Ancient Place-Names in the Governorate of Kafr El-Sheikh (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta) 9042941758, 9789042941755

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O R I E N TA L I A L OVA N I E N S I A A N A L E C TA Ancient Place-names in the Governorate of Kafr el-Sheikh

by ÅKE ENGSHEDEN

P E E T ERS

ANCIENT PLACE-NAMES IN THE GOVERNORATE OF KAFR EL-SHEIKH

ORIENTALIA LOVANIENSIA ANALECTA ————— 293 —————

ANCIENT PLACE-NAMES IN THE GOVERNORATE OF KAFR EL-SHEIKH

by

ÅKE ENGSHEDEN

PEETERS LEUVEN – PARIS – BRISTOL, CT 2021

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. © 2021, Peeters Publishers, Bondgenotenlaan 153, B-3000 Leuven/Louvain (Belgium) All rights reserved, including the rights to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form. ISBN 978-90-429-4175-5 eISBN 978-90-429-4176-2 D/2021/0602/18

For what man of perception can afford to dispense with a knowledge of the correct form of place names and the determination of their locations?  ƗTnjWSUHIDFHWRMucЂDPDOEXOGƗQ < (Translation by W. Jwaideh)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3උൾൿൺർൾ .

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ංඑ

$ൻൻඋൾඏංൺඍංඈඇඌ .

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එං

7උൺඇඌඅංඍൾඋൺඍංඈඇඌඒඌඍൾආඌ .

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එඏ

,ඇඍඋඈൽඎർඍංඈඇ .

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1. (අൾආൾඇඍൺඋඒ඀ൾඈ඀උൺඉඁඒ .

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1.1. Administrative divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Physical description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2. 0ൾඍඁඈൽൺඇൽආൺඍൾඋංൺඅඌ .

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2.1. Linguistic considerations . . . 2.2. Toponymic materials . . . . 2.2.1. Topographical maps. . . 2.2.2. Written sources . . . . 2.2.3. Fieldwork . . . . . . 2.2.4. The linguistic background .

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17 20 20 26 34 35

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3. *ൺඓൾඍඍൾൾඋ .

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3.1. Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2. Place-names in Kafr el-Sheikh . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3. Uncertain and damaged place-names . . . . . . . . . 328 4. $ඇൺඅඒඌංඌ .

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4.1. Transmission of place-names . . 4.1.1. Phonetic change . . . . 4.1.2. Morphological change . . 4.1.3. Semantic change . . . . 4.1.3.1. Name origin . . 4.1.3.2. Denotation shifts . 4.1.3.3. Folk etymology .

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331 333 338 352 354 355 356

VIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

)ංඇൺඅඐඈඋൽඌ

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$ඉඉൾඇൽංඑ,0ൺඉඌ .

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$ඉඉൾඇൽංඑ,,&ඁඋඈඇඈඅඈ඀ංർൺඅඅංඌඍඈൿ$උൺൻංർൺඎඍඁඈඋඌ . . . . . . 379 %ංൻඅංඈ඀උൺඉඁඒ .

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,ඇൽൾඑ .

