An epigraphical survey in the Kibyra-Olbasa region conducted by A.S. Hall 9781898249108, 1898249105

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f Regional Epigraphic Catalogues of Asia Minor III

AN EPIGRAPHICAL SURVEY IN THE KIBYRA-OLBASA REGION CONDUCTED BY A.S. HALL

BY N.P. MILNER

BIAA Monograph No. 24

Published by THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA 1998

British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara c/o British Academy, 10 Carlton House Terrace, London SWJ Y 5AH

This book is available from Oxbow Books, Park End Place, Oxford OXJ JHN ISBN 1 898249 10 5 ISSN 0969-9007 © British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 1998

All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.

Printed by Stephen Austin & Sons Ltd., Hertford

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION I. KIBYRA AND THE KIBYRA TIS II. EREN CAYI (LYSIS FLUMEN) VALLEY MAP I: THE MIL Y AD EIS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS. MAP II: THE SURVEY AREA.

IX XI

xm xiii XIV XVlll XIX

SECTION 1. City and Environs of BOUBON. 1. STATUE OF NEARCHOS IV, site of BOUBON. From the Sebasteion, 1.1-1.16. Other inscrs. from the site, 1.17-1.37. 2. VOTIVE STATUE OF ARES, near ibecik. From the same place, 2.1. Also from ibecik, 2.2-2.12. 3. GRAVESTONE FOR HERMAIOS, Elmah Yurt, formerly called Pirnaz. 4. GRAVESTONE FOR MOUSAIOS, Elmah Yurt. Also from Elmah Yurt, 4.1-4.4. From Altinyayla, formerly called Dirmil, 4.5-4.14. 5. GRAVESTONE FOR AM(M)IANE, Kiziiyaka. Note on Balhk, formerly called Ma§ta. SECTION 2. Territory of BALBOURA. Near Golc,:iik,formerly called Yam, 5.3-5.4. At K1ZI!bel,5.5. 6. GRAVESTONE FOR SEX. MAR CIUS DAMIAN OS AND MARCIA MNEME, Sogiit, brought from Kiz1laliler. 7. GRAVESTONE FOR AN OIKONOMOS AND HIS WIFE GNOME, Sogiit, brought from K1Z1laliler? 8. GRAVESTONE FOR APOLLONIOS AND FAMILY, Sogiit. 9. GRAVESTONE FOR TROILOS AND FAMILY, Sogiit, brought from K1Z1laliler. 10. GRAVESTONE, Sogiit. Also from Sogiit, 10.1-10.14. From Mamatlar, 10.15-10.17. From the environs of KizI!aliler (near LAGBE), 10.18-10.22. Note on LAGBE.

6

SECTION 3. City and Environs of KIBYRA. 11. FRAGMENT, KIBYRA. 12. TOMB FOR DESCENDANT OF DEMOKRITOS, KIBYRA. 13. TOMB FOR TATEIS, KIBYRA. 14. TOMB FOR OLYMPIAS AND FAMILY, KIBYRA. 15. BUILDING, KIBYRA. Also from the site of KIBYRA, 15.1-15.18. From the theatre at KIBYRA, 15.19-15.31. From the necropolis at KIBYRA, 15.32-15.53. 16. TOMB OF ORESTES AND TATEIS, Golhisar, formerly Horzum, Ulukoy and Armutlu.

9

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Contents

The Kibyra-Olbasa Region 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

31. 32.

33.

34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

TOMB FOR A. NOVIUS CLARUS, ARCHITECT, Golhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR HERAKLEA, G6lhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR TOS AND PANNYCHIS, G6lhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR T. NUMITORIUS, G6lhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR NYMPHAS, Golhisar. FUNERARY FRAGMENT, G6lhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR OUOA, Golhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR PYLADES, Golhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR KALLIKLES(?), Golhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR EUPEITHES, Golhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR GNESIA, Golhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR CLAUDIUS, Golhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR TATEIS, Golhisar. GRAVESTONE FOR ANONYMOUS, Golhisar. Also from the area of Golhisar, 30.1-30.50. From the former village of Horzum, 30.1-30.31. From a cemetery called Senir Mezarhk, 30.32-30.37. From the former village of Ulukoy, 30,38-30.50. FUNERARY FRAGMENT, Yamad1. Also from Yamadt, 31.1. GRAVESTONE FOR BASILISKOS, Uylupmar. Note on Golhisar Golu Adas1, the site of SINDA. Note on Hisarard1. GRAVESTONE FOR DOXA, Eskipazar, formerly Pazarmahalle. Also from Eskipazar, 33.1-33.8. Note on Kargah. GRAVESTONE FOR HELENE AND EUTYCHIA, Karapmar. GRAVESTONE FOR MARCUS, Karapmar. GRAVESTONE FOR SOSOS, Karapmar. GRAVESTONE FOR KALLIKLES AND GE, Karapmar. GRAVESTONE FOR MASAS, TROILOS AND TATEIS, Karapmar. GRAVESTONE FOR MOUSAIOS, Karapmar. MILESTONE? Karapmar. GRAVESTONE FOR CAPITO AND HERMIPPOS, Yusufca. GRAVESTONE FOR A .... (?) Yusufca. GRAVESTONE FOR MELEAGROS, Yusufca. MILESTONE, Yusufca. GRAVESTONE FOR CAIUS, LUCIUS AND SECUNDA, Yusufca. ENIGMATIC, Yusufca. ENIGMATIC, Yusufca. FUNERARY BASE FOR MARCIA TLEPOLEMIS, Yusufca. GUBERNATORIAL(?) AND IMPERIAL LETTERS, Yusufca. HEROON FOR CLAUDII BIAS AND POLEMON, Yusufca. STATUE OF TI. CLAUDIUS POLEMON(?) Yusufca. Also from Yusufca, 51.1-51.7. GRAVESTONE FOR APOLLOS(?) Camkoy. Also from Camkoy, 52.1. GRAVESTONE FOR ONESIMOS AND CLAUDIA TYCHE, Sorkun. GRAVESTONE FOR TATEIS, Sorkun. GRAVESTONE FOR NUM. SPEDIUS FR ONTO, Sorkun. GRAVESTONE, Sorkun. MILESTONE, Sorkun. VOTIVE BASE OF THEOS HYPSISTOS, Sorkun. GRAVESTONE FOR NANA, Sorkun. GRAVESTONE FOR GE, Sorkun. iv

61. 62. 63. 64.

65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.

83. 84. 85. 86.

87. 88. 89.

ENIGMATIC FRAGMENT, Sorkun. GRAVESTONE FOR STRATON, Sorkun. GRAVESTONE FOR MENIS, Sorkun. Note on I§akk6y. FUNERARY BASE(?) Kih;iikalan, also called Alankoy, formerly also called Alansag1r. From Alagoz, formerly i§kenpazar, nearby to the east, 64.1--64.5. Note on the use of the era of KIBYRA in Ac1payam Ovas1. Also from the environs of Kii av6pl TOV ~wµov µvd-

vv as- EVEKE Ligatures: Line 1 MH, line 3 TH, line 5 NMNE, line 6 NE. Translation: Didyme daughter of Claudius Kallikles (set up) the bomos ('altar', i.e., column) for Claudius Xystus her husband, in remembrance.

µ VT)µ l)S' xapi V

Ligatures: Line 3 NH, l·:12::.

14

· ] TTQVTWV qi[AWV - - ]A oopov 1:.rnipms T ]TISE

~

(JO

P0

OKEV O',

•J~l;:ff\la. na0ov TEA.1)

Translation: ... of all the loved ones ... coffin for others(?) ... this coffin, funeral furniture ... the ends which I/they suffered? Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a7 n5 o5 v7. Comment: The rest of the inscr. is needed for full comprehension; however it is clearly a funerary text. On the term oicEiJos,meaning also 'sarcophagus', cf. Kubinska 1968: 164. Also from the area of Golhisar, not re-examined by Hall (30.1-30.50): From the former village of Horzum (30.1-30.31): 30.1. PvL. II (1889) 192 no. 257, funerary block, Hermaios, Troilos, Demosion('?), mention of an enkyklion (round exedra for display of funerary statues), curse by all the gods in fury, penalty 1,000 d., copy lodged in city archives;

