f ro m

s l ipped

d ia meter

US a n i s

r im

t ip

r im

t o

8 3 TG

1 5a

f ig

both

4-6

f or m

f in ish

a nd

i s p la in

r im-body

f abr ic .

a nd

j unct ion

1 5a ,15b ,15c ,15e ,13 ,11 ,18 ,19

t ype p robab ly co mes

u nrestr icted

exter ior f in ish f i n ish

exter ior

i n

I t h as

a very

smoothed wh i le

on

t he

i t i s

i nter ior .

I ts

i s about 2 80 mm .

Th is h as

The

5 7

r ed

open ing

i s p la in but t he s l ipped .

f ro m

a nd t ip

o f

a vesse l w ith

s i mp le t he

squared

r im

r ed

f ig

4-6

a l ow r im .

s l ipped .

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

t ooted

base .

I t

The

s urface

o f

The

i n ter ior

2 00 mm .

r im

R i ms

Th is squared

t ype ,

r im .

B an Na D i t eve t s ix

US 8 4 TG 1 5d ,11 f ig 4-6 US 8 3 , h as a n u nrestr icted

l i ke

On ly

f ro m

t he

t ip

o f

t he

r im

i s

open ing

r ed s l ipped .

a nd

s imp le

I t h as a d iameter o f

about 2 00 m m . US Th is squared

t ype ,

r im

l i ke

but

i t i s

8 1,

open ing

t ype

a nd

smoothed

i s a lso

s i mp le

w ith

8 6 TG

s im i lar

squared

r ed

1,19

h as

f ig

a n

4-6

u nrestr icted

open ing

a nd

i mpressed w ith vert ica l co rd- mark ing on US

Th is

8 5 TG

US

pa int

a t

1,17 ,19

i n

s hape

r im .

The

r im

t ip .

s i mp le

t he exter ior .

f ig 4-6

t o

US

8 3 .

exteror I t

i s

I t h as

r im

p la in

a n

f i n ish

a nd

u nrestr icted

i s

p la in

smoothed

a nd

on

t he

i nter ior . US Th is i s

p la in

t ype

a nd

8 7 TG

aga in

i s

smoothed

1 ,13 ,15b ,15c,15d ,159 ,19 s im i lar

on

t o US

both

8 3

s ides .

both

The

f ig i n

4-6

f or m

a nd

squared

t ip

f abr ic bears

but

i t

ob l ique

i mpress ions . US Th is i tse lf f ro m

i s

t ype

h as

added

bur ia l 6 .

s l ipped on

t o

8 8 TG

t he

body

The exter ior

t he

1 ,15c ,15d ,15e ,15f f ig

a r estr icted

i nter ior .

a t

t ype

concav ity .

h as

Both

a nd

r im-body

r im

f in ish

i s

8 9 TG

a constr icted

exter ior a nd

p la in

a nd

everted Th is

r im .

r im

The

p ara l le ls

smoothed

a nd

r im t hat

i t i s

r ed

t o over 3 60 mm .

1 f ig

body

i nter ior

4-6

l arge

j unct ion .

I ts d ia meter r ises US

Th is

open ing

4-7

a nd

r im

everted

r im

w ith

a n

i n terna l

f in ish a re p la in a nd smoothed .

I t

h as a d ia meter o f about 2 20 m m . US Th is r im .

r im

Both

d ia meter

co mes

exter ior

i sa

f ro m

a nd

9 0 TG

i nter ior

r im

l eve l 6 . r ed

f ig 4-7 a r estr icted

f in ish

a re

p la in

open ing a nd

a nd everted

smoothed .

The

1 60 m m . BAN NA

I n

1 3

a vesse l w ith

t h is

l eve l ,

F ifty

r ed

f our n ew

D I LE VEL F IVE

s l ipped r im

r ims

t ypes

beco me

h ave

f ar more

abundant

t han

i n

been r ecovered a nd n ear ly a l l a re

s l ipped . US US

9 1,

l i ke

squared-off r im . US

9 2

US

9 1 TG

8 3 ,

I nter ior a nd

( TG

1) , 9 3

1 ,15c,15f

h as

a n

f ig

exter ior s urface

( TG

4 -8

u nrestr icted

1 5c), 9 4

( TG

open ing

f i n ish a re

1 5a) , 9 5

r ed

( TG

a nd

s imp le

s l ipped .

1) f ig

4-8

These t ypes a re s im i lar i n f or m but t hey a re d ist ingu ished by t he ir d ifferent decorat ion . US 9 2 h as a r ed pa int a t r im t ip a nd i t i s p la in a nd smoothed

on

both

on

t he

exter ior a nd

US

9 4

h as

smoothed a t r im

t ip .

on

both

s ides .

US

i t i s

r ed

9 3

cord- mark ing

i nter ior

r im

i s

decorated w ith

s l ipped

f in ish .

a nd US

on

r ed 9 5

I t i s p la in a nd smoothed on

t he

o ther

pa inted h as

r ed

hor izonta l S mot if

s ide .

d es ign .

a cord- mark ing

i nter ior .

The I t

i s

a nd

exter io r

o f

p la in

a nd

r ed

pa int

R i ms

f ro m

US Th is

t ype

h as

externa l s urface

B an Na D i l eve l

9 6 TG

a r estr icted

i s p la in

a nd

1 5f

f ig

open ing

f i ve

4-8 a nd

smoothed wh i le

upturned

t he

convex

o ther s ide

r im .

I ts

i s r ed s l ipped .

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 00 mm . US 9 7 TG Th is i s

r ed

t ype

h as

1 5c ,15d ,15g

a r estr icted

s l ipped on both s ides .

open ing

one

Non Cha i t ype w ith o f

bu lbous

t he

r im

spec imen

AA l i p

a re

i n

was

both

a nd

f lat

exter ior

t ype

r im

h as

f i n ish

a n

i s

1 5a

f ig

a nd

i t i s u ndoubted ly

a nd

t opped

US Th is

TG

r ecogn ised

f or m

r ed s l ipped .

r im .

9 8 TG

1 3 ,15a ,15b

s l ipped

US b eaded

t ype

r im .

h as

a n

I t i s p la in

The

r im .

I t

2 80 mm .

4-8

I t h as

s im i lar

a constr icted

externa l a nd

t o

mouth

i n terna l s urfaces

I ts d iameter r ises over 2 40 mm .

t he

4-8

a nd

l arge

i n ter ior

i s

beaded

p la in

r im .

a nd

The

smoothed .

2 80 mm .

9 9 TG

1 5a

u nrestr icted

a nd

f ig

open ing

a nd

I t h as a d iameter o t approx imate ly

Th is

f abr ic .

u nrestr icted

r ed

4-8

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

Non Cha i t ype AA On ly

f ig

a nd a l arge do wn s lop ing

f ig

4-9

open ing

smoothed

on

both

a nd

a

s ides .

b road

externa l ly

I t h as a d ia meter o f

about 3 20 m m . US r im .

Th is Both

1 00 TG

1 f ig

4-9

i s o f a s l ight ly r estr icted open ing a nd l arge externa l ly beaded s ides o f t he r im f in ish a re p la in a nd smoothed . I t h as a

d iameter o f about 3 20 m m . US Th is 8 8 .

I t h as

part o f

1 01 TG

1 5a

f ig

i s p robab ly a l id co rrespond ing

t he

t he body

a l arge t i p

i s

beaded r ed

r im .

The

s l ipped wh i le

i nter ior t he

r evea l vert ica l cord- mark ing . US

1 02 TG

US externa l ly

t ype

i s

beaded

s im i lar r im .

Both

o f

a nd up

w ith

The d iameter f ig

vesse ls

f i n ish

1 5b

t he

t op

parts

o f

r ises over 3 20 mm .

4-9

f ig

4 -9

3 0 .

I t

h as

i nter ior

a nd

US

t ype US

t o

s urv iv ing

body w ith externa l beaded I ts d iameter i s 0 . 2 20 m m .

1 03 TG t o

r im

spec imens

1 3 ,15d ,19

Th is t ype h as a n i ncurv ing p la in a nd smoothed on both s ides .

Th is

4-9

t o mortuary

a n

r im .

i ncurv ing

exter ior

r im

I t

i s

body

a nd

a re

r ed

f i n ish

s l ipped . The s urv iv ing parts o f t he body h ave been smoothed a nd t hen p a inted w ith a r ed g eo metr ic des ign . I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly 2 20 m m . US Th is bead

o f

pa inted .

t ype

t he The

n eck-shou lder

r im

i s s im i lar i s

t o

1 04 TG

1 5a

f ig

US

but

i t i s b igger

smoothed o f

1 03 a nd

r ed

t he

body

s urv iv ing

part

j unct ion .

I ts d ia meter r ises

4-9

p a inted . h as

a n

i n s ize . The

app l ique

t o over 2 60 mm .

The exter ior

i n ter io r band

i s a t

a lso t he

R i ms

Th is

t ype

i s

f ro m

B an N a D i

l eve l

f i ve

US 1 05 TG 1 f ig 4-9 t o US 7 6 both i n f or m

s im i lar

exter ior r im f in ish i s r ed s l ipped a nd pol ished . smoothed . I t h as a d ia meter o f about 1 60 mm . US

1 06 TG

Th is t ype i s very s im i lar t o i ts d iameter i s 0 . 2 00 mm .

a nd

US Th is

t ype ,

l i ke

t ype

n eck a nd everted r im . r im f in ish . The r everse

1 5b

US

1 07 TG

US

5 6 ,

f ig

5 6 .

1 9

h as

f abr ic

i n ter ior

i s

but

t he

.p la in

a nd

4-9

I t i s

f ig a

a nd

The

r ed

s l ipped

on

both

s ides

4-9 constr icted

I t i s decorated w ith s ide i s r ed s l ipped .

open ing ,

cy l indr ica l

sp ira ll ike des ign on exter ior I t h as a d ia meter o f about

2 00 mm . US Th is mortuary r im

i n

1 08 TG

i s

1 ,13 ,19 ,15a ,15b,15c,15d ,15e ,15f,15g

p robab ly

phase

2 .

c ross

t he

I t h as

s ect ion .

l id

a n

o f

mortuary

u nrestr icted

The

s urv iv ing

vesse l

open ing

part

a nd

o f

f ig

1 9

4-9

correspond ing

t o

a t r iangu lar beaded

t he

body

i s

vert ica l ly

a nd

externa l ly

cord- marked . US Th is beaded

i s

o f

r im .

a n

The

i nter ior s urface

1 09 TG

exter ior

i s

f lat

10

t op

i n

h as c ross

US beaded

11 TG

t ype

r im .

s l ipped .

a

r im

exter ior

externa l

s l ipped .

t ype

r im

i s

smoothed

h as

a nd

f ig

f i n ish

t he

4-9 on

both

i s vert ica l ly

mouth

s ides

a nd

h as

a

cord- marked .

a

f ig 4-9

very

s urfaces

o f

l arge t he

externa l ly

r im

a re

r ed

r ises over 2 30 mm .

12 TG

1 5a ,15f

r estr icted

i s p la in

a nd

i nterna l

r im

a

wh i te

a nd

f ig

4-9

open ing

smoothed

a nd

a nd

s tra ight

t he

everted

i n ter ior

one

r im .

i s

r ed

f or m

a nd

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 70 mm . Non Ch i l i t ype 2 AA Th is

f abr ic .

a nd

open ing a nd sma l l t r iangu lar r im w ith

smoothed

r estr icted

US The

I t

The body

The d ia meter o f t h is

Th is

i nterna l ly

p la in

1 ,13 ,19 ,15a ,15b ,15c ,15d ,15e ,15f ,15g

h as

Both

i s

1,13 ,15b

r estr icted

s ect ion .

4 -9

a nd

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 60 mm .

10 TG

a s l ight ly

d ia meter o f about 2 10 m m .

Th is

f in ish

r ed s l ipped .

f ig

open ing

r im

US US

1 5b ,15c

u nrestr icted

The

burn ished

a nd

s l ipped wh i le

t ype r im

i s

r ed t he

i s very s im i lar f o lded

s l ipped .

a nd

The

l o wer part

TG

1 5a ,15c ,15d

t o Non

r estr icted .

t op

f ig

Cha i Type

part o f

The t he

4-9 2 both

externa l

i n terna l

i n r im

r im

i s b lack burn ished a nd s l ipped .

f i n ish

f i n ish Th is

i s

i s r ed

t ype h as

a d iameter o f about 2 40 m m . US Th is s ides

o f

vert ica l ly

t ype r im

h as

f i n ish

a n a re

cord- marked .

13 TG

u nrestr icted p la in I t h as

a nd

1 f ig

4-9

open ing

a nd

smoothed .

sma l l b eaded The

vesse ls

a d iameter o f about 1 80 mm .

r im .

Both

s urface

i s

R i ms

Th is a nd

B an Na D i

l eve l

f i ve

US 14 TG 1 f ig 4-9 a r estr icted open ing w ith r ound beaded

h as

i n ter ior

f ro m

r im

f in ish

a re

p la in

a nd

smoothed .

r im .

I t h as

Both

exter ior

a d iameter o f about

2 40 mm . US Th is b eaded

t ype

r im .

h as

a n

l t i s p la in

app rox imate ly

15 TG

a nd

r im .

I t

f ig

4-9

open ing

smoothed

on

a nd

both

1 f ig

4-9

t ype h as a n u nrestr icted open ing

a nd

i s

i nterna l ly

s ides .

a nd

I t h as

eterna l ly

a d ia meter o f

2 40 m m . US

Th is

1 5d

u nrestr icted

p la in

approx imate ly

a nd

16 TG

smoothed

1 90

mm .

o f

t h is

The

on

both

s urv iv ing

a sma l l , externa l ly

s ides .

part

o f

I t h as t he

a

body

beaded

d ia meter

i s

o f

vert ica l ly

c ord- marked . US The f i n ish

i s

f or m p la in

d iameter

i s

c .

a nd

17

t ype

smoothed

f ig

s ame i t

i s

4-9

a s

US

r ed

16 ,

but

s l ipped

on

i ts

exter ior

t he

r im

i n ter ior .

I ts

2 40 m m .

t ype

co mes

externa l ly beaded a nd

t he

a nd

US Th is

1 5b ,15d

i s

r im .

burn ished , a nd

18 TG

f ro m The

t he

1 f ig

4-9

a vesse l w ith

a r estr icted

exter ior s urface

i nter ior s urface

a nd

r im

i s p la in .

open ing

bead

a re

a nd

r ed

sma l l

s l ipped

I t h as a d iameter o f about

2 00 mm . US Th is

t ype

externa l a nd f or mer

i s

h as

i nterna l

f ound

19 TG

1 ,15b ,15d

a constr icted r im

on ly

f in ishes

on

f ig

open ing

a re

r ed

4-9

a nd

r ound

s l ipped , but

t he

upper h a lf o f

US

1 20 TG

t he

b ead .

beaded t he

r ed

l t h as

r im . s l ip

Both on

t he

a d iameter o f

about 2 00 m m .

Th is a nd

t ype

h as

f ig

4-9

open ing

a nd

smoothed on both s ides , a nd h as US Th is

exter ior s l ipped .

t ype

r im

h as

f i n ish

a

i s

1 21 TG

p la in

a nd

US t hough

1 3 ,15a ,15d

r estr icted

i s

t he

specu lat ive .

open ing

f ig

r im .

I t

i s

p la in

r im .

The

4 -9

w ith

smoothed .

s im i lar l ack The

r im

t o o f

US a

1 22 TG 1 21 .

a

The

r im-body

t ip bears

US Th is

t ype

i s very

t h in

c onvex

i n terna l

s ur face

i s

r ed

t o

co mes

p a inted

makes z ig-zag

f ro m

a n

t h is d es ign .

open

bo w l ,

i n terpretat ion The

i n ter ior

smoothed . 1 ,15e

US

f ig

1 21 b ut

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly Us

4-10

j unct ion

a r ed

1 23 TG

c lose

1 f ig

I t p robab ly

exter ior s urfaces a re p la in a nd

s l ipped .

everted

a d ia meter o f about 2 00 mm .

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 00 mm .

Th is

a nd

1 5e

a constr icted

1 24 TG

1 5b

- 2 41 -

f ig

4-10 i ts

exter io r

2 20 mm . 4-10

r im

f i n ish

i s

r ed

R i ms

Th is

t ype

f ro m

i s s im i lar t o US

decorated w ith

exter ior

vesse l

r im

1 21, but

t hree c ross-hatched US

Th is

B an N a D i L eve l

h ad

f i n ish

a

1 25 TG a nd

externa l s urface

p ara l le l

l i nes a t

1 5d ,15g

constr icted

i s p la in

t he

f ive

o f

t he

t he body-r im

r im

i s

j unct ion .

f ig 4-10

open ing

smoothed .

a nd

The

t a l l

everted

i nter ior

i s

r ed

r im .

The

s l ipped .

I t

h as a d ia meter o f about 2 00 mm . US Th is s urface

t ype

h as

i s decorated w ith

t he body-r im

1 26 TG

a r estr icted

j unct ion .

a vert ica l

w ith -one

t ype

i s

s im i lar

hor izonta l

r ed

a nd

everted

p a inted

t i ne

r im .

f ro m

I t h as a d iameter o f approx imate ly US

Th is

1 f ig 4-10

open ing

r ed

1 27 TG

t o US

pa inted

1 25

1 f ig but

externa l

r im

t ip

t o

1 80 m m .

4 -10

t he

l i ne wh i le

The

t he

r im-body

i ts

j unct ion

i n ter ior r im

i s

f in ished

f in ish

i s p la in a nd

r im .

The

smoothed . US Th is

t ype

r im

f i n ish

r ed

pa inted

h as

1 28 TG

a constr icted

i s p la in a nd bands .

smoothed

The

1 f ig 4-10

open ing

but

a nd

everted

i t i s decorated w ith

i nterna l s urface

o f

t he

r im

ex ter ior

hor izonta l n arro w

i s r ed s l ipped .

I t h as

a d ia meter o f about 1 60 m m . US Th is a nd

t ype

i s

smoothed .

d ia meter

i s

s im i lar

I t

c .

i s

1 29 TG

t o

r ed

pa inted

r im , on

1 30

t here

i s

t he

h as

pa inted

one

i s

i s

w ith

s l ipped .

exter ior

t ype

a nd

a

a nd everted

h as

t ip

i s

r ed

f in ish r im

i s p la in

t ip .

I ts

be lo w

everted

t he r im

1 5a

f ig

pa inted

r im .

On

t ip , wh i le

t he

exter ior

i t i s r ed s l ipped

1 20 mm .

4-10

a n

band

everted b e lo w

r im . r im

I ts exter ior r im t ip .

The

i n ter ior

a

1 32 TG

r estr icted

r im

f in ish

1 5d

f ig 4-10

open ing i s

r ed

a nd •

everted

s l ipped .

I t

r im .

h as

a

Both

t he

d iameter

o f

1 20 m m .

t ype r im .

p robably

t ype

1 33 TG

co mes

1 f ig

f ro m

I t i s r ed s l ipped a nd

p la in a nd smoothed

Th is

r im t he

f ig 410 a nd

o r if ice w ith

r ed

US Th is

o f

I t h as a d iameter o f about 1 20 m m .

i nter ior

approx imate ly

1 5c

1 31 TG

i s o f a constr icted

US Th is

exter ior

i nter ior

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

decorated

r ed

The

t he

open ing

band

US f in ish

a t

1 30 TG

a constr icted

a r ed

i nter ior .

Th is

f ig 4-10

1 27 .

1 70 m m . US

US

1 5c

t ype US

h as

pa inted

on

w ith

burn ished

on

i nter ior .

I ts d ia meter

US

1 9

1 34 TG

f ig

a r estr icted mouth w ith a nd

exter ior s urface o f t he

t here

r im .

i s

4-10

vesse ls

a b road

i s

c .

a r estr icted t he

open ing

exter ior a nd

i t i s

1 20 m m .

4-10 s imp le r ed

squared

pa inted

r im .

b and

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

The

r im

be lo w

t he

2 00 mm .

R i ms

f ro m

US Th is beaded

t ype

r im .

Both

smoothed . app l ique .

h as

The

a n

1 35 TG

t he

exter ior

s urv iv ing

part

US t ype

i s

c .

h as

a n

w ith

i nter ior

r im

i s

a

r ound

f in ish

decorated

externa l ly

i s

p la in

w ith

a

a nd

b and

o f

1 36 TG

t ype

t he

1 f ig

4-10

open ing

w ith

s l ight ly

i s decorated w ith

a band

everted ,

d irect

o f app l ique .

I ts

1 60 m m .

h as

exter ior a nd

part o f

4-10

open ing

body

u nrestr icted

US Th is t he

a nd o f

The s urv iv ing part o f body

d ia meter

1 f ig

u nrestr icted

f ive

I t h as a d iameter o f about 1 60 m m .

Th is r im .

B an N a D i l eve l

a n

i nter ior

body

i s

1 37 TG

1 f ig 4-10

u nrestr icted r im

f in ish

mouth

w ith

i s p la in

decorated w ith

a nd

a band

a f lat

t opped

r im .

Both

smoothed but t he s urv iv ing

o f app l ique .

I ts

d iameter

i s

c .

1 60 m m . US Th is i nter ior

t ype

r im

h as

f in ish

burn ished on

1 38 TG

a constr icted i s

p la in

t he exter ior .

a nd

Though

t ype

t he

h as

a

smoothed

1 39 TG

1 5c

constr icted

exter ior s urface

s l ipped on both s ides .

f abr ic . r im a nd

t ype

I t h as

exter ior

i s

o f

t he

f ig

4-10 w ith

body

I ts d ia meter

i s

w ith

s l ipped

t h ick i s

Non

everted

i s

r ed

r im .

The

s l ipped

band

t he

a nd

a nd

1 5a

a nd

beaded

smoothed ,

i t

r im .

i s

r ed

f ig 4-10

Cha i

t ype

everted

2 2

both

r im .

The

decorated w ith

a long

i nter ior

r ectangu lar

i s p la in

a nd

r im-body

r ed

c ross-hatched

r im

f i n ish

i n

j unct ion .

i s p la in

The

t he

band

s urv iv ing

The

smooth .

a nd

o f

n arro w

l i nes .

a nd

f or m

s urface

a vert ica l

t he

embe l l ished w ith

a nd

i t

i s about 2 10 m m .

open ing

i s p la in , smoothed

a hor izonta l r ed

i dent ica l

a r estr icted

part o f t he body

a s hort

wh i le

mouth

Non Cha i Type 2 2 TG Th is

4-10 w ith

I t h as a d iameter o f about 2 40 m m . US

Th is

1 f ig

open ing

r im

t ip

I t h as

a

d iameter o f about 1 40 m m .

US Th is The

vesse l h as

exter ior

smoothed .

r im

1 40 TG

a s l ight ly

f in ish

I ts d ia meter

i s i s

r ed

c .

1 5c

s l ipped ,

US d irect

r im .

smoothed

i s

I t h as i nter ior .

1 41 TG

very

but

D I LE VEL

( see a lso

t ype

4-10

open ing t he

a nd

i s

beaded

r im .

p la in

a nd

f ig

FOUR

4-11)

1,13 ,19 .15a ,15c,15e

s im i lar

t o

t ype US

a vert ica l cord- mark ing

f ig

8 3 . on

4-12

I t i s t he

1 42 TG

1 f ig

4-12

a n

open bow l w ith

exter ior but a p la in

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 10 m m . US

square

i nter ior

2 40 m m .

BAN NA

Th is

f ig

r estr icted

a

a nd

R i ms

Th is

t ype

u nrestr icted exter ior

on

d ia meter

i s

i s

f ro m

exactly

open ing

and

t he

t ip , but

r im

c .

t he

s i mple

D i

l eve l

s a me

f or m

squared

i t i s

p la in

f our

a s

r im .

a nd

h as

a n

on

t he

t he

i nter ior .

I ts

a constr icted

open ing

a nd

I t

US

i s

8 3 .

r ed

smoothed

I t

s l ipped

on

1 60 m m . US

Th is

Ban Na

t ype

i s

cyl indr ica l neck .

I t i s

exter ior a nd

p la in

i t i s

1 43

s im i lar

t o

TG

1 5a

US

decorated w ith a nd

f ig

5 6 . a

smoothed

4-12

I t h as r ed

on

pa inted

t he

sp ira l

i nter ior .

des ign

on

t he

I t h as a d ia meter o f

about 1 40 m m . US Th is

i s

aga in

decorated w ith h as

r ed

1 44 TG

1,13 ,19 ,15a ,15c,15e

s im i lar

t o

pa inted

t ype

l i nes

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly US Th is

everted, para l le l

t ype

i s

convex l i nes

s l ipped on

s im i lar

r im .

On

be lo w

t he

t he

t he

t ype

aga in

t ip

r im

a d ia meter o f about

1 60 m m .

exter ior

t ype

r im

h as

i s

hor izonta l sma l l n arro w i nter ior r im

f in ish

i s

part o f

t ype

US

h as

pa inted

n ear

r ed

s l ipped .

a

r estr icted angled

i nter ior r im

f in ish

a re

p la in

and

r im

f in ish

s l ipped .

i s

1 49 TG

I t h as

r ed

s l ipped

t ype

h as

exter ior r im body

i s

d ia meter

on both

t ype f in ish

i s

c .

r im

j unct ion .

I t

t he

a n

pa inted i s

r ed

r ed pa inted

i nter ior .

I t h as

4-12 des ign .

t ip wh ich

i s

r im .

The

There

i s

r ed pa inted .

a

The

a d ia meter o f about 2 00 m m . 1 3

f ig

4-12

a nd

w ith* t he

everted

l o wer

one .

r im

but

t he

upper

Both

exter ior

r im .

The

a nd

smoothed . 1 5a ,15c,15d,15g open ing

c r iss-crossed

1 50 TG

s ides , and

s im i lar

t o

1 5a

f ig

a nd

4-12

everted

des ign wh i te

h as

t he

exter ior

i nter ior

i s

r ed

1 5d

6 2 .

sp iral des igns .

4-12

and

a t h ick , everted

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

1 51 TG US

f ig

open ing

i s decorated w ith

pa inted w ith i s

r ed

on

geo metr ic

open ing

a constr icted

US Th is

I t

a d ia meter o f about 2 10 m m . US

Th is

t he

a constr icted

decorated w ith

i s

open ing w ith

w ith

decorated w ith

s l ipped

f ig

a

1 48 TG

r ight

US

decorated

I t i s

I t h as

i s

h as

f in ish

i nter ior .

4-12

r ed

1 5a

w ith

i tse lf

t ype

r im

t he

open ing, convex a nd an everted

r im

Th is

on

4-12

r im-body

f ig

1 45 . i s

1 47 TG

g roove

exter ior

s l ipped

a constr icted i s

a t

1

t ip and

US Th is

f ig i t

a nd

a r estr icted

f in ish

r ed

I t h as

1 46 TG

US Th is

4-12

I ts

a d ia meter o f 2 40 m m .

r ese mb les

t he

6C,60

1 21 .

h as

paral le l l i nes be lo w

i t i s

exter ior,

r im

i nter ior, a nd

f ig

5 6 .

1 60 m m .

US

US Th is

a nd

1 45 TG

t o

US

f ig

The

r ed

I t i s

- 2 44

-

I t i s

4-13 r im

c irc les .

2 60 m m .

r im .

2 20 m m .

r ed

t ip

i s

The

r ed

pa inted

r e ma in ing

s l ipped on

t he

a nd

t he

part o f

t he

i nter ior .

I ts

R i ms

f ro m

US Th is

i s

exactly

c r iss-c rossed s l ipped .

l i nes

t he

on

1 52 TG

s a me

t he

D i

1 5b

f or m

exter ior

l eve l

f ig

4 -13

a s US r im

f our

1 51, but

bead

i t i s d ecorated w ith

wh i le

i ts

i n ter ior

i s

r ed

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 30 mm . US

Th is exter ior

B an N a

t ype

a nd

h as

1 53 TG

a n

i nter ior

1 5a ,15c ,15d ,15g

u nrestr icted

r im

f in ish

a re

open ing p la in

f ig

4-13

a nd

a nd

sma l l

beaded

smoothed .

I ts

r im .

Both

d iameter

i s

c .

2 10 mm .

Th is

t ype

s ides o f r im

US 1 54 TG 1 3 f ig 4-13 a constr icted open ing a nd exter ior beaded

h as

f i n ish a re

p la in

a nd

smoothed .

I t h as

r im .

Both

a d ia meter o f about 2 60

mm . US Th is t op

o f

t ype

t he

h as

r im

i s

1 55 TG

a r estr icted r ed

1 5b

f ig

open ing

pa inted wh i le

4-13

a nd

t he

l ow

i n ter ior

beaded

r im

f i n ish

r im . i s

The

r ed

f lat

s l ipped .

l t h as a d ia meter o f 2 10 m m . US Th is

t ype

has

1 56 TG

a constr icted

1 5a

f ig

open ing

4-13

a nd

a square beaded

t he exter ior a nd i nter ior r im f i n ish i s p la in a nd smoothed . edge h as a r ed pa inted band a nd t he vesse l i nter ior i s r ed

Th is Both

r im

r im

t ype

s urfaces

h as a re

vert ica l cord- mark ing .

US

1 57 TG

a n

open

r ed

i n ter ior

1 58

r im

h as

very

f in ishes

s l ipped

a re

1 58 TG

c lose p la in

a nd

wh i te

sma l l

t he

1 3 ,19

f ig

s im i lar ity

t o

a nd

Both r im

f ig 4-13

mouth

externa l ly

exter ior

body

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly US

US

1 50

r im .

The outer s l ipped .

beaded

r im .

s urface

h as

2 10 mm .

4-13 US

smoothed .

1 57 .

I t h as

Both

exter ior

a d ia meter

o f

a nd about

2 80 mm . US US p a inted . r im ,

1 59

i s

Though

i t cont inues

1 59 TG

s im i lar t he i nto

t o

r im

f i n ish

s l ipped . t he

1 60

r im

i s

h as

p la in

Aga in , t ip .

a n

t he

t he pot

a nd

i nter ior . 1 60 TG

r ed

f ig

both

o f

r im

s urface

a re

l t h as a d iameter o f about 2 80 mm . 1 9

f ig

4-13

wh i te

pa int

t he

s tops

i n ter ior

1 3 ,19 ,15a ,15b

r im .

r im

a t a s tra ight

i t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly 1 61 TG

4-13

s ides

open ing a nd a n everted

smoothed

exter ior

but

a t a s tra ight l i ne a t t he outer edge o f t he

u nrestr icted

US Both

1 58

p a int s tops

US US

1 5a ,15c,15d ,15g

US

The exter ior f i n ish

l i ne

i s

r ed

j ust be lo w

2 80 mm .

f ig

4-13

Th is t ype h as a r estr icted o r if ice w ith a n externa l ly f o lded r im . exter ior a nd i n ter ior r im f i n ishes a re p la in a nd smoothed . I t h as a

d iameter o f about 2 60 mm . US

1 62 TG

1 f ig

4-13

R i ms

Th is s l ipped

t ype

but

i s

very

burn ished

f ro m

B an

s im i tar

a nd

t o

r ed

Na

US

D i

l eve l

1 61 .

s l ipped

f our

I ts

on

exter ior

t he

r im

i nter ior .

f in ish

I ts

i s

r ed

d ia meter

i s

c .

2 40 m m . US Th is f in ishes

t ype

a re

aga in

p la in

1 63 TG

1,13 ,19

r ese mb les

a nd

US

smoothed .

f ig

1 61

The

4-13

but

body

both

h as

s ides

vert ica l

o f

r im

s urface

cord- mark ing .

I t

h as a d ia meter o f about 1 60 m m . US Th is Both a re

t ype

s urface

has

1 64

TG

a r estr icted

f in ishes

a re

r ed

s l ipped

decorated w ith sp ira l des igns . US - Th is

f in ishes

t ype

a re

I S

r ed

very

s l ipped .

Both

t he

t ype

h as

1 65 TG

I t h as

sma l l

t he

externa l ly

s urv iv ing

parts

f ig

t he

r im . body

4-13

1 61 .

Both

s ides

o f

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

r im

f olded o f

a d ia meter o f about 2 00 mm .

US

1 66 TG

i nter ior

4-13

a nd

but

1 5f

t o

a constr icted

exter ior a nd

f ig

I t h as

c lose

US Th is

1 5c

open ing

1 f ig

s urface

4-13

open ing w ith f in ishes

i ts

1 60 m m .

a re

s l ightly

p la in

a nd

s lop ing

do wn

smoothed .

r im .

I t h as

a d ia meter o f about 2 40 m m . US US r im .

1 67

I ts

h as

exter ior

s l ipped .

I t h as

a n

1 67

r im

f in ish

i s

I t i s r ed

t ype

decorated s l ipped .

I t h as

f ig

p la in

a nd

4-13

w ith

l arge

hor izonta lly

smoothed wh i te

i ts

everted

i nter ior

i s r ed

h as w ith

The

1 68 TG

a r estr icted

1 5b

d iagona l para l le l

surface

o f

t he

f ig

open ing

4-13

a nd

r ed

s l ightly

l i nes .

vesse l 's

convex

The

i nter ior

everted r im

r im .

f i n ish

i s

body bears vert ica l cord- mark ing .

a d ia meter o f about 1 90 m m . US Th is

exter ior w ith

1 5d,19 open ing

a d ia meter o f about 3 30 m m . US

Th is

TG

unrestr icted

t ype

r im

h as

f in ish

a r ow

o f

i s

r ed

The body bears

1 69 TG

a constr icted decorated w ith d iagona l

two

t i nes .

t h in n early vert ica l

1 5d

open ing I ts

f ig

4-13

a nd

upturned

para l le l i nter ior

r ed

pa inted

t i nes r im

convex

wh ich

f in ish

l i nes .

i s

I t h as

r im .

a re r ed

I ts

c rossed s l ipped .

a d ia meter o f

about 2 40 m m . US Th is

t ype

smoothed . l i ne

I ts

h a lf way

i s

s im i lar

i nter ior

a long

o f approx i mate ly

t he

1 70

t o

f in ish

w ith

t h ick

p la in a nd

i s

TG

1 5a

1 69 . r ed

upper s urface

o f

4-13

exter ior

s l ipped,

1 71 TG

1 ,13

t ype h as a r estr icted open ing r ed

f ig

I ts

r im

f in ish

i s

p la in

a nd

t he

s l ip s topp ing a t a s tra ight

t he

r im

edge .

f ig

4-13

I t h as

a d ia meter

2 40 m m . US

Th is

US

pa inted

smoothed .

bands

I t h as US

on

t he

a nd

everted

exter ior wh i te

r im .

i ts

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly 1 72

TG

1 5g

f ig

4-13

I t i s

decorated

i nter ior r im 2 10 m m .

f i n ish

i s

R i ms

Th is w ith

t ype

has

d ist inct ive

I t h as

f ro m

a r estr icted

c ircu lar

l i nes

on

US t ype

f in ish

f in ish

i s

i s

r ed

has

decorated s l ipped .

t ype

Both

t he

I t h as

f in ishes

t he

a re

cord- marked

r ed

r im .

I t i s

pa inted

on

i nter ior .

The

exter ior

s l ipped

a nd

t ype

r ed

i s p la in

a n

r ed

h as

r ounded s l ipped

r im . on

I t

t he

on

1 77

I t has

h as i s

a

i nter ior .

e ight c learly

l eve l a nd

1 79

t hey

open ing w ith des ign

on

i s

1 79 TG

a s l ightly r ed

r im

t ype

r estr icted

i s

a nd

t he

w ith

on both

r im .

I t i s

i nter ior

r im

p la in

s urface .

a

I ts

r ounded

i nter ior

1 5a

l ip .

r im

I t

f in ish

i s i s

1 20 m m .

everted i s

r im .

f ig

4-14

open ing

a nd

on

The

burn ished, but

everted

t he

t ip t he

o f

t he

i nter ior

1 60 m m .

s l ightly

exter ior

a nd

i t

convex i s

r ed

THREE

pottery

r im

t ypes were

r ecovered

i n

t ype

everted i t i s

f ig US

4-15 5 6 .

I t

r im .

I t h as

r ed

s l ipped

h as

a

a r ed on

constr icted

pa inted

t he

sp ira l

i nter ior .

I t

1 80 m m .

t o

a nd

s ides US

1 40 m m .

4-14

s urface

t o

1 80 TG

s im i lar

open ing

s urface

be lo w .

externa l s urface wh i le

s l ipped

a beaded

on

a nd

1,19 ,15a ,15f

f or m

US r im

beaded

vesse l

4-13

f ig

D I LE VEL

a re descr ibed

i n

s l ightly

t he

4-13

exter ior .

1 5b

d ist inct n ew

s im i lar

r im

a d ia meter o f about 1 60 m m .

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

Th is

f ig

smoothed

NA

cyl indr ica l n eck

i ts

f ig

open ing

open ing

1 78 TG

I t h as

US US

very

smoothed, but

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

and

i nter ior

4-13

bo w l w ith

s l ipped

1 5a

r estr icted

p la in

The

2 20 m m .

TG

exter ior

BAN On ly

r ed

t he

a r estr icted The

r im .

l i nes . 1 60 m m .

open ing w ith

1 76 TG

US t ype

a nd

1 58 ,15e

a nd

s l ipped

f ig

open

unrestr icted

smoothed .

Th is

everted

I t h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

pa inted .

a nd

4-13

a nd

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

1 75 TG

US

I t i s

p la in

exter ior

h as

s l ipped .

Th is i s

a n

I t has

US t ype

f ig

1 5f,13

o f

t ype has a n u nrestr icted

Th is

h as

everted

a nd

c ross-hatched

1 74 TG

a d ia meter o t approx i mate ly

r ed

1 5a

open ing

r ed

f or m

cord- marked .

a nd smoothed on

t h is

a nd

exter ior

1 73 TG

w ith

US - Th is

r im

f our

I t h as a d ia meter o f about

has

s urface

i s vert ica l ly

a lso

l eve l

open ing t he

a r estr icted

US Th is r im .

D i

a d ia meter o f about 1 80 m m .

Th is r im

B an Na

US

1 5a 1 64

f o lded

a nd

1 81 TG

f ig r im

i t h as 1 3

4-15

both

f ig

i n

f or m

a nd

a nd

i t i s

l arger

f abr ic . t han

I t h as US

a d ia meter o f about 2 40 m m . 4-15

1 64 .

R i ms

Th is everted a nd

t ype

r im

i s

but

i nter ior

approx i mate ly

s im i lar

t he

r im

f ro m

r im

t o

t ype

t ip

f in ishes

i s

a re

o f t he

t ype

r im

Na

US

D i

l eve l

1 48 .

r ight

I t h as a r estr icted open ing a nd

a ng led

p la in

a nd

1 82 TG

1 5a

t hree

t o

t he

body .

smoothed .

Both

I t h as

exter ior

a d ia meter

o f

2 00 m m . US

Th is

Ban

has

a re p la in

a constr icted and

f ig

4 -15

open ing w ith a n everted

smoothed .

I t h as

r im .

Both s ides

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

1 60

mm . US US

1 83 TG

1 5a

f ig

1 83 h as a r estr icted open ing a nd

exter ior a nd

i nter ior

r im

f in ishes

4-15

t ong

convex

everted

a re p la in a nd smoothed .

r im .

Both

I ts d ia meter

i s

a .

2 80 m m . US Th is

t ype

h as

a

s l ightly bends out ward . I t i s p la in and

1 84 TG

r estr icted The body

smoothed

on both US

Th is marked a nd

t ype

i nter ior

has

smoothed .

Both

I t h as

r im .

1 86

has

t he

1 3

f ig

1 86 TG

I ts

t ip

i s

p robably

externa l ly

d ia meter

i s

a .

Th is

1 3

f ig

smoothed .

j unct ion h as

t ype

r im

f in ishes

and

a re

a

p la in

a do wn ward

I t

s lop ing , everted

I ts d ia meter

i s

c .

2 00 m m .

F IVE

1 5c i s

1 91 TG

Both

f ig

4-16 open ing

p la in

1 5c

a nd

f ig

w ith

everted

smoothed

on

r im .

both

The s ides .

4-16

a nd

exter ior a nd

everted

i nter ior

r im

r im

but

f in ishes

i ts a re

r im-body p la in

a nd

a d ia meter o f about 2 20 m m .

h as

i s unkno wn .

1 92 TG

a constr icted

US 1 93

h as

a

r estr icted

i s

p la in

a nd

smoothed .

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

4-16 a nd

i ts s urface

everted a re

p la in

r im . a nd

I ts

r im-body

smoothed .

I t

1 60 m m .

1 93 TG

US

1 f ig

open ing

Both s ides o f

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

f in ish

everted

4-15

a nd

a constr icted

beve lled .

US Th is

t ip

2 80 m m .

unkno wn . I t h as

t he

PHRUK

t ype h as a r estr icted open ing

i s

a n

exter ior s urface

open ing

1 90 TG

h as

US j unct ion

but

4-15

smoothed on both s ides .

US r im

r im

vert ical cord mark ing .

a d ia meter o f about 1 20 mm .

LE VEL

t ype

everted

body w ith

a nd

BAN MU ANG

Th is

4-15 a nd

vesse l bears

constr icted

a constr icted

I t i s p la in and

f ig

s ides .

i nter ior

US US

o f

1 85 TG

a h igh ly

bead .

1 5a

open ing

1 5c

o r if ice I ts

f ig

a nd

i nter ior

2 80 m m .

- 2 48

-

4-16 everted

r im

f i n ish

r im .

The

exter ior

i s r ed s l ipped .

r im

I t h as

B an Muang

US Th is i nterna l ly

t ype

i ts

a nd

h as

1 94 TG

r im

beaded

f in ish

a re

r im

t ypes

1 f ig

a constr icted

externa l ly

exter ior

Phruk

4-16

open ing

t o

f or m

p la in

a nd

a nd

everted

r im .

a concave

contour .

smoothed .

I t h as

The

t ip

Both

i s

s ides

a d ia meter

o f

about 2 80 m m . US Th is a ides

o f

t ype

i ts

i nter ior

a

s urface

approx i mate ly

Th is

h as

1 9

a re

f ig

4-16

open ing

r ed

s l ipped

a nd

US

1 96 TG

1 9

w ith

t a l l

burn ished .

everted I t h as

r im .

Both

a d ia meter

o f

2 80 m m ,

i s o f

r im

1 95 TG

constr icted

a

f in ish

r estr icted i s

p la in

open ing

a nd

f ig

4-16

a nd

everted

smoothed .

I t h as

r im .

The

exter ior

a d ia meter o f

and

about 280

mm . US Th is

t ype

h as

r ed s l ipped on

t he

a n

1 97

Both t he

s ides body

h as

o f i s

s urface

decorated

approx i mate ly

a re

t ype

p robab ly

Both

s ides

o f

o f approx i mate ly

a n

r ed

r ounded

t he

r im .

exter ior .

I t i s I t h as

4-17

w ith

a nd

sma l l

externa lly

smoothed .

appl ique

i ts

a n

s urface

a

band .

1 9

f ig

The I t

beaded

r e ma in ing

h as

a

r im .

part o f

d ia meter

o f

i nter ior r im

p la in

open ing

a nd

2 00 TG

1 5b

f ig

open ing

a nd

smoothed .

s i mple

I t h as

squared

a d ia meter

4-17

a nd

f in ishes a re p la in

external ly

a nd

smoothed .

beaded I t h as

r im .

I ts

a d ia meter

1 60 m m . 2 01 TG

1 8

f ig

i s o f a constr icted open ing w ith

s l ipped

4-17

unrestr icted

a re

r estr icted

US i s

on

1 50 m m .

h as

o f approx i mate ly

Th is

1 f ig

1 99 TG

has

US 2 00

exter ior a nd

s i mple

smoothed

o r if ice

p la in

w ith

Th is

US

4-17 a nd

2 00 m m . US

r im .

a nd

1 98 TG

a constr icted

i ts

f ig

2 40 m m .

US 1 98

1 5c

open ing

i nter ior but p la in

a d ia meter o f approx i mately

US

TG

unrestr icted

a nd

burn ished

on

both

4-17 sma l l externa l ly

s ides .

I t h as

beaded

r im .

I t

a d ia meter o f about

1 00 m m . US Th is a nd

i t

h as

u nkno wn . I t h as

t ype a

Both

p robably deep

2 02 TG

co mes

externa lly

exter ior

a nd

r im .

r im

I ts

f in ishes

1 80 m m .

LE VEL US

4-17

a vesse l w ith

beaded

i nter ior

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

1 f ig

f ro m

2 03 TG

FOUR 1 5a

- 2 49

f ig

-

4-17

a constr icted

r im-body

a re

p la in

mouth

j unct ion

a nd

i s

smoothed .

Ban Muang

Th is

t ype

externa l bead .

has U

t he exter ior a nd approx i mate ly

a

constr icted

i ts

h as

i s

s l ipped on

i nter ior r im

w ith

i s

i nter ior .

t ype

p la in

I t h as

has

a

l arge ,

r ed

s l ipped .

l edge-shaped

I t h as

a nd

smoothed

i s

a nd

i nter ior

f ig

r ed

a d ia meter o f

4-17 t a l l everted

geo metr ic

1 5a

f ig

open ing

a nd

r im .

des igns

i t i s

exter ior

i t

i s

r ed

2 40 m m .

4-17

a nd everted

r ed

I ts

a nd

s l ipped

r im .

on

t he

I ts exter ior r im i nter ior .

I t h as

2 60 m m . 2 06 TG

o f a constr icted

exter ior

1 9

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

2 05 TG

US i ts

w ith

open ing w ith

a r estr icted

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

Th is

i s

2 04 TG

co mplex

US f in ish

open ing

f in ish

a constr icted

pa inted

t he

Th is

t ypes

decorated w ith a r ed-pa inted c ross-hatched des ign on

i s

US f in ish

r im

2 20 m m .

US 2 04 r im

Phruk

1 3

f ig

o r if ice w ith

r im

f in ishes

4-17

do wn-s lop ing

a re

p la in

a nd

f olded

r im .

smoothed .

Both

I t h as

a

d ia meter o f about 1 80 m m . US Th is w ith I ts

t ype

f lat l ipped i nter ior

r im

p robably everted

r im .

f in ish

r ed

i s

2 07 TG

co mes I ts

part

o f

208

i ts

s urface

h as

body

f in ish

a n i s

i s p la in

a nd

t ype

exter ior and

h as

a n

i nter ior r im

r im

1 3

f ig

open ing

f in ish

i s

1 3

i s

p la in

a nd

a d ia meter o f about 200 m m .

f olded

Both

f ig

t he

r im .

The

r e ma in ing

exter ior a nd

i nter ior

a d ia meter o f about 1 60 m m . 4-17

open ing w ith a sma l l beaded

p la in

open ing

smoothed .

4-17

I t h as

2 09 TG

unrestr icted

a constr icted

f in ish

a nd

cord- marked .

smoothe .d . US

Th is

4-17

I t h as

2 08 TG

unrestr icted vert ica lly

f ig

a vesse l w ith

exter ior

s l ipped .

US US

1 8

f ro m

a nd

smoothed .

I t h as

r im .

Both

a d ia meter o f

about 1 60 m m . US Th is Both s ides

t ype a re

h as p la in

unrestr icted

a nd

smoothed . US

Th is w ith

t ype

p robab ly

do wn-s lop ing

I t h as

2 10 TG

a n

r im .

2 11 TG

co mes

Both

1 5a

f ig

open ing I t h as 1 5a

f ro m

4-17 a nd

do wn-s lop ing

f ig

r im .

4-17

a vesse l w ith

i nter ior a nd

f olded

a d ia meter o f about 2 00 mm .

a constr icted

exter ior s urfaces a re

open ing

r ed s l ipped .

a d ia meter o f about 2 40 m m . US Th is

externa l ly

t ype

co mes

everted

cord- marked .

The

f ro m

r im . r im

2 12 TG

The a nd

1 5a

f ig

a vesse l w ith r e ma in ing

i nterna l

4-17 a most

part

s urfaces

i ts

a re

r ed

d ia meter o f about 2 20 m m . US

2 13 TG

1 5a

f ig

r estr icted

o f

4-17

open ing

body s l ipped .

i s

and

vert ica l I t h as

a

B an Muang

Th is a nd

t ype

exter ior

h as

a constr icted

s urface

approx i mate ly

f i n ishes

The

r im

r im

open ing

a re

r ed

t ypes

a nd

s hort, everted

s l ipped .

I t

h as

r im .

a

I nter ior

d ia meter

o f

1 80 m m . US

Th is

Phruk

t ype

a nd

h as

a

i nterna l

2 14

TG

r estr icted

s urface

1 5b

f ig

open ing

a re

r ed

4-17

w ith

a very

s l ipped .

I t h as

s hort

everted

a d ia meter o f

r im .

about

1 60 m m . US Th is

t ype

c ross-sect ion . smoothed .

h as

Both

a n

o f

2 15 TG

i ts

t ype

has

t ip .

Both

r im

a n

s ides

o f

t ype

p robably

c ross-sect ion .

The

2 17

has

o f

t ype

t he

p robab ly

r im-body

i nter ior a nd

t r iangu lar

f in ishes

a re

r im p la in

i n a nd

f ig

4-17

s urface

a s l ight externa l

f in ishes

a re

r ed

swe ll ing

s l ipped .

I t h as

TG

1 5a

f ig

4-17

exter ior

open ing

s urface

a nd

f in ish

t r iangu lar

i s

r im

i n

r ed-s l ipped .

I t

1 80 m m . 1 3

f ig

4-17

a constr icted

j unct ion

i s

open ing

u nkno wn .

I t i s

a nd

everted

p la in

a nd

r im .

The

smoothed

on

exter ior, a nd has a d ia meter o t about 1 20 m m .

t ype

smoothed

1 3

2 18 TG

has

US Th is a nd

a nd r im

open ing w ith

a constr icted

i nter ior a nd

US

t he

i ts

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

Th is f or m

i nter ior

1 20 m m .

US Th is

2 16 TG

unrestr icted

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

h as

4-17

open ing

exter ior a nd

US t he

f ig

I t h as a d ia meter o f about 2 00 m m .

- Th is a t

1 9

u nrestr icted

on

has t he

2 19 TG

1 5b

a constr icted exter ior and

f ig

4-18

open ing r ed

a nd

s l ipped

everted

on

t 'e

r im .

I t

i nter ior .

i s

p la in

I t h as

a

d ia meter o f about 3 20 m m . LE VEL

US Th is everted

t ype

r im .

p robably

220 TG

h as

a n

THREE

1 3

f ig

4-18

u nrestr icted

I t i s p la in a nd smoothed

open ing

w ith

over a l l s urfaces .

a

I t h as

hor izontal a d ia meter

o f about 2 00 m m . US Th is a nd

t ype

h as

i nter ior a re p la in

a

a nd

p robab ly f in ishes

t ype

co mes a re

h as

a n

2 22 TG

u nrestr icted

f ro m

a s ha l lo w

p ta in a nd

smoothed . US

1 3

f ig

open ing

smoothed . US

Th is

2 21 TG

r estr icted

everted

r im .

Both

exter ior

I t h as

a d ia meter o f about 2 20 m m .

1 3

4-18

f ig

open ing

d ish .

Both

I t h as

2 23 TG

4-18 a nd

1 3

a nd o f

f lar ing ,

everted

i ts exter ior a nd

a d ia meter o f about 2 00 m m . f ig

4-18

r im .

I t

i nter ior r im

B an Muang

Th is a nd

t ype

i n ter ior

r im

approx imate ly

h as

a constr icted

f in ishes

a re

exter ior

f i n ish

i s

p la in

a n

t ypes

a nd

everted

smoothed .

t ype

a re

h as

p la in

a n

and

f ig

smoothed,

r im .

Both

I t h as

a

exter ior

d ia meter

o f

4 -18 open ing

but

t he

a nd

beaded

i nter ior

i s

r im .

r ed

I ts

s l ipped .

1 40 mm .

2 25 TG

1 3

u nrestr icted

smoothed .

hor izonta l ly burn ished .

1 5a

u nrestr icted

a nd

US s urfaces

a nd

2 24 TG

I t h as a d iameter o f approx imate ly

Th is

open ing

p la in

t ype p robab ly h as

r im

r im

1 50 m m . US

Th is

P hruk

f ig

4-18

open ing

The

a nd

s urv iv ing

everted

part

o f

t he

r im .

The

body

was

I t h as a d iameter o f about 1 80 m m . US

2 26 TG

1 5c

f ig

418

- US 2 26 p robab ly h ad a constr icted open ing a nd everted r im , but i ts r im-body j unct ion h as not s urv ived . I t i s p la in a nd smoothed on both s ides .

I ts d iameter

i s

c .

1 80 m m . US

r im .

Th is

t ype

I t

p la in

i s

h as

a n

a nd

2 27 TG

smoothed

h as a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

US Th is i ts

t ype

r im-body

p robab ly

j unct ion

i s

exter ior a nd

h as

4-18 w ith

exter ior

1 3

f ig

sma l l

a nd

externa l ly

i nter ior

b eaded

s urfaces .

I t

4-18

a constr icted

u nkno wn .

I t

open ing

i s p la in

a nd

a nd

everted

smoothed

r im

but

overa l l , a nd

1 80 mm .

2 29 TG

a r estr icted

i nter ior r im

t he

2 28 TG

h as

US t ype

on

f ig

open ing

1 80 m m .

h as a d iameter o f approx imate ly

Th is

1 3

u nrestr icted

1 3

f ig 4-18

open ing

f in ishes a re p la in

a nd

a nd

s tra ight

everted

smoothed .

I t h as

r im .

Both

a d iameter

o f about 2 00 mm . US t op .

Th is

t ype

The

exter ior

para l le l burn ished

h as

2 30 TG

a s l ightly i s

p la in

a nd

l i nes a t a n

a d ia meter o f approx imate ly

1 3

f ig

r estr icted

4 -18 open ing

smoothed

a ng le

o f

C .

a nd

1 7 °

t o

w ith t he

t he

f lat , i nner

squared s urface

perpend icu lar .

r im

bears I t h as

1 40 mm . LEVEL TWO

US Th is a nd

t ype

i nter ior

r im

h as

2 31 TG

a constr icted

f i n ishes

a re

1 3

f ig

open ing

p la in

a nd

4 -18 a nd

everted

smoothed .

I t

r im . h as

Both a

exter ior

d ia meter

o f

about 1 80 mm . Us a nd

2 32 TG

1 8

f ig

4 -18

Th is t ype h as a r estr icted open ing a nd everted r im . i nter ior r im f i n ishes a re p la in a nd smoothed . I t h as

approx imate ly

2 40 m m .

Both exter ior a d ia meter o f

B an Muang

US US exter ior

2 33 r im

h as

a

f in ish

i s

Phruk

2 33 TG

constr icted r ed

r im

1 7

f ig

4-18

open ing

s l ipped .

t ypes

w ith

I t h as

a

t h in

a d ia meter

everted

o f

r im .

I ts

approx i mate ly

1 80

mm . US

2 34 TG

US 2 34 h as a constr icted i s

r e lat ive ly

r im

f in ish

i s

t h ick

a t

t he

p la in

a nd

1 3

f ig

open ing

base

but

4-18

a nd

everted

t apers

smoothed .

r im .

t o a po int .

I t h as

a d ia meter

The

everted

Exter ior a nd o f

r im

i nter ior

approx i mate ly

1 80

mm . US Th is a nd

t ype

everted

pa inted

p robab ly

r im .

vert ica l

The

r ed

2 35 TG

co mes exter ior

l i ne .

I t i s

1 3

f ro m

f ig

4-18

a vesse l w ith

a nd

i nter ior

p la in

a nd

a constr icted

r im

f in ish

smoothed

on

open ing

i ncludes

t he

a

r ed

i nter ior w ith

a

d ia meter o f about 2 00 m m . US Th is a

t ype co mes

t r iangu lar

p la in

a nd

r im

i n

2 36 TG

f ro m

c ross-sect ion .

smoothed .

I t h as

i ts

t ype

exter ior

h as

a nd

I ts

2 37 TG

a constr icted

i nter ior

f ig

4-18

a s l ightly exter ior

constr icted

a nd

i nter ior

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

US Th is

1 7

a beve l w ith

r im

1 3

f ig

o r if ice

f in ishes

a nd

f in ish

i s

2 26 m m .

4-18

a nd

a re

o r if ice

r im

s i mple

p la in

Both

o f

smoothed .

squared

I t

h as

a

o r if ice

a

s i mple

a nd

l ip .

d iameter o f about 1 20 m m . US Th is squared both

co mes

r im ,

f ro m

bear ing

s ides , a nd

h as

2 38 TG

a g roove

outer

t ype

t ip .

I t

approx i mately

has i s

a n

p la in

h as

a nd

r im

h as

a

1 3

f ig

i s

p la in

and

a nd

smoothed

on

8 0 mm .

4-18

open ing w ith a n exter ior bead ing a t t he

i nter ior r im

a l l

over

a nd

h as

a

d ia meter

o f

i s

1 5c

f ig

open ing p la in

4-18

a nd

a nd

everted,

smoothed .

cupped

r im .

The

I f h as a d ia meter o f

2 41 TG

1 3 ,18

f in ish

i s

f ig

open ing

p la in

a nd

4-19 a nd

everted

smoothed .

r im .

I t h as

Both

t he

a d ia meter o f

1 40 m m .

t ype

Exter ior

2 40 TG

r estr icted

US r im .

I t

2 80 m m .

t ype

approx i mate ly

Th is

l ip .

smoothed

f in ish

US exter ior a nd

2 39 TG

a constr icted

i nter ior

approx i mate ly

Th is

4-18

1 20 m m .

t ype

exter ior a nd

t he

unrestr icted

US Th is

a t

f ig

a constr icted

a d ia meter o t approx i mate ly US

Th is

1 3

a vesse l w ith

h as

a nd

2 42 TG

a constr icted i nter ior

d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

r im

1 3

f ig

open ing

f in ish

i s

4-19 a nd

p la in

2 20 m m . US

2 43 TG

1 5f

- 2 53

f ig

-

4-19

everted, a nd

short

a nd

smoothed .

I t

b road h as

a

Ban h i tuanq

Th is a nd

t ype

everted

s ides

o f

i ts

p robably

r im .

The

s urface

approx i mate ly

co mes

e nd

o f

f in ishes

t h ickens

t ype

h as

t o wards

smoothed .

t he

l ip .

sha l lo w

a n

a re

p la in

a nd

smoothed .

2 44

TG

decorated g roove .

h as vert ica lly

i s

c .

w ith

Both

Both

and

i n

i ts

o f

surface

a

i s

Both

a d ia meter o f

Th is

t ype

p la in

a nd

Th is

t ype

i nter ior

r im

h as

everted

r im

a re

wh ich

p la in

and

4-19

a nd

p la in

I t h as 1 3

everted

g rooves ,

r im .

t he

a nd

I ts

r im

i nter ior

t op

r im

bears

smoothed,

t he

a

body

a d ia meter o f about 2 50 m m .

f ig

4-19

r im a re

a nd p la in

a

cyl indr ica l

a nd

smoothed .

r estr icted I t has

a

2 60 m m .

t he

I t h as

a l ong

exter ior s urfaces

a re

f in ishes

2 47

TG

constr icted

a po int a t

smoothed .

f in ishes

2 46 TG

out

1 3

f ig

o r if ice ,

l ip .

4-19

vert ica l

Both

s ides

collar

o f

i ts

a d ia meter o f approx imate ly US

I t

I t h as

open ing

bead .

4-19

f ig

para l le l

cord- mark ing .

US e nd ing

1 3

h as a curved everted

o f

i s

f ig

open ing

t hree

d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

Th is

1 3

2 45 TG

s urface

app l ied

t ype

open ing .

r estr icted

2 40 m m .

US Th is

a

externa l pa inted

open ing w ith

i nter ior a nd

t ype h as a r estr icted

i s

a vesse l w ith h as

Both

US f in ish

t ypes

r im

a constr icted

I ts d ia meter

Th is

f ro m

t he

nm

2 00 m m . US

Th is

Phruk

2 48 TG

a r estr icted

smoothed

1 3

f ig

open ing

overa l l, a nd

everted

s urface

i s

r im p la in

2 60 m m .

4-19

a nd

h as

a nd

r im

everted

r im .

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

a s hort ,

b road

1 40

mm . US a nd

h as

a

f in ish

2 49 TG

r estr icted i s

p la in

1 3

f ig

4-19

open ing w ith

a nd

smoothed .

a n

outcurv ing

I t h as

r im .

a d ia meter

Exter ior o f

about

1 20 m m . US Th is a nd

t ype

smoothed

h as

over

a n a l l

2 50 TG

open

mouth

s urfaces .

1 6

f ig

w ith

Th is

4-19

s i mple

t ype

squared

h as

l ip .

a d ia meter

I t o f

i s

p la in

about

2 20

cupped

r im

mm . US US w ith

a

2 51

h as

g rooved

approx i mate ly

t op .

I t

i s

p la in t he

a nd c lay

i s

o f

a n

smoothed a

1 3

f ig

r estr icted p la in

4-19

open ing

a nd

a nd

smoothed .

everted , I t

h as

a

d ia meter

o f

t op .

i s

200 m m . US

Th is

2 51 TG

a s l ightly

1 0 mm .

2 52 TG

unrestr icted on

both

be lo w US

s ides t he

1 3

f ig

open ing a nd

t op .

2 53 TG

h as I ts

1 3

- 2 54

4-19

w ith

s i mp le

d ia meter f ig

-

squared

a c ircu lar ho le

4-19

i s

c .

p ierced

1 80 m m .

I t

t hrough

B an Muanq

Th is

t ype

There a re a nd

two

had

a r estr icted

g rooves , p laced a t

smoothed

on

both

s ides .

a nd t i p .

t ype

smoothed I t h as

h as

on

2 54

both

s ides .

US t ype

s l ipped

exter ior .

h as

on

I t h as

There

t op

a nd

r im .

d ia meter o f

p robab ly

j unct ion

l ip

but

i ts

I t i s

f ig

1 3

a nd

r im . p la in

1 80 m m .

everted

r im .

i s

p la in

be lo w

t he

i nner

beaded

r im .

I t i s

g roove

I t

4-19

a nd

f ig

externa l ly but

p la in

a nd

smoothed

on

4-19 open ing w ith

I t i s

outcurv ing

decorated w ith

smoothed

on

t he

everted

l i nes

exter ior .

o f s ix

I t h as

a

1 80 m m .

t ype

body-r im

1 5c

u nkno wn .

p la in

everted

t op .

2 00 m m .

a r estr icted

i s

i s

a n

a s ha l lo w

o r if ice

2 56 TG

h as

a nd

t he

4-19

a nd

1 80 m m .

US Th is

a t

a d ia meter o f about

i nner c .

col lar

i nter ior

body-r im

on

t a ll a nd

t he

t ype

The

a l ip

f ig

i s

2 55 TG

US Th is g rooves

1 3

open ing

a constr icted

t he

t ypes

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

a d ia meter o f approx i mate ly

Th is r ed

i nner

TG

a r estr icted

r im

open ing,

t he

I t h as

US Th is

Phruk

p robab ly

j unct ion

o f g rooves but

i s

2 51

h as

TG

1 3

u nkno wn .

i t i s p la in and

f ig

4-19

a constr icted I ts

smoothed

open ing

a nd

everted

i nter ior

i s decorated w ith

on

exter ior .

t he

I t h as

r im

but

f our

t i nes

a d ia meter

o f about 2 00 m m . US US a nd

2 58

s hort

p robab ly

everted

d ia meter o f about

2 58

co mes

r im .

Both

squared . h as

t ype

h as

s ides

2 59

f ig

a re

TG

a constr icted

Both exter ior a nd

4-19 w ith

p la in

a

a nd

constr icted

smoothed .

open ing I t

h as

a

1 3

f ig

open ing

i nter ior r im

t op

i s

4-19 a nd

f in ishes

everted

a re

p la in

r im .

The

a nd

smoothed .

s hort,

everted

I t

a d ia meter o f about 2 00 m m . US US

The

1 3

a vesse l

1 80 m m . US

Th is

TG

f ro m

t op

a re p la in

2 60

p robably

bears

a s ha l lo w

a nd smoothed .

2 60 TG

has

1 3

f ig

a constr icted g roove .

I t h as

Both

4-19 open ing

exter ior

a nd a nd

a d ia meter o f about

i nter ior

r im

r im .

f in ishes

1 80 m m .

LE VEL ONE

US Th is a

s ha l lo w

smoothed .

2 61 TG

1 3

f ig

4-19

t ype h as a constr icted open ing a nd g roove . I t h as

Both

s ides

o f

i ts

a d ia meter o f about 2 40 m m .

- 2 55

-

everted

s urface

r im .

f in ishes

The

t op

a re

p la in

bears a nd

THE

The

e stabl ish ment

n ecessary p rerequ is ite These

beg in w ith

l eve l .

Bayard

r e lat ive

t o

r eflects

i ts

n ecessary

u se

as

t he

t o

h as

apply

l eve ls . s ites .

f i rst s tep

t o

Even Tha i land

Th is

t he

t he

t he

t hat

r im

t he

wou ld

not

t h is

soon

observer conc lude

t he

i n

degree

o f

t he

f abr ic

r im

w ith

t ypes

t ime

i s

manufacture

t hat a g iven

a sse mblage

i t

a ff in ity a nd

a c r it ica l

t he Upper Songkhra m

pottery

t he

s ites makes

t ypolog ica l s equence

o f

Tha

t or mer

Secondly,

t o

o f

a

e ach

Nok

a t t he

a nd

on ly

f requenc ies

cu ltura l s equence

casua l

l eve ls

i s

i n

Non

f requency

detect

app l ies

chang ing

a t

f or occupat ion .

t o

l ayer

o f quest ions .

o f s herds

pottery

l ow

by

a s er ies

dens ity

d ifferent

a na lys is

t ypes

t o

o f

t he

t han i n

e stabl ish ment o f

most

r im

r e lat ive

scarc ity

r ather

o f

approach

t o

r ev ie w ing t he

t oday

t ype

o f

be ing made

s uggested

s tat ist ica l

The

corpus

o f

noted

a ce metery s a me

t he mse lves , but a lso bet ween

bas ic

a cons iderat ion

( 1984)

o f

a

TYPES : SU MMARY

t o a n approach

Non Cha i , a nd

occurrence bet ween

o f

R IM

a rea .

i n

Northeast

o f

r ims

i n a

v i l lage context m ight r eflect a w ide var iety

o f cu ltura l events .

made ' pottery manufacture

a h andfu l o f " spec ia l ist" v i l lages ,

i n

wh ich

dozens

a ny

o f

nu mber

me mbers

i s

o f

o f

d ifferent

a nd s a le o f pottery vesse ls . t aken

e ither

t o

e stabl ish ment source . o thers

o f

So me

f ro m

i dent ify

t he

scope

dangers o f n a iv ity

o f

t he

Thus , wh i le t he

var ious

l oca l

t here

o f not ing

e stabl ish ing

P rov ince

descr ibed

l oca l men

i n

d ifferences Aga in ,

and

by

t hey

b rought

t he ir s k i l ls

a s

southwestern s tyle were be ing bought t he

po int

a

s tage

f urther,

i ntroduced s tyles wou ld a ny

cu ltura l change . Accord ing t o

o rgan isat ion a ff ina l

a nd

i n

l ead

soc ial

va luables .