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PREFACE

7KH DLPV RI WKLV ERRN DUH WZRIROG )LUVW LW ZLOO SURYLGH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ ancient place-names in the governorate of Kafr el-Sheikh and their developPHQWXQWLOWKHSUHVHQWGD\VXPPLQJXSSUHYLRXVGLVFXVVLRQVRQLGHQWLILFDWLRQV RI VLWHV DQG QDPHV IURP WKDW SDUWLFXODU UHJLRQ ZKLOH FRQWULEXWLQJ ZLWK VRPH IUHVKLGHDV6HFRQGO\WKHZRUNVKRXOGFRQWULEXWHWRUDLVLQJWKHDZDUHQHVVRI the importance of conducting research on place-names in a diachronic perspective and integrating data from fieldwork. I would feel that the accumulated \HDUVRIZRUNKDYHEHHQZHOOVSHQWLIWKHVHWZRDLPVDUHDWOHDVWSDUWO\IXOfilled. I would like to thank the Tercentenary Foundation of the Bank of Sweden which funded my research. I was also fortunate to be accepted as a member ‘jWLWUHpWUDQJHU’ at The French Institute in Cairo (IFAO) for 2006–08. I wish WR H[WHQG P\ WKDQNV WR WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH UHFUXLWHPHQW FRPPLWWHH LQ SDUWLFXODUWR/DXUH3DQWDODFFLWKHQGLUHFWRURI,)$2IRUKDYLQJSXWWKHLUIDLWK in me. To belong to that august institution was very important as it greatly IDFLOLWDWHGP\ZRUNERWKLQWKHOLEUDU\LQ&DLURDQGLQWKHILHOG,DPJUDWHIXO to Birgit och Gad Rausings Stiftelse which helped to finance the completion RI WKH VWXG\ LQFOXGLQJ WKH SURRIUHDGLQJ FRVW , ZRXOG DOVR OLNH WR WKDQN Letterstedtska Föreningen for having financed a part of my field trips and the Margareta och Sten V. Wångstedts Stiftelse which allowed me to spend a week consulting works in the British Library. My thanks also go to the Supreme &RXQFLORI$QWLTXLWLHV6&$ IRUKHOSLQSDUWLFXODUWR$EGHOIDWDK(LG$O\(LG 0RKDPHG $EGHO 5DILH )DGHO :DJLHK ,EUDKLHP $EG (OQDE\ DQG =HLQDE Hashesh. I also owe a large debt of gratitude to Ahmad Abd El Aziz Salim Eid for his driving skills. I also thank the following individuals who have FRQWULEXWHGWKURXJKGHHGVDQGLGHDVELEOLRJUDSKLFDOWLSVKHOSWRDQDO\VHWDSH UHFRUGLQJV DFFHVV WR DUFKLYDO PDWHULDOV DQG WKH VROXWLRQ RI YDULRXV SUDFWLFDO LVVXHV5DJDE$WWLD,QJYDU%DFNpXV3DVFDOH%DOOHW8ZH%DUWHOV3DWULFLD%HUJ 1LOV%LOOLQJ5DPH]%RXWURV'DJPDU%XGGH6\OYLH'HQRL[9DQHVVD'HVFODX[ 5pPL 'HVGDPHV 1LFRODV *ULPDO 6YHQ *QWKHU -XOLD +DEHW]HGHU &KULVWLQD +DJD/XFLOH+DJXHW)UDQGV+HUVFKHQG0LULDP+MlOP%R,VDNVVRQ&DUROLQ -RKDQVVRQ -RKQ /MXQJNYLVW 'DQLHO /|ZHQERUJ -RQDWKDQ 0RUpQ 2OLYLHU 3HUGX0LNDHO3HUVHQLXV-DQ5HWV|5REHUW6FKLHVWO6WHSKDQ6HLGOPD\HU3DXO 6LQFODLU5REHUW6LPSVRQ/HQQDUW6WU|PTXLVW$QQHOL6XQGNYLVW0DJG\7RUDE

X

PREFACE

8UVXOD 9HUKRHYHQ 'DQLHO :HUQLQJ 3HQHORSH :LOVRQ$QGUHDV :LQNOHU DQG :LWROG:LWDNRZVNL6SHFLDOPHQWLRQVKRXOGEHPDGHRI5RJHU'LFNLQVRQZKR graciously accepted the task of correcting the English text at a critical stage. 0\JUHDWHVWGHEWKRZHYHULVXQTXHVWLRQDEO\WRDOOWKRVHLQIRUPDQWVPHWGXULQJ P\ILHOGWULSVZKRVKRZHGDQXQSDUDOOHOOHGKRVSLWDOLW\DQGJHQHURVLW\WRZDUGV me sharing both tea and information.

ABBREVIATIONS

Governorates )RUWKHQDPHVRIJRYHUQRUDWHV,KDYHIROORZHG,62±ZKLFKLVIDPLOLDU from the former series of vehicle registration plates. AS ASN BH BNS C '. DT FYM GH *= KB KFS KN LX MN MNF PTS SHG 6+5 SIN







Asyut Governorate Aswan Governorate Buhaira Governorate Beni Suef Governorate Cairo Governorate 'DTDKOL\D*RYHUQRUDWH Damietta Governorate Fayyum Governorate Gharbiya Governorate *L]D*RYHUQRUDWH Qalyubiya Governorate Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate Qena Governorate Luxor Governorate Minya Governorate Minufiya Governorate Port Said Governorate Sohag Governorate 6KDUTL\D*RYHUQRUDWH Northern Sinai Governorate

Other abbreviations 7KHOLVWLQFOXGHVDOVRDEEUHYLDWLRQVIURPTXRWDWLRQVLQWKHJD]HWWHHU ABL ACC

ablative accusative

XII

AH Ar. B b. BM %1)  c. CA ca Co. d. DAT Dem. ':  Dyn. ($  ($  Eg. Eng. ESA Ez. or cEz. Fr. frag. Ft. GEN Gr. It. Iz. .  Ke l. Lat. LE lit. LOC m. MK Ms. NK NOM O. Pap.