c~lKibyra

30.2. Bean 1956: 139 no. 11, SEG 17 (1960) 703, funerary column, Orestes, Phaidros, llos; 30.3. Collignon 1878: 605 no. 20, funerary column, Demetria, Menandros; 30.4. Collignon 1878: 606 no. 21, cf. PvL. II (1889) 192 n.4, funerary stele with single figure relief, Paulina, Oresteine, Satuminus; 30.5. Collignon 1878: 609 no. 29, PvL. II (1889) 192 n.3, IGRR 4. 921, SEG 6 (1932) 277, cf. Robert 1971: 97ff., funerary block(?), Onesimos slave of Ti. Claudius Paulinus consularis, Charito, Artemon, Apphianos, dated month of Panemos, A.D, 205/206 (year 182, era of Kibyra), cf. Leschhom 1993: 355-356; mention of an alektorion (establishment for rearing fighting cocks); 30.6. Collignon 1878: 610 no. 30, funerary block(?), Claudius Tyrannos, Philete; 30.7. Collignon 1878: 611 no. 31, funerary column(?) with single-figure relief, Claudius Gamos, Philetos, cf. 30.31; 30.8. Collignon 1878: 612 no. 33, cf. Ramsay 1897: 556 no. 433, Gregoire 1922: 612 no. 33, funerary column, re-used, Christian epitaph with cross for Nikolaos; 'Lord, aid Thy servant Nikolaos'; 30.9. Collignon 1878: 612 no. 34, funerary column, Menophantos, Kastor; 30.10. PvL. II (1889) 192 no. 258, heroon lintel block, Mousonios, Kallikles; 30.11. PvL. II (1889) 192 no. 259, sarc., Pylades; 30.12. PvL. II (1889) 192 no. 260, funerary column(?), Magas, Gnome, Krateros; 30.13. PvL. II (1889) 192 no. 261, funerary column(?), Daphnos; mention of lcyrioi (guardians); 30.14. PvL. II (1889) 192 no. 262, same funerary column(?), Nostos, Euposia; 30.15. PvL. II (1889) 192 no, 263, funerary column(?), Polemon, Menis, Antimedes; 30.16. PvL. II (1889) 192 no. 264, corr. Robert 1938: 181 (aftel" Holleaux), funerary column(?), Menis, Tlepas, Epigone; 30.17. PvL. II (1889) 192 no. 265, funerary column(?), Quintus, Orthagoras, Tychos; 30.18. Berard 1891: 553 no. 27, funerary column(?), Troilos, Hieron, Eia, curse by the angry demons, penalty 500 d. payable to the gerousia (council of Elders, old men's gymnasium); 30.19. HK. I (1897) 2 no. 7, IGRR 4. 905, funerary column, demos kai pragmateuomenoi Romaioi, Ge, Nearchos, Meleagros; Ge d. of Nearchos also at ibecik, cf. 2. 8; 30.20. HK. I (1897) 7 no. 19, heroon lintel block, Rhodine, Troilos, At(t)alos, A.D. 156/157 (year 133, era of Kibyra); 30.21. Robert 1937: 389, cf. SEG 38 (1988) 1455, sarc., Tatianos, Eutyches, dated A.D. 218/219 (year 195, era of Kibyra), copy lodged in city archives; 'This is the end - thus far (and no farther)'; 15

I

'I

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3: City and Environs of Kibyra

The Kibyra-Olbasa Region

30.21a. Robert 1950: 46, funerary base with relief of gladiator, Eros, palus primus (leader of a squad); 30.22. Bean 1956: 137 no. 1, SEG 17 (1960) 693, funerary column, Syntyches, Stephanos; 30.23. Bean 1956: 137 no. 2, cf. Robert, Bull. 1959: 414 no. 2 (after Holleaux), SEG 17 (1960) 694, funerary frag., Claudius Flavianus, Orpheus, Albanus; mention of kyrioi (guardians); 30.24. Bean 1956: 138 no. 3, SEG 17 (1960) 695, funerary column, Kiles=Killes, Troilos, Orestes, Aristippos; 30.25. Bean 1956: 138 no. 4, SEG 17 (1960) 696, funerary column, Krateros, Quintus, Pylades; 30.26. Bean 1956: 138 no. 5, SEG 17 (1960) 697, funerary column, Eleutheros, Hilaros, Hieron, Polemon, Eutychia; 30.27. Bean 1956: 138 no. 6, SEG 17 (1960) 698, funerary column, Orestes, Menis, Tyche; 30.28. Bean 1956: 138 no. 8, SEG 17 (1960) 700, funerary column, Andreas; 30.29. Bean 1956: 139 no. 10, SEG 17 (1960) 702, funerary column, Menis, Tlepas, Artemis; 30.30. Bean 1956: 139 no. 13, SEG 17 (1960) 704, funerary column, Demokritos, Pyrrhos; 30.31. Bean 1956: 139 no. 14, SEG 17 (1960) 705, funerary block, Claudius Hieron, for Primigeneia the 'good', trophos (nurse), and Claudius Philetos (her husband), penalty 2,500 d. payable to the Fiscus. From a cemetery called Senir Mezarhk (30.32-30.37): 30.32. IGRR 4. 926, milestone, Septimius Severns, Caracalla, Geta, Julia Domna, 'two miles from Kibyra'; 30.33. Collignon 1878: 604 no. 15, cf. Ramsay 1895: 269, funerary column, Kallikles, Ena; 30.34. Collignon 1878: 604 no. 16, funerary column, Posidoni( o)s, Kallikles; 30.35. Collignon 1878: 604 no. 17, funerary column, Hieron, Apollonios, Biton; 30.36. Collignon 1878: 605 no. 18, funerary column, Menis, Italikos, Hieron; 30.37. Collignon 1878: 605 no. 19, funerary column, Art(e)mon, Marcus.

30.41. Collignon 1878: 607 no. 23, funerary column with relief of garlands and a ship's prow, Nearchos, Menis; 30.42. Collignon 1878: 607 no. 24, funerary column, Kidramouas, Athenagoras; 30.43. Collignon 1878: 608 no. 25, Ramsay 1897: II 556 no. 432 bis, funerary column, Epaphras; 30.44. Collignon 1878: 608 no. 26, funerary column, Kallikles, Menis, Leukolaos; 30.45. Collignon 1878: 609 no. 27, Bean 1956: 139 no. 12, funerary column, Aurelius Quintus, Aurelia Quintiane, A.D. 244/245(?) (year 221, era of Kibyra), cf. Leschhorn 1993: 357; 30.46. Collignon 1878: 609 no. 28, funerary column, Valeria; 30.47. Collignon 1878: 613 no. 35, funerary column, Menis, Artemis; 30.48. Collignon 1878: 613 no. 36, funerary column, Menis, Troilos; 30.49. Collignon 1878: 614 no. 37, funerary column, Menophantos hymnodos (choral singer), s. of Menis; 30.50. Collignon 1878: 614 no. 38, funerary column, Hermolaos(?), Meleagros. 31. FUNERARY FRAGMENT. 1984/1 YAMADI. Map: Elmah 31-Iz. Location: In a house-wall belonging to Mustafa Oz9oban, to the right side of the gate, found in a field and built into the wall upside down. Publication: none. Description: Limestone block, broken left and below, probably complete right and above. Dimensions: Ht. 0.35 (max.); width 0.58; thickness ? (buried behind). Text: E'i ns E[l]s 'fOV pwµov -rov[-r]ov {nro0tjcnsic nva f\ µn[a]EtH Tf(tv'fESsic -rovs [KTJB]~~qE~, [0E]ovr; KEXOAWµEV□ V~

vacat Ligatures: line 2 HM. Translation: ... If anyone shall place on the column anyone or change the burial, he shall have to reckon with all the gods in fury. Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a4 T)5 a4 v5 w13. Comment: The missing upper part of the stone will have carried the start of the .inscription. On the funerary curse formula which bears some resemblance to that used in the plain of Karayuk Pazar, cf. Robert: 1978: 279. The stone was probably brought from Pazarmahalle (Eski Pazar), where material comes from a cemetery associated with the site on the island (ancient Sinda, cf. Hall 1994).

From the former village of Ulukoy (30.38-30.50): 30.38. Collignon 1878: 598 no. 4, funerary column, Troilos, Menis, public funerary honours; 30.39. Collignon 1878: 598 no. 5, IGRR 4. 919, funerary column, demos kai pragmateuomenoi Romaioi, s. of Magas(?), priest of Apollo, name wanting; 30.40. Collignon 1878: 606 no. 22, cf. PvL. II (1889) 189 n.1, funerary column, Apollonios, Ovidius(?), Mana(?);

Also from Yamad1, not re-examined by Hall: 31.1. Bean 1956: 145 no. 28, SEG 17 (1960) 718, funerary column, Caius, Justus, Nanos. 16

32. GRAVESTONE FOR BASILISKOS. 1984/2 UYLUPINAR. Map: Elmah 31-Iz. Location: Lying beside the road in front of the mosque. Publication: none. Description: A round funerary column, moulded top and bottom, with inscription of six lines at top of shaft. From the cemetery beside the island of Golhisar (Sinda). Dimensions: Ht. 1.l O; diam. 0.50; letters 0.025-0.03 heavily apicated. Text: Baai/\foKos

5

the summit, which may represent a fortification of the Seljuk period. Some late pottery was collected below. On the shore the rocks show that the western level of the lake has fallen by at least 2.5 m. since antiquity, from which one may conclude that this site really was at one time an island, with perhaps a causeway for access. The outer wall shows another tower, built of a strong mixture of cement and brick, mixed with ancient stone. The main gateway lies well beyond the wall. A fine piece of architrave of the High Empire lies close to a house, among a pile of stones clearly brought from higher on the site. There can be no doubt about the importance of this site in Classical antiquity. The stones of Eski Pazar probably came from here. See further Hall 1994, for his identification of this site with Sinda.

