An Akkadian Handbook: Helps, Paradigms, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List [2 ed.] 9781575067162

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An Akkadian Handbook

An Akkadian Handbook Helps, Paradigms, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List Completely Revised and Expanded Edition

Douglas B. Miller and R. Mark Shipp

Winona Lake, Indiana

E isenbrauns 2014

© Copyright 1993, 1996, and 2014 by Douglas B. Miller All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. www.eisenbrauns.com The Akkadian fonts used for the sign lists in this work are available from Linguist’s Software Inc., P.O.Box 580, Edmonds, WA 98020-0580 (www.linguistssoftware.com).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data An Akkadian handbook : helps, paradigms, glossary, logograms, and sign list. — Completely revised and expanded edition. / Douglas B. Miller and R. Mark Shipp. 1 online resource.    pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57506-716-2 (pdf) -- ISBN 978-1-57506-306-5 (pbk. : alk.   paper) 1.  Akkadian language—Grammar.  2.  Akkadian language—Spoken Akkadian.  3.  Akkadian language—Grammar—Handbooks, manuals, I.  Miller, Douglas B., 1955– author.  II.  Shipp, R. Mark, 1953– author. PJ3251.M75 2014 492′.1—dc23 2014037918

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.™  ♾

Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   10 A. Grammars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 B.  Sign Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C.  Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D.  Geographical Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 E.   God Names and Temples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F.    Akkadian Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 G.  Historical Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 H.   Journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 I.    Bibliographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 J.  Web sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Part One: Helps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.1.  The Order of Akkadian Alphabetization . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.2.  The Seven “Alephs” (with Proto-Semitic Equivalent) . . . . 15 1.3.  Notations for Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4.  Dialect Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.5. Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.5.1. Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.5.2.  Cardinal Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.5.3.  Ordinal Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.5.4. Multiplicatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.6. Conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.6.1. Coordinating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.6.2. Subordinating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.7. Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.8.  Particles, Interjections, and Interrogatives . . . . . . . . . . 25 v

vi

Contents

Part Two: Paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.1.  Nominal Paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.2.  Verbal Paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 A.  The Sound Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 B.  Initial Weak Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 C.  Middle Weak Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 D.  Final Weak Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 E.  Miscellaneous Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 F.    Verb Synopses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2.3.  Preformatives and Afformatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Part Three: Glossary of Proper Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . .   81 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Glossary Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Part Four: Logograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.1.  Individual and Compound Logograms . . . . . . . . . . . .158 4.2.  Index of Akkadian Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.3.  Index of English Glosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 4.4.  Index of Compound Logograms by Constituent Sign Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

Part Five: Sign List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 5.1.  Quick List of Neo-Assyrian Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 5.2.  Sign Number Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 5.3.  Determinatives and Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 5.3.1.  Determinatives/Markers by Designation . . . . . . .254 5.3.2.  Determinatives/Markers by Sign Number . . . . . . 257 5.4.  Sign Value Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 5.5. Deimel/MZL Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 5.6.  ASy /MZL Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

Introduction This work is designed as a bridge between introductory Akkadian grammars and the sign lists, lexicons, and full grammars necessary for advanced work in Akkadian. It is also intended as a reference tool for scholars such as us for whom Akkadian texts are extremely valuable, even though Assyriology is not our primary field. It was borne out of conviction, during the early days of the authors’ immersion in this fascinating language, that there must be a better way. In particular, what we needed was a collection of helps in compact form to streamline the progression from the signs to transliteration, normalization, and translation. Responses from those who used the first edition have been gratifying. This second edition reflects advances in the reference literature by expanding and making other enhancements. Since the publication of this Handbook some eighteen years ago, notable new works and new editions have become available to the student of Akkadian: wonderfully compact, yet thorough and authoritative, is the Concise Dictionary of Akkadian by Black, George, and Postgate; the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary is now complete; we all benefit from Professor Huehnergard’s Grammar of Akkadian, Professor Borger’s Meso­potamisches Zeichenlexikon, and the third edition of Professor von Soden’s Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik. The health of the field is also evident in the ongoing publication of Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes, The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie, and the new edition of Borger’s Babylonisch-Assyrische Lesestücke. Differences among these resources often give evidence of disagreements within the field on such matters as the spelling of lexical forms, the designations of logograms, and the spelling of proper nouns, among other matters. For the present work, we have relied on the latest and most respected resources and have distinguished among their disagreements according to our best judgment; in the case of Part Three, sources have been documented for the benefit of those who wish to do further research. As the field continues to grow and develop, more uniformity will likely emerge. Part One of An Akkadian Handbook contains various items of a more introductory nature, starting with the order of Akkadian alphabetization. Included here are extensive lists of numbers, conjunctions, and prepositions. Part Two contains a large variety of nominal and verbal paradigms. Old Babylonian forms have been provided, by far the most common dialect presented to 1

2

Introduction

beginners. Part Three is a glossary of more than 600 proper nouns, extending beyond those provided in introductory grammars. In the fourth section, a listing is given of logograms frequently found in introductory study. The list of individual and compound constructions is followed by three indexes. The final part of the Handbook contains a sign-list with graphic representations of Neo-Assyrian signs. Multiple indexes are provided. The first, organized by sign number, provides the syllabic and logographic values from Das akkadische Syllabar and MZL. This is followed by two presentations of determinatives and markers. Another index, organized alphabetically by value, provides the complete sign values contained in Borger’s MZL. These presentations employ Borger’s new numbering system but are also tagged according to the previous (Deimel) numbering system. The section concludes with a complete index connecting the older numbering system to the new and an index of ASy to MZL. The authors are grateful to their professors of Akkadian, C. Leong Seow and J. J. M. Roberts, for the help and encouragement they have provided with this important but complex language. Professor R. E. Whitaker assisted in numerous ways with the first edition; Gerald M. Bilkes also contributed. Valuable help with the second edition was provided by Holly Swartzendruber, Laura Arthur, and Brian Peterson. We wish to express our gratitude to reviewers and others who pointed out errors in the first edition. Our greatest debt is to Prof. John Huehnergard for his criticism and suggestions, which have been tremendously helpful in shaping the second edition. His careful eye saved us from many errors, though we bear responsibility for any that remain. As with the original edition, the manuscript initially was prepared using Nota Bene. The Akkadian sign fonts displayed in Part Five were developed by Linguist’s Software. We trust that the enhancements of this second edition will make it an even more valuable tool in the study of Akkadian. Douglas B. Miller R. Mark Shipp

Abbreviations in this and other Akkadian reference tools

aA AA

aAK aB AbB abbr. Abl. abs(ol). abstr. ABZ ACA acc. Achaem. AD add. adj. adm. Adn. adv. AEAD AfO AG äg AGE AH

AHw

Old Assyrian A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian GodLists, AN: dA-Nu-Um and AN: Anu Ša Amēli (Litke) Old Akkadian Old Babylonian Altbablyonische Briefe abbreviated, abbreviation Ableitung (derivation) absolute(ly) abstract Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste (Borger) Ancient Conquest Accounts (Younger) accusative; according (to) Achaemenid inscriptions anno Domini, since Christ addition(al) adjective, adjectival administrative (texts) Adad-nērārī adverb, adverbial Assyrian-English-Assyrian Dictionary (Parpola) Altorientalische Forschungen An Akkadian Grammar (Riemschneider) Egyptian Akkadische Götterepitheta (Tallqvist) Atra-Ḫasīs: The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Lambert and Millard) Akkadisches Handwörterbuch (von Soden)

AK

Akk. Alal. altaram. alw. pl. Am. AMGG ANET AoF AP apod. app. appos. ar. arab. ARAB aram. Aram. arch. archit. ARM(T) ArOr AS asa. Asb. Asn. Ass. astr

3

Aššur Is King! Aššur Is King! Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire (Holloway) Akkadian Alalaḫ/Alalakh Old Aramaic plurale tantum Amarna Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses Ancient Near Eastern Texts (Pritchard) Altorientalische Forschungen Assyrian Prophecies (Parpola) apodosis appendix apposition Arabic Arabic Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Luckenbill) Aramaic Aramaic archaic, archaizing architecture, architectural Archives royales de Mari (Transcriptions) Archiv Orientální Das akkadische Syllabar (von Soden and Röllig) Old South Arabic Aššurbanipal Aššurnaṣirpal II Assyrian astronomical (texts) (see intro to Part Three)

4 astrol. astron. ASy äth. AuOr Av. AV Bab./bab. Babyl. BAL b.-aram. bc bce

BE

bes. BH bib bil. BIN BiOr BM BN bnd. Bo. Bogh. Br. BSOAS bus. bzw. c C ca. CAD

Abbreviations astrological (texts) astronomical (texts) Das akkadische Syllabar (von Soden and Röllig) Ethiopic Aula Orientalis Avestan Anniversary Volume Babylonian Babylonian Babylonisch-Assyrische Lesestücke (Borger) biblical Aramaic before Christ before the Common Era Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania besonders (especially) Biblical Hebrew bibliography bilingual (texts) Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J. B. Nies Bibliotheca Orientalis British Museum tablet number mountain name bound (form) Boǧazköy Boǧazköy/Boghazkeui Brief (letter) Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies business beziehungsweise (respectively) common (gender); circa (about) (any) consonant circa (about) The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Roth, et al.)

cal Camb. caus. CE CDA Cent. Sem. cf. CH chem. chron. churr. cohort. col. coll. comb. comm. condit. conj. corr. COS CPLM CT Cyr. Dar. dat. DatSuff. DDD dei dem. denom. descr. desig. det. diagn. dimin.

calendar (see intro to Part Three) Cambyses causative Common Era A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian (Black, George, Postgate) Central Semitic confer (compare) Code of Ḫammurapi chemical (texts) chronicle Hurrian cohortative colophon(s) collective, collated, collation combination(s) commentary (texts) conditional conjunction corresponding The Context of Scripture (Hallo and Younger) Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea (Livingstone) Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Cyrus Darius dative dative suffix Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (Toorn, et al.) deity (see intro to Part Three) demonstrative denominative description designation, -ating determinative diagnostic (texts) diminutive

Abbreviations dir. disc. distrib. DN doc. du. dupl. Dur. EA EACAD EAE econ. ed. ED Eg. e.g. Elam. ellipt. enklit. epith. Esarh. esp. ESP Ešn. etc. eth etym. euph. ext. F., f. fact. FamN fDN fem. fig. fig. etym. FM fn. FN fp

direct discussion distributive divine name document dual duplicate Durative El-Amarna An English to Akkadian Companion to the Assyrian Dictionaries (Cohen) Enūma Anu Enlil (Rochberg-Halton) economic (texts) edition, editor(s) Early Dynasty Egyptian exempli gratia (for example) Elamite elliptical enclitic epithet Esarhaddon especially The Earliest Semitic Pantheon (Roberts) Ešnunna et cetera (and so on) Ethiopic etymology, etymological euphemism, -istic extispicy (texts) feminine factitive family name female divine name feminine figure figura etymologica Fitzwilliam Museum (Cambridge) tablet number footnote river name feminine plural

fPN fragm. freq. fs Fw. GA GAG GDS

gen. gener. geo geogr. Gilg. Ggst. Gk. gloss. GN GN gr. gramm. he. Heb HA hemer. hendiad. heth. hist. Hitt. HKL HMH Hurr. hypocorist. i.e. IE

5 female personal name fragment(ary) frequent(ly) feminine singular foreign word A Grammar of Akkadian (Huehnergard) Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik (von Soden) Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia (Black and Green) genitive, general generally geographical location (see intro to Part Three) geographical Epic of Gilgameš an object Greek glossary divine name (AHw) geographical name (CAD) Greek grammatical (texts) Hebrew Hebrew Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period (Parpola and Porter) hemerology hendiadys Hittite historical (texts) Hittite Handbuch der Keilschriftliteratur (Borger) House Most High: The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia (George) Hurrian hypocoristic id est (that is) Indo-European

6 imp(er). impf. im(p)v. inc. incl. ind. indecl. indef. indic. indir. Indo-Iran. inf(in). ingress. inscr. intens. interj. interr(og). intr(ans). inv. IOS iran Iraq it(er). ITP i.w. JANES JAOS jaram. jB JCS JEOL JESHO JNES kan. Kass.

Abbreviations imperative imperfect imperative incantation (texts) including indicative indeclinable indefinite indicative indirect Indo-Iranian infinitive ingressive inscription intensive interjection interrogative intransitive inventory Israel Oriental Studies Iranian Iraq ( journal of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq) iterative The Inscriptions of TiglathPileser III King of Assyria (Tadmor) repeatedly Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University Journal of the American Oriental Society Jewish Aramaic Standard Babylonian (roughly equiv.) Journal of Cuneiform Studies Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Journal of Near Eastern Studies Canaanite Kassite (also Cassite)

Kaus. km. KN Koh. konstr. kopt. LAA lament. LB leg. let. lex. LIH lit. LL LN loc.-adv. log. lw. Lw(w) M., m. mA MA mag. MAH mand. masc. math. mB MB MEA med. Mes. metath. meteor(ol). MH mhe. misc. Mit.

causative kilometer(s) royal name cohortative construct Coptic A Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian (Reiner) lamentation Late Babylonian legal (texts) letter lexical (texts) The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi (King) literally, literary (texts) lexical lists land name locative-adverbial logogram, logographic loanword Lautwert(e) (phonetic value[s]) masculine Middle Assyrian Middle Assyrian magic(al) Museum of Art and History (Geneva) tablet number Mandaic masculine mathematical (texts) Middle Babylonian Middle Babylonian Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne (Labat) medicine, medical (texts) Mesopotamia metathesis(ed) meteorology, meteorological (texts) Mishnaic Hebrew middle Hebrew miscellaneous Mittani

Abbreviations

MM MN mng. mp ms MSA mul.apin myth. MZL/MZ/  MesZ n. N. nA NA nab. NABU NARGD nB NB Nbk. Nbn. neg. Ner. neusum. NF N.Mes. no. nom. nom. unit. NS num. NWS o. o.ä. OA OAkk OB obj. obl.

Myths from Mesopotamia (Dalley) month name meaning masculine plural masculine singular Modern South Arabic mul.apin: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform (Hunger and Pingree) mythological Mesopotamisches  Zeichenlexikon   (Borger) noun, note Northern Neo-Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Nabatean Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires Neo-Assyrian Royal Grants and Decrees (Postgate) Neo-Babylonian Neo-Babylonian Nebuchadnezzar II Nabonidus negation, negative Neriglissar Neo-Sumerian Neue Folge North Mesopotamia number nominative nomen unitatis (single example represents a class or group) New Series, Nova Series numeral Northwest Semitic often or similar to Old Assyrian Old Akkadian Old Babylonian object oblique (case)

obv. occ. occas. od OECT

obverse occurrence, occurs occasional(ly) oder (or) Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts Old Pers. Old Persian OLZ Orientalistische Literaturzeitung om. omen(s) ON place name OPers. Old Persian opp. opposite (of) (to) Or. Orientalia OrAnt Oriens Antiquus orig. original(ly) o.’s one’s o.s. oneself OSA Old South Arabian OT Old Testament p./pp. plural; page(s) palm(yr). Palmyrene parad. paradigm part. participle (CAD) part. particle (AHw) pass. passive PBS Publications of the Babylonian Section of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania perf. perfect pers personal (see intro to Part Three) pf. perfect PfL plant lists PfN plant name pharm. pharmaceutical (texts) phon. phonetic phps. perhaps physiogn. physiognomic (omens) pl. plural; plate Pl.t(antum). plurale tantum (always plural in form) PN personal name PNAE Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (Baker)

7

8 poet. pos. poss. PossPr. PPANE prec. pred. prep. pres. Pre-Sar(g). pret. prob. prof. proh(ib). pron. prot. prp. PrSuff. prt. PsPron. pt. ptcl. ptcpl. pub. p/var Q. QSG r. RA rdg. recipr. redupl. ref. refl. rel. RelPron. rev. RGTC

Abbreviations poetic positive possessive possesive pronoun Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East (Nissinen) Precative predicate, predicative preposition(al) present Pre-Sargonic preterite probable, probably profession(al) prohibitive pronoun, pronominal protasis preposition pronominal suffix preterite personal pronoun participle particle participle published partial variation/variant Qatna Queries to the Sun God (Starr) reverse Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale reading reciprocal(ly) reduplicated, reduplication referring, reference reflexive religious (texts); relative (pron., adj.) relative pronoun reverse Répetoire géographique des textes cunéiformes (see bibliography under “Geographical Works”)

RIMA RIME rit. RLA

RN roy. inscr. RS RSO s. S. SAACT Sab. Sanskr. Sar. SB Sel. SEL Sem. Senn. sf. Shalm. sim. sing. sg. Skt. s.o. spB sq. s.th. st. abs. st. constr. stat. StOr str. subj. subjunct.

The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods (Grayson) The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods (Frayne) ritual (texts) Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Ebeling et al.) royal name royal inscription(s) Raš Šamra (Ugarit) Rivista degli studi orientali substantive; singular Southern State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts (see bib under “Akkadian Texts”) Sabaic Sanskrit Sargon II Standard Babylonian Seleucid Studi epigrafici e linguistici Semitic Sennacherib suffix(al) Shalmaneser similar(ly) singular singular Sanskrit someone Late Babylonian square something status absolutus status constructus stative Studia Orientalia (Helsinki) strophe subject subjunctive

Abbreviations subord. subst. suff. Sum. supp. syl(l). syn. SynL Syr syr ŠL T./t. TCL term.-adv. Tigl. TIM TLB Tn. TN topog. tr(ans). translat. translit. u u.ä UCP UET UF Ug(ar). u.H. UMM uncert. unkl. unkn. unpub.

subordinate substantive(s), substantival suffix(al), -ixes Sumerian supplement syllable, syllabic(ally) synonym(ous) SB Akkadian synonym lists Syria(c) Syrian Šumerisches Lexikon (Deimel) Tell/tel Textes cunéiformes du Louvre terminative-adverbial Tiglath-Pileser Texts in the Iraq Museum Tabulae cuneiformes a F. M. Th. de Liagre Böhl collectae Tukulti-Ninurta I temple name topographical(ly) transitive, translator, translated translation transliteration und (and) und ähnlich(es) (and so forth) University of California Publications in Semitic Philology Ur Excavations, Texts Ugarit-Forschungen Ugaritic origin unknown University Museum of Manchester tablet number uncertain unclear unknown unpublished

9

Urarṭu, -ian usually und so weiter (etc.) of verb (any) verb, (any) vowel Vorderasiatische Bibliothek variation/variant(s) Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler vb. verb(al) vent. ventive VerbAdj. verbal adjective vet. vetitive voc. vocabulary Vok. vocative vol. volume WO Die Welt des Orients wr. writing, written form of word WS/WSem. West Semitic Wz logogram WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes x number not transliterated, illegible sign in Sumerian; following sign is written within the previous sign x illegible sign (in Akkadian) /x/ phonemic representation YOS Yale Oriental Series ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 1 first person 2 second person 3 third person ~ approximately, corresponding to > becomes, goes to < develops, comes from → see * reconstructed/unattested form (various other uses) ** ungrammatical form Urar. usu. usw. v v. V VAB var. VAS

Bibliography A. Grammars Borger, Rykle. Babylonisch-Assyrische Lesestücke: Heft 1: Die Texte in Umschrift. 3rd ed. Analecta Orientalia 54. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 2006. [BAL 1] ________. Babylonisch-Assyrische Lesestücke: Heft II: Elemente der Grammatik und der Schrift, Glossar, Die Texte in Keilschrift. 3rd ed. Analecta Orientalia 54. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 2006. [BAL 2] Buccellati, Giorgio. A Structural Grammar of Babylonian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996. Groneberg, Brigitte. Syntax, Morphologie und Stil der jungbabylonischen “hymnischen” Literatur. 2 vols. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1987. Huehnergard, John. A Grammar of Akkadian. 3rd ed. Harvard Semitic Studies. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2011. [GA] Lipiński, Edward. Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. 2nd ed. Leuven: Peeters, 2000. Malbran-Labat, Florence. Manuel de langue akkadienne. Leuven: Peeters, 2003. Reiner, Erica. A Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian. The Hague: Mouton, 1966. Riemschneider, Kaspar K. An Akkadian Grammar (a translation of Lehrbuch des Akkadischen). 3rd ed. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1977. [AG] Soden, Wolfram von, and W. R. Mayer. 1995. Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik. 3rd ed. Analecta Orientalia 33. Rome: Biblical Institute Press. [GAG] Streck, Michael P. Altbabylonische Lehrbuch. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011. Ungnad, Arthur, and Lubor Matouš. Akkadian Grammar. 5th ed. Trans. Harry A. Hoffner Jr. SBL Resources for Biblical Study 30. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1992. Worthington, Martin. Complete Babylonian. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

B. Sign Lists Bord, L.-J., and R. Mugnaioni. L’Écriture cunéiforme. Paris, 2002. Borger, Rykle. Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste. 4th ed. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 33/33A. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1988. [ABZ] ________. Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. Alter Orient und Altes Testament, vol. 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010. [MZL] Labat, René, and Florence Malbran-Labat. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. 6th ed. Paris: Geuthner, 1988. [MEA] Mittermayer, Catherine, and Pascal Attinger. Altbabylonische Zeichenliste der sumerisch-​literarischen Texte. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006. Schramm, Wolfgang. Akkadische Logogramme. Göttinger Arbeitshefte zur Altorientalischen Literatur 4. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003. Snell, Daniel C. A Workbook of Cuneiform Signs. 2nd ed. Malibu, CA: Undena, 1982. Soden, Wolfram von, and Wolfgang Röllig. Das akkadische Syllabar. 4th ed. Analecta Orientalia 42. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1991. [ASy]

10

Bibliography

11

C. Dictionaries Baker, Heather, ed. The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. 3 vols. Helsinki: Helsinki University, 1997–2011. [PNAE] Black, Jeremy, Andrew George, and Nicholas Postgate. A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. 2nd ed. SANTAG 5. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 2000. [CDA] Cohen, Mark E. An English-to-Akkadian Companion to the Assyrian Dictionaries. Bethesda, MD: CDL, 2011. [EACAD] Ebeling, Erich, Bruno Meissner, and Michael P. Streck, eds. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. 14 vols.– Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1922–. [RLA] Hecker, Karl. Rückläufiges Wörterbuch des Akkadischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1990. Parpola, Simo. Assyrian-English-Assyrian Dictionary. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2007. [AEAD] Roth, Martha, et al., eds. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 21 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1956–2010. [CAD] Soden, Wolfram von. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1959–1981. [AHw]

D. Geographical Works Bagg, Ariel. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der neuassyrischen Zeit. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 7/1. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2007. [RGTC 7/1] Bonechi, Marco. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: I nomi geographici dei testi di Ebla. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 12/1. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1993. [RGTC 12/1] Edzard, Dietz Otto, and Gertrud Farber. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der Zeit der 3. Dynastie von Ur. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 2. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1974. [RGTC 2] Edzard, Dietz Otto, Gertrud Farber, and Edmond Sollberger. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der präsargonischen und sargonischen Zeit. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 1. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1977. [RGTC 1] Fincke, Jeanette. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der Nuzi-Texte. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 10. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1993. [RGTC 10] Groneberg, Brigitte. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der altbabylonischen Zeit. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 3. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1980. [RGTC 3] Marín, Juan Antonio Belmonte. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der Texte aus Syrien im Jt. v. Chr. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 12/2. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2001. [RGTC 12/2] Monte, Giuseppe F. del, and Johann Tischler. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 6. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1978. [RGTC 6]

12

Bibliography

Nashef, Khalid. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der altassyrischen Zeit. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 4. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1991. [RGTC 4] Parpola, Simo, and Michael Porter. Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period. Helsinki: Casco Bay Assyriological Institute and the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2001. [HA] Vallat, François. Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes: Les noms géographiques des sources suso-élamites. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 11. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1993. [RGTC 11]

E. God Names and Temples Black, Jeremy, and Anthony Green. Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992. [GDS] George, A. R. House Most High: The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian Civilizations 5. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1993. [HMH] Litke, Richard L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN: dA-Nu-Um and AN: Anu Ša Amēli. Texts from the Babylonian Collection 3. New Haven, CT: Yale Babylonian Collection, 1998. Roberts, J. J. M. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972. [ESP] Tallqvist, Knut L. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Studia Orientalia 7. Reprinted, Hildesheim: Olms, 1974. [AGE] Toorn, Karel van der, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst, eds. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999. [DDD]

F. Akkadian Texts Annus, Amar. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Anzu. State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts 3. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2001. [SAACT 3] Dalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. [MM] Foster, Benjamin R. Before the Muses. 3rd ed. Bethesda, MD: CDL, 2005. Frayne, Douglas R. Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. [RIME 2] Grayson, A. Kirk. Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia bc (to 1115 bc). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987. [RIMA 1] ________. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium bc, I (to 1114–859 bc). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. [RIMA 2] Hallo, William, and K. Lawson Younger, eds. The Context of Scripture, vol. 1: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World. Leiden: Brill, 1997. [COS 1] ________. The Context of Scripture, vol. 2: Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Leiden: Brill, 2000. [COS 2] ________. The Context of Scripture, vol. 3: Archival Documents from the Biblical World. Leiden: Brill, 2002. [COS 3]

Bibliography

13

Hunger, Hermann, and David Pingree. mul.apin: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Beiheft zur Archiv für Orientforschung 24. Horn, Austria: Ferdinand Berger & Söhne, 1989. [mul.apin] Lambert, W. G., and A. R. Millard, Atra-Ḫasīs: The Babylonian Story of the Flood. Reprinted, Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1999. [AH] Livingstone, Alasdair. Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea. State Archives of Assyria 3. Helsinki: University of Helsinki Press, 1989. [CPLM] Luckenbill, Daniel D. Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. 2 vols. Reprinted, London: Histories & Mysteries of Man, 1989. [ARAB] Nissinen, Martti, with C. L. Seow and Robert Ritner. Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. [PPANE] Novotny, Jamie R. The Standard Babylonian Etana Epic. State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts 2. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2001. [SAACT 2] Parpola, Simo. Assyrian Prophecies. State Archives of Assyria 9. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1997. [AP] ________. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts 1. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 1997. [SAACT 1] Postgate, J. Nicholas. Neo-Assyrian Royal Grants and Decrees. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1969. [NARGD] Rochberg-Halton, Francesca. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enūma Anu Enlil. Beiheft zur Archiv für Orientforschung 22. Horn, Austria: Ferdinand Berger & Söhne, 1988. [EAE] Starr, Ivan. Queries to the Sun God: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria. State Archives of Assyria 4. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1990. [QSG] Tadmor, Hayim. The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III King of Assyria. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994. [ITP] Worthington, Martin. Principles of Akkadian Textual Criticism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2012.

G. Historical Studies Holloway, Steven. Aššur Is King! Aššur Is King! Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 10. Leiden: Brill, 2002. [AK] Younger, K. Lawson, Jr. Ancient Conquest Accounts: A Study in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical History Writing. JSOTS, no. 98. Sheffield: JSOT, 1990. [ACA]

H. Journals Major: Archiv für Orientforschung [AfO] Journal of Cuneiform Studies [JCS] Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires [NABU] Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale [RA] Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie [ZA]

14

Bibliography

Also valuable: Altorientalische Forschungen [AoF] Archiv Orientální [ArOr] Aula Orientalis [AuOr] Bibliotheca Oreintalis [BiOr] Iraq ( journal of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq) Israel Oriental Studies [IOS] Journal of Near Eastern Studies [JNES] Journal of the American Oriental Society [JAOS] Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University [JANES] Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient [JESHO] Oriens Antiquus [OrAnt] Orientalia [Or.] Orientalistische Literaturzeitung [OLZ] Rivista degli studi orientali [RSO] Studi epigrafici e linguistici [SEL] Sumer Syria (revue d’art oriental et d’archéologie) Welt des Orients [WO]

I. Bibliographies Borger, Rykle. Handbuch der Keilschriftliteratur. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1967–1975. [HKL] Journals with ongoing bibliography: Archiv für Orientforschung; Orientalia

J. Web Sites ABZU/ETANA: http://www.etana.org/abzubib Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/ [AMGG] Concise Dictionary of Akkadian: http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/cda_archive/ CDLI (Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative): http://cdli.ucla.edu/ Geography of Knowledge in Assyria & Babylonia: http://www.ane.arch.cam.ac.uk/ research/gkab.html Iconography of Deities and Demons in the ANE: http://www.religionswissenschaft. uzh.ch/idd/prepublication.php Keilschriftbibliographie (from Orientalia): http://vergil.uni-tuebingen.de/keibi/index. php?r=app/index Knowledge and Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire (temporary site): http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/knpp/ OB Text Corpus: http://www.klinopis.cz/ ORACC (Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus): http://oracc.museum.upenn. edu/ Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, CAD available in PDF format free of charge: http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/cad/ Penn Sumerian Dictionary: http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/index.html TP III Inscriptions: http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/corpus/

Part One: Helps Introduction This section contains miscellaneous helps as follows: §1.1 The Order of Akkadian Alphabetization §1.2 The Seven “Alephs” §1.3 Notations for Verbs §1.4 Dialect Periods §1.5 Numbers §1.6 Conjunctions §1.7 Prepositions §1.8 Particles, Interjections, and Interrogatives The sign numbering system used in portions of this section is the one introduced by Rykle Borger in his Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. To convert sign numbers to and from this system and the Deimel system, see Part Five of this work.

1.1.  The Order of Akkadian Alphabetization ʾ a b d e g ḫ i j/y k l m n p q r s ṣ (ś) š t ṭ u w z Notes: j and y are alternate representations; sometimes y is sequenced between w and z; ʾ is typically ignored in alphabetical order; Old Akkadian s is cited in some reference works as ś and is often alphabetized as equivalent to š.

1.2.  The Seven “Alephs” (with Proto-Semitic Equivalent) 1 ʾ   2 h   3 ḥ   4 ʿ    5 ǵ    6 w   7 y

1.3.  Notations for Verbs *I/1 = G II/1 = D III/1 = Š III/II = ŠD IV/1 = N

I/2 = Gt II/2 = Dt III/2 = Št III/II/2 = ŠDt IV/2 = Nt

I/3 = Gtn II/3 = Dtn III/3 = Štn

I/4 = Gtt II/4 = Dtt III/4 = Štt

IV/3 = Ntn

IV/4 = Ntt

* Sometimes I/1 is written as I, II/1 as II, etc. 15

Part One: Helps Introduction This section contains miscellaneous helps as follows: §1.1 The Order of Akkadian Alphabetization §1.2 The Seven “Alephs” §1.3 Notations for Verbs §1.4 Dialect Periods §1.5 Numbers §1.6 Conjunctions §1.7 Prepositions §1.8 Particles, Interjections, and Interrogatives The sign numbering system used in portions of this section is the one introduced by Rykle Borger in his Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. To convert sign numbers to and from this system and the Deimel system, see Part Five of this work.

1.1.  The Order of Akkadian Alphabetization ʾ a b d e g ḫ i j/y k l m n p q r s ṣ (ś) š t ṭ u w z Notes: j and y are alternate representations; sometimes y is sequenced between w and z; ʾ is typically ignored in alphabetical order; Old Akkadian s is cited in some reference works as ś and is often alphabetized as equivalent to š.

1.2.  The Seven “Alephs” (with Proto-Semitic Equivalent) 1 ʾ   2 h   3 ḥ   4 ʿ    5 ǵ    6 w   7 y

1.3.  Notations for Verbs *I/1 = G II/1 = D III/1 = Š III/II = ŠD IV/1 = N

I/2 = Gt II/2 = Dt III/2 = Št III/II/2 = ŠDt IV/2 = Nt

I/3 = Gtn II/3 = Dtn III/3 = Štn

I/4 = Gtt II/4 = Dtt III/4 = Štt

IV/3 = Ntn

IV/4 = Ntt

* Sometimes I/1 is written as I, II/1 as II, etc. 15

Part One: Helps Introduction This section contains miscellaneous helps as follows: §1.1 The Order of Akkadian Alphabetization §1.2 The Seven “Alephs” §1.3 Notations for Verbs §1.4 Dialect Periods §1.5 Numbers §1.6 Conjunctions §1.7 Prepositions §1.8 Particles, Interjections, and Interrogatives The sign numbering system used in portions of this section is the one introduced by Rykle Borger in his Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. To convert sign numbers to and from this system and the Deimel system, see Part Five of this work.

1.1.  The Order of Akkadian Alphabetization ʾ a b d e g ḫ i j/y k l m n p q r s ṣ (ś) š t ṭ u w z Notes: j and y are alternate representations; sometimes y is sequenced between w and z; ʾ is typically ignored in alphabetical order; Old Akkadian s is cited in some reference works as ś and is often alphabetized as equivalent to š.

1.2.  The Seven “Alephs” (with Proto-Semitic Equivalent) 1 ʾ   2 h   3 ḥ   4 ʿ    5 ǵ    6 w   7 y

1.3.  Notations for Verbs *I/1 = G II/1 = D III/1 = Š III/II = ŠD IV/1 = N

I/2 = Gt II/2 = Dt III/2 = Št III/II/2 = ŠDt IV/2 = Nt

I/3 = Gtn II/3 = Dtn III/3 = Štn

I/4 = Gtt II/4 = Dtt III/4 = Štt

IV/3 = Ntn

IV/4 = Ntt

* Sometimes I/1 is written as I, II/1 as II, etc. 15

Part One: Helps Introduction This section contains miscellaneous helps as follows: §1.1 The Order of Akkadian Alphabetization §1.2 The Seven “Alephs” §1.3 Notations for Verbs §1.4 Dialect Periods §1.5 Numbers §1.6 Conjunctions §1.7 Prepositions §1.8 Particles, Interjections, and Interrogatives The sign numbering system used in portions of this section is the one introduced by Rykle Borger in his Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. To convert sign numbers to and from this system and the Deimel system, see Part Five of this work.

1.1.  The Order of Akkadian Alphabetization ʾ a b d e g ḫ i j/y k l m n p q r s ṣ (ś) š t ṭ u w z Notes: j and y are alternate representations; sometimes y is sequenced between w and z; ʾ is typically ignored in alphabetical order; Old Akkadian s is cited in some reference works as ś and is often alphabetized as equivalent to š.

1.2.  The Seven “Alephs” (with Proto-Semitic Equivalent) 1 ʾ   2 h   3 ḥ   4 ʿ    5 ǵ    6 w   7 y

1.3.  Notations for Verbs *I/1 = G II/1 = D III/1 = Š III/II = ŠD IV/1 = N

I/2 = Gt II/2 = Dt III/2 = Št III/II/2 = ŠDt IV/2 = Nt

I/3 = Gtn II/3 = Dtn III/3 = Štn

I/4 = Gtt II/4 = Dtt III/4 = Štt

IV/3 = Ntn

IV/4 = Ntt

* Sometimes I/1 is written as I, II/1 as II, etc. 15

16

Part One: Helps

1.4.  Dialect Periods (OAkk) (aAK)

Old Akkadian altakkadisch (2500–2000) vieil-akkadien ancien-akkadien paléo-akkadien

(OA) (aA)

Old Assyrian (2000–1500) altassyrisch ancien assyrien paléo-assyrien (MA) Middle Assyrian (1500–1000) (mA) mittelassyrisch moyen assyrien médio-assyrien (NA) Neo-Assyrian (1000–600) (nA) neuassyrisch néo-assyrien

(OB) (aB) (MB) (mB) (NB) (nB)

Old Babylonian altbabylonisch ancien babylonien paléo-babylonien Middle Babylonian mittelbabylonisch moyen babylonien médio-babylonien Neo-Babylonian neubabylonisch néo-babylonien

(600–100)

(LB) (spB)

Late Babylonian spätbabylonisch babylonien tardif

(1500–100)

(SB) ( jB)

Standard Babylonian jungbabylonisch babylonien standard

1.5. Numbers (parenthetical numbers are sign numbers acc. to the MZL system) 1.5.1. Fractions A. Most fractions are written logographically. The Sumerian phrase igi.x.gal2 (724.x.136) indicates 1 in the numerator over x: igi.8.gal2 = 1⁄8 B. Some common fractions are written with specific signs, or both special signs (see chart) and the formula igi.x.gal2. C. Rare (and uncertain) in NA is the pattern x-su (16), e.g., 5-su = 1⁄5 D. In OB, fractions with 1 in the numerator are often the same as the ordinal, e.g., šaluštum = 1⁄3; rebūtum = 1⁄4 E. Some have fem. forms, some masc., some both genders.

16

Part One: Helps

1.4.  Dialect Periods (OAkk) (aAK)

Old Akkadian altakkadisch (2500–2000) vieil-akkadien ancien-akkadien paléo-akkadien

(OA) (aA)

Old Assyrian (2000–1500) altassyrisch ancien assyrien paléo-assyrien (MA) Middle Assyrian (1500–1000) (mA) mittelassyrisch moyen assyrien médio-assyrien (NA) Neo-Assyrian (1000–600) (nA) neuassyrisch néo-assyrien

(OB) (aB) (MB) (mB) (NB) (nB)

Old Babylonian altbabylonisch ancien babylonien paléo-babylonien Middle Babylonian mittelbabylonisch moyen babylonien médio-babylonien Neo-Babylonian neubabylonisch néo-babylonien

(600–100)

(LB) (spB)

Late Babylonian spätbabylonisch babylonien tardif

(1500–100)

(SB) ( jB)

Standard Babylonian jungbabylonisch babylonien standard

1.5. Numbers (parenthetical numbers are sign numbers acc. to the MZL system) 1.5.1. Fractions A. Most fractions are written logographically. The Sumerian phrase igi.x.gal2 (724.x.136) indicates 1 in the numerator over x: igi.8.gal2 = 1⁄8 B. Some common fractions are written with specific signs, or both special signs (see chart) and the formula igi.x.gal2. C. Rare (and uncertain) in NA is the pattern x-su (16), e.g., 5-su = 1⁄5 D. In OB, fractions with 1 in the numerator are often the same as the ordinal, e.g., šaluštum = 1⁄3; rebūtum = 1⁄4 E. Some have fem. forms, some masc., some both genders.

Part One: Helps

17

F. Lexemes and signs: (748) (661) (748) (825)

⁄3600 ⁄360 1 ⁄60 2 ⁄60 1 ⁄30 1 ⁄24 1 ⁄18 1 ⁄13 1 ⁄12 (661+490) 1⁄10 1 ⁄9 1 ⁄8 1 ⁄7 1 (630, 661) ⁄6 1 ⁄5 1 (594) ⁄4 1 (826) ⁄3 1 (120) ⁄2 2 (832) ⁄3 5 (838) ⁄6 1 1

šūšuʾû šalāšā’û šiššat rabât samāššerû šalāššerītum, šalāššeriat šinšerûm ešrētum, ešret tešât, tešûm, tešiat samānû, samuntu, samnat sebûm, sebītum, sebiatum, sebiat šuššum, šuduš, šeššum, šeššat ḫamuštum, ḫamšum, ḫamšat, ḫumuš rabiat, rebiat, rabât, rebât, rebû šuššān/šulšān (dual of šuššum), šalšum, šaluš, šalušti mišlum/mišil, aḫum, bāmtum, bāʾum, ḫupû, muttatum šinip(ûm), šinipiāt(um); also the dual šittān, oblique šittīn parasrab, parab

1.5.2.  Cardinal Numbers A. Typically written logographically B. Generally, numbers stand before the thing enumerated; come after it for special emphasis. C. Only 1 and 2 agree in gender with the thing enumerated; 3 through 19 use a masc. form with fem. substantive and vice versa; this is called “chiastic concord.” D. 1 occurs in the singular, 2 masc. in the dual, 2 fem. in the plural, 3 and higher generally take the plural. E. Numbers from 1 through 10 (except 2) occur in both absolute (status absolutus, loss of case endings) and free forms (status rectus). F. Sign sequences: 1.  Before 100, numbers are simply added; higher numbers precede lower numbers 2.  After 100, values < 10 before the 100 sign are multipliers 3.  After 1000, values < 1000 before the thousand sign are multipliers.

18

Part One: Helps

G. Numbers sometimes are used as substantives. With Masculine Nouns Sign Numbers

(1,748) (209,825) (4,210,505,834) (215,506,847,852,860) (216,513,861) (217,536,862) (218,537,863/866) (219,538,864/867) (220,539,577,865,868) (661)

(747)

(708) (711) (712) (714) (381,715,748,811) (748+661) (748+708) (748+711) (753) (825) (831) (837)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 150 200

With Feminine Nouns

st. absol.

st. rectus

st. absol. st. rectus

ištēn šinā šalāšat erbet(ti) ḫamšat šeššet sebet(ti) samānat tišīt eš(e)ret

ištēnum —šalāštum erbettum ḫamištum šedištum sebettum samāntum tišītum ešertum

išteat, ištēt šittā šalāš erbe, erba ḫamiš šediš sebe samāne tiše ešer

ištēššeret šinšeret šalāššeret erbēšeret ḫamiššeret šeššeret sebēšeret samāššeret tišēšeret ešrā šalāšā erbeā, erbâ ḫamšā šūš(i), šūsum, šu

ištēššer šinšer šalāššer erbēšer ḫamiššer šeššer sebēšer samāššer tišēšer (861) 300 (862) 360 (863/866) 420 (864/867) 480 (868) 540 (661,748+661) 600 (724) 1,000 (632,641) 3,600 (1+662) 6,000 (553,564) 10,000 (653,654,661,748) 36,000 (709) 60,000 (655) 72,000 (656) 108,000 (657) 144,000 (658) 180,000 (651,659) 216,000 (652) 432,000

tišeā meat, meatum šinā šūši

ištētum —šalāšum erbûm ḫamšum šeššum sebûm samānûm tišûm eš(e)rum

nēr, nērum līm(i), līmum šār, šārum nubi, ra/ibbatu

19

Part One: Helps

1.5.3.  Ordinal Numbers A. Typically written with logograms, the same signs that are used for the cardinal forms. B. Treated like adjectives, in parus form, masc. and fem. C. Usually precede the substantive (except for “first”); following may indicate emphasis: rebû bābu, the fourth gate but: ina ṣēlim rebîm, on the fourth rib D. Often followed by kam (640) or kam2 (254). E. Always agree with the gender of the modified noun; unlike cardinals, there is no chiastic concord of gender with ordinals. F. Ordinals higher than “tenth” are denominative adjectives of the corresponding cardinals. (724) (825+640[+552]) (834+640[+552]) (860+490) (540+861) (862+640) (863+490) (737+864) (868+640) (661+490)

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th

Masc. pānûm, maḫrûm, ištēn (ištīʾum) šanûm šalšum rebûm ḫamšum šeššum sebûm samnum tešûm ešrum ištēššerûm šinšerûm šalāššerûm erbēšerûm

Fem. pānītum, maḫrītum, išteat (ištītum) šanītum šaluštum rebūtum ḫamuštum šeduštum sebūtum samuntum tešūtum ešurtum ištēššerītum šalāššerītum

20

Part One: Helps

1.5.4. Multiplicatives A. For x times or x-fold, 1. -īšu is added to the base of the cardinal number (-šu for one time), e.g.,   šinîšu, twice, two times, twofold; erbêšu, four times, fourfold 2. sign 839A (a-a) follows the number sign (MZL p. 439) B. Such forms are often preceded by the preposition adi (up to, as far as) with apparently identical meaning, e.g., adi ḫamšīšu, five times, fivefold

1.6. Conjunctions 1.6.1. Coordinating 1. u 2. ū, ū lū, ūlu 3. lū 4. -ma 5. -ma + u 6. ūlūma 7. asyndeton

and, but, also, moreover (simple coordination) or (between substantives and clauses) or; (ū) lū . . . (ū) lū = either . . . or (also a particle) and, and then (enclitic particle that implies a temporal or logical sequence between the two clauses, with emphasis on the last clause) and also, and then, but (emphasis is on the first clause) or else (i.e., no marker)

1.6.2. Subordinating   (verbs typically in subjunctive mood)  1. adi  2. akkāʾi kī  3. ali  4. ammaki/u  5. anāma  6. appiš  7. arkat  8. arki  9. ašar 10. ašša 11. aššu 12. balāt

(OAkk, OA adum; NA adu, ad) as long as, while, until— OAkk, OA on; Mari, as soon as; MA, while—log. en; adi lā = before, as long as . . . not (akkāya kī) how; as soon as, when—NB where(ever)—OA, OB (lit.) instead of—SB as soon as—OA since; because of the fact that—OA, OB, Mari, SB (see warkat) (see warki) (ašru) where; as soon as, while; if, in case; what; OA, provided that—OAkk on; log. ki as soon as; because, inasmuch as, seeing that—NB Bab, because; Mari, OA, with a view to, in order to; OB, that (occas.)—OB on apart from—NA

20

Part One: Helps

1.5.4. Multiplicatives A. For x times or x-fold, 1. -īšu is added to the base of the cardinal number (-šu for one time), e.g.,   šinîšu, twice, two times, twofold; erbêšu, four times, fourfold 2. sign 839A (a-a) follows the number sign (MZL p. 439) B. Such forms are often preceded by the preposition adi (up to, as far as) with apparently identical meaning, e.g., adi ḫamšīšu, five times, fivefold

1.6. Conjunctions 1.6.1. Coordinating 1. u 2. ū, ū lū, ūlu 3. lū 4. -ma 5. -ma + u 6. ūlūma 7. asyndeton

and, but, also, moreover (simple coordination) or (between substantives and clauses) or; (ū) lū . . . (ū) lū = either . . . or (also a particle) and, and then (enclitic particle that implies a temporal or logical sequence between the two clauses, with emphasis on the last clause) and also, and then, but (emphasis is on the first clause) or else (i.e., no marker)

1.6.2. Subordinating   (verbs typically in subjunctive mood)  1. adi  2. akkāʾi kī  3. ali  4. ammaki/u  5. anāma  6. appiš  7. arkat  8. arki  9. ašar 10. ašša 11. aššu 12. balāt

(OAkk, OA adum; NA adu, ad) as long as, while, until— OAkk, OA on; Mari, as soon as; MA, while—log. en; adi lā = before, as long as . . . not (akkāya kī) how; as soon as, when—NB where(ever)—OA, OB (lit.) instead of—SB as soon as—OA since; because of the fact that—OA, OB, Mari, SB (see warkat) (see warki) (ašru) where; as soon as, while; if, in case; what; OA, provided that—OAkk on; log. ki as soon as; because, inasmuch as, seeing that—NB Bab, because; Mari, OA, with a view to, in order to; OB, that (occas.)—OB on apart from—NA

Part One: Helps 13. balu

21

without . . . -ing, without having . . . -ed—OB, SB; log. nu.me(.a) 14. bīt when, where, since; from the place where—MA, NA, SB, NB; log. e2 15. dāt (w/ina) after—NA 16. ēm, ēma wherever, to where—OB, MA on 17. enūma (see inūma) 18. ezib, ezub apart from the fact that—Bab, O/MA 19. iltu/a/i (see ištu) 20. ina in; on; from; through; so long as—OAkk, OA, OB on; log. aš, ta, Bogh še3; (w/qannu, see qannu) 21. inna(n)nu/a/i now that, as soon as—SB 22. inu when—OAkk, NB, SB 23. inūma (enūma) when, after, while; Mari also + indic.—Bab; log. ud 24. inūmē/ī when—OAkk, OA, OB (rarely) 25. iššā whereas, although—OB, Mari 26. ištu (also iltu/a/i, ultu) after; since; as soon as; when; because—NA, NB 27. ištuma if indeed—OA, OB, MA. 28. itti Mari while, whereas; Ug as soon as 29. kî when; as soon as; after; if, in case; whether; that; because; according to; as, just as—OAkk, OB on 30. kīma/ē as soon as; if; when; so that; according to, in the manner of, as; that; whether; because, on account of; in case— OAkk on; log. gim 31. kīmū (NB kīmānû) instead of, because, according to—MA, Nuzi, NB 32. kūm instead of; since, in view of the fact that; otherwise— NA, NB, SB 33. lāma before—OA, OB on 34. mal (mala/i) as many as, as much as; everything that, everyone who—OA, OB on 35. maṣi (w/kī) since, as if; (w/issu) as much as, accordingly—NA 36. mati (immati, immat, ammate, matima) as soon as; when, whenever—OA, Mari, NA, NB, SB 37. matimê as soon as, when, whenever—Alal., Bogh, Am, Nuzi. 38. nēmel because—NA 39. nirit(e) (sometimes with ina) because—NA 40. pūḫ instead of—OAkk on; log. ki.bi.gar(.ra) 41. pūḫat (sometimes with ana) in either case, whether or not; (< pūḫtu)—OB on 42. qadu/i until; as long as, while; because, since—Mari 43. qannu (sometimes w/ina) as soon as—MB, Am, MA, NA 44. qātima although(?)—OB 45. šumi (after ana) because; (< šumu)—OAkk on

22

Part One: Helps

46. šumma 47. šundu 48. tuma/u 49. ullânu

when—Am, Nuzi, Bogh when, while—Nuzi, SB how(?)—syn. list rather than; apart from, other than; (w/ultu) as soon as— OB, Mari, SB 50. ultu (see ištu) 51. undu (also untu, endu, indu) when, as soon as; Nuzi occ. before indic.—Am, Bogh, Nuzi, MA, SB, Ug; Hurr. lw. 52. uššer except, excluding that—Nuzi, MA 53. warkat, arkat after—OB 54. warki, arki after—OB, SB; log. egir

1.7. Prepositions (many are nouns used as prepositions)  1. adi/u  2. akkâša/i/u  3. akkīma  4. akla  5. alān, allān  6. ali  7. alla, al  8. ana, an  9. arki 10. ašar, ašru 11. aššum 12. balāt(a) 13. balu 14. balūt 15. basi 16. biri17. birīt

(gadu, qadu, ḫadu, ad) OAkk, OA, NA as far as, up to (spatial); until (temporal); within; during; OAkk concerning; M/NB, NA together with—log. en to you; (< ana kâši)—OB on (see kīma) apart from—SB other than; more than—OA at the place of; OA before infin over and above, beyond; more or less than; (w/neg) only, not (more) than, nothing but; (followed by ana or ina) beyond, past; apart from—SB, NB, LB to, up to; for, for the purpose of; toward; against; upon— OAkk, OA, OB on; log. MB on diš; O/MB occ. nam; M/ SB še3 (see warki/a) with; to; before; from; instead of; where it is possible/ suitable/necessary (to do something); Nuzi from, with, to (someone)—OA, OB on; log. ki (aššut, aššu/a, aššumi, aššumma) with regard to; so that; because of; related to—OA, OB on without—OA, NA (bal(a), Am bali) without; without consent of; apart from—OAkk, OA, OB on; log. nu.me(.a) without—MA soon after—NA (biru-, beri-, OA beri-) amidst, between; in common; among—OA, OB on; log. dal.ba(.an).na between, among (spatially; within; issu b. from inside— OAkk, OB on; log. dal.ba(.an).na

22

Part One: Helps

46. šumma 47. šundu 48. tuma/u 49. ullânu

when—Am, Nuzi, Bogh when, while—Nuzi, SB how(?)—syn. list rather than; apart from, other than; (w/ultu) as soon as— OB, Mari, SB 50. ultu (see ištu) 51. undu (also untu, endu, indu) when, as soon as; Nuzi occ. before indic.—Am, Bogh, Nuzi, MA, SB, Ug; Hurr. lw. 52. uššer except, excluding that—Nuzi, MA 53. warkat, arkat after—OB 54. warki, arki after—OB, SB; log. egir

1.7. Prepositions (many are nouns used as prepositions)  1. adi/u  2. akkâša/i/u  3. akkīma  4. akla  5. alān, allān  6. ali  7. alla, al  8. ana, an  9. arki 10. ašar, ašru 11. aššum 12. balāt(a) 13. balu 14. balūt 15. basi 16. biri17. birīt

(gadu, qadu, ḫadu, ad) OAkk, OA, NA as far as, up to (spatial); until (temporal); within; during; OAkk concerning; M/NB, NA together with—log. en to you; (< ana kâši)—OB on (see kīma) apart from—SB other than; more than—OA at the place of; OA before infin over and above, beyond; more or less than; (w/neg) only, not (more) than, nothing but; (followed by ana or ina) beyond, past; apart from—SB, NB, LB to, up to; for, for the purpose of; toward; against; upon— OAkk, OA, OB on; log. MB on diš; O/MB occ. nam; M/ SB še3 (see warki/a) with; to; before; from; instead of; where it is possible/ suitable/necessary (to do something); Nuzi from, with, to (someone)—OA, OB on; log. ki (aššut, aššu/a, aššumi, aššumma) with regard to; so that; because of; related to—OA, OB on without—OA, NA (bal(a), Am bali) without; without consent of; apart from—OAkk, OA, OB on; log. nu.me(.a) without—MA soon after—NA (biru-, beri-, OA beri-) amidst, between; in common; among—OA, OB on; log. dal.ba(.an).na between, among (spatially; within; issu b. from inside— OAkk, OB on; log. dal.ba(.an).na

Part One: Helps 18. bīt 19. daiš 20. dāt(i/u) 21. ebar 22. el(i/u) 23. ela 24. elat 25. elēn(u) 26. ēm(a) 27. ezib 28. idāt 29. idi/ē 30. illā 31. in(a) 32. inu 33. inūma 34. issi 35. iš 36. išti/e 37. ištu 38. itâti 39. itti/u 40. itu 41. itû 42. kī 43. kīka 44. kīma/ē 45. kīmū 46. kūm 47. kutallu 48. la

23

at—MB, NA; log. e2 (taiš) toward, to the side of—OAkk, OB, SB after (temporal); behind (spatial)—NA (w/ina, wr. iddāt, iddāti, occ. addāt) beyond, the other side of—OA (al, ili) on; over, above; against; more than—OAkk, Bab, NA (rarely); log. ugu apart from, in the absence of; except (for), if it were not for—Ass., O/SB (ellit) beyond, over and above; in addition to; apart from—NB M/NB above, over; OB beside, apart from; Nuzi (in addition) to east of; upstream of; Am more than—log. an.ta, ugu in every part of—Bab (ezub) except, apart from, but for—Bab, O/MA around, all around; (< ina + idu)—OAkk on; log. a2, da. beside, near; (< idu)—OAkk on; log. a2, da without—NB in; on; among (place); from out of, through, by means of, with (instrum.); on, at, during (time); as result of; with respect to—Bogh; log. aš, ta, še3 at the time of (a king)—OAkk (enūma) at the time of—OB; log. ud (see išti) to, for—Early Mari, OB (Diyala) (ilte, issi, essi, ištu) with—OAkk on, in Bab only rarely in OB, SB; log. ki, ta (ultu, eštu, uštu, iltu/a/i; NA issu) from; out of; since, after—OAkk on; log. ta alongside, next to; around, surrounding(< itû)—OAkk, OB on with—OAkk, Bab log. ki (NB also ta?); OAkk on. with, beside—MB, NA royal inscr (see itâti) like; according to; for (a price); on account of; MB kī qāt, SB kī ša instead of—OAkk on like—Am as, like; instead of; in place of; in order to—OAkk on; log. gim OB instead of; in return for; Nuzi as (ku(m)mu(-), kū, kumī-, ikkūm, akkū) instead of; in exchange for—MA, NA, NB, SB behind—OA, OB on; log. gu2.al2, gu2.tar SB (Ass.), NA, NB from, out of (a place); Emar to— WSem. word

24 49. lām(a) 50. lapan(i) 51. libbu 52. maḫar 53. mala/i, mal 54. miḫirtu 55. muḫḫu

56. pâḫ 57. panu 58. pirku 59. pittu 60. pû 61. pūḫ 62. pūtu 63. puzru 64. qadu/i 65. qannu/i 66. qudmu 67. ṣabat 68. ṣēriš 69. ṣēru 70. šalānu(-) 71. šaplān(u) 72. šaplu

73. šuḫ 74. šumi 75. šumma

Part One: Helps before (time); in front of—OA, OB on. before; from; in front of; in regard to; because of—SB, NA, NB, LB; log. la-igi in, among; from; belonging to; like; instead of; according to—OAkk on; log. ša3, Am uzu.ša3, ša3II.meš with; in front of; under the responsibility of; in the direction of (< maḫru)—OAkk on; log. igi to the same amount, as large as; as much as nec. to—OA, OB on (meḫertu) in front of; opposite; in likeness of; level with—OA, OB, SB; log. gaba, igi (muḫ) (w/ina) on; in; on top of; over, above; incumbent on, OB to call s.o. to account; talk, laugh, write about; (w/ana) in addition to; with respect to; toward; until; onto (s.th. or s.o.) per; against; referring to; (also used with ištu/ultu, adi)—OAkk on; log. ugu instead of—lex (often with ina and ana) in front of; in presence of; at the disposal of; publicly; personally; (also var. idiomatic uses)—OAkk on; log. igi (sometimes w/ina) passing through—OB on; log. gil. ranking with; comparable to; according to—OB, Bogh, MB, MA, NA, SB; NA appitti, ippitti according to—OAkk on; log. ka instead of—OAkk on; log. ki.bi.gar(.ra) (often w/ina, ana) opposite; in front of; beside; on account of; in accordance with; before—OAkk on; log. sag(.ki), zag (w/ina) without someone’s knowledge—OAkk on. with, together with; including—OA, OB on together, with; issi qanni instead of—NA before (of time and place)—OB, SB reckoned (from); beginning with (directional and temporal)—Nuzi toward; against; above, over—Bab toward; upon; above, over; in(to) the presence of; in addition to—OA, OB, SB, Am; log. edin(.na) without—NB under, below; downstream from—OB, Mari, Bogh, Nuzi, SB, NB; log. ki.ta-na/nu (NA šapla) under, below; downstream from; under the charge of, in the power of; at the feet of, under the oath of; often (šapal) with ina, ištu, ana; (< šaplān)—OB on; log. ki.ta as to, concerning, on account of—NA (following ana) because of, as for; (< šumu)—OAkk on. considering; (negated) barring—OA, OB

Part One: Helps

25

76. šūt 77. taḫû 78. tarṣu

because of, concerning—NA royal inscr (ittaḫû) beside, to the side—SB, NB (often with ina, ana, ištu) before, opposite; toward; at the time of; in accordance with; in consideration of—MB, MA on; log. lal 79. tirṣu (with ina) opposite, toward; in the time of; (with ana) in accordance with, in consideration of—OB on; log. lal 80. ṭēḫi close by, near to; (< ṭēḫu; NB ṭāḫu)—OA, OB on; log. da; in MA, NA suḫur 81. ullân except, beside, other than (Mari); away from (Ug Nuzi). 82. ullânu apart from, other than; without; far from; earlier than, before—OB, Mari, SB 83. ullîš before—OB, Mari, SB 84. ultu (see ištu) 85. warki/a, arki behind; after—OA, OB on; log. egir

1.8.  Particles, Interjections, and Interrogatives   1. ā   2. aba/u   3. agana   4. aḫūla   5. aḫulap   6. ai   7. ai

  8. ai   9. ai  10. ay(y)aka  11. ay(y)āmi  12. ay(y)āniš  13. ay(y)ānu/a  14. ay(y)ikā(ni)  15. ay(y)ikīʾam  16. ay(y)īš  17. ay(y)īša

(see aya/i/u) (interj) What! Oh dear!—SB (interj) Well now! Now then!—OB, Mari (see gana) (interj) (aḫūlamma) Alas! Woe!—NA (interj) (it is) Enough! (an exclamation used to express or to seek compassion, as declaration of clemency by god, as petition for clemency by a worshiper)—OB on (neg. particle) (ē before consonant; â, ya) No, No!— OAkk on (vetitive particle before pret.) May (s.o.) not; ē lā (double neg.) = strong pos. exhortation, Definitely!; in sequences ē . . . ē must not . . . lest; ē la . . . ē please . . . lest; assurri ē . . . ē heaven forbid . . . lest; assurri ē la . . . ē heaven forbid that (you) would not—OAkk on (interr) (ay, ē) Where?—OAkk on (interj) (ā, ay(y)a/i/u) Alas!; (see yau-yau)—OAkk on (interr) (yaka) Where? Where from?; NA How?—Ass (interr) Where?—Am (interr) Where? Where to?—Bogh lex (interr) (ay(y)ānumma, ay(y)inna, yānum, yānumma, yānu, yaʾnu) Where? Where from?—OA, OB on (interr) (êkāni, êkānu) Where? Where to?—SB, NB (interr) (ay(y)ikâ, ay(y)akam, ay(y)ak(a), yaka, êkīam, êkâma, êkâ) Where?—OA on (interr) (yīš, êš) Where to? Where?—OB, Mari, SB (interr) (ay(y)īša, ay(y)ēša, êšam) Where to?—OB, MA, NA

Part One: Helps

25

76. šūt 77. taḫû 78. tarṣu

because of, concerning—NA royal inscr (ittaḫû) beside, to the side—SB, NB (often with ina, ana, ištu) before, opposite; toward; at the time of; in accordance with; in consideration of—MB, MA on; log. lal 79. tirṣu (with ina) opposite, toward; in the time of; (with ana) in accordance with, in consideration of—OB on; log. lal 80. ṭēḫi close by, near to; (< ṭēḫu; NB ṭāḫu)—OA, OB on; log. da; in MA, NA suḫur 81. ullân except, beside, other than (Mari); away from (Ug Nuzi). 82. ullânu apart from, other than; without; far from; earlier than, before—OB, Mari, SB 83. ullîš before—OB, Mari, SB 84. ultu (see ištu) 85. warki/a, arki behind; after—OA, OB on; log. egir

1.8.  Particles, Interjections, and Interrogatives   1. ā   2. aba/u   3. agana   4. aḫūla   5. aḫulap   6. ai   7. ai

  8. ai   9. ai  10. ay(y)aka  11. ay(y)āmi  12. ay(y)āniš  13. ay(y)ānu/a  14. ay(y)ikā(ni)  15. ay(y)ikīʾam  16. ay(y)īš  17. ay(y)īša

(see aya/i/u) (interj) What! Oh dear!—SB (interj) Well now! Now then!—OB, Mari (see gana) (interj) (aḫūlamma) Alas! Woe!—NA (interj) (it is) Enough! (an exclamation used to express or to seek compassion, as declaration of clemency by god, as petition for clemency by a worshiper)—OB on (neg. particle) (ē before consonant; â, ya) No, No!— OAkk on (vetitive particle before pret.) May (s.o.) not; ē lā (double neg.) = strong pos. exhortation, Definitely!; in sequences ē . . . ē must not . . . lest; ē la . . . ē please . . . lest; assurri ē . . . ē heaven forbid . . . lest; assurri ē la . . . ē heaven forbid that (you) would not—OAkk on (interr) (ay, ē) Where?—OAkk on (interj) (ā, ay(y)a/i/u) Alas!; (see yau-yau)—OAkk on (interr) (yaka) Where? Where from?; NA How?—Ass (interr) Where?—Am (interr) Where? Where to?—Bogh lex (interr) (ay(y)ānumma, ay(y)inna, yānum, yānumma, yānu, yaʾnu) Where? Where from?—OA, OB on (interr) (êkāni, êkānu) Where? Where to?—SB, NB (interr) (ay(y)ikâ, ay(y)akam, ay(y)ak(a), yaka, êkīam, êkâma, êkâ) Where?—OA on (interr) (yīš, êš) Where to? Where?—OB, Mari, SB (interr) (ay(y)īša, ay(y)ēša, êšam) Where to?—OB, MA, NA

26  18. ay(y)û

Part One: Helps

(interr) (yû, fem. ay(y)ītu) Who? Which? What?—OA, OB on  19. akkāʾi (interr) (akkāya) How?—NB, SB  20. akkāʾiki (interr) How much? How many?—NB, LB  21. alāla/i/u (interj) (alīli) (an exclamation of joy, refrain of a work song)—OB, MB, SB; wr. syll., often w/dingir  22. ali (interr) (alê, al) Where? Wherever?—OA, OB, SB, NA.  23. alla (interj) (al) but, rather—NB  24. allû/a/ê (interr) (illû) Is it not? Is it not that? Am certainly; furthermore—WSem. word; often followed by -mi, -me  25. amma (interj) Lo! Behold! (gives emph.)—OA  26. ammā (see umma)  27. ammāmin (interj) Would that, If only—OA  28. ammīnannâ (interr) Why now?—MB, SB  29. ammīni (interr) Why? (< ana + mīnu)—OAkk on; log. (in math) en, en.nam, en.na  30. amur (interj. Look! (< amāru impv.)—Ug, Am, Bogh, NB.  31. anīna (interr) Where?—OB, Nuzi  32. anna/i/û (interj) yes, certainly—OB, Mari, Shemshara, Am, SB  33. anṣu (interj?) no(?), obstinate(?)—lex  34. anummē (interj) (anummamē) here is, here are—Bogh, Ug  35. assurri (particle) (ussurre(ma), assurrē, Am aṣṣurri) (if) perchance (of undesirable eventuality), hopefully . . . not . . . ; (before neg. or proh.) on no account should . . . (< ana + surri)—OA, OB, Am  36. apputtu (interj) please; it is urgent—OA, MA, OB, Mari, Elam, SB lex  37. atā (interr, interj) Why? For what reason?—NA, NB  38. bī (interj) (ībī) please (only before inna/i; impv. of nadānu)—SB, NB  39. bunna(mma) (interj) (bunni) thanks to, be so kind as to—OB, MB (in personal names)  40. ē (see ai)  41. ellēa(ma) (interj) (elaya, e/illaya) O/SB lex. No! No way!; SB (an exclamation of joy)—OB, SB  42. ēni (interj) indeed (= anna?)—OAkk, OB  43. enma (particle) thus, saying (introduces direct speech); used in later periods than umma  44. ezib (interj) (ezub) Never mind! Disregard it!—OA, SB, NA.  45. gādē (interj) Let me go! I’m going!—OB lex.; Sum. word  46. gana (interj) Come! Let’s go! Now then!—OB on; Sum. lw  47. i (coh. particle before 1 pl pret.) Let us! also in questions, Should we?—OB on  48. ībī (see bī)  49. illūru (interj) (an exclamation)—MA, SB  50. immati/e (see mati)  51. ingana (interj) Up! Come on!—MB; Sum. lw

Part One: Helps  52. inimma/u  53. innu  54. îš  55. ya  56. yāyaya  57. yānu

 58. yānū  59. yānummiš  60. yau-yau  61. yû  62. kī  63. kīmaʾ  64. lā/la  65. lū/lu

 66. lumā  67. luman  68. lūman  69. lūmē  70. mā

 71. magana  72. mamīnu  73. maʾna  74. manan  75. mani  76. mannu  77. mati  78. matima

 79. mêš  80. mīya

27

(interj) Alas!—SB (interj) Look!—SB lex (interr) Where?; (< ayyiš)—NB (see ay) (particle) aye, aye (expressing acceptance of an order)— Am; Egyptian word (yaʾnu/a; Bogh yānummâ; NB also yāni, yaʾan; MB freq. yānumma/i; NB also yānuʾamma) (neg. particle) (There) is/are not (negating nouns); Ug yānummā . . . yānummā Whether . . . or—MB, Am, Ug, Bogh, Nuzi, SB, NB (interr) Is there not? Is it not so? NB also, (If) there is not, otherwise—MB, Am, Ug, Bogh, Nuzi, SB, NB (interr) Anywhere(?); NA w/ana To anywhere? (interj) (or yû-yû, yūyū) Woe!—SB med (see ay) (interr) (kē, akī, akē) How?—OA, OB on (interr) How much?—NB (neg. particle) not—OAkk on; log. nu (denoting alternatives) or; lū . . . lū either . . . or; (precative, concessive, and with negative, prohibitive particle) Be it, Let (such and such) be; (asseverative particle) indeed, certainly—OAkk on (particle) (limā, liwā) (mng. unkn.)—Bogh. (interj) now, alas(?)—OB, Bogh, SB (particle) l. lā Were it not for; l. + verb, If only . . . ! Bogh l . . . l . . . were it that . . . or that . . . (in unreal clauses)—OB, SB (particle) Would that(?)—Ug (interj) What?, Why! (expressing doubt, disbelief); indeed, verily; thus (introducing or continuing direct speech); this means (introducing an explanatory remark)—OAkk, OA, OB, Mari, MB, Bogh, Ug, MA, SB, NA, NB (interj) now, please (or the like)—OB (interr) Why? What!?—Am, Bogh (interj) Hey!—OB (lit) (interr(?)) Why(?), although(?)—OB (interr) How much?—Am, WSem. word (interr) (manna, manni, maʾu, man) Who?—OAkk on (interr) (matim, mat, immati, immat) When?—OAkk on (interr and adv) (immatima, immatimê, NA, NB matime) (in questions) at any time, ever; (in pos. sentences) sometime; (with neg.) never; (in the past) always, whenever; (in the future) forever, at any time—OA, OB on; log. ud.kur2.še3 (interr) Where?—OAkk(?), SB. (interr) (mīyatu, emaʾe, maʾe) Who?—Am; WSem. word

28  81. minsu  82. minu  83. mīnu

 84. miššam  85. miššum  86. mu  87. muk  88. mūnu  89. nisbat  90. nuk  91. šumma

 92. šummaman  93. tukumma  94. tuša(ma)

 95. ūʾa  96. ul  97. ūl(a)  98. ula  99. ulaman 100. uli 101. ulla 102. ulla/u/û 103. ullalla 104. ulnu 105. umma 106. uzum

Part One: Helps (interr) What is it that? Why?—SB, NB (interr pron.) Who?—Am; WSem. word (interr and rel. pron.) (mīnum, minû, mīna, mīnam, mīni, mīnim, mīnumma, mīnamma, mīnammi, mīnimma, mīnimmi, min) What? Why? What for? For what reason? (w/ina) With what? (immīnê) By what means? (rel. pron.) what, whatever—OAkk on; log. (in math) en.nam, en, en.na (interr) (mīšam) Whereto?—SB lex (interr pron.) (minšum) Why?—OAkk OA, OB lex (particle) prefix of the participle—lex; (mng. unknown); gramm (particle) (muku, mū) (introduces direct speech after verbs in the first person sing.)—NA (interr) What?—NA (particle) (or nispat, nizbat, nizpat) (mng. unkn.)—OAkk. (particle) (nuku, nu) (introducing direct speech after verbs in the first person sing. or pl.)—NA (particle) if, whether; (introduces condit. clauses in indic.; introduces oaths with subjunct.) š. lā = pos., š. = neg. oath; š. . . . š. whether . . . or; NA introduces indir. questions with subjunct.—OAkk on; log. aš, maš, ud, bad, diš (particle) were it, if only (introduces unreal conditions)— OA, OB, MB, Bogh (interj) come on, then—SB CAD: (interrog. particle, usually introducing rhetorical questions to which a neg. answer is expected); CDA: (particle expressing unreality or potentiality) it could have been that, it was as though—OB, Mari, SB (interj) (ūya, ūʾi, wā, wāya, ūʾa aya) Woe! Alas! (cry of woe)—OB on (neg. particle) not—OB on; log. nu (particle, betw. subst. and clauses) or; ūla . . . ūla either . . . or—OA, Bogh, NA (neg. particle) not—OAkk, OA, OB on (neg. particle) (ulman, ullaman) would not—OB, Mari. (neg. particle) not—OB (interj) well, now—OB, SB (neg. particle) no—OB on (particle) so-and-so—gramm (particle) or—foreign word (particle) (also enma, ammā, ummu) thus, saying (introduces direct and indirect speech)—OAkk, Bab, O/MA (interj) Alas! Woe!—OA

Part Two: Paradigms Introduction This section presents a variety of paradigms. Nominals are given first: nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. These are followed by a full display of the sound verb, G-stem, and more brief presentations of the other stems and of the weak verbs. Finally, synopses of the sound and weak verbs are provided that allow direct comparison of forms among the verbal stems and vowel classes. A list of preformatives and afformatives to nominal and verbal forms concludes the section. The paradigms are Babylonian and, in particular, Old Babylonian. For additional information, including notes on dialect variations, see the grammars listed in the bibliography. The verbal system, with its variety of vowel classes, can be one of the most challenging aspects of Akkadian for the beginner. For this reason, the derived stems and weak patterns are given in detail. Care has been taken not to provide forms that have yet to be observed in the literature, except for those that can reasonably be assured. In some cases, forms of the paradigm verb have been construed from analogous lexemes.

2.1.  Nominal Paradigms A. Noun and Adjective Endings

B. Suffixed Pronouns gen. (nouns, dat. acc. prepositions) (verbs) (verbs)

masc.

fem.

-um

-atum

*1cs -ī,ya

-im -am

-atim -atam

2ms -ka 2fs -ki

-ān gen/acc dual -īn

-atān -atīn

nom pl

-ātum -ātum -ātim -ātim

nom s gen s acc s

nom dual

(adj)

gen/acc pl (adj)

3ms -šu 3fs -ša 1cp

-ū, -ānu -ūtum -ī, -āni -ūtim

-ni

2mp -kunu 2fp

-kina 3mp -šunu 3fp -šina 29

-am, -m, -nim -kum -kim -šum -šim

-anni, -nni, -ninni -ka -ki -šu -ši

-niāšim -kunūšim -kināšim -šunūšim -šināšim

-niāti -kunūti -kināti -šunūti -šināti

Part Two: Paradigms Introduction This section presents a variety of paradigms. Nominals are given first: nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. These are followed by a full display of the sound verb, G-stem, and more brief presentations of the other stems and of the weak verbs. Finally, synopses of the sound and weak verbs are provided that allow direct comparison of forms among the verbal stems and vowel classes. A list of preformatives and afformatives to nominal and verbal forms concludes the section. The paradigms are Babylonian and, in particular, Old Babylonian. For additional information, including notes on dialect variations, see the grammars listed in the bibliography. The verbal system, with its variety of vowel classes, can be one of the most challenging aspects of Akkadian for the beginner. For this reason, the derived stems and weak patterns are given in detail. Care has been taken not to provide forms that have yet to be observed in the literature, except for those that can reasonably be assured. In some cases, forms of the paradigm verb have been construed from analogous lexemes.

2.1.  Nominal Paradigms A. Noun and Adjective Endings

B. Suffixed Pronouns gen. (nouns, dat. acc. prepositions) (verbs) (verbs)

masc.

fem.

-um

-atum

*1cs -ī,ya

-im -am

-atim -atam

2ms -ka 2fs -ki

-ān gen/acc dual -īn

-atān -atīn

nom pl

-ātum -ātum -ātim -ātim

nom s gen s acc s

nom dual

(adj)

gen/acc pl (adj)

3ms -šu 3fs -ša 1cp

-ū, -ānu -ūtum -ī, -āni -ūtim

-ni

2mp -kunu 2fp

-kina 3mp -šunu 3fp -šina 29

-am, -m, -nim -kum -kim -šum -šim

-anni, -nni, -ninni -ka -ki -šu -ši

-niāšim -kunūšim -kināšim -šunūšim -šināšim

-niāti -kunūti -kināti -šunūti -šināti

30

Part Two: Paradigms

*1cs genitive suffix, attached to nouns: nom/acc gen C.  Sound Nouns masculine singular nom. ilum gen. ilim acc. ilam

sing -ī -ya

plur -ya -ya

feminine šarrum iltum šarratum nārum šarrim iltim šarratim nārim šarram iltam šarratam nāram

bēltum bēltim bēltam bēltān bēltīn

dual

nom. g.-a.

ilān ilīn

šarrān šarrīn

iltān iltīn

plural

nom. g.-a.

ilū ilī

šarrū šarrī

ilātum šarrātum nārātum bēlētum ilātim šarrātim nārātim bēlētim

šarratān šarratīn

nārān nārīn

D.  Final-Weak Nouns singular

nom. gen. acc.

-a šadûm šadîm šadâm

-ā rubûm rubêm rubâm

-i/ī bārûm bārîm bāriam

-u/ū ikûm ikîm ikâm

dual

nom. g.-a.

šadân šadîn

rubân rubên

bāriān bārîn

ikân ikîn

plural

nom. g.-a.

šadû šadî

rubû rubê

bārû bārî

ikû ikî

31

Part Two: Paradigms E1.  Singular Nouns with Suffixed (Gen.) Pronouns lexical form bēlum bēlum libbum masc. sing. noun nom.-acc. gen. nom.-acc. construct state bēl bēl libbi 1cs bēl-ī bēlī-ya libbī 2ms bēl-ka bēlī-ka libba-ka 2fs bēl-ki bēlī-ki libba-ki 3ms bēl-šu bēlī-šu libba-šu 3fs bēl-ša bēlī-ša libba-ša 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp

bēl-ni bēl-kunu bēl-kina bēl-šunu bēl-šina

bēlī-ni bēlī-kunu bēlī-kina bēlī-šunu bēlī-šina

libba-ni libba-kunu libba-kina libba-šunu libba-šina

E2.  Singular Nouns with Suffixed (Gen.) Pronouns lexical form būšum būšum masc. sing. noun nom. gen. construct state būš(i) būš(i) 1cs būš-ī būšī-ya 2ms būšū-ka būšī-ka 2fs būšū-ki būšī-ki 3ms būšū-šu būšī-šu 3fs būšū-ša būšī-ša 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp

būšū-ni būšū-kunu būšū-kina būšū-šunu būšū-šina

būšī-ni būšī-kunu būšī-kina būšī-šunu būšī-šina

libbum gen. libbi libbī-ya libbī-ka libbī-ki libbī-šu libbī-ša libbī-ni libbī-kunu libbī-kina libbī-šunu libbī-šina

būšum acc. būš(i) būšā-ya būšā-ka būšā-ki būšā-šu būšā-ša būšā-ni būšā-kunu būšā-kina būšā-šunu būšā-šina

32

Part Two: Paradigms

E3. Singular Nouns with Suffixed (Gen.) Pronouns lexical form šallatum šallatum qīštum fem. sing. noun nom.-acc. gen. nom.-acc. construct state šallat šallat qīšti 1cs šallat-ī šallatī-ya qīšt-ī 2ms šallat-ka šallatī-ka qīšta-ka 2fs šallat-ki šallatī-ki qīšta-ki 3ms šallas-su šallatī-šu qīšta-šu 3fs šallas-sa šallatī-ša qīšta-ša 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp

šallat-ni šallat-kunu šallat-kina šallas-sunu šallas-sina

šallatī-ni šallatī-kunu šallatī-kina šallatī-šunu šallatī-šina

qīšta-ni qīšta-kunu qīšta-kina qīšta-šunu qīšta-šina

F. Dual Nouns with Suffixed (Gen.) Pronouns lexical form īnum īnum dual noun nom. gen.-acc. construct state īn-ā īn-ī 1cs īnā-ya īnī-ya 2ms īnā-ka īnī-ka 3ms īnā-šu īnī-šu 3mp īnā-šunu īnī-šunu

qīštum gen. qīšti qīštī-ya qīštī-ka qīštī-ki qīštī-šu qīštī-ša qīštī-ni qīštī-kunu qīštī-kina qīštī-šunu qīštī-šina

33

Part Two: Paradigms G.  Plural Nominals with Suffixed (Gen.) Pronouns -ū nom. -ī obl. -ānu nom. masc. masc. masc. (alt) lexical form šarrum šarrum šarrum constr. state šarr-ū šarr-ī šarr-ānu 1cs šarrū-ya šarrī-ya šarrānū-ya 2ms šarrū-ka šarrī-ka šarrānū-ka 2fs šarrū-ki šarrī-ki šarrānū-ki 3ms šarrū-šu šarrī-šu šarrānū-šu 3fs šarrū-ša šarrī-ša šarrānū-ša 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp

šarrū-ni šarrū-kunu šarrū-kina šarrū-šunu šarrū-šina

šarrī-ni šarrī-kunu šarrī-kina šarrī-šunu šarrī-šina

šarrānū-ni šarrānū-kunu šarrānū-kina šarrānū-šunu šarrānū-šina

-ūtum adj. nom. masc. dannum dann-ūt dannūtū-ya dannūtū-ka dannūtū-ki dannūtū-šu dannūtū-ša

-ātum nom. fem. šarratum šarr-āt šarrātū-ya šarrātū-ka šarrātū-ki šarrātū-šu šarrātū-ša

dannūtū-ni dannūtū-kunu dannūtū-kina dannūtū-šunu dannūtū-šina

šarrātū-ni šarrātū-kunu šarrātū-kina šarrātū-šunu šarrātū-šina

H. Adjectives base: masc. sg. nom. gen. acc.

ṭābṭābum ṭābim ṭābam

danndannum dannim dannam

masc. plur. nom. g.-a.

ṭābūtum ṭābūtim

dannūtum ellūtum dannūtim ellūtim

damqūtum rabûtum damqūtim rabûtim

fem. sg.

nom. gen. acc.

ṭābtum ṭābtim ṭābtam

dannatum elletum dannatim elletim dannatam elletam

damiqtum rabītum damiqtim rabītim damiqtam rabītam

fem. plur.

nom. g.-a.

ṭābātum ṭābātim

dannātum ellētum dannātim ellētim

damqātum rabiātum damqātim rabiātim

ellellum ellim ellam

damiqdamqum damqim damqam

rabirabûm rabîm rabiam

34

Part Two: Paradigms

I.  Independent Possessive Adjectives masc. sg. fem. sg. 1s yûm (yaʾum), yêm, yâm yattum/n 2s 3s

kûm, kêm, kâm šûm, šêm, šuʾam(šâm)

kattum/n šattum/n

masc. pl. yaʾūt(t)um/n yût(t)um/n kûttum/n šuttum/n

1p 2p 3p

nûm, nîm, nâm(niam) kunûm šunûm, šunîm, šuniam

niattum/n —— ——

nûttum/n —— ——

fem. pl. yât(t)um/n kâttum/n —— —— —— ——

J.  Independent Personal Pronouns nom. gen.-acc. dat. 1cs anāku yâti yâšim, ayyâšim 2ms atta kâta, kâti kâšim, kâšum 2fs attī kâti kâšim 3ms šū šuāti/u, šâti/u šuāšim, šâšim, šâšum 3fs šī šuāti, šâti, šiāti šuāšim, šâšim, šiāšim 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp

nīnu attunu attina šunu šina

niāti kunūti kināti šunūti šināti

niāšim kunūšim kināšim šunūšim šināšim

K.  Indefinite Pronouns mamman anyone, someone (indeclinable) mimma anything, something (indeclinable) ayyumma whichever, any, some, someone (declinable, ayyum + ma, e.g., ayyimma, ayyītamma)

35

Part Two: Paradigms L. Demonstratives L1. Near Demonstratives (this, these) singular nom. gen. acc. plural

nom. g.-a.

L2. Far Demonstratives (that, those)

masc. annûm annîm anniam

fem. annītum annītim annītam

masc. ullûm ullîm ulliām

fem. ullītum ullītim ullītam

annûtum annûtim

anniātum anniātim

ullûtum ullûtim

ulliātum ulliātim

L3.  Independent Pronouns (as far demonstratives) (that, those, the aforementioned) ms fs mp fp

nom. šū šī šunu šina

gen.-acc. šuāti/u, šâti/u šuāti, šâti, šiʾāti šunūti šināti

M. Interrogatives A. Personal B. Impersonal    Pronouns   Pronouns “Who?” “What?” nom. mannum mīnum gen. mannim mīnim acc. mannam mīnam

dat. šuāšim, šâši/um šuāšim, šâti, šiāšim šunūšim šināšim?

C. Interrogative Adjectives

ms minûm ayyum minîm ayyim minâm ayyam

“Which?” fs mp fp ayyītum ayyūtum ayyātum ayyītim ayyūtim ayyātim ayyītam

36

Part Two: Paradigms

2.2.  Verbal Paradigms A.  The Sound Verb A1.  The Sound Verb: G-stem Durative a-u a lexical parāsum ṣabātum 3cs* iparras iṣabbat 2ms taparras taṣabbat 2fs taparrasī taṣabbatī 1cs aparras aṣabbat 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

i paqādum ipaqqid tapaqqid tapaqqidī apaqqid

u rapādum irappud tarappud tarappudī arappud

Subj parāsum iparrasu taparrasu taparrasī aparrasu

Ventive parāsum iparrasam taparrasam taparrasīm aparrasam

iparrasū iparrasā taparrasā niparras

iṣabbatū iṣabbatā taṣabbatā niṣabbat

ipaqqidū ipaqqidā tapaqqidā nipaqqid

irappudū irappudā tarappudā nirappud

iparrasū iparrasā taparrasā niparrasu

iparrasūnim iparrasānim taparrasānim niparrasam

Perfect 3cs* 2ms 2fs 1cs

iptaras taptaras taptarsī aptaras

iṣṣabat taṣṣabat taṣṣabtī aṣṣabat

iptaqid taptaqid taptaqdī aptaqid

irtapud tartapud tartapdī artapud

iptarsu taptarsu taptarsī aptarsu

iptarsam taptarsam taptarsīm aptarsam

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

iptarsū iptarsā taptarsā niptaras

iṣṣabtū iṣṣabtā taṣṣabtā niṣṣabat

iptaqdū iptaqdā taptaqdā niptaqid

irtapdū irtapdā tartapdā nirtapud

iptarsū iptarsā taptarsā niptarsu

iptarsūnim iptarsānim taptarsānim niptarsam

Preterite 3cs* 2ms 2fs 1cs

iprus taprus taprusī aprus

iṣbat taṣbat taṣbatī aṣbat

ipqid tapqid tapqidī apqid

irpud tarpud tarpudī arpud

iprusu taprusu taprusī aprusu

iprusam taprusam taprusīm aprusam

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

iprusū iprusā taprusā niprus

iṣbatū iṣbatā taṣbatā niṣbat

ipqidū ipqidā tapqidā nipqid

irpudū irpudā tarpudā nirpud

iprusū iprusā taprusā niprusu

iprusūnim iprusānim taprusānim niprusam

* In OB poetry (rarely), in N/LB (occasionally), and in Assyrian (generally) there is a separate 3fs form that is identical to the 2ms form.

37

Part Two: Paradigms A2. G-stem Injunctive lexical form precative 3cs impv 2ms impv 2fs precative 1cs

a-u parāsum liprus purus pursī luprus

a ṣabātum liṣbat ṣabat ṣabtī luṣbat

i paqādum lipqid piqid piqdī lupqid

u rapādum lirpud rupud rupdī lurpud

Ventive parāsum liprusam pursam pursīm luprusam

precative 3mp precative 3fp impv 2cp precative 1cp

liprusū liprusā pursā i niprus

liṣbatū liṣbatā ṣabtā i niṣbat

lipqidū lipqidā piqdā i nipqid

lurpudū lirpudā rupdā i nirpud

liprusūnim liprusānim pursānim i niprusam

A3.  G-stem Infinitive (Note: vowels are the same for all classes) a-u nom parāsum gen parāsim acc parāsam

a ṣabātum ṣabātim ṣabātam

i paqādum paqādim paqādam

u rapādum rapādim rapādam

A4.  G-stem Participle singular masc nom pārisum gen pārisim acc pārisam

fem pārištum pārištim pārištam

plural masc fem nom pārisūtum pārisātum gen-acc pārisūtim pārisātim

A5.  G-stem Participle (Nom.) construct ms pārisum pāris fs pārištum pārisat mp pārisūtum pārisūt fp pārisātum pārisāt (as noun) pārisū, pārisī

Verbal Adjective parsum parištum parsūtum parsātum

construct paris parišti parsūt parsāt

38

Part Two: Paradigms A6.  G-stem Stative

Vetitive

šarrum 3ms šar 3fs šarr-at 2ms šarr-āta 2fs šarr-āti 1cs šarr-āku

bēlum bēl bēl-et bēl-ēta bēl-ēti bēl-ēku

parāsum paris pars-at pars-āta pars-āti pars-āku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

bēl-ū bēl-ā bēl-ētunu bēl-ētina bēl-ēnu

pars-ū pars-ā pars-ātunu pars-ātina pars-ānu

šarr-ū šarr-ā šarr-ātunu šarr-ātina šarr-ānu

3cs

parāsum ayy-iprus

2ms 2fs 1cs

ē-taprus ē-taprusī ayy-aprus

3mp 3fp 2cp

ayy-iprusū ayy-iprusā ē-taprusā

1cp

ē-niprus

A7.  G-stem Verbs with Appended Suffixes (Examples) G Preterite + Dative Suffixes lex.