So me , such a s

h ave

f ound

not

been t o

a l l ied

ment ion

v i l lages Such

o f

cera m ic

two

i ssues

i n

t he

t he ir i n

( 1984)

obl igat ions t he

g raves .

t he

de mands

t he most deduce

i n

r e levance

g iven

s ite , m ight

o f be

i s

u nderl ine

t he

o f

t he

M idd le

i f

soc ia l

Per iods ,

o f

b ronze t he

t ake s uch

l i ttle

p reh istor ic

p rest ige j e we l lery,

t hat pottery

bet ween

i n t he

To

copy ing

c ircu lat ion

poss ible

marr ied

l i nked w ith

a nd

f ar

po int c learly .

v i l lages .

a nd

f or m

i n Ro i E t

Soon , pots

t he

t he

a s

P lateau

potters

Early

d ist inct

a workshop

t h is

t he m .

t ypes

a re

's tress

vesse ls

occupants

o f

s a me manner . o rder

a s equence

do

v i l lage

Khorat

l oca l

c ircu lated

f abr ics

wh ich

o f

qu ite

a na lys is

a s we l l

A

s urround ing

i nvolved

a s ituat ion o f

t he

a ssess ment

I t i s

an

o f vesse ls made

e stabl ish

t rochus s he l l b race lets

contents , were

col lected

i s we l t beyond

t o

i lustrates

o f n ew

dur ing

t he c lay

i dent ify ing

t here

decorat ion

o f

t he

poss ib i l ity

Tha i land

f or m

s erve

potters w ith i n

h as

ho wever,

t he ir s k i l ls .

co m m .)

t o a s er ies

H igha m is

Northeast

o ther

t he

a nd

south west

good

a nd

a nd

a uthor,

potters may

( pers . t he

a

Such

i n t he

These

l earnt

t o

a re

t o

s a mp les .

t he

f abr ic

t oday

H igha m i n

i n

f or s a le, a nd

a rea

p ract ices

s tyle .

so me

p rerequ is ite

centres

a genera l un ifor m ity

t o

manufacture

t o s uch a source , but

s tudy .

p reh istor ic t o

t he

V incent

s urvey

Modern

decorat ive

a v i l lage

km .

deta i led

k no wn

bas ic

adjacent

so me t he

wo men

i n

access

manufactur ing

s tudy .

t he p lace where

potters

i n

part o f h is

v i l lages

t ypes .

f ro m

o f

i nterpret ing

i s

i n

r e moved Two

i n

pottery

d ifferences

i mportance i n

p resent

A i s

l ocated

o f

spec if ica l ly

f ac i l ity

sources i s

couple e ngaged

a re made

a re

p reh istor ic

a

a re

o r markets .

a d istance

kno wn

t he i n

v i l lages

f ro m

i n m inera ls

t o

These

pottery- mak ing

c lay

a l l

d ifferences des igned

a

t o f ro m

f am i l ies

l oca l v i l lages

pottery

i mport

c lay

t he

r estr icted

i nd iv idua ls

Today, h and

r im

t o

t o t he

f or ms

matched

i n

i ntens ive a nd scrupu lous a na lys is poss ible

i nteract ions .

p resent s tudy .

The

wh ich

a phased

s usta ins

a s econd, n earby

f i rst

s ite .

i s

There

a re

t he d egree

s equence Thus ,

t he

f or

t o a

per iods

Upper Songkhra m

e stabl ished by Wh ite s i te ,

but

not

f or

d ifferent

web

o f

s tressed

a ff ina l

t hat

approach ,

t ypes

a spects

a nd

o r

These

a re

i n

be

s ituated

cere mon ia l

i nd icate

o f

r i tes , a re

a part ia l a nd

even

qu ite

o f

wh ich

a ff i l iat ions .

s uch

not

behav iour,

p roper a nd

n earby, wh ich

part ic ipat ion

cons iderat ion

contextual mortuary

t ypes : s u m mary

f or Ban Ch iang may

a s ite ,

s im i lar s equence m ight i s

r im

i n

Converse ly,

t he

s a me

poss ib i l it ies

on ly

s uch

pottery

a s

val id

co mpr ised

o f

a

a markedly

a ff i l iat ion web .

must

r ims ,

chang ing

f or t hat

part

be

but

s et o ther

act iv ity

I t

w ith in

a

a rtefact

patterns

a nd

g iven we ight .

major

i ssues .

t entat ive

W ithout

approach

i s

deta i led

poss ible .

petrograph ic

Th is

w i l l

a na lys is , on ly

beco me

ev ident

a s

t h is chapter p roceeds . The r ims

r im

asse mblage

f ound a t t he

t er ms

o ther

o f

t he

vesse l

t e mper ing

t he

c lay .

i nc ised

decorat ion

mater ia l

f ro m

t h ird m i llenn iu m

The

f ro m

wh ich

There

c lear ly a nd

w ith

( 1982a)

h ints

o f

t h is

f ro m

a lso

t he

dated

i n

u sed

f or

f or m

a nd

t he

Early

Per iod

t o

t rad it ion

t he

f ound

f abr ic

vesse l

l i e w ith

h as

i s

t he

t he

No i vesse ls ,

no

s et apart

d ist inct ion

bur ia ls

a ff in it ies

Wh ite

a re

i s

s harp

t he

Non Kao

Ch iang

No i

Th is

c losest

t he

BC .

Ban Kho

s ites .

f or ms

on

Ban

f ro m

two

a t

l east

1

t he

i n t he basa l l eve l

a t Ban Na D i . Let

u s

beg in

co m monest

r im

8-6 ,

i s

t h is

1 8)

t o

f or

l eve ls

For

l eve l 8 ,

t he

s econd s ize

a nd

f or m

t he

t he

a re

t he

cons iderat ion

p resence

i n

r ims .

Th is

2 0)

t hree

o f

g raves

nu mer ica l ly

o f

t he

For l eve ls

whole

correspondence

on

i s

a

a lso

t o

t ype

l ip

r im

t ypes .

f or m

f ound

i n

US

a nd

b road

f ound

a constr icted

out

co m mon

'goblet"

p laced

US

bo w l w ith

be lo w

by

a

s uccess ive l eve ls a t Ban Na D i .

f rag mentary

t here t o

a bo w l

( type

r ound

w ith

t he

vesse ls does

not

3-5 .

corresponds

co mpr ises

r ev ie w

f ro m

f ac i l itated

correspond ing r ecur

t h is

t ypes

pedestal led

i n

t he

g raves . everted

2 1, but

h as

not

t h is

t ype

been

h as

f ound

f i rst,

e arly

f oot

a nd

open ing

The

t he

( f ig

I t i s

( type US

g raves .

der ived

r im .

I t

4-20) .

I t

i s

The

f ro m

s im i lar

a i n

a c lear externa l swe ll ing

r epresented

i n

t he

g rave

asse mblage . Th is

co mb inat ion

o f a gob let

a nd

r estr icted open ing a nd everted p la in a sse mblage . These n ew

s a me

l atter a re

t ypes

cont inue

co m mon

so me

t ypes .

f ro m

a

t ype US t he O m a nd

i n

2 8

a tso

s hare w ith

two

pa inted W ith

l i nes

t o

f abr ic .

The

i nc lude

a

both

everted

s haped

a t

f ro m

t he t he

t he

co m mon

r im

external

5 a nd

t ypes

( US

8 3

t he

Th is

I t i s

l eve l 7

j o ined

by

t hree

g raves , so we t ype

( US s ize .

s trong ly

h ave

2 6) co mes I t

was

s uspected

t hat

t he body o f wh ich was decorated

vessels a nd

h ave

co m mon

pa inted

t ypes 6 , but

been

f ound .

t ype

decorat ion .

i n

change t hose

l eve l

5

part icu larly a nd

i ns ide They

bead .

a re

t hree

t he

3 5-6 a nd 5 2 .

i n

i n

Types

US

l eve l 6 ( US

Th is

L ast

t ype

4 1) , has

t hroat .

a

s ize .

ne w

r ed

co m mon

w ith

bo w l

f or

t h ird

US

cons iderab le

4-20) .

a vesse l

t ypes

t hey

i n

o f

nu mer ica l ly,

r im

vesse l .

vesse l ( f ig

co mplete

bear ing

l eve ls

vesse l

open

s im i lar but

o f

l eve l 5 ,

co m mon

s l ipped

co mes

f ound

co mplete

s tyle

u nder

6 , where

a lso

car inated

s tyle , but no

character ist ic

l eve l i s

t he

t he O m Kaeo

Kaeo 2 8

i nto

based, g lobu lar vesse l w ith a

do m inated

i ncorporated

f i rst

o f

t h in- wal led,

t he

a nd

The

i dea o f t he shape

decorated

2 6

The

r ound

r im

a re

t al l

t he s et

Type US

f or mer out

everted

i n

r im

h ave f ig

( US

3 5

i s

a d ist inct

4-21 . 5 8),

[ hey a

r ed

8 7) a nd a sma l l vesse l w ith constr icted n eck

o f wh ich

h ave

Th is

d ra mat ica l ly .

i n

i s

r ed

a s l ightly

a sse mblage ,

s l ipped .

r estr icted once

US

6 2

a nd •1 08

open ing a nd

e stabl ished

w ith

a re

t r iangu lar l eve l

5 ,

Upper Songkhra m

cont inued

t o

do m inate

out d iagra mat ica l ly

t he

i n

s a mples

f igs

4-23

At Ban Na D i , t here w ith

t ime .

Leve l 8 h as

major ity

o f

vesse ls

f ound

were ,

t o

r ims

bet ween S ince

bears

pos it ive

l eve l 7 , a nd o f pottery .

body

4 0

i n

These

t hose

h as

t he

pedesta l ,

co mpr ised

a re

s et out

TABLE

Level

dens ity

There

dens ity

o f

t hat

n u mber

l eve l

7

f or

t h is

6 4.0

3 87

1 8.2

2 1.3

t hese

4 .

been

s aw

l eve ls

5

t o

a rea was more

dense ly

i s

t hat dur ing

t he

i n

a n

a rea

wh ich

occupat ion part icu lar

s ite

t hat o f

m ight

detr itus

g rounds

o f

both

Non

Cha i ,

var iety

a

a ny

r ange t he

be

o f

i s

e ach i n

2 4

t he

t imes

K ijnga m a rea

t hat

t hat a s

act iv ity

advanced

f or ms .

a rea

t o i n

Another

account t he

was

I n

4-5

l ater

t hat

per iod .

a n

t h is

A

w ith in

context,

occupat ion

extraord inary

p referance

above

i s

a

a nd

i n t he

t h ird

excavated was not u sed a s

pottery .

cu ltura l t he

a nd

l ater p reh istor ic

t he

p lace

a h igh

excavated

One

i n

i ncrease

b ronze work ing

o f

t here

o f

o f so i l

o f purposes , a f ind ing wh ich

l eve ls

spec if ic

f avour ing

t o

H igha m

may

t he

a

l o wer

a general gu ide on ly,

volu me

t he

dens ity .

b roken

i n

8

by

o f

hypotheses

dur ing

r eflect i n

noted

8 occupat ion

accu mu lat ion

note

t he

l eve l

u se

s herd

g reater

s ettled

l eve l

i n

t he

t he

f or

p rov ide

3 r eflect both

a lternat ive

i n

a

t he

actua l dens ity

h ave been a marked

I t h as

i ncrease

account

t o

per m 2

6

data

p rec ise ly

2 .66

l eve l

on o f

ri ms/m3

3

ho wever, appear

made

l eve l

2 9.4

i tse lf

conte mporary

s herds per

1 3.5

f or a w ide

s herds

r im

8 66

t hat

i t o f

4-1 .

4

l eve l

t he

t able

a s

a rea

4-1

o f

e st i mat ing

pedesta l led

t ypes

t he

2 0.6

on ly

t ypes

The g reat

i nter ior

r im

2 2.5

basa l

t o

i n

n ew

concerns

2 2.5

Severa l

f or

2 7

i ssue

4 63

i n

r im

j o ined

be ing t he

6 62

l eve ls , pottery was u sed

i nterest ing

a re

pot,

5

d ra mat ic

may

port ion

6

ce metery, whereas occupat ion .

bo w l

2 .66

conceded

i s s et

o f a b road

5 .29

f ro m

i n

a nd

e arly

1 8.2

does

r ims ,

t he

7 2.0

r ead i ly

l eve l .

on

a cord- marked bo w l

4 8

because o f t he d iff icu lty

Th is

n u mber o f

3 81

7

I t i s

t he

n r im s herds

8

3 a lso .

character ist ic

There

s econd

Ban Na D i : t he

f ound

t he

The

f igures

i n

a cord- marked

cord- marks .

l eve l 6 .

Re levant

i ncrease

co mpr ise

f or m

a nd

4 a nd

on ly e ight c lear ly d ist inct f or ms .

t here match

t he mou ld

l eve ls

2 5 .

i s a marked

Th is

t ypes : s u m mary

f ro m

t o

y ie lded

g raves .

a pedesta l .

j unct ion mou ld . bo w ls

f ound i n

r im

t he

f or

s ite .

a nd

i t a t

dens ity

i s t he o f

accu mu lat ing There

a re

a lternat ives , e ither s ingly

no o r

Upper Sonqkhra m

i n co mb inat ion . i ntens ive

That most

occupat ion

dur ing

l eve ls 3-5 .

o f

a rea

t he

As

a s

h as

been

f abr ic,

i t

t he

observed

i s

cons idered

by means

may

l eve l

i t ,

t here

f i rst

a re

M idd le

a nd

mortuary t he

l eve ls

Late

t h is

t here

was

peop le

a nd

a ffected

by

i s

bur ia l

l ess

act iv ity t he

use

f ro m

a

i nf i l led

Gor man

workers t he

f i rst

a nd

s tress f i rst

w ith

w ith

a nd

t he

use

o f

t h is i ron

i nto

Early,

changes

EP

phase

w ith

i n

4 t o

curv i l inear

cord- mark ing, pa int .

At

was

t he

The

t hen

Ban

phase

change and

I f

s ee m

p redo m inated .

Charoen wongsa 's t hat

5-3 .

3 .

s tyle

r ed

5 .

f ace

wou ld

noted

s ty le

t he

g roups , The

f our

t he

a ff in ity

l eve ls

s equence

f ro m

Kaeo"

t o

were

4 a nd

On

b road

t hen

cord- marked

"O m

data

c lose

5 .

f ro m

on

t rans it ion

decorated

two

cu ltura l

bas ica l ly

t he

t he

l eve ls

4 a nd

r ims

t he

a na lys is

r esu lts a re s et out

f ro m

8 , 7-6 , 5-4

Ch iang

The

i n wh ich

t hose

r ecogn is ing

L eve ls

r i tua l .

The

t e mpora l

exa mple ,

part icu larly

u ndertaken ,

f ounded

change

w ith

a

s econd,

Ban

f or

Consequently,

i s

f or

i n

a s tat ist ica l

o f cases .

were

s ubsequently

A l l

apply

l eve l 3 w ith

t he

t he

pottery

conte mporaneous

7 , a nd

a nd

o f

character ises

Per iod .

t rends

l eve l .

t here

i n s uccess ion

t he

des igns

s tyle

M iddle

t hat

t ypes h ad a r estr icted

t o

by

s ub-phases

a nd

co mpr ises o f

r im

genera l

g rounds

Per iods

r eflects

i nc is ion

o f

t he

s een ,

6 a nd

app l ique o rna ment t o one l atter

dens ity

7 a sse mb lages , a nd

s ubd iv is ion

pottery

MP

a h igh

des irable

8-6,

i nto

i nvolv ing

Wh ite 's

be

l eve ls

sp l itt ing

appröpr iate,

i s

t he

t ypes

r easonable

co mpr ises

f urther

o f

6 a nd

Leve l 8 l i nks w ith o f

a uthor,

o f a c luster a na lys is

As

t he

t he

a re most p robably

o f

cons ider ing

d istr ibut ion

4-23 .

bet ween

by

l eve l 8 , a nd

noted , many

c lay

f ig

t ypes : s u m mary

a ce metery .

Before

i n

f avoured

Leve l 7 f igures

d istr ibut ion .

a na lysed

i n

r im

4 ,

t he

Ch iang,

o r Wh ite 's

approx i mate ly

ma intenance

o f

t he

do mest ic water buffa lo . At Ban Na

D i ,

been

f ound

i n

They

were

f ound

e arl ier f ro m

l eve l

Om

t hro w has

Kaeo Th is

been

water i ron

i ssue

buffa lo . l eve l

be ing

dated

7 t o

f our .

f rag ments context

t he

o f

The

co mb ined

i n

h as

t he

BC .

l eve l 5 (c .

r ims

decorat ion

l ast

two 4-2 .

a re

i s

t herefore , i n

very

i ron

t o

e ach

i nference At

Ban

f rag ment o f The

Three

t he D i ,

l eve l

6

i ron and w ith

s trat igraph ic

r im

t ypes

a re

These a re nu mbers

o ther

Kaeo

a s

Na

ca me , a long

a nd

h ave

4-2

context o f Om

a t Ban MP ,

do mest ic

BC, w ith

r e ma ins

t he r ims

c learly

t he

t he

by

BC .

BC-200 AD) .

i mportant .

s im i lar

a nd

a nd

t he O m Kaeo s tyle .

TABLE Ban Na D i : t he s trat igraph ic

o f

o f

may

because

one

w ith

d a nd MP

6 00-500

y ie lded

1 00

EP

800-300 c .

t i e

h ave

l eve l 6 .

i mportance

i ron

Per iod ,

s tyle

l o wer

contexts

t he o f

t o

t o

Level 7 h as

body

t able

M idd le a rea ,

Kaeo

f ro m

a ff in it ies

i nterest,

ev idence

r ad iocarbon

Kaeo

Om

nu mer ica l

bet ween

r egu lar p resence i n

whose

a nd

pass ing

t h is

t he

D i occupat ion

f i rst

Songkhra m

5 00-100 f i rst

t han

i n

l eve l 7 o r

pots

Ban Na

dated

Upper

s lag ,

w ith

d ist inct ion

i s o f more i nvolved

upper

p rovenance

t he

by

The

o f Om

i n

dated

i ron

a ssoc iated w ith 2 6-28 .

i s

The

decorated

f ro m

a ssoc iat ion

a lleged

Wh ite

i n

upper

L eve l 6 ,

t he

noted,

age"

i n

vesse ls

on

vesse ls

cut e ither

7 mater ia l .

l ight

Ch iang .

t hree

g raves

r im

t ypes

been

Upper Songkhra m

Level

t ype 2 6

-

I t

t o

i ts

were t he

1 0

on

1

0 .25

-

7

0 .81

5

2

0 .30

1 2

1 .81

6

5 3

1 1.45

9 5

2 0.52

7

2 2

7 .09

1 0

2 .62

t ype t he

-

been

i n

2 6

I n

3 7 •f or

d ra wn

f ro m

t hese

l eve l i n

spear

b lade

a nd

t he

l atest

e nd

o f

t he

t o

a nd

i s

t hat 6 ,

bur ia l

f or

o r

l arge

phase

o f

Om dated

h as

a

i t

i s

I n

t h ird

t o

very

l eve l 6 ,

( n=28)

i s

o f

bur ia l

wh ich

w ith

be long

been

c lear ev idence

a d ist inct ion

t o

Dur ing c lear

i mple ments ,

1 6 ,

h ad

t he

i nference

BC .

r ims

i ron

t han i n

conf ined

6 00-100

r ange

t ro m

The

s tyle c .

e arl iest

i s

sp its ,

l o wer

t o

a ce metery

d ra wn

but one

conf ined

l eve l 7 .

upper most .

The

t here

were

t he

a ss igned

t ypes 2 7-8 a re 3 7

Kaeo

w ith

bang le

At Ban Na D i ,

a context where in Wh ite

t he

i s 7 .

on

been

spec i mens

s eventeen t he

l eve l

2 6 t hey

t er m ina l

i n

assoc iated m idd le

n eckr ing

a nd

f or

h as

l eve l 7 co mpr ised, depend ing

t he

and

t ype

f igures

2 1

subd iv ided

r ims

2 7-8 ,

i n

abundant

m idd le

were

e arly

t ypes

context was

more

were

above

l eve l 7 , a l l For

t h irteen

Kaeo

l eve l

about e ight centur ies . i n

o f

-

l eve ls

t he

nu mber o f sp its

f acts ,

vesse ls

o f

Correspond ing

7 a nd

antecedents

t h ick

bet ween

( n=4) .

t h ird ,

t hat

sp its .

cons iderably

l o wer

span ,

t he

-

Each

case

two

e arl iest O m

t h ird

upper most

t he

t op

t h ickness ,

was

upper

t h is

" sp its" .

S ince

t he

-

ment ioned

t h ick t he

l oca l t hat

t otal

-

t hree .

i ts

c lear

o f

-

parent sp it .

t op

t ypes 2 7-8

-

cm

f ound

t otal

4

h as

o f

t ypes : s u m mary

3

8

bas is

o f

r im

bet ween

i n

f or t he

a

t o

t he

u se

f or

cont inu ity Ear ly

a nd

M iddle Per iods . There t he b reak r im

was

t ypology .

r eplace ment a nd

a

These

o f

a

r ims

o f

f or

a re

b reak

t ong

o lder

i s

a

r ims

i n

matched

by

t o

t he

Further r ims

f ound

d igg ing r ims been t he

o f

out

s urface

o f

changes

wh i le a t

t he t he

t ype

a nd

t he ir i n o f

D i w ith

l eve ls t he

f our a nd p resent

a re dated

o f

D i may

-

c .

t he

t o

2 1) .

i nvo lved

F ina l ly, ( f ig

o rna ment 1 00

t he

4-27) .

a r im

These

a nd

BC, and

by

t he

c learly

we l l h ave

l ocate

co mpar ing

Ban Muang

so me

doubtless

wou ld

- 2 60

f ro m

Thus ,

f ive , a nd

4-20

no w

t ip .

de monstrated

a sse mblage

context .

a te l ier

i nc ludes

The actual s hapes o f

app l ique t o

work ing

o f t he

a t Ban Ch iang .

i s

a t Ban Na

r im

deta i ls

work ing ,

( f igs

employed

t ypes

v i l lage

t ypes

decorat ion

They

t he

cu ltura l

Th is

ne w

t rans it ion

postholes

t rue

b ronze

t he

t he

i ron

a

o f g rog

t he Late Per iod

i t occurred w ith t o

cu lture . r im

part icu larly

o f

by

o f

t hree var iab les .

t h is

p its

f ound

a l l

D i , but

advent

ce metery

r ange

Na

not conf ined

t he

i ncept ion o f

a t Ban Na

o f

i n

i ns ight

i nto

Ban

mater ia l

i nvolve

pa int, t er ms

i n

advent o f nove l a rtefact t ypes . r e late

s een

ne w

pers istent r ed

a t

5 , a nd was

e stabl ished

by

i n

r evea l

f abr ic changed, changes

d iscont inu ity 6 and

d iscont inu ity

d ifferences

p reference

l eve ls

Th is

s harp

r eplace ment t he

certa in ly

bet ween

Om

a n

The

r e located

so me

Kaeo

i ntens ive

so me

t he

Phruk .

even

r ims

h ave

s earch i n

on

modern

Upper Songkhra m

contexts .

A

co mpar ison

Ban Muang Phruk a nd 3-3 , f ig

bet ween

r im

t he

l eve l 5 a t Ban Na

t ypes : s u m mary

r ims

4-22) .

- 2 61

f ound

D i h as

-

i n

t he

s ho wn many

l o west

l ayer o f

para lle ls

( tab le

Upper Songkhra m

r im

TABLE The

r e lat ionsh ips

i n

r im

t ypes

R i m Type

B an Muang Phruk

US 5 6

3-4

US 7 4

4-5

5 -6

US 7 8

3-5

3-6

3-5

3 -6

US 8 7

2-5

3-6

US 9 6

4-5

5

US 9 9

3-5

5 2 a a

3

4-5

5

3-4

4

3-4

r ims

4

t hat

t here

bet ween

a re

t he

i nterest

wh ich

i n

a t

f or m

o f

been

s a me

p reva lence

w ith

pa inted

o f

t he r im .

w ith

So me

At

t he

Don

Kh lang

a nd i s

t he t o

i nner

character ist ic r e levant

be

f ound

e arl ier

t hat

s ites

d isp lay t he

f or mer

l ayers

a re

i n

upper

- 2 62

i nterest ing

wh ich ( f ig

i s

a t

basal

Moreover,

genera l

D i .

s ite

-

Ch i

t o a nd

o f

t ype

h ave i s

s im i lar it ies co m mon

been

l ocated c .

2 00

aga in ,

a re

t hose f ro m

do

not

i n

t he

pa inted everted

r ecovered i n

BC t he

Ban

These

n a mes

r ims wh ich

t he

i n

t here

p lace ment o f a r ed

on ly

dated

t he

t hose

Kaeo

f ound

4-26) .

observed

t ypes .

Non Cha i t ypes

t he

The

i n

a lso

o f a n Om

l eve l 5 a t Ban Na

s urface

The

r ims

s ites

Phruk wh ich a re so s im i lar t o

t hree

s t i l l

o f

been

f ro m

decorat ion , and

Ban Ch iang H ian a nd Don Kh lang . Ch i Va l ley

a l l

both

pa int .

i s absolute

Upper Ch i Va l ley

s hape ,

pa inted

t he

c lear para l le ls

f ro m

one exa mple

r ange

h as

n u mbers

Ban Muang

t he

t ip, o r on

t he

pottery

r eta ined .

p rec ise

r ed

r im

i n

o f

r ims r ed

not y ie lded

The b reak

i ncreas ing

a t Non Cha i

t ypes w ith

o rna ment ing a ny

Na D i ' a nd

r im The

contrast marked ly

a t Ban

t he

band

o r i n

3

s ites .

h as

para l le ls

3-4

twenty

two

a t Ban Na D i .

a nd

Cha i h ave

r evea l

US181

s l ipped

d iscovered Non

3-4

3

s a me

a sse mb lages so me

2 -4

US178

noted

Phruk

3-5

1S119

contexts

Red Muang

3 -5

3 -4

t hat Ban Muang Phruk

mortuary

3-5

1S164

f abr ic

one

3-5

4

US174

nor

3-5

3 -5

US168

r im ,

3-5

4

us111

t he

5

3-5

Non Chai

i s

5

5

US108

r evea l

6

1S 8 4

1S110

po int

6

US 6 7

1S110

i s

3-6

5

US108

I t

Ban Na D i

2-5

1S101

a nd

4-3

bet ween Ban Na D i a nd Ban Muang Phruk

US 65

f or m

t ypes : s u m mary

a t

t he M idd le t o

date

3 00 AD . o f

t he

Upper Songkhra m

appropr iate mater ia l The cons idered t here t he

a re

t hrough

l eve ls

a t Ban Na

a re

l i kew ise

very

s ituat ion

t hat

t he t h is

D i a re

wh ich

spec i mens

I t i s

exa m ined

t he

l eve l

i n

h ave 6

basa l Ban Muang

t he

noted

t o

so me

t hat

l eve ls s tands

deta i l ,

a nd

f ract ion

f ind

a lso

been

Unfortunate ly, t he m

a na lys is a nd

out

t ype The

l eve ls a re

d ist inct .

been

1 9

t he

5

a s

i t h as

o f

apart .

3 ,4

i n

t or

t he mater ia l f ro m

f ro m

a sse mblage

h ave

i ncorporate

c luster

6 mater ia l

a h igh

Phruk

t e mper a nalys is .

Phruk

o f

f abr ic

l eve l

o f

c luster

Muang

t he

The

r ims

t ypes a

r esu lts

t hat

s tyle

r ange .

o f

Ban

t he

s et out . a nd

been

s ets

f ro m

f ro m

t ogether .

Kaeo

s a me

t ypes : s u m mary

d ifferent

appl icat ion

4-28,

s im i lar, h as

Om

t he

t he

r ims

f ig

g rouped

Th is i s

I n

i nto

o f

t he

i nsuff ic ient

a na lys is .

7-8

t al ls

f requenc ies

nm

f ound

t emper .

r e lat ive ly

t he ir c losest para l le ls

I t f ew

i n

l eve l

on

t he

5 a t Ban Na D i . The excavated

r e lat ionsh ips

bet ween

t he

a sse mb lages

a nd

sche me

s u mmar ised

i n

equate ,

t he

bas is

Ban

Na

Leve l Late

on

5 a t Per iod

para l le ls

i n

Table

3-4 . o f

The

D i a nd

p roposed

upper most

t he O m

a t Ban Ch iang . t he

t he

basa l Th is

Kaeo Ban i s

s ite o f Non Cha i a nd

s tyle Muang

p roposed

part

o f

r ims ,

by l eve l

based Wh ite 7

( 1982a)

a nd

Phruk

r e late

c lose ly

t o

t he f ind

4-4

f ra me work

f or Non Kao

No i , Ban Na D i a nd Ban Muang Phruk

%bite's

Ban Na D i

Ban Muang Phruk

Non Kao Nöi

Non Chai

Phases

EP 1 EP 2 EP 3 EP 4 1 400-500 BC * L .

7 -8

Ma

5 00-100 BC * Late L .7 & 6

LP

1 00 BC

-

* L .

3 -5

* L .

4 -5

* = - p resent

6

These

l ater Don Kh lang .

chronolog ica l

i s

l eve l

t o Wh ite 's M idd le Per iod .

s een on a butt background .

TABLE

A

phases

p roposed

* L .

1 -5

1 5 a n

US 3

3 2 c m

US 6 US 5

US 4

US 9

2 4 c m

US 1 2

2 6 c m

US 1 3

US 1 4

F I GURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-2

Non Kao No i ( US

1 -17) a nd

( US

1 :2

1 9-25) sca le

Ban Na D i l eve l 8

U S 20 U S 1 9

U S 2 6 U S 2 3 U S 2 1

U S 2 7 U S 2 9

U S 3 1 U S 30

U S 3 3

U S 3 4 9 cm

U S3 7 U S 3 5 U S 3 6

F I GURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-3

Ban Na D i l eve l 7 , sca le

12

L EVEL 7

28 C M

U S 4 9 U S 48

U S 45

U S 44

U S 50

US 5 2

U S 4 7

L EVEL 6

6

US 2 6

U S 1 8

L U 2 7

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-4

Ban Na D i l eve ls

- 2 66

-

7 a nd

6 , sca le

1 :2

U S 6 3

U S 65

N on ( . . ha i T ype 2 2 N on C ha i M inor T ype 5

F IGURE Po ttery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-5

Ban Na D i l eve l 6 , sca le

' 1 :2

U S 7 1

1 6cm

10

1 1• 1 41 1

-

US 7 3 U S 7 2

U S 77

US 7 5

U S

7 9 U S 80

U S8 1

2 6cm

US 82

U U 8 , 5

U S 86

US 87

Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

Ban Na D i l eve l 6 , sca le

1 :2

L EVEL

5

2 8cm

U S 2 6

U S 3 5

U S 2 8

2

m

±t .

2 4c m

m) 01

4 11

U S

1

—

3 7

U S 4 3

U S4 1

U S 5 5

US

4 7

U S 5 6 U S 5 7

U S 58

L EVEL 6

F I GURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-7

Ban Na D i l eve ls 6 a nd

5 , sca le

t2

ii

t

cm

U S 63 U S5 9

w 2 üc m

U S7 8

U S8 5

U S 93

U S 9 7

2 8cm

U S 98 N onCha i T ype AA

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-8

Ban Na D i l eve l 5 , sca le

t2

US 19

U S 17

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-9

Ban Na D i l eve l 5 , sca le

1 :2

2 0cm

2 0cm

I»

e.

me d 11 111 11. 1 11 e

U S 1 24

U S 1 28

1 2

c m

,

U S1 32 U S 1 30

1 6

2 o c m

c m

1 6

c m

U S 1 34 U S1 33

U S 1 35

2 1cm

U S 1 38 US 1 40 , 51 37

US 1 39

Non Cha i T ype 22 ,

U S 1 87

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-10

Ban Na D i l eve l 5 , sca le

- 2 72

-

12

U S 2 7

U S 3 5 US 3 4

2 0 c m

U S 7 6

U S B7

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-11

Ban Na D i l eve l 4 , sca le

1 :2

2 0 c m

2 6 c m

2 4 c m

U S 1 00 U S 1 08

Non Chi T ype 2AA

US1 07

US 10

U S 14 2 0 c m

U S 19 U S1 2 1 U S 1 20

U S 1 48

2 1 c m

U S 1 49 U S 1 50

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-12

Ban Na D i l eve l 4 , sca le

12

2 1 c m

2 6 c m

U S 1 52

U S 1 53

U S 1 55

U S1 56

U S 1 54

US 1 57

2 0 c m

U S1 63

U S 1 62 3 3

4 1 1 1 1 111

1

1

-

1 9 c m

c m

U S1 67 1 6 c m

U S 1 73

US 1 72

1 2c m

1 4 c m

U S 1 76 U S 1 75 U S 1 74

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-13

Ban Na D i l eve ls

- 2 75

-

4 a nd

3 , sca le

1 :2

L EVEL 4

U S170

U S1 89

U S 1 78 U S 1 77

L EVEL 3

U S 5 9

U S 28 U S 5 6

U S 5 6

U S 7 8

U S 6 2

1 2 c m

U S 84

U S 8 7

U S 1 07

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-14

Ban Na D i l eve l 3 , sca le

- 2 76

U S

-

12

1 09

2 3cm

US 1 20 US 1 1

U S1 47

Non Cha i T ype 2 AA

US

1 58

U S 1 49

US 1 64

U S 1 68 U S 1 74 U S 1 78 2 4 cm

U 518 1 U S182 U S 185

U S 1 80

U S1 83

US 1 84

U S 1 86

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-lb

Ban Na D i l eve l 3 , sca le

- 2 77

-

12

US 65

US 5 6

N on Cha i T ype 2 AA US 78

2 4 cm

3 2cm

US 1 0 1

U S 96

U S 1 64

U S 1 93

US 1 94

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-16

Ban Muang

- 2 78

-

Phruk, sca le

12

US 1 97

U S 1 96

U S 2 03

2 0 c m

U S 1 99 U S 206 U S 205

t e

20 cm

U S 20 1

U S 207

U S 200

1 6cm

U S 2 15 U S 2 09

U S 2 16

h 9 c,

U S 2 18

U S 2 17 U S 2 11 U S 2 12 1 8 cm

US 2 14 US 2 13

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-17

Ban Muang

Phruk, sca le

1 :2

US 2 19

US 22 1

US 223 US 2 24

U S 222

22 u n

U S 2 26 U S 227

U S 225

1 8cm

1 4c m

2 Cc r n

U S 2 30 U S 2 29

U S 2 28

1 8c m

2 4cm

U S 2 34 U S 2 33 U S 2 32

U S 2 35

2 2cm

U S 2 38 U S 2 36

U S 2 37

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-18

Ban Muang Phruk , sca te

- 2 80

-

12

U S 2 42

2 4 c m

2 5 c r r ;

2 6- c

U S 2 46

U S 2 45 U S 244

1 4 cm

g i

1 2

c m

r U S

48 U S 2 49

U S 2 47 US 2 50 / 8

U S 2 5 1

U S 2 52

2 0cm

1 8cm

2 0cm

U S 2 57

U S 2 56

U S 2 55

U S 2 54

4 N e l a cm

2 0cm

U S2 71 5V

1 8 cm

3

U S 2 58

U S 2 60

F IGURE Pottery

r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-19

Ban Muang

Phruk , sca le

1 :2

_

F IGURE The co mp lete vesse ls r im

t ypes

f ro m

4-20 Ban Na D i w ith

i dent if ied

i n

t he co mmon

l eve ls 6-8

I lustrat ions

o f c o mmon B an N a D i r im

t ypes

U S 3 5 U S 58 U S 5 6

2 4c m

U S7 8

U S 6 2

2 0cm

2 1cm

U S 10

U S 8 7

F IGURE The co mmon

r im

t ypes

4-21

i dent if ied

i n

l eve ls 4-5 a t Ban Na D i

Ana lys is

8

o f Upper Songkhra m

7

B ND 6 4

r ims :

3

i lustrat ions

B MP 3 5

51 4

0 .58 0 .6 1 0 .62 0 .66 0 .67 0 .68 0 .8 1 0 .86 0 .92

1

F I GURE C luster d iagra m a ff in ity

bet ween

4-21

s ho w ing

r ims

f ound

t he

degrees o f

i n d ifferent

a t Ban Na D i a nd Ban Muang Phruk

l eve ls

-i

2

Ana lys is

o f Upper Songkhram

r ims :

i lustrat ions

1 0% 3

3 6 7

3

51 4

L EVELS

1 I

III

I P A LA L

A L"

r4

3

3 7 ( N

5

4 > )

F IGURE H istogra m

o f

t he

4-23

f requency occurrence o f r im l ayer a t Non Kao No i

t ypes by

6

Ana lys ts

3 87

3

8 72

4

6 62

5

46 3

6

4 60

7

4 8

8

o f Upper Songkhra m

r ims :

i lustrat ions

L EVELS

1%

34 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7 8

S A ° D

i + + H t H t 4 e

3 4 5 6 7 8 3-

f i t

456 7 8

91 "

3 4 5 67 8

, 7 3

o

F IGURE H istogra m

o f

t he

f requency

4-24

occurrence o f r im

l ayer a t Ban Na D i

t ypes

by

Ana lys is

o f Upper Songkhra m

r ims :

i lustrat ions

S •t

L EVE LS 387

3 -

872

4 -

6 62

5 -

4 63

6

460

7 -

4 8

8

c o c 70 : 3"-N

$ 1• 009 7 H t 7H I WI

z

45 6 78

e

. 0

0 L f l

L f l

c ,

C N I

c oo , 0

( " > ,

1 . 3

4 )

0 t o. 1 r 0 .

c s 4

L i ,K J,

c o

K, 9 0 ,* ; ' , 52 2 V c2 2 ,

,r 1

F IGURE H istogra m

s ho w ing

t he

4-25

f requency

occurrence o f

l ayer a t Ban Na D i ( cont .)

r im

t ypes

by

N

, *

Ana lys is

o f Upper S ongkhram

r ims :

i lustrat ions

i E V EL 5 , -

4 3 .

2 -

1 2 9

3 -

9 8

4

. 7 38

5

1 IA 1 .4 d Oc c ‚ i l ‚t

1 2

5!

3 4

1

t

t

t e s .

,

4( "1

` 4

L e ) ( 0

7 2 2 29 2 c . r . )( Z . '2 8 22

R D ,

e s -

f l i l ! I I ( 9 ,

1 -,

it i

< c N )

V 2 V 2

< " , !

u ,

ch

iN

t St i t . 3 .

L O U.

', IN

co CI , CV ',

C Z , C I

‚ ,

f

4 t

t r , IN

3

cV

c s . 4

C4

e s Cl

4

t

1

C N I

S S

,1 I t ) I N

,s 4

2 5

( r ' r "

4 5

1 0% c o

F IGURE H istogra m

s ho w ing

t he

4-26

f requency

occurrence o f

L ayer a t Ban Muang Phruk

- 2 88

-

r im

t ypes by

(N I

Ana lys is

o f Upper Songkhra m

r ims :

i lustrat ions

1 0%

L EVELS

3

4 5 2

2

2

L EVE Ls

3 4 5 . 6 7 . 8 3 4 5 6

1 0%

8

LEVELS

2 3 4 5

1 0%

r 9 1 Pr i 1 k F IGURE

H istogra m

s ho w ing

t he

f requency

‘ 4 , ( 5

4-27

occurrence

o f

t e mper

t ypes

Non Kao No s ( top), Ban Na D i (m iddle) a nd Ban Muang Phruk

- 2 89

< 3

-

by

l ayer

a t

Ana lys is

o f Upper Songkhra m

r ims :

i lustrat ions

L eve l 7 5 4

8

3

6

0 .32 0 .42 0 .42 0 .54 0 - 7 1

F IGURE L s tuster d iagra m

s ho w ing

Ban Na D i on

t he

t he

4-28

r e lat ionsh ips

bas is o f

- 2 90

t e mper

-

bet ween t ype

t he

l eve ls

f requenc ies

a t

Prehistoric Investigations in Northeast Thailand Excavations at Ban Na Di, Non Kao Noi, Ban Muang Phruk, Ban Chiang Hian, Non Noi, Ban Kho Noi and site surveys in the Upper Songkhram and Middle Chi Valleys

Charles Higham and Amphan Kijngam With contributions from Payom Chantaratiyakam, Warrachai Wiriyaromp, Philip _Houghton, Metha Wichakana, Warankhana Rajpitak, Nigel Seeley, T. T. Chang, E. Loresto, Brian Vincent, Jacqui Pilditch, Ingrid Adamcyzk, Richard McGovern-Wilson, P.O. Jones, Robert Maddin and Y. Q. Weng

Part ii BAR International Series 231(ii) 1984

·B.A.R.

122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B. Se., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S231(ii), 1985: 'Prehistoric Investioations in Northeast Thailand', Part ii

©

Charles Hi0ham and Arnphan Kijngam, 1984

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407392202 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407392219 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9781407392226 (Volume III) paperback ISBN 9780860543008 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407338835 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543008 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

c ontents

N ./ CD I _ L) P1 F E

CHAPTER F IVE

-r

o f v olu me

wc 2 ):

t wo

C C DN I rF E NI

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam THE BUR IAL POTTERY FROO BAN NA D I

2 91

The multivariate a nalysis o f

r ound b ased v essels..

2 93

The multivariate a nalysis o f

p edestalled v essels.

Manufacturing t echniques

CHAPTER S IX

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam THE B IOLOG ICAL R EMA I NS F I KM BAN NA D I

3 53

S uidae Cervidae

3 59 3 63

Canidae Nänidae

3 64 3 67

F elidae

3 67

Mustelidae

3 67

R anidae Ames

3 67 3 68

Väranidae

3 70

C rocodylidae T rionychidae

3 70 3 70

V iverridae

3 70

L eporidae

3 72

Muridae Ab iApestes japan/cos

3 72 3 75

Ophicephalidae

3 76

Anabanditidae

3 76

C laridae

3 77

B agridae

3 77

S iluridae

3 78

Cyprinidae

3 78

The B an N a D i

f aunal

f aunal material

s pectrum f rom h uman b urials

The molluscan r emains T he r i ce r emains

CHAPTER E IGHT

3 53

Bovidae

T he

CHAPTER SEVEN

3 00 3 04

3 78 3 79 3 82 3 84

P hilip Houghton a nd Warrachai W iriyaramp T HE PEOPLE CF BAN NA D I

3 91

I ntroduction Methods o f a nalysis

3 91 3 91

F indings

3 93

D iscussion

3 99

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam T HE MORTUARY R ITUAL AT BAN NA D I Mortuary p hase o ne Mortuary p hase

t wo

Mortuary p hase

t hree

4 13 4 16 •4 33

-

4 34

I-

c ontents

R eview o f CHAPTER N INE

o f v o lume

t wo

t he mortuary e vidence

4 35

Netha W ichakana THE ANALYSIS CF UPPER 9 40NO IKHRO IM SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

a -AP TER

TEN

5 46

P ayof ' Chantaratiyakarn THE RESEARCH PROGRAMME

I N THE

N ODDLE CH I VALLEY

5 65

A i ms a nd methods General r esearch s trategy

5 65 5 68

Summary

5 71

SECT I CN 13WD CHAPTER ELEVEN P ayan Chantaratiyakarn THE EXCAVATION CF BAN CH I ANG H IAN N C BAN 1 < -0 1 -0 1

5 76

I ntroduction

5 76

T he s tratigraphy o f B an Chiang H ian The

5 77

r ad iocarbon c hronology

T he material

5 78

c ulture

5 79

The e xcavation o f B an Kho Nbi

5 83

T he b iolog ical

5 83

r emains

Summary

5 85

CHAPTER TWELVE P ayof ' Chantaratiyakarn THE POTTERY FR3A BAN CH IANG H I AN

A te

RELATED S ITES The

r im t ypes

5 90 f rom B an Chiang H ian

5 90

T he p ottery f rom B an Kho Nö i

5 99

R ims w ith p arallels a t Non Chai T he r ims

a nd Non Dua

f rom Non Nbi

B an Chiang H ian:

6 01 6 01

t he b ody .s herds

T he a pplique d ecoration

6 10

f rom B an Chiang H ian

Conclusions

6 13 6 17

CHAPTER TH IRTEEN P ayam Chantaratiyakarn THE M IDDLE CH I A FEA :

SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

6 22

CHAPTER FOURTEEN P ayom i Chantaratiyakarn T HE M IDDLE CH I AREA : CONCLUS ICNS

U NA E

5 -1

B an Na D i:

t he

t hree b urial

5 -2

B an Na D i:

t he

f actor

p edestalled v essels

scores

V 1/

c ):

p hases a nd t or

6 38

t heir

d ates

2 91

t he a nalysis o f 3 00

c ontents

o f v o lume

t he complete p ots

t wo

5 -3

T he d imensions o f

f rom B an N a D i

3 06

6 -1

B an N a D i:

t he bovid d entition

6 -2

B an N a D i:

t he bovid s econd f ore p halanges

3 56

6 -3

B an Na D i:

t he bovid magna

3 57

3 54

6 -4

B an Na D i:

t he complete b ovid metacarpals

3 57

6 -5

B an Na D i:

t he bovid f irst

3 57

f ore p halanges

6 -6

B an Na D i:

t he s uid mortality f requencies

3 59

6 -7 6 -8

B an N a D i: B an Na D i:

t he s uid mandibles t he s uid maxillae

3 61 3 62

6 -9

B an Na D i:

t he s mall

3 63

d eer mand ibles

6 -10 B an Na D i:

t he mandibles

f rom Cervus e ta,/

6 -11 B an N a D i: 6 -12 B an Na D i:

t he mandibles f rom O wls A f l iliaris t he maxillae f r o m Canis f aniliaris

6 -13 T he bones

f rom AelogaIe personals

6 -14- T he bones

f rom A k ins t/ grins

6 -15 T he c hicken b ones

3 63 3 65 3 66 3 67 3 68

f rom B an Na D i

3 68

6 -16 T he bones

f rom A t emigalus aerAya rms

3 71

6 -17 T he bones

f rom

3 71

6 -18 T he b ones

f rom Lepus peguensis

k iverricula r asse

3 72

6 -19 T he murid bones 6 -20 T he b ones f rom fk orpestes jay :an/0as

3 73 3 75

6 -21 T he b ones f rom Cphicephalidae 6 -22 T he b ones f rom Anabantidae

3 76 3 77

6 -23 T he b ones

f rom C laridae

3 77

6-24 T he bones

f rom Bagridae

3 78

6 -25 T he bones a ssociated w ith h uman b urials

3 81

6 -26 B an Na D i: 6 -27 B an Na D i:

3 82 3 84

7 -1

t he s hellfish r emains t he r ice k ernels

B an Na D i: mean a ge o f p hase

d eath

B an Na D i:

7 -3

L imb p roportions

7 -4

B an N a D i: mean c ortical

7 -5

a dults

f rom mortuary 3 93

7 -2

f or

f or

1 b urials t he comb ined

l ife

t able

i n B an N a D i

f or mortuary p hase 1

a dults

t hickness a nd Nordin's s core

t he s econd metacarpal

The mean n umber o f N a D i

l ines o f

3 95 a rrested g rowth

i n

t he B an

p opulation

3 95

7 -6

B an Na D i:

7 -7 7 -8

B an Na D i: t he mean d imensions o f f emale t eeth Comparative t ooth morphology t or B an N a D i a nd Non Nök T ha

7 -9

T he mean s tature

t he mean d imensions o f male

f or men a nd women

t eeth

3 97

f rom s everal

4 03

7 -10 Mean mandibular s core

d imensions

t hickness f or

f or

t he males

8 -1

Summary o f

9 -1

T he a rea o f

f or

t hree p rehistoric T hai

t he 2 nd metacarpal

f rom s everal

t he b urial d ifferent

Songkhram a rea

g roups 4 04

a nd Nordin's

g roups

4 05

d ata

4 18

s oils w ithin g iven d istances

f rom p rehistoric s ites a nd r andom p oints Upper

3 97 4 03

T hai

p opulations 7 -11 Cortical

3 94 3 95

i n

t he 5 50

contents of volume two

9-2 9-3 9-4

The Upper Songkhrsm area: the mean areas of different soil types within given distances fran prehistoric sites and randanly chosen points ............................553 The yields of rice under different methods of cultivation ............. • ................................554 Production, population levels and areas under rice for the Blue Meo..................................555

11-1 Ban Oliang Hian: details of the burials......................577 11-2 Ban Oliang Hian and Ban Kho Noi: the radiocarbon dates ......578 11-3 Ban Oliang Hian: suggested chronological sequence by layer.....................................................579 11-4 Ban Oliang Hian: incidence of bronze fragnents by layer .....580 11-5 Ban Oliang Hian: incidence of iron by layer .................580 11-6 Ban Oliang Hian: the rice stemners...........................582 11-f Ban Oliang Hian: the faunal spectrun ........................584 12-1 Ban Oliang Hian: the mean square contingencey coefficients between layer asserrblages....................... 617 13-1 The different areas of soil types within one and three km radii of prehistoric sites and randan points........626 13-2 The yields of rice/ha under different methods of cultivation..................................................630 13-3 The relationship between rice consU1l)tion and population...................................................632

VC>LUlvtE

5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-1O 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-17

TWC>:

FIGURES

The results of a factor analysis of round based pots fran Ban Na Di....................................310 The clusters of round based vessels resulting fran a factor analysis.............................311 Ban Na Di: pot form 1a ......................................312 Ban Na Di: pot form 1a.......................................313 Ban Na Di: pot form 1b ..................... • ................314 Ban Na Di: pot form 1b ......................................315 Ban Na Di: pot form 1c.......................................316 Ban Na Di: pot form 1c ......................................31 7 Ban Na Di: pot form 1c ......................................318 Ban Na Di: pot form 2........................................319 Ban Na Di: pot form 2........................................320 Ban Na Di: pot form 2 .......................................321 Ban Na Di: pot form 3........................................322 Ban Na Di: pot forma 3 and 4.................................323 Ban Na Di: pot form 4 .......................................324 Ban Na Di: pot form 4 .... � .................................-..325 Ban Na Di: pot form 4 .......................................326

-

IV

-

c ontents

o f v o lume

t wo

5 -18 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 4

3 27

5 -19 B an Na D i: 5 -20 B an Na D i:

p ot p ot

f onm 4 f onm 4

3 28

5 -21 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orme 4 a nd 5

3 30

5 -22 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 6

3 31

f orme 7 a nd 9

3 32

3 29

5 -23 B an Na D i:

p ot

5 -24 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 9

3 33

5 -25 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orme

3 34

5 -26 F actor

a nalysis

5 -27 R esults o f

1 0-13

3 35

f or p edestalled v essels

a c luster

a nalysis

f or

p edestalled v essels

3 36

5 -28 B an Na D i:

pot

f orm 1 4a

3 37

5 -30 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 4b

3 38

5 -29 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 4b

3 39

5 -31 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 4b

3 40

5 -32 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 4b

3 41

5 -33 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 4b

3 42

5 -35 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orms 1 5 a nd 1 7

3 43

5 -34 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orme 1 4b a nd 1 4c

3 44

5 -36 B an Na D i:

pot

f orme 1 6 a nd 1 8

3 45

5 -37 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 9

3 46

5-38 Ban Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 9

3 47

5 -39 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 1 9

3 48

5 -40 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 2 0

3 49

5 -41 B an Na D i:

p ot

f orm 2 1

3 50

5 -42 S tability/access d iagram f or

3 51

5 -43 S tability/access d ata

3 52

f or

essels r ound b ased v essels t he p edestalled v

B an Na D i:

t he

f aunal

s pectrum e xcluding s mell

f ish

6 -2 B an Na D i:

t he

f aunal

s pectrum f or

i ncluding

6 -1

s mell

f i sh a nd

l evels 4 -8,

f rog

3 87

6 -3 B an Na D i: s catter p lot o f s econd f ore p halanges

t he d imensions o f

bovid

6 -4 B an Na D i:

t he d i m ensions o f

b ovid

f irst

3 86

s catter p lot o f

3 88 3 89

f ore p halanges

6 -5 B an Na D i: 6 -6 B an Na D i: 6 -7 B an N a D i:

7 -1 G raph s how ing a ge a t 7 -2 B an Na D i:

3 89 3 90

s catter p lot o f b ovid megna s catter p lot o f b ovid metacarpals o utline o f t he r ice g rains d eath o f

s urvivorship c urve

7 -3 B an Na D i: mortality c urve

3 90

t he p eople o f B an Na D i

4 06

f or mortuary p hase 1

4 07

f or mortuary p hase

7 -4 B an Na D i:

l ife e xpectancy c urves

7 -5 B an Na D i:

s urvivorship c urves

1

f or mortuary p hase

f or B an Na D i

4 08 1

4 09

a nd comparative

s amples

4 10

8 -1 B an Na D i:

t he mortuary p hase l a b urials

i n s quares A 1-4

4 43

8 -2 B an Na D i:

t he mortuary p hase

l b b urials

i n s quares A 1-4

4 43

8 -3 B an Na D i:

c b urials t he mortuary p hase l

i n s quares A 1-4

8 -4 B an Na D i:

t he mortuary p hase 2 b urials

8 -5 B an Na D i:

t he mortuary p hase 3 b urials

8 -6 B an Na D i:

t he mortuary p hase

8 -7 B an Na D i:

b urials 4 0,

l a b urial

i n s quares A 1-4

4 43 4 45

i n s quares A 1-4

4 45

4 7

4 47

i n s quare F 6

4 5 a nd 4 6 ( mortuary p hase l a)

a nd

contents of volume two

burial 42 (rR>rtuary phase 1b) in square F6.........448 8-8 Ban Na Di: burials 41 and 44 (rR>rtuary phase 1a) and burials 37-8 (rR>rtuary phase 1b) ...................449 8-9 Ban Na Di: burial 36 (rR>rtuary phase 1b) in square F6.........450 8-10 Ban Na Di: burials 19 and 21 (rR>rtuary phase 1b) in square F6......................................451 8-11 Ban Na Di: burials 24 (rR>rtuary phase 1b) and 27 (rR>rtuary phase 1c) in square F6............................452 8-12 Ban Na Di: burials 31 and 32 (rmrtuary phase 1c) in square F6......................•...............453 8-13 Ban Na Di: burials 16 and 17 (rR>rtuary phase 1c) in square F6......................................454 8-14 Ban Na Di burial 47 square F6 (rR>rtuary phase 1a) ..........455 8-15 The grave assent>lage fran burial 47 (rR>rtuary phase 1a) ......456 8-16 Cattle figurines fran burial 47 .............................457 8-17 _Cattle figurines fran buri al 47 (con t.)......................458 8-18 Ban Na Di burial 40, 45 and 46 square F6 (rR>rtuary phase 1&) ........•.......................459 8-19 Ban Na Di: the grave assent>lage fran burial 45 .............. 460 8-20 Ban Na Di: the grave assent>lages fran burials 40 and 46 ...•.461 8-21 Ban Na Di burials 37 and 39 square F6 (rR>rtuary phase 1·b) ....462 8-22 Ban Na Di The grave assent>lages fran burials 37, 39 and 21..463 8-23 Ban Na Di burial 42 square F6 rR>rtuary phase 1b..............464 8-24 Ban Na Di: the grave assent>lages fran burials 50 and 42......465 8-25 Ban Na Di burial 38 square F8 rR>rtuary phase 1b..............466 8-26 The grave assent>lage fran burial 38•.........................467 8-27 Ban Na Di burial 41 square F6 rR>rtuary phase 1a..............468 8-28 Ban Na Di burial 44...............••...........•.............469 8-29 Ban Na Di burial 36 square _ F6 rR>r tuary phase 1b..............470 8-30 Ban Na Di: the grave assent>lage fran burial 36..........•....471 8-31 Ban Na Di: burials 31-32 square F8 rR>rtuary phase 1c.•.......472 8-32 Ban Na Di: the grave assent>lage fran burial 31 ..•............473 8-33 Ban Na Di burial 35 square F8 rR>rtuary phase 1c..............474 8-34 Ban Na Di: the grave assent>láge fran burial 35...............475 8-35 Ban Na Di: the grave asserrblage fran burial 32 ...............476 8-36 Ban Na Di: the grave assentJlage fran burials 30 and 32 ......477 8-37 Ban Na Di burial 27 square F6 rR>rtuary phase 1c..............478 8-38 Ban Na Di burials 19 and 21 square F6 rR>rtuary phase 1b......479 8-39 Ban Na Di burials 19 and 21 square F6 rR>rtuary phase 1b......480 8-40 Ban Na Di burial 24 square F8 rR>rtuary phase 1b..............481 8-41 Ban Na Di: the grave assentJlage fran burial 19...............482 8-42 Ban Na Di burials 16 and 17 square F6 rR>rtuary phase 1c......483 8-43 Ban Na Di: the grave assent>lage fran buriel 16...............484 8-44 Ban Na Di: the gra,ve assentJlage fr an burial 17...............485 8-45 Ban Na Di: burial 22 square A2. rR>rtuary phase 1a.............486 8-46 Ban Na Di: the grave assentJlages fran burials 20, 22, 34 and 25 .................................487 8-47 Ban Na Di: burial 26 square A3 rR>rtuary phase 1a............. 488 8-48 Ban Na Di: the grave assentJlage fran burial 26...............489 8-49 Ban Na Di: burial 28 baulk A3/AA rR>rtuary phase 1a...........490 8-50 Ban Na Di: buriel 33 baulk A3/AA rmrtuary phase 1a...........491 8-51 Ban Na Di: burial 43 square AA rmrtuary phase 1a........... �.492

- vi -

c ontents o f v o lume

8 -52 B an N a D i: b urial 8 -53 B an Na D i: b urial 8 -54 B an N a D i: b urial 8 -55 B an Na D i: b urial

t wo

2 3 b aulk A3/AA mortuary p hase l b 4 9 s quare A4 mortuary p hase l b 2 5 square A3 mortuary p hase l b

4 93 4 94 4 95

3 0 square AA mortuary p hase l b 8 -56 B an N a D i: b urial 1 2 square 63 mortuary p hase l b 8 -57 T he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 1 2 8 -58 T he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 1 2 ( cont ) 8 -59 B an Na D i: b urials 1 3 ( mortuary p hase 1 B) a nd 1 8

4 96 4 97 4 98 4 99

( mortuary p hase 1 C) square AA 8 -60 B an N a D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial

5 00 1 8

5 01

8 -61 B an Na D i: t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 1 8 8 -62 B an Na D i: b urial 4 8 b aulk A3/A4 mortuary p hase l c 8 -63 B an Na D i: t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 4 8 b urial

4 8 ( cont

5 02 5 03 5 04

8 -64 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage f rom

8 -65 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial

)

8 -66 B an Na D i: 8 -61 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 5 0 b urial 2 0 s quare A A mortuary p hase l c

5 07 5 08

8 -68 B an Na D i: b urial 2 9 s quare AA mortuary p hase l c 8 -69 B an Na D i: t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 2 9

5 09 5 10

4 8 ( cont. .)

5 05 5 06

8 -70 B an N a D i:

b urials 1 0 a nd 1 1

8 -71 B an Na D i: 8 -72 B an Na D i: 8 -73 B an Na D i:

b urial 1 0 s quares A3/A4 mortuary p hase l c t he g rave a ssemblages f rom b urials 1 0 a nd 1 1 b urial 3 4 s quare A l mortuary p hase l a

s quares A3/A4 mortuary p hase l c 5 11 5 12 5 13 5 14

8 -74 B an Na D i:

b urial

5 15

8 -75 B an N a D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

1 4 s quare A l mortuary p hase l b f rom b urial

1 4

8 -76 B an Na D i: b urial 1 5 square A l mortuary p hase l b 8 -77 B an N a D i: t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 1 5

5 16 5 17 5 18

8 -78 B an Na D i: b urials TS 1 9-22 s quare F 5 5 19 8 -79 B an Na D i: t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urials TS 1 5 a nd TS 1 9.520 8 -80 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblages TS16 a nd TS21

f r o m b urials 1 3, TS3,

b urials TS15-18 s quare F 5. A lt a re mortuary p hase l b 8 -82 B an Na D i: b urials T S7-14. A LL a re mortuary p hase l c

5 21 5 22

8 -81 B an Na D i:

8 -83 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblages

f rom b urials TS7

TS13 a nd TS17 8 -84 B an Na D i: 8 -85 B an Na D i: 8 -86 B an Na D i: 8 -87 8 -88 8 -89 8 -90 8 -91

B an B an B an B an B an

Na Na Na Na N a

D i: D i: D i: D i: D i:

8 -92 B an N a D i:

b urial I S 1 2 mortuary p hase l c rom b urial 1S12 t he g rave a ssemblage f t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial TS12 ( cont. .) t he g rave a ssemblage f r o m b urial 1S12 ( cont.) b urials 1S4-6 s quare F5 mortuary p hase l c t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 1S5

5 25 5 26 5 27 5 28 5 29 5 30 5 31

t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial TS6 b urials TS1-3 s quare F 5 p robably mortuary p hase l c

5 32

b urial

5 34

4 s quare A l mortuary p hase 2

8 -93 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

8 -94 B an Na D i: 8 -95 B an Na D i:

b urial

t he g rave a ssemblage

t ram b urial

5

8 -96 B an Na D i:

t he g rave a ssemblage

f r o m b urial

6

f rom b urial

4

5 s quare A l mortuary p hase 2

mortuary p hase 2 8 -97 B an N a D i:

5 23 5 24

b urial

7 s quare A2 mortuary p hase 2

5 33 5 35 5 36 5 37 5 38 5 39

c ontents o f v o lume

t wo

he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 7 8 -98 B an Na D i: t urial 8 s quare A l mortuary p hase 2 8 -99 B an N a D i: b 8 -100 B an N a D i : t he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 8 he g rave a ssemblage f rom b urial 8 ( cont.) 8 -101 B an Na D i : t urial 2 s quare AA mortuary p hase 3 8 -102 B an Na D i :b urial 1 s quare A3 mortuary p hase 3 8 -103 B an Na D i :b b urial

8 -104 B an N a D i

3 s quare A3 mortuary p hase 3

5 40 5 41 5 42 5 43 5 44 5 45 5 46

9 -1 T he d istribution o f a ll i dentified p rehistoric s ites i n t he Upper Songkhram s urvey a rea

5 60

9 -2 T he d istribution o f p rehistoric s ites a nd r andom p oints r elative t o t he a rea u nder

s oil

t ypes 3 a nd 5

5 61

9 -3 Map o f t he Upper Songkhram s urvey a rea s how ing t he d istribution o f p resumed s alt working mounds 9 -4 Map o f t he Upper Songkhram s urvey a rea s how ing

5 62

the d istribution o f Early P eriod s ites 9 -5 Map o f t he Upper Songkhram s urvey a rea s how ing t he d istribution o f Late P eriod s ites

5 64

1 0-1 T he Chi Valley: 1 0-2 The Chi Vat L ey:

5 72 5 73

1 0-3 T he M iddle Chi

5 63

s ite l ocation map r ainfall i sohyets s urvey a rea

5 74

1 0-4 P lan o f B an Chiang H ian

5 75

1 1-1 B an Chiang H ian:

t he s tratigraphy

1 1-2 B an Chiang H ian:

t he material

1 1-3 B an Kho N l oi:

t he material

5 87

c ulture

5 88

c ulture

5 89

1 2-1 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

1 1

6 02

1 2-2 B an Chiang H ian: 1 2-3 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes f rom l ayer 1 0 r im t ypes f rom l ayer 9

f rom l ayer

6 03 6 04

1 2-4 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

6 05

1 2-5 B an Chiang H ian: 1 2-6 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes f r o m l ayer 7 r im t ypes f r o m l ayer 6

6 06 6 07

1 2-7 B an Chiang H ian:

r im t ypes

6 08

f rom l ayers 7 -10

f rom l ayers 6

1 2-8 B an Chiang H ian: r im t ypes f rom l ayers 5 a nd 6 a nd s urface f inish t ypes f rom l ayers 1 0-11 1 2-9 B an Chiang H ian: s urface f inish t ypes f rom l ayers 5 -10 a nd a pplique

t ypes

1 2-10 B an Chiang H ian:

f rom l ayer

1 1

6 15

t he t ypes o f a pplique d ecoration f rom

L ayers 9 a nd 1 1

6 16

1 2-11 B an Chiang H ian:

t he p ercentage o f

1 2-12 B an Chiang H ian: p er l ayer

t he p ercentage o f s urface f inish t ypes

1 2-13 B an Chiang H ian:

c luster d iagram o f

f inish p er

6 09

r im t ypes p er

l ayer

6 19 6 20

r im t ypes a nd b ody

l evel

6 21

1 3-1 T he r elationships b etween s ites a nd s oil

f requencies

i n

t he M iddle Chi Valley

6 24

1 3-2 T he r elationship b etween s ite s ize a nd c atchment

p roductivity

i n

t he M iddle Chi Valley

1 3-3 The main v ariables i n t he d evelopment o f a c hiefdom i n t he Chi Valley ( after H igham 1 984)

6 25 6 37

The burial pottery

from Ban Na D1

CHAPTER

FIVE

THE B URIAL POTTERY FROM B AN NA DI All excavations in Northeast Thailand yielding prehistoric mortuary remains have revealed that the burial rite involved the placing of pottery vessels in the grave. This practice makes possible a range of analytical approaches not feasible if broken sherds alone were available. Moreover ,. since there are as yet no detailed reports available on prehistoric pottery from Northeast Thai sites, any comprehensive study must necessarily break new ground. The chapter which follows is itself restricted to certain aspects of the funerary vessels from Ban Na Di. This is due to the fact that �the detailed analysis is too large an undertaking for one individual. The Ban Na Di ceramics and their external the subject of B.A. Vincenes doctoral dissertation ,. and some early findings are reported on below. He has already collected fifteen modern clay samples from the Sakon Nakhon Basin and Upper Chi Valley tor comparative purposes, and now plans to create a file of about 1000 stained thin sections as the basis for analysis of clay sources, tempering materials, manufacturing techniques ,. and exchange patterns. Wichakana's analysis of non-burial pottery is set out above. A definitive typology therefore awaits the full petrographic and chemical analysis presently being undertaken by Vincent so as to enable the fabric component to be included among the typological variables concerned. While this clearly circumscribes the nature and content of this section, a number of relevant issues will be considered. The principal aim is to employ the ceramic data for throwing light on sociocultural variables. It must be stressed that nearly all vessels were found in known The relationship between different association with inhumation burials. Thus both vessel forms and categories of grave is clearly important. Binford (1971) and Saxe (1971) have proposed that in egalitarian societies, burial goods frequently recognise the age and sex of the individual. Where goods cross-cut age and sex distinctions, there is a possibility that other variables, such as inherited or achieved status, are involved. Therefore it is necessary to devise a typological ordering of the complete vessels. It is clear however, that the cemetery at Ban Na Di was in use for a considerable period of time. There is therefore, the need to find out whether the particular forms of vessel reveal style changes with time. It is also possible that the establishment of different forms of vessel in terms of form and style will make it possible to recognise unusual or chronologically restricted ones which were imported. Such vessels being rare, may come only from the graves of high status individuals. The reader is reminded that there are three major burial phases at B an Na Di, with the following level correlations and dates:

- 291 -

The burial pottery from Ban Na D1

TABLE 5-1

Ban Na Di: the three burial phases and their dates

Bur i a l Phase 1a 1b 1c 2

3

Layer Equ i va l ent Proposed Dates lower l eve l 7 upper /mi d l . 7 lower l eve l 6 l eve l 4 l eve l 3

900-700 BC 700-500 BC 500-400 BC 200 N) + 500 N) +

Excavations at Ban Na Di .. as has been shown.. revealed the possibility that there are two different burial areas representing different social groups. The pottery vessels were approached bearing in mind the possibility that there may be subtle differences in style between analogous pots in each cemetery area. Such differences .. if documented ., would be of considerable interest in the analysis of social dimensions at Ban Na Di. The availability of complete vessels .. makes it possible to consider their possible uses. Such possible uses make such a study relevant to any review of prehistoric culture at Ban Na Di. Both the forms identified and their possible uses are bases tor comparing Ban Na Di with other prehistoric sites which have been excavated in Northeast Thailand. Widespread similarities are as relevant as the discovery of marked local distinctiveness in style. Although some pots were found complete .. m ost had been broken during the prehistoric period and much time was devoted to reconstructing them. The contents of the complete pots were excavated in the laboratory in the hope that this would help in understanding their function. In approaching the establishment of typological groups of vessels, it must again be pointed o ut that there is little available comparative information in the Sakon Nakhon Basin. The nearest site for which there are comparable data is Non Nok Tha (Bayard 1971). There are as yet ,. no definitive reports on the pottery· from Ban Chiang ., which is only c. 25 km northeast of Ban Na Di. There are two principal related ways of approaching the analysis of the complete vessels from Ban Na Di. Both have different objectives ., and each has been undertaken. The first begins with the approach to the classification of vessel shape advocated by Shepard (1956). This paper is The analysis of considered important .. and is worth briefly summarising. vessel shape should involve measuring from tour different points on a pot's surface. These are known as end points ., points of vertical tangency, inflection points and corner points. The first refers to the end of a vessel. such as the r:im tip or basal part of a pedestal. A point of vertical tangency is where ,. tor example ., a spherical vessel has its maximum width. and begins its curve to the shoulder or the base. A point of inflection is where a contour turns from convex to concave, while a corner point is for example. the part of a vessel where a shoulder turns a sharp angle to become the rim. All measurements of Ban Na Di vessels have one of them as a point of origin.