KaA./\id,Evs Baoz}..foK((l -r0 YAVK'IJ'fCX'f4l 'fEKV4l µ vE/'.as

xa-

vac p1,v leaf Translation: Basiliskos, son of Kallikles, for Basiliskos his sweetest son, in memory. Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Photograph. Squeeze in Ankara. Letter forms: a6 µ8 o5 v5 w13. Comment: Found in the vicinity of the island, so belongs to the Sinda group. Kallikles is a strikingly popular name in the Kibyratis, cf, Schindler 1972: 49. For w>v (line 2) cf. Gignac 1976: I 294. Ka/\,\iKt\Evs is probably merely the gen. of Kallikles, and not a patronymic adjective like Kat\A.lK/\EaWSin SEG 35 (1985) no. 565, as such formations tend to be longer than the original name.

lI

I

HISARARDI. There were plenty of ancient stones at the mosque. A small piece from a church screen was seen in the wall of a new house, and a font was produced by the local school-teacher, rather broken but a good piece. 33. GRAVESTONE FOR DOXA. 1984/3 ESKiPAZAR, formerly called PAZARMAHALLE. Map: Elmal! 31-Iz. Location: In a group of stones about 30 m. from the lakeside road. Publication: none. Description: Top of round, moulded column drum, broken below, with three lines of text directly beneath moulding, part badly affected by lichen. Dimensions: Ht. 0.40 (max.); diam. 0.52 (top), 0.48 (shaft); letters 0.03-0.045. Text: Kfoaos t.6fn [-rlo yvvaid µ vtj-

GOLHiSAR GOLD ADASL The ruins of Golhisar Golu adas1 (island) are more extensive than reported by everyone from Spratt to Bean, consisting of three lower lines of wall, each containing substantial quantities of Roman period material, with an outer covering of later, including Seljuk and Ottoman. A series of quays protrudes about 70 m. into the rushes, at roughly 100 m. intervals. A fragment of fine Roman sculpture, a statue, was rescued from the lower wall, which was interrupted by remains of towers, with a concrete and brick core, and remains of a water-channel within (or rotted timbers). The fields between the walls contained substantial amounts of pottery (Roman, Seljuk and probably Iron Age and earlier) and bone. The upper areas of the island show signs of extensive levelling of rocks to create platforms for building. The narrow 'waist' of the island has been levelled to create an area where the foundations of a large building are visible. There is a peak at the eastern end. The southern slopes are prec1p1tous. Assuming that the lake was once deeper, the island will have formed a perfect place of defence and appears to have done so from early times. Its claim to be the predecessor of Kibyra is thereby strengthened. A narrow terrace runs towards the western end of the island, above which is visible a late wall on

µT]s

EVEKEv

Translation: Kissos (set this up) for Doxa his wife, in remembrance. Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 E7 TJ4 a6. Comment: Kissos is Greek for ivy, cf. Zgusta: 1964, 235 n.134, Robert 1963: 48. Also from Eskipazar, not re-examined by Hall: 33.1. PvL. II (1889) 192 no. 266, SEG 17 (1960) 715, funerary column, Trokondas iereus, 'priest'; 33.2. Cousin, Diehl 1889: 334 no. 2, funerary column(?), Rhetorikos, Philologos, Claudius Mystikos; 33.3. IGRR 4. 904, Bean 1956: 145 no. 29, funerary column, demos kai pragmateuomenoi Romaioi, Astrania Prima; moved to Yamad1 where it was seen by Bean; 33.4. Berard 1891: 555 no. 35, cf. SEG 30 (1980) 1523, sarc.(?), Syssitos, Agathopous, verse inscr.; 33.5. Berard 1891: 555 no. 33, funerary column(?), Zosimos; 17

j

The Kibyra-Olbasa Region

33.6. CIG 4380w, Cousin, Diehl 1889: 334 no. 3, funerary column(?), Lykia, Sokrates, Drosion paidike (slave-girl); 33.7. Bean 1956: 144 no. 26., SEG 17 (1960) 716, funerary column, Daikrates, Heraklas; 33.8. Bean 1956: 145 no. 27, SEG 17 (1960) 718, cf. Bean 1971: 9 no. 7 note, funerary column with relief of funerary feast, Sosos, Polemon, Selenis. KARGALI KOYO. Hall was taken to see a stone built into a house in the upper part of the village by a man called Mehmet, but it had been covered up with mudbrick. Various bits and pieces were visible in houses, but not much. There were reports of a relief of Herakles or Kakasbos.

Description: Large funerary column, with three others; moulded above and below. Dimensions: Ht. ?; diam. ?; letters 0.03. Text: TaTE1s MdpK--.Biavn

KE TTo>--EµwviTo'is 8Eiois- Iv)[

Ligatures: (b.) KE. Translation: ... Cl(audius) Polemon, Asiarch, eques (knight), ... for Cl(audii) Bias and Polemon, his uncles ... Date: Second half of the second century A.D. Facsimile: Photograph, 50a. (50b. not reproduced). Squeezes in Ankara, photograph, 50b. Letter forms: a4 E4 µ5 o4 o5 w11. Comment: For Ti. Claudius Polemon, cf. PIR 2

C 963, and 947. Claudius Bias and (Claudius) Polemon, the uncles, were therefore brothers of Ti. Claudius Hieron, twice Asiarch, father of Ti. Claudius Polemon and husband of Marcia Tlepolemis (cf. 48). The Claudius Bias named on coins of Kibyra as archiereus (of Asia?) in the reign of Domitian, cf. BMC Phrygia (1906) xlvii-xlviii, will have been two generations earlier, though of the same family. Note the use of the demotic spelling KE for mi even among the provincial elite. The mausoleum was probably in the vicinity. A whole series of funerary inscrs. of the family, 48, 51.1-51.3, comes probably from the same building. 51.3 is a statue-base of Ti. Claudius Polemon the uncle, erected by his namesake who, we now find, provided the mausoleum itself. Presumably that statue, with the others, decorated this mausoleum, cf. 51. N.b. also the base for Ti. Claudius Polemon at Bedirbey, 64.5, and another base for him at Kibyra itself, 15.10. Bias of Priene was one of the original Seven Sages, cf. RE III. I (1897) col. 383ff. s.v. 'Bias 10)' (Crusius). Cf. also T(h)ales, 160.J. 51. STATUE OF TI. CLAUDIUS POLEMON(?) 1984/23 YUSUFCA. Location: In same place as 50(a.), under which it is built (in 1955, Hall was assured by the man who brought the stones there). Publication: none. Description: Partly obscured to left by architrave 50(a.), and overlying cement, the remains of an inscription of nine lines, finely carved, broken above and below, and buried left. Dimensions: Ht. 0.72; width 0.36 +; thickness 0.29; letters 0.025. • ]I I[ Text: { ]rEN ]TTOKPEI EKy?]ONON 8d5 [ov ovvK>--TJT1.?]Kwv i'man[Kwv, ..... ]HI vv DI. UTTE[>--Ev8Epoi]TOV EaVTWV [EVEpyETlJV]rnl KTioTTJV ~eaf 8EµE?]>--iwvleaf Ligature: Line 8 HN.

[

50. HEROON FOR CLAUDII BIAS AND POLEMON. 1984/21-22 YUSUFCA. Location: Kurupmar mevkii, stones in mill-race, all from Orenlik, inside the village. Publication: none. Description: Two parts of architrave from the frieze of a mausoleum, good limestone. Dimensions: (a.) Ht. 0.60; width 2.60 (complete left, perhaps complete right); thickness 0.50 (below), 0.63 (top); letters 0.075. (b.) Width 2.10 (complete left, broken right); ht. and thickness same as (a.).

[ [ -

ano

Translation: ... so-and-so, descendant? of so-andso, uncle of senators and consulars? ... ; the 25

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3: City and Environs CJ/' Kibyra

The Kibyra-Olbasa Region freedmen honoured their benefactor and founder (of the tomb?) from the foundations up(?) Date: Second century A.D. Facsimile: Photograph. Squeeze in Ankara. Letter forms: a4 E4 o4 o5 v8&9 w 11.

Comment: Part of a grave-monument erected by the freedmen of a member of the Kibyrate elite, almost certainly of the family of Ti. Claudius Polemon, and quite likely to be Polemon .himself, cf. 50. The text may belong to a statue-base for a statue commemorating their wealthy patron, who had paid for the tomb; perhaps the freedmen's statue of ?Polemon belongs to the same family tomb as that erected by Polemon in which were set up the other family statues provided by himself. An alternative supplement in line 9 is [TlOV EVKVK]r..iwv, 'builder of the enkyklia,' i.e., semi-circular exedrae suitable for displaying statues in elaborate funerary monuments, cf. 30.1 above and Kubiriska 1968: 118. Also from Yusufca, not re-examined by Hall: 51.1. HK. I (1897) 4 no. 10, AE 1899: 166, IGRR 4. 906, funerary base, Tiberius Claudius Deioterianos asiarches, eques, b. of Tiberius Claudius Polemon, asiarches, eques; 51.2. HK. I (1897) 4 no. 11, AE 1899: 167, JGRR 4. 910, funerary base, Claudia Tlepolemis, d. of Claudius Iulianus senator, gd. of Claudius Orestes consularis, sister of Claudius Orestes senator, wife of Aurelius Polemon senator, m. of Antonius Iulianus senator, niece of Claudius Polemon asiarches, eques; 51.3. HK. I (1897) 4 no. 12, AE 1899: 168, IGRR 4. 909, funerary block, Tiberius Claudius Polemon eques, rhetor, uncle of Tiberius Claudius Polemon; 51.4. IGRR 4. 913, funerary column, demos Iced pragmateuomenoi Rmnanoi, Mithres, Eubios(?); 51.5. HK. I (1897) 2 no. 6, AE 1899: 164, funerary base, Flavius Annius Chrysobios alias Anatolios, lamprotatos (i.e. of senatorial rank), s. of Flavius Annius Anatolios, lamprotatos apo comet( on) (i.e. of senatorial rank and a Count), whole text in rasura, persons not listed in PLRE I, II or III; 51.6. Naour 1976: 127 no. 17, SEG 26 (1976-77) 1432 funerary column, Kallikles, Moles; 51.7. Naour 1976: 127 no. 18, SEG 26 (1976-77) 1433, funerary column, Demetrios. CAMKOY, also called KAVUNCA. There were two funerary columns, deeply buried, at the corners of a small park near the new mosque, said to come from Gil.vur mezarl1k at KUTp-

chwvi T'Jl 5

Comment: The hardening of aspirates such as ph>p is a well-known linguistic phenomenon of the Phrygian borderlands, cf. Brixhe 1987: 110. Epaphras is a common Greek hypocoristic name from Epaphroditos, but Nana is merely a lallname, very popular locally, see under 20 above. The same Epaphras may well have set up a funerary column to Epaphras the father, found at Ulukoy, now part of Golhisar, cf. 30.43. 60. GRAVESTONE FOR GE. 1984/28 SORKUN. Location: In the yard of a house, waiting to be used in construction. Publication: none. Description: A fine limestone block, moulded top and bottom, complete to right, above and below, broken left, with inscription on fascia, the O's damaged. Dimensions: Ht. 0.50 (die, i.e. part between mouldings, 0.24); width 0.74; thickness 0.46; letters 0.25. Text: TToai6wvws TT) aSE~(j)i;j µvnµr]S' EVEICEV Translation: Posidonios for Ge his sister, in remembrance. Date: Second century A.D. Facsimile: Photograph. Letter forms: a6 E5 TJ5 µ8 o7 w6. Comment: The man bears a familiar Greek name. On Ge, see under 8 above.

r-u

61. ENIGMATIC FRAGMENT. 1984/29 SORKUN. Location: On the steps of the same house as 60. Publication: none. Description: A piece of limestone block, broken all round; text appears complete below; three lines survive. Dimensions: Ht. 0.18; width 0.15 (face); thickness 0.13; letters 0.03-0.04. Text: ]OTITA[ ]OPHJE[ ]PIAT[

vacat Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a5 E4 o5 a7 w 12. Comment: Enigmatic fragment. Note the diamond-shaped omicrons, which may suggest a third century or later date.