Preterite + Accusative Suffixes

šapārum*

šapārum

šapārum

balāṭum

balāṭum

išpuram 3ms

išpurūnim 3mp

tašpurīm 2fs

uballiṭ 3ms D

uballiṭū 3mp D išqul 3ms G

šaqālum

1cs

išpur-am

išpurūnim

tašpurī-m

2ms

išpur-akkum

išpurū-nikkum

2fs

išpur-akkim

išpurū-nikkim

3ms

išpur-aššum

išpurū-niššum

tašpurī-ššum

3fs

išpur-aššim

išpurū-niššim

1cp

išpur-anniāšim

išpurū-niāšim

uballiṭ-anni

uballiṭū-ninni

išqul-anni

——

uballiṭ-ka

uballiṭū-ka

išqul-ka

——

uballiṭ-ki

uballiṭū-ki

išqul-ki

uballis-su

uballiṭū-šu

išqul-šu

tašpurī-ššim

uballis-si

uballiṭū-ši

išqul-ši

tašpurī-nniāšim

uballiṭ-niāti

uballiṭū-niāti

išqul-niāti

2mp išpur-akkunūšim išpurū-nikkunūšim

——

uballiṭ-kunūti

uballiṭū-kunūti

išqul-kunūti

2fp

——

uballiṭ-kināti

uballiṭū-kināti

išqul-kināti

3mp išpur-aššunūšim išpurū-niššunūšim tašpurī-ššunūšim uballis-sunūti uballiṭū-šunūti

išpur-akkināšim

išqul-šunūti

3fp

išqul-šināti

išpur-aššināšim

išpurū-nikkināšim išpurū-niššināšim

* Shown with optional ventive

tašpurī-ššināšim

uballis-sināti

uballiṭū-šināti

39

Part Two: Paradigms A8.  The Sound Verb: Gt-stem (a-u) lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs

iptarras taptarras taptarrasī aptarras

Perfect Preterite parāsum iptatras iptaras taptatras taptaras taptatrasī taptarsī aptatras aptaras

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

iptarrasū iptarrasā taptarrasā niptarras

iptatrasū iptatrasā taptatrasā niptatrasā

iptarsū iptarsā taptarsā niptaras

Infinitive pitrusum

Participle

muptarsum muptarsūtum muptaristum muptarsātum

Verbal pitrusum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-iptaras

pitrus pitrusat pitrusāta pitrusāti pitrusāku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Stative

Durative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Injunctive liptaras pitras pitrasī luptaras liptarsū liptarsā pitrasā i niptaras

pitrusū pitrusā pitrusātunu pitrusātina pitrusānu

40

Part Two: Paradigms

A9.  The Sound Verb: Gtn-stem (a-u)

iptanarras taptanarras taptanarrasī aptanarras

Preterite parāsum iptatarras iptarras taptatarras taptarras taptatarrasī taptarrasī aptatarras aptarras

liptarras pitarras pitarrasī luptarras

iptanarrasū iptanarrasā taptanarrasā niptanarras

iptatarrasū iptatarrasā taptatarrasā niptatarras

iptarrasū iptarrasā taptarrasā niptarras

liptarsū liptarsā pitarrasā i niptaras

Infinitive pitarrusum

Participle

muptarrisum muptarristum

muptarrisūtum muptarrisātum

Verbal pitarrusum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-iptarras

pitarrus

3mp

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Durative

Stative 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Perfect

pitarrusat pitarrusāta pitarrusāti pitarrusāku

3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive

pitarrusū pitarrusā pitarrusātunu pitarrusātina pitarrusānu

41

Part Two: Paradigms A10.  The Sound Verb: D-stem lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Durative uparras tuparras tuparrasī uparras

uptarris tuptarris tuptarrisī uptarris

Preterite parāsum uparris tuparris tuparrisī uparris

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

uparrasū uparrasā tuparrasā nuparras

uptarrisū uptarrisā tuptarrisā nuptarris

uparrisū uparrisā tuparrisā nuparris

liparrisū liparrisā purrisā i nuparris

Infinitive purrusum

Participle

muparrisum muparristum

muparrisūtum muparrisātum

Verbal purrusum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-uparris

purrus

3mp

Stative 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Perfect

purrusat purrusāta purrusāti purrusāku

3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive liparris purris purrisī luparris

purrusū purrusā purrusātunu purrusātina purrusānu

42

Part Two: Paradigms

A11.  The Sound Verb: Dt-stem Durative

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs

uptarras tuptarras tuptarrasī uptarras

Preterite parāsum uptatarris uptarris tuptatarris tuptarris tuptatarrisī tuptarrisī uptatarris uptarris

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

uptarrasū uptarrasā tuptarrasā nuptarras

uptatarrisū uptatarrisā tuptatarrisā nuptatarris

uptarrisū uptarrisā tuptarrisā nuptarris

liptarrisū liptarrisā putarrisā i nuptarris

Infinitive putarrusum

Participle

muptarrisum muptarristum

muptarrisūtum muptarrisātum

Verbal putarrusum Adjective

Vetitive

Stative 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Perfect

putarrus putarrusat putarrusāta putarrusāti putarrusāku

Injunctive liptarris putarris putarrisī luptarris

ayy-uptarris

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

putarrusū putarrusā putarrusātunu putarrusātina putarrusānu

43

Part Two: Paradigms A12.  The Sound Verb: Dtn-stem

uptanarras tuptanarras tuptanarrasī uptanarras

Preterite parāsum uptatarris uptarris tuptatarris tuptarris tuptatarrisī tuptarrisī uptatarris uptarris

liptarris putarris putarrisī luptarris

uptanarrasū uptanarrasā tuptanarrasā nuptanarras

uptatarrisū uptatarrisā tuptatarrisā nuptatarris

uptarrisū uptarrisā tuptarrisā nuptarris

liptarrisū liptarrisā putarrisā i nuptarris

Infinitive putarrusum

Participle

muptarrisum muptarristum

muptarrisūtum muptarrisātum

Verbal putarrusum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-uptarris

putarrus

3mp

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Durative

Stative 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Perfect

putarrusat putarrusāta putarrusāti putarrusāku

3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive

putarrusū putarrusā putarrusātunu putarrusātina putarrusānu

44

Part Two: Paradigms

A13.  The Sound Verb: Š-stem Durative

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs

ušapras tušapras tušaprasī ušapras

Preterite parāsum uštapris ušapris tuštapris tušapris tuštaprisī tušaprisī uštapris ušapris

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

ušaprasū ušaprasā tušaprasā nušapras

uštaprisū uštaprisā tuštaprisā nuštapris

ušaprisū ušaprisā tušaprisā nušapris

lišaprisū lišaprisā šuprisā i nušapris

Infinitive šuprusum

Participle

mušaprisum mušapristum

mušaprisūtum mušaprisātum

Verbal šuprusum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-ušapris

Stative 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Perfect

šuprus šuprusat šuprusāta šuprusāti šuprusāku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive lišapris šupris šuprisī lušapris

šuprusū šuprusā šuprusātunu šuprusātina šuprusānu

45

Part Two: Paradigms A14.  The Sound Verb: Št-stem Durative

Durative

(pass.)

(lexical)

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs

uštapras tuštapras tuštaprasī uštapras

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

uštaprasū uštaprasā tuštaprasā nuštapras

Infinitive šutaprusum Verbal šutaprusum Adjective

Perfect

Preterite

Injunctive

uštaparras tuštaparras tuštaparrasī uštaparras

parāsum uštatapris tuštatapris tuštataprisī uštatapris

uštapris tuštapris tuštaprisī uštapris

lištapris šutapris šutaprisī luštapris

uštaparrasū uštaparrasā tuštaparrasā nuštaparras

uštataprisū uštataprisā tuštataprisā nuštatapris

uštaprisū uštaprisā tuštaprisā nuštapris

lištaprisū lištaprisā šutaprisā i nuštapris

Participle

muštaprisum

muštaprisūtum

muštapristum

muštaprisātum

Vetitive

ayy-uštapris

3ms

šutaprus

3mp

šutaprusū

3fs

šutaprusat

3fp

šutaprusā

2ms

šutaprusāta

2mp

šutaprusātunu

2fs

šutaprusāti

2fp

šutaprusātina

1cs

šutaprusāku

1cp

šutaprusānu

Stative

46

Part Two: Paradigms

A15.  The Sound Verb: Štn-stem

uštanapras tuštanapras tuštanaprasī uštanapras

Preterite parāsum uštatapris uštapris tuštatapris tuštapris tuštataprisī tuštaprisī uštatapris uštapris

lištapris šutapris šutaprisī luštapris

uštanaprasū uštanaprasā tuštanaprasā nuštanapras

uštataprisū uštataprisā tuštataprisā nuštatapris

uštaprisū uštaprisā tuštaprisā nuštapris

lištaprisū lištaprisā šutaprisā i nuštapris

Infinitive šutaprusum

Participle

muštaprisum muštaprisūtum muštapristum muštaprisātum

Verbal šutaprusum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-uštapris

3ms

šutaprus

3mp

šutaprusū

3fs

šutaprusat

3fp

šutaprusā

2ms

šutaprusāta

2mp

šutaprusātunu

2fs

šutaprusāti

2fp

šutaprusātina

1cs

šutaprusāku

1cp

šutaprusānu

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Durative

Perfect

Injunctive

Stative

47

Part Two: Paradigms A16.  The Sound Verb: ŠD-stem Durative

Perfect

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs

ušparras tušparras tušparrasī ušparras

—— —— —— ——

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

ušparrasū ušparrasā tušparrasā nušparras

—— —— —— ——

Preterite parāsum ušparris tušparris tušparrisī ušparris ušparrisū ušparrisā tušparrisā nušparris

Injunctive lišparris šuparris šuparrisī lušparris lišparrisū lišparrisā šuparrisā i nušparris

Infinitive šuparrusum

Participle

mušparrisum mušparrisūtum mušparristum mušparrisātum

Verbal Adjective

——

Vetitive

ayy-ušparris

Stative

——

48

Part Two: Paradigms

A17.  The Sound Verb: N-stem (a-u)

ipparras tapparras tapparrasī apparras

Perfect Preterite parāsum ittapras ipparis tattapras tapparis tattaprasī tapparsī attapras apparis

lipparis napris naprisī lupparis

ipparrasū ipparrasā tapparrasā nipparras

ittaprasū ittaprasā tattaprasā nittapras

ipparsū ipparsā tapparsā nipparis

lipparsū lipparsā naprisā i nipparis

Infinitive naprusum

Participle

mupparsum mupparstum

mupparsūtum mupparsātum

Verbal naprusum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-ipparis

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Durative

Stative 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

naprus naprusat naprusāta naprusāti naprusāku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive

naprusū naprusā naprusātunu naprusātina naprusānu

49

Part Two: Paradigms A18.  The Sound Verb: Ntn-stem (a-u) Durative Perfect Preterite lexical parāsum 3cs ittanapras ittatapras ittapras 2ms tattanapras tattatapras tattapras 2fs tattanaprasī tattataprasī tattaprasī 1cs attanapras attatapras attapras 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

littapras itapras itaprasī luttapras

ittataprasū ittataprasā tattataprasā nittatapras

ittaprasū ittaprasā tattaprasā nittapras

littaprasū littaprasā itaprasā i nittapras

Infinitive itaprusum

Participle

muttaprisum muttapristum

muttaprisūtum muttaprisātum

Verbal itaprusum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-ittapras

Stative

ittanaprasū ittanaprasā tattanaprasā nittanapras

Injunctive

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

itaprus itaprusat itaprusāta

3mp 3fp

itaprusāti

2fp

itaprusāku

2mp 1cp

itaprusū itaprusā itaprusātunu itaprusātina itaprusānu

50

Part Two: Paradigms

B.  Initial Weak Verbs B1. I-a Verb (I-ʾ1–2): G-stem (a-u) lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs

iḫḫaz taḫḫaz taḫḫazī aḫḫaz

Perfect Preterite aḫāzum ītaḫaz īḫuz tātaḫaz tāḫuz tātaḫzī tāḫuzī ātaḫaz āḫuz

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

iḫḫazū iḫḫazā taḫḫazā niḫḫaz

ītaḫzū ītaḫzā tātaḫzā nītaḫaz

īḫuzū īḫuzā tāḫuzā nīḫuz

Infinitive aḫāzum

Participle

āḫizum

Verbal aḫzum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-īḫuz

Stative

Durative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

aḫiz aḫzat aḫzāta aḫzāti aḫzāku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive līḫuz aḫuz aḫzī lūḫuz līḫuzū līḫuzā āḫzā i nīḫuz

aḫzū aḫzā aḫzātunu aḫzātina aḫzānu

51

Part Two: Paradigms B2.  Alākum “to go” (irregular) G 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Durative illak tallak tallakī allak

Perfect ittalak tattalak tattalkī attalak

Preterite illik tallik tallikī allik

Injunctive lillik alik alkī lullik

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

illakū illakā tallakā nillak

ittalkū ittalkā tattalkā nittalak

illikū illikā tallikā nillik

lillikū lillikā alkā i nillik

Gt 3cs 2ms

ittallak tattallak

ittatlak tattatlak

ittalak tattalak

littalak atlak

ittatallak tattatallak

ittallak tattallak

littallak atallak

Gtn 3cs ittanallak 2ms tattanallak G Gt Gtn

Infinitive alākum atlukum atallukum

Participle Verb Adj Stative ālikum alkum alik muttalkum atlukum atluk muttallikum atallukum atalluk

52

Part Two: Paradigms B3. I-e Verb (I-ʾ3–4 and I-y): G-stem (i)

inniq tenniq tenniqī enniq

Perfect Preterite enēqum īteniq īniq tēteniq tēniq tētenqī tēniqī ēteniq ēniq

līniq eniq enqī lûniq

inniqū inniqā tenniqā ninniq

ītenqū ītenqā tētenqā nīteniq

īniqū īniqā tēniqā nīniq

līniqū līniqā enqā i nīniq

Infinitive enēqum

Participle

ēniqum

Verbal enqum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-īniq

lexical   3cs   2ms   2fs   1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

       

Stative

Durative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

eniq enqet enqēta enqēti enqēku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive

enqū enqā enqētunu enqētina enqēnu

53

Part Two: Paradigms B4. I-e Verb (I-ʾ3–4 and I-y): G-stem (u)

irrub terrub terrubī errub

Perfect Preterite erēbum īterub īrub tēterub tērub tēterbī tērubī ēterub ērub

līrub erub erbī lūrub

irrubū irrubā terrubā nirrub

īterbū īterbā tēterbā nīterub

īrubū īrubā tērubā nīrub

līrubū līrubā erbā i nīrub

Infinitive erēbum

Participle

ēribum

Verbal erbum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-īrub

lexical   3cs   2ms   2fs   1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

       

Stative

Durative

3ms erib 3fs erbet

2ms erbēta 2fs erbēti 1cs

erbēku

Injunctive

3mp erbū 3fp erbē

2mp erbētunu 2fp erbētina 1cp

erbēnu

54

Part Two: Paradigms B5. I-n Verb: G-stem (a-u)

inaqqar tanaqqar tanaqqarī anaqqar

Perfect Preterite naqārum ittaqar iqqur tattaqar taqqur tattaqrī taqqurī attaqar aqqur

liqqur uqur uqrī luqqur

inaqqarū inaqqarā tanaqqarā ninaqqar

ittaqrū ittaqrā tattaqrā nittaqar

iqqurū iqqurā taqqurā niqqur

liqqurū liqqurā uqrā i niqqur

Infinitive naqārum

Participle

nāqirum

Verbal naqrum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-iqqur

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Stative

Durative

3ms naqer 3fs naqrat

2ms naqrāta 2fs naqrāti 1cs

naqrāku

Injunctive

3mp naqrū 3fp naqrā

2mp naqrātunu 2fp naqrātina 1cp

naqrānu

55

Part Two: Paradigms

wabālum/ babālum in OB

B6. I-w Verb: G-stem (a-i)

2ms tuššab 2fs tuššabī 1cs uššab

Perfect Preterite (w)ašābum ittašab, ušib itšab tattašab tušib tattašbī tušbī attašab ušib

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

ittašbū ittašbā tattašbā nittašab

lexical 3cs

Durative uššab

uššabū uššabā tuššabā nuššab

ušbū ušbā tušbā nušib

Injunctive

Preterite

lišib

ubil

šib, tišab šibī lušib

tubil tublī ubil

lišbū lišbā šibā, tišbā i nušib

ublū ublā tublā nubil

Infinitive (w)ašābum Participle (w)āšibum

inf. babālum

Verbal (w)ašbum Adjective

vb. adj. bablum

Stative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Vetitive

ayy-ūšib

(w)ašib (w)ašbat (w)ašbāta (w)ašbāti (w)ašbāku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

(w)ašbū (w)ašbā (w)ašbātunu (w)ašbātina (w)ašbānu

56

Part Two: Paradigms B7.  Nadānum “to give” (i) G 3cs   2ms   2fs   1cs

Durative inaddin tanaddin tanaddinī anaddin

Perfect ittadin tattadin tattadnī attadin

Preterite iddin taddin taddinī addin

Injunctive liddin idin idnī luddin

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

inaddinū inaddinā tanaddinā ninaddin

ittadnū ittadnā tattadnā nittadin

iddinū iddinā taddinā niddin

liddinū liddinā idnā i niddin

ittanaddin

ittataddin

ittaddin

itaddin

Infinitive nadānum ——

Participle Verb Adj nādinum nadnum muttaddinum ——

       

Gtn 3cs G Gtn

Stative nadin ——

57

Part Two: Paradigms

C.  Middle Weak Verbs C1.  II-Weak Verb: G-stem (a-u)

ikân takân takunnī akân

Perfect Preterite kânum iktūn ikūn taktūn takūn taktūnī takūnī aktūn akūn

likūn kūn kūnī lukūn

ikunnū ikunnā takunnā nikân

iktūnū iktūnā taktūnā niktūn

ikūnū ikūnā takūnā nikūn

likūnū likūnā kūnā i nikūn

Infinitive kânum

Participle

dāʾikum*/ mudīkum*

Verbal kīnum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-ikūn

kīn

3mp

lexical   3cs   2ms   2fs   1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

       

Durative

Stative 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs        *from dâkum

kīnat kīnāta kīnāti kīnāku

3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive

kīnū kīnā kīnātunu kīnātina kīnānu

58

Part Two: Paradigms C2.  II-Weak Verb: G-stem (a-i)

iqīa/âš taqīa/âš taqiššī aqīa/âš

Perfect Preterite qiā/âšum iqtīš iqīš taqtīš taqīš taqtīšī taqīšī aqtīš aqīš

liqīš qīš qīšī luqīš

iqiššū iqiššā taqiššā niqīa/âš

iqtīšū iqtīšā taqtīšā niqtīš

iqīšū iqīšā taqīšā niqīš

liqīšū liqīšā qīšā i niqīš

Infinitive qiā/âšum

Participle

qāʾišum/ muqīšu

Verbal qīšum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-iqīš

qīš qīšat qīšāta qīšāti qīšāku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Stative

Durative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Injunctive

qīšū qīšā qīšātunu qīšātina qīšānu

59

Part Two: Paradigms C3. II-Weak Verb: G-stem (a)

ibâš tabâš tabaššī abâš

Perfect Preterite bâšum ibtāš ibāš tabtāš tabāš tabtāšī tabāšī abtāš abāš

libāš bāš bāšī lubāš

ibaššū ibaššā tabaššā nibâš

ibtāšū ibtāšā tabtāšā nibtāš

ibāšū ibāšā tabāšā nibāš

libāšū libāšā bāšā i nibāš

Infinitive bâšum

Participle

bāʾišum

Verbal bāšum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-ibāš

bāš bāšat bāšāta bāšāti bāšāku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

lexical   3cs   2ms   2fs   1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

       

Stative

Durative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Injunctive

bāšū bāšā bāšātunu bāšātina bāšānu

60

Part Two: Paradigms

C4. II-Weak Verb: G-stem (e)

inêr/inâr tenêr/tanâr tenerrī/tanarrī enêr/anâr

Perfect Preterite nêrum ittēr/ittār inēr/inār tettēr/tattār tenēr/tanār tettērī/tattārī tenērī/tanārī ettēr/attār enēr/anār

linēr/linār nēr/nār nērī/nārī lunēr/lunār

inerrū/inarrū inerrā/inarrā tenerrā/tanarrā ninêr/ninâr

ittērū/ittārū ittērā/ittārā tettērā/tattārā nittēr/nittār

inērū/inārū inērā/inārā tenērā/tanārā ninēr/ninār

linērū/linārū linērā/linārā nērā/nārā i ninēr/i ninār

Infinitive nêrum

Participle

nēʾirum

Verbal nērum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-inēr/ ayy-inār

nēr nērat nērāta nērāti nērāku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

lexical   3cs   2ms   2fs   1cs        

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Stative

Durative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Injunctive

nērū nērā nērātunu nērātina nērānu

61

Part Two: Paradigms C5.  II-Weak Verb: D-stem

ukān tukān tukannī ukān

Perfect Preterite kunnum uktīn ukīn tuktīn tukīn tuktinnī tukinnī uktīn ukīn

likīn kīn kinnī lukīn

ukannū ukannā tukannā nukān

uktinnū uktinnā tuktinnā nuktīn

ukinnū ukinnā tukinnā nukīn

likinnū likinnā kinnā i nukīn

Infinitive kunnum

Participle

mukinnum

Verbal kunnum Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-ukīn

kūn kunnat kunnāta kunnāti kunnāku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

lexical   3cs   2ms   2fs   1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

       

Stative

Durative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Injunctive

kunnū kunnā kunnātunu kunnātina kunnānu

62

Part Two: Paradigms

C6.  Some Forms of the Geminate G-Stem Durative 3 cs —— 3 mp —— Infinitive danānum

Perfect iddanin 1 iddannū

Preterite —— ——

Imperative dubub 2 fem. dubbī

Participle —— fem.

Verb Adj dannum dannatum

Stative 3ms dān 3fs dannat

Perfect ittašlal ittašlallū

Preterite iššalil iššalillū

Imperative —— ——

Participle muššalillum

Verb Adj ——

Stative našallul

Perfect ittatašlal ——

Preterite —— ——

Imperative —— ——

Participle muttašlillum

Verb Adj ——

Stative ——

N-Stem Durative 3 cs iššallal 3 3 mp išša(l)lallū Infinitive našallulum Ntn-Stem Durative 3 cs ittanašlal 3 mp ittanašlallū Infinitive itašlullum

danānum 2dabābum 3šalālum

1

63

Part Two: Paradigms

D. Final Weak Verbs D1.  III-Weak Verb: G-stem (a) Durative

Perfect

ikalla takalla takallî akalla

iktala taktala taktalî aktala

Preterite kalûm ikla takla taklî akla

ikallû ikallâ takallâ nikalla

iktalû iktalî taktalâ niktala

iklû iklâ taklâ nikla

Infinitive kalûm

Participle

kālûm

Verbal kalûm Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-ikla

lexical 3cs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Stative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

kali kalia/ât kaliā/âta kaliā/âti kaliā/âku

Injunctive likla kila kilî lukla liklû liklâ kilâ i nikla

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

kalû kaliā/â kaliā/âtunu kaliā/âtina kaliā/ânu

64

Part Two: Paradigms D2.  III-Weak Verb: G-stem (e)

išemme tešemme tešemmê/î ešemme

Perfect Preterite šemûm* išteme išme tešteme tešme teštemê/î tešmê/î ešteme ešme

lišme šime, šeme šimî/ê, šemî lušme

išemmû išemmeā/â tešemmeā/â nišemme

ištemû ištemeā/â teštemeā/â ništeme

išmû išmeā/â tešmeā/â nišme

lišmû lišmeā/â šimiā, šemeā i nišme

Infinitive šemûm

Participle

šēmûm

Verbal šemûm Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-išme

lexical   3cs   2ms   2fs   1cs        

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Stative

Durative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

šemi šemia/ât šemiā/âta šemiā/âti šemiā/âku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive

šemû šemiā/â šemiā/âtunu šemiā/âtina šemiā/ânu

          *Also šamûm with forms like ašamme, etc.

65

Part Two: Paradigms D3.  III-Weak Verb: G-stem (i)

ibanni tabanni tabannî abanni

ibtani tabtani tabtanî abtani

Preterite banûm ibni tabni tabnî abni

ibanniū/û ibanniā/â tabanniā/â nibanni

ibtaniū/û ibtaniā/â tabtaniā/â nibtani

ibniū/û ibniā/â tabniā/â nibni

Infinitive banûm

Participle

bānûm

Verbal banûm Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-ibni

lexical   3cs   2ms   2fs   1cs        

3mp 3fp 2cp 1cp

Stative

Durative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Perfect

bani bania/ât baniā/âta baniā/âti baniā/âku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Pret+Subj Injunctive ibnû tabnû tabnî abnû

libni bini binî lubni

ibnû ibniā/â tabniā/â nibnû

libniū/û libniā/â biniā/â i nibni

baniū/û baniā/â baniā/âtunu baniā/âtina baniā/ânu

66

Part Two: Paradigms D4.  III-Weak Verb: G-stem (u) Durative

imtanu tamtanu tamtanî amtanu

Preterite manûm imnu tamnu tamnî amnu

limnu munu munî lumnu

imtanû imtanâ tamtanâ nimtanu

imnû imnâ tamnâ nimnu

limnû limnâ munâ i nimnu

Infinitive manûm

Participle

mānûm

Verbal manûm Adjective

Vetitive

ayy-imnu

lexical  3cs  2ms  2fs  1cs

imannu tamannu tamannî amannu

 3mp  3fp  2cp  1cp

imannû imannâ tamannâ nimannu

Stative

3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs

Perfect

mani mania/ât maniā/âta maniā/âti maniā/âku

3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp

Injunctive

manû maniā/â maniā/âtunu maniā/âtina maniā/ânu

67

Part Two: Paradigms

E. Miscellaneous Verbs E1.  Quadriradical Verbs Sound

IV-u

N-stem Infinitive Durative Perfect Preterite Imperative Participle Verbal Adj. Stative

nabalkutum ibbalakkat ittabalkat ibbalkit nabalkit mubbalkitum nabalkutum nabalkut

Ntn-stem Infinitive Durative Perfect Preterite Imperative Participle Verbal Adj. Stative

itablakkutum —— ittanablakkat ittanaqlappu 1 ittatablakkat —— ittab(a)lakkat itteqleppu —— —— muttablakkitum —— —— —— —— ——

Š-stem Infinitive Durative Perfect Preterite Imperative Participle Verbal Adj. Stative

šubalkutum ušbalakkat uštabalkit ušbalkit šubalkit mušbalkitum šubalkutum šubalkut

Štn-stem Infinitive Durative Perfect Preterite

šutablakkutum uštanablakkat uštatablakkit uštablakkit

neqelpûm 

1

nekelmûm

2

naparkûm ipparakku ittaparku ipparki naparki mupparkûm naparkûm naparku

šuparkûm ušparakka uštaparki ušparki šuparki mušparkûm šuparkûm ——

IV-u neperdûm ippereddu itteperdu ipperdu —— mupperdûm neperdûm neperdu —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— šuperdûm —— —— ušperdi —— —— —— ——

IV-e neḫelṣûm iḫḫeleṣṣe itteḫelṣe iḫḫelṣi neḫelṣi muḫḫelṣûm neḫelṣûm neḫelṣu iteklemmû 2 itteneklemme —— —— —— mutteklemmû —— itaklammu šuḫelṣûm ušḫeleṣṣe ušteḫelṣi ušḫelṣi šuḫelṣi mušḫelṣûm šuḫelṣûm ——

68

Part Two: Paradigms

E2.  Izuzzum “to stand” (irregular) Gt

Gtn

——

itazzuzzum

šuzuzzum

izzaz, izzazzū

ittazzaz, ittazzazzū

ittanazzaz, ittanazzazzū

ušzaz, ušzazzū

ittaziz, ittazizzū

——

izziz, izzi(z)zū

——

iziz, izizzā

——

——

Participle

muzzi/azum

——

muttazzi(z)zum

——

——

Stative sg./pl.

nazuz, nazuzzū

——

Infinitive Durative sg./pl. Perfect sg./pl.

Preterite sg./pl.

Imperative sg./pl. Verbal Adj.

G i/uzuzzum

——

Š

Štn

Štn ——

uštazzaz

uštanazzaz, uštana(z)za(z)zū

uštaziz, uštazizzū

——

ušziz, ušzizzū

——

šuziz, šuzizzā

——

——

——

——

——

——

——

——

——

——

šuzuz, šuzuzzū

——

——

ittazziz

—— uštazziz

E3. R-Stem Verbs in a Stem in which the third radical is reduplicated parusisum or parususum, namušišum, šaḫururum Infinitive later purassusum, as in šuḫarrurum Durative Perfect Preterite Imperative Participle Verbal Adj. V.Adj. + 3ms      + 3fs

iprassas, as in išḫarrar (later ušharrar, 3mp ušḫarrarrū) iptarsas, as in ittamšaš (root n-m-š; later uštaqallil) iprasis, as in išqalil (later ušqallil, 3mp ušqallil(l)ū) (later šuqammim) ? parussum (also pari/usisum; later purassusum) parus (also parusis, parusus; later purassus) parussat

69

Part Two: Paradigms

F.  Verb Synopses F1.  Synopsis of the Sound Verb Stem

G

Gt

Gtn

Verb Adj

Stative Class

iparras1

Durative

iptaras

iprus

purus

pārisum

parāsum

parsum

paris

a-u

2

ilabbaš 

iltabaš

ilbaš

labaš

lābišum

labāšum

labšum

labiš

a

ipaqqid 3

iptaqid

ipqid

piqid

pāqidum

paqādum

paqdum

paqid

i

irappud 4

irtapud

irpud

rupud

rāpidum

rapādum

rapdum

rapid

u

iptarras1

iptatras

iptaras

pitras

muptarsum

pitrusum

pitrusum

pitrus

a-u

2

iltabbaš 

iltatbaš

iltabaš

litbaš

multabšum

litbušum

litbušum

litbuš

a

imtallik 5

imtatlik

imtalik

mitlik

mumtalkum

mitlukum

mitlukum

mitluk

i

irtaggum 6

irtatgum

irtagum

ritgum

murtagmum

ritgumum

ritgumum

ritgum

u

iptanarras1

iptatarras

iptarras

pitarras

muptarrisum

pitarrusum

pitarrusum

pitarrus

a-u

iltanabbaš 

iltatabbaš

iltabbaš

litabbaš

multabbišum

litabbušum

litabbušum

litabbuš

a

imtanallik5

imtatallik

imtallik

mitallik

mumtallikum

mitallukum

mitallukum

mitalluk

i

2

Perfect

Preterite

Imper

Participle

Infinitive

irtanaggum  6 irtataggum irtaggum

ritaggum murtaggimum ritaggumum ritaggumum ritaggum u

D

uparras1

uptarris

uparris

purris

muparrisum

purrusum

purrusum

purrus

Dt

uptarras

uptatarris

uptarris

putarris

muptarrisum

putarrusum

putarrusum

putarrus

Dtn

uptanarras1

uptatarris

uptarris

putarris

muptarrisum

putarrusum

putarrusum

putarrus

Š

ušapras1

uštapris

ušapris

šupris

mušaprisum

šuprusum

šuprusum

šuprus

Št1

uštapras1

uštatapris

uštapris

šutapris

muštaprisum

šutaprusum

šutaprusum

šutaprus

Št

uštaparras

1

uštatapris

uštapris

šutapris

muštaprisum

šutaprusum

šutaprusum

šutaprus

Štn

uštanapras1

uštatapris

uštapris

šutapris

muštaprisum

šutaprusum

šutaprusum

šutaprus

ŠD

ušparras1

——

ušparris

——

mušparrisum

šuparrusum

——

N

ipparras 1

ittapras

ipparis

napris

mupparsum

naprusum

naprusum

naprus

a-u

illabbaš 

ittalbaš

illabiš

nalbiš

mullabšum

nalbušum

nalbušum

nalbuš

a

ippaqqid 3

ittapqid

ippaqid

napqid

muppaqdum

napqudum

napqudum

napqud

i

immaggur 7

ittamgur

immagir

namgir

mummagrum

namgurum

namgurum

namgur

u

ittanapras1

ittatapras

ittapras

itapras

muttaprisum

itaprusum

itaprusum

itaprus

a-u

ittanapqid 

ittatapqid

ittapqid

itapqid

muttapqidum

itapqudum

itapqudum

itapqud

i

iprassas1

iptarsas

iprasis

——

parusisum

parussum

2

1

2

Ntn

3

R

——

parāsum 2labāšum 3paqādum 4rapādum 5malākum 6ragāmum 7magārum

1

——

——

70

Part Two: Paradigms

F2. Synopsis of I-a (I-ʾ1–2) Verbs Stem

Infinitive

Verb Adj

Stative

iḫḫaz1

ītaḫaz

īḫuz

aḫuz

āḫizum

aḫāzum

aḫzum

aḫiz

a-u

ibbal 2

ītabal

ībal

abal

ābilum

abālum

ablum

abil

a

irrim3

ītarim

īrim

arim

ārimum

arāmum

armum

arim

i

ikkuš 4

ītakuš

īkuš

akuš

ākišum

akāšum

akšum

akiš

u

Gt

ītaḫḫaz1

ītatḫaz

ītaḫaz

atḫaz

mūtaḫzum

atḫuzum

atḫuzum

atḫuz

a-u

Gtn

ītanaḫḫaz

1

ītataḫḫaz

ītaḫḫaz

ataḫḫaz

mūtaḫḫizum

ataḫḫuzum

ataḫḫuzum

ataḫḫuz

a-u

ītanarrim1

ītatarrim

ītarrim

atarrim

mūtarrimum

atarrumum

atarrumum

atarrum

i

ītanakkuš 1

ītatakkuš

ītakkuš

atakkuš

mūtakkišum

atakkušum

atakkušum

atakkuš

u

D

uḫḫaz1

ūtaḫḫiz

uḫḫiz

uḫḫiz

muḫḫizum

uḫḫuzum

uḫḫuzum

uḫḫuz

Dt

ūtaḫḫaz1

ūtataḫḫiz

ūtaḫḫiz

utaḫḫiz

mūtaḫḫizum

utaḫḫuzum

utaḫḫuzum

utaḫḫuz

Dtn

ūtanaḫḫaz1

ūtataḫḫiz

ūtaḫḫiz

utaḫḫiz

mūtaḫḫizum

utaḫḫuzum

utaḫḫuzum

utaḫḫuz

Š

ušaḫḫaz1

uštāḫiz

ušāḫiz

šūḫiz

mušāḫizum

šūḫuzum

šūḫuzum

šūḫuz

Št

uštaḫḫaz1

uštatāḫiz

uštāḫiz

šutāḫiz

muštāḫizum

šutāḫuzum

šutāḫuzum

šutāḫuz

Štn

uštanaḫḫaz

uštataḫḫiz

uštaḫḫiz

šutaḫḫiz muštaḫḫizum šutaḫḫuzum šutaḫḫuzum šutaḫḫuz

N

innaḫḫaz1

ittanḫaz

innaḫiz

nanḫiz

Ntn

ittananḫaz1/ ittanaḫḫaz

G

Durative

1

Perfect

——

Preterite Imper

ittanḫaz/ ittaḫḫaz

——

aḫāzum 2abālum 3arāmum 4akāšum

1

Participle

munnaḫzum ——

nanḫuzum ——

nanḫuzum ——

nanḫuz ——

Class

a-u, a, u a-u

71

Part Two: Paradigms F3.  Synopsis of I-e (I-ʾ3–4 and I-y) Verbs

Stem Durative G

Gt

Gtn

D Dt Dtn Š Št Štn N

Ntn

Perfect Preterite Imper

Participle

Infinitive Verb Adj Stative

Class

ippeš1/ ippuš

ītepeš/ ītepuš

īpuš

epuš

ēpišum

epēšum

epšum

epiš

e-u

inniq2

īteniq

īniq

eniq

ēniqum

enēqum

enqum

eniq

i

irrub3

īterub

īrub

erub

ēribum

erēbum

erbum

erib

u

1

ītetpuš

ītepuš

etpuš

mūtepšum

etpušum

etpušum

etpuš

e-u?

ītenniq2

ītetniq

īteniq

etniq

mūtenqum

itnuqum

itnuqum

itnuq

i

īterrub

īteppuš

ītetrub

īterub

etrub

mūterbum

etrubum

etrubum

etrub

u

īteneppeš1

īteteppeš

īteppeš

eteppeš

mūteppišum

ettepušum

ettepušum

eteppuš

e-u

ītenenniq2

ītetenniq

ītenniq

ētenniq

mūtenniqum

etennuqum

etennuqum

etennuq

i

ītenerrub

u

3

īteterrub

īterrub

eterrub

mūterribum

eterrubum

eterrubum

eterrub

uppaš1

ūteppiš

uppiš

uppiš

muppišum

uppušum

uppušum

uppuš

ussaq4

ūtessiq

ussiq

ussiq

mussiqum

ussuqum

ussuqum

ussuq

ūteppeš1

ūteteppiš

ūteppiš

uteppiš

mūteppišum

uteppušum

uteppušum

uteppuš

ūtesseq

3

ūtetessiq

ūtessiq

utessiq

mūtessiqum

utessuqum

utessuqum

utessuq

ūteneppeš1

ūteteppiš

ūteppiš

uteppiš

mūteppišum

uteppušum

uteppušum

uteppuš

ūtenesseq

4

ūtetessiq

ūtessiq

utessiq

mūtessiqum

utessuqum

utessuqum

utessuq

ušeppeš1

uštēpiš

ušēpiš

šūpiš

mušēpišum

šūpušum

šūpušum

šūpuš

ušeššeb5

uštēšib

ušēšib

šūšib

mušēšibum

šūšubum

šūšubum

šūšub

1

uštetēpiš

uštēpiš

šutēpiš

muštēpišum

šutēpišum

šutēpišum

šutēpus

ušteššeb5

uštetēšib

uštēšib

šutēšib

muštēšibum

šutēšubum

šutēšubum

šutēšub

ušteppeš

4

ušteneppeš

ušteteppiš ušteppiš

šuteppiš mušteppišum šuteppušum šuteppušum šuteppuš

inneppeš1

ittenpeš

innepiš

nenpiš

munnepšum

nenpušum

nenpušum

nenpuš

innezzib

ittenzib

innezib

nenzib

munnezbum

nenzubum

nenzubum

nenzub

1

6

e-u, e, u i

ittenenpeš1/ itteneppeš

——

ittenpeš/ itteppeš

——

——

——

——

——

e-u, e, u

ittenenzeb6/ ittenezzeb

——

ittenzeb/ ittezzeb

——

——

——

——

——

i

epēšum 2enēqum 3erēbum 4esēqum 5ešēbum 6ezēbum

1

72

Part Two: Paradigms

F4.  Synopsis of I-n Verbs

Stem Durative

G

Gt

Perfect

Dt

Dtn Š

Št

1

Št2

Štn N

Ntn

Infinitive

Verb Adj Stative

Class

iqqur

uqur

nāqirum

naqārum

naqrum

naqer

a-u

inakkis 2

ittakis

ikkis

ikis

nākisum

nakāsum

naksum

nakis

i

inabbuḫ 3

ittabuḫ

ibbuḫ

ubuḫ

nābiḫum

nabāḫum

nabḫum

nabiḫ

u

ittaqqar 1

ittatqar

ittaqar

itqar

muttaqrum

itqurum

itqurum

itqur

a-u

ittakkis 

ittatkis

ittakis

itkis

muttaksum

itkusum

itkusum

itkus

i

ittabbuḫ3

ittatbuḫ

ittabuḫ

itbuḫ

muttabḫum

itbuḫum

itbuḫum

itbuḫ

u

ittanaqqar 

ittataqqar

ittaqqar

itaqqar

muttaqqerum

itaqqurum

itaqqurum

itaqqur

a-u

ittanakkis 2

ittatakkis

ittakkis

itakkis

muttakkisum

itakkusum

itakkusum

itakkus

i

ittanabbuḫ 

ittatabbuḫ

ittabbuḫ

itabbuḫ

muttabbuḫum itabbuḫum

itabbuḫum

itabbuḫ

u

unaqqar 1

uttaqqer

unaqqer

nuqqer

munaqqirum

nuqqurum

nuqqurum

nuqqur

uttataqqer

uttaqqer

utaqqer

muttaqqirum

(n)utaqqurum utaqqurum

utaqqur

uttanaqqar  uttataqqer

uttaqqer

utaqqer

muttaqqirum

(n)utaqqurum utaqqurum

utaqqur

ušaqqar 1

uštaqqer

ušaqqer

šuqqer

mušāqqirum

šūqqurum

šūqqurum

šūqur

uštaqqar 

1

3

D

Participle

ittaqar

2

Gtn

Preterite Imper

inaqqar 1

uttaqqar 1 1

uštataqqer uštaqqer

šutaqqer muštaqqirum

šutaqqurum

šutaqqurum šutaqqur

uštanaqqar1 uštataqqer uštaqqer

šutaqqer muštaqqirum

šutaqqurum

šutaqqurum šutaqqur

uštanaqqar

1

uštataqqer uštaqqer

šutaqqer muštabbilum

šutabbulum

šutabbulum šutabbul

innaqqar 1

ittanqar

innaqer

nanqer/ naqqer

munnaqrum

nanqurum/ naqqurum

nanqurum/ naqqurum

nanqur

a-u, a, u

innakkis 2

ittankis

innakis

nankis/ nakkis

munnaksum

nankusum/ nakkusum

nankusum/ nakkusum

nankus

i

ittananqar 1 ittatanqar

ittanqar

itanqar

muttanqerum

itanqurum

itanqurum

itanqun

a-u, a, u

ittatankis

ittankis

itankis

muttankisum

itankusum

itankusum

itankus

i

ittanankis 2

1

naqārum 2nakāsum 3nabāḫum

1

73

Part Two: Paradigms F5.  Synopsis of I-w Verbs Stem

G

Durative

Dtn Š

Št

babil

a-i

(w)ašābum

(w)ašbum

(w)ašib

a-i

(w)atārum

(w)atirum

(w)atar

i

itbulum

itbulum

itbul

a-i

itabbulum

itabbul

a-i

ušib

šib, tišab (w)āšibum

ītir

ittatbal

itbal

tabal

muttablum

ittanabbal 

ittatabbal

ittabbal

itabbal

muttabbilum itabbulum

uwaššar 4

ūtaššir

uwaššir

wuššir

muwašširum (w)uššurum (w)uššurum (w)uššur

ūtaššar 4

ūtataššir

ūtaššir

utaššir

mūtašširum

utaššurum

utaššurum

——

ūtanaššar 4

ūtataššir

ūtaššir

utaššir

mūtašširum

utaššurum

utaššurum

utaššur

ušabbal1

uštābil

ušābil

šūbil

mušābilum

šūbulum

šūbulum

šūbul

a-type

ušerred 6

uštērid

ušērid

šūrid

mušēridum

šūrudum

šūrudum

šūrud

e-type

uštabbal 1

uštatābil

uštābil

šutābil

muštābilum

šutābulum

šutābulum

šutābul

a-type

ušterred 

uštetērid

uštērid

šutērid

muštēridum

šutērudum

šutērudum

šutērud

e-type

uštabbil

šutabbil

muštabbilum šutabbulum šutabbulum šutabbul a-type

uštenerred 6 ušteterrid

ušterrid

šuterrid

iwwallad 5

iwwalid

——

uštanabbal1 uštatabbil

N

(b)ablum

ītetir/ītatir

6

Štn

Infinitive Verb Adj Stative Class (b)abālum

ittašab

1

Dt

Participle (w/b)ābilum

uššab 

ittabbal 1

D

Imper bil

G stat ittir 3 Gtn

Preterite

ittabal, itbal ubil

2

Gt

Perfect

ubbal 1

——

——

——

mušterridum šuterrudum šuterrudum šuterrud e-type muwwaldum

——

——

——

(w)abālum 2(w)ašābum 3(w)atārum 4(w)ašārum 5(w)alādum 6(w)erēdum/(w)arādum

1

a-i

74

Part Two: Paradigms

F6.  Synopsis of II-Weak Verbs

Stem Durative Perfect Preterite Imper

G

Infinitive

Verb Adj

Stative Class

ikân1

iktūn

ikūn

kūn

dāʾikum8/ mudīkum8

kânum

kīnum

kīn

a-u

iqīa/âš2

iqtīš

iqīš

qīš

qāʾišum/ muqīšum

qiāšum

qīšum

qīš

a-i

ibâš3

ibtāš

ibāš

bāš

bāʾišum

bâšum

bāšum

bāš

a

ibêl4

ibtēl

ibēl

bēl

bēʾilum

bêlum

bēlum

bēl

e

irtaʾub

irʾub

ruʾub

rāʾibum

raʾābum

raʾbum

raʾib

u

iktân1

iktatūn

iktūn

kitūn

muktīnum

kitūnum

kitūnum

kitūn

a-u

ištâl

ištatāl

ištāl

šitāl

muštālum

šitūlum

šitūlum

šitūl

a

ištatīm

ištīm

šitīm

muštīmum

šitūmum

šitūmum

šitūm

i

iktanân1

——

iktūn

kitayyunum

kitayyunum

kitayyun

a-u

ibtanâš3

——

ibtāš

——

——

——

ištanâm7

——

ištayyim

iraʾʾub

Gt

5

6

ištīam7

Gtn

D Dt

Dtn Š

Št N

Participle

——

——

——

——

šitayyam

——

ukān1

uktīn

ukīn

kīn

mukinnum

kunnum

kunnum

kūn

ušaʾʾal6

uštaʾʾil

ušaʾʾil

šuʾʾil

mušaʾʾilum

šuʾʾulum

šuʾʾulum

šuʾʾul

uktān

uktatīn

uktīn

kutīn

muktinnum

kutunnum

kutunnum

kutūn

uktanān1

uktatīn

uktīn

kutīn

muktinnum

kutunnum

kutunnum

kutūn

ušdāk8

uštadīk

ušdīk

šudīk

mušdīkum

šudukkum

šudukkum

šudūk

1

uštadāk

8

uštatadīk uštadīk

iddâk8 iqqīa/âš

2

iššâm7 innêr

muštadikkum šutadukkum šutadukkum šutadūk

iddīk

——

——

iqqīš

——

——

——

——

——

a-i

——

iššām

——

——

——

——

——

a

——

——

——

——

e

innēr

muddīkum

nadūkum

nadūkum

——

nadūk

kânum qiāšum bâšum bêlum raʾābum šâlum šiāmum dâkum nêrum

1

2

a-u

——

——

9

šutadīk

a

šitayyumum šitayyumum šitayyum i

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

75

Part Two: Paradigms F7.  Synopsis of III-Weak Verbs

Stem

G

Durative

Gt

Gtn

Dt Dtn Š 1

Št

Štn

N

kalûm

kalûm

kali

a

ši/eme

šēmûm

šemûm

šemûm

šemi

e

ibni

bini

bānûm

banûm

banûm

bani

i

imannu4

imtanu

imnu

munu

mānûm

manûm

manûm

mani

u

iktalla

iktatla

iktala

kitla

muktalûm

kitlûm

kitlûm

kitli

a

ištemme2

ištetme

išteme

šitmi

muštemûm

šitmûm

šitmûm

šitmu

e

ibtanni

1

ibtatni

ibtani

bitni

mubtanûm

bitnûm

bitnûm

bitni

i

imtannu4

imtatnu

imtanu

mitnu

mumtanûm

mitnûm

mitnûm

mitnu

u

iktanalla

kitallûm

3

iktatalla

iktalla

kitalla

muktallûm

kitallûm

kitallu

a

ištenemme2

ištetemme

ištemme

šitemme

muštemmûm šitemmûm

šitemmûm

šitemmu

e

ibtananni3

ibtatanni

ibtanni

bitanni

mubtannûm

bitannûm

bitannûm

bitannu

i u

1

imtatannu

imtannu

mitannu

mumtannûm mitannûm

mitannûm

mitannu

ušemme2

uštemmi/e

ušemmi

šummi/e

mušemmûm

šuttû

šuttû

šuttu

ubanna3

ubtanni

ubanni

bunni

mubannûm

bunnû

bunnû

bunnu

uštemme2

uštetemmi/e uštemmi/e šutemmi

muštemmûm šutemmûm šutemmûm šutemmu

ubtanna3

ubtatanni

mubtannûm

4

ubtanni

butanni

butannûm

butannûm

butannu

uštenemme2 uštetemmi/e uštemmi/e šutemmi/e muštemmûm šutemmûm šutemmûm šutemmu ubtananna3

ubtatanni

ubtanni

butanni

mubtannûm

butannûm

butannûm

butannu

ušepte5

uštepti/e

ušepti/e

šupti/e

mušeptûm

šuptûm

šuptûm

šuptu

ušabna3

uštabni

ušabni

šubni

mušabnûm

šubnûm

šubnûm

šubnu

uštepte

uštetepti/e

uštepti/e

šutepti/e

mušteptûm

šuteptûm

šuteptûm

šutepnu

uštatabni

uštabni

šutabni

muštabnûm

šutabnûm

šutabnûm

šutabnu

uštatabni

uštabni

šutabni

muštabnûm

šutabnûm

šutabnûm

šutabnu

uštetepti/e

uštepti/e

šutepti/e

mušteptûm

šuteptûm

šuteptûm

šutepnu

uštatabni

uštabni

šutabni

muštabnûm

šutabnûm

šutabnûm

šutabnu

ušmalli

——

5

uštabanna

3

uštenepte5 3

ušmalla6

——

——

——

——

——

ikkalla1

ittakla

ikkali

nakli

mukkalûm

naklûm

naklûm

naklu

a

ippette

ittepte

ippeti

nepti

muppetûm

neptûm

neptûm

neptu

e

ittabni

ibbani

nabni

mubbanûm

nabnûm

nabnûm

nabni

i

5

ibbanni3

ittamnu

immani

namni

mummanûm namnûm

namnûm

namnu

u

ittanakla1

ittatakla

ittakla

itakla

muttaklûm

itaklûm

itaklûm

itaklu

a

ittenepte

5

ittetepte

ittepte

itepte

mutteptûm

iteptûm

iteptûm

iteptu

e

ittanabni3

ittatabni

ittabni

itabni

muttabnûm

itabnûm

itabnûm

itabnu

i

ittatamnu

ittamnu

itamnu

muttamnûm

itamnûm

itamnûm

itamnu

u

immannu

Ntn

kālûm

išme

uštanabna

ŠD

Participle Infinitive Verb Adj Stative Class

kila

ibtani

uštabna3 2

Imper

ikla

išteme

2

imtanannu

D

Preterite

iktala

ibanni3

išemme

Št

Perfect

ikalla1

4

ittanamnu

4

kalûm šemûm banûm manûm petûm malûm

1

2

3

4

5

6

76

Part Two: Paradigms

F8.  Synopsis of Doubly Weak Verbs Stem Lexical

D

Durative

Preterite

Imper

Participle

Infinitive Verb Adj Stative

unaʾʾid

nuʾʾid

munaʾʾidum

nuʾʾudum

nuʾʾudum

——

nawārum inawwir

ittawir

iwwir

iwir

nāwirum

nawārum

nawerum

nawer

nawārum unawwar

uttawwir

unawwir

nuwwir munawwirum nuwwurum nuwwurum

nêrum

inêr

ittēr

inēr

nēr

nâḫum

inâḫ/inuḫḫū

ittūḫ

inūḫ

nūḫ

nâḫum

unāḫ

uttīḫ

unīḫ

nīḫ

niālum

inīal/inillū

ittīl

inīl

nīl

niālum

ittīal/ittillū

ittatīl

ittīl

itīl

Š

niālum

ušnāl/ušnallū uštanīl/ uštanillū

ušnīl/ ušnillū

šunīl/ šunillā

G

nadûm

inaddi

ittadi

iddi

idi

nadûm

ittanaddi

ittataddi

ittaddi

itaddi

N

nadûm

innaddi

ittaddi/ ittandi

innadi

Š

nadûm

ušadda

uštaddi

nesûm

inesse

ittese

G

eʾēlum

iʾʾil

G

êrum

iʾêr

arûm

irri

ītari/īteri īri

elûm

illi

īteli/ītali

īli

eli/ali

elûm

ītelli

ītetli

īteli

etli

elûm

ītenelli

ītetelli

ītelli

etelli

muttallûm

etellûm

elûm

ulla

ūtelli

ulli

ulli

mullûm

ullûm

elûm

ūtelle

ūtetelli

ūtelli

mūtellûm

utellûm

elûm

ušelle/ušalla

uštēli

ušēli

mušēlûm

šūlûm

elûm

uštenelle

uštetelli

uštelli

elûm

innelli

itteli

D

G G

Gt G

Gt

Gtn

G

G G

Gt

Gtn D

Dt Š

Štn N

G D

G

unaʾʾad

Perfect

uttaʾʾid

G

naʾādum

——

nêrum

nērum

nēr

nâḫum

nīḫum

nīḫ

nuḫḫum

nuḫḫum

——

niālum

nīlum

muttīlum

itūlum/ utūlum

itūlum/ utūlum

——

šunullum

šunullum

——

nādûm

nadûm

nadûm

muttaddûm

itaddûm

itaddûm

——

naddi/ nandi

munnadûm

naddûm/ nandûm

naddûm/ nandûm

——

ušaddi

šuddi

mušaddûm

šuddûm

šuddûm

isse

ise

——

nesûm

nesûm

nesi

——

īʾil

eʾil

——

eʾēlum

eʾilum

eʾil

——

iʾēr

ēr

——

êrum

ērum

ēr

——

arûm/erûm arûm/erûm eli

——

—— šūli ——

inneli

——

edûm

——

——

īde

——

edûm

——

——

uweddi

——

išûm

——

——

īšu

——

nēʾirum —— muniḫḫum

——

ēlûm ——

—— ——

elûm etlûm

elûm —— —— ullûm —— šūlûm

—— nīl

nadi

——

eli —— —— ullu —— šūlu

——

——

——

——

——

——

edûm/idûm

——

——

——

(w)uddûm

——

——

——

išûm

——

——

mūdûm

77

Part Two: Paradigms F8.  Synopsis of Doubly Weak Verbs (cont.) Durative

Perfect

G

Stem Lexical wârum

i(w)âr/iwīar pl. i(w)irrū

——

D

wârum

uwaʾʾar/uwâr ūtaʾʾer pl. uwaʾʾarū/ uwarrū

G

wiāṣum

iwīaṣ

iwīṣ

iʾiṣ

G

waṣûm

uṣṣi

ittaṣi

uṣi

ṣi

Gt

waṣûm

ittaṣṣi

ittatṣu

ittaṣi

taṣi

ittataṣi

ittaṣṣi

itaṣṣi

Gtn

waṣûm

ittanaṣṣi

D

wapûm

uppa

——

Preterite

iwīr pl. iwīrū

Imper iʾir

uwaʾʾer/ wuʾʾer uwêr pl. uwaʾʾerū

——

——

Dt

waqûm

ūtaqqa

——

Š

waṣûm

ušeṣṣe/ ušaṣṣa

uštē/āṣi

Št

waṣûm

ušteṣṣe

Štn

waṣûm

ušteneṣṣi

G

watûm

utta

G

warûm

urru

G

leʾûm

ileʾʾi/ilê/ilî

Gtn

leʾûm

iltenê

D

buʾʾ ûm

Dtn

buʾʾ ûm

G

lawûm

ilawwi

iltawi

ilwi

Š

lawûm

ušalwa

uštalwi

ušalwi

——

Participle

Infinitive Verb Adj Stative

——

wiā/ârum

(w)īrum

muwaʾʾerum

wuʾʾurum/ wûrum

wuʾʾurum/ wûrum

wiāṣum

(w)īṣum

(w)īṣ

waṣûm

waṣûm

waṣi

—— wāṣûm —— muttaṣṣûm ——

——

——

——

itaṣṣûm

——

——

——

——

——

uta/eqqi

utaqqi

ušēṣi/ušāṣi

šūṣi

mušē/āṣûm

šūṣûm

šūṣûm

šūṣu

——

uštāṣi

šutāṣi

muštāṣûm

šutē/āṣûm

šutāṣûm

šutāṣu

——

ušteṣṣi

šutaṣṣi

——

——

ittata

uta

ta

wātûm

watûm

watûm

wati

ittaru

uru

ru

wārûm

warûm

warûm

wari

ilteʾi/iltê

ilʾe/ilē

lēʾûm/lēyûm

leʾûm/ leyûm

leʾûm

leʾi

——

ilteʾʾi

liteʾʾi/e multeʾʾûm

liteʾʾûm

——

ubʾʾa/ubâ

ubtaʾʾi

ubaʾʾi

buʾʾi

mubaʾʾûm

buʾʾ ûm

buʾʾ ûm

ubtanaʾʾa

——

ubtaʾʾi

mubtaʾʾûm

butaʾʾûm

liwi

lāwûm

lawûm

lawûm

——

šulwi

mušalwûm

šulwûm

šulwûm

——

——

——

——

——

(w)īr

——

uta/eqqûm

——

——

——

——

—— buʾʾu ——

78

Part Two: Paradigms

2.3.  Preformatives and Afformatives Some of the following are attached to nominal and others to verbal forms. ayyē-

marker of the vetitive attached to preterite forms beginning with vowels marker of the vetitive attached to preterite forms beginning with consonants

-â adverbial ending (< ia) -āyum, -āya gentilic afformative -am ventive afformative on 3cs, 2ms, 1cs, and 1cp verbs (may precede other suffixes, e.g., am + ni = -anni) -am acc. masc. sing. noun/adj. ending -am the accusative case used adverbially, principally of time and place -am, -m, 1 cs dative suffix to verbs  -nim -ān nom. masc. dual noun ending -ān before the case ending on nouns, adjectives, participles; often derives substantives from nominal forms based on verbal roots -āni gen./acc. masc. pl. noun ending -āniš adverbial ending of place -anni, -nni, 1 cs acc. suffix to verbs   -ninni -ānu nom. masc. pl. noun ending -ānum forms adverbs of place, time -atam acc. fem. sing. noun/adj. ending -atān nom. fem. dual noun ending -atīn gen./acc. fem. dual noun ending -atim gen. fem. sing. noun/adj. ending -ātim gen./acc. fem. pl. noun/adj. ending -atta(m), terminative/locative adverbial ending  -atti -atum nom. fem. sing. noun/adj. ending -ātum nom. fem. pl. noun/adj. ending -ī adverbial afformative of time and place (Ass. also -ē) -ī gen./acc. masc. pl. noun ending -ī 1 cs gen. suffix to nouns -im gen. masc. sing. noun/adj. ending -īn gen./acc. masc. dual noun ending -iš terminative/locative adverbial ending -išam adverbial ending -iš + -am (acc.), used principally with distributive meaning, e.g., monthly and other time increments

Part Two: Paradigms -īšu -ium -ya -ka, -k -ki, -k -kīam -kim -kin(a) -kināšim -kināti -kum, -ku -kunu -kunūšim -kunūti -m -ma -ma -māku -man -mi -mê -mê, -mî -min -na -nâšin -ni -niāšim -niāti -nim -ša -šeret, -šer -šerīšu -šerû -ši

79

multiplicative afformative; e.g., šinīšu, twice (see -ûm) 1 cs gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions 2 ms gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions; 2 ms acc. suffix to verbs 2 fs gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions; 2 f s acc. suffix to verbs (NB -ku) adverbial afformative of place (OA –kam) 2 fs dat. suffix to verbs 2 f pl. gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions 2 f pl. dat. suffix to verbs 2 f pl. acc. suffix to verbs 2 ms dat. suffix to verbs 2 m pl. gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions; Ass. also 2 m pl. acc./dat. suffix 2 m pl. dat. suffix to verbs 2 m pl. acc. suffix to verbs ventive afformative on 2fs verbs; 1cs dat. suffix to 2fs verbs indeed, only—stresses single words, esp. pred. of nom. clauses; NA, NB, SB. and, but, so that—connective particle attached to a verb of one clause and preceding another verbal clause (normally of the same mood) particle indicating something potential or imaginery (rare) indicates unreality after a stressed word, esp. in condit. clauses attached to words in quoted speech strengthens vocatives and pronouns, Hey! (SB) forms indir. interrog. pronouns, particles, etc. (Am, Nuzi, Bogh, Ug) indicates unreality, esp. in condit. and final clauses subjunctive suffix (OAkk, OB); prohibition after lā (OB) 1 c pl. acc. suffix (MA, MB, Bogh) 1 c pl. gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions; subjunctive suffix (Ass.) 1 c pl. dat. suffix to verbs (Mari -nêšim; OAkk -niāš; NB also -nâš(i), -nši) 1 c pl. acc. suffix to verbs (-nêti; M/SB -nâti) ventive afformative on 3mp, 3fp, and 2cp verbs; 1cs dat. suffix to verbs (M/NB -ni, M/NA -ne after pl. forms) 3 fs gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions “ten” in compound numerals “ten times” in compound numerals “. . . teenth” in compound numerals, as in “fourteenth” 3fs acc. suffix to verbs

80 -šim, -ši -šina -šināšim -šināt -šināti -šu -šu -šum, -šu -šunu -šunūšim -šunūti -ū -u/ū -um, -u -ûm,-ium -ūtum -ūtum -ūtim

Part Two: Paradigms 3 fs dat. suffix to verbs (MA -še) 3 f pl. gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions; Ass. also 3 f pl. acc. suffix to verbs (OB poet. -šin, OA also -šna) 3 f pl. dat. suffix to verbs 3 f pl. acc./dat. suffix (OAkk, arch. OB) 3 f pl. acc. suffix to verbs; 3 f pl. dat. suffix (OA) (NB also šinēti  ) 3 ms gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions; 3 ms acc. suffix to verbs (occas. -š, -še) in multiplicatives “times” 3 ms dat. suffix to verbs 3 m pl. gen. suffix to nouns/prepositions; MA, SB occas. serves as dat. to verbs (NA also -šanu before subjunct. -(u)ni; OAkk, Bab poet. also -šun; OA, O/SB also -šnu, -šuni) 3 m pl. dat. suffix to verbs 3 m pl. acc suffix to verbs nom. masc. pl. noun ending marker of verbs in subordinate clauses (aka “subjunctive” marker), added to finite verbs without other verbal endings (Bab) nom. masc. sing. noun/adj ending; locative adverbial suffix = ina/ana + gen. gentilic afformative nom. masc. pl. adj. ending forms abstracts (grammatically fem.; Ass. -uttum) gen./acc. masc. pl. adj. ending

Part Three: Glossary of Proper Nouns Introduction The glossary is a selection of more than 600 proper nouns that are likely to be encountered by first-year students of Akkadian or are found in literature of ongoing interest. The available sources for Akkadian proper nouns, such as Reallexikon der Assyriologie, The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and Répertoire Géographique de Textes Cunéiformes, may be difficult for the first-year student to acquire due to expense or lack of availability, or in some cases are as yet incomplete. Therefore, we have attempted to make available a brief selection, including some alternate normalizations (English phonetic spellings), logographic renderings, and representative definitions. No attempt has been made to be “comprehensive,” because this would have defeated the purpose of an introductory handbook. Organization and methodology. First comes the glossary entry, followed by alternate spellings. In some cases, “alternate” spellings may occur as commonly as the selected entry. We have given priority in these cases to the Prosopography for spelling of names, Répertoire Géographique and Reallexikon for geographical locations, mul.apin for astral bodies, and Reallexikon for most other entries. Some entries for Akkadian and Sumerian deities have been combined in this edition, if the deities were so closely identified in antiquity that they are virtually indistinguishable. Such is the case with Inanna and Ištar, Ea and Enki. This is obviously a judgment call, and is handled in different ways in dictionaries and encyclopedias. We have tried to follow the lead of the Real­ lexikon in these cases. Next comes the classification into five general types of proper noun: dei for deities, temples, and divine precincts, such as the netherworld; geo for geographical locations, including cities, tribal groups, empires, rivers, and mountains; astr for planets, stars, and other heavenly bodies; pers for names of important individuals; and cal for month names and festivals. This is followed by concise definitions. For god names, we offer brief characteristics of the deity, connections to deities in other cultures, family associations, perhaps an important event or action in mythological texts, and important temples where the deity was worshiped. For geographical locations, we have attempted to locate the ancient site, give its modern equivalent, and include one or two important events that occurred there. For astral bodies, we offer a definition of the astral 81

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term, identify the constellation or astral body in the ancient zodiac, and locate it in the modern star map. For personal names, we have given dates where appropriate, genealogical connections, and one or two important events in the life of the individual. Explanations of months include their provenance and, when known, their alignment with the modern Western calendar. The attested linguistic and historical periods in which one encounters the term and the Sumerian logographic equivalent come next. We have sought to represent fairly and accurately the attested periods and the Sumerian equivalents, though we recognize there are many debates and questions, especially connected to the Sumerian. In most cases, we have used the logograms found in Borger’s Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon and footnoted where there are significant discrepancies in other sources. Finally, there is a brief bibliographic note in parentheses at the end of each entry, indicating by abbreviation which sources were referenced. Occasionally footnotes provide additional information. Note: Determinatives separated by a comma indicate that both are present; the use of a slash to separate determinatives or signs indicates that the two are alternatives. Parentheses with a sign value indicate that the writing may occur with or without that sign.

Glossary Abbreviations See the Bibliography at the beginning of this volume for complete information on the following: AA ACA AEAD AG AGE AH AHw AK AMGG AP ARAB BAL CAD CDA COS CPLM DDD

A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN: dA-Nu-Um and AN: Anu Ša Amēli (Litke) Ancient Conquest Accounts (Younger) Assyrian-English-Assyrian Dictionary (Parpola) An Akkadian Grammar (Riemschneider) Akkadische Götterepitheta (Tallqvist) Atra-Ḫasīs: The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Lambert and Millard) Akkadisches Handwörterbuch (von Soden) Aššur Is King! Aššur Is King! Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire (Holloway) Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses (website) Assyrian Prophecies (Parpola) Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Luckenbill) Babylonisch-Assyrische Lesestücke (Borger) The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Roth) A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian (Black et al.) The Context of Scripture (Hallo and Younger) Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea (Livingstone) Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (van der Toorn et al.)

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term, identify the constellation or astral body in the ancient zodiac, and locate it in the modern star map. For personal names, we have given dates where appropriate, genealogical connections, and one or two important events in the life of the individual. Explanations of months include their provenance and, when known, their alignment with the modern Western calendar. The attested linguistic and historical periods in which one encounters the term and the Sumerian logographic equivalent come next. We have sought to represent fairly and accurately the attested periods and the Sumerian equivalents, though we recognize there are many debates and questions, especially connected to the Sumerian. In most cases, we have used the logograms found in Borger’s Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon and footnoted where there are significant discrepancies in other sources. Finally, there is a brief bibliographic note in parentheses at the end of each entry, indicating by abbreviation which sources were referenced. Occasionally footnotes provide additional information. Note: Determinatives separated by a comma indicate that both are present; the use of a slash to separate determinatives or signs indicates that the two are alternatives. Parentheses with a sign value indicate that the writing may occur with or without that sign.

Glossary Abbreviations See the Bibliography at the beginning of this volume for complete information on the following: AA ACA AEAD AG AGE AH AHw AK AMGG AP ARAB BAL CAD CDA COS CPLM DDD

A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN: dA-Nu-Um and AN: Anu Ša Amēli (Litke) Ancient Conquest Accounts (Younger) Assyrian-English-Assyrian Dictionary (Parpola) An Akkadian Grammar (Riemschneider) Akkadische Götterepitheta (Tallqvist) Atra-Ḫasīs: The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Lambert and Millard) Akkadisches Handwörterbuch (von Soden) Aššur Is King! Aššur Is King! Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire (Holloway) Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses (website) Assyrian Prophecies (Parpola) Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Luckenbill) Babylonisch-Assyrische Lesestücke (Borger) The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Roth) A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian (Black et al.) The Context of Scripture (Hallo and Younger) Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea (Livingstone) Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (van der Toorn et al.)

Part Three: Glossary of Proper Nouns

EACAD EAE ESP GA GDS HA HMH ITP MM

mul.apin

MZL NARGD PNAE PPANE QSG RGTC RIMA RIME RLA SAACT

83

An English to Akkadian Companion to the Assyrian Dictionaries (Cohen) Enūma Anu Enlil (Rochberg-Halton) The Earliest Semitic Pantheon (Roberts) A Grammar of Akkadian (Huehnergard) Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia (Black and Green) Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period (Parpola and Porter) House Most High: The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia (George) The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III King of Assyria (Tadmor) Myths from Mesopotamia (Dalley) mul.apin: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform (Hunger and Pingree) Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (Borger) Neo-Assyrian Royal Grants and Decrees (Postgate) Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (Baker) Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East (Nissinen) Queries to the Sun God (Starr) Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes (see bibliography under “Geographical Works”) The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods (Grayson) The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods (Frayne) Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Ebeling et al.) State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts (see bibliography under “Akkadian Texts”)

A

Ab(u) (Ābu; 1 see Ab(u) šarrāni) (cal, dei) (1) (OA, MA) the fifth Babylonian month, July-August (2) an ideogram for Enlil (see Enlil) (3) a god, perhaps originally independent from Enlil—OAkk, Bab; wr. syll. and dab (mng. 2 and 3), itine, itine.ne.gar (mng. 1) (AA I 159; AEAD 3; CAD A/1 75; CDA 3; GA 578; MZL 544; RLA 1:3; 5:300). Ab(u) šarrāni (Ap(u) šarrani; see Ab(u)) (cal) the fifth Assyrian month, “Father of the Kings”(?)—OA, MA; wr. syll. and a-bu lugalmeš, or with man as the second element (CDA 3; RLA 5:301). Abiḫ see Ebiḫ. Abirtum see Ebirtum. Absinnu see Šala. Abu šarrāni see Ab šarrāni. Adab (geo) ancient city in Sumer, politically important in the third millennium bce; modern Bismāya—wr. syll. and ud.nunki, ud.nun.naki (MZL 390, 467; RGTC 1:2–4; 2:2–3; 3:2–3; RLA 1:21–22). 1.  Acc. to AEAD 3.

Part Three: Glossary of Proper Nouns

EACAD EAE ESP GA GDS HA HMH ITP MM

mul.apin

MZL NARGD PNAE PPANE QSG RGTC RIMA RIME RLA SAACT

83

An English to Akkadian Companion to the Assyrian Dictionaries (Cohen) Enūma Anu Enlil (Rochberg-Halton) The Earliest Semitic Pantheon (Roberts) A Grammar of Akkadian (Huehnergard) Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia (Black and Green) Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period (Parpola and Porter) House Most High: The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia (George) The Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III King of Assyria (Tadmor) Myths from Mesopotamia (Dalley) mul.apin: An Astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform (Hunger and Pingree) Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (Borger) Neo-Assyrian Royal Grants and Decrees (Postgate) Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (Baker) Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East (Nissinen) Queries to the Sun God (Starr) Répetoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes (see bibliography under “Geographical Works”) The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods (Grayson) The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Early Periods (Frayne) Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Ebeling et al.) State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts (see bibliography under “Akkadian Texts”)

A

Ab(u) (Ābu; 1 see Ab(u) šarrāni) (cal, dei) (1) (OA, MA) the fifth Babylonian month, July-August (2) an ideogram for Enlil (see Enlil) (3) a god, perhaps originally independent from Enlil—OAkk, Bab; wr. syll. and dab (mng. 2 and 3), itine, itine.ne.gar (mng. 1) (AA I 159; AEAD 3; CAD A/1 75; CDA 3; GA 578; MZL 544; RLA 1:3; 5:300). Ab(u) šarrāni (Ap(u) šarrani; see Ab(u)) (cal) the fifth Assyrian month, “Father of the Kings”(?)—OA, MA; wr. syll. and a-bu lugalmeš, or with man as the second element (CDA 3; RLA 5:301). Abiḫ see Ebiḫ. Abirtum see Ebirtum. Absinnu see Šala. Abu šarrāni see Ab šarrāni. Adab (geo) ancient city in Sumer, politically important in the third millennium bce; modern Bismāya—wr. syll. and ud.nunki, ud.nun.naki (MZL 390, 467; RGTC 1:2–4; 2:2–3; 3:2–3; RLA 1:21–22). 1.  Acc. to AEAD 3.

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Adad (Addu, Adda, Sum. Iškur) (dei) identified with the Sumerian god Iškur, the weather (storm) god; sometimes equated with the Hurrian God Tešup and the Kassite god Buriaš; son of Anu or Enlil, wife is Šala; worshiped especially at Karkara (e2.u4.gal.gal(.la)), and at a double temple with Anu at Aššūr (e2.me.lam2.an.na)—wr. syll. and diškur (= dim), du (= 10) (AA III 206, 209, 283a, VI 157, 191, A 48–58; AGE 246–49, 339; AMGG; GDS 110–11; HMH 122, 153; MZL 389, 394, 493, 544; RLA 1:22–26). Adad-ʾidrī see Adda-idrī. Adad-nērārī (pers) “Adad is my help“ (1)  Adad-nērārī I, king of Assyria 1305–1274 bce (2) Adad-nērārī II, king of Assyria 911–891 bce (3) Adadnērārī III, king of Assyria 810–783, father of Shalmaneser IV and Aššūrnērārī V; allegedly also the father of Tiglath-Pileser III—wr. syll. and (m,d) im-né-ra-ri, m,dim.erim.gaba, (d)10.erim.gaba (PNAE 1/1:30; RIMA 1:4, 128; 2:142; 3:200; RLA 1:27–32). Adapa (pers) ancient sage in myth that depicts human beings squandering the hope for immortality; son of Ea, priest in Eridu, the first of the “seven sages”—wr. a.da.pa3 (GDS 27; MM 317; MZL 437; PNAE 1/1:43; RLA 1:33–35). Adaru see Addaru. Adda see Adad. Adda-idrī (Adad-ʾidrī) (pers) “Adad is my help” (1) king of Damascus ca. 870–842; fought with a coalition of kings including Irḫuleni of Hamath and Ahab of Israel against Shalmaneser III of Assyria at Qarqar in 853 bce, then subsequently in 848, 845, and 844 (2) Hadadezer, dynastic name of kings of Zobah in 1 Samuel 10 and 1 Kings 11—wr. syll. and m,d10-id-ri, m,d 10-ʾi-id-ri, m10-iz-ru, mu.u-id-ri (PNAE 1/1:46; RLA 4:38). Addaru (Adaru) (cal) the twelfth Babylonian month, February–March—from OAkk on; wr. syll. (OAkk only) and itiše, itiše.kin.tar; intercalary month wr. iti dirig.še, itidirig.še.kin.tar (AEAD 4; CAD A/1 110; CDA 4; GA 578; MZL 544; RLA 5:301). Addu see Adad. Admu (dei) an earth and netherworld goddess; possibly the same as dnin. ad-mu (ESP 14; RLA 9:325). Agade see Akkade. Agru (astr) “the Hired Man,” a constellation associated with Dumuzi in the Path of Anu = Aries—Bab, NA; wr. mul,lúḫun.ga2, mulḫun (AEAD 4; CAD A/1 151; CDA 6; EACAD 238; EAE 219; GDS 190; mul.apin I i 43, p. 138; MZL 427, 544). Āia (Aya, Ayya, Šerida) (dei, astr) (1) Sumerian Šerida, goddess of light, consort of Utu/Šamaš (2) associated with the constellation Laḫar,“Flocks,” or “Ewe,” in the Path of Enlil—wr. dše3.ri5.da, da.a 2 (AA III 126–34, A 45–47; 2.  AA III 127 has še3.nir(= ri5).da; AA A 45 has še3.ri.da.

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AMGG; CDA 32; GA 486; GDS 173; MM 318; mul.apin I i 18, p. 137; MZL 439; RLA 1:1–2, 60; SAACT 1:146). Aya, Ayya see Āia. Ayyaru(m) (cal) the second Babylonian month, April-May—Bab; wr. itigu4, iti gu4.si.sa2 (AEAD 5; CAD A/1 230; CDA 32; GA 486; MZL 545). Ayyaʾūtu (Ayûtu) (dei) function of the goddess Āia—SB; wr. syll. (CAD A/1 231; CDA 32). Ayûtu see Ayyaʾūtu. Akkad see Akkade. Akkade (Akkadum, Akkad, Agade) (geo) (1) a land in northern Babylonia and a city, acc. to the Sumerian King List, founded by Sargon of Akkade, the exact location of which is unknown (2) capital of the kings of Akkade in the twenty-fourth to twenty-second centuries bce (3) the “land of Akkade” came to refer to all of Babylonia—wr. syll. and, for the land of Akkade, māt uri(ki) (MM 317; MZL 371, 545; PPANE 261; RGTC 1:5–9; 2:6; 3:7; RLA 1:62). Akkadītu(m) see Akkadû(m). Akkadû(m) (fem. Akkadītu(m)) (geo) from Akkade, Akkadian (CAD A/1 272; CDA 10; GA 487; MZL 545; RGTC 4:4–6). Akkadum see Akkade. Akkû (geo) a Phoenician port approximately 15 km. north of Haifa; the city Akko, modern T. al-Fuḫḫār—wr. syll. (RGTC 7/1:4; RLA 1:64). Akkuddu (geo) a city of the Ellipi; perhaps Surḫ Dum in the Zagros Mountains; along with Marubištu, a royal city of the Ellipi during the reign of Sargon II; conquered by Sennacherib—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 11, [gazetteer] p. 5; RLA 1:64). Akšak (see Upî) (geo) a city, perhaps to be equated with Upî, located near the confluence of the Tigris and Diyāla Rivers—wr. uḫ2ki, u4.kušu2ki, a12.kušu2ki (MZL 385, 545; RGTC 1:10; 2:6; 3:7; RLA 1:64–65). Akzībi (geo) a Phoenician city approximately 15 km. north of Akko; biblical Akzîb, modern az-Zīb—wr. syll. (HA [map] p.  5, [gazetteer] p.  5; RGTC 7/1:4; RLA 1:66). Alāla (dei) (1) one of the deities that, together with Belili, is in the category of a “father” or “mother” of Anu (2) “harvest song” or “joyful shouting”(one of the meanings of the name) seems to be an attribute of the deity; seat of Alāla and Belili in e2.sag.il2 in Babylon—wr. syll. and da.la.la, (d)alam(?) (AA I 18, 120; AEAD 6; CAD A/1 328–29; CDA 11; HMH 150; MM 317; RLA 1:67). Alammuš(šu) (dei, astr) (1) a god (2) one of the “Little Twins,” stars in the Path of Enlil in the astronomical compendium mul.apin—wr. syll. and d lal3, dmuš3.lal3 3 (mng. 1), mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur (mng. 2) (AHw 1:35; CAD A/1 333; mul.apin I i 6, pp. 125, 138; MZL 288, 545; RLA 6:437). 3.  RLA 6:437 gives the logogram dlal2.

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Allānātu(m) (cal) “acorn month,” the twelfth Assyrian month—OA, MA, SB lex.; wr. syll. and itišu.numun.na (AEAD 6; CAD A/1  354; CDA 12; RLA 5:301). Allatu(m) (see Ereškigal) (dei) the Akkadian name of the netherworld goddess Ereškigal—wr. syll. (AA V 213; GDS 28, 77). Alluḫappu see Aluḫappu. Alluttu(m) (astr) (1) “the Crab,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = Cancer (2) a star, either in Lyra or Aquarius—SB, NB; wr. syll. and mulal.lul, mul nagar (AEAD 6; CDA 13; EACAD 238; EAE 219; mul.apin I i 7, II iii 25–27, p. 137; MZL 338, 454, 545; RLA 1:71; 3:75). Altaqû (geo) a Philistine city identified with Tell aš-Šallāf, 18 km. south of Jaffa; biblical Elteqēh—wr. syll. (HA [map] p.  7, [gazetteer] p.  5; RGTC 7/1:7; RLA 1:73). Alû (for mng. 3, see Is Lê, Si Lê) (dei, astr) (1)  an individualized demonic power; a ghost (2) the Bull of Heaven, which Anu creates at Ištar’s request, and who fights against Gilgameš (3) “the Bull of Heaven,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = the constellation Taurus—Bogh, MB, SB, NA; wr. syll. and a.la2, u18.lu (mng. 1), mulgu4.an.na (mngs. 2–3) (AEAD 7; CAD A/1 375; CDA 13; EACAD 197, 238; EAE 285, 287; GDS 190; mul.apin I ii 1, I iv 33, p. 138; MZL 262, 545; RLA 7:109; 8:243). Aluḫappu (Alluḫappu) (dei) an evil, netherworld demon, perhaps with the head of a lion, four hands, and two human feet—wr. syll. and d,saal.ḫab (AHw 1:38; CAD A/1 359; MZL 338, 545; RLA 2:111). Ālum (geo) “the City,” a place on which the Assyrian trading colonies in Asia Minor were dependent; probably Aššūr—OA; wr. syll. and uru (AG 2:39; CDA 13; RGTC 4:14–20). Amanum (Ḫamānu, Ammanāna) (geo) Amanus, the “Cedar Mountains,” perhaps the northern part of the Anti-Lebanon range—wr. syll. (CDA 14; HA p. 8, [map] p. 20, [gazetteer] p. 5; RGTC 1:11; 7/1:8–9; RLA 1:96). Amar-Sîn see Amar-dSuen(na). Amar-dSuen(na) (Amar-Sîn) (pers) perhaps the third king of the third dynasty of Ur (possibly to be read Bur-Sîn); ca. 2047–2039 bce (HMH 170; RLA 1:93). Amba see Ḫumban. Ammanāna see Amanum. Ammī-ditāna (pers) king of the first dynasty of Babylon, 1683–1647 bce; rebuilt the temple e2.babbar in Sippar—wr. syll. (GA 487; HMH 70; RLA 1:97). Ammī-ṣaduqa (pers) king of the first dynasty of Babylon, 1646–1626 bce; son of Ammī-ditāna; rebuilt the temple e2.babbar in Sippar—wr. syll. (HMH 70; RLA 1:97–98).

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Amqarrūna (Anqarrūna) (geo) a city of the Philistines, 15 km. east of the Mediterranean; modern Khirbet el-Muqanna/Tel Miqne, biblical Ekron— wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 5; RGTC 7/1:10–11; RLA 1:99). Amurru(m) (see Amurrû(m)) (geo, dei, astr) (1) the country and people of the Amorites, a west Semitic people first associated with the Jebel Bishri region, west of Mesopotamia (wr. syll. and mar.tu) (2) the personification of the western nomadic peoples as a god, depicted destroying cities and lands like a storm (wr. dmar.tu, dkur.gal), husband of Bēlet-ṣēri or Ašratu (3) Perseus, the west star (wr. mulmar.tu) (CDA 16; DDD 32–34; GDS 129– 30; MZL 373, 546; RGTC 1:115–16; 3:15–16; 4:10–11; 7/1:11–15; RLA 1:99–103; 7:433–38). Amurrû(m) (see Amurru(m)) (geo) (1) an Amorite (2) sometimes a designation for the country of the Amorites—OA, OB, SB; wr. syll. and mar. tu (CAD A/2 93–95; CDA 16; GA 487; MZL 546; RGTC 7/1:11–15; RLA 7:438–40). An see Anu. Angubbû(m) (or Dingirgubbû) (astr) the “Standing Gods of Ekur,” a group of stars in the Path of Enlil—OB, SB; wr. syll. and muldingir.gub.bameš, an.gub.ba (AEAD 8; CAD A/2 117; CDA 17; mul.apin I i 23; MZL 249, 546; RLA 3:79). Ankurû (or Dingirkurû) (dei, astr) (1) a protective deity (2) the “Sitting Gods of Ekur,” a group of stars in the Path of Enlil—wr. mulan.ku.a.meš 4 (CAD A/2 124; mul.apin I i 23; RLA 3:79). Annum see Anu. Annunītu(m) (Anunītu(m); see Ištar) (dei, astr) (1) originally an independent Babylonian goddess, became an aspect of Inanna/Ištar, especially concerned with childbirth; worshiped especially at Akkade and Sippar (2) part of the constellation Pisces, in the Path of Anu 5—OAkk, Bab; wr. syll. (AHw 1:55; CDA 18; EAE 219; GDS 134, 190; mul.apin I i 42, p. 138; PPANE 261; RLA 1:110–11; 3:74; SAACT 3:50). Anqarrūna see Amqarrūna. Anšar (see also Aššūr) (dei) primordial deity, husband of Kišar, who together bore Anu the sky god; equated with Aššūr in Assyrian texts—wr. an.šar2 (AA I 8; GDS 34; MZL 250; RLA 1:112). Antu(m) (dei) in the Babylonian tradition, the spouse of Anu—wr. An-tum (AA I 2; GDS 30; MZL 249; RLA 1:114–15; SAACT 1:146). Anu (Annu(m)) (dei) sky god, supreme god of the pantheon; spouse of the earth-goddess Uraš, but spouse of Antu in the Babylonian tradition; father 4. But see mul.apin Antušû, Dingirtušû, another possible reading (muldingir.tuš. See discussion in CAD A/2 124 and mul.apin I i 23. 5.  Von Soden also suggests that Annunītu could be a “code name” for Venus (AHw 1:55).

ameš).

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of the gods; worshiped principally at Uruk—OAkk, OB, SB; wr. syll. and d an, d60 (AA I 1, 3; AEAD 8; CAD A/2 146; CDA 19; GA 488; GDS 30; HMH 67–68, 72, etc.; MZL 248, 437, 546; RLA 1:115–17; SAACT 1:146; 2:50; 3:50). Anukku see Anunnakkū. Anunītu(m) see Annunītu(m). Anunna see Anunnakkū. Anunnakkū (Anukku, Anunna, Enunnaku) (dei) initially, a designation for all the deities of heaven and earth; later, especially for gods of the earth and the netherworld—OB, MB, NB, SB; wr. syll. and da.nun, da.nun.na, d a.nun.na.ke.e.ne, ddiš+u (AA VI 311; AHw 1:55; AMGG; CDA 19; GDS 34; MZL 546; SAACT 1:146; 2:50; 3:50). Anūtu (dei) function or rank of Anu, the highest god—SB, NB; wr. syll. and d an-, or d60- (CAD A/2 150; CDA 19). Anzû (Sum. Imdugud) (dei, astr) (1) a mythological lion-headed bird (2) the Horse Star—wr. syll. and an.im.dugud(mušen) (= an.anzu) 6 (AEAD 8; CAD A/2 153–155; CDA 19; GDS 43, 107; MM 318; MZL 391, 546; RLA 8:243; SAACT 1:146; 3:50). Ap(u) šarrāni see Ab šarrāni. Apil-Addu see Apladad. Apisal (Apišal) (geo) a Sumerian city located near Umma—wr. syll. (AG 2:39; RGTC 1:16; 2:13–15). Apišal see Apisal. Apladad (Apladda, Apil-Addu) (dei) a deity; a son of Adad; principal cult sites at Kannu and Suḫi—wr. da.u, a.dim (HMH 130, 162; MZL 389, 437; PNAE 1/1:113–15; RLA 1:22–26). Apladda see Apladad. Apsû (dei) (1)  a region of fresh water under the earth, domain of Ea/Enki (2) personified as a primeval god of the fresh underground waters, spouse of Tiāmat—wr. abzu (= zu.ab) (AEAD 9; CAD A/2 194; CDA 21; GDS 27; MZL 252, 546; RLA 1:122–24). Araḫsamna (Araḫsamnu) (cal) the eighth Babylonian month, October-​ November—NB, SB; wr. itiapin, itiapin.du8.a (AEAD 9; CDA 21; MZL 546; RLA 5:301). Araḫsamnu see Araḫsamna. Araḫtu(m) (geo) a branch, section, channel, or bank of the Euphrates River, which flowed through Babylon—NB, SB; wr. syll. (AHw 1:63; CDA 21; RGTC 2:272; 3:274–75; RLA 1:128–29). Arallu see Arallû. Arallû(m) (Arallu) (dei) a name for the netherworld—OB, SB; wr. syll. and arali (=  e2.kur.bad) (AEAD 9; CAD A/2 226–27; CDA 22; EACAD 141; GDS 180; MM 318; MZL 348, 547). 6.  CDA 19 has anzu.mušen.

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Aramu (Arumu) (geo) a general designation for the Aramean tribes—wr. syll. (AEAD 10; RGTC 8:27; RLA 1:131–39). Aratta (geo) a city figuring in Sumerian myths dealing with Enmerkar and Lugal­banda, possibly situated to the east or northeast of Anshan in southern Persia—wr. urulam.kur.ruki, urulam×kur.ruki  7 (MZL 181; RGTC 1:17; 2:15; SAACT 1:146). Arbailu see Arbela. Arbēl see Arbela. Arbela (Urbilum, Arbilum, Arbēl, Arbailu) (geo) important Assyrian city and cult center of Ištar worship; modern Irbil—wr. syll. (AEAD 9; HA [map] p. 4, [gazetteer] p. 6; MZL 297; PPANE 262; RGTC 2:217; 3:247; RLA 1:141–42). Arbilum see Arbela. Arbu (geo) a royal Urarṭian city in the district of Armarialī, which Sargon II destroyed in 714 bce—wr. syll. (ACA 116; AK 109; ARAB 2:91; RLA 1:142). Ardat lilî (see Lilû) (dei) a female demon who caused impotence in men and sterility in women, associated with the male demon lilû and the female demon lilītu—OB, SB; wr. syll. and ki.sikil, ki.sikil.lil2.la2, ki.sikil.lil2.la2. en.na, ki.sikil.ud.da.kar.ra (CAD A/2 241; CDA 182; GDS 118; MZL 340, 547; RLA 2:110–11). Arību see Āribu. Āribu (Arību, Erēbu(m), Ēribu, Ḫērebu, Ḫerēbu(m) 8) (astr) “the Raven,” a constellation in the Path of Anu; includes Corvus and Crater, associated with Adad  9—from OB on; wr. syll. (Ḫerēbu OB lex.) and mulug5.ga, mul ugamušen (AEAD 9; AHw 1:68; CAD A/2 265; CDA 77; EACAD 51; mul. apin I ii 9, p. 138; MZL 309, 342, 547; RLA 3:75, 79). Arītu (astr) a name of the planet Venus—SB; wr. syll. (CAD A/2 270; CDA 23; RLA 1:151). Arkayītu (Aškayītu, Aškaʾītu, Arkattu, Urkītum, Urkittu, Urukaītu) (dei) an epithet of Ištar of Uruk—NA, NB; wr. syll. and dunugki-a-a-i-tu (AA IV 117; CAD A/2 272; CDA 426; MZL 300; 432; RLA 1:151). Arkattu see Arkayītu. Arkuzzi (cal) the name of the second month in Nuzi—Hurr. word; wr. syll. (CAD A/2 290; CDA 24; RLA 5:302). Arman(um) (Armān) (geo) a city possibly in the upper Euphrates region, perhaps identified with Aleppo; others have suggested a city east of the Tigris—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 11, [gazetteer] p. 6; RGTC 1:18; 2:15; RLA 1:151). 7.  This is also the logogram for Šuruppak; see below. 8. These alternate spellings acc. to CAD A/1  265; CDA only includes Arēbu, Erēbu(m), Ḫerēbu(m). 9.  Von Soden and CDA also include Āribu as a code name for Mars and Saturn (AHw 1:68; also CDA 77).