- 292 -

The

I t t he

i s

two

w ith

t he

w ith

t he

bas ic

when

t ak ing

u nrestr icted

o f

vesse l :

smal ler

category .

The

d isregard ing

t he

descr ibed

be ing

a nd

s upports ,

co mpos ite ,

a re

was

f unct iona l t he

r at io

t he

w idth

and

s econd,

a t

measur ing

o f

vesse l ,

syste m

i n

modern

vesse ls

t he

t he

by

g roups

Shepard

o f

t he

Shepard 's

t o

a na lys is t o

i n

t he

t o

t he

There h ave

i n

e ach .

i s

t hese

vesse ls

t o

was

t aken

not

t he

s evera l

up

t hese

h ave o f An

t he

bas ic

s urface .

h as

o f

t he

pot .

The

i n

a t Non

by

s i mple,

vesse ls

f ro m

an

o f

two

base ,

pot 's

var iables ,

t he

by

t he o f

un it o f

t he

a t he

r esu ltant ( 1972)

He

Tha were

t o

and

Ca lder

P rov ince .

t ak ing

t hen

case

o f one

cons idered

Nok

a nd

s tab i l ity I n

Non

expl ic itly

f or

concluded

p robab ly

used

a na lys is

t o

o f

o f

t he

Ban

s ubjected

p resence

o f

vesse ls

e ach

o ther,

c learly

i t i s

n u mbers t he

o f e ach

made

ev idence

f or was

So me

u s ing

f or ms ,

a nd

vesse l t he

a nd

a re

deta i led

t h is

on

s ubject

a l l

ho wever,

i n

r evea led

t urn

major ity

descr ibed

t hen

vesse ls were

-

t he

both

i n

Consequent ly, be lo w

a fter

r im

wh ich

t hree

c lay i s

and

a re

s et

a l l spec i mens

i n

h a lf o f

added t he

o f

Nearly

t echn ique

l o wer

F inal ly,

- 2 93

t o

D i wh ich t aken

opt ion

f in ish .

r esu lts

mou ld ing t he

Na

been

a

vesse ls .

Most were made by

h em isphere t echn ique .

f unerary

mu lt ivar iate

Ban

h ave Th is

f ro m

f our g roups .

co m mon .

t o

poss ible

a na lyses .

d ist inct

o f co mp lete o f

D i

d ist inct

f ro m

F ive measure ments

a cons iderat ion

t hese ,

Na

vesse ls were measured

t hen

co mp lete

s tat ist ical

f or m

POTS

t ime .

on

smooth ing .

g roups :

ROUND-B ASED

were

cord marks

anv i l

a re r ims

o f manufacture a nd s urface

was

The

upper

a nd

o f

p resence

f eatures

po int,

s hapes , exclud ing

obta ined

poss ible

base .

were

a ss igned

o f pos it ive

padd le

f in ished

because

h em isphere

cord- marked p resence t he

t he

s er ies

exa m inat ion

l o wer

t he

t hrough

g reat maior ity

be lo w , s uggested

e nd vesse ls

d i mens ion

Mahasarakha m

These

correspond

t echn ique

been

t he

t he

t he

a

r econstructed

a sse mblage

spec i mens

o f s hape ,

so me

f or m

s a me

t er ms r ev ie w

o f

co m mon , a r ounded

S ince

t hat

a n

i n

contents .

f igures

i dent if ied

eva luate i n

r eversed upper

a n

cook ing .

po ints .

t o

a n

i s

adopted

a t

r ef lects

MacDona ld

o r part ia l ly

changes

h as

a re s i mply obta ined by

basa l w idth

co mparable

co m mencement

o rder

i solate

n a med

co mp lete

t he w idth

f or mer

Ban . Koeng ,

r eference

t hree

f i rst

r e levance

THE MULT I V AR IATE ANALYS IS OF

At

concerned w ith

f our

( 1980)

t he

vesse ls

wares , a ll co mp lete

i s

Necked

i nto

t he

o t e ach

gave

a nd

o f

Measures

access ib i l ity

o f

f or s torage , s erv ing

concerned

t hose

t he

Bas ic

emphas is ing

emp loyed .

f ro m

a t

c r it ica l .

t hat

i s

def ines

o r if ice ,

Th is

t angent i s

t atter

Shepard

The

w idth .

MacDona ld

The

he

l ight

n eck .

r estr icted .

vesse l w idth

degree

values t hat

by

r im .

t he

t he r im ,

t he

r espect

s tructure

f or mer

co mp lex .

s tab i l ity .

t he

r ound-based

o f

( 1971) c lass if icat ion

o f max i mu m

g roups ,

vesse l

a nd

t he

r estr icted

a

a

i mpress ion ist ic,

approach

access ib i l ity

w ith

subd iv ided and

a

D i

sy m metry Wh i le

t h is

w ith

i ndependently

i nflected

Tha

o f

o f

def ine I n

t he

a ngle

add it ion

Wh i le Bayard 's Nok

t o

t hose

t han

B an Na

i ntegrate .

t hose

a nd

f ro m

a na lys is

i mp l icat ions .

aperture

a s

a n

r ev ie w

o t measure ments

d ia meter

s econd

beg ins

under

f unct iona l

c lasses

o r if ice

one

object ives

b ur ia l pottery

s tages .

over

a n

c learly t he

f in ished

was

s een

vesse l's

put

embe l l ished w ith

out

h ave F irst,

ex ist ing i n

t he

i nter ior

by . means i n

p lace

a t h in

o t

a nd

appl ied

The burial pottery

from Ban Na Di

strip of clay round the upper part. This was usually finger-pinched and the ends terminated in a curve or .. in two cases .. a round medallion. Any form of decoration by applying paint is extremely rare. In tact.. only one vessel in the assemblage as a whole bears red painted decoration (no 62). Details on There are also a few pot9 which were not mould-made. individual vessels are set out below. The impression gained from studying the range of pot forms and These are defined on the basis of sizes.. is that there are tour groups. size rather than shape .. since all pots have a spherical contour. The first two groups comprise large vessels with a diameter varying between 27 and The two are distinguished by the fact that four specimens are 44 cm. generally less broad and have a particularly high rim. The third and fourth groups contain medium and small spherical vessels .. the maximum and 11-14 cm. A breadth dimensions being respectively 15-24 cm tendency for early vessels to have taller .. more flaring rims was noted during this stage of the analysis. Bearing in mind the possibility that changes in shape occurred with time within the principal mortuary period at Ban Na Di .. the computer was asked to seek eight clusters in the assemblage. In a perfect situation .. one could expect there to be three clusters of the large vessels The same three groups should corresponding to mortuary phases 1 a-c. be present tor the medium-sized vessels. Only 2 groups are expected tor the small pots ... because they are not present in phase 1a burials. Moreover .. there are only two such small vessels from phase 1b graves. The cluster analysis used was, then .. requested to assign li_ke vessels to one of eight groups. The results .. details of which are set out in fig 5-2 were far closer to the expectation than one could reasonably refined the morphol ogical hope tor. Moreover .. they added to and impressions briefly described above. At the same time .. a factor analysis was undertaken on the same data. The results of the factor analysis are set out graphically fig 5-1. The eight groups depicted in that figure by circles are those proposed by the cluster analysis. Factor 2 (Y axis) reflects the dimension rim height. Factor 1 reflects the other four dimensions· taken. Let us commence with clusters 1 and 4. These are the large vessels. The analysis grouped all four early specimens together. Those from mortuary phase 1b were assigned to group 7 ,, together with 6 specimens from phase 1c. Groups 4 contains only mortuary phase 1c specimens. As may be seen from fig 5-1 ,, the distribution of these two groups is relatively discrete. It mustn·t be overlooked that the program demanded eight groups of the data. Detailed inspection of the dimensions in question does .. however .. indicate the reason for splitting these large vessels into two groups .. the early ones have narrower openings and are taller. Those in group. 4 have broader openings and tend to be squatter. There are some hints that there is a chronological development between phase 1a and 1b large vessels .. and a definite difference between the phase 1a large vessels and all later ones. The medium-sized vessels were grouped into four clusters (fig 5-1). The first group comprises only one specimen (pot no 2 ). It comes from burial 47 .. one of the earliest in the site .. and is distinguished by a very high ,, flared rim. Such enlarged rims also characterise the ve�sels in cluster 8. Six of the ten specimens in this group come from mortuary phase 1a burial contexts. Two of the balance are from burial 36,. which

- 294 -

T he

co mes

f ro m

phase

l a .

t ro m D i

t he

a phase

l a-b

co mes

l c

was

Petrograph ic

t h is vesse l l c

c luster

a nd

8 ,

r educed

one

t hese r im

a nd

bur ia l 6 2

not

a na lyses

B an

Na

D i

cou ld

1 6 .

e as i ly

The

bur ia l 2 9) .

I t i s

mou ld- made

a nd

no w

be long

r e ma in ing

under way

a l ien

l ater

der ives

t o

Ban Na

t he

bears

s hou ld

t o

vesse l

r ed-pa inted

c lar ity whether o r

i s exot ic.

C luster 3 conta ins phase

TS

( pot no

i t

f ro m

i ntertace

f ro m

context

because

decorat ion . not

phase

Pot 2 6

t rad it ion

b ur ia t pottery

twe lve

f ro m

vesse ls

h e ight

spec i mens ,

f ive

f ro m

phase

l b,

a doubtfu l chrono log ica l p rovenance . a re

( the

s l ightly

average

i s

sma t ter

2 3 .9 m m

overa l l, i n

but

s ix

f ro m

Re lat ive

h ave

c luster 8 a nd

t o

markedly

1 4 .2 m m

i n

c luster 3 ) . C luster 5 i s i nctudes

t he

6 vesse ls

l ast

f ro m

chronolog ica l d ist inct ion f ro m , a re

phases

r ather

r im

der ive

a nd

l arger

h e ight

sma l ler

l b

The sole ly

phase t he

o rna mentat ion l a

pots

must

h ave

t he band i n

pot

decorat ion o f

c lear

t hat

be

f ound

such

The

s lashes

t hese

on

i n

t o

not

p inched .

The deta i ls

i n

aga inst c luster

3 a nd a re

3 2

s et

i nclude

vesse ls

i n c luster 5

1 5 .2 6 .

f or

t he

m m) .

A l l

The

but

two

a re

der ived

apart

by

d ist inct

d ist inct ive t he

( pot nos

pot 's

3 a nd

f ro m

a phase

a lso

d ist inct

i s

appl ique

l a

s uch body .

3 2) .

I n

i s

o rna ment Two t he

Twe lve

f or mer,

The

on ly

f or m

i t co mpr ises

bands , wh ich

i s

phase

para l le led

context .

a s

o f

a ser ies

o f t he 2 3 pots wh ich were

usua lly

f inger

f ol lo ws :

C luster

3

5

4

8

W i t hout

appl i que b and

7 *

3

i s

t o account

f i gure

t hus no

wh ich

o f a meda l l ion wh ich

l ater contexts .

5 h ave a s

most

upper part o t

co mes i n

vesse ls ,

a lso

W i t h appl i que b and

* The

Both

I t

i s

c tuster 3 , except

mm

o f

a re

The

f or m

pot no

f ound

c lusters

vesse ls .

There

The vesse ls

w ith in

c lusters

o rna ment

t he

l atter a lso

co mpr ise

7 .3

p laced

t aken ,

t he

appl ique

appl ied

t hose

cons idered .

i s co mpleted

1 08 .

t han

5 .

l a .

s ized

l c .

contexts .

d i mens ions

t he appl ique band

phase

a ll

med iu m phase

3 a nd

f ro m

( average

were

t he

5 f ro m

c lusters

smat ter

pots

l c

f ro m

a nd

a l l d i mens ions

poss ib i l ity

f ro m

bet ween

was

r ound-based f ro m

co me l b

l c, but none

i n

wh ich

t o

phase

r educed by one

f or

a n unprovenanced

specimen.

A

X2

t est

s ign if icantly t he

f o llo w ing

t ime .

app l ique medal l ion .

on

t hese

i nc idence

f acts

a re

o f

f igures appl ique

s uggests bands .

I n

Phase

l b

l c

6

6

w i t hout

5

5

t here

There band The

applique b and i s

a re

wh ich

t hat

c luster

t er ms

o f

5

h as

a

chronology,

r e levant :

w i t h appl i que b and

C learly w ith

r un

h igher

no

change

f our

e arly

matches

r est h ave no

i n l arge

t hat

t he

i nc idence

vesse ls

f ro m

pot

s uch decorat ion .

no

o f

( cluster 3 .

i n

t he 1 ) . t hat

appl ique One

band

has

i t e nds

a n r i a

T he

On ly an

one

app l ique

f rag mentary such

a

med iu m a n

t he

l arge

( pot

spec i mens

decorat ion . s ized

app l ied

phases ,

not

5 8) .

I t

i s

i ncluded

i n

t he

s uch

E ight o f

t he

decorat ion

but

t here

i s

was

i s

cut

o r

c lusters

sma l l

4 a nd

7 h as

t hat

s evera l

ho wever,

were

a na lyses

more

do

co m mon

bo w ls

Sma l ler vesse ls l arge

o ften

t reated

t he i n

Before

ones

t h is way

t urn ing

f actor

o r

establ ish ment descr ibed .

i n

h ave

on

c luster

do ing,

i t i s

Nok

Tha

by

a nd

t entat ive t he

n ature

D i

i t

t he

5 h ave

code

i s

H is

not

vesse ls

mortuary t ro m

r a ised

a

a nd

decorated

more

c luster 5 were more

i n c luster 3 . wh ich

t o

were

not

n ecessary e nco mpass

t hat

t here

Non

no

The

Tha

f i rst s tudy

t hat

f or

o f a p re l im inary

t o

t ypes

i s

i n t he

spec i mens

c losest

deta i led

Nok

cons ider

co mparable

ho wever, was

s uff ic iently

i ncorporated

t o t he

i s

Tha i land .

s urvey

t o

one

h ave i n

t he

change

t o

t o

pots

i s

s tressed

( 1971) .

a nd

Na

t hose

i n Northeast

Bayard

Ban

3 s ee m

vesse ls

a na lyses ,

s im i lar a sse mblage

Non

r are

app l icat ion ,

2 , wh i te

t han were

t hroughout

a morpho log ica l

f or m

g roup

a morpholog ica l

so

f or

a fter

o f

o f

t he

c luster

o f

I n

t o

e ncountered

j abbed

t han

r e lat ing

up

s tat ist ica l

bands

ev idence

f inger-p inched .

any

D i

noted

e leven

t hus

so me

o ften

f or

B an Na

band .

wh ich

t he

f ro m

vesse ls wh ich make

no

Certa in ly

vesse ls .

Such band

o f

band

b ur ta t pottery

be

o f

o ther

u se

t han

i n

i n

a

genera l way . The

p r inc ipa l

s tructure d ifferent I n

i n

t he

f or ms

o f

t he

c luster f or ms

cons ider

i t

s uch

Hav ing be ing

t h is s tyles

i s

a base

s et a s ide

unusua l,

a nd

a l l

f actor

w ith

o r

ana lyses ,

t he bas is o f

t hese

o f

These an

They ex ist ing

t he

r im .

cm

i n

a re

The

cord- marked

h e ight .

mortuary t ime .

The

vesse ls

( f ig

advocated

vary

Wh i le

phase ,

vesse ls

5-2) . r ather t hree

FOR M

s ize

was t he

t han

w ith t hree

vesse l ,

a na lys is I n

i n

i n w idth

t he

t here

c luster

Consequent ly,

s ubfor m

u s

e ach t he

t o t o

f or m

s eek r e late

i dent if ied .

vesse ls

on

s upport .

t he

Those

l ater . r eason

were

o r a nother, s tand out

s ubjected

be ing

f ol lo w ing

t hat

t o

mu lt ivar iate

t here

f or ms

a re

a re

t hree

p roposed

on

o f

t h is

s ubfor ms

upper

1 5-25

f or m

p roposed

much

o r if ice

cm

i n

f our

h a lt a nd

r e ma ined t he

t he a nd

t hen

bet ween

s im i lar

a ff ix ing

1 4 a nd 2 2

t he

t he w ith o f

o f our k no w ledge , conservat is m

i s

i nto

t h is

r im

s a mp le

spl itt ing

f or

everted

t hroughout

h e ight o f

g roups

a nd

l o wer h a lf on

d ifferent

s ub-groups .

a re p roposed .

1A : vesse ls

i nc ludes

t he

decrease

p resent s tate t oo

a constr icted

s tages ; mou ld ing

j o in ing

a c lear h as

1

bet ween

1 -5, 1 6 , 2 5 , 2 6 , 3 2, 3 6 ( f igs

Th is

i s

a llo w

a na lyses .

u sua l ly made

Vesse ls

f or

s tudy

pedesta lled

i mpress ion

var iants .

spher ica l

were

a

pots

t he

t o

s ubd iv ide

f or one

FOR M

r im .

t o

cons idered

r ound-based

t ime ,

f unct ions

absence a re

w ith

i n it ial ly

vesse ls wh ich ,

chronolog ica l

morpholog ica l

poss ible

p roposed

p resence

p rov ided w ith a s

o f o f

a nd

consequence ,

bas is

object ive

deve lop ment

vesse ls

a nd

6 2 .

5-3 , 4 ) i n

c lusters

2

a nd

8 .

These

a re

The

d ist ingu ished t o

t he

very a s

e arly

u nusua l

r ed

by

e arl iest

pa int

a na lys is wou ld

t he

i n

phase two

on

be

r e lat ive ly o f

on

o f

t he

t he

t a l l and

t hree

l b

r im

i t not

f ro m

1 B : vesse ls

t he

s uggests

t h is

s ubfor m

co m mon body .

a

was

Spec i mens

6 3

unusua l

t hat

i n

a l l

r im

i n

a n ear ly

t oo

vesse ls

t han

i n

6 4

t he

h ave

l ocated

1 C : vesse ls

These

vesse ls

r educed

FOR M

f or m

A

mou ld- made .

2 : vesse ls

carefu l ly t h is

The

appl ied

g roup

deta i led

f ro m

bet ween

1 0

a nd

a l l

t he

and

l a

f our

bod ied

vesse ls phase

pots

mou ld- made . i nterred

l a

t he i t

3 .

These

a na lys is

t o

sma l l i s

1 2

One

manufactur ing

mou ld ing .

h ave

i n

cord- marked o f

t he

t echn ique .

They

a re

a lso

carefu l ly u ndertaken

o f

t he

c lay

u sed

may

Ban Na D i .

a nd

3 6 .

a nd

phases l b

l b

f or ms .

a nd

c .

The

r im

i s

A l l were mou ld- made .

a nd

1 33 .

r ound

everted no

6 5

a nd

1 4

based r im .

wh ich , The cm

bo w ls

A l l l i ke

nos

max i mu m

a nd

w ith

but

t he

a

one 6 3

a nd

w idth

s l ightly

vesse l 6 4,

were bears

o f vesse ls

max i mu m

h e ight

i n

var ies

cm .

3 : vesse ls

i n

t h is

t o

l b

bet ween A l l

I t

vesse l,

5-10 , 1, 1 2)

( f igs The

out w ith

5-7, 8 , 9 )

cord- mark ing .

bet ween

FOR M

mortuary

t he

f or

mortuary

sma ll ,

vert ica l 1 3

t h is

spher ica l ,

1 7, 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 2 4, 3 0 , 3 1, 3 4, 6 5

except ion

var ies

body .

f or

6 , 7 , 1, 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4, 1 8 , 2 1, 2 3 , 2 8 , 2 9

co me

open ing

a

cord- marks was

i mported

co mpared w ith

i nc ludes

constr icted

s tands

decorated

def in ite ly mou ld- made .

i nd icate

t he

( f igs Th is

t h ird

t he

c luster

a nd

ev idence

( f igs

no w much

i n

8

o t

t hese vesse ls were

For m

o f

source

be long

r e ma inder a re

5-5 , 6 )

t o

no

appl icat ion

vert ica l d irect ion .

r evea l t hat

The

part

f ore ign

c luster

f rag mentary

a nd

i tse lf .

t hree

t he

g roup .

A l l but t hree o f t he vesse ls were

r e ma inder

o f

8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 5 , 2 7 , 2 9 , 3 3 . 6 3 , 6 4 , 1 00 , 1 01, 1 02 , 1 05 .

i ncludes

sma l ler

l a

A l l but

Two

upper

a

( f igs Th is

r ims .

phases .

phase

D i

not mou ld made , a nd was

a long

u sed

B an Na

p ronounced

f ro m

i t i s

a nd

c lay

f ro m

mortuary

g rounds :

r e moved

For m

b ur ta t oottery

2 8

h ave

r e ma ins o f a n

g roup

1 07. 1 08 , 10

a nd

3 6

i nfant

1 1 .

5-13 , 1 4) ( c luster

contexts

l arge,

a nd

cm

a t

b road

sharply

( pot no

Ban

1 ) Na a nd

everted

a re D i .

a l l

2 7-36 r ims .

1 07, mortuary

der ived

These cm

a re t al l .

One

phase

l b) .

f ro m l arge ,

t he deep

Three were

conta ined

t he

The

FOR M

4 : vesse ls

b ur ia l pottery

f or m

co mpr ises

a ll

f ro m

t hat we

s hou ld

s im i lar it ies s izes ,

2 5-37 i n

f in ish

cm .

two

spl it

t hese

t he

t o

t he

l arge m id-late

vesse ls

a na lys is

ascr ibed

a part icu lar

t o

These

two

s hape t hree The

a nd

decorated

concentr ic

edge

o f

pa inted

t he

r im

i s

9 4

l i nes a lso

a nd

f ro m

They r ed

a re

pa int

a t

There o f

a re

a nd

pa inted

(mortuary phase a nd

phase

l c) .

The

s harply

l b)

co me and

vesse ls

car inated .

4 m m) .

The

vesse l ,

t hen

Om

For

Kaeo

i nc is ing

t he

s a me

buffa lo .

per iod

j ust

vesse ls

decorat ive

decorat ive t he

t hree

para l le l part

o f

bands e ach

f i rst

e ach band

wh ich

Th is

pot

i s

very

s im i lar

i n

t han

a t

p resent

l arge

s a mple

one

g roup

t o

a nd

1 09

t o

r ead i ly

be

Each

body-neck

j unct ion .

i nf i l led a nd

s er ies t he

( f ig

5-23)

t o

t hose

s ty le

l c) ,

4 1-46

cm) ,

t h in- wa l led w ith

r ed

occurred t he o f

e ffect

(c . t he

pa int .

a t about

do mest ic

water

co mpr is ing

curves i s

2 1

o f mortuary

cord- mark ing

i dent ica l pattern

f lo w ing

s hape

a re

f i rst

d , and

i ron

Kaeo"

phase

bet ween

t hey

a re

per iod

versa , a t

"O m

equ iva lent

vary ing

a n

t he

5-22)

(mortuary

s ize ,

f or

i n

h as

1 -4 .

t hree-d i mens iona l

a nd

r espect ive ly

body .

d ist inct ive

wh ich

D i bear

v ice

1 2

t he

t he

i nvolves

e arly

a

o f

1 ( the

o f s uch

t o

a nd

t h in , a l most spher ica l

( f ig

1 8

w idth

7 : Vesse l 9 6

s ize

t he

l eve l

ev idence

A

s ubjected can

5-21)

be lo w f or ms

des igns

two, a nd

FOR M

A

t he

s im i lar

They a re qu ite d ist inct f ro m

s ty le

descr ibe

vesse l .

i nto

s ee ms

s a mple

3 5

t o

( the

A l l t hree vesse ls a t Ban Na

upper t urn ing

a s

F6

( f ig

most

g raves

l arge

At Ban Ch iang , t h is s tyle be longs

t he

g raves

bear

f ro m

square

a re

t he

vesse ls .

extre me ly

r ed .

vesse ls wh ich

These

i t

t he

a rgued

G iven

a nd

d ist inct a nd

95

over

6 : vesse ls 9 7, 9 8

t hree

decorat ion .

i n

c learly

Ban Na D i e arthen ware vesse ls be long ing

FOR M

be

c luster .

s ubgroups .

l arge ,

a nd

f ol lo ws :

co me

l b) .

w ith

e ach

i nvo lved,

two

a re

cm

i t cou ld

c lusters ,

1 mortuary

a re

5 : vesse ls

l c and

on

t hese

i ncluded

t hey

f or m , a s

vesse ls

(mortuary phases

not

because

FOR M

1 30 .

These 2 8-45

Aga in ,

e stabl ish ment o f more phase

a nd

ROUND-BASED VESSELS

were

mu lt ivar iate

i nto

7 .

bet ween

based t or

t echn iques

vesse ls

l ead

4 a nd

mou ld- made .

contexts

OTHER

Severa l

D i

2 1)

c lusters

s ubgroups

manufactur ing

t o

ho wever, cou ld we l l e nco mpass

A l l were

def ine

and

i n

t o

The b readth var ies

chronolog ical

unnecessary

5-15

vesse ls

ovo id cord- marked vesse ls . h e ight

Ban Na

5 7-60 , 7 8-83 , 1 06 , 12 , 1 20 , 1 21, 1 24 ( f igs

Th is

f ro m

on

c reated

t he by

h ead o f e ach curve .

be long ing

t o

f or m

C .

T he

except

t hat

p a inted .

i t

i s

cord- marked

I t co mes

f ro m

FORM On ly f in ish

a

a nd

body

g roup

n eck t races on

i t was

everted

r im .

f urther

exter ior

not

phase

o f

t h is

Kaeo"

vesse l

f ound

i n

i d

w ith

vesse ls

Most

d ecorat ion . a

r ed

w ith

h ave

a

One

s l ip .

i n

phase

1 c)

f ound ,

but

one

1 40 .

corner

7 .

i ts

a l l

( pot

i s

s hape ,

exter ior

contour ,

r eca l l

t he

no

p laced

constr icted

f in ish

w ith

9 0), was

i n

t h is

because o f i ts s ize . I t i s d ist ingu ished by i ts t i ny s ize w idest) a nd t he c rudeness o f i ts manufactur ing t echn ique . c h i ld 's phases

a nd

( f igs 5-23 , 2 4)

a spher ica l

ho wever 19

i nc ised

contexts a t Ban Ch iang .

smoothed

No

f urther

1 c) .

was

decorat ion

9 : vesse ls 8 7-91, 9 3 , 19 a nd

o f a ny

t he

f ragment o f "Om

co mpr ises m in iature

a nd

over,

B an N a D i

(mortuary

c ar inated v esse ls

FORM Th is

a l l

b ur ia l 3 5

f ro m

8 : vesse l 1 31 ( bur ia l 4 8 , mortuary

p resence

l arge , s harp ly

b ur ia L o ottery

no

pa inted

g roup

on ly

( 4 .5 cm a t i ts I t l ooks l i ke a

f i rst e ffort a t pottery . These s even vesse ls co me f ro m mortuary l b-c . There i s i n add it ion , one spec imen ( pot no 1 40) f ro m l eve l .

The

basa l

extreme ly

h a lf was

c rude

once put

i n

No

a nd

t hen

t hree

co i ls

a ttempt was made

t o

were

smooth

added . over

I t

t he

i s

co i ls

i n p lace .

FORM Th is co mp r is ing

1 0 : vesse l 9 9 , bur ia l 1 8 , mortuary phase

i s

a lso

f or m

cord- marked

vesse l ,

i t i s open

I t c lose ly

i s

( f ig

5-25)

d ist ingu ished

f ro m

f or m , a nd

h as

h as

The

r esemb les

pots

a

i n ter ior

spher ica l a nd

I t dates

s hape ,

exter ior t o

i s u n ique

i n

exter ior

i s

s urface

o r ig ina l s urface

8 5

a nd

b ad ly

p itted ,

bear

( hg n eck

t hose

c arefu l ly 8 6

( tor m

phase

co mp lex

s lop ing wa l ls so

i t

i s

a nd

not

l c .

5-25) a nd

marks

t he equ iva lent o f mortuary

t he mortuary

s tra ight, out ward

1 .

constr icted

s urfaces

1 2 : vesse l 1 22 , bur ia l 1 9 , mortuary

vesse l

a r ather

i t l acks a pedesta l .

a f lat base , a nd

FOR M

but i n

l c .

1 : vesse l 1 25 , square F6 , l eve l 1 , f eature

i nstrument .

FORM Th is

t hat

vesse l

r im .

smooth ing

sma l l

exter ior s urface .

FOR M Th is

a

9 because

1 5 , be lo w) , except

ever ted

mou tded ,

f in ish .

s harp ly

made

phase

( f ig

poss ib le

i ncurved t o

phase

l c . .

( f ig

I t h as

r im ,

d escr ibe

f in ish .

1 3 : vesse l 1 27 , bur ia l 1 8 , mortuary

a

5-25)

a t Ban Na D i . a n

by

l c .

5-25)

t he t he

The

Th is

vesse l

h ave

been

a

h igh .

The

t o

l i ke

max i mu m

a

Ban Na

D i

d ish ,

but

sha l lo w

w idth

i s

3 2

cm , but

A l l but

pedesta l led

t hree

o f

mu lt ivar iate t he ir

measure ments nos

o thers .

r im

4 2 ,

1 23

undertaken .

t he

2 8

a re

The

was

1 28)

on

a re

p r inc ipa l

s i mple

t hree

des irable

i mpress ions . were

made ,

t hree

t he

a lso

i nto s hort

t he

d ifferent t hese

r ev iew

The

i s

w ith

pedesta l .

a n

f e lt

t hat

eas i ly

These

The

r esu lts

i mpress ions .

90 .4%

f actors .

The

These

i n

t ak ing vesse ls

shape

f ro m

a l l

o f t he s a mple s uggested on

s ize

a na lyses

dur ing

t he

a nd

s hape .

conf ir med

wh ich

whether

The

contrasted and

t he

pots

r ecogn ised

t hese

changes

i n

a s

t he

s a mp le

co mpr is ing

l arger vesse ls were

open , o r constr icted

constr icted,

conta iner, r e lat ive ly

span

deter m ine

excluded

I t

such

vesse ls i n shape

t ime .

i t was f i rst

t ime

were

exclude

s tat ist ica l man ipu lat ions

both

mu lt ivar iate

t o

and s te m med pedesta l .

t hose

i ncreas ing ly

two

t he

n ecessary

passage o f

outset,

g roups .

g iven

f e lt

t o

spec i mens .

c learly

r easons why

whether

pots

co mplex

o ther

i mpress ion ist ic

t est

Second ly,

t he

w ith a r im

t o

i t was

corre late w ith At

9 cm

vesse ls were s ubjected

r e ma in ing

s uff ic iently

matched

and two A

co mp lete

a na lyses . shape

wh ich

There a re

_ fe lt

conce ivab ly s tands

PEDEST ALLED VESSELS

t he p resence o f a nu mber o f s ub-for ms , based was

cou ld

i t on ly

surface was smoothed .

THE

because

were

s haped

I ts

f ro m

THE MULT IV AR IATE AN ALYS IS OF

t hree

( pot

i s

l id .

bur ia l pottery

w ith

o r if ice

s tand ing

a g roup

j unct ion

i n

on

wh ich

bet ween

t he

f a l l

i nto

sma l l vesse ls

s ubd iv ided a b road t he

f i rst

r ather

o r if ice

pedesta l

was

a nd

t he

s lender . o f

a

o f

t he

f actor

a na lys is

var iat ions

d i mens ions

i n

contr ibut ing

i n

f act,

quest ion t o

conf ir med

der ives

f ro m

two

f actors

t he

t hese

t he

f i rst

a re

f ol lo ws :

TABLE Ban Na D i : f actor scores

f or

t he

5-2 a na lys is o f pedesta l led

Factor 1 .

R im d i ameter

2 .

Maxi mum w idth o f

3 .

Total

4 .

D i ameter

a t

b ase

5 .

D iameter

a t

t oot-body

6 .

Foot

body

body h eight

h ei ght

j unction

1

vesse ls

Factor

0 .383

0 .831

0 .854

0 .444

0 .963

0 .088

0 .860

0 .445

0 .148

0 .924

0 .913

0 .270

2

a s

T he

C learly

t he

r im

contr ibute most t o o ther f or

Factor

( nos

5 2 ,

2 ,

a re

1 a nd

depend ing

t he

5 3)

w ith

t he

t hree

spec i mens

Nu mbers

b road

3 0-40

unrestr icted a ssoc iated

t hat

The

r e ma in ing

s een- by

t he

co mpr is ing i n

f ig

These

m in iatures

and

phase

g raves ,

t he

l c

a re

appear

t o

a nd

a c luster 4 8

i s

g raph ica l ly

vesse ls

a re

o f

r est

o f

t he

f ro m

t he

s a mp le . doub le

A l l

above . vesse ls . and

p robably t he

phase

l b .

t hree

g roups

s ituat ion

i s best

sets

Th is

out

a s et

coherence g roup

i s

r esu lts co me

t he

a

f act .

bet ween

f ro m

( B .10-11) a nd

o f

o f

a lso s ee r )

o f

i nter med iate

t hree

bur ia l

a t

o r

Th is

t he

s ize

t o

phase

The

c lear .

out

a

t i es

t o

f or mer

s ets

vesse ls

r ecovered ,

r estr icted

two

a na lys is .

a sy mbol

o ther was

3 6

f or

va lues

two

e arl iest

w ith

i nto

The

g iven

r eferred

t he

employed .

5-27 .

g ives

t he m in iature

bur ia l

f a l l

f ro m

a nd

t he

t he

f actors

The

f or m

3 6 ,

i s

c .

been a scr ibed

5-26

two

vesse l

t hose

bur ia l

t hese

X-ax is

b o r

S trat igraph ical ly,

4 4. 4 7

t he

j unct ion

1 r ef lects

t he

t h ,'

mortuary

o ther

f ro m

adjacent bur ia l ( B .48) . Turn ing aga in

d ist inct ive ly t o

suggests

t hat

These They

a re

t o

d ifferent

per iphera l

t he

f ig

a re

l arger

t hey

a re

part icu larly

r e lat ive ly

l c .

A

5-26 ,

f ro m

d ist inct ive ly

a nd

t he

more

appropr iate

a nd

l c l arge vesse ls . There a re two

Ban

Na

The

f i rst

D i ,

both

a ss ign

i s pot no 92 .

For a ll

( the

s ized

p rov ided

w ith

f in ished

t hen app l ied The

med iu m

a pedesta l . w ith

a

r ound

s econd

Th is

cord

(mortuary

There co mes

f ro m

i s

a nd

p robably A

t he body pot

t op

a fter

o f a pedesta l .

r e mova l

phase 6

The

t he mou ld .

f or m

context

o f

pedesta l led

a nd

does

Th is

vesse l t he

The pot h as

I t

co mp lexes

a t

vesse l

a nd

s ize , .

i s a k in

i t

h as

o f

t o

beer s

a mou ld

band

and

c lay

was

a n appl ique band . co mpr ises

bo w l h as

a mou ld .

a nd

t he

f or m

l b

f in ish

on

i t i s

a sharp ly

port ion Th is

above

a

sma l l

everted t he m id

vesse l co mes

f ro m

l b) .

f urther

l eve l

on f ro m

two,

phase

t hat

made

1 28 .

The

t h is

body phase

two spec i mens

bur ia l

n arro w t o

no

t o

co mpr is ing

except

t he m .

t he

o ther

shape ,

purposes ,

padd le .

i s

o f

o f

w ith

t he

major

a re

pedesta l .

l eft

t hat t hese

above),

un ique

f or m

l b,

5 4

t he mse lves

t he

t he

j unct ion

g roup

t he

j unct ion s urv ived .

t he

t o

o f

sma l l nu mber o f

t er ms

a sse mblage descr ibed above . bet ween

t he

a nd

They a re a lso

vesse ls

shape

phase

t he upper part o f on

one

a

o f

i n

pot was

l o wer h a lf was made

bur ia l 5 0

po int t o

s ee

wrapped

r im , a nd

a ttached

pots

f ro m

i ntents

bo w l

t he

1 2

t o

d ist inct

bo wl ,

t he

poss ib i l ity

t he m

cord- marked po int was

t he

vesse ls

c learly

2

t or m

be longs

a l lo w

f urther

be ing

a n arro w

o f t he

t he

3 7

l eft o f t he m .

o f

At p resent, g iven

t o

t hat vesse ls

t he

because

f ro m

One

l arger s a mple wou ld

t o

I nspect ion

d ifferent

base .

poss ible

pots

apart

t a l l , w ith

b road

f e lt

i t i s

1 2

g roup . s et

r epresent a d ist inct g roup .

was

bet ween t ro m

f igs

t he

l a,

o f

( 84-86) a re

r esu lt

t hree

wh ich Each

o f d iscr im inat ion

vesse ls

f oot-body

Factor

va lues

V ax is

l eft

t he 2 .

u nrestr icted

co mes

5-26 , wh ich

a na lys is .

t he

and

vesse ls

co mpar ing

c learly

on

conservat ive ly

degree

r e lat ionsh ips wh ich

The i n

D i

a t

f actor

phase

botto m

bur ia l . has

f or

5-26 ,

i nter med iate

i nterface , a nd

depend ing on

t he

One

d ia meter

f ro m

pedesta l

a re

B an Na

f or Factor 2 .

va lues

t o

o r if ices . w ith

f ig

i t co mes

h igher

h ave

a nd

6 above .

i n

Y ax is

on whether

f ro m

obta ined

4 a nd

set out

and

g roup

va lues

3 ,

The

l a-lb

d ia meter

t he

d i mens ions

i nd iv idua l pots

b ur ia l pottery

body

a p la in , smoothed

not

vesse l belong

( pot

no

1 23) .

t o

t he

mortuary

i s ma lfor med, h av ing

r im .

The

exter ior .

pedesta l

a n

i tse lf

I t

i r regu lar h as

not

The

On

i nto

t he

FOR M Th is

c lass

t he a nd

very

e arly

phase

cord- marked, and

port ion

co mp lete .

o f

The

t he pedestals

FOR M

1 4B : vesse ls

vesse ls were

marked ly

were

genera l

i n

exa mples .

For m

t a l ler 1 4B

FOR M These f or m

var iant .

pedesta ls part

o f

a nd

t he

s t i l t v is ible

i n

FOR M For m a nd

1 5

everted

mortuary

t o

no

r ims

phase

l c

Th is body

u n ique

mou ld- made was

a lso

t he o r

t hat a ny

marked ly

convex .

apart

e ach

case ,

o f

t he

added

phase

body

l a

was

a nd out .

The

s ize .

l o wer exter ior part o f t he The

wa isted

4 4 , 4 7

a nd

4 8

bod ies i s

out a s

t he

body

added

part,

t he mse lves

t he

f or m

1 4A

l b-c .

5-34)

be ing

were

were

i n

phases

( f ig

sma l ler

mou ld- made ,

added

co mp lete ly

The

pedesta ls

t han

i n mortuary

s tand

3 4)

padd le .

f ound

body-bases

t he

t o

l ater .

cord- marked .

a lthough

t he

t han

t he

a nd

t he

The

exter ior

The

o thers

cord- marks

a re

8 4 , 8 5 , a nd

t hree

8 6

m in iature

( f ig

5-35)

pedestal led

vesse ls .

These

even

care less ly

was made

on

f ash ioned .

a mou ld .

A l l

There

i s

t hree co me

no

f ro m

bur ia ls .

vesse l t he

1 6 : vesse l 1 28

i s

r e lat ive ly exter ior

cord- marked ,

The

mou ld- made

vert ica l cord- mark ing , sma l l-ste m med pedesta ls

c rude ly

a nd

r e ma in .

o ther

a lso mou lded , but

i n

i ns ide

body

t hree

t o mortuary

s urface

( f igs 5-29

more

4 7

1 5 : Vesse ls

FOR M

was

was ,

be long

bet ween

t he

t here .

general ly

s uggest

7 1

vesse ls t he

o f

pot

co mpr ises

a body w ith

ev idence

f ar

1 4C : vesse ls

parts

i n

5 3 were

body

o r if ice

t he upper part o f

i n p laces

t he

vesse ls

but

e nt ire ly

a nd

a cord- wrapped

vesse ls were

Aga in ,

upper

body

were smoothed on

h ave

and

h ave

3 7, 3 8 , 4 1, 4 2 , 4 3 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 4 9 , 5 0 ,

t he

t hree pedesta l led

1 4B

4 9

a lso mou ld- made .

r estr icted

vesse ls

5-28)

j unct ion

open

a re smoothed

mou lded port ion was s haped w ith ho wever,

i s

exter ior

5 1, 5 4, 5 5 , 5 6, a nd These

5 2

3 9 ,

These

l b .

( f ig

Vesse l 5 2 was

Nu mbers

upper

was

a na lyses , pedesta l led

o f a b road

vesse l

c losed .

i tse lf .

curv ing

a fter mou ld ing

o f

D i

f or ms-

character ist ic

o r if ice

s l ightly

pedestal

i n ward

t he

The

i t i s

t he

f ollo w ing

B an Na

1 4A : vesse ls 3 9 , 4 0 , 5 2 , 5 3 .

h as

pedesta l .

spec i mens f ro m

f ro m

t he bas is o f t hese mu lt ivar iate

been s ubd iv ided

a nd

bur ia l pottery

pedesta l/body

but

( f ig

sma l l .

5-36) The

cord- marked .

t hen

j unct ion

smoothed i s

t h in

t o wer h a lf o f The

so a nd

upper

t hat on ly t he

t he

part

t races

pedesta l

body

o f

t he o f

i t

i tse lf,

T he

b ur ia l pottery

FOR M Th is except i ts

cur ious

t hat

f or m

vesse l

i t h as

1 7: vesse l 9 2

i s

s haped

a pedesta l .

cannot be

The f ro m

l ast o ther

f rag mentary . f ro m

t ooted

( f ig

a nd

does

f ound

pedesta l led

constructed t he

( f ig

l i ke

pots

s upport

i s

o f

f or m

1

b roken , a nd

not

i n

der ive

l eve l 6 .

f or ms

5- 3 6)

I n

f ro m

t he

s hape ,

i t

a lthough

I t h as a p la in , g lobu lar body, a nd

t he

a r im

s ite 's i s

p r inc ipa l

qu ite

support

wh ich

d ist inct

i tse lf

r ises

i s

vert ica l ly

i t .

FOR MS AR They

t hree

o f

conta ined

w ide-be l l ied l id .

I n

d ist inct

1 9-21 : vesse ts

t hese

t he

t er ms

o f

co me

r e ma ins

vesse l w ith

t rad it ion

f or ms t he

o f

a l l

f ro m

The

a na lys is

s tab i l ity . w idth .

p roceeded

S tab i l ity The

r ef lects

va lues

f or

t he

w ith

pots wh ich

s hou ld

t oday

h av ing

s im i larly

Thus , t he modern Be ing

f lex ib le

makes

s uch

be

vesse ls

extre me ly

on meta l supports

t herefore

u n l ike ly

d istr ibut ion

va lue

i s

w idth ,

t he

t hree

t o

d iv ide t hree

t o

a

a

f i tted

r epresent

a

l a-c .

F igure

access ib i l ity t o

i ts

pot

5-42

h ave

i s

a nd

max i mu m been

concerned

t he mse lves extre me ly unstable . t he

modern

not

j ar

r es istent

o f

s upport co mplete

4 3 .

by

Tha i

r egard

i s

t o

v i llager,

t he m

s et do wn

a s

on

r ound-based

a r ing o t s tones

base .

t he

cook ing i n

who

unstable .

a r ope

acc identa l knocks ,

Aga in ,

o r even

bur ia it,

base

vesse ls

t he h earth a nd

t ip .

o f

t he

" stab i l ity"

c lusters . a n

pot's e ach

t hat

s tab le .

ba lanced

o f

f or

r ound based water

a re

The

t he

vesse ls , wou ld

a re

p resence

cons iderat ion

o f

t herefore more

a nd

t hey

phases

a

r at ios

r im

f abr ic,

2

co mpr ises

ST AB IL ITY

bases , a re

shaped

l arge

a nd

a nd

f ro m mortuary

r at io

s tressed

phase

f or m

open ing, everted

f igs 5-42 a nd

r ound

n everthe less

uses

i n

e ach

w ith

t hese

ca lcu lated a nd a re p lotted

3 7-41)

mortuary

a nd

t echn ique

t he vesse ls

( f igs

t he

i nfants ,

constr icted

manufactur ing

f ro m

13-117

ACCESS IB IL ITY AND

I t

D i

5-35)

Untortunate ly

1 8 : vesse l 1 23

f or m

context, but was

a l l

Ban Na

deter m ined .

FOR M

mortuary

f ro m

I n

a rb itrary

c lusters

a re

f act,

f igure

i ndex s ince

o f

i n

f ig

5-43

s uggests

t he

obta in ing

t h is

method

o f

cm

by

vesse ls

1 .0

t he

s ize

t he

d ist ingu ished

by

r ather

i n

access ib i l ity .

t han

max i mu m

d ifferences

i n s tab i l ity . The except ion d ia meter o f

vesse ls

There

f or i s

by

t he

vesse ls a s

c losed

open

vesse ls

w ith

o f

mouth

They

r e lat ive

on

pedesta l led

o f var iat ion

be ing

i nspect ion , a r eflect ion

r e lat ive ly

t er ms

a

a f a ir degree

a l l cou ld be descr ibed i s , on

l i ttle

t o

a re

t he

w ithout

max i mu m

t he body .

Va lues 5-43 .

vary

d ist ingu ished

very o f

b road

i n

s tab le .

bases

t er ms The

var iat ion

chronolog ica l change . bases .

Later

a re

s et

out

i n

f ig

o f access ib i l ity, t hough

ones

i n

access ib i l ity

Early goblets were h ad

a

constr icted

The burial pottery

from Ban Na Di

junction between base and body r and an incurving rim which restricted access. MacDonald (1980) has suggested that degrees of accessibility and stability reflect the use to which vessel forms were put. Taken to extremes, one does not store meat in a milk bottle or water on a plate. Calder (1972) has described vessel use in the Thai village on Ban Khoeng. It is important to note that many vessels have both primary and secondary functions. As might be expected however, the majority of forms are concerned with cooking, storing and serving. Two of the most widespread forms currently seen in modern villages throughout the Ban Na Di area, are the large water storage jar and the smaller round-based vessels used for cooking rice or spiced meats. It is interesting that the dimensions and shape of the former match those for the vessels of form 4. The dimensions and shapes of form 1 also conform with the modern cooking vessels. The possibility that they were in fact used for cooking is sapported by the recovery from the complete vesselsr of the remains of small fish bone, fragments of rice and in one case, the entire forelimb of a young pig. No vessels of form UA or B have been recovered undamaged, so it is not possible to evaluate the contents of such vessels, if any, at the time of burial. The form 14 vessels are not matched in the modern contexts. These vessels were made for stability. Two possible uses were the serving of food or of liquids.

MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE

The majority of the mortuary vessels were made in three stages. Firstly, the basal hemisphere was shaped on a mould. The mould itself was clearly an existingr cord-marked vessel because the interior bore positive cord-marks which could only have been obtained by beating the soft clay over an existing cord-marked vessel. The hemisphere of clay was then cut from. the mould. In- the c�se of forms 1, 2, 3 and 4, the upper part was then added r and shaped with a cord-wrapped paddle and clay anvil. Several such anvils have been recovered from Ban Na Di, and their shape parallels those still in use in the area. The final stage in the manufacture of forms 1-4 was the addition of the rim, which was put in place over the cord impressed upper part of the vessel and smoothed. Painting on such moulded vessels is never found. The principal surface embellishment takes the form of cord impressions. Certain form 1, 2, 3 and 4 vessels were also decorated with an applied band of clay which was itself finger-pinched or slashed at regular intervals with a sharp implement. These applied bands were never placed continuously round the vessel. Each end was usually curved to form what Gorman and Charoenwongsa called the "curvilinear applique.. style at Ban Chiang. In two cases however r the end point formed an oval medallion. Such applique bands were found on some but not all, pots of forms 1, 2, 3 and 4. In the case of the pedestalled vessels r the basal hemisphere was likewise mould-made. The upper portion and the pedestal were then added. The upper part of the vessel and the pedestal were usually smoothed inside and out, while the lower hemisphere was cord-impressed.

- 304 -

The burial pottery

from Ban Na Di

There are some exceptions to these general principles of moulding followed by shaping with the paddle and anvil. Some form 1 vessels appear to have been shaped entirely with the paddle and anvil. In certain vessels. the pattern of positive cord-impressions formed during the moulding process is clearly visible. Now; since each mould bore a unique pattern of cord impressions. an analysis of size and mould pattern allows the investig ator to fingerprint individual vessels back to the same mould. The possibility thus exists for the recognition of relationships between specific graves. Thus. it might be the case that vessels from individual potters are restricted to certain areas of the cemetery. T his situation would strengthen the proposition that each area contains the bodies from members of a partic·ular lineage. On the other hand. the presence of vessels from the same mould in different areas of a cemetery. would support the notion that there were specialised potters who supplied the community as a whole. ,,. The mortuary sample at Ban Na Di is unfortunately too small to Extensive excavations would investigate these fascinating areas further. surely make available the necessary data for the exploration of such details of such social variables.

- 305 -

The

b ur ia l p ottery

TABLE The d i mens ions o f f ro m

Pot

P rov.

B an N a D i

5-3

t he

co mp lete pots

Ban Na D i

Mart.

R im D ia.

R i m/body

Phase

( am)

D ia.

Nö.

f ro m

R im

( am) H t.( rmm)

Max.

B r.

b ody ( am )

Max.

H t

body ( am)

FORM l a 1 A2 B .22

l a

1 4.0

1 1.0

3 0.0

1 7.0

1 9.0

2 F 6 B .47

l a

2 1.0

1 6.0

3 8.0

2 0.0

2 2.0

3 A l B .34

l a

1 9.0

1 3.0

3 0.0

1 7.0

1 9.0

4 A3 B .26

l a

1 9.0

1 6.0

2 2.0

1 9.0

1 7.0

5 A3 B .26

l a

1 6.0

1 2.0

2 6.0

1 7.0

1 7.0

1 6 F 6 B .36

l b

1 9.0

1 5.0

2 2.0

2 1.0

1 8.0

2 5 F 5 BTS.21 2 6 F 5 BTS.16

l a l b

1 7.0 1 6.0

1 4.0 1 4.0

2 3.0 2 3.0

1 7.0 1 8.0

1 5.0 1 5.0

3 2 A2/3 L .8

-

1 9.0

1 5.0

2 4.0

1 7.0

1 6.0

3 5 F 6 B .36 6 2 AA B .29

l b l c

2 1.0 1 8.0

1 8.0 1 5.0

1 9.0 2 0.0

2 3.0 1 8.0

1 9.0 1 6.0

1 29 F 6 B .40

l a

-

-

-

1 9.0

-

FORM l b 8 F 6 B .42

l b

1 6.0

1 4.0

1 2.0

1 6.0

1 5.0

9 F 6 B .38 1 0 F 6 B .38

l b l b

1 5.0 1 7.0

1 2.0 1 4.0

1 8.0 1 9.0

1 4.0 1 8.0

1 5.0 1 7.0

1 5 F 6 B .36

l b

2 0.0

1 5.0

1 6.0

1 7.0

1 6.0

2 7 F 5 BTS.15

l b

1 7.0

1 4.0

1 6.0

2 0.0

1 8.0

3 3 A2 L .5 6 3 AA B .29

l c

1 5.0 1 9.0

1 3.0 1 5.0

1 5.0 1 8.0

1 7.0 1 9.0

1 4.0 1 7.0 1 3.0

6 4 AA B .50

l b

1 4.0

1 3.0

1 6.0

1 5.0

1 00 AA B .20

l c

1 6.0

1 4.0

1 5.0

1 8.0

1 9.0

1 01

l c

1 6.0

1 5.0

1 1.0

1 7.0

( 16.0)

1 02 F 5 BTS.12

l c

1 4.0

1 2.0

1 3.0

1 9.0

1 6.0

1 05 F 6 L .7

-

1 6.0

1 3.0

1 4.0

1 8.0

1 5.0

F 5 BTS.3

FORM l c 6 A l

B .14

l b

1 7.0

1 6.0

4 .0

2 0.0

1 8.0

7 A l B .14

l b

1 8.0

1 6.0

6 .0

1 9.0

1 6.0

1 1 A l B .15

l b

1 6.0

1 5.0

1 0.0

1 9.0

1 6.0

1 2 A l

B .15

l b

1 8.0

1 6.0

7 .0

2 0.0

1 8.0

1 3 A3 B .12 1 4 A3 B .12

l b l b

1 6.0 1 6.0

1 5.0 1 4.0

9 .0 7 .0

1 6.0 1 8.0

1 7.0 1 6.0

1 8 AA B .48

l c

2 7.0

2 4.0

7 .0

2 5.0

1 8.0

2 1

F 6 B .32

l c

2 0.0

1 8.0

9 .0

2 4.0

1 9.0

2 3 AA B .50

l b

1 8.0

1 6.0

1 0.0

2 3.0

2 1.0

2 8 F 5 B TS.12

l c

1 7.0

1 5.0

9 .0

1 9.0

1 4.0

2 9 F 5 BTS.12

l c

1 7.0

1 6.0

6 .0

2 0.0

1 7.0

3 6 AA B .18

l c

1 6.0

1 5.0

6 .0

1 8.0

1 6.0

FCFM 2

T he

b ur ia l p ottery

f ro m

B an Na D i

1 7 AA B .48

l c

1 2.0

1 1.0

6 .0

1 4.0

1 2.0

1 9 AA 8 .48

l c

1 1.0

1 0.0

5 .0

1 2.0

1 0.0

2 0 F 6 B .32

1 0

1 1.0

1 0.0

7 .0

1 3.0

1 1.0

2 2 AA 8 .50

l b

1 1.0

9 .0

8 .0

1 2.0

1 0.0

2 4 F 6 B .19

l b

1 2.0

1 0.0

8 .0

1 3.0

1 1.0

3 0 F 5 BTS.12

l c

1 7.0

1 1.0

7 .0

1 4.0

1 2.0

1 1.0

1 0.0

1 3.0

1 4.0

1 3.0 1 2.0

3 1 F 5 L .7 3 4 F 5 BTS.5

l c

1 2.0

1 1.0

1 0.0

1 3.0

6 5 AA B .18

l c

1 4.0

1 2.0

1 1.0

1 3.0

1 1.0

1 33 F 6 B .31

l c

1 2.0

1 0.0

1 1.0

1 5.0

( 10.0)

FORM 3 1 07 A3 80.25 1 08 A2/3 L .8

l b

3 2.0

-

2 7.0

1 10 F 6 B .46

l a

1 11 A2 L .8

-

1 18 F 6 B .44

2 5.0

3 5.0

3 6.0

3 5.0

1 9.0

3 7.0

3 3.0

3 6.0

2 4.0

1 9.0

2 3.0

2 8.0

2 8.0

3 0.0

2 5.0

2 7.0

3 5.0

2 7.0

l a

3 0.0

2 2.0

3 2.0

3 4.0

5 7 AA B .10/11

l c

2 7.0

2 5.0

9 .0

3 7.0

3 4.0

5 8 F 5 BTS.5 5 9 AA B .48

l c l c

2 5.0 3 2.0

2 3.0 3 0.0

1 4.0 7 .0

3 8.0

3 5.0

4 3.0

3 7.0

6 0 AA B .18

l c

3 4.0

3 2.0

9 .0

4 5.0

3 5.0

6 1 F 6 8 .32

l c

3 0.0

2 8.0

9 .0

4 7.0

7 4 A A 8 .30 7 5 A l B .14

l b l b

2 1.0 1 9.0

1 8.0 1 7.0

1 2.0

3 4.0

7 6 F 5 BTS.12

l c

3 0.0

2 9.0

1 1.0

3 9.0

7 7 F 5 BTS.3

l c

7 8 F 6 0 .31

l c

3 2.0

2 9.0

1 1.0

7 9 F 6 B .31

l c

3 2.0

2 9.0

1 2.0

3 7.0

2 5.0

8 0 F 5 B TS.12

l c

2 8.0

2 5.0

1 2.0

3 8.0

3 2.0

8 1 AA 8 .48

l c

2 6.0

2 3.0

1 4.0

4 0.0

3 8.0

8 2 AA B .12

l b

3 5.0

3 2.0

1 1.0

8 3 F 5 BTS.12

l c

3 8.0

3 6.0

1 2.0

4 3.0

2 5.0

1 03 F 5 BTS.7

l c

3 2.0

3 1.0

1 0.0

4 2.0

1 04 F 5 BIS.?

l c

3 0.0

0 27.0

1 06 F 6 B .19

l b

2 9.0

2 7.0

8 .0

3 9.0

1 12 AA 8 .48

l c

3 8.0

3 6.0

9 .0

4 1.0

2 6.0

1 9.0

4 1.0

3 3.0

3 0.0

2 7.0

1 1.0

4 0.0

( 30.0)

2 8.0

FOFM 4

1 20 A3 B .12 1 21 F 6 B .21

l b l b

3 7.0

3 8.0

2 8.0

9 .0 ( 28.0)

2 6.0

1 2.0

1 26 F 6 B .19

l b

2 8.0

2 6.0

7 .0

3 8.0

1 30 F 6 B .19

l b

2 8.0

2 6.0

1 0.0

4 1.0

( 38.0)

1 32 F 6 B .32 1 34 F 6 B .31

l c l c

4 4.0

4 0.0

1 0.0

1 35 AA B .10/11

1 c

3 6.0

3 2.0

1 1.0

1 36 F 5 BTS.6

l c

2 8.0

2 5.0

9 .0

1 38 F 5 BTS.12

l c

2 6.0

2 4.0

1 1.0

9 4 F 6 B .35

l c

1 2.0

1 0.0

3 0.0

1 7.0

1 7.0

9 5 A3 B .12

l b

1 4.0

1 2.0

3 1.0

1 24 F 6 L .7

FORM 5

( 38.0)

'

- 3 07

-

The

bur ia l p ottery

f ro m

B an

Na

D i

FC RA 6 9 7 F6 B .21

l b

3 3.0

3 1.0

2 0.0

4 6.0

9 8 AA B .18

l c

29.0

2 7.0

2 2.0

4 1.0

2 6.0

-

3 1.0

2 9.0

1 7.0

4 3.0

( 30.0)

1 09 F6 L .?

2 9.0

FORM 7 9 6 F6 B .35

l c 30.0

5 .

2 2.0

3 4.0

2 3.0

FORM 8 1 31 A3/4 B .48

l c

FORM 9 8 7 A3 B .12

l b

6 .0

5 .0

1 1.0

8 8 AA B .48

l c

4 .0

4 .0

9 .0

5 .0

6 .0

8 9 AA B .48

l c

6 .0

5 .0

7 .0

6 .0

6 .0

90 ›A B .50

l b

8 .0

7 .0

6 .0

9 .0

8 .0

9 1

l c

4 .0

4 .0

5 .0

6 .0

6 .0

9 .0

1 0.0

F5 BTS.6

9 3 F 6 B .19 1 19 A3/4 B .12

l b

7 .0

5 .0

1 6.0

l b

4 .0

4 .0

9 .0

l c

1 1.0

1 0.0

7 .0

1 1.0

7 .0

1 0.0

8 .0

2 4.0

1 2.0

1 3.0

FO RA 1 0 9 9 A3 B .18 FO RA 1 1 1 25 F6 L .7 FORM 1 2 1 22 F6 B .19

l b

26.0

2 8.0

1 2.0

l c

32.0

3 2.0

9 .0

FO RA 1 3 1 27 AA B .18 Pot

P rov.

No.

Mort.

Rum D ia. Mhx2W idth Tot.Ht.of

Base Du i.

Foot H t.

Phase

(an)

body (am)

body

( am)

(am)

( am)

FCF M 1 4a 3 9 F6 B .36

l b

1 9.0

2 1.0

2 0.0

1 6.0

1 0.0

40 F6 B .36

l b

1 5.0

1 6.0

1 5.0

1 5.0

7 .0

5 2 F 5 BTS19

l a

1 9.0

2 0.0

1 6.0

1 6.0

7 .0

5 3 A3 B .26

l a

1 7.0

1 8.0

1 6.0

1 6.0

8 .0

FORM 1 4b 3 7 A l

B .14

l b

1 7.0

2 0.0

2 7.0

1 8.0

1 4.0

3 8 A2 B .12

l b

1 2.0

2 0.0

2 6.0

1 6.0

1 0.0

4 1 A l

B .15

l b

1 4.0

1 9.0

2 0.0

1 7.0

1 0.0

4 2 AA B .18

l c

1 4.0

2 2.0

2 6.0

1 5.0

9 .0

4 3 F 6 B .31

l c

1 3.0

2 2.0

2 6.0

1 7.0

1 0.0

4 5 F 6 B .32

l c

1 3.0

2 1.0

2 3.0

1 5.0

8 .0

4 6 AA B .50

l b

1 2.0

2 0.0

2 5.0

1 8.0

1 2.0

4 9 F 6 B .19

l b

1 2.0

2 2.0

2 5.0

1 5.0

7 .0

5 0 F5 BTS5

l c

1 2.0

1 9.0

2 2.0

1 6.0

1 0.0

5 1

F 5 BTS12

l c

1 2.0

2 0.0

2 4.0

1 7.0

9 .0

5 4 F 5 B1S13

l c

1 9.0

2 3.0

2 4.0

2 0.0

1 2.0

T he

b ur ia l p ottery

f ro m

B an t q a D i

5 5 F 5 BTS5

l c

1 4.0

1 9.0

2 4.0

1 9.0

5 6 F5 L .7

-

1 3.0

2 1.0

2 3.0

1 4.0

6 6 F 6 B .37/39 l b 6 7 F6 B .37/39 l b 6 8 AA B .13

l b

-

-

-

-

-

1 2.0

2 7.0

8 .0 1 0.0

-

-

1 9.0

9 .0

1 6.0

8 .0

1 8.0

1 2.0

6 9 F 5 BTS15

l c

-

-

-

1 7.0

1 0.0

7 0 AA B .29

l c

-

-

-

1 6.0

9 .0

7 1 F 5 BTS6

l c

7 2 A2 L .8

-

7 3 F 5 BTS12

l c

1 37 F 5 B TS6

1 3.0

2 0.0

-

2 7.0

-

1 2.0

-

1 9.0

-

1 7.0

9 .0

1 4.0

1 0.0

-

l c

1 2.0

FOF M 1 4c 4 4 A3 B .48

l c

1 2.0

1 5.0

1 9.0

1 2.0

6 .0

4 7 AA B .10/11

l c

1 1.0

1 3.0

1 4.0

1 1.0

4 .0

1 7.0

1 1.0

5 .0

4 8 AA B .10/11 Pot

P rov.