62. GRAVESTONE FOR STRATON. 1984/30 SORKUN. Location: Supporting the porch of an old house not far from the mosque. Publication: Berard 1891: 556 no. 37. Description: A fine example of a funerary column, buried below, with inscription of nine lines in excellent condition; badly broken at the back. Dimensions: Ht. 0.84 (buried below); diam. 0.42;' letters 0.03-0.035. Text: 'Aµµwvis avv TVS a-

3: City and Environs of Kibyra

lTa'fpl µvnµns

EVEKaw1 'Apn'µn rij V flT]Tp}

V

{WCTTJ

Ligatures: Line 1 MM, line 5 MNH, line 8 MH. Translation: Ammoni( o)s, with his brothers, (set it up) for Straton their father, in remembrance, and for Artemis their mother, while she was alive. Date: Second or third century A.D., before A.D. 212. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 E4 TJ5 a7 w 13. Comment: Ammonis, reduced form of Ammonios, is probably here the common Egyptian theophoric name, after the god Ammon. For oi > v in lines 2-3, cf. Brixhe 1987: 47. On the Greek theophoric name Artemis, after the goddess, see Masson 1986: 126. Berard slightly miscopied and misunderstood lines 2-4: aiiv T(Q) o:loEAq:>(0) LTplchwv(i). 63. GRAVESTONE FOR MENIS. 1984/31 SORKUN. Location: Lying beside a depot in lower part of the village. Publication: none. Description: A fine funerary column, moulded top and bottom, with some damage to its shaft, neatly lettered inscription of three lines below top. Dimensions: Ht. 0.96; diam. 0.43; letters 0.02-0.03. Text: 'Ano~~wvws M1J[vo]qxhov Ml]vioi µl]Tpovi sic µvl][µ,l1.1[s]lfv[ v]EKa Translation: Apollonios, son of Menophatos, for Menis his maternal uncle, in remembrance. Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 E5 µ5 o5 w8. Comment: Menis, after the Anatolian moon god Men who had a major sanctuary at Pisidian Antioch, is one of the commonest names of the Kibyratis. Menophatos, 'decreed by Men' (cf. 8focparns), varies the theme slightly. For the form µl]Tpwv = µi)Tpws, cf. LSJ s.v., and Naour 1981: 41 no. 21 with refs. The omicron in line 3 is a false quantity. i~AKKOY. There was an uninscribed funerary column to the rear of the mosque. KUCUKALAN, also called ALANKOY, formerly also called ALANSAGiR. Buyukalan used to be close by to the south, but was moved because of lack of water apparently to the place Bean 1956: 137, 147, knew as Alanbahc;eleri.

28

64. FUNERARY BASE(?) 1984/32 KUCUKALAN. Map: Elmah 31-Iy. Location: built into a fountain in front of the mosque. Publication: Cousin 1900: 61. Description: A statue-base, upside down, moulded elaborately below, with text on shaft, several lines lost at top. Pipe protrudes from middle of stone. Dimensions: Ht. 0.95 (die), 1.05 (total); width 0.44 (die), 0.60 (top); thickness 0.40+ (die), 0.51 (top, buried behind); letters 0.04. Text: Jl-:IAEr[

5

(when?) between the plain of Themisonion and the Kibyratis. Under the Empire, however, the era of Kibyra was in use to the north of this earthwork as well as south of it. Also from the environs of KU9ukalan, at a Turkish cemetery nearby to the south, not re-examined by Hall: 64.6. Ramsay 1895: 272 no. 190, Cousin 1900: 61, sarc.(?), Hermaios, Masas; 64.7. Ramsay 1895: 272 no. 97, Cousin 1900: 61, Lane 1985: 20 no. 44, funerary column, Menis, priest of Demeter and Sabazios, Apollonios, Nana; 64.8. Cousin 1900: 60, enigmatic fragment; 64.9. Cousin 1900: 61, funerary, Menis, Hermaios, Am(m)ias; 64.10. Cousin 1900: 62, funerary, names wanting; 64.11. Cousin 1900: 62, funerary column, Tlepas, Papos/-as/-es, Mas; 64.12. Cousin 1900: 62, funerary column, Menis, Protis, Epigonos, dated A.D. 76/77 (year 53, era of Kibyra); 64.13. Cousin 1900: 62, funerary base, Menis, Mousaios; 64.14. Cousin 1900: 63, funerary, Caius, Nanodeis; 64.15. Cousin 1900: 63, funerary, Trokondas(?), Daos, Artemis; 64.16. Cousin 1900: 63, sarc. lid, Apolloni(o)s, Liparos; 64.17. Cousin 1900: 63, funerary, -tethos, Sympheron, Epainetos; 64.18. Cousin 1900: 64, funerary frag., names wanting.

]flc!)AA4Q[ ] µvl'jµE1[ OV ]~~NT[ ]!;:TOT[ ]0If-1YH1[ ]ONOMAl KaT]rnq[VaOEV?

]~JET[ Ligatures: Line 3 NHM. Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 E5 YJ5 µ5 o5. Comment: Fragment of a funerary statue-base inscr. The new readings improve on Cousin slightly. He read TIAEf (line l ), !:' M.§va(v)6pos (K)a't Na(v)as ii yv-5 v~ aMov TDV ~wµov aVEG'fl)Oav µvfo{a}s xapiv Ligatures: Line 2 NE, line 3 ME, line 5 NH, line 6 NE, line 7 NE. Translation: In the year 234 (era of Kibyra?): For Bieron his father, son of Hieron(?), Menandros and Nanas his wife set up the 'altar' (i.e. funerary column), in remembrance. Date: A.D. 257 /258? Facsimile: Squeeze 111 Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 1)4 µ8 o7 v5 w15. Comment: The illiterate mason read the letter I in his copy as E (line l); the letters AY as EI (line 2); the letter N as Y (line 3), and IY (line 4); the letter K

Round funerary column. Dimensions: Ht. 1.05, 0.75 (shaft); diam. 0.55; letters 0.025. Text: Nava5'

71. GRAVESTONE FOR LA(O)DIKE. 1985/63 CAVDIR. Location: In front of the Merkez mosque. Publication: none. Description: Round funerary column. Dimensions: Ht. 1.08, 0. 70 (shaft); diam. 0.52; letters 0.025-0.03. Text: vE~Evos Biavrns Aa8£K-nTij yvvu,itd µvriµris EVEKEV Translation: Ebenos son of Bias (set it up) for La(o)dike his wife, in remembrance. Date: Second or third century A.D., before A.D. 212. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a4 E4 µ8 06 v6. Comment: Names all Greek. Ebenos ('ebony') also occurs at Sogiit, cf. 10.12; it is highly uncommon, with one example in LGPN II (Athens). See Robert 1963: 273-4.

69. GRAVESTONE FOR MOUSAIOS. 1984/37 KAY ACIK. Location: At the house of Abdurrahman Kaya, built into the porch, as 68. Publication: Bean 1956: 146 no. 37, SEG 17 (1960) 190 no. 727. Description: Round funerary column. Letters roughly inscribed. Dimensions: Ht. 0.63+; diam. 0.38; letters 0.032-0.035. Text: Movaaiov

rnv Movoaiov

(wv sic

Translation: (Belonging to) Mousaios son of Mousaios, while alive. Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a1 µ8 a6 v4 w8. Comment: Mousaios is one of the locally popular Greek names, cf. 4 above. Also from Kayac1k, not re-examined by Hall: 69.1. Robert 1936: 111 (after Holleaux), funerary column with relief, Menis, Py ... , Nanas oikode.spa (mistress of the house), dated A.D. 207/208 (year 184, e/2 of Kibyra); 69.2. Robert 1937: 364 (after Hollcaux), gravestone, Aur. Kallikles, Aur. Koutis, Ammias(?), Orthagoras, dated A.D. 234/235 (year 211, era of Kibyra). 70. GRAVESTONE FOR MEDAETAS. 1985/62 CAVDIR. Map: Elmah 32-Iz. Location: In front of the Merkez mosque. Publication: none. Description:

ANONYMOUS. At the house of

31

30

0;

.L...._

72. GRAVESTONE FOR MENIS AND ENAS. 1985/64 CAVDIR. Location: In front of the Merkez mosque. Publication: none. Description: Round funerary column. Dimensions: Ht. 1.08, 0.88 (shaft); diam. 0.53; letters 0.03. Text: :moos rn't M£8as ml Mijvis Miivi8i T4i 1TaTpl wl Eva8i T~ µl]Tp'i. µ vEias EVEKEV· w~ Mf\vis 6 0prnTos ainwv 5 E'JTO'l)GEV rn0ws EVETEl/\E'fO sic Kai. 0:'JTO/\E/\1JG0m mhov wGapov leaf E/\.HJ8Epovvacat Translation: Sosos and Midas and Menis (set it up) for Mcnis their father and Enas their mother, in remembrance; and Menis their foster-son made (it) as he was instructed by will and he has been given his full freedom. Date: Second or third century A.D., before A.D. 212. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 E6 µ8 06 v5 w8.