ABBREVIATIONS

anno Hegirae (Islamic calendar) Arabic Bohairic ibn British Museum %LEOLRWKqTXH1DWLRQDOHGH)UDQFH century Classical Arabic circa Coptic died dative Demotic 'ƗUDO:D৮Ɨ¶LTDO4DZPL\\D1DWLRQDO$UFKLYHV &DLUR dynasty (J\SWLDQ$UDELF²LIQRWVSHFLILHGWKH&DLURGLDOHFWLVPHDQW (J\SWLDQDQWLTXLWLHVLQWKH%ULWLVK0XVHXP Egyptian English Egyptian Survey Authority c izba French fragment Fort genitive Greek Italian c izba NRP'DUHVV\¶VUHIHUHQFHV RWKHUZLVHNDIU kafr line Latin Lower Egypt(ian) literally locative markaz (sub-regional administrative division) Middle Kingdom manuscript New Kingdom nominative ostracon papyrus

ABBREVIATIONS

Pers. photopl. pl. 37  Ptol. ro. S 6&$  SIP Syr. TT Tu. UE var. vo.

Persian photoplate plate S\UDPLGWH[WVVSHOOQXPEHU Ptolemaic recto Sahidic 6XSUHPH&RXQFLORI$QWLTXLWLHV Second Intermediate Period Syriac Theban Tomb Turkish Upper Egypt(ian) variant verso

XIII

TRANSLITERATION SYSTEMS

7KHHQWULHVLQWKHJD]HWWHHUKDYHEHHQDUUDQJHGLQDVLQJOHDOSKDEHWLFVHULHV ignoring all diacritic signs. The following chart gives the full list used in sortLQJ)RUWKHYDOXHVRIWKHGLDFULWLFVLJQVVHHWKHFKDUWVEHORZ Coptic and Greek are in general reproduced in their original scripts throughRXWWKHERRNH[FHSWIRUHQWU\KHDGLQJV

a E c d H f J h i M k l P

Egyptian

Other

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XVI

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TRANSLITERATION SYSTEMS

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Coptic &RSWLF LV NQRZQ LQ VHYHUDO ZULWWHQ VWDQGDUGV XVXDOO\ FDOOHG GLDOHFWV7KH table below reproduces the approximate values of the Bohairic dialect which was spoken in the Delta following the alphabet of the International Phonetic $OSKDEHW,3$ ,XVHIRU&RSWLFWKHIRQW,)$21&RSWH‹,)$2ZKLFKZDV designed by Jonathan Perez.

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r s t u ph kh ps o ‫ݕ‬ f x h ‫ݹ‬ ‫ݹ‬h ti

XVII

TRANSLITERATION SYSTEMS

Egyptian 7KHSKRQRORJLFDOYDOXHVRIPDQ\DQFLHQW(J\SWLDQVRXQGVLQSDUWLFXODUIRU WKHHDUO\SHULRGLVDPXFKGLVFXVVHGLVVXH,JLYHKHUHDVWDQGDUGYLHZRIWKH Classical period. The order of the Egyptian alphabet below is modern. Semiticists should be particularly careful to note that ‫ ڴ‬and ‫ ܔ‬have a different value in transcriptions from Egyptian and transcriptions from Arabic. One should also note the representation of aleph through a sign peculiar to transliteration from ancient Egyptian.