No.

l c

Nbrt.

1 1.0 R im

P hase D ia

1 5.0 R im

R im Mody Nhx. W idth Tot.Ht.ot B ase Foot H t.

H t.

D ia.(am ) b ody ( am )

( am )

( am )

b ody ( am) D ia.

(am )

( am)

FO RA 1 5 8 4 AA B .12

l c

1 1.0

6 .0

9 .0

9 .0

1 0.0

7 .0

3 .0

8 5 AA B .48

l c

9 .0

6 .0

8 .0

8 .0

7 .0

5 .0

2 .0

8 6 F 6 B .19

l b

1 1.0

5 .0

9 .0

9 .0

8 .0

4 .0

2 .0

l b

1 1.0

9 .0

9 .0

1 2.0

1 5.0

1 0.0

50

l c

1 8.0

6 .0

1 6.0

2 1.0

1 9.0

1 2.0

4 .0

1 2.0

1 5.0

RY M 1 6 1 28 AA B .50 FCFN I 1 7 9 2 AA B .48 FORM 1 8 1 23 A2 L .6 Pot

P rov.

No.

Mort.

R im D ia.

Phase (an )

R i m-body

R im H t.

Max.Br

D ia . ( cm )

( rm i)

b ody( an) b ody( an )

.Max.Ht

FORM 1 9 1 13 A l B .4

2

3 1.0

3 1.0

1 9.0

4 3.0

1 14 A l B .5

2

3 1.0

3 1.0

1 8.0

4 1.0

3 7.0

1 15 A l B .8

2

3 5.0

3 5.0

1 6.0

4 3.0

3 6.0

FORM 2 0 1 16 A2 B .7

2

4 1.0

4 3.0

2 0.0

5 5.0

3 2.0

2

4 9.0

4 1.0

1 6.0

3 8.0

FORM 2 1 1 17 A2 B .6

1 8.0

B an Na

+ 3

+ 2

D i :

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

vesse ls

C 2

M or tuary p hase •o ne At wo •t hree

C l us ter 1

+ 1

C 6

1

C 4

2

3 Xa x is

2

1

0

F IGURE Factor Ana lys is o f X ax is

i s

+ 1

5-1

r ound

t actor 1 , Y ax is

b ased i s

pots .

f actor 2

+ 2

+ 3

Ban

+ 3

+ 2

Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f c o mplete

®

M or tuary p hase •o ne •t wo m ut hree

v esse ls

C 2

+ 1 -

o

-2

3 3 Xa x is

2

1

0

F IGURE The

c lusters o f

r ound

based

vesse ls

+ 1

+ 2

5-2 r esu lt ing

f ro m

a f actor a na lys is

+ 3

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f c omp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A . C . E .

5-3 Ban Na D i : p ot

Pot no .3 B .34 MP Pot no .1 B .22 MP

l a l a

Pot no .25 B .TS21 MP

l a

f or m

l a

B .

Pot no .2 B .47 MP

l a

D .

Pot no .4 B .26 MP

l a

F .

Pot no .5 B .26 MP

l a

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

,

C

e

F IGURE A .

5-4 Ban Na D i : pot

Pot no .35 B .36 MP C .

l b

B .

f or m

l a

Pot no .26 B .TS16 MP

Pot no .16 B .36 MP l b D . Pot no .32 Leve t 8 E . Pot no .62 B .29 MP l c

l b

F IGURE A .

5-5 Ban Na D i : pot f or m

Pot no .64 B .50 MP C .

Pot no .15 B .36 MP

E .

Pot no .9 B .38 MP

l b l b l b

B . D . F .

l b

Pot no .27 B .TS15 MP

l b

Pot no .8 B .42 MP

l b

Pot no .10 B .38 MP

l b

B an Na D i :

I lustrat ions o f c omp lete

v esse ls

a

1

F IGURE A . F .

5-6 Ban Na D i : pot f or m

Pot no .63 B .29 MP l c C-D . Pot no .33 Leve t 5 Pot no .101 B .TS3 MP

l c

B . E . G .

l b

Pot no .100 B .20 MP

l c

Pot no .105 Leve t 7 Pot no .102 B .TS12 MP

l c

B an Na D:

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

C

d

F IGURE A . C .

5-7 Ban Na D i : pot f or m

l c

Pot no .12 8 .15 MP

l b

B .

Pot no .11 B .15 MP

l b

Pot no .7 8 .14 MP

l b

D .

Pot no .6 B . 14 MP

l b

- 3 16

-

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

b

C

F IGURE A .

5-8 Ban Na D i : pot f or m

Pot no .23 B .50 MP C .

l b

B .

l c

Pot no .13 B .12 MP

Pot no .14 B .12 MP

l b

l b

B an Na D i :

I lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A . C .

5-9 Ban Na D i : pot f or m

Pot no .18 B .48 MP Pot no .21 B .32 MP E .

l c l c

B . D .

l c

Pot no .36 B .18 MP Pot no .28 B .TS12 MP

Pot no .29 B .TS12 MP

l c

l c l c

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

F IGURE A .

v esse ls

5-10 Ban Na D i : pot f or m

Pot no .24 B .19 MP C .

o f c o mp lete

l b

B .

2

Pot no .22 B .50 MP

Pot no .20 B .32 MP

l c

l b

B an N a D :

i lustrat ions

o f c omp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A .

5-11 Ban Na D i : pot f or m

Pot no .30 B .TS12 MP C .

l c

B .

2

Pot no .65 B .18 MP

Pot no .31 Leve t 7

l c

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

F I GURE A .

5-12 Ban Na D i : pot

Pot no .19 B . ,48 MP C .

o f c o mp lete

l c

B .

v esse ls

f or m

2

Pot no .17 B .48 MP

Pot no .34 B .TS5 MP

l c

l c

B an

Na

D i :

I lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A .

5-13 Ban Na D i : pot

Pot no .10T B .25 MP

l b

- 3 22

B .

-

f or m

3

Pot no .108 Leve l 8

a

F IGURE A . C .

5-14 Ban Na D i : pot

Pot no .110 B .46 MP Pot no .74 B .30 MP

l b

f or ms 3 ( a-b) a nd

l a

B . D .

4 ( c-d)

Pot no .111 Leve l 8 Pot no .75 B .14 MP

l b

F IGURE no .

5-15

Ban

12 B .48 MP

Na

l c C .

D i :

pot

f or m

4 .

A .

Pot no .59 B .48 MP

Pot no . l c

8 1 B .48 MP

l c

B .

Pot

B an Na

D i :

i tustrat ions

o f c o mo tete

v esse ts

a

F IGURE A .

5-16 Ban Na D i : pot

Pot no .79 8 .31 MP C .

l c

B .

-

4

Pot no .134 8 .31 N AP

Pot no .58 B .TS5 MP

- 3 25

f or m

l c

l c

B an Na

D i :

F IGURE

i lustrat ions

A .

5-17

Pot no .82 B .12 MP C .

o f co mo lete

Ban Na D i : pot l b

B .

vesse ls

f or m

4

Pot no .120 B .12 MP

Pot no .61 B .32 MP

l c

l b

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f c o mo lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE

5-18 Ban Na D t : pot f or m

4

A .

Pot no .104 B .TS7 MP

l c

B .

Pot no .103 B .TS7 MP

l c

C .

Pot no .57 B .10/11 MP

l c

D .

Pot no .135 B .10/11 MP

l c

B an Na D i :

F IGURE A .

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

5-19 Ban Na DI : pot f or m

Pot no .60 B .18 MP

l c

B .

4

Pot no .106 B .19 MP

l b

B an N a DI : i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

F I GURE A .

5-20 Ban Na D :pot

Pot no .80 B .TS12 MP C .

l c

B .

-

4

Pot no .T6 B .TS12 MP

Pot no .83 B .TS12 MP

- 3 29

f or m

l c

l c

B an Na D t :

F IGURE A .

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

5-21 Ban Na D t : pot f or ms 4 (a) a nd

Pot no .121 B .21 MP C .

l b

B .

5 (b-c)

Pot n o .95 B .12 MP

Pot no .94 B .35 MP

l c

l b

B an Na D :

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

b

F IGURE A .

5-22 Ban Na D: pot

Pot no .109 Leve l 7 C .

B .

f or m

6

Pot no .98 B .18 MP

Pot no .97 B .35 MP

l c

l c

B an Na D :

I lustrat ions o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE

5-23 Ban Na D i : pot f or ms 7 (a) a nd

9 (b-e)

A .

Pot no .96 B .35 MP

l c

B .

Pot no .88 B .48 MP

l c

C .

Pot no .89 B .48 MP

l c

D .

Pot no .87 B .12 MP

l b

E .

Pot no .119 B .12 MP

l b

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

D

a

b

C

F IGURE A .

5-24 Ban Na D i : pot

Pot no .91 B .TS6 MP C . .

l c

B .

f or m

9

Pot no .93 B .19 MP

Pot no .90 B .50 MP

l b

l b

Ban Na

D i :

i lustrat ions

o f co mplete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A . C .

5-25 Ban Na D i : pot Pot no .99 B .18 MP

Pot no .122 B .19 MP

f or ms

l c l b

- 3 34

1 0(a),11(b) 12(c)and

B . D .

-

1 3(d)

Pot no .125 Leve l Pot no .127

B .18 MP

l c

B an

Na D t :

I lustrat ions

o f

c ormo lete

v esse ls

3

2

1

0

( 84 0 8 6 0 8 5 • P hase 1 0 P hase 2 E lP hase 3

2

2

F IGURE Factor a natys is Factor

1 i s

t he

5-26

f or pedesta l led

x ax is ,

f actor 2 i s

- 3 35

-

vesse ls . t he y ax is .

B an Na

t ustrat ions o f c omp tete v esse ls

P o tn o . oo p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 • •o 0 0 0 00 0 .494 -

5 6 4 9 4 3 3 8 4 2 7 1 5 0 5 1 4 1 5 5 4 54 6 3 75 4 4 0 3 9 5 2 5 3 4 7 4 4 4 8 U

0 .693 -

( 1 ) 0 .946 U

( r ) 1 . 3 1 . 340 . g

2 .149 -

M or tuary p hase • 1A , 0 1 1 3 , 01C .

F IGURE Resu lts o f a c luster a na lys is t ro m

5-27 f or

t he

Ban Na D i .

p edesta lled

vesse ls

684

B an Na D:

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A . C .

5-28 Ban Na DI : pot f or m

Pot no .53 B .26 MP Pot no .40 B .36 MP

l a l b

B . D .

1 4a

Pot no .52 B .TS19 MP Pot no .39 B .36 MP

l a l b

B an Na D t :

I lustrat ions

o f c o mp tete

v esse ts

a

b

F IGURE A

5-29 Ban Na D i : pot

rvt no .38 B .12 MP C .

l b

B .

f or m

1 4b

Pot no .49 B .19 MP

Pot no .46 B .50 MP

l b

l b

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A .

5-30 Ban Na D t : pot

Pot no .68 B .13 MP C .

l b

B .

t or m

1 4b

Pot no .37 B .14 MP

Pot no .41 B .15 MP

l b

l b

B an Na D i :

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A .

5-31 Ban Na D i : pot

Pot no .55 B .TS5 MP C .

l c

B .

f or m

1 4b

Pot no .50 B .TS5 MP

Pot no .56 Leve t 7

l c

B an N a D i :

i lustrat ions

o f c orno lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A .

5-32 Ban Na D i : pot

Pot no .il B .TS6 MP C .

l c

B .

-

1 4b

Pot no .13T B .TS6 MP

Pot no .51 B .TS12 MP

- 3 41

f or m

l c

l c

B an Na D i :

F IGURE A .

i lustrat ions

5-33 Ban Na D r : pot

Pot no .42 B .18 MP C .

o f c o mp lete

l c

B .

t or m

v esse ls

1 4b

Pot no .43 B .31 MP

Pot no .45 B .32 MP

l c

l c

B an Na D i :

F IGURE A . C .

I lustrat ions

o f c o mo lete

5-34 Ban Na D: pot t or ms

Pot no .54 B .TS13 MP Pot no .47 B .10/11 MP

l c l c

B . D .

v esse ls

1 4b (a) a nd

1 4c (b-d)

Pot no .48 B .10/11 MP Pot no .44 B .48 MP

l c l c

Ban Na D s :i lustrat ions

F IGURE A . C .

5-35 Ban Na D: pot

Pot no .84 B .12 MP l b Pot no .85 B .48 MP l c

o f c o mp lete

t or ms B . D .

v esse ls

1 5(a—c) a nd

1 7(d)

Pot no .86 B .19 MP Pot no .92 B .48 MP

l b l c

B an Na DI : i tustrat tons o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

b

F IGURE A .

5-36 Ban Na D i : pot t or ms

Pot no .128 B .50 MP

l b

B .

1 6(a) a nd

1 8(b)

Pot no .123 Leve l 6

Ban

Na

D i :

I lustrat ions

o f

c o mo lete

vesse ls

a

F IGURE A .

a nd

B .

5-37 L id

Ban Na DI : pot

f or m

1 9

a nd Pot no .113 B .4 MP

- 3 46

-

2

Ban Na

D i :

i lustrat ions

o f

c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A .

a nd B .

5-38 Ban Na D r : pot L td

t or m

1 9

a nd Pot no .114 B .5 MP

2

Ban

Na

D i :

i lustrat ions

o f

c o mp lete

v esse ls

a

F IGURE A .

a nd B .

5-39 Ban Na D i : pot L id

t or m

1 9

a nd Pot no .115 B .8 MP

2

B an Na D i :

i tustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

0

F IGURE A .

a nd B .

5-40 Ban Na DI : pot L ad

f or m

2 0

a nd Pot no .116 B .T MP

2

B an Na D i :

F IGURE A .

a nd B .

I lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

5-41 Ban Na D i : pot f or m L id

v esse ls

2 1

a nd Pot no .11T 8 .6 MP

2

B an Na D i :

d lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

2 . 4 oF orm 1 •F o rm 2 oF orm 3 AF orm 4

2 .2

A

2 . 0

1 . 8 A

1 . 6

0

A

0 A AA AA0 A 0

•

0

•

• A

0

▪o o

4-

. 7 ( )

•

A 0

0

G 1

•

L i

< L i

1 . 0

0

0 . 02 0 . 03 0 . 04 S tab i l ity ( 1 .0 /Max .b r . )

0 . 05

F IGURE S tab i l ity/Access d iagram f ro m

0 . 06

0 . 07

5-42 f o r

r ound

Ban Na D i .

b ased

vesse ls

0 . 08

0 . 09

B an Na D i :

1 . 60

i lustrat ions

o f c o mp lete

v esse ls

•F orm 1 4A 0F orm 1 4B AF o rm 1 4C

15 0

1 . 40

•

1 . 30 •

0

1 20 A

•

•

1

0

1 0 1 . 10

1 . 20

1 . 30

1 . 40

1 .5 0

1 . 60

1 70

ACCESS IB IL ITY

F IGURE S tab i l ity/Access d iagra m f ro m

f or

5-43 t he pedesta l led vesse ls

Ban Na D i .

- 3 52

-

1 . 80

1 . 90

C an

H a

D i :

G FI

THE

So i l

cond it ions

a t

o f o rgan ic

2 0 mm

screen .

Ban

Ch iang

f auna l

dur ing

a na lyses

( H igha m

a nd

dec ided

t o

K i jnga m

pass

a screen w ith co mpr is ing

mater ia l

f ro m

accord ing

t o

poss ib le

a re

screen ing p r inc ipa l

t he

s et

sma ll

gastropods

per

out

s he l l, on

r e ma in

spec ies .

spec ies

was

Before n ecessary

i n

f or

f ig

o ffer ing

t o

6-1 .

t hen

t h is

Ban

be

o f

o f

a ss igned

bone very

a

t he mater ia l a nd

p rec ise ly

r esu lts

f ro m

t he

o t

t he

r ice

f i sh .

6 .6 .

S ince

The

o f The

r e ma ins

ascr ibed

a re

t o

on ly

actua l nu mber o f

o f

The

p ieces

p lant mater ia l .

aga in ,

a s t h is

f ine- mesh

sma l l

a nd

o f

L abe lled

b inocu lar m icroscope .

sma l l

f actor

a s

were

t he

i t was t hrough

a nd

The

carbon ised

t ine-screen ing , by

D i ,

sp it

p rocess

co mpr ised

i dent if ied,

t he

pub l ished

Na

and

o f

a t

co mplete .

o r spec ies .

p rocedure

f rag ments

r esu lts

c leaned

mater ia l

a

undertaken

been

screen ing

was

The

r epresented

i ncreased

i s s een

l arger

genus

f rag ments

Most

s a mpled

t he

They were

t o

A l l

o f

f eature

t he

t hrough

p rocedure began w ith

t he mse lves

f ig

as

t hat

h ave

excavat ion

excavated

t or

passed

The

data

under a l o w-po wered

wel l

be lo w.

were

spectrum

as

Ch iang

Th is

f ro m

f ro m

f avourab le

so i l was

unt i l excavat ions were

f am i ly,

i n

r esu lt ing

app ropr iate

1mm .

excavat ions

f inds

r eported

o f

cont inued

scrut in ised

a nd

so i ls

s ize

most

D I

i dent ica l w ith

t he

e ach

NA

excavat ions .

Ban

Dur ing

f ro m

appropr iate

bone,

a ll

1 979) .

was

were

1 975

t he

l eve l p rovenance .

t o

p rocedure

a nd

r ecovered

t he

D i

BAN

A l l excavated

on

a sa mple

a mesh

Na

FR O M

p rocedure was

1 914

l eve l 4 , and

The course ,

t he

1 > r • :

RE MA INS

Ban

undertaken

r e ma ins

E

mater ia l .

Th is

b iotz Dq iza t

A

B IOL OG IC AL

p reservat ion mesh

t he

t he

1 5%

o f

i nd iv idua ls

r esu lt ing

f auna l

6-2 . a n

i nterpretat ion

cons ider so me o f

o f

t hese

t he p rob le ms o f

f auna l

spectra ,

i t

i s

i dent if icat ion .

BO V ID AE, B ibos sp ., Bubo/us bubel ls The buffa lo

bas ic

( K ijnga m r e ma ins Ban

For

h ave

a nd

Non

Nok

s ize d ifferences .

Th is

i s

t he

Ch iang

p rob le m

d ifferent

s ize

The

o f

a ma te

absence

o f

B ites

bet ween

on

t er ms ,

"Boy /doe Th is wh ich

t he m

cattle " .

g roup no

The

bov id

a nd

a

b as is

f ro m

The

a nd

t he There

d o mest ic

a na lyses

o f

i nfa ll ible

approach , because

w i ld

f or

p reh istor ic a re

p robably bet ween

i dent if ied .

- 3 53

-

t hree

i nd igenous

sauve/ i) r u les bone

do mest ic

a nd

t ro m

t he m

out

s a mples .

a l l descr ibed

spec i mens

upon

a n i ma l cou ld we l l overlap _

t he

Nov ibos

r e l ied

t he

but not

were

d ifferences

i n

poss ible .

bet ween w i ld

f or mer .

f e ma le

s ites

i nclude

d ifferences

s eparat ion

water

r esolved

1 975a)

t hese

cou ld, o f course,

o f

been

( H igha m

s a mp les o f

t he

bones

r e ma ins

a r easonable

sma l lest

cons istent

o f

t he l arge ly

bones ,

makes

d ist ingu ish ing

j avan icus a nd

t he

bones

o f

Tha

co mparat ive

(B ibos gaur t is .

wh ich

spec ies

do mest ic

bet ween

(B ibos sp .) h as

a nato m ica l

i dent if ied

t he

bet ween

d ist ingu ish ing catt le

s evera l

been

ho wever, a nd

o f

bubal is) a nd

1 979a) .

morphology c attle ,

p roble m

(Subs

I n

under t he

t he

c attle

p ract ica l h ead ing

l argest,

t he water

a nd

c attle

d ist inct ions

w i ld .

buffa to h ave

f or

been

B an

When i t was f ro m

Ban

Category s l ight

t he

f ound

bov id

t hat

Na

degrees o f

o f

t he

f ro m

b izloq ica l

Ban Ch iang

g reat major ity

D i a lso

amount

D i :

t eeth

t he

1 i nc ludes

Na

r evea l un worn

wear .

ca me

Tong were a na lysed ,

o f

young

t eeth , a nd

t hose

i n

c ategory

3-4-5

r evea l

The

bov ids 2 ,

h ave

p rogress ive ly

CATEGORY OF %EAR 1

2

3

4

5

1 5

1 4

-

Teeth 2

3

1

-

1

-

-

-

RA 1 344

5 5

1 -

_

3 r , J ,

1

-

-

i ncisor

3 4

-

M 1

1 2

-

-

8

2

2

R X 2

1 0

-

-

8

2

-

8

4

-

3

1

-

7 5

7

4

4 2

M3 TOTAL I n addition Upper

t here a re 8 l ower

deciduous

2 0

2

t eeth

Teeth

F t v I2

1 7

FM3 13 44

2

-

7

1

1

7

-

1

1

3

2

9

4

-

-

3

2

M 1

1 7

-

-

2

M2

1 2

1

-

6

5

-

M3

1 5

3

3

7

2

-

TOTAL

7 7

6

7

and

s exua l ly

Th is

a

g reater

dent it ion

FM2

SEC OND

6-1) .

on ly

6-1

bov id

O.

Lower

THE

f igures

( table

a l l r epresent adu lt a n ima ls .

Ban Na D i : t he

Lower

Ban

adu lt an i mals .

r ar ity

TABLE

TCOTH

a nd

f ro m

a marked

Categor ies

t ooth wear, a nd

r e ma ins

FORE

bone

i s

been

s uper i mposed do mest ic

2 5

5

3 1

8

PHAL ANX

usefu l

d i morph ic .

Tha i

1 0

on

cattle,

f or I n

t he

f ig

a scatter t hose

a rchaeozoo log gst

6-3 ,

t he

d iagra m

f ro m

because

spec imens

f ro m

i ncorporat ing

s evera l

o ther

i t

Ban

bones

i s

f ro m

p reh istor ic

durab le

Na D i h ave modern

s ites

a nd

B an

spec i mens

f ro m

p rovenance Wh i te

t he

t he

r ange

e stab l ished,

t he

t he

v ic in ity

o f

w i ld

ones

adopted i nto

t he

o f

t h is

Na

THE

F IRST

w ith in

t he

except f ew

t hough

cattle .

t he

t he

Ban

t hen

t he

Table

a nd

banteng

l ength

Ch iang ,

o f

a nd t h is

a ny

e leven

do mest ic" .

out o f

I f

pha langes

i n

f ig

i s

sma l ler

s a me

s econd

a ny

a l l

not

l i es

i n

t han

t he

approach

pha langes f ro m

kno wn

co me

t he f i rm ly

p robab ly

pha langes

t han 6-3

t he

o f

twe lve

sma t ter

p rov ides

measure ments .

gaur

bone

spec i men

g reat major ity

l eve l 6 were

6-2

correspond ing

i s

f a lls

l eve l 7 a nd

w i ld

f ro m

spec i men .

l ate

l eve ls

PHAL ANX

( f ig

a rea

t hat

pattern

6-4) .

o f

noted

Aga in ,

d istr ibut ion

f ro m

B .38

r e lated

spec ies

a re

t he

Na

s econd

matches

spec i mens

Northeast

o f w i ld

out

be ing

a re

t oo

f or wh ich co mparat ive mater ia l

p reh istor ic

unusua l ly t o

t he

s ites ,

i n s ize .

o r gaur

sma l l

f or

Ba Na D i t en

r educed

banteng

a s

D i bones

t hat

f ro m

Tha i

cons iderab ty

s ize

s tands

o f Ba

t he

p reh istor ic

f or

approach

over whe lm ing major ity

f or

t he

r ecent exa mp les

pha langes

e ither w i ld

t or

f or

r e ma ins

3 ) .

t hat more

bov id

w i ld

pha langes

At

Thus

d istr ibut ion

f i rst pha lanx

b io log ica l

" probab ly

D i ,

smal l

FORE

The

mm .

f ro m

part icu larly

D i

l im it

l abe l led

c ategory .

( leve ls 2 and

Na

var iat ion

4 1-43

f our out o f s ix The

o t

Ba

t he

i nd igenous

Ba

l o wer

was f or

D i :

Na

Very

spec i mens ,

L arge .

be

The

a scr ibed

t o

i s ava i lab le .

THE MA GNU M The and

magnu m

c lear

Nearly The

i s

a ll

pattern

noted

f or

Tha i land .

The

f ro m

u sefu l

bet ween

co me

f ro m

pha langes

i n

ba lance

t hose

most

s hape

ava i lab le

correspond

a nd

t h ird

i n

spec i mens

spec i mens catt le

a

d ifferences

s ize

a re

t o

o f

r e lated

bone

t he

hu man

bur ia ts

s ize

i ts

t he

r epeats

spec ies

s a me

p reh istor ic

t o

and

c learly

t he w i ld

due

cattle

co mpactness water

buffa lo .

f ro m

l eve l 7 .

o r

i tse lf .

On ly

i nd igenous

a s

both

s ettle ments

( f ig

two

t o

Northeast

modern

do mest ic

6-5) .

THE MET AC ARP AL Co mplete

metacarpa ls

t he p resu med do mest ic b readth

may

f a l l

a re

most

Non Nok

w ith in

t he

Tha

i nfor mat ive .

spec imens

observed

r ange

l ength d i mens ions o f t he s a me bones a re noted be

above

t he

s a me

s ituat ion 1 4

t hat

cons idered

t he

o f w i ld

a n i ma l was exactly

( K i jnga m The

f ar

B .38

5 5 .5

a nd

l arge

1 979 :16 , s ee

spec i men 220 .0

o f

r ather

metacarpa ls

Ban i s

t he

be

s ho wn

f or

f e male

banteng ,

s horter .

I t h as

bov id were

l arge

o f t he

been

e nough

t o

l ength

o f

t he

metacarpa l

f ro m

a scr ibed

t o

a w i ld spec ies .

Th is

f ro m

Ban

Ch iang

banteng metacarpa l h as Na

very

t han a re

t o

B .38

t he

been

square

D4

sp it

6-6) .

5 2 .0 m m

I t

t he

Yet ,

s hort

f ig

f ro m

mm .

o f

f or

cons iderab ly

t he metacarpa l

sma llest pub l ished

do mest ic

co mp lete

t oo

para l le ls

mm , a p rox i ma l w idth The

phalanges der ivat ion .

I t h as

t hat, wh i le measure ments

a

very

a nd

a l ength

D i h as

o f

correspond ing

l i ke ly

t hen ,

t hat

sma l l

w i ld

bov id .

s im i lar

a d istal w idth

2 41 .0

i n

s ize

t o

t he

mm

d imens ions B .38 The

modern ,

o f

( Hoo i jer a n ima l

5 3 .0 1 958) .

o f

5 5 .5 ,

was

r e ma in ing do mest ic

a

f our Tha i

B an Na D i :

t he

b io tog ica t

r ema ins

c attle .

TABLE

6-2

Ban Na D i : t he d i mens ions a nd p rovenance o f s econd

P FCMENANCE

t he bov id

f ore pha langes

LENGTH

PRDKIN IAL W IDTH

F 8 B .38

4 6.1

2 8.7

F 6 B .38

4 6.5

2 7.6

F 6 B .36

3 7.6

2 5.5

F 6 B .36

3 7.2

2 6.7

F 6 B .42

3 9.2

2 5.3

F 6 B .42

2 5.2

A3 B .26

3 4.1 3 5.4

A3 B .26

3 4.5

2 6.3

A3/4 B .11

3 3.8

2 5.9

A3/4 B .11

3 4.8

2 5.9

A l 8 .15

3 5.9

2 8.5

A l B .15

3 6.0

2 7.8

L .7

4 3.5

3 0.0

L .7

3 2.4

2 4.1

L .7

3 5.1

2 5.8

L .7

3 5.7

2 6.9

L .7

3 6.7

2 6.6

L .7

3 9.3

2 8.0

L .7

3 5.3

2 7.0

L .7

3 6.5

2 7.9

L .7

3 4.0

2 5.4

L .7

3 5.6

2 5.3

L .7

3 8.1

2 5.5

L .7

3 9.4

2 6.5

L .6

4 4.2

3 2.5

L .6

3 9.4

2 9.8

L .6

4 2.7

2 7.4

L .6

3 3.6

2 5.0

L .6

3 3.4

2 3.5

L .6

3 5.4

2 5.3

L .5

3 5.6

2 3.7

L .3

3 3.3

2 5.2

L .2

3 5.8

2 8.0

L .2

3 1.7

2 8.3

L .2

3 1.3

2 2.5

L .2

2 9.5

2 1.6

2 7.6

B an N a D :

t he

b io log ica l

TABLE

r ema ins

6-3

Ban Na D i : t he d i mens ions a nd p rovenance o f bov id magna PACVENANCE

LENGTH

l i e / 1N :L i t W I DMA

F 6 8 .38

3 1.8

3 5.3

1 .11

F6 B .36

3 1.4

3 1.5

1 .00

F 6 B .42

2 8.7

3 3.3

1 .16

A3 8 .26

3 0.7

3 2.7

1 .06

A l B .15

3 0.0

3 2.4

1 .08

L .7

3 7.5

4 8.3

1 .28

L .7

2 9.1

3 1.8

1 .09

L .7

2 9.5

3 1.1

1 .05

L .7

3 8.5

4 1.5

1 .07

L .7

2 8.3

2 9.2

1 .03

L .7

3 0.6

3 3.0

1 .07

L .7

3 0.4

3 4.5

1 .13

L .7

2 8.1

3 1.7

1 .12

L .7

2 9.1

3 4.0

1 .16

L .7

2 9.9

3 2.6

1 .09

L .6

3 1.3

3 5.3

1 .12

L .5

2 9.8

3 1.8

1 .06

L .3

3 0.1

3 2.0

1 .06

* A l l abbrev iat ions

t or bone measurements a re e nd o f

t he

L i sted

a t

t he

chapter .

TABLE

6-4

Ban Na D i : t he d i mens ions o f co mp lete bov id metacarpa ls

P 11 :34 13464 43E

PW

DW

MN

FW :E YN

F 6 8 .38

2 20.0

5 5.5

5 5.5

1 1.7

F 6 8 .36

2 16.0

5 5.2

5 0.1

3 2.2

1 .10

F 6 B .42

1 86.5

5 2.4

5 0.0

2 7.6

1 .04

A3 B .26

1 98.5

5 5.9

5 4.7

2 7.7

1 .02

A3/4 8 .11

1 97.9

5 5.8

5 5.2

2 8.2

1 .01

TABLE

6-5

Ban Na D i : t he d i mens ions a nd p rovenance o t bov id

f i rst

t ore pha langes

- 3 57

-

1 .00

B an N a D i :

PR : ME W /4CE Fore R ight

L

t he

b io log ica t

r ema ins

PW

DT

M iV

PW :L

I nterior

F 6 B .38

6 4.5

2 8.4

2 7.2

2 4.9

0 .44

L 7

6 0.0

2 8.4

2 7.4

2 4.5

0 .47

L 7

6 1.8

2 8.7

2 7.2

2 4.5

0 .46

L 7

5 6.6

2 8.2

2 7.2

2 5.6

0 .49

L 7

5 7.4

2 6.0

2 4.0

2 3.9

0 .45

L 6

5 3.8

2 4.4

2 2.8

2 2.0

0 .45

L 6

5 0.2

2 3.0

2 3.4

2 1.6

0 .45

Fore R ight Exterior F 6 B .38

6 5.0

2 9.0

2 7.0

2 5.0

0 .44

L 7

6 6.60

3 2.5

3 0.5

2 9.8

0 .48

L 7

6 3.50

2 7.0

2 5.8

2 6.0

0 .42

L 7

6 2.40

2 9.7

2 8.5

2 8.5

0 .47

L 7

6 0.30

2 5.5

2 4.8

2 4.8

0 .42

L 7

5 6.60

2 6.1

2 5.2

2 4.3

0 .46

L 7

5 7.10

2 3.5

2 3.1

2 3.4

0 .41

L 3

5 0.50

2 3.8

2 2.4

0 .47

L 2

5 7.40

2 7.0

2 5.4

2 5.0

0 .47

L 2

4 8.10

2 3.5

2 2.7

2 1.5

0 .48

0 .42

F ore L eft

-

I nterior

F 6 B .36

5 8.40

2 4.5

2 4.2

2 1.9

F 6 B .42

5 4.0

2 6.0

2 3.7

2 1.5

0 .48

A3 B .26

5 4.5

2 7.0

2 4.1

2 2.5

0 .49

A3/4 B .11

5 8.0

2 7.0

2 4.8

2 3.7

0 .46

A l B .15

5 8.9

2 6.3

2 6.4

2 4.7

0 .44

L 7

6 7.3

3 0.1

2 8.9

2 7.8

0 .44

L 7

5 9.0

2 8.7

2 8.8

2 8.4

0 .48

L 7

5 4.2

2 3.1

2 1.7

1 8.5

0 .42

L 7

5 7.2

2 6.5

2 3.5

2 1.5

0 .46

L 7

5 7.2

2 8.4

2 5.3

L 6

6 1.2

2 8.5

L 3

5 9.9

2 8.5

2 7.4

L 2

5 2.0

2 3.4

2 3.8

L 2

4 8.7

2 0.1

-

-

2 5.0

0 .49

2 5.6

0 .46

2 7.0

0 .47

-

0 .46

-

0 .41

F ore L eft Exterior F 6 B .36

5 8.5

2 4.8

2 5.9

2 2.5

0 .42

F 6 B .42

5 4.7

2 6.1

2 3.6

2 2.5

0 .47

A3/4 B .11

5 7.9

2 6.1

2 5.6

2 5.1

0 .47

A3/4 8 .48

5 6.9

2 5.2

2 3.2

2 1.6

0 .44

A l B .15

5 7.6

2 7.4

2 6.3

2 3.5

0 .47

L 6

5 8.6

2 8.1

2 5.7

2 5.0

0 .47

L 3

5 9.5

3 0.0

2 6.3

2 5.9

0 .50

- 3 58

-

B an

D i :

t he

b io log ica l

r ema ins

BUBAL US BUBA L/ 5

The w i ld water butta lo no w

very

r are .

r estr icted

w ith in

d escr ibed

t he

c att le .

Th is

i t

i s

i nhab its

Tha i land

i nd igenous

l owly ing

t o

U ttha i

p r inc ipa l d ist inct ions

h as made

i t poss ib le

t o

i n

l eve l 8 a t Ban Na D i .

upper

7 ,

i t

f ro m

i s

qu ite

Than i

p robab le

Southeast As ia ,

t he

S ince

t hey

i s

i t i s t oday

( 1979a)

h as

o f water buffa lo a nd

t hat water

t here

t hough

a nd

K i jngam

bones

conclude t hat

t erra in

P rov ince .

bet ween

r ep resented l eve l

t o

we l l watered

buffa lo

a re

not

i s on ly one spec imen

were

on ly

abundant

i n

t here

L eve ls 6 - 5 . Measurab le

i n s ize ,

t he

buffa lo

bones

p resent do mest ic

a t Ban Na D i co me

s tock .

bore marks o f burn ing , s uggest ing

f ro m

Most bones were

t hat

a n a n ima l match ing

a lso

butchered

a nd

t he meat was consumed .

SUS SCTA7FA

The p reh istor ic b as is o f f or

bas ic

p rob le m

contexts ,

i mmature

bones

f ro m

Neverthe less , Tha i land

h as

i s

bones

i s

As cooked .

a t

p resence

been Ban t he

p ig w i ld

not poss ib le . o f

Ch iang 3 4

( H igha m a nd

They

f ro m

Non

were c .

t he

t he

do mest ic

co mp lete

No rtheast a n ima ls

l o wer p ig,

s ize

t he

r ange

i s not k no wn .

b reed

s u id

Tha i

on

i n

c ran ia

Northeast f ro m

bur ia l

co me

f ro m

1 975) . Nok

Tha , most

f ro m

p ig

butchered

r ema ins

a t death

Ban Na D i , 2 7

co me

a nd t ro m

t he meat i mmature

1 9 months o f age .

TABLE

6-6

Sus scrota: t he morta l ity

S TA

f ro m

do mest ic

i nd igenous w i ld

i nvar iab ly

p ig mand ib les

a n ima ls k i l led when u nder

bones a nd

Moreover,

a p reh istor ic

demonstrated

a n ima ls . Of

cons ider ing s eparat ing

Sus scrota j u l la t us , t he

t he

contexts a t Non Nok Tha i mmature

i n

t hat

f requenc ies

C EDENT I TI CH DEVELOFN IENT

EST. / 4 2E

n s pec i mens

I N MCN 1 1 IS

1

Deciduous p remolar

2

Deciduous PM2,3,4

i n p rimary e ruption

u nerupted

f etal

3

Deciduous PM2,3,4

i n s econdary e ruption

1 -4 weeks

4

Deciduous P .2,3,4

i n

4 -7 weeks

5

Deciduous P M 1 4 1

t ertiary e ruption

i n p ri m . wear. N M

u nerup.

b irth-1 w k

2 - 4 months

B an N a D i : t he

b io tog ica t

r e ma ins

6

N n

i n p ri m ary e ruption

4 - 5

3

7

N M

i n s econdary e ruption

5 - 6

1

8

N M

i n

6 - 7

1

9

N M

i n p rimary wear, N I2 u nerupted

7 - 8

3 4

t ertiary e ruption

l o

N n

i n s econdary wear, N2 u nerupted

8 - 9

1 1

NV

i n p rimary e ruption

9 - 1 0

1

1 2

M I2

i n s econdary e ruption

1 0 - 1 1

-

1 3

NV

i n

1 1

1 4

R M2 - 4 i n p rimary e ruption

t ertiary e ruption

- 1 2

1

1 2 - 1 4

-

1 5

R M2 - 4 i n s econdary e ruption

1 4 - 1 5

1 6

R M2 - 4 i n

1 5 - 1 6

-

1 7

P MW

1 6 - 1 7

9

1 8

NB

i n p rimary e ruption

1 7 - 1 9

1

1 9

NB

i n s econdary e ruption

1 9 - 2 1

-

2 0

NB

i n

2 1

- 2 3

-

2 1

NB c usp o ne

i n s econdary wear

2 3 - 2 5

-

2 2

NB c usp

i n s econdary wear

2 5 - 2 7

3

2 3

NB c usp t hree

2 7 - 2 9

3

2 4

NB a ll

c usps

i n

2 5

NB a ll

c usps

i n e arly

t ertiary e ruption

i n p rimary wear, NB u nerupted

t ert. t wo

e rupt.

c usp o ne

i n p ri m . e r r

i n s econdary wear l ate s econdary wear l ate

t ertiary wear

2 6

NB a ll

c usps

i n

2 7

NB a ll

c usps

i n q uaternary wear

t ertiary wear

- 3 60

-

3 0+

-

a dult

-

l ate maturity

1

v ery o ld

-

Ban Na

NC I

L t ) C C

r er e

DI : t he

r e r e c e

9.

b iolog ica l

r e ma ins

C e9 CN NC YL U0 ,L UL U

r e

L W U Jr e

l a

C Y

2 25991-9 59i5g9559 42529599 ti

I

e t C Y . . 1 e r e e t

e `

Ban Na D i : t he d i mens ions o f mand ibles

•1

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

II

I I I I II

C O .1 I . v .

C o •1 C O

1 1

v • 1 C O

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

C D .1 I 1 CO v -

N . 1 C D N

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

M e . 0 •• • I l 1 ) C s ) e t

e t •1

r y

N •I O D e ., .

II

e t •I e t 9 -

l

m t •1 ' e t e . .

1

• C D • .1 1 0 41 13 V.

9.

1

O D • O D e -

C O i n • • 1 1 u l e t ' . m . 9.

w e •1 1 C o

C I O D • • 1 1 w r ) 1 )

V.

1.

C O • 1 1 C o

N .

. 1 1 C o

1 1 1

• 1 1 C o

. 1 1 C o

L U 11 C . 0 . 1 %. 1

II

C LI

C LI

I

CL I 1 C L C L

1 1

I D .

C o •1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1 1

• 1 1 C o

N.

V.

C D C O . .1 1 0 0 4 0

C o . 1 C o

C D • 1 1 C O

V.

1.

1

W U L a

1 1 1 1

1

L 1

,Y 1

ø I

1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1

II I I I I

1

1 L U

1 I L U

10 0 0 I 0 0 I 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

0 0

1 1 1

I I I 101

1

0 1

I I I I I OS

1 11 1 1 1

11 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 0

1 11

L U

L U

C L ,.1 1 1 1 1 1 1

11

1 1 1

1 LU 1 1 1 1

0 0 O L I 1C L0 . 0

1 1 L0 . 0

II

4 0 4 0

I •• I C D r y C Y r y

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

› . 1 m t

1

C o . 1

0 1 1 1

e t C V

. 1 1 q t

9.

1

. 1 1

i n

e . »

1 .

C O .1 1 1

NN

•• I l

e - • •

.1 h .

. 1 1 1 q t

N C O • • 1 1 r e g e

11 . . .

T»

q ".

V

1

1

V.

•

c ) • 1 1 1

V.

V.

n t n i t

1 . .

• 1

u n

e . W C

C D C D . • 1 1 1

h • 1 C o

L U % .

C LC LI I I

1 1

1 1 I C L

I

C L 1 I 1C LC L

i 1O L I0 0

1

1

1

1

V.

C LC L I I I CL I CL I 1 CL

1 1 1

e •I

II

CO

1 • •1 0

e .1 u e

II

V.

• 1 P .

C L 1 IC L C L 1

I

1 1

1 . •

u n 4 1 *

L U 1 1 %. 1

O .• O I

C o . 1 1

II

C Y

9 .•

1 1 1

1

n i t

r e . 1 1 C D r y

II

9.

C V

V.

11 1 1

2

C O • 1 CD

V.

I01

3

V.

1 .•

V.

1

V.

. •1 r e g e V» e -

V.

N O D .. 1 1 C 4 0 3

9

1 1

II

II

W i599o5 92

II

C D C Y r e e t

11

r e r e r e r e L U r e r e r e r e

II

18 • 1

II

r e

C LC L

1 I

I

1

I I 10 C I . I 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1

I IIIIII III III II II

1 I 1

1 11

1 1 1

1

1 1 I 1

1 11 1

W 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 1 1

C O

e . C N

r e m t u n C I D h . C D C D C D 1.

V.

V.

r e e t L I C O D

- 3 61 -

C C C D C D 9 - N r e a i r u n C D h . C C C D C D v . 6 1 N C Y C Y C Y C Y C Y C Y C Y C Y ( N I r e r e r e

r e e t L i C O D r e r e r e r e

Ban Na

D i :

t he

b io log ica l

m g g w w w w m w w ec n i no

r e ma ins

r

r mm o J w m

l w mcN n r e. -

5 2299529929i5 p=255592922999i52 11 1

1 1

1 1

1

• 1 1 C O

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

0

11 1

1

N • . 1 0 0 I.

II I

C O 1 ' 1 M

I

1

9. .

,.

1 4 0 • • I 01 :0

g e l • 1

r • -

• 1

t • ..

4

. • 1

C O

C O . 1

9.

9.

1

11

i t ) • 1

L t ) C O . • 1

N

N

• 1

*

4

9.

9.

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

C e 4 •. 1 N N

1

9.

C O N 6

•

4 . 1 9 .

1 1

1

1 1

11

1

11

1

1

2

I

1

OI

L

0 1 1

1

1

1

I

9.

I

I

I

I

0

1 1

1

• 1 1

1 1

1 1

1

N . 1 1

1 1

W11 W W 1 1

11

1

1

1

10 .1 1 .111 2 . 0 .1

. 1

11

• 1

1 1

1

1

. 1 1

. 1 C o

1 1

1

1

1.

s

e

C O • 1

r -

0

4 I

•

m g '

L O N * 0

•

•

I

mm o m o e • • • • c or -r -c o e

1

t r )

•

•

•

M e t t e e l

9.

•

s ›c c om - to 9.

1

1.

• r • CO N C /0 •

• •

0

I

1

1

1

1

1

1

9.

. . 1

c e

e e e

I

1

0 • 1 C . )

C o • 1 t r /

1 1

1

1

l

0 • 1

1

1 1 1

1

1 I L L L O C1 1 1 1 1

a - 1

1

1

I

1 1 11 1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1 111 11 . 1 1

11 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

I

1 1

1

C 1

1

1

C 3 1

1

0

P 4 4

4 4

4

4

N . 4

4

4

N . 4

. -

N

M .,

0 0 I4

0

0

, -

N

M

0

4

* 0

4

1

01 1 1

1 1

1

I

0

L Wil tl I

l ö G l I CZ I

1

1

U i

1

1 1 1L O .0 .11 a .

1

I

1

1 ".

1 L U LL 1 .1111 ,

1 1 12

11

I . - 0 0 . • • 1 W M r )

1 1

. 9.

11 1 1 C 1 .1 2 . Q . L2 .1 1 .11 0 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

M CI

1 1

. 1. •

iW w1

1L .

• ▪ C O

Co

N

9.

0

1 1

9.

9. .

11 1

▪• 1 1 N

C O CO .. 1 N e . 1.

O

i t ) P 4 C O 9.

• . • . • 0 2 N 0 2 . • . .1 C I N N e l ) 9. 9 . - 4,4

1 1

C o

9.

1 . . . .

1 1

1

1

I

1

WIL L I I I 0 -11 0 .0 . a .

L OI

I CL CZ I

1

1

1 1

LI

L L

1

I

I

I LL I

I

1

1 1 1 1 11

0

0 0

1

4

0

0

0 0

0

C O 0

C C

Z 4

0

0

0 .- N N N N

M * N N

0 N

0 14 N N

M CD 0 /- N N N M M M

B an Na D i :

t he

b io log ica l

r ema ins

CERV IDAE : Cervus un icolc ir , Cervus e ld i , Ax is porc inus and Munt iacus muntjak

There s ambar The

a re

l atter not

qu ite

e asy

r estr icted

A l l o f

r ema ins a lso co me a nd

p rocess ing . o f

t he i r

e ight o f

bear The

s ize , t he

a nt ler

Cervus f ro m

t o

r emarks

app ly

deer

(Cerv is

E ld 's d iff icu lt

A

number

muntjak

butchery

a nd

a nd

t he

o f

i s

t o

a nd

t he

t he

e lda

t he

The

a reas .

Ban t hat

bones

Na t he

co me

D i

a re

f ro m

adu lt

cons istent w ith

bones

a scr ibed , on

Adu lt

spec imens

p ig

deer

t he

f ood bas is

p redo m inate :

bet ween

bones

deer .

bones

out

ho wever, do

f ro m

Aga in ,

( seven

t he

o f

t he

( Ax is , 00rc in i fs) because

TABLE Schedu le o f d i mens ions

LEVEL

PM2

Ban

most o f

Na

muntjak

both

a re

FMB

D i match

spec imens

n ine) mand ib les

i n

r evea l co me

s ize

f ro m

t or sma l l deer mand ibles

L .TOOTH ALV .

DEGREE

ROW

CF WEAR

6 3.3

7

-

-

7

D

D

-

3

7

-

-

-

4 r ,

7 6

_

-

-

1 6.5 -

NB 3 3

c harred

6

5

-

-

-

1 7.2

NB 3

c harred

7

4

-

-

-

-

N I2 2

c harred

8

3

-

-

-

-

N H

new b reak

9

3

-

-

-

2

-

-

-

TABLE D imens ions o f

1 , 0.

LEVEL

PM 1 PM2 F t v t 3 N A3

1 7.0

COMMENT

1

-

( 17.0) -

NB 3

c harred

N H

c harred

3

P N I 4 3 N H

c harred -

3

NB 3

n oJmandible

P MB 3

c harred

6-10

Cervus e t & mand ib les

L A L M L ALV L ALV DEGREE M 1

M2

M3

CF NEAF I

t he

s igns

6-9

LNG

o f

d iffer qu ite marked ly .

2

1 0

i s

s ke leta l

a n ima ls .

ND .

I t

a nt ler s tructure

a nd

charr ing

marsh land .

g rassy

a ssumed

Most o f

f ronta l bones

major ity

open

open

t he

scho mburgk i , 2

f ro m mature a n ima ls .

cerv id

p ig

t o

t o

Ch iang

i t

d ist ingu ish

t he

The a nt ler a nd

r easonab le

modern

co me t o

( Aluntk rcus muntjak) a nd s im i lar s ize .

Ban

a nd

t hat spec ies .

t en mand ib les

I t i s very

t imes ,

Southeast As ia ;

(Cervus

t he ir bones , but

f ro m

un icolor

deer

access

t he marks o f butcher ing s a me

i n ma in land

h istor ic

h ab itat w ith bet ween

t he

o f deer

Scho mburgk 's

dur ing

d ist ingu ish

d ifferent .

a n ima ls

spec ies a nd

a wood land

t o

character ist ic

l arge

unicolor)

was

s a mbar p refers i s

two

(Cervus

C CNMENT

o f

adu lt

B an Na D i :

1

6

_

_

-

2

6

-

-

-

3

6

-

-

-

-

1 3.5

-

1 4.1

4 5

6 r . )

D -

D -

D U/E -

1 4.0 1 4.0

6

5

7

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

8 9

3

-

-

-

-

-

1 7.1

3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

_

b iolog ica l

1 3.6

1 0

_

t he

-

M2

3

-

-

t v2

3

c harred

-

-

M2

4

c harred

-

-

M2 N H

3

c harred -

1 6.0

-

M 12

3

-

1 5.0

2 4.2

NB

4

c harred -

1 7.2

CAN 1DAE : Can is

A

d eta i led

u ndertaken , a nd

w i ld

1 980) .

i n

cons iderat ion

con junct ion w ith

spec ies

Both

o t

wo lf ,

mu lt ivar iate

morpholog ica l

o f

t he

d ifferences

dog

bones

t reat ment .

match

They

t he

p ig ,

catt le

was

c a lcu lated

t hose

were a nd on

deer t he

cuon

Ban

bones .

bas is

t hat

a nd

o f

t he

3

M3

3

-

-

M2

5

-

t he

Ch iang

K i jnga m

Ban

h as

does

j ust

been Man ly

d ist inct

dogs

o f

t he ir

t he

a t d eath o f o f

s ize

a nd

a nd

Ch iang

The

a s i n

patterns

bones

measurements

t he wo lf .

age

c an id

r e lated Northeast Tha i s i tes ( H igha m ,

charred

The

M 12

Ch iang

c ran ia l

f ro m

f ro m

smashed

2 6.6

f ro m

o f

r evea led

do mest ic, a nd descended u lt imate ly D i

Ban

a nd

a na lys is

s mashed

f am i l iar 's

spec imens

j acka l

r ema ins

were

t he Ban Na post morte in

s a me

manner

a s

t he Ban Na D i dogs

t ooth

e rupt ion

a nd

wear .

The ma in age s tages a re :

1 .

Very y oung d ogs, w ith u nworn d eciduous

2 .

Young d ogs, w ith e rupting p ermanent d ogs, w ith p ermanent

t eeth.

t eeth.

3 .

S ubadult

4 .

Adult

5 .

O ld d ogs w i t h welt worn p ermanent

t eeth.

6 .

Mandibles w ithout

b ut weich a re a t

d ogs w ith p ermanent t eeth

i n p lace,

T he mortality d ata a re a s

f ollows:

1 .

Very young

2

2 .

Y oung

3 .

S ubadul t

4

4 .

Adult

4

5 .

O ld

6 .

A t

l east

There

s ubadu

a re

r esu lt s uggested o f f u l l body

s ize .

1 6

t

b ut

u nworn.

l east

s ubadult

6

mand ib les ,

t hat t he

t eeth e rupted,

t eeth e rupted a nd s lightly worn.

dogs

1 4

o f

f ro m

wh ich

a re

a t

Ban Na D i were

l east

s ubadu lt

k i l led when

Th is

t hey were

B an Na D i : t he

I

I I

I

b iolog ica l

I

C O

r e ma ins

0 3 C O L O . • . C ) 4 1 3

I "'

II

I

II

it

II

it

II

11

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

I

I ."

•

I

•

C O

C O

• 1

II I

!I

I

I

C Y )

o

I 1

1

1

C O 1 1

C t ) 0 3 0

r-

0 N

0 N

• N

•

II

1

1

N 0 0 • •

II

1

1

1 1

II

II I

1 . ▪ 0 )

11

1

1 I

1

I

I

al C

01 C

I

1 1

I

I

I I

4. 0

46

. . , C I .

. g 4 1

C

C

C 6 .

3 7 7

C

f u — 1 : 0 4.

Cr )

4 .

0 1 C C I J —

4

.

>

' . . .

> s

I .

4 .4

4.

1 . . b - 1 . . I. , . 2 2 0 4 ) 0 .0 4 . 0 J 0 > > 1 : 1

4.

0 3 4 .

. 12

D u

t n 1 : 4

• • • •

m

0 0

7

r

e I

1

c o 9 •

0

N

s

1

C 1 6 .

. C

. C

1

1

1

1

I

03

W • 1 • .1 0 ) 0 C O

4.

2 1 4 . C I 0

I

. C

. C

.

4.

C b m

C

7 2 7 7 7 7 7 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

cc c c eeececci ic

C

a . 0 )

2

1 C I

1

( . 3

r -

4.

0—c0—c> ,›c3. 0)

0 )

1

I

11 1 1

1 1

N

N N

I

0 0

1 1

f

I

•. 1

O

1

C O

ii

03

1

1

L t , .1

i!

il

1 1

s ubadu tt

0

1 4-

3

7 1 1 2

> 2 ,

7 ( 1 3 . _

g i - 2 3

l l - 7

I

I

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 I

I

1

1

I

I

I

1

1

1

I

1

1

1

1

I

1 ' 4 - C O 1 4 - 1 4- 1 4. - i • -

L t )

g 3

1. •

1

t o t o t o t o c ' n C e )

N

C '

N N

Ban Na

D i :

t he

b io log ica l

r e ma ins

C o

C r ) 1

0 5. f • •

1

1

1

0

II

1

1

• 1

1

1

•

•

C D

1

1 1

1

1

e l '

CO

1

•

9-

• • .1 C D C O 0 )

1

0

1

1

. 1

1

1

1

I

I

v • N r • -

C O

C O i t •• 1 1 C I C Y ) I - 1..

N . .

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

i • •

N •1

1

1

I

1

6-12 TABLE

▪

• .C

M I ' 0 ' 0 1 : 3 4 3 4 J C D 4 3 4 3 6 .

6 .

0

0

6 .

C) C

6 .

6 .

6 .

0

0

0

SC .C 0

6 .

SC

0

0

0

0

C 6 .

C 6 .

ec T A

1

5 1

" 0 C D 6 .

1

1

11

1

1

11

1

1

1

0 3 )

1

1

1

O SC >

0

C C

C C

6 .

0▪ C O

O C

0 0

7

7

7

9

7

>

1 1

9 . • . . . . ,

0 ) 0 e • •

13

c l ) 6 .

.0

0 . ) C Y )

6 . 6 .

1

i ‘

C

C

1

1

i

2 gg3 2 0 > , 0 6 .

i n

C f )

' e

C

C

O

2

73

7

-

7

7

-

7

7

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

0 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

C : 1C :2 1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

0 1

1

r -

N

I

S

f • • •

N

13

o 3

C

11

*0

0

• 1 f • -

I • • I

1 • • •

• 4 3

• et

C O

. . . C O N • • 1 1." '

• I

1

1

•

1 .. '

1

1-

I

1."

1

N - 1 % . .

I

• . •1

5

C 37

1

• • .1 0 :0 C O

C O t • • 0 )

0

1

1 / 3 C O N - C O 0 )

0

• r " N

g e t

.

13 .

Q0 .

1 ,.

c0 .

B an N a D i : t he

b io log ica l r ema ins

MAN IDAE : Man es sp .

On ly

one

pango l in

The d istr ibut ion o f both be ing adapted

bone

( a

h umerus) was

f ound

a t Ban Na D i ( L .

t he Ch inese a nd Ma layan pangol ins t o p r imary a nd s econdary f orest .

i s

6 ) .

co mp l imentary ,

FEL IDAE : Fel ls sp .

Cat be ing

bones

i dent if ied .

i n As ia .

were

Boonsong

p resence .

I ndeed

FEMUR L .7 max .

i dent ify

One

a t

Ban

a nd McNee ly t hey ment ion

f o l low ing spec imen

FeHs sp .

r are

Na

Fel ls bengatens is : t he

i s

i dent if ied

D i ,

t he

( 1978) noted t hat t o

f o l lo w ing

l eopard

i t was

two

spec imens

cat was w ide ly

d istr ibuted

t hat i t was t o lerant o f h uman

a r a ider o f

h uman

s tock .

The

t h is spec ies :

w ith h ead : 8 .3 mm f e t id

h umerus was

i t t o spec ies

f ound

i n l eve l 6 but i t i s not poss ib le

t o

l eve l :

HUMERUS L .6 D IN : 2 3 .2 mm

MUSTEL IDAE : Me/agate persona/ e i

The

Bur mese

f orests a nd a s

f erret badger

r icef ie lds .

Two

i s adapted

t o

s evera l h ab itats ,

adu lt mand ib les were

a scr ibed

t o

i nc lud ing

t h is

spec ies

f ol lo ws :

TABLE 6-13 Ban Na D i : t he bones

f e te

ND .

P FCMENANCE

f ro m

Me logate personata

L ALV FM RON

Mandible 1

L evel

7

1 7. 1

Mandible 2

Level

7

1 7.8

L ALV M R :3 1 4 1 2.1

. 7.12.16

1 7.0

RAN IDAE : Rana

1 0.7 9 .7

At ./ agate personals B ritish Museun 1 948

HT AT M 1

terms

B an N a D : t he

b io log ica l r ema ins

Severa l spec imens h ave been a scr ibed t o t he f rog Rana f ig //n& A sma l ler g roup o f f rog bones h ave not yet been i dent if ied t o spec if ic l eve l a nd a re l abe l led Rana sp . : sma l l f rog bone . The f or mer spec ies i s adapted t o

a n

The

open

h ab itat

p rone

t o

f lood ing ,

f o l low ing spec imens were

a nd

f i nds

r ice

padd ies

congen ia l .

f ound : T ABLE 6 -14

The bones o f

f iena t igrina f rom B an N a D i L EVEL

B CNE 1 I lium U rostyle

1

Maxilla

1

2

3

1 1

4

5

1 1 1

R ad io U lna H umerus

1

T ibio F ibula

1

SMALL FRCG B CNE:

R4AM SP.

I lium U rostyle

1

Max illa H umerus

6

7

8

1 1

4 1 1

1 2

2

7

2 2

2

2

1 3

2

2 1

1

1

2

1 2

1 1

R ad io U lna T ibio F ibula F emur

1

1

1

2 2

1

3 1

1

AVES : Gal lus do mesl lcus a nd u n ident if ied b ird

Desp ite i n

t he

t he

f act

t hat w ith in

l i v ing memory

e nv irons o f Ban Na D i , b ird bones

t here

a re

t o

l ack o f a modern co mparat ive s amp le . Ch icken bones were r e lat ive ly co mmon

t he

u sua l ly

r are .

l arger

Moreover,

t han

Northern Tha i land .

t he

The

i dent if icat ion

c o mparat ive

ND .

a r ich

av ifauna

even

t o

f am i ly

a t

spec imen ,

Ban

i s

Na

a w i ld

r u led D i .

j ung le

out

due

They

were

f ow l

f ro m

f ol lo w ing d i mens ions were obta ined .

TABLE Ban Na D i

t here was

i n p re- a nd p rotoh istor ic contexts

6-15

t he d i mens ions o f t he bones P F ICM ENANCE

L

B d

f ro m SC

Gal lus Bp

CCAVENT

B an N a D i : t he

T arsametarsat

1

L .7

-

1 3.7

-

-

c harred

2

L .7

-

1 2.5

-

-

-

3 4

L .7 L .7

-

2 2.5 -

-

1 3.1

c harred

5

L .6

-

-

-

c harred

6 7

L .5 L .7 B .12

D.

B CNE

F emur

BONE

T ibiotarsus

B CNE

Hunerus

B CNE

Carpametacarpus

b io tog ica t r ema ins

-

8 0.8

PRCVENANCE

GL

1 2.8

6 .4

sc

Bd

1

L .7

( 75.0)

-

( 19.0)

L .7 L .2

5 5.0

-

1 3.0

4 5

L .2 L .2

6

L .2

7

L .7 B 12

ND .

PROVENANCE

1

L .7

2

L .7

3

L .5

4

L .2

7

L .7 B .12

O.

P RCVENANCE

-

-

-

-

7 7.4

6 .9

D ip

GL

( 18.5)

-

2 0.9 Bp

c harred -

-

c harred young

-

y oung

1 5.1

young

Bd

CCNNENT

-

c harred

-

1 1.5

-

-

1 2.1

c harred

-

-

1 14.2

y oung

1 1.9

Bd

SC

aL

L .7

-

L .7

-

-

3

L .7

-

-

4

L .6

5

L .7 B 12

1 8.8

ND .

PRCVENANCE

GL

D ip

Bp

3 7.9

7 .1

1 1.7

1

L .7 L .7 B .12

-

CCMMENT

1

2

1 9.9

-

2

-

-

-

1 5.5

7 .3

c harred

-

-

-

c harred

-

c harred

7 0.3 CCNNENM

c harred

PRZNENANCE

GL

U lna

1

L .7 B .12

6 6.6

T he f ollow ing s pecimens were

-

-

D.

t here a re 2 p elvic bones

c harred O C UA ENT

2 3

B C :NE

I n a dd ition

1 3.9

f rom L evels 7 a nd 3 .

i dentified t o

L arge b irds a s

f ottows:

B an Na D i :

t he

b io log ica l

r ema ins

T ar e : metatarsus

f rom L evel

8

Bp

2 4.5

H umerus

fr am Level

7

Bp

3 0.9

The

t ollow ing s pecimens were

i dentifie r

t o s melt

b irds a s

Carpametacarpus

t ram Level

7

GL

1 1.5

T arsametatarsus

fr am Level

6

Bd

1 1.2

T ibiotarsus

fr om Level

3

Bd

6 .9

VARAN IDAE :

The

f o l lo w ing

spec imens

t ollows:

Varanus net t / los t /3

were

i dent if ied

a s

t he

L i zard ,

Varanus

nebu losus: Mand ib le

f rag ments

f ro m

l eve l 7 ( 3

f ragments) , a nd

l eve ls 6 , 5

4 .

CROC ODYL IDAE : Cr000dy lus s ia mens is

A

sma l l

5/ ;91 1 le1 751 :5 .

a nd

n umber

They were

o f

boney

r ecovered

scutes

f ro m

were

l eve l 7 ( 3

a scr ibed

t o

c r000d _y lus

spec imens) , a nd

l eve ls

5

t ro m

a

4 .

TR IONYCH IDAE

There soft-she l led

i s one t urt le .

cart f lag ineus a nd p lastron . o f

I t i s

f rag ment o f carapace The

Ch itra

two

i nc l ica , t he

i mposs ib le

t o

f ro m

poss ib le

l eve l 5 wh ich

spec ies

f or mer h av ing

d ist ingu ish

bet ween

i n

co mes

quest ion

a re

I t /onyx

a n arro wer marg in t he

spec ies

on

t o

t he

t he bas is

t he ava i lab le spec imens .

V IVERR IDAE : Hem /g ig/us derbyanus

Severa l spec ies o f c ivet a re c ran ium

i nd igenous

a nd mand ib le , a ss ign ing bones

i dent if icat ion o f

t o

t he h umer i be lo w must be

t o

Tha i land .

d ifferent spec ies r egarded a s

Apart f ro m i s

d iff icu lt .

t entat ive

t he The

a t b est .

B an Na D i : t he

b io log ica l r ema ins

TABLE 6-16 Ban Na D i : The Bones o f Hem igalus derbyanus BONE

D.

Hunerus

1 2

H e rnigalus G n o 6 7.1611

The

PROVENANCE

e r b Ya n U S

1 0.0

TABLE Ban Na D i : The Bones

MAND IBLE

ND .

PROVENANCE

1

L .7

2

L .7

3

L .7

1 4.6

B ritish Museum c at.

f o t tow ing spec imens were a scr ibed

B CNE

1 4.3

L . .7 L .6

t o

V iverr icu la r asse .

6-17

f ro m

V iverr icu la r asse

L .ALV .

L .ALV .

H t. MAND IBLE

FM RON

M .RON

BEH lt e t i 4 .2

2 2.3

1 1.0

2 2.7

8 .5

1 1.0

9 .4

1 1.8

1 0.5

4

L .6

1 1.2

9 .9

5

L .6

1 1.7

9 .3

6

L . .5

7

L .4

B CNE

2 1.2

O.

T ibia

1 2

B CNE

D.

U lna

1 2

1 1.3

8 .2

1 1.2

1 0.0

PROVENANCE

L .7 L .5 PROVEN ANCE

L .7 L .7

1 2.5 1 1.4 BPC

7 .5 8 .5

B an N a D 1

t he b iolog ical

LEPCR I DAE:

T he

S iamese

t he

f orest

where

h are,

r emains

Le ,ous peguensis

Lepus , oeguensis ,

i s

f ound

t ypically

i n

h as b een c leared ( Boonsong a nd McNeely 1 978).

h erb ivores a nd p refer

a n open,

h ave b een a scribed

t his species.

t o

g rassy

h abitat.

T he

f ollow ing

a reas

T hey a re s pecimens

TABLE 6 -18 B an Na D i:

t he b ones

fr am Lepus , oeguensis

L EVEL

B CNE

7

F ENL JR

D IMENSI CHS

DW :

2 0.5

Mhx. W .

h ead:

-

4 PELV IS SCAPULA

1 . 2 .

H LNE _RUS

RADIUS T IBI A

1 0.1

7

L . Acetabulu rn :

9 .9

7 7

L . G lenoid f ossa: L . G lenoid f ossa:

9 .7 -

5

L . G lenoid f ossa:

9 .8

5

C OW :

1 0.0

5

D M I :

1 1.0

2

ON :

1 0.1

7

C o i d :

7 .9

7

D M , :

1 1.9

D I AC

1 3.3

6 2 MAND IBLE

6

ALV L .

Tooth r aw :

4

ALV L .