I

t

I

I

lI

I

1

l

J

3: City and Environs of Kibyra

The Kibyra-O/basa Region

74.2. Bean 1956: 146 no. 32, SEG 17 (1960) 722, funerary column, Philodamos, Eutaxia; 74.3. Bean 1956: 146 no. 33, SEG 17 (1960) 723, funerary base with single-figure relief, Artemeis, Menis, Sakros; 74.4. Bean 1956: 146 no. 34, SEG 17 (1960) 724, funerary column, Appas, Sosos, Tatis; 74.5. Bean 1956: 146 no. 35, SEG 17 (1960) 725, funerary column, Kallikles, Troilos, Apartatis.

Comment: Enas and Ena are forms of a woman's name (or man's in the case of Enas) found mainly in the Kibyratis, also sporadically in Lydia and Cilicia, but hardly (once only, as Aina) at Termessos, and is perhaps Milyadic, cf. Zgusta 1964: 334, and Robert, Bull. 1954: 77 n.5. Kretschmer 1896: 341 thought it was a form of the lallname Na(na), on which see 20 above; however, he was misled by a misreading of two duplicate inscrs. as differing only in Nas and Enas at our 100 below. The popularity of the Phrygian royal name Midas in Pamphylia, E. Lyda and Termessos is noted by Robert 1963: 424-5. The inscr. is useful evidence of the testamentary manumission of threptoi, of their servile status, and of the trusted position they could occupy within the extended family, cf. MAMA 9 lxiv-lxvi (B. Levick and S. Mitchell). If Menis threptos is not the same as the other Menis, as it appears, then the threptos was perhaps the illegitimate half-brother of the other boys.

75. GRAVESTONE FOR ANTHOUSA. 1984/38 BQLMEPINAR, formerly called DENGERE. Map: Elmah 33-Iz. Location: Beside fountain facing entrance to mosque. Publication: Bean 1956: 148 no. 42, SEG 17 (1960) 191 no. 732. Description: Round funerary column, moulded top and bottom. Letters very regular. Dimensions: Ht. 1.05; diam. 0.38; letters 0.022-0.025. Text: T. lerif >-. leaf Ka1rirnv 'Av8ou~ O'lJ Ti') lo£q: 0poni') µv'l)µ-r1s EVEKEV·leaf

73. GRAVESTONE FOR LUCIUS. 1985/65 CA VDIR. Location: In front of the Merkez mosque. Publication: Bean 1956: 145 no. 31, SEG 17 (l 960) 188 no. 721. Description: Round funerary column with panel containing reliefs of two male figures in very rough style, with a pediment above; inscr. below. Dimensions: Ht. 0.86, 0.75 (shaft), 0.30 (panel); diam. 0.39; letters 0.02-0.03. Text: lfrous op/·

5

d 5

OE ns

µv,w{iov

rnvTo TO aaf\E1J-

an f\ Tov ~WfloV ~a/\EL KaTiu, EKKEXVTm navoiKd leaf Translation: T(itus) Fl(avius) Capito for Anthousa his own foster-daughter, in remembrance; if anyone damages this tomb or throws down the bomos ('altar', i.e. column), he is lost (lit. 'poured away') with all his house. Date: Later first or second century A.D. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 E4 l)5 [l5 o5 w12. Comment: This funerary column, set up by T. Flavius Capito for his slave/foster-daughter Anthousa, could be referred to an elite family of Kibyra given Roman citizenship by the Flavian Emperors, cf. Flavius Krateros, 15.10, 48, but there are Titi Flavii Capitones also from Pinara, with whom the Licinnii of Oinoanda intermarried, cf. IGRR 3. 500 iii 74ff. The regular, squared lettering and the type of omega with the unbroken bar below are consistent with the proposed date. On participial Greek feminine names such as Anthousa ('blooming'), cf. Masson 1987: 107-12. The funerary curse is unexampled in this form; it means much the same as µETo: Toil yfrovs a'Jlo"ono ('may he perish with his family') in our 66.1 (Bean 1956: 147 no. 39) from Bfiyftkalan. For funerary curses generally, see Robert 1978: 241-89. Bean 148 no. 42 comments on the verb oal\Evw.

'Avopfos i\ov1wv

relief

5

µvias [EVEKEV]

78. ENIGMATIC. 1984/41 BQLMEPINAR. Location: In garden with 77 and 79-80. Publication: none. Description: Plain, round funerary column. Dimensions: Ht. 1.03; diam. 0.50; letters 0.025. Facsimile: none. Comment: Notebook 1984 p.33 indicates squeeze destroyed later by Hall, with the comment, 'Nothing'.

Translation: Farewell passers-by; in the year 161 (era of Kibyra); Menis son of Noetos with his siblings (set it up); in remembrance · Date: A.D. 184/185. Facsimile: Photograph in Bean. Squeeze in Ankara. Letter forms: a4 a7 u6 ul4. Comment: Bean drew attention to the form of the ? in line 2, which looks like a cursive I;;.The significance of the funerary feast, here well illustrated, is imperfectly understood. It is thought to depict the deceased as pious hero, presiding over the feast, with especial reference to the sacrificing of victims and the pouring of libations to the gods by the un-dead deceased, while the ministrants depicted may represent the living relatives. The latter were frequently responsible for keeping up annual sacrifices at the tomb, where the feast was also enjoyed, as it were vicariously, by the living. For a reference to such sacrifices, cf. 4.3. On the significance of the funerary feast reliefs, see Cremer 1991: 70~4. The zebu was obviously a common draught or plough animal hereabouts in Roman times, cf. Deonna 1938: 213-16. It seems, too, to have been a sacrificial animal according to reliefs on altars to Zeus in the Lysis valley, cf. 94 and 102 from Hasanpa§a and Tefenni. S. Mitchell comments (per litt.) that he saw broken terracotta figurines of zebus from the sanctuary of Apollo of the Perminoundeis at K1z1laga9 in the territory of ?Comana. As for the name Noetos ('intelligent'), names of this kind are found typically among slaves or their descendants, cf. Solin ] 982: II.698ff. The stone taken as a whole suggests that the grave was for Menis and four siblings.

79. GRAVESTONE FOR MOSILEMES. 1984/42 BQLMEPINAR. Location: In garden with 77, 78 and 80. Publication: none. Description: Round funerary column with relief of banquet-scene having a woman standing, two men seated, stool beneath table and a pair of hands above. Dimensions: Ht. 1.01; diam. 0.52; letters 0.025. Text: Mooikl)µl)s Maui- leaf 1':l)µl)OLTQ VEI.Q 11v 11 µ l)s xapiv· av ns

avfoTl) □-Ev 5

KOf\O~woi EVOKOS sic

Trn1s sic Translation: Mosilemes for Mosilemes his son, set up (the column) in remembrance; if anyone shall damage (it, he shall be) answerable to the gods. Date: Second or third century A.D. Facsimile: Photograph. Squeeze in Ankara. Letter forms: a7 E6 l)4 µ6 06 uJ7.

Comment: Mosilemes is unexampled, but cf. a cohors I Musulamiorum stationed in Lyda under Trajan, TAM 2.485=/GRR 3. 677 (Patara), cf. Worrle 1988: 149 n.413, which may be the origin of Mosilemes. The cohort was presumably raised originally from the Gaetulian (Numidian) tribe of the same name, cf. Syme 1951: 113-30 and RE IV .1 (1900) col. 317 s.v. 'cohors' (Cichorius). For KOf\oBwcn cf. Naour 1980: 63, 74. The spelling is rather demotic, as is the syntax, including av with what is probably the future indic., cf. Brixhe 1987: 91. The confusion of KIX and T/8 is a well-known Phrygian variation, cf. Brixhe 110-113. These are people of humble rank, not very literate.