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Armarialī (geo) a district in Urarṭu, located perhaps close to Lake Urmia; conquered by Sargon II in 714 bce—wr. syll. (ACA 115–17; AK 109; ARAB 2:90; RLA 1:151). Arna see Arnê. Arnê (Arna) (geo) a city possibly identified with T. ‘Arān, 18 km. southeast of Aleppo; others suggest Erin, 20 km. southwest of Arpadda—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 2, [gazetteer] p. 6; RGTC 7/1:23). Arpadda (geo) a city in north Syria, generally identified with T. Rif`at—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 2, [gazetteer] p. 6; RGTC 7/1:25; RLA 1:153). Arrapḫa (Arrapḫum) (geo) a city east of the Tigris, identified with Kirkūk— wr. syll. (HA [map] p.  10, [gazetteer] p.  6; MZL 298; RGTC 2:16; 3:21; 4:13; RLA 1:154). Arrapḫum see Arrapḫa. Arṣatum see Erṣetu(m). Arumu see Aramu. Arūru (dei) a manifestation of the mother goddess Bēlet-ilī/Ninḫursaga; originally perhaps an independent deity—wr. syll. and da-rux(en×kar2)(-a)‑rux (AA II 25; GDS 133; MM 318; RLA 1:160; 8:504; SAACT 1:147). Arwāda (geo) island city in Phoenicia, today Ar-Ruwad between Tripoli and Latakya, approx. 3 km. removed from the coast; biblical Arvad—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 8, [gazetteer] p. 6; RGTC 7/1:27–29; RLA 1:160–61). Asag see Asakku(m). Asakku(m) (Sum. Asag, Ašakku) (dei) (1) a monstrous demon defeated by Ninurta/Ningirsu, in other traditions defeated by Adad 10 (2) a demon or family of demons that causes disease—OB, SB; wr. syll. and azag (=  kug.an), azag2 (= a2.pa), a2.zag2 11 (AEAD 10; CAD A/2 325–26; CDA 25; EACAD 197; GDS 35–36; MZL 365, 415, 547; RLA 2:108–9). Asalluḫi see Asarluḫi. Asarluḫi (Asalluḫi) (dei) son of Ea/Enki, associated with magical knowledge, incantations, and healing; became absorbed into the personality of Marduk, also son of Ea; cultic site at Kuʾara—wr. dasari.lu2.ḫi, dasal.lu2.ḫi (AMGG; GDS 36; MM 318; MZL 262). Asdūdu (geo) Ashdod, a city of the Philistines, 15 km. north of Ashkelon and 5 km. south of the modern city of Ashdod—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 6; RGTC 7/1:30–32; RLA 1:167). Asnan see Ašnan. Asqalūna see Isqalūna. Ašakku see Asakku(m). 10.  Dalley (p. 319) suggests Nergal instead of Adad. 11.  CAD A/2  325–26 also gives the logogram a2.sag3 for the writing of Asakku (sag3 = zag2).

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Ašgi (dei) a Sumerian deity, worshiped together with his sister Lisin in the cities of Adab and Keš—wr. daš.šir.gi4, dḫi×diš.gi4, dad.ḫi×diš.gi4 (AA II 68; GDS 122, 173; RLA 8:509). Aškayītu, Aškaʾītu see Arkayītu. Ašnan (Asnan) (dei) a grain goddess—OB, SB; wr. syll. and dezina2 (= dše. tir) (AA I 287–88; AEAD 11; CDA 28; EACAD 93; MM 318; MZL 375, 471; RLA 1:168). Ašnun(na) see Ešnunna. Ašpa-bara see Išpabara. Ašratu (see Bēlet-ṣēri) (dei) West-Semitic goddess, wife of Amurru; also known by the epithet Bēlet-ṣēri—wr. syll. and gu2.bar.ra (AA VI 258–62; RLA 1:169; GDS 129–30). Aššūr (see also Anšar and Baltil) (geo, dei) (1) the city Aššūr on the Tigris, political capital of Assyria from the fourteenth to the ninth centuries bce; modern Qal‘at aš-Širqāṭ (2) (with dingir) patron god of Assyria; became identified with Enlil; his wife was Ninlil/Mullissu—wr. syll. and bal.tilki, bal.ti.laki, an.šar2, ša3.uru (mng. 1), daš, an.šar2 (mng. 2) (AEAD 11; GDS 37–39; HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 6; MZL 250, 548; PPANE 262; RGTC 1:20; 2:19; 3:25–26; 4:14–20; RLA 1:170–98; SAACT 2:50). Aššūr-aḫu-iddina (pers) “Aššūr has given a brother,” Esarhaddon, king of Assyria 680–669 bce, son of Sennacherib, father of Aššurbanipal, rebuilder of Babylon, and conqueror of Egypt—NA; wr. syll. and m,dAš-šur-pab.aš, m,d aš-šur-šeš.sum(-na), m,daš-šur-šeš.mu, m,daš-šur-šeš-i-di-nam, m,daš-šurpab.sum(-na), m,daš-šur-šeš.aš, man.šar2.pab.aš, man.šar2.pab.sum-na, man. šar2.šeš.aš, dan.šar2.šeš.sum-na, maš-pab.aš, m,daš-šur-pab.meš.aš (PNAE 1/1:145; RLA 1:198–203). Aššūr-bāni-apli (pers) “Aššūr is the creator of the heir,” Aššurbanipal, king of Assyria 669–630 bce, son of Esarhaddon—NA; wr. (m)an.šar2.du3.dumu. uš, (m)an.šar2.du3.a, (m)an.šar2.du3.a×a, (m)an.šar2.du3.a-ú, (m)an.šar2-ba-(a-) ni-dumu.uš, (m)an.šar2-ba-an-dumu.uš, (m)an.šar2-ba-an-a, (m)an.šar2-ba-ana×a, (m)an.šar2-ba-an-ap-lu, (m,d)aš-šur-du3.dumu.uš, (m,d)aš-šur-du3.a, (m,d)aššur-ba-an-a×a, (m)aš-du3.a (PNAE 1/1:159–71; RLA 1:203–7). Aššūrītu(m) (dei, geo) “the Assyrian” (1)  goddess of Aššūr equated with Inanna/Ishtar (2) city in Babylonia?—Ass., MB, SB; wr. syll. (AEAD 11; CAD A/2 471; CDA 29; RLA 1:211–12). Aššūr-nāṣir-apli (pers) “Aššūr is the protector of the heir” (1) Aššurnaṣirpal I, king of Assyria (1049–1031 bce) (2)  Aššurnaṣirpal II, king of Assyria (883–859 bce)—wr. (m)aš-pab.dumu.uš, (m,d)aš-pab.a, (m)aš-pab.aš, (m)aš-šurpab.dumu.uš, (m)aš-šur-pab-ir-dumu.uš, (m)aš-šur-pab-ir-a, (m,d)aš-šur-pab.a, (m) aš-šur-šeš.dumu.uš, (m,d)aš-šeš.a, (m)aš-šur-pab.aš, (m)an.šar2-na-ṣir-dumu. uš, (m)an.šar2-na-ṣir-a, (m)a-šur-pab.dumu.uš, (m)a-šur-pab.a (PNAE 1/1:204– 7; RIMA 2:122, 189; RLA 1:213–20).

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Aššūr-nērārī (pers) “Aššūr is my help,” name of several Assyrian kings: (1) Aššūr-nērārī I, king of Assyria (Old Assyrian period) (2) Aššūr-nērārī II, king of Assyria (1424–1418 bce) (3)  Aššūr-nērārī III, king of Assyria (1202–1197 bce) (4)  Aššūr-nērārī IV, king of Assyria (1018–1013 bce) (5) Aššūr-nērārī V, king of Assyria 754–745 bce—wr. syll. and (m)aš-šurerim.gaba (PNAE 1/1:208; RIMA 1:83; 2:125; 3:246; RLA 1:220–21). Aššūr-uballiṭ (pers) “Aššūr has kept alive,” name of two Assyrian kings: (1) Aššūr-uballiṭ I, king of Assyria ca. 1363–1328 bce (2) Aššūr-uballiṭ II, king of Assyria ca. 611–609 bce—wr. man.šar2-ú-bal-liṭ, man.šar2.din-iṭ, m Aš-šur-ú/u-ti.la, mAš-šur-ti.la, mAš-šur-ti (PNAE 1/1:227–28; RIMA 1:4; RLA 1:225–27). Atra-ḫasīs (pers) “Extremely Wise,” Atrahasis, cognomen for Ut-napishtim or Ziusu(d)ra, Mesopotamian flood hero—wr. syll. and ma-tar-pi (AH 88, etc.; GDS 189–90; MM 318; PNAE 1/1:233; RLA 1:311; SAACT 1:146). Azappu see Zappu(m). Azuru (geo) a city in the northern part of Philistia, which belonged to Ashkelon in the eighth century bce; today T. Azor, ca. 6 km. southeast of Jaffa— wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 7, [gazetter] p. 7; RGTC 7/1:38; RLA 1:169). Azzati see Ḫazzatu.

B

Baba (Bau) (dei) an ancient Sumerian healing and fertility goddess, for both humans and animals; the daughter of Anu and wife of Ningirsu or Zababa; her main temple was e2.tar.sir2.sir2 at Lagaš and Girsu—wr. syll. and dba. u2, dba4.ba4 (AA V 50, 58, 62; AMGG; GDS 39; HMH 89, 149, 157; MZL 251; RLA 1:432–33). Bābilim (geo) the city Babylon on the Euphrates near modern Hilla, southwest of Baghdad; also the name of the country from the OB period, replacing “Sumer” and “Akkade” in distinction to Assyria—wr. eki, ka2.dingirki, ka2. dingir.raki, ka2.dingir.meški, ka2.diš, ka2.diš.diški, nunki, šu.an.naki, tin.tirki (MZL 549; RGTC 1:22; 2:21–22; 3:29–32; RLA 1:330–69; 14:56–57). Bad-tibira (geo) a city of antediluvian kings and a cult site of Tammuz; identified with al-Madāʾin or Madīna, between Uruk and Lagaš—wr. syll. and bad3.urudu.na.garki (GA 489; MZL 230, 300; RGTC 1:23; 2:24; 3:36; RLA 1:389–90). Baḫir (cal) month name in Lagaš, Nippur, Adab, and Ešnunna; possibly related to baḫru, “hot”—OAkk; wr. syll. (CAD B 28; CDA 36). Balīḫ(um) (geo, dei) (1)  a city of unknown location, known as Ibla in the third millennium bce (2) a tributary of the Euphrates near Harran (3) divine name associated with the river Balīḫ—wr. syll. and ídkaskal.kur, ídkaskal.

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kur.a 12

(AA VI 256; ESP 17; HA [map] p.  3, [gazetteer] p.  7; MZL 549; RGTC 3:277; 4:24). Ballu see Bālu. Baltil (see also Aššūr) (dei, geo) (1) a deity, son of Enlil (2) perhaps a district of, or the city of, Aššūr—wr. bal.tilki, bal.ti.laki (ITP 295; MZL 246, 548; RLA 1:395). Bāltu see Bāštu(m). Bālu (Ballu) (astr) “Nothingness,” “the One Without”? (a designation of the planet Mars)—SB; wr. syll. and mulnu.me(.a) (CAD B  74; CDA 37; MZL 270). Banāy(a)barqa (geo) the city Banai-barqa in the northern section of Philistia, which at the end of the eighth century belonged to Ashkelon—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 7; RGTC 7/1:42; RLA 1:169). Bānītu(m) (dei) “Creator,” a title associated with Ninmah, Nintu, and Ninmenah, especially relative to birth; found also in personal names of the type DN-Bānītī—MB, NB; wr. syll. and du3-tum (CAD B 95; CDA 38; GDS 132–33; MZL 323). Barbaru(m) (astr) “the Wolf,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = α Trianguli—SB; wr. mulur.bar.ra (AEAD 13; CAD B 109; CDA 38–39; EACAD 233; mul.apin I i 2, p. 137; MZL 431, 550; RLA 1:399). Barḫalza see Barḫalzi. Barḫalzi (Barḫalza) (geo) a city and region on the upper Tigris, near Nineveh—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 4, [gazetteer] p. 7; RLA 1:401). Barsip see Barsippa. Barsippa (Barsip) (geo) the city Borsippa, south of Babylon, cult center of Nabû; modern Birs Nimrud—wr. syll. and bad3-bar-ziki, (uru)bad3.si.ab.ba (HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 7; MZL 309, 550; PPANE 262; RGTC 2:26; 3:38–39; RLA 1:402–29). Bašmu(m) (see Nirāḫu, Ṣēru) (astr, dei) (1) a snake, the horned viper, thought by Assyrian times to be a magically protective creature (2) the constellation Hydra (the Horned Viper) 13 (3) a deity, minister of Tišpak, mentioned in AA—OB, SB; wr. mulmuš (mng. 2), muš.ša3.tur, muš.ša3.tur3 (mng. 1), d ba.aš.mu (mng. 3) (AA V 278; AEAD 14; CAD B 142; CDA 40; GDS 168; MZL 377, 550; RLA 3:74; 8:244; 12:217). Bāštu(m) (Bāltu) (astr) “the Star of Dignity,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = Corona Borealis (the Northern Crown)—wr. syll. and teš2 14 (CAD B 143; CDA 40; mul.apin I i 14, p. 137; MZL 431, 550; RLA 1:431; 3:78). 12.  Baliḫ as well as divine names álba, alḫa, ílba, and ilḫa are listed in AA VI 250–56 with the same logographic writing, kaskal.kur (= illat), as Baliḫ. 13.  GDS 168 does not associate dNirāḫu or mulmuš with Bašmu. See note for Ṣēru. 14.  mul.apin I i 14 has mulbal.teš2.a.

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Bau see Baba. Bēl (dei) a title (“Lord,” “Master”) for various gods, later became synonymous with Marduk—from MB on; wr. syll. and (d)en, dbad (AEAD 15; AHw 1:118; CAD B 191–98; CDA 42; GDS 128; MM 318; MZL 550). Bēlet-ēkallim (Sum. Ninegalla) (dei) (1)  a minor Mesopotamian goddess, “Lady of the Palace,” patron goddess of the royal family of Mari, also worshiped in Babylonia; temples at Aššūr, Dilbat (?), Ur, and Larsa (2) an epithet of Inanna and other major goddesses—wr. syll. and dnin.e2.gal(.la), d gašan.e2.gal (AA IV 100; MZL 346, 451; PPANE 262; RLA 9:342–47). Bēlet-ilī (dei) “Lady of the Gods,” mother and birth goddess; appellative of various goddesses, but especially of Ninḫursaga—wr. syll. and nin-ì-lí, nin‑ì-li, dBe-let-dingermeš  15 (AA I 186, 371, II 1–45; GDS 133, 140; MZL 550; RLA 1:480; 8:504; SAACT 1:146; 3:50). Bēlet Kadmuri see Kadmuru. Bēlet-ṣēri (see Ašratu) (dei) a goddess, “Lady of the Steppe,” wife of Amurru, and, in some traditions, associated with Geštinanna and a scribe in the netherworld—wr. dBe-let-edin (AA IV 259; CDA 337; GDS 88, 129; MM 318–19; RLA 2:169; SAACT 1:146). Belili (dei) one of the deities that, together with Alāla, is in the category of a “father” or “mother” of Anu; seat of Alāla and Belili in e2.sag.il2 in Babylon—wr. syll. and dbe.li.li, dalam(?) (AA I 19, 21; HMH 150; MZL 156, 472; RLA 1:479). Bēl-labīru (Bēl-lābiru 16) (dei) divine name; probably an epithet of Enlil; sanctuary at Aššūr rebuilt by Tiglath-Pileser III—wr. en.libir.ra (HMH 97; MZL 287, 567; RIMA 2/1:26; RLA 1:480). Bēl-ṣarbi, Bēlet-ṣarbi see Ṣarbu. Bēltu(m) (dei) “Lady” (title for various goddesses, especially Ninlil and Ṣarpānītu)—esp. NA, NB; wr. syll. and nin, gašan (AEAD 15; CAD B 187; CDA 42; GA 490; MZL 451, 550). Bēltum-muballiṭat-mīti see Nintinug(g)a. Bēʾrû see Birʾû. Bibbu(m) (see Muštarīlu, Šiḫṭu) (astr, dei) (1) a name for planets, especially the planet Mercury, associated with Ninurta, in the Path of Anu in the astronomical compendium mul.apin; 17 also sometimes a name for Mars, in 15.  There are other logograms used for the various manifestations of Bēlet-ilī, e.g., (see MZL 550; AA II 1–45). 16.  RLA 1:480 spells the DN thus; George, HMH 67, spells it Bēl-labrīya. 17.  Although see CAD, which says the term refers to unspecified planets. mul.apin p.  34 also translates the logogram udu.idim.gu4.ud as Šiḫṭu. MZL uses the logogram mul udu.til. CDA and RLA 10:589 have muludu.idim (gu4.ud) for Mercury, although gu4.ud = Šiḫṭu, which is itself a designation for Mercury. idim and til are both values of sign 113, bad. nin.tu, dnin.maḫ, dnin.ḫur.sag(.ga2), dinger.maḫ

d

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Enūma Anu Enlil 18 (2) a netherworld god, the hangman of the netherworld in the Gilgameš Epic—OB, SB, NA; wr. syll. and (mng. 1) muludu.til (but see n. 17 for muludu.idim) (AEAD 17; CAD B 217–18; CDA 43; EACAD 156; mul.apin I ii 16, pp. 34, 138; MZL 338, 428, 550; RLA 2:24; 10:589). Bīrāti see Ḫararāti. Birʾû (Bēʾrû) (geo) Phoenician port that belonged to the city of Sidon at the beginning of the seventh century bce; modern Beirut—wr. syll. and (uru,kur) tul2(ki,meš), (uru,kur)tul2(-ru)-ti (HA [map] p.  8, [gazetteer] p.  7; RGTC 7/1:43; 12/2:56–57; RLA 2:32). Bīt Ammān(a) (geo) country northeast of the Dead Sea, known in the Hebrew Bible as the bĕnê ʿammôn (Ammon)—wr. (uru,kur)e2-Am-ma-na, e2-Am-mana-a, etc. (HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 7; RGTC 7/1:46–48; RLA 2:34). Bīt Barrū(a) (geo) a district of the Ellipi, which in the time of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sennacherib came under Assyrian control—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 11, [gazetteer] p. 7; ITP 74, 98, 102, 124, 130, 132, 164, 196; RLA 2:38). Bīt Daganna (geo) a town probably to be identified with biblical Bêt Dāgôn, in the northern part of Philistia, which at the end of the eighth century bce belonged to Ashkelon—wr. urue2-Da-gan(-na) (RGTC 7/1:48; RLA 2:169). Bīt dKidmuri see Kadmuru. Bīt Kilamzaḫ (geo) a fortress in the country of the Kassites and Yasubi, which Sennacherib conquered on his second campaign—wr. e2-Ki-lam-za-aḫ (RLA 2:46). Bīt Kubatti (geo) a city in the Diyāla region, which was placed under the governor of Arrapḫa by Sennacherib—wr. e2-Ku-bat-ti (ACA 112; RGTC 3:143; 8:95; RLA 2:46–47). Bīt Zitti (geo) a Phoenician city, probably Zaitā, ca. 9 km. southeast of Sidon—wr. urue2-Zi-it-ti, urue2-Zi-it-tú (RGTC 7/1:54–55). Bubuzi (geo) a city in the Armarialī region of Urarṭu, at the foot of the Ubianda mountains; conquered by Sargon II on his eighth campaign—wr. syll. (ACA 115; RLA 2:74). Bunene (dei) minister and chariot driver of Šamaš; worshiped as a minor deity in Sippar, Uruk, and later Aššūr—wr. syll. and dḫar (AA III 143; GDS 184; HMH 118, 151; MZL 391–92, 551; RLA 2:76). Burna-Buriaš (pers) Burna-Buriaš II, the nineteenth king of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon; Kassite king of Babylon 1359–1333 bce—wr. syll. (PNAE 1/2:354; RLA 2:80–82). Burušḫanda (Burušḫattum, Purušḫanta, Purušḫattum) (geo) Burushhanda, an important city of the old Hittite kingdom in Anatolia, possibly located south of Lake Tuz—wr. syll. (RGTC 4:29–31; RLA 2:82; 11:119–20). Burušḫattum see Burušḫanda. 18. See EAE 235 n. 2 for discussion.

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D

Daʾʾānu see Dayyānu(m). Daban see Ṭāban. Dābinu see Dāpinu(m). Dagān (Dagūna) (dei) West-Semitic deity 19 with ties to the netherworld; major deity at Mari, Ebla, and Ugarit who came to be worshiped throughout Mesopotamia, 20 especially at cult centers Tuttul and Terqa; husband of Šala or Išḫara—wr. syll. (AA I 193; DDD 216–19; ESP 18–19; GA 491; GDS 56; MM 319; MZL 366; PPANE 262; QSG 366; RLA 2:99–101; SAACT 3:50). Dagūna see Dagān. Dayyānu(m) (Daʾʾānu, Diyānu; see Madānu(m)) (dei) “Judge” (1) used as an epithet for several gods, especially Šamaš (2) the name of a deity, the personification of justice—wr. syll. and di.ku5, di.kud (AA II 254, III 174, VII 67–125; AEAD 19; CAD D 32–33; CDA 58; GA 491; GDS 98; MZL 552; RLA 11:358). Damgalnunna see Damkina. Damkianna see Damkina. Damkina (Damkianna, Damgalnunna) (dei) “Faithful Wife,” a Sumerian goddess, also known as Damgalnunna (“Great Wife of the Sublime Apsû”), consort of Enki/Ea; Damgalnunna used synonymously with Ninḫursaga in the story of Enki and Ninḫursaga, where she is also called Ninmaḫ; in the Babylonian creation epic, Ea and Damkina are parents of Marduk—wr. d dam.ki.na, ddam.gal.nun.na (AA II 173–74; GDS 27, 56, 140; MZL 453; RLA 2:105–6). Damru (geo) a city—wr. du10.garki (MZL 388, 552; RGTC 3:50). Damu (dei, astr) (1) Sumerian god of healing and well-being, usually regarded as the son of Gula/Ninisina (2) associated with the constellation Šahû, the Pig—wr. syll. (AA V 165; GDS 57; RLA 2:115–16). Dāpinu(m) (Dābinu, Dapnu, Dappinu; see Kakkabu Peṣû, Nebēru) (astr) a name of the planet Jupiter, associated with Marduk 21—Bab, NA; wr. syll. and d,mulud.al.tar (AA II 47; CAD D  104–5; CDA 56; EACAD 156; MZL 381, 552). 19.  J. F. Healey, in DDD 216, says that “grain, “fish,” and “to be cloudy” have been suggested as etymologies for the name Dagān, but that all are equally dubious. He suggests that the original meaning is unknown, but that Dagān becomes associated with the West Semitic word for grain, dagôn, because the words are homonymns. 20.  SAACT 3:50 states that Dagān was a “name for Aššūr and Enlil.” Black and Green (GDS 56) and ESP (p. 19) state that he was closely associated with Enlil. In AA I 193, Dagān is identified with Enlil. 21.  CDA 56 also suggests the star Procyon. See also Litke (p. 72 n. 47), who indicates that ud.al.tar, associated in AA with Šulpae, in astronomical texts is identified with Marduk.

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Dapnu see Dāpinu(m). Dappinu see Dāpinu(m). Dēr(u) (geo) a city in Babylonia east of the Tigris, a border fortress against Elamite incursions; cult center of Ištarān; modern T. ‘Aqar, near Badra— wr. syll. and urubad3.anki (HA [map] p. 11, [gazetteer] p. 8; HMH 76; MZL 308, 552; RGTC 1:30; 2:22–23; 3:55; 4:35; RLA 2:199–201; SAACT 3:50). Diglat see Idiglat. Diyānu see Dayyānu(m). Dilbat (geo, astr, dei) (1) a city in Babylonia near Borsippa; possibly modern T. Dulaim (2) the planet Venus, associated with Ištar (3) one of the names of Inanna/Ištar—wr. urudil.batki, d,muldil.bat (AA IV 181; EAE 179, 205; HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 8; mul.apin I ii 13, p. 138; MZL 245; RGTC 3:51; RLA 2:218–25; 3:74). Dilmun see Tilmun. Dimašqa (see Ša-imērīšu) (geo) city and state in Syria, known in Neo-Assyrian times as Ša-imērīšu; today, Damascus—wr. syll. (AEAD 22; RGTC 7/1:60–62; RLA 2:104). Dingirgubbû see Angubbû. Dingirkurû see Ankurû. Dingiruggû (dei) dead (primordial) gods—SB; wr. dingir.ug5.ga (CAD D 150; CDA 60; MZL 249, 552). Dumuzi (Duʾūzu, Dûzu, Tammuz) (dei, cal, astr) (1) Sumerian shepherd god of Uruk, husband of Inanna, archetypal dying/rising god of the netherworld whose death was annually mourned; in another tradition, one of two gatekeepers of heaven with Ningišzida (2) (SB, NB, NA) fourth month name, June-July (3) associated with the constellation Agru in the Path of Anu— wr. ddumu.zi (mng. 1), itišu, itišu.numun.na, itišu.gar.numun.na (mng. 2) (CDA 63; GA 492; GDS 72; MM 320; mul.apin I i 43; MZL 305, 553; RLA 5:300; 13:433–39; SAACT 1:148). Dumuzi-Abzu (dei) “Good Child of the Apsû,” Sumerian goddess 22 of the village Kinunir near Lagaš; had a temple in Girsu—wr. dumu.zi.abzu (AA II, 283; GDS 73; HMH 163). Dunni(m) see Dunnu(m). Dunnu(m) (Dunni(m)) (geo) possibly several locations in Mesopotamia (1) a place in Assyria (2) a place in the Kašiari Mountains in Ḫanigalbat (3) a village of the A-su-si-ia, mentioned in an Assyrian treaty around 1200 bce (4)  a city of Babylonia, conquered by Gurgunum and by Rim-Sin, in the vicinity of Isin and Larsa—wr. syll. (MM 320; RGTC 3:57; RLA 2:239–40). Dūr-kurigalzu (geo) Babylonian city near Baghad; capital city of Babylonia under the Kassites; a city captured and ruled by Tiglath-Pileser III; 22. Black and Green (GDS 73) indicate that Dumuzi-Abzu is a goddess. Litke (p. 100) indicates that he is a god, and a son of Enki.

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modern ʿAqarqūf—wr. urubad3-gal-zi, urubad3-ku-ri-gal-zi, urubad3-ku-rigal-zu (HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 8; ITP 42, 122, 150, 160, 194, 297; RLA 2:246–47). Durul (Turna(t)) (geo, dei) (1) river that flows into the Tigris south of Baghdad; Neo-Assyrian Turna(t), the modern Diyāla 23 (2) appears also as a god name—wr. íddur.kib (= íddur.ul3) (ESP 19; GDS 156; HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 17; MZL 292, 322; RGTC 1:210; 2:259; 3:279; RLA 2:254). Duʾūzu see Dumuzi. Dûzu see Dumuzi.

E

Ea see Enki. Eabzu (dei) “the Apsû House,” temple of Enki/Ea in Eridu; acc. to Sumerian tradition, the oldest shrine—wr. e2.zu.ab (GDS 73, 75; HMH 65; MZL 349; RLA 2:258). Eanna (dei) “House of Heaven” (1) temple of Inanna in Girsu, from the time of Eannatum and Gudea (2)  the main temple of Anu and Inanna/Ištar in Uruk—wr. e2.an.na (GA 492; GDS 73; HMH 67; MZL 349; RGTC 1:36; RLA 2:260). Eannakkum (see Eanna) (dei) Sumerian temple name, “(the temple) Eanna”—OAkk (CDA 64). Ebabbar (dei) “Shining House,” (1) temple of Utu/Šamaš in Larsa (2) temple of Utu/Šamaš in Sippar—wr. e2.babbar(.ra) (GA 492; HMH 70; MZL 351; RLA 2:263). Eber nāri (geo) “Across the river,” the region west of the Euphrates, Upper Syria—NA, NB; wr. e-bir-id2 (AEAD 23; CAD E 8; CDA 64; HA [map] p. 2, [gazetteer] p. 8; RGTC 7/1:64). Ebiḫ (Abiḫ) (dei, geo) (1) a deity mentioned in AA 24 (2) a mountain range east of the Tigris and south of the Little Zab; Ǧabal Ḥamrīn—wr. syll. and den. ti, en.tiki (AA II 165; HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 8; MZL 286, 553; RGTC 1:37; 2:38; 3:2; RLA 2:264–65). Ebirtum (Abirtum, Ḫebirtum, Ḫibirtum) (cal) a month name at Mari— OAkk, OB; wr. syll. (CAD E 14; CDA 65). Ebla (geo) a city in northern Syria, 55 km. west of Aleppo; identified with T. Mardīḫ—wr. syll. (RGTC 1:38; 2:39; 4:38). Edammītu (dei) a title of Ištar—SB; wr. syll. (AA IV 136; CDA 65; RLA 2:266). Ēdu(m) see Wēdu(m). 23.  MZL 292 has Duran for the name of the river. 24.  Litke (p. 87) suggests that the god den.ti mentioned in AA is probably not the same as the mountain en.tikur.

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Eengurra (dei) (1) “House of Sweet Waters,” literary reference to the Eabzu, the temple of Enki/Ea in Eridu (2) temple of Nanše in Lagaš—wr. e2.engur. ra (HMH 82; MM 320; MZL 352; RLA 2:276). Egalgina (dei) “Everlasting Palace,” name of a palace in the netherworld— wr. e2.gal.gi.na (BAL 1:102; COS 1:383; MM 320). Egalmaḫ (dei) “Exalted Palace,” temple of Gula as Ninisinna, at Isin—wr. e2.gal.maḫ (GDS 101; HMH 88; MM 320; MZL 350; RLA 2:277; SAACT 1:147). Eḫursagkalam(m)a see Ḫursagkalam(m)a. Ekarzida (dei) “House, True Quay,” temple of Nanna-Suen at Gaeš; rebuilt for Ningal as Lady of Ur—wr. e2.kar.zi.da (HMH 108; RGTC 2:93; RLA 2:320). Ekišnugal (dei) temple of Nanna-Suen/Sîn at Ur—wr. e2.kiš.nu/nu11.gal2, e2.giš.nu/nu11.gal (GA 493; GDS 74; HMH 114; MZL 350, 351; RLA 2:322). Ekkena (cal) a month name in Alal.—OB; wr. syll. (CAD E 69; CDA 68). Ēkur (Ekurru) (dei) (1) “Mountain House,” temple of Enlil in Nippur, sometimes considered “the mooring rope” between heaven and earth (2) a general term for “temple,” written e2.kur(.ra) (3) SB, a name for the netherworld, abode of demons—wr. e2.kur (AEAD 24; CAD E 70; CDA 68; GDS 180; HMH 116; MM 320; MZL 351, 553; RLA 2:323; SAACT 1:147). Ekurru see Ēkur. Elam see Elamtu. Elamatu(m) (Elamattu(m); see Qaštu) (dei, astr, cal) (1) a name for the goddess Ištar, “Ištar of Elam” (2) the constellation “Ištar of Elam,” as designation of mulpan, Qaštu (the Bow); consisting of ε, σ, δ, and ω of Canus Maioris and perhaps κ Puppis (3)  a month name at Susa—OB, SB; wr. elam(=nim).ma + phon. compl. (AA V 235; CDA 68; mul.apin I ii 7, pp. 138, 157; MZL 400). Elamtu (Elam) (geo) the land of Elam, including part of the Zagros Mountains and lands southeast of Mesopotamia—wr. syll. and nimki, nim.maki (=  elamki, elam.maki) (AEAD 24; AP 53; HA [map] p. 17, [gazetteer] p. 8; MM 320; MZL 400, 553; QSG 364; RGTC 1:42; 2:45; 3:70; RLA 2:324–54). Elenzaš (geo) the capital of the land of Bīt Barrūa; conquered by Sennacherib in his campaign against the Zagros region in 702 bce and renamed KārSîn-aḫḫē-erība; perhaps to be equated with modern Kermanshah—wr. syll. (PNAE 3/1:1118, 1125; RLA 2:354). Ellil see Enlil. Ellilatu, Ellilītu see Illilatu. Ellilūtu see Illilūtum. Ellipi (geo) a region in the Zagros Mountains between Media and Elam; the land of the Ellipi, a kingdom in northern Luristan—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 11, [gazetteer] p. 8; RLA 2:357, 490; QSG 364).

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Elūlu(m), Elūnum see Ulūlu. Emaḫtila (dei) “Exalted House that Gives Life,” cella of Nabû in the temple of Ezida in Borsippa—wr. e2.maḫ.ti.la, e2.maḫ.til.la (HMH 121; MZL 349; RLA 2:360). Emar (Imar) (geo) an important Bronze Age city in northern Syria, where over 800 cuneiform tablets were found; modern T. Meskene/T. Adīma-West—wr. syll. (RGTC 3:109; RLA 8:83–91). Emašmaš (dei) temple of Ištar/Ninlil at Nineveh—wr. e2.miš.miš, e2.meš.meš, e2.mes.mes, e2.meš3.meš3 25 (HMH 121; MZL 349; RLA 2:360). Emeslam (see Meslamta-ea) (dei) (1) “House of the Warrior of the Netherworld,” temple of Nergal (as Meslamtaea) at Kutha (2) temple of Nergal in Tarbiṣu—wr. e2.miš.lam, e2.mes.lam, e2.meš3.lam (GDS 135; HMH 126; MM 321; MZL 350; RLA 2:361). Emutbal(um) (Yamutbal(um)) (geo) (1) an Amorite tribal name attested in the Old Babylonian period; also designates a region east of the Tigris and south of the Diyāla River (2) possibly also designated the region around Larsa—wr. syll. and ki.in.gi.sag6, ki.en.gi.sag6 (HA [map] p. 11, [gazetteer] p. 10; MZL 559; RGTC 3:123–24; RLA 5:257–58). Enbilulu (also Enkimdu) (dei) Sumerian agricultural deity and “canal inspector,” son of Ea/Enki, and identified with the god Enkimdu; used as a name of Marduk in the Creation Epic; 26 Enkimdu also regarded as a form of Adad—den.bi.lu.lu, den.ki.im.du (AA II 210, 249; GDS 51, 76; RLA 2:371, 382). Eninnu (dei) “House of the Fifty (Me)”; 27 temple of Ningirsu in Girsu, rebuilt by Gudea—wr. e2.ninnu (GDS 138; HMH 134; MZL 352; RLA 2:374; SAACT 3:50). Enki (Akk. Ea; see Nudimmud) (dei) Sumerian god, identified with the Akkadian Ea; son of An or Nammu; consort of Damkina; father of Marduk; god of wisdom and cunning; also associated with fresh water and creation, especially the subterranean freshwater ocean, the Apsû; patron of artisans, protector of the persecuted; main cult center at the e2.zu.ab in Eridu—wr. syll. and ddiš, den.ki, d40, didim, en.ki-ga.kam2, d60 (AA I 96, II 129, A 119; AMGG; CDA 64; GA 492; GDS 75; MM 320; MZL 287, 405, 553; RLA 2:374–81). Enkīdu (pers/dei) in Sumerian poems, the servant of Gilgameš; in the OB epic of Gilgameš, hero and companion of Gilgameš; archetypal noncivilized 25.  CPLM 157 has e2.maš.maš. 26.  Dalley (p. 321) suggests he assimilated with Adad in Babylon. 27.  GDS 130 explains that the me are “properties or powers of the gods which enable a whole host of activities central to civilized human life, especially religion, to take place.”

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wild man—wr. den.ki.du3, den.ki.du10 (AA VI 287; GDS 76, 89–91; MM 321; MZL 287; SAACT 1:147). Enkimdu see Enbilulu. Enlil (Akk. Ellil, Illil; see Illilatu, Illilūtu, Nunamnir) (dei) (1) one of the chief deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon, along with Anu and Enki/Ea; his cult center was in the e2.kur in Nippur; sometimes regarded as the son of Anu; spouse of Ninlil/Mullissu; his son was Ninurta (2) god of the highest rank (said of Marduk, Aššūr, Nergal, Ninurta)—wr. dab, den.lil2, den.lil2. la2, den.lil2.la5, d50, dbad (= dbe) (AA I 148–75; AEAD 40; AGE 295–303; AMGG; CDA 70; GA 494; GDS 76; MM 321; MZL 554; RLA 2:382). Ennugi (dei) a god associated with the netherworld, with special concern for dikes and canals; the “canal inspector” of the great gods 28 and “throne bearer” of Enlil—wr. den.nu.gi (AA I 318–19; GDS 77; MM 321; SAACT 1:147). Enunnaku see Anunnakkū. Enzu (Ezzu(m), Inzum) (astr) the constellation “She-goat,” in the Path of Enlil, associated with the goddess Gula = Lyra—wr. syll. and muluz3 (= ud5) (AEAD 25; CAD E 181; CDA 74; EACAD 92; mul.apin I i 24, p. 138; MZL 532, 554; RLA 2:406–7; 3:75, 79). Epinnu(m) (astr) “the Plow,” the first constellation in the Path of Enlil = the constellations α and β Trianguli with γ Andromedae, associated with Enlil—wr. mul (giš)apin (AEAD 26; CAD E 237; CDA 75; EACAD 158; mul.apin I i 1, p. 138; MZL 263, 554; RLA 2:409–10; 3:74; 13:154). Er(r)akal see Erragal. Erēbu see Āribu. Ereqqu(m) (see mulmar.gid2.da.an.na, “Ursa Minor”) (astr) “the Wagon,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = Ursa Major (the Big Bear), associated with Ninlil—wr. syll. and mulmar.gid2.da (AEAD 26; CAD E 296; CDA 77; EACAD 33; mul.apin I i 15, 18, p. 137; MZL 339, 555; RLA 3:75, 79). Ereš (geo) a city in Babylonia; cult center of Nisaba; possibly located between Shuruppak and Uruk or Ḫallab, perhaps to be identified with Ǧarin—wr. ereški, ereš2ki (MM 321; RGTC 1:49; 2:47; 3:73; RLA 2:463). Ereškigal (see Allatu(m)) (dei) “Queen of the Great Below,” queen of the netherworld; also known in Akkadian as Allatu; the wife of Gugal-ana, or in other traditions the wife of Nergal—wr. dereš.ki.gal 29 (AA V 213 n. 213; AGE 307; GDS 77; MM 321; MZL 452). Ēribu see Āribu. Eridu(m) (geo, astr) (1) a Sumerian city on the southwestern edge of Mesopotamia, 11 km. southwest of Ur; cult center of Enki/Ea, sometimes portrayed 28.  Note that SAACT 1:147 attributes the name Ennugi to Sîn. 29.  Acc. to Litke (p. 188), the proper rendering of the Sumerian is not ereš.ki.gal, but nin.ki.gal.

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as the primeval city of Mesopotamia; modern Abū Šaḥrein (2) a constellation in the Path of Ea = α Puppis? or Vela? or Canopus? associated with Ea—wr. (mul)nunki (= eridu) (GDS 77; MM 321; MZL 555; RGTC 1:49–50; 2:47–48; 3:73; RLA 2:464). Erkalla, Erkallu see Irkalla. Erra (Irra; see Nergal) (dei) god of pestilence 30 and warfare, associated with the netherworld; originally distinct from Nergal, but became identified with him; spouse is Mami/Mam(m)ītu, or else Ereškigal; son of Anu; cult site at e2.mes.lam in Kutha—wr. dir3.ra (AA VI 9; AEAD 27; AGE 329; AMGG; ESP 21–29; GA 494; GDS 135–36; MZL 254). Erragal (Er(r)akal) (dei, astr) (1) an underworld deity equated with Nergal; husband of Ninsar (2) along with Ninsar, stars in the Path of Enlil = ζ and ε Lyrae—wr. dir3.ra.gal, ir3.ra.kal (AA I 332, VI 10–11; MM 321; RLA 5:170; SAACT 1:147). Erṣetu(m) (Arṣatum; see Ki) (dei) the (deified) netherworld—OAkk, Bab, NA; wr. syll. and (d)ki (AA V 226–34, VI 310; AEAD 27; CAD E 308–11; CDA 79; EACAD 141; GDS 180; MZL 555). Erû (astr) the constellation “the Eagle,” in the Path of Anu; comprises most of the constellation Aquila—wr. multi8mušen (= mula2mušen) (CAD E 324–25; CDA 80; EAE 191–92; mul.apin I ii 12, p. 138; MZL 365, 547; RLA 3:75, 79). Erua see Ṣarpānītu(m). Esagil (Esagila) (dei) “House Whose Top is High,” temple of Marduk in Babylon—wr. e2.sag.il2 (HMH 139–40; GDS 77–78; MZL 349). Esagila see Esagil. Esikil (Esikilla) (dei) “Pure House” (1) temple of Ninazu/Tišpak in Ešnunna (2) a shrine in the Ekur temple complex in Nippur (3) a temple of Ninazu, not in Ešnunna—wr. e2.sikil(.la) (CDA 81; HMH 141; MM 322; MZL 352; RLA 2:477). Esikilla see Esikil. Ešarra (dei) “House of the Universe” (1) temple of Enlil as a cosmic abode (2) part of the Ekur of Enlil in Nippur (3) temple complex of Aššūr in the city Aššūr (4) temple of Inanna in Adab (5) temple of Anu in Uruk—wr. e2.šar2. ra, e2.šar.ra (HMH 145; MM 321; MZL 351; RLA 2:475–76). Ešnunna (Ašnun(na), Išnunna) (geo) Eshnunna, a kingdom east of the Tigris which flourished during the OB period; modern Tell Asmar—wr. ášnun(-na)(ki), èš-nun(-na)(ki), iš-nun(-na)(ki) (GA 495; MM 322; MZL 299; RGTC 1:80–81; 2:18–19; 3:73–76). Etana (pers, dei) according to the Sumerian King List, fourth king of the first dynasty of Kiš, after the flood; ascended to heaven on the back of an eagle 30.  Roberts (ESP 24–29) suggests Erra was a god not of plagues per se but a god of famine.

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to acquire the plant of life—wr. syll. (GDS 78; RLA 2:481–82; SAACT 2:62, etc.). Etemenanki (dei) “House of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth,” the ziggurat or temple tower of Marduk at Babylon—wr. e2.te.me.en.an.ki, e2.temen. an.ki (GDS 178–79; HMH 149; MZL 351). Eulmaš (dei) (1) the temple of Ištar at Ulmaš in Akkade (2) the temple of Annunītum in Sippar (3) the shrine of Anu and Ištar in Uruk—wr. e2.ul.maš (HMH 155; MZL 352; RLA 2:484). Eunir (dei) “House, Temple Tower,” ziggurat of Enki/Ea at Eridu—wr. e2.u6. nir (HMH 154; MZL 352; RLA 2:485). Ezida (dei) “True House,” temple of Marduk, later of Nabû, in Borsippa—wr. e2.zi.da (HMH 159; MZL 349; RLA 2:489). Ezzu see Enzu.

G

Galla see Gallû. Gallû (Sumerian Galla) (dei) evil demons of the netherworld, especially responsible for transporting humans there—SB; wr. syll. and gal5.la2 (= gul3. la2) (AA VI 130; AEAD 29; AGE 310; CAD G 18–19; CDA 88; GDS 85; MZL 378, 556; RLA 2:109). Gamlu(m) (astr) (1) the constellation “the Crook,” in the Path of Enlil = the constellation Auriga (2)  code name for the planet Jupiter—OAkk, Bab; wr. syll. and mulzubi 31 (= gam3) (AEAD 29; AGE 310; CAD G 35; CDA 89; EACAD 199; GDS 190; mul.apin I i 4, p. 138; MZL 265, 556; RLA 3:78). Garmartu see Kanwartu. Gasur (geo) the Old Akkadian name for Nuzi, modern Yorghan Tepe, 15 km. southwest of Kirkūk—wr. syll. and ga-sag (RGTC 1:54; 3:79; RLA 3:151). Gašrānu (dei) “Strong One,” 32 divine name—MA, NA; wr. syll. (CAD G 56; CDA 91; RLA 3:150). Geštinanna (dei) Sumerian goddess, “(heavenly) Grapevine,” closely associated with the city of Lagaš; Dumuzi’s sister and protector, goddess of the netherworld, and scribe of the netherworld goddess Ereškigal; later identified with the Akkadian goddess Bēlet-ṣēri—wr. dgeštin, dgeštin.an.na, d mu.tin, dmu.tin.an.na, dtin.an.na (AGE 311; GDS 88; HMH 140; MZL 297; RLA 3:299–301). Gibil see Girra. Gilgameš (pers/dei) a Sumerian king of early dynastic Uruk; later made an epic hero and deified as a god of the netherworld; in the Gilgameš Epic, 31.  Acc. to CAD, zubu. mul.apin has mulgam3; CDA and MZL render it zubi. 32.  Though see CAD G 56, which translates “Giant.”

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son of Lugalbanda and the goddess Ninsun—wr. giš, giš.gin2.maš, giš.bil2. ga.meš3, bil3.gin2.meš3 (AA VI 284–86; AGE 312; GDS 89–91; MZL 337, 556; RLA 3:357–74; SAACT 1:147). Gimti see Gimtu. Gimtu (Gimti) (geo) a city of the Philistines; probably to be identified with T. eṣ-Ṣāfī, 19 km. east of Ashdod; biblical Gath—wr. syll. (RGTC 7/1:77–78; RLA 3:376). Girra 33 (Gīru(m), Gibil, Girru) (dei) deified fire, god of fire and light, partly assimilated with Erra and Nergal; 34 son of Anu; cult site e2.me.lam2.ḫuš in Nippur—OB, SB; wr. syll. and dgiš.bar (= gira2), dgibil6 (= dbil.gi) (AA II 334–40; AEAD 31; AGE 313–14; AMGG; CAD G 93–94; CDA 93–94; EACAD 83; GA 496; MZL 314, 335, 556; RLA 3:383–84; SAACT 1:147). Girru see Girra. Girsu see Giršû. Giršû (Girsu) (geo) a town within the city-state of Lagaš; located northwest of Lagaš, between the Nahr Hindiye and the Euphrates; modern Tello— wr. syll. (MM 322; MZL 247, 557; RGTC 1:56–59; 2:56–61; 3:80; RLA 3:385–401). Gīru(m) see Girra. Gubla (geo) a Phoenician city on the Mediterranean coast, 30 km. north of Beirut = biblical Gebal (Greek: Byblos), modern Ǧubail—wr. syll. (AEAD 31; HA [map] p.  8, [gazetteer] p.  9; RGTC 2:66; 3:81; 7/1:79–80; RLA 3:673–75). Gudea (pers) ruler of the city-state of Lagaš in the Neo-Sumerian period, ca. 2143–2124 bce—wr. gu3.de2.a (MM 322; RLA 3:676–87). Gugalʾana see Gugalanna. Gugalanna (Gugalʾana) (dei) “Canal Inspector of Anu”; 35 Sumerian god, first husband of Ereshkigal, goddess of the netherworld—wr. dgu2.gal.an.na (AA V 217; GDS 77; RLA 3:694). Gula (see Ninisina, Ninkarrak, Nintinugga, Meme) (dei, astr) (1) Babylonian goddess of healing; worshiped under a variety of names, including Ninisina, Ninkarrak, Meme, and Nintinugga; wife of Ninurta or Pabilsag, mother of Damu, Ninazu, and Gunura; worshiped at several shrines in Isin, including the e2.gal.maḫ and the e2.ur.gi7.ra (2) associated with the

33.  Dalley (p. 322) spells the name Gerra. 34.  Acc. to AMGG and R. Frankena in RLA 3:384, Girra and Gibil were probably originally two separate deities but were merged very early on. 35.  Although note RLA 3, where D. O. Edzard reads gu4.an.na, “Great Bull of the Heavens.” He cites the god list AA, where Gugalanna is spelled gu2.gal.an.na, possibly “Canal Inspector of the Heavens.”

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constellation Enzu, “the She-Goat,” in the Path of Enlil  36 (3) the constellation “the Great One,” in the Path of Ea = Aquarius—wr. d,mulgu.la, dgu2. la2, dme.me (AA V 55, 137; AEAD 31; EACAD 238; EAE 227, 285, 287; GDS 101, 140, 190; mul.apin I i 24, I ii 20, p. 138; MZL 420, 454, 557; RLA 3:75, 695–97). Gunātum (geo) a location in Babylonia, probably in the region of Larsa—wr. syll. (RGTC 3:82; RLA 3:699). Gunura (dei) Sumerian goddess of the pantheon of Isin; daughter of Gula and Pabilsag, sister of Damu; worshiped at e2.an.ku3.ga, “House of Pure Heaven” (in Babylon?)—wr. dgu.nu.ra, dgu2.nu.ra, dgu3.nu.ra (AMGG; HMH 67; RLA 3:701–2). Gurasimmu (geo) Aramaic tribe in southern Babylonia; also the name of the region they inhabited—wr. syll. (HA [map] p.  16, [gazetteer] p.  9; RLA 3:702–3). Gutium (see Gutû) (geo) the land of the Gutû/Qutû, to the northeast of Mesopotamia; in the Ur III period was located in northern Luristan, but eventually came to refer to the land between the Tigris and the Zagros Mountains—wr. syll. and ka-tim(?), gu(ki) (RGTC 1:65–66; 2:71; 3:189–90; RLA 3:708–20). Gutû (Qutû) (geo) (1)  a nomadic tribe, originally from northern Luristan, who invaded Sumer and Akkade (2)  a name used anachronistically, and sometimes pejoratively, for barbarian peoples—wr. syll. (CDA 292; MM 322; RGTC 3:189–90).

Ḫ

Ḫabaṣīrānu (astr) a constellation in the Path of Ea = most of Centaurus and probably Crux, associated with Ningirsu—SB; wr. mulen.te.na.bar.ḫuz/ guz 37 (AEAD 32; CAD Ḫ 8; CDA 98; mul.apin I ii 22, p. 138; MZL 557; RLA 3:75, 79). Ḫabur see Ḫubur. Ḫaya (dei) spouse of the goddess Nisaba, a doorkeeper and god of scribal arts; in some traditions, the father of Ninlil 38—wr. syll. and dḫa.ia3 (AA I 289–93, A 98; AMGG; MZL 441; RLA 4:1). Ḫalaḫḫi see Ḫalaḫḫu. 36.  gu.la is associated with the constellation Aquarius, though this designation may simply mean “Great One,” rather than the goddess Gula. See mul.apin, R. Frankena in RLA 3:696, and MZL 454. 37.  mul.apin I ii 22 p. 138 has en.te.na.bar.ḫum; CAD Ḫ 8 has en.te.na.bar.guz. MZL has both en.te.na.bar.guz (p.  286) and en.te.na.bar.ḫuz (p.  557). CDA 98 has en.te.na.bar.lum/sig4. 38.  Acc. to Edzard, RLA 4:1, Ḫaya was a name for Nisaba.

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Ḫalaḫḫu (Ḫalaḫḫi) (geo) name of a city and province to the northeast of Nineveh; provincial capital in middle Assyrian times; site unknown, but probably close to Dūr-Šarrukīn, possibly T. ‘Abbāsīya 39—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 4, [gazetteer] p. 9; RGTC 7/1:83; RLA 4:58). Ḫaldi (Ḫaldia) (dei) the national god of Urarṭu—wr. syll. (ACA 116; AG 2:38; GDS 182). Ḫaldia see Ḫaldi. Ḫamānu see Amanum. Ḫammurapi (pers) the sixth king of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1792–1750 bce (Middle Chronology), son of Sîn-muballit, father of Samsuiluna; author of famous law code—wr. syll. (COS 2:256; MM 322; MZL 441; PPANE 263). Ḫana (Ḫanû) (geo) seminomadic population occupying the region of the middle Euphrates and the steppes of upper Mesopotamia in the early to mid-second millennium bce; also the name of their land—wr. syll. and ḫa.na(ki) (MZL 441, 558; RGTC 3:88–89; RLA 4:74–76). Ḫanigalbat (geo) name of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni, in the upper Ḫabur region—wr. syll. (MM 322; RGTC 3:90; RLA 4:105–7). Ḫanīš (dei, astr) (1) one of a divine pair of ministers of Adad, along with Šullat; temple to Šullat and Haniš built by Šulgi (2) a star in the Path of Ea, along with Šullat = μ and ν Centauri? Or α and β Centauri?—wr. syll. and d lugal, dbe (AA III 272; AGE 321; GDS 110; HMH 170; MM 323; mul.apin I ii 25, p. 138; MZL 307, 558; RLA 4:107–8). Ḫanû see Ḫana. Ḫararāti (Bīrāti) (geo) a city on the upper Euphrates, also known as Bīrāti, on the border between Assyria and Babylon—wr. syll. (HA [map] p.  10; [gazetteer] pp. 7, 9; RLA 2:30). Ḫardišpi (geo) a city where Kassites and Yasubigallians were resettled during Sennacherib’s second campaign, located at the foot of the Zagros Mountains—wr. syll. (ACA 112; RLA 4:114). Ḫarḫar (Kar(a)ḫar, Ḫarḫarrû) (geo) a city located in the central western Zagros Mountains, in the vicinity of present day Kermanšāh; 40 captured by Sargon II of Assyria, who renamed it Kār Šarrukēn—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 12, [gazetteer] p. 9; RGTC 2:91; RLA 4:120). Ḫarḫarrû see Ḫarḫar. Ḫarrānu(m) (geo) an important city of northern Mesopotamia, about 100 km. above the confluence of the Balīḫ and Euphrates rivers; important cult center for the moon god Sîn at e2.ḫul2.ḫul2; biblical Haran—wr. syll. and 39.  But note that RGTC 7/1 suggests another Ḫalaḫḫu/Ḫalaḫḫi distinct from the one near Nineveh, possibly in the vicinity of Carchemish. 40.  But note that RGTC 2:91 locates Ḫarḫar south of Arrapḫa towards the Diyāla river.

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kaskal(ki) (CDA 108; GDS 135; HA [map] p. 3, [gazetteer] p. 9; MZL 312, 558; RGTC 3:92; RLA 4:122–25). Ḫarriru see Manzât. Ḫatti (geo) the land of the Hittites (1)  an Anatolian geographical term for the Hittite Empire prior to its collapse in the late second millennium bce (2) a reference to the mixed peoples and states of northern Syria in areas of previous Hittite domination—wr. syll. (RLA 4:152–59; RGTC 7/1:95–100). Ḫazā-il(u) (pers) “God Has Seen,” Hazael, king of Damascus ca. 843–796 bce, during the reigns of Shalmaneser III and Adad-nērārī III of Assyria, who took tribute from him—wr. mḪa-za-a-dingir, mḪa-za-aʾ-dingir, mḪaza-dingir (HA [map] p. 2, [gazetteer] p. 10; PNAE 2/1:467; RLA 4:238–39). Ḫazaqi-Iau (pers) “Yahweh Is Mighty,” Hezekiah, king of Judea ca. 725– 697, 41 whom Sennacherib of Assyria besieged in Jerusalem in 701 bce—wr. syll. (PNAE 2/1:469; RLA 4:425–26). Ḫazati, Ḫaziti see Ḫazzat(u). Ḫazzat(u) (Azzati, Ḫazati, Ḫaziti) (geo) an important city in Philistia, ca. 18 km. south of T. Ašqelon; modern Gaza—wr. syll. (AEAD 37; HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 10; RGTC 7/1:103–4; RLA 3:152–53). Ḫebirtum see Ebirtum. Ḫegallu(m) (Ḫengallu(m)) (dei, astr) (1) the name of a deity, the “Abundant One,” minister of Ninlil (2) a constellation in the Path of Enlil; possibly β Comae Berenices (“Berenice’s Hair”) 42—wr. ḫe2.gal2-a, ḫe2.gal2-aa-ú (AA II 213, 251; AEAD 37; AGE 322; CAD Ḫ 167–68; CDA 113–14; EACAD 2; mul.apin I i 13, I iv 6, p. 137; MZL 304, 558; RLA 3:78; 4:247). Ḫendursaga (dei) Sumerian god, very early equated with the Akkadian god Išum; acc. to one text, the son of Utu and Ninlil; spouse of Ninmuga—wr. syll. and pa.sag (= ḫendur.sag), pa.sag.ga2 (= ḫendur.sag.ga2) (GDS 112; MM 322; MZL 333; RLA 4:324–25). Ḫengallu(m) see Ḫegallu(m). Ḫērebu, Ḫerēbu see Āribu. Ḫibirtum see Ebirtum. Ḫibur see Ḫubur. Ḫinnatūna (geo) a city in the north Israelite state that has been identified with T. Ḥannātôn (T. al-Badawīya), ca. 23 km. southeast of Akko—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 8, [gazetteer] p. 10; RGTC 7/1:107–8). Ḫirimmu (geo) Babylonian city and fortress in the east Tigris region, on the border with Assyria; exact location is unknown—wr. syll. (RLA 4:418). Hīt see Īdu. (uru)

41.  D. J. Wiseman in RLA 4:425 gives his regnal dates 715–686 bce. 42.  Acc. to Litke, Ḫegallu is a title for Marduk and one of the deities in the retinue of Nabû (see AA II 213, 251). W. G. Lambert suggests Ḫegallu is an independent deity, but also a title for both Marduk and Enkīdu (RLA 4:247).

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Ḫubur (Ḫabūr, Ḫibur) (cal, geo, dei) (1) (OA, MA) an Assyrian month name (2) (SB) the river of the netherworld (3) a river in northern Mesopotamia, which empties into the Euphrates, modern Ḫābūr (4) a divine name (as a manifestation of Nergal or Tiāmat)—OA, MA, SB; wr. syll. (AEAD 38; AGE 478; CAD Ḫ 219; CDA 118; GDS 156; RGTC 2:266; 3:284; RLA 4:478). mul ḫul see Lumnu, Ṣalbatānu. Ḫultuppu(m) (Ḫultuppû(m), Ḫuštuppu; see Rabīṣu) (dei, cal) (1)  (SB) a demon = Rābiṣu (2) (OB, SB) name of a month in Elam 43—wr. syll. and ḫul.dub2 (AEAD 38; CAD Ḫ 231; CDA 119; RLA 5:302). Ḫultuppû(m) see Ḫultuppu(m). Ḫumbaba (Ḫuwawa) (dei) Enlil’s monstrous guardian of the Cedar Forest, slain by Gilgameš and Enkidu; from the OB to NB periods, Ḫumbaba figurines were used in divination; perhaps a form of the Elamite god Ḫumban— wr. syll. and (d)ḫu.pi.pi (= ḫu.wa.wa), ḫu.u2.u2 (= ḫu.wax.wax), ḫu.ba.ba, ḫu.bi. bi, ḫub2.be.be (CDA 120; GDS 106; MZL 277, 455; RLA 4:530–35). Ḫumban (Amba) (dei) later called Napiriša, the highest male deity of Elam; a sky god, perhaps a form of the divine guardian of the Cedar Forest, Ḫumbaba—wr. syll. and dgal (AGE 322; GDS 74, 106; RLA 4:491). Ḫumrî (pers) Omri, sixth king of Israel, ca. 882–871 bce—wr. syll. (PNAE 2/1:478–79). Ḫundur (geo) a city in the Taurus Mountains, north of Assyria; a part of Urarṭu—wr. syll. (ACA 115; RLA 4:498). (e2)Ḫursagkalam(m)a (dei, geo) (1)  “(House), Mountain of the Land,” temple of Inanna/Ištar in the sacred precinct of Ḫursag-kalamma, in the eastern section of Kiš (2) a designation for eastern Kiš itself—wr. e2.ḫur. sag.​kalam.​ma (HMH 101; MZL 351; RLA 4:519–21). Ḫuršubium 44 (Ḫuršubum) (cal) a month name in Elam—OB (CDA 122). Ḫusarikku see Kusarikku. Ḫuštuppu see Ḫultuppu(m). Ḫutalše (see Ḫutizzi) (cal) a month name in Nuzi (CDA 123; RLA 5:302). Ḫutizzi (see Ḫutalše) (cal) a month name in Alal. (CDA 123). Ḫuwawa see Ḫumbaba.

I

Ibbī-Suen (pers) king of Sumer and Akkade, 2084–2061 or 2028–2005 bce; the fifth king of the third dynasty of Ur, son or brother to his predecessor, Šu-Suen—wr. dI-bí-den.zu, dI-bi-en.zu, I-ib-ì-den.zu (RLA 5:2–8). 43.  Acc. to CAD Ḫ 231, Ḫultuppu is written ḫul.dub2. 44.  H. Hunger, RLA 5:302, does not list this month among the month names at Elam.

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ibila.e2.maḫ

(astr)“the Heir of the  Sublime Temple,” a  constellation in the Path of Enlil = α Ursae Minoris (= Polaris)?—wr. mulibila.e2.maḫ (mul.apin I i 21, p. 137; MZL 305). Id see Nāru. Ida see Īdu. Idigina see Idiglat. Idiglat (Idigina, Idiqlat, Diglat) (geo, dei) (1) the Tigris River (2) the deified Tigris River—wr. syll. and ídḫal.ḫal, (d,íd)idig(i)na (AEAD 21; AGE 325; HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 8; MZL 246, 325, 559; RGTC 2:268–69; 3:287– 88; 4:144–45; RLA 5:31–32; 14:28–30). Idiqlat see Idiglat. Īdu (Ida, Hīt) (geo) a city on the Euphrates, identified with Hīt, possibly the same as “southern Tuttul,” between Mari and Babylon—wr. syll. and uruid2ki (HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 10; RGTC 3:104–5; RLA 5:33). Igigi, Igigû, Igīgū see Igigū. Igigū (Igigû, Igīgū, Igigi) (dei. pl.) (1) (OB, SB) in the Old Babylonian period, a collective name for the “great gods” (2) (MB, NB) from Middle Babylonian times on, referred generally to the gods of heaven, as opposed to the gods of the netherworld (the Anunnakkū) 45—wr. syll. (I-gi-gu, I-gi-gi, d I-gi4-gi4-ne, I-gi4-gu, and Í-gì-gì) and dnun.gal.e.ne, dnun.gal.meš, ddiš+u (= geš2+u) 46 (AA VI 312; AGE 323; AMGG; CDA 125; GA 498; GDS 106; MZL 282, 430, 447, 559; RLA 5:37–44). Ikû (astr) “the Field,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = α, β, and γ Pegasi and α Andromedae—wr. mulaš.iku 47 (AA I 79; AEAD 40; AGE 326; CAD I 69; CDA 126; GDS p.190; mul.apin I i 40–42, p. 138; MZL 290, 560; RLA 3:74; 5:45). Ikūnu(m) (dei, pers) (1) a deity attested in documents from Sippar during the First Dynasty of Babylon (2) ruler of Assyria in the Old Assyrian period; father of Sargon I, acc. to the Assyrian King List—wr. syll. (PNAE 2/1:510; RIMA 1:41; RLA 5:46). Il-aba (possibly also Il-ab 48) (dei) perhaps “Il is the Father,” originally a form of the god Il; briefly prominent during the Old Akkadian period as a 45.  Acc. to AMGG, the difference between the Anunnakū and the Igigū is not always clear. 46.  B. Kienast, in RLA 5:40, also gives a cryptogram dia3.min as a reading for the Igigū. Livingstone, in CPLM 158, also gives d5.1.1. 47.  CAD gives aš.gan2 as the logogram; all other sources say aš.iku. There may be some confusion in CAD with iku = “water ditch” (gan2). RLA, however, says earlier the logogram for “field” was diš.gan2. AGE gives dil.gan2. MZL has aš.iku. See the discussion in MZL 290 on the use of gan2 as a determinative for star names. 48.  Black and Green (GDS 106) suggest only a single deity, Il-aba. ESP (p.  34) suggests the possibility that il-ab and il-aba reflect the same deity, but also that they may refer to two distinct deities.

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warrior god and personal deity to kings of that dynasty—wr. il3.a.ba4 (ESP 34–35; GDS 106–7; HMH 75, 165; MZL 250; RIME 2:16–17). Il(i)-abrāt (see Ninšubur, Papsukkal) (dei) Akkadian form of Ninšubur; a minister deity to An, assimilated to the god Papsukkal, who was minister to the gods in general—wr. syll. and dnin.šubur, dnin.šubur.ra (AA I 35–45, A 61; GDS 141; MM 323; MZL 451; RLA 9:490–500). Illatu(m) (dei) the deified clan or kinsman—OAkk; wr. syll. and dillat (=  kaskal+kur) 49 (AA VI 250–56; AEAD 24; AGE 327; CAD I  84; CDA 127; EACAD 37; ESP 35; MZL 312; RLA 5:59). Illil see Enlil. Illilatu (Ellil(l)atu, Elli(l)lītu; see Illilūtu, Enlil) (dei) goddess of the highest rank (said of Ištar and Ninlil)—SB; wr. den.lil2.la2 + phon. compl. (CAD I 85; CDA 70). Illilūtu(m) (Ellilūtu; see Illilatu, Enlil) (dei) “Power of Enlil,” divine supremacy; executive power, highest rank of gods and goddesses (of Marduk, Enlil, Aššūr, Sîn, Ištar, Ninlil)—OB, SB, wr. den.lil2, den.lil2.la2 + phon. compl.; MB, SB, wr. dbad + phon. compl. (AEAD 40; CAD I 85; CDA 70; MZL 271). Imar see Emar. Imdugud see Anzû. Inana see Inanna. Inanna (Inana, Innin; Akkadian Ištar, Issār; see Annunītu) (dei) important Sumerian goddess identified with the Semitic Ištar; 50 goddess of love and war, associated with the planet Venus; in variant traditions, daughter of An/Anu, Nanna/Sîn, or Enki/Ea; wife of Zababa, lover of Dumuzi; sister of Utu/Šamaš; main cult center was e2.an.na at Uruk—wr. syll. (dIn-nin, dInni-na, etc.; for variations of the epithet dnin.an.na, “Lady of the Heavens,” nin, Ni-in-ni, Nin-an-na, etc.) and muš3 (= dinanna, dinnin), aš11/iš8/eš18-dar/ tar2, d15 (= ištar3) (AA III 284; AGE 328, 330–38; AMGG; CAD I 271–74; CDA 135; GA 499; GDS 108–9; MZL 284, 561; RLA 5:74–89). Innin see Inanna. Inšušinak (Ninšušinak, Šušinak) (dei) Elamite patron god of the city of Susa; later a netherworld deity—wr. syll. and muš3.erin, muš2.eren, muš2.šeš2, muš3.šeš2 (AA V 286; GDS 74; MM 329; MZL 284, 595; RLA 5:117–19). Inurta see Ninurta. Inzum see Enzu. 49.  Illat as well as divine names álba, alḫa, ílba, and ilḫa are listed in AA VI 250– 56 with the same logographic writing, kaskal.kur, as Illat. 50.  Black and Green (GDS) suggest that the name Ištar is related to the South Arabian god Athtar and Syrian goddess Astarte and that her persona is likely the syncretization of previously independent deities.

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Irkalla (Irkallu, Erkalla, Erkallu, Rikalla) (dei) one of the names for the netherworld—SB; wr. (d)ir.kal.la (AA V 231; AEAD 94; AGE 328; CAD I 177–78; CDA 78; EACAD 141; GDS 180; RLA 5:164). Irkallu see Irkalla. Irnina (dei) a name for, or manifestation of, Ištar—wr. syll. (AGE 329; AMGG; SAACT 1:147). Irra see Erra. Is lê (see Alû, Si Lê) (astr) “the Jaw of the Bull,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = α Tauri and the Hyades—SB; wr. syll. and mulgu4.an.na, aga.an.na, mul giš.da (CAD I 188–89; EAE 285, 287; mul.apin I ii 1, p. 138; MZL 335, 366). Isimmud (Isimu, Usmû, Usumû, Usumia) (dei) Akkadian Usmû, a minor god who functioned as a minister to Enki/Ea; a “two-faced” deity—wr. syll. and pap.sig7.nun, dpap.sig7.nun.me, dpap.sig7.nun.me.ezen×kaskal, pap.sig7, d sig7, dara (Usmû) (AA II 298–99, A 18; AGE 330; CAD U/W 280; CDA 428; GDS 110; MM 330; MZL 63, 367, 451, 601; RLA 5:179). Isimu see Isimmud. Isin (Išin) (geo) (1)  ancient Sumerian town; administrative district during the Ur III period; possible capital of the dynasty of Isin; modern Išān alBaḥrīyāt (2)  the dynasty that ruled Babylonia ca. 2017–1794 bce  51—wr. syll. and inki, 52 urupa.šeki (COS 2:246; HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 11; MZL 334, 561; RGTC 2:270; 3:112–13; RLA 5:181–92). Isqalūna (Išqalūna, Asqalūna) (geo) Ashkelon, a port of the Philistines, 50 km. south of Tel Aviv and 20 km. north of Gaza—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 11; ITP 294; RGTC 7/1:117–18; RLA 1:169). Issār see Inanna. Issār-dūrī (pers) “Ištar Is My Wall”; kings of Urarṭu (1) Sarduri I, 840–825 (2) Sarduri II, 760–730 bce (PNAE 2/1:568–71). Išar (dei) “He Is Just”; an Old Akkadian divine name; possibly a god of the netherworld—wr. syll. (CAD I 225; ESP 36–37; RLA 5:173). Išḫara (dei) a Semitic goddess known from Old Akkadian times who became identified with Ištar; early associated with Dagān; a guarantor of oaths, a mother goddess, mother of the “seven gods,” a goddess of love, and also a goddess of war—wr. syll. (AA I 99–202, IV 27–279; AGE 330; ESP 37; GDS 110; RLA 5:176; SAACT 1:147). Išin see Isin. Iškur see Adad. Išme-Dagān (pers) “Dagān Has Heard”; king of Isin and kings of Assyria in the Old Assyrian period (1) Išme-Dagān of Isin, fourth king of the Old 51. Acc. to D. Edzard, in RLA 5:182, following the middle chronology. Other chronologies disagree. 52. Written inki in Sargonic and pre-Sargonic times.

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Babylonian dynasty of Isin and son of his predecessor Iddin-Dagān, 1953– 1935, or 1889–1871 bce (2) Išme-Dagān I, son of Šamši-Adad I (3) IšmeDagān II, son of Šamši-Adad II, father of Šamši-Adad III and Aššūr-Nērārī I—wr. syll. (PNAE 2/1:585; RLA 5:194–96). Išnunna see Ešnunna. Išpabara (Ašpa-bara) (pers) king of the Ellipi during the reigns of Sargon II and Sennacherib of Assyria—wr. syll. (PNAE 1/1:143; RLA 5:198). Išqalūna see Isqalūna. Ištar see Inanna. Ištarān (dei) city god of Dēr, possibly associated with justice; his cult is attested from the Early Dynastic to the end of the Neo-Assyrian periods; temple in Dēr 53—wr. dka.di (a few times an.gal) (AA V 287; CAD I 274; GDS 111; HMH 76; MZL 250, 257, 561; RLA 5:211). Išum (dei) Akkadian god, possibly equated with the Sumerian god Ḫendursaga; his wife was Ninmuga; a herald, night watchman, and counselor god, also associated with the netherworld and Nergal/Erra; sanctuary at Nippur—wr. syll. (AA VI 16; GDS 112; HMH 165; MZL 303; RLA 5:213–14). Ittu see Nāru. Ituʾu (Utuʾu) (geo) An Aramean tribe occupying the west bank of the Tigris during the Neo-Assyrian empire—wr. syll. (HA [map] p.  10, [gazetteer] p. 11; RLA 5:221). Itūr-Mer (dei) “Mer has returned,” Babylonian god, hypostasis of the god Mer, patron deity of Mari—wr. syll. (RLA 5:222).

Y

Yabliya (geo) in Old Babylonian times, the designation for one or more locations; one mentioned with Tuttul on the Euphrates, another in texts from Sippar and Isin—wr. syll. (RGTC 3:118). Yamutbal(um) see Emutbal(um). Yappû (geo) coastal city in the northern part of Philistia; modern Joppa, 5 km. south of Tel Aviv—wr. syll. (AEAD 39; HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 10; RGTC 7/1:124–25; RLA 5:281–82). Yaratu (see Ayyaru(m)?) (cal) name of a month in Nuzi; possibly connected with the month name Ayyaru(m)—wr. syll. (CAD I 325; CDA 440). Yasmaḫ-Adad (pers) son of Šamši-Adad, who entrusted to him the administration of the kingdom of Mari (PPANE 23; RLA 5:269). Yasubigallāyu (geo) a people group in the Zagros Mountains, against whom Sennacherib directed military campaigns; probably connected with Yasūbu, a region in the Zagros Mountains—wr. syll. (ACA 111; HA [map] p. 11, [gazetteer] p. 10; RLA 5:271). 53.  Acc. to Livingstone, CPLM 158, Ištarān was the brother of Ištar.

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Yaudāyu (pers) Judaeans—wr. syll. (AEAD 39; RGTC 7/1:127–29; RLA 5:200–208). Yaʾūdu (geo) the state of Judah in the southern Levant—wr. syll. (AEAD 39; HA [map] p. 14, [gazetteer] p. 10; RGTC 7/1:127–29; RLA 5:200–208, 273).

K

Kabbartu (geo) a city—wr. syll. (RGTC 8:190). Kadduḫḫa see Ukaduḫḫa. Kadmuru (Kidimuru, Kidmuru, Kidmurru) (dei) in bīt dkidmuri, a temple of Ištar as “šarrat dkidmuri,” “Queen of the (divine) K.”; the exact meaning of Ka/idmuru is unknown—MA, NA; wr. syll. and e2-kid9(= kad)-mu-ri, nin-at kid9-mu-ri (CDA 141; HMH 113; MZL 349, 350, 366; RLA 5:79; 9:409; 12:75). Kayyamānu(m) (astr) “Steady,” the planet Saturn, in the Path of Anu in the astronomical compendium mul.apin—Bab, NA; wr. syll. and dge/inna (= tur. diš), mulsag.uš 54 (AEAD 44; AHw 1:420; CAD K 38; CDA 154; EACAD 199; EAE 285, 287; mul.apin I ii 15, p. 138; MZL 294, 305, 562; RLA 10:590). Kakkabu(m) Peṣû(m) (see Dāpinu, Nebēru) (astr) “the White Star” (1)  a name for Jupiter, associated with Marduk (2) a description of Saturn in the astronomical compendium mul.apin—wr. mulbabbar (= mulud) (CAD P 329; CDA 273; mul.apin II i 65, p. 138; MZL 247, 379; RLA 10:590). Kalbu(m) (astr) “the Mad Dog,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = Lupus and ζ + Scorpii, in the Hercules family of constellations—wr. mulur.gi7 55 (AEAD 45; AGE 341; CAD K 72; CDA 142; EACAD 66; mul.apin I i 25, p. 138; MZL 432, 563; RLA 3:79). Kaldu (geo) the Chaldeans; a Semitic people in southern Babylonia from the beginning of the ninth century bce—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 11; RGTC 8:191–92; RLA 5:291–97). Kalītu(m) (see also Lulīmu) (astr) (1) “the Kidney,” a constellation or “fixed star” 56 (2) followed by mullu-lim, “the Kidney of the Stag”; a constellation in the Path of Enlil = the eastern part of Andromeda—from OB on; wr. syll. and mulellag2 (= bir) (AEAD 45; CAD K 76; CDA 142, 185; EACAD 118; mul.apin I i 34, p. 138; MZL 391, 563; RLA 3:75). Kalkal (dei) servant god to Enlil; Enlil’s doorkeeper in the e2.kur in Nippur; 57 seat of Kalkal in the e2.šar.ra temple in Aššūr—wr. syll. (AA I 281; AGE 340; HMH 105; MZL 353; RLA 5:323). 54.  mul.apin I ii 15 has muludu.idim.sag.uš. 55.  mul.apin I i 25 has mulur.ku. 56.  RLA 3:75 suggests perhaps the star is Canopus. 57.  Although note AGE 340, which says Kalkal is “gewaltiger Held,” and equates the deity with Bau.

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Kalmartu see Kanwartu. Kanisura see Uṣur-amassa. Kaniš (see Neša) (geo) an Assyrian trading colony and colonial capital in Anatolia; modern Kültepe—wr. syll. (AEAD 46; RGTC 3:131; 4:65–69; RLA 5:369–89). Kanūnu see Kinūnu. Kanwartu 58 (MA Kalmartu, NA Garmartu) (cal) Assyrian month name and festival—wr. syll. (AHw 3:1320; CAD T  175; CDA 146; MZL 274; RLA 5:301). Karaduniaš see Karduniaš. Kār-Bēl-mātāti (geo) name of two cities (1) a city on the Euphrates just south of Babylon (2) Assyrian name for the Egyptian city of Sais—wr. uruKar-den. kur.kur (RGTC 8:195; RLA 5:422–23). Karduniaš (Karuduniaš, Karaduniaš) (geo) geographical name designating Babylonia by the kings of the Kassite dynasty—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 11; ITP 299; MZL 290; RLA 5:423). Kar(a)ḫar see Ḫarḫar. Karkamiš (geo) north Syrian city on the west bank of the middle Euphrates, attested in texts from 2500–600 bce—wr. syll. (MZL 445; RGTC 3:133; 12/2:158; RLA 5:426–46). Kār-Sîn-aḫḫē-erība (geo) new name for the city of Elenzaš, which Sennacherib conquered in 702 bce and renamed “Port Sennacherib”—wr. uru Kar-d30.pab.meš-eri-ba, uruKar-d30.šeš.meš-eri-ba, uruKar-den.zu.šeš.mešeri-ba, uruKar-den.zu.pab.meš-eri-ba, uruKar-d30.pab.meš.su, uruKar-d30.šeš. meš.su (PNAE 3/1:1125; RLA 2:354). Karuduniaš see Karduniaš. Kaššû (geo) the Kassites, a tribal people attested mainly in Babylonia and western Iran in the second and first millennia bce; they seized power in Babylonia and ruled during the second half of the second millennium bce— from OB on; wr. syll. (CDA 153; RGTC 3:135–36; RLA 5:464–73). Keš (geo, dei) (1) a city in ancient Sumer, whose exact location is unknown; suggestions include a location near Adab, Abū Ṣalābīḫ, T. Gidr, and T. alWilāya (2) a temple in Keš connected with the worship of Ninḫursaga/Ninmaḫ, e2.keš3ki—wr. syll. and keš3ki (GDS 140; HMH 108; MZL 564; RGTC 1:84–85; 2:96; 3:137; RLA 5:571–73). Kēttu see Kittu(m). Ki (see Erṣetu(m)) (dei) Sumerian goddess, the personification of “earth”; the female counterpart to An, “heaven”; Ki and An were considered to be offspring of the goddess Nammu—wr. dki (AA V 227–28; AGE 341; GDS 112–13). Kidimuru, Kidmuru, Kidmurru see Kadmuru. 58.  CAD and H. Hunger in RLA give the spelling as Kanwarta.

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Kinaḫḫi see Kinaḫnum. Kinaḫni/a see Kinaḫnum. Kinaḫnum (Kinaḫni/a, Kinaḫḫi) (geo) the name of the region in the southwestern Levant mentioned in second to first millennium cuneiform and other texts; biblical Canaan—wr. syll. (RGTC 3:139; RLA 5:352–55). Kingu see Qingu. Kinkum (cal) a festival; name of the sixth month at Ešnunna—OB; wr. syll. (CAD K 387; CDA 159; RLA 5:301). Kinūnu(m) (Ass. Kanūnu) (cal, dei) (1)  (MA, NA) a brazier of metals (2)  (Mari, Nuzi, NA) a festival during which the Kinūnu ritual is performed; month of the festival (tenth Assyrian month) 59 (3)  name of a demon—wr. syll. and ki.ne, (NB) ki.ne.ne (mng. 1), itiab (mng. 2) (AEAD 46; CAD K 393–95; CDA 159; EACAD 26; GA 502; MZL 565). Kipānu see Qipānu. Kisilīmu (Kislīmu) (cal) the ninth Babylonian month, November-December— MB, NB; wr. itigan.gan.na, itigan (AEAD 50; CAD K 429; CDA 160; MZL 565; RLA 5:301). Kislīmu see Kisilīmu. Kiš (geo) Kish, important Sumerian city 15 km. east of Babylon; modern Tell Inġarra (= Ḫursagkalama) and al-Uḥaimir—wr. syll. and kiš(ki) (MZL 397; RGTC 1:91–94; 2:105–6; 3:140–42; RLA 5:607–8). Kiššītu(m) (dei) “of Kiš,” epithet of Ištar—OB, SB; wr. syll. and dinanna.kiški (AA IV 119; CAD K 460; CDA 162). Kiti (Kitītum) (geo, dei) (1)  an Old Babylonian city in the Diyāla region; a cultic center for the worship of Inanna/Ištar (2)  possibly a deified city name, found in personal names—wr. syll. (ESP 42; RLA 5:625). Kitītum see Kiti. Kittu(m) (Kēttu; Sum. Niggina) (dei) the personification of “Truth,” often paired with Mīšaru, “Justice” (1) the daughter of Šamaš/Utu (2) an epithet for Šamaš—wr. syll. and dnig2.zi(.da), dnig2.gi.na (AA III 146–47; AEAD 49; AGE 109; CDA 163; EACAD 117, 218; GDS 98; MZL 280, 281, 566; RLA 9:311–12). Kulla (dei) patron god of bricks; son of Enki—wr. syll. and dsig4 (AK 257; MM 324; MZL 456; RLA 6:305). Kullab(a) (geo) (1) a part of the city of Babylon (2) a city in the Chaldean territory of Bīt Yakīn, near to, or a part of, Uruk—wr. kul.aba4ki, giškul.ab 60 (MM 324; 61 MZL 272, 566; RGTC 1:96–97; RLA 6:305). 59.  GA 502 says possibly a name of the eighth OB month. 60.  RGTC 1:96–97, along with a few other alternate spellings. 61.  Note that Dalley (p. 324) says Kullaba was a quarter of Uruk and also the name of a quarter of Babylon.

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Kumāru (Qumāru?; see also Ukaduḫḫa) (astr) part of the constellation Nimru, “the Panther” = δ Cygni 62—MB, SB; wr. syll. (CAD K 532; CDA 291; mul.apin I iv 13, p. 138). Kummaḫlum (geo) a city of the Ellipi in the region of Bīt Barrūa, taken by Sennacherib of Assyria in his second campaign—wr. syll. (ARAB 2:118). Kurnugi (Kurnugû) (geo) “Land of No Return,” Sumerian term for the netherworld—wr. kur.nu.gi4(.a), kur.nu.gi(.a) (CAD K  564; CDA 168; MM 324; MZL 373). Kurnugû see Kurnugi. Kurunītu (dei) a goddess of the city of Dēr—SB (AHw 1:513; AK 278). Kusarakku see Kusarikku. Kusarikku(m) (Kusarakku, Ḫusarikku, Bogh Kušariḫḫu) (astr, dei) (1) the constellation “Bison” = part of Centaurus (2)  “Bison-man,” a monster associate and adversary of Utu—OAkk, Bab (lit.), Bogh, SB; wr. syll. and (mul) gu4.alim (AEAD 52; CAD K 584; CDA 170; EACAD 22; GDS 44; MZL 403, 567; RLA 8:242). Kušariḫḫu see Kusarikku. Kutû (geo) (1) Kutha, an ancient northern Babylonian city; probably modern T. Ibrāhīm, 25 km. north of Kiš; a cult center of Nergal, temple e2.mes.lam (2) occasionally, a name for the netherworld—wr. (uru)gu2.du8.a(ki), (uru)gu2. edin(ki), (rarely) gu2.du8.erim (MM 324; MZL 291, 567; RGTC 1:62; 2:66– 68; 3:81–82; RLA 6:384–87). Kutušar (dei) mother of Nergal and Ninurta; identified with Ninlil, worshiped at Aššūr in the “seat of Ninlil,” e2.tum.ma.al—wr. syll. (AGE 343; HMH 151; RLA 6:389).

L

Laba see Labbu. Labbu (Labʾu(m), Lābu(m), Laba 63) (dei) “Lion” (1) a divine epithet, applied to various deities (2) monstrous creature destroyed by Tišpak—OAkk lābu(m), OA labʾum, SB labbu; wr. syll. and pirig (= ug2), ur (AEAD 53; CAD L 24–25; CDA 175; EACAD 125; ESP 42; GDS 178; RLA 6:404, 411). Labʾu(m) see Labbu. Lābu(m) see Labbu. Lagaš (geo) Lagash, a Sumerian city in southern Mesopotamia; also the citystate including Lagaš-Girsu; location of several temples, especially of 62.  CDA 291 suggests the spelling Qumāru, with possible definition “part of the constellation Cygnus.” 63.  Laba is unusual, and is found only as a divine epithet in personal names. ESP suggests it acquired this fixed form with -a because of its normal use as a predicate. See, however, RLA 6:440, which gives it a separate entry from Labbu.

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Ningirsu, e2.ba.gara2 = modern al-Hibā—wr. syll. and šir.bur.laki (HMH 69; MZL 272, 567; RGTC 1:99–108; 2:108–10; 3:149; RLA 6:419–30). Laḫama (Laḫama-Abzu; see Laḫmu 64) (dei) (1) creatures associated with Enki and the abzu (2) guardian statues in the gateways of temples (AA I 15; CDA 175; GDS 114; RLA 6:431; 8:242). Laḫama-Abzu see Laḫama. Laḫamu see Laḫmu. Laḫar (Laḫru) (dei, astr) (1) “Flocks”; 65 the god of flocks and domestic animals, presumably created by Ea; sometimes mentioned along with “Grain” and “Beer” (2) a star associated with Āia in the Path of Enlil = part of Boötes?—OAkk, Bab, NA; wr. syll. and d/mulu8 (AEAD 54; AGE 346; CAD L 44; CDA 175; EACAD 76, 85; mul.apin I i 18, p. 137; MM 322; MZL 422; RLA 6:431). Laḫḫum (cal) name of a month—Mari, Elam; wr. syll. (CAD L 41, CDA 175; RLA 5:301). Laḫmu (also fem. Laḫamu; see Laḫama) (dei) “Hairy,” a protective, beneficent deity associated with Enki/Ea and later with Marduk; the pair Laḫmu and Laḫamu are male and female primordial deities 66—wr. syll. and dgu4, gu4.ud (AA I 14–15; AEAD 54; CAD L 41–42; CDA 175; EACAD 97; GDS 115; MM 324; RLA 8:242). Laḫru see Laḫar. Lakīsu (geo) city in Judah, ca. 15 km. south of T. es-Safī/Gimtu; modern T. al-Duwēr, biblical Lachish—wr. syll. (HA [map] p.  7, [gazetteer] p.  12; RGTC 7/1:153; RLA 6:412–17). Lallubû(m) (Lanlubû, Lullubû) (cal) the sixth month in the calendar used in Elam; seventh month in SB astr. texts—OB, SB; wr. syll. (CAD L 48; CDA 176; RLA 5:302). Lamamaḫḫu see Lamamāḫu. Lamamāḫu (Lamamaḫḫu) (dei) an apotropaic figure; probably a freestanding statue in human or partly human shape; a human headed bull colossus—SB; wr. dlamma.maḫ (CAD L 59; CDA 176; MZL 353, 568). Lamassu see Lamaštu, Lamma. Lamaštu (also NA Lamassu; see also Pazūzu and Pašittu(m)) (dei) Babylonian fever-demoness associated with the constellation Pašittu(m); daughter of Anu; she threatened infant and child mortality—wr. syll. and ddim8–11.me, 64.  CDA does not include a separate entry for Laḫama, but includes this information under Laḫmu. 65.  Laḫar is the Akkadian for “ewe,” but in most traditions, Laḫar is male. Tallqvist calls Laḫar a “vegetation god.” See AGE 346. 66.  RLA 6:431, 433 does not include a separate entry for Laḫmu, but references Laḫama instead. Laḫmu and Laḫamu are also equated with dgu4/gu4.ud. See Litke (p. 22), CAD L 41. See also Muštarīlu, Šiḫtu.