Tooth r ow :

2 1.4

N AJR ICAE

T here a re many adapted t he

t o

d istinct

r at b ones a t

small'

i ndigenous T hai e nvironments.

t he

o f

T he

f ormer

c ontains

r at,

a bsence

t his s ite h ave b een a ssigned t o

r espectively.

Rat/us eakera9i a nd Rat/us sobs / 7os , Rat/us koratensis . Measurements o f a s

s pecies I n

s ame

o f

o f

t wo g roups,

b ones a bout

which

comparative

a re

d ata,

' large'

a nd

t he s ame s ize a s

a nd t he l atter i s t he s ame s ize a s l arge r at b ones f rom B an N a D i a re

f ollows.

- 3 72

-

B an N a D i : t he

b lo tz c i ica t

TABLE

6-19

Ban Na D i : t he bones

BCNE

ND .

Mandible

BCNE

I n a dd ition 5 upper t eeth

TOOTH ROW

1

L .3

1 0.5

L .2

1 0.6

P ROVENANCE

1

L .4

2

L .4

3

L .4

t here a re 2 l ower

MAX. W . HEAD

5 .4

i ncisors

f rom l evel

5 a nd

a nd l ower

f rom l evels 5 ,

BONE

s mall

n o.

Vendible

Modern m all

N o .

L . ALV .

2

Measurements o f

B ChE

f ro m Mur idae

P r OVENANZE

ND .

Femur

r e ma ins

4 a nd 3 . r at

b ones

f rcrn B an Na D i

PROVENANCE

L . ALV .

1

L .7

2

L .6

3

L .6

7 .1

4

L .4

6 .7

5

L .1

r at

t ram B an Chiang

PROVENANCE

L

X W .

T OOTH ROW

7 .1

LW

O C I MENT

De F used

H EAD Femur

1

L .8

-

-

6 .5

2

L .8

-

-

-

3

L .8

-

-

-

-

4

L .7

3 4.1

3 .4

6 .6

De F used

De U /F

5

L .7

3 2.1

3 .0

6 .0

De F used

6

L .7

2 8.8

-

7 .0

De F used

7

L .7

-

-

6 .9

De F used

8

L .7

-

3 .2

-

De U /F

9

L .7

-

3 .0

-

De U /F

1 0

L .7

-

3 .4

-

B roken

1 1 1 2

L .7 L .7

-

2 .3 2 .9

-

B roken B roken

1 3

L .6

-

2 .8

-

B roken

-

B an N a D i :

E CNE

F emur

ND .

PROVENANCE

t he

b io log ica l r ema ins

L

X W . HEAD

1 4

L .5

-

6 .1

1 5

L .5

3 .3

-

De U /F

1 6 1 7

L .5 L .5

3 .5 -

-

New B reak -

Humerus

D e F used

De U /F

1 8

L .4

3 .3

-

1 9

L .4

-

-

New B reak

2 0

L .4

-

-

New B reak

2 .1

5 .5

Modern s melt r at t ram B an Chiang

B CNE

COMMENT

ND .

PRONE t464 NCE

OC U AENT

1

L .7

-

5 .0

2

L .7

-

6 .2

New B reak

-

5 .7 5 .0

De U VF

3 L .6 Modern s melt r at

De U/F

t ram B an Chiang

B ONE

T ibia

ND .

PR3A EN6NOE

PW

L

DW

O CNMENT

3 .5

De U/F

L .8 L .7

3 .7

New B reak

3 .9

De U /F

L .7

4 .0

De U/F De U /F

1

L .8

2

L .8

3 4 5

De U /F

3 .8

6

L .7

7

L .7

8 0

L .7 L .7

-

1 0

L .6

7 .1

L .6

3 .7 3 .8

De Fused

1 1 1 2

L .6

3 .8

De U /F

1 3 1 4

L .6 L .6

1 5

L .6

1 6 1 7

L .6 L .5

1 8

L .5

Mbdern s melt

r at

3 9.3

-

De U/ De U /F De U /F D e U /F De U /F De U /F

4 .0

New B reak New B reak

3 .0 4 .2 5 .4

D e U /F D e U /F

3 .2

t ram B an Chiang BONE

NO .

PRDA DKANCE

L . GLEND ID POSSA

B an Na D i :

Scapula

BONE

b io log ica l

r ema ins

1

L .8

2 .8

2

L .4

3 .0

ND .

Pelvis

t he

PR WENA INOE

L . OF ACETABULUN

1

L .7

3 .7

2

L .7

3 .5

L .7

3 .1

3 Modern small

r at

f rom B an Chiang

I n a ddition t here a re 1 3 upper a nd l ower

2 .7

i ncisors:

2 t ram l evel

8 ,

4 t ram l evel

7 ,

2 t ram l evel

1 t ram l evel

4 ,

1 f rom l evel

3 ,

a nd 1 t ram l evel

6 ,

2 f rom l evel

5 ,

1 .

H ERPESTES JA VA N /CUS

Th is t o

spec ies

t h ick wood land .

h as The

a w ide-rang ing

d iet a nd

p reters open g rassy

f o l lo w ing bones were a scr ibed

t o

t erra in

i t .

TABLE 6-20 Ban Na D i : t he bones

B ONE

Mandible

BONE Humerus

ND .

PR WENANCE

f ro m

Herpes/es j avan icus

L .ALV

L .ALV

HT. MAND IBLE

FM RON

M RON

BEH IND M .1

1

L .8

1 4.2

9 .1

8 .4

2 3

L .8 L .7

1 5.0

9 .5

7 .5

4

L .7

1 4.2

-

9 .6

5

L .7

-

9 .7

8 .3

6

L .6

-

-

9 .0

7

L .5

-

9 .0

8 .4

8

L .4

-

8 .8

8 .3

9 1 0

L .4 L .2

8 .2 1 1.3

6 .8 8 .6

ND . 1

1 5.1

PROV IENNHGE L .7

UN 1 1.1

B an ha D i : t he

b io tog ica t r ema ins

2

OPH ICEPHAL IDAE : Channa sp .

F ish They a nd

o t

t he

i nhab it most s trea ms .

genus t ypes

I n

s ize ,

T he most co mmon most

i f not a l l

t he

t ype

t he

Channa

a re

o f aquat ic adu lt

very

w idesp read

h ab itat ,

r ange

i nc lud ing

f ro m

1 0

i n Northeast Tha i land

sma l l

Channa bones

cm

i s

i n

Tha i land

t oday .

l akes , ponds , swa mps t o

over

1m

Oph icephalus

i n

l ength .

s tr tata%

f ro m Ban Na D i p robab ly c o me

a nd f ro m

t h is spec ies . I t i s a r es i l ient f i sh wh ich s inks i n to t he mud i n d ry ing ponds a nd r ivers dur ing t he d ry s eason . P rov ided t he s k in a nd b reath ing apparatus

r ema in mo ist,

i t c an s urv ive

best

catch

The when The

t ime

watercourses caught

matched

i n

i n

r ecovered

t o f ish

t h is t he

a nd

t h is

f i l l a nd

manner

a re

t h is manner f or s evera l months .

f ol lo ws

c atch ing

t oday

p reh istor ic

i n

f i sh

by

sma l l

s a mp les .

i dent if ied , n ear ly

(o .

The

a l l co m ing

t he

onset o f

n et o r

t rap

1 0-20

cm

f o l lo w ing

f ro m

t he

t he

monsoon ,

i s s tra ightfor ward . l ong) ,

a

spec imens

s ize were

t i ne- mesh screen ing .

TABLE 6-21 Ban Na D: t he bones

f ro m Oph icepha l ids L EVEL

B CNE 1 Dentary P remaxilla

2

P alatine

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

3

3 1

7

5 1

2 0 1 6

6 2 0

2

2

0

1 5

3

1

3

4

5

2

1

1

Quadrate

1

Nhxitla

4

1

8 2

Cperculum Anguloarticular ( N k imbers r efer

The Anabant id t he

co mmonest

Th is spec ies Today, padd ies

t h is

f i sh

o f Tha i land

cav ity, wh ich spec ies

2

4

1

8

t he

occup ies wet

a l lo ws

h ave t hem

t estud ineas

t he t o

i n Northeast T ha i land

i s o f s im i lar s ize spec ies

dur ing

1

1 6

t o n s pecimens)

ANABANT IDAE : Anabas

s uprabranch ia t

8

t o

t he a nd

t oday

p reh istor ic

swa mps ,

s eason ,

i mportant character ist ic o f a b reathe

l akes

can

out

spec imens

a nd

colon ise

o f

water .

i s Anabas

ponds . wet

f ro m

Qu ite

t estackneas . Ban Na D i .

I t f requents

s eason

h ab itats

r ice by

B an N a D i : t he b io log ica l r ema ins

mov ing

across

be long t o quest ion :

t h is

d ry

l and

f rom

i ts d ry

g roup , Anabas

s eason

r efug ia .

t estud ineus be ing

The f ol lo w ing bones

t he most

l i ke ly

spec ies

i n

TABLE 6-22 Ban Na D: t he bones

t ro m Anabant ids

B CNE

L EVEL

L evel

1

P remaxilla

7

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

7

6

2 0

1 26

1 1

Dentary

1 1

Pharyngeal

2

Anguloarticular

2

Operculum

1

n = n umber o f

1

4

2

2

3

4

2

3

1 0

s pecimens

CLAR IDAE : C lar ius batrachus

L ike o ther Anabant id f i sh , t he per iods w ithout water by means o f

c lar i id c atf ish can s urv ive t he s uprabranch ia l cav ity .

very w idespread , t he commonest spec ies batrachus .

They

t he wet s eason .

a re

abundant a nd

The

f o l low ing

i n Northeast Tha i land

e as i ly

n etted

spec imens Were

o r c aught

f or t ong They a re

be ing

i n

r ecogn ised :

TABLE 6-23 Ban Na D i : t he bones

f ro m C lar ids

B ONE

L EVEL

Pectoral

s p ine

P ectoral

p rocess

1

2

3

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 1

8

8 0 4

BAGR IDAE : Mystus sp .

Clar ius

t raps dur ing

1 6

Ban

The Most

f i sh

f ol lo w ing

Na

D i :

bones

r epresented were

t he

were

b io log ica l

i dent if ied

bet ween

5-20

TABLE Ban Na D i : t he

r e ma ins

a s

cm

be long ing

t o

M ystus

sp .

l ong .

6-24

bones

f ro m

Bagr ids

B C te

LEVEL

1

L evel P ectoral

spine

Pectoral

p rocess

Dorsal

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

3

4

8

3 3

4

1

2

f in s pine

1

S ILUR ID AE

Th is

f am i ly was

r epresented

by

one

dentary

i n

L eve l 8 .

CYPR IN ID AE : Barbus sp .

Two were

dorsa l

a scr ibed

t o

t in

sp ines

THE

ways f ine

The

f auna l

( f igs

6-1

f ro m

t he

l atter

2 ) .

t he

l eve ls

4-8

wh ich

r e ma ins

The

e ffect o f

n u mer ica l

t he

s ite

v i l lages were

h ave

abundant

one

pharangea l

bone

f ro m

L .7

f ro m

o f

D i

r ight

f ig

two t he

i dent if ied

1 mm been

bones

mesh .

I n

i ncreased

f ine-screened .

6-2, because

t he

by

a

On ly

l eve ls

h as

b een

t o

de monstrate

The bu i ld up o f f ine s i lty

w ith in on ly

l i v ing

me mory,

poss ib le

t hrough

- 3 78

i n

i n

f ro m

1 -3

sma ller mesh .

f ish .

I ndeed

a

h as

expressed

r ecovered t he

mater ia l was

screen ing

s eason was 8

t he

t he

been

bones

t hrough

i ncorporated

o f sma ll

h as

t he

i nd iv idua ls

o f

t hrough

l eve l

SPECTRU M

i ncorporated

screened

1 5%

been

f lood ing .

Na

s econd

were

f ine- mesh

t he wet

Ban

f i rst exc ludes

on ly

i mportance

r eflect dur ing

a nd

D I FAUNAL

nu mber

not screened

t he

NA

The

actua l

f actor o f 6 .66 , because mater ia l was

L .5

f ro m

The

p rocess .

s a mples

case,

BAN

spectru m

a nd

screen ing

f ro m

Barbus sp .

-

t o

t rave l

by boat .

l eve l

4 .

c learly

l enses a t t o. n earby

Such smal l f i sh On ly

i n

l eve l

8

B an Na

ho wever,

were

apprec iably . were

t he

s he l lf ish

f requency w ith The sma l l

up

The

a s

we l l

i n

The

Do mest ic

The

o f

phase

i s

hu man

s et out

t hat

exa mp le

2 1) a nd

a

co w

o r

a

p ig

ch icken years

i n

w ith in

f ig t he

cattle .

spec i mens The

s a me

pha lanx . c lear ly

a nd

a fter

t he a

B .12 , The was

t hese

by

o f

young

r epresent o f t he

s ize

r ange

o f

t he

f ro m

t he

a t

p referred

i s

Non

gaur Nok

o f

a nd

occupat ion

i n

l eve l 2 .

was

co m mon ly

cattle

1 979) .

were

Ch iang

At

p laced

p referred

t o

was

u sed

a pot wh ich year

by

i n

t he

( f igs

bur ia ls 6-3

dur ing

Na

On ly i n

B .19 ,

when

t he

D i

f i rst

bones

f ro m

i n

Tha

gaurus )

t he a nd

case Ban

a nd o f

-

over

a nd

t han

magnu m

t he

t en I t

i s

body . a re

s et

bur ia l 3 8 , a l l t a l l

modern

banteng

t he

Ch iang,

f or s acr if ic ia l purposes .

- 3 19

g rac i le

t hree

pha langes

f ro m

o f

a co mp lete

a c rocod i le .

f ore

o f

B .36

f ore l i mb

i ncluded o f

out

were

r i tua l .

l eft

bet ween

scutes

bov id

l imbs

i s

( one

f ore l i mb

two

t he

I t

l a

( seven

l eft

mortuary

f e ma le , aged

l b

t he

conta ined

o ld

bony

correspond ing (B ibas

e ach

4 ) .

phase

phase

t he p lac ing o f a s k in s hroud

Ban

f ro m

a nd

dur ing

a l l phases,

o ffer ing .

ch i ld

i n

r are

co m mon Dur ing

one

D i h as been s ub-d iv ided

except ion o f t he spec i mens

f ound

t he

dead

bone

a re , ho wever, sma l ler a nd more

pattern

- cattle , p ig

BUR I ALS

Ban

d iagra m

l imbs

a 1 7

covered

W ith

o f

8

appropr iate , adu lt bov id bones h ave

a scatter

a n i ma l

h and

t hat

L eve l

1 975 , K ijnga m

l imbs

bur ia l

Where

p referred

r ight

f ro m

i t beca me more

except

t he

( H igha m

a t Ban Na

o f

beca me more

6-4 .

As

a nd

dur ing

absent

r are

i nhab itants

( 1 1 out o f 2 3) .

d i mens ions

They

on o f

acco mpan ied

p ig .

t hat

The out

l c

was

death ,

p robable

by

h are

The

t hroughout

w ith

a sse mb lage

6-25 .

p laced

1 5 , a nd

s ke leton .

a t

r are

a nd

wh ich

dead .

occurrence

t able

was

l b) was

j uven i le

i n

s la mens is)

h ab itat .

HU M AN

a rt icu lat ing

The

t he

p rov is ion

phase

i ncorporated, ( phase

i n

r e ma ins

p igs . a nd

The

a nd

t he

out o f

o f

D i

decl ined

a n i ma ls

l eve l 7 , but

explo ited

Ban Ch iang

r e ma ins .

phases .

been measured c lear

a l l

was

t ro m

ho wever, were

a n i ma l a nd

p r inc ipa l mortuary

t hree

decl ined

a t Ban Na

t hey

( Lepus

a re

o ther do mest icated ma m ma ls

ch ickens

p lace p ig mand ib les w ith i nto

h are

but ial ls)

r ecovered

FAUNAL M ATER IAL FR O M

co mplete

t he

j avan icus) ,

a l l deer spec ies were

i nter ment

a longs ide

n u mbers l eve ls

case ,

r ather t han a f orested

was

p ract iced a t Non Nok Tha f or mer,

e ach

malaccens is)

(Buba/us

on ly

l eve l 6 .

a s

THE

t he

I n

t he ir l o wer

l eve l 7 contexts , but beca me

buffa lo

bone

o f Ban Na D i .

The

t he

l eve l 5 .

One

abundant f ro m dog

i n

c rocod i le .

(V iverr icu la

f i rst

o f

water

depos its .

Thereafter,

f ound

(Herpes/es

c ivet

c ivet appeared bu i ld

r e ma ins

t ime .

p reference , occupy a c leared t he

b iolog ica l

spec ies

t urt le , a nd

mongoose

I nd ian

t he

abundant .

Other aquat ic

t rog, water

D i :

Tha i

t he

(B ibos a nd

do mest icated

do mest ic

co mparat ive j avan icus ) .

s econd a n i ma ls

f ore were

Ban

Na

D i :

t he

ABBRE V IAT I ONS USED

b iolog ica l

I N

r e ma ins

BONE ME ASURE MENTS

1 .

FM

P remolar

2 . M

3 .

L

Length

4 .

Molar

5 .

D V /

D istal w idth

6 . l i t d 1

7 .

ALV

A lveolar

8 . ALV L RA r ow

PM

P roximal w idth M ini mum w idth A lveolar

l ength o f

t he p remolar 9 .

ALV L M r ow

A lveolar

l ength o f l ength

1 0.

GL

G reatest

1 1.

Bp

B readth o f

1 2.

SC

Smallest

t he p roximal

b readth o f

1 3.

Bd

B readth o f

1 4.

D ip

D iagonal

1 5.

HT

Hei ght

1 6.

B F

1 7.

De

o f

r ow

e nd

t he c orpus

t he d istal

end

t he p roximal

CB readth across D istal

t he molar

e nd

t he c oronoid p rocess

e nd

- 3 80

-

rO W

B an Na D i : t ab le

o f a n ima l b ones

TABLE

b ur ia ls

6-25

Ban Na D i : t he a n ima l bones

ND .

f ro m

PHASE DESCR IPTION

f ro m

bur ia ls

S EX

AGE

B .26

F

3 0-40

l a

c ompletely e xcavated

Bibos:

l eft

f orelimb

B .15

-

0 -3

l b

completely e xcavated

Bibos:

l eft

f orelimb

B .36

F

3 0-40

l b

completely e xcavated

Bibos:

l eft

f orelimb

PR I MARY AS ,SOC I AT ICH

g ken

l eft

B .38

-

3 -10

l b

completely e xcavated

b ribos:

B .12

F

1 0-20

l b

completely e xcavated

g r ben

l eft

f orelimb

2 l eft

f orelimb

6»//be r . B .19

3 -10

l b

completely e xcavated

f orelimb ( in p ot)

complete s keleton

Cr000dylus:

about

2 0 b ony

s cutes B .42

F

2 0-30

l b

p artially e xcavated

Bibos:

l eft

B .16

F

1 7-18

l b

d isturbed b urial

Bibos:

1 humerus

0 -3

l c

completely e xcavated

h ribos:

F

3 0-40

l c

c ompletely e xcavated

S ler

B .48

F

3 0-40

l c

d isturbed b urial

Bibos:

B .32

M

3 0-40

l c

p artially e xcavated

Sus :

B .16

M

3 0-40

l c

p artially e xcavated

Bibos:

B .29 B .18

l eft

l eft

f orelimb f orelimb

f orelimb

l eft

f orelimb

f orelimb l eft

f orelimb

r ight

f orelümb

B .10,

F over 5 0

1 1

M

3 0-40

l c

c ompletely e xcavated

b ribos:

l eft

TS 8

F

3 0-40

l c

d isturbed b urial

slims:

f orelimb f orelimb

T S 1 1

-

a dult

l c

d isturbed b urial

b ribos:

TS 1 2

M

4 0-50

l c

p artially excavated

Bibos:

I S 1 3

- over

l c

d isturbed b urial

S k es :

3 0

f orelimb

f orelimb f orelimb

Ba n Na DI : t he

b io log sca t

THE M OLLUSC AN

She l lf ish were r ecogn ised

and

r ecovered

bagged

p roceeded .

Most were

occas ions ,

l eve l

conta ins

t he

r ecovered

data

when

screen was

Each

f lo w .

i n

Research

l aboratory

u nder

sma l l mol luscs

t he

excavat ions

l eve ls , but

s he l lf ish .

l eve ls .

o f

i nto

was

The

mater ia l

so i l

on

t he

sp ire

a ng le

cond it ions

t h is

i nterest ing

po int

t he she l lf ish s a mp le

a

Fl lopalud ina Pi ta

wrapped

T rochota

i n

t he

because

F i lopatud ina

i s

i tse lf

a ffected t han

s tat ic .

Consequent ly ,

l im ited .

Ban Na D i per

l eve l

Bi t hynia b ivalve o ther

%

x

%

8 .4

0 .4

0 .14

0 .84

0 .98

2

392

9 2.3

4 .8

0 .25

-

1 .8

0 .76

3

1 9

7 8.9

5 .3

-

-

1 5.8

4

2

5 0.0

-

-

-

-

_

-

_

_

-

1100.0

6

5

-

%

5 0.0 -

80.0

2 0.0

408

80.9

7 .4

8 .1

-

3 .2

0 .5

8 1 747

7 7.0

1 1.5

1 0.0

_

1 .3

0 .1

i t

i s

r e me mbered

concentrat ion l eve l

o f 8 ,

abundant gastropod t o

per manent Ch iang

a rea

Na

Kho

i n

D i . No i

and I t

o f water . dur ing

s trea ms ,

ponds

and

r eg i mes

t herefore ,

t e lls

l o west

s a me Ban

i s

us

t i tt le

8 were

I ts

o f

Th is

occurs

o f

i ts

d istr ibuted

b road t he

o t

t olerance

spec if ic

t h in ,

a t

Non i s i s

when

f ind ing

a p reh istor ic

F i topa lud ina

survey

f ound

r e lat ive ly I ndeed ,

s he l l m idden . l eve ls

s ituat ion

t he

-

a rrest ing .

Ch iang .

i t was

f ie lds .

i s

a sma l t gastropod wh ich

Dur ing

1 978 ,

r ice

1 , 2 a nd

e ach

a d iffuse

t he

The

r ecogn ised .

source

l eve ls i n

i t r ese mb led she l lf ish

Ban

Ban

genus

t hat

she l lf ish

by

a r ap id

%

5

t o

( pers .

8 9.2

H ian ,

A

h ave

f ie ld

Mason

7 14

do m inant

was 1 mm

These

a l arger angle

i s

a re

f ro m

n

o f

f avour ing

The percentage o f she l lf ish

conf ined

6-26

wh ich

t hrough

r ecogn ised .

undertaken

6-26

excavat ing

two

Tab le

a b inocu lar m icroscope .

were

i nd iv idual ly

was

TABLE

When

Ban

w ith

spec i mens were

a s

1

7

Ch iang

t ined

excavated

Th is

t hat

%

not

l arge

occupat ion

s a mp le

spec i men

s tat ic

deduct ions based on

t he

f ound

i n

occupat ion

t he very

i ntact .

suggested r eg i me ,

Level

a

F irstly,

t he ir p rovenance

i dent if ied . whor l

co m m .) h as

t he

o f

gastropod

t he

water

f or

t o

d istr ibuted

were

pass ing

number

not yet been

t he

p its

exa m ined

cons iderable

p rotect

7

RE M A INS

i n two ways .

accord ing f ound

r e ma ins

o f

i s

Cha i ,

Ban

eas i ly

t he

r e l iant on

occurrence a long

o f

s ite

i n

a

t he

l ake ' marg ins ,

d ifferent

env iron menta l

water

cond it ions

B an Na D i :

dur ing dur ing

t he

b io log ica l

r e ma ins

t he i n it ia l occupat ion o f Ban Na D i . The actua l n umbers a nd t he dens ity o f s he l lf ish l eve ls

c entur ies . .

6-3 ,

Today,

but

once

s he l lf ish

more

a re

r ose

co l lected

dur ing a s

r e ma ins

t he

a m inor

l ast

f e l l marked ly t hree

d ietary

o r

t our

s upp lement,

part icu larly dur ing t he d ry s eason when i t i s more d iff icu lt t o obta in t ish . The p i l ids a est ivate i n t he banks bet ween r ice f i e lds , wh i le F s lopalud ina i s f ound

i n

t he

f ew

ponds

a nd

s tream marg ins wh ich

t he year .

- 3 83

-

r ema in mo ist t hroughout

T he

R ice Rema ins

f ro m

B an Na D i

THE R ICE RE MA INS

LT .

Twenty k erne ls .

two

SUMP

Chang

s amples

i mpress ion

a nd E .

h ave on ly

Loresto

been

exa m ined .

s ho ws

No ep ider ma l ce l ls o f l e mma/pa lea were noted a id

o f

t he

measured d ra w ing

( tab le t raced

t he data m i l led

a nd

r ice

s ho wed f ro m

photo

6-26) . f ro m

t he

t o

t here

Samp le

one w ith f ound

g ra in

6 ,

t he

r ice

s a mple

f ro m

o f

bur ia l

bur ia l 1 7

8 h ave

a lso

been

p rox im ity

i mpress ions

d id

h u l ls .

By

o f

m i l led

r ice .

t he

t o u se

The

a n

i ron not

t he m icro

g ra in

a nd

h u l ls .

photographs

o r t he

The

l ess

t he

s tarchy

because

s a me

a s

o f o f

t he

l ens , o f

t he

e ndosper m , u n l ike

t he

i n

embryo .

was

t aken .

A

Based

on

t he

s hape o f

t he

o ther

f ive

s hape

o f

Our v isua l

f or mer

conduc ive o f

r anged t he r ice

observat ions t ype .

adher ing

d er ives

t o

ep ider ma l

t o r ice

l ooks i ron

p reservat ion . c e l ls

o f

was

l i ke

r ice

empty

a rtefacts a re

where

i s more

devo id

one

c an

t he who le k erne l .

The d i mens ions o f t he

P rovenance

-

Level

6-26

r ice k erne ls

G rain L

t ro m

G rain B r

8

-

2 .0

A2 4 6

8

4 .6

2 .6

A3 4 1

8

-

A2 4 2

7

5 .0

A2 4 2

7

A2 4 2

7

Ban Na D i

Remarks

b roken k ernel

1 .3 2 .0 1

t wo were

-

3 .0

1

b roken

-

2 .5

1

k ernels

A2 4 3

7

-

2 .2

1

a ll

A2 4 3

7

-

2 .3

]

tr am b roken

A2 4 3 A2 4 3

7 7

-

2 .0 1 2 .2 1

- 3 84

-

r ice

e ndosper m

k erne ls

s amp les

o f

f ro m

t o b e a c lump o f

s tarchy

c lump

The

t he

k erne ls ,

photograph o f a c lump

The

t he

c arbon ised

TABLE

t he

6-7 .

s ix who le

t he s amp le appears

s ample .

r ice c e l ls .

W ith

t he

The

ev idence

k erne ls

actua l

f ig

h as

l eve ls .

a nd

pu lver isat ion , r ice

w idth i n

i n

cons idered .

a ny

i s devo id

pu lver ised ,

var iat ion

a rtefact, wh ich was s ho w

s amp les .

r ice k erne ls o f t he cu lt ivated

f ro m

c lose

t he

7 ) wh ich

d ifferent cu ltura l

r ice

SUMP

t he

( 1 .3 mm) a nd

Not much

s uggest t hat t hese s a mp les cou ld be A

i n a l l

i s s ho wn

( leve l

a s lender k erne l

m i l led

a nd w idth o f who le k erne ls were

k erne ls , on ly i mage

a re

parenchy matous

i s a s l ight var iat ion

no

i n w idth . i n

l ength

p rojected

d raw ings ,

2 .6 m m

k erne ls was

t he

For b roken

t he

s amp les .

on ly

2 .1

e n larger ,

A l l

t h in- wa l led

f our

k ernels

c ame

o f

s ee

T he R ice

R ema ins

f ro m

B an N a

D i

A2 4 4

7

4 .6

2 .2 )

F ive o f

A2 4 4

7

4 .2

2 .4

k ernels were

A2 4 4

7

4 .6

2 .1

1

s im ilar

A2 4 4

7

4 .7

2 .2

1

s hape. Cnty

A2 4 4

7

4 .8

1 .3 1

o ne

A2 4 4

7

4 .6

2 .6

s lender

5 .0

2 .4

6

5 .0 -

2 .6 2 .6

4 .5

1 .8

A l

3 4

A A/2 2 6 A A/2 2 3

J

)

t he i n

i s

A3/4 2 0

6 c 6

5 .0

2 .0

A3/4

6

4 .3

2 .4

A2/3

6

-

2 .2

A A/2 2 7

6

4 .6

2 .7

A3/4 1 5 AA 1 5

5 5

5 .0

2 .3 2 .1

b roken kernel

AA 1 1 AA 1 1

4 4

5 .0 -

3 .0 2 .3

b roken k ernel

4 .4

2 .2

A3/4

AA

1 9 1 8

9

A A/2 3 A2/3 3

2 2

5 .8 4 .3

2 .3 1 .2

A3/4 5

1

5 .8

2 .2

b roken k ernel

b roken k ernet

B an N a D i

f aunal

s pectra

•V aronus n ebu losus •B ird i nde t ( s ma l l ) +B ird i n c le t ( l arge ) •G a l lus •T r ionyx/Ch i tra

T es tudo e l onga ta

. .1 1 1 0 11

• Ma layemys s ub tr i juga Sma l l f rog

+

+

R ana t i gr ona

+

•R oden t i ndet •S nake i nde t • Man 's p entadac ty la

+

+ +

+

•M e loga le p ersonae

+

•C rocody lus s tamens 's

+

•H em iga lus

d erbyanus

+ Sma l l c ive t •F e l ls s p .

«4 11 1 11 1

1 111

+

•F e l ls b enga lens is

•

•R a t tus ( l arge )

. 1 11 11

11 1 1 R a t tus ( s ma l l)

Sma l l ma m ma ls

+

. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 1 1>+

4 —f l i i I 1

011

H erpes tes j avan icusz . (1) V i verr icu la r asse L epus p eguens is

1 : 3

( f ) C an is f am i l iar 's

( 7 _7 , .0

B uba lus b uba l is

( _ )

Mun t iacus mun t jak

C ervus e t ch

1 1 »mm omm

( f ) C ervus u n ico lor

SU S s crota

B ib°, o p

C O

F IGURE Each

6-1

Ban Na D i : t he

spec ies

i s

f auna l spectrum

r epresented

a s

( + : t race on ty ,

- 3 86

( exct .

a 94 f requency . : absent)

-

sma tt

per

f ish) .

l ayer .

B an N a DI f aunal

s pectra

V aranus n ebu las ', B ird i ndet ( s ma l l) B ird i nde t ( l arge ) G a l lus T r ionyx/Ch i tra r es tudo e longa ta •Ma layemys s ub trhuga

Sma l l f rog

R ana t i gr ina

G yp ! ,n idae

-. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 S i lur idae

Bagr odoe

I .

I

N

IC Iar ius s p

Anabos s p

C hanna s p ,

•R oden t i ndet . •S nake i ndet . •Mon ts p en tadoc ty la •H er n iga lus d erbyanus •Me loga le p ersona l ( ' C rocody lus s tamens 's • S ma l l c ive t •F e / is s p • F ehs b enga lens is P a / /us ( l arge ) R a t tus(srna l l) Sma l l ma m ma ls H erpes /es j avan tcus •V i verr icu lo r asse •L epus p eguens is C an is f am i l iar 's Buba lus b ubahs Mun t tacus mun t jak C ervus C ervus t i n ico lor S us s crofa E l ibos s p

m l a nai

F I GURE 6-2

Ban Na D i : t he

l eve ls 4-8 ,

f auna l spectrum

i nc lud ing sma l l f i sh a nd

( + : t race on ly,

absent)

f rog .

t or

B an Na D i : s catter p lots

o f b ov id

l imb

b ones

m m

7 6 1 8 e

5

o

4

Ci 3 2 1 3 0

o 0

A

9 , N NN B B

A A 6' . 82 6 ä ä

8 7

E n s

6

t,

A

a

° N

A

5

•83 8

N

oi l° a _N ? NI N •84 2 0 • A 8 3 6 .

1 3 1 1A

AA

N

9

N

e

P. 0

A

4

A

A

3 2

A

a - 1 3 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 40

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

50

1

2

3

4

5m m

B os t aurus ( Tha i ) , aB an Ch iang ,BB an T ong , NN on N ok T ha ,G B ibos g aurus , JB ibos j avan icus .

B os : 2 nd f o re p ha lanx •Ban F IGURE

6-3

N a D i ( bur ia l) A , Ban N a D i ( f ro m o ccupat ion )

Ban Na D i : scatter p lot o f t he

d i mens ions o f bov id s econd

f ore pha langes

mm • 2 1

9 •

50

82 6 • •

9 8

8 4 2

9

A

7

•

9

•p

e A

A

1 t e y

B 4 2

A

A

di t ää

g p 8 1 1 e ' e

A9

A

5

N N NA N D

•

A

6

4 1 k , & El 9 N

•

4

B A )

T

A 9A

•

• N 8 38 •

4 3

1 7

•

B 3 6 •

2

C l - 40

N

A

A 8

9

• 5 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

60

1

2

•Ban Ch iang , BB an T ong , DD on K l ang , TB an P ak T op , B /bOS &

B os : 1 s t f o re p ha lanx •Ban

F IGURE

6-4

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

7 0

2

3

4

5

6

d iT ha i , JB ibos j avan icus , 3B ibos g aurus , NN on N ok T ha

N a D i ( bur ia l) A B an N a D i ( occupat ion )

Ban Na D i : scatter p lot o f t he

d i mens ions o f bov id

1

f i rst f ore pha langes

7

8m m

Ban

Na D : scatter p lots

o f bov id

l imb

bones

1 28 1 26 1 24 1 22 1 20 18 16 14 12 10 1 08 1 06 1 04 1 02 1 00 98

—J

2 7

2 9

3 1

3 3

3 5

3 7

3 9

4 1

4 3

4 5

4 7

4 9

MW '

e

B os t aurus , oB an Ch iang , N Non N ok T ha , oB ibos g aurus , BB an T ong , P Ban P hak T op

B ibos & B os : magna

F IGURE 6-5 1 .06

•Ban

N a D i ( f ro m b ur ia l)

A

B an N a D i ( f ro m o ccupat ion)

Ban Na D i : scatter p lot o f bov id magna

•

1 04 10 2 1 .00 -9 8 -9 6 -9 4 -9 2 - 90 -8 8 - 86 -8 4 -8 2

-8 -7 8 -7 6 tr

7 4 °- 7 2

r,

4 6 4 8

5 0 5 2 5 4 5 6 5 8 6 0 6 2

6 4 6 6 6 8

7 0 7 2

7 4

7 6

7 8

8 0 8 2 8 4 8 6 8 7

L JW

e fBos t au rus F IGURE

6-6

t 19 B uba lus b uba l i s

• Ban N a D i

Ban Na D i : scatter p lot o f bov id metacarpa ls

B an N a D i : o ut l ine o f

t he

r i ce g ra ins

c : D g CD CD

c 1 2 )

6

6

6

6

7

8

1 0

1

CD

CD

CD, Q

1 2

1 4

1 5

1 7

1 8

1 8

1 9

2 0

0 2 1

5 mm

2 2

F IGURE 6-7 B an Na D i : o ut t ine o f t he

r ice g ra ins

The people of Ban Na Di

CHAPTER

SEVEN

THE PEOPLE OF BAN NA DI Philip Houghton and Warrachai Wiriyaromp INTRODUCTION The human remains from Ban Na Di represent 73 individuals. The majority (63 individuals) are from mortuary phase 1 (1000BC-300BC). Five jar burials containing infant remains comprise the mortuary phase 2 material (early first millennium AD), while three fragmented adult skeletons dated to the middle of the first millenium AD constitute the mortuary phase 3 material. The assignment in time of three individuals is uncertain. In the discussion, only m ortuary phase 1 individuals are taken to represent a discrete population. The details of each individual are set out in Appendix 2. At excavation, much of the material was found to be fragmented or incomplete, and subsequently proved difficult or impossible to reconstruct. The fragmentation reflects in part the fact that these burials were �isturbed by human activity, such as the opening of graves in antiquity. The bodies were buried directly in the soil. No signs of a protective cover, such as a wooden coffin, have been . found, although one burial was found under the remains of a crocodile skin, and fabric adhering to metal ornaments may come from shrouds. The bone in general is quite fragile, and chemical analysis reveals that very little organic structure has survived. The bone was cleaned with small instruments such as scalpels and dental probes, and no water or chemical solutions were used. A tter cleaning the bone was reconstructed us_ing latex glue. Each individual skeleton or part thereof has its own identifying number, this being the number given at excavation. Some burials contained multiple human remains, and when part of a further individual was identified in the laboratory, an alphabetical subscript was added to the field number. The burials from the 1980 test excavation have the code "BND. TS" (Ban Na Di test square) before the number of the individual, while "BND" identifies the burials from the major excavation. METHOD S OF ANALYSIS

1. Ageing of individuals The ageing of immature individuals was by standard biological criteria of bone and tooth development. Ageing adult remains is always more difficult. The most useful method involved the analysis of toothwear (Miles 1963, Akpata 1975, Nowell 1978, Kieser et al. 1983) , the standards being provided by those individuals showing the final stages of bone or tooth maturation, or who possessed an intact pubic symphysis · (Kerley 1970, McKern 1970). Some use was made of the state of the cancellous bone (Jowsey 1960, Singh et al. 1970, Hall 1961). Unfortunately the bone

- 391 -

The p eop le o f B an N a D i

cortex was 2 .

t oo

f rag i le

t o a l lo w

age ing on h isto log ica l c r iter ia .

Sex of i nd iv iduals Deter m inat ion

o f

s ex was not a ttempted

f or

i nd iv idua ls younger

t han

1 5 years . For t hose over 1 5 years , s ex was d eter m ined whenever poss ib le f rom pe lv ic morpho logy . I n t he absence o f t he pe lv is , morpho logy o f t he s ku l l . , a nd d i mens ions o f l ong bones were a ssessed , a nd compared w ith d ata f rom t he i nd iv idua ls s exed by pe lv ic mo rpho logy . C itrate a na lys is ( Denn ison 1 979) was a ttempted , but t he bone was f ound t o h ave n eg l ig ible o rgan ic content . 3 .

S tature and l imb proport ions S tature

t he Wh ite p rov ide

was

t he

f or mu lae

f rom

max imum

p resented

by

l engths

T rotter

o f

l ong

( 1970) .

bones

These

best co mpro m ise when body p ropo rt ions a re u nknown .

r at ios bet ween 4 .

e st imated

Amer ican

t he var ious

u s ing

f or mu lae S tandard

l imb bones were a ssessed .

Rad iolog ical s tud ies a .

Cort ica l

t h ickness .

Th is was measured on

t he s econd metacarpa l

by s tandard t echn iques ( Garn 1 970) . Nord in 's Score ( Barnett a nd Nord in 1 961) was d er ived t o nor ma l ize bone t h ickness f or s ize . b . L ines o f a rrested g rowth . I n tact l ong bones were exam ined f or t hese . 5 .

Funct ional change

Each

i nd iv idua l

was

exam ined

f or

ev idence

f ro m so me h ab itua l act iv ity . Pe lves were p ast p regnancy ( Houghton 1 974) . 8 .

i nd iv idua l was exa m ined

f or

f eatures bony

r esu lt ing

ev idence

o f

f or ev idence o f bone patho logy .

Ske letal measurements

Where poss ib le , d i mens ions a na lyses , were t aken . 8 .

s ke leta l

Pathology

Each T .

o f

exam ined

o f

f unct iona l s ign if icance , o r o f u se

i n d istance

Dental analys is

S tandard mes iod ista l a nd

bucco l ingua l

cusp

noted .

morphology

was

t ooth

Dent it ions

p atho logy .

- 3 92

-

d imens ions were

were measured ,

a ssessed

f or

wear

a nd a nd

The p eop le o f B an Na D i

F IND INGS 1 .

L ife span F igure 71 i s 1 i nd iv idua ls .

phase

a rb itrar i ly cou ld i n

d istr ibuted

not be

t he

a h istogram o f t he age Twenty i nd iv idua ls aged even ly

bet ween

s exed o r cou ld on ly

h istogram .

The

g raph

t he

be

s ho ws

a t death u nder 1 5

s exes , wh i te

j udged

f or t he mortuary years h ave been

1 4

adu lts who e i ther

a s mature , a re

h igh morta l ity

i n

not

t he e ar ly

i ncluded per iod o f

t i fe , e spec ia l ly before t he s econd year . Morta l ity decreased t o a t ow l eve l f or t hose aged 1 0-14 years . The 1 5-19 g roup s hows a h igher morta l ity h ave

among

t he ir

f ema les , wh i le ma les p redom inate

h ighest morta l ity

between 3 0-34

i n age g roups 2 0-34

years .

a nd

Fema les p redo m inate

i n

t hose r each ing t he f i fth decade o f l i fe , a nd on ly two i nd iv idua ls , both f ema le , a re j udged t o h ave l i ved i n to t he ir s ixth decade . The mean age a t death f or 1 7 ma tes over 1 5 was 2 9 .5 years , a nd o f t he 1 2 f ema les , 3 7 .7 y ears . The mean age a t death f or t he t ota l adu lt g roup i s 3 2 .9 years . These data a re s et out i n t ab le 7-1 .

TABLE Ban Na D i : mean age a t death

7-1

f or adu lts

( over

o f age), f ro m mortuary phase

mean

0 .

1 5 years

1

s tandard d eviation

male f emale

1 7 1 2

2 9.5 3 7.7

6 .66 1 1.23

combined

2 9

3 2.9

9 .58

The Ban Na D i l i fe t ab le ( tab le 7-2) was constructed f ro m t he e st imated age a t death o f a l l i nd iv idua ls f ro m mortuary phase 1 , f o l lo w ing t he method

o f Acsad i a nd

Nemesker i

u t i l ises t he age a t death o f t he exact year o f b irth o r death . mechan isms ,

yet

a

var iety

approach ( Keyf itz 1 979) . s urv ivorsh ip curve der ived morta l ity curve 2 . The

i n

Such

a co mpos ite

l i fe

t ab le

o f

u sefu l

r esu lts

h ave

been

based

on

t h is

L ife expectancy a t b irth was 2 2 .8 years . The f ro m t hese d ata i s p resented i n f ig 7-2 , t he

f ig 7-3 , a nd

t he

l i fe expectancy curve

i n

f ig 7-4 .

Rat io of sexes n umber

o f mature ma les

w ith a n overa l l ma le/fema le 3 .

( 1970) .

i nd iv idua ls o f a s amp le r egard less o f t he ir These methods overs imp l ify demograph ic

was h igher

r at io

i n a l l s tages o f mortuary

phase

1 ,

f or t hat mortuary phase o f 1 .41 .

Body Morphology

Est imates

o f

s tature

a nd

l imb

p roport ions

o f

t he

Ban

Na

D i

peop le

were

The

p eop le o f B an N a D i

based on measurements t aken on co mp lete l ong ( 15 ma le , 1 f ema le) . For s tature , t he t ib ia a nd bones , but h e ight o f

i n 5 i nd iv idua ls

t he

1 5

t he percentage P roport ions o f

a n

i nd iv idua l

mand ibu lar

on

h ead

i n Append ix

f or

bone

t hese

morpho logy

h ad o f

t o

i s

2 6 i nd iv idua ls t he p referred

be u sed .

t he

1

The mean

f e ma les , 1 613 mm ,

t he means be ing 7 .6 deta i led i n t ab le

d i mens ions

measurements

co mment

l imb

1 737 mm , a nd

d ifference bet ween l imb bones a re

measurements a re p resented Mean

upper

adu lt ma les was

bones f ro m f emur were

( see 7-3 .

t ab le 7-10) . I nd iv idua l

2 .

a re

p resented

a re

g iven

made

i n

i n

i n

t ab le

7 -4

Append ix

t he

s ect ion

2 .

wh i te Further

on

b io log ica l

r e lat ionsh ips .

TABLE Ban Na D i : t he co mb ined

x

s pan o f

d 'x

d x

7-2

l i fe

i x

t ab le

q x

f or mortuary phase

Lx

n ix

Tx

1

E x '

y ears 0-4

5

1 5

2 9.41

1 000

. 294

8 53.0

4 265

2 2282

2 2.82

5 -9

5

4

7 .84

7 06

. 110

6 67.0

3 332

1 8017

2 5.51

1 0-19 1 0

3

5 .88

6 27

. 094

5 98.0

5 975

1 4685

2 3.42

2 0-29 1 0

9

1 7.64

5 68

. 309

4 80.0

4 800

8 710

1 5.33

3 0-39 1 0

1 3

2 5.49

3 92

. 650

2 65.0

2 645

3 910

9 .97

1 37 . 569 5 8 1 .000

9 8.0 2 9.0

9 75 2 90

1 265 2 90

9 .23 5 .00

4 0-49 1 0 5 0+ 1 0

4 3

7 .84 5 .88

( total= 5 1)

l

x:age

a t

i nterva l .

age

x

i n

expressed

a s

i nd iv idua ls deaths t he

age g roup . age

o r

a t

exact

i nterva l .

t he

a s

Tx :sum

i nterva l

expressed

i n

c a lcu lated

by

o f

be ing

years ,

a t

n umber o f

t he

t he

r ema in ing

1 000

dy ing

va lues t o

eox=Tx/ lx .

by f ro m

i nd iv idua ls

i nd iv idua ls

dy ing

i nd iv idua ls .

by

e ach

t he t he

a l ive

t he

age

expressed

a s

a t

dy ing age

b e: number

s ubtract ing o f

i nd iv idua ls

mu lt ip l ied

nLx

o f

beg inn ing

t hose

ca lcu lated .

t he method

o f

x , obta ined

Lx :number o f

nLx=( lx+ lx+1)/2

crx :number o f

( ix : n umber

age

n umber a l ive

( ngx=ndx/ lx) .

c a lcu lated t he

t he

r ate ,

l iv ing

o f age years .

a p roport ion o f a cohort

l i v ing

f ro m

morta l ity

n :w idth

co mp leted

n umber

i n terva l .

x o f o f qx :

a p roport ion o f

bet ween x a nd

number

o f

years t he

botto m

o f

ex . L ife

expectancy

o r

t hose

i nd iv idua ls

a tta in ing

t he

i n

x+1

e ach

co lumn mean age

t o L i fe , x

The

p eop le o f B an N a D i

TABLE 7-3 L i mb p roport ions

i n Ban Na D i adu lts

mean

t i bia:femur r ad ius:humerus

4 .

s tandard d eviation

2 .52 4 .44

8 5.2 8 1.2

n

1 0 4

Rad iolog ical s tud ies a .

ava i lable b .

Cort ica l

t h ickness .

f or t h is exam inat ion . L ines o f a rrested

On ly

s ix

ma les

Tab le 7-4 g ives

g rowth .

Data on

a nd

t he

t hese

f our

f ema les

were

f i nd ings . a re p resented

i n

t ab le

7-5 . The t ong bones o f 2 3 i nd iv idua ls over age 1 5 were exam ined, a nd f ive ( 3 ma le , 1 f ema le , one o f u ndeter m ined s ex) s howed l i nes o f a rrested g ro wth . I n t he i mmature g roup , f our o f n ine i nd iv idua ls s ho wed be ing f or med i n t he t hree o r f our months p reced ing death .

t i nes , most

TABLE 7-4 Ban Na D i : mean cort ica l t h ickness

(mm) a nd Nord in 's score

f or t he s econd metacarpa l

S EX

c ortical

t hickness

Nbrdin's s core

M OLE

6

5 .5

6 2.4

FEMALE

4

4 .5

6 3.8

5 .1

6 3.01

COMB INED SEX

1 0

TABLE

7-5

The mean n umber o f l i nes o f a rrested g ro wth

i n

Ban Na D i popu lat ion

G roup

number o f i ndividuals

a dult male

3

mean n o.

o f

l ines o f

a rrested g rowth 5 .0

t he

T he

5 .

p eop le

o f B an Na DI

adul t f emale

1

3 .0

adult

1

2 .0

i nr nature

4

4 .7

Funct ional ske letal change

The

t ib iae

o f

2 2

i nd iv idua ls

cou ld

squatt ing f acets . On ly one a rt icu lar cart i lage o f t he a nk le

be

a ssessed

f or

t he

i nd iv idua l s ho wed a l arge j o int h ad c lear ly extended

p resence

o f

f acet , where t he onto t he a nter ior

a spect o f t he t ib ia . Seven i nd iv idua ls ( 5 ma le , 1 f ema le , 1 u ndeter m ined) s ho wed very s l ight a nter ior extens ion o f t he j o int s urface . A f urther f our i nd iv idua ls s ho wed a l arge f acet on t he a nter ior a spect o f t he t ib ia so me 3-4 mm above t he j o int , t hat cou ld be r e lated t o a r oughen ing on t he most a nter ior part o f The c lav ic les i nd iv idua ls

who

t he n eck o f t he t a lus . do not s ho w t he f i rst

cons istently

padd led

r ib

canoes

g rooves

o r

character ist ic

s im i lar

c raft

o f

( Houghton

1 980) . On ly

s even

mature

f e ma les

ev idence o f past p regnancy . was over 5 0 years . These phase 8 .

h ad

f a ir ly

i n tact

pe lves ,

a nd

a l l

s ho w

The youngest was 1 7 years a nd t he o ldest pe lves were d istr ibuted t hroughout mortuary

1 .

Pathology

L itt le

bone

patho logy

was

f ound .

An

adu lt

ma le

s howed

a we l l-hea led

f racture o f t he f i rst metatarsa l , a nd a n u nsexed adu lt s howed t h icken ing o f t he a nter ior t ib ia l border , p robab ly t he r esu lt o f a s i mp le i nfected l es ion . An

u nsexed

o f a k nee aged

i nd iv idua l aged

j o int a nd

over

3 0

years

( osteophytos is apophysea l

o f

over 5 0

years

s howed moderate

o f a f i rst metatarso-pha langea l s ho wed

t he

j o ints),

moderate

vertebra l

wh i le

degenerat ion

bod ies ,

s l ighter

j o int .

a nd

s l ight

degenerat ion

osteoarthros is

N ine

o f

t he

i nd iv idua ls

l umbar

osteoarthr it is

was

s een

i n

sp ine

o f

a ma le

t he aged

2 0-24 years . 7 .

Dental analys t a .

Metr ic

b .

character ised i nc isors , f ive one

These a re s et out

upper

a

Th is

l ack

who m

o f a t o f

1 2

t ab les 7-5 a nd

i n

t ab le

s uch

cusps ,

a re

7-8 .

f eatures h ard ly

7-7 .

The a s

dent it ion

one

t ooth .

mand ib les , max i l lae ,

The

t hree

man ifested .

f our

aplas ia

s ho wed s ho wed

be

was l east

Of

1 2

a ssessed ,

p art icu larly

absence a t

i s

s hove l-shaped

t h ird mo lar comp le ment cou ld

l east 1 6

i n

out

co mp lex ity :

e nt ire

dent it ion : o f

t h ird molar , whereas

s et

mo lar

t he

absence

i s

o f

add it iona l

on

s ho wed

t he

by

a nd

i nd iv idua ls o f

d ata .

Morphology .

o f a t one

l east

m iss ing

t h ird mo lar . c .

Wear .

Mo lnar's

w ith

age , deduced

2-3

f ro m

4 0 , a nd spread

' teens

g rades over

t he

f ro m t hrough

5-8

( 1971) c r iter ia were i nd iv idua ls

by

t o m id-twent ies ,

t hereafter .

e nt ire

aged

I n

e ach

a rch , but w ith

u sed .

t hen

age

The p rogress ion o f wear

o ther methods , was g rades

3-5

g roup wear was

accentuat ion

on

t o

g rades

u nt i l about age f a ir ly

even ly

i nc isors a nd c an ines ,

T he

a nd

f i rst molars .

pu lp c av ity

but

v ery

o f

t he

g roove

e ar ly

I n one

s howed

No

f i fth

decade was

a ny

exposure

o f

t he

s tage

on

o f

t h is

t he

oppos ing

g roove

i nd iv idua l aged i n

t he

g roove on t he occ lusa l s urface , ( f ig 7-6) . Usua l ly a co mp lementary

l ower, so met imes

l ab ia l s urface o f

a nother man wear .

t he

o f a s ha l low V-shaped t ro m l ab ia l t o l i ngua l edge

l esser

boy .

i n

o f t he 1 2 ma tes bet ween ages 1 9 a nd 4 5 years s ho wed a n f eature , p redo m inantly o f t he upper l eft centra l i nc isor , a nd

f ront t eeth , upper and A

l ate

o f B an Na D i

ev ident .

E leven u nusua l wear cons ist ing extend ing

On ly

p eop le

3 0-34

t he

t ower

s ho wed

f or mat ion years ,

i nc isor w ith

s ame

age

g roup

f ema le s howed

t h is

f eature .

a n

i n

s tage

o f

t eeth

mesiodistal

I1 1 2

8 7

8 .40 7 .08

8

7 .68

P 1

8

7 .12

P2

8

6 .92

. 47

1 0.03

. 71

1 0.46

. 52

1 1.09

. 57

N f l

1 0

. 34 . 40

7 .27 6 .80

. 48 . 09

. 30

8 .37

. 46

. 22

1 0.01

. 43

Ne

9

9 .90

. 61

1 1.61

. 48

6

9 .18

1 .05

1 1.50

. 93

mesiodistal

S .D.

b uccolingual

S .D .

I1

5

5 .04

. 24

5 .86

1 2

6

5 .83

. 38

5 .96

. 50

6

6 .80

. 38

7 .61

. 74

C

. 58

P 1

6

6 .70

. 41

8 .05

. 41

P2

8

7 .17

. 49

8 .62

. 32

N n

l o

1 1.30

. 47

1 1.12

. 27

MP

1 0

1 0.65

. 67

1 0.76

. 49

1 1.31

. 79

1 0.85

. 64

MB

9

TABLE

7-7

Ban Na D i : t he mean d i mens ions o f f ema le

Maxillary n

mesiodistat

s uch

b uccolingual S .D .

MB

Mandibular n

onto

(mm)

n

C

a 1 4-year

extended

7-6

S .D .

S .D.

ad jacent

most

exposure o f dent ine , a nd

e arly

Ban Na D i . t he mean d i mens ions o f ma te

Max illary

a nd

l esser g roov ing .

apparent

f eature

extens ive

s ho wed

TABLE

was

t he

i nc isor ,

s im i lar but

t eeth

b uccolingual

(mm)

S .D .

l ab ia l

The

1

1

7 .30

7 .10

. 09

3 2

6 .43 7 .40

. 75 . 60

6 .30 8 .15

. 48 . 25

P 1 P 2

N n

3 3

6 .73 6 .60

. 12 . 18

9 .23 9 .03

. 60 . 61

3

1 0.30

. 35

1 0.96

. 26

W2

4

9 .25

. 73

1 0.50

. 67

NG

1

9 .0

-

1 0.30

-

defects o f l i fe . man j ar

. 29

5 .46

5 .73

. 46

5 .86

. 49

C P 1

4 5

6 .32 7 .06

. 31 . 78

6 .97 7 .70

. 39 . 91

N n

P 2

6 5

7 .31 1 0.68

. 54 . 26

8 .48 1 0.82

. 41 . 55

W2 We

6 4

1 0.38 1 0.57

. 67 . 35

1 0.18 1 0.30

. 50 . 29

t he

e na me l .

t eeth

o f

t ransverse f ro m

Sa l ivary s ixth

l ate a nd

pathology c ar ies o f man

mortuary

ch i ldren

f or med

phase

p hase

dy ing

1 , g ross e na me l defects

a t

about

3

years ,

t hese

2 ,

decade .

a nd

a lveo lar

Ho wever

t he

t he

so me

t he

o f

t he

o f

e ros ion

t he

were

r e lated

occ lusa l s urface

o f

t he

o f

a

car ies

f i rst One

l eft

l eft

o f

a n

i nd iv idua l

o f

i nd iv idua ls

o f

t he

hypop las ia , t o

a s l ight

s ever ity

t hrough

n ever

h is

l ower

upper

i n

u ndeter m ined

t he s ex

c av it ies consequent on exposure o f

4 5-49 aged

t h is t he

mo lar : i n

s uff ic ient

i n

t h ird i n

t o

t eeth

One t h ird t he

s ho wed

mo lar , wh i le

a t h ird

molar . An

a d eep

a ma le

5 0+ ,

s ho wed

c av ity

both

r ight

t h irt ies

g roup ,

t he pu lp

patho logy . l o wer

e ar ly

s econd

f ro m mortuary phase 3 s ho wed e arly c ar ies

t o wer r ight s econd molar .

f ound i n

was

car ies

s urface .

extens ive

Two

One

s ho wed

p rogress ion

1 men s ho wed

advanced

occ lusa l

t he

( iv)

ch i ldhood .

months ,

t eeth .

s ho wed

car ies

e ar ly

1 8

patho logy

Three mortuary phase

m inor was

dur ing aged

i n u tero .

c a lcu lus

twent ies

s ho wed

f ema le

F ro m two

l i nes ,

mortuary

( i i) c ar ies . mo lar,

. 20

5 .20

i n most younger adu lts , w ith

t he

h is

S .D .

3

e ndanger t he s tab i l ity o f i n

b uccolingual

3

a t about s ix months

( i) t o

S .D.

be ing f or med e ither l ate i n f eta l deve lop ment o r i n t he f i rst year A n ine year o ld s ho wed a s uggest ion o f m inor hypop tas ia , a nd one

s ho wed

degree

mesiodistat

1 2

i n

bur ia ls

f or med

n

1

d . Pathology ( i ) hypop tast ic s een

o f B an N a D i

1 2 C

t Ammdibutar

were

p eop le

a nd

1 8 year o ld

bucca l p it on a f ema le , a nd

per iap ica l

f rom wear .

abcess

T he

p eop le

o f B an Na

D i

D ISCUSS ION

A .

HE ALTH

The

var ious

f i nd ings

r e levant

t o

t he

d iscussed , a nd a genera l a ssessment I .

o f

h ea lth

o f

t he

g roup

a re

t hen made .

L ife span The

l i fe

s tandards 2 0

s tate

i s

years

o f

expectancy

a t

b irth

s urv ivorsh ip

(We iss

a nd

curves

The

I s lands ,

i s

For

2 6 .1 years

g roups .

years

r ecorded

a re

o f

2 2 .8

p reh istor ic, where

1 973) .

a nd Non Nok Tha , P ietruse wsky b irth

o f

t r iba l soc iety, r ecent o r

f or

Na mu

h av ing

2 5 .2

t hese

cu ltura l ,

r espect ive ly .

Tha i

i s

popu lat ions

f ro m

l i ngu ist ic

l i fe

F igure a nd

Taumako,

a nd

good

va lues

a s

by

t he

t ow

a s

ad jacent s ites o f Ban Ch iang

( 1982 , 1 974) ca lcu lated

years

g roup

t he

qu ite

a n

expectanc ies

7-5

two

o ther

outl ier

b io log ica l

co mpares

o f

a ff in it ies

a t t he

p reh istor ic

t he

Solo mon

w ith

Polynes ia ,

a nd d ated t o AD 1 200-1500 ( Houghton , i n p ress) . The L ibben g roup i s A mer ind ian a nd dates t o AD 8 00-1100 ( Love joy e t a l . 1 977) . The g raph s uggests

a r ather

h igher morta l ity

a t Ban Na D i u nt i l e ar ly

adu lt

l i fe , when

co mpared t o t he o ther Tha i g roups , but t he curves c lose ly match i n l ater adu lt l i fe . By contrast , t he morta l ity a t t he L ibben s i te , where t he a na lyses i nd icate a d iet r ich i n a n ima l p rote in but r ather sparse i n vegetab le f oods , was cons istent ly h igher, w ith a l i fe expectancy a t b irth 43 f 2 0 years .

As

a f urther contrast,

coasta l e nv iron ment w ith expectancy a t b irth o f 2 4 .5 u nt i l

e arly

r e lated

adu lt

t o

t he

adu lts h av ing As i nherent

t ert iary

on

t he

t here

i s so me

more

d iffer ing

s udden

yaws

( bone

l i fe

t rop ica l

r easonab ly

occurred .

g roup ,

s ke leta l

a nd

a nd

a t

( see

t he

be lo w) t hat

can

be

o f

t he

s tra in

t he

5 0%

t he d isease .

data

d ifferent

Th is

l east t end

t o

workers

p lace

vary ing

age ing c r iter ia , i t i s g rat ify ing

t o m irror

t han

expectancy

t h is

f ro m

a ssumpt ions ,

ev idence

i ncrease

i n

d ata

on

d iet a nd

t o

f ind

e nv iron ment .

t hat t he Ban Na D i e nv ironment was

o f

t he

o ther

two

Tha i

s i tes ,

a t b irth may perhaps be a scr ibed

t he

t o s l ightly

age ing c r iter ia o f d ifferent workers .

ma le

t a l l r ange

a nd

f e ma le

s tature

f or

f or Ho mo sap iens a s

Data D i , a nd

no

o ther Tha i va lues

i n t ab le 7-11 .

2 .6

can

be

g roups .

The

a ssessed ,

f or Ang lo-Saxon t he

a re

r ange

D i popu lat ion

f a l l

i nto

t he

t h ickness

a re

l im ited

f or Ban Na

ava i lab le , but co mparat ive data a re s et out

f ew

l im it

Na

by We l ls ( 1963), a nd exceed va lues

( tab le 7-9) .

The Ban Na D i va lues

c lear ly

f a l l w ith in

i nd iv idua ls

t he

(We l ls

8 .01 f or A mer ind ian (McHenry i n

Ban

f or s econd metacarpa l cort ica l

we l t-nour ished g ro wth

t he

def ined

f or o ther p reh istor ic Tha i g roups

l ow

i n a f avourable

Ske letal i nd icators of health and nutr it ion

Both

a re

g roup ,

i nvo lvement) s tage o f

ca lcu lat ions

f avourab le i n

a

o f

d ifferent s ex ing

t hat appear

d if ferences

2 .

t he

methodolog ica l

r esu lts r ather

when

occurrence

demograph ic

emphas is As

l i fe ,

t he Na mu

good mar ine f ood r esources , h ad a l i fe years , a nd s ho wed s ign if icant ly l o wer morta l ity

va l id ity

1 967) ,

1 968) .

f o r mater ia l f ro m

o f

5 .72

Thus

on

t he

p reh istory .

t he

who m

r ange l i nes

co mpar ison ,

f or Maor i

o f modern

o f

but

( S impson

a rrested

o ther

data

1 979)

Ban Na D i mean o f 4 .3

a nd

s eems

The p eop le o f B an N a D i

These s ke leta l a modest i nc idence

i nd icators o f we l l-formed , r obust bone s tructure , w ith o f l i nes o f a rrested g rowth , s uggest a good d iet

t hroughout l i fe , w ithout r ecurrent ep isodes o f s easona l ma lnutr it ion o r e ndem ic i lness . One 1 7-year f ema le s howed pe lv ic ev idence o f p ast p regnancy, i mp ly ing menarche a s e arly E I S 1 5 y ears , aga in s uggest ing good n utr it ion w ith a ssoc iated e ar ly 3 .

f ert i l ity

( Short 1 976) .

Spec if ic pathology

No patho logy was e nde m ic , beyond t he u sua l ev idence t hat sp ine o f Ho mo sap iens bears t he b runt o f t he upr ight posture . 4 .

t he

l umbar

Dental i nd icators of s tate of health .

There h ave been f ew s tud ies o f t he i nc idence o f e name l hypop las ia i n d iscrete popu lat ions , r ecent o r f rom p reh istory, a nd c r iter ia a nd c lass if icat ion vary , so on ly genera l comment i s poss ib le . The i nc idence o f hypop las ia

i n

t he Ban Na

D i peop le

s eems

l ow ,

i nvo lv ing

f our

i nd iv idua ls

f ro m mortuary phase 1 , on ly one be ing adu lt . By contrast, Goodman e t a l . ( 1980) f ound a mean i nc idence o f about 1 .2 g rowth d isrupt ions i n t he 1 22 adu lts

o f

t he ir

Amer ind ian

s er ies ,

w ith

some

6 0%

o f

t he

adu lts

s ho w ing

hypop last ic change . 5 .

General assessment

These i nd icators o f t he s tate o f h ea lth o f t he g roup a l l s uggest t hat t he e nv ironment a t Ban Na D i over t h is per iod o f p reh istory was f avourab le , t hat t he

d iet was

genera l ly

good ,

a nd

t hat

t here were

no

s ign if icant

e ndem ic

d iseases . The absence o f certa in bone patho logy i s o f i n terest : t h is g roup d id not s ho w e i ther porot ic hyperostos is o r c r ibra o rb ita t ia , f eatures i nd icat ive o f so me f or m o f a naem ia . Three o ther p reh istor ic Tha i s ites , Ban Kao , Ban Ch iang , a nd Non Nok Tha , a l l s how a moderate i nc idence o f t he cond it ion t he

( Sangv ich ien

bas is

o f

t h is

e t a l .

1 969 , P ietrusewsky 1 974 , 1 982) .

patho logy

h as

been

a scr ibed

t o

I n t h is r eg ion

t he

h aemog lob in polymorph isms , part icu larly t ha lassaem ia a nd wh ich i n t he h eterozygote o ffer some r es istance t o ma lar ia

ex istence

o f

h aemog lob in (Mourant

E ,

1 982 , Weathera l l a nd C legg 1 981) . The d isease i s e ndem ic i n t he r eg ion now , a nd t here i s no ev idence o f e nv ironmenta l change s ince p reh istory t o s uggest s im i lar

i t was

not

t hen

e nv ironments

absence

pathology

Non

f ro m

i n

Nok

v iew Tha

o f t he a nd

p rox im ity

Ban

Na

a nd

D i ,

t he

i s s urpr is ing, a nd

s uggests t hat i ron def ic iency a naem ia - t hat

i s , a d ietary

def ic iency

- may

t he bas is o f t he changes .

EV IDENCE

PREH ISTOR IC

soc iety

ma le/fema le b iolog ica l

BEAR ING

BAN NA

Severa l t he

bone

However,

Ch iang ,

l atter g roup

B .

s uch

p resent .