77. GRAVESTONE FOR EUPHRATES. 1984/40 BOLMEPINAR. Location: In a garden, one of four funerary columns, cf. 78-80. Publication: none. Description: Plain, round funerary column, with banding. Dimensions: Ht. 0.90; diam. 0.52; letters 0.03. 33

3: City and Environs of Kibyra

The Kibyra-Olbusa Region

80. GRAVESTONE FOR AMMIA AND MENIS. 1984/43 BOLMEPINAR. Location: In garden with 77-79. Publication: none. Description: Round funerary column with swags and bunches of grapes, a relief of banquet-scene having woman and man in aedicula, and an inscr. below. Dimensions: Ht. 1.10 (swags 0.50); diam. 0.42; letters 0.03. Text: Mf)vis rn~ Tpwi),.o[s] rn1, 'Epµafos

5

avfo[ n1]aav TT)V µl]TEpa C0aav 'Aµµiav -..>-..wv, oTl)AAl)V,in Brixhe 1987: 32-3), thus Lov>-..(Aylgen. of Lov>-..(Ayis, a contracted formation like Doules (LGPN I s.v., Thasos) based on Lov>-..fos, cf. Lov>-..ii rn~Epvapiov from a Christian tomb at Korykos, MAMA 3. 311. Along with Doulion (MAMA 4. 338

103. GRAVESTONE FOR CALPURNIUS AGAPETOS 1984/56 TEFENNi, brought from SAZAK or ECE? Location: In front of the courthouse. Publication: none. Description: Pedimental stele with pilasters on either side, with inscr. in central panel; rough behind. Dimensions: Ht. 0.73 (buried below), 0.43 (panel); w. 0.39, 0.31 (panel); th. 0.12; letters 0.03 .. Text: [Tpoq:,i][µn Ka>-..]-

42

4: The Ormeleis and Senatorial Estates

a-b from Eumeneia, ibid. 7.267a from ?Pissia) the names share the same root as oou>-..os('slave'), which is also used as a proper name at Selmea and Amorion (MAMA 7. 246 and 288) and at Tyriaion nr. Balboura, cf. Naour 1978: 104 no. 5; idem 1980: 68-9 refers to 'plusieurs exemples' at Termessos. The class of Dou!- names surely signifies servile ancestry. For the 'Phrygian variation' between TTand cj), cf. Brixhe 1987: 110. On Menis see 63 above. Also from Ece, not re-examined by Hall: 104.1. Sterrett 1888: 109 no. 76, Ramsay 1895: 331 no. 141, IGRR 4. 924, French 1988: II.1 no. 277, milestone, Septimius Severns, Caracalla, Geta, Julia Domna, '20 miles from Kibyra'; 104.2. CJG 4367, Smith 1887: 240 no. 23, Sterrett 1888: 100 nos. 72-75, cf. Ramsay 1895: 313 no. 131, list of benefactors of the ochlos (i.e., demos Ormeleon? cf. 115), (altar of Zeus Sabazios?) set up by Caius II gs. of Menis, dated by the proagontes (head men? cf. 115, and 123; cf. date by pragmateutes 100.2) Menis II gs. of Nikadas, and Attalos s. of Osaeis, with list of subscribers and sums subscribed, whose names include Claudius Trophimos, Italikos, Aur(elius) Attes II gs. of Osaeis proagon (head man?), Ouadaros, Regillus, Kallikles, Meliton, Solon, Menestheus, Pansa s. of Kasios (=Cassius?), Nearchos, Lapos, Herakleides, Kastor, Marcus, Dionysios, Bromios, Kadauas, Demes, Symmachos, Iunius, Hieron, Krateros, Lydios, Apollodotos, Millax, Melissourgos, Apollonios, Sataras, Menneas, Kikkos, Smaragdos, Menandros, Calpurnius Chariton, Menianos, Molyx, Sournos, Antonius, Kibyras, Dioskourides, Bion, Pyrrhos, Onesimos, Hiereus, Achilleus, Moungos, Hermes, Kadourkos, Birro, Demopho11, Karnos(?). 105. GRAVESTONE FOR MANES AND FAMILY. 1984/67 SAZAK, brought from ECE. Map: Isparta-Burdur 32-Hi. Location: In front of cafe. Publication: CIG 3. 4367 C. Description: Round funerary column with aedicula showing busts of a man and a woman in relief; inscr. in incised tabula ansata below. Dimensions: Ht. 1.54 + (set in cement); diam. 0.45; letters 0.02-0.025. Text: Mavns Mnvi6os

10

µ7 06 w10.

Comment: The inscr. was disastrously published upside down in C/G: it read ETOYIPOE (=line 10), XAPINKETIOIIE (=line 9), TIOIHIEMHMI (=line 8), KATAHTIALIZONE; (=line 7), MHNI.6.INEAJ\ (=line 6), KAITOIITEINOII (=line 5), ATTAAOY (=line 4), AITHTI[.]NAIKII[.]LI (=line 3), TIOYATIONOITO (=line 2), and MANIIMHNI.6. (=line 1). Manes is an epichoric man's name, derived from the first king of Lydia, and son of Zeus and Ge, Masdnes (later Manes, e.g. Herod. 1.94, 4.45), cf. Zgusta 1964: 858.1. See further LIMC VI.I (1992) 330-1 s.v. 'Manes' (P. Weiss). Menis is also theophoric, cf. 63 above. Poulpon looks as if it might be Latin, e.g., *Pulpo, '?fleshy', but may rather be a Greek name Ilov>-..TTwv composed of a sic and the namemetathetized stem from 'ITOAV'ITOsuffix -wv, '?having a polyp (in the nose)', cf. at any rate Polypos, LGPN II (Athens). On Ges, cf. 77 and 8 above. The Greek name Attalos is thought to be favoured because of a resemblance to an epichoric Anatolian name, e.g. Attales the son of the Lydian king Sadyattes, cf. Zgusta 119.14. Tlepas is a regular Greek hypocoristic of the Rhodian hero Tlepolemos, cf. 65. Melichos is probably a variant of the Greek name Meilichos/Meilichios, cf. LSJ s.v., which is also a surname of Zeus and other gods. The words KETo'is l::[vy6]v[ois?] have been added later. 106. GRAVESTONE FOR M. CALPURNIUS EPINIKOS. 1984/68 SAZAK. Location: nr. 105? Publication: none. Description: Fine funerary stele, moulded below but broken off; above is a relief of rider facing right, with cloak behind, staff (or tree?) in front. Inscr. has well-apicated, fine letters. Dimensions: Ht. 0.90, 0.41 (shaft); w. 0.41; th. (buried behind); letters 0.04. Text: M. leaf Ka>-.. 'ITOVpvac vws vacat 'E'ITfrEiKOS' vac vfos vacat

Translation: M(arcus) Calpurnius Epinikos the younger (set it up). Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Photograph. Squeeze in Ankara. Letter forms: a6 E4 µ5 o7 v5. Comment: Note that a M. Calpurnius Epinikos (the elder?) was conductor (farmer-general) of an estate at Alastos, and the freedman and cubicularius (a.TT □ KOfrl)s, i.e. chamberlain) of a Roman senator named M. Calpurnius Longus, who appears to have flourished in the mid-second century A.D. and to have owned estates in the region, cf. 101 from

TIov>-.. 'ITWvosaiiT~ Tl:J yvvaid rn6i 'ATTa>-..ov vacat wl To'is TEKvois Mnvi6i wl fv1E>-..ix½l wl T>-.. nTT6.8i(wv i:.noinaEv µ Vl)µl)s vac xapiv· KE TOl,S'E[vyo]vac ETOVS'poE'. vac v[ois?] w}

5

and for his children Menis and Melichos and Tlepas, while alive he made (it), in remembrance: year 175 (era of Kibyra); and for his grandsons(?). Date: A.D. 198/199. Facsimile: Photograph. Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 E6

Translation: Manes son of Menis son of Poulpon, for himself and his wife Ges daughter of Attalos, 43

The Kibyra-O/basa Region

Tefenni, and 111 and 111.l from Sazak. For other

4: The Ormeleis and Senatorial Estates

109. GRAVESTONE FOR OL YMPIAS(?) 1984/71 SAZAK. Location: Outside a house in the upper part of the village, on the other side of the stream from the Asar. Publication: none. Description: A plain block of reddish limestone, with right-hand side of tabula ansata containing inscr., badly damaged on the left side, complete above, broken below. Dimensions: Ht. 0.65 (broken below); w. 0.75 (broken left and right); th. 0.13; letters 0.02-0.025. Text: ]NOME ]Tm::

Calpurnii, cf. 124.1 from Kayah and 132.1 from K1lavuzlar. See also 115.12 from Karamanh, indicating that our M. Calpurnius Epinikos the younger was a priest of Demeter with his wife a priestess. In the local cult, Demeter seems to have lent her mysteries to Zeus Sabazios, cf. 64.7 from the environs of Kui;ukalan, and 127.4 from Kag1lc1k. The layout of the present inscription suggests that there is a pun on -vws- and vfos-. This Epinikos will be a close relative of the conductor, with vfos indicating the younger of two homonymous brothers, cf. Robert Bull. 1972: 506. Another close relative, M. Calpurnius Epinikianos, has left a funerary inscr. at Attaleia for himself and his own freedmen, cf. Robert Bull. 1949: p.202 no. 32 SEG 17 (1960) 167 no. 623. M. Calpurnius Longus is likely to be a descendant of M. Calpurnius Rufus of Attaleia, governor of ?Lycia-Pamphylia under Claudius between A.D. 49 and 54, whose son was L. Calpurnius Longus, cf. Halfmann 1979: 101, 105, 107, Eck 1983: 187 n.480, id. 1991: 97-106. See further under 111 below.

]ENHI ]THME

5

K]q1.TOIS )JOAYM

HI vacat Ligatures: Line 4 THM. Translation: ? Date: Second or third century A.D. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: E6 µ5 06 v6. Comment: Presumably funerary; the name Olympias, attested at Kibyra, may lie behind traces in line 6.

107. MILESTONE(?) 1984/69 SAZAK. Location: In front of primary school. Publication: none. Description: Very large banded column, on top of which is a head of Ataturk. Very worn inscr. below. Dimensions: ? Facsimile: none. Comment: Could be a milestone, cf. 57.

110. VOTIVE ALTAR OF MEN. 1984/72 SAZAK. Location: In a house, recently discovered while cleaning the wall. Publication: none. Description: Very small altar with relief of zebu below, inscr. above. Dimensions: Ht. 0.27; w. 0.19 (die), 0.25 (mouldings); th. 0.19; letters 0.02. MTIJ:'EI.XP.(11aµ6J) Text: E>E6/

108. VOTIVE

ALTAR OF ZEUS SOTER. 1984/70 SAZAK. Location: In front of primary school. Publication: none. Description: Rectangular altar, moulded top and bottom, with garlands, large on two sides, and small on the third side, below which is inscr. in mainly small letters of unequal size. Dimensions: Ht. 1.02, 0.80 (die); w. 0.38; th. 0.39; letters 0.007-0.02. Text: 6i'l

XP.( T)µaTio8EI.S')"Yt-as [riv] Ligature: Line 1 MHN.