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d dim3.me (AA A 153; AEAD 54; CDA 177; GDS 30, 63, 115–16, 146; RLA 6:439–46; MZL 307, 568; RLA 8:243). Lamma 67 (Akk. Lamassu) (dei, astr) (1) a benevolent, protective female deity, corresponding to the benevolent, protective male deity Šēdu (2) a star in the Path of Enlil = Vega (α Lyrae)—wr. syll. and d/mullam(m)a (= an/mulkal) (AA A 68; AEAD 54; CDA 177; GDS 115; mul.apin I i 26, p. 138; MZL 353, 568; RLA 6:446–59; 8:243). Lammu (see Lamma, Šēdu(m)) (dei, astr) (1)  a name of the netherworld (2)  name of a star  68—SB; wr. lam (mng. 1), mulLam-mu (mng. 2) (AHw 1:533; CAD L 68; CDA 177; EACAD 141). Lanlubû see Lallubû(m). Larsa(m) (geo) a city in southern Babylonia; modern Sinkara/Senkere; location of several temples, especially of Šamaš, e2.babbar(.ra), e2.dur.an.na/ ki—wr. syll. and ud.unugki, ud.abki (GA 503; HA [map] p.  16, [gazetter] p.  12; HMH 70, 80; RGTC 1:109–10; 2:111; 3:150–52; 8:210–11; RLA 6:496–506; MZL 164, 380, 568). Lāsimu (dei) “Messenger” or “Runner,” a divine epithet or name—Bab, NA; wr. syll. and kaš4, kaš4.e, kaš5, kaš5.e (AEAD 54; AGE 346; CAD L  107; CDA 178; EACAD 134; MZL 317–18, 568; RLA 6:507). Laṣ (dei) a goddess, regarded as the wife of Nergal—wr. syll. and dla.az (AA VI 2–3; AG 2:38; GDS 136; MZL 263; RLA 6:506–7). Lātarāk (see Lulal) (dei, astr) (1) an Akkadian lion-headed and human-bodied deity closely related to the Sumerian Lulal; perhaps they referred originally to the same deity, but were treated as a pair by the late second millennium 69 (2) associated with the constellation mulur.gu.la, “the Lion,” in the Path of Enlil = Leo (3) also, with Lulal, associated with the constellation “Lulal and Lātarāk,” in the Path of Anu = perhaps π3 and π4 Orionis—wr. syll. (AGE 346; GDS 116; mul.apin I i 8, I ii 3, pp. 137–38; RLA 7:163–64; 8:242). Likkaše (cal) month name—OB Alal.; wr. syll. (CAD L 184; CDA, 182). Lil(lu) (dei) (1) a demon (2) dlil, a god, son of Šulpae and Ninḫursaga; worshiped at the temple e2.mes, and a seat in e2.sag.il2 in Babylon—from OB on; wr. syll. and dlil (AA II 64; AGE 348; CAD L 190; CDA 182; EACAD 197; GDS 173; HMH 104, 126; RLA 7:19–20). Lilissu(m) (dei) a god name; the “Divine Kettle Drum”—wr. syll. and dliliz (= ab2×dub2/balag) (AEAD 56; CAD L 186–87; CDA 182; EACAD 68; MZL 178, 262, 397, 568; RLA 7:22).

67.  The distinction between mulLamma and mulLammu is suspect in regard to their astronomical referents. See the sources cited. 68.  But see footnote for Lamma above. 69.  Tallqvist suggested that Lātarāk was a manifestation of the god Sîn. See AGE 346.

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Lilû (Lilium; fem. Lilītu; see Ardat-lilî) (dei) lilû and lilītu are male and female demons who haunt open country and are dangerous to pregnant women and children—OB, SB; wr. syll. and Lilû = lúlil2.la2 , lil2.la2.en.na; Lilītu = munuslil2.la2 , ki.sikil.lil2.la2, ki.sikil.lil2.la2(.en.na) (AEAD 56; AGE 117; CAD L 190; CDA 182; EACAD 197; GDS 118; MZL 340, 569; RLA 7:23–25). Lisi see Lisin. Lisikūtu (dei) a group of gods—MA, NA; wr. syll. (CAD L 208). Lisin (Lisi) (dei, astr) (1) a sister of Ašgi, daughter of Šulpaʾe and Ninḫursaga; wife of Ninsikila, who was later misinterpreted as a goddess—therefore Lisin was later understood to be a god; worshiped in Adab and Keš (2) associated with the star α Scorpii = Antares, one of the stars in the Path of Ea, associated with Nabû—wr. d/mulli9.si4, mulgaba.gir2.tab 70 (AA II 70; GDS 122; mul.apin I ii 30, p. 138; MZL 105, 293, 314; RLA 3:77; 7:32–33). Lišān kalbi (astr) a star—NB; wr. muleme.ur.gi7 (CAD L 209; CDA 183; MZL 260, 432). Lugal-amaš-paʾe (dei) a netherworld demon, or demon associated with sickness—wr. dlugal.amaš.pa.e3(.a) (AGE 350; MZL 307; RLA 7:111). Lugalbanda (dei) deified Sumerian king and hero, third king of the First Dynasty of Uruk; son of Enmerkar, husband of Ninsun, and in most literary traditions, father of Gilgameš—wr. dlugal.ban3.da (AA IV 295, V 1; GDS 123; MM 324; MZL 307; RLA 7:117–32). Lugal-irra (see Meslamta-ea, Nergal) (dei, astr) (1) a deity, often paired with Meslamta-ea, with netherworld associations (2) one of the “Great Twins,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil—wr. dlugal.gir3(or ir9).ra (mng. 1), mul maš.tab.ba.gal.ga.la (mng. 2) (AA V 296; mul.apin I i 5, p.  137; MZL 307; RLA 7:143–45). Lugal-Marada (dei) “King of Marad,” patron god of the city of Marad; temple e2.igi.kalamma—wr. lugal.maradki, lugal.mar2.daki (AK 282; MM 324; MZL 307; RLA 7:148). Luḫuššum see Luḫušû. Luḫušû (Luḫuššum) (dei) an epithet of the god Nergal, “the Terrifying One”—OB, SB; wr. syll. and dlu2.ḫuš.a, dlu2.ḫuš (CAD L 240; MZL 357, 569; RLA 7:159). Lulal (see Lātarāk) (dei, astr) (1) a deity or associated pair of deities, Lulal and Lātarāk; possibly to be identified with figurines of “the Smiting God”; temples in Bad-tibira and Apak (2) with Lātarāk, part of the constellation “Lulal and Lātarāk”; in the Path of Anu = perhaps π3 and π4 Orionis—wr. d lu2.lal3 (AGE 349; GDS 116, 165–66; HMH 129, 141; mul.apin I ii 3, p. 138; MZL 357; RLA 7:163–64). 70.  mul.apin lists mulLiši under gaba.gir.tab, “the Breast of the Scorpion.” HMH 157 lists a temple to Lisi, the e2.ur5.ša3.ba, at Umma.

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Lulî (pers) king of Sidon, and possibly also Tyre, during the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria—wr. syll. (PNAE 2/2:668–69). Lulimmu see Lulīmu. Lulīmu 71 (Lulimmu; see also Kalītu) (astr) (1) “the Stag,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = the eastern part of Andromeda (2) a name of the planet Saturn—Bab, NA; wr. mullu.lim (AEAD 56; AGE 348; CAD L  241; CDA 185; EACAD 198; mul.apin I i 31, p. 138; MZL 569; RLA 3:79). Lullubû see Lallubû. Lumaššu see Lumāšu. Lumāšu (Lumaššu) (astr) (1) one of several stars whose heliacal risings fall at or near the solstices and equinoxes, and that therefore serve to divide the year (2) a zodiacal constellation—SB, NB; wr. syll. and lu2.maš, lu2.maš-ši (AEAD 56; CAD L 245; CDA 185; EACAD 238; MZL 357, 569). Lumnu (mulḫul; see Ṣalbatānu) (astr) “the Star of Evil,” or “Misery,” the planet Mars; a star in the Path of Anu in the astronomical compendium mul.apin—wr. syll. (mullu-um-nu) and mulḫul (CAD L 247–48; CDA 185; EACAD 75; mul.apin I ii 14, p. 138; MZL 569).

M

Māʾaba (Mūʾab(a), Maʾab(a), Muʾab(a), etc.) (geo) the land and people east of the Dead Sea; biblical Moab—wr. syll. (AEAD 65; HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 12; RGTC 7/1:161–62; RLA 8:318–25). Mādāya (geo) Media, an area extending east from the mountain valleys of central-west Iran; the Medes—wr. syll. (kurMa-da-a-a, kurMa-ta-a-a, etc.) and kur-a-a (AEAD 57; RGTC 8:214–15; RLA 7:619–23). Madānu (Mandānu; see Dayyānu(m)) (dei) “the Divine Judge”; name of a god or a divine epithet; sometimes refers to Marduk and his group—Bab; wr. syll. and ddi.kud (SB), dtar(?) (AA II 253–54; CAD M/1 10; CDA 187; MZL 248, 411, 569; RLA 7:356–57). Magan (geo) in the third and second millennia bce, the south coast of the Persian Gulf to Oman—wr. ma2.gan(ki), Ma-ka-an, and Ma-kan (AEAD 57; MZL 296; RGTC 1:113–14; 2:114–15; RLA 7:195–99). Magmaru (cal) name of a month in Ugarit—RS; wr. syll. (CAD M/1 46; CDA 189). Magrānu(m) (cal) name of a month—OB Diyāla, Chagar Bazar, Mari, T. alRimah; wr. syll. (CAD M/1 46; RLA 5:301). Magrattu(m) (cal) name of a month in the Diyāla region—OB; wr. syll. (CAD M/1 46; RLA 5:301). 71.  EACAD 198 has Lilīmu.

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Maḫalliba (geo) Phoenician city, ca. 6 km. north of Tyre and 2 km. south of the delta of Nahr al-Qāsimīya on the Mediterranean; in the eighth century bce belonged to Sidon—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 8, [gazetteer] p. 13; RGTC 7/1:164). Makurru, Makkūru see Makūru(m). Makūru(m) (Makurru, Makkūru, Maqurru) (astr) “the Bark,” a constellation in the Path of Ea = ε Sagitarii 72—OB, SB; wr. syll. and mulma2.gur8 (CDA 192; EACAD 23; mul.apin I ii 34, p. 138; MZL 295, 570). Maliḫu see Malku. Malikatu see Malkatu. Maliku see Malku. Malkānu(m) (cal) the second (?) month in Mari—Mari; wr. syll. (CAD M/1 166; CDA 193; RLA 5:301). Malkatu(m) (Malikatu, Malūkatu(m)) (dei) “Ruler, Queen” (1)  a title of Inanna/Ištar (2) a female demon, corresponding to Malku?—OAkk, MB, SB; wr. dinnin.galga.sud 73 (AA IV 127; AEAD 59; CAD M/1 166; CDA 193; EACAD 169; MZL 285, 330, 377; RLA 7:322). Malku(m) (Maliku(m), Maliḫum) (dei) (1) a netherworld god or chthonic demon 74 (2) spirit of the dead?—wr. syll. (AA IV 152; CAD M/1 168–69; CDA 193; RLA 7:305–6). Malūkatu(m) see Malkatu(m). Mam(m)a, Mam(m)i see Mam(m)ītu(m). Mammiatu see Mam(m)ītu(m). Māmītu (dei) “Curse” or “Oath,” a demonic power for those who break an oath—wr. syll. and nam.erim2, nam.rim, sag.ba (AEAD 59; CAD M/1 192– 93; CDA 194; EACAD 52; GDS 146; MZL 278, 293, 570; RLA 7:330–31). Mam(m)ītu(m) (Mam(m)i, Mam(m)a, Mammiatu) (dei, cal) (1) a name for the Mesopotamian mother goddess (Ninḫursaga?) (2) the wife of the netherworld god Nergal/Erra; the connection between Mamma and Mam(m) ītu, and that of the mother goddess and the wife of Nergal, is unclear 75 (3) (OAkk, Bab) name of a winter month—wr. syll. and dma.ma, dma.mi, dma. mi.tum (AA II 44–45, V 299, VI 3; CAD M/1 201–2; CDA 194; GDS 133; MM 324; RLA 5:301; 7:330–31; 8:504–5).

72.  See Lambert, RLA 7:193, who attributes this constellation to the moon god Sîn. 73.  M. Krebernik in RLA 7:322 spells the logogram dinanna.malga.su3, equivalent to dinnin.galga.sud. See MZL 330, 376, 503. 74.  M. Krebernik in RLA 7:306 suggests Totengeist may be the meaning of Malku, while dMalik may be the designation for the netherworld deity, though he says this is not entirely certain. dma.lak in AA IV 152 may also be a reference to this underworld deity. 75.  Note that Mam(m)ītu is the wife of Nergal in AA VI 3, but Mama/Mami is one of the names of Ninmaḫ in AA II 44–45.

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Mamu (Mamud) (dei) “Dream,” the god of dreams; originally a Sumerian deity, daughter of Šamaš, although sometimes depicted as a male deity; sanctuary at Imgur-Enlil, built by Aššurnaṣirpal II—wr. dma.mu2, dma.mu, d ma2.mu (AA III 149; GDS 71, 128; MZL 362; RLA 7:331; 14:116). Mamud see Mamu. Mana (cal) name of a month in Chagar Bazar and Mari—OB; wr. syll. (CAD M/1 202; CDA 195; RLA 5:301). Mandānu see Madānu. Manungal see Nungal. Manzât (Manziat, Mazzât, Manzīt; also Ḫarriru?) (dei, astr) (1)  the god “Rainbow,” spouse of Simut, a goddess especially worshiped in Elam; sanctuaries in Babylon and Nippur (2) a star or constellation, associated with dḪarriru in the astronomical compendium mul.apin, possibly Venus or 18, 31, and 32 Andromedae? 76—OAkk, Bab, NA; wr. syll. and dtir.an(.na) (AA IV 287–91; AEAD 60; CAD M/1 230–32; CDA 109, 196; EACAD 170; GDS 75, 153; HMH 166; mul.apin I i 33, p. 138; MZL 378, 390, 570; RLA 7:344–46). Manziat see Manzât. Manzīt see Manzât. Maqurru see Makūru(m). Marad (Mar(a)da) (geo) a city in central Babylonia; possibly modern Wannat as-Sa‘dūn—wr. syll. and marad.daki, mar2.daki, mar.daki  77 (HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 13; RGTC 2:116–18; 3:159–60; 8:220; RLA 7:351–52). Mār-bīti (dei, astr) (1)  “Son of the Temples,” a Babylonian god of destiny and war; sometimes associated with Nabû or other deities; temple e2.maḫ. gir17.zal in Babylon or Borsippa (2) associated with the constellation “the Harrow” (Maškakātu), the weapon of Mār-bīti, in the Path of Ea = the eastern part of Vela—wr. da.e2, ddumu.e2 (mng. 1), mul,gišgan2.ur3 (mng. 2) (AGE 361–62; AHw 2:616; CDA 202; HMH 121; mul.apin I ii 23, p. 138; MZL 290, 305, 436; RLA 7:355–57; 9:21). Mar(a)da see Marad. Marduk (dei) patron god of the city of Babylon, later king of the gods; son of Enki/Ea; wife, Ṣarpānītu; in the Creation Epic he defeats Tiāmat and reorganizes the cosmos, placing Babylon at the world’s center; associated with the planet Jupiter; great shrines e2.temen.an.ki and e2.sag.il2 76.  RLA 7:345, states that tir.an.na indeed is used of a star or constellation, though it never occurs phonetically as Manzât, “rainbow,” so whether Manzât can ever refer to a star is in doubt. CDA 196 suggests that it might be a stellar nebula. mul.apin (dḪarriru, in the Path of Enlil ) and GDS 153 suggest that Rainbow/Manzât was a star or stellar nebula in Andromeda. 77.  RLA 7:351 lists this logogram as an Old Akkadian variant.

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in Babylon—wr. damar.utu, den, dmes, dku, dša3.zu, dšu2 78 (AA II 185–234; AEAD 61; AGE 362–72; AMGG; EAE 285; GA 505; GDS 128–29; HMH 139–40; MZL 286, 571; RLA 7:360–74). Marduk-apla-iddina (pers) “Marduk has given an heir,” name of two Babylonian kings (1) Marduk-apla-iddina I, king of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon, ca. 1171–1159 bce (2)  Marduk-apla-iddina II (Merodach Baladan), twice king of Babylon, 721–710 bce and again in 703; leader of the Chaldean tribe of Bīt Yakin in southern Babylonia—wr. (mng. 2) m,damar.utu. dumu.uš.sum-na, m,damar.utu.dumu.uš.mu, m,damar.utu.a.sum-na, m,damar. utu.a.mu, m,damar.utu.a.aš, m,dšu2.a.aš, m,dmes.a.sum-na (PNAE 2/2:705–11; RLA 7:374–75). mar.gid2.da see Ereqqu(m). mul mar.gid2.da.an.na (see Ereqqu(m)) (astr) “the Wagon of Heaven,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = Ursa Minor (the Little Bear), associated with Damkianna—wr. mulmar.gid2.da.an.na (CDA 77; mul.apin I i 20, p. 137; MZL 339). Mari (Meri, Mera) (geo) a city in the middle Euphrates region; conquered by Ḫammurapi; modern T. al-Ḥarīrī—wr. syll. (MZL 295; RGTC 1:117–18; 2:128–29, 3:161–62; 8:221; RLA 7:382–418). Martu see Amurru(m). Marʾubišti see Marubištu. Marubištu (Marʾubišti) (geo) along with Akkuddu, a royal city of the Ellipi in the Zagros Mountains during the reign of Sargon II; conquered by Sennacherib—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 11, [gazetteer] p. 13; RLA 7:440). Maškakātu see Mār-bīti mng. 2. Maššû, Mašû see Māšu(m). Māšu(m) (Maššû, Mašû, Tūamē, Tūʾamu(m), Tūʾimu(m) 79) (dei, astr) (1) “the Twins” = Meslamta-ea and Lugal-irra (2) “the Twins” = Gemini, constellations in the Path of Enlil (a) the “Great Twins,” wr. mulmaš.tab. ba.gal.gal.la, associated with Meslamta-ea and Lugal-irra = α and β Geminorum, and the stars north and south of them; and (b) the “Little Twins,” wr. mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur, associated with Alammuš and Nin-ezen×gud = ζ and λ Geminorum, and the stars north, south, and west of them (3) the constellation Lulal and Lātarāk = part of Orion, referred to as “Twin Stars,” wr. mulmaš.tab.ba, in the Path of Anu, and (4) name of a star in the constellation Hercules?—OAkk, Bab (AA V 306; AEAD 63, 125; CAD M/1 401–3; 18:443–44; CDA 203–4, 408; EACAD 218, 238; EAE 285; mul.apin I i 5–6, I ii 3, pp. 137–38; MZL 274, 572, 598; RLA 3:74). Mazzât see Manzât. 78.  AMGG adds damar.ud/utu.kam, damar.ud/utu.kám, ddumu.ú.tuk. 79.  See discussion in CAD T 444. maš.tab.ba may be rendered Tūʾamu, which also means “twins.”

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Medûm (geo) a region in southern Mesopotamia, near Larsa?—wr. syll. (RGTC 3:167). Melaḫḫa (Meluḫḫa) (geo) in the oldest Babylonian tradition, refers to the land from Oman to Babylon, but also possibly the northern Persian Gulf including Pakistan to the Gujarat Peninsula of India; in the first millennium, refers to Ethiopia—wr. syll. (AEAD 63; RGTC 1:121; 2:132; 3:167; 8:228; 12/2:189; RLA 8:53–55). Meluḫḫa see Melaḫḫa. Meme (see Gula) (dei) a name for Gula, a goddess of healing, although probably originally distinct from her—wr. dme.me (AA III 39, IV 276, V 139– 40; 80 GDS 101; MZL 420; RLA 8:56–57). Mera, Meri see Mari. Mersû(tu) (geo) Emesal form of the city Girsu—wr. me.er.si (Emesal) (CAD M/2 26; RLA 3:385). Meslamta-ea (see Lugal-irra, Emeslam) (dei, astr) (1) “the One who comes forth from the Meslam,” Sumerian god with netherworld associations, often paired with Lugal-irra, with major cult center at Emeslam in Kutha; identified with Nergal/Erra (2) one of the “Great Twins,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil—wr. dmiš/mes.lam.ta.e3(.a) (mng. 1), mulmaš.tab.ba.gal. ga.la (mng. 2) (AA V 298; GDS 135–36; mul.apin I i 5, p. 137; MZL 341; RLA 7:143–45). Mēšaru(m), Mēšeru(m) see Mīšaru(m). Miṣir see Miṣru. Miṣru (Miṣir, Muṣur, Muṣri, etc.) (geo) Egypt—wr. syll. (AEAD 68; HA [map] p. 13, [gazetteer] p. 13; RGTC 8:229–30; RLA 8:264–69). Mīšarru(m) see Mīšaru(m). Mīšaru(m) (Mēšaru(m), Mēšeru(m), Mīšarru(m)) (dei, cal) (1) the personification of “Justice,” often paired with Kittu, “Truth,” used as an epithet of Šamaš (2) name of a month in OB Alal.—wr. syll. and nig2.si.sa2 (AA III 140; AEAD 65; CAD M/2 116–19; CDA 212; EACAD 117; MZL 292, 573; RLA 11:358–59). Mitinti (pers) kings of Ashdod and Ashkelon in the eighth century bce (1) Mitinti I, king of Ashkelon during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser I (2) king of Ashdod during the reign of Sennacherib (3) Mitinti II, son of Ṣidqa, king of Ashkelon during the reigns of Esarhaddon and Aššurbanipal—wr. syll. (PNAE 2/2:757–58; RLA 8:283–84). Mitirunnu (cal) a festival and name of a month—Nuzi; wr. syll. (CAD M/2 139; CDA 213; RLA 5:302). Muʾaba, Mūʾaba see Māʾaba.

80. In AA V 239, Meme is a name for Gula/Ninkarrak; in V 139, it is a name for Išḫara.

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Muʾati (see Nabû) (dei) an epithet of Nabû, husband of Nanāya/Tašmētu—wr. syll. and dpa (also dpa-a-ti and dpa-ti) (AGE 377; GDS 133; MZL 333; RLA 9:17, 19). Mulaḫḫišu (dei) “Whisperer,” as name of a god—SB, NA; wr. syll. (CAD M/2 188; CDA 216; RLA 8:414). Mulliltu see Mullissu. Mullissu (Mulliltu; see Ninlil) (dei) the Assyrian name for the goddess Ninlil, wife of Enlil—wr. dnin.lil2 (GDS 140–41; MM 325; MZL 573; RLA 9:452–61). Mummu (dei) (1) “Craftsman,” “Creator,” an epithet used for several gods (2) name of the vizier of Apsû, equated with Papsukkal and Il-abrāt—MB, NB, NA; wr. syll. and dumun2 (= dumum) (AEAD 67; CAD M/2 197; CDA 216; EACAD 50; ESP 45; MM 325; MZL 360, 573; RLA 8:415–16). Munḫiātum (geo) unknown meaning; a field name—OB; wr. syll. (CAD M/2 203; CDA 217). Murtaʾʾimu (dei) a name of Adad, “Thunderer”(?)—SB; wr. syll. (CAD M/2 227; CDA 219; RLA 7:440). Muṣri, Muṣur see Miṣru. Mušērtu(m) (dei) a demon, “She Who Leans (into the window)”—SB; wr. syll. (CAD M/2 271; CDA 222). Muški see Mušku. Mušku (Muški) (geo) a people group and region on the eastern borders of Asia Minor; Phrygia—wr. syll. (RGTC 8:231; 9:59; RLA 8:493–95). Muštadallu see Muštarīlu. Muštarīlu (or Muštadallu; see Bibbu(m), Šiḫṭu) (astr) a name of the planet Mercury—SB, NB; wr. syll. and mulgu4.ud, muludu.idim/til.gu4.ud 81 (CAD M/2 286; CDA 223; MZL 338, 428, 574; RLA 7:498). Mutir (cal) name of the sixth month in Adab—OAkk; wr. syll. (CAD M/2 299; CDA 224; RLA 5:299). Muttiltu see Muttīlu. Muttīlu (fem. Muttiltu) (dei) a demon—SB; wr. kin.gal.ud.da (CAD M/2 313; CDA 225; MZL 429, 574; RLA 2:109).

N

Nabirium see Nabrû(m). Nabiu(m) see Nabû(m). Nabrium see Nabrû(m). Nabrû(m) (Nabrium, Nabirium) (cal) (1) OAkk (Sum.), name of a festival (2) OAkk, OB (Ešn., N. Mes.) name of a month—wr. syll. (CAD N/1 30; CDA 228; RLA 5:301). 81.  CAD M/2 286 and RLA 7:498 have udu.bad.gu4.ud.

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Nabû(m) (Nabiu(m); see Muʾati) (dei, astr) (1) Mesopotamian scribal deity; joined Ea and Marduk as gods of wisdom, but also was associated with irrigation and agriculture; wife was Tašmētu, but later regarded as Nanāya; came to be regarded as son of Marduk; rose to high rank in Babylon; major cult shrine e2.zi.da in Borsippa (2) a star associated with the goddess Lisin and Antares in the astronomical compendium mul.apin, one of the stars in the Path of Ea—Bab, MA, NA; wr. syll. and dag/ak, dur, dmuati (= dpa) (AA A 114, 115, 117; AGE 377, 380–84; CDA 228; GDS 133–34; HMH 159–60; mul.apin I ii 30, p. 138; MZL 574; RLA 9:16–29). Nabû-aplu-uṣur (pers) “O Nabû, protect the heir,” Nabopolassar, king of Babylon 625–605 bce; first king of the Chaldean Dynasty, father of Nebuchadnezzar II—wr. dša3.tu2-u (RLA 9:12–16). Nabû-bēl-šumāti (pers) “Nabû is the lord of the names,” leader of the Chaldeans at the time of Aššurbanipal; perhaps an ally of Šamaš-šum-ukīn in his revolt against Assyria; grandson of Marduk-apla-iddina II—wr. m,dag. en.mu.meš, m,dag.en.nam.meš, m,dpa.en.mu.meš, m,dpa.en.nam.meš (PNAE 2/2:811–14; RLA 9:30–31). Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur (pers) “O Nabû, protect my boundary stone/heir” (1) Nebuchadnezzar I, fourth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin, 1125–1104 bce (2) Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon 604–562 bce, son of Nabopolassar, father of Amēl-Marduk—wr. syll. and m,dpa-ku-dúr-pab, m,dpa.nig2.gub. pab, m,dag.nig2.gub.šeš, m,dag.nig2.gub.pab (PNAE 2/2:842; RLA 9:192–206). Nabû-nāʾid (pers) “Nabû is praised,” Nabonidus, the last king of the Late Babylonian Empire, 556–539 bce—wr. m.dpa-na-id, m.dpa-na-iʾ-id, m.dpa.i, m,d ag.i, m,dag.nig2.tuk (GDS 135; PNAE 2/2:853; RLA 9:6–12). Nabû-nāṣir (pers) “Nabû is the protector,” Nabonassar, king of Babylonia 747–734 bce, contemporary with Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria—wr. m,dpa. pab-ir, m,dag-na-ṣir, m,dag.pab-ir, m,dag.šeš-ir, m,dpa.pab, m,dag.šeš (PNAE 2/2:855; RLA 9:5–6). Nagurzam (geo) a place in southern Mesopotamia where Sargon waged war in the third millennium bce—wr. na.gur8.za.amki (RGTC 1:26). Namma see Nammu. Nammu (Namma) (dei) Sumerian mother goddess, considered to have given birth to An, Ki, and especially Enki; personification of the Apsû—wr. syll. and did3 82 (= dengur) 83 (AA I 27–28, III 67; AGE 387; GDS 134; MZL 92, 421, 575; RLA 9:135–40). Namraṣīt (dei) “the One Who Shines Forth,” a divine epithet especially of Sîn, the moon-god—SB; wr. daš.im2.babbar, daš.im5.babbar 84 (AA III 26, A 38; AGE 387; AMGG; CDA 247; GDS 135; MZL 245, 575; RLA 8:362–63). 82.  F. A. M. Wiggermann in RLA 9:137 has did2 instead of did3. 83.  According to AA III 67, Nanše/Nazi is also to be equated with Nammu/engur. 84.  AMGG says that aš is now obsolete, and the correct reading of sign 1 here should be dil.

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Namtar (Namtaru(m), Namtarru) (dei) (1) a minor chthonic deity, minister of Ereškigal in the netherworld (2) a netherworld demon associated with death—OB lex., MB, SB; wr. (d)nam.tar (AA V 219; AGE 387–88; CAD N/1 247–49; CDA 236; GDS 134; MZL 277, 575; RLA 9:142–45). Namtaru(m), Namtarru see Namtar. Namtullu see Nattullu. Nana, Nanâ see Nanāya. Nanāya (Nana, Nanâ) (dei) Sumerian goddess of love and sensuality; daughter of Anu and sister of Utu/Šamaš; worshiped at Uruk with her daughter Kanisura and Inanna of Uruk; often later identified with Ištar; shrines and temples especially in Uruk—wr. syll. (AGE 385–86; GDS 134; HMH 83, 98–99; RLA 9:146–51). Nangulu (Nankulu, 85 Nengulu; Nengultu, Neggultu) (astr) (1)  Nangulu, “glowing,” said of stars (2)  Nengultu, Neggultu, a name for the planet Venus—SB; wr. syll. (CAD N/1 107, 259; CDA 237). Nankulu see Nangulu. Nanna see Sîn. Nanna-Suen see Sîn. Nannar see Sîn. Nannāru(m) (see Sîn) (dei) luminary, light as poetic term, an epithet of the moon god and Ištar—Bab; wr. nanna(= šeš.ki)-ru/ri, nan2.na-ru/ri, u4.sakar, u4.saḫar2 (AEAD 73; AHw 2:731; CAD N/1 260–61; CDA 237; EACAD 127; MZL 358, 381, 575). Nanše (Nazi) (dei) Sumerian goddess, associated with divination, dreams, birds, fishes, and concern for the disadvantaged; daughter of Enki, spouse of Nindara; her minister is Ḫendursaga; temples especially in Nina (the “Sirara House”), Sulum (e2.engur.ra), and Lagaš (the “Šagepada”)—wr. syll. and dnanše (nina = ab×ḫa), dnazi (nina = ab×ḫa) 86 (AA III 67–68; AGE 387; GDS 135; HMH 8; MZL 92, 300, 507; RLA 9:152–62). Narām-Sîn (pers) “Beloved of Sîn,” fourth king of the Dynasty of Akkade in the third millennium bce—wr. dNa-ra-am-den.zu (PNAE 2/2:930–31; RLA 9:169–77). Narbâtu (cal) name of the seventh month in Hurrian (?)—SB; wr. syll. (CAD N/1 349; CDA 241). Narkabtu(m) (astr) “the Chariot,” a constellation = Auriga 87—wr. mul,gišgigir (AEAD 74; AHw 2:747; CAD N/1  358–59; CDA 242; mul.apin II iii 23; EACAD 34; MZL 421). 85.  CAD N/1 259 prefers the spelling Nankulu and refers to it as a constellation. 86.  According to AA III 67, dnazi is equated with dengur, which = Nammu. See discussion in Litke (p. 124) and MZL 92. 87.  Although note that H. Hunger attributes Gamlu, “the Crook,” to Auriga, and not to Narkabtu. See mul.apin pp. 110, 137.

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Nāru(m) (Id) (dei) the deified “River” or “Canal,” connected with judgment by river ordeal, where legal disputes were decided by Id or his son Šazi, or Enki/Ea 88—OB, SB, MA, NA; wr. (d)id2, id2.lu2.ru.gu2 (AA II 276–79; AEAD 74; AGE 325, 379; CAD I 8; N/1 374–75; CDA 124, 242; EACAD 179; GA 498, 509; GDS 155–56; HMH 103–4; MZL 559, 576; RLA 5:27). Naṣrapu (Našrapu) (astr) a group of stars in Perseus—SB; wr. syll. (CAD N/2 51; CDA 244). Našrapu see Naṣrapu. Naššīkum see Niššīku(m). Nattullu (Namtullu) (astr) part of the Yoke star, or a constellation—NB; wr. syll. and mulšudun.anše (CAD N/2 120–21; CDA 246; MZL 318, 448). Nazi see Nanše. Nēberu (Nēburu, Nēperu; see Dāpinu, Kakkabu Peṣû) (astr) “the Ford,” or “Ferry,” a star in the Path of Enlil = a name of the planet Jupiter, associated with Marduk 89—wr. syll.; also mulsag.me.gar (or mulsag.me.nig2?) (AEAD 76; CAD N/2 145–47; CDA 248; EACAD 81; mul.apin I i 37–38, p. 138; MZL 294, 576–77; RLA 9:191–92; 10:590). Nēburu see Nēberu. Neggultu see Nangulu. Nēltu see Nēštu. Nengultu see Nangulu. Nengulu see Nangulu. Nēperu see Nēberu. Nergal (Nerigal; see Erra, Lugal-irra) (dei) Babylonian god of the netherworld, where he is king, also god of death and plague; associated with Erra, originally a separate deity, and also Lugal-irra; husband of Ereškigal, or else Laṣ or Mam(m)ītu; major cult center at e2.mes.lam in Kutha—wr. d u.gur, dgir3/kiš.unug.gal, kiš.unu 90 (AA A 76–85; GA 511; GDS 135–36; HMH 126–27; MZL 577; RLA 9:215–26). Nerigal see Nergal. Neša (see Kaniš) (geo) name of the city Kaniš in Hittite sources (RGTC 4:69; 6:169; RLA 9:232–35). Nēštu (Nēltu) (astr) “Lioness,” designation of a constellation or star—wr. munus ur.maḫ (AEAD 76; CAD N/2 192; CDA 251; EACAD 125; MZL 431, 432, 450). 88.  D. O. Edzard, RLA 5, suggests that this deity does not personify any specific river, such as the Ḫabūr, Daban, or Turnat. Black and Green, GDS 156, suggest that sometimes the river ordeal is connected with one or the other of those deified rivers, which may have been connected with the river of the netherworld. 89.  CDA also suggests Nēberu may be a name for the North Star. See CDA 248. 90.  MZL 577 also lists de2.gir4.kug, dgir3, dgir4.kug, digi.du(?), dmaš.maš(?), and duri3. gal.

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Nēšu(m) see Urgulû. Nibru see Nippur. Nidaba see Nisaba. Niggallu(m) (Ningallu) (cal) “Sickle,” name of a month (OB)—from OA, OB on; wr. urudukin, níg-gál-la 91 (CAD N/2 213, CDA 252; EACAD 190; MZL 429, 444, 577; RLA 5:301). Niggina see Kittu(m). Nikilim see Ningilin. Nikkal see Ningal. Nimru(m) see Ukaduḫḫa. Nina see Ninua. d nin-Ad-mu see Admu. Ninazu (dei) “Lord Healer,” a Sumerian god associated with the netherworld and healing; son of Ereškigal or sometimes Enlil and Ninlil, father of Ningišzida; the old city god of Ešnunna, replaced by the god Tišpak; 92 worshiped at e2.sikil(.la)—wr. dnin.a.su, dnin.a.zu, dnin.a.zu5 (AA V 239; AGE 398; AMGG; GDS 137; HMH 141; RLA 9:329–35; SAACT 1:147). Ninegalla see Bēlet-ekallim. Ningal (Nikkal) (dei) “Great Lady,” Sumerian goddess; consort of the moon god Nanna/Sîn; she was mother of Šamaš and, acc. to one tradition, Ištar; worshiped at the temple e2.kar.zi.da, and many other shrines, especially at Ur (e2.gar6.ku3, among others) and Harran (probably in the e2.gi6.par3 in the e2.ḫul2.ḫul2)—wr. dnin.gal (AA III 27–28, A 39; AGE 403–4; GA 511; GDS 138; HMH 93, 99, 108; MZL 452; RLA 9:352–56). Ningallu see Niggallu(m). Ningilin (Ninkilim, Nikilim) (dei) the name of a god or goddess connected with the mongoose; early on confused with the goddess of incantations, Ningirima—wr. dnin.kilim (AA V 33; AGE 397; GDS 132; MZL 452; RLA 8:424; 14:171). Ningirima (dei) (1) incantation goddess; functions related to water (“Mistress of the Holy Water”); incantations or magic (“Mistress Whose Incantation Means Life”); and snakes and fish (“Mistress of Snakes”) (2) “Lord of the Fruit,” an epithet of Enki/Ea 93—wr. dnin.girim(m)a3 (= a.ḫa.tar.du) (AA A 128; MZL 215–16, 452; RLA 9:364–67). Ningirsu (dei) (see Ninurta) “Lord of Girsu,” a town in the district of Lagaš; Sumerian vegetation and warrior god, a local form of the god Ninurta; son of Enlil, husband of Bau, and brother of Nanše and Nisaba; his major 91.  CAD N/2 213 also has urudušu.kin and ni-gál-la. 92.  SAACT 1:147 says Ninazu is a name of Tammuz. 93.  As an epithet of Enki/Ea, AA A 128 has [dx].gi.rim.ma, identified with lu2.nu.giš. sar, in the section of Anu ša amēli that deals with Ea. Litke suggests the restoration [den].gi.rim.ma.

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temple was e2.ninnu at Girsu—wr. dnin.gir2.su (AA II 297, V 56; AGE 404– 5; GDS 138; HMH 134; MM 326; MZL 451). Ningišzida (dei, astr) “Lord of the True Tree,” Sumerian netherworld deity, figures in myths about Gilgameš and Adapa in which he is one of two gatekeepers in heaven with Dumuzi; son of Ninazu, husband of Geštinanna or Ninazimua; associated with d,mulmuš in the astronomical compendium mul. apin—wr. syll. and dnin.giš.zi.da (or dnin.giz.zi.da) (AA V 250, VI 195; AGE 406; GDS 138–40; mul.apin I ii 8, p. 138; MM 322; MZL 452; RLA 9:368–73). Ningublaga (dei) a god of cattle; son of the moon god; temples at Kiabrig and Ur—wr. nin.ezen×la 94 (AA III 30; HMH 86; MZL 98; RLA 9:374–76). Ninḫursag(a) (see Bēlet-ilī, Nintu) (dei) “Lady of the Ḫursag” (“Lady of the Mountain”); Sumerian mother goddess, also in one tradition called Nintur, Damgalnunna, and Ninsikila; became identified with Ninmaḫ; wife of Enki, 95 mother of Ninurta; worshiped especially at Adab (e2.maḫ) and Keš (e2. keš3ki)—wr. nin.ḫur.sag(.ga2) (AA II 3; AGE 407–8; GDS 140; HMH 108, 119; MZL 452, 550; RLA 9:378–82). Nininsina see Ninisina. Ninisina (Nininsina; see Gula, Ninkarrak) (dei) “Lady of Isin,” Sumerian goddess of Isin, a goddess of healing; identified with Gula in the second millennium; daughter of Anu and Uraš, 96 husband Pabilsag and son Damu; several temples to Gula/Ninisina in Sumer, an important one being e2.gal. maḫ in Isin—wr. syll. and dnin.isinx (= dnin.in), dnin.isinx-sín (= dnin.in-sín) d nin.isinx-si-na (=dnin.in-si.na), dnin.ezen-naki   97 (AA V 128; AGE 408; AMGG; GDS 140; HMH 88; RLA 9:387–88). Ninkarrak (see Gula, Ninisina) (dei) a name for Gula, a goddess of healing; identified also with Ninisina; temples at Babylon, Borsippa, and Sippar to Gula as Ninkarrak—wr. syll. and dnin.kar.ra.ak (AA V 128–64; AGE 409– 10; GDS 101; HMH 102, 150, 155). Ninkasi (see Sīraš) (dei) deity of beer and brewing; “sister” of Sīraš; sometimes Sīraš and Ninkasi are both portrayed as male; sometimes Ninkasi is the wife of Sīraš—wr. dnin.ka.si (AA I 336; RLA 9:442–44). Ninkilim see Ningilin. Ninlil (see Mullissu, Sud) (dei) Sumerian mother goddess, a benevolent deity; spouse of Enlil; in one tradition = Sud, subsequently renamed Ninlil; the 94.  Litke (p. 120) suggests that the proper reading of the sign la here should be gud. 95.  Dalley (p. 326) says spouse of Šulpae and then of Nergal. 96.  D. O. Edzard in RLA 9:387 says that the parents of Ninisina are usually not named. 97.  Ending with the place determinative is unusual, but given the meaning of the name—Lady of Isin—understandable. Here, ezen may have been used due to similarity of sound with isin. See RLA 9:387.

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wife of Aššūr in Assyria, where she was known as Mullissu; worshiped principally at Tummal and Nippur, and along with Enlil at the e2.kur in Nippur—wr. Nin-líl-lá, Nin-líl-le, dnin.lil2 (AA I 176–83, A 22–23; AGE 411–13; AMGG; GDS 140–41; MZL 573; RLA 9:452–61). Ninmaḫ (see Damkina, Ninḫursag(a)) (dei, astr) (1) a mother goddess, Ninmaḫ and Ninḫursaga were virtually identical and became equated; husband Enki, son Ninurta, who renamed her Ninḫursaga; in “Enki and Ninmaḫ,” she was a midwife when Nammu created mankind; worshiped at the temple of the mother goddess at e2.maḫ in Keš 98 (2) a constellation in the Path of Ea = most of Vela—wr. dnin.maḫ, mulnin.maḫ, dnin.maḫ2 (AA II 2, A 148; AGE 413; GDS 140–41; HMH 119; mul.apin I ii 21, p. 138; MZL 451, 550; RLA 3:75, 79; 9:462–63). Ninsar (dei, astr) (1) divine cook/butcher and steward; attendant of Ningirsu and wife of the netherworld god Erragal; according to “Enki and Ninhursaga,” she is the daughter of those two deities (2) together with Erragal, stars in the Path of Enlil (= ζ and ε Lyrae)—wr. syll. and dnin.sar, dgašan. sar (Emesal), dmuḫaldim, dgiri2 (AA I 328; mul.apin I i 27, p. 138; MZL 247, 266, 452; RLA 9:484–86). Ninsiana see Ninsianna. Ninsianna (Ninsiana) (astr, dei) originally an independent Venus deity, she became identified with Inanna/Ištar 99 as the planet Venus, the morning and evening star; Ištar was worshiped as Ninsianna at e2.eš.bar.zi.da, possibly at Ur—wr. dnin.si4.an.na, dnin.si.an.na (AA IV 172; AGE 407; AMGG; GDS 109; HMH 83; MZL 293, 451; RLA 9:487–88). Ninsikila see Ninḫursag(a). Ninsumun see Ninsun. Ninsun (Ninsumun, Ninsunna) (dei) “Lady of the Wild Cow,” 100 a Sumerian mother goddess; in the Gilgameš Epic, wife of Lugalbanda and mother and dream interpreter of Gilgameš; main cult site was e2.ki.kal, where she was worshiped with Lugalbanda—wr. dnin.sumun2 (= dnin.sun2), dnin.sumun2.ak, d nin.sumun2.ka 101 (AA V 2; AGE 417; AMGG; GA 511; GDS 141; MM 326; MZL 452; RLA 9:501–4). Ninsunna see Ninsun. 98.  George says that this particular e2.maḫ seems to be located in Keš, rather than Adab. There was another e2.maḫ in Adab. See HMH 119. 99.  Although see W. Heimpel in RLA 9:487, where he says that Ninsiana is the male aspect of Venus. He suggests that in Old Babylonian times, N. became identified in astronomical texts and god-lists with Inanna/Ištar. 100.  Tallqvist suggests that the name means “Lady of the Irrigation System.” See AGE 417. C. Wilcke in RLA 9:502 and Black and Green (GDS 141) agree that the meaning is “Lady of the Wild Cow.” AMGG states that Ninsun and Ninsuna are obsolete readings. The preferred reading is now Ninsumun. 101.  GA 511, has nin.sun2.a(k). RLA 9:501–2 has nin.sumun2.(a)k.

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Ninšīku see Niššīku(m). Ninšubur (see Papsukkal, Il(i)-abrāt) (dei) (1) in most Sumerian traditions of the third and early second millennium, Ninšubur is female, a minister to Inanna/Ištar, with the epithet sukal.an.na, “Heavenly Vizier,” which was later understood as “Vizier of An,” worshiped principally at e2.akkil (2) in Akkadian texts, Ninšubur is also a minister deity, but is masculine, where he is equated with Il-abrāt, and from the Kassite period on, increasingly with Papsukkal—dnin.šubur, dnin.šubur.ra (AA I 35–45, A 61; AGE 418; GA 511; GDS 141–42; MM 326; MZL 451; RLA 9:490–500). Ninšušinak see Inšušinak. Nintinug(g)a (Bēltum-muballiṭat-mīti; see Gula) (dei) an epithet for the healing-goddess, Gula: “Lady who brings to life the dead”—wr. dnin.tin. ug5.ga (AA V 117–22; AGE 419; CAD B 189–90; GDS 101; MZL 451; RLA 3:695; 9:506). Nintu (Nintur) (dei) “Lady of Birth,” Sumerian mother goddess; equated with Ninḫursaga, Ninmaḫ, and Bēlet-ilī; worshiped especially at Adab and Keš in e2.keški, temple of Ninḫursaga, and e2.maḫ, temple of the mother goddess—wr. dnin.tu (= dnin.tur5) for Nintu and other manifestations of the mother goddess 102 (AA II 18–19; AGE 419–20; AMGG; GDS 132–33, 140; HMH 108, 119; MZL 451, 550; RLA 9:507–8). Nintur see Nintu. Ninua (Ninâ) (geo) Nineveh, capital city of Assyria in the late eighth and seventh centuries bce; modern T. Qūyunǧuq and T. Nabī Yūnus in al-Mawṣil/ Mosul—wr. syll. and uruninaki (nina = ab×ḫa) (AEAD 77; MM 326; MZL 577; RGTC 1:130; 2:149; 3:178; 8:238–39; RLA 9:388–39). Ninurta (Inurta; see Ningirsu) (dei) Sumerian farmer and warrior god; closely associated with, and became identified with, Ningirsu; son of Enlil, spouse was Gula or Bau (or other goddesses); defeated the monstrous Anzû bird; associated with the star Sirius (see Šukūdu); major cult center at e2.šu. me.ša4 in Nippur—wr. syll. and dmaš, dnin.urta (= dnin.ib) 103 (AA I 205–29, VI 192, A 70–75; AGE 421–27; EAE 115, 133; GDS 142–43; HMH 147; MM 326; MZL 452, 577; RLA 9:512–24) Nippur (Nibru, Nipuru) (geo) city in the central floodplain of Babylonia, situated 85 km. southeast of Babylon; important cultural and religious center, with a major temple (the e2.kur) to Enlil; modern Nuffar—wr. en.lilx (= e2ki), 104 nibruki (= (d)en.lil2ki), (dur.anki, gir.gi.lum) 105 (HA [map] p.  10, 102.  Note that AA II 18 and 19 give both names—Nintu and Nintur—as names of Ninmaḫ. See discussion in Litke (p. 68). 103. Livingstone, CPLM 158, also has d40.urta. 104.  RLA 9:533. 105.  RGTC 8:239–42 says dur.an and gir.gi.lum might refer to sectors within Nippur, rather than the entire city.

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[gazetteer] p. 14; MM 326; MZL 286, 291, 577; RGTC 1:128–30; 2:140–47; 3:179; 8:239–42; RLA 9:532–65). Nipuru see Nippur. Niqmu(m) (cal) name of a month—OB, Mari; wr. syll. (CAD N/2 251; CDA 254; RLA 5:301). Nirāḫ(u) (see Bašmu(m), Ṣēru) (dei, astr) “Little Snake,” (1)  a chthonic deity, the deified snake, sometimes confused with the deified Irḫan, the western branch of the Euphrates (2) a constellation in the Path of Anu = Hydra, associated with Ningišzida—SB; wr. syll. (rarely) and mulmuš, dmuš 106 (CDA 254; GDS 166; EACAD 193; mul.apin I ii 8, p. 138; MZL 377, 577; RLA 9:570–74; 12:217). Nīru(m) (astr) “the Hitched Yoke,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = α Draconis? Or Arcturus and parts of Boötes? 107—wr. syll. and mulšudun, mul mu.bu.keš2.da(?), šu.pa(?) (AEAD 77; CAD N/2 264; CDA 255; EACAD 236; GA 511; mul.apin I i 19, II iii 43, II B 7–iv 6, p. 137; MZL 448, 577; RLA 3:75, 79; 9:575). Nisaba (Nidaba, Nissaba) (dei) Sumerian grain goddess, and goddess of knowledge and the scribal arts, goddess of the city of Ereš; wife of Ḫaya; mother of Ninlil; largely replaced as scribal deity by Nabû—wr. dše.naga, d naga (= dnisaba2, dnidaba2) (AA I 294, I 320, III 279–80, A 97–99; AMGG; CDA 255; ESP 47; GDS 143; MM 326; MZL 310, 375, 578; RLA 9:575–79; SAACT 1:147). Nisakku, Nisan/ggu see Nisānu(m). Nisannu(m) see Nisānu(m). Nisānu(m) (Nisannu(m), Nisakku, Nisangu, Nisaggu) (cal) the first month of the Babylonian calendar, March-April—Bab, NA; wr. itibar2, itibar2.zag. gar, itibar, itibar.sag.sag (AEAD 77; CAD N/2 265–66; CDA 255; GA 511; MZL 577; RLA 5:300–301). Nissaba see Nisaba. Niššīku(m) (Naššīkum, Ninšīku) (dei) “Prince,” a name and epithet of Ea— OB, SB; wr. syll. and dnin.ši.ku3 (CAD N/2 282–83; CDA 255; GDS 75; MZL 452; RLA 9:590; SAACT 1:147).

106.  muš.tur is also a designation for nirāḫu, a kind of snake. MZL and mul.apin have only muš as the logogram for the constellation. CAD does not mention the constellation under the nirāḫu entry, nor does CDA. 107.  Note that CAD and CDA both suggest parts of Boötes as the constellation, while mul.apin suggests α Draconis. For the “Yoke,” mul.apin also has both mulmu. bu.keš2.da and mulšudun; the first is clearly the constellation, the second possibly a star within it, as it has the possibility of “flaring up.” Both CAD and CDA suggest a constellation, but also a “Yoke-star.” A. Cavigneaux and M. Krebernik, in RLA 9:575, suggest that the constellation is Boötes and also that šu.pa is one of its logographic readings.

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Nudimmud (see Enki) (dei) epithet of Enki/Ea as a creator god—wr. dnu. dim2.mud, nu.te.mud, nu.te.me.mud, nu.da.mud (AA II 133, A 122–23; AGE 430; GDS 75; MM 326; MZL 270; RLA 9:607). Numušda (dei, astr) (1) a god worshiped in the Early Dynastic and Old Babylonian periods; a son of Nanna; possibly a nature and warfare deity, but originally associated with netherworld deities; temple e2.kun4.sa.tu at Kazallu (2) a constellation in the Path of Ea, equated with Adad and Marduk = possibly η or κ Centauri—wr. syll. and d,mulnu.muš.da, dnu.umuš.muš.da, d muš.da, muš3.da (AMGG; EAE 204; GDS 145; HMH 116; mul.apin I ii 10, 27, p. 138; MZL 270, 399; RLA 3:75, 79; 9:611–14). Nunamnir (see Enlil) (dei) an epithet of Enlil—wr. dnu.nam.nir, dnun.nam. nir, nu.nam2.nir, nu.nam2.nagar (AA I 153; AGE 432; GDS 76; RLA 9:614). Nungal (Manungal) (dei) “Great Princess,” Sumerian netherworld goddess; daughter of An and Ereškigal, wife of Birtum; identified later with Nintinugga/Gula; worshiped at shrines in Babylon, at the e2.kur in Nippur, and other sites—wr. dnun.gal, 108 dma.nun.gal (AA V 192–93, A 149; AGE 431; GDS 145; HMH 66; RLA 9:615–18). Nūnu(m) (Nūnē; 109 see Zibbāti) (astr, dei) (1)  “the Fish,” a constellation in the Path of Ea = Piscis Austrinus (the Southern Fish), associated with Ea (2)  another star or constellation (3)  (SB) a deity associated with the netherworld and the Apsû; acc. to AA, Nūnu is the fourth of six demons, “Policemen of the Steppe” 110—wr. mulku6 (= ḫa), kua (= ḫa) (mng. 1), dnu. nu (mng. 2) (AA IV 270; AEAD 78; CAD N/2 340–41; CDA 258; EACAD 83, 238; ESP 47; GA 512; mul.apin I ii 19, p. 138; MZL 307, 578; RLA 3:75, 79; 9:619–20). Nuska see Nusku. Nusku (Nuska) (dei) Sumerian god; a son of, and minister to, Enlil; god of light and fire; worshiped at shrines in Nippur, Babylon, and Harran; Nusku’s main cult site was Nippur, but in the first millennium a major shrine was at Harran—wr. syll. and dpa.tug2 (= dpa.uš4), dpa+lu, en.ša3.du10, en.ša3. du, and en.sa2.da (AA I 252–56; AGE 432–34; GDS 145; HMH 85, 95, 123; MZL 334, 426, 535, 578). Nuzi (Nuzû) (geo) ancient Gasur; a city east of the Tigris, 16 km. southwest of Arrapḫa (modern Kirkūk) = modern Yorgan Tepe—wr. syll. (RGTC 3:182; RLA 9:636–47). Nuzû see Nuzi. 108.  This is also one of the logograms for the Igigū gods. AA V 193 and VI 312 clearly differentiate between these two divinities. 109. See EACAD 238 and AEAD 78 regarding the constellation. 110.  Acc. to Roberts (ESP, p. 47) and A. Cavigneaux and M. Krebernik in RLA 9:619, the identification of the deity Nūnu is problematical. CAD N/2 341 suggests that Nūnu in personal names is a foreign word, implying that connecting it with Nūnu “fish” or other Semitic words is difficult or impossible.

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P

Pabilsag(a) (dei, astr) (1)  Sumerian city god of Larag/k; husband of Ninisina/Gula, son of Enlil; equated with Ninurta (2) the constellation Pabilsag (“Archer”) = Sagittarius and perhaps θ + Ophiuchi—wr. syll. and dpa. bilx(= giš.pap.ne).sag, dpa.bil(= giš.ne).sag, dpa.bil3(= giš.gibil).sag, dpa.bil2 (= gibil).sag, dpa.bil(= ne).sag, mul/múlpa, mul/múlpa.bil, pa.sag 111 (AA V 125, VI 18; AGE 435; EACAD 238; EAE 281; GDS 147, 190; MM 327; mul.apin I ii 33, p. 138; MZL 333; RLA 10:160–67). Padî (pers) king of Ekron during the reign of Sennacherib—wr. syll. (PNAE 3/1:978; RLA 10:187). Pagru(m) (astr) “the Dead Man,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = Delphinus? 112—Bab, NA; wr. syll. and ad6 (= lu2.bad) (AEAD 79; CDA 260; EACAD 48; GA 512; mul.apin I ii 12, p. 138; MZL 272, 467, 578; RLA 3:79). Palae (Palai) (cal) a month name in Alal.—wr. syll. (CAD P 49; CDA 261). Palai see Palae. Pālil (dei) “Watchman,” “Vanguard,” “Frontrunner,” epithet of Ninurta or Nergal 113—OAkk, OA, OB, SB; wr. syll. and digi.du(?) (AGE 435; CAD P 66; CDA 262; EACAD 228; MZL 408, 578; RLA 10:281). Pa(p)-nigara (dei) a god of Adab, associated with the mother goddess; in late god lists, a warrior god assimilated to Ninurta—wr. dpa4.nigin3.ga.ra, dpa4. nig6.gar.ra, dpa4.ni9.ga.ra (AA II 60–63; AGE 416; MM 327; MZL 264; RLA 10:325–27). Papsukkal (see Ninšubur, Il(i)-abrāt, Šitaddalu) (dei, astr) “Oldest Brother Vizier” (1) a minor male deity who functioned as a minister to the gods, esp. Anu; the minor god Ninšubur was assimilated to him (2) the constellation “the True Shepherd of Anu (i.e., Šitaddalu, associated with Papsukkal), messenger of Anu and Ištar” = Orion—wr. syll. and dpap.sukkal, 114 and (for mng. 2) mulsipa.zi.an.na (AA I 42, V 51, A 61–63; AGE 436–37; AMGG; CAD S 358; EAE 213; GDS 141–42; mul.apin I ii 2, p. 138; MZL 264; RLA 9:490–500). Pāšittu(m) (see Lamaštu) (dei, astr) the female demon “the Obliterator” or “Exterminator” (1) a personified agent of disease; sometimes an epithet of Lamaštu (2) a constellation in the Path of Enlil = β Andromedae—OB, SB; wr. syll. and mulka.muš.i3.gu7.e (CAD P 256–57; CDA 269; EACAD 144; mul. apin I i 35, p. 138; MZL 257; RLA 10:363–64). 111.  MZL 333 and mul.apin I ii 33 also give the writings mulpa.bil/bil2.sag for the constellation. 112.  Weidner, in RLA 3:79, suggests that Pagru is the constellation Antinous. 113.  M. Krebernik, in RLA 10:281, says Palil stands for Igišta/u and Nergal, although he says the reading as a theonym is not secure. 114. AMGG has pap5.sukkal. Acc. to RLA 9:492, the reading of the logogram should be dpa5 (= pap+e).sukkal.

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Pazūzu (dei) an evil, underworld demon, king of the wind demons; often associated with Lamaštu, but sometimes portrayed in a beneficent role as a protector against pestilential winds and as a counter to Lamaštu’s evil; depicted with a canine head, bulging eyes, scaly body, and wings—SB, NA; wr. syll. (AEAD 83; CAD P 314; CDA 271; GDS 30, 63, 147–48; RLA 10:372–81). Piqūdu see Puqūdu. Pirizzarru (cal) (1)  a month name in Ḫana 115 (2)  a festival in Ḫana—OB Ḫana; wr. syll. (CAD P 403; CDA 275). Puqūdu (Piqūdu) (geo) an Aramaic tribe in Babylonia, attested from the eighth to the sixth centuries bce; also, probably the region of Puqūdu on the Uqnû River; biblical Peqôd—wr. syll. (ITP 122, 130, 160, 204; RGTC 8:251; RLA 11:113–15). Purattu(m) (geo) the Euphrates River—wr. ídburanun(.na) (= ídud.kib.nun) (AEAD 85; GA 514; HA [map] p.  10, [gazetteer] p.  14; MZL 381, 580; RGTC 3:303–5; 8:396–98; RLA 2:483–84). Purušḫanta see Burušḫanda. Purušḫattum see Burušḫanda.

Q

Qaltu see Qaštu(m). Qarqār(u) (Qarqara) (geo) Qarqar, a city in Ḫamat in western Syria; assumed by many researchers to be identified with T. Qarqūr on the Orontes river, ca. 12 km. south of Ǧisr aš-Šugūr, although this identification is disputed; 116 Shalmaneser III of Assyria fought against a Syrian coalition here in 853 bce—wr. syll. (HA [map] pp. 2 and 8, [gazetteer] p. 14; RGTC 7/1:194–95; RLA 11:154–56). Qarqara see Qarqār(u). Qarrātu(m) (cal) name of a month and of a festival in Assyria—wr. syll. (AEAD 87; CAD Q 144–45; CDA 285). Qassu see Qaštu(m). Qaštu(m) (Qassu, Qaltu; see Elamatu(m)) (astr, dei) (1) “the Bow,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = ε, σ, δ, and ω 117 Canis Maioris, and possibly κ Puppis (2)  possibly the deified bow of the goddess Inanna/Ištar?—wr.

115.  CAD P 403 includes Mari. 116.  N. Naaman, in particular, suggests an identification with T. ‘Ašārne on the Orontes, ca. 15 km. south of Qal‘at al-Muḍīq (see RGTC 7/1:194–95). 117.  M. Krebernik in RLA 11:157 has τ rather than ω Canis Maioris. He equates Qaštum with Šukūdu = Sirius.

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syll. (for mng. 2), and mulpan 118 (AA IV 257; AEAD 87; AHw 2:906–7; CAD Q 152; CDA 286; EACAD 26; GA 514; mul.apin I ii 7, p. 138; MZL 399, 581; RLA 3:75, 79; 11:157). Qingu (Kingu) (dei) primeval deity; in the Babylonian Creation Epic, the god who became the lover and champion of Tiāmat, who presented to him the “Tablet of Destinies”; slain by Marduk—wr. syll. (AGE 437; GDS 153; MM 327; RLA 11:178–79). Qipānu (Kipānu) (geo) a region northeast of Ḫuzirīna (modern Sultantepe); part of the Assyrian province of Turtānu (HA [map] p. 3, [gazetteer] p. 15; RLA 11:179). Qumāru see Kumāru. Qutû see Gutû.

R

Rābiṣu (see Ḫultuppu(m)) (dei) “the Lurker,” a demon; rābiṣu demons could be either beneficial or harmful to the welfare of humans—wr. syll. and maškim, maškim2, maškim3 119 (AA VI 133; AEAD 91; AGE 437; CAD R 22–23; CDA 294; EACAD 127; GDS 63; MZL 333–34, 582; RLA 7:449– 55; 11:213). Raḫiānu (pers) Rezin, king of Damascus, paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria in 738 bce; joined an anti-Assyrian coalition with Peqah of Israel— wr. syll. (MZL 356, 387; PNAE 3/1:1028; RLA 11:339–40). Raʾību (Rību) (dei) “anger, wrath,” a designation of the Igigū gods—SB; wr. syll. (CAD R 81; CDA 296). Raman see Rammān(um). Rammān(um) (Raman) (dei) an epithet for Martu/Amurru; spouse is Ašratum—wr. syll. and dkur (AA VI 246; AGE 438; MZL 373, 583; RLA 11:236–37). Rašap (dei) a west-Semitic god (perhaps “Flame”? 120), a god of pestilence, identified with Nergal at Ugarit, and with Apollo among the Greeks—wr. syll. 121 (DDD 700–703; ESP 48; RLA 11:251–54).

118.  mul.apin lists Qaštu as mulban; CAD Q  152, CDA 286, and MZL as mulpan. M. Krebernik, in RLA 11:157, suggests mulpan is the better reading. 119.  Logograms per RLA and MZL; contrast AA VI 133: udug (cf. Šēdu(m)). 120.  P. Xella, in DDD 701, says that the “etymological foundation [of the name] is problematic.” He also says (p. 703) that the character of the deity as a chthonic god of disease and death is apparent. 121.  M. P. Streck, in RLA 11:252, says that Rašap may also appear logographically as dnin.urta, dmaš.maš (associated with Nergal), and dkal.

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Riar (Riyar) (geo) a royal Urarṭian city in the district of Armarialī, perhaps close to Lake Urmia, which Sargon II destroyed in 714 bce—wr. syll. (ACA 116; AG 2:40; AK 109; ARAB 2:91). Rību see Raʾību. Riyar see Riar. Rikalla see Irkalla. Rīmē (dei) “Divine Bulls”—NA (AEAD 94; AGE 165–66; AHw 2:986; CAD R  361–63; CDA 305; EACAD 129; GA 517; possibly GDS 47–49; MZL 312, 584). Rīmuš (pers) (1) ruler over Aššūr and descendant of Šamšī-Adad I (2) king of the dynasty of Akkade 2278–2270 bce—wr. syll. (CDA 305; RLA 11:371–75). Rūkibtu (pers) king of Ashkelon, son or nephew of his predecessor Mitinti and father of Šarru-lū-dāri (mentioned in inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sennacherib)—wr. syll. (PNAE 3/1:1053–54).

S

Sabūtu see Sibūtu. Sagḫulḫazakku see Sagḫulḫazû. Sagḫulḫazû (or Sagḫulḫazakku) (dei) a demon, “the One who provides evil”—SB; wr. sag.ḫul.ḫa.za (CAD S 24; MZL 294; RLA 2:111). Saḫarātum (or Zaḫarātum) (cal) name of a month in Ešnunna—OB; wr. syll. (CAD S 36; CDA 311). Saḫrītu (geo) a place, possibly not far from Uruk—wr. urunigin-tu (MZL 424, 585; RGTC 8:264). Salmānu (Šulmān(u)) (dei) an Assyrian deity; mentioned in ritual texts as one of the “gods of the palace”—wr. syll. and dsilim, dsilim.ma, dsilim-man, d silim-ma-nu (CAD Š/3 247; MZL 411; RLA 11:587–88). Salmānu-ašarēd (pers) “Salmānu Is Foremost,” Shalmaneser, name of five kings of Assyria (1)  Shalmaneser I (1273–1244 bce), son of Adad-nērārī I, whose campaigns achieved significant territorial expansion for Assyria (2)  Shalmaneser II, son of Aššurnaṣirpal I, (1030–1019 bce) (3)  Shalmaneser III (858–824 bce), son of Aššurnaṣirpal II, whose numerous campaigns included contact with Israel (4)  Shalmaneser IV (782–773 bce), son of Adad-nērārī III (5)  Shalmaneser V (726–722 bce 122), son of Tiglath-Pileser III; prior to his accession was known by the name Ululaiu; conquered Samaria—wr. m,dsilim-ma-nu-a-šá-re-di, m,dsilim-ma-nu-sag, m,d silim-ma-nu-maš, dsilim-ma-an-sag, m,dsilim.ma.maš (PNAE 3/1:1071–78; RIMA 1:180; RLA 11:579–87). 122.  H. D. Baker, in RLA 11:585, gives the regnal years as 727–722.

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Sāmerīna (geo) (1) Samaria, capital city of the northern kingdom of Israel, modern Sabasṭīya, ca. 55 km. north of Jerusalem (2) the Assyrian province encompassing the central hill country of Palestine—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 15; RGTC 7/1:209–11; RLA 11:623–24). Samsimur(r)una (geo) a Phoenician city, the exact location of which is unknown, but possibly to be found not far from the delta of the Nahr-al-Kalb in northern Lebanon—wr. syll. (HA [map] p.  8, [gazetteer] p.  16; RGTC 7/1:211–12; RLA 11:640). Samsu-ditāna (pers) son and successor of Ammi-ṣaduqa; last king of the Old Babylonian dynasty of Babylon, 1625–1595 bce—wr. syll. and 20-di-ta-na, d utu-di-da-na (RLA 11:640–42). Samsu-iluna (pers) seventh king of the Old Babylonian dynasty of Babylon, ca. 1749–1712 bce (Middle Chronology); son and successor of Ḫammurapi—wr. syll. (RLA 11:642–47). Sangibutu (geo) a designation for two different regions: (1) a region in Urarṭu near Lake Urmia, or (2) a region in the central Zagros Mountain range— wr. syll. (ACA 115; HA [map] pp. 4, 11, [gazetteer] p. 16; RLA 12:10–11). Sappu see Zappu(m). Sargon see Šarru-kēnu. Sarni (Šarni) (geo) a city in the region of Armarialī in Urarṭu, which Sargon II conquered in his eighth campaign—wr. syll. (ACA 115; AG 2:40; ARAB 2:90). Sarru(m) (Sāru, Ṣarru) (astr) a name of the planet Mars—wr. syll. and mullul. la 123 (CAD S 184; CDA 318; MZL 371, 585). Sāru see Sarru(m). Sataran see Ištarān. Sēʾ see Sîn. Sebettu (Sebittu, Sibittu; see Zappu) (dei, astr) (1)  a divine heptad of demons, called “the Seven”; warlike brothers, they are the offspring of Anu and Ki; Nergal/Erra is their leader and march with him into battle (2) alternatively, refers to a group of seven beneficent deities; temples in Babylon, Kalaḫ and Nippur (3) the Pleiades, stars in the Path of Anu—wr. syll. and d imin (= 7), dimin.bi, dimin.a, mulmul (AA VI 150–51; AEAD 99; CAD S 230– 31; CDA 319; GDS 162–63, 190; HMH 96, 169; MM 327; mul.apin I i 44, p. 138; MZL 447, 586; RLA 12:459–66). Sebittu, Sibittu see Sebettu. Sîʾ see Sîn. Si Lê (see Alû, Is Lê) (astr) the Hyades, a group of stars in the constellation Taurus; also, a variant for Is Lê—wr. mulgu4.an.na (CAD S 230; EAE 285, 287; mul.apin I ii 1, p. 138; MZL 337). 123.  MZL 371 does not equate Sarru with mullul.la, but suggests instead Šēlebum. See MZL and Šēlebum below. For discussion, see MZL 371.

ka5.a,

mul

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Sibbatu(m) see Zibbāti. Sibûtu (Sabûtu, Šebûtu) (cal) name of a festival and a month—OB, SB, Nuzi; wr. syll. (CAD S 232; CDA 321). Siduri (Šiduri) (dei) Babylonian goddess, 124 later assimilates to Ištar, the alewife (sābītu) of the Gilgameš Epic—wr. syll. (AA IV 4; AGE 441; GDS 164; RLA 12:459; SAACT 1:102–3). Sililītu(m) (Ṣililītu, Zililītu) (dei, cal) (1) “Messenger,” servant of the rainbow goddess Manzât (2) name of the tenth month in the calender used in Elam 125—OB (Susa), SB; wr. syll. (AA IV 292; CAD S 262; Ṣ 188; CDA 323; RLA 12:496). Simannu see Simānu(m). Simānu(m) (Simannu) (cal) the third month of the Babylonian calendar, May-June—Bab, MA, NA; wr. itisig4, itisig4.ga, itisig4.a, itisig (AEAD 100; CAD S 271; CDA 323; GA 518; MZL 586). Simbatu see Zibbātu(m). Simut (Šimut) (dei) an Elamite god, possibly a “herald of the gods,” associated with Nergal and the planet Mars; his spouse is Manzât—SB; wr. syll. and (an.)man in Elamite; wr. syll. in Akkadian (CDA 324; GDS 75; RLA 12:511–12). Sîn (Sîʾ, Sēʾ, Suʾēn, Suʾīn, Nanna, Nanna-Suen, Nannar; see Nannāru) (dei, cal) (1) the Sumerian moon god, Nanna, Suen, or Nanna-Suen (Bab, MA, NA = Sîn, Sîʾ, and Sêʾ); the son of Enlil and Ninlil; wife Ningal and children Utu/Šamaš and Inanna; worshiped especially at e2.kiš.nu.gal2 in Ur, e2.ḫul2.ḫul2 in Harran (2) OAkk, OA, MA name of a month—OAkk, OA, MA, NA, OB on; wr. syll. and dzu, dzuen (= en.zu), d30, dšeš.na, dšeš. ki, dšeš+ki (AA II 422, A 24; III 1–3, A 24; AEAD 100; AGE 380, 442–48; AMGG; CAD S 294; CDA 324, 326; GA 509, 518; GDS 135; HMH 114; MZL 303, 358, 586; RLA 8:360–76; SAACT 1:147). Sîn-aḫḫē-erība (pers) “Sin has replaced the brothers,” Sennacherib, king of Assyria 705–681 bce, son of Sargon II, father of Esarhaddon; made Nineveh his capital city, sacked Babylon in 689 bce—wr. m,d30.pab.mešeri-ba, m,d30.šeš.meš-eri-ba, m,den.zu.šeš.meš-eri-ba, m,den.zu.pab.meš-eri-ba, m,d 30.pab.me(š).su, m,d30.šeš.meš.su (MM 327; PNAE 3/1:1113–27; RLA 12:12–22). Sinundu, Sinuntu see Šinūnūtu(m). Sinūnu see Šinūnūtu(m). Sip(p)ir see Sippar.

124.  M. Krebernik, in RLA 12:459, says Siduri is a manifestation of Inanna/Ištar; Krebernik renders the name Šiduri. In AA IV 4, Šiduri is clearly a name for Inanna/ Ištar. 125.  CAD Ṣ 188 has an entry for Ṣililītu, also the tenth month in Susa.

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Sippar (Sip(p)ir) (geo) Sippar, a city in central Mesopotamia, about 60 km. north of Babylon; cult center of Šamaš, at e2.babbar(.ra); modern T. Abū Ḥabba—wr. syll. and ud.kib.nunki (= zimbirki) (GA 518; HA [map] p.  10, [gazetteer] p. 16; HMH 70; MZL 381, 586; RGTC 1:144; 2:168–69; 3:205– 8; 8:267–71; RLA 12:528–47). Sippar-amnānum (geo) a district of the city Sippar, settled by the tribe of the Amnānum (?); an archaic designation of Sippar—wr. zimbir.am.na.nu (RGTC 3:208; 8:271–72). Sippar-yaḫrurum (geo) a district of the city Sippar, settled by the tribe of the Yahrurum; perhaps to be identified with T. ad-Dair—wr. syll. and ud.kib. nunki-ia-aḫ-ru-rum (RGTC 3:209). Sirara (geo) a mountain chain in the Levant, probably part of the Anti-​ Lebanon Mountains 126—wr. syll. and sirara2 , ud.ma2.nina.širtenû (HA [map] p. 8, [gazetteer] p. 16; MM 329; MZL 164, 380; RGTC 7/1:221–22; RLA 12:551–52; SAACT 1:146). Sīraš (Siriš; see Ninkasi) (dei) “Beer,” deity of brewing and beer; 127 associated with Ninkasi, his “sister,” likewise deity of beer; seat of Sīraš at e2.kurun.na—wr. dšim (= dsiraš/siris), dšim×a (= dsiraš2/siris2) (AA VI 336– 39; AEAD 100; AGE 448–49; CDA 325; EACAD 18; HMH 118; MZL 322, 518; RLA 9:442–44). Siriš see Siraš. Sisium see Sīsû(m). Sissinnu (Šissinnu, Sissintu, Šissintu) (astr) “the Frond (of Erua),” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = γ Comae Berenices 128—wr. sis-sin-nu de4.ru6 (AEAD 101; CAD S 326; CDA 325; EAE 285, 287; mul.apin I i 11, p. 137; MZL 249, 587). Sissintu see Sissinnu. Sīsum see Sīsû(m). Sīsû(m) (Sīsum, Sisium) (astr) “the Horse,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = possibly α, β, γ, and δ Cassiopeiae—from OAkk, OA on; wr. mulanše. kur.ra 129 (AEAD 101; CAD S 334; CDA 325; EACAD 103; mul.apin I i 30, p. 138; MZL 319, 587; RLA 3:79). Subartu(m) (Šubartum) (geo) originally referring to a region of the upper Ḫabur, in Old Babylonian times referred to northern Mesopotamia; Assyria in Neo- and Late-Babylonian literary style—wr. syll. and šubur, su.bir4ki (MZL 52, 253, 587; RGTC 1:146–47; 2:174–75; 3:223–25; 8:273; RLA 13:225–27). 126.  Dalley equates Sirara with Mt. Hermon in Syria. 127.  Acc. to AA, both Sīraš and Ninkasi are feminine. In some other texts, Ninkasi is portrayed as masculine. See Litke (p. 61). 128.  EAE 285, 287 has Virgo as the constellation. 129.  MZL includes also anše.kur and kur under Sīsû; CAD also has kur. CDA also includes anše.pa+gin2.

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Sud (see Ninlil) (dei) a name for Ninlil; goddess of Šurrupak; daughter of Nisaba, wife of Enlil—wr. dsud3, dsu3.ud, dsu.ku.ru (AA I 179–80; GDS 140, 143; MZL 51, 518; RLA 9:454–55; 13:241). Suʾēn, Suʾīn see Sîn. Suḫurmāšu (dei, astr) (1) a composite monster, “Goat-fish” (2) the “Goatfish,” a constellation in the Path of Ea = Capricorn—from MB on, NA; wr. syll. and mulsuḫur.maš2ku6, mulmaš2 130 (AEAD 101; CAD S 351; CDA 326; EACAD 238; GDS 93, 190; mul.apin I ii 34, p. 138; MZL 276, 393, 587; RLA 8:243, 257). Sumuqan see Šakkan. Susin see Šušan.

Ṣ

Ṣalbatānu (see Bālu, Lumnu, Sarru) (astr) a name for the planet Mars, associated with Nergal—MB, NB, NA; wr. syll. (CAD Ṣ 72; CDA 332; EACAD 156; EAE 62, 187, 253; mul.apin I ii 14, p. 138; MZL 324; RLA 3:75; 10:590; 11:572). Ṣaliltu(m) (Ṣalul) (cal) month name in Gasur—OAkk; wr. syll. (CAD Ṣ 72, 89; CDA 332). Ṣalmāt qaqqadi(m) (pers) the “black headed ones,”a poetic expression for humanity—Bab; wr. syll. and sag.ge6, sag.ge6.ga, sag.ge6.ga.a (CAD Ṣ 75; CDA 332; MZL 588). Ṣalul see Ṣaliltu(m). Ṣarbu(m) (in DNs Bēl-ṣarbi (SB) and Bēlet-ṣarbi MA, NA) (dei) “pertaining to the poplar,” an epithet of Nergal; temple e2.dur2.gi.na in Bāṣ—SB, MA, NA; wr. den-sar-be, dlugal.gišasal2, gišasal2 131 (CAD Ṣ 110; CDA 334; EACAD 160; HMH 80; MZL 307, 588). Ṣariptu (geo) a Phoenician city, north of aṣ-Ṣarafand, ca. 13 km. south of Sidon; modern Raʾs al-Qanṭara; biblical Zarephath, classical Sarepta— wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 8, [gazetteer] p. 15; RGTC 7/1:225–26). Ṣāriru (Zāriru) (astr) a star or constellation—SB; wr. mulan.ta.šur.ra (CAD Ṣ 112; CDA 334; MZL 284). Ṣarpānītu(m) (Zarpānītu(m), Erua) (dei) probably “She of Ṣarpān,” principal goddess of the city of Babylon; also worshiped under the name Erua, goddess of childbirth; spouse of Marduk—Bab, NA; wr. syll. and dedin, de4. ru6, de4.ru6.u8, de4.ru6-ú-a, dnumun.du3-ti, dnumun.du3-tú (AA II 236–41, 315; AGE 652–53; CDA 445; GDS 160; ITP 308; MZL 272, 422, 436, 555). Ṣarru see Sarru(m). 130.  CAD S 351 also includes suḫur.maš as an astronomical designation. 131.  CAD Ṣ 110 consistently has asal.

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Ṣerru(m) see Ṣēru(m). Ṣēru(m) (Ṣerru(m), Ṣīru(m); see Nirāḫ(u), Bašmu(m)) (astr) “the Snake,” the constellation Hydra (?), but see entry for Bašmu, Nirāḫ, and especially the astronomical compendium mul.apin, which renders dmuš with Nirāḫ 132—wr. syll. and mulmuš (AEAD 104; CDA 336; EACAD 193; mul.apin I ii 8, p. 138; MZL 377, 588; RLA 12:217). Ṣidqâ (pers) king of Ashkelon during the reign of Sennacherib of Assyria—wr. syll. (PNAE 3/1:1169; RLA 12:458–59). Ṣidūnu/a (geo) Phoenician city on the Mediterranean, ca. 35 km. south of Beirut and 40 km. north of Tyre; biblical Sidon, modern Ṣaidā—wr. syll. (AEAD 104; HA [map] p. 8, [gazetteer] p. 15; MZL 440; RGTC 7/1:226–29; RLA 12:452–58). Ṣililītu see Sililītu(m). Ṣinišpala (geo) a place in Urarṭu, destroyed by Sargon II in his eighth campaign and mentioned in his “letter to the god Aššūr”—wr. syll. (ACA 115; AG 2:40; ARAB 2:90). Ṣiniunak (geo) a place in Urarṭu, destroyed by Sargon II in his eighth campaign and mentioned in his “letter to the god Aššūr”—wr. syll. (ACA 115; AG 2:40; ARAB 2:90). Ṣinundu see Šinūnūtu(m). Ṣippu (Ṣipʾu(m)) (cal) an Assyrian month name 133—OA, MA, NA lex.; wr. syll. (AEAD 105; CAD Ṣ 204; CDA 339). Ṣipʾu(m) see Ṣippu. Ṣīru(m) see Ṣēru(m). Ṣiṣirtu (geo) a settlement in western Iran, situated between Ḫarḫar, Ellipi, and Media, perhaps near modern Borūǧerd, taken by Sennacherib on his second campaign—wr. syll. (ARAB 2:118; RLA 12:555–56). Ṣītaš (cal) a name of the month Simānu—wr. syll. (CAD Ṣ 215; CDA 339; MZL 589). Ṣurru (geo) Phoenician city on the Mediterranean, 45 km. south of Sidon; biblical Tyre, modern Ṣūr 134—wr. syll. (AEAD 105; HA [map] p. 8, [gazetteer] p. 15; MZL 440; RGTC 7/1:235–37; 8:280–81). 132. Since bašmu, ṣerru, and nirāḫu all mean “snake,” how one renders the constellation “the Snake” is problematical when it is written in Sumerian, muš. Hence, CDA’s ṣerru for the constellation, CAD’s bašmu, but mul.apin’s nirāḫ (but see CAD B 142, note, suggesting bašmu should be read nirāḫu, although nothing under CAD’s entry for nirāḫu suggests a constellation). On balance, because the divine determinative is used with muš, it is possible that the snake god Nirāḫ is meant. 133.  AEAD 105 says the seventh month. 134.  Although note R. Zadok, RGTC 8:281, who says that Ṣurru is not Tyre, but rather a location in Mesopotamia in the zones of influence of Nippur and Uruk. He suggests Tyre is Ṣūru. Ariel Bagg, RGTC 7/1:237, retains the spelling Ṣurru and suggests it should not be mistaken for NB and LB Ṣurru.

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Š

Šabāṭu(m) (cal) the eleventh Babylonian month, January-February—OAkk, Bab, NA; wr. itiziz2, itiziz2.a.an, itiziz2.a (AEAD 107; CAD Š/1 8; CDA 343; GA 520; MZL 589). Šadâna (dei) a god name or divine epithet (from Šādû, “mountain”)—wr. d kur-na 135 (CAD Š/1 38; CDA 345; MZL 373, 589). Šaḫû(m) (astr) “the Pig,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = perhaps the head and first coil of Draco; 136 associated with the god Damu—wr. mulšaḫ 137 (AEAD 108; CAD Š/1 102; CDA 347; EACAD 155; mul.apin I i 29, p. 138; MZL 53, 255, 590; RLA 3:79; 12:327). Ša-imērīšu (see Dimašqa) (geo) in Neo-Assyrian times, the city and state of Damascus—wr. ša-anše-šu, šá-anše-šú, šá-anše-šu, ša-anše-šú, šá-anše.nita2-šu, šá-anše.nita2-šú (MZL 318; RGTC 7/1:238–39; RLA 2:104). Šakkan (Akk. Sumuqan) (dei) Sumerian god of cattle and the wild animals who live in the steppe; often occurs with Ašnan the grain god, Tammuz, and Amurru; sometimes associated with the netherworld; son of Utu, wife Laḫar—wr. dgir3 (AA A 100–106; GDS 172; MM 328; MZL 402, 590; RLA 13:308–9; SAACT; 1:147). Šakudu see Šiltāḫu. Šala (dei, astr) (1) goddess of crop fertility; wife of Adad or Dagān; mother of Girra (2)  Absinnu the constellation “the Furrow,” associated with Šala = Virgo, or α + Virginis, the bright star Spica and the eastern part of Virgo—wr. syll. and dme.dim2.ša4, mulab.sin2, mulabsin (AA I 195, III 240–41, A 59–60; AHw 1:7; AMGG; CAD A/1 65; 15:326; CDA 3; GDS 172–73, 190; MZL 299, 412; RLA 3:77; 11:565–69). Šālibu see Šēlebu(m). Šalimtu(m) (dei) “Well-being, Safety,” a goddess worshiped in the Anu/Adad temple of Aššūr—wr. syll. (CDA 351; EACAD 230; RLA 11:576). Šamaš (Šamšu(m), Šanšu, Šaššu, Utu) (dei) Sumerian Utu; Babylonian sun god, patron of truth, justice, and divination; son of Nanna; sometimes considered the son of Anu or Enlil; his minister was Bunene; his wife was Āia; sometimes also an epithet of other gods; worshiped at the temples e2.babbar in both Sippar and Larsa—from OA, OB on; wr. syll. and dgiš.nu11, dgiš.nu, d utu, d20 (= man) 138 (AA III 135, 137, 269, 271, 274–78, VI 190, A 40–44; 135.  CAD Š/1 38 suggests šadânu is from šādû. CDA 345 says that šādû is sometimes used as a divine epithet. 136.  CAD Š/1 8 and CDA 343 both suggest the possibility that the constellation is Delphinus, not Draco. 137.  CAD Š/1  102 adds mulšaḫ2, and M. Weszeli, RLA 12:327, suggests that the logogram is mulšaḫ2. See discussion in MZL 53. 138.  AMGG also adds dutu.kam. CAD Š/1 335 and CDA 354 include aš.me; MZL 590 does not. MZL 245 includes aš.me only as the “sun disk,” šamšatu, but not as a reference to the deity.

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AEAD 110; AMGG; CAD Š/1 335–38; CDA 354; EACAD 205; GA 521; GDS 182–84; MM 328; MZL 335, 379, 384, 404, 590; RLA 12:599–624). Šamkānum (geo) a topographical designation—OB (CDA 353; AG 2:40). Šamme (Šammena) (cal) name of a month, possibly of Hurrian origin—MB Alal.; wr. syll. (CAD Š/1 314; CDA 353). Šammena see Šamme. Šamšī-Adad (pers) (1) Šamšī-Adad I, ruler of upper Mesopotamia, ca. 1850– 1776, contemporary and opponent of Ḫammurapi (2) Šamšī-Adad IV, king of Assyria 1053–1050 bce (3) Šamšī-Adad V, king of Assyria 823–811 bce, son of Shalmaneser III and father of Adad-Nērārī III—wr. dutu-ši-diškur (= dim), sa-am-se-e- diškur, m,dšam-ši-diškur, m,dšam-ši-10, mšam-ši-d10, m,d utu-ši-diškur, m,dutu-ši-10 (PNAE 3/2:1224–25; RIMA 1:47, 79; RLA 11:632–38). Šamšu(m) see Šamaš. Šanšu see Šamaš. Šara (dei) Sumerian city god of Umma; son of Inanna, equated with Adad; temple e2.maḫ in Umma—wr. dšara, dšara2 (GDS 173; HMH 119; MM 328; MZL 149, 201, 363; RLA 12:31–34; SAACT 3:50). Šargaz (see also Šarur) (dei, astr) (1) along with Šarur, the two deified weapons of the god Ninurta/Ningirsu (2) “two stars which stand in the stinger of the scorpion,” stars in the Path of Ea = λ and υ Scorpii—wr. (d)šar2.gaz, d šar3.gaz, dšar.gaz (mul.apin I ii 32, p. 138; MZL 388; RLA 12:84–86). Šar-kali-šarrī (pers) “King of All Kings,” fifth king of the Sargonic dynasty of Akkade 2217–2192 bce, son of Narām-Sîn; acc. to tradition, rebuilt the temple of Ištar at Zabalam—wr. syll. and sar-gal-lí-lugal-rí (HMH 107, 115; RLA 12:64–65). Šarni see Sarni. Šarrabtû (Šarrabṭû) (dei) name of a netherworld demon; in “Nergal and Ereškigal,” the fifth of fourteen helpers of Nergal—OAkk, Bab; wr. syll. and šar2.ra.ab.du, šar2.ra.ab.du3, šar2.ra.ab.du7 (CAD Š/2 67; CDA 361; RLA 12:70). Šarrabṭû see Šarrabtû. Šarrabu (f. Šarrabtu?) (dei) (1)  “Youth/Strong One of the Steppe,” a demon; 139 acc. to AA V 303ff., Šarrabu was one of a pair of gods identified with Meslamta-ea and Lugal-irra (2)  Šarrabtu, female demon (SB)?— MB, SB; wr. syll. and kal.edin (AA V 303–9; CAD Š/2 67; CDA 361; RLA 12:70–71). Šarrat-kidmuri see Kadmuru. Šarrat-nipḫa/i (dei) (1) a goddess; temple at Aššūr built by Tukulti-Ninurta I; worshiped at the e2.i3.dub.ba in Aššūr and a temple in Kalaḫ rebuilt by Aššurnaṣirpal (2) an epithet of Ištar; temple e2.garza-kidudê in Aššūr—wr. 139.  CAD Š/2 67 lists Šarrabu and Šarrabtu in the same entry, one male and the other female.

