An Epigraphical Survey in the Kibyra-Olbasa Region conducted by A S Hall (British Institute at Ankara Monograph) [Illustrated] 1898249105, 9781898249108

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Regional Epigraphic Catalogues of Asia Minor III

AN EPIGRAPHICAL SURVEY IN THE KIBYRA-OLBASA REGION CONDUCTED BY A.S. HALL

BY N.P. MILNER

BIAA Monograph No. 24

Published by THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA 1998

British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara c/o British Academy, 10 Carlton House Terrace, London SWJ Y 5AH

This book is available from Oxbow Books, Park End Place, Oxford OXI IHN

ISBN 1 898249 10 5 ISSN 0969-9007 © British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara 1998

All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.

Printed by Stephen Austin & Sons Ltd., Hertford

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION I. KIBYRA AND THE KIBYRATIS II. EREN a-

40. MILESTONE? 1984/10 KARAPINAR. Location: Outside porch of mosque. Publication: none. Description: Column drum of pinkish-white limestone, standing outside the porch of the mosque, with an inscr. of 10 or 11 lines. Dimensions: Ht. 1.33 +; diam. 0.45; letters 0.02. Text: ? Facsimile: Photograph and squeeze are impossible unless the stone is moved. Comment: May be a milestone, with perhaps two inscrs.

Til OVO ;Q TE 1Ta-rpl -roii opavoii Maaq: wl ;Q aoEf..a, dt--M Kal Tovs- ds- HX Bat--avE[ia da~6v­ Ta5' TiX yEypaiJ.IJ.EVa avayvwva~]. The Emperor

IJ.EYiGTl)V

wants the missing letter to the ?Kibyrates to be publicly inscribed near the baths, as we learn from line 5 of the ?proconsul's letter (because the ?proconsul, too, wishes his imperial letter, our lines 8-25, inscribed near the baths). Thus both imperial letters were inscribed there in order that people, being better acquainted with the water regulations, 'might be more chary of infringing them in the future' (line 6). The Emperor expresses to the ?proconsul the hope that the ?Kibyrates will not merely consult his letter to them, but publish it to those entering(?) the baths, and implicitly obliges the ?proconsul to see that this is done by sending him a copy of their letter. Line II: [- - oi nt--EOVEKTOVVTES' O~K?]o:s- navm

Twv aypwv WS' E:nl TOV OXE[ TOV dpo ]Tp~WVTa5', OEOV IJ.ETpov awwwiov nap' E[KaTE]pa Ta IJ.Epl)

dpoTp~a.v.

We learn in greater detail from Subrius Dexter (ibid. (b) lines 23ff., cf. the quotation under our line 2I below) that there was a sterile border on either side of the channel, set at I 0-feet wide for arable farming, wider still for fruit-trees, on which farmers were encroaching and making holes in the channel with the roots of their trees and with their ploughs. If the Kibyrates' fields were damaged by holing the channel, the reference must be to systems of irrigation that would have run dry. Lines I5-I6: We can only guess at the farmers' misdemeanours, either on the basis of the Ephesos edicts (ibid.), or else the imperial letter of Hadrian to Nikaia, IK 9 Nikaia no. I, in which the complaint is made about farmers damaging the channel by driving across it, supplementing for example as follows:

Tponov o¢Eit--ova~v Kal THIJ.lJV VnEp EKp is a well-known linguistic phenomenon of the Phrygian borderlands, cf. Brixhe 1987: 110. Epaphras is a common Greek hypocoristic name from Epaphroditos, but Nana is merely a lallname, very popular locally, see under 20 above. The same Epaphras may well have set up a funerary column to Epaphras the father, found at Ulukoy, now part of Golhisar, cf. 30.43.

oEf..c!>vs-

aTwv~ T~

jlV'J)jll)S" Kat 'ApTEjlH Tfj V jll)Tpt v CW'alJ Ligatures: Line 1 MM, line 5 MNH, line 8 MH. Translation: Ammoni(o)s, with his brothers, (set it up) for Straton their father, in remembrance, and for Artemis their mother, while she was alive. Date: Second or third century A.D., before A.D. 212. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 E4 n5 a7 w13. Comment: Ammonis, reduced form of Ammonios, is probably here the common Egyptian theophoric name, after the god Ammon. Foro~ > v in lines 2-3, cf. Brixhe 1987: 47. On the Greek theophoric name Artemis, after the goddess, see Masson 1986: 126. Berard slightly miscopied and misunderstood lines 2--4: OVV T(~) aloEf..cj>(4J) 5

~Tplchwv(~).