Ban

t he

be

o f

o f

t i nes o f t hat

r at io

ON

SOC IAL

ev idence

s uggest

ex isted

a t

w ith

equ itab le

ev idence

a n

o f

average age a t death

AND

CULTURAL

FEATURES

OF

D I

a

Ban

Na

r e lat ive ly

f or t he mature

D i .

t he

s exes

These

d istr ibut ion t h icker f ema les .

o f

bone

h ad

equa l

i nclude g rave

t he

s tand ing f a ir ly

goods , , a nd

s tructure

a nd

i n

even t he

a h igher

The people of Ban Na Di The pattern and rate of tooth wear suggests a mildly abrasive diet with a balance between plant and animal components. While some staining of the roots suggests chewing of betel by at least one individual, salivary calculus and alveolar erosion are never gross, and it seems unlikely that the habit was much indulged in. The grooves on the incisor teeth of men suggest an industrial use such as the working of fibre that was carried out only by this sex. Of interest is the fact that similar grooves appear to be pre!tent on he individuals from Ban Kao (Sangvichien et al. 1989), Phong Tuk (Quaritch-Wales 1937) and Non Nok Tha (Pietrusewsky 1974), but the latter study at least found the grooves only in females, and an even distribution between the upper central incisors. Outside Thailand, no similar feature seems to be described, and most studies report predominantly interproximal grooving (Schultz 1977). The general lack of pronounced squatting facets indicates that this posture was not emphasised in this society. •

BIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP S

On the limited material, there i s no evidence t o suggest alteration in the phenotype, or the gene pool, during mortuary phase 1. Comment on the extremely limited comparison possible between mortuary phase 1 and mortuary phase 3 - the · latter, for this purpose, being limited to a f_ragment of mandible and three teeth - must be most tentative: but the small molars set in a thick mandibular body do differ from the general morphology of this region in the mortuary phase 1 individuals. That is, as there is evidence of cultural change between these periods, there is slight evidence of biological change. This impression was tested by a discriminant analysis of data from the three lower molars on one side, and the thickness of the mandibular body in this region. The analysis confirmed the subjective impression in clearly separating the mortuary phase 3 individual from the six comparable females from mortuary phase 1. The other purpose of this section is to assess whether the peoples of the prehistoric sites of the Khorat Plateau, Ban Na Di, Non Nok Tha, and Ban Chiang, with fairly close geographical and temporal provenance, and of the more distant Ban Kao, shared a common gene pool - that is, whether they represent the same group of Homo sapiens. The usual current approach to the assessment of biological relationships between skeletal series is to subject large amounts of metric data, particularly cranial, to multivariate discriminant analyses such as Mahalanobis 02 to obtain biological distances expressed in figures. The value of such studies as usually carried out is questionable. It is not necessary to argue that the numerical results create a spurious sense of certainty, because they usually make very little sense. The objection is that the complex biological structure of the head, functionally involved with the body, and influenced by environment, is usually measured without regard to its biology. That is, measurements are generally used without defining their biological significance, the possible influence of differing environment, or even whether they simply overlap other measurements. Only after such biological consideration should multivariate techniques judiciously be used (Houghton and Kean 1984). Similarly, the use of non-metric data from groups separated by hundreds or thousands of kilometres, and as many

- 401 -

T he p eop le o f B an N a D i

years , does not yet r est on sound b iolog ica l t heory . When t hese p rob lems a re added t o t hat o f scanty a nd i ncomp lete d ata , sweep ing s tat ist ica l compar isons s eem I n l im ited

t h is t o

so me

mater ia l f ro m 1 .

r are ly

s ect ion

j ust if ied .

t herefore ,

s i mp le

a ssessment

co mpar isons

o f

a nd

Non

r e lat ionsh ips

mu lt ivar iate

i s

s tud ies

o f

p rovenanced p reh istor ic Tha i s i tes .

S tature and body proport ions None o f t he s tature d ifferences between

a nd

b io log ica l

l im ited

Nok

Tha , ach ieve

s tat ist ica l

t he

s ign if icance ,

Ban

Na

a nd

i n

D i , Ban t he

Ch iang ,

event may

r e late t o t he e nv ironment , t he t a l ler peop le o f Ban Na D i l ack ing t he ev idence o f spongy hyperostos is ev ident a t t he o ther s i tes ( tab le 7-9) . The body p roport ions o f t he Ban Na D i peop le a re a l most t he s ame a s t hose o f Non Nok Tha . body 2 .

f or m

bet ween

Dent i t ion The v iew

contro l a nd a re

l east

Thus ,

t here

i s no ev idence o f d ifference

t hat

s ize

a nd

s hape

o f

t eeth

a re

t hat " of a l l t he a spects o f observab le

s ubject

i n overa l l

t he s i tes .

t o

e nv ironmenta l mod if icat ion

u nder

t ight

genet ic

adu lt morphology , t eeth

o f

genet ic

i n tent"

( Brace

1 980) does not s tand up t o scrut iny ( eg Townsend a nd B rown 1 978 , Harr is a nd Ba i l it 1 980 , Houghton a nd Kean 1 984) . Neverthe less , denta l data , c ircumspect ly u sed , may contr ibute t o t he a ssessment o f b iolog ica l r e lat ionsh ips , part icu lar ly bet ween g roups cont iguous i n t ime a nd space . Unfortunate ly, s uch data f or p reh istor ic Tha i g roups a re l im ited . Co mparat ive morpho log ica l d ata f or Ban Na D i a nd Non Nok Tha a re s et out i n t ab le 7-8 . On ly t he d ifference i n cusp p attern o f t he l ower molars d iffers marked ly, a nd

t h is

i s so

t hat i t must be s uspected t hat been u sed i n t he two s tud ies . Comparat ive metr ic

d ata

s tr ik ing f or

i n co mpar ison w ith

t hese

a re a lso

t he s im i lar it ies

f eatures , d iffer ing

l im ited .

c r iter ia

h ave

Those p resented by B race

( 1978) f or Non Nok Tha , a nd add it iona l data f rom Ban Ch iang ( P ietrusewsky n .d .) u nfortunate ly i nvo lve u nknown o r u nstated p roport ions o f ma le a nd f ema le .

W ith

d ifferences p roport ions

t h is

caut ion ,

i t can

p reh istor ic

Tha i g roups .

s ize

f or Ho mo sap iens

S .

r ange

be

s a id

bet ween t he d i mens ions o f o f t he components o f t he Furthermore , t he

t hat

t here

a re

no

s ign if icant

i nd iv idua l t eeth , o r t he overa l l denta l a rcade , f or t hese t hree t eeth a re genera l ly

i n t he sma l ler

Sku l ls The

Ban

f ragmented poss ib le . mand ib les mand ib le

o r

Na

D i

m iss ing ,

c ran ia , a nd

no

part icu lar ly s ens ib le

t he

f aces ,

co mpar ison

must

be

The

bas ic

a

data

o f t hese data w ith 1 940 , Morant 1 937) genera l

a re o ther

genera l ly g roups

However f ro m mortuary phaase 1 , e ight ma le a nd s ix a re s u itab le f or a na lys is a nd compar ison . The f orm r ef lect ion

o f

t he

c ran ia l

t emp late

f unct ioned , a nd f ro m t he mand ib le a lone , s ign if icant overa l l h eadfor m o f a n i nd iv idua l may be ga ined .

Kao)

w ith

co mments

h ad

d i mens ions

l arge ,

a re

p resented

i n

t ab le

7 -10 .

t hat f rom o ther g roups o f i nd icates t hat t he peop le app ly r obust

a lso

t o

t he

mand ib les .

mater ia l The

i nd icate a b road c ran ia l base , a nd

w ith

wh ich

u nderstand ing A

genera l

i s

f ema le o f t he o f

i t t he

co mpar ison

Ho mo s ap iens ( eg H rd l icka o f Ban Na D i ( and t hese f rom

l arge

Non

Nok

b icondy lar

t he cons iderab le

Tha a nd

a nd

Ban

b igona l

r ama l a nd

The

condy lar b readths

i nd icate

p eop le o f B an N a D i

a we l l deve loped

mast icatory

muscu lature .

The

mand ibu lar a ng le i s sma l l a nd t he r ama l h e ight l arge , wh ich i s i n h ar mony w ith t he data on s tature a nd bone r obust ic ity, t hese t a l l , r obust i nd iv idua ls wou ld h ave h ad cons iderab le vert ica l deve lopment o f t he upper f ace t o accomodate

a l arge

a i rway ,

a nd

adap t ive change o f t he mand ib le . d ifference between t he mand ibu lar

t he mand ibu lar

data

r ef lect

t he

r e lated

Un ivar iate t ests o f s ign if icance s how no data f ro m t he s ites o f Ban Na D i , Non

Nok Tha a nd Ban Kao . The mand ibu lar d ata f ro m t hese t hree s i tes were a lso exam ined by canon ica l d iscr im inant a na lys is . No s eparat ion o f t he g roups was ach ieved, a nd t he conc lus ion i s t hat f or t hese s i tes , over t he per iod i nvo lved, t he peop le were o f s im i lar genet ic s tock .

TABLE

7 -8

Comparat ive t ooth morphology ( as ,$ ) f or Ban Na D i a nd Non Nok Tha . Data f or Non Nok Tha f ro m P ietrusewsky ( 1974)

Feature

B an N a D i

Non Nok Tha

s hovel-shaped i ncisors s light

4 2

mod c arabet

i ( bi t at)

t ower molar M 1 Y5

1 7

0

3

0

7

7 1

0

Y 4 X 5

9 2 0

0 0

+ 5 + 4

0 0

2 0 8 0

? IQ Y 4 + 4

3 0 3 0

0 6 9

+ 5 X 4

2 0 7

3 1 0

X 5

0

0

0

0

p rotostyl i d

TABL .E

7-9

Mean s tature (mm) o f men a nd wo men f ro m s evera l p reh istor ic Tha i s i tes . Data f or Non Nok Tha a nd Ban Ch iang a re f ro m P ietrusewsky ( 1974 , 1 981) a nd Ban Kao data a re

f ro m

Sangv ich ien

e t a l .

( 1969) .

The

G roup

p eop le o f B an N a D i

s .d.

mean

n

r ange

B an Na D i 1 737 1 613

5 7.05

1 5 1 640-1830

5 5.82

1 1

1 700 1 594

3 8.65 5 9.53

2 4 1 650-1750 2 1 1 500-1570

Non Nbk Tha male 1 717 f emale 1 578

4 3.63

1 0 1 630-1860

4 5.96

1 8 1 404-1700

5 9.00 6 4.00

8 1 600-1760 5 1 460-1610

male f emale

1 520-1720

B an Chiang male f emale

B an Kao male f emale

1 685 1 566

TABLE 7-10 Mean

mand ibu lar

d i mens ions

f or

t hree

d i mens ions a re i n mm . Non Nok Tha Kao data f ro m Sangv ich ien ( 1969) .

B an Na D i male f emale mean B IC n SD mean B IG n SD CB

mean SD

RH

8 7 .17 1 03 8 6 .52 2 2.4 8 1 .92

1 17 6 7 .13 9 5 6 4 .38

f rom

Non Nbk T ha male f emale 1 27 3 7 .6 1 08

1 18 7 8 .4 9 5

Tha i

g roups .

P ietrusewsky

B an K ao male 1 29 7 8 .2 1 07

f emale 1 22 5 8 .0 9 8

6 5 .1

7 9 .3

8 9 .8

5 6 .6

3 4.0

2 0.4 6 2 .15

3 3.6

3 2.2

3 5.0

3 3.0

3 5.0

8

6

8

9

9

7

SD

2 .32

2 .79

2 .8

1 .5

2 .4

2 8.8

5 9.4 8 7 _69

5 3.2 6 7 .91

6 6.0

5 7.0

6 0.0

6 0.0

8

9

8

6

2 .0

4 .6

4 .8

5 .7

mean n SD

L inear

( 1974), Ban

n

mean RB

1 24

p reh isto r ic

d ata

The p eop le o f B an N a D i

mean SH

3 4.5

3 0.5

3 6.0

3 2.0

3 1.5

3 1.0

n

8

6

7

9

8

6

SD

2 .07

7 .91

2 .9

2 .2

4 .3

4 .1

1 13.0

1 05.0

3 6 .1

7 3 .3 1 20.0

1 21.0

8 3 .8

4 4 .5

mean L

n SD

8 4 .49

mean ANGLE n SD

1 04.0

1 18 8 4 .63

1 01.0 6 2 .43 1 25 6 6 .02

B IC : b icondytar b readth B IG : b igon ia l b readth CB : condy lar b r . R EV : r amus m in . b r . RH : r amus h e ight SH : sy mphysea l h e ight L : overa l l mand ibu lar

l ength ANGLE : mand ibu lar a ng le

TABLE 7-11 Cort ica l t h ickness o f t he 2 nd metacarpa l a nd Nord in 's score f or t he ma les o f s evera l g roups

G roup

e ra

c ortical t h ic kness ( r im )

B an Na D i Maori T aumako White American Norweg ian

6 2 7 3 1

Nbrd in's s core

1 000-300 BC

5 .5

6 2.4

8 00-1800 AD 1 200-1500 AD modern

4 .8 5 .1 5 .8

5 2.9 5 7.0 6 2.5

modern

5 .6

5 7.8

T he

a ge

a t d eath

o f

t he

p eop le o f B an Na D i

5 0+ 4 5-49 4 0 -44 3 5 -39 3 0 -3 4 2 5 -29 2 0-24 c t l ( i ) t ; ö . 2 0 c D ) i z

1 5 19 1 0 1 4 5 -9 0 -4 0

a

9

N o . o f i nd iv idua ls

F IGURE G raph s ho w ing

7 -1

t he age a t death o f t he peop le o f Ban Na D i

The

a ge

a t d eath

o f

t he

p eop le o f B an Na D i

1 00

8 0

6 0

4 0

2 0

5 A ge i ny ears

1 5

2 5

F IGURE Ban Na D i : s urv ivorsh ip

3 5

4 5

5 0

5 5

7-2

curve

f or mortuary

phase

1

T he

a ge

a t d eath

o f

t he

p eop le

o f B an N a D i

5 0

4 0

3 0

2 0

/ 7 / /

1 0

t r )

c) 00

5

1 5

2 5

3 5

4 5

5 0+

A ge i ny ears

F IGURE Ban Na D i : morta l ity

curve

7 -3 f or mortuary

phase

1

T he

age

a t d eath

o f

t he

p eop le

o f B an Na D i

3 0

,

Oo 5 A ge i ny ea rs

1 5

2 5

3 5

F IGURE Ban Na D i : t i le expectancy

4 5

5 0

7-4

curve

t or mortuary phase

1

A ge i ny ears F IGURE Surv ivorsh ip

curves

7 -5

t or Ban Na D i a nd co mparat ive s amples

( see

t ext f or exp lanat ion)

p hotographs

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F IGURE t o

3 4

7-6

o f r u man

r e ma ins

f ro m

B an

Na

D i

= 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1• 1 1 1 1

Bur iat 2 3 , mortuary

phase

l b .

Anter ior v ie w

o f

t e ma te aged 3 0

years .

F IGURE

7-7

Bur ia l 7 , mortuary

phase

2 .

Fetus , aged

- 4 11 -

a

7 months

i n u tero

photographs

F IGURE t o

o f

h u man

r e ma ins

7-8 Bur ia l TS8a , mortuary phase

2 9 years

a t death

sho w ing

l c .

f ro m

Ban

Na

Ma le mand ible

D i

o t ma le

aged

2 5

a lveolar e ros ian

CMS

F IGURE

7-9

s ho w ing

degenerat ive

Bur ia l

TS17,

mortuary

change

phase

o f g rade

- 4 12

2+

-

l b . a t

Ma te

t he

aged

4 5

l u mbar sp ine

t o

49

years

Ban Na Di: the mortuary ritual

CH.APTER

EIGHT

THE MORTUARY RITUAL AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The analysis of the mortuary remains from Ban Na Di is undertaken in the light of the clear potential of burials as a source of social information. Such an approach originates in the exploratory papers of Binford (1971) and Saxe (1971). Both proposed regularities between mortuary ritual and social organisation, and these have much potential tor the prehistorian. Their conclusions have stimulated many subsequent workers and the literature is now considerable. At its most basic level the burial behaviour, from the preparation of the corpse ,. placement in a receptacle, fulfilment of due rites and giving of grave goods, is a social act which varies with the nature and structure of the society in question. This proposition is important and requires some elaboration. To the basic variables of age and sex .. should be added the dead person's rank or distinctiveness in his or her society, and affiliatio ns within the social network. When .he comp_ared the burial rituals of hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, shifting agriculturalists and settled agriculturalists, Binford found that those for the settled agriculturalists were the most complex. Thus, whereas hunter gatherers distinguished between the age, sex and personal qualities of the deceased, more · complex sedentary societies recognised their s ocial status by conferring more elaborate ritual on the higher ranked individuals. Tt)ese rites, often expressed in terms of artefacts symbolising status, tended to cross-cut age and sex boundaries. There are many variables which may be considered for a given society. Binford recognised the treatment of the body, the facility within which it was placed and the variat_i on and quantity of accompanying grave goods. These incorporate the location of · the interment relative to others and to other social activities. Many societies for example, retain a place set apart tor the burial of a particular class of individual. Aspects of this study have been expanded by m ore recent analyses., both by consideration of further ethnographic situations and specific prehistoric samples� These have elaborated rather than seriously modified Binford's initial propositions and many have a direct bearing on the approach adopted in analysing the burials from Ban Na Di. Two specific ethnographic examples are of particular interest, because they come from societies which cultivate rice. In the first .. Bloch (1975) contrasted the mortuary rites of two t-.4alagasy societies. The Zafimaniry practice forest swiddening, have no land-holding descent groups .. and no formal disposal areas for the dead. The Merina on the other hand ,. cultivate rice in permanent fields using irrigation techniques. The scarcity of suitable land has stimulated investment of labour in the construction of terraces. The society is structured along the lines of land-holding descent groups .. members of which are interred in monumental, collective tombs. Bloch interprets the latter as symbolising their relationship with the land they own and which has sustained them through the generations. Saxe and Gall (1977) have noted a similar distinction, but this time involving diachronic changes in the economy ,. land tenure ,. social organisation and burial

- 413 -

Ban t-,a D,: the mortuary ritual

procedures among the Temuan of Malaysia. The introduction there of wet rice cultivation in suitable areas and land shortage reflecting population expansion has occurred at the same time as the establishment of permanent cemeteries for members of proto-lineages which now own scarce land under wet rice cultivation. But are such patterns restricted to agricultural societies? King (1978) has warned against relegating all hunter-gatherer societies to the status of simple. egalitarian social structure. Thus the virtually complete excavation of the Medea Creek cemetery yielded approximately �50 protohistoric Chumash burials set out in distinct "lobes". The western lobe was distinguished by assemblages of non-utilitarian "wealthy" objects associated with adults and children.. Other concentrations evidenced achieved status, but neither ascribed nor hereditary rank. This situation contrasted with the earlier Rincom cemetery seen by King as essentially egalitarian in burial procedures. The temporal change to formal ranking was thought by King to reflect the emergence of vested control over­ redistribution within an ecologically variable region. Chapman (1981) on the other hand ., has emphasised the importance in European hunter-gatherer societies of preferred or restricted resource 0 The localised Mesolithic cemeteries on the coasts of Brittany and Denmark may be explained if we accept that these semi or completely sedentary societies had inherited access to specific ,. limited coastal resources These findings all reveal · the importance ot recognasang oarcumsonbt:d cemeteries. Clearly, the demographic features of the sample of burials .. their mode of interment and quality and quantity of grave goods are also of vital importance. Peebles and Kus's (1977) consideration of ranked societies is relevant to this discussion, tor they number the characteristics of burial as one of five features by which it is possible to recognise ranked social systems in prehistory. They stress that there must be clear evidence for the presence of two distinct social groups distinguished by a combination of different symbols, expenditure of energy and rituals which cut across divisions of age and sex. They argue cogently that the presence of richly furnished children's graves alone is not enough to conclude that ranking is present. It is rather the separate treatment of a superordinate group of persons contrasted with a less well endowed subordinate group which is critical. Brown (1981) has further suggested that it is not only relative wealth which is at issue ,. but also rights to special burial locations. This finding is clearly seen in the Moundville site. where Peebles (1971) has shown that the few top echelon members of the Mississippian social system were buried with rich goods in the largest. central mound. The many lower order graves were found in remoter cemeteries with few ,. if any, accompanying artef_acts. Given this preliminary statement on the proposed adhesions between mortuary rites and the structure of society, there are clearly several variables in the Ban Na Di excavated remains which require scrutiny. t These are, in order of analysis: 1.

I s the r e ev i dence for rest r i cted bur i a l l ocat ions.

2.

To what extent are cer ta i n bur i a l s di st i ngui shed by h igher l eve l s of energy expend i ture than others.

- 414 -

B an Na D :

3 .

a t

i s t he composition o f

s ubsets Exa m inat ion

o f

i n

t erms o f

t hese

t hree

The

excavat ions

t he

apart .

centre

Th is

w ith in

t he

houses

l i e

p resent h ead man h ave been

excavat ions

be ing

t he ir

p laced

o f

f igs

i n

The

s a me

i nterred

p reh istor ic

t he

i n

obta ins

s a me o f

r eturned

t he

i nto

Mortuary

no

bur ia ls

phase

l a-c

l eve l

l enses

l a id

7 ,

Na

p laces

l ocat ion

As may

m

a reas i n

f ig t he

a re

no w

be

2 5

o f

F5-6 , one occup ied by

s een

v i l lage

r oads

i s

c lear

s uccess ive

accorded

t he

c learly

quarter o f

t he

A3-4 .

I n one

case ,

There

can

D i k new

cont inua l ly

o r

t hat

t he

bur ia ls

s a me

bur ia l

apparent

i n r i te

by

excavated

t o

t he

Bod ies

two be

a n

a rea

doubt

where

s a me

were

adu lts were

no

p rec ise ly

house wou ld

t hat

t here

s tage

wh ich

were

upper

l eve ls

t reated

t he

There

t hree

a re

r esolve

a re

two

There

t he

l eve l

7 a nd

by

l eve l

i n

p lace

once bur ied

t hat

t he ir

t he

a ncestors

when

t he

n eed

t h is quest ion , but f or t he

d ist inct a reas

des ignated

f urther

o f

i nco mp lete a nd The

r i tua l ,

p r inc ipa l

s econd

f or

bur ia l t o

g roups

address ing

bur ia l t he

e nergy

because

l eve l

t o

o r

- m id

l ast

t h is quest ion , t o

f or mer

not

A3/4

(mortuary

j ars .

o f

f ro m

AD .

3 )

i n

i t .

phase

These were

phase

f or t ime .

i nc luded

f ar r e moved f i rst

i n

o f

l i tt le

g rounds

per iod

i st m i l lenn ium

2 ) cut

A l l were

i ncorporates

i nhumat ions .

p resence I t

a re

The

i n d eta i l be lo w ,

s a me

bur ia l

demograph ic

co mpared .

t he

s trat ig raph ic

(mortuary

adu lt

t he

i n

descr ibed t he

The

cut

6 r espect ive ly .

A l wh ich

l idded

e ar ly

The

phase .

were

c luster o f bur ia ls

a re

g roups . i n

t hey

d ist inct ion may we l t h ave

s trong

i n square

concerns a re

a re

g roup

e ach was cut .

i n it ia l occupat ion

t hey a re so mewhat

i nterred

t o

a nd

Ban Na D i were

wh ich

p resence on ly

Th is

u n its

l ate p reh istor ic o f

t he

l o wer

t he

e ach

1 0 m2.

i ssue

expend iture

8 i s

bur ia ls

be long

t o

f ro m

f ro m

des ignated

There

o f

i nfant bur ia ls a rea

be long so

bur ia ls

l eve l

Consequent ly, e ach

e arl iest .

two

t he

t he

7 a nd

spec if ic

g roup because

4 a nd a n

a s

on

f lood water .

ch i ldren 's

a re

f ive

f ound w ith in

a na lys is

were

accumu lat ion

t he square A3/4 co mpr ises

o f

c learly

bur ia ls

do wn

co mmenc ing w ith

p re lude

t he

o ther,

squares

g rave .

cu ltura l s ign if icance .

F8

a ss ign ing

o f

two

t resh i nter ment . I t i s l ess c lear whether we a re cemetery a rea , o r two d ifferent ones . Excavat ion

i n it ia l

d ist inct ion bet ween

t hree

o t

That a rea h as y ie lded 3 7 bur ia ls .

f or

f ive phases , depend ing

l o wer

f ro m

i n

i ncreas ing ly

e ach

one

ones .

Ban

p resent h ead man 's

a re

i f a ny

i t beca me over

On ly

p reced ing

t he

a nd

Dur ing

a nd

a ssessment

Th is w i l l per m it co mpar ison .

d iv ided

s and

a n

app rox imate ly

t han

a nd

p rocedure

1 3 .

moment, i tw i l l be a ssumed

f ro m

more

g rave , a nd

Th is

s ituat ion

i nhab itants

bur ied

There

be ing

Ad jacent a reas

s a me

t o

a rose t o u ndertake a dea l ing w ith one l arge

bur ia ls .

t o

u ndertaken

a reas

f or excavat ion .

i nhumat ion g raves .

over

s i mu ltaneous ly

u nder

were

squares A1-4

i nterred

t he

8-1

square F6 conta ins

were

D i t he

p roceeded ,

p redecessors .

i nspect ion

aga in

a p re l im inary

noth ing

f am i ly .

i n square F8 were

e ffect a s

h is

i ts

l ooted .

As bur ia ls

Na

ava i lab le

bet ween

a nd

a re

mound ,

r eflects

p resent v i l lage

2-2 , two

Ban

t he

p rocedure

t he s ample a nd

t he Ban Na D i popu lat ion .

a t

o f

r i tua l

age a nd s ex.

var iables

t he soc ia l character ist ics o f t o wards

t he mortuary

i s

o r absence o f d ifferences s tructure

cons idered

when

t he

n ecessary ,

descr ibe e ach g roup

two a s

a

i n so me d eta i l .

B an Na D i : t he mortuary

M ORTUARY

r i tua l

PHASE ONE

GROUP A G roup A i n

t h is

der ives

g roup , a nd

f ro m

one

o f

squares F5

t he

e ar l iest

I t i s a n adu lt ma te , aged bet ween cut

a t

i ts

back , w ith

was

l east

p laced

bone on

a nd

t he

2 0

t he

t he

s he l l , a nd

r ight

mode l led

s h in .

A

t he

deer

para l le l w ith

I t h ad

3 4

been

c lay

t he

pot

b ronze .

b roken

s hape was

o f

p laced

a nd

i n

c att le ,

e arl iest

s tone

t he

two

l a id

f or m

a nd

n ear

g ro in

t o

a t

k nees ,

1A

vesse l o f

f ish worn w ith

body .

E ight

t he

a nd

n eck ,

by

t he

t hat o f a n

ho m ino ids

i s

out on

r epa ired

t he

a rea

1 7) .

g rave

b race let was

l ocated

a nd

The

f rag ments

a nt iqu ity

a nd

o f

s ingle so me

p laced

bet ween

f igur ines

t he

corpse was

A

A

f igur ines were

f orear ms , s to mach

i s

a t death .

t he

body .

l eft a rm

years

conta ined

t he

f igur ine l eft

Th is

Bur ia l 4 7

a t Ban Na D i ( f igs 8-14

n atura l so i l , a nd

h ead .

l east 1 2 i n

upper

t he

a nd

a sma l l p iece o f

wr ist . At

s hou lder, r ight a nd on

i nto

h ands

bes ide

b ronze w ire . were

cm

3 0

a nd F6 .

f ound

n ear

l eft l eft

e lephant

t he

l eft

a nd

r ight f orear ms The body was i nterred wear ing s he l l beads w ith a l arge s tone bead . A b lock o f

a n eck lace o f 1 5 c ircu lar l ater ite was f ound bes ide

t he

r ight

excavated

w ith

t he

a nk le . t op

o f

Unfortunate ly, t he

c ran ium .

t he

More

edge

o f

t he

f unerary

o ffer ings

a rea

p robab ly

co inc ided l i e

beyond

t he s ku l l .

Bur ia ls 4 0 . 4 5 a nd ( f igs 8-18 A l l

t hree

bur ia ls

t i e

para l le l w ith g rave 4 7 . u lna ,

vertebrae ,

f ound a nd

i n

scapu la ,

s ide

r ound

a nd

were

f ound

beyond

f ound .

These o f

i f t o

l atter

adu lt i n

co me

way f act,

bet ween

b race let w ith

a t death

The

beads

On ly

aged were

f ound

t he

f or t he

t he

t he

bur ia l

4 0 4 5

r e lat ionsh ip

ch i ldren 's

p r imary The

i nter ment

l o west

bur ia ls

t hat

t he

t hat

( bur ia l 4 0) .

a nd

4 6

t he

i n i s

t h is

t he

l atest

o f

t he

bov id

r ema ins

i s

a nd

h and

l ocated about verteb rae were

o f

t he

age

a t

h uman

h uman i n

death .

r e ma ins ,

bones .

t h is

c learly

i nfant

F ina l ly

o f

i s equ ivoca l .

no

The

a lthough t he

mu lt ip le 4 5) .

The

chrono log ica l t he

t hree .

f igur ines

g rave

i n d isart icu lat ion

( bur ia l

square .

u nc lear,

i s

r ight

s he l l beads

i n a ssoc iat ion .

i nter ment

o f

f igur ines were

i n ad jacent bur ia l 4 7,

r ibs

t he

f igur ines

t he r ema ins

t he

l arge

9 years

bones were

f ound

on

f ive

bes ide

over

l ocated

a nd

f e mur ,

Th is s ke leton , t hough

Bur ia l 4 6

about

t o

T hey were

bov id

i nc ludes

t hat

t he

f ound

f ema le .

S ix c att le

w ith

l i ke

adjacent

t hree

p laced

b ronze w ire .

3 ) was

o ld

( bur ia l 4 5) .

b race let,

ch i ld

i s

t ib iae , h umerus ,

w ith

b race let was

f igur ines

( for m

year

i n a rt icu lat ion .

s he l l-d isc

a

s ku l l ,

The ' sa me g rave

o f bur ia l 4 5 .

f ro m

bov id

p robab le

s uggests

i nterpretat ion ,

1A .

s tone

2 15

c ran ium

f ema le

make

was ,

r e lat ionsh ip above

A

t he

a 5 0

a nd 2 l arge beads were

I t s eems a s

t he

g rave , wh ich

a ssoc iat ion

a nt iqu ity w ith

a vesse l

7 90 s he l l-d isc t he

o f

i n

d isart icu lated part

o ld

i n t he n eck a rea .

r epa ired

4 0 cm

was

f or m

o f

i n

e ssent ia l ly

body .

a n eck lace

been

Two

f ound

t he

s a me

pe lv is

g roup

i nfant about 6 months

l ocated

a nd

a nd

a d isart icu lated

f rag mentary, was

t he

8-20)

Bur ia l 4 0 co mpr ises

af rag mentary vesse l o f

o f a n

h ad

i n

t o

4 6

a nd

r eason ing G iven t he

t h is s tone

I t i s not i mposs ib le

t hat

B an Na D i : t he mortuary

t hese

a rtefacts

d isturbed .

were

Wh ichever

conta ins e leven

r e located i s

t he

when

c ase , t he

r i tua l

t he

adu lt

g rave was

f ema le

c learly

r ema ins

were

o f adu lt s ize

a nd

f igur ines . Bur ia ls 3 7 , 3 9 a nd 4 2 ( f igs 8-21 t o 8-23)

On ly bur ia l 4 2

i n t h is

g rave was

f ound

part o f t he body was not l ocated w ith in The

t ower

cm above i t . comp lete f ore l arge

l imbs however,

i n

r esemb l ing

d irect ly

s ku l l" a rtefact

t he

t hose

oppos ite e nd .

i lustrated

south s ect ion . o f

a s aw ,

The h uman

a nd

upper

over part o f bur ia l 4 7 , a nd 3 0

i n

f ig

t eeth

a hole , p erhaps f ro m

f oot a nd l eft l eg .

8-24e was

The a rtefact h as

r ema ins co me

t he

( f ig 8-23) .

A pot o f f or m 1 B was f ound over t he l eft l imb o f a cow h ad been p laced a longs ide t he

" crocod i le

l eft w r ist

l ay

i n a rt icu lat ion , a nd

t he excavated a rea

f or

f ound

c ut

i n to

t he The

by

one

s uspens ion ,

t he s ide ,

on

t he

a 3 0-34 year o ld ma te .

Th is g rave a lso conta ined t he part ia l a nd d isart icu lated r ema ins o f two ma tes aged bet ween 2 0 a nd 3 0 years a t death . A l l t he bones f rom t hese

bur ia ls

over l ie

bur ia l

bur ia l

when

The

f act

t hat

w ith

t hose o f bur ia l 4 2 , w ith

t he

t hat t hey were

4 2

4 2

d isturbed

( f ig

was

8-21) .

i nterred

bones o f bur ia ls 3 7 no

I t

a nd

i s

poss ib le

r ep laced

a nd

3 9 were

i n terven ing

t hat

t hey

i mmed iate ly

f ound

so i l , a rgues

were

over

i t .

i n d irect contact

aga inst

t he

not ion

l ater, s econdary bur ia ls .

Bur ia l 3 8 ( f igs 8-25 a nd 8-26) Th is l i es d irect ly between i t a nd bur ia l 4 0 . h and

l eg

a nd

t runk

aged about 7 years abdomen .

The ir

over bur ia ls I t h ad been

were

f ound

a t d eath .

contents

i n

Two

4 0 , 4 5 , a nd 4 6 , w ith on ly 2 cm d isturbed i n a nt iqu ity, but t he r ight

s i tu

The

r ema ins

pots o f

f or m

i n tact

a nd

r ema ined

co me

1 B were were

f ro m

a ch i ld

p laced over

i nvest igated .

t he One

conta ined a f ew scraps o f a n ima l bone , a nd f rag ments o f s he l l . The o ther r evea led two s he l l d isc beads , s he l l f ragments a nd sma l l f rag ments o f f i sh bone .

A

exter ior f ound .

b ronze

was

on

bear ing

t he

A

bov id

o f t he s ke leton . p art

o f

beads a nd

scapu la

Wh i le

t he

a s econd

one

l arge

a

ch i ld 's

One was p laced adjacent t o

s tomach . a nd

b race let

f ound

a nd

k nobbed

l eft t he

w r ist .

Two

l eft e lbo w

bov id

a nd

a l l

r ound

f igur ines

t he were

t he o ther over

t he

h umerus were f ound on t he r ight h and s ide

h uman bones were

mar ine

decorat ion

s he l l

s he l l bead were

be ing

b race let f ound

i n

were t he

r emoved, one r ecovered . v ic in ity

o f

co mp lete 2 19

t he

s he l l

ch i ld 's

n eck .

Bur ia l 4 1 ( f ig 8-27) Bur ia l

4 1 co mp r ises

t he

r ema ins o f a n

i n fant aged

approx imate ly

6-9

months a t death . I t i s l ocated bet ween t he g raves f or bur ia ls 3 6 a nd 3 8 ( f igs 8-8 a nd 8-9) . I t was d isturbed a nd d isart icu lated , qu ite poss ib ly w ith

B an Na D: t he mortuary

r i tua l

T ABLE 8 -1 Burial

s tatistics a nd c ontents o f B an N a D i mortuary p hase 1 b urials ( abbreviations: C = c omplete,

a = a dult,

P = p artial, D = d isturbed,

f = f etus, m = months o f

a ge, N = n orth,

S = s outh)

MD IRTUARY PHASE t A BUR IALS T S I S T S Burial

No.

2 8 3 3 2 2 2 6 4 7 3 4 4 6 4 4 4 0 4 5 4 1

A rea AJB

A

A

A

A

B

A

B

S ex

F

-

M

F

M

-

-

Age O rientation Amount

B

B

B

- F

-

B -

4 3 1 9 2 1

2 2

A

B

B

B

-

-

M

-

4 7 1 4 3 2>50 3 2 8m 9 f 5 0 am f f 2 3 2 0 7 N S S N S - - - S - S S -

p resent

C

C

C

C

C

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

P

P

D

Pot

f onm l a

-

-

1

2

1

1

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

1

Pot

f onm 3

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

P ot

f onm 1 4a

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

S tone b racelet

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

L arge s hell

-

-

-

-

-

2

4

-

5

-

-

-

-

8

-

2

-

3

6

-

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Cattle Deer

b ead

f i gurine

f igurine

Human

f i gurine

E lephant

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S tone b ead

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

S hell-disc b ead

-

-

- 2 42

Cattle

f i gurine

-

f orelimb

1 5 790 1 65 - 2 15 -

7850 7 76 2 20

B an Na D i : t he mortuary

TABLE

G O: Er -u 0C Li

U 7 h I - 9-

e r

O CC1 C O LL I - I-

N 1 -0 c . i

9 -

c v 3g o iL l N

1 - 1 conti nue d

C D

i i 1 1 I i 1 i I 1 I 1 IN 11

1 1

1 1

e-

ii i

1 1

I

I

1 1

li

h -▪ N - *-

r i tua l

1

U 3

1-

1

1

I1 1 l 1

l 1

11

1

1 1

IC e t

1 (9)(0 1

1 1

, -

Ii

9-

1

1

i

11

1

, -

11

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

e l r v

i

l

i

i

i

i i

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

1

,-

1

1

1

1

1

T- C D :E r q

M LO C

1

1 1

1 1

9- 1 ,- 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

C I C C )

N I C2 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

N 1

1

1

1

11

1

1 1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 9- 1 1

t

I

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

h - 0 : 1 > h- 1 er. c :2

1

.-

U)

0 1 C

1

I

I

1

1 1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

.

1

1

N

N e :

C D >

N V ? e n

c n r -

< I N- o N

C O

< LL N -

et

tn

C L

le - 1

p

I

Z a . 1

1

1

1 1

I II

I

I

1 1 I

I

1 1 1

1

I

1 1 .-

1

I

1 i

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

I' ' '- I

'-

'-

I

I

1 N 1

v . - T .

I

i

I

C O 1, - e - eN

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1 L e )

1

1

1

i

I

1

1

I 1

1

II 1

1

1

r -

1

I

i

I

I

I

I

I

I

1 -

I

' ‚ ' '

CO

• v -

e a)

r e ,

CO

I

N

I CO

r y

' - 1

N Z e n

C . ) N

i n

N( J )

U

< I

N I

L )

C D C 1 3 L L c )

" - I ( ' I

Ii 1

I N I

I

N 9-

I

I

I

I I

I

1

1

1

1 1

1

N I I

I

I

1 '1

1

1

1

v - 1

1

1

1

I

I

I

1

1

I

I

I

1

I

I

I

I

I

I N

C ) N - s t I " - N ee 1 I N

.-

I

I

. e

N I I

I

I

•i

I

I ,-

'-

I

I

II

I

1 2

( . . . )

. 9X

L L

N C I

Z

U

I n N

< 1 . 6- 1

0

2

0 1

I N I

I

11

7 1

1 1

a m

1

1 ?-

9 . . . .

(

I

l

l

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

9, -

I

I

11

1

1

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1

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M A e ▪ * T r 0

o

I

C D

EE E E E E E E E E E E E E C 0

r n


1 3-3

t he deve lop ment o f a ch iefdo m

t he M idd le Ch i Va l ley

- 6 37

( after H igham

-

1 984)

The M idd le Ch i a rea : c onc lus ions

G

d e1 4 /

E F e

F .C 2 :, L i I R

E EE Et

THE M IDDLE CH I ARE A : CONCLUS IONS

Th is mode l o f

s tudy

f or

t he

began w ith

t he Ch i Va l ley .

l aboratory

co mp leted

a nd

t he

l im ited

After

a na lys is

o f

i t

f e lt

was

t he

ob ject ive

e nd

o f

o f

t est ing

f i e ldwork

t i nds . MacDona ld 's i napp ropr iate

a nd

doctora l

t o

a s ett lement

t o wards

t he e nd

d issertat ion

over look

i ts

was

p r inc ipa l

conclus ions . I t i s , a s we s ha l l s ee , i nd icat ive o f our i gnorance t hat two t heses s hou ld appear w ith in a year o f e ach o ther i n wh ich t he e st imated date

f or

years .

t he

p reh istory, p receded

t he

a ttempt

s uggested t hat

m i l lenn ia . w ith

e stabl ishment

H igha m 's

o f

The

t he

t he

f i rst

by

two

t housand

t hat

t he

s ettlement

r e lat ive ly

up

a r id

o f popu lat ion

onwards .

i n

o f

Ch i

i n

deve lop ment o f water contro l BC

d iffers

two d ist inct a reas o f t he Khorat P lateau

expans ion o f s ett lement

m i l lenn ium

s tates

l i nk

t he

bu i ld

o f

t o

Sakon

Va l ley

by

Nakhon

a s

much

i n

Bas in

a s

two

t he Sakon Nakhon Bas in , co mb ined

t echn iques

t he Ch i Va l ley

Th is

t he

mode l

i s

a nd p lough ing u nder wrote

p robab ly

f ro m

s ign if icant

t o

t he

m id

Southeast

f i rst As ian

p reh istory because i t was i n p rec ise ly s uch f lood p la in zones t hat e ar ly s tates a re t hought t o h ave o r ig inated . Understand ing p rocesses i nvo lved i n t he ir i n it ia l s ett le ment a nd o f

s ubsequent patterns

i mportance t o t he p reh istor ian . Cons iderat ion was g iven a t

t he

outset ,

o f cu ltura l adaptat ion t o

ev idence

wh ich

a re

wou ld

const itute s upport o f H igham 's mode l , a nd t hat wh ich wou ld r equ ire i ts r e ject ion o r r efor mu lat ion . I t was d ec ided t hat t wo approaches were n ecessary .

The

f i rst was

a c ircumscr ibed

a rea ,

s ubsequent changes . d ate

o f

i n it ia l

t o e stab l ish

pay ing

The s econd

s ett le ment

i n

t he

p reh istor ic

part icu lar a ttent ion

Mex ico

co l lect ions . Bas in

The

s urveys , a nd

approach s hou ld not y ie ld Support

f or

documentat ion

t hat

e stab l ishment Nakhon t ypes was ,

i n

excavat ion

both

s i tes ,

t o

i n a nd

mode l

Sakon

r e ject ion o f Even

f ro m

r ev iew .

t hat

a Sakon

p resence

s ites

o f

Bas in

t he o ld

i n

pottery

t he

t he

per iod

t he

h as

wou ld

s ince

began very

t he

f i rst

p resence c .

o f

t o

no

t he

a na lys is

i n

o f

S anders 's t he

s ame

f or m

o f

e ar l ier

t han

f ar m ing

s ty les

i n

a nd

M idd le

Ch i wh ich

p resumed wet t he

r ice

f or mu lat ion

r ice

s upport

Non

were

t he

Sakon

a rtefact

s uch a t

c lear

t he

o ther

Exact ly

excavat ions

f i e ld work u nder m ine

e ar ly

been

i ron

was t he

c hrono logy

c a l led

excavat ions a t Ban Na D i ( H igharn t he phase d ated

t he

source .

r equ ire

t he

r eason why

began

r ice

f ro m

by

out

a b as ic

t he M idd te Ch i Va l ley . t ake

wet

f i nd

i n

a nd

Cha i .

occup ied c u lt ivat ion

o f a n ew

mode l

one .

ev idence

( 1978)

i n

t o

e stab l ish

s uccessfu l

obv ious

Nakhon

obta ined

For exa mp le ,

Gor man

dated

a nd

apparent ly

dur ing n ew

no

cou ld

cu lt ivat ion

demonstrat ion

Nakhon

o f s ites

p roved

i nfor mat ion

t he deve lop ment o f p lough ing a nd

t he

u ndertaken , by

t he

s eemed

a nd

e ar l iest s ett lement phase

p lough

a nd

t here

i n it ia l p attern

o r more approach

u sefu l

H igha m 's t he

der ived

f act ,

Converse ly, b efore

o f

Bas in , were

l atter

t he

r equ ired

one

cera m ic s equence wh ich wou ld per m it t he dat ing s urface

s ett lement p atterns

t o

i n to

a nd

t he

f or

Ban

quest ion

a nd K i jnga m

1 600-600 BC, d ata

be ing

1 981,

water

f ro m

by

1 982) .

buffa lo

B an Na

p lanned

a nd

s ett lement mode l u nder Ch iang t he

p roposed r esu lts

o f

Whereas Gor man a t Ban Ch iang

D i s uggests

a d ate

t o o f

T he M idd le Ch i a rea : c onc lus ions

5 00 BC a t t he s uggested t hat based

on

f looded a

b roadcast

r ice

r iver va l leys .

n ecessary

Aga in ,

e arl iest f or t hese two i nnovat ions . van L iere ( 1980) h as L ater p reh istor ic s ett lement i n t he Mun a nd Ch i va l leys was

t echn ique

a lthough

f or

w ithout

r econs iderat ion o f

t he

Non

The

r equ ire

a

t he

Nok

Tha

t ook

advantage

a rgument by

f oundat ion

o f

t hat water

ev idence ,

mater ia l

l ed

n atura l ly

r etent ion was

ag r icu ltura l ists

i n

t he Mun-Ch i a rea by

p r inc ipa l r esu lts o f

t he bas ic m i l lenn ium

p roceed

i n

wh ich

t hen

s ett lement

a ny

s tate o r s tates ex isted One o f s econd

cu lt ivat ion

I f t rue ,

i s

countered .

MacDona ld 's

h im

t o

( 1980)

conclude

t hat

a

1 000 BC .

t he M idd le Ch i f i e ldwork h ave been descr ibed .

f ind ings i s t hat t he a rea was s ett led a t l east by t he BC . Th is conclus ion a l most i n i tse lf i s s uff ic ient t o

co mp lete

f urther .

r eappra isa l

The

o f

t he

mode l

be ing

r ev iewed .

One

can

e ar l iest s ettlement a t Ban Ch iang H ian y ie lded a s herd

bear ing b ronze corros ion , i nd icat ing t hat meta l lurgy may h ave been part o f t he r eperto ire o t t he e ar l iest k no wn s ettlers t here . The ir pottery i nc ludes a d ist inct ive f amous s a me

r ed-on-buff ware wh ich

Ban

s tyle

Ch iang was

phase

f ound

i s d ist inct

5 pa inted

a t

basa l

pottery

Ban

Kho

f ro m

by

No i

a t

a nd

e art ier

l east 1 000

a nd

a t

Non

t han

years .

No i

contrasts marked ly w ith t he wares made dur ing t he s econd Ban Ch iang a nd Non Nok Tha , a nd makes i t ev ident t hat t he

t he Th is

The

s ty le

m i l lenn iu m s ettle ment

a t o f

t he Khorat P lateau a s a whole was cons iderab ly more co mplex t han once appeared . Of part icu lar s ign if icance , i s t he f ind ing t hat both i ron a nd t he water

buffa lo

p reh istor ic n e ither t ime

i ron

o f

were

i ntroduced

occupat ion . sme lt ing

i n it ia l

Un l ike

nor

t he

s ettlement .

t o

Ban

t he

Ch iang

s ituat ion

H ian

a t

Non

dur ing

Cha i

do mest ic water buffa lo was

Th is

aga in

r equ ires

t he

t he

a nd

s ite 's

Non

i ntroduced

r e ject ion

o f

Dua ,

a t t he

H igha m 's

s ett lement mode l . Accord ing

t o

a s tat ist ica l

a na lys is

s herd t ypes , t here was a s ign if icant Ch iang H ian bet ween l eve ls 9 a nd 8 . a nd

t he manufacture

w ith

r ed

pa inted

o f ware

des igns .

decorated

f ro m

c .

8 00

BC

para l le ls

onward .

w ith

r im

w ith

Rad iocarbon

Ban Kho No i s uggest t hat t he changes c lose

I t

i s

f or ms

o f

t he

f requenc ies

o f

r im

a nd

change i n t he pottery used a t Ban These s aw a n ew s u ite o f r im f or ms ,

f i rst

f ro m

Non

p add le

Ban

i dent if ied

p hase

dur ing

f ro m

a carved

dates

i n

a nd

Non

8-8)

t han

H ian

l eve l 8 t ook

2 ( Leve ls

Cha i

r ather

Ch iang

a nd

p lace

t hat a f ew

Dua

a re

ev ident .

The very character ist ic Non Cha i c lass 1 t ype a f or m i s f ound , s im i lar t o t he l ast deta i l o f pa inted des ign , w ith t hose f ound i n s uch numbers a t Non Cha i . t he

They

a re

dated

f i rst m i l lenn ium

Non Cha i C lass

a t

BC .

H t ype

Non

Cha i

cc , wh i le

a t Non Dua

r ecurs

Non

Dua

were

by

cut

i nto

l ayer 6 a t Ban Ch iang H ian

d ate

w ith

a

corrected

1 60-410 BC . 0-600 BC

Th is date

Va l ley

6 a nd

wh ich

s tyle .

i nc ised

does

t o

f ro m o f

o r

t hree

f or m

phase

f ound

v iolate

o f

i n phase one

a nd

H ian

I( 500-0

l ayer 5 p roduced BC,

centur ies

spec imens wh ich match

7 a t Ban Ch iang

h is

2 85

not s er ious ly

t wo

n ine

r im

6 a nd

( 1977)

po int

a nd

a nd BC

The t h is

t he

r ims

BC) .

A

a t p it

a r ad iocarbon

two-s ig ma

a p roposed

r ange

t ime

span

o f o f

y ie lded a l ustrous b lack ware bear ing burn ished so

Ayres i s

ca l led

1 979) .

perfect ly

d iscovery

p a inted

At Ban Na D i ,

7 a lso

r eca l ls

( So the im

f i rst m i l lenn ium t h is

l ayers

H igha m m id

l ast

f or phase 2 a t Ban Ch iang H ian .

Layers des igns

i n

t he

f urn ished

a d ist inct ive

contexts

dated

t o

Layer 7 h as

pottery

s tyle was

i n

"Ph ima i

Aga in ,

B lack"

a d ate

cons istent w ith l ayer

h ints

6 ,

o f

- 6 39

i n

-

t he ir

a s ing le

a t contact w ith

i dent if ied

l eve ls

pottery

t o wards

t he

o f

t he

p roposed s herd Sakon

6 a nd

o f

t he

e nd

Mun

o f

t he

d ates

f or

"O re

Nakhon

Kaeo" Bas in .

7 , w ith dates w ith in

The M idd le Ch i a rea : c onc lus ions

t he

s econd

so-ca l led f abr ic

ha lf

o f

f i rst

m i l lenn ium

f ound

i n

t o

t he

r eg iona l ity .

contemporary

I t i s

F ina l ly,

extraord inary

mater ia l

i n

t he

Ch i Va l ley . Yet t he s ty le o f a f ew Cha i , Non Due , Ban Na D i a nd Ph ima i . be e n larged on be lo w . Phase 3 a t Ban Ch iang H ian o f

BC .

l ayer 6 , a nd

a

one

f ew

i n

pottery

manufacture .

P la in

ho w

upper

a nd

s herds

l ayer

h as been dated a t Non Due t o phase 2 ( 0-700 AD) . The phase 2 pottery a t Ban Ch iang H ian h as , a s f ar a s

k no wn , a d ist inct a re

t he

"Ro l E t" ware were

o f

Th is

i s p resent ly

d ifferent l o wer

5 .

t he

s ty les

r eaches

o f

t he

u nusua l p ieces i s para l le led a t Non The i mp l icat ions o f t h is s i tuat ion w i l l

r epresents

chaff

a ma jor d iscont inu ity

t empered

wares

i n

r ep laced

t er ms

t he

g rog

t empered ones so character ist ic o f phase 2 . Th is ware was not f ound a t Non Cha i , qu ite poss ib ly because i t became current a fter t he s ite 's abandon ment . phase

3 ,

s im i lar ity dates h iatus

At Non Dua , H igha m

dated

t o

bet ween

t he

t he

t he

h as

i n

very

AD .

t he M idd le

correct, t hen a t l east t hat

f i rst h a lf o f t he

a scr ibed

7 00-1000

cera m ics

7 00-1000 AD a re i n occupat ion i n

dur ing

years

s im i lar wares

There

a nd

i s

no w

t o

h is

a marked

Lo wer Ch i a reas .

I f t he

i t s eems p robab le t hat t here was a p art o f Ban Ch iang H ian excavated,

f i rst m i l lenn ium AD .

Before p ropos ing a n ew mode ! t o i nco rporate t he data r ecovered dur ing t he excavat ion o f Ban Ch iang H ian , i t i s a lso n ecessary t o r efer t o t he

r esu lts

o f

t he

At a l l p reh istor ic n ear

t racts

o f

s ett le ment

phases , t ow

pattern

t here

t errace

was

a na lys is .

Severa l

a s ign if icant

so i ls .

These

po ints

p reference

were

e ither

s tand

f or

i n

out .

s ett lement

t he

v ic in ity

o f

t r ibutary s trea ms o r t he a ssumed marg ins o f t he Ch i F lood P la in . The Ban Ch iang H ian f auna l spectrum certa in ly r evea ls a p reoccupat ion w ith aquat ic spec ies .

van

compat ib le p red ictab le p reh istor ic t he

L iere

w ith but

t he not

s ites

p ract ice o f

s ituated

R iver

De lta

800 t o

h as

so

i nundat ion

u se o f p loughshares . equ iva lent

( 1980)

Th is

km

t o

M idd le

Ch i

f ar

dur ing

r e lat ive ly

l o wer

a t

i s

t hat

r iver o r Nor

i s

t he

northeast , 2

( the

f lood t here

t here

t han

where

zones a ny

t he

2

i n

i n

Sakon

a s

t o

a re

s ites

t he

s uggest

ev idence o f

mater ia l) ,

f arm ing was

1 a nd t he

l ocat ions

t he s ituat ion

Dong-Son

I f " f lood"

phases

s uch

t erra in wh ich exper ienced a re certa in ly no kno wn

i n d irect contrast t o

phase

l east

r a infa l l

f ro m

agr icu lture .

n umerous b ronze p loughshares . ag r icu lture

s uggested

cu lt ivat ion o f r ice i n s evere f lood ing . There

t he

h ave

i ndeed M idd le

Nakhon

f or

t he

i n t he Red

t he

per iod y ie lded bas is o f

Ch i ,

t hen

Bas in

t he

ceases

t o

be a part icu lar ly i mportant e nv ironmenta l var iab le . Th is s ituat ion i s due t o two f acts . The Ch i catchment i s extens ive a nd i ts f lood ing i s not dependent on expanse

o f

t he

r a infa l l o f a ny

f lood water

t r ibutar ies b ack ing The

up a nd

s econd

occupancy,

Ban

s ett le ments

i n

f ro m

t he

Ch i

t herefore

i mportant

Ch iang

part icu lar a rea .

t he

beca me a rea .

I t was

dat ing

t he

i mportance ,

excavat ion

because

t he

o f

t he

t hat

o f

a lso

There

moats .

p resence

e ffect

o f

a t

so met ime l arger

l oca l

dur ing

t han

s urrounded

by

a l l

a

event

i s

l arge

o f

s ite

i ts

o ther

moats ,

i s a t p resent , no

Th is

s uch

p resence o f a b road t he

f lood ing .

s ign if icant ly

r eservo ir a nd poss ib ly e arthern r a mparts . f or

i s

The

h ave

t hemse lves

conc lus ion ,

H ian

s urvey

wou ld

a

ev idence

cons iderab le s uggests

a

two-t iered s ett le ment h ierarchy . The

M idd le Ch i a rea

s urveyed

l arge moated s ites , a lthough t he overa l l pos it ion

i n

l ack

i s not a lone o f

a s ett lement pattern

l ocated on ly 2 0 km

i ntens ive i s h ard ly

i n p rov id ing

ev idence

surveys means k no wn .

northwest o f Ban Ch iang H ian , on

t he

t hat

f or t he ir

Kantaraw ichae

i s

oppos ite

o f

bank

T he M idd le Ch i a rea : c onclus ions

t he Ch i .

Muang

Fa Daed

i ns ide a s et o f moats . r ather

t han

i s

3 0

I n a l l

a ngu lar .

km

t o

t hese

Muang

Fa

Daed

ed if ices dated by Subhad rad is ( 1979) poss ib le

p resence

p robab ly covered ev idence

f or

o f c .

moats

moat

c lear ly

a t

dur ing

t he

opens

up

a ll

l east

by

s urpr is ing ,

g iven

t he

t hen ,

per iod t he

p arts o f Southeast As ia a t Because i s

f uture

t he

t o

t est ing .

a n

The

BC-100

t he s a me i s

a nd

n ecessary

t o

s tate

so

document

Th is

i s

t hat

ch iefdo ms

t hree o r more .

AD .

p resent 2 .

ch iefdo ms t hese w i l l

f i rm

was

l ast

Th is

Th is

t he

t hen

Ch i Va l ley

s ituat ion

a t

l east

s ett lement h ierarchy h ad

wou ld

not

be

a ltogether

a uthor ity

i t

a nd

f or mu late

t hen

t hat

a nd

i nvo lve

s ite

i s no

I f i t was ,

i n

s upra-v i l lage

t he

i s

f e lt

moats

out l ined There

( 1981) , Peeb les two

Peeb les a nd Kus

The

t he

s ite

s i mu ltaneous ly .

phase

t he ir p resence .

s uggest ions o f S tepona it is

t here

t he

u ncerta in ,

i s

soc iet ies

a lthough

t hat

t hat

i n

o ther

t he

a n ew

a nd

constructed dur ing l ater Ban Ch iang H ian phase 2 . Severa l a nthropo log ists h ave cons idered t he ch iefdo ms

Buddh ist

t ime .

a ssumpt ion ,

a ssumpt ion

conta in

centur ies AD .

i ts a rea r evea l ing p reh istor ic t hat t here i s no i nfor mat ion on

two-t iered

f or

i s s ituated

c ircu lar o r ovo id

Wh i le

k no wn

H ian

ev idence

s ituat ion

make

extent .

i s

t he

1 0th

u nclear

s ettlement was

t hat

3 00

c lear

i s

occup ied

s ubstant ia l

poss ib i l ity

deve loped

course

i t

equ iva lent o f Ban Ch iang t he

Cha i

j uncture , a lso t rue

t hat a rea was

one

9 th o r

i ts max imum

a t wh ich h a . I t i s

a re

Kantaraw ichae

t he

Non

Non Dua

t he moats

a nd

t o

construct ion ,

occup ied a 1 00 AD , occupat ion covered 2 8 whether o r when

a t

2 8 h a a t

t he northeast .

c ases ,

r eservo ir

d ist inct ions

a rchaeo log ica l

i s a co mmon

a nd Kus

p roper

mode l

between ev idence

t hread

i n

( 1977) a nd Wr ight

out l ined

s evera l ways

t he

( 1977) .

l eve ls o f dec is ion mak ing , a nd

( 1977) h ave

f or

were

s tates ,

i n wh ich

can be r ecogn ised on t he bas is o f a rchaeolog ica l data , a nd be u sed i n cons ider ing t he M idd le Ch i mater ia l . Thus , t hey

r equ ire a s ett lement h ierarchy i n t er ms o f t ypes a nd s izes o f s ites . Th is i s f u lf i l led i n t he s urvey a rea . Settle ments s hou ld be l ocated so a s t o " assure

a h igh

bet ween

s ites

s hown

t o

degree a nd

be

o f

l oca l

l o w-ly ing

h igh ly

( shou ld) t ranscend

s ubs istence

so i ls

s u ited

s ign if icant .

t he bas ic

Next ,

household

f u lf i ls t he

i t wou ld

Peeb les

mounds

s a lt

was

( H igha m

a nd

Kus 's

r esu lt ing

be ing 1 977) .

f ro m

t o

i t i s

I f t he mounds

t he Kus

f i fth

s eek

o f e arth wh ich t hen

i n

con junct ion ,

t he

p resence o f a p reh istor ic ch iefdo m R iver .

I t i s

l east

a ssumed

l i ne

t h is

t hat

t h is

t he

ch iefdo m

H ian phase 2 . K i jngam e t a l . ex istence o f o ther l arge , moated

t he Ban Ch iang

a f ie ld ,

t he

i s

i n

t he

i tse lf

s ize

r e levant .

t h ird

o f

The

century

f or a soc iety- w ide

t he moats

t oo wou ld

soc ia l

M idd le on

been

act iv it ies

AD

buffer

The moats o f Ban

i n part t o e nsure d ry-season water

i s u nsat isf ied , but on ly

a s uperord inate

h as

s tat ist ic

n ear Non Dua

a t

was a ttached t o t he ma in s ett lement . n ecessary t o exp lore t h is poss ib i l ity . Taken

f urther

ev idence

des igned

purpose ,

corre late

( 1977)

be

f ro m Th is

counter e nv ironmenta l u npred ictab i l ity .

a defens ive

a nd

Look ing

f ro m

s hou ld

r e lat ionsh ip

p roduct ive

f i ll a d ay

extract ion

t here

a rgued , were

s upp l ies . On ly

s a lt

p rocessed

h ave

h ad

r equ irement .

The

cu lt ivat ion

g roup" .

over 4 00000 man-hours .

Aga in , t here

be ing p rov ided Ch iang H ian ,

n eeed

r ice

" organ ised

I f a man cou ld d ig a nd move 2 m 3 o f H ian moats ,

s uff ic iency" . f or

f or

g roup

C lear ly Ch i

data

a re

f u lf i l t ack i n

ever t h is

o f data .

t he

was

deve lop ing

wh ich

excavat ion

cons istent

southern marg in o f

t o

Peeb les

cemetery

f urther a re

s ho wn

r equ irement .

w ith

i s t he

t he M idd le Ch i

dur ing

Ban Ch iang

( 1980) h ave a lready po inted out s ites i n t he Ch i a nd Mun Va l leys

t he a nd

The M idd le Ch i a rea : c onc lus ions

s uggested

t hat

t he

Ban

Ch iang

H ian

ch iefdo m

was

not

a n

i solated

pheno menon . There Th is a rea

i s a t

l east one

a lternat ive

hypothes is wh ich c annot be

i gnored .

i s t hat t he t err itory su rveyed was one co rnponant part o f a l arger i n wh ich t here was i n f act a t hree-t iered s ett lement h ierarchy

a ssoc iated

w ith

s tate

deve lop ment .

I n

t h is

f ramework ,

a s i te

l i ke

Muang

Fa Daed cou ld be t he ap ica l s ettle ment, w ith Ban Ch iang H ian one o f s evera l m idd le o rder s ett lements above t he l eve l o f v i l lage . Muang Fa Daed

i s certa in ly

very much

l arger

t han

o ther Ch i Va l ley moated s i tes .

r eservo ir a lone covers 1 5 h a aga inst 0 .78 h a a t Ban Ch iang H ian . Certa in ly , a ny n ew s ett le ment mode l f or t he M idd le Ch i must v i l lage

s ettlement a t

m2

t hree

i n

m i l lenn ium

s ites

BC

l east by

h ave

l eve ls ,

been

t he

s ett lement e nco mpassed

t he

s ame

t he

Ch i

i n

F lood

f loodwaters

t he

t he

o f

a nd

a l l

f i nd ing

t r ibutary

e arl ier

s trea m

I t

i s

s usta in

f e lt

r ice .

l i ke ly

t hat

H igham

occupat ion

o rgan isat ion

w ith in

e ach .

Moreover ,

a re

data

h igh . a t

t he marg ins o f r e l ied

p roposed

t he exchange

1

s econd

f avoured

s ett lements

s ett lements were sma l l a nd a utono mous , a nd mortuary soc ia l

so

i nc luded

h as

ad m it

S ince on ly

r evea led

marg ins

s uch

( 1984)

BC .

h ave

Sakon Nakhon Bas in , but a lso

P la in .

t o

s econd m i l lenn ium

excavated ,

chances

The

t ime

t he m id

I ts

t hat

on

s uch

h int a t a r anked o f va luab les

s uch

a s mar ine s he l l , meta l a nd exot ic s tone r evea l t he ex istence o f i n terlock ing r eg iona l exchange n et works . There a re d ist inct r eg iona l g roup ings o f s uch mode

1 "

soc iet ies

i n

t he Ban Ch iang ,

a reas . I n t he l ast, t here i s two-t iered s ettlement h ierarchy . mode

2

( H igham

1 984) .

Phu

W iang

a nd

no w ,

t he

M idd le

Ch i

a lso ev idence f or t he deve lopment o f a Th is l atter s tage h as been descr ibed a s

There

may

we l l

h ave

been

r e lated

a nd

contemporary " ch iefdo ms" c entred a t t he o ther Ch i Va l ley moated s i tes . No w t hat t he s imp le s ettlement mode l h as been r e jected , i t poss ib le

t o

t urn

f or mu lat ion u nder ly ing sought t o a rea

o f

made

a

poss ib le

t he h e

contro l led

exot ic

a rea

p rest ige

goods

I f t he

I nd ian :

i t cou ld

p referred

o f

a

t he

l east

-

t hat

s tudy

r esu lts

r espectab le

m i l lenn ium s ho wn

p resent

f or

o f

Ch i l and wou ld

t he

i s

i n

t o

were

p red ictab le h ave

most

extens ive

o f

t he

var iables

a n

been

i s

a s

g oods

l ocated

- 6 42

t he

a rea ,

I nd ian

source ,

n eed

t he a s

a lso

t o

t he ir own

c ontro l

t he

wou ld

l oca l n et work not b e

r is ing I t i s

a

He

sole ly

c h iefdo ms t he

b i meta l l ic

not ion

o f o f

s pearheads ,

i mportant . t o

pattern was t o

t ake

t ake

a

f urther

a nd

t he

t ime

e ffect .

advantage

-

we l l

I t h as o f

v ar iab le ,

i t

e stab l ish ment over

a lso

g entle

a

been o r

a t

Under s uch a r eg ime , much M idd le

f or s uch

-

add

s tudy

c lear ly

t o

zones .

i nappropr iate

t o

r ice

where

p laced

goods b e

u nder

l and .

mode l

h e

p roduct ion

b rought

R iver v a l leys .

a t work

f lood

we l l

a pos it ion

There

i n

p rest ige

h as t he

Essent ia l ly,

s uccessfu l

exchange

f avourab ly

s uch

s ett le ment

p rocesses

s ett le ments

r e lat ive ly

p la ins more

i s

i nclude

i ncreased

much

u lt imate ly

o r Red

1 3-3) .

f lood

goods

j ust

access

t imesca le . t he

f ig

i nc lude

do m inant soc ia l pos it ion

Phraya , Lo wer Mekong

t hrough

i n

o r

most

f ro m

g lass b eads o r co wr ie s he l ls wh ich l i es

o f

best

co mmun it ies

i ncreas ing ly

part ia l ly

t he Chao

These

apprec iat ion

a s

These

f e lt , was

t he

( 1982)

t hose

h ere

Of course , t he source o f s uch

even

o f e nqu iry .

perm it

var iables .

expand ing

o f

a n

r eproduced

expans ion ,

d istr ibut ion

c ontro l

a reas

m ight

by

t hat

o r

i s

Hase lgrove 's

o f s i tes .

wh ich

Such

s uggest ing occupy

i n terest ing

i n teract ing

co mmun ity

appl ied

mode l

scheme s evera l

cu lt ivat ion . g iven

more

t he d eve lop ment o f s uch ch iefdo ms . Aga in , H igha m ( 1984) expla in t he t rans it ion f ro m mode 1 t o mode 2 soc iet ies i n

( h is

s tressed

t o

agr icu lture , due

t o

a r id ity

T he M idd le Ch i a rea : c onc lus ions

o r deep

f lood ing .

i n a n et work o thers .