# ¦, y o w b p f m n r h H

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INTRODUCTION

Egypt is a treasure trove for anyone wishing to research past societies. Everywhere archaeological remains abound, ranging from spectacular, at times nearly intact, Pharaonic temples and tombs down to palaeobotanical materials, invisible to the naked eye, lying buried deep in the ground. The study of this incomparably rich material makes it possible both to trace the geographical and physical foundations of the society and to approach the value systems that governed the lives of people along the river Nile. The span of documented history is long, and many different civilizations have left their imprint. Each of them has contributed to shape Egypt as we know it. But the traces do not need to appear among material remains. They can also be immaterial. The last decades, in fact, have witnessed a growing awareness that there is more to the cultural heritage of a country than concrete physical evidence, be it touristically attractive sites or objects for display in museums; it also encompasses language and oral tradition. One immaterial representative of Egypt’s cultural heritage that continues to be underrepresented in research are place-names, which form the subject of this book.1 The study of place-names is called toponomastics in the terminology established by the ICOS (International Council of Onomastic Studies) and to which I adhere in this book, as distinct from toponymy, which is better reserved for a collection of place-names, although frequently also used colloquially for the discipline itself. The onomastic landscape of Egypt is today dominated, of course, by names of Arabic origin. Next to this there are numerous traces left from Egyptian and Coptic place-names that have been integrated into Arabic toponymy. One also finds place-names derived from Greek, to a lesser extent also ones that ultimately derive from Latin or Aramaic, and rarely Turkish. In the marginal areas of the modern state, place-names of Berber, Nubian or Beja origin are found. An analysis of ancient place-names, their etymology and how they have developed, not the least as a consequence of Arabicization, is a fascinating 1 For place-names as cultural heritage and the activities of the United Nations, see e.g. +.ൾඋൿඈඈඍ, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Toponymy, Seoul, 7–9 November 2014 (Seoul, 2015), 15–39.

2

INTRODUCTION

subject per se, but it also furthers our understanding of Egypt’s development in a diachronic perspective, since naming practices mirror both societal structure and beliefs. Their study can potentially shed light on settlement history and help to locate and identify sites. The importance of place-names for Egyptological studies, though, should not surprise. It is heralded by the oldest decipherable hieroglyphic inscriptions to date, i.e. the ivory labels from tomb U-j in Abydos (ca 3150 BC), in which several place-names are mentioned.2 Despite several important studies, some being uncontested displays of brilliance, devoted to single toponyms, predominantly Pharaonic,3 it must be acknowledged that there is little systematic work done on place-names in Egypt, in comparison to what has been produced regarding modern Europe or North America. Arabic toponymy itself is sadly underresearched.4 There are many questions in need of an answer. What use can be made of the large corpus of non-Arabic names unattested in older documentation? Can their current form say anything about their linguistic background? How have ancient names been adapted phonologically and morphologically to Arabic? Can particular name types be recognized and attributed to specific time periods? How far back in time can linguistic reconstruction take us? The present work will only provide data and give tentative answers to some of these questions and it cannot make up for the dearth of pertinent studies in this field. The work aims at directing attention to problems facing toponymic research concerning Egypt through a diachronic study of pre-Arabic settlement names organized on a regional basis. The short description of key terms that follows will let the reader know what he (or she) will find, and respectively not find, in this book. As the title of the book indicates, this work is devoted to place-names. It is a toponomastic study and all specializations within onomastics make up a part of linguistics. It is not directly concerned with the localities themselves or settlement history. That being said, the material collected and analysed in this volume should also be of interest for studies of the historical development of the area studied in the northern-central Delta. An ancient name indicates, in principle, the presence of an ancient settlement at or near the location to which

2 * 'උൾඒൾඋ, Umm el-Qaab I. Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse (Mainz, 1998), pls 27–35. 3 Overviews are: -@ '* +ඈ඀ൺඋඍඁ, -+6 24 (1904), 3–4; * 'ൺඋൾඌඌඒ, ASAE 26 (1926), 246; id., BSGE 16 (1928), 234. ) +ඈආආൾඅ, (WKQRORJLH XQG *HRJUDSKLHGHV$OWHQ2ULHQWV(Munich, 1926), 905, 909 n. 1, thought that the original Buto had been situated further south and was transferred only later to the actual tell. 431 As done in DG ,,7KLVLV6&$QR 432 6HHc(ඇ඀ඌඁൾൽൾඇ, in 3%ൺඅඅൾඍൾඍൺඅ., 7HOOHO)DUDFîn – %XWR9,, 37–9. 433 AEO II, 191*.