63. GRAVESTONE FOR MENIS. 1984/31 SORKUN. Location: Lying beside a depot in lower part of the village. Publication: none. Description: A fine funerary column, moulded top and bottom, with some damage to its shaft, neatly lettered inscription of three lines below top. Dimensions: Ht. 0.96; diam. 0.43; letters 0.02-0.03. Text: 'A1rof..f..wvws Ml)[vo]-

61. ENIGMATIC FRAGMENT. 1984/29 SORKUN. Location: On the steps of the same house as 60. Publication: none. Description: A piece of limestone block, broken all round; text appears complete below; three lines survive. Dimensions: Ht. 0.18; width 0.15 (face); thickness 0.13; letters 0.03-0.04. Text: ]OY~T A[

cj>aTov Ml)v~s~

jil)Tpo v~ sic 11 vl)[l:l]lJ[S"] Ev[V]EKq: Translation: Apollonios, son of Menophatos, for Menis his maternal uncle, in remembrance. Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a6 E5 v5 a5 w8. Comment: Menis, after the Anatolian moon god Men who had a major sanctuary at Pisidian Antioch, is one of the commonest names of the Kibyratis. Menophatos, 'decreed by Men' (cf. e€acj>aTos-), varies the theme slightly. For the form jil)Tpwv = jil)Tpws-, cf. LSJ s.v., and Naour 1981: 41 no. 21 with refs. The omicron in line 3 is a false quantity.

]OPH1E[ ]PlAY[

vacat Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: a5 E4 o5 a7 w12. Comment: Enigmatic fragment. Note the diamond-shaped omicrons, which may suggest a third century or later date. 62. GRAVESTONE FOR STRATON. 1984/30 SORKUN. Location: Supporting the porch of an old house not far from the mosque. Publication: Berard 1891: 556 no. 37. Description: A fine example of a funerary column, buried below, with inscription of nine lines in excellent condition; badly broken at the back. Dimensions: Ht. 0.84 (buried below); diam. 0.42; letters 0.03--0.035. Text: 'Avvw v~s

TVs

1TaTpt EvEKa

60. GRAVESTONE FOR GE. 1984/28 SORKUN. Location: In the yard of a house, waiting to be used in construction. Publication: none. Description: A fine limestone block, moulded top and bottom, complete to right, above and below, broken left, with inscription on fascia, the O's damaged. Dimensions: Ht. 0.50 (die, i.e. part between mouldings, 0.24); width 0. 74; thickness 0.46; letters 0.25. Text: n oa~owvws ri) Ti) aoEf..c!>i'l jiVl)jll)S" EVEKEV Translation: Posidonios for Ge his sister, in remembrance, Date: Second century A.D. Facsimile: Photograph. Letter forms: a6 E5 n5 118 a7 w6. Comment: The man bears a familiar Greek name. On Ge, see under 8 above.

OVV

Tp­

iSAKKOY. There was an uninscribed funerary column to the rear of the mosque. KUCUKALAN, also called ALANKOY, formerly also called ALANSAGiR. Btiyiikalan used to be close by to the south, but was moved because of lack of water apparently to the place Bean 1956: 137, 147, knew as Alanbahr;eleri.

a-

28

3: City and Environs of Kibyra

64. FUNERARY BASE(?) 1984/32 KD..p' = A.D. 157/158, era of Kibyra. Also from Btiytikalan, formerly Alanbah9eleri, not re-examined by Hall: 66.1. Bean 1956: 147 no. 39, SEG 17 (1960) 729, funerary column, Anna, Hieron, Po1emon, curse. 67. GRAVESTONE FOR EPIGONES. 1984/35 KAYACIK. Map: Elmah 31-Iy. Location: At corner of mosque. Publication: none. Description: Fine funerary column, moulded top and bottom. Dimensions: Ht. 0.88 (0. 72 shaft); diam. 0.48; letters 0.03. Text: Mi)v~s Ka!. fEwpyos 'Emyovl)o~ TlJ 11T)Tpl. 11VEias leaf EVEKEV leaf Ligature: Line 3 IA. Translation: Menis and Georgos, for Epigones their mother, in remembrance. Date: Imperial. Facsimile: Photograph (slide, not reproduced). Squeeze in Ankara, photograph. Letter forms: E4 1)5 K4 114 a7 w5. Comment: Menis is especially common locally, around Tefenni, cf. 63 above, and Robert 1983: 550 n.12; Georgos ('farmer') occurs sporadically everywhere, cf. SEG 33 (1983) no. 1582, summarising H. Solin on fEwpyos/Georgus, 'a common name in the Roman period'. Compare fEwpyws which is common enough but ?usually Christian. For the masculine form Epigones, used of a woman, in a custom which may derive from epichoric languages, cf. Robert, Bull. 1959: 246 no. 411; this onomastic custom is especially noted in the area of Lycia. The name, which signifies 'progeny of a second marriage', or 'born after', was based on E:niyovos, cf. LSJ. s.v.