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gašan.kur-ḫa/i (CAD N/2 243; HMH 90, 103, 170; MZL 373; NARGD 120; PNAE 3/2:1332; RLA 5:79; 12:76). Šarru(m) (astr) “the King,” a constellation or star in the Path of Enlil = Regulus (= α Leonis), a bright star in the constellation Leo—wr. syll. and mul lugal (AEAD 113; CAD Š/2 105; CDA 361; EACAD 118; mul.apin I i 9, p. 137; MZL 307, 591). Šarru-kēnu (Šarru-kīn, Šarru-ukīn) (pers) “the Righteous King,” or “He made firm the king” (1)  Sargon of Akkade (Agade), founder of the First Dynasty of Akkade (ca. 2334–2279) (2) Sargon I, king of Assyria, son of Ikūnum, father of Puzur-Aššūr (Old Assyrian period) (3) Sargon II 721–705 bce, king of Assyria, son of Tiglath-Pileser III, father of Sennacherib, brother of Shalmaneser V—wr. syll. and śar-ru-gi, mlugal-ki-in, mlugal-ki-nu, m,d lugal.gi.na, m,dlugal.gin, mlugal-ke-e-nu, mlugal-ú-kín, dlugal-ú-kín, m man.gi.na, mman.gin, mman-ú-ki-in (PNAE 3/2:1239–47; RIMA 1:45–46; RIME 2:7; RLA 12:44–61). Šarru-kīn see Šarru-kēnu. Šarru-lū-dāri (pers) “May the king (live) forever,” ruler of Ashkelon and son of Rūkibtu, during the reigns of Sennacherib and Esarhaddon—wr. mlugallu-dà-ri (PNAE 3/2:1248; RLA 12:79). Šarru-ukīn see Šarru-kēnu. Šarur (see also Šargaz) (dei, astr) (1) along with Šargaz, the two deified weapons of the god Ninurta/Ningirsu (2) “two stars which stand in the stinger of the scorpion,” stars in the Path of Ea = λ and υ Scorpii—wr. (d)šar2. ur3, dšar2.ur4, dšar.ur4.ur4, šar.ur4 (mul.apin I ii 32, p. 138; MZL 388; RLA 12:84–86). Šaššu see Šamaš. Šazi (dei) the son of the river god Id—wr. dša3.zi (AA II 281; GDS 155; RLA 12:110). Šazu (dei) epithet of Marduk, proclaimed and interpreted as “He who knows the heart of the gods, who sees through the inside (of things)”—wr. dša3.zu (AA II 203, A 112; MZL 383; RLA 12:110). Šebūtu see Sibūtu. Šeddu see Šēdu(m). Šēdu(m) (Šeddu, Šīdum; see Lamma) (dei) a protective spirit; the corresponding male deity to Lamma/Lamassu, a beneficent, protective female deity—OB on; NA; wr. dalad (kal×bad), a.ra2 140 (AA VI 132; AEAD 114; CAD Š/2  256–59; CDA 365; GDS 115; MZL 353, 436, 592; RLA 8:243; 12:311–16). Šeḫali see Šeḫli. Šeḫli (Šeḫali) (cal) a month name in Nuzi—Hurr.; wr. syll. (CAD Š/2 262, 264; CDA 365).

140.  AA VI 132 lists Šēdu also in connection with udug in a section that deals with demons, including Utukku and Rābiṣu.

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Šeḫṭu(m) see Šiḫṭu. Šēlebu(m) (Šālibu, Šellebu, Šēlubu) (astr) “the Fox,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = possibly a star in, or portion of, Ursa Major; associated with Erra—wr. mulka5.a (AEAD 114; CAD Š/2 268; CDA 366; EACAD 87; mul.apin I i 17, p. 137; MZL 371, 592; RLA 3:75, 119–20). Šellebu see Šēlebu(m). Šēlubu see Šēlebu(m). Šerida see Āia. Šeriš(u) (dei) in the Song of Ullikummi, one of the divine bulls that pull the Stormgod Tešub’s chariot—wr. syll. and dgu4 (AA III 257; MZL 337, 374, 592; RLA 12:398–99). Šēru(m) (dei) god of the dawn—wr. syll. and dud.zal, a2.gu2.zi.ga, a2.gu4.zi.ga, kin.nim 141 (AEAD 115; CAD Š/2 331; 334–35; EACAD 55; MZL 365, 374, 382, 429, 592; RLA 12:400). Šērūʾa (dei) goddess of the dawn; 142 a goddess associated with the god Aššūr— wr. dedin (CAD Š/2 334–35; MZL 311, 592; RLA 12:399–400). Šību(m) (astr) “the Old Man,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = Perseus; when gigir enmešarra is included, extends to the northern part of Taurus— wr. mulšu.gi (AEAD 115; CDA 370; EACAD 146; EAE 222; GDS 190; mul. apin I i 3, p. 137; MZL 368, 593; RLA 3:74). Šidallu see Šitaddalu. Šīdum see Šēdu(m). Šiduri see Siduri. Šiḫṭu(m) (Šeḫṭu(m); see Bibbu(m), Muštarīlu) (astr) (1) the planet Mercury, associated with Ninurta (2) a star in the Path of Anu in the astronomical compendium mul.apin—Bab, NA; wr. syll. and mulgu4.ud 143 (AEAD 116; CAD Š/2 417; CDA 365; EACAD 156; mul.apin I ii 16, p. 138; MZL 593; RLA 10:589). Šiltaḫḫu see Šiltāḫu(m). Šiltāḫu(m) (Šiltaḫḫu, Šakudu, Šukuddu, Šukūdu(m)) (astr) (1)  “the Arrow,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = Canis Maioris, possibly Canis Minoris and parts of Puppis and Pyxis (2) the star Sirius, associated with the god Ninurta—Bab, MA, NA; wr. syll. and mulgag.si.sa2, 144 mulgag.u2.tag. ga, mulgag.u4.tag.ga, mulgag.pan (AEAD 116, 118; CAD Š/2  448; Š/3  228; 141.  MZL and CDA have Šēru written a2.gu2.zi.ga or a2.gu4.zi.ga, but these may be simply “morning,” not (deified) “Dawn.” See CAD Š/2 334–35 for a discussion of ud.zal as deified dawn. 142.  Although see RLA 7:399–400, in which M. Krebernik suggests this may be only a popular etymology made by modern authors. 143.  mul.apin has udu.idim.gu4.ud. CAD Š/2 417 has udu.bad.gu4.ud. The bad sign = idim. 144.  CDA 373, 382 lists gag.si.sa2 as the logogram for the star for both Šiltāḫu and Šukūdu (both = Sirius). MZL 323 has it only for Šukūdu. mul.apin lists it only for Šiltāḫu.

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CDA 373, 382; EACAD 10; EAE 115, 133; mul.apin I ii 6, p. 138; MZL 323, 324, 593, 594; RLA 3:74). Šimut see Simut. Šinišḫu (geo) (1) a topographical term (2) a road that runs from east to west south of Anzukalli, near the two channels Anzukalli and Sara—Nuzi; wr. syll. (CAD Š/3 44; CDA 374; RGTC 10:256). Šinūnūtu(m) 145 (Sinundu, Sinuntu, Sinūnu, Ṣinundu, Šunūnūtu) (astr) “the Swallow,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = ζ, θ, and ε Pegasi and α Equulei, also possibly the western fish of Pisces—Bab, NA; wr. syll. and šim2.maḫ, simmušen, sim.mumušen (AEAD 100, 116; CAD S 295; Š/3 55–56; CDA 324, 375; EAE 219; EACAD 206; GDS 190; mul.apin I i 41, I iii 7, p. 138; MZL 278, 586; RLA 3:75, 79; 12:527). Širimtum (geo) a place located close to the district of Marad—wr. syll. (CAD Š/3 105; RGTC 2:179; 3:309). Šissinnu, Šissintu see Sissinnu. Šitaddalu (Šidallu, Šitaddaru(m)) (astr) “the True Shepherd of Anu,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = Orion (the Hunter), associated with Papsukkal—OB, SB; wr. syll. and mulsipa.zi.an.na (CAD Š/3 128; EAE 62, 214, 285; MZL 335; mul.apin I ii 2, p. 138; RLA 3:74.). Šitaddaru see Šitaddalu. Šubartum see Subartu(m). Šukuddu, Šukūdu(m) see Šiltāḫu. Šulgi (pers/dei) deified king of the third dynasty of Ur, son of Ur-namma; reigned 48 years, ca. 2092–2045 bce—wr. dsul.gi, dsul.gi7 (PNAE 3/2:1269; RLA 13:270–80). Šullat (dei, astr) (1)  a minor deity, minister to Adad, 146 along with Ḫanīš; temple to Šullat and Haniš built by Šulgi (2) star in the Path of Ea, along with Ḫaniš = μ and ν Centauri? Or α and β Centauri?—wr. syll. and dbe, d  147 pa (AA III 271; GDS 110; HMH 170; mul.apin I ii 25, p. 138; MZL 333, 595; RLA 4:107–8; SAACT 1:148). Šulmān(u) see Salmānu. 145.  AEAD 116, spells the word Šinūntu. CAD and CDA have entries for both Sinuntu and Šinūnūtu. Both words refer to a type of swallow, and both also refer to constellations. CAD Š/3 56 says that the ancient scribes themselves did not necessarily distinguish between the two terms. The astronomical compendium mul.apin has Šinūnūtu only, and besides the syllabic writing, uses the logograms šim2.maḫ, which is probably equivalent to simmušen. RLA 12:527 uses šim2.maḫ for Sinuntu, and says that Šinūnūtu “almost certainly” means “swallow,” but that this cannot be proved. Rochberg-Halton, EAE 219, has mul.sim.maḫ. 146.  Dalley says that Šullat is a minister to the sun god. 147.  There is a question whether šu.pa is the logogram for Šullat. Hunger in mul. apin does not assign a god name to the constellation, and I. J. Gelb (RLA 8:108) and ESP suggest the interpretation of the name must be left open.

Part Three: Glossary of Proper Nouns

149

Šulpaʾe (dei) Sumerian god, “Brilliant Youth,” or “Youth Shining Forth,” wide range of characteristics, including fertility and demonic powers; in some traditions, the husband of Ninḫursaga—wr. dšul.pa.e3(.a) 148 (AA I 18, II 46–50, IV 269; GDS 173; MM 328; MZL 415; RLA 13:284–86). Šuluḫḫītu(m) (dei) a Tilmunite goddess; a name of Nanāya, here wife of Enzag/Inzak—SB; wr. syll. (GDS 66; RLA 13:288). Šumeru(m) (geo) Sumer (and the Sumerian language); Sumer was situated on the alluvial plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the southern part of modern Iraq; the first major civilization of the ancient Near East; major Sumerian cities include Ur, Uruk, Lagaš, Nippur, Šuruppak, Eridu, Kiš, and Ešnunna; the area, with Akkade to the north, was later known as Babylonia—SB, NA; wr. kureme.gi7(ki), (= kureme.gir15(ki)), ki.en.gi, ki.in.gi (AEAD 118; CAD Š/3 272; CDA 384; MZL 595; RGTC 1:153; 3:228; RLA 13:290–300). Šunūnūtu see Šinūnūtu(m). šu.pa 149 (astr) a constellation associated with Enlil, in the Path of Enlil = Boötes—wr. mulšu.pa (CDA 387(?); mul.apin I i 12, p. 137; MZL 369). Šurippak see Šuruppak/g. Šuruppak/g (Šurippak) (geo) Shuruppak, city of Ut-napishtim; 45 km. southeast of Nippur; modern T. Fāra—wr. syll. and urulam×kur-ruki, su.kur.ruki   150 (MM 328; MZL 401, 595; RGTC 1:153; 2:187–91; RLA 13:334–46; SAACT 1:148). Šušan (Šušin(a), Susin) (geo) Susa, western capital of the kingdom of Elam; biblical Shushan—wr. syll. and muš2.erenki, muš2.šeš2ki, muš3.erenki, muš3. šeš2ki (AEAD 119; HA [map] p. 17, [gazzetter] p. 15; MM 329; MZL 284, 595; RGTC 1:153; 2:185; 11:265–71; RLA 13:347–59; SAACT 1:148). Šušin(a) see Šušan. Šušinak see Inšušinak. Šuziana (dei) A goddess belonging to the circle of Enlil; a secondary wife of Enlil; e2.ga2.du6.da temple of Šuziana in ga2.gi.maḫ at Nippur—wr. dšu. zi.an(.na) (AA I 184; HMH 86; RLA 13:377–79).

T

Tammuz see Dumuzi. Tamnâ (geo) the city Timnah—wr. syll. (RGTC 7/1:248). 148. In AA II 47, Šulpaʾe is identified with du4.al.tar, a designation for the planet Jupiter, elsewhere identified with Marduk. 149.  Šūpû in CAD means “brilliant,” “resplendent,” and the like, and refers to gods or heavenly bodies, written e3. There is no occurrence of šūpû with mul (star) in CAD. mul.apin has only šu.pa, not šūpû, and does not translate. 150.  RGTC 1:153 has su.kur.ruki, as does RLA 13:334.

150

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Tâmtu see Tiāmtu Tarlugallu (Tarnugallu) (astr) a constellation in the Path of Anu, “the Rooster” = Lepus or Canis Minoris?—NA; wr. syll. and muldar.lugal(mušen) (AEAD 123; CAD T 237; CDA 400; EACAD 180; mul.apin I ii 5, p. 138; MZL 293). Tašmaʾtum see Tašmētu(m). Tašmētu(m) (OAkk Tašmaʾtum, Nuzi Tešmētu) (dei) Babylonian goddess; associated with wisdom and sexuality; daughter of Uraš; spouse of Nabû; chapels in Babylon: e2.umuš.a and e2.(gišnig2.)gidar.kalam.ma.sum.ma—wr. syll. and dpapnun 151 (AA II 247–48; AMGG; CAD T 293; CDA 402; GDS 133; HMH 132–33, 156; MZL 419, 597; RLA 13:473–74) Tašrītu(m) (cal) the seventh month of the Babylonian calendar, September-October, “Month of Beginning”—Bab, NA; wr. itidu6, itidu6.kug (= itidu6. ku3), itidul, itidul.kug (= itidul.ku3) (AEAD 123; CAD T 297; CDA 402; GA 526; MZL 597). Tatium (cal) the name of a month in Ur III period Elam—OB (Susa); wr. syll. (CAD T 299; CDA 402). Tēbilti see Tēbiltu. Tēbiltu (Tēbilti) (geo) name of a canal by Nineveh—NA; wr. syll. (CDA 403; RLA 13:498). Telētu(m) see Telītu(m). Teliyatu see Telītu(m). Telītu(m) (Telētu(m), Teliyatu, Telîtu) (dei) “the Very Competent One,” an epithet of goddesses, especially Ištar 152—Bab; wr. syll. and dzib2, dan.zib2 (AEAD 124; CAD Š/3 327–28; CDA 403; MZL 336, 597; RLA 13:513). Tešmētu see Tašmētu(m). Tešub see Tešup. Tešup (Tešub; see Tišpak) (dei) Hurrian storm god, possibly to be identified with the Mesopotamian warrior deity Tišpak (GDS 178). Tiāmat see Tiāmtu. Tiāmtu (Tâmtu) (dei) goddess of the sea, personification of salt waters/chaos; spouse of Apsû (often written Tiāmat)—wr. syll. and ti.geme2 (= ti.amtu) and a.ab.ba (CAD T 156–58; CDA 397, 405; GDS 177; MM 329; MZL 273, 436, 453; RLA 13:643–45). Tibar (geo, dei?) a mountain in the Gasur area, possibly one that was deified—wr. syll. (ESP 53; RGTC 1:156; RLA 13:645–46). 151.  MZL gives the logogram as dpapnun; CDA as dkurnun. See MZL 197, 419 for discussion. Livingstone, in CPLM 159, also includes lal3. 152.  According to M. Krebernik in RLA 13:513 (citing W. Lambert), wisdom is not particularly an attribute of Ištar, and the equation an.zib2 = Dilbat points in an astral direction. 

Part Three: Glossary of Proper Nouns

151

Tilmun (Dilmun) (geo) important commercial center in the Persian Gulf region; exact location disputed, but possibly included Bahrein, Falaika and other islands, and coastal strips of the mainland—wr. syll. and ni.tukki, munus.tukki (= mi2.tukki) 153 (AEAD 124; HA [map] p. 17, [gazetter] p. 17; MZL 325–26; RGTC 2:193; 3:237–38; 8:311–12; RLA 14:50–54). Tiru(m) (dei) possibly an Elamite deity (ESP 53). Tišpak (see Tešup) (dei) town god of Ešnunna, equated with Ninurta; replaced Ninazu as city god there—wr. dmuš2 (= dTišpak) (AA A 74, V 273; ESP 54; GDS 178; MM 329; MZL 284, 598; RLA 14:64–66; SAACT 3:50; RLA 14:64–66). Tūamē see Māšu. Tūʾamu(m), Tūʾimu(m) see Māšu. Tukultī-apil-Ešarra (pers) “My trust is the heir of Ešarra,” Tiglath-Pileser, name of several kings of Assyria (1)  Tiglath-Pileser I, king of Assyria, 1114–1076 bce; (2)  Tiglath-Pileser II, king of Assyria, 966–935 bce; (3) Tiglath-Pileser III (Pūlu, biblical Pul, in later, non-Assyrian sources) king of Assyria, 744–727 bce, probably son of Adad-nērārī III, father of Shalmaneser V—wr. mgiš.tukul-ti-a.e2.šar2.ra, mgiš.tukul-ti-dumu.uš.e2. šar2.ra, mtukul-ti-a.e2.šar2(.ra), mtukul-ti-dumu.uš.e2.šar2.ra, mtukul.a.e2. šar2(.ra), mgiskim.a.​e2.šar2.ra (GDS 34; PNAE 3/1:999; 3/2:1328–31; RIMA 2:5, 129; RLA 14:21–24). Tukultī-Ninūrta (pers) “My trust is Ninurta,” Tukulti-Ninurta, two kings of Assyria (1) king of Assyria 1243–1207 bce, son of Shalmaneser I (2) king of Assyria 890–884 bce—wr. mgiš.tukul-ti-dmaš, mgiškim.dmaš, mtukul.dmaš, m tukul-ti-dmaš, giš.tukul-ti-dnin.urta, giškim.dnin.urta (PNAE 3/2:1332– 33; RIMA 1:231; 2:163; RLA 14:176). Turna(t) see Durul. Tuttul (Tutul) (geo) a place on the upper Euphrates, near modern Hīt, or a place near the delta of the Baliḫ—wr. syll. (AG 2:40; RGTC 1:161; 2:201; 3:242). Tutu (dei) (1) a Sumerian or Old Akkadian creator deity, later identified with Marduk (2) an epithet of Nabû—wr. dtu.tu, dtu6.tu6 154 (AA II 196, A 111; ESP 54; MM 329; MZL 263; RLA 1:420; 14:152). Tutul see Tuttul.

153.  RLA 14:50 gives the writing as ni+tuku or sal+tuku. 154.  Possibly also dtu(-da); see RLA 14:152.

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Ṭ

Ṭāban (Daban) (geo) a river lying south of the Diyāla, possibly modern Rūdhāne-ye Gangir—wr. syll. (ESP 18; GDS 156; HA [map] p. 11, [gazetteer] p. 8; MZL 366; RGTC 1:230; RLA 13:392). Ṭebētu(m) (cal) the tenth month of the Babylonian calendar, December-January—from OB on; wr. itiab , itiab.e3, itiab.ba.e3 155 (AEAD 127; CAD Ṭ 66; CDA 413; GA 527; MZL 255, 598; RLA 5:300).

U

Ubianda (geo) a mountain or mountainous region in Urarṭu—wr. syll. (ACA 115; AG 2:40; ARAB 2:91). Ubsaḫarakku (dei) (1) a shrine in Nippur (2) a dais of Marduk in Babylon— SB, NB; wr. ub.saḫar.ra, ub.sa.ḫa.ri (CAD U/W 15; CDA 418; HMH 154). Udug see Utukku(m). Udūmu (geo) Edom—wr. syll. (AEAD 128; HA [map] p. 14, [gazetteer] p. 17; RGTC 7/1:265–66). Ugallu (dei) a storm demon, protective against evil demons and illnesses, depicted with a lion’s head, human torso, and bird claws 156—SB; wr. u4.gal, u4.gal.la (AEAD 128; CAD U/W 26; CDA 418; GDS 121; MZL 381, 599; RLA 8:242). Ukaduḫḫa (Kadduḫḫa, Nimru; see Kumāru) (astr) the “Leopard,” or “Panther,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil, including the constellations Cygnus, Lacerta, and parts of Cassiopeia and Cepheus, associated with Nergal—OB, SB; wr. pirig.tur, pirig3.tur (= “leopard,” “panther”), mul u4.ka.duḫ.a, mulud.ka.du8.a 157 (CAD N/2 234–35; 20:54; CDA 253, 419; EACAD 123; mul.apin I i 28, p. 138; MZL 380, 577; RLA 3:75, 79). Ulisum (Ullisum) (geo) a place in the realm of Ebla—wr. syll. (AG 2:40; RGTC 1:164). Ullisum see Ulisum. Ulmašitu(m) (dei) an aspect of Inanna worshiped at Akkade (GDS 34). Ulūlu (Elūlu(m), Elūnum) (cal) (1) the sixth month of the Babylonian calendar, August-September (2) a festival—OAkk, OB on; wr. itikin, itikin.dinnin. na (AEAD 25; CAD U/W 90; CDA 71; GA 493; MZL 599). 155.  GA includes itiab.e3.a. 156.  Acc. to F. A. M. Wiggermann in RLA 8:242, Ugallu means “Big Day,” and this lion demon was a personification of days of death and destruction. 157.  AA VI 115 also has du4.uk.ka.duḫ3.a as a divine name; see Litke (p. 208) for other variants of this name. MZL 577 and CDA 253 give the logogram for panther (MZL says nothing of the constellation) as pirig.tur (“panther”); MZL also gives pirig3.tur.

Part Three: Glossary of Proper Nouns

153

Umma (geo) Sumerian and Babylonian city near Lagaš; identified with T. Ǧōḫa—wr. giš.uḫ3 (= giš.kušu2), šar2×diš, ub.me 158 (MZL 175, 533; RGTC 1:165–71; 2:204–11; 3:245). Ummān-maʾda, Ummān-badda see Ummān-manda. Ummān-manda (Ummān-maʾda, Ummān-badda) (geo) (1)  enemy horde (2) = Medes, from the time of Aššurbanipal—OB, Bogh, RS, SB; wr. syll. and erim(ḫi.a)-manda (AEAD 129; CAD U/W  102; CDA 421; MZL 386; RGTC 8:319). Ūmu(m) (dei) (1) the deified Day (2) storm being or demon (3) Ūmu Nāʾiru, the “Roaring Weather Beast,” possibly the lion-dragon of the god Iškur— wr. syll. and ud, u4 (AEAD 129; CAD U/W 138, 154; CDA 423; EACAD 56; ESP 55; GDS 121; MZL 380, 599; RLA 8:244). Upî (Upiya) (see Akšak) (geo) probably = the city Opis, possibly located near the confluence of the Tigris and Diyāla Rivers; perhaps to be equated with Akšak—wr. syll. and uḫ2ki (= u4.kušu2.ki, a12.kušu2.ki) (HA [map] p. 10, [gazetteer] p. 18; MZL 385, 600; RGTC 2:216; 3:246; 8:320). Upiya see Upî. Uraḫum (cal) a month name—Mari; wr. syll. (CAD U/W 205; CDA 425). Urarṭu (Uraštu) (geo) a country to the north of Assyria, centered in the mountainous region around Lake Van and hostile to Assyria in the first millennium bce; the Assyrian equivalent for Biainele—wr. syll. and tilla, kur.uri, kur.uri-a-a (AEAD 130; HA [map] p. 4, [gazetteer] p. 18; ITP 305; MZL 371, 600; QSG 366; RGTC 8:320–21; 9:94–95). Uraš (dei) (1) a Babylonian god, in some traditions the ancestor of, or identified with, Anu (2) a goddess, the wife of Anu in some traditions, and the mother of Ninisina and Nisaba—wr. dib (= duraš) (AA I 4, A 12, 71; GDS 28, 182; MZL 424). Uraštu see Urarṭu. Urbilum see Arbela. Urdimmu see Uridimmu. Urgulû (Nēšu) (astr) a constellation in the Path of Enlil = Leo (the Lion), associated with Lātarāk 159—SB, NB, NA; wr. mulur.maḫ, mulur.a, mulur.gu.la (AEAD 76, 130; CAD N/2 193, 197; U/W 216; CDA 251, 425; EACAD 125, 238; GDS 190; mul.apin I i 8–10, II iii 30, p. 137; MZL 431, 432, 577, 600; RLA 3:74; 6:84–85; SAACT 3:50). Ūri(m) see Ūru(m). 158.  Found only in texts of the Sargonic period of the third millennium bce. See RGTC 1:168. 159.  mul.apin has both Urgulû and Nēšu describing the “stars of the lion” (see mul. apin I i 8–10, II iii 30). MZL gives ur.gu.la as a logogram for Nēšu, with a question mark. AEAD 130 understands urgulû as a “hound.”

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Uridimmu (Urdimmu) (dei, astr) (1)  lion-man, a composite, benevolent creature; a mythical beast, with Tiāmat 160 (2) the constellation Lupus (the Wolf)—SB; wr. syll. and (mul,d)ur.idim (AEAD 130; CAD U/W  214; CDA 425; GDS 122; mul.apin I ii 28; MZL 431, 600; RLA 3:75, 79; 8:242). Urkītum, Urkittu see Arkayītu. Urmašum (dei) epithet of Zababa—wr. dur.maš, dur.ma.šum (AA V 169; AG 2:38; AGE 479; HMH 82). Ursalimmu (geo) the city Jerusalem—wr. syll. (AEAD 130; HA [map] p. 7, [gazetteer] p. 18; RGTC 7/1:269–70). Ūru(m) (Ūri(m)) (geo) Ur, a city in southern Mesopotamia, cult center of Sîn; modern T. al-Muqayyar—wr. (uru)uri2 /urim2ki (= šeš.unug), (uru)uri5/urim5ki (= šeš.ab) (AEAD 131; CDA 427; GA 528; HA [map] p. 16, [gazetteer] p. 18; MZL 600; RGTC 1:176–79; 2:218–24; 8:321–23). Uru-inimgina (sometimes read Urukagina) (pers) the last ruler of the first dynasty of Lagaš, ca. 2351–2342 bce, known for legal reforms (COS 2:407). Uruk (geo) Uruk, a city in southern Mesopotamia, cult center of Anu and Ištar; biblical Erech, modern Warka—wr. unu/unugki (HA [map] p.  16, [gazetteer] p. 18; ITP 306; MM 330; MZL 601; RGTC 1:171–75; 2:212–16; 3:250–51; 8:323–30; SAACT 1:148). Urukagina see Uru-inimgina. Urukaītu see Arkayītu. Uruntu, Ur-Utu see Uruttu. Uruttu (Uruntu) (geo) a name of the Euphrates River 161—SB lex.; wr. syll. (CAD U/W 272; CDA 428; RGTC 2:295). Usmû, Usumia, Usumû see Isimmud. Uṣur-amassa (Kanisura, Uṣur-amāt-sa) (dei) Sumerian Kanisura, sister of Nanaya, both worshiped along with Inanna at Uruk in the OB period—wr. d uru3.inim-sa (GDS 134; MZL 257, 358). Uṣur-amāt-sa see Uṣur-amassa. Ušû (geo) a city in close proximity to Tyre, classical Palaityros; modern T. Rašīdīya—wr. syll. (HA [map] p. 8, [gazetteer] p. 18; RGTC 7/1:272–73). Utitḫe (cal) month name in Alal.—Hurrian (CDA 430). Ut-napišti(m) (dei) Ziusu(d)ra, last antediluvian king of Šuruppak and hero of the flood story—wr. ut-zi (GDS 189; MM 330; MZL 380; SAACT 1:148). Uttu (Utû) (dei) Sumerian goddess associated with weaving—SB lex; wr. syll. and duttu (= tag.tug2, tag×tug2) (AA II 354, VI 142; CDA 430; GDS 182; MZL 298). Utu see Šamaš. Utû see Uttu. 160.  AEAD 130 has two entries, one for uridimmu, “wild dog, Lupus,” and urdimmu, “a mythical wild dog.” 161.  CDA 428 suggests it is a designation for the middle Euphrates.

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155

Utukku(m) (Sum. Udug) (dei) (1)  a demon; unclear whether beneficent or malicious 162 (2) a ghost—wr. syll. and udug, utug (AA VI 131; AEAD 132; CAD U/W 339; CDA 430; EACAD 197; GDS 179; RLA 2:108–9). Utuʾu see Ituʾu.

W

Wēdu(m) (Ēdu(m)) (astr) a star in Hercules—wr. mul/múldili (CDA 438; MZL 245).

Z

Zabāba (dei, astr) (1)  early dynastic period warrior god equated with Ninurta or Ningirsu; 163 city god of Kiš, husband of Baba or Inanna; important temple e2.dub.ba, encompassing, or early on identical with, e2.me.te.ur.sag in Kiš (2) a constellation in the Path of Anu = parts of Ophiuchus, Serpens, and Aquila—wr. syll. and dza.ka2 (= dza-bāba), mul,dza.ba4.ba4 (AA V 49; AMGG; ESP 55–56; GDS 187; HMH 125; mul.apin I ii 12, p. 138; MM 331; MZL 440; SAACT 3:50). Zabala(m) (Zabalum) (geo) a city identified with T. Ibzēh, a cultic center for the worship of Ištar/Inanna—wr. za.muš2.unug, za.muš3.unug 164 (HMH 92, 107, 115, 141, 145, 149, 160; MZL 440; RGTC 1:191; 2:241; 3:256). Zabalum see Zabala(m). Zagmukku(m) (Zammukku) (cal) beginning of the year, New Year’s festival—Bab; wr. syll. and zag.muk (CAD Z 12; CDA 442; MZL 359, 601). Zaḫarātu see Saḫarātu. Zammukku see Zagmukku(m). Zappu(m) (Sappu, Azappu; see Sebettu) (astr) “the Stars,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = the Pleiades—OB, SB; wr. syll. and mulmul, múlmul2, áb ab2 165 (CAD Z 49; CDA 444; EAE 222, 285; mul.apin I i 44, p. 138; MZL 302, 396, 602; RLA 3:74). Zāqīqu (Zīqīqu(m)) (dei) the god of dreams—Bab; wr. an.zag/za3.gar(.ra), 166 an.za.gar3 (CAD Z 58; CDA 448; EACAD 68; MZL 250, 602; RLA 14:116). Zāriru see Ṣāriru. 162.  CDA 430 says the Utukku demon is evil. 163.  AMGG says Zababa also was identified with Enlil and Il-aba. 164.  RGTC 1:191 has the logograms muš2.ab and muš2.unu. RGTC 2:241 has muš2. unu.za and muš2.za.unu. 165.  Acc. to Enūma Anu Enlil, sometimes ab2 is used for “star” instead of mul. See EAE 285 and MZL 396. 166.  This logogram is in CAD Z 58 and CDA 448.

156

Part Three: Glossary of Proper Nouns

Zarpanītu(m) see Ṣarpanītu(m). Zibānītu(m) (also Zibānu 167) (astr) “the Scales,” a constellation in the Path of Anu = Libra and part of Virgo—wr. syll. and mulzi.ba.an.na, mulgiš.erin2 168 (AEAD 134; CAD Z 99; CDA 446; EACAD 238; GDS 190; mul.apin I ii 11, p. 138; MZL 280, 602; RLA 7:14). Zibānu see Zibānītu(m). Zibbāti (Zimbatu, Simbatu, Sibbatu(m); see Nūnu(m)) (astr) acc. to the astronomical compendium mul.apin, “the Dusky Stars that Stand in the Tail of the Lion,” a constellation in the Path of Enlil = Pisces? 169—from OB on; wr. mulkunmeš, mulzib.me (AEAD 134; CAD Z 100; CDA 447; EACAD 238; GDS 190; mul.apin I i 10, I iv 36, p. 137; MZL 276, 387, 602). Zililītu see Sililītu(m). Zimbatu see Zibbātu(m). Zimrī-lim (pers) king of Mari, ca. 1775–1761 bce—wr. syll. (PPANE 24, 29, 33, 36, 37, 267). Zīqīqu(m) see Zāqīqu. Zukaqīpu, Zukiqīpu see Zuqiqīpu. Zuqaqīpu, Zuqaqqīpu see Zuqiqīpu. Zuqiqīpu(m) (Zuqaqīpu, Zuqaqqīpu, Zukaqīpu, Zukiqīpu) (astr) “the Scorpion,” a constellation in the Path of Ea = Scorpius, associated with Išḫara—wr. gir2.tab (CAD Z 163, 165; CDA 450; EACAD 238; EAE 285, 287; GDS 161, 190; mul.apin I ii 29, p. 138; MZL 247, 602; RLA 3:75). 167.  Zibānu/û is a separate entry in AEAD, CAD, and CDA. 168.  CDA 446 gives both logograms for the constellation; MZL 280, 336 assigns mul zi.ba.an.na to Libra the constellation and giš.erin2 to the object “scales.” 169.  CAD Z 100 and CDA 447 say the plural of Zibbātu is the constellation Pisces; mul.apin I i 10, I iv 36 and p. 137 is undecided whether the constellation is 5 Leonis or 21 Leonis. H. Hunger in mul.apin suggests 5 or 21 Leonis, or the Coma Cluster.

Part Four: Logograms Introduction The logograms listed here have been chosen because they are commonly found in introductory Akkadian textbooks. One listing is given of both individual and compound logograms organized by sign number (§4.1). Numbers of determinatives are given in parentheses and are ignored for sequencing purposes (see a list in §5.4). The sign numbering system used here is the one introduced by Rykle Borger in his Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. To convert sign numbers to and from that system and the Deimel system, see Part Five of this book. The three indexes that follow permit the user to locate items in §4.1 by Akkadian word (§4.2), English gloss (§4.3), and sign number (§4.4). The third index (§4.4), which concerns only compound logograms, includes all the sign numbers involved in each case (excluding determinatives); note that, because §4.1 is organized by sign number, §4.4 does not need to include individual logograms. The numbers in bold refer to the first sign in the sequence. For example, while studying a text, sign 511 is identified. To see if this sign is part of a compound logogram (sequence) that constitutes a single term, refer to §4.4. Sign 511 occurs four times in the index. By consulting signs 222, 353, 828, and 887 in the logogram list (§4.1), the user can determine if the combination of signs in the text being studied indicates Bābilim, sīsûm, barbarum, or entum. The logogram list may also be beneficial when working with texts in transliteration. To search the lists by sign designation, e.g., DUG4, consult the Value Index in Part Five (§5.3). After discovering that DUG4 is sign number 24, one can check §4.1 to see if DUG4 occurs. In this case, it does occur and indicates qabû.

157

158

Part Four: Logograms

4.1.  Individual and Compound Logograms aš

1

ina, in, on

aš

1

ištēn, one

aš

1

nadānum, to give

d

(10)1

Aššūr (god)

(71)3+884

ḫalṣum, fortification

5

palûm, reign

5+113(737)

Aššūr, Assyria (city-state)

6+380

karzillum, physician’s lancet

sila

9

sūqum, street

an

10

Anu, sky-god

dingir

10

ilum, god

an

10

šamû, sky

an.bar

10+121

parzillum, iron

an.dul3

10+512

andullum, sunshade

10+851+543

dimtum, tower, district

zu

15

e/idû, to know

abzu

15+223

apsûm, subterrannean water

kuš

16

maškum, hide, skin

su

16

riābum, to replace

ir3

18

(w)ardu, slave

itu/iti

20

(w)arḫum, month

šaḫ

23

šaḫûm, pig

inim

24

awātum, word

ka

24

pûm, mouth

dug4

24

qabûm, to speak

24

šasûm, to call out

zu2

24

šinnum, tooth

24+900+552

suluppum, date

eme

61

lišānum, tongue, language

gu7

65

akālum, to eat

uru

71

ālum, city

ukkin

73

puḫrum, assembly

(giš)

(469)75

paššūrum, table

(641)80+812

šūtum, south (wind)

aš

uru

ḫal.ṣu

bala bal.til

ki

gir2.ni

an.za.gar3

gu3 zu2.lum(.ma)

im

banšur

u18.lu

Part Four: Logograms 87

erēbum, to enter

engar

90

ikkarum, farmer, plowman

giš

apin

(469)90

epinnum, a plow

apin.du8.a

(20)90+298+839

ku4

maḫ

91

Araḫsamnum, 8th Bab. month (Oct–Nov) ṣīrum, excellent

pap

92

aḫum, brother

kur2

92

nakārum, to be(come) different

(514)92

nakrum, enemy

mu

98

nīšum, life

mu

98

šattum, year

mu

98

šumum, name

iti

lú

kur2

159

mu

98

zakārum, to speak

mu

98

zikrum, word, name

sila3

99

qûm, liter measure

99

qûm, qa = 1 liter

110+157

nāqidu, shepherd

(385)110+379+839

narûm, stela

šub

111

maqātum, to fall

šub

111

nadûm, to throw

nu

112

lā, not

nu

112

ul, not

112+255

laputtûm, lieutenant

(514)112(469)541

nukaribbum, gardener

(578)112+507+839

erṣet lā târi, netherworld

idim

113

kabtum, esteemed

til

113

labārum, to get old

sumun/sun

113

labīrum, old

bad

113

petûm, to open

bad

113

šumma, if

til

113

qatûm, be ended

d

(10)113

Ea (god)

114(174)

eblum, rope, 1⁄3 bur = 2.16 hectares

šir.bur.laki

115+559+89(737)

Lagaš (city)

numun

117

zērum, seed

ti.la

118+89

balāṭum, to live

sila3

na.gada zá

na.ru2.a

nu.banda3 (lú) kur

nu. kiri6 giš

nu.gi4.a

idim

eše3

(iku)

160

Part Four: Logograms

maš

120

mišlum, middle, half

zipaḫ

120

ūṭum, span = 25 mm.

d

(10)120

Ninurta (god)

maš.en.gag

120+164+379

muškēnum, serf, commoner

maš.da3

120+379

ṣabītum, gazelle

maš.gag.en

120+379+164

muškēnum, serf, commoner

bar

121

zâzum, to divide, separate

(809)121+181

paršīgum, headdress, cap

122

sūtum, seah = 10 liters

130

ṣibtum, interest

maš

(túg)

bar.si

ban2 maš2 (lú)

maš2.šu.gid2.gid2

(514)130+567+580+580 bārûm, diviner, haruspex

kun

131

zibbatum, tail, rear part

mušen

132

iṣṣūrum, bird

gal2

136

bašûm, to be, exist

(469)136

daltum, door

zi

140

napištum, life

zi(.ga)

140+491

tibûtum, arousal, muster, attack

(883)140+136+1

sekretum, woman of the palace

giš

mí mí

ig

se2.ek.rum

se2.ek.ru.um

(883)140+136+111+238 sekretum, woman of the palace

gi

141

qanûm, reed

nun

143

rubûm, prince

gub3

148

šumēlum, left, left side/hand

(10)153

Ištar (goddess)

en

164

adi, until

en

164

bēlum, lord

d

(10)164

Bēl, Marduk (god)

(10)164+15

Sîn, moon (-god)

(748,10)164+15+535+ 754+71+14

Sîn-aḫḫē-erība, Sennacherib

(514)164+134

bēl pīḫāti, commissioner

(10)164+484+750

Enlil, Ellil, Enlil (god)

d

inanna

en

(= en.zu) en.zu.šeš.mešeri-ba lú en.nam d en.lil2(.la2) nibru (= en. lil2ki) d

zuen

m,d

164+484(737)

Nippur (city)

buru14

165

ebūrum, harvest, summer

sa.tu

172+86

šadûm, mountain

iku

174

ikûm, field = 3600 m.2

gu2

176

aḫum, side

Part Four: Logograms 176

kišādum, neck

176+298+839(737)

Kutû, Kutha (city)

gun

179

biltum, tribute

gur

180

kurrum, kor = 300 liters

gur

180

târum, to return, turn

si

181

qarnum, horn

gu2

gu2.du8.a

ki

161

181+736

ešērum, to prosper

(641)181+736

ištānum, north

sag

184

rēšum, head

sag.du

184+350

qaqqadum, head

sag.dun3

184+836

šassukkum, land-registry officer

184+859+491

rēš namkūrim, available assets

sag.kul

(469)184+117

sikkūrum, lock

ma2

(469)201

eleppum, boat

201+350+350

malāḫum, sailor

201+350A

malāḫum, sailor

(469)201+380+242

našpakum, cargo boat

tab.ba

209+14

tappûm, (business) associate

geštin

212

karānum, wine

limmu2

215

erbe, four

215+14

erbe, four

tag

221

lapātum, touch

222

bābum, gate, door

222+10+511(737)

Bābilim, Babylon (city-state)

abul

222+553

abullum, city gate

iti

(20)223 223+134

Kinūnum, 10th Assyr. month (DecJan) abš/sinnum, furrow, field

223+134

šer’um, furrow, cultivated field

(20)223+14+596+350

si.sa2 im

si.sa2

sag nig2.ga giš giš

ma2.laḫ5 ma2.laḫ4 (giš)

ma2.i3.dub

limmu2(.ba) ka2

ka2.dingir(.ra) ab

ab.sin2 ab.sin2

ab(.ba.e3)

ki

urudu

230

Ṭebētum, 10th Bab. month (Dec– Jan) werûm, copper, bronze

lú

tibira

(514)230+893

gurgurrum, wood- or metalworker

lú

tibira

iti

(514)230+893

qurqurrum, wood- or metalworker

unu(g)ki

232(737)

Uruk, city in southern Mesop.

uru

(71)236(737)

Ninua, Nineveh (city)

nina

ki

162

Part Four: Logograms

um.mi.a

238+681+839

ummiānum, artisan, scholar, lender

dub.sar

242+541

ṭupšarrum, scribe, scholar

mul

247

kakkabum, star

ta

248

ištum, from

ta

248

ultum, from

i

252

nâdum, to praise

(385)252+813

askuppatum, threshold

253+136

ḫegallum, abundance

(20)253+253+110

zá

i.dib

ḫe2.gal2

gan(.gan.na)

dumu

255

Kis(i)līmum, 9th Bab. month (Nov– Dec) mārum, son

tur

255

ṣeḫrum, small

tur

255

ṣuḫārum, boy, male servant

lú

tur

(514)255

šerrum, child

ibila

255+381

dumu.e2.dub.

255+495+242+14+839

aplūtum, position of heir, inheritance mār bīt ṭuppim, state scribe

dumu.munus

255+883

mārtum, daughter, girl

ad

258

abum, father

ze2/zi2

259

martum, gall bladder, bile

in.nu(.da)

261+112+561

tibnum, straw

lugal

266

šarrum, king

kešda

271B

rakāsum, to bind

ezen

271A

isinnum, religious festival

bad3

iti

ba(.a)

275A

dūrum, city wall

sum

292

nadānum, to give

duru5

298

raṭbum, moist

duḫ

298

tuḫḫum, scraps, bran

gaba

298

irtum, breast

edin

300

ṣērum, steppe

kaskal

302

girrum, way

kaskal

302

ḫarrānum, road, journey, campaign

am

309

rīmum, wild bull

am.si

309+181

pīrum, elephant

uzu

311

šīrum, flesh, meat

Part Four: Logograms

163

izi

313

išātum, fire

d

(10)313+141

Gibil, Girru/a, fire-god

(20)313+313+859

Abum, 5th Bab. month (July-Aug)

333

šīmum, a purchase, price

kum

339

ḫašālum, to crush

ur2

341

pēmum, thigh

341

sūnum, lap

350

alākum, to go

gibil6

iti

ne(.ne.gar)

šam2

ur2 du

350

izuzzum, to stand

(514)352+498

lāsimum, courier

anše

353

imērum, ass, homer

anše.kur.ra

353+578+511

sīsûm, horse

ib2.tag4

354+106

rēḫtum, rest, remainder

egir

356

(w)arki, after, behind

saḫar

357

eperum/eprum, dust

kaš

358

šikarum, beer

šim

362

sirāšûm, brewer

i3

380

šamnum, oil

380+14

piššatum, ointment (ration)

(514)380+298

atûm, gatekeeper

nita

381

zikarum, male

uš

381

šūši, sixty

lú

(514)381

rēdûm, administrator

us2.sa.du

381+172+350

itā, bordering on, beside

381+172+350

itûm, border, neighbor, plot

na4

385

abnum, stone

(141)387

pišannum, basket, box

ga2.gi.a

387+141+839

gagûm, cloister

387+507+839

gagûm, cloister

dagal

392

rapšum, wide

ama

392

ummum, mother

kisal.maḫ

435+91

kisalmaḫḫum, temple courtyard

ubur

455

tulûm, breast

pa

464

ar(t)um, branch, frond

gidru

464

ḫaṭṭum, scepter

gub lú

kaš4(.e)

i3.ba lú

ni.du8

uš

us2.sa.du (gi)

pisan

ga2.gi4.a

164

Part Four: Logograms

ugula

464

(w)aklum, overseer

na4

pa

(385)464

ayyartum, white coral?

gidru

(469)464

ḫuṭārum, branch, staff

garza

(748,10)464+164+ 98+754 464A

Nabû-bēl-šumāti, Nabu-belshumate (king) parṣum, relig. office, duty

ensi2

464T

iššiakkum, farmer, land tenant

sipa

468

rē’ûm, shepherd

giš

469

iṣum, tree, wood

giš.gi

469+141

apum, reed thicket, canebrake

giš.ur3

469+411

gušūrum, beam, log

469+587

qištum, forest, grove

giš

m,d

pa.en.mu.meš

giš.tir

giš.nu11

(10)469+115

Šamaš, sun-god

d

giš.bar

(10)469+121

Gibil, Girru/a, fire-god

d

giš.bar

(10)469+121

gīrum, girru, fire

gissu

469G+681

ṣillum, shade

gu4

472

alpum, ox

(20)472+181+736 474+379+839

Ayyarum, 2nd Bab. month (AprilMay) aldûm, reserve of barley

(641)483+86

amurrum, west

483+86(737)

Amurrum, land of the Amorites

(469)483+580+561

ereqqum, wagon, cart, Ursa Major

šid

485

manûm, to count

sanga

485

šangûm, temple administrator

d

(10)486

Marduk (god)

(748,10)486+839+ 292+110 490

Marduk-apla-iddina, MerodachBaladan (king) ammatum, cubit

d

iti

gu4(.si.sa2)

al.du3(.a) im

mar.tu

mar.tu (giš)

ki

mar.gid2.da

mes

m,d

mes.a.sum-na

kuš3

490

ūṭum, span = 25 mm.

u2

490

šammum, plant

u2.ninni5

490+587A

ašlum, rope = ca. 60 meters

u2.dul2/tul2

490+786

utullum, chief shepherd

u2.sal

490+883

ušallum, shoreland, water meadow

ga

491

šizbum, milk

gi

(141)493

tupšikkum, work, corvée duty

kuš3

dusu

Part Four: Logograms (469)493

tupšikkum, work, corvée duty

(514)494+91

sukkalmaḫḫum, chief minister

sukkal

494

sukkallum, vizier

e2

495

bītum, house

e2.zu.ab

495+15+223

Eabzu (temple)

e2.zi.da

495+140+561

Ezida, a temple of Marduk

e2.gi.a

495+141+839

kallatum, daughter-in-law, bride

e2.sag.il2

495+184+493

Esagil(a), a temple of Marduk

e2.dub.ba

495+242+14

bīt ṭuppim, tablet house, school

(e2.)i3.dub e2.gi4.a e2.gal e2.babbar(.ra)

495+380+242

našpakum, granary, silo

495+507+839

kallatum, daughter-in-law, bride

495+553

ekallum, palace

495+596+511

e2.duru5

495+839

Ebabbar, temple of Šamaš in Sippar kaprum, village

495+905

igārum, wall (of building)

giš lú

dusu

sukkal.maḫ

e2.gar8

165

kalag

496

danānum, be strong

guruš

496

eṭlum, young man

giš

(469)496

ušûm, ebony

dug

499

karpatum, pot

kalam

500

mātum, land

un.meš

501+754

nišūm, people (pl.)

nir

502

tukultum, trust

gi4

507

târum, to return, turn

514

awīlum, human being

514+358+119+110

sābûm, innkeeper, beer merchant

esi

lu2

lu2.kurun.na

535

aḫum, brother

ki

535+232(737)

Ūrum, Ur, city in southern Mesop. 

(= šeš.ki)

(10)535+737

Nanna, Sumerian moon-god

zag

540

imittum, right side/hand

(uzu)

(311)540

imittum, animal’s shoulder

sar

541

mūšarum, garden plot = 36 m.2

sar

541

šaṭārum, to write

giš

(469)541

kirûm, orchard

545

qablum, middle

šeš uri(m)2 d

nanna

zag

kiri6

murub4

166 ziz2(.a.an)

Part Four: Logograms

ma

552

Šabāṭum, 11th Bab. month (Jan– Feb) manûm, mina

ma.na

552+110

manûm, mina

gal

553

rabûm, great, big

šandan

553+380

lú

(514)553+589

šandanakkum, admin. of date orchards tīrum, courtier

554

parakkum, dais

(20)554+540+859

iti

tirum

bara2

bar2(.zag.gar)

(20)548+839+10

aga

556

Nisānum, 1st Bab. month (Mar– Apr) agûm, crown

lú

(514)556

nāgirum, herald

uku.uš

556+381

rēdûm, soldier

a2

560

idum, arm, side

da

561

ṭēḫum, proximity, what adjoins

šu

567

qātum, hand

šu.i

567+252

gallābum, barber

šu.du3(.a)

567+379+839

šizûm, šīzum, 1⁄3 cubit = 16.7 cm

(20)567+117+110

iti

nimgir

iti

šu(.numun.na) šu.gi.na

(812)567+141+110

Dumuzi (Duʾūzu, Dûzu) 4th Bab. month (June–July) šuginûm, offering of sheep

šu.ḫa

(514)567+856

bā’erum, fisherman, soldier

(514)570

nārum, singer (m)

(883)570

nārtum, singer (f)

571

damqum, good

(469)571

gišimmarum, date palm

udu (lú) lú

nar

mí

nar

sa6 giš

gišimmar gam.mal

(353)576+387

gammalu, camel

kur

578

kašādum, to conquer

kur

578

mātum, land

kur

578

šadûm, mountain

kur-ú

578+490

šadûm, east

še

579

še’um, barley

še

579

še.ba

579+14

uṭṭatum, grain, units of measurement iprum, barley ration, food allowance

anše

Part Four: Logograms

167

še.sag

579+184

yaraḫḫu, grain

še(.um)

579+238

ûm or šeum, barley, grain

še(.i3).giš

579+380+469

šamaššammū, sesame or flax

še.im

579+641

ûm or šeum, barley, grain

gid2(.da)

580+561

arākum, to be(come) long, delayed

580+561

arkum, long

kar

590

kārum, quay

(883)590+484

ḫarīmtum, prostitute

babbar

596

peṣûm, white

u4/ud

596

ūmum, day

utu

(10)596

Šamaš, sun-god

utu

(10)596

šamšum, sun

596+24+121

siparrum, bronze

gid2(.da) (mí)

d d

kar.kid

zabar ud.unug íd

ki

buranun

596+232(737)

Larsam, Larsa, city in southern Babylonia (839+756)596+378+143 Purattum, Euphrates river

zimbirki

596+378+143(737)

Sippar, city north of Babylon

geštu

598

uznum, ear

ša3

599

libbum, heart

ša3.gu4

599+472

kullizum, ox-driver

ša3.gal

599+553

ukullûm, food allotment, fodder

erin2

612

ummānum, army

(514)612

ṣābum, soldier, army

612+631+839

ummānum, army

(385)614

erimmatum, bead

(16)619

qinnāzum, (ox-)tail, whip

631

ṭābum, good, pleasant

šar2

632

šārum, 3600

641

šārum, wind

im

641

ṭīdum, clay

lú

erin2

erin2(.ḫi.a) na4

nunuz

(kuš)

usan3

dug3 im/ tu15 im

641

ṭuppum, tablet

d

iškur

(10)641

Adad (god)

muru9

641+704

imbarum, mist, fog

641+892

imsuḫḫum, whirlwind

ur5

644

ḫašûm, lung

644

šawirum, ring

im.suḫ3 ḫar

168

Part Four: Logograms 661

ešer, ten

661(174)

būrum, bur = 2.48 hectares

ugu

663

eli, on, over

ab2

672

lītum, cow

672+472+631+839

liātum, cattle, bovines (pl.)

678(737)

Kiš, Kish, a city east of Babylon

681

mūšum, night

681

ṣalmum, black

(499)684

šiqqatum, basin, flask

(469)685

qaštum, bow

šitim

686

itinnum, builder

gim

686

kīma, like

giš

(469)689

eršum, bed

690+6

birqum, lightning

690+552(737)

Elamtu, Elam (country)

691

(w)abālum, to bring

695

būrum, calf

(10)695+596

Marduk (god)

siskur

696

niqûm, offering, sacrifice

gir3

701

šēpum, foot

701+292+491

gerseqqûm, temple attendant

gir3.pad.du

701+746+350

eṣemtum, bone

(514)701+18

šakkanakkum, governor

(10)701+232+553

Nergal, god of the netherworld

dugud

704

kabtum, esteemed

gig

705

murṣum, disease

niš

708

ešrā, twenty

eš

711

ašlum, rope = ca. 60 meters

ušu3

711

šalāšā, thirty

(10)711

Sîn, moon-god

nimin

712

erbâ, forty

ninnu

714

ḫamšā, fifty

(20)721+745

u bur3

(iku)

ab2.gud.ḫi.a kiš

ki

ge6 ge6 (dug) giš

šagan

pan

na2

nim.gir2

elam(.ma)

ki

tum3 amar d

amar.utu

gir3.si3.ga

(lú) d

d

gir3.nita2

gir3.unug.gal

30

du6(.kug)

igi

724

Tašrītum, 7th Bab. month (Sept– Oct) īnum, eye

igi

724

maḫrum, front

iti

Part Four: Logograms

igi

724

pānum, front

lim

724

līmum, thousand

bad5.bad5

724+724

dabdûm, defeat

724+736

igisûm, gift

agrig

727

abarakkum, steward

sig5

729

damqum, good

731+86

(w)alādum, to birth

sa2

736

šanānum, to equal

silim

736

šulmum, wholeness

di.kud

736+9

dayyānum, judge

sa2.sa2

736+736

kašādum, reach

ki

737

ašrum, place

ki

737

erṣetum, earth

ki

737

itti, with

ki.kal

737+496

kankallum, hard soil

karaš

737+496+×113

karāšum, military camp

kislaḫ

737+596

maškanum, threshing floor, lot

(883)737+899

(w)ardatum, young woman

745

ellum, pure

ku3.gi

745+141

ḫurāṣum, gold

745+596

kaspum, silver

šuk/šuku

746

kurummatum, food, ration

diš

748

ana, to, for

diš

748

ištēn, one

diš

748

šumma, if

nigida

749

parsiktum, bushel = 60 liters

lal

750

kamûm, prisoner

lal

750

kamûm, to bind

me

753

meatum, hundred

d

(10)756

Nammu (goddess)

(469)760

narkabtum, chariot

766+812+631+839

ṣēnum, sheep, goats

ambar

795

appārum, reed marsh

tuš

808

(w)ašābum, to sit

giš

(469)808

kakkum, weapon

igi.sa2

u3.tu

mí

ki.sikil

ku3

ku3.babbar

engur

giš

gigir

u8.udu.ḫi.a

tukul

169

170

Part Four: Logograms 809

ṣubātum, garment

(469)809

taskarinnum, boxwood

(514)810+387

agrum, hired-person

udu

812

immerum, sheep

udu.nita2

812+18

immerum, sheep

813

ṣabātum, seize

813

etēqum, to go past

(20)815+10+153+110

tug2 giš lú

taskarin

ḫun.ga2

dab dib kin(. innin.na)

sig2

816

Ulūlu (Elūnum, Elūlu), 6th Bab. month (Aug–Sept) šīpātum, wool

816+14

lubūšum, clothing, wardrobe

min

825

šinā, two

iti

d

sig2.ba ur

828

kalbum, dog

ur.maḫ

828+91

nēšum, lion

ur.bar.ra

828+121+511

barbarum, wolf

šanabi

832

šinip(ûm), two-thirds

eš5

834

šalāš, three

836

šiqlum, shekel

kingusila

838

parasrab, five-sixths

a

839

aplum, heir, son

a.zu

839+15

asûm, physician

(a.)ab.ba a.ab.ba a.ra2 a.ra2 a.gar3 a.ša3 a.ša3.šuku a(.meš)

839+223+14

kušabkum, thorn tree

839+223+14

tiāmtum, sea

839+350

adi, mult. by, times

839+350

arûm, product (math)

839+543

ugārum, open field, meadow

839+599

eqlum, field

839+599+746

šukusum, subsistence field

839+754

mûm, water

id2

839+756

nārum, river, canal

(469)839+86+298+591

ṣarbatum, poplar

(514)839+724+298

sēkirum, canal worker

(10)839+756

Id, river-god

ku6

856

nūnum, fish

ḫa.la

856+89

zâzum, to divide, separate

na4

(385)858

sāmtum, red stone

gin2

giš

asal2

(lú) d

a.igi.du8

id2

gug

Part Four: Logograms

171

ninda

859

akalum, food

ninda

859

nindanum, rod = 6 meters

nig2.kas7

859+485

nikkassum, accounting (record)

nig2.ga

859+491

makkūrum, property

nig2.ga

859+491

namkūrum, possession(s)

nig2.šu

859+567

bušûm, goods

limmu

860

erbe, four

ia2

861

ḫamiš, five

862

šediš, six

imin

863/866

sebe, seven

ussu

864/867

samāne, eight

ilimmu

868

tiše, nine

anše

(353)872

parûm, mule

munus

883

sinništum, woman

munus.tur

883+255

ṣuḫārtum, girl, fem. servant

eme3

883+353

atānum, jenny

883+358+119+110

sābûm, innkeeper, beer merchant

nin

887

bēltum, lady

nin.dingir(.ra)

887+10+511

entum, high priestess

dam

889

aššatum, wife

dam.gar3

889+543

tamkārum, merchant

890

amtum, fem. servant

(469)891+851

kussûm, seat

sikil

899

ellum, pure

sig4

905

libittum, (mud) brick Simānum, 3rd Bab. month (May– June) Simānum, 3rd Bab. month (May– June)

aš3

kunga

mi2.kurun.na

geme2 giš

gu.za

iti

sig4(.ga)

(20)905+491

iti

sig4.a

(20)905+839

172

Part Four: Logograms

4.2.  Index of Akkadian Words (w)abālum 691 abarakkum 727 abnum 385 abš/sinnum 223 abullum 222 Abum 313 abum 258 Adad 641 adi 164 adi 839 agrum 810 agûm 556 aḫum 92 aḫum 176 aḫum 535 ayyartum 464 Ayyarum 472 akalum 859 akālum 65 (w)aklum 464 (w)alādum 731 alākum 350 aldûm 474 alpum 472 ālum 71 ammatum 490 amtum 890 Amurrum 483 amurrum 483 ana 748 andullum 10 Anu 10 aplum 839 aplūtum 255 appārum 795 apsûm 15 apum 469 Araḫsamnum 90 arākum 580 (w)ardatum 737

(w)ardu 18 (w)arḫum 20 (w)arki 356 arkum 580 ar(t)um 464 arûm 839 askuppatum 252 asûm 839 (w)ašābum 808 ašlum 490 ašlum 711 ašrum 737 aššatum 889 Aššūr 1 Aššūr 5 atānum 883 atûm 380 awātum 24 awīlum 514 Bābilim 222 bābum 222 bāʾerum 567 balāṭum 118 barbarum 828 bārûm 130 bašûm 136 Bēl 164 bēl pīḫāti 164 bēltum 887 bēlum 164 biltum 179 birqum 690 bīt ṭuppim 495 bītum 495 būrum 661 būrum 695 bušûm 859 dabdûm 724 dayyānum 736 daltum 136

damqum 571 damqum 729 danānum 496 dimtum 10 Dumuzi, Duʾūzi 567 dūrum 275A Eabzu 495 Ea 113 Ebabbar 495 eblum 114 ebūrum 165 e/idû 15 ekallum 495 Elamtu 690 eleppum 201 eli 663 ellum 745 ellum 899 Elūnum/Elūlum/ Ulūlum 815 Enlil, Ellil 164 entum 887 eperum/eprum 357 epinnum 90 eqlum 839 erbâ 712 erbe 215 erbe 215 erbe 860 erēbum 87 ereqqum 483 erimmatum 614 erṣet lā târi 112 erṣetum 737 eršum 689 Esagil(a) 495 eṣemtum 701 ešer 661 ešērum 181 ešrā 708

Part Four: Logograms etēqum 813 eṭlum 496 Ezida 495 gagûm 387 gagûm 387 gallābum 567 gammalu 576 gerseqqûm 701 Gibil, Girru/a 313 Gibil, Girru/a 469 girrum 302 gīrum, girru 469 gišimmarum 571 gurgurrum 230 gušūrum 469 ḫalṣum 3 ḫamiš 861 ḫamšā 714 ḫarīmtum 590 ḫarrānum 302 ḫašālum 339 ḫašûm 644 ḫaṭṭum 464 ḫegallum 253 ḫurāṣum 745 ḫuṭārum 464 Id 839 i/edû 15 idum 560 igārum 495 igisûm 724 ikkarum 90 ikûm 174 ilum 10 imbarum 641 imērum 353 imittum 540 imittum 540 immerum 812 immerum 812 imsuḫḫum 641 ina 1

īnum 724 iprum 579 irtum 298 isinnum 271A iṣṣūrum 132 iṣum 469 išātum 313 iššiakkum 464T ištānum 181 Ištar 153 ištēn 1 ištēn 748 ištum 248 itā 381 itinnum 686 itti 737 itûm 381 izuzzum 350 yaraḫḫu 579 kabtum 113 kabtum 704 kakkabum 247 kakkum 808 kalbum 828 kallatum 495 kallatum 495 kamûm 750 kamûm 750 kankallum 737 kaprum 495 karānum 212 karāšum 737 karpatum 499 kārum 590 karzillum 6 kaspum 745 kašādum 578 kašādum 736 kīma 686 Kinūnum 223 kirûm 541 kisalmaḫḫum 435

173 Kis(i)līmum 253 Kiš 678 kišādum 176 kullizum 599 kurrum 180 kurummatum 746 kussûm 891 kušabkum 839 Kutû 176 lā 112 labārum 113 labīrum 113 Lagaš 115 lapātum 221 laputtûm 112 Larsam 596 lāsimum 352 liātum 672 libbum 599 libittum 905 līmum 724 lišānum 61 lītum 672 lubūšum 816 maḫrum 724 makkūrum 859 malāḫum 201 manûm 485 manûm 552 manûm 552 maqātum 111 mār bīt ṭuppim 255 Marduk-aplaiddina 486 Marduk 486 Marduk 695 martum 259 mārtum 255 mārum 255 maškanum 737 maškum 16 mātum 500

174 mātum 578 meatum 753 mišlum 120 mûm 839 murṣum 705 mūšarum 541 muškēnum 120 muškēnum 120 mūšum 681 Nabû-bēl-šumāti 464 nadānum 1 nadānum 292 nadûm 111 nâdum 252 nāgirum 556 nakārum 92 nakrum 92 namkūrum 859 Nammu 756 Nanna 535 napištum 140 nāqidu 110 narkabtum 760 nārtum 570 narûm 110 nārum 570 nārum 839 našpakum 201 našpakum 495 Nergal 701 nēšum 828 nikkassum 859 nindanum 859 Ninua 236 Ninurta 120 Nippur 164 niqûm 696 Nisānum 554 nišūm 501 nīšum 98 nukaribbum 112 nūnum 856

Part Four: Logograms palûm 5 pānum 724 parakkum 554 parasrab 838 parsiktum 749 parṣum 464A paršīgum 121 parûm 872 parzillum 10 paššūrum 75 pēmum 341 peṣûm 596 petûm 113 pīrum 309 pišannum 387 piššatum 380 puḫrum 73 pûm 24 Purattum 596 qablum 545 qabûm 24 qanûm 141 qaqqadum 184 qarnum 181 qaštum 685 qatûm 113 qātum 567 qinnāzum 619 qištum 469 qûm 99 qûm 99 qurqurrum 230 rabûm 553 rakāsum 271B rapšum 392 raṭbum 298 rēdûm 381 rēdûm 556 rēḫtum 354 rēš namkūrim 184 rēšum 184 rēʾûm 468

riābum 16 rīmum 309 rubûm 143 sābûm 514 sābûm 883 samāne 864/867 sāmtum 858 sebe 863/866 sēkirum 839 sekretum 140 sekretum 140 sikkūrum 184 Simānum 905 Sîn 164 Sîn 711 Sîn-aḫḫē-erība 164 sinništum 883 siparrum 596 Sippar 596 sirāšûm 362 sīsûm 353 sukkallum 494 sukkalmaḫḫum 494 suluppum 24 sūnum 341 sūqum 9 sūtum 122 ṣabātum 813 ṣabītum 120 ṣābum 612 ṣalmum 681 ṣarbatum 839 ṣeḫrum 255 ṣēnum 766 ṣērum 300 ṣibtum 130 ṣillum 469G ṣīrum 91 ṣubātum 809 ṣuḫārtum 883 ṣuḫārum 255 šabāṭum 548

Part Four: Logograms šadûm 172 šadûm 578 šadûm 578 šaḫûm 23 šakkanakkum 701 šalāš 834 šalāšā 711 Šamaš 469 Šamaš 596 šamaššammū 579 šammum 490 šamnum 380 šamšum 596 šamûm 10 šanānum 736 šandanakkum 553 šangûm 485 šarrum 266 šārum 632 šārum 641 šassukkum 184 šasûm 24 šattum 98 šaṭārum 541 šawirum 644 šediš 862 šēpum 701 šerrum 255 šerʾum 223 šeʾum 579 šikarum 358 šīmum 333 šinā 825 šinip(ûm) 832 šinnum 24 šīpātum 816 šiqlum 836

šiqqatum 684 šīrum 311 šizbum 491 šizûm, šīzum 567 šuginûm 567 šukusum 839 šulmum 736 šumēlum 148 šumma 113 šumma 748 šumum 98 šūši 381 šūtum 80 tamkārum 889 tappûm 209 târum 180 târum 507 taskarinnum 809 Tašrītum 721 tiāmtum 839 tibnum 261 tibûtum 140 tīrum 553 tiše 868 tuḫḫum 298 tukultum 502 tulûm 455 tupšikkum 493 tupšikkum 493 ṭābum 631 Ṭebētum 223 ṭēḫum 561 ṭīdum 641 ṭuppum 641 ṭupšarrum 242 ugārum 839 ukullûm 599

175 ul 112 ultum 248 Ulūlum/Elūnum/ Elūlum 815 ummānum 612 ummānum 612 ummiānum 238 ummum 392 ûm or šeum 579 ûm or šeum 579 ūmum 596 Ur 535 Uruk 232 ušallum 490 ušûm 496 utullum 490 uṭṭatum 579 ūṭum 120 ūṭum 490 uznum 598 (w)abālum 691 (w)aklum 464 (w)alādum 731 (w)ardatum 737 (w)ardu 18 (w)arḫum 20 (w)arki 356 (w)ašābum 808 werûm 230 zakārum 98 zâzum 121 zâzum 856 zērum 117 zibbatum 131 zikarum 381 zikrum 98

176

Part Four: Logograms

4.3.  Index of English Glosses 3600 632 Abum 313 abundance 253 accounting (record) 859 Adad 641 adjoining item 561 administrator 381 admin. of date orchards 553 after 356 Amorite land 483 animal’s shoulder 540 Anu 10 Araḫsamnum 90 arm 560 army 612 army 612 arousal 140 artisan 238 ass/homer 353 assembly 73 associate 209 Assyria 5 attack 140 Asshur 1 available assets 184 Ayarum 472 Babylon 222 barber 567 barley 579 barley 579 barley ration 579 basin 684 basket 387 bead 614 beam 469 bed 689 be ended 113 beer 358 beer merchant 514

beer merchant 883 behind 356 beside 381 be strong 496 big 553 bile 259 bird 132 black 681 boat 201 bone 701 border 381 bordering on 381 bovines 672 bow 685 box 387 boxwood 809 boy 255 bran 298 branch 464 breast 298 breast 455 brewer 362 brick 905 bride 495 bronze 230 bronze 596 brother 92 brother 535 builder 686 bur 661 bushel 749 business associate 209 calf 695 camel 576 campaign 302 canal 839 canal worker 839 canebrake 469 cap 121 cargo boat 201

cart 483 cattle 672 chariot 760 chief minister 494 chief shepherd 490 child 255 city 71 city gate 222 city wall 275A clay 641 cloister 387 clothing 816 commissioner 164 commoner 120 copper 230 corvée duty 493 courier 352 courtier 553 cow 672 crown 556 cubit 490 dais 554 date 24 date palm 571 daughter 255 daughter-in-law 495 day 596 defeat 724 disease 705 district 10 diviner 130 dog 828 door 136 door 222 Dumuzi, Duʾūzi 567 dust 357 Ea 113 Eabzu 495 ear 598 earth 737

Part Four: Logograms east 578 Ebabbar 495 ebony 496 eight 864/867 Elam 690 elephant 309 Elunum/Elulu/ Ululu 815 enemy 92 Enlil 164 Esagil(a) 495 esteemed 113 esteemed 704 Euphrates 596 excellent 91 eye 724 Ezida 495 farmer 90 farmer 464T father 258 fem. servant 883 fem. servant 890 field 223 field 839 field 174 fifty 714 fire 313 fire 469 fish 856 fisherman 567 five 861 five-sixths 838 flask 684 flax or sesame 579 flesh 311 fodder 599 fog 641 food 859 food 746 food allotment 599 food allowance 579 foot 701

for 748 forest 469 fortification 3 forty 712 four 215 four 215 four 860 from 248 frond 464 front 724 furrow 223 gall bladder 259 gardener 112 garden plot 541 garment 809 gate 222 gatekeeper 380 gazelle 120 Gibil, Girru/a 313 Gibil, Girru/a 469 gift 724 girl 255 girl 883 goats 766 god 10 gold 745 good 571 good 729 good 631 goods 859 governor 701 grain 579 grain 579 granary 495 great 553 grove 469 half 120 hand 567 hard soil 737 haruspex 130 harvest 165 head 184

177 head 184 headdress 121 heart 599 heir 839 herald 556 hide 16 high priestess 887 hired-person 810 homer 353 horn 181 horse 353 house 495 human being 514 hundred 753 Id 839 if 113 if 748 in 1 inheritance 255 innkeeper 514 innkeeper 883 interest 130 iron 10 Ishtar 153 jenny 883 journey 302 judge 736 king 266 Kinunum 223 Kish 678 Kislimum 253 kor 180 Kutha 176 lady 887 Lagash 115 land 500 land 578 land-registry officer 184 land tenant 464T language 61 lap 341

178 Larsa 596 left, left side/hand 148 lender 238 lieutenant 112 life 98 life 140 lightning 690 like 686 lion 828 liter measure 99 lock 184 log 469 long 580 lord 164 lot 737 lung 644 male 381 male servant 255 Marduk 164 Marduk 486 Marduk 695 meadow 839 measurement units 579 meat 311 merchant 889 Merodach-Baladan 486 middle 120 middle 545 military camp 737 milk 491 mina 552 mina 552 mist 641 moist 298 month 20 moon (-god) 164 mother 392 mountain 172 mountain 578 mouth 24 (mud) brick 905 mule 872

Part Four: Logograms mult. by 839 muster 140 Nabu-bel-shumate 464 name 98 Nammu 756 Nanna 535 neck 176 neighbor 381 Nergal 701 netherworld 112 night 681 nine 868 Nineveh 236 Ninurta 120 Nippur 164 Nisanum 554 north 181 not 112 offering 696 offering of sheep 567 oil 380 ointment (ration) 380 old 113 on 1 on 663 one 1 one 748 one-third bur 114 one-third cubit 567 open field 839 orchard 541 over 663 overseer 464 ox 472 ox-driver 599 (ox-)tail 619 palace 495 people 501 physician 839 physician’s lancet 6 pig 23 place 737

plant 490 pleasant 631 plot 381 plow 90 plowman 90 poplar 839 position of heir 255 possession(s) 859 pot 499 price 333 prince 143 prisoner 750 product (math) 839 property 859 prostitute 590 proximity 561 purchase 333 pure 745 pure 899 qa 99 quay 590 ration 746 reach 736 rear part 131 red stone 858 reed 141 reed marsh 795 reed thicket 469 reign 5 relig. duty 464A religious festival 271A relig. office 464A remainder 354 reserve of barley 474 rest 354 right side/hand 540 ring 644 river 839 road 302 rod 859 rope 114 rope 490

Part Four: Logograms rope 711 sacrifice 696 sailor 201 scepter 464 scholar 238 scholar 242 school 495 scraps 298 scribe 242 sea 839 seah 122 seat 891 seed 117 seize 813 Sennacherib 164 serf 120 sesame or flax 579 seven 863/866 Shabatum 548 shade 469G Shamash 469 Shamash 596 sheep 766 sheep 812 sheep 812 shekel 836 shepherd 110 shepherd 468 shoreland 490 side 176 side 560 silo 495 silver 745 Simanum 905 Simanum 905 singer(f) 570 singer(m) 570 Sippar 596 six 862 sixty 381 Sin 711 skin 16

sky 10 slave 18 small 255 soldier 556 soldier 567 soldier 612 son 255 son 839 south (wind) 80 span 120 span 490 staff 464 star 247 state scribe 255 stela 110 steppe 300 steward 727 stone 385 straw 261 street 9 subsistence field 839 subt. water 15 summer 165 sun 596 sunshade 10 table 75 tablet 641 tablet house 495 tail 131 (ox-)tail 619 Tashritum 721 Tebetum 223 temple administrator 485 temple attendant 701 temple courtyard 435 ten 661 thigh 341 thirty 711 thorn tree 839 thousand 724 three 834

179 threshing floor 737 threshold 252 times 839 to 748 to be 136 to be(come) delayed 580 to be(come) different 92 to be(come) long 580 to bind 271B to bind 750 to birth 731 to bring 691 to call out 24 to conquer 578 to count 485 to crush 339 to divide 121 to divide 856 to eat 65 to enter 87 to equal 736 to exist 136 to fall 111 to get old 113 to give 1 to give 292 to go 350 to go past 813 to know 15 to live 118 to open 113 to praise 252 to prosper 181 to replace 16 to return 180 to return 507 to separate 121 to separate 856 to sit 808 to speak 24

180 to speak 98 to stand 350 to throw 111 to turn 180 to turn 507 to write 541 tongue 61 tooth 24 touch 221 tower 10 tree 469 tribute 179 trust 502 twenty 708 two 825 two-thirds 832 Ululu/Elunum/ Elulu 815 until 164

Part Four: Logograms Ur 535 Ursa Major 483 Uruk 232 village 495 vizier 494 wagon 483 wall (of building) 495 wardrobe 816 water 839 water meadow 490 way 302 weapon 808 west 483 whip 619 whirlwind 641 white 596 white coral? 464 wholeness 736 wide 392

wife 889 wild bull 309 wind 641 wine 212 with 737 wolf 828 woman 883 woman of the palace 140 wood 469 wood- or metalworker 230 wool 816 word 24 word 98 work 493 year 98 young man 496 young woman 737

181

Part Four: Logograms

4.4.  Index of Compound Logograms by Constituent Sign Number  1 sekretum, 140  3 ḫalṣum, 3  5 Aššūr, 5  6 birqum, 690  6 karzillum, 6  9 dayyānum, 736  10 andullum, 10  10 Bābilim, 222  10 dimtum, 10  10 Elūnum, 815  10 entum, 887  10 parzillum, 10  10 šabāṭum, 548  14 bīt ṭuppim, 495  14 erbe, 215  14 iprum, 579  14 kušabkum, 839  14 lubūšum, 816  14 mār bīt ṭuppim, 255  14 piššatum, 380  14 Sîn-aḫḫē-erība, 164  14 tappûm, 209  14 tiāmtum, 839  14 Ṭebētum, 223  15 apsûm, 15  15 asûm, 839  15 Eabzu, 495  15 Sîn, 164  15 Sîn-aḫḫē-erība, 164  18 immerum, 812  18 šakkanakkum, 701  24 siparrum, 596  24 suluppum, 24  71 Sîn-aḫḫē-erība, 164

 80  86  86  86  86  86  89  89  89  90  91  91  91  98 106 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 111 112 112 112 112 113 113 115 115 117

šūtum, 80 Amurrum, 483 amurrum, 483 ṣarbatum, 839 šadûm, 172 (w)alādum, 731 balāṭum, 118 Lagaš, 115 zâzum, 856 Araḫsamnum, 90 kisalmaḫḫum, 435 nēšum, 828 sukkalmaḫḫum, 494 Nabû-bēl-šumāti, 464 rēḫtum, 354 Dumuzi, 567 Elūnum, 815 Kis(i)līmum, 253 manûm, 552 Marduk-aplaiddina, 486 nāqidu, 110 narûm, 110 sābûm, 514 sābûm, 883 šuginûm, 567 sekretum, 140 erṣet lā târi, 112 laputtûm, 112 nukaribbum, 112 tibnum, 261 Aššūr, 5 karāšum, 737 Lagaš, 115 Šamaš, 469 Dumuzi, 567

117 118 119 119 120 120 121 121 121 121 121 121 130 134 134 134 136 136 140 140 140 141 141 141 141 141 141 143 143 153 157 164 164 164 164 164

sikkūrum, 184 balāṭum, 118 sābûm, 514 sābûm, 883 muškēnum, 120 ṣabītum, 120 barbarum, 828 Gibil, Girru/a, 469 gīrum, girru, 469 paršīgum, 121 parzillum, 10 siparrum, 596 bārûm, 130 abš/sinnum, 223 bēl pīḫāti, 164 šerʾum, 223 ḫegallum, 253 sekretum, 140 Ezida, 495 sekretum, 140 tibûtum, 140 apum, 469 gagûm, 387 Gibil, Girru/a, 313 ḫurāṣum, 745 kallatum, 495 šuginûm, 567 Purattum, 596 Sippar, 596 Elūnum, 815 nāqidu, 110 bēl pīḫāti, 164 Enlil, Ellil, 164 muškēnum, 120 Nabû-bēl-šumāti, 464 Nippur, 164

182 164 Sîn, 164 164 Sîn-aḫḫē-erība, 164 172 itā, 381 172 itûm, 381 172 šadûm, 172 176 Kutû, 176 181 Ayyarum, 472 181 ešērum, 181 181 ištānum, 181 181 paršīgum, 121 181 pīrum, 309 184 Esagil(a), 495 184 yaraḫḫu, 579 184 qaqqadum, 184 184 rēš namkūrim, 184 184 sikkūrum, 184 184 šassukkum, 184 201 malāḫum, 201 201 našpakum, 201 209 tappûm, 209 215 erbe, 215 222 abullum, 222 222 Bābilim, 222 223 abš/sinnum, 223 223 apsûm, 15 223 Eabzu, 495 223 kušabkum, 839 223 šerʾum, 223 223 tiāmtum, 839 223 Ṭebētum, 223 230 gurgurrum, 230 230 qurqurrum, 230 232 Larsam, 596 232 Nergal, 701 232 Urum, 535 238 sekretum, 140 238 ummiānum, 238 238 ûm or šeum, 579 242 bīt ṭuppim, 495

Part Four: Logograms 242 mār bīt ṭuppim, 255 242 našpakum, 201 242 našpakum, 495 242 ṭupšarrum, 242 252 askuppatum, 252 252 gallābum, 567 253 ḫegallum, 253 253 Kis(i)līmum, 253 255 aplūtum, 255 255 laputtûm, 112 255 mār bīt ṭuppim, 255 255 mārtum, 255 255 ṣuḫārtum, 883 261 tibnum, 261 292 gerseqqûm, 701 292 Marduk-aplaiddina, 486 298 Araḫsamnum, 90 298 atûm, 380 298 Kutû, 176 298 sēkirum, 839 298 ṣarbatum, 839 309 pīrum, 309 313 Abum, 313 313 Gibil, Girru/a, 313 350 adi, 839 350 arûm, 839 350 eṣemtum, 701 350 itā, 381 350 itûm, 381 350 malāḫum, 201 350 qaqqadum, 184 350 Ṭebētum, 223 350A malāḫum, 201 352 lāsimum, 352 353 atānum, 883 353 sīsûm, 353 354 rēḫtum, 354 358 sābûm, 514

358 378 378 379 379 379 379 379 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 381 381 381 381 387 387 387 411 435 464 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 472 472

sābûm, 883 Purattum, 596 Sippar, 596 aldûm, 474 muškēnum, 120 narûm, 110 ṣabītum, 120 šizûm, šīzum, 567 atûm, 380 karzillum, 6 našpakum, 201 našpakum, 495 piššatum, 380 šamaššammū, 579 šandanakkum, 553 aplūtum, 255 itā, 381 itûm, 381 rēdûm, 556 agrum, 810 gagûm, 387 gammalu, 576 gušūrum, 469 kisalmaḫḫum, 435 Nabû-bēl-šumāti, 464 apum, 469d Gibil, Girru/a, 469 gīrum, girru, 469 gušūrum, 469 nukaribbum, 112 qištum, 469 ṣillum, 469 Šamaš, 469 šamaššammū, 579 Ayyarum, 472 kullizum, 599

183

Part Four: Logograms 472 474 483 483 483 484 484 484 485 486 490 490 490 490 491 491 491 491 491 491 493 494 495 495 495 495 495 495 495 495 495 495 495 496 496 498 501 507

liātum, 672 aldûm, 474 Amurrum, 483 amurrum, 483 ereqqum, 483 Enlil, Ellil, 164 ḫarīmtum, 590 Nippur, 164 nikkassum, 859 Marduk-aplaiddina, 486 ašlum, 490 šadûm, 578 ušallum, 490 utullum, 490 gerseqqûm, 701 makkūrum, 859 namkūrum, 859 rēš namkūrim, 184 Simānum, 905 tibûtum, 140 Esagil(a), 495 sukkalmaḫḫum, 494 bīt ṭuppim, 495 Eabzu, 495 Ebabbar, 495 ekallum, 495 Esagil(a), 495 Ezida, 495 igārum, 495 kallatum, 495 kaprum, 495 mār bīt ṭuppim, 255 našpakum, 495 kankallum, 737 karāšum, 737 lāsimum, 352 nišūm, 501 erṣet lā târi, 112

507 507 511 511 511 511 511 512 514 535 535 535 540 541 541 543 543 543 548 552 552 552 553 553 553 553 553 553 554 556 559 561 561 561 561 561 567 567 567 567

gagûm, 387 kallatum, 495 Bābilim, 222 barbarum, 828 Ebabbar, 495 entum, 887 sīsûm, 353 andullum, 10 sābûm, 514 Nanna, 535 Sîn-aḫḫē-erība, 164 Urum, 535 Nisānum, 554 nukaribbum, 112 ṭupšarrum, 242 dimtum, 10 tamkārum, 889 ugārum, 839 šabāṭum, 548 Elamtu, 690 manûm, 552 suluppum, 24 abullum, 222 ekallum, 495 Nergal, 701 šandanakkum, 553 tīrum, 553 ukullûm, 599 Nisānum, 554 rēdûm, 556 Lagaš, 115 arākum, 580 arkum, 580 ereqqum, 483 Ezida, 495 tibnum, 261 bāʾerum, 567 bārûm, 130 bušûm, 859 Dumuzi, 567

gallābum, 567 šizûm, šīzum, 567 šuginûm, 567 gammalu, 576 sīsûm, 353 šadûm, 578 iprum, 579 yaraḫḫu, 579 šamaššammū, 579 579 ûm or šeum, 579 580 arākum, 580 580 arkum, 580 580 bārûm, 130 580 ereqqum, 483 587A ašlum, 490 587 qištum, 469 589 tīrum, 553 590 ḫarīmtum, 590 591 ṣarbatum, 839 596 Ebabbar, 495 596 kaspum, 745 596 Larsam, 596 596 Marduk, 695 596 maškanum, 737 596 Purattum, 596 596 siparrum, 596 596 Sippar, 596 596 Ṭebētum, 223 599 eqlum, 839 599 kullizum, 599 599 šukusum, 839 599 ukullûm, 599 612 ummānum, 612 631 liātum, 672 631 ṣēnum, 766 631 ummānum, 612 641 imbarum, 641 641 imsuḫḫum, 641 641 ûm or šeum, 579 672 liātum, 672 681 ṣillum, 469 567 567 567 576 578 578 579 579 579

184 681 690 690 695 701 701 701 701 704 721 724 724 724 731 736 736 736 736 736 736 737 737 737 737 737 745 745 745 746 746 750 754 754 754 754

Part Four: Logograms ummiānum, 238 birqum, 690 Elamtu, 690 Marduk, 695 eṣemtum, 701 gerseqqûm, 701 Nergal, 701 šakkanakkum, 701 imbarum, 641 Tašrītum, 721 dabdûm, 724 igisûm, 724 sēkirum, 839 (w)alādum, 731 Ayyarum, 472 dayyānum, 736 ešērum, 181 igisûm, 724 ištānum, 181 kašādum, 736 kankallum, 737 karāšum, 737 maškanum, 737 Nanna, 535 (w)ardatum, 737 ḫurāṣum, 745 kaspum, 745 Tašrītum, 721 eṣemtum, 701 šukusum, 839 Enlil, Ellil, 164 mûm, 839 Nabû-bēl-šumāti, 464 nišūm, 501 Sîn-aḫḫē-erība, 164

756 756 766 786 810 812 812 812 813 815 816 828 828 836 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839

Id, 839 nārum, 839 ṣēnum, 766 utullum, 490 agrum, 810 immerum, 812 ṣēnum, 766 šūtum, 80 askuppatum, 252 Elūnum, 815 lubūšum, 816 barbarum, 828 nēšum, 828 šassukkum, 184 adi, 839 aldûm, 474 Araḫsamnum, 90 arûm, 839 asûm, 839 eqlum, 839 erṣet lā târi, 112 gagûm, 387 Id, 839 kallatum, 495 kaprum, 495 kušabkum, 839 Kutû, 176 liātum, 672 mār bīt ṭuppim, 255 Marduk-aplaiddina, 486 mûm, 839 narûm, 110 nārum, 839 sēkirum, 839 Simānum, 905 ṣarbatum, 839

839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 839 851 851 856 856 859 859 859 859 859 859 859 883 883 883 883 883 884 887 889 891 892 893 893 899 900 905 905

ṣēnum, 766 šabāṭum, 548 šizûm, šīzum, 567 šukusum, 839 tiāmtum, 839 Ṭebētum, 223 ugārum, 839 ummānum, 612 ummiānum, 238 dimtum, 10 kussûm, 891 bāʾerum, 567 zâzum, 856 Abum, 313 bušûm, 859 makkūrum, 859 namkūrum, 859 nikkassum, 859 Nisānum, 554 rēš namkūrim, 184 atānum, 883 mārtum, 255 sābûm, 883 ṣuḫārtum, 883 ušallum, 490 ḫalṣum, 3 entum, 887 tamkārum, 889 kussûm, 891 imsuḫḫum, 641 gurgurrum, 230 qurqurrum, 230 (w)ardatum, 737 suluppum, 24 igārum, 495 Simānum, 905

Part Five: Sign List Introduction This concise sign list places within a short space some of the most important information regarding signs used for writing Akkadian. A quick list of the signs is given at the outset (§5.1), including only those that have values used in Akkadian. The Number Index (§5.2) lists all the Sumerian signs from Rykle Borger’s Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (MZL2, 2010), with all relevant Akkadian syllabic and logographic values. Because MZL introduced a new numbering system (reflecting a new organizing principle), §5.1 and §5.2 also list numerical correspondences with the older Deimel system (from his Šumerisches Lexikon, ŠL), along with references to supplemental signs from the list of René Labat, Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne (MEA6, 1988), and the previous work of Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste (ABZ  4, 1988). Note that in some cases the new system “splits” a sign designated by the older system into two or more new numbers for historical reasons: e.g., Deimel no. 56 is now represented by nos. 86, 87, and 88 even though the Neo-Assyrian form of the sign is the same in each case. A list of determinatives is provided (§5.3), organized both by sign number and by sign designation. The Value Index (§5.4) presents complete sign values from MZL, including Sumerian. Next, a complete index comparing the older numbering system to the new is provided (§5.5). The final section (§5.6) is an index that connects the numbering system of Das akkadische Syllabar (ASy) with the new system of MZL. What follows are some specific instructions for each section. Section 5.1. Quick List of Neo-Assyrian Signs The signs with Akkadian values are listed in graphic sequence using the system introduced in MZL:

~,   À,   Ã,   ˛,   í,   Õ;   ƒ,   ¬,   …,   ì,   Î,   ö,   ü, Ü; B;   Ï;  ˝;   $;   ‹,   “,   à;   ˚;   ô,   µ,   É,   û,   {; ¯,   À,   I;   Œ 185

186

Part Five: Sign List

Occasionally the reader is directed with * to a sign number entry for which the graphic image serves as an alternate (e.g., the sign that follows number 10), or for other reasons. At other times, a page in MZL is cited directly for further explanation: for example, the sign following number 381. In a few cases, MZL signs have more than one designation: for example, 271C = 541, and 272 = 275B. The letter B prior to a number indicates a designation found in Borger’s ABZ; L indicates Labat’s MEA; D indicates Deimel when it differs from Borger or Labat. The use of ◦ before an MZL number indicates a supplement to the new MZL numbering system. For example, various sign combinations involving sign 464 (PA) are displayed on pp. 127–29 of MZL with their own distinctive values, most of which correspond to a particular numerical designation from Deimel’s system. In such cases, we have added an alphabetical designation (464A, 464B, etc.; a few such designations were already provided by Borger) and listed the combinations under their own entries. Lig refers to a ligature. Note that * in the Deimel column is part of the designation of a given sign: for example, the gun sign, number 179 in the new system, was formerly designated 108*. Section 5.2.  Sign Number Index Signs are listed in the same order as in §5.1. They also refer to their Deimel number counterparts and usually repeat other indicators found in §5.1 (see above). This section includes all the signs in MZL, even those without Akkadian values. In addition, this section (third column) provides the MZL designation for a given sign. This can be complex in some cases: for example, ga2×iš-ḫu-aš/rum for sign 406. This information is helpful when encountering a reference to signs in various portions of MZL, for example, the value index in Borger’s ch. 4 or the glossary in ch. 5. Symbols and terms used in §5.2, third and fourth columns: × - +

gunû šeššig tenû

a sign written within another sign (see ligature); signs in a sequence; indicates signs written partly overlapping one another; and combinations of these three symbols indicate that several possibilities occur: for example, sign 177 is designated as usan (gu2×-nun); this means that the nun sign can be written within gu2 or follow in sequence after it (see sign 186). (“hatched”) The elaboration of a sign by adding a variable number of either vertical, horizontal, or slanted lines, or an equally variable number of triangles. (also šessig) A sign that is expanded with a set of entangled marks. (“inclined”) An angle of inclination approximately 45 degrees to the right, or rarely 90 degrees to the left. It can affect either

Part Five: Sign List

187

an isolated part in the interior of a sign or the sign in its entirety. ligature Two or more signs combined to be read as one, often a sign enclosing another or other signs. The Sign Values column summarizes the relevant Akkadian material for each sign, including numerals, determinatives, and markers. The ASy  number, if any, is provided. In this section, a + between sign numbers simply refers to signs in sequence. Terms in lowercase indicate syllabic values, and these are derived from Das akkadische Syllabar (ASy4; von Soden and Röllig 1991) as updated by MZL—that is, MZL’s proposed additions, deletions, and corrections have been followed most of the time. For syllabic values, the symbol system aligns with that of ASy:  abc      abc  (abc) {abc}

bold type indicates the most-common values, which occur in all or the most common dialectical periods plain type indicates less-common values values in parentheses are the least certain values in curly brackets indicate values in MZL that are not included in ASy, often discussed in MZL

Values in small capitals indicate logograms, as follows:     abc     abc  (abc)

bold indicates values found in ch. 3 of MZL plain indicates values found elsewhere in MZL, such as in the glossary (ch. 5) those in parentheses are not found in MZL but are logographic representations of the sign found in other major reference sources, such as CAD, CDA, and MEA

The use of * for a value indicates that ch. 2 and/or ch. 3 of MZL should be consulted for a comment (note that this is not the purpose of * in ASy). The use of # with a sign value indicates a compound logogram in which more than one sign is combined to represent the value. To find the signs and their sequence, consult §5.3, the Value Index, for that value (in alphabetical order). For example, šeg3 consists of signs 10 and 839. The Number Index lists šeg3 both in entry 10 and in entry 839. In the Value Index, the user will discover that this value involves both of these signs and also learns that sign 839 precedes sign 10. By this arrangement, the user is alerted to the use of a sign that participates in a sequence regardless of its position in that sequence (sometimes a string of four or more). #/# indicates the same sign written above itself. #+# indicates a repetition of the sign in sequence; sometimes the second occurrence of a sign is inverse to the first occurrence. The summary provided in the Number Index does not provide data on which values occur in the various dialectics of the

188

Part Five: Sign List

language. For this and other important information about the signs, see MZL and other sources cited in the Bibliography. Section 5.3.  Determinatives and Markers Two arrangements of this list are offered: one organized alphabetically by sign designation, the other sequentially by sign number. In the latter sequence, sign numbers for compound determinatives in roman (not italic) type are those of interest in the current location; the information is repeated for each sign involved. The Neo-Assyrian signs for each are also provided. Section 5.4.  Sign Value Index This section arranges the information found in §5.2 according to sign value in an alphabetical list as well as providing the Sumerian values found in MZL. In cases where a logographic designation involves several signs, the signs are listed in sequence and the designation is followed by #. For example, azag (composed of sign 745 + sign 10) is shown as azag# to the right of 745 on the first line, and to the right of 10 on the following line. Some sign values are followed by → to direct the user to another value. Sometimes these references indicate a sign “family” of values. For example, the sign with the value sil (9) also has the value sila; sign 288 has both the value sil6 and sila6. Nonetheless, not all the values of sil correspond with sila in this way; the cross-reference should not be understood to imply that they do. Sometimes the symbol → points away from an older way of designating a given sign to the current consensus designation. As in other sections, * indicates that ch. 2 and/or ch. 3 of MZL should be consulted, especially in cases when more than one sign number is indicated: for example, 154/*839 for se24 and 115/116 as the last sign in the sequence for sirara2: number/*number means that the first sign is the correct one and that one should consult the second for more information. As noted in §5.2, #/# indicates the same sign written on top of itself; #+# indicates a repetition of the sign in sequence. Section 5.5.  Deimel/MZL Index This index is organized by Deimel number and includes—with a prefixed B or L—additional numbers deriving from Borger’s ABZ and Labat’s MEA. The use of ◦ indicates sign designations that supplement the new MZL system. Additional symbols are located in that section. For a more complete index

of these correspondences, see MZL2 ch. 8. Section 5.6.  ASy/MZL Index

This index is organized by the numbering system in Das akkadische Syllabar. Using this section, the user can easily move from discussions in ASy to the treatment of a given sign in MZL as well as in this book.