GAZETTEER

99

(Reymond, 5HFRUGV RI D 3ULHVWO\ )DPLO\, p. 123 = 9LHQQDb6[Ptol.]) (Ryholt, 3HWHVH, pl. 17 = Pap. Carlsberg 165, 8?/5 [Roman]) (Ryholt, 3HWHVH, pl. 17 = Pap. Carlsberg 165, 8?/16 [Roman]) (Ryholt, 3HWHVHII, p. 101, pl. 12 = Pap. Carls berg 394, D1, x + 4 [Roman]) (Griffith & Thompson, 0DJLFDO 3DS\UXV RI /RQGRQ DQG /HLGHQ,,SO 3DS0DJ/RQGRQ/HLGHQFRO[Roman])

(Bell, Nock & Thompson, 3%$17 (1931), pl. = Pap. BM EA 10588, fol. 6, 12 [3rd c.])434 ǺȠȣIJȫ(Herodotus 2.155 ‫ۃ‬5th c. BC‫ۄ‬+HURGLDQȆİȡ੿țȜȓıİȦȢੑȞȠȝȐIJȦȞSS 347 ‫ۃ‬2nd c.‫ۄ‬6WHSK%\]%‫ۃ‬6th c.‫)ۄ‬ ǺȠȣIJȠ૙DAT(Herodotus 2.155; 2.156 ‫ۃ‬5th c. BC‫ ;ۄ‬Herodian, 'HSURVRGLDFDWKROLFD 3, 1, p. 85 ‫ۃ‬2nd c.‫ۄ‬6WHSK%\];YDUVǺȠȪIJȠȚȢ ‫ۃ‬6th c.‫)ۄ‬435 ǺȠȣIJȠ૨Ȟ ACC(Herodotus, 2.59.3, 2.63; 2.67.2, 2.152.3 ‫ۃ‬5th c. BC‫)ۄ‬ ǺRȣIJȠ૨Ȣ GEN(Herodotus, 2.111.2, 2.133.1, 3.64.4 ‫ۃ‬5th c. BC‫ۄ‬6WHSK%\]% ‫ۃ‬6th c.‫)ۄ‬ ȃİȕ ȠȣIJȚ DAT(5,&,6 111/0101, 119 [3rd c. BC])436 ǺȠȪIJȠȣ GEN6WUDER‫ۃ‬1st c.‫ۄ‬6WHSK%\].‫ۃ‬6th c.‫)ۄ‬ IJ੽Ȟ ǺȠ૨IJȠȞ ACC6WUDER‫ۃ‬1st c.‫)ۄ‬ IJૌ ǺȠȪIJ૳ DAT6WUDER‫ۃ‬1st c.‫)ۄ‬ ǺȠȪIJ૳ DAT(Plutarch, 'H,VLGH, 18.357 F ‫ۃ‬c. 100‫)ۄ‬ ǺȠ૨IJȠȞ ACC(Plutarch, 'H,VLGH, 38.366 A ‫ۃ‬c. 100‫)ۄ‬ ǺȠȣIJ૶ DAT(Pap. Oxy. XI, 1380, 27 [2nd c.]) ǺȠ૨IJȠȢ(Ptolemy 4.5.48 ‫ۃ‬c. 150‫ۄ‬+HURGLDQȆİȡ੿țȜȓıİȦȢੑȞȠȝȐIJȦȞS ‫ۃ‬2nd c.‫ ;ۄ‬Hierocles, 724 4 ‫ۃ‬6th c.‫ۄ‬6WHSK%\]%‫ۃ‬6th c.‫)ۄ‬ ǺȠȪIJȘȢ GEN$HO 9+  ‫ۃ‬early 3rd c.‫ۄ‬437; NOMEustath. Od. X, 1644, p. 363 [12th c.]) 434

Except for the initial sign, the remaining signs are Hieratic. Quoted from Hecataeus (4th c. BC), cf. ) -ൺർඈൻඒ, 'LH )UDJPHQWH GHU JULHFKLVFKHQ +LVWRULNHU I (Berlin, 1923), 40 (Frg 305). 436 An inscription from Ambracia, Epirus, from 3rd c. BC, cf. /%උංർൺඎඅඍ, =3( 119 (1997), 121. 437 In modern editions improved to ǺȠȣIJȠ૨Ȣ. 435