66. GRAVESTONE FOR HIERON. 1984/34 BOYOKALAN. Location: By gate into cemetery, used as supporting block for gate post with 65. Publication: none. Description: Funerary column, moulded, buried above, with text of seven lines fairly clear. Dimensions: Ht. 1.07 +, 0.97 (shaft); diam. 0.48; letters 0.03. Text: ETov(s) o>..a'· EiEpwvn T..o/, but traces on Hall's squeeze suggest a rather than >... Leschhorn 1993: 533 no. 9 reports that Heberdey (unpublished Vienna Schedae) also read ao/. At the end of line 2 for Ramsay's N read ANE, as at the end of line 4; it is unclear whether this is the start of a proper name or a verb such as dvEOTlJOEV. Letter traces in line 6 confirm Ramsay's reading there. In line 7 Ramsay read EIKAIA, and nothing in line 8. On orophylakes, 'mountain guards', not to be interpreted as horophylakes, 'border guards', cf. Robert, 1983a: lOlff. This may, however, be a false dilemma, cf. Zimmermann 1992: 82 n.115. Unless Ramsay 1895: I 308 no. 116 was correct in his opinion that we have here a funerary stele for some paraphylakitai, 'police' ('killed by bandits?'), the text perhaps records a dedication to a pair of gods (Zeus and his consort? cf. 101); it should be compared, at least, with other dedications by people living and working on the same or nearby estates, cf. 100.2, 100.3, 104.2, 113-115, 115.8, 115.9, 115.10, 123. It is of interest that such estates had their own orophylakes and (perhaps) paraphylakitai, cf. 115.4, 100.8.

Translation: ... Aur(elius) Ouanelianos son of Athenaios set up the images for his daughter Ge and his son Menis, in remembrance. Date: Third century A.D., after A.D. 212. Facsimile: Squeeze in Ankara. Letter forms: a6 E4 o6 v5.

Comment: The inscr. is very weathered and hard to decipher. The father's name is written as Ovav11>..wvov on the stone; it is possible that the inscr. started earlier, but 'Aur.' makes this less likely. Ouanelianos is a derivative of Ouanelis, equivalent to Ouanalis, a mainly !saurian name, although examples are few, cf. Zgusta 1964: 1137.1. On Ge see 8 above. On Menis see 63 above. 94. VOTIVE ALTAR OF ZEUS(?) 1984/82 Location: Built into a fountain near the mosque in the upper mahalle. Publication: Ramsay 1888: 268, id. 1895: 308 no. 117. Description: A frieze with a pair of zebus (waterbuffaloes) wearing a garland round their girths, facing each other over two urns. On the moulding above is a one-line inscr. Dimensions: Ht. 0.32; w. 1.32; letters 0.02. Text: hovs o/· A'l!P· MEVE'>..aos AnapoaiJ.OlJ ~[iEp ]EVS' aVETlJKEV sic Ligatures: NE in MevE'>..aos. Translation: In the year 200 (era of Kibyra): Aur(elius) Menelaos son of Aparsames/-os/-as, priest, dedicated (it). Date: A.D. 223/224, not year 196=A.D. 219/220 as per Ramsay and Leschhorn 1993: 533 no. 8. Facsimile: Photograph. Squeeze in Ankara. Letter forms: a6 E4 116 o6 v5. Comment: For o/· Al!P- Ramsay read o9p/ (sic), which he interpreted as c;9p/, '196'; this reading fails because it excludes an Aurelian name at a date very soon after the Constitutio Antoniniana. For ~[~Ep]EVs­ Ramsay read P[ . . ]EY~, with B as an alternative possibility for P. Far from being the architrave of an heroon, as Ramsay thought, this is a dedication of a votive altar, in view of the zebus probably to Zeus, and is of the same type as 102 from Tefenni. The garlanded animals in both cases are likely to depict sacrificial victims. The name Aparsames/-os/-as is epichoric, cf. Zgusta 1964: 68, id. p.544.53, p.557.216, 223. The second element, Samos/-es, occurs as an epichoric name around Termessos and Ariassos, and with it may be classed Samos at Tabai, cf. Zgusta 1964: 1365,- thus a Pisidian name. For the 'Phrygian variation' between T and 8, cf. Brixhe 1987: 110. The itacism in ~[iEp]EVs- is of common occurrence. HASANPA~.

93. GRAVESTONE FOR GE AND MENIS. 1984/81 HASANPA~. Location: In the other mahalle, in a fountain not far from the road, as well as 92. Publication: none. Description: Round funerary column with relief of two men between two women, below which is an inscr. of four lines, badly abraded. Dimensions: 0.74 + (buried below); diam. 0.38; letters 0.03. Text: vacat? A.vp. OvavlJ~~l:'o(s) 'A~E- sic [ v ]