189

Part Five: Sign List

5.1.  Quick List of Neo-Assyrian Signs MZL

MZL

MZL

  1

 22

 58

Deimel

  2

1

1,33ff; B2

  3   4

  5   6   7   8   9   10

2 B2a

9

 12  13  14  15  16  17  18

 19  20

~ ! ! { °, ‹ *711 *

 23  24  26  27

11

), "

 32

U

 34

@, ™

4

#, ≠

5

$, ∞

6

%, ±

 50

7

^, ≤

 51

8

&, ≥

 53

52

R, ;

19; 26; D29***

 33

3

o, ª

18

Y

14

51

Ä var. 72

18*; D29**

X *118 S

=, π, ∫ = × ⁄ *382 ñ

W

G

(

50

16

B17a

10

+

Q

E

 31

_

15

17

 30

12

53

15**

 29

Deimel

[, º [

53

(

10

13; D1,98

 11

Deimel

 35  37  42  49

20

I

22*

O

23

P

24

{

19; 26; D29***

|

27

A

28/29

D

29*

è

 54  56  57

30

H

—

J

31

K

D29**; B31**

 61  62  64  65  69  71  72  73  74

32

L

33

:

35

Z

36

X

34

"

38

C

39

‘

40

V

43; B40***

 75  77  79  80

Q× Ÿ

¿

41

B, ∏

43

M

44

59

'

58

;

58

;

58

;

 83  84  85  86  87  88

190

Part Five: Sign List

MZL

MZL

MZL

 89

114

141

Deimel

 90  91  92  93

Deimel

55

\

56

T

57

j

60

ß

60,24ff

ß!

 94

60,33ff; 60,79ff; 367,5ff

 96

60,56ff

 97

 98

 99 100 101 102 105 106 108 109 110 111 112 113

60*

61

62 65 66,1

66C 67 63d 63a 63c

ßß

69,2/ 534,1

115 117 118 119

v ˛ *117 , ' *1 .

72

‚, ˛

73

—, X

74

±

74

±

74,100

±

74,238f

„

74,335

Œ

120

122 124 125 127 129

€ ‹

131

.

132

›

133

⁄

134

/

135 136

70

°, /

137

68

fi

138

75

‰

69

fl

69*

‡

◦113A

71

·

j

130

Ÿ

fl, Ü

465

121

ßÁ

Deimel

139 140

142 143 145 148 149 150 151 152 153

77

Ê

78

Á, û

160

Ë, ø

162

È, ¿

164

∏, Ø, ¬, ¡

165

83

’, ƒ », ≈ Å

84

Í

82

87a

Ó

88



88



89

Ò, Ú

101

¡

102

™ £

∞

Â

81

Ì, ˇ

103b

76

”, √

87

¢

¯

80

Ï, °

103a

98

79a

86

154

˜, A

79

Î

103; B103c

97

78a

85

155 157 159

166

90 92a

Û

92b

Ù

93

Ç

99

˘

54

]

63*;100

167 168

Æ

¿ ˜, A *127 Q, ≈, Ω, È *94

94

◊

95

ı

191

Part Five: Sign List MZL

MZL

MZL

169

212

250

Deimel

96

170

Deimel

ˆ

109;141

≠

110

œ

171 172

104

173

104,6

174

105I; 105IIa

175

177 178 179

181 182 183 184

201 203

209 210

124; 124,42

216

v

Bv125

õ

Bv125

Ÿ

Bv125

√

Bv125

/

218 219

107

ª

◦221A

108

º –

111

ˇ

112

´

113

®

114

®, ˝ ¥ ø *191

117

æ

122

“

123 124; 125a

B124a

« å ˛ ì

ƒ

Bv125

217

106

122b

207

˛Ê

221

118?

191

125

•

115

186

I

220

108*

180

¶

215

210

¶, ˝

105II

176

§ § K *492 *, ÷

214

Deimel

126

126f;193

222 223

133 128

227

128**; 200a

230 232 236 238 242 246 247

249

˙ ã *326 ∆

252

253

144

à

256

144,56

258

è

145

ì

147

ù

142a

÷

148

á

149

É

259 260 261 262 263 264

195

266

200

(, (

134

√

138

∫

129

˚

" 251 is var.

Lig i+na

À

&

140; 141a

≥ v, ¶

143,19

255

265

139

142

var. of 249

À

≈

¬ µ, ; , …

140

ô *170 ≤

143

254

132

129a

248

© © Ò, ©× Ò ç, G

251

141

— 150 —

151; B151a

267 269 270

í é = ó

—




146

ò

152I

ú

152III

ú

271A 271B

271C

= 541

272

= 275B

152IV 1521

192

Part Five: Sign List

MZL

MZL

MZL

275A

312

357

Deimel

152 2;152 8

275B

1521

277

152 4

◦277A

152 4,14

278

281 284

293

ä, A ä, ú× + or ! Ä 277 4× in cross

298 300 301 302

155

326

B

330

ë

333

ï +ï

336

16

164 165

339

131

æ

340

167

ü

341

168

ÿ

348

169

â

349

Ö, «, § Ö Î *491 Ü

350

D166c; D166,27

170

170a

311

171

ö

176

Ñ

Öæ ê ^ *839 î

354 356

214

}

214,40

}

358 359 362

Ã

373

183

ã

376

185

Õ

377

187

@

378

190

#

181

$, ¯

191

%

192

^

203

+

205

Q

206

206a

353

{

372

◦350A

352

212

ñ

B205a

351

û

172

*MZL pp. 103,  173

166b

Deimel

ô

190k

…

305

310

338

130

166

173; 173a

L176′; B178aa

ë

304

309

320 324

165a 4× in cross

297

316

ä *887

◦293A 296

313

154

152

292

Deimel

M W E N, ¨

*514, 535 201

)

202

_

208

Y

207

R

209

U I *212

215

|

224

A

225

D

226

F

227

Â

105IIa; 228

379 380

381

383 384

230 231

211

J K L *437 O Û

*MZL p. 117 —

211a; B211b

385

G

O × Ò *381 P

229

H

229

H

233

:

233,22

:

386 387 388 392 397 402

237

"

244

Z

248

C

193

Part Five: Sign List MZL

MZL

MZL

408

457

470

Deimel

Deimel

252; 257

N, >

255

M

293; 294

250b

B

464

261

?

◦464A

265

`

◦464C

270

-

◦464D

278

o

◦464G

271

=

◦464I

411 413 418 424 427 431 432 434

230*; 233,40

435

ï

460

292

295

485

fl

486

295ee

ü

489

295d

‡

490

°

491

295c —

◦464J

249,3

L

◦464T

280

440

·

281a; 294e; 432,1

\

283

T

284

j

286

;

443 444 446 448

294f; B288a

449 452 453 455

î

287

'

289

ß

290 291; 291*

R ,

479

fi

295,81

◦464P

[, ö, “,

474

484

V

232

472

›

249

438

T P *384 ⁄

483

◦464K

437

.

‹

295b

V

436

Deimel

295e 295f

295,145

465

295,53

466

· ⁄÷´ ⁄

295k

‚

295l

—

295m

±

467 468 469

296

◦469B

68,30

◦469C

Œ Œfi

296,66

Ξ

296,99

ŒéÒ

◦469F

◦469G

296,106

ŒY

296,129

ŒÒé

◦469J

◦469M

296,153f; 562,6f

Œˇ

492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503

2961

=

297

„

304

‰ ‰× …

307

Ê

313

”

314

’

314

’

317

Å

318

Í

319

Î

298

—

Z

320

Ì

321

Ó

324

Ò

322

Ô

323



308

Á

309

Ë

312

∏

312

∏

325

Ú

D69*,12; 127; 310; 311; 530

504

var. of 348

306

È, Ø Â

194

Part Five: Sign List

MZL

MZL

MZL

505

540

563

Deimel 325*; B325a

506

B325b

507 508

326

511 512 513

516 517

≈

544

328

Ù

545

329

Ç

546

ò

547

330

◊, N

548

3308

◊ © 269 p/var

549

◊ fl, + +©

550

330

9

522

330,42; B330 7a

524

B330 7c

525 531 534 535

Æ

*514, 516

◊ ô, ◊× ô ◊× ¨ 531 is var.

—

◊ ê, ◊ × ê *514 ◊ × Ò tenû

—

◊ © *264, 516

—

var. of 524

336

¡

337

™ Ú

566 567 568

∞

574

341

§

342

¶

343

•

344

ª

345

º

347

≠

578

348

œ

579

346

–

580

349

ˇ

582

˘

583

¿ Ú *485 E *350 ´, ∆

584

555 556 557 558

B331b

á

561

B331c

É

B331d

é

562

334 335

350

®, ˚

352

˝

353

¥

354

¨ “

340

554

351

354b

570

573

553

*562, 662, 114

π

¢

552

(´ ), ∆, ö, ˜

354b

339,14

551

350

569

¢

ù

539

333

565

339

B331a

538

ˆ

564

£

560

537

˜

338

559

536

Deimel

A *275 ¯

337**

ı, ¨

331; B331,44ff

332

152IV; B331e; L152

327

300,30

518

ó

541

543

B329a

514

í

Û

326a

509

Deimel

571

575 576 577

355 356

358

‘ « “ *438 Y

359

˛, Ì, Ô, Ó

360

ƒ

362

©

366

˙ ∆ *562 ˚ *564 ¬

367

…

371

æ

95,9

ÿ, œ

372

ç, ∆

373

√

B60a; 374

∫

585

363

195

Part Five: Sign List MZL

MZL

Deimel

Ò

*MZL pp. 160,  174

µ 587

*293, 579 375

≤

375,45

≥

◦587A ◦588E

85,428; 529,30

◦588F 589

—

376; B376a

590

376*

591 592 593

594

596 598

394c; 394e

_, ï

§ *302 Ü *MZL

ö, Ü

ö *662 ˜ *662 ˝ *631, 632 @ *634 # *640 Ò

628 629 630

633 634

⁄ p/var of 209

635

ú Ö, À *854 ê *640 = *470 ò

636 637 638

641

384

í

644

ó

645

â

646

611 612 613

390 391 392

ú

393

Ä

393

Ä

ü

398

ê

405

D4,5

êÖ î

406

ô, ê

399

û

400

Ñ

401

ñ

402

Ã

403

pp. 103, 173

Ä

397

396

*164

€ *505

ü, Œ, ü, ƒ, ˝ ü ÿ, !, ◊, @ ü+

396

398,64ff

640

643

610

—

396; 404*,1

é

608

395

B395a

383; B383a

599

© *94 ÿ, ÿ Ÿ

ä ë

632

À

Deimel

394b

619

÷

ì, Î

381

616

394

631

378

406

614

≥ *587A

à

B378a

595

Ï *804

377

—

MZL

Deimel

ã, Õ, õ

~ *631 Ÿ *164, 641 Ü *628

651 652 653 654 655

*MZL pp. 160,  174 408

˝ × •‹

408

˝× •“

409

fl

409

˝× ö

409a

*

409b

˝× Ÿ

409c

˝× ⁄

409d

˝× €

409e

·

656 657 658 659 660

661 662

410

˙ *631

411

$

350,8

663 665 666 667

ö, ˜

412

%

415

^

413

|

B415a

‹

196

Part Five: Sign List

MZL

MZL

MZL

668

695

723

Deimel

669 670 671 672

416

&

417

*

418

(

419

)

420

673

420,8

674 675 676 677 678 679 681 682 683 684 685 686 689 690 691 692

694

_ + *703 › *672

423

¥, _ × ˝

423

fi

422

Q

424

W

425 426 427 429

R E Y I

696 698 699 700

701

705 706 707

708

U

439

H

440

J

431

P

715

433

{

719

434

} A

436

D

G

441

K

442

å

444

709 711 712 714

720 721 722

L & *661 : : × ¶ *675 : × C *703 +

445

"

446

X

447

Ç

447a

428

435

438

421; 579,396

O

|

F

703

704

Deimel

437

443; B443a

430

434a

693

Deimel

471 —

X *92 / $ö *114, 662

724 725 726 727

— 449

C

450

V

451 452

728

449,145ff

729 730

454

449,244; 454,12

731

C

B, « N, ¬ [ <

455,19f

>

732 733 735

736 737 738 740

472

Ÿ, {

473

⁄, Â

475

€

476

\

458

-

459

o

459

=

744

460

[, ‚

745

741

456 —

CÉ*730

457

`

461

]

462

o *740

462

\, o

461*; 596

742

461,280; 464

742′

?

v *882 T

—

j *119 $‹\

467

$ô *847 ß

468

v

*MZL p. 414

197

Part Five: Sign List MZL

MZL

MZL

746

795

825

Deimel

747 748 749 750 751 752

469

,

470

.

480

‹

480

‹

481

›

482

‡

482,12; 585*

753

Deimel

‡, ÷

532

Ì

533

Ô, Ó

483

‚, D

484

—

484,1c; 8

—

486

±

487

Œ

494

Â

754 755 756 757 760 761 766 767 776 785

491 500; 501

„ Ê

798 801 804 806

808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819

511

Ë

512

È

515

∏

506; 513

Ø

823

’

824

788 790 792

517

525

Å

528

Î

529

Ï

820 821 822

”

535



536

Ò

536

Ò

536

Ò Ò

537

Ú

537

Ú

537,65c; 537*

Á

787

»

480; B536,58

510

786

522

515,9

807

Deimel

$, ï

538

Æ

539

Û

540

Ù

541

Ç

542

◊

543

ı

544

˜ ÛA êÌ$ *819

543

ˆ

534

å, è

826 827 828 830 831

570

“

571

‘

574

˛

575

ƒ

576

©

B578a

832 833

572

577; 578

834 835 836 837

839

594

ò

595

ù

845 846

å

579

˚ ˚˚

580

ç, ˚fl

581

√

583

∫

584; 587

847

è, ì

573

B579a

844

˙ à

◦839A 840

«

593

593,8f ; 11

838

∆

≤

—

ô

B585a

ô

848 849

482,12; 585*; B585b

850

B585c

÷ *752 ‚

198

Part Five: Sign List

MZL

MZL

MZL

851

869

889

Deimel

Deimel

586

µ

586,4

µ

—

µ

852 853 854

379  2; 380

856 858

589

229,30; 591

859 860

597

597,9

861

Ö ≤ ≥ É É

598a

é

598b

í

598c

ó, {

598d

ú, ç

862 863 864 865

Bv598e

866

û

598c

{ *863

598d

ç *864

598e

Ä

867 868

545; B545a

870 871

546

Deimel

¯ ˘

546,6

¿

547

¡

551

j

548

™

549

£

550

¢

551

∞

592

À, M

872 873 875 876 877 878 881 882

461*; 596

883 884

554 555

886

556,2

887

á, v § ¶ §Ò *897 •

556

•

B556a

•

888

890 891 892 893 894 895

557

ª

558

º

559

–, S

569

π

560

≠

561

œ

554,78

896 897

562

554,84; 556,8

898 899 900 903 905 906 907

Y ˇ %

563

´

564

®

565

˝

566

¥

567

¨

567

¨

568

ø π *892

199

Part Five: Sign List

5.2.  Sign Number Index MZL Deimel

1

1 AŠ

2

1,33ff; AŠ-AŠ B2

3 4

5

Signs

MZL Desig.

2 ḪAL B2a EŠ6

9 BAL

~ ! ! { {, °, ‹ *

6

10 GIR2

7

10 GIR2gunû

( (

8

11 BUR2

), "

9

12 TAR

_

Sign Values (àna) (às) (àṣ) aš (àz) (dàl) dil (dili) (eš20) (in6) ina (rám) (rim5) rù rum (šúp) ṭil [ASy 1] 1 6,000# absin#+# aš dil dili (rum) — repetition marker: diš.aš (1+748) 2 didli min5 — marker after plurals: didli ḫal (ḫala) [ASy 2] buluḫ buru8 ḫal

3 eš6 (see 711) bal bala bùl pal pala4 pùl [ASy 8] bal bala

gír (gíri) [ASy 9] gir2 giri2

ád át áṭ ul4 [ASy 9] kiši16# (tab2) ul4

(bál) búl púl [ASy 10]

bulug2 bur2 (ušu) (ušum) ušumgal#

dar6 ḫas ḫaṣ ḫaš ḫaz (ḫús) kud kut qud qut (qutu) sil (šar7) šil tar tara (tír) ṭar (ṭír) [ASy 11]

(girim(m)a3#) ḫaš ku5 kud kur5 (sil) sila tar

a4 àm# {am6} an (ána) èl ìl (ila) (ili7#) (ilu) (iti4#) (itu4#) (le4) sa8 (ṣà) (za5) [ASy 12] [10+754 ASy 12a] [10+535+737 ASy 13] [10+839+756 ASy 14] 10

13; AN D1,98

+

am3# an azag# dingir (il3)

imgaga2# imgaga3# ligidba# ligidba2# (mitta#) nidba# šeg3# ulušin# ulušin2#

— det: d (deity), àm (after ordinal numbers; 839+10), ta.àm (after distributive numbers; 248+839+10)

200

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

X S

11

14 aš-šur

12

3 MUG

13

4

14

5 BA

15

6 ZU

16

7 SU

^, ≤

17

8 ŠEN (ŠUN)

&, ≥

18

ZADIM (MUGgunû)

50 ARAD (NITA2)

19

51

ARAD2 (ARAD×KUR)

20

52

ITI (UD×EŠ; UDšeššig)

21

52* ITI2 (ITI×BAD)

22

53 ŠUBUR

23

53 ŠAḪ

24

15 KA

@, ™ #, ≠ $, ∞ %, ±

=, π, ∫ =× ⁄ ñ o, ª Ã [, º [

Q

Sign Values (see 118) aš-šur buk mug muk muq puk šúk *wuk [ASy 3] mug (muk) zadim

ba bi6 pá [ASy 4] ba

(ka14) (ki6) sú ṣú zu [ASy 5] abzu# zu zuen#

guš kus kuš kuz su śu šu11 [ASy 6] kuš su — det: kuš (leather) (rik4) rug ruk ruq {ruqu} (*šàn) šin šun [ASy 7] dur10 šen (šun)

èr ìr (wàr) [ASy 25] arad (dur3#) ir3 nita2 nitaḫ2

(see 382) (ir11) [ASy 25a] arad2 ir11 iti itu ti10

(months)

— det: iti/itu

(subar) (šubur) ukur2# [ASy 26; cf. 271]

{sáḫ} siḫ (ṣeḫ) šaḫ {šaḫa} šiḫ (šúḫ) [ASy 26] šaḫ ukur2#

bu17 bùm (du11) (ga14) ka pe4 pi4 qà (su11) {ṭu6} (zib4) (zu2) [ASy 15] du11 dug4 gu3 i5 inim ka kir4 piḫu# zabar# zu2

(zuḫ) — det: zabar (copper; 596+24+121)

25 26

15* KA×GIR2 16 TU6 (KA×LI)

Q× ( W

mu7 tu6

201

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

MZL Desig.

27

15** KA× TU

28

— KA×RU

29

17 UŠ11 (KA×BAD)

30 31 32

B17a KA×MAŠ/BAR 18

NUNDUM (KA×NUN)

18*; SU6 (KA×SA) D29** 19; 26;

Signs

Ä Q× fi E G R, ; Y

33 D29*** PU3 (KA×KAR2)

U

34

I O Q× + P Q× J Q× O Q× ⁄ Q× Œ { Å ' , } Q× ¥ | A D

35

20 KA×AD-KUG 22* KA×NE

36

— KA×UR2

37

23 KA×KIB

38

D23* KA×GAG

39

— KA×UŠ

40

— KA×PA

41

— KA×GIŠ

42

24 DILIB2 (KA׊ID)

43 44

24* KA×U2 25 KA×GA

45 21; B25a KA×SAR 46

L24’ KA×AŠ2

47

B25b

48 49

KA× DUB2/ BALAG

B25c KA׊A 19; 26; ŠUDU3 (KA׊U) D29***

50

27 KA׊E

51

28; 29 KA×UD

Sign Values (var. of 72)

uš11 ukkinv unkinv (see

73)

nundum nundun

su6

bù bum pù pum (49 is var.) [ASy 17]

pu3 *puzur4# puzur5 šu12 šud3

(nigru) (murgu3)

(ibira) (tibira2)

šiq4 [ASy 16]

šudu3

(var. of 33) [ASy 17]

(tukur2) (immin)

202

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 52 53

L28’ KA×PI 29* KA×ERIM

54

30 BUN2 (KA×IM)

55

— KA×ḪAR

56

— KA×U

57

31 KA×MI

58 59 60

Signs

MZL Desig.

D29**; KAדEŠ” B31** — KA×IGI 31* KA×KI

61

32 EME (KA×ME)

62

33

63

— KA×GUR7

64

35 NAG (KA×A)

65

36

66

— KA×KADRA

67

— KA×AŠ3

68

— KA×SIG

69

34 KA×GU

70

— KA×LUM

MU3 (KA׊E3/ ZI3)

GU7 (KA×NIG2/ NINDA)

F (var. of 129) è (ba ) {bu } [ASy 18] H (bu ) bun Q× ñ (see 24) J kan K (see 32) Q× Ÿ F Q× ] (em ) [ASy 19] L eme (ma ) [ASy 20] : (ma ) (mu ) Q× ◊ káb nag nak naq nik [ASy 21] Z na nag gu [ASy 21a] X gu (ku ) Q× É í˚ Q× í Q× À gur šakir (partial var. of 84) " Ç 5

13

2

13

5

4

5

5

3

5

8

7

7

2

5

71

38 URU (IRI)

C

72

39 UR×TU

73

40

‘ V

UKKIN (URU× MAŠ/BAR)

Sign Values

al8 (ala) (ala2#) (ali) (alu) er4 eri ir4 iri ré rí (ru9) [ASy 22] [71+754 ASy 22a] (l: eri4) (ri2) (u19) uru — det: uru (locations) (var. of 27) ukkin unkin

203

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 74 75

41

76

42

77

43

78

45

79

44

80 81

Signs

MZL Desig.

43; URU×KAR2 B40***

¿ B, BANŠUR (URU×URUDU) ∏ ŠAKIR – (URU×GA) URU (URU×UD) M URU×UL C× K

85

59 LI

86

58 TU (DU2)

87

58 KU4

88

58

89

55 LA

90

56 APIN (ENGAR)

' ; ; ; \ T

91

57 MAḪ

92

Sign Values

ERIM3 (URU×NIG2)

GUR8 (URU5; TEgunû)

PAB 60 (PAP; KUR2)

j ß

ru4 [ASy 23]

(uru2)

asal asar asari silig

(gàl) qàl sùk [ASy 24]

dakkan# gišgal (lu7) qal3 u18 (l: u17) (ulu3)

ru14 {uru18} [ASy 23c]

(erim3) (erin3) (kur12) (69 is partial var.) [ASy 23b]

gur5 (guruš3) šakir šakira

le li (ni8) [ASy 31]

ensi# (gub2) le li

dú tu ṭú [ASy 30] asal2# tu ku4

kur9 [ASy 30a]

(gur8) (uru5) la [ASy 27]

la lagaš# šika

(bin) pin [ASy 28]

apin engar uru4

maḫ {maḫa} meḫ miḫ (neša#) [ASy 29] maḫ

(ba14) bab bap (gur12) kúr (pa4) pap (qur4) [ASy 32]

(enkum#) kur2 (munu5#) pa4 pab pap titab#

204

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 93

60,33ff; BULUG 3

94 60,79ff;

367,5ff (DIM4; MUNU4)

95

60,55 PAB-IŠ (PA6)

96

60,56ff PAB-E (PA5)

97

98

99

100

Signs

MZL Desig.

PUŠ2 60,24ff (PAB-ḪAL)

GAM3 (ZUBI; 60* PAB-NA2)

61 MU

62 SILA3 (QA)

65 ŠEŠLAM

101

66,1 ZI/ZI

102

66C

103

66B ZI/ZI -ŠE3

104

66A ZI/ZI -A

NUMUN2 (ZI/ZI -LAGAB)

ß! ßß ß{ ßÁ v ˛ , ' . ∞ € ‹ . ‹Ò ‹˚ ›

Sign Values púš [ASy 33] puš2 (= pap-ḫal)

(bur13) (dim4) {pur13} [ASy 34] bulug3 dim4 gešbu2# gešpu2# munu4

pa5 gam3 zubi

(see 117) (i14) (ia5) mu {šád} {šát} šu10 (šùm) (šumu) *wu4 [ASy 35] mu muḫaldim

(see 1) ga5 ka4 qa {*sal4} šál [ASy 36] baḫar2# (qa) (sil3) sila3

(see 106)

(šešlam)

(gug4) numun2 zukum

gil kíl qíl {qíli} [ASy 39]

105

67 GIL (GI/GI)

106

63d KID2 (TAG4)

107

63d NUN/NUN

⁄

108

63a KAD2

/

gát kád kát (qad6) (qat6) (šíd) [ASy 37]

Ÿ

gàt kàd kàt {kàta} (*kud6) (qat7) [ASy 38]

109 110

63c KAD3 70 NA

⁄

°, /

(ge16) gib gil gilim

dad dat (gid6) kít šìd tad (tak4) tat ṭat [ASy 40] kid2 tag4 tak4

kad2

kad3

na [ASy 43]

imgaga2# na ulušin2#

205

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

111

68 RU

fi

112

75 NU

‰

113

69 BAD

fl

Sign Values rìm# ru rúm# šub šup [ASy 41]

(*aratta#, i.e., 694+111; also 693+578+111) (erim2#) (illar) ru šub là nu (u20) (úl) [ASy 49] nu

baʾ bad bat {bata} baṭ be bi4 (mát) mid mit miṭ (múd) pád pát pè pì pít (qìt) sun (ṣiṣ) (šum4) (ti5) til (ṭíl) úš (zaz) zis ziz [ASy 42] adama# bad (bat) (be) idim lugud# (med) (mid) mud2

sumun sun šumun til ug7

◦113A

69* BAD 4× in cross

114

69,2; EŠE3 (AŠ+U) 534,1

115

71 ŠIR (NU11)

116 117

71,22 ŠIRtenû 72 NUMUN

118

73 TI

119

465 DIN

120

74 MAŠ

‡ fl, Ü · » ‚, ˛ —, X j ±

(ulal) uš2 (ziz)

(sign 113 4× in a cross shape) eše3

(sir4) šir šùr [ASy 44]

buru4# lagaš# (nu11) sir4 sirara2# šir

gúl kul {kulu} qul (zar4) zir {ziri} [ASy 45] kul numun

de9 dì (te9) ti (ṭe6) ṭì [ASy 46] ti til3

(dan5) dí din (dini) tén {tí} tìm tin ṭin [ASy 270] din gamun# kurun# tin

(baš) ma7 mas maś (maṣ) maš (waš) [ASy 47] ½ ba7 ligidba2# mas maš sa9

(zipaḫ)

121 122 123 124

74 BAR 74,100 BAN2

KUNGA2 74,182 (BAR-AN) IDIGNA 74,238f (DALLA)

± ± ±+ „

bar pár *war [ASy 48] bar (par2) zabar# — det: zabar (copper; 596+24+121) (sutu#) [ASy 157] ban2

dalla idigna

206

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 125 126

74,344 MAŠ-MAN

127

Signs

MZL Desig.

GIDIM2 74,335 (MAŠ-U)

97 AG

Œ Q ˜, A

130

76 MAŠ2

á ¯ Â

131

77 KUN

Ê

128 129

132

133 134

135

98,3; AG׊ITA2 B97a 98 ME3 (AG×ERIM)

78 ḪU

78a U5 79 NAM

79a

BURU5 (BUR5; NAM-ERIM)

136

80 IG (GAL2)

137

81 MUD

Á, û Ë, ø È, ¿ ∏, Ø, ¬, ¡ ”, √ ’, ƒ

Sign Values gidim2

ag ak (aka) aq (aqa) [ASy 70] a5 ag ak aka kid3 larag#+# me6 (na2)

me3

(53 is var.)

kun8 (màš) [ASy 50] maš2

(ku14) kun (kunu) (qun) [ASy 51] kun

{bag} baḫ bak baq ḫu (muš8) pag pàḫ pak paq (púq) u11 ʾu5 [ASy 52] ḫu mušen— det: mušen (after birds) (u5) [ASy 53] u5

bir5 (na7) (lam6) nam (pir6) sim (śím) (śín) [ASy 54] nam sim sin2 (šim2)

(bur5) [ASy 54a]

(bur5) buru5 eg ek eq (gál) ig ik iq [ASy 55] ek gal2 ig

màt (mu12) mud mut muṭ [ASy 56] mud

(sa4) ša22 še21 [ASy 57]

138

82 SA4 (ḪU-NA2)

», ≈

139

83 ŠITA3 (RAD)

Å

(ra4) rad rat {rata} raṭ (rít) (rud) (ruṭ) [ASy 58]

140

84 ZI

Í

sé sí ṣé ṣí ze zi [ASy 59] [140+574 ASy 59a]

141

85 GI

Î

sa4

(rad) sud2 šita3 se2 zi zid zig3

ge gi ké kí qè qì (tar5) (taru5) [ASy 60] (ge) gi gibil6# — det: gi (grass)

207

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 142 143

86 RI

87 NUN

144 87; 87IIc NUNtenû TUR3 87a 145 (NUN-LAGAR) IMMAL (NUN87l; 146 87m,1-2 LAGAR×BAR/ MAŠ)

146′ 146′′ 147

148

— TUR3×UŠ — TUR3×NIG2 87b; 87m,3; ŠILAM (NUN87n; LAGAR×MUNUS) 460* 88 KAB

149

88 ḪUB2

150

89 ḪUB (ḪUB2×UD)

151

101 SUR (ŠUR)

152

102

153 154 155 156 157

Signs

MZL Desig.

MUŠ2 (SUḪ; UŠ3gunû)

103; MUŠ3 (INNIN; B103c INANNA)

MUŠ3×A & A-MUŠ3 SED 103b (MUŠ3× A-DI) 103a

103,81ff; MUŠ3-×ZA B103c 90 GAD

Ï, ° Ì, ˇ Ì, à Ó

Sign Values dal re ri tal (tala) ṭal [ASy 61] dal (de5) (di5) (re) ri (tal)

(nu6) nun síl ṣil zil [ASy 63]

(abrig2#) adab# (arab#) buranun# (enkum#) eridu nun zimbir# (tùr) [ASy 63a] tur3

ã Ó× O Ó× É Ô   Ò, Ú ¡

gáb gáp kab kap qáb qáp [ASy 64] kab gab2 gub3

ḫúb ḫúp (kùp) [ASy 65] eme5# ḫub2

ḫub ḫup [ASy 66]

(ḫub) (tu10) (tun)

sur śur šur ṭìr [ASy 73] sur šur

(múš) (siḫ4) suḫ šuḫ [ASy 74]

™

aškud# muš2 suḫ šuba#

£

*inanna (innana) innin muš3 nidba# zabala2# zabalam2#

¢, ˚£

(še12)

∞ Í Æ

tišpak zabala# zabalam#

(mùš) [ASy 62, 75]

sed še4 šed7

{gada} gat kad kat {kid9} (kit9) qàd qàt [ASy 67] gad gada (kad) — det: gada (linen)

208

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

92; GAD-KID2 296,43.44

159

92a

AKKIL (GAD-KID2-SI)

S Û

160

92b

UMBIN (GAD-KID2-UR2)

Ù

161

92c

SIG8 (GAD-KID2-GIŠ)

Z

162

93

ŠINIG (GAD-NAGA)

Ç

163

91 (GAD-NIG2/

164

99 EN

158

◦164A ◦164B 165

KINDA GAD-NIG2)

— ENME (EN×ME) 99a,1 EN/EN 54

BURU14 (EN×KAR3)

166 63*; 100 DAR3

167

94 DIM (TIM)

˘ Ë ÿ ] ¿ ˜, A Q, ≈, Ω, È ◊

171

110 KU7

172

104 SA

§

95 MUN (DIM×KUR)

169

96 BULUG

170 109; 141 LAL3 (TA×ḪI)

173

104,6 AŠGAB

akkil umbin

šinig

—

ı ˆ ≠ œ

168

Sign Values

§K *, ÷

en (in4) ru12 [ASy 71]

en (enkum#) ensi# nibru# zuen#

bur14 buru14

(šibir2)

(*ebur) sullim

{dàr} {tàr} tàra ṭàr [ASy 72] dar3 dara3

(see 127) (see 94) (di11) dim dum4 (tàm) tì tim tum8 ṭim [ASy 68] dim

mun [ASy 69] mun bulug

làl [ASy 82] lal3

(ku7) [ASy 83a] gurušda ku7

sa śa (ša10) [ASy 76]

dida# dida2# piḫu# sa

sa (woven items)

(see 492) ašgab

— det:

209

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 174

175

Signs

MZL Desig.

105I; GAN2 105IIa

KAR2 (GAN2tenû, 105II ŠE3tenû)

¶ ¶, ˝

Sign Values (gán) kán [ASy 77] aša5 ašag gan2 gana2 iku

(kan2)— det: iku (after surface measures); mul5 (before stars) (gar19) garak kár kára [ASy 78] kar2 (guru6)

176

106 GU2 (TIK)

•

(gú) *ku17 (qu6) tik tiq [ASy 79]

177

USAN 107 (GU2×-NUN)

ª

usan

178

108

179

DUR (GU2×-GAG

108* GUN (GU2-UN)

º –

180

111 GUR

ˇ

181

112 SI

182

113 SU4 (SIgunû)

´ ®

183

114

184 185

DAR (GUN3; ḪUgunû, SIgunû)

115 SAG

— SAG×NUN

186

118? SAG×UM

187

1216; 1217 SAG×DU

188

116 SAG×GAG

189

116 SAG×NI

190

— SAG×UŠ

DILIB3 (SAG׊ID)

191

117

192

1218 SAG×U2

193

1217 SAG×UB

®, ˝ ¥ ¥× Ì ø â  ¥× K ¥× O æ ¥× Í ¥× Â

gu2 (gun2)

dur túr ṭur [ASy 80] dur

(bilti) (biltu) [ASy 81] gun

gur (guru) kùr qur (tari) (taru) [ASy 84] gur (kur2)

se si śe śi (ṣì) šé ší [ASy 85] ensi2# si

śí śú [ASy 86]

(si4) (su4)

dar (dír) tár (tèr) (tìr) (ṭár) (ṭir4) [ASy 83] dar gun3 tar2

ris riš sag sak san saq {sur14} (ša24) šag šak šaq [ASy 87] balla# (dul7) sag sak zaraḫ#

(see 191)

dilib3

210

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 194

121

10

SAG×SIG7

195

119 KAN3 (SAG×MI)

196

121 SAG×UR

197

— SAG×A

198

1211 SAG×ḪA

199

120 SAG×MUNUS

200 201 202 203

— SAG×LUM 122 MA2

DIMGUL (“MA2-MUG”) UZ3 122b (“MA2-KASKAL”) 122a

204

122c UZ3-KASKAL

205

122d

206 207 208 209 210

SUR9 (MA2KASKAL-SIG7) SUR10 122d (MA2-SIG7) 123

DIR (DIRI; DIRIG; SI-A)

— NIQ3 ? 124; TAB 125a B124a EŠ21 (TAB-AŠ)

211

125

MEGIDDA (TAB-TI)

212

210

GEŠTIN (GIŠ-DIN)

213 214

B210a GEŠTIN×KUR 125

Signs

MZL Desig.

MEGIDDA2 (TAB-KUN)

Sign Values

¥× ® π ? ¥× ˚ ¥× ≤ ¥× § ¥× ˝ “ ‘ « «Ö “Ö® “® å Û ˛ ì Ô I I× ¬ ˛Ê

215

124; LIMMU2 (LIM2; 124,42 TAB-TAB)

ƒ

216

IA7 Bv125 (TAB-TAB-AŠ)

v

má maʾ [ASy 88] ma2

(sanga2#) sirara2# —

det: elep, má (ships)

ud5 ut5 [ASy 88a] ud5 uz3

dir mál sa5 (ter4) ṭir [ASy 89]

dir diri dirig dungu# (mal3) sa5

dáb dáp (dápa) tab (taba) tap (tapa) ṭab ṭap [ASy 90]

2 min6 tab 3 eš21

(wi5) [ASy 137a] geštin

(megida) (*arrap) [ASy 91]

4 lim2 limmu2 5 ia7

211

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 217 218 219

Bv125 USSU2 (4× TAB)

220

Bv125

221

Signs

MZL Desig.

AŠ4 Bv125 (TAB-TAB-TAB) IMIN2 (TAB-TABBv125 TAB-AŠ) ILLIMU2 (4× TAB + AŠ)

126 TAG (ŠUM)

Sign Values

õ

6 aš4

Ÿ √ /

7 imin2

©

8 ussu2 9 ilimmu2 (daq6) (sum6) śum šu14 šum {šumu} (tà) tag tak (taka) taq [ASy 92] šum tag

◦221A 222 223

126f; UTTU 193 (TAG-×TUG2) 133 KA2

128 AB

224

B128* AB×NUN

225

198 AB×KAR2

226

200c AB׊EŠ

227

128**; AB×AŠ2 200a

URUGAL (AB×GAL)

228

194

229

196 AB×SIG7

230

132 URUDU (URUDA)

231

128****; AB× U/AŠ 200b

UNUG (ABgunû and/or AB×EŠ)

232

195

233

197 AB×KI

© Ò, ©× Ò ç, G ˙ ˙× Ì ê ã ≥ ∆ A J, * ≈ ˙ × $ or ~ & ˙× ]

uttu

bába (ká) pápa [ASy 99] abul# ka2

ab ap ès èṣ èš èz ìs ìṣ iś7 iš7 ìz [ASy 93] ab abzu# eš3 (iz3) uri5# urim5#

(see 326)

abba2

da5 dab6 tab5 ṭab4 [ASy 98] tabira# tibira# urudu — det: urudu (metal)

(aba4) ararma# (gun4) (gunu4) (iri11) (larsa#) (larsam#) unu unu2# unug uri2# urim2# zabala# zabala2# zabalam# zabalam2#

212

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

MZL Desig.

234

B190g AB×LAGAB

235

199 AB×GIN2

236

200 NINA (AB×ḪA)

237 238

200d AB×IMIN

134 UM

Signs

Ù â (, ( | √

Sign Values

nanše nina (sirara) sirara2#

díḫ (èʾa#) (eʾa4#) (èʾi#) (eʾi4#) (èʾu#) (eʾu4#) (u16) um [ASy 100] um (umu)

239

240 241 242

B135a

UM×U; URUDU×U

— UM× U-LAGAB 137; UM× ME-DA L315’ 138 DUB

243

B138a DUB׊E

244

135 SUB׊A3

245 136; 316 DUB×LAGAB 246 247 248

129 NAB (AN/AN) 129a

MUL (AN/AN -AN)

139 TA

249

141a TAgunû

250

141 TA×ḪI

251

140 TA×MI

252

142 I (i)

i+na

√ × $, ≈× $ √ × $ ‚, ≈× $‚ N ∫ ∫× … º £ ˚ ¬ µ, ;, … " ô ≤ ≥ v, ¶

dub dup tub tup ṭup [ASy 101]

diḫ dub samag (tup)

nab nap (níp) [ASy 94] mul náb náp [ASy 95] mul — det: mul (stars, planets) dá ta ṭá [ASy 102] ta — det: ta.àm (after distributive numbers; 248+839+10) (251 is var.) (see 170) (var. of 249) i (nát) [ASy 103] i kun4#

i+na (lig.)

213

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 253 254

255 256

143 GAN (KAN; ḪE2)

143,19 KAM2

144 TUR (DUMU)

144,56 TUR-DIŠ

ZIZNA (TUR-ZA/ TUR-ZA)

257

144f

258

145 AD

259 260

147 ZI2 (ṢI; AB×PA)

149 RAB

265

—

266

151; B151a

267

—

268

151,66

269

—

270

146

271A

è ÷

152I EZEN (ŠIR3; SIR3)

Sign Values gan ḫé (ḫí) kan (li6) qan [ASy 105] gan ḫe2

kám [ASy 106] kam2 — det: kám (after ordinal numbers) (mar5) (*maru) tur (tura) (turu) ṭùr [ASy 107] ban3 banda3 (di4) dumu ibila#

(kun5#) tukum# tur genna ginna

ì

{àb} (àba) ad àp at aṭ [ASy 108]

ù

{se20} (si20) ṣe ṣi zé zí [ASy 109]

ò

262

150

à

ḪAŠḪUR (MAgunû)

148 IN

264

À

DIM8 (RAB-GAN) DIM3 (RAB-GAM) DIM10 (RAB-KAMv) LUGAL (GAL-LU2) DIM9 (LUGAL-GAN) GUG5 (LUGAL/ LUGAL) DIM11 (LUGAL-KAMv)

261

—

À

÷ á É í é = ó < Ü >

142a IA (I-A)

263

Signs

MZL Desig.

ú

ad

(ze2) zi2

ia ie {ii} iu yí [ASy 104] en6 in [ASy 110] in

rab rap [ASy 111]

(rab) dim8

dìm [ASy 111a] dim3 dim10

(šàr) šarri šarru [ASy 112] ḫaniš2 (lillan) lugal dim9

(see 266) dim11 ḫašḫur

ḫir (sìr) šìr [ASy 113]

balla# ezen ser3 sir3 šer3 šir3

214

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

MZL Desig.

271B

152III KEŠDA (GIR11)

271C

152IV

272

152

273

153 EZEN×LI

274

1529

275A

1528; 1522

275B

1521

276

1531

277

1524

◦277A

1524,14

Signs

ú

Sign Values

(gir11) keš2 kešda (= 541) (= 275B)

1

ä EZEN×LA ? BAD ä, A (EZEN×BAD) UG (EZEN×BAD/ ä, ú AN/ḪAL) × + or ! EZEN×SI? ú × ´? UBARA Ä (EZEN×KASKAL) 3

5

UBARA 4× in cross

(at end of list, p. 253)

285

156

286

157 EZEN×LU

287

162 EZEN×GIN2

288

158

ASILAL3 (EZEN×A)

ä ú× Í ã ë ú× … å B Õ Í ç ¶

289

159

SIL7 (EZEN× A-LAL)

•

290

160

ASILAL4 (EZEN×A-LAL2)

291

161 EZEN×ḪA

C ú× ≤

278

154 EZEN×GU4

279

— EZEN×U2

280

B154a EZEN×MIR

281

155 EZEN×SIG7

282

— EZEN׊E

283

15214 EZEN×UD

284

15216 EZEN×KUG

ASILAL (EZEN×LAL2)

(bàt) (dur8) [ASy 114] bad3

*u9 (= 272) [ASy 114a] ug5

(enkum#) ubara (sign 277 4× in a cross shape) (see 887)

kisig2 udinim udnim

kisig kisiga

215

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

SUM (ŠUM2; SI3)

292

164

293

NAGA (NAG2; 165 NID2/SABA)

◦293A

165a

294

B165b

295

131a

296

130

297

131

298

299

167

AZ (AS; PIRIG×ZA)

GAB; DU8; DUḪ; TUḪ

— GAB-LIŠ

301

169

302

166 KASKAL (KAS)

TAḪ (DAḪ; MU/MU)

166a; ITI3 166d (KASKAL-ITI)

166b

ILLAT (KASKAL-KUR)

D166c; 305 D166,27 KASKAL-BU

306

— KASKAL-AḪ

Sign Values (ari6) sè sì (sum) (še19) šúm [ASy 115] gud3# (se3) si3 sum šum2

(nák) [ASy 115a]

ï

+ï ï× NAGA׊Utenû ¨tenû NIB (PIRIG×KAL) Ω UG … (PIRIG×UD/SU)

168 EDIN

304

ë

AN-NAGA 4× in cross

300

303

Signs

MZL Desig.

(ereš2) naga nidaba# (nidaba2) nisaba# (nisaba2) (te3) tu5# (uga#) (an-naga 4× in a cross shape)

ug uk uq [ASy 96] pirig3 ug

æ

as (asa) aṣ az {us4} uṣ4 uz4 [ASy 97]

ü

(du8) duḫ gab gaba gap irta irtu (kàp) pitru qab qap táḫ tu24 tuḫ (tuḫu) ṭáḫ ṭuḫ [ASy 117]

üà ÿ

az

asal2# du8 duḫ duru5 gab gaba taḫ2 tuḫ

(ru6) [ASy 118]

bir4 edin (eru4#) ru6 ummu3# ummud#

â

daḫ taḫ (taḫa) túḫ ṭaḫ [ASy 119]

Ö, «, §

(buš) (ir7) (íš) kas (kasa) ras raš [ASy 116]

Öo ÖÎ Ü ö Öæ Öê

(daḫ) taḫ

bu2 i7 (kas) kaskal (raš)

(see 491) (see MZL pp. 103, 173) baliḫa# illat danna

216

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 307

◦307A

MZL Desig.

166e; KASKAL-LAGAB B166ee — KASKAL-TUL2

ZIKURA (KASKAL-AŠ3)

308

166f

309

170 AM (GU4×KUR)

310 311

312

170a AM×A

171 UZU

173; BIL2 (GIBIL: 173a NE×PAB)

Signs

Ö‚ ÖË Öí ê ^ î û

313

172 NE

ô

314

174 NE×UD

315

175 NE×A

} U Ñ Ñ× ~ Ñ× ! Ñ× * ñ Ñ× ± Ñ× Î ª Ã Ñ × ∫?

316

176 NINDA2

317

176,12; NINDA2×AŠ 177,2

318

177,3 NINDA2× AŠ-AŠ

319

178 NINDA2×BAL

320

L176′; ŠAM3 B178aa (NINDA2×AN)

321

179 NINDA2×BAN2

322

180 NINDA2×GI

323

182 SUMAŠ

324

181

325

AZU (NINDA2×NUN)

— NINDA2×DUB ?

Sign Values

am [ASy 120] am ildag2#

(see 839) (alt. form of ildag2) (šir4) (širam) (širim) (širum) {šīra} {šīri} {šīru} [ASy 121] uzu — det: uzu (parts of the body) (bi5) bíl {ne8} {pi6} píl [ASy 124] bil2 gibil

bí bil (dè) kúm (kun9) (li9) ne (ni5) pi5 pil (qúm) rìm# rúm# (ṣaḫ) ṣéḫ te4 (ti9) ṭè (ṭi5) [ASy 122] [313+111 ASy 123]

(erim2#) bar7 bi2 bil bir9 de3 dinig# (du14#) gibil4 gibil6# (gunni#) izi (izi2#) kum2 (lam2) li9 ne nimur# (še6) šeg6 (ṭe3) (zaḫ)

ninda2

(see 327)

(sàn) šàm (šan) [ASy 125] šam3

{zu5}

azu uzu2 (zu5)

217

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 326 327 328 329

184; NINDA2×GU4 187,6 186 NINDA2׊ID? B184a NINDA2×U2

330

185 NINDA2× U2-AŠ

331

— NINDA2× ŠE-AŠ

332

—

NINDA2× ŠE-AŠ-AŠ

333

187 ŠAM2 (various)

334

188 NINDA2×U

335

189 NINDA2×MAN

336

ZIG (ZIK; 190 NINDA2×EŠ)

337

190a

NINDA2× ME-KID2

338

190k

GALAM (SUKUD)

339 340

191 KUM (GUM)

192

GAZ (GAS; KUM׊E)

341

203 UR2

342

204 UR2×NUN

343

— UR2×AL

344

204a UR2×U2

345

185; UR2× U2-AŠ B204b

346

B204c UR2× A-ḪA

347

Signs

MZL Desig.

AG2 (RAM; 183 NINDA2×NE)

185,5 UR2×ḪA

ã Ü Ω? Ñ× Í Õ Ñ× …~ Ñ × …! @ Ñ× $ Ñ× / # Ñ× Ì⁄ $, ¯ % ^ + ∫ +× ‰ +× Í õ + × ˚≤ +× ≤

Sign Values (ág) ram rama [ASy 126] ag2 aga2

ušbar6

(*sám) {san4} [ASy 127] sa10 sam2

*šam2

(ḫàs) (ḫáś) (ḫáš) ḫíš (ṣíb) (ṣíp) (zaq4) (zíb) zik ziq {ziqi} [ASy 128] ḫaš2 zib2

galam sukud

(gu8) (gum) {kas6} (ku13) kum kùn qu qum [ASy 129] kum

gas gaz kàs *kàṣ (kaš6) [ASy 130] gaz naga3

úr [ASy 131] ur2

218

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 348 349

350

Signs

MZL Desig.

205 IL (AL׊E) B205a IL×KAR2

206 DU

LAḪ4 (SU8; DU/DU)

Q M W

351

201

SUḪUŠ (GIR6; DUgunû)

E N, ¨ )

352

202

KAŠ4 (GIR5; DUšeššig)

_

353

208 ANŠE (GIR3×PA)

Y

354

207 TUM

R

◦350A

355 356

357

206a

B207a

TUMgunû (TUM×KAR2)

209 EGIR

212 IŠ

R gunû, R× ¶ U I µ {

Sign Values (al9) (él) il (479 is var.) [ASy 134] il

(il8) [ASy 134a] du {è#} (e11) gub gup (im6) kin7 kub kup qub qup (rá) (ri6) (ša4) tù (túm) ṭù [ASy 135]

(abrig2#) ara4# du e3# (e11#) geštu4# gin (girim(m) a3#) gub igištu# kaš5 kin7 laḫ5#+# (men3) palil# ra2 ri6 tum2 uku2# (laḫ4) {su8} súp [ASy 136] laḫ4

(see 514, 535) (kas5) [ASy 132]

(gir6) im5 suḫuš

(ím) (kas4) [ASy 133]

(gigri2#+#) (gir5) im2 kaš4 anše (dur3#) dussa2# dusu2# eme3# — det: anše/anšu (equids, camels) (dàm) du4 dum éb ép íb íp (tam4) (tím) tu4 tum ṭu4 ṭum [ASy 137]

(dum) ib2 (tum)

egir

(see 212, 213) (see 597) (es5) eš15 ís iś íṣ iš (iši) íz mil {mili} (wil) [ASy 139]

(iš) kuš7 saḫar (ukum)

bé bi gaš kás kaš pé pí (*sa18) (su15) (ša21) (šu13) [ASy 140] 358

214 BI

}

be2 bi dida# dida2# kaš

(kašbir#) kurun# piḫu# (šaqa#) ulušin# ulušin2# —

det: kaš (beer)

219

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 359

214,40 EŠEMIN5 (“BI”)

360

214a BI×SIG7

361

214c BI×NIG2

362

Signs

MZL Desig.

215 ŠIM

} }× ® }× É |

Sign Values ešemin5

rig rik riq śim ši6 šim [ASy 141]

agarin4# bappir2 ligidba#

ligidba2# lumgi lunga ningi nungi siris siraš šem šim

363

216,3; ŠIM×BAL 217

364

218,1 ŠIM×BUR2

365

216 ŠIM×MUG

366

221 ŠIM×DIN

367

218,2 ŠIM×BULUG

368

219* ŠIM×SIG7

369

219 ŠIM×LUL

370

219** ŠIM×PI

371

220 ŠIM×IGI

372

224

373

BAPPIR 225 (ŠIM×NIG2/ NINDA)

374

222

375

223 ŠIM×KUŠU2

376

226

377

227 BANŠUR2

378

DUMGAL (ŠIM×A)

ŠIM× MUNUS/ SAL GISAL (BI-GIŠ, BI-IZ)

228; KIB 105IIa

det: šim/šem (plants)

ˆ } $ ı % π œ |× é ^ A D ø |× ˇ F  G

—

(dumgal) lumgi2 lunga2

ningi2 nungi2 siraš2 siris2 agarin5# bappir lumgi3 lunga3 ningi3 nungi3

gisal banšur2

(gíb) (gíp) {ḫùl} kib kip qib qip tur4 ṭur4 (ùl) [ASy 142]

buranun# (kib) šennur (ul3) zimbir#

220

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

379

Signs

MZL Desig.

230 GAG (KAK)

J

Sign Values (ban4) dà dù gag # (ka15) kak (kàl) ki7 (qa6) qaq qi6 (re12) (ri12) (rú) (tu20) [ASy 145]

da3 dala2# dalla2# du3 gag kak kal3 piḫu# ru2 (sur7#) šukur#

380

231 NI

K

ʾa5 bu16 dik diq ì (ià) lé lí né ni ṣal tíq zal {zala} (zár) [ASy 146]

dig dilmun# diq i3 ia3 ni (mu5) santana# šandan# tilmun# zal (zanga)

L 381

382 383 384

211 UŠ (NITA)

51* UŠ×KID2 — UŠ×KU 211a; KAŠ3 (UŠ×A) B211b

O Û O× ⁄ O× Ò P

385

229 NA4 (NI-UD)

H

386

229 DAG3 (“NA4”)

H

387

233 GA2 (MAL)

:

388

233,22 ŠITA (“GA2”)

389

234 GA2×AŠ

390

235 GA2× ḪAL-LA

391

236 GA2× GIR2-SU

392

237 AMA (GA2-AN)

393

238 GA2× AN-GAG-A

394

241 GA2×KID2

: , G U " è L

(see 437) (iš10) nid nit niṭ ús {úsu} uś úṣ uš úz [ASy 138]

60 balla# dida2# gala# giš3 ibila# nita nitaḫ us2 uš (see MZL p. 117)

(see 381) kaš3 (kisi)

ia4 (na4) [ASy 143] ia4 na4 za2 — det: ia4 , na4  , zá (stones) dàg dàk dàq {par7} tàk tàq [ASy 144] (ba4) (gá) (mà) mal (mala) [ASy 148]

(ba4) ga2 ma3 mal pisan dalḫamun# šita

agarin4# agarin5# ama dagal

221

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

MZL Desig.

395

242 GA2×BAD

396

243 GA2×GI

397

244

398

245 GA2×KAB

399

247 GA2×EN

400

239 GA2×BURU14

401

246 GA2×MUN

402

248 GA2×KAR2

403

250 GA2×DUB

404

250c GA2×SUM

405

250d GA2×KASKAL

406

250i

407

251 GA2×GAG

408 252; 257 409 410

GANUN (GA2×NUN)

GA2× IŠ-ḪU-AŠ/ RUM SILA4 (GAZI; GA2×PA)

251; GA2× KID-LAL 2521 252[2] GA2׊ID

411

255 UR3 (GA2×NIR)

412

256 GA2×GI4

413

250b GA2×SAR

414

258 GA2× AŠ2-GAL

415

259 GA2× BUR-RA

416

— GA2×DA

417

260 GA2×SIG7

418

261

419 420

ESAG2 (E2/ GA2׊E)

261a; GA2× ŠE-TUR 272a 262 GA2×UD

Signs

™ :× Î Z X :× ˘ P Ò C R ê Ì ë Ñ N, > : T M < B í D :× ¿ ! ? ì I

Sign Values

(ganun) (ušuš)

(dan4)

gazi (išḫara4) kir11# sila4

(ùr) [ASy 150] ur3

gazi3

esag2

222

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

MZL Desig.

421

263 GA2× ḪI-LI

422

264 GA2×U

423

264a GA2×AB2

ITIMA (E2/GA2×MI)

424

265

425

268 GA2×DI

426

269 GA2× KUG-AN

427

270

MEN (GA2× ME-EN)

428

273

E2/GA2× A-DA-ḪA

429

274 GA2× A-IGI

430

277 GA2× ḪA-LU-ŠE3

431

278

432

271

433 434 435

GALGA (E2/ GA2×NIG2)

ARḪUŠ (AMA5; E2/GA2×MUNUS) GA2× EL 272 (SIKIL)-LA 230*; ŠITA2 233,40 (“GA2-GIŠ”) 249 KISAL

231,157; ì+giš 436 249,3

437

232 IR (GAGgunû)

438

280 DAG (PAR3)

439

281 DAG-KISIM5

440

281a; KIŠI8 294e; (DAG-KISIM5× 432,1 GIR (gunû?)) 2

441

282 DAG-KISIM5×LA

442

DAG282a KISIM5×BULUG3/ MUNU4

Signs

H ¡ :× _ ` :× ` V + ” I o =

Sign Values

itima

men

galga ama5 arḫuš uš3

O ï

šita2

V V L [, ö, “, · ]

(par4) [ASy 149]

\

(kisim4) kiši8

∏ P

kisal (par4)

ì+giš (lig.) er ir [ASy 147]

(er) ir

(bàr) dag dak daq (pàr) tág ták táq (ṭak) [ASy 151, 152]

(bar3) dag par3

223

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

MZL Desig.

443

DAG283 KISIM5×KID2

444

284 DAG-KISIM5×GI

445

285 DAG-KISIM5×SI

446

286 DAG-KISIM5×NE

447

288 DAG-KISIM5×BI

448

294f; DAGB288a KISIM5×GAG

UTUA (DAG-KISIM5×UŠ)

449

287

450

B288b

UBUR3 (DAGKISIM5דIR”)

451

B288c

UBUR4 (DAGKISIM5× “IR”-LU)

452

289

453

290 KISIM5×

UTUL5 (DAGKISIM5×GU4) KIŠI9 (DAGU2-GIR2(gunû?))

454

—

DAG-KISIM5× U2-MAŠ/BAR

455

291; UBUR (DAG291* KISIM5×GA)

456

294c

457

Signs

T j ± ; ] î

(zibin)

' [ƒ × L [ƒ × LÚ ß

utua (udul6)

[ƒ× ͱ ,

DAG-KISIM5× DUB2/BALAG

.

458

288

DAGKISIM5×AMAR

[ƒ × F

459

—

UBUR2 (DAG-KISIM5×LU)

W

DAG-KISIM5× A-MAŠ

461

294b

462

294d DAG-KISIM5×ḪA

(see 464M)

(utul5) 9

292

LU-MAŠ2)

(šurun4)

2

Ê

AMAŠ (DAG-

(kiši7)

) kiši R ((ḫarub zibin )

DAG-KISIM5×DE2 or ×MURU2?

460 293; 294 KISIM5×

Sign Values

T Ï '

(agan) ubur

(šaran)

amaš (udul3)

(šarin) (šurin5)

224

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 463

464

294a

Signs

MZL Desig. DAGKISIM5×LUM

295 PA

[ƒ × ˝ P ⁄

Sign Values

(see 384) (àri) (ari5#) (aru) bá ḫad ḫás ḫáṣ ḫat {ḫata} ḫaṭ (lar) pa sàk (šàg) zák [ASy 153] [464+754 ASy 153a]

ensi2# gidru ḫendur lu9 lug2

(muati) pa (sag3) sig3 ugula

MAŠKIM3 (PA-DU)

‹ € › fi ⁄ª ⁄À fl ⁄î ü

295d

MAŠKIM2 (PA-SUḪUŠ)

‡

295e

MAŠKIM (PA-KAŠ4)

° ⁄J ⁄î ⁄ß ⁄ T · ⁄Ò ⁄«

◦464A

295b PA-AN

◦464B

295a PA-SU

◦464C ◦464D ◦464E ◦464F ◦464G ◦464H

295,81 PA-GIŠGAL 295c PA-ḪUB2-DU 107,5; PA-USAN 295,96 295,100 PA-GAN — PA-LUGAL 295,105 PA-UZU

◦464I

B295ee

◦464J ◦464K ◦464L

295,115 PA-GAG

◦464M

120; PA-DAG295,119 KISIM5×GAG

◦464N

— PA-UTUL5

◦464O

295,121 PA-AMAŠ

◦464P ◦464Q ◦464R

295f

ŠABRA; ŠAPRA (PA-AL)

— PA-E2 295,139 PA-SA6

(billuda) garza

(zilulu) rig7

(garza2)

maškim3 maškim2 maškim

šabra šapra

225

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

◦464S

295,140 PA-ŠE

◦464T

295,145 PA-TE-SI

◦464U

— PA-U8

◦464V

— PA-GIN2

465

Signs

MZL Desig.

295,53 BANMIN (“PA”)

⁄… ⁄÷´ ⁄ ⁄ù ⁄

466

295k ŠAB (PA-IB)

‚

467

NUSKA 295l (PA-TUG2)

—

468

469

◦469A ◦469B ◦469C ◦469D

295m SIPA (PA-LU)

296 GIŠ (GEŠ)

296,33 GIŠ-BULUG3 68,30 GIŠ-RU 296,66 BIL3 (GIŠ-BIL2) — BIL4 (GIŠ-NE)

◦469E

296,75 giz-zal

◦469F

296,99 GIŠ-PI-TUG2

◦469G ◦469H

296,106 GIŠ-MI — GIŠ-TUG2-KAR

GIŠ-TUG2KAR-DU

◦469I

296,127

◦469J

296,129 GIŠ-TUG2-PI

◦469K

296,140 GIŠ-TUG2-PI-KAR

◦469L

296,141

GIŠ-TUG2-PIKAR-DU

± Œ Œ ßß Œfi Œû Œô ŒK ŒéÒ ŒY ŒÒÀ ŒÒÀ W ŒÒé ŒÒé À ŒÒé ÀW

Sign Values

ensi2

banmin

sab sap (sip4) šab {šaba} šap (šìb) (šìp) (šùb) šùp) [ASy 154] ḫamanzer# ḫamanzir# šab

(enšada) nuska nusku {reʾe} (reʾi) (sàp) (síp) šab5 šap5 [ASy 155]

(sib2) siba sibad sipa sipad

es eṣ (eš19) ez gis giṣ giš is iṣ (iš6) iz (kís) nís níš (sutu#) túkul# (uš19) [ASy 156] [469+808 ASy 159] geš giš is (iš6) iz — det: geš, giš, iṣu (trees, wood)

gešbu gešpu

bìl pìl [ASy 158]

(bil3)

(geštu3) gissu luḫummu

geštu2 geštug2

226

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

◦469M 470

296 GUR17 (GIŠtenû) 1

471

— GIŠ×BAD

472

297 GU4 (GUD)

473

B297a GU4×KASKAL

474

298 AL

475

299 AL×KID2

476

300 AL×UŠ

477

301 AL×GIŠ

478

— AL×AL

479

304 AL׊E

480

302 AL×GIM

481

303 AL×KI

482

305 AL×ḪA

483

307 MAR

484

485

Signs

MZL Desig.

296,153f; GIŠ-KUŠU2 562,6f

313 KID (LIL2)

314 ŠID (LAG)

Sign Values

Œˇ = >

gur17 guru17

„

gu4 ku15 [ASy 159a] eštub gu4 gud — det: gu4, gud (oxen, cows)

„× Ö ‰ ‰× ⁄ j < ï ‰× … ’ ñ \ Ê ”

’

al {àla} (il10) [ASy 160] al

(var. of 348)

mar {mara} wár [ASy 162] mar

git kid kit kiṭ líl (qi5) qid qit saḫ síḫ suḫ4 (ṣáḫ) (šàḫ) [ASy 166]

ge2 (gid) kid lil2 nibru# saḫ

(kir15) la10 lag lak (laka) laq (*lík) (*líq) síd (sìn) sít šid šit šiṭ [ASy 167] aka3 ka9 kas7 kiri8 lag pisan2 sanga sila11 (silag) šid šit šita5 šiti šitim2 umbisag

486 487 488

314 MES (RID) 317a ŠID×IM 315 MES/UM ×ME

’ ó »

(546

is var.) mèš mis miṣ miš rid rit riṭ [ASy 168]

kišib mes (meš3) (mez) miš

227

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

489

490

491 492 493

494

Signs

MZL Desig.

UMBISAG2 317 (ŠID×A)

318 U2

319 GA — GAgunû 320 IL2 (GA-GIN2)

321 LUḪ

¢ Å

(see 245)

Í

(ba6) dida# gud3# kiši16# kuš3 piḫu# u2 (uga#) — det: ú

Î Z Ì Ó

495

324 E2

Ò

496

322 KAL

Ô

497

323

498

308 E

499

ALAD (KAL×BAD)

309 DUG (BI×A)

Sign Values

 Á Ë

(pisan3) umbisag2 (ba6) (bu11) (pu11) (sam) (ša25) šam ú [ASy 169] (plants) ga kà qá [ASy 170]

ga gud3# kisim6# (uga#)

(qar4) (qara4) [ASy 170a] (gìl) íl [ASy 171]

balla# dusu (gur3) il2 ili2

(sanga2#) sanga4#

làḫ lìḫ luḫ (luḫu) raḫ riḫ (ruḫ) [ASy 172] ḫuluḫ laḫ3 luḫ (raḫ)

(sukal) sukkal

ʾ à àʾ bit (biti) biṭ é (*èʾ) (èʾa#) (eʾa4#) (èʾi#) (eʾi4#) (é ʾu#) (èʾu#) (eʾu4#) pid pit piṭ [ASy 174] [495+238 ASy 174b] [495+839 ASy 174a] [495+839+238 ASy 174c] agrun arali# e2 — det: é (buildings) dan {dàna} (dín) gal9 kal {kala} lab lap líb líp qal4 (rab4) rib rip rub tan (tana) ṭan [ASy 173]

(alad2) bad4# esi (esig) guruš illu# kal kala kalag kankal# (lama3) lamma (lirum#) sig15 usu# alad garaš2# karaš#

e eʾu# (i15) yì [ASy 163] [498+839 ASy 163a] e

dug duk duq (líṭ) lud lut {lutu} luṭ {luṭu} tùk tùq (ṭuk) [ASy 164] baḫar2# dug duk duq

(lillu#) — det: dug (vessels)

228

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 500

312 KALAM

501

312 UN

502

325 NIR (NUN/NUN)

503 504

12; D69*; GURUN 127; 310; 311; 530 (4× BAD)

306 UB

505

325*; EŠ16 (AŠ/AŠ/AŠ) B325a

506

B325b

LIMMU4 (EŠ16-AŠ)

507

326 GI4 (GIgunû)

508

326a GIGI (GI4/GI4)

509 510

327 USAN2 (GU2gunû) 327* USAN2-GAG

511

328 RA

512

329 DUL3 (SAGgunû)

513 514

◦514A 515 516 517 518 519

B329a IA9 (EŠ16-TAB) 330 LU2 330,60f LU2-LU2, LU2/LU2 — LU2tenû 330 8

Signs

MZL Desig.

LU2šeššig (“LU2-GAM”)

300,30 LU2-×BAD/UŠ2

LU2šeššig×BAD/

330 9 UŠ2 (“LU2×BAD

-GAM”)

— LU2×KAD2

∏ ∏ Ú È, Ø Â í ó Æ Û ≈ ≈J Ù Ç ò

Sign Values kalam

un [ASy 165] ug3 uku3 un

(lir) nàr nir [ASy 175] nar3 nir (ri5)

(gurin) gurun ár {ára} ub {úbu} up [ASy 161]

(ar2) (ara2) ub 3 eš16 4 limmu4

ge4 gi4 (ki8) qe4 qi4 [ASy 176] gi4

(gigi) [ASy 177] gigi usan2

ra [ASy 178] ra

(dùl) súr śúr šúr [ASy 179] dul3 kuš2 sur2 šur2

5 ia9

◊, N

lú na6 ša11 [ASy 180] lu2 — det: lú (professions, clans, nationalities)

ö ◊ tenû ◊© ◊ fl, +

(269 is partial var.)

+© ◊× /

at6 [ASy 181] adda ad6

(see 514, 516)

229

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 520 521 522

330  LU2×KID2 — LU2× GAN2/KAR2 330,42; LU2-×NE B330 7a

523

— LU2×AL

524

B3307c LU2׊U

525

— LU2-×KAMV

526

— LU2×IM

527

— LU2-×KI

527′

330,74 LU2-×ME-EN

528

330,72ff; LU2-×LAGAB B330 7b

529

— LU2×KU

530

— LU2-×TUG2

531

— LU2׊E3tenû

532

Signs

MZL Desig.

4

536,266c; LU2-× ŠE3-LAL B330 7d

533

— LU2× SIG2-BU

534

—

LU2šeššig (“LU2-GAM”)

331;

535 B331,44ff ŠEŠ (URI3)

◊× ⁄ ◊× ¶ ◊ ô, ◊× ô ◊× ‰ ◊× ¨ ◊ ê, ◊× ê ◊× û ◊ ], ◊× ] ◊Ì˘, ◊ × Ì˘ ◊ ‚, ◊× ‚ ◊× Ò ◊Ò, ◊× Ò ◊ × Ò tenû ◊ Ò ›, ◊× Ò› ◊× Ûæ ◊© ı, ¨

Sign Values

du14 (see

514)

(531 is var.) (see 514)

(var. of 524)

(see 264, 516) (áḫ) (áḫa) (nan) nanna# sis siš šas šaṣ šaš šiṣ šiš šiz [ASy 182] [535+737 ASy 183] nanna# (nannar#) ses šeš

šiz uri2# uri3 uri5# urim2# urim5# uru3

536

B331a AŠ9 (EŠ16-EŠ16)

ù

6 aš9

230

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 537 538

B331c

539

331d

540

541

542

Signs

MZL Desig.

IMIN3 B331b (EŠ16-EŠ16-AŠ)

á

7 imin3

USSU3 (EŠ16-EŠ16-TAB)

É

8 ussu3

ILIMMU3 (EŠ16-EŠ16-EŠ16)

é

9 ilimmu3

˜

(buti) (butu) (puti) (putu) (sak6) (ṣak) (zà) zag zak zaq [ASy 185]

332 ZAG

152IV; B331e; SAR L152

337* UDgunû

ˆ A íò

543

333 GAR3 (QAR)

¯

544

336 LIL

¡

545

MURU2 (MURUB4; 337 NISAG; ITIgunû)

™ Ú £

546 547

548

Sign Values

337** SAG5 338 DE2 (SIMUG)

339 AŠ2 (ZIZ2)

¢

enku# (sag6) za3 zag

mú sar śar šar {šara7} (šir9) (šur4#) [ASy 184]

kiri6 mu2 (ma4) (nissa) saḫar2 sakar sar šakar šar

sar (after plants)

— det:

(see 275) gàr kàr (kir16) qar (qer5) (ugar#) [ASy 186]

ešgar# gar3 (kar3) (qar)

(il9) (lal4) lil [ASy 188] lil

(múr) (muri) (múru) [ASy 189] muru2 murub4 nisag

(var. of 485) (ṭe5) [ASy 190] de2 simug umum umun2

ás aś (áṣ) áš (áša) áz (dàš) (tàš) [ASy 192] aš2 ešgar# imgaga2#

imgaga3# ulušin# ulušin2# ziz2

550

340

BANLIMMU (AŠ2-LU)

¢ ∞

551

341

BANIA (“AŠ2-U/U”)

§

552

342 MA

549

553

339,14 BANEŠ (“AŠ2”)

343 GAL

¶ •

baneš banlimmu bania

ma *wa6 [ASy 193] ma peš3

gal (gala8) kál qal (ráb) [ASy 194]

10,000 abul# gal santana# šandan# tirum# ukur2# ušumgal#

231

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

554

344 BARA2

ª

555

GUG2; 345 (LU3; ŠE3gunû)

º

556

347 MIR (NIMGIR)

557

348 DUN4 (DUL4)

≠ œ

558

GIR (PEŠ; PIŠ; 346 ḪAgunû)

–

559

349 BUR (NIG2gunû)

ˇ

560

334 A2 (ID)

˘

561

335 DA

¿ Ú E ´, ∆ (´), ∆, ö, ˜ ®, ˚

562

350 GAŠAN (Ugunû)

563

350 Ugunû; BUR3gunû

564

351 SIG7 (IGIgunû)

565

352 DUB2 (BALAG)

566

567

353 ŠA

354 ŠU

˝ ¥ ¨

Sign Values (bár) (bára) ša23 [ASy 195] bar2 bara2 barag (šara) titab#

{gúk} (kúk) lù [ASy 196] gug2 lu3

(mere) mir (miri) [ASy 198]

aga mir (nigir) nimgir uku dul4 dun4 (nigir2) nimgir2 šudul4 šudun4

bís biš gir (giri) (ḫa6) (kar4) kir (kiri) pis piš (piša) pùš (qar5) qir (qiri) [ASy 197] gir (ḫa6) peš

bur (buru) pur (puru) [ASy 199] baḫar2# bur lagaš#

á ed et eṭ id it iṭ ti8 [ASy 187] [ASy 187a ti8=560+132] a2 aškud# (id) (te8) ti8 usu#

da (le10) (qàb) tá ṭa [ASy 191] da ṭa

(see 485) (see 350) gašan

(see 562, 662, 114) (sa7) ši7 [ASy 200] 10,000 (enkum#) sig7 búm (dúb) (dúp) túb túp ṭúb [ASy 201]

balag dub2 lumḫa (sanga2#) sanga4#

na5 sa20 ša *zur8 [ASy 202] ara na5 puzur4# ša

kat7 qa4# qad qád# qat qát# (qata) (qati#) šu [ASy 203] [567+825 ASy 204] [567+825+754 ASy 204a]

gešbu2# gešpu2# (lirum#) šu tu5# tukum# (tukumbi#)

232

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 568

354b

568; 569 569

570

571

KAD4 (ŠU-KAD2)

π

KAD4 or KAD5 354b

KAD5 (ŠU-KAD3)

355 LUL (NAR)

356

“ ‘ « “ ò

357

BIŠEBA3 (GU4/ GU4 -LUGAL)

573

358

ALAM (GU4/GU4 -NA2)

574

359 URI (BUR/BUR)

575

360 GE23 (DIŠtenû)

576

362 GAM

577

363

ILIMMU4 (3× GE23)

366 KUR

Sign Values (kad4) (qat5) [ASy 205] (kad4) peš5 piš5 (568 and 569 are partial variants) kara4

SA6 (GIŠIMMAR; ŠAG5)

572

578

Signs

MZL Desig.

Y ˛, Ì, Ô, Ó ƒ © ˙ ∆ ˚

¬

kad5 kat5 (qat8) [ASy 206] (kad5) (peš6) (568 and 569 are partial variants) bàḫ (buḫ) (láb) lib {libi} lip lu5 lub lul (lulu) lup nar paḫ (piḫ) puḫ [ASy 207] dunga2 ka5 lul nar (paḫ)

(šaqa#) (šatam) — det: nar (musicians) (sa6) (ša6) [ASy 208] gišimmar sa6 sag9 sig6 ša6 šag5

(see 438)

alam alan

tilla uri

eš18 iš8 [ASy 209] aš11 eš18 iš8 ubu

(ar5) gam gum4 gúr (gúru) qam (qùr) [ASy 210] gam gur2 — separation marker 9 ilimmu4 — repetition and separation marker (see 562) (see 564) gìn (gur16) kìn kur lad lat {lata} laṭ mad mat maṭ nad nat {nata} qúr sad sat {sata} šad (šada) (šadi) šat {šata} šaṭ [ASy 211] arali# baliḫa# gin3

(gudibir2#+#) kur mad mat šad šat (šurupak#) — det:

kur (lands, mountains)

233

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

579

367 ŠE

…

580

371 BU (GID2)

æ

581 582

— BU/BU 95,9; SIRSIR (BU/ B371a BU+-AB)

583

372 UZ (US)

584

SUD (ŠUD; 373 BUgunû)

S ÿ, œ ç, ∆ √

Sign Values še [ASy 212]

ašnan# dabin# ezina2#

(ezinu2#) (ḫenbur2#) (munu5#) nidaba# niga nigu nisaba# še titab# — det: še (grains)

bu gíd gít gíṭ kit10 pu qíd qít sír šír (šúd) [ASy 213] bu gid2 gim7 kim3 (sir2)

sirsir

us uṣ (uš10) uz [ASy 214] uz

(sar4) sir (sù) (śù) (šir8) šud šut šuṭ (šuz) [ASy 215]

(bir8#) (kašbir#) ser sir su3 sud

585 586

587

◦587A

374; MUŠ B60a

∫

*niraḫ

(see MZL pp. 160, 174)

≤

ašnan# eša# ezina2# ninni5

(TIR-GAD-NIG2) #/#

≥ fl

375 TIR 375,45 NINNI5 (TIR/TIR) 375,46a-b

◦588B

369

(ŠE-GAD-NIG2) #/#

‡

◦588C

370

(ŠE-TAB-NIG2) #/#

à ≥Ï Ï ≥ ” ”

◦588E

muš

Á Ò µ

368 RI8 (MUŠ/MUŠ)

◦588A

◦588D

{mus} muš rik13 (ṣàr) ṣir (ṣúr) (šir10) *wuš zìr [ASy 216]

85,387; NINNI5-NIGIN 375,48 85,428; NIGIN 529,30

◦588F

—

◦588G

— (ŠE-PA-NIG2) #/#

◦588H

— (ŠE-NIG2) #/#

(see 293, 579) (dir4) tir (ṭir5) [ASy 217]

(ezinu2#) gamun# tir

(see 804) (= 587A)

234

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

◦588I

— (U-SUR) #/#

◦588J

— (U-PA-NIG2) #/#

Sign Values

$¡ / $¡ $⁄É / $⁄É de4 di12 te (ti7) ṭe4 ṭi4 [ASy 218]

589

◦589A 590

376; TE B376a — METE (TE+ME) 376* KAR (TE-A)

591

377 LIŠ (DILIM2)

592

378 :

593

—

594

B378a

595

406

÷ ‘ À à ì, Î ⁄ ú Ö, À ê =

ensi2# gal5 gul3 mul2 te temen tirum# unu2#

múl, te (stars)

— det:

(gar14) kar ka11 (kara) (kir8) (qár) [ASy 219] kar

lis liš (liz) mal4 šil4 [ASy 220] asal2# dili2 dilim2 (liš)

— separation marker (partial var. of 209) 1

⁄4 (only Kültepe; see 630)

(see 854, 857) (see 640) [ASy 235] (see 470) (a12) (bír) (dám) {è#} (ḫàš) ḫiš (la7) laḫ liḫ par (para) pir (rà) (šamaš) ta5 tam tú ṭám u4 ud ut {uta} uṭ [ASy 221] [596+350 ASy 222]

596

597

598

381 UD (BABBAR)

382 ITIMA2 (UD×MI)

383; PI B383a

ò

K é

(a12) adab# ara4# (arab#) ararma# azlag# babbar (bar6) buranun# dadag#+# e3# (ḫa5) ḫad2 kislaḫ# larag#+# (larsa#) (larsam#) lugud# (par) per pir u4 ud sirara2# tam tu2 utu zabar# zimbir# — det:

zabar (copper; 596+24+121)

à {am7} (aw) (be6) bì (ew) (i16) iú (iw) yi (ma9) (me8) (mi5) (pa12) pe pi ta7 tál (tála) (u17) {uw} wa we wi wu [ASy 223] geštu pi tal2

235

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 599

384 ŠA3 (ŠAG4)

600

— ŠA3×BAD

601

B384a ŠA3×TUR

602

385 ŠA3×NE

603

— ŠA3×GIŠ

604

386 ŠA3×UD

605

— ŠA3×U

606

388 BIR6 (ŠA3× U-A)

607

387 ŠA3×MI

608

390 PEŠ4 (ŠA3×A)

609

389 ŠA3׊U2

610

391 UD-MUNUS-ḪUB2

611

392

612

Signs

MZL Desig.

UḪ2 (UD-KUŠU2)

393 ERIM (ZALAG2)

í í× fl ’ Æ í× Œ í× ò í× $ @ í× Y ó ` â ú Ä

Sign Values lìb lìp (sa19) šà [ASy 224] ša3 šag4

iškila kadra3# peš4

algames

(uʾ4) úḫ (úḫu) [ASy 225]

(akšak) uḫ2 (upe)

(nuri) (nuru) (sáp) ṣab ṣap {ṣapa} zab zap [ASy 226] erem eren2 erim erin2 rin2 zalag2

613

393 PIR2

614

394 NUNUZ

NUNUZ-AB2 (NUNUZ-KISIM5)

615

394a

616

394b (NUNUZ-AB2/

617

618 619

LAḪTAN KISIM5×LA) LAḪTAN2 394b’ (NUNUZ-AB2/ KISIM5×SILA3) —

NUNUZ-AB2/ KISIM5×KAD3 USAN3 (NUNUZ-

394c; AB2/KISIM5 394e

×AŠGAB/SA)

Ä ä ä _, äƒ ë ä_/ ƒ× . ä_/ ƒ× Ÿ _, ï

(bìr) (ḫìš) láḫ líḫ (par5) pír [ASy 227] nunuz pel5

laḫtan

usan3

236

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 620

—

NUNUZ-AB2/ KISIM5×NE MUD3

621

394d (NUNUZ-AB2/

622

— KISIM5×BI -U

623

—

624

394d’

625

—

626

627

628 629

630

KISIM5×BI)

NUNUZ-AB2/ (MUD3-U)

NUNUZ-AB2/ KISIM5×GU4 NUNUZ-AB2/ KISIM5× U2-BA NUNUZ-AB2/ KISIM5×DUG NUNUZ-AB2/

394c’ KISIM5×

GUG2-BULUG3

—

Signs

MZL Desig.

NUNUZ-AB2/ KISIM5×SIG7

395 ZIB —

B395a

Sign Values

ä_/ ƒ× ô Ö ä_/ ƒ× }$ ä_/ ƒ× „ ä_/ ƒ × Í$ ä_/ ƒ× Ë ä_/ ƒ × º ßß ä_/ ƒ× ® ö, Ü € S Ä

(sìp) ṣib (ṣibi) ṣip zib zip (zúb) [ASy 228] zib

(see 505) (see 581) 1

⁄6 (only Kültepe; see 594)

da10 ḫe ḫi ʾ ì i11 (ta8) ṭà (ṭab6) {ṭíb} [ASy 229] [631+839 ASy 241] 631

396; ḪI (DUG3) 404*,1

632

396 ŠAR2

633

396 TI2

ü ü, Œ, ü, ƒ, ˝ ü

du10 dug3 ḫa2# ḫe ḫi i11 usduḫa#

— marker after plurals and collectives (not persons or deities): ḫi.a (631+839) sár {śár} šár [ASy 230] 3,600 šar2 de8 dí té tí ṭé ṭí [ASy 231]

237

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

MZL Desig.

634

405 SUR3 (ḪI×-AŠ)

635

397 Aʾ

636

398

637

AḪ (UḪ; ḪI×NUN)

D4,5 AḪ-KASKAL

638 398,64ff AḪ-ME 639

398,72 AḪ-ME-U

KAM (ḪI×-BAD)

640

406

641

399 IM

642 399,51ff IM-×KID2 643

644

400 BIR (ḪI׊E)

401

ḪAR (ḪUR; ḪI×AŠ2)

Signs

ÿ, !, ◊, @ ü+ ê êÖ î êÌ$ ô, ê

û û ⁄, û× ⁄ Ñ ñ

Sign Values sur3

ʾa aʾ (aḫ4) ʾe eʾ (éḫ) ʾi iʾ (íḫ) ʾu uʾ (uḫ5) (later var. of 636) [ASy 233] (áʾ) aḫ (aḫa) (éʾ) eḫ (í ʾ) iḫ (úʾ) uḫ [ASy 234] (aḫ) uḫ (earlier var. of 635)

guda2 gudu4

gám ka13 kam (kama) qám [ASy 235] kam tu7 (udul2) utul2 — det: kam (after numbers, esp. ordinals) em im ní (*rád#/#) (šar5) [ASy 236] [641#/# ASy 236a] 3,600 anzu# dalḫamun# dungu# im iškur muru9# ni2

tu15 — det: im, tu15, tum9, tumu (directions, winds, clay)

bir {biri} (pìr) [ASy 237] bir ellag2 (giriš)

àr (gin8) ḫar (ḫara) ḫír ḫur (ḫuru) kín (mar6) mur (muru) (ur5) [ASy 238] ar3 ara3 (azukna#)

(*gadibdim) ḫar ḫur kin2

mur (saggar2) ur5

645

646

402 ḪUŠ (ḪI×GIR3)

403 SUḪUR

à ã, Õ, õ ~ S

(ḫiš4) ḫuš [ASy 239] ḫuš (ruš)

(formerly súḫ) [ASy 240] suḫur

(see 631) (see 581)

238

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

647

MZL Desig.