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CHAPTER III

IJઁȞǺȠȣIJȚțઁȞ ACC(¸ Epiphanius, 3DQDULRQIII, 11, 3, p. 511 ‫ۃ‬4th c.‫)ۄ‬ IJ੽Ȟ ǺȠȣIJઅ ACC(Epiphanius, 3DQDULRQIII, 11, 3, p. 511 ‫ۃ‬4th c.‫)ۄ‬ ǺȠȣIJȠ૨ GEN(ACO I, I, 2, pp. 7, 29 ‫ۃ‬431‫ ;ۄ‬ACO I, I, 7, p. 88 ‫ۃ‬431‫)ۄ‬ ǺȠȣIJȚIJ૵Ȟ GEN.PL(ACO I, I, 2, p. 60 ‫ۃ‬431‫)ۄ‬ ǺȠȣIJઆȞ GEN(ACO I, I, 7, p. 116) ‫ۃ‬431‫ۄ‬ ǺȠȪIJȠȢ  P LV DWWHVWHGRQO\ VOLJKWO\ODWHU$Enj DO0DNƗULPFD  DQG ERWK IRUPV were used concurrently for some time. It is possible that there is an even yet ROGHUIRUPWKFHQWXU\ LIWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIĺ1D৬DZƯ\DDO5XPPƗQDV a textual corruption is correct. 6LQFH 0X৬njELV &9&99&9&  GRHV QRW FRUUHVSRQG WR DQ\ IDPLOLDU QRXQ pattern in Arabic, it is unlikely that analogy has played any role for the pre tonic vowel. Instead, I assume that the present short /u/ in the first syllable, which receives clear support already from the plene writing in Pîri Reis, is an HIIHFWRIYRZHOKDUPRQ\DQGGRHVQRWUHSUHVHQWWKHRULJLQDOYRZHOTXDOLW\,W is probably no coincidence that most cases of spellings with an intrusive n 1DQW0HQW DUHIRXQGZLWK)UHQFKDXWKRUV%HORQGX0DQV/XFDV'HQRQ ZLWKQRQQDWLYH)UHQFK1LHEXKUDVDQH[FHSWLRQ ZKLFKPDNHVLWOLNHO\WKDWLW KDVEHHQFKRVHQIRULWVHIIHFWRQWKHSUHFHGLQJYRZHOTXDOLW\QRWIRULWVFRQ sonantal value as such. The epithet DOUXPPƗQ means ‘pomegranate’ and is an ancient culture word, spread across the Orient.921 The epithet has a distinguishing function YLVjYLVĺ1X৬njELVDO%DৢDOZKLFKLQFOXGHVWKH$UDELFZRUGIRUµRQLRQ¶%RWK are likely to have been picked as representative of a crop typical for the neigh bouring land. The epithet should not be confounded with UnjPƗQ ‘Roman’, which has a long vowel in the first syllable. I suspect UnjPƗQ to be a recent 918

Cf. &3ൾඎඌඍ, 7RSRQ\PHYRUDUDELVFKHQ8UVSUXQJV, 67. +)දඋඌඍൾඋ, :|UWHUEXFKGHUJULHFKLVFKHQ:|UWHU, 814. 6SHFLILFDOO\DVDWHUPIRUPRQDVWHU\ see 6&අൺർ඄ඌඈඇ, &RSWLFDQG*UHHN7H[WVUHODWLQJWRWKH+HUPRSROLWH0RQDVWHU\RI$SD$SROOR (Oxford, 2010), 15; $ 3ൺඉൺർඈඇඌඍൺඇඍංඇඈඎ, /H FXOWH GHV VDLQWV HQ eJ\SWH GHV %\]DQWLQV DX[ $EEDVVLGHV (Paris, 2001), 269–70. For the many meaning of IJȩʌȠȢ in Greek inscriptions, see e%ൾඋඇൺඇൽ, =3(98 (1993), 103–10. 920 $ %ൾඇൺංඌඌൺ, %$63 44 (2007), 80–5; id., 5XUDO 6HWWOHPHQWV RI WKH 2[\UK\QFKLWH 1RPH (2012), 9. Designating habitations, see *+ඎඌඌඈඇ, 2LNLD, 276–8. 921 2.ൺൾඅංඇ, in 76ർඁඇൾංൽൾඋ (ed.), 'DVbJ\SWLVFKHXQGGLH6SUDFKHQ9RUGHUDVLHQV/HLGHQ 2004), 91–128. 919

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loan, which does away with the semantic ambiguity of UnjP, used in medieval texts with reference both to the Romans and the Byzantines.922

1ƗPnjQPDOণƗPnjO" &Iĺ0DতDOODWD\1ƗPnjQZD