I t i s

Carne iro

s uff ic ient phys ica l Va l ley

t o

( 1981)

s t imu late

o r

t o

not be

On

t he

a bsence o f bund ing i nequa l ity d emand

was

f or

p rest ige

i s

t he

t hen ,

v i l lages ,

t o

adamant

f or t he

s eek

t hat

deve lop ment

s uch

o f

l argest s ettlement , even

contro l o f

a

a

t hought o f a s contrary,

open

ch iefdo m

acceptable

a rea

l and

i s h eav i ly c ircumscr ibed .

l atent

t r ibute

goods ,

a n

i n

a re

cou ld

mode

h ave

wh ich ,

s t imu lated

t or

a re

r ice

add it ion

t o

s upport MacDona ld 's

ex istence i n t he Khorat Bas in by 1 000 BC . b efore t he Khmer a nnexed t he a rea about poss ib le

t o

a ccounts ,

p red ict a

h ierarchy .

t he

s tate

We

f or m

m ight

r evea l

a lso,

g iven

expect so me monumenta l ity b road

d istr ibut ion

advent

o f

o f

i n

c eram ics

t he Dvaravat i s tate

so me

ev idence

e ar ly

a s

conta in

o f ev idence

s hou ld

a t h and

1 000 BC .

f or a l l

our

Dua i ts

p laques .

a nd

Aga in ,

t he

Ban Ch iang H ian

absence .

h istor ic

ev idence

Tha i land

dur ing

f or

t he

M idd le Ch i p reh istory p rog ress o f f uture

t he

e ighth

l ate

s tatus

o f

two-t iered

i n

t he M idd le

i dent ify

e arl ier

i t .

o f

Dvaravat i

a t a b road

ex istence

o f

a nd

above w i l l be

- 6 43

-

a l l

Funan t he

w ith

t he

There

certa in ly

l arge

on

phase

not

s i te , a nd

s tate

t he o r

e nhanced

t he

t he

i s a s

does noted

f amous

3 pottery

s tyle

I t i s hoped

t here .

By

h as noted

Phraya Va l ley .

r eg iona l a

i n

f i rst m i l lenn ium AD buddh ist

s ummar ised

century AD .

o f

s ettlement

r eg iona l ity

i nd iv idua ls

bet ween

( 1979) h as

o ffered

r esearch

t he

l eve ls

i s a very

conta ins

s im i lar it ies

F ina l ly , Sm ith

a nd

Buddh ist bu i ld ings , a s we l l a s

a lso

h ints

l and

o r s tates were

pheno mena , but most

Fa Daed

t hat

contro l

F ina l ly, B ronson

Lo wer Chao

bu i td ings , a nd even p ictures o f h igh vo t ive

k no w ledge

i n

t hree

t he

noted

f or

f ound

t o

t hree

r eplaced

F irst ly , Muang

Kantaraw ichae

n ecessary

wh ich t he

e asy i n

I f s uch a n e nt ity d id ex ist 1 000 AD , t hen i t s hou ld be

l east

a rch itecture .

i mpress ive Dvaravat i s ty le

sema s tones .

a t

The Ch i f o r

t he

o f

t hat a s tate

i s

where

cu lt ivat ion

deve lop ment

c ontent ion

scope

t o

t o

i tse lf

p resent .

( 1984) h as

s ett lement h ierarchy d escr ibed i n t he s urvey a rea . I t h as been s tressed t hat no ev idence h as been Ch i a rea

i n

Co mpet it ion

i n

t he

b e long ing

part icu larly

o ffer ing

H igha m

1 soc iet ies .

mechan isms

l and

p rocess

a l esser extent, soc ia l c ircumscr ipt ion

s hou ld

s ett lement .

a s hort s tep

o f a utono mous

noted

ad m itted ly s tates

t hat

t he

i n

s i lver

f ro m e ar l ier

Non f or

s hado wy Northeast

p ercept ion o f

a nd mod if ied w ith

t he

Prehistoric Investigations in Northeast Thailand Excavations at Ban Na Di, Non Kao Noi, Ban Muang Phruk, Ban Chiang Hian, Non Noi, Ban Kho Noi and site surveys in the Upper Songkhram and Middle Chi Valleys

Charles Higham and Arnphan Kijngarn With contributions from Payom Chantaratiyakarn, Warrachai Wiriyaromp, Philip Houghton, Metha Wichakana, Warankhana Rajpitak, Nigel Seeley, T.T. Chang, E. Loresto, Brian Vincent, Jacqui Pild itch, Ingrid Adamcyzk, Richard McGovern-Wilson, P.O. Jones, Robert Maddin and Y. Q. Weng

Part iii BAR International Series 231 (iii) 1984

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S231(iii), Thailand', Part iii

©

1985: 'Prehistoric Investina tions in Northea st

Cha rles Hi�ha rn a nd Ampha n Kijnga m, 198ll:

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407392202 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407392219 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9781407392226 (Volume III) paperback ISBN 9780860543008 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407338835 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543008 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

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NZ 0

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r 1 1 F R E E:

S ECT I CN TH REE CHA I nER F IFTEEN B rian V incent T HE P ETROGRAPH I C ANALYSIS CF PREH ISTOR IC POTTERY FROM BAN NA D I A M RELATED S ITES

6 44

I ntroduction

6 44

Former

s tud ies

T echnological

i n p rehistoric T hai

c eram ics

s tudies

6 44 6 48

E thnographic s tudies

6 48

S tyle a nalysis a nd

6 49

f abric a nalysis

Methods employed

6 52

Definition o f S akon N äkhon B asin c eram ic t rad itions:

p reli m inary c onsiderations

6 53

Ceram ic a nalysis

6 55

B an N a D i mortuary p hase 1 p ottery

6 55

Ceram ic a nvils

f rom l evels 6 a nd 7

6 68

B an N a D i mortuary p hase 2 p ottery

6 69

F iring

6 71

t emperatures

The c lay u sed f or

b urial

f i gurines

6 74

XRD a nalysis E lectron m icroprobe a nalysis

6 75 6 75

B an N a D i

n on-burial

6 77

B an N a D i

r ims

p ottery

6 78

B an N a D i e xotic f abrics The a ffinities o f t he e xotic f abrics

6 82 6 84

A lkali water

6 84

B an N a D i Pottery

f ilters

c eram ics:

f rom s ites

s ummery

6 85

r elated t o B an Na D i

6 86

Conclusions

6 89

S ECT K N R1 JR CHAPTER S IXTEEN Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam THE CULTURAL A M CHRCNOLCG I CAL FRAMEWORK FOR NORTHEAST THA I PREH ISTORY I ntroduction: t he s ignificance o f B an N a D i B an N a D i:

s ummery

7 01

B an Chiang a nd B an Na D i B an N a D i a nd Non Nök T ha B an N a D i

a nd

B an N a D i

a nd B an Chiang:

Three

r eg ional

E lements o f

7 03 7 05

t he Chi Valley s ites

The M iddle Chi

7 05

c hronology

7 07

g roups

7 10

a rea

7 12

a model

e xplanation o f

f or

t he d evelopment

c entralised p olities

a nd

i n

Northeast Thailand The

6 98 6 98

7 13

l ate p eriod a t B an Chiang: was

c entralisation?

t here 7 19

-

c ontents

o f v o lu me

t hree

The Chi Valley a nd t he emergence o f T he a rticulation o f

APPEND IX CNE

t he M iddle Chi

c hiefdoms

Songkhram a reas

7 23

Northeast Thailand a nd Southeast Asian P rehistory .

7 25

Comparison w ith o ther

7 26

r egions

Charles H igham a nd Amphan K ijngam CHECKLIST CF RAD I OCARBON DATES

APPEND IX TWD

7 31

P hilip Houghton a nd Warrachai W iriyarcmp THE PEOPLE CF BAN t 4

SUMMARY

D I: CENSUS AND BONE S IZES

I N THA I

8 96

I NDEX

9 14

N/ CD L . _t _ . / KA E

1 5-1 Temper s ites

t ypes p reviously

-T -1 1

F 1 E

i dentified

As .E

f rom a rchaeolog ical

i n Thailand

6 51

1 5-2 Modern Northeast Thai a nd d istance 1 5-3 S hrinkage

p otting c lays:

t he ir

c haracteristics

f rom B an Na d i

6 56

t ests on modern p otting c lay f rom

S akon Näkhon B asin s ources

6 59

1 5-4 The r elationship b etween g oblet

f orm a nd f abric a t

B an N a D i 1 5-5 Ban Na D i:

6 60 t he manufacturing t echniques o f

1 5-6 The d ifferences

"Om K aeo" vessels 6 62

i n c onstruction a nd f inish b etween

p ots 6 2 a nd 6 3

6 64

1 5-7 The a ssociations b etween

i ndividual

b urials a nd b oth vessel

f orm a nd f abric 1 5-8 B an N a D i: a nvils a nd

t he

6 66 r elationships b etween

l evels 6 a nd 7

f abrics

6 68

1 5-9 Mortuary p hase 2 b urial

u rns:

d etails o f

f abric a nd

g rave goods

6 70

1 5-10 E lectron m icroprobe a nalysis o f c lay 3 T he p roportions o f

e xotic b urial

f orms a nd s ample s ize 1 5-12 B an Na D i: t he f abrics

6 76

p ots w ith

f rom occupation

1 5-14 T he o f

t emper

s urface

t ypes a ssociated w ith d ifferent f inish

t o

r im f orms

r ice c ultivators

6 77 6 78

a nalysis a nd 6 79 c ategories

f rom Non Chai

Population s ize a nd s ocial Asian

r espect

l evel

1 5-13 B an Na D i r im s herds: d etails o f methods o f t otal number o f t hin s ections e xam ined

1 6-1

7 37 7 46

WORKS REFERRED TO I N THE TEXT

1 5-11

7 20

a nd Upper

6 87

o rganisation among S outheast 7 17

c ontents

o f vo lume

t hree

LJ N I E

1 5-1 Map o f

t he g eology o f

1 5-2 Map s how ing t he

t he Khorat P lateau

l ocation o f

c lay s ources

6 93 i n

t he Upper

Songkhram Valley 1 5-3 Sections

6 57

t hrough modern a nd p rehistoric s herds

f abric c haracteristics 1 5-4 Pot 3 5, ( form l a, f abric 3 ) 1 5-5 Example o f

s urface

t o

i llustrate 6 94 6 95

s how ing s hrinkage c rack

f inish o f

nOm Kaeo" were

6 57

1 5-6 Cdmparison o f v itrification s tructures b etween modern c lay a nd p rehistoric B an Na D i l ocal were 6 96 1 5-7 XRD s pectra o f modern S akon Näkhon p ottery c lays 1 6-1

The R ed R iver D elta,

s how ing t he

l ocation o f

6 97

t he d istribution

o f P hung Nguyen s ites 1 6-2 The

i n terre lat ionsh ips

underlie

t he

7 27 b etween

t ransition

t he v ariables

f rom GO M lun

t hought

t o

t o Dong Son p hases

7 28

T he

a na lys is

o f p reh istor ic

-TI

I t 1

A I F '

Tha i c eram ics :

C> t -4

I 1FR E E E

E FR

F

F '

THE PETROGRAPH IC ANALYS IS OF FRO M

BAN NA

i n troduct ion

D I AND

PREH IST OR IC

POTTERY

REL ATED S ITES

B .A .V incent

Ed i tors'

preface .

cons iderat ion

T he

pr inc ipal

of i ncreas ing

of

t he

present

r eport ,

i n Northeast

i s

T ha i land

t he

f i rst mi l lenn ium

t he

l ate per iod a t Ban Ch iang and i ts equ ivalent occupat ion phase

Ns

D i ,

w i th

Val ley

expans ion

ch iefdo m .

mater ial cu lture t he

B .C .

point

soc ial co mplex i ty

Upper

i nclud ing

t he

t he pottery . wh ich

Val ley .

i s

f ro m

f ro m

t he

per iphery

based

i n

t he ma in ,

of an on

a t Ban

emerg ing

aspects

Ch i

o f

t he

excavat ions a t Ban Na D i an d Non Cha i

There

analys is

a re

of human

several

r emains ,

ways

and

of

t est ing

t h is

t he petrograph ic

mode l ,

deta i ls

o f

Br ian V incent has been undertak ing such a petrograph ic s tudy

i s yet t o be co mpleted .

chapter belo w . r eader

w i l l

S ince h is work

dev ised , we / 1

was wr i tten under a t he

of people

T h is mode l

t he mode l we have t he

I n chapter s ixteen , we p resent a model wh ich l inks

r ecovered

Ch i

t he

dur ing

i s

v ery

agree

were

s tressed

able

r epresents a major advance

our i n

h im

t o

t o

contr ibute

t hat i t i s a prel im inary statement , and

t ight schedu le .

w ith

i s of c ruc ial importance

t o persuade We

a re

assessment ,

t he

analys is

ho wever ,

t hat

work

conf ident of

o f preh istor ic

t h is

t hat

nature

Southeast As ian

cera m ics .

I NTRODUCT ION H itherto, e nt ire ly

t o

i ntent ion s amp les Both

cera m ic

a na lys is

cons iderat ions

o f

r esearchers

o f

pottery,

i ntra-reg iona l

f or mu lat ions

concern ing

cons idered .

Cu ltures

changes

i t

i n

Unfortunate ly 1 967,

1 969 ,

h ave

a s

i n

h as a nd

Southeast As ia

app ly ing

been

t o

cu ltura l

a re

o ften

o ften

1 936 ,

been

l im ited

( i .e .

a l most

s ty le) .

The

s ty le

s tud ies , o ften

t o

p rov ide

f i rm

chronolog ical

f ramewo rks .

chrono log ies

character ised

been

h as

d ecorat ion

character isat ion d irect ly

workers

Shepard

a nd

s uch

i nter-reg iona l

s evera l

1 970 ,

i n

o f morphology

h ave

a re

a nd

by

co rre lated

1 942 ,

1 965 ,

i s

cons ider

n ecessary change

t he ir

r epeated ly 1 968) ,

i mmense

pottery

t o

s ty le ,

w ith

cu lture

po inted

out ,

s uch

i f i n it ia l

a re

b e a nd

change . ( Peacock

assumpt ions

a re

o ften u nwarranted . The o f

t he

object o f

mater ia l

o f

t h is

chapter

wh ich

t o

cera m ics

a re

t he much

composed :

t he ir

neg lected f abr ic .

s tudy

Th is

i s

n ecessary because s tyle a na lyses t axa may b e c ruc ia l ly a ffected by s uch f actors a s l oca l i m itat ion o f t raded a rt ic les o r t he i mportat ion o f r aw mater ia ls . contexts 1 936 ,

The i s

1 942 ,

p resence

not 1 965 ,

s utf ic ient Lauer

o f

vast

cause 1 974) .

quant it ies t o

a ssu me

Hence

o f i n

pottery

i n

a rchaeo log ica l

s itu manufacture

p rev ious

cera m ic

s tud ies

( Shepard d isp lay

T he

a na lys is

o f p reh istor ic

c ons iderab le c ircumscr ipt ion After b r ief ly w i l l be manner

d iscussed des igned

u nderstand ing p resented a re s hou ld

be

i n

r ev iew ing

t he ir ob ject ives

e arl ier s tud ies ,

f o l lo wed

t o

by

a ddress

t he

" Percept ion a l l

Shepard 's

t han

i mp ress ions" . many

r igo rous

e fforts

h as

wh ich

d ata ,

c ruc ia l

o f a na lys is

t reated

i mportance

i n a t o

a n

s tatement on ly .

t he

t o

t o

THA I CERA M ICS

a rchaeo log ists

g uttered

s he

t ens ion

o f

def ined

i den t if iable

o f

PREH IST OR IC

r eproduced

by

The

under l ies

I N

ava i lab le

pottery

s ense",

qua l it ies

o f n ew

i s f urther d ist ingu ished by select ion" ( Shepard

s tatement

" pot tery

p resentat ion

a s a p re l im inary

a rtefacts

more

conc lus ions .

p resent method

o f t he p reh istory o f t he Khorat P lateau . The r esu lts concerned w ith a l im ited r ange o f spec if ic quest ions , a nd

r egarded

Of

i n troduct ion

a nd

t he

s evera l quest ions

FORMER STUD IES

none

T ha i c eram ics :

f ro m

above

d rew

meant

t he

bet ween

i n

a ttent ion

t he

var iab les

a t

i mmed iate

t he

t he

n ature

a nd

pottery Thus ,

u nconsc ious ly

be

Emphas is

o f o thers may

l ead

o f

o rgan isat ion

a na lys is .

i nterests .

expense

p erhaps

c lass if icat ion .

t o o f

methods

ceram ic

b e ob ject ive , a ttent ion may by

a na lys is ,

s ubject ive

" process

object ive

i nadequac ies

f or

1 968 98)

s ense desp ite

d rawn

on

t o

o f

t o

r ead i ly

d istort ions

i n

percept ion wh ich amount t o a p rocess o f s e lect ion by omm iss ion . Cera m ic t he

s ame

been

s tud ies

approach

character ised

o ften

i mpl ied

des ign

e le ments

des ign

t ype

advances , 1 970 ,

At

onto logy

l ocat ion

on

e nt it ies ,

1 980)

g iv ing

t he

p ast

a nd

North Amer ica .

way

t o

o r

a vesse l

equated

h e ld

a s

t he

t o

Phet ,

apparent ly f ro m

were

so me o f h is

on

a rea .

t hen

h is

l ed

and a postu tated 1 975) . The s a me

h im

s tyle .

Before

"Beaker

r ecent

Ware"

( Clarke

cu ltura l

e nt it ies .

a na lys is a

based

h is

i gnored . o f

t o

Southeast

t he

s tratum

a na lys is

p resent .

conta in ing

o f

t he

t reat ment a nd co lour, wh i le

system

o f

t o d raw

no menclature .

w ith

s hape ,

a movement o f Dvaravat i peop le

SOrensen

i n

o f

a na lys is was

equated

h as

No menc lature f or ms

correspond ing t he

s hare

Th is

a rtefact

o f Quar itch- Wa les

( 1957)

s hape , s urface

r ef lected

vesse ls

work

d ecades

Co mb inat ions

w ith

European

character ises

e arly

p otsherds w ith

Phraya

Ban Kao

i nferences

t he

Quar itch-Wa les

d ist inct ive

t he L ower Chao

approach

f rom

f or

s tyles .

denote

f ive

t axono my .

der ivat ions

v ar iet ies

s uch

were

t rad it iona l

a sse mb lages

examp les ( SOrensen

t o

over

Europe

o r iented

des ignated

a nd

i n

notable except ions , t echn ica l c era m ic

Muang

ware

ev ident

f unct iona l ly

Harr ison Th is

As ian

by

d iscrete

W ith a f ew

i n Southeast As ia

o ften

The

f ro m

f unerary f unct iona l

s hapes

o f

d irect para l le ls w ith Lungshano id

der ivat ion v ia a n over land r oute , f ro m Ch ina u nder ly ing concept, t hat cu ltura l r e lat ionsh ips

a re c lear ty d iscernab le i n pottery s tyles , marks t he c r it ic isms o f S o irensen 's work b y Parker ( 1968) . B ayard ( 1970) a sserted t hat t he Ban Kao pottery t ypes h ave

r easonab ly

Tha,

t he

a nd

d iagnost ic .

Rather

bet ween Ban Kao I n Tha

h as

many i n

t han

para l le ls w ith a re

t he

c ons idered

Lungshano id ,

m idd le

per iod

d ist inct ive

Bayard

f ound

a t Non

e nough

c loser

t o

Nok be

r e lat ionsh ips

a nd Non Nok Tha , Lopbur i a nd Khok Charoen .

ways .

i nfluenced

cons idered

c lose

f ru itstands

s o me

Bayard 's

most d eta i l .

approach

s ubsequent H is

f i rst

t o

t he

s tud ies ,

r ich

so

i mpress ions o f

- 6 45

-

h is

d ata

f ro m

approach

Non must

t he mater ia l were :

Nok b e

Pot tery

a na lys is : a r ev iew

o f e arl ier a pproaches

" that t he major i ty of potsherds r ecovered f ro m a ll l ayers o f t he s ite be longed s i te's

t o

a s ing le

t ype

wh ich

h istory : sand-tempered ,

t ypes of t emper and f in is / i , wi th r ice chaff o r ground

had pers isted

cord- marked ,

such c lay

t hroughout m ost o f

open-f ired earthen ware .

t he

Other

as pla in o r smoothed sherds t empered were certa in ly present , but i t was our

subject ive impress ion t hat t hese m i nor categor ies were i mported vessels . . . ." ( Bayard 1 976 :146) .

v ery probably

f ro m

Subsequent qua l itat ive exa m inat ion o f s herds a nd who le v esse ls r evea led a r easonab le var iety o f d ifferent t empers , f or ms and s urface d ecorat ion . I n v iew o f t hese observed v ar iat ions a co mputer a nalys is f ol lo w ing f or m , r im

a h ierarch ic

t emper, l ip

s herd data

s urface

d ia meter

a nd

quant it ies were

a nd

t axono my

was

f in ish ,

s hape , s urface

r im

many

metr ica l

we ights .

s ubject ive ly

emp loyed . var iab les

Apart

der ived

f ro m

a nd

Var iab les

i nc luded

t reat ment o f i nc lud ing

s ize

t he metr ica l

h eav i ly

b iased

pottery

t o

r im

s ize ,

s urfaces ,

d imens ions ,

var iables , a lt

t o wards

t he

f orm

and

decorat ion . Bayard among o f

cons idered

t he

f unerary

t he a rtefact c lasses r ecovered .

i nter ment a s

bur ia ls .

The

r e lat ive ly

vesse l

p rec ise

t ypology

Temper

i s

c lass if icat ion vesse ls

i s

not

l ow-po wered a s

one

f ol lo ws :

o f

scheme .

v ar iab les ,

but

8 0 .9% ,

s and

o f

E leven

a nd

chaff

t e mper 3 .5% , chaff a nd

1 .7% ,

p ig ment

s and

a nd

r ed

0 .1% .

Var iat ions

chronolog ica l accord ing t o concedes t he

t hat

s ame

l ess

( Bayard

h is

t ypolog ica l 1 977 :85) .

var iab les

1 00) ,

i t

r esearch

on

cons iderab le

( i :9)

spec if ic

a ttent ion

def ined

on

t he

f i ne

s and

chaff

1 .0% ,

i s

a

a

s and

8 .2% , s and

1 .0%

and

acco rd ing

per iods , 1 977 :78) .

a rb itrary ( 847

n o t o

but no t Bayard

and

so mewhat

s tudy , wh ich

s at isfactory

w ith

r ecogn ised ,

and

l ater ite

a l arger s amp le

h is

bur ia l

l ater ite a nd

l i sted

l ater

i n

o f

exa m ined were

1 .7% ,

a re

h is

p ro m inant t e mper

employed

vesse ls

degree

aga inst

o f

r igou r

a nd

emphas ised r esu lt o f

o f methods t hrough a f ro m

t he

H igham

a

group

t he

i n not ing o f

of a ttr ibutes

a nd

Parker's excavat ions a t

s uperv is ion , Buchan

def in it ion o f

( 1960)

u sed i n Bayard 's deta i led cons iderat ion o f Buchan 's

t ype .

I n

( 1973) devoted

t h is , s he

f ol lowed

t hat a

a rtefacts

suff ic ient

cons istently t o

produce

a

d isplay ing c haracter ist ic

1 973 :15) .

Def in ing

var iety

t o

i n

u nder Bayard 's

t o

as

co mb i nat ion

f orm" ( Buchan

d irect

were t ypes

i n g enera l ised u n its ( Bayard

p rov ide

der ived

Work ing

( 1950) a nd Spau ld ing

Buchan

s herds

sche me

t he s e lect ion i s i ncreased

a ssemb lages

Non Nong Ch ik .

" type

t o

not t he

t emper

t ype

Yet

appl ied

s een

checks

1 984 :117) .

I ns ight i n to s ty l ist ic a na lys is

Ehr ich

i s

b ut was

l ater ite

c rumb ly

t emper

( Bayard

bas ic

t han

1 .0% , i n

p redo m inance s et out spec if ic s trat igraph ic

i mpress ion ist ic

o f

i ndependent

1 5 .3% ,

chaff 6 .2% , p repared t emper,

i mportance a nd method

deter m in ing

non-bur ia l

b inocu lar m icroscope . Sand

p rov ided

method

descr ibed,

p r i me

vesse l s tyle

t hemse lves .

Bayard 's

The

be

v iewed

i nd icators o f t he p rovenance o f d isturbed

t hen ,

phase des ignat ion o f t he bur ia ls

He

o f

t he

s e lect ing t he

p last ic

co mponent

i n terdependence

var iety

app ropr iate

n ature

a ttr ibutes

bet ween

a ttr ibutes

o f poss ib le

t hem .

o f

c lay .

versus Th is

i s

a ttr ibutes The

a

means

e nd

l esser t hat

c lear ly

i n pottery r esu lt

d egree a

i s o f

spec i f ic

c ruc ia l .

s a mples , a a . g reater necessary a ttr ibute

Pottery

c o mb inat ion

may

c lass if icat ion w ith

a na lys is : a r ev iew

not

a lways

i ts emphas is on

o f e ar l ier a pproaches

occur . c eram ic

The

t ype-var iety

t ype

c lusters

system

i s most s im i lar

o f t o

t he h ierarch ica l system chosen by Buchan , emp loy ing a s i t does 3 8 pottery v ar iables i ncorporated i n Bayard 's co mputer f or mat . One part icu lar v ar iable , t emper, conta ined 3 9 s ub-categor ies der ived f rom var ious c omb inat ions o f f our bas ic t emper t ypes : s and , r ice chaff, l ater ite a nd p repared t emper ( e ither g round potsherds o r c rushed p re-f ired c lay ba lls) . I t i s i mportant t o note t hat f o l lo w ing deta i led s tat ist ica l a na ty is , o n ly one pa ir o f v ar iab les cou ld be u sed f or X2 t ests o f a ssoc iat ion : t emper t ype a nd body decorat ion . A def in ite a ssoc iat ion bet ween t he two v ar iables was ev ident i n t he ma jor ity o f r esu lts . Faced w ith a pottery a ssemb lage o f c . 2 00 ,000 body s herds a nd 5 0 ,000 r ims , B ronson ( 1976) cons idered mathemat ica l a ttr ibute a na lys is t oo t ime

consum ing

because o f

t he h uge

s amp le

s ize

a nd

excess ive

amount

o f

a pparently s ign if icant a ttr ibutes . Rando m s amp l ing was r e jected due t o t he r isk o f i gnor ing u n ique o r r are s herd t ypes , wh ich a re potent ia l ly i mportant i f t hey a re i mported . Further, wh i te a part icu lar des ign o r f orm a tt r ibute may h ave a l im ited t empora l a nd spat ia l d istr ibut ion , a nd i s t hus p otent ia l ly i mportant f or document ing contact between soc ia l g roups most mathe mat ica l t axonom ic systems , accord ing t o B ronson , a re u nab le t o p rov ide appropr iate we ight ing emphas is . Chrono logy i s centra l t o B ronson 's methodo logy . Yet t he ex ist ing s yste m

o f

no menc lature

f or

t he

Chansen a rea was b ased on a rt Dvaravat i , Khmer a nd Sukhotha i . own

words ,

" such

bas ic

p rotoh istor ic

a nd

h istor ic

per iods

i n

t he

s tyles a nd k ingdo ms , s uch a s t he Funan , I n consequence , i n B ronson a nd Da les 's

procedures

as

pottery

s tarted f ro m scratch" ( Bronson a nd Da les 1 972 :18) . As ia l ack a n e stab l ished system o f descr ipt ion

c lass if icat ion had

t o

be

Not on ly d id Southeast a nd c lass if icat ion , t he

Chansen mater ia l was cons idered not t o be amenable t o systems f avoured e lsewhere . An i nnovat ive system was t herefore dev ised , wh ich u sed t er ms a nd concepts borrowed p iecemea l c ategor ies , s uch a s " sort ing c lass", t erm inology k ind

a nd

i s f am i l iar, def in it ions

t he

quant ity

(c .

6 6%

o r i nvented t o dea l w ith r es idua l " spec ia ls" a nd " var iants" . Wh i le t he

d isp lay o f

t he

adapt ive s herds

f lex ib i l ity

r ecovered)

s u ited o f

t he

t o

t he

pottery

a na lysed . Centra l t o t he " reasonab ly object ive" system emp loyed , i s aga in t he concept o f t ype . B ronson 's t ypes compr ise r imsherds w ith a t l east one s hared d ist inct ive a ttr ibute . Attr ibutes a re " any s ing le descr ipt ive c haracter ist ic", a nd a character ist ic i n t urn " cannot be s ubd iv ided f urther w ithout deta i led t echn ica l exam inat ion" . Attr ibutes , t he e lementary t axono m ic u n its , a re v ar ious ly co mb ined t o p roduce modes , t ypes , spec ia ls , s ort ing t he

c lasses , var iants , t ype co mp lexes a nd f abr ic g roups . B ronson 's t reat ment o f t he data i s deta i led a nd co mprehens ive w ith in f ra mework outl ined above . Attr ibutes o f a t echn ica l n ature , s uch a s

c o lour, surface f o rm

f in ish a nd

no menc lature

b ased ma in ly who le-vesse l def in it ion .

on s hape t axa , a nd

They

a lso

t emper appear s ubject ive ly

r eflects

f unct iona l

a ssumpt ions .

der ived For m

ho wever, a nd c lasses

a re

a nd s ize c r iter ia . They a re l im ited t o common f eature a f or m p lus spec if ic a ttr ibute f or mu la

i nvar iab ly

i nc lude

e ither

a f abr ic

g roup

o r

t emper

t ype a s an a ttr ibute . U lt imate ly, t he ceram ic phases der ived f rom t he above s tud ies a re s een t o m irror cu ltura l ep isodes , where l ong ; s tab le per iods a re s eparated by s horter , acce lerated per iods o f t rans it ion .

Pottery

a na lys is : a r ev iew

o f e arl ier a pproaches

TECHNOL OG IC AL STUD IES Petrograph ic

a na lys is

o f

s herds

f rom

Khok

Charoen

u s ing

s tandard

t h in-sect ion po lar ized l i ght a s we l l a s e lectron m icroprobe c hem ica l determ inat ion t echn iques h as i dent if ied s ix f abr ic g roups (Watson e t a l . i n p ress) . Th is i mportant s tudy h igh l ights t he n eed f or f i ne-gra ined a na lys is o f p reh istor ic m inera log ica l ly

ceram ics . I dent if icat ion o f t emper a nd i nc lus ions cons istent w ith l oca l ly ava i lable weathered volcan ic r ocks

o f ac id compos it ion p rov ides f i r m ev idence o f l oca l manufacture . Other i mp l icat ions o f t h is work a re outl ined be low . Further work o f a t echn ica l n ature h as been u ndertaken t o a scerta in f i r ing t emperatures (Meacham and So lhe im

1 980), t he

chem ica l compos it ion o f s herds

c lass if icat ion o f cord-tw ist var iab les o f

( Puka jorn

t he w idespread

1 984) , a nd

t he

cord- marked p ottery

(A itken 1 977) .

ETHNOGRAPH IC

i ns ight t o

STUD IES

E thnograph ic s tud ies o ffer a rchaeolog ists i n to t he manufacture a nd d istr ibut ion o f

t he

a na lys is

o f

p reh istor ic

s amp les

a nd ceram ic ists v a luable pottery . Th is i s r e levant

i f

t reated

w ith

c aut ion .

Unfortunate ly, f ew s uch s tud ies h ave been u ndertaken i n Tha i land . Ca lder ho wever, h as cons idered manufactur ing p rocesses , consumer demands , t rade p atterns , s easona l p roduct ion , b reakage a nd r ep lacement r esponses a nd var iab le e nd-product u ses ( Ca lder 1 972) . She noted t hat t he i nhab itants o f Ban

Koeng

s aw

t hemse lves

on ly

a s

consumers ,

n ever

a s

p roducers

o f

pottery . Yet t hey were f am i l iar w ith t he p roduct ion t echn iques emp loyed a t t he n earby spec ia l ist pott ing v i l lage o f Ban Mo . Excavat ions d es igned t o t est hypotheses r e lated t o d istr ibut ions p rov ided va luab le

b reakage modes a nd i ns ight i n to d epos it ion ,

b reakage , a nd s herd wear . I ns ight i nto p roduct ion

r ather

t han

c onsumpt ion

Sothe im 's s tudy o f t he southern Tha i v i l lage Pottery manufacture p rov ides t he econo m ic potters

a re

f ema le ,

a nd

" pr ivate ly owned beds" added a nd a cy l inder

t he

manufactory

s i tuated o f c lay

s ubsequent sherd t ransportat ion a fter i s

p rov ided

o f S t ing Mor ( So lhe im b ase o f t he v i l lage .

u t i l ises

c lay

b y

1 964) . The

purchased

f rom

so me d istance away . Sand t emper i s i s whee l f or med i n to vesse ls e ither

co mp leted i n one s tage o r p artly whee l f ormed a nd s ubsequent ly shaped w ith a wooden padd le a nd f i red-clay a nv i l . Vesse l f i e lds a re var ious ly t reated e i ther p la in . I n t he

w ith padd le i mpress ions , s tamps , o r s imply by b e ing l eft case o f water j ars , t he i mpress ions o f c arved p add les u sed

i n s hap ing a re smoothed over, but s tamps wh ich vary i n mot if f or e ach potter a re app l ied t o t he s hou lders . Pebb le burn ish ing and g roov ing a re a lso

emp loyed .

F ir ing

i s u ndertaken

i n vert ica l o r hor izonta l k i lns by

men .

The k i lns a re p r ivate ly owned , a nd may b e h i red out . So lhe im

( 1964)

t he

i nhab itants o f

The

i nhab itants

r espect ive ly . a pond

descr ibed l ocated

about

two

f ive m inutes wa lk

d ry ing ,

i nto f i r ing

a fter f i r ing, t hey a re

t he

5 5

km

Dur ing

648

f ro m

by men

The t emper

-

t hey b lack

t echn iques o f o f Khon

Kaen .

Kho rat a nd

Ubon

a nd women

f rom

i s p repared by m ix ing

about 1 5 cm

f i r ing ,

t he outs ide a nd

-

northwest

e arl ier

i s gathered

away .

s hape o f ba l ls

t hem .

b ro wn on

t he pottery mak ing

c .

d ecades

Carefu l ly s e lected c lay

l ocated

a fter

a lso

Nong ,

a rr ived

c lay w ith r ice h usks t hen

h as

Ban

i n d iameter, a nd

beco me i n

t he

r ed

hot ,

c entre .

a nd They

E thnograph ic

s tud ies

o f Northeastern

T ha i p ottery manufacture

a re t hen t aken by wo men a nd pounded i n a wooden mortar before be ing s ieved t hrough a 3 o r 4 mm basket weave mesh . C lay i s t hen m ixed w ith t he

t e mper on

t he

c lay ,

cy l inders l arge

a mat p laced

wo men a re

ho l lowed

vesse ls ,

These

a re

s ecured

h and-he ld a

f or m

i s

t he

v esse ls .

Each

200-300

a nd

potter h ave

g rass

f ue l h eaped

t hree

t o

post

a nd

a

t hem

i s much

f i ngers

o r,

ho l lo w

e n larged r ound

The

t he

based

c lay

c ase

o f

cyl inders .

evened

post, a nd

w ith

a

u s ing

a

o f t he vesse l i s f or med

c arved

padd le

app l icat ion

s hou lders o f t he l arger j ars . There a re t he potters a re k no wn t o i m itate exot ic bet ween

a nd

a nd

t hem

r ep len ished

noted

f la me ,

1 2

f i re

w ith

1 4 on

a s

vesse ls a

r aft

r equ ired

t hrough but i n

o f

a d ay,

a nd

wood ,

w ith

over a per iod o f

t hat : a general ly

ox id is ing

f i res a l ight b ro wn , w i th f i re c louds co mmon .

b ro wn al l t he way

t emper w ith so l id

i n

a nd

t he

body

f i na l

t he

P repared

a nd

a nd

agent .

a nv i l ,

So lhe im

a nd

by wa lk ing

p roduces

over

Wh i le men m ix

vesse ls .

so l id

accumu lated , men

f ive hours .

"There surface

t he

both

smooth ing

padd le

g round . t humbs

f or med

i mpresses a pattern on t he s evera l d ifferent f o r ms , a nd when

t he

a wooden

r im

l eaf a s

p la in

t o

on

The

on

construct

e ither w ith

a s t ick

r ough padd le . u s ing

a tone

t h icker port ions

a tmosphere .

T he

T he paste i s usual ly

t here

i s

of ten

a b lack

core r e main ing ." The bas ic econo m ic-product ion u n it i s t he f am i ly . Wo men make v esse ls , men market t hem . Wh i te k no w ledge o f pott ing i s r eta ined w ith in f am i ly

a nd

co mmun ity ,

t aught pott ing

wo men

co m ing

i nto

f ie lds .

I t i s

T h is p repared u nt i l " it f ee ls

a dded

t akes

t hen

d r ied , pounded

Two

p lace

on

padd le a

Loe i

i t u nnecessary

The t o

He

n atura l

add

t hen

noted

t hat

occurrence

s traw

and

occas iona l ly

g ather c lay ( So lhe im

f ro m 1 967) .

smoothed

smoothed

bamboo

g lo w ing

l asted

hot .

o x id ised, b r ick

The

r ed

co mp lete r aft .

c lay o f

w ith

t ro m

t he

No

was

coarse

f or m ing , a nd

add it iona l

t rad it ion

a t

co l lected s andy

f ue l Ban

i s Na

on ly

f ro m

i nc lus ions

made

t he water-softened

c lay was

t exture a nd o f acceptab le cons istency . ho l lo wed by h and , t hen padd le beaten a nd

t he

a b amboo

e xpanded w ith a p add le a nd a nv i l . s e lected r iver pebb le a nv i l were u sed . were

t imber

t emper ing mater ia l , so

a f ter t he upper edge was was

a nv i l s tages

f ue led

s imp ly pounded u nt i l u n ifor m i n P repared cy l inders o f c lay were s urface

potters

a nd b asket-s ieved

l asts bet ween 1 -1 .5 hours . descr ibed a f urther pott ing

P rov ince .

t er m ite mounds .

a nd

g rass

dur ing f i r ing , wh ich Bayard ( 1977a) h as

K raseng,

t he

a re

c lay i s t hen water mo istened a nd t empered w ith r iver s and r ight" . Batches o f pots a re manufactured i n s tages , i n it ia l ly

o n a s lo w whee l . f i r ing

v i l lage

s k i l ls .

At Ban Phan Luang n ear Luang P rabang , n earby

t he

t he t he

two

r im

co mp leted .

s t ick

a nd

t he

The

A c arved padd le a nd F ir ing on a l og p latfor m t o

t hree

r esu ltant vesse ls were

i n c o lour" a nd w ith

hours f ound

l i tt le o r no

o r t o

u nt i l be

i nner

s hou lder

r im

a rea ,

c arefu l ly f ue led by

t he

vesse ls

" un ifor m ,

f u l ly

f i re c loud ing .

STYLE ANALYS IS AND FABR IC ANALYS IS Most c onstruct ion

o f

t he o f

r esearch

mean ingfu l

descr ibed r e lat ive

above

i s

chrono log ies

i n tra-reg iona l ly . Th is i s a p red ictab le r esponse t o a rea h ardly k no wn a rchaeo log ica l ly . Much emphas is

concerned both

w ith

i nter-

t he a nd

i n it ia l r esearch i n a n i n t h is approach i s

p laced on s ty le . Yet s tyles o ften g rade i mperceptab ly , a nd s tyle a na lys is a tone o ften f a i ls t o r ecogn ise i m itat ions o f i n trus ive pottery, o r t he

- 6 49

-

S ty le

adaptat ion

o f

f ore ign

l oca l i nnovat ion . para meters ex ist ev idence

o f

a nd

f abr ic

manufactur ing

a na lys is

t echn iques

By contrast f abr ic i n t he r aw mater ia l

p rovenance ,

o r

equa l ly

a nd

s tyles

i mportant ,

t he

petrog raph ica l ly

s and ,

g rog ,

s he l l ,

c lear ly d iscernab le . Extre me conservat ism ( Shepard 1 968) . Thus t emper can p rov ide pottery- mak ing p referred The f i rst o f

custo ms

o r

t o o ther equa l ly petrograph ic

i s k ind

f ound

t rad it ions ,

r ock

o r

a meander

o f

c er ta in

a fford ev idence o f i nto another ; when

o rgan ic

t e mpers

a re

part icu lar ly

i f

one

t empe r

i s

s u itab le a nd/or ava i lab le mater ia ls .

a na lys is

deta i led

by

Watson

i n Southeast As ia , p rov ided

r eproduced

t o

i n t emper u se i s w idesp read i mpo rtant i nfor mat ion r egard ing

a n

e t al

e xample

o f f abr ic a na lys is f or p rovenance deter m inat ions . S ix ev ident, 8 0% o f t he s amp le co mpr is ing l oca l wares However,

contras t

exc lus ion

a reas a s sources o f r aw mater ia l . Temper ing mater ia ls qua l itat ive change . One t emper var iety does not g rade exa m ined

i n

a na lys is , when c lear geo log ical source a rea , can p rov ide c lear

des ign

der ived

i n s imp l if ied

f ro m

f or m

on

a n

( in

p ress) , t he

t he

i mpor tance

d iscrete f ab r ics a re o f f abr ic g roup 1 .

e xot ic

a f abr ic

o f

f abr ic

1 pot .

6 vesse l was

Watson

v iews

t h is

a s corroborat ive ev idence o f t he p rest ige a ttached t o t he i mported v esse l . C lear ly, a s tr ictly s ty le-or iented s tudy cou ld h ave f a i led t o d iscr im inate bet ween what a re Th is bur ia l

vesse ls

t ypes

i n

f act

s ituat ion

d id

r ice

ceram ic

a ssert ion

b ased

f or m

a nd

w ith

r espect 3 .5% o f

s urface

t he h as

t he

a n

a n

o f

t emper a nd

chaff-tempered

mater ia l

3 1 .4%

h as

pottery

t o

be

a

The

n ew

contact

a nd

"movement

t emper

o f

t ypes

e ither

o f

a s

t o agree i n

and/o r The

t h is

l a ter ite , ma jor ity

a nd

chaff

opposed

Th is

t e mper,

note

5 l eve ls t he

i nd icate o r

i n

he ld

chaff .

l eve ls , a nd

vesse ls

e v idence

sequence .

t o

s and

v esse l

1 c onta ined

s trong

f or a nd

w ith

ad m ixture

p robab ly

o f

i s

i n terest ing

do mest ic

t ype

Tha

i n M idd le Per iod

bur ia l

Non Nok Tha

def in ing

Cont inu it ies

L ooked

i s

so me

character ist ic

wares .

a re

t empered

occurs t o

t here

s ty le .

t he i n

h is

t he Non Nok

I t i s

o f

u sed

Thus

Bayard ,

o f vesse l

These a re occupat ion a s opposed p resumed

t o

t ypo logy .

t he

a na lys is

c r iter ia

a ttr ibute .

t hroughout

a na lys is

vesse l

6 5 .7%

no

a s

h is

t reat ment a ssoc iat ions

f unerary t hat

Bayard 's

Accord ing

t rad it ion

on

t o

because

t emper

chaff .

f or a s ing le i s

1 977) ,

i nclude

o r

two d ifferent t ypes .

r e levant

( Bayard

not

e i ther s and

i s

l ater .

t emper

i s

t o

f unerary

i ncreased

e xterna l

non-loca l

potters"

( Bayard

1 977 :82) . I n h er a na lys is a

s ing le

a nd o f out

t emper

chaff , t he

t h is

body

be lo w .

Tab le

s i tes .

I n

by

t he

when

a ttr ibutes

f or

s and ,

i s A

1 5-1

var ious

l i ght o f

exerc ised

t he Non Cha i a ssemb lage , Rutn in

do m inated

t emper

s herds .

documented

o f

t ype

i dent if ied w ith

s ets

t he

t he

c rushed

t he

i n for mat ion o f

on

mater ia l

r eg iona l

outl ined c era m ic

t he

outl ined

do i n

- 6 50

-

t h is

r e levant

a nd

mater ia l

t ypes

i dent ify

8 2 .3% i s

s et

o rder

a s

n eeds

t o

i dent if ied

c ategor ies b road

1 51 p rov ides

t hat sand

Tha i p reh istor ic

c aut ion

However ,

t echno log ica l

c hanges .

c lay ,

chronolog ica l

t emper t o

as

r imsherds

o f

above ,

o f

s erve t ab le

i n

f ro m

a na lyses .

potsherds

o f

t ypes

d istr ibut ions

s tyl ist ic

a nd

8 8 .4%

( 1979) n oted

Descr ibed

cons iderat ion

t emper

object ives

f ibre

ev idence

out

workers

t emper a nd f ac ie

s equence .

petrograph ic

a ssess ing

e ssent ia l ly

t he

s uch

o ut l ines

b e a s a s i n

i mpo rtant pr ima

var iat ions

a nd

t empora l

S ty le

a nd

f abr ic

TABLE Temper

t ypes p rev ious ly

S ite

Tamper

Khok Charoen

g ranitic r ock

a na lys is

1 5-1

i dent if ied f ro m i n Tha i land

a rchaeo log ica l s i tes

Chronology f ragments

( tamper

6 )

P eriod 1

s and ( probably weathered v olcanics ( fabric 1 )

P eriods 2 /3

g rog ( containing f abric 1 material)

P hi mai

( fabric 2 )

P eriod 4

f ine s and r i ce c haff

Tamyae P himai

f ine

E arly H istoric

t o c oarse s and

m in eral

Chansen

d om inant

P hase 1

v egetable v ery common

P hase 2

v egetable d om inant

P hase 3

v egetable dom inant

Phase 4

v egetable v ery c ommon

P hase 5

m ineral

P hase 6

dom inant

Non Chai

c lay,

s and a nd c haff

Non Due l

f ibre 6 2% c lay 38%

p hase 1

Non Dua

f ibre 6 8%,

p hase 2

Bo Phan Khan

f i bre 9 9%

p hase 2

D on Taphan

f i bre 9 9%

p hase 2

Non Dua

c lay 4 8%,

B o P han Khan

f i bre 8 7%

p hase 3

Don Taphan

f i bre 9 3%

p hase 3

Non Nok Tha

s and 9 2%

E arly P eriod

c lay 2 3% s and 8%

( 1977)

f or t he

t he

p hase 3

f i bre 3 1% s and 1 9%

s and 6 7% c haff

2 6%

M iddle P eriod

s and 50% c haff

5 0%

L ate P eriod

Data f ro m Watson e t a l . Ph ima i , B ronson ( 1976) f or case

t hroughout

Ro l E t

do m inant

s i tes , t emper

( in p ress) f or Khok Charoen , We lch ( 1983) f or Chansen , Rutn in ( 1979) f or Non Cha i , H igham a nd i s

Bayard g iven ,

( 1977) a nd

n earest nu mber

- 6 51 -

f or Non Nok

percentages

Tha .

r ounded

•I n e ach t o

t he

Ana lys is

o f p ottery : methodo logy

METHODS " There

The

i s no s imple procedure f or t he t echnolog ical analys is of preh istor ic pottery '"(Shepard 1 936 :393)

methods

sc ient if ic

ceram ic

emp loyed a na lys is ,

a re

concerned

t echnology

ceram ic f abr ics a re e ssent ia l ly s ed imentary r ock , we l l-estab l ished Petrograph ic

a na lyses

t h in-sect ion methods . s evera l mm

t h ick

s l ide where

i t can

Th is

f ro m be

h ave

e ach

w ith

two

f abr ic

ma jor

aspects

character isat ion .

o f

S ince

a rt if ic ia l ly mod if ied a nd r econst ituted geolog ica l methods a re app l icable . been

i nvo lves do wn

c arr ied

s l ic ing

s amp le

g round

a nd

f or mount ing

t o

out

u s ing

a sma l l s ect ion

p rec ise ly

on

a g lass

0 .03 m m

s tandard

(c .

1 5x15 mm) m icroscope

( see Carver

1 971

f or a descr ipt ion o f t he method) . P r ior

t o

cover ing

w ith

a

g lass

s l ip ,

f e ldspar m inera ls was carr ied out i n o rder very f ine s and part ic les ( Nor man 1 974) . f or s tudy u nder m inera l a nd

t he

r ock

e tch ing

a nd

petrograph ic m icroscope where p rec ise

i nc lus ions

i s poss ib le .

Ceram ic

f abr ics

g ra ins ,

r ock

co mpr ise

o r

c lay

c rushed

m inera ls

c era m ic

These r esu lt

f ound u nsu itab le

f or d irect pottery manufacture .

m inera ls t o

a nd

spec if ic

va luab le wh ich

Where m inera l m inera l

outcrops

i dent ify ing

o ften

a nd

a re

we l l

a na lys is

h as

o f

a re

depos its .

r eg iona l

r epresented

been

petrograph ic

o r

s u ited

a nc ient

f abr ics

co mprehens ive

w ith

f ound

a s

The

by

conservat ism o f potters d rast ic

(Watson

departure

f ro m h ave

a nd

When

f i red ,

a s

l oca l ly

Sakon been

e t a l .

i n

i ts

a nd

p roven

i s pa id ceram ic

non-p last ic

s tud ied .

t o

M inera l a nd a ffect

Scann ing

E lectron M icroscopy h as

p resent ,

a nd

been h ence

i s

1 973) .

t he

co mpar ison c lay .

t he qu ick

changes For

A

w ith

publ ished

Wh i le

For

l abor ious

a long

manufacture , 1 968) .

1 968) .

e lse , h eavy

sources

methods .

pass

t he

t hrough

v itr if icat ion .

i nclus ions

methods

( temper) ,

extreme t o

copy

r epresent

t hese

a

r esu lts

a

r easons

t emper ing mater ia ls .

f i r ing

a l l

equa l ly

( Shepard

1 987,

P rev ious ly t o

r e lated

i s

pott ing

t echno log ica l

s uccessfu l

f abr ics

a cera m ic aggregate . a t mosphere

Bas in

i n i s

be

excess ive ly

a va i lab le

Nakhon

p ress) .

phases : dehydrat ion , ox idat ion a nd m inera ls

a nd/or

coarse-g ra ined can

l i ttle

( Peacock

we l l

i s we l l k no wn ( Shepard

f ro m

part icu lar a ttent ion

part icles

add it ives

t rad it ions

q uartz

(V incent 1 984) a re expanded upon h ere . I n t he ir t echno log ica l approaches s ty les

been

g rog)

method

d e l iberate

ceram ic

u sefu l

r easons ,

modern

co l lect ion

s ing le M idd le Ch i source

n ew

have

a s

f or

p rocedures , t h is method h as not been emp loyed . An e ssent ia l co mponent o f f abr ic character isat ion o f

f ine-g ra ined

non-p last ic

k no wn

character wh ich

character is ing

d iagnost ic

i nclus ions

geo log ica l a nd

methods

f rag ments o f d ist inct ive

geo log ica l

f or

a re

t he

i nclus ions , apart f ro m g rog , may occur natura l ly f ro m de l iberate add it ions when t he r aw c lay

petrograph ic r ock

t oo

s amp les

a nd

mater ia l

o rgan ic mater ia l . pott ing c lays o r Opt ica l

o f

deter m inat ion o f

C lay m inera ls a re

f or t hese opt ica l methods , so t he modern c lay exa m ined u s ing s tandard X-ray d iffract ion t echn iques . (m inera l

s ta in ing

t o a ss ist i dent if icat ion o f f ine t o Such t h in s ect ions a re s u itab le

g radua l ly

u sefu l

t he

max i mum

t e mperature-re lated v itr if icat ion

f use , b ind ing

c he m ica l c onst ituents , t emperature

( S .E .M .), app l ied

f ound

t hree

Dur ing

f or

a t wh ich i n

deter m in ing

f i r ing

f abr ic t hese

t andem t he

c lay

The

t exture

phases

w ith

d egree

t emperatures .

t he

t he mater ia l i nto a nd

occur .

petrograph ic

o f v itr if icat ion method

u sed

Ana lys is

h ere

essent ia l ly

f ol lo ws

o f p ottery : methodo logy

t hat

descr ibed

by

Man iat is

a nd

T ite

( 1978 ,

1 981) .

Whe re very f i ne g ra ined m inera l i nclus ions h ave not a l lo wed u nequ ivoca l i dent if icat ions , a n e lectron m icroprobe emp loy ing a 2 gm b eam d iameter a t 1 5 Kv operat ing

v acua , a nd e ffect ing

1 7

t he

em iss ion o f a n

c haracter ist ic o f chem ica l co mpos it ion , h as p rov ided data Bur ia l h ave

a ssoc iated

p rov ided

p et rograph ic

a

vesse ls

f i rm ly

a na lys is

f rom

t he

two

p rovenanced

u ndertaken

h as

e ar l iest

s amp le

been

X-ray

spectrum

( Freestone l eve ls

a nd

t he

pub l ished

1 982) .

a t Ban Na D i r esu lts

e lsewhere

o f

(V incent

1 984) . These r esu lts a re d iscussed h ere a nd i n add it ion non-bur ia l f abr ics s pann ing t he per iod c . 1 500 BC t o 2 00 AD a t Ban Na D i a re cons idered . I n

t he

non-bur ia l

contexts ,

d eta i led s tudy o f morphology h ave been b y

a na lysed .

p rev ious

Th is

workers

r im

s ect ions ,

a nd macroscop ic

s amp l ing

( K idder

s trategy

1 936 ,

f ol lo w ing

a ssessment o f h as

p roved

Shepard

W ichakana 's

t emper

t ypes ,

p art icu lar ly u sefu l

1 968) ,

a s

r ims

a re

r ep resentat ive o f d iscrete vesse l t ypes . An exo t ic

i mportant

f abr ics .

p robab i l ist ic B ronson s herds was

a spect

Often

s amp l ing

i n

W ith

Th is

f abr ic a

a nd

f or m

t o

i n

b r ief ly

p rov id ing

r eg iona l co mpar isons , f abr ics

o f

t h is ,

decorat ive

i n h and

( H igham

1 977) , a nd

t hem

s tud ied .

The

s amp led by

Pa

Mong

Bayard

a nd

( pers .

r eg ion

P ruk

Nong

Ch ik

Fabr ics

mater ia l were k ind ly made ava i lab le by D r I . f rom t he Ph ima i r eg ion were p rov ided by mater ia l ( 1977)

r epresents t e mper

Rutn in 's

c lasses

( 1979) var ious

f ro m

a nd Chantaratayakarn 's

Ro i E t

( Shepard

1 968 ,

t o

sort ing

a l l

s amp l ing

bodysherd

f or

t o

a l lo w

1 980) , Non

e t a t . n .d .) , Non Cha i H ian ( Chantarat iyakarn been

page

2 23) , Ro i E t

t h in-sect ioned

mater ia l

1 -5

data

( Bayard

(W ichakana

1 983 , 1 984) h ave

co mm .) .

e ach

background

t he Pa Mang

Non

t hus

j udgementa l

exa m in ing

o f

a nd

spec imen .

Ban Muang

Ph ima i (We lsh

i dent if icat ion

s ubsequent

Nong Ch ik ( Bayard 1 977), Kok Charoen (Watson ( Rutn in 1 979 , P is it a nd Bayard 1 983), Ban Ch iang page 5 90), Non Khao No i a nd

t he

r epresented

c lasses ,

s uff ic ient

f ro m

i s

poor ly

i dent ify ing

v iew

i nvo lved

a nd

v iew

I n

s tud ies

a re

f a i lure

1 984) .

morpholog ica l

u ndertaken .

v ar iat ions

cera m ic f abr ics

r isks

1 976 , Peacock i nto

o f

s uch

was

a nd

j udgementa l ly

o f Watson 's Khok Charoen

F reestone . Samp les o f pottery Dav id We lch . The Non Cha i

t emper c lasses , s im i larly H igham 's

P rov ince

s i tes

a nd

f ina l ly

W ichakana 's

( 1984) r im/temper c lasses h ave been a na lysed .

DEF IN IT ION OF SAK ON NAKHON

BAS IN CERAM IC

TRAD IT IONS :

PREL IM INARY CONS IDERAT IONS Any

s tudy

o f

s et t ing w ith in wh ich s u itab le

r aw

c era m ics t he

i s

i ndustry

mater ia ls .

Where

d ist inct ive source r ocks occur , spec ies i s f requently poss ib le

c ruc ia l ly i s

concerned

conta ined ,

outcrops

o r

a nd

w ith

f ro m

depos its

t he r ecogn it ion u s ing s tandard

t he

g eo log ica l

wh ich

i t der ives

o f

o f d iscrete pott ing c lay petrograph ic t echn iques ,

p rov ided t he geology o f t he s tudy a rea i s k no wn ( Peacock Unfortunate ly, d ist inct ive p arent r ock outcrops a re apar t f ro m Both

t he

a f ew

Sakon

1 978) .

I n

f or much a tten t ion .

sma l l a nd scattered except ions , w ith in

Nakhon

r ocks extens ive ly

a nd

over la in

add it ion , deta i led o f

t he

s tudy

Khorat

by ma in ly sma l l

a rea ,

b as ins

conta in

a l luv ia l a nd

s ca le

a lthough

1 970) . o ften

l ack ing ,

t he Khorat P lateau .

Mesozo ic

s ed imentary

co l luv ia l s ed iments ( Cru i js

geo log ica l maps t h is

m inera log ica l ly

s i tuat ion

i s

not

ava i lab le

current ly

a re

r ece iv ing

Def in it ion

o f S akon N akhon B as in

The Khorat P lateau bounded

t o

1 5-1) .

t he

I ts

f or med

north

western ,

by

s teep

co mpr ises

a nd

southern

out ward

a n

much

o f

a nd

f ac ing

c eram ic

a rea t he

o f

t rad it ion

a bout

e ast

by

southeastern

e scarp ments

1 70 ,000

t he

km ', a nd

Mekong

n atura l

i s

R iver

( f ig

boundar ies

a re

o f up l ifted Mesozo ic

s trata .

Border ing t he western per imeter a re co mp lex c o mb inat ions o f s ed imentary , i gneous a nd meta morph ic f or mat ions wh ich t ogether co mpr ise t he Centra l H igh lands . g rave ls

Except

o f

f or

r es istant

p r inc ipa l ly overbank

Pa leozo ic

depos its

h igh

a nd

t errace

T ert iary

r e mnant

a nd/or

i gneous

Quaternary

basa lts wh ich occur ma in ly n ear t he southern p lateau edge , t here a re no i gneous r ocks w ith in t he p lateau . The Phu Phan H i l ls wh ich s eparate t he Sakon

Nakhon

r ocks

o f

a nd

t he

Khorat

Phra W ihan

bas ins

a nd

cons ist

o f

Phu K radung

f o lded

Mesozo ic

f or mat ions

( Cru i js

s ed imentary 1 978) .

These

i nc lude d ist inct ive m inera l a ssemb lages . Khorat

S trea m Bas in

patterns a re i s e nt ire ly

d irected p r inc ipa l ly t o t he e ast, and d ra ined by t he Mun a nd Ch i r ivers

t he majo r a nd t he ir

n umerous t r ibutar ies . Both t hese r ivers o r ig inate i n t he western h i l ly zones . The sma l ler northern Sakon Nakhon Bas in i s p r inc ipa l ly d ra ined b y t he

Songkhra m

Songkhram

a nd

i ts

o r ig inates t h is

h uge

a nd

t he

a ssoc iated

s u ites

wh ich

a re

p lateau

spec if ica l ly

t extura l

( Peacock

f or

d ist ingu ishab le t he

t o

d ate

o f

s u itab i l ity o f

t o

o f

m inera l

t he

So

a nd

t he

r ecycl ing

m inera l

quest ions

m inera l

p robab ly

approach t he

a s

s uch

a na lys is

holds

f i rst

c lays

t he

n o t

best

a lready

because

mater ia l

h as

poss ib le

f avoured

v iew

o f

t he

i s

l i t t le

l i ke ly

d ue

not been u ndertaken

i nstance

t o

p rov ide

a n

i n

t o

a ssess

t he

o rder

above

o f a n

a nd

be

e ffects

o f

h istory

d iscuss ion

depos its

a re

Sakon

Nakhon

( Cru i js

f or

sourc ing

changes

d istance

r ef lected t rop ica l

( B latt

f ro m

i n

t he

h eavy

1 980 :285-86) .

n ecessar i ly

d ifferent ly

r ock

sourced

t o

F ina lly

p rov id ing c lays

o f a

m inera l

c ond it ions

accord ing

t he may

r espect

p arent

current s t rength

weather ing

e t a l .

w ithout

t wo

t he

i n

1 978) wh ich

a re t he ir t he c lear

h ave

b een

1 976) . i s

n ot

o f modern

Bas in

s tage

ma jor

o f h eavy m inera ls

non-ex istent

e ar l ier a na lys is

t han

conf igurat ion ,

wou ld

where

t h is

P le istocene

r ather

d ra inage

J enk ins

a t

postu lated

o f h eavy m inera l a ssemb lages w ith

l abor ious

p art icu lar ly

(W i l l ia ms

s ed imentary r esu lts

h eavy

s ed imentary

i n

not

i n

t hat

t he

excess ive ly

conc lus ions , The

1 980)

Th is

s i tes i s

course

Further,

i s

co mb ined

m inera l

r equ ire methods

sourc ing

o r

a na lys is

t o cause d ifferent ia l destruct ion

p rovenance

a ssemblages

t h in-sect ion

R iver dur ing

p resent

r iver

d istr ibut ions .

o f

a na lys is

zones .

g iven

method

o f s ed imentary co mmon

petrograph ic

Bas in

d ifferent ia l sort ing

a nc ient

k no wn

a t ,

dec ided

Khorat

s tandard

1 982)

t err igenous

s ed iments

t he Mekong

e ffected

ma jor

i t was

e nt ire ly

o f Sakon Nakhon

d iscussed .

many

c last ic

geograph ic

source ,

The

t he var ious a na lyt ica l t echn iques c urrent ly ava i lab le .

Heavy t err igenous

Mekong .

1 977) .

e t

s tandard

pattern

a s

t he

conta in

s ed irnento log ica l

( B latt

u s ing

o ften

These

S treeten

character isat ion

because

overv iew

h ave

r eso lve 1 971,

d ifferent iated

d ra in ing

course

t o

a na lys is

t he

i nto

a l most

c lays u nder

1 967 , 1 970 , 1 973 , W i l l iams

m inera log ica l ly t o

composed

(V incent 1 984) .

( Peacock

Textura l potent ia l

i s

pott ing

u nd iagnost ic

paragenes is p rocedures d es igned

northeast wards

t he Phu Phan H i l ls .

Thus s trata

a s

t r ibutar ies

i n

c lays

meant

t o

i mp ly

t hat

w ith in

t he

Khorat

P lateau ,

c lay

a re

( V incent 1 984) .

- 6 54

-

sources

h ave

d ist ingu ishable

d ist inct ive

s hown

a s

t he

s evera l

pet rograph ica l ly

Def in it ion

o f S akon Nakhon B as in

I n a s ense t he g eo log ica l p rocesses

Khorat P lateau r epresents where t ecton ism h as

s ubcont inenta l Mesozo ic Mesozo ic p roduced

t hat cera m ic Phu

l imn ic

a nd

pare t ic

t rad it ion

a t extbook examp le o f t ransfo r med a l arge

s ed imentary

bas in

i nto

a

post

t errestr ia l s tructure ( Cru i js 1 978) . These deve lop ments a geo log ica l ly ho mogeneous a nd t herefore d iscrete r eg ion ,

o ut aga inst t he

c eram ic

f abr ics der ived t he

i nterna l ly

Phan H i l ls ,

f ro m

c lays

p roduced

o f exot ic

cera m ics .

s tructures c learly s tand

Hence

t he western marg ins , a nd

h ave s uch

f abr ics o r ig inat ing

t he Centra l H igh lands

i n

i gneous

a nd metamorph ic zones a re m inera tog ica l ly c lear ly d ist inct ive . G iven t he e xcept ions ment ioned above , due t o t he p r inc ipa l ly u n id irect iona l n ature o f t he i nterna l d ra inage patterns , g radat iona l changes i n t he c lay m inera log ical i nc lus ions s hou ld be apparent downstrea m f ro m t he source r ock outcrops , w ith i ncreas ing quant it ies o f i gneous , metamorph ic a nd s ed imentary ( e .g . L imestone)

i nc lus ions , o f a t err igenous

west t o wards

t he Centra l H igh lands

n ature , beco m ing

ev ident

t he

f urther

t he c lays a re quarr ied .