361 GE22

648 364; 365 ZUBUR

649 364; 365 ŠUŠUR2

650

407 ŠAR2×GAD

651

408 ŠAR2× GAL-DIŠ

652

408 ŠAR2× GAL-MIN

653

409 ŠAR2×U

654

409 ŠAR2×Ugunû

655

409a ŠAR2×MAN

656

409b ŠAR2×EŠ

657

409c ŠAR2×NIMIN

658

409d ŠAR2×NINNU

659

409e ŠAR2×DIŠ

Signs

Ÿ Ü B © © Ö ÿ, ÿ Ÿ § Ü ö fi ˜ ˝ @ # ô Ò ˝ × •‹ ˝× •“ fl fl ˝× ö * ˝× Ÿ ˝× ⁄ ˝× € ·

Sign Values (see 164, 641) (see 628)

(see 94) (see 107) (see 164) (see 302) (see MZL pp. 103, 173) (see 662)

(see 662) (see 631, 632) (see 634) (see 640)

(see MZL pp. 160, 174) 216,000 432,000 (see 688) 36,000 36,000 72,000 108,000 144,000 180,000 216,000

239

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 660

661

662

410 ḪI×-KIN

411 U/BUR3

350,8 Ugunû, BUR3gunû

663

412 UGU (U-KA)

664

414 U-ITI

665

415 UDUN (U-MU)

666

413 ŠIBIR (U-BURU14)

667 668

Signs

MZL Desig.

GAKKUL3 B415a (U-DIM) GAKKUL 416 (U-MUN)

˙, üÆ $ ö, ˜ % $o ^ | ‹ & * (

669

417 U-GUR

670

418

671

SAGŠU (U-SAG, 419 ŠU4-SAG)

)

420 AB2 (LID)

_

672

U-DAR (AŠDAR; U-GUN3)

Sign Values (see 631) bu12 (bùr) (guru12) šu4 u [ASy 242] 1 ⁄360 1⁄6 10 70# 600 600# 36,000 60,000# bur3 (buzur) giguru

(šu4) u umun X/10 6,000# 60,000#

eli (màḫ) muḫ [ASy 243] ugu

udun sibir šibir ušbar5 gakkul3 mun6 gakkul mun5 u-gur aš11/iš8/eš18-dar/tar2

(575+183) (ugun) sagšu

áb áp (le8) (li8) lid lit (liti) liṭ (liṭi) {rém} (réme) rím [ASy 244]

ab2 (abrig2#) (lid) udul# unu3# utul#—det:

673

420,8 UB5 (AB2×-KID2)

674

423 KIR6 (AB2×KAR2)

675

423

676

422 (AB2×DUB2/

GIRI16 (GIR3×KAR2) LILIZ BALAG)

õ + ›, _⁄ ¥, _× ˝ fi Q

áb (before stars instead of mul)

(see 702) (see 703) (see 672)

kir6 (qir6) [ASy 245] {qir8} {*gir16}

(lilis) liliz

240

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

677

424 LIBIŠ (AB2×-ŠA3)

W

678

425 KIŠ

679

MEZE 426 (AB2× ME-EN)

R E _× ˚

680 681

426a AB2×A

427 MI

Y

Sign Values (kír) [ASy 246] kir2 (lipiš) ub3

kis kiś kiš qis qiš [ASy 247]

(keš) kiš

meze (šem4) ub6

(gi6) mé mi (muš9) (muši) ṣíl (*wi4) [ASy 248]

adama# ge6 gi6 gig2 (ku10) mi

(ṣil2) 682

429 GUL (SUN2)

I

683

430 GIR4 (U-AD)

684

428

O U

685

439 PAN

686

ŠAGAN (U-GAN)

440 GIM (DIM2)

H J

gul (gulu) kúl qúl sún (šùn) [ASy 249] gul (sumun2) sun2 gir4 šagan (šakan) šaman2

ban pan (ter5) [ASy 256]

(ban) pan

(dím) dìn gim (gimi) kim kin8 qim ṭím [ASy 257]

dim2 gim gin7 (mušda) (šidim) šitim

689

431 NA2 (NU2)

ƒ, Œ ‡, (, fl P

690

433 NIM (NUM)

{

(nàm) (ni7) nim nù num (tu8) tum4 [ASy 251]

691

434

}

{kir17} {kiri9} {*qír} tùm [ASy 252]

|

kir7 (tum11) [ASy 253]

A

(iš12) (la12) lam (lama) (lìm) (lum4) [ASy 254]

687

404*,1 KISIM5

688

409,2; DUBUR2 (ḪI×U) 432,2

692

TUM3 (NIM×KAR2)

KIR7 (NIM× 434a NIG2-KAR2)

693

435 LAM

694

436

LAM×KUR (IŠ11; EŠ22)

D

(ná) (nú) [ASy 250] na2 nu2

diḫ3 elam nim (num)

tum3

(aratta2#) ganba# lam

iš11 [ASy 254a] (*aratta#, i.e., 694+111; also 693+578+111) eš22

241

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

695

437 AMAR (ZUR)

F

696

SISKUR 438 (AMAR׊E)

697

— AMAR×KUG

G F× v K å L &

698

441 UL (DU7)

699

442 ŠITA4 (U-KID)

700

443; UTU2 B443a (U-GA; ŠU4-GA)

701

444 GIR3/PIRIG

:

Sign Values ṣár ṣur (ṣuru) zur [ASy 255] amar mar2 marad siskur siskur2#+#

du7 (mul4) ru5 ul [ASy 258] du7 mul4 ul — det: ul (stars) šita4 utu2

(see 661) (gìr) (ir9) (kir10) (qir7) (úg) [ASy 259] gir3 giri3 (ir9) irgi# (ne3)

pirig (sumukan) šakkan2 ug2

702

537,129; LULIM (GIR3× B421a LU-IGI/LIM) 421; ALIM (GIR ×

3 703 579,396 [A]-IGI/LIM)

704

445 DUGUD

705

446 GIG (MI-NUNUZ)

706

447 NIGIN4 (U-UD)

707

708

447a

471

NIGIN3 (U-UD-KID) MAN (XX/20; 2× U/BUR3)

:× ¶ :× C õ + " X Ç X /

(see 675) (see 703)

alim anzu# dugud muru9#

[ASy 259a] gig (kik) qiq [ASy 260] gig

{úšu}

(ni9) (nig6) (nigin3) (see 92) (ma10) mam man {mana} mìm mìn naš nis niš (šar4) šárru (*wan) [ASy 274] 20 80# (buzur2) man (min2) neš niš (šušana2)

709

—

710

448

711

EŠ (XXX/30 SIN; 472 3× U/BUR3)

KUŠU (U-GIR3  / PIRIG)

$ö Ø Ÿ, MA: {, °, ‹

XX/20

60,000 (see 114, 662)

(bà) (és) eš is5 ìš (nàn) sin (ṣin) *uz7 [ASy 275]

30 90# 150# ba3 eš ušu3 XXX/30

242

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

712

NIMIN (XL, 40; 473 4× U/BUR3)

⁄, Â

713

474

MAŠGI or BARGI (4× U) NINNU (L, 50; 5× 475 U/BUR3) LX (60; 6× U/ 476 BUR3)

Ω

714 715 716

477 7× U/BUR3

717

478 8× U/BUR3

718

479 9× U/BUR3

719

458 LAGAR

720

459

721 722 723

DUL (U-TUG2, ŠU4-DUL5)

459; DU6 B459a (LAGARgunû)

—

725

450

726

451 AR (IGI-RI)

727

452 IGI-DUB, also

PAD3 (PA3; IGI-RU)

AGRIG (GIŠKIM; IGI-“UM”)

728 449,145ff U6 (IGI-E2) 453

454 SIG5 (IGI-ERIM)

60 LX/60 (7× sign 661) (8× sign 661) (9× sign 661)

(lagar) dul tul (tule) [ASy 267] [720+350 ASy 268a]

=

*dul6 (e11#) (tíl) (tu21) *tul5 *ṭùl [ASy 268]

[, ‚ LAGAR× ŠE-SUM C

449 IGI (ŠI; LIM)

50 kingusila2 ninnu L/50

o

SU7 460 (LAGAR׊E[-ŠE])

724

729

€ \ $ (7×) $ (8×) $ (9×) -

Sign Values

40 (limmu3) nimin nin5 (šanabi2) XL/40

C

V B, « N, ¬ [ Cò
? Co CÉ `

Sign Values kurum7

(735 is var.)

(ša17) ù [ASy 264] u3 — repetition marker dussa2# dusu2# libir

ḫul [ASy 265] ḫul

(var. of 730) de di sá śá {*šal5} šùl te10 ti4 ṭe ṭi [ASy 266] di sa2 (si8) silim

gi5 ke ki nanna# qé qí [ASy 269]

absin# bad4# dakkan# dinig#

737

461 KI

738

462 KI×BAD

739

463 KI×UD

740

462 KI×U, KI×BAD

]

ganba# garaš2# gud3#

(gunni#) (izi2#) kankal# karaš# ki kislaḫ# nanna# (nannar#) nimur# piš10# (sur7#) — det: ki (after

geographical and place names)

741 742

742′

461*; 596 461,280; KIMIN (KI+MIN) 464

— NARx?

461,303; KIŠI4 743 466

o „ \, o v T j $‹\ ‰ $ô

744

467 ŠUL (DUN)

ß

745

468 KUG (KU3)

v

(var. of 740)

ḫabrud

(738 is var.)

(var. of 882) (u7) [ASy 269a] kimin — repetition marker (see 119) narx? (see MZL p. 414)

(see 847) dun sul {śul?} šáḫ šul (tun4) [ASy 271] dun (šaḫ2) šul

(kù) kuk (qu5) [ASy 272] azag# ku3 kug qu5

244

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

746

469 PAD (ŠUK)

,

747

470 XV/15 (U-IA2)

.

Sign Values (bát) pad pat {pata} paṭ šug šuk šuq [ASy 273]

(kur6) kurum6 nidba# pad (šug) šuk šuku 15 XV/15

ana dáš diš (dúš) (eš4) (gì) (il4) {santak4} (táš) tiš tiz ṭiš [ASy 276] 1/3600 1/60 1 60 70# 80# 90# 600# 36,000 diš

748

480 DIŠ (1)

‹

(eš4) (gi3) (giš2) (makkaš) (santak4) (tal4) — det: diš,

I, m, p (mainly masculine personal names); also marker for beginning sentences/ paragraphs; repetition marker: diš.aš (748+1)

749 750

480 NIGIDA (DIŠ)

481 LAL (LA2)

‹ ›

nigida

lá lal {šur5#} [ASy 277] [750+755 ASy 277a]

la2 lal tukum# ummu3# ummud#

751 752

753

482 LAL2 (LAL×LAL) 482,12; 585*

532 ME

‡

(la5) (lál) (šur4#) šur6# [ASy 278] [751+541 ASy 279]

‡, ÷

papnun

Ì

754

533 MEŠ (ME-EŠ)

Ô, Ó

755

483 LAGAB (NIGIN2)

‚, D

lal2 uku2#

(849 is var.)

me (méš) mì {qad4} {qat4} sib sip (šab4) šib šip [ASy 287]

100 (abrig2#) (enkum#) ensi# išib lukur# me meš2 —

marker after plurals: me, méš (ála#) (ari5#) (eš17) (ili7#) (mès) meš míš (qati#) (wiš) [ASy 288] meš — marker after plurals and iterative verbs: meš gíl (gíli) (gir8) ḫab (ḫaba) ḫap (íd#) (ít#) (kele) kil kìr qil qìr rè (reme) rì rim rin šur6# [ASy 280]

(ellag) (girin) gud8 gur4 ḫab (kil) kisim6# kur4 lagab lugud2 nigin2 (rim) rin

245

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 756

484

ENGUR (LAGAB×ḪAL)

757

8; ZIKUM 484,1c

758

B484a

759

485

760

486

761

487

762

488

763

B488a

764

B488b

765

489

766

U (LAGAB× 494 8 GU4/GU4)

Sign Values (iti4#) (itu4#)

engur (i7#) id2# (it2#) — det: íd (rivers, canals; 839+756)

(zikum)

2

2

ZAR (LAGAB×SUM)

491

768

UDUB 495 (LAGAB×NE)

769

496 LAGAB×BI

770

— LAGAB×UŠ

771

497 LAGAB׊ITA2

772

493 LAGAB×GU4

773

498 LAGAB×AL

774

499 LAGAB× U2-AŠ — LAGAB×GA

776 500; 501

—

— LAGAB×AN ‚× + LAGAB×KID ˇ GIGIR ± (LAGAB×BAD) ESIR (LAGAB×NUMUN) Œ LAGAB× ú NUMUN-ḪI-A LAGAB×GI # LAGAB×EN € LAGAB×DAR §

767

775

Signs

MZL Desig.

ŠARA2 (LAGAB×SIG7)

777

502 LAGAB×LUL

778

486,1; LAGAB×GE23 504

Â

gigir esir#

(ʾù) ùʾ (u8) (uʾa#) (uʾi#) (uʾu#) [ASy 282] [766+839 ASy 282a] laḫar šurim šurun u8 us5 usduḫa#

„ ∆ Ë ‚× O Ó ‰ K ˚ ‚× Î Ê ~ ‚× ƒ

(bul5) sar6 ṣar (ṣara) zar [ASy 281] zar

(šara2)

(see 782)

246

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

MZL Desig.

779

491,6; LAGAB׊E-SUM 492

780

507 LAGAB×MUŠ

781

508

LAGAB× KAR-SU-NA

782

486,1; LAGAB×LIŠ 503

783

505 LAGAB×UD

784

509 LAGAB×AḪ

785

510 LAGAB×IM

786

511

Signs

] Ú F N ` … Á

Sign Values

bun (dilim3) dilina (elamkuš) (ninda3) tinur

Ë

(bu4) ḫáb ḫáp pú túl ṭul [ASy 283]

787

512 LAGAB×U-A

È

(umaḫ) (umun5)

788

515

BUL (LAGAB×EŠ)

∏

(bu5) bul (nussu) pul [ASy 284]

789

514 LAGAB×KI

TUL2 (PU2; LAGAB×U)

791

516 LAGAB×ME

792

517 LAGAB× ME-EN

793

518 LAGAB×LU

794

519 LAGAB×KIN

L Ø # ’ E -

795

522 SUG (LAGAB×A)

»

GARIM 790 513; 506 (LAGAB×KUG)

796 797

523 LAGAB× A-TAR 523*; LAGAB× 524 A-DA-ḪA

798

525 LAGAB×A-LAL

799

LAGAB×A-NIG2/ 526 GAR

800

527 LAGAB×ḪA

801

528 LAGAB×NIG2

⁄ G Å ü Í Î

(dul2) (gigir2) (ḫab2) pu2 tul2

(bul) (ninna2) tuk4 tuku4 (dagrin) garim (garin)

(bara6) (men4)

(as4) suk suq (šùk) zuk zuq [ASy 285] ambar as4 bugin bunin sug

(ablal)

(bugin2) (bunin2) inda4 nindu ninindu

247

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 802

520 LAGAB׊U2

803

521 LAGAB× ŠU2-ŠU2

804

529

805 806 807

808

NIGIN (LAGAB+LAGAB)

69*,12; 4× LAGAB 530 515,9

NENNI (BUL+-BUL)

535 IB

536

Signs

MZL Desig.

KU (DUR2; TUKUL; TUŠ)

ß ˛ Ï ‚ (4×) ”  Ò

Sign Values

(kìl) (rìn) [ASy 286] nigin

nenni (ninna)

eb ep ib ip [ASy 289]

dara2 ib ligidba# uraš urta

dúr (duš) gu5 ku qú tukul túkul# tur7 tuš (ṭúr) (záp) [ASy 290, 290a]

(dab5) dur2 duru2 durun gala# ku (mitta#) še10 (suḫ5) tukul tuš udul# unu3# utul# (túk) (uš4) [ASy 290b]

809

536 TUG2 (NAM2)

Ò

810

536

ŠE3 (EŠ2; GI7; ZI3)

Ò

azlag# ázlag (dul5) mu4 nam2 (taskarin) tu9 tug2

(tuk2) umuš uš4 — det: túg (cloth) (ḫun) iš9 (náḫ) (ṣi9) šè ši4 úb úp zè (zì) [ASy 291] dabin# eš2 gi7 (gir15) ḫun

(kun5#) še3 ub2 zi3 zid2 — det: zì, zíd (meal)

480; 811 B536,58 (60)

Ò

812

537 LU (UDU)

Ú

813

537 DIB (DAB)

Ú

— det: udu (sheep, goats) dab dap dib (dibi) dip teb tep tib tip ṭib ṭip [ASy 293]

537,65c; AD3 (LU×BAD/ 814 537* UDU×UŠ2)

$, ï

ad3

815

Æ

538 KIN

60 (see 748) lu [ASy 292]

kun4# gukkal# lu udu usduḫa#

dab dib

kin (kun10) qe qi qin [ASy 294] gur10 kin

(síg) (śík) šík šíq [ASy 295] 816

539 SIG2 (SIK2/SIKI)

Û

ḫamanzer# ḫamanzir# sig2 sik2 siki

(wool)

— det: síg, sík, siki

248

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 817 818 819

Signs

MZL Desig.

540 DARA4 (SIG2+AŠ)

Ù

EREN 541 (SIG2-NUN) GUR7 542 (SIG2-AḪ-ME-U)

Ç

MUNŠUB

Sign Values

dara4 (gana6) (inna) (laḫru2)

(u10)

eren erin (šeš4)

◊ gur

7

guru7 kara6

ı

(munsub) (munšub)

ŠEŠ2 (SIG2-LAM)

˜

šeš2

SIG2-LAM-AḪME-U

ÛA êÌ$

(see 819)

543 (MUNSUB2; SIG2-

ˆ

aš5 munsub2 munšub2

824

534 DIŠ-U (600)

å, è

825

570 MIN (2)

“

826

571 ŠUŠANA (1⁄3)

‘

820

543 (MUNSUB;

SIG2-SUḪUR)

821

544

822

—

823

MUNŠUB2

LAM-SUḪUR)

827

574 TUK (TUG)

˛

600 diš/geš2/giš2+u (748+661) ini4# qa4# qád# qát# (qati#) šina [ASy 308a] 2 ⁄60 2 120 150# min — repetition marker and after duals: II, min 1

⁄3 šušana

(dúk) (ráš) tug tuk tuq [ASy 309]

dilmun# du12 tilmun# (tug) tuk tuku

828

829

575 UR

URšeššig B575b (“UR×A,” “UR-MIN”)

830

576

831

B578a

832

572

833 577; 578

GIDIM (ŠUŠANAIŠ×TAR)

ƒ

das? daš lig lik liq (neša#) tas taṣ taš (taša) taz tés téṣ téš tís tíṣ tíš tíz ur [ASy 310] [828+91 ASy 310a] teš2 ur

o

© (2,30) ∆ ŠANABI (2/3) « UDUG (ŠANABI-IŠ×TAR) ˙

gidim

2,30 21⁄2 150 2

⁄3 šanabi

gidim4 udug utug

249

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel 834

593 EŠ5 (3)

835

594 UR4

836

595 GIN2 (TUN3)

837

11; IŠŠEBU (3,20) 593,8f

838

Signs

MZL Desig.

573 KINGUSILA (5⁄6)

à ò ù è, ì å

Sign Values

3 eš5 (ur4) [ASy 321] ur4

(puš4) ṭu [ASy 322]

dun3 gin2 nir2# tun3

3,20 31⁄3 200 *eššaba iššebu 5

⁄6 kingusila

a a4# àm# (duru5) (eʾa4#) (eʾi4#) eʾu# (éʾu#) (eʾu4#) (ér#) (íd#) {ír#} (ít#) (iti4#) (itu4#) (me5) (mu14) (ṭur5) (ʾu4) (uʾa#) (uʾi#) (uʾu#) (ugar#) [ASy 311] [839+10 ASy 312] [839+543 ASy 312a] [839+724 ASy 313] [839+756 ASy 314] a am3# asal2# (bir8#) duru5 e4 er2# (eru4#) (eseš#)

esir# eša# (girim(m)a3#)

839

579 A

˚

ḫa2# (i7#) id2# ildag2#

illu# (ir2#) (isiš2#) (it2#)

(kašbir#) kuar# kuara# me5 piš10# šeg3# ulušin# ummu3# ummud# usduḫa# zaḫ2# — det: àm (after ordinal

◦839A

579,473; A-A B579a

840

580 AGAM (A×-BAD)

841

585 A×SAG

842

— A×MUŠ

˚˚ ç, ˚fl O ˚× ∫

numbers; 839+10), ta.àm (after distributive numbers; 248+839+10), íd (rivers, canals; 839+756); also marker after plurals and collectives (not persons or deities): ḫi.a (631+839) ai {aia} aiia aiiu aiyi aiye {aya} {aye} {ayi} {ayya} {ayye} {ayyi} {ayyu} {ayu} {iya} {iye} (iyi) {iyu} {iyya} {iyye} {iyyi} {iyyu} — a-a multiplicative after number x = x-fold [ASy 315]

(agam)

250

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel 843

582 A×-DU6

844

581 A×IGI

845

583 EDURU (A×A)

846 584; 587 ZAḪ3 (A×ḪA) 847

— DIŠ/DIŠ

848

B585a

849

482,12; 585*

850

851 852 853 854

586 ZA

586,4 LIMMU5 (“ZA”)

NIGIDALIMMU (“ZA”)

3792; AD4 (ZAtenû or 380 ERIMtenû)

855 531; 588

856

NIGIDAMIN (DIŠ/DIŠ)

NIGIDAEŠ (DIŠ/ — DIŠ-DIŠ)

—

Signs

MZL Desig.

GIŠTAʾE (4× ZA ×KUR)

589 ḪA (KU6)

®, ˚ = √ ∫ ≤ ô ô ÷ ‚

Sign Values

(ir6) eduru

(zaḫ3) 4 limmu6 nigidamin

(var. of 752) nigidaeš

sà ṣa za [ASy 316]

µ µ µ Ö µ × ¬ (4×) ≤

nir2# šuba# za zabala# zabalam# zabala2# zabalam2#

4 limmu5 nigidalimmu irgi#

ʾa4 a7 gir14 ḫa kir9 (ku6) (qer10) {qir10} [ASy 317] [856+869 ASy 319]

a7 enku# (girim(m)a3#) ḫa ku6 kua kuar# kuara# zaḫ2#

det: ḫa, ku6, kua (fish)

857 858

859

590 ZUBUD (ḪAtenû) 229,30; GUG (ZA-GUL) 591

597

NIG2 (GAR; NINDA)

À ≥ É

gug guq [ASy 318] gug

(ga4) gar (gara) (garak5) (kar5) (nì) níg ník níq (qàr) {qàra} (sa15) šá [ASy 323] balla# gar kadra3# ni3 nig2 nik2 ninda ša2 tukum#

ninda (baked goods)

860

597,9

LIMMU (“NIG2,” 4)

É

—

4 limmu

— det:

251

Part Five: Sign List MZL Deimel

Signs

MZL Desig.

861

598a IA2 (5)

é

862

598b AŠ3 (6)

863

598c IMIN (7)

864

598d USSU (8)

í ó, { ú, ç û { ç Ä ¯

865

Bv598e DIŠ/DIŠ/DIŠ

866

598c

867

598d

868

598e ILIMMU (9)

869

545; ŠU2 B545a

870

546

871

546,6

872

547

873

7 420 imin (umun7) (866 is var.) 8 480 ussu (867 is var.) 9 (var. of 863) (var. of 864) 9 540 ilimmu šú [ASy 296]

gala6 šu2 (šuš2)

˘

en2

KEŠ3 (EN2-ŠAR2×GAD)

¿

keš3

KUNGA (ŠU2-MUL) ŠEG8 551 (ŠU2-NAGA) 552 LIL5 (ŠU2-NE)

875

548

GIBIL2 (ŠU2-AŠ2)

876

549

ŠUDUN (ŠUDUL; ŠU2-DUN4/DUL4)

877

550 ḪUL2

878

ŠEG9 551 (ŠU2-ŠE-KU-GAG)

879

553 LIL3 (ŠU2-EŠ)

880

B553a ŠU2-URšeššig

882

aš3

EN2 (ŠU2-AN; ŠU4-AN)

874

881

Sign Values (í) iá [ASy 324] 5 300 i2 ia2 6 360 àš [ASy 325]

592 SIG

461*; PEŠ2 596

¡ j Å ™ £ ¢ ∞ » ¯o À, M á, v

kunga kungi (šuḫub)

(kiši14) (šeg8)

gibil2 (kibir2) šudul šudun

(ḫúl) [ASy 297]

bibra bibri gukkal# ḫul2 kuš8 ukuš2

(kiši6) (šeg9) (šenbar)

bik pik piq (si11) (*si16) sig sik siq śé śì (šak6) šì šig šik šiq zík zíq [ASy 320] sig kilim peš2 piš2

(741 is var.)

252

Part Five: Sign List

MZL Deimel

883

554 MUNUS (SAL)

884

555 ZUM

885

ZUM2 555 (ZUM+LAGAB)

886

556,2

887

556

Signs

MZL Desig.

§

¶

lagar2# lukur# mi2 munus

(muru5#) rag rak raq sal

šal — det: f, mí, munus, sal (feminine people, animals, professions) ríg rík ríq (sim5) (su14) súm (ṣim) ṣu ṣum (šu15) (zù) zum [ASy 299] rig2 (ṣu) zum

NIN9; alt MUNUS-KU NIN; alt MUNUS-TUG2

•

(ereš) (eriš) (in5) min4 (ním) nin [ASy 300] {màm} {mim4} mim-ma (lig.)

B556a mim-ma

•

889

557 DAM

ª

890

GEME2 558 (MUNUS-KUR)

891

559 GU

892

569 SUḪ3 (GU/GU)

893

560 NAGAR

894

TUGUL 561 (NAGAR-AD4)

895

554,78 MUNUS-LAGAR

897

eme3# eme5# gal4 kir11#

È §Ò •

888

896

Sign Values mám mim (mín) rag rak raq sal (sala) śal {ša12} šal (šel4) [ASy 298]

562 KUŠU2

EGI2 554,84; (MUNUS-ŠE2; 556,8 MUNUS-EGI)

º –, S π ≠ œ Y ˇ %

(see 897) nin9

ereš ligidba# nin

(da4) dam (dùm) (ta4) tám (tum10) (ṭa4) ṭam [ASy 301] dam

amat {amti} (amtu) [ASy 303]

(amtu) geme2 (gim3) gu ku8 qù [ASy 302] gu

saḫ4 [ASy 308] suḫ3

(alla) [ASy 303a]

alla nagar tabira# tibira# tugul (l: tuḫul) murub2

ùḫ [ASy 304] kušu2 (uḫ3) egi2 egir3

253

Part Five: Sign List

899

564 EL

901 902 903 904

´ ® ˝

565 LUM (ḪUM)

˝ Ÿ ¥ Î

565a; LUM/LUM 566a 566 LUM/LUM -ŠU2

LUGUD3 (LUM-NIG2) #/#

905

567 SIG4

906

567 MURGU (“SIG4”)

907

568 SIG4/SIG4 -ŠU2

¨ ¨ ø π Ä

◦277A

nig

el {éle} il5 ili5 [ASy 306] sikil

guz ḫum (ḫuz) lum (num2)

565,66; MURGU2 565,69 (“LUM”)

566b

Sign Values nàk nig nik niq [ASy 305]

gúm ḫu5 ḫum (ḫus) (kús) (kúṣ) lu4 lum (lumu) (nu4) núm (qùm) [ASy 307]

Ä

Ä

898

900

Signs

MZL Desig.

NIG 563 (MUNUS-UR)

Ä

MZL Deimel

gúḫšu

(šik6) [ASy 307a]

gar8 kulla (mur7) sig4 murgu guḫšu

(see 892)

254

Part Five: Sign List

5.3.  Determinatives and Markers 5.3.1.  Determinatives/Markers by Designation :

576

⁝

577

:

592

ḫi.a

631+ 839

áb

672

àm

839+ 10

ta.àm

248+ 839+10

an

10

anše/u

353

diš.aš

748+1

d, dingir 10 didli

2

diš

748

diš

748

diš.aš

748+1

dug

499

é

495

elep

201

f

883

gada

157

geš, giš

469

gi

141

gu4, gud 472 ḫa

856

ḫi.a

631+ 839

I

748

ia4

385

© ˙ ì, Î ü˚ _ ˚+ µ ˚+ + Y ‹~ + ! ‹ ‹ ‹~ Ë Ò “ § Æ Œ Î „ ≤ ü˚ ‹ H

separation marker repetition and separation marker separation marker marker after plurals and collectives (= ḫá) det: before stars instead of mul det: after ordinal numbers det: after distributive numbers det: before divine names (= d/dingir) det: before equids and camels repetition marker det: before divine names (= an) marker after plurals det: before (mainly masc.) personal names (= I/m/p) marker for beginning sentences and paragraphs repetition marker det: before vessels det: before buildings and parts of buildings det: before ship designations (= má) det: before fem. people, animals, professions (mí/ munus/sal) det: before linen garments det: before trees, wooden objects, implements (= iṣu) det: before (objects made with) grass, reeds det: before oxen and cows det: after fish (= ku6/kua) marker after plurals and collectives (not persons or deities) det: before (mainly masc.) personal names (= diš/m/p) det: before stones (= na4/zá)

Part Five: Sign List

íd

839+ 756

II

825

iku

174

im

641

iṣu

469

iti, itu

20

kam

640

kám

254

kaš

358

ki

737

kimin

742

ku6, kua

856

kur

578

kuš

16

lú

514

m

748

má

201

me

753

meš

754

méš

753

mí

883

min

825

mul

247

múl

589

mul5

174

munus

883

mušen

132

na4

385

nar

570

ninda

859

p

748

˚— “ ¶ û Œ o ô, ê À } ] T ≤ ¬ ^ ◊ ‹ “ Ì Ô Ì § “ ¬ ÷ ¶ § Á, û H ‘ É ‹

255

det: before rivers and canals marker after duals (= min) det: after surface measures det: before the 4 directions, winds, clay objects (= tu15/ tum9/tumu) det: before trees, wooden objects, implements (= ge/iš) det: before month names det: after numbers, especially ordinals det: after ordinal numbers det: before varieties of beer det: after geographical and place names repetition marker det: after fish (= ḫa) det: before lands and mountains det: before leather items, animal hide det: before professions, clans, nationalities det: before (mainly masc.) personal names (= I/diš/p) det: before ship designations (= elep) marker after plurals (= méš) marker after plurals (mainly logograms) and iterative verbs marker after plurals (= me) det: before fem. people, animals, professions (= f/ munus/sal) marker after duals (= II); repetition marker det: before stars, planets; N/LB instead of ul or te/múl det: before stars (= te) det: before stars det: before fem. people, animals, professions (= f/mí/ sal) det: after birds det: before stones (= ia4/zá) det: before musicians (very seldom) det: before varieties of baked goods det: before (mainly masc.) personal names (= I/diš/m)

256

Part Five: Sign List

sa

172

sal

883

541 sar síg, sík, 816 siki 579 še šim, šem 362 ta.àm

248+ 839+10

te

589

tu15

641

túg tum9, tumu ú

809

ù

731

udu

812

ul

698

uru

71

urudu

230

uzu

311

zá

385

zabar

596+ 24+121

zì, zíd

810

641 490

§ § ˆ Û … | µ ˚+ ÷ û Ò û Í > Ú K C ≈ î H ò Q± Ò

det: before woven items and similar det: before fem. people, animals, professions (= f /mí / munus) det: after garden plants det: before types of wool and woolen items det: before grains det: before aromatic and resinous plants and similar det: after distributive numbers det: before stars (= múl) det: before the 4 directions, winds, clay objects (= im/ tum9/tumu) det: before clothing and cloth det: before the 4 directions, winds, clay objects (= im/ tu15) det: before plants and (sometimes) drugs repetition marker det: before sheep and goats det: before stars det: before cities, places det: before metal and metal objects det: before parts of the body and pieces of flesh det: before stones (= ia4/na4) det: before copper objects (seldom) det: before types of meal

Part Five: Sign List

257

5.3.2.  Determinatives/Markers by Sign Number repetition marker

2

‹~ !

d, dingir, an

10

+

det: before divine names

àm

839+ 10

det: after ordinal numbers

ta.àm

248+ 839+10

kuš

16

iti, itu

20

zabar

596+​ 24+​ 121

uru

71

zabar

596+​ 24+​ 121

mušen

132

gi

141

gada

157

sa

172

iku

174

mul5

174

˚+ µ ˚+ ^ o ò Q± C ò Q± Á, û Î Æ § ¶ ¶ “ ≈ ¬ µ ˚+ À î Y

diš.aš

748+1

didli

elep, má 201 urudu

230

mul

247

ta.àm

248+​ 839+​ 10

kám

254

uzu

311

anše/u

353

marker after plurals

det: after distributive numbers det: before leather items, animal hide det: before month names det: before copper objects (seldom) det: before cities, places det: before copper objects (seldom) det: after birds det: before (objects made with) grass, reeds det: before linen garments det: before woven items and similar det: after surface measures det: before stars det: before ship designations det: before metal and metal objects det: before stars, planets; N/LB instead of ul or te/múl det: after distributive numbers det: after ordinal numbers det: before parts of the body and pieces of flesh det: before equids and camels

258

Part Five: Sign List

kaš

358

šim, šem

362

ia4, na4, zá

385

geš, giš, 469 iṣu gu4, gud 472 ú

490

é

495

dug

499

lú

514

sar

541

nar

570

:

576

⁝

577

kur

578

še

579

múl, te

589

:

592

zabar ḫi.a kam

596+​ 24+​ 121 631+​ 839 640

im, tu15 , tum9 , 641 tumu áb

672

ul

698

ù

731

ki

737

kimin

742

} |

det: before varieties of beer

H

det: before stones

Œ „ Í Ò Ë ◊ ˆ ‘ © ˙ ¬ … ÷ ì, Î ò Q± ü˚ ô, ê

det: before trees, wooden objects, implements

û

det: before the 4 directions, winds, clay objects

_ K > ] T

det: before stars instead of mul

det: before aromatic and resinous plants and similar

det: before oxen and cows det: before plants and (sometimes) drugs det: before buildings and parts of buildings det: before vessels det: before professions, clans, nationalities det: after garden plants det: before musicians (very seldom) separation marker repetition and separation marker det: before lands and mountains det: before grains det: before stars separation marker det: before copper objects (seldom) marker after plurals and collectives (not persons or deities) det: after numbers, especially ordinals

det: before stars repetition marker det: after geographical and place names repetition marker

Part Five: Sign List diš, I, m, p

748

diš

748

diš.aš

748+1

me, méš 753 meš

754

íd

839+​ 756

túg

809

zì, zíd

810

udu

812

síg, sík, siki

816

II, min

825

min

825

àm

839+10

ta.àm íd

248+​ 839+​ 10 839+​ 756 631+​ 839

‹ ‹ ‹~ Ì Ô ˚— Ò Ò Ú Û “ “ ˚+ µ ˚+ ˚—

ḫa, ku6, kua

856

ninda

859

ü˚ ≤ É

f, mí, munus, sal

883

§

ḫi.a

259

det: before (mainly masc.) personal names marker for beginning sentences and paragraphs repetition marker marker after plurals marker after plurals (mainly logograms) and iterative verbs det: before rivers and canals det: before clothing and cloth det: before types of meal det: before sheep and goats det: before types of wool and woolen items marker after duals repetition marker det: after ordinal numbers det: after distributive numbers det: before rivers and canals marker after plurals and collectives (not persons or deities) det: after fish det: before varieties of baked goods det: before fem. people, animals, professions

260

Part Five: Sign List

5.4.  Sign Value Index * marks items that receive a comment in chs. 2 and/or 3 in MZL # marks a value with multiple sign numbers in appropriate sequence ʾ

635 ʾa 495 ʾa3 856 ʾa4 380 ʾa5 635 ʾe 635 ʾi 631 ʾi3 635 ʾu 766 ʾu3 839 ʾu4 132 ʾu5

A

839 a 560 a2 598 a3 839 a4# 10 a4# 127 a5 661 a6 856 a7 828 a8 795 a9 571 a10 10 a11 596 a12 20 a13 495 a14 635 aʾ 636 aʾ2 495 aʾ3 795 aʾa3 223 ab 672 ab2 258 ab3 232 ab4 223 aba 258 aba3 232 aba4

223 abba 227 abba2 795 abbar 143 abgal# 753 abgal# 143 abgal2# 753 abgal2# 33/49 abgal2# 232 abgunû 798 ablal 795 ablal2 787 ablal3 737 abni2# 313 abni2# 143 abrig# 753 abrig# 350 abrig# 672 abrig2# 143 abrig2# 753 abrig2# 350 abrig2# 737 absin# 1 absin#+# 223 absin2# 134 absin2# 90 absin3 222 abul# 553 abul# 15 abzu# 223 abzu# 258 ad 7 ad2 814 ad3 854 ad4 490 ad5 517 ad6 596 adab# 143 adab# 113 adama# 681 adama#

514A adamen 268 adamen2 378 adamen3 107 adamen4 164B adamen5 514A adamin 268 adamin2 378 adamin3 107 adamin4 164B adamin5 adamu → adama 839 adar# 309 adar# 309 adar2 213 adar3 517 adda 814 adda2 7 adda4 839 addir# 464 addir# 376 addir# 746 addir# 207 addir# *746 addir2# 358 addir2# 181 addir2# 469 addir2# 490 addu2 7 addu3 854 addu4 821 adkin 127 ag 326 ag2 485 ag3 556 aga 326 aga2 836 aga3 840 agam 455 agan 839 agar#

543 agar# 776 agar2 799 agar3 564 agar4 641 agar5 641 agar6# 704 agar6# 144 agargara 235 agarin 225 agarin2 392 agarin3# 836 agarin3# 392 agarin4# 362 agarin4# 392 agarin5# 373 agarin5# 727 agrig 495 agrun 506 agu 636 aḫ 535 aḫ2 596 aḫ3 635 aḫ4 560 aḫ5 611 aḫ6 636 aḫa 535 aḫa2 92 aḫa3 aḫḫur → imḫur2 535 aḫi 560 aḫi2 641 aḫud 839A ai 839A aia 839 aia2 828 aia3 795 aia4 839A aiia 839A aiiu 839A aiyi

Part Five: Sign List 839A aiye 839A ai̯ 839A ai̯a 839A ai̯e 839A ai̯i 839A ai̯u 839A ai̯ia̯ 839A ai̯ie̯ 839A ai̯ii̯ 839A ai̯iu̯ 839A aya 839A aye 839A ayi 839A ayu 839A ayya 839A ayye 839A ayyi 839A ayyu ak → aka 127 ak 485 ak3 127 aka 326 aka2 485 aka3 222 aka4 455 akan 222 akan2 793 akan3 455 akani 147 akar#+# 164B akarx 159 akkil 258 akkil2# 484 akkil2# 611 akšak 839 akšak2# 896 akšak2# 20 akšak3# 896 akšak3# 839 aktum# 16 aktum# 16 aktum2# 839 aktum2# 474 al 573 al2 174/*378 al3

596 al5 91 al6 71 al8 348/*474 al9 71 ala 71 ala2# 754 ala2# 474 ala3 497 alad 496 alad2 573 alag alʾal → alal3 alʾal2 → alal4 489 alal 485 alal2 378 alal3 378 alal4 573 alala 573 alam alammuš → alamuš 489 alamu 314 alamu2 170 alamuš 153 alamuš2# 170 alamuš2# 573 alan 472 alap 387 alba 304 alba2 71 ale 610 algames 304 alḫa 71 ali 703 alim 703 alima 893 alla 489 almu 314 almu2 71 alu 71 ālu 309 am 326 am2 839 am3# 10 am3# 407 am4 432 am5

10 am6 598 am7 392 ama 309 ama2 141 ama3# 812 ama3# 407 ama4 432 ama5 758 ama6 155 amagi 839 amagi2# 153 amagi2# 736 amagi2# 851 amagi3# 153 amagi3# 736 amagi3# 851 amagi4# 152 amagi4# 736 amagi4# 392 amalu# 10 amalu# 153 amalu# 695 amar 460 amaš *460 amaš2 890 amat 795 ambar 392 ame 432 ame2 392 amedu# 839 amedu# 86 amedu# 578 amma 596 amna 708 amna2 890 amti 890 amtu 842 amuš 10 an 178 an2 748 ana 10 ana2 1 ana3 756 angur 641 anigi 353 anše

261 701 anše2 353 anši 353 anšu 701 anšu2 10 anu 578 anubu 599 anzalub# 141 anzalub# 641 anzu# 704 anzu# 641 anzu2# 681 anzu2# 641 anzud# 704 anzud# 641 anzud2# 681 anzud2# 223 ap 672 ap2 258 ap3 90 apin 127 aq 127 aqa 726 ar 504 ar2 644 ar3 576 ar5 566 ara 504 ara2 644 ara3 596 ara4# 350 ara4# 644 ara5#+# 350 ara6 596 ara7 726 ara8 596 arab# 143 arab# 18 arad 19 arad2 694 arad3 418 araḫ3 495 araḫ4# 381 araḫ4# 580 araḫ4# 561 araḫ4# 495 arali#

262 578 arali# 113 arali# 81 ararim 596 ararma# 232 ararma# 596 ararma2# 223 ararma2# *694 aratta# 111 aratta# *215 arba 18 arda 859 argab# 807 argab# 432 arḫuš 147 arḫuš2 146 arḫuš3 392 arḫuš4 560 arḫuš5# 255 arḫuš5# 560 arḫuš6# 883 arḫuš6# 560 arḫuš7# 432 arḫuš7# 574 ari 113 ari2 464 ari3 464 ari5# 754 ari5# 292 ari6 586 arina# 839 arina# 110 arina# arkab → argab 215 arrap 464 aru 297 as 548 as2 1 as3 795 as4 115 as5 659 as6 297 asa 79 asal 839 asal2# 86 asal2# 298 asal2#

Part Five: Sign List 591 asal2# 79 asar 839 asar2# 86 asar2# 298 asar2# 591 asar2# 79 asari 839 asi# 587 asi# 285 asil 288 asil3 290 asil4 289 asil5 283 asil6 285 asila 362 asila2 288 asila3 290 asila4 289 asila5 283 asila6 285 asilal 362 asilal2 288 asilal3 290 asilal4 289 asilal5 283 asilal6 aslag → azlag 297 aṣ 548 aṣ2 1 aṣ3 548 aś 1 aš 548 aš2 862 aš3 217 aš4 823 aš5 821 aš6 115 aš7 659 aš8 536 aš9 748 aš10 575 aš11 1 aša 548 aša2 862 aša3 174 aša5

174 ašag 670 ašdar 173 ašgab 102 aški 560 aškud# 152 aškud# 560 aškud2# 153 aškud2# ašlag → azlag 495 ašlug# 381 ašlug# 580 ašlug# 561 ašlug# 579 ašnan# 587 ašnan# 579 ašnan2 1 ašša 1 ašša2 862 ašša3 11 aš-šur ašta → ašša2 560 ašte# 699 ašte# 795 ašte2 ašugi → amagi 258 at 7 at2 517 at6 385 atum# 737 atum# 258 aṭ 7 aṭ2 839 aʾuʾu# 464 aʾuʾu# 376 aʾuʾu# 746 aʾuʾu# 207 aʾuʾu# 598 aw 839 aya#+# 839 aye#+# 839 ayi#+# 839 ayu#+# 839 ayya#+# 839 ayye#+# 839 ayyi#+# 839 ayyu#+#

297 az 548 az2 1 az3 297 aza 490 azad# 839 azad# 761 azad# 201 azad# 869 azad# 839 azad# 106 azad2 745 azag# 10 azag# 560 azag2# 464 azag2# azalag → azlag 809 azlag# 596 azlag# 809 azlag2 469L azlag3 469I azlag4 469K azlag5 469H azlag6 530 azlag7 324 azu 644 azugna# 184 azugna# 644 azukna# 184 azukna#

B

14 ba 464 ba2 711 ba3 387 ba4 54 ba5 490 ba6 120 ba7 275A ba8 113 ba9 685 ba10 33/49 ba11 *33 ba12 753 ba13 92 ba14 121 ba15

263

Part Five: Sign List 113 baʾ 92 bab 596 bab2 222 baba2 596 babar 596 babar2#+# 596 babbar 596 babbar2#+# 222 bābu 113 bad 275A bad3 737 bad4# 496 bad4# 724 bad5 725 badi 171 badiliša baeš → baneš 132 bag 132 baḫ 570 baḫ3 472 baḫar 499 baḫar2# 99 baḫar2# 559 baḫar2# 661 baḫar3# 300 baḫar3# 121 baḫar4# 300 baḫar4# 499 baḫar5# 99 baḫar5# 559 baḫar5# 110 baḫar5# 132 bak 661 bakiru# 541 bakiru# 661 bakirum# 541 bakirum# 5 bal 8 bal2 478 bal3 481 bal4 5 bala 565 balag 304 baliḫa# 578 baliḫa# 859 balla#

184 balla# 493 balla# 271A balla# 381 balla# 859 balla2# 184 balla2# 493 balla2# 271A balla2# 883 balla2# bamin → banmin 685 ban 122 ban2 255 ban3 379 ban4 122 banda2 255 banda3 113 banda4 905 banda5# 113 banda5# 171 bandiliša 549 baneš 551 bania 550 banlimmu 465 banmin 75 bansur 377 bansur2 568/569 bansur3 75 banšur 377 banšur2 568/569 banšur3 92 bap 373 bappir 362 bappir2 361 bappir3 bappira → bappir 132 baq 121 bar 554 bar2 438 bar3 386/*438 bar4 905 bar5 596 bar6 313 bar7 165 bar8 121 bara 554 bara2

438 bara3 113 bara4 764 bara5 792 bara6 776 bara7 759 bara8 777 bara9 417 bara10 554 barag 438 barag2 *713 bargi 120 baš 113 bat 746 bat2 275A bat3 724 bat5 113 bata 711 batu 113 baṭ 113 be 358 be2 380 be3 14 be4 808 be5 598 be6 313 be7 bel → bil 573 belili ber → bir 12 beš12 bet → bit 358 bi 313 bi2 598 bi3 113 bi4 312 bi5 14 bi6 808 bi7 636 bi9 583 bibad# 255 bibad# 583 bibe# 255 bibe# 877 bibra 877 bibri bid → bit

495 bid 113 bid2 808 bid3 881 big 881 bik 313 bil 312 bil2 469C bil3 469D bil4 464A billuda 464A biluda 179 bilti 179 biltu 90 bin biq → bik 643 bir 596 bir2 613 bir3 300 bir4 134/*135 bir5 606 bir6 608 bir7 839 bir8# 584 bir8# 313 bir9 701 bir10 643 biri 558 bis2 bisag → pisan bisan → pisan 558 biš 266 bišeba 573 bišeba2 572 bišeba3 266 bišebi 573 bišebi2 572 bišebi3 495 bit 113 bit2 495 biti 495 biṭ 358 biz 489 bizeg3 489 bizem3 580 bu 302 bu2

264 33/49 bu3 786 bu4 788 bu5 *33 bu6 808 bu7 8 bu8 169 bu9 94 bu10 490 bu11 661 bu12 54 bu13 767 bu14 746 bu15 380 bu16 24 bu17 806 bubbu 171 bube bug → buk 795 bugin 801 bugin2 791 bugin3 787 bugin4 584 bugunû 570 buḫ 12 buk 788 bul 8 bul2 5 bul3 54 bul4 767 bul5 169 bulug 8 bulug2 94 bulug3 893 bulug4 565 bulug5 3 buluḫ 33/49 bum 565 bum2 24 bum3 785 bun 54 bun2 381 bungu# 491 bungu# 795 bunin 801 bunin2 791 bunin3

Part Five: Sign List 787 bunin4 559 bur 8 bur2 661 bur3 115 bur4# 559 bur4# 135 bur5 435 bur6 3 bur8 788 bur10 737 bur11# 164 bur11# 379 bur11# 580 bur12 94 bur13 165 bur14 596 buranun# 378 buranun# 143 buranun# 563/662 bur3gunû 559 buru 8 buru2 661 buru3 115 buru4# 559 buru4# 135 buru5 435 buru6 503 buru7 3 buru8 377 buru9 737 buru11# 164 buru11# 379 buru11# 165 buru14 115 buru15# 437 buru15# 767 buru16 3 buruḫ 596 burunun# 378 burunun# 143 burunun# 302 buš 558 buš2 540 bute 540 buti 540 butu

b uzur → puzur 661 buzur 708 buzur2 661 buzur3# 540 buzur3# * 33/49 buzur4# 566 buzur4# 33/49 buzur5

D

561 da 248 da2 379 da3 889 da4 230 da5 221 da6 596 da7 438 da8 547 da9 631 da10 136 da11 24 da12 106 da13 813 dab 209 dab2 631 dab3 242 dab4 808 dab5 230 dab6 171 daban 171 dabašin 724 dabda#+# 113 dabda2#+# 810 dabin# 579 dabin# 106 dad 596 dadag#+# 106 dadda#+# *266 dadrum 438 dag 596 dag2 386 dag3 435 dag4 24 dag5 221 dag6 392 dagal

392 dagala 737 dagan# 80 dagan# 737 daggan# 80 daggan# 790 dagrim 790 dagrin 301 daḫ 438 dak 386 dak3 737 dakan# 80 dakan# 737 dakkan# 80 dakkan# 142 dal 124 dal2 1 dal3 142 dala 724 dala2# 379 dala2# 641 dalḫamun# 388 dalḫamun# *164 dalḫamun2 *164B dalḫamun3 *293 dalḫamun4 *293 dalḫamun5 *641 dalḫamun6 *293 dalḫamun7 124 dalla 724 dalla2# 379 dalla2# 889 dam 596 dam2 354 dam3 dama → dam 255 damu 724 damu2 496 dan 427 dan2 394 dan3 402 dan4 119 dan5 382 dan6 416 dan7 305 dana# 580 dana#

Part Five: Sign List 302 dana2 496 dana3 305 danna# 580 danna# 302 danna2 305 danna3# 561 danna3# 813 dap 209 dap2 209 dapa2 472 dapar 514 dapara2# 164 dapara2# 514 dapara3 438 daq 386 daq3 221 daq6 dar → dara 183 dar 807 dar2 166 dar3 817 dar4 9 dar6 183 dara 807 dara2 166 dara3 817 dara4 378 dara5 596 darengal# 143 darengal# 807 dari2 378 dari5 807 daru2 378 daru5 807 darum2 828 das 828 daš 748 daš2 548 daš3 183 daš4 106 dat 736 de 547 de2 313 de3 589 de4 142 de5

350 de6 633 de8 118 de9 242 deḫ 238 deḫ2 690 deḫ3 242 deḫi 238 deḫi2 690 deḫi3 113 deḫi4 1 del 591 del2 1 dele 575 dele4 785 delen 567 delen2# 755 delen2# 110 delen2# 785 delena 567 delena2# 755 delena2# 110 delena2# 202 dellu delmun → dilmun 202 delu 202 delur 686 dem2 24 dema# 631 dema# deme → teme 24 demma# 631 demma# 24 demmu# 631 demmu# 24 demu# 631 demu# 119 den der → dir 202 dergul 748 deš 1 deš2 828 deš3 753 deš4 575 deš5 548 deššu 736 di

633 di2 118 di3 255 di4 142 di5 350 di6 313 di7 338 di8 167 di11 589 di12 813 dib 808 dib2 813 dibi 230 dibira# 893 dibira# 10 dibur 641 did 358 dida# 490 dida# 172 dida# 358 dida2# 381 dida2# 172 dida2# *599 didala didda → dida 358 didda# 490 didda# 172 didda# 358 didda2# 381 didda2# 172 didda2# 255 didi#+# 2 didli didnu → tidnu 380 dig 737 digbir# 313 digbir# 10 digbir# 153 digbir# 380 digi 10 digir 242 diḫ 238 diḫ2 690 diḫ3 diḫi → deḫi 380 dik 1 dil

265 1 dili 591 dili2 575 dili4 485 dilib 42 dilib2 191 dilib3 185 dilib4 190 dilib5 199 dilib6 591 dilim2 785 dilim3 380 dilmun# 827 dilmun# 785 dilin 567 dilin2# 755 dilin2# 110 dilin2# 785 dilina 567 dilina2# 755 dilina2# 110 dilina2# 202 dilu 202 dilur dim . . . → dem . . . 167 dim 686 dim2 264 dim3 94 dim4 565 dim5 547 dim6 113 dim7 263 dim8 267 dim9 265 dim10 269 dim11 485 dim12 580 dim13 dima → dema 202 dimgul 10 dimir 490 dimmuš# 469 dimmuš# 681 dimmuš# 490 dimuš# 469 dimuš# 681 dimuš#

266 700 dimna *724 dimsar 119 din 496 din2 686 din3 10 dingir 119 dini 737 dinig# 313 dinig# 527′ dinig2 528 dinig3 813 dip 472 dipar 380 diq 207 dir 183 dir2 10 dir3 587 dir4 202 dirgul 207 diri 807 diri2 207 dirig disgur → siskur 748 diš 1 diš2 575 diš5 575 dištenû dizgur → siskur 350 du 86 du2 379 du3 354 du4 836 du5 721 du6 698 du7 298 du8 8 du9 631 du10 24 du11 827 du12 255 du13 522 du14 640 du15 20 du16 313 du17 547 du19

Part Five: Sign List 561 du20 744 du24 353 du25# 18 du25# 207 du26 242 dub 565 dub2 631 dub3 242 duba 565 duba2 631 duba3 737 dubad# 496 dubad# 475 dubal 481 dubal2 519 dubal3 520 dubal4 523 dubal5 527 dubal6 529 dubal7 242 dubba dubbin → umbin 567 dubul# 580 dubul# 643 dubur 688 dubur2 464H dud 464H duda 298 dudda 827 duddu#+# 499 dug 827 dug2 631 dug3 24 dug4 *836 dug5 287 dugina 280 dugina2 631 dugu 351 dugunû 704 dugud 681 dugud2 298 duḫ 499 duk 827 duk2 720 dul 786 dul2

512 dul3 557 dul4 809 dul5 *721 dul6 184 dul7 813 dul8 829 dul9 580 dul10 567 dulu# 580 dulu# 354 dum 889 dum3 167 dum4 372 dumgal 255 dumu 744 dun 836 dun3 557 dun4 8 dun5 496 dun6 185 dunga 570 dunga2 641 dungu# 207 dungu# 242 dup 565 dup2 499 duq 178 dur 808 dur2 353 dur3# 18 dur3# 378 dur4 839 dur5 580 dur7 275A dur8 744 dur9 17 dur10 86 dur11 166 duraḫ 178 duran# 378 duran# 270 durba 202 durgal 115 duri 39 durix 184 durme#

271A durme# 178 duru 808 duru2 378 duru4 839 duru5 464 duru6 744 duru9 808 durum2 808 durun 567 durun3# 755 durun3# 110 durun3# 808 duruna 785 duruna2 567 duruna3# 755 duruna3# 110 duruna3# 493 dusi 353 dusi2# 732 dusi2# 353 dussa2# 732 dussa2# 493 dussu 493 dusu 353 dusu2# 732 dusu2# 808 duš 748 duš2 352 dušeššig 827 duttu#+#

E

498 e 495 e2 596 e3# 350 e3# 839 e4 887 e5 16 e6 24 e7 596 e8 893 e10 721 e11# 350 e11# 721 e12# 352 e12#

Part Five: Sign List 886 e13 635 eʾ 636 eʾ2 *495 eʾ3 eʾella → gasikilla *498 eʾi *498 eʾu 495 eʾu2# 839 eʾu2# 495 eʾa3# 238 eʾa3# 495 eʾi3# 238 eʾi3# 495 eʾu3# 238 eʾu3# 495 eʾa4# 839 eʾa4# 238 eʾa4# 495 eʾi4# 839 eʾi4# 238 eʾi4# 495 eʾu4# 839 eʾu4# 238 eʾu4# 839 ea eazag → gaʾazag 807 eb 354 eb2 164 ebiḫ# 118 ebiḫ# 810 ebiḫ2# 91 ebiḫ2# 499 ebir 358 ebir2 839 ebir3 491 ebir4 839 ebla# 9 ebla# 839 ebla# 10 ebla# *165 ebur eburra → gaburra 560 ed 596 ed2# 350 ed2# 721 ed3#

350 ed3# 721 ed4# 352 ed4# 428 edakua 797 edakua2 300 eden 425 edi 113 edim 300 edin 845 edur 845 eduru 136 eg 498 eg2 326 eg3 839 ega# 681 ega# 839 ega# 147 ega2#+# 495 egar# 905 egar# 431 egara 810 ege 897 ege2 356 eger 810 eger2 897 eger3 354 eger4 901 eger5 906 eger6 egera → eger 810 egi 897 egi2 egia→ gagia 356 egir 810 egir2 897 egir3 354 egir4 901 egir5 906 egir6 egira → egir egirsu → gagirsu 839 egu# 808 egu# 636 eḫ 635 eḫ2 808 eḫ3#+#

e ḫalla → gaḫalla 560 eḫe# 596 eḫe# 350 eḫe# 808    eḫeḫḫe#+#+# 560 eḫi# 596 eḫi# 350 eḫi# eḫili → gaḫili 421 eḫilli 136 ek 498 eki 899 el 348 el2 10 el3 349 el4 839 ela# 496 ela# 489 elal 485 elal2 690 elam 785 elamkuš 793 elamkuš2 800 elamkuš3 795 elamkuš4 663 ele 899 ele2 663 eli elilla → galilla 868 elimmu 755 ella2 755 ellag 643 ellag2 ellamkuš →      elamkuš 164 ellil# 484 ellil# 641 em 326 em3 61 em4 61 eme 488 eme2 883 eme3# 353 eme3# 392 eme4

267 883 eme5# 149 eme5# 353 eme6# 883 eme6# 883 eme7# 474 eme7# 432 eme8 238 emed2# 753 emed2# 561 emed2# 238 emeda# 753 emeda# 238 emeda2# 753 emeda2# 561 emeda2# 241 emeda3# 392 emedu# 86 emedu# 392 emedu2# 839 emedu2# 86 emedu2# 403 emedub 410 emedub2 610 emeraḫx 895 emeš 314 emeš2 895 emezi 51 emma 64 emma2 51 emmen 64 emmen2 51 emmin 64 emmin2 164 en 870 en2 85 en3 24 en4 464 en5# 589 en5# 261 en6 540 en7 566 en8 641 enaqa# 385 enaqa# 514A enbir 164 endib#

268 753 endib# 98 endib# *644 endibdim 164 endub# 753 endub# 98 endub# enegi → ennigi 90 engar 164 engiz# 753 engiz# 141 engiz# 164A engiz2# 141 engiz2# 756 engur 164 eni 24 enim 690 enim2 165 enkar 165 enkara 540 enku# 856 enku# 164 enkum# 92 enkum# 564 enkum# 143 enkum# 753 enkum# 277 enkum# 164A enme 51 enmen 64 enmen2 385 enna# 164 enna# 641 ennigi 164 ennigi2# 614 ennigi2# 686 ennigi2# 164 ennigi3# 686 ennigi3# 705 ennigi3# 153 ennin 164 ensi# 753 ensi# 85 ensi# 464 ensi2# 589 ensi2# 181 ensi2#

Part Five: Sign List 164A ensi3# 85 ensi3# 467 enšada 467 enšadu 315 enten 315 entena 164 enu 724 ēnu 807 ep 354 ep2 881 epig 499 epig2 499 epir 358 epir2 839 epir3 491 epir4 136 eq    er → eri 437 er 839 er2# 724 er2# 18 er3 71 er4 844 er6 350 er10 524/531 er13 18 era# 511 era# 839 era2# 724 era2# 427 era3 408 era4 18 erad *215 erba 107 erbura 612 erem 818 eren 612 eren2 818 erena 612 erena2 887 ereš 293 ereš2 437 ereš3 90 ereš4 553 ereš5# 10 ereš5#

15 ereš5# 71 eri *71 eri4 232 eri11 223 eri12 524/531 eri13 232 eri14 427 eri15 408 eri16 173 erib eribura → erbura 143 erida 143 eridu 143 eridug 612 erim 313 erim2# 111 erim2# 83 erim3 420 erim4 232 erim5 77 erim6 347 erim7 854 erimtenû 818 erin 612 erin2 83 erin3 420 erin4 232 erin5 77 erin6 313 erin7# 111 erin7# 347 erin9 818 erina 586 erina8# 839 erina8# 110 erina8# 887 eriš 293 eriš2 90 eriš4 640 eriš6 254 eriš7 18 eru 184 eru2# 883 eru2# 199 eru3 839 eru4#

300 eru4# 300 eru5 839 erua# 300 erua# 300 erua2 18 erum 184 erum2# 883 erum2# 199 erum3 839 erum4# 300 erum4# 469 es 711 es2 223 es3 357 es5 841 esag 418 esag2 419 esagtur 839 eseš# 724 eseš# 496 esi esibir → gasibir 496 esig esikilla → gasikilla 839 esir# 761 esir# 761 esir2 568/569 esir3#+# 105 esir4 508 esir5 762 esirḫia essad → ešsad/u essadu → ešsad/u 469 eṣ 223 eṣ3 711 eš 810 eš2 223 eš3 748 eš4 834 eš5 4 eš6 114 eš7 302 eš8 839 eš9# 724 eš9# 839 eš10

Part Five: Sign List *142 eš11 314 eš12 315 eš13 357 eš15 505 eš16 754 eš17 575/*670   eš18 469 eš19 1 eš20 210 eš21 694 eš22 *505/*629  eš23 839 eša# 587 eša# 711 eša2 834 eša3 834 eša5 434 ešda 434 ešda2# 808 ešda2# 388 ešda3 711 eše 810 eše2 114 eše3 839 eše4# 587 eše4# 532 ešelal 737 ešemen# 498 ešemen# 313 ešemen# 736 ešemen# 737 ešemen2# 498 ešemen2# 313 ešemen2# 736 ešemen2# 10 ešemen2# 153 ešemen2# 810 ešemen3# 877 ešemen3# 237 ešemen4 359 ešemen5 737 ešemin# 498 ešemin# 313 ešemin# 736 ešemin# 737 ešemin2#

498 ešemin2# 313 ešemin2# 736 ešemin2# 10 ešemin2# 153 ešemin2# 810 ešemin3# 877 ešemin3# 237 ešemin4 359 ešemin5 228 ešgal 548 ešgar# 543 ešgar# 666 ešgiri 666 eškiri 528 ešlug 540 ešsad# 856 ešsad# 223 ešsadu# 856 ešsadu# 540 ešsadu# 298 ešsadu# 132 ešsadu# *869/141 eššax *837 eššaba *837 eššana 737 eššeb# 807 eššeb# *10 eššux 472 eštub 560 et 420 etam 560 eṭ 598 ew 469 ez 711 ez2 223 ez3 357 ez5 271A ezem 271A ezen 282 ezen4 579 ezim2# 587 ezim2# 271A ezin 579 ezin2# 587 ezin2# 579 ezina2#

587 ezina2# 587 ezina3 579 ezinu2# 587 ezinu2# 587 ezinu3

G

491 ga 387 ga2 *174 ga3 859 ga4 99 ga5 493 ga6 136 ga7 507 ga8 *644 ga11 681 ga12 24 ga14 298 ga15 426 gaʾazag 298 gab 148 gab2 64 gab3 298 gaba 464M gabar 415 gaburra 157 gad 157 gada 425 gadi *644 gadibdim 472 gadma 157 gadu 403 gadub 491 gaeš# 302 gaeš# 302 gaeš2# 491 gaeš2# 379 gag 146′′ gagax 737 gagar *553 gagazu# 15 gagazu# 437 gaggunû 412 gagia 424 gagig 12 gagim

269 644 gagim2 391 gagirsu 507 gagri 492 gagunû 390 gaḫalla 421 gaḫili 491 gaiš# 302 gaiš# 302 gaiš2# 491 gaiš2# 379 gak 12 gakim 644 gakim2 668 gakkul 168 gakkul2 667 gakkul3 553 gal 136 gal2 80 gal3 883 gal4 589 gal5 596 gal8 496 gal9 514 gal10# 748 gal10# 381 gala# 808 gala# 883 gala2# 89 gala2# 786 gala3 773 gala4 789 gala5 869 gala6 136 gala7 553 gala8 514 gala10# 748 gala10# 765 gala11 338 galam 431 galga 146′′ galgax 409 galilla 589 galla# 750 galla# 576 gam 640 gam2

270 97 gam3 253 gam4 640 gama2 380 gamar 883 gambi# 381 gambi# 736 gambi# 883 gammu# 381 gammu# 736 gammu# 883 gamu# 381 gamu# 736 gamu# 119 gamun# 587 gamun# 587 gamun2 253 gan 174 gan2 *352 gan3 576 gan7 253 gana 174 gana2 *352 gana3 766 gana4 772 gana5 817 gana6 766 ganam4 772 ganam5 817 ganam6 737 ganba# 693 ganba# 249/251 gansis 175 gan2tenû 666 ganu 397 ganun 724 ganzer# 578 ganzer# 851 ganzer# 313 ganzer2# 207 ganzer2# 724 ganzer3# 578 ganzer3# 249/251 ganzerx 724 ganzir# 578 ganzir# 851 ganzir#

Part Five: Sign List 313 ganzir2# 207 ganzir2# 724 ganzir3# 578 ganzir3# 249/251 ganzirx 298 gap 148 gap2 *429 gapi 859 gar *492 gar2 543 gar3 472 gar4 555 gar5 143 gar6 483 gar7 905 gar8 491 gar9 *492 gar10 *492 gar11 *492 gar12 88 gar13 590 gar14 175 gar19 859 gara *492 gara2 333 gara3 472 gara4 143 gara6 491 gara9 *492 gara10 *492 gara11 *492 gara12 garadin → karadin 175 garak 859 garak5 398 garaš 737 garaš2# 497 garaš2# 491 garaš3# 302 garaš3# 302 garaš4# 491 garaš4# 737 garaš5 884 garig 885 garig2 790 garim

458 garim2 790 garin 458 garin2 611 garu 464A garza 464G garza2 garzu → garza 340 gas 339 gas2 37 gasa 400 gasibir 433 gasikilla gasis → gansis 340 gaṣ 358 gaš 143 gašam# 753 gašam# 221 gašam# 562 gašan *164 gašmu *143 gaššu 157 gat 108 gat2 109 gat3 340 gaz 339 gaz2 243 gaz3 340 gaza 37 gaza2 gazag → gaʾazag 408 gazi 404 gazi2 413 gazi3 580 gazibu 414 gazigal 580 gazinbu 141 ge 484 ge2 748 ge3 507 ge4 737 ge5 681 ge6 810 ge7 313 ge9 312 ge10 595 ge11

890 ge12 350 ge13 661 ge14 1 ge15 105 ge16 705 ge17 686 ge18 882/741 ge19 491 ge20 578 ge21 647 ge22 575 ge23 19 ge24 387 ge26 446 ge28 gel → gil 105 gel 755 gel2 26 gele3 26 geli3 598 gelten 686 gem 890 gem3 *890 geme 890 geme2 19 geme3 350 gen 578 gen3 686 gen7 256 gena 256 genna ger → gir 558 ger 6 ger2 701 ger3 536 ger15 gereš → giriš 643 gereš 496 gereš2 19 gereš3 469 geš 748 geš2 381 geš3 1 geš4 469B gešbu 567 gešbu2#

Part Five: Sign List 94 gešbu2# 469A gešbux gešdu → geštu 598 gešdu 469J gešdu2 469F gešdu3 724 gešdu4# 350 gešdu4# 471 gešḫar 568/569 gešḫur 569 geškad 571 gešnimbar gešnu → gišnu 115 gešnu# 469 gešnu# 115 gešnu2# 437 gešnu2# 469B gešpa 567 gešpa2# 94 gešpa2# 469B gešpu 567 gešpu2# 94 gešpu2# 469A gešbux 165 geššir 748 gešta 212 geštin 598 geštu 469J geštu2 469F geštu3 724 geštu4# 350 geštu4# 598 geštug 469J geštug2 469F geštug3 gez → giz 469 gez 141 gi 484 gi2 748 gi3 507 gi4 737 gi5 681 gi6 810 gi7 724 gi8 313 gi9

312 gi10 836 gi11 890 gi12 105 gi16 705 gi17 686 gi18 704 gi25 580 gi27 105 gib 378 gib2 705 gib3 312 gibil 875 gibil2 737 gibil3# 313 gibil3# 313 gibil4 338 gibil5#+# 313 gibil6# 141 gibil6# 870 gibil7 312 gibila 875 gibir 870 gibir2 661 giburu 484 gid 580 gid2 172 gid3 157 gid4 106 gid6 *859 gidešta 580 gidi3 253 gidi6 830 gidim 125 gidim2 580 gidim3 833 gidim4 472 gidim7 gidlam → gitlam 883 gidlam# 381 gidlam# 889 gidlam# 381 gidlam2# 889 gidlam2# 381 gidlam3# 883 gidlam3# 889 gidlam3#

883 gidlam4# 381 gidlam4# 464 gidru 705 gig 681 gig2 105 gig3 836 gig4 514A gigam 508 gigi 681 gigi2 760 gigir 786 gigir2 782 gigir3 721 gigir4# 350 gigir4# 351 gigri#+# 352 gigri2#+# 507 gigunû 661 giguru 125 giguru2 42 giguru3 705 gik 681 gikki 105 gil 755 gil2 493 gil3 469 gilgames# 836 gilgames# 120 gilgames# 469 gilgames2# 312 gilgames2# 491 gilgames2# 486 gilgames2# 469 gilgames3# 313 gilgames3# 491 gilgames3# 486 gilgames3# 469 gilgameš# 836 gilgameš# 120 gilgameš# 469 gilgameš2# 312 gilgameš2# 491 gilgameš2# 486 gilgameš2# 469 gilgameš3# 313 gilgameš3#

271 491 gilgameš3# 486 gilgameš3# 755 gili2 26 gili3 28 gili4 28 gilib4 882/741 gilili 105 gilim 882/741 gilim2 757 gilugu 686 gim 836 gim2 890 gim3 352 gim4 351 gim5 350 gim6 580 gim7 161 gim8 686 gimi 350 gin 836 gin2 578 gin3 102 gin4 141 gin6 686 gin7 644 gin8 256 gina 578 gina3 256 ginna 378 gip2 705 giq gir → giri 558 gir 6 gir2 701 gir3 683 gir4 352 gir5 351 gir6 350 gir7 755 gir8 677 gir9 313 gir10 271B gir11 261 gir12 485 gir13 856 gir14

272 810 gir15 *675 gir16 24 gir17 661 gira# 120 gira# 148 gira# 469 gira2# 121 gira2# 313 gira3# 141 gira3# 567 giraḫ# 686 giraḫ# gireš → giriš giri → gir 7 gir2gunû 558 giri 6 giri2 701 giri3 352 giri5 351 giri6 755 giri8 271B giri11 675 giri16 24 giri17 567 giri19# 514 giri19# 567 giri20# 10 giri20# 567 giri21# 266 giri21# 755 girim 352 girim2 839 girim3# 856 girim3# 9 girim3# 350 girim3# 839 girima3# 856 girima3# 9 girima3# 350 girima3# 839 girimma3# 856 girimma3# 9 girimma3# 350 girimma3# 755 girin 643 giriš

Part Five: Sign List 496 giriš2 19 giriš3 701 giru3 576 girum 464G girza2 469 gis 376 gisal gisgal → gišgal 727 giskim 469G gissu 469 giṣ 469 giš 748 giš2 381 giš3 477 gišbar 737 gišbun# 358 gišbun# 859 gišbun# 80 gišgal 471 gišḫar 568/569 gišḫur 571 gišimmar 569 giškad 727 giškim 477 gišmaš 571 gišnimbar 115 gišnu# 469 gišnu# 115 gišnu2# 437 gišnu2# 165 giššir 855 gištaʾe 851 gištaʾe2# 578 gištaʾe2# 855 gištaʾi 851 gištaʾi2# 578 gištaʾi2# 470 gištenû 464 gišturu 484 git 580 git2 gitlam → gidlam 883 gitlam# 381 gitlam# 889 gitlam# 381 gitlam2#

889 gitlam2# 381 gitlam3# 883 gitlam3# 889 gitlam3# 883 gitlam4# 381 gitlam4# 580 giṭ2 469 giz 376 gizal 469 gizal2# 809 gizal2# 598 gizal2# 116 gizal2# 116 gizal3# 99 gizal3# 727 gizkim 469 gizzal# 809 gizzal# 598 gizzal# 116 gizzal# 116 gizzal2# 99 gizzal2# 376 gizzal3 gizzu → gissu 891 gu 176 gu2 24 gu3 472 gu4 808 gu5 64 gu6 65 gu7 339 gu8 *117 gu9 98 gu10 491 gu11 *644 gu13 737 gu14 900 gu15 222 gu16 204 guana 350 gub 85 gub2 148 gub3 380 gub4 *258 gub5 guba → gub?

274 gubalag 274 gublaga gubru → liru gubrum → lirum 148 gubu3 gud → gudu 472 gud 196 gud2 490 gud3# 737 gud3# 292 gud3# 491 gud3# 9 gud4 338 gud5 900 gud6 808 gud7 755 gud8 485 gud9 565 gud10 638 guda2 196 guda3 *644 gudibdim 106 gudibir   578     gudibir2#+# 472 gudma gudu → gud 472 gudu 196 gudu2 638 gudu4 609 gudu5 565 gudu10 *638 gudu12 858 gug 555 gug2 859 gug3# 555 gug3# 102 gug4 268 gug5 24 gug6# 379 gug6# 472 gugarid 12 gugim 644 gugim2 859 gugina# 555 gugina# 277 gugu2

Part Five: Sign List   900   gugumu#+# 509 gu2gunû 907 guḫšu 903 guḫšu2 555 guk2 12 gukim 644 gukim2 794 gukin 660 gukin2 812 gukkal# 877 gukkal# 682 gul 117 gul2 589 gul3 682 gulu 339 gum 900 gum2 313 gum3 576 gum4 902 gumgum# 903 gumgum# 900 gumu gun → gunu 179 gun 176 gun2 183 gun3 232 gun4 900 gun5 795 gunin2 737 gunni# 313 gunni# gunu → gun 183 gunu3 232 gunu4 350 gup 85 gup2 858 guq gur → guru 180 gur 576 gur2 493 gur3 755 gur4 84/69 gur5 175 gur6 819 gur7 88 gur8

316 gur9 815 gur10 491 gur11 92 gur12 380 gur13 644 gur14 835 gur15 578 gur16 470 gur17 24 gur18 143 gur19# 737 gur19# 756 gur22 88 gura8 396 gurdub 412 gurdub2 503 gurin guru → gur 180 guru 576 guru2 *493 guru3 84/69 guru5 175 guru6 819 guru7 661 guru12 470 guru17 143 guru19# 737 guru19# 503 guru20 498 guru21# 354 guru21# 143 gurud# 737 gurud# 527 gurud2 576 gurum 730/735 gurum2 84/69 gurum5 503 gurun 113 gurun2# 724 gurun2# 113 gurun2# *119 gurun3 805 gurun4 113 gurun5 *119 gurun6 499 gurun7

119 gurun8 496 guruš 171 guruš2 84 guruš3 221 guruš4 381 guruš5 171 gurušda 171 gurušta 171 gurušti 16 guš 745 guškin# 141 guškin# 411 gušur 262 gušur2# 553 gušur2# 900 guz 580 guz2 808 guz3 808 guza# 859 guza# 808 guzza# 859 guzza#

Ḫ

856 ḫa *631 ḫa2# *839 ḫa2# 661 ḫa3 631 ḫa4 596 ḫa5 558 ḫa6 434 ḫa8 755 ḫab 786 ḫab2 755 ḫaba 740 ḫabrud 600 ḫabrud3 605 ḫabrud4 740 ḫabruda 600 ḫabruda3 605 ḫabruda4 464 ḫad 596 ḫad2 571 ḫad3 568/569 ḫad4 558 ḫagunû

273 596 ḫaḫad#+# 893 ḫaia 893 ḫaiu 3 ḫal 884 ḫal2 3 ḫala 155 ḫalba 851 ḫalba2# 153 ḫalba2# 736 ḫalba2# 851 ḫalba3# 152 ḫalba3# 736 ḫalba3# 751 ḫalba4# 3 ḫalba4# 751 ḫalba5# 80 ḫalba5# 839 ḫalba6# 153 ḫalba6# 736 ḫalba6# 155 ḫalbi 851 ḫalbi2# 153 ḫalbi2# 736 ḫalbi2# 851 ḫalbi3# 152 ḫalbi3# 736 ḫalbi3# 751 ḫalbi4# 3 ḫalbi4# 751 ḫalbi5# 80 ḫalbi5# 839 ḫalbi6# 153 ḫalbi6# 736 ḫalbi6# 155 ḫalbu 851 ḫalbu2# 153 ḫalbu2# 736 ḫalbu2# 851 ḫalbu3# 152 ḫalbu3# 736 ḫalbu3# 751 ḫalbu4# 3 ḫalbu4# 751 ḫalbu5# 80 ḫalbu5# 839 ḫalbu6#

274 153 ḫalbu6# 736 ḫalbu6# 724 ḫalib# 578 ḫalib# 430 ḫalubba 816 ḫamanzer# 466 ḫamanzer# 816 ḫamanzir# 466 ḫamanzir# 293 ḫamun#+# 164B ḫamunx ḫanburuda →        ḫabrud(a) 113 ḫaniš 266 ḫaniš2 464 ḫaniš3 599 ḫanzalub# 141 ḫanzalub# 755 ḫap 786 ḫap2 ḫar → ḫara 644 ḫar 472 ḫar2 528 ḫar3 447 ḫar4 644 ḫara 472 ḫara2 528 ḫara3 447 ḫara4 453 ḫara5 447 ḫaru4 453 ḫarub 9 ḫas 464 ḫas2 336 ḫas3 9 ḫaṣ 464 ḫaṣ2 9 ḫaš 336 ḫaš2 596 ḫaš3 884 ḫaš4 270 ḫašḫur 464 ḫat 464 ḫata 857 ḫatenû 464 ḫaṭ

Part Five: Sign List 9 ḫaz 464 ḫaz2 490 ḫazabur 631 ḫe 253 ḫe2 379 ḫenbur 579 ḫenbur2# 379 ḫenbur2# 464 ḫendur 724 ḫenzer# 167 ḫenzer# 724 ḫenzir# 167 ḫenzir# 271A ḫer 596 ḫeš 336 ḫeš2 521 ḫeš5 631 ḫi 253 ḫi2 482 ḫibira 256 ḫibis 476 ḫibis2 256 ḫibiz 476 ḫibiz2 724 ḫilib# 578 ḫilib# 293 ḫilib2 *498 ḫilibu 271A ḫir 644 ḫir2 737 ḫirim# 496 ḫirim# 737 ḫirin# 496 ḫirin# 171 ḫirin2 596 ḫiš 336 ḫiš2 613 ḫiš3 645 ḫiš4 132 ḫu 87 ḫu2 661 ḫu3 644 ḫu4 900 ḫu5 150 ḫub 149 ḫub2

489 ḫubḫub 487 ḫubḫub2 621 ḫubur 464 ḫud 596 ḫud2 640 ḫud3 571 ḫud4 464L ḫudbu *87 ḫuduš ḫug → ḫun 183 ḫugunû 596 ḫuḫud#+# 733 ḫul 877 ḫul2 378 ḫul3 734 ḫul4 724 ḫulpad# 828 ḫulpad# 111 ḫulpad# 859 ḫulpad# 733 ḫulu 494 ḫuluḫ 463 ḫulum 200 ḫulum2 462 ḫulum3 900 ḫum 900 ḫumu 787 ḫumuḫ 816 ḫumuzer# 466 ḫumuzer# 816 ḫumuzir# 466 ḫumuzir# 810 ḫun 462 ḫunin 150 ḫup 149 ḫup2 644 ḫur 464v ḫursag 644 ḫuru 900 ḫus 9 ḫus2 645 ḫuš 701 ḫuš2 645 ḫuša 900 ḫuz

I

252 i 861 i2 380 i3 385 i4 24 i5 808 i6 839 i7# 756 i7# 756 i8 434 i9# 808 i9# 596 i10# 350 i10# 631 i11 98 i14 498 i15 598 i16 635 iʾ 636 iʾ2 260 ia 861 ia2 380 ia3 385 ia4 98 ia5 216 ia7 623 ia8 513 ia9 839 ia10 807 ib 354 ib2   596  ibbanunna#   137  ibbanunna#   143  ibbanunna# 807 ibbi 255 ibila# 381 ibila# 255 ibila2# 18 ibila2# 255 ibila3# 184 ibila3# 256 ibila4 37 ibira 46 ibira2 560 id 839 id2#

Part Five: Sign List 756 id2# 756 id3 *596 id4 839 id5 839 id6# 756 id6# 553 id6# 839 id7# 756 id7# 736 id7# 20 id8 20 id9# 10 id9# 535 id9# 737 id9# iddir → addir? 424 idi 560 idi2 561 idi3 124 idigna 124 idignu 113 idim 113 idin 260 ie 136 ig 498 ig2 326 ig3 136 iga 495 igar# 905 igar# 724 igeštu# 350 igeštu# 724 igi 564 igi2 737 igi3# 184 igi3# 564 igigunû 724 igira# 580 igira# 737 igira2# 184 igira2# 883 igira2# 737 igiru# 184 igiru# 883 igiru# 724 igištu#

350 igištu# 724 igu 636 iḫ 635 iḫ2 260 ii 498 ii3 260 i̯i 498 i̯i3 839 iya#+# 839 iye#+# 839 iyi#+# 839 iyu#+# 839 iyya#+# 839 iyye#+# 839 iyyi#+# 839 iyyu#+# 136 ik 174 iku 389 iku2 348 il 493 il2 10 il3 748 il4 899 il5 *348 il6 349 il8 544 il9 474 il10 10 ila 493 ila2 111 ilar 387 ilba 304 ilba2 139 ildag 310 ildag2 839 ildag2# 309 ildag2# 309 ildag3 213 ildag4 *724 ildu# 810 ildu# 350 ildu# 724 ildu2# 893 ildu2# 580 ildu2# 893 ildu3#

580 ildu3# *724 ildum# 724 ildum2# 893 ildum2# 580 ildum2# 893 ildum3# 580 ildum3# ilduma2 → ildu2 ilduma3 → ildu3 ildumma2 → ildu2 ildumma3 → ildu3 304 ilḫa 10 ili 493 ili2 899 ili5 748 ili6 10 ili7# 754 ili7# 868 ilimmu 220 ilimmu2 539 ilimmu3 577 ilimmu4 865 ilimmu5 893 illa 755 illag illamma → elamkuš 111 illar 304 illat 164 illil# 484 illil# 714 illil2 839 illu# 496 illu# 111 illulu 111 illuru 10 ilu 641 im 352 im2 326 im3 351 im5 350 im6 357 im7# 839 im7# 584 im7# 358 imgaga# 839 imgaga#

275 10 imgaga# 548 imgaga2# 10 imgaga2# 110 imgaga2# 548 imgaga3# 10 imgaga3# 724 imḫur2# 358 imḫur2# 724 imḫur3# 491 imḫur3# 724 imḫur4# 839 imḫur4# 641 imi 392 imi2 863/866 imin 218 imin2 537 imin3 imina → imin 51 imma 64 imma2 564 imma3 146 immal 147 immal2 859 immal3# 567 immal3# 704 immal3# 64 immeli 51 immen 64 immen2 51 immin 64 immin2 785 immindu 261 in 164 in4 887 in5 1 in6 1 ina 724 ina2 *153 inanna 514A inbir 316 inda 796 inda2 859 inda3 801 inda4 785 inda5 327 indagara

276 495 ingar# 905 ingar# 261 ini 724 ini2 724 ini4# 825 ini4# 24 inim 817 inna 153 innana 153 innin insi → ensi 859 inta3 724 inu 724 īnu 724 inuII# 724 inuII# inu → īnu2 807 ip 354 ip2 881 ipig 136 iq ir → iri, cf. er, eri 437 ir 839 ir2# 724 ir2# 18 ir3 71 ir4 644 ir5 844 ir6 302 ir7 701 ir9 *350 ir10 19 ir11     ir13 → er13 556 ir17 839 ira2# 742 ira2# irbura → erbura 701 irgi# 854 irgi# 585 irḫan    iri → ir 71 iri 113 iri8 232 iri11 223 iri12

Part Five: Sign List 524/531 iri14 173 irib 777 irib2 228 irigal    irina → arina 859 irkab# 807 irkab# 298 irta 298 irtu 469 is 357 is2 223 is3 711 is5 357 isi     isi2 → isimu2,3     isi3 → isimu2,3 753 isib   isim2 → isimu2,3   isim3 → isimu2,3 92 isima# 564 isima# 92 isimu# 564 isimu# *682 isimu2 *683 isimu3 92 isimu4# 564 isimu4# 143 isimu4# 753 isimu4# 464S isin 261 isin2 357 isiš 839 isiš2# 724 isiš2# 844 isiš3 727 iskim 469 iṣ 357 iṣ2 223 iṣ3 357 iś 223 iś7 357 iš 302 iš2 711 iš3 748 iš4 24 iš5

469 iš6 223 iš7 575 iš8 810 iš9 381 iš10 694 iš11 693 iš12 431 išḫara 599 išḫara2# 755 išḫara2# 804 išḫara3 408 išḫara4 408 išḫur4 431 išḫuru 79 išḫuru2 174 išḫuru3 408 išḫuru4 406 išḫuru5 174 išḫurum3 406 išḫurum5 357 iši 872 iši2 753 išib 464S išin 608 iškila 608 iškili 641 iškur 608 išla 608 išli 837 iššebu 24 ištaran# 736 ištaran# 560 it 839 it2# 756 it2# 596 it4# 10 it4# 535 it4# 737 it4# 20 it9# 10 it9# 535 it9# 737 it9# 10 ita4# 839 ita4# 756 ita4#

839 ita5# 756 ita5# 20 iti 21 iti2 303 iti3 10 iti4# 839 iti4# 756 iti4# 839 iti5# 756 iti5# 596 iti6# 10 iti6# 535 iti6# 737 iti6# 20 iti7# 10 iti7# 535 iti7# 737 iti7# 545 itigunû 424 itima 597 itima2 20 itu 21 itu2 10 itu4# 839 itu4# 756 itu4# 839 itu5# 756 itu5# iturungal →     turungal,     suru(en)gal 560 iṭ 260 iu 598 iu2 598 iw 839A iya 839A iye 839A iyi 839A iyu 839A iyya 839A iyye 839A iyyi 839A iyyu 469 iz 357 iz2 223 iz3

Part Five: Sign List 271A izen 313 izi 737 izi2# 313 izi2# 271A izin 727 izkim 313 izu 271A izun

Y

y a . . . → ia . . . 598 ya 598 ye 598 yi 260 yi2 498 yi3 598 yu

K

24 ka 222 ka2 491 ka3 99 ka4 570 ka5 882/741 ka6 352 ka7 358 ka8 485 ka9 355 ka10# 839 ka10# 590 ka11 640 ka13 15 ka14 379 ka15 254 ka16 148 kab 64 kab2 464M kabar 249/251 kabta 157 kad 108 kad2 109 kad3 568 kad4 569 kad5 628 kad6 649 kad8

859 kadra# 599 kadra# 839 kadra# *859 kadra2# 599 kadra2# 859 kadra3# 608 kadra3# 859 kadri# 599 kadri# 839 kadri# 859 kadri3# 608 kadri3# 859 kadru# 599 kadru# 839 kadru# 859 kadru3# 608 kadru3# 379 kag 24 kag2 379 kak 171 kakala 171 kakkuda kakkul → gakkul 171 kakkuša 641 kakra 641 kakru 352 kaku 496 kal 553 kal2 379 kal3 883 kal4 496 kala 883 kala2# 89 kala2# 786 kala3 773 kala4 789 kala5 496 kalag 500 kalam *643 kalam2 500 kalama 640 kam 254 kam2 568/569 kam3 97 kam4 640 kama