ElJX-

Translation: To the god Men, having been warned by an oracle Hylas (fulfilled his) vow. Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Photograph. Squeeze in Ankara. Letter forms: E4 v7 w10. Comment: Votive altar with relief of the victim. Many such votive offerings were made as a result of a dream-oracle, cf. Nock 1986: I 45-47, Lane 1976: III 24, Bomer 1960: II 109, id. 1990: III 298-9, Veyne 1986: 259-83. For the wording xp(110µ6J) XP.(T)µano8Ek), cf. Robert 1963: 380-l. The abbreviation does not seem to be exampled, cf. Avi-Yonah 1940. The zebu was sacrificed to Zeus on the evidence of an altar from Tefenni, cf. 102, and the relief of Zeus there looks very like Men.

LWTf\pi

Translation: To Zeus Soter. Date: Hellenistic, probably third or second century B.C. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: 111 ol wl. Comment: For another, early imperial, votive altar to Zeus Soter, cf. 121 from Bedirli. This cult was spread in Lycia and the eastern Mediterranean in the third century B.C. as part of Ptolemaic rulercult. It was also a traditional cult of old Greece. Cf. Frei 1990: 1839---40,on TAM 2.1.25 (Telmessos, 240 B.C.), and Roscher, Lexikon V 1263 s.v. 'Soter (Zeus)' (Hofer). It is found at Oinoanda on an inscribed altar of the late Hellenistic period, cf. Robert Bull. 1972: 443, while Kibyra had a perpetual priest of Zeus Soter in the first century A.D., cf. our 15.23.

111. GRAVESTONE FOR L. CALPURNIUS SALVIUS(?) 1984/73 SAZAK. Location: In wall of house mentioned in 110. Publication: none. Description: Upper part of moulded stele of white limestone; well-cut letters. Dimensions: Ht. 0.41; w. 0.22; th. 0.21; letters 0.02. 44

Text: A. Kakrrovpvios LClAOVWS' [E]nhponos Kai. 5

Longus, for whom a date in the Hadrianic period is most likely, cf. Eck 1983: 186-187 and SEG 32 (1982) 466, and Eck 1991: 97-106, who argues that M. Calpurnius Longus was proconsul of Achaia between A.D. 125 and 135, and shortly thereafter given a suffect consulship in Rome (pp.100-1); and was possibly brother to a Calpurnius Rufus, likewise proconsul of Achaia under Hadrian (p.106). The estate manager will have been a freedman of the family, cf. another such 111.1. Salvius was particularly favoured as a cognomen by descendants of slaves, cf. Kajanto 1965: 134.

µia0WTl]S' TWV TOTTWV

M. Kakrrovpv[i]ov Aovyov [. .) ~AYTT[-- - - ] QTI[- - - - -) Translation: L(ucius) Calpurnius Salvius, procurator and conductor of the estates of M(arcus) Ca!purnius Longus ... Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Photograph. Squeeze in Ankara. Letter forms: a6 1)5 a7 iD8. Comment: Marcus Calpurnius Salvius is the estate manager and farmer-general of the senator M. Calpurnius Longus, likely to be descended from the governor of ?Lycia under Claudius, M. Calpurnius Rufus, cf. 106; this family, which held the narpwvEfo of Attaleia, will have been local. M. Calpurnius Longus himself appears to be identical with a proconsul of Achaia, L. Marcius Celer M. Calpurnius

Also from Sazak, not re-examined by Hall: 111.1. Sterrett 1888: 111 no. 78, Ramsay 1895: 307 no. 114, IGRR 4. 894, votive altar of Zeus Megistos, with reliefs of winged Hermes, bust of Zeus and sceptre, and head of Hera(?), ded. by M. Calpurnius Epinikos, an □ KOlTTJS(cubicularius, i.e. chamberlain) of his patron M. Calpurnius Longus and µza8WT1)S(conductor, i.e. farmer-general) of the estates around Alastos, cf. 115.4 and 160.13.

112. GUBERNATORIAL(?) AND IMPERIAL(?) LETTERS. 1985/17 = 1984/77 KARAMANLI. Map: Isparta-Burdur 33-lii. Location: At a house near the first mosque on the Tefenni side of Karamanh in Orhan B. Alp Caddesi, formerly a cinema. Publication: none. Description: Stone re-used as the base of a stairway of the house, a large limestone block, broken above, with an inscr. of 18 + long Jines in the upper part of a panel, in small letters, badly abraded and somewhat covered in concrete. Dimensions: Ht. 0.90, 0.75 (panel, broken above); w. 0.85 (buried right), 0.74 (panel); th. 0.20; letters 0.01-0.02. - - - - - - - - - ]HN[ ..]KHN- - - - - - - - - - - ] Text: L-

5

10

15

[.]Xm: TAI [t-]YOMENA:Z: TA'Y'TA:Z: HOAE[- - - - - - - - - - ] npos iiµas l)TTELX0T)OU1; E[.]Arin:z: [,] THN B[- - - - - Ta] TETOl\µT)llEVa Tov 6rnµfrov NEME[ao.v? rnyxdvnv? - µcfon?)EL 01/9~Vyap 0avw:i,oµEv El EXPf\V[- - - - - ] E0VT)yq f!'!cPI.fomQ?.~ TTEpiµd, T)adµ[Eva - - - - - - - - - - ] npovofo.v TTOlT)OOµE8a· Bov"6µE8a [BE - - - - - - - - - ] f;owTov ov KATEITH~JJ.TE TA BO'Y'A[- - - - - - - - - - - ]~INON w1. Kdoowv w1. Xpvo6yovov K[- - - - - - -nva TJ]µas Et-a8u ho~µrioaTE, /i:qi' ok l::xpiJv µh iJ8TJ 6iK1']vmhovs 8iw[i]a:v vnoax{iv Kai. OE6EµEJ/OVS' a.va:nEµq>0f\vmnpos -f)µas. l::Bovl\EVmiµE0a OE Kai. T(J/ av0vmfr41 ypd(j>m ws KOl\aoai nvas l!:t q,vTWV ds na:pa6uyµa Bia TE Ta~imBol\OS ~S' ov OEOVEm~ai/'\oVaiv T01s napoiKois Kai. Sia Ta.S v/)pEiS' Kai. TUS' TI'I\T)YO.S as EVE--avKOV,Mfivis NHKOAQOV KiBvparnv, MEVWTEUSMl)Vl[B]os MEvWTfos, Nfopxos Ml)vioo[s], Nfopxos NnKo>--aovKiBvpcfr[ov].

istrator of the family property. Below him stand three local managers or pragmateutai (A 7-10); below them are three misthotai (conductores, farmers-general) (A 10-13). On pragmateutai see Robert 1937: 241 n.2, id. Hellenica X (1955) 83 n.3. Finally we reach the priest and priestess of Zeus Sabazios (A 14-16) and the list of initiates, who presumably worked the estate, as tenants and ?as day-labourers. Among them there is a characteristic mixture of Greek, Latin (e.g., Mundio?, Acceptus) and native names (e.g., Kidramas [grecized form], Osaeis), but Greek predominate, especially those which replace native forms, e.g., Attalos, Menis. Menis (cf. Zgusta l 964: 910) occurs eleven times, besides Menistheus, twice, and Menogenes. A similar preponderance occurs in the other votive lists from the same circle; and yet there are hardly any names which are theophoric of Zeus. Given that the deity is typically depicted hereabouts as a cavalier god like Men, it seems possible that this cult of Sabazios was in some sense confused with Men. As well as the priests of Zeus Sabazios (annual, cf. 115.7), note the participation of priests of Hermes (apparently hereditary in one family, Osais son of Attalos, side A (also priest of Sozon in 115.6), and Attalos son of Osaeis, side B) and of priests of Dionysus. On Osaeis see under 65 above. Kidramas was the mythical founder of Kidrama, a neighbour-city of Kibyra and Tabai, which were founded by his mythical brothers Kibyras and Marsyas, cf. Robert 1954: 73-4. Kidramas and its epichoric by-forms in -moas, -mouas, -moues, and -muas (found in the Lysis valley, at Kibyra, at Aspendos, and at Ilgin (Tyriaion) in E. Phrygia) will be a (rare) Pisidian name-class, cf. Zgusta 1964: 603, Robert, Bull. 1978: 462 (3). N.b. Zgusta 603.6, 'Kidrollas', is misread for Kidromas, a variant spelling of Kidramas. The linguistic hellenization of epichoric name-forms probably reflects acculturation of indigenous peoples to Greek norms, so that much of the Greekness of the local population will have been cultural rather than ethnic. By the same token, the presence of Latin names such as Acceptus and *Mundio (cf. Zgusta 1964: 983.5) among this rural population hardly implies Italian race, but rather the spread of Roman cultural dominance: this is particularly so when, as here, the Latin names are those typically though not exclusively given to slaves, as denoting personal attributes of significance to an owner, such as 'welcome' and 'neat', cf. the equivalent Greek categories in Solin 1982: II, and Kajanto 1965: 73, 134. Also some of the Greek names are characteristic of low social status, most obviously Atimetos, 'despised', and Ispatalos=Spatalos, 'wanton', a soubriquet of slaves, cf. Solin 1982: II s.v. That two of the name are specified as citizens of Kibyra (A 27-8, 30) indicates that the rest were not: either they