CERA M IC ANALYS IS Mater ia l a d jacent t o As

w ith

f ro m

t hree

s ites

l ocated

w ith in

t he h eadwaters o f t he Songhkra m

a l l

t he

i dent if icat ion

f o l lo w ing

a nd

data ,

def in it ion o f

part icu lar

t emper ing

t he var ious f abr ics i nvo lved . f i r ing t e mperature a sessments

1 5

km

o f

e ach

R iver w i l l be emphas is

s ubstances

o ther

cons idered

i s

p laced

de l iberate ly

a nd f i rst .

on

t he

added

t o

Resu lts o f r aw c lay deter m inat ions a nd a re deta i led a long w ith manufactur ing

t echn iques . The r esu lts s et out be lo w a re a l most e nt ire ly der ived f ro m t he exam inat ion o f t h in s ect ions u nder a petrograph ic m icroscope . X-ray d i ffract ion

a nd

e lectron

m icroprobe

data

r epresent

i n it ia l

t reat ments

d es igned t o c lar ity spec if ic p rob le ms i dent if ied dur ing opt ica l petrograph ic e xam inat ions . Scann ing e lectron m icroscope exa m inat ions co mb ined w ith p etrograph ic

a na lys is h as p rov ided BAN NA

Th is

s ect ion

r e lat ionsh ip

t o

t hemse lves .

w i l l

t he

Loca l a nd

o f manufacture .

phases

exa m ined , wh i le

a re

t erms o f w ith

t he

r ange

t he m .

The

t he

a nd

POTTERY

Ban

t echno logy

exot ic wares

a nd method

t emperature d ata .

D I BUR IAL

d iscuss

c era m ic

f i r ing

a re

quant ity

phase

two

o f

bur ia l

bur ia l

bet ween

bur ia l

t he

D i

i n

d ist ingu ished

Corre lat ions i nd iv idua l

Na

d isp layed

f abr ics t he

by

t ypes a re

d ifferent pottery a re

t he ir

vesse ls

t he ir f abr ic, f or m

vesse l

a ssemb lages

u rns

a nd

bur ia l

t ypes

b r ief ly

a nd

bur ia l

d iscussed

cons idered

a nd

cont rasted w ith e ar l ier mortuary phase cera m ics . P re l im inary t h in-sect ion a na lys is o f bur ia l

vesse ls

Nakhon

Bas in

f ro m Nong Kham D in

1 5-2) ,

a

6 km

comp r is ing (V incent

7 0%

a nd

comp lete ly

h ave

Ban

Na

i s

not

m inera ls

i sotrop ic

g ra ins G iven

i s m inera log ica l ly These

appear

d isp layed

chert,

by

i nc lud ing were

t ota l

a s

z i rcon

r ounded med ium i n it ia l ly

geo log ica l

t o

be

w ith

a nd

s uch

( f ig t hat

wares a nd

quartz

f errug inous

d etr ita l

s i lt s ized

categor ised s ett ing ,

t o

c lays

t our ma l ine .

coarse

Sakon

var ious

ep idote ,

a nd

t o

1 4

l oca l

r aw

f e ldspar

s uch

a nd

co mparab le

both

d ist inct ive ,

potass ium

m inera ls

wh ich t he

t hat c lay

genera l ly

accessory

m icrocrysta t l ine

ev ident .

D i ,

a ssemb lage .

occas iona l

h eavy

s ho wn

m inera logy

wares

do m inat ing

var ious

a lso

t he

The

i nc lud ing

phyto l iths a re

o f

o f

l oca l

i nc lus ions a nd

c lays

SW

1 984) .

postu lated var iet ies ,

pott ing

i n

a ssoc iated

a s

m icas P lant a l most

col lophane

m inera log ica l

The petrographic analysis of Ban Na Di burial pottery

a�semblage!_ �e predictable. Table 15-2 summarizes the distribution and prominent characteristics of the potting clays sampled from quarries currently or recently in production. Expanded petrographic descriptions are given in table 15-15. Two prominent features which provide distinctive petrological grounds for associating the postulated local wares with Nong Kham Din clay are the micaceous birefringence of the matrix (Shepard 1988:30), and the presence of fresh-water sponge spicules in varying quantities in Sakon Nakhon Basin clays. Apart from Nong Kham Din, only the Nong I Laeng s ource, c. 44 km distant, contains spicules in sufficient abundance to be comparable to local ware fabrics. This clay is distinctly silty however and thus lacks the micaceous optical characteristics displayed by the burial f abrics. TABLE 15-2 Modern Northeast Thai potting clays: characteristics and distance from Ban Na Di S i te no. S i te 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

km f ran Ban Na Di

Mi caceous S i l ty Sof t Sponge Sp icu l es

15 Ban Khamo 40 Ban P l ua i Ban Nong Than 44 Nong Hoi Khan 50 nr. Ban Kham O 17 Nong Sung (nr ;. ) 6 Ban Pang Ngu) Ban Nong Pha i 25 Ban Mlang (Hua Di n) u. 42 Ban Thun Nong Kham Di n 6 Ban Lao Suan K l ua i 9 Nong I Laeng 44 Ban Na Di (Hua i Wang Duan Ha) 0 Ban Na Di (Nong Haeo) 0

rare rare none severa l f ragnentary

X X

X

X

X X X

X

rare few

X X X X

X

none sever a l nl.fflerous few abundant

X X

X

few

X

none

The geological para genesis of the micaceous clay /sponge spicule association is of considerable importance. The deliberate addition of previously burned and crushed fresh-water sponges into clay as temper has been reported in South American ethnographic and archaeological contexts (Krause 1911, Linne 1925 ., 1965, Serrano 1950). In a recent assessment of the use of microfossils for archaeological reconstructions .. Selkirk and Adamson (1982:197-210)., infer that fresh-water sponge spicule

- 656 -

T he

p etrograph ic

s ke leta l members

a na lys is

(megasc leres) ,

w ith Sudanese Wh ite N i le s i tes , a s t e mper . The abundance

o f B an N a D i b ur ia l p ottery

f ound

i n 2 000-year-old

p reservat ion o f m inute o rgan ic deta i ls a re h e ld t o Natura l depos it ion p rocesses appear t o occas iona l ly

pottery

r epresent purpose ly c rushed o f t hese m icrofoss i ls a nd

abundant d istr ibut ions

o f sp icu les

a ssoc iated

sponges added t he exce l lent

s upport t h is hypothes is . be r espons ib le f or t he

i n Sakon Nakhon Bas in

c lay

beds . Harr ison ( pers . co mm .) h as i dent if ied t hese sp icu les a s Ephydat ia i neyen ; and notes t hat t h is spec ies i s p resent ly f ound t hroughout t he r eg ion .

C ru i js

( 1978 :12)

r eports

r es idua l depos its b lanket

t he

t hat

Quaternary

Post major epe irogen ic s ed imentat ion t he

P l iocene

geo log ica l

o r

f i rst

t he

a re

M iocene

Ho i Khan

o f

d istr ibut ions ( f ig

a nd

t h ree

p rocesses

( Cru i js

p laced

s a l ient po ints

e nv ironments

f ro m

At Nong no

Two

depos it ion

l acustr ine known

P l io-P le istocene

r estr ict ions

depos it ions .

a l luv ia l ,

co t luv ia l

on

do

Holocene s eparate

op

c i f

t he

not

appear

t o

t o

Thus

co inc ide

a nd

s a mp les , e ach over 2 0 m

sp icu le

t h is r espect ; w ith

t he

w ith in

Lake

apart,

i nd icate

3 • 4 2

." . ‘

• 8

• • -1 .

V.

• 5

• 1

. (7

(i f\

C '‘ ii . K.. ) ( _ . .% .

I :, r\ C ., ( . : N . . . , . .1 . - 7 ,)

• t j

? , , c " .‘ . ) : i r sr,‘

1 7 ° 15 "

—

) 1 :. 7 ) : ? . / \ 5 > .

•

4 • A /• t .

r • . . )

. . -

. 13 •

C .S -d

1 4

6

• • . . . .

z1( ` ' •

i

* 10

r •V . e • %1 4" / \ -\

( •

)

( )• 1. )

• n , . . 4 . -9 •-7* . ) . e" . ., / : : 1 .7 , f .1)

, .•c

' ‚ ,

. , n

, . ..

c _' I

7c , . «21 c , < ? . ,

‘ 3

1• ?

, . . . . . ' ' •e . -

\ •( CO . , . - 1 , -1 4,•' -

L1* % t o: I ., / 1

' -' . • -:: P P

" . . .

r

—s :. (

07

1 ( 2 \: . » ,. k f i . \< ‘ ' ‘; 2 . ,

4 . . .

"

•• • •

r ) C r .,

• _1 1 (

n i;

‘ . 7 , ) 1 , ' . , . 2 • -*

( . r ,

) * ( , :\

, . . .

.

. n

( d) ) :. r -: \2 -; &. 1L .

i 0 ) . . • j

: ( `.1)

n : . ) , .

C

. .•

1 7 °-

1 Ö 2°4 5 "

1 0 3°

1 0 3° 15"

F I GURE The

l ocat ion o f modern

Ban

Kha m

0

Ban Kha m 0 1 2 .

a re

Ba ika l .

i n sp icu le d istr ibut ion .

1 2 •

Muang

r ecent

g enus

9

•

i n

i mmed iate

t he

i n

sp icu les o f

n ear

o r ig inate

no

o f

noteworthy

s econd ly

contexts

appear

: 10) .

a nt iqu ity

i n terest a re

1 5-2) a nd

i n tra-s ite quant itat ive var iat ion

1 7 °3 0 '-

a nd

two ma jor s tructura l Khorat bas ins .

( Hue

Nong

2 . 6 .

Ban

pottery P lua i 3 .

Nong Sung

D in) 9 .

1Laeng

B an 3 .

1 5 -2

c lay

sources

Ban

Nong

Ban Na

1 0 .

Nong

- 6 57

-

t he 4 .

Sakon Nakhon Bas in : 1 . Nong

Ngu) 7 .

Kham

D i ( Hua i Wang

Haeo) .

i n

Than

( near Ban Pang

Thum

1 0 3°30 "

D in

Ho i Khan

Ban Nong 1 .

Duan Ha)

Ban 1 4 .

5 .

Pha i 8 .

Lao

n ear Ban

S ' uan K lua i

Ban Na D i ( Hong

T he

p etrograph ic

I t s eems r easonab le c lays

r esu lts

cons iderab le r egard ing

f ro m

a na lys is

t o

i nfer

ongo ing

a nt iqu ity

a nd

s ed imentat ion

o f B an N a D i b ur ia l p ottery

t hat sp icu te l acustr ine

durat ion .

d epos it ion

i n

s ed imentat ion

No

data

r ates , ho wever g iven

a re

t he

t hese

p resently

c l imat ic

pott ing

p rocesses

o f

a va i lable

r eg i me , r esu ltant

e ros ion a nd s ed imentat ion patterns , a nd a ssoc iated t opograph ic f eatures (Moor man e t al 1 964), l acustr ine s ed imentat ion r ates , except f or L arge l akes

( Dunbar Thus

e t a l .

i t

1 957),

f o l lo ws

i s

t hat

l i ke ly

t he

t o

h ave been s lo w .

p resence

o f

s ponge

sp icu les

i n

a nc ient

ceram ics a lone , i s not s uff ic ient cause t o i nfer t hat t hey were d e l iberate ly added f or t emper ing purposes . Because t hese f oss i l sp icu les a re s i l iceous ho wever ,

t hey

non-p last ic f oss i l

perfor m

-

i . e .

sp icu les

e ndowed w ith

t he

f unct ion

quartz .

were

t he

Th is

s e lected

r equ is ite

o f

t he

s trong ly f or

u sua l ly

because

non-p last ics

ub iqu itous

s uggests

t hat

s uch

c ruc ia l

pott ing

c lays

mater ia l

t o

was

s u itab le

c lay

c onta in ing s u itably

pott ing

c lays .

Due t o t he ir m icroscop ic s ize , i t i s h igh ly u n l ike ly t hat se lect ion was de l iberate . Thus t he s u itab i l ity o f t hese c lays was p robab ly d iscovered b y chance . The d iv ided

t en

i nto

bur ia l context

f abr ics

( i ) g rog

t empered

( i) r ice

t empered

( i i) s andy

morpho log ical ly s im i lar d isplay t he d ist inct ive m inera log ica l

3 ,

var iat ion

s ix

pages

a re

4

a l l

exh ib ited

l arge

f or m

3 23-330) .

equ iva lent

co mpr ise

e i ther

conta ins

f abr ic

var iat ion

i s

t extura l

o f

A

I n

i s

pos it ive ly

i s

o f

t he

2 9

i n

vary ing

amounts

A l l f our f abr ics on ly q ua l itat ive

occas iona l ly

A

Notably

The f or m

f or m , a l l

t he

"water v esse ls

l b , l c , o r

7 .

s ing le

o f

co mp leted

s uch

phases l eve l

t er ms

d iscernab le .

a na lys is

c annot be

1o r 2 .

3 .

g rog

4 mou ld- made

t ota l

occupat ion

f abr ic

conta in

r e lat ive ly

poo r

sp icu le

3 , a nd i ncrease i n s and-s ized non-p last ics , wh ich potass ium f e ldspar . On ly s even vesse ls conta in

t he e ar ly bur ia l phases (mortuary t he

can be conven ient ly

t o t hat s ho wn i n f ig 1 5-3a . m icaceous b irefr ingence . The

r epresentat ion i n f abr ic a re ma in ly quartz a nd f abr ic

i dent if ied

f abr ics occas iona l ly conta in ing

m inor amounts o f g rog . Fabr ics 1 , 2 , 3 a nd

5-21,

i n it ia l ly

t hree g roups .

l a

a re i ts

t he

vesse l , f in ish

5-14

case o f pot f or m a lso

a nd

4

c haracter ist ics

1 24 ,

mou ld- made , Unt i l

a ssoc iat ion

t o

f rom

vesse ls

c o lour,

mou ld- made .

m inera log ica l

deter m ined , ho wever

i n

( f igs

r ecovered

r ema in ing

s urface

3 0

j ars" were

o f

a re

l i tt le

deta i led f abr ic

3

cons istent

e ither w ith a d iffere Sakon Nakhon c lay source t o t he f abr ics 1 , 2 a nd 4 , o r w ith l oca l c lay p reparat ion var iat ions i n t he f or m o f b lend ing Ban Na D i c lay w ith Nong Kha m D in mater ia l . Such a n econo m ic r esponse t o t he t ransportat ion o f s u itab le

pott ing

1 942 , 1 965 , 1 968 , Lauer 1 971) . Set out be low i n t ab le u ndertaken

on

p repared

p ract ice i n o rder t o The s a mp les marked sources t hese s i tes

Ban

d isp layed Na

D i

1 5-3

i s

k nown

a re

t he

b isques

e thnograph ica l ly r esu lts

f o l low ing

o f

( Shepard

s hr inkage

s tandard

modern

t ests pott ing

a ssess t he l i ke ly f i r ing b ehav iour o f u nkno wn c lays . w ith a n a ster isk were co l lected f ro m v er if ied c lay

but u nacco mpan ied

c lays a t

c lay

c lay

t he

by

a potter a s

l east

i dent if ied

s hr inkage .

by

t he

S amp les

h eadman

decades p rev ious ly .

- 6 58

i n a l l o ther c ases .

-

a s

1 3

and

u t i l ised

S ign if icant ly 1 4

a re

b r iefly

f rom

s evera l

The

The l i tt le

p etrograph ic

s a mp les

p last ic ity

mater ia l

t o

desc r ibed s erve

t o

d isplay ing

p robably

c lay a s

due

m inera ls .

" short" .

r educe

a na lys i5

t he t o

o f B an Na D i b ur ia l pottery

l east

I n modern

I t s hou ld

s hr inkage , by

s hr inkage

a re

a d isp roport ionate be

pott ing

noted

notab ly

quant ity

t er m ino logy

s andy

t hey

wou ld

t hat wh i te non-p last ic

coarsen ing

a nd

open ing

w ith

o f non-p last ic

t he

be

i nc lus ions

t exture

o f

t he

f ab r ic t hey a l low t he more r ap id e scape o f gases , t hey may a lso weaken t he c lay by r educ ing t he p roport ion o f c lay m inera ls . Thus t he amount o f non-p last ic mater ia l a ny

part icu lar c lay may

TABLE Shr inkage

acco mmodate

t ests on modern pott ing c lay

t est one

t est

Sakon

t est

9 00 ° C

f ired

d ry

d ry

f ired

f ired

1

9 0.5

9 0.0

9 0.0

8 9.5

9 0.0

9 0.5

9 0.0

9 0.5

9 0.0

9 0.0

8 9.0

3

9 0.0

9 0.0

9 0.0

9 0.0

8 8.5

8 6.0

8 8.0

4

9 0.0

8 9.5

9 0.0

8 9.0

9 0.0

8 7.0

5

9 3.0

9 3.0

9 3.0

9 3.0

9 2.5

9 2.0

6

9 1.0

9 0.0

9 1.5

9 0.0

9 1.5

9 0.0

7

9 2.0

9 0.0

9 2.5

9 2.0

9 0.0

8 8.5

8

9 6.0

9 6.0

9 6.5

9 6.5

9 6.5

9 6.5*

9

9 0.5

9 0.0

9 0.0

9 0.0

9 0.0

9 0.0

1 0

9 0.0

8 1.0

9 0.0

8 9.0

9 0.0

8 6.5

1 1 1 2

9 7.0 9 1.0

9 7.0 9 0.0

9 6.5 9 2.5

9 6.5 9 1.5

9 6.0 9 2.0

9 6.0* 8 9.5

1 3

9 4.5

9 3.5

9 5.0

9 5.0

9 4.5

9 4.5*

1 4

9 7.0

9 7.0

9 7.0

9 6.5

9 6.0

9 6.0*

1 6

8 9.0

8 8.5

8 9.0

8 8.0

8 9.0

8 6.0

1 . 2 .

A ll f irings a re i n a n oxidizing a tmosphere S ite 1 6 c lay measured 9 5 nm a t t he l eatherhard s tage

3 .

A lt

The

b isques measured 1 00 mmrwhen p lastic

s hr inkage The

t ests

do

not

h igh p roport ion

d isqua l ify

a ny

o f non-p last ics

does not r ender t hem u nsu itab le , ho wever a l ack m inera ls wou ld l i ke ly

compos it ion

be

c r it ica l

t hat

t hese

w ithout

t o

t he

c lays

s o me

f or m

o f

t he

c lays

The t he

f or m

a l most

equator ia l

l a

vert ica l mou ld

v esse l j o in ,

s u itab le

o f s uff ic ient s u itab le

p rov is ion o f adequate cohes iveness . wou ld

not

f i re

o f p reparat ion .

constructed

s hr inkage

a s

i n t he " short" c lays a lone

we t l The

g iven

c rack

a l most

t o

w ith

f abr ic

i n

f ro m

t he

( f ig

t he 1 5-4) .

r im

c lay I t i s

n atura l pott ing

s u itab le

3 mater ia l

extend ing b ase

t he ir

nor ma l modern

t echnolog ica l p ract ice i s t o b lend a " p last ic" ( i .e . h igh m inera ls) c lay w ith t he " short" c lay ( Hamer 1 975 :264) . l arge

t hree

1 000 ° C

2

f o r pott ing .

h igh ly

f ro m

1 6) sources

t wo

8 00 ° C d ry

l im ited .

1 5-3

Nakhon Bas in a nd M idd le Ch i ( no .

s i t e

i s

c lay

f eatures t o

One

a

beyond potent ia l

The

cause

f or

p etrograph ic

s uch

non-p last ic

a pheno menon

t e mper ing

i mpress ions t he

f abr ic

2

i s

a re

co mposed

1 4a ,

f or m

b

a nd

corre lates

Watson 's

add it ion

a s

on

t he

o f

g rog

o f

o r

quant it ies

t hrough

o f

i ncorrect

( Ha mer 1 975 :78) .

o f

t he

t o

a nd

f ab r ic

f ormer

4 i nc tuded

h usk

excess ive

t emper

equ iva lent

f ab r ic

r ice

pure

1 ,

but

f abr ic .

r ice

I n

a bundant o rgan ic

s traw ;

on ly

two

h usk

add it ion

t o

t emper ing ,

vesse ls

were

t h is mater ia l .

Set out be lo w f or ms

t he

" p last ic" c lays

2 character ist ics ,

p robab ly

o f B an Na D i b ur ia l p ottery

e i ther

m inera log ica l ty

v is ib le

constructed w ith

i s

mater ia l

b lend ing o f " short" a nd Fabr ic

a na lys is

( table c ,

a nd

w ith

pedesta l

1 5-4)

a re

SOrensen 's

bo w ls

t he

d escr ibed

a s

f ru it

( 1968 304)

var ious

f abr ics

gob lets s tands

a nd

( f igs

a ssoc iated

5-28

(

t o

SOrensen

Bayard 's

t ype

4b

w ith

3 3) .

Th is

1 967 :75) ;

f ooted

bow ls

( 1977 :67) .

TABLE The

r e lat ionsh ip between goblet F abric

1 5-4 f or ms a nd

Form 1 4a

1 4b

1

1

f abr ic

a t Ban Na D i

1 4c

2 ( bases o nly)

2

3

1 8

4

2

7 (?) 1 0 n v essels

For m 1 4b f or ms ( tab le 8-1, a nd

a l l

1 4a

1

vesse ls

-

-

1

-

-

1

4

be long

2 2

t o

3

bur ia l phases

l a

a nd

e arly

l b wh i le

t he

a re genera l ly l ater, be ing f ound on ly i n phases l b a nd l c page 4 18) . A l l 1 4a a nd 1 4b vesse ls h ave mou ld- made bow ls

bo w l

f abr ics

i mpress ions .

Two

except

o f

t he

vesse l

f or m

4 0

1 4c

( a

1 4a

vesse l

var iety) ,

f abr ics

d isp lay

a re

r ice

c lear ly

h usk

d ifferent .

Vesse l 4 8 conta ins h eavy r ice husk t emper ing i n a matr ix f eatur ing poor ly t o moderate ly sorted , a ngu lar t o s ubrounded , med ium s and t o coarse s i lt s ized g ra ins o f p robably a rkose co mpos it ion ; a long w ith a m in iature vesse l ( pot

8 4)

f abr ic

i t r epresents

7 vesse l

r espects

t he

6 2 .

f abr ic

f abr ic No

i s

1 0 .

Vesse l

p lag ioc lase equ iva lent .

s im i lar ly co mpat ib le . Ne ither vesse l Co mb ined t ota ls f or f abr ics a ssemb lage ,

a nd

s hape , s urface

i f f abr ic

3

t reat ment a nd

i s

4 7

i s

f e ldspar Surface

s im i lar

i s

f i n ish

i n

ev ident, deta i ls

i s mou ld-made . 1 , 2 a nd 4 amount

i ncluded

7 7 .37% .

I n

compos it ion but a nd

t o

t er ms

co lour) a l l vesse ls conta in ing

i n

a l l

colour

7 2 .9% o f

t he

o f

f or m

t o

o ther a re t he ( i .e .

f our f abr ics

a re co mpat ib le w ith a s ing le cera m ic t rad it ion . What f urther s trengthens t h is ho mogene ity i s t he method o f f or m ing t he l o wer h em isphere o f med ium

The

t o

l arge

f igs

p etrograph ic

s ized

5 -23

bo w ls

on

5-35

pp

a nd

suff ic iently

co mp lete

mou ld-made .

a mou ld . 3 32

t o

Further

a na lys is

Exc lud ing

a nd

a l lo w

s tudy

o f B an N a D i b ur ia l p ottery

3 44) ,

d iagnos is i s

E thnograph ic s at isfy

wh ich

pot

3 5

descr ibes po ttery

d ata

t he ( f ig

t he

over

r obust ly

heav ier t han

nor ma l , a nd

t he

t rad it ion

a t

examp le)

a nd

shape

and

base

Ban s ize

t o

These

f eature

a re

s tr iated

pots

2 5

t he

Mex ico ,

s haped ,

s tra ins

bo w ls

a nd

c )

a re

4 6

f or

a re

where i n

t he

t h icker

a nd

One mou ld may

Th is 1 ,

o f

vesse ls

generated

vesse ls

( for ms

wh ich

vesse ls ,

( 1960 :205-214)

Acat lan ,

e ssent ia l ly

a re

padd le

t echn ique

D i bur ia l

f i na l p roducts .

b a nd

u nequ ivoca l ly

Foster

a re

1 5 ,

vesse ls

r ema inder

exter ior s ufaces .

d ifferent

1 4a ,

Na

a t

f or ms

spher ica l

( for m

Ban

exa mp le .

w ithstand

a re t he

a mou ld ing

t he

9 a nd

f abr ic

i n a ssoc iat ion w ith

potters

mou lds

s evera l

( co mpare

by

s evera l

D i where

gob lets

f or i n

( for ms

l oca l

e nsure

co i ls

t yp ica l

emp loyed

f o r

Na

a

e nough

p rocess .

a s

i s

wh ich

manufactur ing serve

ava i lab le

8 4

( 90 .48%)

t o

t hen

d isp layed

1 5-4)

t echn ique

mou lds

const ructed

a re

ev idence

m in iatures t he

7 6

r equ ired

mou lded and not mode l led u s ing s labs and a nv i l f in ish ing . wou ld

o f

2 ,

para l le ls 3

a nd

a l l mou ld- made , examp le :

f igs

t he

4

o f

f or

s im i lar

1 5-3e

a nd

1 5-29c, pages 3 12 a nd 3 38) . The

method

i nvo lves

k nead ing

a p rev ious ly

m ixed

q uant ity

o f

c lay

i nto a f lat pancake on a mat, a nd t hen p lac ing i t over t he botto m o f a n up turned mou ld . The s heet o f c lay i s patted w ith a n a nv i l u nt i l u n ifor m , t r immed

and

po rt ion

o f

t he

r emoved , vesse l

t hus

s uff ic iently

d ry

t o

f or m ing

i s

t he

co mp leted

s upport

f urther

l ower

h a lf

when

t he

mater ia l .

o f

a pot .

The

mou lded

As

upper

s ect ion

Foster

po inted

i s out ,

f ragments o f b roken mou lds i n a rchaeo log ica l contexts wou ld p robab ly b e over looked due t o t he ir s im i lar ity w ith actua l vesse ls . The ir t h ickness a nd dens ity may

be

character ist ic

ho wever, a nd

s evera l s herds

1 0-12 mm

t h ick

w ith dense f abr ic were r ecovered a t Ban Na D i f ro m t he e ar l ier bur ia l phase l eve ls a lthough not actua l ly a ssoc iated w ith t he i nter ments . The c lear ly

r ema in ing

d ist inct ive

d ist inct ive

e ar ly

f or ms .

I n

e ither

s et o ut above a lthough As

f ig

5-25 ,

morpholog ica l ly

"O m t he

f or ms

phase o r

case

t hey s hare

p 3 34

s ho ws ,

t he

i nter ior

Kaeo"

ware

i s i n

documented ( Gor man

a nd

Kaeo ware poss ib ly s and

o r

s upport

a t

but

i n

des ign

P is it

f abr ic

t he

Temper

i n

t he

( page

none .

C lose

6 ,

c lass . r equ ired

f or m a nd

Deta i led t o

a nd

l oca l wares ( pot

1 22) ,

a ssessment

r ecogn ised o f

Na

The

s tr iat ions

i s

o f

t he

cons istent

D i bur ia l phases p rec ise

by

def in it ion

o f

o f cons iderab le i mportance f or 6 character ises t he f or ms t o

exam inat ion t hose

Puka jorn

t ypes

exa m inat ion

1 976 ,

d ifferent des ign

Wh ite

f abr ics

i nc lude

o f a r ange

p rev ious ly

g rog ,

d eta i l

1 982)

a re

a nd

f or Om

ev ident ,

r ice

o f

p ub l ished a nd

a nd

e ither

s urface

f i n ish

t hese var iet ies .

f urther

t extura l

c lar ify

co mparab le c lear ly

6 s pec imens

t hree

Ban

3 31) .

l i ght o f p re l im inary

f urther

t he d iscreteness o f

t he

h igh ly

f i n ish .

P reecha

two

e i ther

w ith

t echn ique .

5 vesse l

i s smooth w ith m inute

5-22

deta i ls

1 976 ,

l east

more .

The f ab r ic

h ere ,

d isp lay ing

f ro m

p rec ludes

t h is ware i s both c era m ica t ly equ ivoca l a nd de l ineat ing r e lat ive chrono log ies . Fabr ic s herds

f abr ics

a ssoc iated

d ist inct

sole

r epresented

f igs

a re

co mpr ise

a nd

t he mou lded base

e ros ion

t o p roduce a n even

i lustrated

t he

Surface

vesse ls

u nusua l

so me may

u n ique .

exter ior surface , but w ith scrap ing

bur ia l

m inera log ica l ly ,

may pots

a nd/or

t he ir s tatus .

not be a re

t he

e le menta l P r ior

on ly

p rov is iona l ly t o

- 6 61 -

vesse ls wh ich g rouped

a na lys is

cons ider ing

o f

i n

co mp r ise

t h is

f abr ic

non-p last ics

t hese

l atter

i s

vesse ls

T he

f urther

a n

p etrograph ic

out l ine

o f

f or m

a na lys is

6 pots

o f B an Na D i b ur ia l pottery

i s

n ecessary .

wa l ls ( 3 mm t o 5 .5 m m) , a nd a s harp The r ims a re d ist inct ive ( see f ig 4-3 , downwards outer most I n ter ior

i nc l ined . r im

A

t op ,

s urfaces

t h in

r ed ,

p robab ly

(Munse l l :1 0R/3/4) .

a re

smooth

w ith

pa inted ,

g enera l ly

Apart a nd

f ro m

occas iona l

car inat ion

sma l l

extrem it ies ,

f i re

t he

l i ne

f i r ing method

i s

r eflected

i n

t he

t h in

c ircumscr ibes

4 t o

5 mm

cont inuous t o

a re

t he

f u l ly

t he

i n d ia meter .

f ine

upper

hor izonta l

e dge

ox id ised

Th is s uggests t hey were f i red wh i le s tand ing upr ight, i nferred t rad it iona l p ract ice a t Ban Na D i o f f i r ing pots l atter

l arge , w ith

i nferred equato r . 2 6) , e verted a nd

c onstruct ion .

c louds

vesse ls

i s

a t t he r im US

I t measures

s tr iat ions s uggest ive o f vesse l r otat ion dur ing r ims

Each

car inat ion page 2 65

o f

t he

t hroughout .

i n contrast w ith a n ups ide d own . Th is

cons istent ly , a nd

o ften c omplete ly ,

r educed vesse l i nter iors a s opposed t o p r inc ipa l ly ox id ised exter iors . Met icu lous a ttent ion was a ttached t o both t he u n ifor m ity o f shape a nd

t he

i ntr icacy

o f s urface

f in ish

a nd

des ign o f

t h is Om

Kaeo ware .

The

f i na l r esu lt cons isted o f a s er ies o f para l le l i nc ised l i nes c urv i l inear ly dep loyed on a p la in background t o f or m comp lex patterns t hat dep ict a t hree t he

d i mens iona l conf igurat ion .

t hree

C lose

i nspect ion

d i mens iona l dep ict ions , where

a re s ho wn descr ib ing

t he

r everse d irect ion

F I GURE An

"Om

Kaeo"

s herd

f ro m

Ban

Na

F ig

1 5-5

i n f i l l bet ween t ogether p rov ides s urface

c reated i ns ight f i n ish .

cord- wrapped o f

p ink

de monstrates

a lternat ive t he

i nto As

(Munse l l

t hree

both

t he

p add le .

t he

p a irs

s ix

l eve l

o r

5 ,

s ho w ing

t he

t hat r im ,

t echn ique

l i nes

a nd

t he

(Munse l l , 5Y/8/1) pa inted

r evea ls ,

l i ght

r evea ls

e ffect . t he

The a nd

pa int (?)

l i nes wh ich

i l lustrat ion

s urface

( 10YR/7/2)

r ed

a lso

deta i ls o f exter io r

v esse l was

cord- marked g rey

o f

t he exter ior s urface

i nc ised

d i mens iona l

t he

1 09

t hose on pot 9 7 .

t he manufactur ing method

Overly ing

5YR/8/3)

t o

i nc is ing

o f wh ite

b ackground

pot

1 5-5

D i

cord- mark ing , s l ipp ing a nd

o f

t hey b end a t po ints nearest t he

s haped i s a t h in

smooth

s l ip .

w ith

a

l ayer The

T he

app l icat ion o f The

i nc ised

bases

p etrog raph ic

t h is

s l ip

t hese

const ruct ion

t hree

o ther

vesse l t hat

i s

not

postu lated

ob l iterated

app l ied

vesse ls

t echn iques

o f B an N a D b ur ia l p ottery

part ia l ly

curv i l inear des ign was

o f

i nd icates ,

h as

a na lys is

a re

t he

m iss ing ,

poss ib le .

members

o f

u nderly ing

a fter s l ipp ing . so

f urther

Ho wever t he

t he

a ssessment

a s

t ab le

6

g roup

f abr ic

cord- marks .

Unfortunate ly 1 5-5

o f

be lo w

i nc lude

one

i s mou ld-made .

TABLE Ban Na D i : t he manufactur ing

1 5-5

t echn iques o f "Om

Kaeo" vesse ls

Pot

f orm

manufactur i ng method

2 1* 9 7

l c 6

mould made

9 8

6

? . n ot mould made

7

1 08*

3

1 09

6

?

1 33

3

mould made

*denotes a pplique b and p resent Pots 2 1 a nd i ndented, a nd

t oo l

s l ip o r pa int , wh i le

1 33 h ave f inger p inched app l ique b ands wh i le 1 08 i s d isp lays a meda l l ion . Al i t hree a re cord marked w ithout t he

f i rst

two

appear

t o

h ave

been

f i red

i n

a n

upr ight

pos it ion . The

co mp lex ity

o f

"Om

Kaeo"

t h is p aper, but s evera l po ints o f l i sts

i nd iv idua l

i nvent iveness

ware

p laces

i nterest c an

a nd

be

i t beyond

noted .

o r ig ina l ity , scarc ity

t he

scope

Shepard

o f

( 1968 :336)

o f e ssent ia l mater ia ls

s uch a s p igment o r s l ip, spec ia l purpose p roduct ion , f or examp le r i tua l o r mo rtuary f urn iture f or t he r u l ing h ierarchy, a nd f i na l ly " a per iod o f f i rst appearance

o r

scarc ity

part icu lar

o f

popu lar

f or ms

documented

i mm inent a nd

d isappearance

ware

des igns

( Shepard

t ypes . over

1 936 ,

o f

a

t ype",

Converse ly

r e lat ive ly 1 942) .

a s

f actors

ho wever,

d ispersed

P re l im inary

t he

pott ing

i n

a reas

a na lys is

t he

i m itat ion o f

i s

o f

we l l

over

3 0

t h in-sect ions i nd icates t he l atter pheno menon i s ev ident w ith r espect t o t he "O m Kaeo" ware s herds r ecovered f ro m occupat iona l contexts a t Ban Na D i . mo re o f

Further work deta i led

t hree

o n

r eport

occupat ion

I n ( f ig

t er ms 5-4

o f

page

t h is

i mportant ware

i ntended

l eve l

a re d iscussed be low 6 2

i s

a t

a

i s current ly

t h in-sect ions

a nd

one

a long w ith exa mples o f

f or m 3 13)

a nd i s

f abr ic

c lear .

( fabr ic I n

u nder way

l ater d ate , a lthough mortuary

phase

t he occupat ion 7 ) ,

add it ion

t he

exot ic

t o

i ts

a nd

a

t he m inera logy l c

vesse l

l eve l f abr ics .

n ature

o f vesse l

d ist inct ive

i gneous

m inera logy, s urface f i n ish f eatures a re nonloca l . These i nclude n arro w , l ow-angled h e l ix tw ist cord marks , a nd t o w app l ied a ng le o f i nc l inat ion . A

s er ies

o f

c ircumscr ibe c ircumscr ibes

1 7 t he t he

r ed

dots

upper

ext re me

6 4 ( f ig 5-5 p age 3 14) a lso i t

i s

co mp lete ly

a lmost t o o f

t he

t he

wa l ls

r educed

upper i n

about

body

r im

a s ing le

r im

1 0

mm

marg in . edge .

conta ins The

r im

construct ion

- 6 63

d iameter,

add it ion ,

The

f ab r ic

t hroughout

edge .

i n I n

vesse l

1 5

a

t o

r ed

YR/2 .5/0) .

apart ,

( 10R/4/4)

Both

6 2

Cord marks

appears mode l led operat ion .

mm

i s not mou ld made .

7 , but contrasts w ith

( 2 .5

-

3 5 l i ne

a s

t he

a n cord

i n

Pot t hat

extend

extens ion d iameter

T he

p etrograph ic

a na lys is o f B an Na D i b ur ia l p ottery

(

E I VED IX

THE HUM AN

o f B an

-V

RE MA INS FR O M

CENSUS AND METR IC

Ph i l ip Houghton A .

Burial M . P.

Age

3

BAN NA

D I :

DAT A

a nd Warracha i W ir iyaro mp

The Ban Na D i census

Aged F rom

S ex

t ooth d evelopment

1 8

DI

W C>

( yrs)

1

Na

f emale

S exed

S tature Based

f rom

( fm0

on

t ooth a nd b one s ize

2

3

adult

s keletal

3

3

4 5-49

t ooth wear

d ev.

U/C UAC

4

2

0 0.0 FT

bone & t ooth d ev.

5

2

0 1.50

s keletal

7

2

-00.70

8

2

0 0.70

9

1C -00.70

f et. f et.

d ev.

s keletal

d ev.

s keletal

d ev.

s keletal

d ev.

1 0

1C

5 0+

t ooth wear

UAC

1 1

1C

3 0-34

pubi c symphysis

male

1 2

1B

1 7

s keletal

f emale p elvis

d ev.

1 3

1 B

2 5-29

t ooth wear

1 4

1 B

0 3.00

t ooth d ev.

male

p elvis

1 794

t ibia

p elvis

1 683

t ibia

1 5

1B

0 1.20

t ooth d ev.

1 6

IC

2 5-29

t ooth wear

male

p elvis

1 696

t ibia

1 7

1C

3 0-34

t ooth d ev.

male

mandible

1 740

f emur

t amale p elvis

1 653

t ibia

& l ong bone s ize 1 8

1 C

3 5-39

p ubic symphysis

l aA

l i c

0 0.00 FT

s keletal

d ev.

1 9

1 B

0 5.00

t ooth d ev.

2 0

1 C

0 3.00

t ooth d ev.

2 0A

1 C

0 0.00 FT

s keletal

d ev.

2 08

1 C

Adult

s keletal

d ev.

f emale p elvis

1 643

f emur

2 1

1 B

Adult

s keletal

d ev.

male

l . b.

1 771

t ibia

2 2

IA

3 0-34

t ooth wear

male

p elvis 1 720

t i bia

1 601

t i bia

1 784

t i bia

1 761

t i bia

2 3

1 B

3 0-34

t ooth wear

2 4

1 B

0 0.00 FT

s keletal

d ev.

s keletal

d ev.

2 5

1 B -00.70

2 7

1 C

f et.

4 5-49

f emale c rani um

t ooth wear

f emale p elvis t amale p elvis

2 8

1 A

4 5-49

t ooth wear

2 9

1 C

0 2.00

t ooth d ev. f et.

s ize

3 0

1 B -00.50

s keletal

d ev.

3 1

1 C

Adult

s keletal

d ev.

3 2

1 C

2 0-24

t ooth wear

3 3

1A

1 4

t ooth d ev.

- 7 37

-

male

l . b.

male

p elvis

s ize

Append ix

2 : t he

p eop le

o f B an N a D i

3 4

I A

0 0.60

t ooth d ev.

3 5

1 C

3 0-34

t ooth wear

p elvis

1 642

3 6

I A

5 0+

t ooth wear

f emale p elvis

1 593

f emur

1 B

3 0-34

p ubic s ymphysis

f emale p elvis m ete p elvis

1 607

t ib ia

1 673

t ib ia

p elvis

1 837

t ib ia

f emale p elv is

1 601

t ib ia

1 665

h umerus

t ooth s ize 1 520

h umerus

p elvis

r ad ius

3 7

1 B

2 5-29

t ooth wear

3 8

1 B

0 7.00

t ooth d ev.

3 9

1 B

2 0-24

t ooth wear

4 0

I A

5 0

p ubic s ym .

4 1

1

0 0.60

4 2

1 B

3 0-34

t ooth wear

4 3

I A

0 0.00 FT

s keletal

4 4

I A 00.50

4 5

I A

m ale

m ale

a nd d entition

f emur

t ooth d ev.

d ental f et.

m ale

l .b.

s ize

male

l .b.

s ize

&

d ev.

s keletal

d ev.

t ooth d ev.

0 0.50

4 6

I A

0 9.00

t ooth d ev.

4 7

I A

3 0-34

t ooth wear

4 8

1 C

3 0-34

t ooth wear

f emale c ranium

4 9

1 B

3 5-39

t ooth wear

f emale

TS1

UAC 2 0-24

t ooth wear

1S2

UAC 2 0-24

t ooth wear

TS3 TS4

1 C Adult UAC Adult

s keletal s keletal

d ev.

TS5

1 C

Adult

s keletal

d ev.

mate

TS6

1 C

Adult

s keletal

d ev.

U /C

IST

1 C

Adult

s keletal

d ev.

f emale

TS8

1 C

4 5.49

t ooth wear

TSaA

1 C

2 5-29

t ooth wear

TS9

1 C

adult

s keletal

d ev.

f emale

1S10

1 C

a dult

s keletal

d ev.

U/C

t ooth s ize male

1 686

f emale s kel.

d ev.

mate femote

s ize 1 568

l .b.

s ize

l .b.

s ize

p elvis l .b.

TS11

1 C

2 0-24

t ooth wear

U/C

1S12

1 C

3 5-39

t ooth wear

male

TS13

1 C

Adult

s keletal

d ev.

U /C

T S14

1 C

Adult

s keletal

d ev.

U/C

l .b.

s ize

1 B

2 0-24

p ub ic s ymphysis

male

2 0-24

t ooth wear

f e tnale mend,

TS17

1 B

4 5-49

t ooth wear

male

t .b.

s ize

T S19

I A

3 0-34

t ooth wear

male

1 .b.

s ize

TS20

1 B

Adult

s keletal

U /C

1 S21

I A

1 9

t ooth & s kel.

1622

I A

0 7.00

s keletal

5 . 8 .

2 .

sy m . : syrnphys is 9 .

r ad ius

1 736

fib ul a

1 798

t ibia

p elvis

d ev. male

s ize

p elvis

d ev.

Abbrev iat ions l et . : f etus 3 . W C : u ncerta in 4 .

dev . : d eve lop ment 6 .

1 568

p elvis

1 B

t er m

humerus

p elvis

1S16

FT : f u l l

1 712

s ize

TS15

1 .

r ad ius

f emale p elvis male

d ev.

f emur

1 773

mand . : mand ib le 7 . den . : d ent it ion .

1 0 .

l .b . :

l ong b one

s ke l . : s ke leta l T . : t est square

Append ix

B . Burial Age

Ban Na DC t he s ex

( years)

u lna R

4 9

8 9

0 0.7 -00.7

7 5 f et.

3 0-34

N I

1 3

2 5-29

N I

1 4

03.0

1 29

1 5

0 1.2

1 08

2 5-29

M .

2 97

3 0-34

M .

3 36

1 8

3 5-39

F .

3 05 3 03

3 0-34

2 5

-00.7

2 8

4 5-49

2 9

02.0

4 6

5 3

5 3

8 5

8 4

F .

t ib ia

L

5 2

7 1 5 3

8 8 6 5

8 9 6 5

R

9 3

R

6 1 4 7

5 7 4 6

7 5 5 8

7 0

4 65

4 02 4 01

3 90

4 16 4 14

3 56

7 5 5 8

1 73 9 4

f ibula

L

1 37

1 37

L 5 6

5 4

1 42 1 16 3 61

4 73 2 31

2 33

2 55

4 38 4 42 7 5

1 38

f et.

R

9 7

3 58

3 38 3 40

3 89 3 91

3 76 3 78

6 8

1 08

F . M .

2 42 3 05 3 05 6 0

2 61

4 46

2 43

3 81

5 0

F .

5 7

7 1

2 29

6 2

3 72

6 3

4 13

3 40

4 43

3 96

9 8

-00.5

3 1

Adult

M .

3 2

2 0-24

M .

f et.

6 2 3 04

3 3

1 4

3 5 3 6

30 - 3 4 30-34

M . F .

50+

F .

3 7

25-29

M .

3 8 3 9

0 7.0 2 0-24

M .

3 27 3 22

4 0

5 0

F .

2 79

4 1

0 0.6

4 3

0 0.0 F .T.

2 18 2 21

3 86

3 87 1 80

2 90

2 42

3 45 3 14

2 70

4 32 4 01 4 06

4 23 4 31

3 26 3 30

4 26 2 93 2 95

2 62 2 59

2 25 2 22

2 83

4 17

2 90

2 68 4 73 4 73

4 17

4 00

3 40 3 40

2 44

3 50 2 29

9 4 6 2

4 8

3 0-34

4 9

3 5-39

F .

T S.1

2 0-24

M .

T S.2 2 0-24

F .

T S.3 Adult

M .

6 2

F . 2 80 2 37 4 16 2 60

T S.4 Adult

F .

T S.5 Adult

N L

3 27

T S.6 Adult

WC

3 01

T S.9 Adult

F .

T S.10 Adult

UbC

T S.12 3 5-39

M .

T S.13 Adult

WC

T S.19 3 0-34

M .

T S.20 Adult

WC

1 9

4 4

6 5

3 0

T S.21

4 0

t ong bones

f emur

L

2 33

1 6

2 3

L

2 89 2 87

1 7

03.0

R

4 6

1 1

2 0B A leut t 2 1 Adult

t he h uman

L

6 0 4 8

2 0

l ength o f

o f B an N a D i

R

0 0.0 F .T. 00.7 f et.

00.0 F .T.

p eop le

h umerus r adius

4 7

1 E LA

2 : t he

M .

2 57 2 51

2 15 2 14 3 57 3 54 2 37

3 80

2 38 3 40

2 85

2 90

4 71

4 71

3 97 4 01

Append ix

C .

2 : t he

p eop le

Ban Na D i : t he

Teeth a re des ignated

1 . B urial

1 1

t ooth d imens ions

accord ing

t v fes io-d ista l

1 1

1 2

0 8.2 0 7.1

1 2

1 3

t o

1 4

1 5

(mm)

t he FD I system

l engths , a rch

1

1 6

1 7

1 8

0 7.9 0 6.5 0 6.3 1 0.4

0 7.5 0 8.0 0 6.7 0 6.8 1 0.6

1 6

0 8.2 0 6.4 0 7.7 0 7.3

1 8

0 7.3 0 5.9

0 9.4 0 8.8

0 6.6 0 6.4 0 9.8 0 7: r

2 2 2 3

o f B an Na D i

0 6.4

1 0.6

0 7.6

0 8.3 0 6.8 0 7.6 0 6.9 0 6.3 1 0.0

2 7

0 6.0 0 7.4

2 8

0 6.9 0 6.8 1 0.5 0 9.7

3 2

0 9.2 0 7.6 0 8.1

0 7.2 0 7.4

3 3

0 8.3 0 6.7 0 8.0 0 7.2 0 7.3 0 9.9 0 8.6

1 0.5 0 9.8 0 9.2

3 5

0 8.7

0 7.9 0 7.2 0 7.0 1 0.6 0 9.3 0 9.1

3 7

0 7.5

1 0.0 0 9.6

3 9

0 7.8 1 1.2 1 1.2 1 1.2

4 6

0 8.6 0 6.0 0 6.7

4 7 4 8

0 8.9 0 7.0 0 7.4 0 6.8 0 6.8 1 0.9 1 0.2 0 9.2 0 5.9

TS.8 .A

0 8.6 0 6.7 0 7.9 0 7.5 0 7.1

TS.1tA

0 7.1

T S.12

0 8.7 0 7.6 0 7.1

TS.19

0 8.2 0 6.6 0 8.0

2 .

B urial 1 1

Mes io-d ista l

2 1

2 2

2 3

1 0.0 0 9.5 1 0.9 0 9.4 0 8.7

0 6.9 0 6.6 0 9.8 0 6.7 1 0.5 0 9.6 0 9.0

l engths , a rch 2

2 4

0 8.5 0 7.0 0 8.2 0 7.1

1 2

0 6.1

2 5

2 6

2 7

0 6.2 1 1.0 0 9.3 0 8.7

0 6.8 0 6.6 1 0.2 0 8.6 0 9.0

1 6

0 8.3 0 6.9 0 7.9 0 7.5 0 7.5 1 1.2

1 8

0 7.6 0 6.1

1 0.4 0 9.2

0 6.8 0 6.4 0 6.7 1 0.3 0 8.6

2 2 2 3

0 9.1 0 8.3 0 6.9 0 7.5 0 7.2 0 6.4 1 0.0 0 8.7

2 8 3 2 3 3

2 8

0 9.9 0 9.4 0 9.2 0 7.3 0 7.1 0 7.2 0 7.2 1 0.2 0 9.9 0 9.6 0 8.4 0 6.7 0 7.9

3 5

0 8.3

3 7

0 7.9 0 6.5 0 7.8 0 6.9 0 6.3 0 9.6 0 9.3

0 6.7 0 6.8 1 0.6 0 9.8 0 9.5

3 9

1 0.9 1 1.3 1 0.3

4 0 4 6

0 7.1

1 0.4

0 8.5 0 6.0

4 7

0 8.2 0 7.8 0 8.2 0 7.3 0 7.4

1 0.6 1 0.2

- 7 40

-

Append ix

2 : t he

p eop le

TS.1

o f B an N a D i

0 7.0

T S.aA TS.11

0 8.3 0 6.8 0 7.6 0 7.1 0 7.9

TS.11A TS.12

0 7.1

TS.19

0 7.0 0 9.7 0 9.4 0 6.7 1 0.2 1 0.3

0 6.3 1 1.2 0 9.8 0 8.1 0 7.2 0 6.7 1 0.0 0 9.5

0 6.6 0 8.0 0 6.4 0 6.9 1 0.9 1 0.0 0 9.2

TS.21

0 8.5

3 .

B urial

1 0.8

BuccoL ingua l b readths , a rch

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1

1 7

1 1 1 2

0 7.4 0 7.0 0 8.2 0 9.8 0 9.7 1 1.6 0 6.7 0 7.9 0 9.5 0 9.0 1 1.2

1 6

0 7.0 0 6.8 0 8.1

0 9.8

1 8

0 7.0 0 5.6

0 8.4 0 8.3 1 0.6 0 9.7

2 2

1 1.6 1 3.0 0 8.9

2 3

1 8

1 1.1

1 0.2

0 6.9 0 6.3 0 8.2 0 9.5 1 0.0 1 1.2

2 7 2 8

0 6.7 0 8.0 0 9.8 0 9.8 1 1.1

3 2

0 8.1

0 6.8 0 9.1

3 3

0 6.9 0 6.3 0 8.1

3 5

0 6.2

3 7

1 0.4

1 0.5

1 1.6

1 1.6 1 1.5

1 1.1

0 9.6 0 9.8 1 1.3 1 0.5

0 7.4 0 9.4 0 9.6 1 1.4

1 1.0 1 0.7

0 8.5

1 1.2

1 0.4

3 9

1 0.0 1 1.7

1 2.3 1 2.1

4 6

0 6.7 0 5.6 0 6.8

4 7

0 7.2 0 6.7 0 8.6 0 9.6 1 1.5 1 2.4

1 1.9 1 1.9

4 8

0 6.1

T S.&A

0 7.5 0 6.8 0 8.4

TS.11A

1 0.4

1 0.3 1 0.8 1 2.1

0 9.9 0 9.7 1 1.3 1 1.3 1 1.4

T S.12

0 7.3 0 6.7 0 8.7 0 9.9 0 9.8 1 1.2

TS.19

0 7.4 0 6.5 0 9.1

4 .

B urial 1 1

1 0.0 1 1.5 1 1.2 1 0.2

Bucco-Ungua l b readths , a rch 2

2 1

2 2

0 7.7 0 7.1

2 3

2 4

0 8.1

0 9.6 0 9.7

1 2

2 5

2 6

2 7

1 1.4

1 1.3 1 1.5

0 9.6 0 8.9 1 0.9 1 0.1

1 6

0 6.9 0 6.4 0 8.0 1 0.1

0 9.9 1 2.5 1 1.4

1 8

0 6.5 0 5.7 0 7.3 0 8.6 0 8.2 1 0.3 0 9.6

2 2 2 3

2 8

1 0.3 1 2.3 0 9.3

0 7.4 0 6.6 0 8.5 0 9.8 0 9.9 1 0.1

1 1.5

1 1.1

1 1.2

2 8 3 2

0 8.0 0 7.1

3 3

0 6.9 0 6.2 0 8.3

3 5

0 6.3

3 7

0 7.5 0 7.1

0 9.0 1 0.3 1 0.0 1 0.5

1 2.2 1 1.2

0 9.6 0 9.6 1 1.3 1 1.3 1 1.4 0 7.4 0 9.8 0 9.7

3 9

- 7 41 -

1 0.8

1 1.6

1 0.7

1 2.5 1 3.2

Append ix

2 :

t he

p eop le

4 0

0 9.8

4 6

0 7.0 0 5.4

4 7

0 7.3 0 6.9 0 8.6 0 9.7

TS.1

1 0.0

TS.RA

0 7.1

0 6.9 0 8.4

TS.11 TS.12

0 9.4

TS.19

1 0.2 0 9.8 1 2.6

1 2.5

1 0.7

Burial

1 1.7

1 1.7

0 9.8 1 1.2

1 0.5

1 0.0 0 9.7

0 6.6 0 8.9 0 9.7

3 2

1 1

0 5.1

1 2

0 5.5

1 0.8

1 1.1

Mes io-d ista l

3 1

1 1.7

1 1.3 1 0.9

1 0.0 1 1.9 1 1.3

0 7.4

5 .

1 1.1 1 2.0

0 8.4

1 0.7

D i

1 0.9

TS.1tA

TS.21

o f B an Na

3 3

l engths , a rch

3 4

3 5

0 5.9 0 7.2 0 6.8 0 7.1

3

3 6

3 7

38

1 0.9

1 0.0

1 0.7

0 7.0 0 8.5 0 8.2 1 0.5 0 9.8 1 1.1

1 3

0 6.9

1 6

0 4.8 0 5.7 0 6.4 0 6.8 0 7.0 1 1.2

1 8

0 4.9 0 5.0 0 6.1

1 0.7

1 1.3

0 6.3 0 6.6 1 0.6 0 9.7

2 2

0 6.2 0 6.2

1 0.4 0 9.1

1 0.5

2 3

0 6.4 0 7.4 0 7.3

1 1.1

1 1.1

2 8 3 2

0 6.7 0 6.8 0 7.5

1 0.8 1 1.4

0 5.4 0 6.3 0 7.2 0 7.0 0 7.3 1 1.3

1 1.0 1 1.4 1 1.1

3 3

0 5.2

0 7.0 0 7.3 0 8.4 1 1.6

3 5

0 5.1

0 5.7 0 6.9 0 6.4 0 6.6 1 1.2 1 0.6

3 6

0 5.2 0 5.7 0 6.3 0 6.5 0 6.7 1 0.5 0 9.8 1 0.2

3 7

0 6.6 1 0.3

3 8

1 1.7

3 9

1 1.8

4 0

0 7.2 0 7.6 1 0.6

4 2

0 5.2 0 6.5 0 7.2 0 7.6 0 7.4

1 1.5

1 1.3 1 1.4

1 2.0 1 2.6 1 1.1

1 0.3

1 1.9

4 7

0 8.0 1 1.7

1 1.0 1 1.2

4 8

0 7.3 1 1.2

1 0.5

1 0.7

0 6.7 0 7.9 0 6.3 1 0.5

1 0.1

1 0.2

TS.01

0 6.1

TS.02 TS.12

1 0.9 0 5.8

0 6.9 0 7.9

TS.16

1 1.2

6 .

Burial

4 1

Mes io-d ista l

4 2

4 3

1 0.0

l engths , a rch 4

4 4

4 5

4 6

4 7

4 8

1 1

0 4.9 0 5.9 0 7.1

0 6.5 0 7.0

1 1.2 0 9.9

1 1.4

1 2

0 5.6 0 6.2 0 6.8 0 8.9 0 8.0

1 0.9 0 9.5

1 1.3

1 2.0

1 0.5

1 1.6

1 6

0 4.7 0 5.2 0 6.3 0 6.3 0 6.9

1 1.0

1 0.5

1 0.6

1 8

0 4.9 0 5.1

1 3

2 2

0 5.9 0 6.4 0 6.3

0 5.5 0 6.4 0 6.3 0 6.6

1 0.0 0 9.0 0 9.1 1 1.0 1 0.0

1 0.4

Append ix

2 : t he

p eop le

o f B an Na D i

2 3

0 5.2 0 5.5 0 6.6 0 6.5 0 7.2

2 8 3 2

0 6.3 0 6.6 0 5.4 0 6.3 0 7.4 0 7.5 0 8.0 1 1.5 1 0.9 1 1.2

3 3

0 5.2

1 1.2

1 1.5

3 5

0 5.2 0 5.9 0 6.9 0 6.7 0 6.6 1 1.4

1 0.4

3 6 3 7

0 5.1

0 7.0 0 7.1

0 7.2

1 1.2

1 1.9

0 5.9 0 6.3 0 6.6 0 6.7 1 0.5 1 0.7 0 6.9 0 6.6 1 0.4 1 0.2 1 0.3

3 9

1 1.3 1 1.9 1 3.0

4 0

1 1.4

4 2

0 5.1

0 8.7 0 7.5 0 7.9

4 7

0 8.3 1 2.1

1 1.9 1 1.4

4 8 TS.1

0 6.5 0 6.9 0 6.5 0 6.4

TS.2

1 0.8 1 0.5 1 0.3 1 1.4

1 0.7

1 1.1 1 1.1

1 0.3 1 1.1

TS.1tA T S.12 TS.16

0 5.0 0 6.2 0 7.0 0 6.0 0 7.1

7 .

B urial

Buccol ingua l b readths , a rch 3

3 1

3 2

3 3

3 4

3 5

3 6

3 7

3 8

1 1

0 6.5 0 6.8 0 8.0 0 7.8 0 8.8 1 1.0 1 0.5 1 0.5

1 2

0 5.9

0 7.1

0 6.2 0 8.8 1 0.0 0 9.8 1 0.2

1 3

0 8.7

1 6

0 6.0 0 5.8 0 7.0 0 8.0 0 8.3 1 1.3

1 8

0 5.3 0 5.5 0 6.9 0 7.4 0 7.8

1 3.3 1 0.3

1 0.4 0 9.7

2 2

0 7.3 0 8.3

1 1.4

2 3

0 8.0 0 8.3 0 9.1

1 1.2 1 0.6

2 8

0 7.7 0 8.0 0 8.8

1 0.1

3 2

0 6.3 0 6.5 0 7.4 0 8.4 0 8.6

3 3

0 5.0

3 5

0 4.7 0 5.2 0 6.8 0 7.5 0 8.2

3 6

0 5.8 0 6.2 0 7.2 0 7.9 0 8.7

3 7

0 8.4

1 0.1

1 1.0 1 0.8 1 0.8

0 7.4 0 8.3 0 9.0 1 0.9 1 0.4

3 8

1 0.9 1 0.5 1 0.7 1 0.9 0 9.8 1 0.1 1 0.7

1 0.6 1 0.9

1 0.4

3 9

1 1.5 1 1.3 1 2.0

4 0 4 2

1 0.2 1 0.1

0 9.0 0 8.8 1 1.3 1 1.1 0 6.1

0 6.7 0 7.4 0 8.6 0 8.5

1 0.1

1 0.7

4 7 4 8

0 9.3 1 1.7 1 1.6 1 1.0 0 8.8 1 1.5 1 0.6 1 0.8

TS.01

0 5.3 0 7.2 0 7.9 0 7.9 1 0.8 0 9.7 0 9.4

TS.02 TS.12

1 0.8 0 6.2

0 8.5 0 8.7

T S.16

1 0.9 0 9.3

- 7 43

-

Append ix

8 .

Burial

2 :

t he

p eople

o f B an

Na

D i

Bucco-l ingua l b readths , a rch 4

4 1

4 2

4 3

4 4

4 5

4 6

4 7

4 8

1 0.5

1 0.5

1 1

0 6.5 0 6.5 0 8.2 0 7.9 0 8.8

1 1.2

1 2

05.5 0 6.0 0 6.5 0 6.3 0 5.9

1 0.3 0 9.8 0 9.7

1 3

1 0.9

1 0.8

1 1.3

1 6

0 5.5 0 6.0 0 7.5 0 7.6 0 8.1

1 1.0 1 0.3 0 9.9

1 8

0 5.2 0 5.2 0 6.7 0 7.7 0 7.9

1 0.3 0 9.5

1 0.4

0 8.2 0 8.7

1 1.2

1 0.2

1 0.3

0 6.0 0 6.7 0 7.9 0 8.3 0 9.1

1 0.8 1 0.6

2 2 2 3

0 6.2 0 7.1

2 8

0 7.5 0 8.1

3 2

0 6.3

0 8.5 0 8.6 0 8.7

1 1.1

1 0‘ ,8

3 3

0 5.3

0 7.5 0 8.2 0 8.9 1 0.7

1 0.8

3 5

0 4.9 0 5.0 0 6.3 0 7.5 0 8.4

3 6

0 5.7 0 6.4 0 7.2 0 8.1

3 7

1 0.6

0 8.5 0 8.9

3 9

1 0.9

1 1.0 1 0.6

1 0.8

1 1.3

1 2.3

4 0 4 2

1 0.4

0 8.2 1 0.5 0 9.7 1 1.7 1 1.0

0 6.1

0 7.3 0 8.8 0 8.8

4 7

0 9.2 1 1.7

1 1.3

1 1.1

TS.1

0 5.7 0 7.4 0 8.0 0 8.0 1 0.8

1 0.1

0 .92

TS.2

1 0.7

1 0.6

1 1.2

1 1.0

0 8.2 08.6 1 1.0

1 0.1

4 8

TS.12 TS.16

0 6.1

0 6.1

0 8.1

Append ix

D .

2 : t he

p eop le

o f B an N a

Ban Na D i : ma le mand ibu lar d ata

D i

(mm)

B urial

B IC

B IG

CB

RB

RH

SH

N2 1 1

B L

ANGLE

1 1

1 28

1 11

2 4.5 3 4

6 8

3 5

3 1

1 10

1 3

1 14

1 00

2 0

2 2

5 0

3 5

3 2

9 8

1 21

2 2

1 21

9 7

2 0

3 7

5 2

3 7

3 3

1 08

1 25

3 7 3 9

1 35 1 30

1 13 1 06

2 3 2 5

3 0 3 6

5 7 6 9

3 4 3 5

2 9 3 2

1 02 1 08

1 21 1 14

TS1

1 14

1 25

9 7

2 3

3 3

5 3

3 0

2 9

9 9

1 22

TS8A 1 28

1 06

2 1

3 5

5 9

3 6

3 3

1 06

1 18

TS16 1 16

9 7

2 3

3 2

6 7

3 4

3 1

1 02

1 12

Ban Na D i : f ema le mand ibu lar d ata

B urial B IC

B IG

CB

RB

RH

SH

U M

(mm)

B L

ANGLE

1 30

1 8

1 19

1 00

1 8.5 3 2

4 4

2 9

2 5

9 6

2 3

1 24

9 5

2 2

3 5

6 6

3 0

2 9

1 00

1 25

2 8

1 24

1 00

2 1

3 5

5 5

3 5

3 2

1 12

1 21

3 6

1 15

9 2

2 2

2 8

5 2

3 1

2 7

9 8

1 26

4 0

1 15

9 4

2 2

3 3

5 6

3 0

2 7

1 02

1 17

TS16 1 05

8 9

1 7

3 0

4 6

2 8

2 8

9 6

1 30

KEY F CRION1D IBLE TABLES B IC = B icondylar CB = Condylar RH = r amal

b readth

b readth

h eight

N eH . height

o f

B L = Mandibular

B IG = B igonial

b readth

RB = m inir r i trn r amus b readth SH = s ymphyseal

h eight

b ody o f mandible b etween i st l ength

a nd 2 nd molars

I ell f l I t e rf lf lu

A

l u tr l :T 1 9 1 ennw e

A

t p . J UZ\ I M J 1f 1 -1 1L I5 E JUIV IE J3 I NUZ U JI JI I

L Ia l I -n n uthr eg -m v Ilv el inA 9. 1 -

f ILI N

3: 52 JE J -I E JA -) 31 . 1 V 11 -1 2 . 1

11 1

nLeulL 14 1 2 . 2r ülthrt le lmu l eunnlAn 1 91

L trIZ ulAlAniren2y 9 u 1 n -l 9f ln fr il w 1 1 4 Lt Jt

A

1 .u evm ; 1 " Ü L L

n a t JAL L ar A i llf iI Ie d yge ul;+ 1 Aui n t l i ef i Ilud ie fgr in i le

l An tee l \w r 2n ilen 1 9 11u1 In Anmi lhu il

lut

I Lyzn uf il i 7 1% W Id ik i je D u lf 1

A rg 'g

\I

A

I

1

M

d l

n

91

U

1

h

4

n

P U LLII

M

I IJ

I

M

A 9

A

n

U

t

e ti

l

6) .•

)

LL

U I I CI

Z

1

U

f T

W

AI

A

I

M

1

1

o e a L L; -nnit h inveg i: , ' 5 1 , 1Vf 13 1 . !39 1 1 , L . 1 1 1 7 ° 11 2 J1 ff l 111 97 . -m A llue lu tnu k i i?u i w L I A L L

I er c uEv Lu j U vz 1, 1 1 1m 4 1u E

1 9 1L m i ln -I lvAu vr illuI m4 iluvet w i L21 1 115vleh I nuteuv uu

n

V 9 1133 0 1Z11 1

1-1 1 1 -L 9 1 .

r y

9 1 -l uu llf i ilv 3-I n nlI v uu2t

I u vrnil v v il -Av d 9 1Z 1 1 11 9 11 A

227 1ä 1 1 4 1 1d IX t u A

A

t h z : mluln ' 45ume ru vr y lluueLlumllue llAIleuL

uunw ilvvv fnlle n

lAw ir ard lu i t JA I Juln d ynenle -u nly -mkul l i AuZu huna le

tc ; ) . 1 n21 , 7 1 1;

l muZ 2 i l iul tr ime;11 neurn IIA M 1 421 1 4 1 . 1m 1 " u v u l i lrW er w l; . u

vuevg l i hu l

13e l l Ai lf l 12 -1 , 1VUf l 11 , 6 1 W 1 M 4A1

f i v A lf i len ru iU A1 61 ;4 1 1 ;nr in 11 mIte ulf i -nu i ' l ul tA tk i

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