Side B Aup]lA/\WS vacat Kiopoµas Tpls LEpEUS1.::,.ios Iava(fov wl yvaurni) "ApTEµeis, 5 [A]up]lAAWS{Aupn[>--]>--ws} [" AT ]rn/\OS Ooaei z.epe[us 'Ep]µov, Ooaeis 'AT[TMOV]. Translation: (Side A) To Good Fortune. In the

vn

n

year 182 (era of Kibyra), the initiates of Zeus Sabazios for the safety of themselves and the demos Ormeleon and the safety of Annia Faustina and Tiberius Claudius: when Kritoboulos was procurator, and Abaskantos and Anthinos and Marcellio were pragmateutai, and Claudius Abaskantos and Menis son of Nikadas son of Herakleides and Nikadas II were conductores: in the priesthood of Kidramas II and Elpis his wife: Menis son of Diomedes, Osais son of Attalos, hiereus (priest) of Hermes, Marcus II grandson of Menogenes, Entheos son of Krateros son of Symmachos, priest of Dionysos, Menis son of Attalos son of Moundion (=Mundio?), Attalos son of Demetrios, Menis son of Atimetos, Ispatalos son of Menis, Entheos son of Menis, Menis son of Posidonios son of Entheos(?), Acceptus son of Menis, Osais son of Glaukos, Menis son of Nikolaos citizen of Kibyra, Menistheus son of Menis son of Menistheus, Nearchos son of Menis, Nearchos son of Nikolaos citizen of Kibyra. (Side B, added later) Aurelius Kidramas III, priest of Zeus Sabazios, and his wife Artemis, Aurelius {Aurelius} Attalos son of Osaeis, priest of Hermes. Osaeis son of Attalos. Date: Side A, A.D. 205/206. Side B, not more than one generation after A.D. 212. Facsimile: none. Comment: Hall notebook 1984 p.60 simply says stone was published by Sterrett. The above text is that of Sterrett, revised by Ramsay. The object of the dedication is so far unclear; perhaps we have an altar or statue base of Zeus Sabazios; Sterrett described it as a 'quadrangular basis originally surmounted by a round column now broken off. The history of the estate and its highly connected owners (Annia Faustina is conjectured to be the granddaughter of the sister of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius) is elucidated by Ramsay 1895: 286ff. See also PJR 2 A709. Her husband Tiberius Claudius (Severns Proculus) is identified with the consul of A.D. 200. She (with her husband?) inherited the estate from Ummidia Cornificia Faustina (cf. 115.10), who may have herself inherited it from her father M. Ummidius Quadratus, husband of Annia Cornificia Faustina, sister of M. Aurelius; cf. Broughton 1938: 672; Leschhorn 1993: 361-63 sums up all the evidence for the family. The procurator Kritoboulos (A 6-7) is thus a private senior admin49

Kibyra-Olbasa Region

had some inferior status (paroikoi?) or they were citizens of some other city (Keretapa? Olbasa?). Note the appearance of Entheos, 'full of the god', a name which should be referred to the milieu of devotees of a mystery cult. The names of the pragmateutai, who were certainly slaves, are also instructive: Abaskantos, 'secure against spells', is a typical while Matcellio servile name, cf. Solin 1982: II is a rare Latin diminutive of Marcellus, itself a diminutive of Marcus, cf. Kajanto 1965: 173. Anthinos, 'flowery', belongs to a class of flowernames which are typically though not exclusively servile, cf. Solin 1982: II 1071-1117; cf. the similar name Anthos, ibid. 1075--77. The fact that one of the misthotai is called [Claud]ius Abaskantos suggests that he is a freedman of Tiberius Claudius Severns Proculus. There is a 'Phrygian variation' between aspirated and hard 't' in MEvwnvs, cf. Brixhe 1987: ll0-1 115. VOTIVE LIST OF BENEFACTIONS. 1984/76 KARAMANLL Location: At the gate of the first mosque on Tefenni side of Karamanh. Publication: Presumably Collignon 1878: 257 no. 12, Sterrett 1888: 57 nos. 47-50, cf. Ramsay 1895: 313 no. 131, IGRR 4. 892 (lines 1-11). Description: One of two stones used as gateposts, in excellent condition, cf. 114. Sterrett, who called it a 'broken quadrangular cippus,' noted that the top moulding was broken away. Dimensions: Ht. 1.09; w. 0.61; letters? Side A Text:

5

10

odva rnv Bdvos hi1n1]aE T ]ov ox/\[ov] (frnvaprn) v'· "AKrnToS vac Mr\viBos ETd vac µl)aEV Tov relief ox/\ov (orivaprn) v'· of cavalier 06rrovs 'A ( god?) TTTJ E0TOT

VClC

30

35

5

15

20

5

avw~

OE (ol)VUpm) KE'· ["A]TTa/\OS'KaL'Aµvvrns MnviBos Ka/\aµfoKOv ETLµl)aav TOV ox>-.ov

(6l)va1:na) v'· [M]i\vis Nm:aoov TTO/\V6EVKOVµrn:i L:il)µT}Tp[i]ov Tov -.ov KiKKOV µl)aE To v ox/\ov EAaiov t[ E]oms ,,. Mf)vis BiA/\iov [EJniµl)oEv TOV ox/\o[v (8l)vciprn) . .] Iovpvos vfos /::[TEiµl)OEV] TOox't-.ov (Brivapw) v'· [6 6E1va] [fil)µ]l)Tpiov [hEiµl)OEV TOV OX/\OV . .. ] [ 6 Bdva ET]E[iµT)aEvK.T./\.] [6 oE1va Ll.wv]vaio[v Eniµl)aEv] [ TOV OXt\OV] (Sl)vapta) KE'· [6 fidva] hiµl)[aEv TDV ox/\ov K.T.l\,] [- v]1TEprnv [-] [- - I]ovp[vos Tov 6E1vos hEi] [µl)CTEV TOV OX/\OVK.T.I\.] Side C []l:i.EI.TTA AI. (ol)vapw) KE' relief KaL o'ivov of ms p' Mfivis bust Kcicrrnpos ET of dµnaEV T male ov ox>-.ov ( god?) (Bnvcipw) KE'· Mf)vis 'A-rrof\/\wviov 6.apwvos hEiµnoE (ol)Vapw) {\r· MEvwnvs M1\viBos /\uyooTporros ETElµl)CTEV TOV ox>-.ov [K,T./\.] [6 BE1va 'TOVodvos E]T[Ei]µl)OEVTOV OK/\OV[1-.o[V K.T./\.] [A)n[o/\)1\wvws [rnv 6dvos] [E]Tiµ[l)OEVTOV OX/\OVK.T./\.] Side D K[a]a[i]os w'i Kpan[pos] v\:ol raiov M1\vi6[os] hEfµ11oav TOV [ox/\ov] [(8l)vapw)] piW 1cal To[v] TOKOV. oi ai1Toi Kaaw[s Kal Kpci]TEPOSE[ornj,a]-

r

VClC

15

4: The Ormeleis and Senatorial Estates

relief of a bust of a male (deity?). The votive character of the benefactions seems assured, and other similar lists are associated with the cult of Zeus Sabazios, cf. 114. The object of the dedication may be an altar (of Zeus?). The above text is an amalgam of Collignon's and Sterrett's, although it should be noted that Collignon places B 15-21 under D 9. For the interpretation of ochlos ('mob', 'populace') as 'villagers' cf. Broughton 1938: 67lff. Also calling themselves demos Ormeleon, they appear to be the same kind of people as the pamikoi, 'peasants', in 112. The apparently neutral use of a pejorative word like ochlos among the people themselves suggests that their status was not high. They were led by officials called proagontes, probably the head men of the villages rather than (more senior) managers of the estate as Ruge implied, cf. RE XVIII.1 (1942) col. 1101-2 s.v. 'OpµE/\Ewv; cf. Broughton 1938: ibid. The ochlos and proagontes appear also in 104.2 and 123. The nature of the payments is illuminated by side D 1-4, in which it is written that two benefactors honoured the populace with 112 d. 'and the interest'. So the benefactions were loans to the temple, or to the ochlos organized through the temple -which accepted the deposits, invested the capital for social and religious purposes, and collected interest some or all of which it then passed on to such depositors as had not beneficently waived their right to it, providing a form of banking; the inscr. suggests that most people took interest on their deposits. The religious aspect of the stelai implies that the 'loans' were not ordinary deposit-account banking: they were probably perpetual, like the fund Q. Veranius Philagros 'lent' to Kibyra to set up a perpetual gymnasiarchy, cf. 15.19-15.20. With the money so invested, the temple funded religious (?Zeus-} festivals, including food and drink for the participants, so that as well as making a gift of the interest, investors could specify that it should go towards e.g. vegetables {side B 3-4), or 'the games' (ll 3 above). People could also invest olive oil 1-2, 9-10), and wine (C 2-3), and take or forgo interest on these commodities (B 1-5). In 115.10 below the benefactor 'honoured the people with a breakfast and 270 Attic drachmai': on the basis of the above, possibly, we should interpret that he dedicated the interest towards the provision of a breakfast. That perpetual loans and gifts (cf. also 123 below) to the ochlos should have been retained by the temple is in keeping with the civic role of the main temple in a Greek city - as is well known, the Parthenon in Athens housed the city's treasury. The temple moreover was in many places the only strongly built and wellguatded public structute suitable for storing treasure. Temples thus developed a staff skilled in recording, looking after and investing money and

vwaav (Bnvapw) v'· [Ka][a]ws 6li?Mc5Ww