525 kama5 352 kamaš 472 kamuš   kan → kana 253 kan 174 kan2 195 kan3 222 kan4 57 kan5 33/49 kan6 253 kana 174 kana2 195 kana3 57 kana5 33/49 kana6 470 kana7 500 kanam 737 kankal# 496 kankal# 222 kankan 148 kap 298 kap3 kapar → kabar 704 kaptu 379 kaq     kar → kara 590 kar 175 kar2 543 kar3 558 kar4 859 kar5 590 kara 175 kara2 568/569 kara4 819 kara6 karadin → garadin 588A karadin 588B karadin2 588C karadin3 588D karadin4 588E karadin5 587A karadin6 588G karadin7 588H karadin8 588I karadin9 588J karadin10

277 737 karaš# 497 karaš# 737 karaš2# 496 karaš2# 641 karkar 641 karkara 302 kas 358 kas2 340 kas3 352 kas4 351 kas5 339 kas6 485/*859 kas7 302 kasa 302 kaskal 302 kaṣ 358 kaṣ2 *340 kaṣ3 358 kaš 302 kaš2 384 kaš3 352 kaš4 350 kaš5 340 kaš6 358 kašbir# 839 kašbir# 584 kašbir# kaššeba → bišeba kaššebi → bišebi 157 kat 108 kat2 109 kat3 568 kat4 569 kat5 567 kat7 109 kata3 634 kaz8 596 kaz9# 644 kaz9# 490 kazab 490 kazabu 490 kazabur 634 kazaza 490 kazbi 737 ke 141 ke2

278 127 ke3 484 ke4 755 kel 804 kel3 755 kele     kem → kim 578 ken3 378 kep     ker → kir keš . . . → kiš . . .   → keši . . . →   kiši . . . 678 keš 271B keš2 871 keš3 743 keš4 444 keš7 440 keš8 453 keš9 611 keš18 271B kešda 271B keše2 743 keše4 871 keši3 611 keši18      ket → kit 737 ki 141 ki2 127 ki3 484 ki4 15 ki6 379 ki7 507 ki8 378 kib 875 kibir2 870 kibir3 859 kibsur# 804 kibsur# 859 kibšur# 804 kibšur# 484 kid 106 kid2 127 kid3 485 kid4 568 kid5 569 kid6

Part Five: Sign List 642 kid7 883 kid8# 106 kid8# 157 kid9 580 kid10 815 kig2 705 kik 644 kikken 644 kikken2#+# 644 kikkin 644 kikkin2#+# 737 kikla# 496 kikla#   kil → kili   kil → kilib 755 kil 105 kil2 804 kil3 158 kil4 755 kili 804 kili3 755 kilib 804 kilib3 *490 kilibu 882/741 kilim 105 kilim2 686 kim 568/569 kim2 580 kim3 352 kim4 351 kim5 350 kim6 742 kimin 815 kin 644 kin2 578 kin3 804 kin4 *73 kin5 350 kin7 686 kin8 798 kinbur 163 kinda 574 kinda2 553 kindagal# 163 kindagal# 553 kindagal2#

574 kindagal2# 815 kinga 553 kingal# 73 kingal# 838 kingusila 714 kingusila2 838 kingusili 714 kingusili2 378 kip 558 kir 677 kir2 755 kir3 24 kir4 113 kir5 674 kir6 692 kir7 590 kir8 856 kir9 701 kir10 883 kir11# 408 kir11# *666 kir12 683 kir13 38 kir14 485 kir15 543 kir16 691 kir17 19 kiraš 548 kiraši# 839 kiraši# 10 kiraši# 558 kiri 175 kiri2 24 kiri3 608/*606 kiri4 701 kiri5 541 kiri6 271B kiri7 485 kiri8 691 kiri9 271B kirid *440 kirim 271B kiris 678 kis 469 kis2 435 kisal

464R kisalluḫḫu 384 kisi 284 kisig 281 kisig2 284 kisiga 453 kisim 445 kisim2 460 kisim3 440 kisim4 687 kisim5 491 kisim6# 755 kisim6# 455 kisim7 737 kislaḫ# 596 kislaḫ# 739 kislaḫ2 737 kissa# 535 kissa# 379 kissa# 678 kiṣ     kiš → keš 678 kiš 271B kiš2 882/741 kiš5 440 kiš8 453 kiš9 490 kiš16# 7 kiš16# 7 kiš17 490 kiša# 7 kiša# 7 kiša2 284 kišag 284 kišaga kišeb → kišib 701 kišer# 121 kišer# kiši . . . → keš . . . 678 kiši 871 kiši3 743 kiši4 882/741 kiši5 878 kiši6 444 kiši7 440 kiši8 453 kiši9

Part Five: Sign List 710 kiši10 377 kiši11 143 kiši12# 579 kiši12# 637 kiši13 873 kiši14 306 kiši15 490 kiši16# 7 kiši16# 7 kiši17 486 kišib 882/741 kišib2 *242 kišib3 484 kit 106 kit2 157 kit9 580 kit10 830 kitim 484 kiṭ 157 kot 808 ku 65 ku2 745 ku3 87 ku4 9 ku5 856 ku6 171 ku7 891 ku8 117 ku9 681 ku10 737 ku11 *456 ku12 339 ku13 131 ku14 472 ku15 313 ku16 *176 ku17 856 kua 611/*896 kua2 856 kuar# 839 kuar# 839 kuar2# 856 kuar2# 856 kuara# 839 kuara# 839 kuara2#

856 kuara2# 350 kub 149 kub2 484 kub4 9 kud 808 kud2 *109 kud6 745 kug kugal → kungal 631 kugu 63 kugur 611/*896 kuia 745 kuk 555 kuk2 171 kukku#+# 681 kukku2#+# 737 kukku3#+# 681 kukku5 110 kukkuda 357 kukkuda2 357 kukkuš 110 kukkuša 9 kuksu 379 kuksu2# 9 kuksu2# 268 kukux 171 kukula 357 kukuda2 117 kul 682 kul2 905 kulla 117 kulu 339 kum 313 kum2 92 kum3# 564 kum3# 143 kum3# 753 kum3# 277 kum3# 596 kum4 357 kum5 131 kun 464 kun2 339 kun3 252 kun4# 812 kun4#

255 kun5# 810 kun5# 130 kun8 313 kun9 815 kun10 872 kunga 123 kunga2 247 kunga3 812 kungal# 877 kungal# 872 kungi 123 kungi2 247 kungi3 10 kunigara# 554 kunigara# 10 kunigara2# 585 kunigara2# 10 kunigara3# 86 kunigara3# 10 kunigara4# 586 kunigara4# 839 kunigara5# 555 kunigara5# 761 kunin 795 kunin2 769 kunin3 131 kunu 350 kup 149 kup3 484 kup4    kur → kuru    kur → kurum 578 kur 92 kur2 180 kur3 755 kur4 9 kur5 746 kur6 730/735 kur7 65 kur8 88 kur9 143 kur11 84 kur12 491 kur15 kura → kur 753 kurku#

279 10 kurku# 579 kurku# 293 kurku# 24 kurku2# 10 kurku2# 380 kurku2# 181 kurku2# 751 kurnun    kuru → kur 92 kuru2 755 kuru4 9 kuru5 730/735 kuru7 143 kuru11# 737 kuru11# 819 kuru13 498 kuru14# 354 kuru14# 498 kuru16# 584 kuru16# 143 kurud# 737 kurud# kurum → kur 9 kurum5 746 kurum6 730/735 kurum7 499 kurum10 358 kurun# 119 kurun# 119 kurun2 499 kurun3 358 kurun5# 681 kurun5# 503 kurun6 171 kuruš 171 kurušda 16 kus 900 kus2 745 kuski# 141 kuski# 900 kuṣ2 16 kuš 512 kuš2 490 kuš3 464A kuš4 710 kuš5

280

Part Five: Sign List

171 kuš6 357 kuš7 877 kuš8 896 kuš9 882/741 kuš10 472 kušdim 472 kušgim 737 kušlug# 313 kušlug# 710 kušu 896 kušu2 611 kušu3 512 kušu4 358 kušum# 570 kušum# 570 kušum2 472 kušum3 710 kušum4 9 kut 157 kut2 9 kutu 511 kutu2#+# 16 kuz 808 kuz3 490 kuzbi 490 kuzbu

L

714 L/50 715 LX/60 89 la 750 la2 112 la3 350 la4#+# 751 la5 496 la6 596 la7 300 la8 485 la10 693 la12 751 laʾu 751 laʾu2# 839 laʾu2# 751 laʾu3# 380 laʾu3# 751 laʾu4#

379 laʾu4# 750 laʾu5# 839 laʾu5# 750 laʾu6# 380 laʾu6# 750 laʾu7# 379 laʾu7# 496 lab 570 lab2 274 laban 578 lad 485 lag 755 lagab 719 lagal 719 lagar 883 lagar2# 753 lagar2# 883 lagar3# 149 lagar3# 721 lagargunû 115 lagaš# 559 lagaš# 89 lagaš# 115 lagaša# 559 lagaša# 89 lagaša# 596 laḫ 613 laḫ2 494 laḫ3 350A laḫ4 350 laḫ5#+# 350 laḫ6 352 laḫ7 494 laḫa3 766 laḫar 817 laḫar2 907 laḫḫušu#/# 869 laḫḫušu# laḫra → udra 766 laḫru 817 laḫru2 766 laḫrum 817 laḫrum2 616 laḫta 616 laḫtan 617 laḫta2

622 laḫta3 620 laḫta4 *625 laḫta5 441 laḫta6 617 laḫtan2 622 laḫtan3 620 laḫtan4 *625 laḫtan5 441 laḫtan6 485 lak 485 laka 750 lal 751 lal2 170 lal3 544 lal4 879 lal5 874 lal6 751 lalʾu 751 lalʾu2# 839 lalʾu2# 751 lalʾu3# 380 lalʾu3# 751 lalʾu4# 379 lalʾu4# 750 lalʾu5# 839 lalʾu5# 750 lalʾu6# 380 lalʾu6# 750 lalʾu7# 379 lalʾu7# 496 lala2 *350 lalaḫ#+# *350 lalaḫ2#+# 751 lalla 724 lalla2#+# 751 lallal 693 lam 313 lam2 889 lam3 215 lam4 724 lam5 134 lam6 694 lam7 693 lama 313 lama2 496 lama3

102 lamaḫuš lambi → šalambi 893 lamga 578 lamḫu#+# 496 lamma 860 lammu 215 lammu2 756 lammu6 496 lap 485 laq 464 lar 596 larag#+# 127 larag# 596 larag2#+# 596 larsa# 232 larsa# 596 larsa2# 223 larsa2# 596 larsam# 232 larsam# 596 larsam2# 223 larsam2# 578 lat 578 lata 578 laṭ    laʾu → lalʾu 85 le 380 le2 724 le3 10 le4 672 le8 313 le9 561 le10     leb → lib *484/*435  lel2 *435/*484  lel4 724 lelle#+# 724 lelli#+# 724 lem 313 lem4 496 lep2 828 leq 85 li 380 li2 724 li3 566 li5

281

Part Five: Sign List 253 li6 828 li7 672 li8 313 li9 143 li11 591 li12 312 li13 570 lib 496 lib2 599 lib3 724 lib4 191 lib5 570 libi 273 libin 732 libir 677 libiš 14 libit 672 lid 380 lid2 388 lidda 599 lidda2# 748 lidda2# 480 lidim 828 lig 362 ligidba# 10 ligidba# 887 ligidba# 807 ligidba# 362 ligidba2# 10 ligidba2# 120 ligidba2# 724 ligim# 255 ligim#+# 596 liḫ 613 liḫ2 494 liḫ3 *591 liḫ4 828 lik *485 lik2 828 liki 544 lil 484 lil2 879 lil3 874 lil5 176 lil6 499 lil7#

99 lil7# 559 lil7# 515 lil8 724 lilib#+# 676 lilis 676 liliz 266 lillan 724 lille#+# 724 lilli#+# 499 lillu# 99 lillu# 559 lillu# 724 lim 215 lim2 693 lim3 724 limi 860 limmu 215 limmu2 712 limmu3 506 limmu4 852 limmu5 847 limmu6     limu → limmu 570 lip 496 lip2 599 lip3 677 lipiš 828 liq *485 liq2 839 liq3# 133 liq3# 502 lir 567 liri# 496 liri# 1 liri2 378 liri3 560 liri4# 496 liri4# 560 liri5# 1 liri5# 107 liri6#/# 496 liri7#/# 828 liri8#/#    liru → liri 567 lirum# 496 lirum#

591 lis 313 lisi# 182 lisi# 313 lisin# 182 lisin# 591 liš 672 lit 672 liti 672 liṭ 499 liṭ2 672 liṭi 591 liz 812 lu 514 lu2 555 lu3 900 lu4 570 lu5 828 lu6 80 lu7 71 lu8 464 lu9 *456 lu10 570 lub 286 lubun 499 lud 812 lug 464 lug2 464 luga# 387 luga# 266 lugal 266 lugala 113 lugud# 596 lugud# 755 lugud2 904 lugud3 723 lugud4 494 luḫ 639 luḫša 639 luḫšu 494 luḫu 900 luḫum#+# 469G luḫummu 883 lukur# 753 lukur# 570 lul 702 lulim

702 lulima 570 lulu 900/*906 lum 724 lum2 499 lum3 693 lum4 362 lumgi 372 lumgi2 373 lumgi3 565 lumḫa 356 lumḫa2 900 lumu 499 lumu3 464 lun 362 lunga 372 lunga2 373 lunga3 570 lup 516/534 lu2šeššig 499 lut 515 lu2tenû 499 lutu 499 luṭ 499 luṭu

M

552 ma 201 ma2 387 ma3 541 ma4 62 ma5 753 ma6 120 ma7 45 ma8 598 ma9 708 ma10 201 maʾ 155 mabi 839 mabi2# 153 mabi2# 736 mabi2# 851 mabi3# 153 mabi3# 736 mabi3# 578 mad 580 madal

282 580 madla 580 madlu 169 magar 169 magara 270 magunû 91 maḫ 474 maḫ2 663 maḫ3 91 maḫa 661 maḫar2# 541 maḫar2# 748 makaš 1 makaš2 748 makkaš 1 makkaš2 387 mal 207 mal2 591 mal4 387 mala malba → ganba 431 malga 580 malla 708 mam 883 mam2 888 mam3# 552 mam3# 155 mammi 839 mammi2# 153 mammi2# 736 mammi2# 851 mammi3# 153 mammi3# 736 mammi3# 708 man 2 man3 708 mana 32 mangaga manu → munu4 483 mar 695 mar2 859 mar3 255 mar5 644 mar6 483 mara 437 mara2

Part Five: Sign List 695 marad 695 marad2# 561 marad2# 695 marduk# 596 marduk# *255 maru 120 mas *459 massa 461 massa2 120 maṣ 120 maś 120 maš 130 maš2 120 maš3# 464 maš3# 464 maš4 120 mašda# 379 mašda# 120 mašda2# 164 mašda2# 379 mašda2# 120 mašda3# 379 mašda3# 164 mašda3# 164 mašda4# 120 mašda4# 379 mašda4# 713 mašgi 464K maškim 464J maškim2 464I maškim3 578 mat 113 mat2 137 mat3 578 maṭ 753 me 681 me2 129/53 me3 113 me4 839 me5 127 me6 405 me7 598 me8 771 me9 641 me10

128 me11 mebulug →     menbulug 113 med medda → mitum meddu → mitum medda2 → mitum2 meddu2 → mitum2 211 megida 214 megida2 211 megidda 214 megidda2 91 meḫ 98 meḫida 98 meḫidi 98 meḫidu 357 mel 737 mel3# 313 mel3# 26 mele2 26 meli2 66 melix 427 men 753 men2 350 men3 792 men4 708 men5 859 menari 230 menbulug 169    menbulug2#/# *242 menbulug3 556 mer 641 mer2 6 mer3 485 mer4 556 mere 6 meri3 merimeri →  mermer 164B mermer *164 mermer2 *641 mermer3 *641 mermer4 486 mes *242 mes2

754 mes3 486 mesa 486 meṣ 754 meš 753 meš2 486 meš3 113 met 589A mete metta → mitum metta2 → mitum2 mettu → mitum mettu2 → mitum2 113 meṭ 486 (mez) 679 meze 489 mezeg 489 mezem 681 mi 883 mi2 753 mi3 427 mi4 598 mi5 mibulug →     menbulug 113 mid 808 midda# 10 midda# 808 midda2# 113 midda2# 808 middu# 10 middu# 808 middu2# 113 middu2# 464 midra 556 migir 557 migir2 91 miḫ 357 mil 357 mili 26 mili2 357 milla 883 mim 153 mim2 708 mim3 888 mim4#

Part Five: Sign List 552 mim4# 825 min 883 min2 708 min3 887 min4 2 min5 209 min6 427 min7 209/593 min8 825 mina 708 mina3 minbulug →     menbulug 556 mir 641 mir2 280 mir5 556 miri 486 mis 376 misal 486 miṣ 486 miš 754 miš2 469 miš3 113 mit 808 mitta# 10 mitta# 808 mitta2# 113 mitta2# 808 mittu# 10 mittu# 808 mittu2# 113 mittu2# 113 mītu 808 mitum# 10 mitum# 808 mitum2# 113 mitum2# 113 miṭ 98 mu 541 mu2 62 mu3 809 mu4 380 mu5 464 mu6 26 mu7

859 mu8 469 mu9 883 mu10 45 mu11 137 mu12 48 mu13 839 mu14 464 mua 464 muati 464 muatu 137 mud 113 mud2 621 mud3 755 mud4# 661 mud4# 379 mud4# 362 mud5 541 mud6 102 mud7 618 mud8 580 mudla 580 mudlu mudra . . . → mudru 580 mudra2 816 mudra5# 580 mudra5# 98 mudra6# 580 mudra6# 464 mudru 164 mudru2# 809 mudru2# 839 mudru2# 580 mudru3 816 mudru4# 1 mudru4# 816 mudru5# 580 mudru5# 98 mudru6# 580 mudru6# 580 mudrum3 816 mudrum4# 1 mudrum4# 580 mudul 12 mug 883 mug2#

89 mug2# 13 muggunû 663 muḫ 188 muḫ2 512 muḫ4 98 muḫaldim 12 muk 247 mul 589 mul2 634 mul3 698 mul4 *174 mul5 580 mulla 247 mulu 174 mulu4 547 mum 168 mun 547 mun2 535 mun4 668 mun5 667 mun6 820 munsub 823 munsub2 177 munsub3 820 munšub 823 munšub2 168 munu 737 munu2# 313 munu2# 401 munu3 94 munu4 92 munu5# 579 munu5# 92 munu5# *94 munu6 *94 munu7 883 munus 883 munuz 737 munzer# 10 munzer# 535 munzer# 737 munzer# 737 munzur# 10 munzur# 535 munzur#

283 737 munzur# 12 muq      mur → muru      mur → murum 644 mur 545 mur2 641 mur3 737 mur6# 164 mur6# 379 mur6# 905/*906  mur7 901/*905  mur8 809 mur10 288 murgišur 906 murgu 901 murgu2 35 murgu3 545 muri 641 murim 644 muru 545 muru2 641 muru3 345 muru4 883 muru5# 596 muru5# 300 muru5# 737 muru6# 164 muru6# 379 muru6# 641 muru9# 704 muru9# 330 muru11 484 muru12 542 muru13 883 murub# 89 murub# 895 murub2 164 murub3# 753 murub3# 719 murub3# 545 murub4 883 murub5# 381 murub5# 889 murub5# 542 murub6

284 644 murum 345 murum4 883 murum5# 596 murum5# 300 murum5# 737 murum6# 164 murum6# 379 murum6# 330 murum11 55 murumx 585 mus 883 mussa# 381 mussa# 172 mussa# musub → munsub musug → muzug musur → munze/ur 585 muš 152 muš2 153 muš3 634 muš4 535 muš5 169 muš6 748 muš7 132 muš8 681 muš9 686 mušda 686 mušdam 686 mušdama 586 mušdama2 686 mušdamma 132 mušen 152 muš3gunû 681 muši 153 mušku 780 muššagana   771     muššagana2 499 muštaptin# 99 muštaptin# 559 muštaptin# *598 muštu 98 muštu2# 381 muštu2# 809 muštu2# 598 muštu2# *598 muštug

Part Five: Sign List 98 muštug2# 381 muštug2# 809 muštug2# 598 muštug2# 681 mūšu 137 mut 113 mut2 137 muṭ 823 muzer 823 muzir 490 muzug2# 24 muzug2# 490 muzug4# 578 muzug4# 380 muzug4# 827 muzug4# 737 muzug4# 43 muzug5

N

110 na 689 na2 127 na3 385 na4 566 na5 514 na6 134 na7 64 na8 246 nab 247 nab2 246 nab3 10 nab3#+# 564 nab4 578 nad 689 nad3 64 nag 293 nag2 293 naga 64 naga2 340 naga3 339 naga4 464M nagada 719 nagal 893 nagar 10 nagga# 110 nagga#

810 naḫ2 64 nak 293 nak2 898 nak3 134 nam 809 nam2 690 nam3 564 nam4 756 namma 756 nammu *490 namri# 578 namri# 851 namri# 152 namri# 737 namri# 535 nan 535 nan2# 737 nan2# 711 nan3 602 nanam 600 nanam2 751 nanga# 755 nanga# 750 nanga2# 755 nanga2# 751 nanga3# 541 nanga3# 750 nanga4# 541 nanga4# 10 nanga5# 110 nanga5# 293 nanga6 nangar → nagar? 10 nanibgal# 293 nanibgal# 10 nanibgal2# 579 nanibgal2# 293 nanibgal2# 535 nanna# 737 nanna# 10 nanna2# 535 nanna2# 737 nanna2# 535 nannar# 737 nannar# 236 nanše

246 nap 247 nap2 64 naq 570 nar 502 nar3 742ʾ narx 570 nari 708 naš 236 našše 578 nat 252 nat2 578 nata 236 nazi 313 ne 380 ne2 701 ne3 874 ne4 737 ne5# 313 ne5# 110 ne6 689 ne7 312 ne8 859 nek 690 nem 887 nem2 737 nemur# 313 nemur# 887 nen 886 nen9 602 nenim 887 nenkum# 92 nenkum# 564 nenkum# 143 nenkum# 753 nenkum# 277 nenkum# 806 nenna 788 nenna2 806 nenni 788 nenni2 587A nenni5 502 ner 701 nergal# 232 nergal# 553 nergal# 701 nerigal#

Part Five: Sign List 232 nerigal# 553 nerigal# 708 nes 545 nesag 485 nesag2 542 nesag3 708 neš 469 neš2 828 neša# 91 neša# 381 neṭ 380 ni 641 ni2 859 ni3 887 ni4 313 ni5 804 ni6 690 ni7 85 ni8 707 ni9 755 ni10 295 nib 246 nib2 164 nibri# 484 nibri# 164 nibru# 484 nibru# 381 nid 614 nida 579 nidaba# 293 nidaba# 293 nidaba2 nidalam → nitalam 746 nidba# 10 nidba# 153 nidba# 746 nidba2# 153 nidba2# nidlam → nitalam nieš → nigidaeš 898 nig 859 nig2 707 nig6 579 niga 10 niggi# 110 niggi#

559 nig2gunû 804 nigi 755 nigi2 749 nigida 850 nigidaeš   853  nigidalimmu 848 nigidamin 804 nigin 755 nigin2 707 nigin3 706 nigin4 751 nigin5# 755 nigin5# *234 nigin6 750 nigin7# 755 nigin7# 751 nigin8# 541 nigin8# 750 nigin9# 541 nigin9# 20 nigin10# 484 nigin10# 770 nigin11 556 nigir 557 nigir2 164B nigir3 34 nigru 579 nigu 898 nik 859 nik2 64 nik5 882/741 nika nilimmu →    nigidalimmu 690 nim 887 nim2 706 nim3 900 nim4 859 nim5 690 nima nimbar →  gišnimbar 751 nimen# 755 nimen# 755 nimen2 750 nimen3# 755 nimen3#

751 nimen4# 541 nimen4# 750 nimen5# 541 nimen5# 164B nimgigri *164 nimgigri2 nimgin → nigin 556 nimgir 557 nimgir2 164B nimgirgirri   *164  nimgirgirri2 712 nimin *234 nimin2 nimin3 → nigidamin 737 nimur# 313 nimur# 887 nin 153 nin2 804 nin3 755 nin4 712 nin5 859 nin6 806 nin7 886 nin9 887 nin10# 816 nin10# 236 nina 817 nina2 887 nina3 859 ninda 316 ninda2 785 ninda3 801 ninda4 207 nindar 801 nindu 785 nindu2 362 ningi 372 ningi2 373 ningi3 ningin → nigin 804 nini 602 ninim 801 ninindu 785 ninindu2 887 ninkum# 92 ninkum#

285 564 ninkum# 143 ninkum# 753 ninkum# 277 ninkum# 759 ninmuš 806 ninna 788 ninna2 804 ninni2 859 ninni3 788 ninni4 587A ninni5 153/*746   ninni6 746 ninni7# 10 ninni7# 153 ninni7# 587 ninni8 714 ninnu 806 ninnu2 788 ninnu4 381 ninta nintaḫ → nitaḫ 236 ninua 246 nip2 898 niq 859 niq2 208 niq3 502 nir 851 nir2# 836 nir2# 851 nir3# 690 nir3# 851 nir4# 16 nir4# 851 nir5# 807 nir5# 496 nir6 851 nir7# 556 nir7# 502 nira 851 nira3# 690 nira3# *585 niraḫ 708 nis 469 nis2 579 nisaba# 293 nisaba#

286 293 nisaba2 545 nisag 485 nisag2 542 nisag3 615 nisagga 541 nisi 541 nisig 541 nissa 708 niš 469 niš2 381 nit 381 nita 18 nita2 883 nita3# 381 nita3# 859 nita4 381 nitaḫ 18 nitaḫ2 883 nitaḫ3# 381 nitaḫ3# 381 nitaḫu 883 nitalam# 381 nitalam# 889 nitalam# 381 nitalam2# 889 nitalam2# 381 nitalam3# 883 nitalam3# 889 nitalam3# 883 nitalam4# 381 nitalam4# nitlam → nitalam 381 niṭ 112 nu 689 nu2 690 nu3 900 nu4 117 nu5 143 nu6 232 nu7 110 nu8 85 nu9 808 nu10 115 nu11 812/813 nu12 636 nu13

Part Five: Sign List 689 nud 365 nug 366 nug2 690 num 900 num2 31 numdu 31 numdum 31 numdun 117 numu 117 numun 102 numun2 636 numun3 143 nun 839 nun2# 856 nun2# 9 nun2# 350 nun2# 580 nun3 856 nūn 143 nuna 31 nundu 31 nundum 31 nundun 362 nungi 372 nungi2 373 nungi3 121 nunmeli# 132 nunmeli# 379 nunmeli# nunnura →     nunurra/u 144 nunpe 144 nuntenû nūnu → nūn 614 nunu 499 nunurra# 99 nunurra# 559 nunurra# 499 nunurru# 99 nunurru# 559 nunurru# 614 nunus 614 nunuz 164 nunuzzi# 614 nunuzzi# 140 nunuzzi#

10 nunuzzi# 596 nunuzzi# 502 nur 612 nura 612 nuri 612 nuru 266 nurra 612 nūru 614 nus 467 nuska 468 nuska2 467 nusku 468 nusku2 788 nussu nuška → nuska/u nušku → nuska/u 614 nuz

P

464 pa 14 pa2 725 pa3 92 pa4 96 pa5 95 pa6 132 pa7 485 pa8 571 pa9 724 pa10 253 pa11 598 pa12 92 pab 746 pad 113 pad2 725 pad3 724 pad4 96 pad5 95 pad6 746 pada 132 pag 514 pagra3 570 paḫ 132 paḫ3 132 pak 5 pal 134 pala#

266 pala# 134 pala2# 164 pala2# 134 pala3# 887 pala3# 5 pala4 724 palil# 350 palil# 724 palil2# 810 palil2# 350 palil2# 685 pan 570 pan2 724 pan3 685 pana 92 pap 222 papa2 752/849 papnun 132 paq 596 par 121 par2 438 par3 435 par4 613 par5 554 par6 386 par7 596 para 74 para2 438 *para3 435 para4 764 para5 792 para6 776 para7 759 para8 777 para9 544 para10 554 parag 464K parim 578 parsa# 118 parsa# *554 parumun 558 paš 746 pat 113 pat2 746 pata 6 patru

287

Part Five: Sign List 746 paṭ 113 paṭ2 598 pe 358 pe2 113 pe3 24 pe4 313 pe5 313 pel 312 pel2 614 pel5 596 per 613 per2 643 per3 558 peš 882/741 peš2 552 peš3 608 peš4 568 peš5 569 peš6 255 peš7 567 peš8# 253 peš8# 598 peš9# 839 peš9# 737 peš10# 839 peš10# 856 peš11 596 peš12 601 peš13 552 pešše 495 pet 113 pet2 598 pi 358 pi2 113 pi3 24 pi4 313 pi5 312 pi6 429 pi7 580 pi8 495 pid 113 pid2 881 pig 570 piḫ 358 piḫu# 490 piḫu#

172 piḫu# 24 piḫu# 379 piḫu# 621 piḫu2 24 piḫu3# 379 piḫu3# 358 piḫu4# 490 piḫu4# 172 piḫu4# 358 piḫu5# 381 piḫu5# 172 piḫu5# 627 piḫu6 881 pik 313 pil 312 pil2 469C pil3 469D pil4 312 pil5 115 pil6 701 pil7 90 pin 881 piq 596 pir 613 pir2 643 pir3 134 pir6 701 pirig 596 pirig2 296 pirig3 429 piru 558 pis pisag → pisan 387 pisan 485 pisan2 489 pisan3 558 piš 882/741 piš2 608 piš4 568 piš5 569 piš6 737 piš10# 839 piš10# 558 piša 495 pit 113 pit2

298 pitru 495 piṭ 580 pu 786 pu2 33/49 pu3 *33 pu4 *33 pu5 760 pu6 490 pu11 12 pug 570 puḫ 378 puḫrum 12 puk 788 pul 8 pul2 5 pul3 33/49 pum 132 puq2 559 pur 94 pur13 559 puru 558 pus 93 puš2 558 puš3 836 puš4 540 puta 540 puti 540 putu 540 pūtu 661 puzur 708 puzur2 661 puzur3# 540 puzur3# *33 puzur4# 566 puzur4# 33 puzur5

Q

99 qa 491 qa2 24 qa3 567 qa4# 825 qa4# 379 qa6 298 qab 148 qab2

561 qab3 567 qad 567 qad2# 825 qad2# 157 qad3 753 qad4 108 qad6 9 qadmu 553 qal 80 qal3 496 qal4 576 qam 640 qam2 253 qan 141 qan2 298 qap 148 qap2 704 qaptu 379 qaq 543 qar 590 qar2 859 qar3 492 qar4 558 qar5 859 qara3 492 qara4 567 qat 567 qat2# 825 qat2# 157 qat3 568 qat5 108 qat6 109 qat7 569 qat8 567 qata 567 qati# 825 qati# 754 qati# 815 qe 737 qe2 141 qe3 507 qe4 378 qeb 755 qel 558 qer 755 qer3

288 543 qer5 856 qer10 484 qet 815 qi 737 qi2 141 qi3 507 qi4 484 qi5 379 qi6 378 qib 484 qid 580 qid2 157 qid4 755 qil 105 qil2 105 qili2 686 qim 815 qin 378 qip 705 qiq 558 qir *691 qir2 755 qir3 674 qir6 701 qir7 675 qir8 485 qir9 856 qir10 558 qiri 678 qis 678 qiš 484 qit 580 qit2 113 qit3 339 qu 808 qu2 891 qu3 745 qu5 176 qu6 472 qu7 350 qub 9 qud 9 qudmu 117 qul 682 qul2 339 qum

Part Five: Sign List 313 qum2 900 qum3 131 qun 350 qup 150 qup2 180 qur 578 qur2 576 qur3 92 qur4 9 qut 9 qutu

R

511 ra 350 ra2 596 ra3 139 ra4 580 ra5 127 ra6 262 rab 553 rab2 266/*262 rab3 496 rab4 262 raba 300 rabita 139 rad *641 rad2#/# 883 rag 494 raḫ 511 raḫ2 883 rak 326 ram 1 ram2 326 rama 578 raman 578 ramanu 262 rap 442 rapiqu 113 rapiqu2 883 raq 302 ras 302 raš 827 raš2 578 rašu 139 rat 139 rata

139 raṭ 578 razu 142 re 71 re2 755 re3 350 re6 350A re7 379 re12 496 reb 486 red 468 reʾe 468 reʾi 755 rem 672 rem2 755 reme 672 reme2 362 req 184 res 184 reš 142 ri 71 ri2 755 ri3 884 ri4 502 ri5 350 ri6 586 ri8#/# 516/269 ri9 300 ri10 379 ri12 496 rib 486 rid 362 rig 884 rig2 434 rig3 142 rig5 885 rig6 464D rig7 464 rig8# 149 rig8# 464I rig9 464M rig10 486 rig11# 111 rig11# 585 rig13 494 riḫ 362 rik

884 rik2 17 rik4 585 rik13 755 rim 672 rim2 313 rim3# 111 rim3# 352 rim4 1 rim5 755 rin 612 rin2 804 rin3 586 rin4 516/269 rin5 302 rin6 612 rina2 496 rip 362 riq 884 riq2 184 ris 184 riš 486 rit 139 rit2 486 riṭ 111 ru 379 ru2 1 ru3 77 ru4 698 ru5 300 ru6 828 ru7 170 ru8 71 ru9 88 ru10 74 ru11 164 ru12 165 ru13 81 ru14 496 rub 139 rud 17 rug 134 rug2 16 rug2 494 ruḫ 17 ruk 1 rum

Part Five: Sign List 313 rum2# 111 rum2# 690 rum3 17 ruq 17 ruqu 645 ruš 472 rušban 472 rušpan 139 ruṭ

S

172 sa 736 sa2 851 sa3 138 sa4 207 sa5 571 sa6 564 sa7 10 sa8 120 sa9 *333 sa10 182 sa11 184 sa12 729 sa13 496 sa14 859 sa15 596 sa16 873 sa17 *358 sa18 599 sa19 566 sa20 878 sa21 466 sab 422 sabad 395 sabad2 417 sabad3 *878 sabar# 121 sabar# 207/*8 sabu# 661 sabu# 578 sad 422 sad2 395 sad3 417 sad4 184 sag 464F sag2

464 sag3 266/*579 sag4 485 sag5 540 sag6 253 sag7 496 sag8 571 sag9 729 sag10 815 sag11 184 saga 187 sagdu 771 sagdudu 671 sagdul sagga → sanga 184 saggar 644 saggar2 512 saggunû *99/*567 sagi# 567 sagi# 298 sagi# 119 sagkurun# 302 sagkurun# 564 sagkurun# 126 sagman 126 sagmin 113 sagmaš# 302 sagmaš#   816   sagmunzer#    98   sagmunzer#   580   sagmunzer#   816   sagmunzir#    98    sagmunzir#   580   sagmunzir# 671 sagšu sagtag → santag/k sagtak → santag/k 596 sagus# 350 sagus# 596 saguš# 350 saguš# 484 saḫ 23 saḫ2 744 saḫ3 892 saḫ4 856 saḫ6# 839 saḫ6#

846 saḫ7 856 saḫa6# 839 saḫa6# 846 saḫa7 567 saḫab# 748 saḫab# 567 saḫab2# 736 saḫab2# 711 saḫab2# 585 saḫan 357 saḫar 541 saḫar2 357 saḫardub 184 sak 464 sak3 540 sak6 541 sakar 883 sal 736 sal2 380 sal3 *99 sal4 883 sala 1 salugub 748 salugub2 490 sam *333 sam2 samag . . . →     simig . . . samag . . . →      sumug 242 samag 244 samag2 239 samag3 240 samag4 245 samag5 564 samag6 810 saman# 584 saman# 143 saman# 810 saman# 86 saman# 810 saman2# 580 saman2# 143 saman2# 810 saman2# 86 saman2#

289 579 saman3# 810 saman3# 143 saman3# 580 saman3# 684 saman4 619 saman5 357 samanur# 230 samanur# 184 san 8 san2 320 san3 333 san4 sanga → šanga 485 sanga 493 sanga2# 201 sanga2# 565 sanga2# 493 sanga3# 201 sanga3# 564 sanga3# 493 sanga4# 565 sanga4# 491 sanga5# 201 sanga5# 302 sanga5# 564 sanga5# 491 sanga6# 201 sanga6# 564 sanga6# 491 sanga7# 565 sanga7# sangu → sanga santa → santag/k 1 santag 647 santag2 575 santag3 748 santag4 1 santak 647 santak2 575 santak3 748 santak4 553 santan# 380 santan# 553 santana# 380 santana# 466 sap

290 612 sap2 468 sap3 184 saq 541 sar 632 sar2 380 sar3 584 sar4 153 sar5 767 sar6 570 sar7 292 sar8 541 sara 737 sas# 496 sas# 578 sat 578 sata 181 se 140 se2 292 se3 155 se9 851 se10# 153 se10# 736 se10# 881 se11 564 se12 259 se20 154/*839   se24 153 se25# 736 se25# 839 se26# 153 se26# 736 se26# 153 se27 152 se28 155 sed 485 sed2 154/*839   sed3 153 sed4# 736 sed4# 839 sed5# 153 sed5# 736 sed5# 153 sed6 152 sed7 851 sed8# 153 sed8#

Part Five: Sign List 736 sed8# 155 sedi seg → sig segga → sigga 23 seḫ 484 seḫ2 584 ser 580 ser2 271A ser3 564 sermuššu# 106 sermuššu# 573 sermuššu# 564 sermušku# 106 sermušku# 573 sermušku# 535 ses 181 si 140 si2 292 si3 182 si4 731 si5 812 si6 547 si7 736 si8 592 si11 564 si12 134 si13 499 si14 541 si15 592 si16 724 si17 26 si18 51 si19 259 si20 496 si21 141 si22 682 si23 753 sib 468 sib2 628 sib3 468 siba 468 sibad 666 sibir 165 sibir2 155 sid 485 sid2

765 sidug 775 sidug2 765 sidugga 775 sidugga2 881 sig 816 sig2 464 sig3 905 sig4 729 sig5 571 sig6 564 sig7 161 sig8 181 sig9 292 sig10 464F sig11 98 sig12 878 sig14 496 sig15 253 sig16 141 sig17 815 sig18 881 siga 905 siga4 878 sigga 464 sigga2 182/183 sigunû 23 siḫ 484 siḫ2 152 siḫ4 892 siḫ5 881 sik 816 sik2 816 siki 596 siki2 899 sikil 821 sikin sil . . . → sila 9 sil 143 sil2 99 sil3 277 sil5 288 sil6 289 sil7 115 sil8 290 sil9 283 sil10

9 sila 99 sila3 408 sila4 288 sila6 485 sila11 485 silag    silig → šilig 79 silig 221 silig2# 596 silig2# 221A silig3 221 silig4# 891 silig4# 75 silig5 42 silig6 59 silig7 736 silim 496 silim2 736 silima 496 silima2 134 sim 292 sim2 736 sim3 755 sim4 884 sim5 simig → samag simig → sumug 239 simig3 547 simug 711 sin 134 sin2 485 sin3 753 sip 468 sip2 628 sip3 466 sip4 468 sipa *466/*554  sipa2 468 sipad 881 siq 584 sir 580 sir2 271A sir3 115 sir4 112 sir5 236 sirara

Part Five: Sign List 596 sirara2# 201 sirara2# 236 sirara2# 115/116 sirara2# 596 sirara3# 201 sirara3# 236 sirara3# 221 sirara3# 596 sirara4# 201 sirara4# 236 sirara4# 232 sirara5 596 sirara6# 201 sirara6# 236 sirara6# 737 sirara6# 221 sirara6# 362 siraš 372 siraš2 373 siraš3 271A sirim2 362 siris 372 siris2 373 siris3 358 siris4 358 siris5# 681 siris5# 564 sirmuššu# 106 sirmuššu# 573 sirmuššu# 564 sirmušku# 106 sirmušku# 573 sirmušku# 582 sirsir 115 siru 115 sirum 535 sis 353 sisi# 578 sisi# 511 sisi# 696 siskur 696 siskur2#+# 535 siš 485 sit2 547 siu sizkur → siskur

16 su 15 su2 584 su3 182 su4 808 su5 32 su6 722 su7 350A su8 182 su9# 839 su9# 152 su10 24 su11 292 su12 580 su13 884 su14 358 su15 8 su16 744 su17 *836 su18 350 su19#+# 362 su20 44 sub 350A sub2 177 sub3 62 sub4 820 sub5 221 sub6 111 sub7 22 subar 22 subir 221 subu 22 subur 494 subur2 584 sud 139 sud2 16 sud3# 578 sud3# 111 sud3# 580 sud4 277 sud5 164 suen# 15 suen# 164 suena# 15 suena# 795 sug 350A sug2

80 sug3 584 sug4 *836 sug5 16 sug6 26 sug7 722 sug8 614 sug9 350 sug10#+# *851 sugal *851 sugal2 *851 sugal3 *851 sugal4 *851 sugal5 *851 sugal6 494 sugal7 113 sugin 152 suḫ *646 suḫ2 892/*646   suḫ3 484 suḫ4 808 suḫ5 351 suḫ6 98 suḫ7 153 suḫ10 723 suḫirim 723 suḫirin suḫub . . . → šuḫub 247 suḫub2 567 suḫub3# 748 suḫub3# 567 suḫub4# 736 suḫub4# 711 suḫub4# 567 suḫub5# 491 suḫub5# 872 suḫul 641 suḫul2# 556 suḫul2# 744 suḫul2# 641 suḫul3# 744 suḫul3# 556 suḫul3# 646 suḫur 351 suḫuš 343 suḫušx 795 suk

291 80 suk3 *836 suk5 494 sukal 494 sukkal 883 sukkal2# 149 sukkal2# 883 sukkal3# 474 sukkal3# 737 suku4 152/*560  suku5 153/*560  suku6 338 sukud 152/*560  sukud2 153/*560  sukud3 153 sukuš 744 sul 380 sul2 32 sul3 722 sul4 872 sulgar sullat . . . →     šullat . . . 113 sullat 464 sullat2 165 sullim 9 sulu 570 sulug suluḫu . . . →      zuluḫu suluḫu . . . →      zulumḫi 816 suluḫu# 584 suluḫu# 816 suluḫu2# 580 suluḫu2# 102 suluḫu3 737 sulummar# 184 sulummar# 350 sulummar# 292 sum 884 sum2 16 sum3 32 sum4 628 sum5 221 sum6 323 sumaš

292 292 sumu sumug . . . →     sumag . . . 242 sumug 244 sumug2 239 sumug3 240 sumug4 245 sumug5 701 sumugan 701 sumugga 701 sumukan 113 sumun 682 sumun2 682 sumuna2 682 sumunu2 701 sumuqan 512 sumur 646 sumur2 820 sumur3 113 sun 682 sun2 292 sun3 32 sun4 8 sun5 17 sun6 496 sun7 682 suna2 113 sungin 350A sup2 795 suq 151 sur 512 sur2 634 sur3 608 sur4 750 sur5 737 sur6# 553 sur6# 737 sur7# 379 sur7# 767 sur8 205 sur9 206 sur10 808 sur11 722 sur12 184 sur14 205 sura9

Part Five: Sign List 206 sura10 722 sura12 810 sura13# 24 sura13# 810 surra13# 24 surra13# 205 surru 206 surru2 750 suru5 596 suruengal# 143 suruengal# 596 surugal# 143 surugal# 145 surum 152 sus 153 sus2 152 susbu# 580 susbu# 152 susbu2 153 susbu3# 580 susbu3# 153 susbu4 567 suslug# 570 suslug# 139 susu 808 suš 380 suš2 580 suš3 469 sutu# 122 sutu# 122 sūtu suz . . . → sus . . . suzbu → susbu . . .

Ṣ

851 ṣa 10 ṣa3 612 ṣab 313 ṣaḫ 484 ṣaḫ2 540 ṣak 380 ṣal 612 ṣap 612 ṣapa 767 ṣar 695 ṣar2

585 ṣar3 767 ṣara 259 ṣe 140 ṣe2 23 ṣeḫ 313 ṣeḫ2 585 ṣer 259 ṣi 140 ṣi2 181 ṣi3 810 ṣi9 628 ṣib 336 ṣib2 628 ṣibi 23 ṣiḫ 313 ṣiḫ2 143 ṣil 681 ṣil2 10 ṣil3# 512 ṣil3# 469G ṣil4 884 ṣim 711 ṣin 628 ṣip 336 ṣip2 585 ṣir 113 ṣiṣ 884 ṣu 15 ṣu2 884 ṣum 695 ṣur 585 ṣur2 695 ṣuru

Ś

172 śa 736 śa2 883 śal 541 śar 632 śar2 266 śar3 181 śe 881 śe2 181 śi 182 śi2 881 śi3

816 śig2 816 śik2 362 śim 134 śim2 134 śin2 16 śu 182 śu2 584 śu3 744 śul 221 śum 292 śum2 151 śur 512 śur2

Š

566 ša 859 ša2 599 ša3 350 ša4 127 ša5 571 ša6 142 ša7 541 ša8 339 ša9 172 ša10 514 ša11 883 ša12 632 ša13 *387/*495   ša14 729 ša15 810 ša16 731 ša17 358 ša21 138 ša22 554 ša23 184 ša24 490 ša25 466 šab 753 šab4 468 šab5 466 šaba 117 šabalbal 464P šabra 464Q šabrax 578 šad 98 šad2

Part Five: Sign List 859 šad3 578 šada 578 šadi 184 šag 464 šag3 599 šag4 571 šag5 881 šag6 521 šaga 684 šagan 65 šagar 701 šaggin# 18 šaggin# 701 šaggina# 18 šaggina# 23 šaḫ 744 šaḫ2 484 šaḫ3 23 šaḫa šaḫab → saḫab 578 šaḫan 585 šaḫan2 744 šaḫan3 184 šak 881 šak6 684 šakan 701 šakan2 353 šakan3 353 šakan4# 10 šakan4# 619 šakan5 541 šakar 84 šakir 76 šakir3 84 šakira 737 šakira2# 10 šakira2# 596 šakira2# 76 šakira3 šakiri → šakir 701 šakkan2 701 šakkan6# 18 šakkan6# 392 šakkan7 701 šakkana6# 18 šakkana6#

883 šal 99 šal2 380 šal3 *736 šal5 599 šalambi# 541 šalambi# 147 šallam 146 šallam2 378 šallur 490 šam *333 šam2 320 šam3 134 šam4 684 šaman2 596 šamaš 320 šan 221 šan2 *17 šan3 832 šanaba 712 šanaba2 832 šanabi 712 šanabi2 553 šandan# 380 šandan# 553 šandana# 380 šandana# šanga → sanga 464R šangax šangu → sanga 748 šantag4 748 šantak4 466 šap 468 šap5 464P šapra 464Q šaprax 184 šaq 358 šaqa# 570 šaqa# 369 šaqa2 358 šaqu# 570 šaqu# 369 šaqu2 339 šaqu3 541 šar 632 šar2 266 šar3

708 šar4 641 šar5 554 šar6 9 šar7 380 šar8 554 šara 776 šara2 759 šara3 766 šara4 641 šara5 632 šara6 541 šara7 457 šaran 453 šaran2 659 šardiš 659 šardiši 650 šargad 650 šargadu 659 šargeš 453 šarin 266 šarru/i 708 šarru/i2 653 šaru 535 šas 535 šaṣ 535 šaš   357    šašamanur#   230    šašamanur# 580 šaški 580 šašku 578 šat 98 šát 859 šat3 578 šata 570 šatam 570 šattam 578 šaṭ 579 še 181 še2 810 še3 155 še4 851 še5# 153 še5# 736 še5# 313 še6 839 še7#

293 10 še7# 821 še8 870 še9 808 še10 570 še11 154 še12 350 še13 485 še14 587 še15 535 še16 153 še17# 736 še17# 839 še18# 153 še18# 736 še18# 292 še19 724 še20 138 še21 818 še22 153 še23 152 še24 42 še25 47 še26 905 še27 24 še28 521 še29 753 šeb 111 šeb2 490 šebirida# 578 šebirida# 511 šebirida# 580 šebuz 485 šed 107 šed3#/# 109 šed4 568/569 šed5 808 šed6 155 šed7 851 šed8# 153 šed8# 736 šed8# 154 šed9 153 šed10# 736 šed10# 839 šed11# 153 šed11#

294 736 šed11# 153 šed12 152 šed13 42 šed14 47 šed15 905 šed16 24 šed17 496 šedu 833 šedu2 843 šedu3 781 šedur 839 šeg3# 10 šeg3# 839 šeg4# 837 šeg4# 72/27 šeg5 313 šeg6 641 šeg7 873 šeg8 878 šeg9 42 šeg10 47 šeg11 905 šeg12 24 šeg13 641 šeg14# 839 šeg14# 10 šeg14# 878 šega9 555 še3gunû 23 šeḫ 816 šek2 357 šeknu# 230 šeknu# 9 šel 883 šel4 362 šem 677 šem3 679 šem4 674 šem5 672/673 šem6 357 šem7# 230 šem7# šembi → šimbi šembirida →     šimbirida šembizi → šimbizi

Part Five: Sign List šembulug →     šimbulug 374 šemešal šemmug → šimmug 17 šen 230 šen2 134 šen3 *230/242   šen4 357 šen5# 230 šen5# 357 šen6 878 šenbar 164 šennu# 753 šennu# 258 šennu# 745 šennu# 378 šennur 816 šeq2 115 šer 580 šer2 271A šer3 311 šer4 502 šer7 541 šer9 701 šer11# 121 šer11# *766/573   šerba 221 šerid 221 šerim 767 šerim2 779 šerimsur 767 šerin2 596 šerrida# 10 šerrida# 596 šerrida# 311 šēru 579 šesag# 266 šesag# 535 šeṣ 535 šeš 821 šeš2 844 šeš3 818 šeš4 27 šešx 100 šešlam 164 šešlam2#

753 šešlam2# 85 šešlam2# 107 šeššed#+# 72 šeššeg#+# 485 šet 175 še3tenû 724 ši 181 ši2 881 ši3 810 ši4 808 ši5 362 ši6 564 ši7 753 šib 111 šib2 466 šib3 666 šibir 165 šibir2 485 šid 108 šid2 106 šid3 686 šidi 686 šidim 881 šig 816 šig2 72/27 šig5 905 šig6 173 šigagu 23 šiḫ 484 šiḫ2 881 šik 816 šik2 905 šik6 89 šika 907 šikaḫara 173 šikangu 499 šikin2 821 šikin3 9 šil 661 šil3 591 šil4 147 šilam 146 šilam2 79 šilig 75 šilig5 42 šilig6

59 šilig7 362 šim 134 šim2 368 šimbi 362 šimbi2 360 šimbi3 490 šimbirida# 578 šimbirida# 511 šimbirida# 362 šimbizi *169 šimbulug *365/*367       šimbulug2 371 šimbulug3 *363 šimbulug4 367 šimbulug5 374 šimešal 374 šimmešla 367 šimmug 364 šimmug2 363 šimmug3 17 šin 825 šin2 825 šina 171 šindilib 171 šindilima 162 šinig 753 šip 466 šip3 881 šiq 816 šiq2 42 šiq4 115 šir 580 šir2 271A šir3 311 šir4 112 šir5 255 šir6 584 šir8 541 šir9 585 šir10 311 šira 311 širam 311 širi 116 širtenû 311 širim

Part Five: Sign List 311 širu 311 širum 311 šīra 311 šīri 311 šīru 535 šiṣ 535 šiš 821 šiš2 485 šit 388 šita 434 šita2 139 šita3 699 šita4 485 šita5 737 šiten# 350 šiten# 379 šiten# 485 šiti 686 šitim 485 šitim2 485 šiṭ 535 šiz 491 šizbu 567 šu 869 šu2 810 šu3 661 šu4 802 šu5 803 šu6 859 šu7 98 šu10 16 šu11 33/49 šu12 358 šu13 221 šu14 884 šu15 706 šu16 98 šuāti# 754 šuāti# 111 šub 466 šub3 820 šub4 102 šub5 485 šub6 851 šub7# 152 šub7#

851 šub8# 153 šub8# 851 šuba# 152 šuba# 851 šuba2# 153 šuba2# 156 šuba3 153 šuba4 111 šuba5 307 šubtu3 307 šubtu4#/# 307A šubtu5 302 šubtu6# 786 šubtu6#/# 307A šubtu7#/# 10 šubul šubun → gišbun 22 šubur 18 šubur2 22 šubura 584 šud 580 šud2 33/49 šud3 485 šud4 33/49 šude3 33/49 šudu3 šudug → šutug 876 šudul 720 šudul2 880 šudul3 557 šudul4 829 šudul5 699 šudul6 šudulu → šudul 485 šudum 876 šudun 720 šudun2 880 šudun3 557 šudun4 829 šudun5 699 šudun6 746 šug 567 šugbar# 496 šugbar# 567 šugmaš# 496 šugmaš#

152 šuḫ 23 šuḫ2 šuḫub . . . →     suḫub . . . 872 šuḫub 247 šuḫub2 746 šuk 12 šuk2 795 šuk3 494 šukal 494 šukkal 567 šukra# 175 šukra# 746 šuku šukum → kušum3 746 šukun3 724 šukur# 379 šukur# 746 šukur2 744 šul 736 šul3 šullat . . . →      sullat . . . 113 šullat 464 šullat2 221 šum 292 šum2 98 šum3 113 šum4 8 šum5 98 šūmati# 754 šūmati# 98 šumu 292 šumu2 221 šumu3 113 šumun   721  šumunda#/# 579 šumunda# 541 šumunda# 17 šun 247 šun2 682 šun3 292 šun4 111 šup 1 šup2 466 šup3

295 746 šuq 151 šur 512 šur2 115 šur3 751 šur4# 541 šur4# 750 šur5# 755 šur5# 751 šur6# 755 šur6# 766 šurim 772 šurim3 446 šurin4 453 šurin5 766 šuru 759 šuru2 772 šuru3 106 šuru6 766 šurum 772 šurum3 106 šurum6 766 šurun 759 šurun2 772 šurun3 446 šurun4 453 šurun5 16 šuripak# 578 šuripak# 111 šuripak# 694 šuripak2# 111 šuripak2# 16 šurippak# 578 šurippak# 111 šurippak# 694 šurippak2# 111 šurippak2# 16 šurupak# 578 šurupak# 111 šurupak# 694 šurupak2# 111 šurupak2# 16 šuruppak# 578 šuruppak# 111 šuruppak# 694 šuruppak2# 111 šuruppak2#

296

Part Five: Sign List

661 šuš 869 šuš2 *357 šuš3 221 šuš4 802 šuš5 803 šuš6 826 šušana 708 šušana2 476 šušbar 476 šušmaš *113 šušru *113 šuššub 505 šušur 649 šušur2 584 šut 746 šutug 638 šutug2  šutul → šudul 141 šutum# 110 šutum# 223 šutum# 698 šutum# 141 šutum2# 110 šutum2# 223 šutum2# 354 šutum2# šutun →  šudul 91 šutur 91 šuturu 584 šuṭ 98 šuwāti# 754 šuwāti# 584 šuz 828 šuzi

T

248 ta 561 ta2 221 ta3 889 ta4 596 ta5 106 ta6 598 ta7 631 ta8 209 tab 7 tab2

209/593 tab4 230 tab5 209 taba 230 tabira# 893 tabira# 106 tad 221 tag 438 tag2 386 tag3 106 tag4 221 taga 249 tagunû 301 taḫ 298 taḫ2 98 taḫ3 301 taḫa 221 tak 438 tak2 386 tak3 106 tak4 221 taka 106 taka4 142 tal 598 tal2 1 tal3 748 tal4 568/569 tal5#+# 142 tala 598 tala2 598 taltal#+# 596 tam 889 tam2 167 tam3 354 tam4 496 tan 427 tan2 394 tan3 402 tan4 382 tan6 416 tan7 496 tana 209 tap 209 tapa 221 taq 438 taq2 386 taq3

9 tar 183 tar2 166 tar3 141 tar5 9 tara 166 tara3 166 taraḫ 202 targul 180 tari 180 taru 141 taru5 828 tas 809 taskarin 828 taṣ 828 taš 748 taš2 548 taš3 828 taša 809 taškarin 106 tat 828 taz 589 te 633 te2 293 te3 313 te4 809 te5 485 te6 560 te8 118 te9 736 te10 596 te11 813 teb tebiru → tibira 589 teg3    tegi → tigi 88 tegunû 242 teḫi 238 teḫi2 690 teḫi3 113 teḫi4   tel → til telmun → dilmun   tem → tim 293inv teme 293 teme2 589 temen

589 ten 119 ten2 556 ten3      tep → tip 813 tep 587 ter 9 ter2 183 ter3 207 ter4 685 ter5 52 terx 464B tertum 828 tes2 828 teṣ2 828 teš2 490 tešbi 528 tešlug 118 ti 633 ti2 167 ti3 736 ti4 113 ti5 589 ti7 560 ti8# 132 ti8# 313 ti9 20 ti10 813 tib 221 tibir 221 tibir2# 567 tibir2# 221 tibir3# 596 tibir3# 221A tibir4 221 tibir5# 472 tibir5# 230 tibira# 893 tibira# 37/*230   tibira2 118 tibnu tibula → tigidla 641 tid tidab → titab 701 tidnu#+# 176 tig 380 tig2

Part Five: Sign List 118 tig4 565 tigi# 570 tigi# 565 tigu# 570 tigu# 570 tigi2# 565 tigi2# 570 tigu2# 565 tigu2# 599 tigidla# 825 tigidla# 9 tigidla# 599 tigidla2# 825 tigidla2# 302 tigidla2# 599 tigidla3# 825 tigidla3# 736 tigidla3# 176 tik 380 tik2 113 til 721 til2 118 til3 1 til4 748 til5 568/569 til6#+# 598 til7 74 til9 574 tila 118 tila3 395 tilḫar 574 tilla 10 tilla2# 1 tilla2# 10 tilla2# 10 tilla3# 748 tilla3# 10 tilla3# 10 tilla4# 1 tilla4# 839 tilla4# 10 tilla4# 380 tilmun# 827 tilmun# 167 tim 354 tim2

119 tim3 573 timua 119 tin 556 tin3 785 tinur 813 tip 176 tiq 380 tiq2 587 tir 9 tir2 183 tir3 207 tir4 685 tir5 184 tirigi# 10 tirigi# 553 tiru# 589 tiru# 553 tirum# 589 tirum# 748 tis 828 tis2 809 tiskarin 828 tiṣ2 748 tiš 828 tiš2 809 tiškarin 152 tišpak 554 titab# 92 titab# 579 titab# 92 titab# 554 titab2# 94 titab2# 748 tiz 828 tiz2 86 tu 596 tu2 350 tu3 354 tu4 567 tu5# 293 tu5# 26 tu6 640 tu7 690 tu8 809 tu9 150 tu10

149 tu11 827 tu12 788 tu13 485 tu14 641 tu15 565 tu16 839 tu17# 567 tu17# 293 tu17# 836 tu18 255 tu19 379 tu20 721 tu21 293 tu22 294 tu23 298 tu24 691 tu25 242 tub 565 tub2 753 tuba 839 tuba2# 856 tuba2# 485 tuba3 171 tubašin 86 tud 464H tud2 464H tudu 827 tug 809 tug2 499 tug3 788 tug4 642 tug7 *836 tug8 809 tugir# 352 tugir# 894 tugul 298 tuḫ 301 tuḫ2 98 tuḫ3 298 tuḫu 894 tuḫul 827 tuk 809 tuk2 499 tuk3 788 tuk4 642 tuk7

297 827 tuku 809 tuku2 788 tuku4 221 tuku5 755 tuku6 808 tukul 469 tukul2# 808 tukul2# 755 tukul3 808 tukula 567 tukum# 859 tukum# 255 tukum# 750 tukum# 567 tukumbi# 859 tukumbi# 255 tukumbi# 750 tukumbi# 358 tukumbi# 567 tukun# 859 tukun# 255 tukun# 750 tukun# 567 tukunbi# 859 tukunbi# 255 tukunbi# 750 tukunbi# 358 tukunbi# 755 tukur 50 tukur2 43 tukur3 720 tul 786 tul2 255 tul4 *721 tul5 557 tul6 829 tul7 760 tul8 720 tule 354 tum 206 tum2 691 tum3 690 tum4 808 tum5 167 tum8 641 tum9

298

Part Five: Sign List

889 tum10 692 tum11 86 tum12 808 tuma 355 tumgunû 641 tumu 350 tumu2 691 tumu3 150 tun 149 tun2 836 tun3 744 tun4 464H tunda 10 tungal# 164 tungal# 15 tungal# 10 tungal2# 164 tungal2# 737 tungal2# 785 tunur 242 tup 565 tup2 827 tuq 499 tuq3 255 tur 178 tur2 145 tur3 378 tur4 86 tur5 755 tur6 808 tur7 580 tur8 255 tura 255 turu 596 turungal# 143 turungal# 808 tuš 839 tuše# 350 tuše# 806 tutke 806 tutki 806 tutku

Ṭ

561 ṭa 248 ṭa2

631 ṭa3 889 ṭa4 209 ṭab 813 ṭab3 230 ṭab4 631 ṭab6 106 ṭad 301 ṭaḫ 298 ṭaḫ2 438 ṭak 142 ṭal 889 ṭam 596 ṭam2 496 ṭan 209 ṭap 9 ṭar 183 ṭar2 166 ṭar3 106 ṭat 736 ṭe 633 ṭe2 313 ṭe3 589 ṭe4 547 ṭe5 118 ṭe6 686 ṭem2 813 ṭep 207 ṭer 587 ṭer5 736 ṭi 633 ṭi2 118 ṭi3 589 ṭi4 313 ṭi5 598 ṭi6 813 ṭib 631 ṭib2 1 ṭil 113 ṭil2 167 ṭim 686 ṭim2 119 ṭin 813 ṭip 207 ṭir 9 ṭir2 151 ṭir3

183 ṭir4 587 ṭir5 748 ṭiš 836 ṭu 86 ṭu2 350 ṭu3 354 ṭu4 298 ṭu5 24 ṭu6 242 ṭub 565 ṭub2 499 tug 298 ṭuḫ 499 tuk 786 ṭul *721 ṭul3 354 ṭum 242 ṭup 565 ṭup2 178 ṭur 808 ṭur2 255 ṭur3 378 ṭur4 839 ṭur5

U

661 u 490 u2 731 u3 596 u4 133 u5 728 u6 742 u7 766 u8 *275A u9 817 u10 132 u11 501 u12 636 u13 700 u14 238 u16 598 u17 80 u18 71 u19 579 u20 296 u21

20 u22 112 u23 635 uʾ 636 uʾ2 766 uʾ3 611 uʾ4 766 uʾa# 839 uʾa# 766 uʾi# 839 uʾi# 766 uʾu# 839 uʾu# 766 ua 817 ua2 460 ua4 504 ub 810 ub2 677 ub3 786 ub4 673 ub5 679 ub6 810 uba2 677 uba3 673 uba5 277 ubara 338 ubi 646 ubi2 469C ubilla 469G ubilla2 ubisag → umbisag *209 ubišaga 724 ubri# 379 ubri# 724 ubri2# 167 ubri2# 724 ubrim# 379 ubrim# 724 ubrim2# 167 ubrim2# 575 ubu 504 ubu2 ubudil → ugudil ubudili → ugudili 455 ubur 459 ubur2 450 ubur3

Part Five: Sign List 451 ubur4 647 ubura 647 uburu 596 ud 548 ud2 *221 ud4 203 ud5 700 ud6 548 udeššu 542 udgunû 281 udinim 291 udinim2 281 udnim 291 udnim2 548 udra# 839 udra# 10 udra# 548 udra2# 10 udra2# 110 udra2# 548 udra3# 10 udra3# 20 udšeššig 812 udu 567 udu2# 113 udu2# 768 udub 434 udub2 313 udub3 833 udug 434 udug2 udul → utul 665 udun 296 ug 701 ug2 501 ug3 596 ug4 275B ug5 113 ug7 516 ug8 490 uga# 293 uga# 491 uga# 839 uga2# 24 uga2# 839 ugar#

543 ugar# 737 ugnim# 16 ugnim# 812 ugnim# 810 ugnim# 859 ugnim# 774 ugra 663 ugu 839 ugu2# 24 ugu2# 839 ugu3# 184 ugu3# 808 ugu4 512 ugu5 330 ugudil 330 ugudili 464 ugula 464 ugulu 670 ugun *562 ugun2 670 ugunu *562 ugunu2 562/563/662   ugunû 669 u-gur 564 ugur2 636 uḫ 611 uḫ2 896 uḫ3 29 uḫ4 635 uḫ5 641 uḫ6# 869 uḫ6# 661 uḫ7# 379 uḫ7# uḫḫur → imḫur 636 uḫu 611 uḫu2 747 uia 296 uk 564 ukdin# 573 ukdin# 647 ukit 73 ukken 73 ukkin 30 ukkinv 564 uktin#

573 uktin# 556 uku 751 uku2# 350 uku2# 501 uku3 296 uku4 751 uku5# 350 uku5#+# 357 ukum *6/*490 ukur 553 ukur2# 22/23 ukur2# 751 ukur3# 350 ukur3# 751 ukur4# 350 ukur4#+# 564 ukur5 164 ukurrim# 753 ukurrim# 10 ukurrim# 153 ukurrim# 556 ukuš# 381 ukuš# 877 ukuš2 698 ul 112 ul2 378 ul3 7 ul4 277 ul5 596 ul6 567 ul7# 580 ul7# 174/*378 ul8 698 ula 422 ula2 113 ulal *61 uli 647 ulil 698 ullu3 698 ulu 639 ulu2 80 ulu3 71 ulu4 ulubar → ulumaš 499 ulud uludim → ulutim

299 u ludin → ulutin 378 ulul 378 ulul2 641 ulumaš# 174 ulumaš# 639 ulumaš# 641 ulumaš2# 639 ulumaš2# 174 ulumaš2# 358 ulušin# 548 ulušin# 839 ulušin# 10 ulušin# 358 ulušin2# 548 ulušin2# 10 ulušin2# 110 ulušin2# 358 ulušin3# 548 ulušin3# 10 ulušin3# 737 ulutim# 496 ulutim# 564 ulutim2# 573 ulutim2# 737 ulutin# 496 ulutin# 564 ulutin2# 573 ulutin2# 238 um 596 um2 647 uma 787 umaḫ 636 uman umbara → ubara 160 umbin 485 umbisag 489 umbisag2 469M umma 659 umma2 737 umman# 16 umman# 812 umman# 810 umman# 859 umman# 238 ummeda# 753 ummeda#

300 241 ummeda2 230 ummeda3# 561 ummeda3# 839 ummu3# 300 ummu3# 750 ummu3# 839 ummud# 300 ummud# 750 ummud# 238 umu 787 umuḫ 547 umum 661 umun 547 umun2 636 umun3 635/*636 umun4 787 umun5 784 umun6 863/866 umun7 218 umun8 537 umun9 *665 umun10 795 umun11 783 umuna12 809 umuš 501 un 661 un2 272 un3 277 un4 596 un5 73 unken 73 unkin 30 unkinv 232 unu 589 unu2# 232 unu2# 672 unu3# 808 unu3# 501 unu4 223 unu5 589 unu6# 223 unu6# 88 unu7# 232 unu7# 381 unu8 568/569 unu9

Part Five: Sign List 105 unu10 851 unu11# 152 unu11# 232 unu11# 581 unu12#+# 232 unug 589 unug2# 232 unug2# 589 unug3# 223 unug3# 88 unug4# 232 unug4# 229 unugi 228 unugi2 504 up 810 up2 296 uq *275A uq5 828 ur 341 ur2 411 ur3 835 ur4 644 ur5 698 ur6 330 ur7 345 ur9 574 ur10 90 ur11 88 ur12 262 ur13# 553 ur13# 432 ur14 535 ura15# 232 ura15# 535 ura16# 223 ura16# 535 uram# 232 uram# 535 uram2# 223 uram2# 807 uraš 828 urbigu 164B urbigu2 514A urbigu3 828 urbingu 164B urbingu2

514A urbingu3 18 urda 19 urda2 18 urdu 19 urdu2 107 urgilim#/# 644 urgu# 65 urgu# 35 urgu2 574 uri 535 uri2# 232 uri2# 535 uri3 113 uri4 535 uri5# 223 uri5# 535 urim2# 232 urim2# 535 urim5# 223 urim5# 331 urin 499 urrub 496 urrub2 499 ursub 496 ursub2 644 urša# 350 urša# 829 uršeššig 807 urta 71 uru 77 uru2 535 uru3 90 uru4 88 uru5 330 uru6 345 uru7 341 uru8 905 uru9# 113 uru9# 191 uru10 74 uru11 411 uru12 828 uru13 535 uru14# 232 uru14# 535 uru15#

223 uru15# 164 uru16 80 uru17 81 uru18 574 uru19 81 urua 161 uruaka 230 urud 230 uruda 230 urudu 242 urudu2 228 urugal 232 urugal2 161 uruišdua 161 urulla 330 urum 345 urum2 191 urum3 347 urum4 535 urum5# 232 urum5# 535 urum6# 223 urum6# *700 urum7 344 urum8 346 urum9 77 ururim 82 urušeb 82 urušib 74 urutamga 77 urutamga2 urzub → ursub? 583 us 381 us2 203 us3 297 us4 766 us5 864/867 usa 177 usan 509 usan2 619 usan3 182/183 usan4 132 usan5 usar → ušar 766 usduḫa# 812 usduḫa#

301

Part Five: Sign List 631 usduḫa# 839 usduḫa# 766 uzduḫa# 812 uzduḫa# 631 uzduḫa# 839 uzduḫa# 418 usi 277 usigi 279 usil ussa → ussu 864/867 ussu 219 ussu2 538 ussu3 560 usu# 496 usu# 381 usu2 393 usud usug → uzug 895 usuḫ usur → ušur 583 uṣ 381 uṣ2 297 uṣ4 381 uś 381 uš 113 uš2 432 uš3 809 uš4 147 uš5 146 uš6 26 uš7 90 uš8 583 uš10 29 uš11 207 uš15 567 uš16# 113 uš16# 634 uš17 711 uš18 469 uš19 751 ušar# 541 ušar# 750 ušar2# 541 ušar2# 751 ušar3# 755 ušar3#

750 ušar4# 755 ušar4# 342 ušbar 324 ušbar2 345 ušbar3 323 ušbar4 666 ušbar5 330 ušbar6 344 ušbar7 ušbur → ušbar 774 ušera 634 ušša 598/*98 uštu 381/*98 uštu2# 809 uštu2# 598 uštu2# 598/*98 uštug 381/*98 uštug2# 809 uštug2# 598 uštug2# 8 ušu 706 ušu2 711 ušu3 207 ušub 8 ušum 553 ušumgal# 8 ušumgal# 751 ušur# 541 ušur# 750 ušur2# 541 ušur2# 751 ušur3# 755 ušur3# 750 ušur4# 755 ušur4# 661 ušur5 397 ušuš 596 ut 548 ut2 *221 ut4 203 ut5 700 ut6 596 uta 647 utag 700 utaḫ 647 utak

424 utima 597 utima2 737 utte#+# 221A uttu 485 uttu2 13/12 uttu4 381 uttu5# 121 uttu5# 737 uttu6# 750 uttu6# 859 uttuku# 485 uttuku# 596 utu 700 utu2 708 utu3 737 utu4#+# 548 utu5 449 utua 460 utua2 *585 utudi 833 utug 434 utug2 *585 utuki 672 utul# 808 utul# 640 utul2 460 utul3 464O utul4 452 utul5 449 utul6 254 utul7 464M utul9 672 utul10# 812/813 utul10# 464N utul11 596 uṭ 598 uw 583 uz 381 uz2 203 uz3 297 uz4 766 uz5 *203 uz6 *711 uz7 203 uza3 575 uzaglal

647 uzalag 647 uzalak 311 uzu 324 uzu2 583 uzu3 706 uzu5 540 uzug# 10 uzug# 490 uzug2# 24 uzug2# 192 uzug3 490 uzug3# 184 uzug3# 490 uzug4# 578 uzug4# 380 uzug4# 827 uzug4# 737 uzug4# 43 uzug5      u̯ → w

W

598 wa 14 wa2 490 wa3 598 wa4# 839 wa4# *552 wa6 *708 wan *121 war 483 war2 18 war3 120 waš 598 we 598 we2# 498 we2# 598 wi 598 wi2# 252 wi2# *681 wi4 212 wi5 357 wil *701 wir 754 wiš 598 wu 598 wu2#

302

Part Five: Sign List

661 wu2# 598 wu3# 490 wu3# *98 wu4 *12 wuk *585 wuš

X

661 X/10 747 XV/15 708 XX/20 711 XXX/30 712 XL/40

Z

851 za 385 za2 540 za3 143 za4 10 za5 612 zab 851 zabala# 152 zabala# 232 zabala# 851 zabala2# 153 zabala2# 232 zabala2# 153 zabala3# 232 zabala3# 153 zabala4# 851 zabala4# 232 zabala4# 153 zabala5# 223 zabala5# 223 zabala6# 153 zabala6# 851 zabalam# 152 zabalam# 232 zabalam# 851 zabalam2# 153 zabalam2# 232 zabalam2# 153 zabalam3# 232 zabalam3# 153 zabalam4# 851 zabalam4#

232 zabalam4# 153 zabalam5# 223 zabalam5# 223 zabalam6# 153 zabalam6# 596 zabar# 24 zabar# 121 zabar# 648 zabar2 51 zabar3# 121 zabar3# 13 zadim 485 zadru 540 zag 464 zag2 485 zag3 380 zagga 851 zagga2 313 zaḫ 856 zaḫ2# 839 zaḫ2# 846 zaḫ3 856 zaḫa2# 839 zaḫa2# 846 zaḫa3 700 zaḫan# 631 zaḫan# 700 zaḫan2 540 zak 464 zak2 380 zal 767 zal2 380 zala 596 zalag 612 zalag2 596 zalaga 380 zalli 504 zamin# 142 zamin# 153 zanaru 851 zanaru2# 153 zanaru2# 153 zannaru 851 zannaru2# 153 zannaru2# 113 zanbur#

302 zanbur# 485 zandara 380 zanga 388 zansur 612 zap 808 zap2 567 zapaḫ# 113 zapaḫ# 540 zaq 464 zaq2 336 zaq4 767 zar 380 zar2 292 zar3 117 zar4 113 zar5 *113 zar6 113 zara5 *113 zara6 184 zaraḫ# 464 zaraḫ# 755 zaraḫ# 812 zaraḫ2# 737 zaraḫ2# 379 zaraḫ2# 767 zariḫ 854 zatenû 113 zaz 257 zazana 257 zazna 140 ze 259 ze2 810 ze3    zeb → zib    zek → zik 143 zel    zer → zir 564 zermuššu# 106 zermuššu# 573 zermuššu# 564 zermušku# 106 zermušku# 573 zermušku#     zez → ziz 140 zi 259 zi2

810 zi3 226 zi4 737 zi7# 313 zi7# 496 zi8 628 zib 336 zib2 472 zib3 24 zib4 443 zibin 453 zibin2 140 zid 810 zid2 336 zig 881 zig2 140 zig3 641 zigara#/# 641 zigaru#/# 641 zikara#/# 641 zikaru#/# 892 ziḫ 336 zik 881 zik2 zikara → zig/kara/u 757 zikum 810 zikumx# *596 zikumx# zikuma → zikum 308 zikura 143 zil 221 zil2 464C zilulu 596 zimbir# 378 zimbir# 143 zimbir# 634 zinanutu 628 zip 120 zipaḫ 336 ziq 881 ziq2 336 ziqi 117 zir 810 zir2# 24 zir2# 585 zir3 117 ziri

Part Five: Sign List 564 zirmušku# 106 zirmušku# 573 zirmušku# 564 zirmuššu# 106 zirmuššu# 573 zirmuššu# 164 zirru# 614 zirru# 140 zirru# 10 zirru# 535 zirru# 737 zirru# 113 zis 113 ziz 548 ziz2 634 ziz3 471 ziz4 221 ziz5 578 zizanu 257 zizna 15 zu 24 zu2 884 zu3 113 zu4 324 zu5 584 zu6 744 zu7 97 zu8 51 zu9 97 zub 628 zub2 97 zubi 97 zubu 857 zubud 648 zubur 164 zuen# 15 zuen# 164 zuena# 15 zuena# 795 zug 24 zug2 192 zug3 490 zug3# 184 zug3# 26 zug4

857 zugud 24 zuḫ 795 zuk 102 zukum 744 zul 570 zulug 816 zuluḫu# 584 zuluḫu# 816 zuluḫu2# 580 zuluḫu2# 102 zuluḫu3 816 zulumḫi# 584 zulumḫi# 816 zulumḫi2# 580 zulumḫi2# 102 zulumḫi3 884 zum *885 zum2 795 zuq 695 zur 205 zur2 206 zur3 767 zur4 750 zur5 *566 zur8 zuru . . . → zur . . . 113 zuru9 113 zuru10# 1 zuru10# 499 zurzub 496 zurzub2 139 zusu

Numbers

748 1⁄3600 661 1⁄360 748 1⁄60 825 2⁄60 630 1⁄6 661 1⁄6 594 1⁄4 826 1⁄3 120 1⁄2 832 2⁄3

838 5⁄6 1 1 748 1 2 2 209 2 825 2 831 2,30 831 21⁄2 4 3 210 3 505 3 834 3 837 3,20 837 31⁄3 215 4 506 4 847 4 852 4 860 4 216 5 513 5 861 5 217 6 536 6 862 6 218 7 537 7 863/866 7 219 8 538 8 864/867 8 220 9 539 9 577 9 865 9 868 9 661 10 747 15 708 20 711 30 712 40 714 50 381 60 715 60

303 748 60 811 60 748 70# 661 70# 748 80# 708 80# 748 90# 711 90# 753 100 825 120 825 150# 711 150# 831 150 837 200 861 300 862 360 863/866 420 864/867 480 868 540 661 600 748 600# 661 600# 824 600 724 1,000 632 3,600 641 3,600 1 6,000# 662 6,000# 553 10,000 564 10,000 653 36,000 654 36,000 661 36,000 748 36,000 709 60,000 661 60,000# 662 60,000# 655 72,000 656 108,000 657 144,000 658 180,000 651 216,000 659 216,000 652 432,000

304

Part Five: Sign List

5.5. Deimel/MZL Index D = Deimel’s ŠL v   = variation /    = stacked signs D/B/L 1 1,33ff D1,98 2 B2 B2a 3 4 D4,5 5 6 6,32 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 D[14] B14 15 15* 15** 16 17 B17a 18 18* 19 20 21 22* 23 D23*

MZL 1 2 10 3 2 4 12 13 637 14 15 15+223 16 17 757 5 6 7 8 837 9 10 11 11 24 25 27 26 29 30 31 32 33 34 45 35 37 38

B  = Borger’s ABZ p. = page no. in MZL ×   = ligature D/B/L 24 24* L24′ 25 B25a B25b B25c 26 27 28 L28′ 29 29* D29** D29*** 30 31 31* B31** 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40 B40*** 41 L41′ 42 43 44 45

MZL 42 43 46 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 51 596+24+121 53 32 58 33 49 54 57 60 58 61 62 69 64 65 71 72 73 74 75 — 76 74 77 79 78

L = Labat’s MEA +  = adjacent signs ◦  = suppl. no. by AAH D/B/L 46 46*** 47 49 49* 50 51 51* 52 52* 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 60* B60a 60,24ff 60,33ff 60,55 60,56ff 60,79ff 61 62 63* 63a 63c 63d 65 66A

MZL 84 80 81 82 83 80 18 19 382 20 21 22 23 165 89 90 91 86 87 88 85 92 97 585 93 94 95 96 94 98 99 166 108 109 106 107 100 104

305

Part Five: Sign List D/B/L 66B 66C 66,1 67 68 68,30 69 69* 69,2 D69*,12 70 71 71,22 72 73 74 74,100 74,182 74,238f 74,335 74,344 75 76 77 78 78a 79 79a 80 81 82 83 84 85 85,387 85,428 86 87 87a 87b 87c,1 87l

MZL 103 102 101 105 111 ◦469B 113 ◦113A 114 805 503 110 115 116 117 118 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 112 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 ◦588D ◦588E 142 143 144 145 147 147/147 146

D/B/L 87m,1-2 87m,3 87n 87IIa 87IIb 87IIc 87,44 88 89 90 91 92 92a 92b 92c 93 94 95 95,9 96 96a 97 B97a 98 99 99a,1 100 101 102 103 103a 103b B103c 103,81ff 104 104,6 105I 105II 105IIa 106 107 107,5

MZL 146 147 147 143+579 143+737 144 143+737 148 149 150 157 163 158 159 160 161 162 167 168 582 169 169/169 127 128 129 164 ◦164B 166 151 152 153 154 155 153 156 156 172 173 174 175 378 174 176 177 ◦464E

D/B/L 108 108* 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118? 119 120 121 1211 1216 1217 1218 12110 122 122a 122b 122c 122d 123 124 124,42 B124a 125 Bv125 Bv125 Bv125 Bv125 Bv125 125a 126 126a/b 126c

MZL 178 179 170 171 180 181 182 183 184 188 189 191 186 195 199 ◦464M 196 198 187 193 187 192 194 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 209 215 215 210 211 214 216 217 218 219 220 209 221 221+472 221+567

306

Part Five: Sign List

D/B/L 126d/e 126f 127 128 B128* 128** 128**** 129 129a 130 131 131a 132 133 134 135 B135a 136 137 138 B138a 139 140 141 141a 142 142a 143 143,19 144 144f 144,56 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 151,66 B151a L152 152I

MZL 221+596 ◦221A 503 223 224 227 231 246 247 296 297 295 230 222 238 244 239 245 241 242 243 248 251 170 250 249 252 260 253 254 255 257 256 258 270 259 261 262 264 266 268 266 541 271A

D/B/L 152III 152IV 1521 1522 1524 1524,14 1528 1529 15214 15216 153 1531 154 B154a 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 164 165 165a B165b 166 166a 166b D166c 166d 166e B166ee 166f 166,27 166,33 L166’ 167 168 169 170 170a 171

MZL 271B 271C 541 272=275B 275A 277 ◦277A 275A 274 283 284 273 276 278 280 281 285 286 288 289 290 291 287 292 293 ◦293A 294 302 303 304 305 303 307 307 308 305 p.235 p.103 298 300 301 309 310+x839 311

D/B/L 172 172,51ff 173 173a 174 175 176 176,12 L176’ 177,2 177,3 178 178aa 179 180 181 182 183 184 B184a 185 185,5 186 187 187,6 188 189 190 190a B190g 190k 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 200a 200b

MZL 313 313+111 312 312 314 315 316 317 320 317 318 319 320 321 322 324 323 326 327 329 330 345 347 328 333 327 334 335 336 337 234 338 339 340 ◦221A 228 232 229 233 225 235 236 227 231

307

Part Five: Sign List D/B/L 200c 200d 201 202 203 204 204a B204b B204c 205 B205a 206 206a 207 B207a 208 209 210 B210a 211 211a B211b 212 214 214a 214c 214,40 215 216 216,3 217 218,1 218,2 219 219* 219** 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227

MZL 226 237 351 352 341 342 344 345 346 348 349 350 ◦350A 354 355 353 356 212 213 381 384 384 357 358 360 361 359 362 365 363 363 364 367 369 368 370 371 366 374 375 372 373 376 377

D/B/L 228 229 229,30 230 230* 231 231,157 232 233 233,22 233,40 234 235 236 237 238 239 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 249,3 250 250b 250c 250d 250i 251 252 2521 252[2] 255 256 257 258 259 260

MZL 378 385 386 858 379 434 380 436 437 387 388 434 389 390 391 392 393 400 394 395 396 397 398 401 399 402 435 436 403 413 404 405 406 407 409 408 409 410 411 412 408 414 415 417

D/B/L 261 261a 262 263 264 264a 265 D267 268 269 270 271 272 272a 273 274 277 278 280 281 281a 282 282a 283 284 285 286 287 288 B288a B288b B288c 289 290 291 291* 292 293 294 294a 294b 294c 294d

MZL 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 — 425 426 427 432 433 419 428 429 430 431 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 449 447 458 448 450 451 452 453 455 455 457 460 460 463 461 456 462

308 D/B/L 294e 294f 295 295a 295b 295c 295cc 295d 295e 295ee 295f 295k 295l 295m 295,53 295,81 295,96 295,100 295,105 295,115 295,119 295,121 295,139 295,140 295,145 296 296,33 296,43.44 296,66 296,75 296,99 296,106 296,127 296,129 296,140 296,141 296,153f 2961 297 B297a 298 299 300 300,30

Part Five: Sign List MZL 440 448 464 ◦464B ◦464A ◦464D p.128 ◦464J ◦464K ◦464I ◦464P 466 467 468 465 ◦464C ◦464E ◦464F ◦464H ◦464L ◦464M ◦464O ◦464R ◦464S ◦464T 469 ◦469A 158 ◦469C ◦469E ◦469F ◦469G ◦469I ◦469J ◦469K ◦469L ◦469M 470 472 473 474 475 476 517

D/B/L 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 308a 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 L315’ 316 317 317a 318 319 319a 320 321 322 323 324 325 325* B325a B325b 326 326a 327 327* 328 329 B329a 330 3304 3306

MZL 477 480 481 479 482 504 483 498 498+143 499 503 503 500 501 484 485 486 488 241 245 489 487 490 491 491+302 493 494 496 497 495 502 505 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 520 517

D/B/L 3307 B3307a B3307b B3307c B3307d 3308 3309 330,42 330,60f 330,72ff 330,74 331 B331a B331b B331c B331d B331e B331,44ff 332 333 334 335 336 337 337* 337** 338 339 339,14 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 350,8 351 352

MZL 521 522 528 524 532 516 518 522 ◦514A 528 527’ 535 536 537 538 539 541 535 540 543 560 561 544 545 542 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 558 556 557 559 562 563 662 564 565

309

Part Five: Sign List D/B/L 353 354 354b 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364;365 364;365 366 367 367,5ff 368 369 370 371 B371a 372 373 374 375 375,45 375,46a-b 375,48 376 B376a 376* 377 378 B378a 3792 380 381 381,111 381,251 382 383

MZL 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 647 576 577 648 649 578 579 94 586 ◦588B ◦588C 580 582 583 584 585 587 ◦587A= ◦588F ◦588A ◦588D 589 589 590 591 592 594 854 854 596 596+24+121 496+350 597 598

D/B/L B383a 384 B384a 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 394a 394b 394b’ 394c 394c’ 394d 394d’ 394e 395 B395a 396 397 398 398,64ff 398,72 399 399* 399** 399,51ff 400 401 402 403 404 404*,1 405 406

MZL 598 599 601 602 604 607 606 609 608 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 619 626 621 624 619 628 630 631 632 633 635 636 638 639 641 641/641 641 642 643 644 645 646 631+839 631 687 634 595 640

D/B/L 407 408 409 409a 409b 409c 409d 409e 409,2 410 411 411,188 412 413 414 B415a 415 416 417 418 419 420 420,8 421 B421a 422 423 424 425 426 426a 427 428 429 430 431 432,1 432,2 433 434 434a 435

MZL 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 688 660 661 661+540 663 666 664 667 665 668 669 670 671 672 673 703 702 676 674 675 677 678 679 680 681 684 682 683 689 440 688 690 691 692 693

310

Part Five: Sign List

D/B/L 436 437 438 439 440 441 B441a 442 443 B443a 444 445 446 447 447a 448 449 449,145ff 449,244 450 451 452 453 454 454,12 455 455,19f 456 B456a 457 458 459 B459a 460 460* 461 461* 461,163 461,280 461,303 462 463

MZL 694 695 696 685 686 698 698/698 699 700 700 701 704 705 706 707 710 724 728 730 725 726 727 p.189 729 730 731 732 733 734 736 719 720 721 721 722 147 737 741 882 461+497 742 743 738,740 739

D/B/L 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 482,12 482,19 483 484 B484a 484,1c 485 486 486,1 487 488 B488a B488b 489 491 491,6 492 493 494 495 496 497 498

MZL 742 119 743 744 745 746 747 708 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 748 749 811 750 751 752 751+661 755 756 758 757 759 760 778 782 761 762 763 764 765 767 779 779 772 766 768 769 771 773

D/B/L 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 515,9 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 523* 524 525 526 527 528 529 529,30 530 531 532 533 534 534,1 535 536

MZL 774 776 776 777 782 778 783 790 780 781 784 785 786 787 790 789 788 806 791 792 793 794 802 803 795 796 797 797 798 799 800 801 804 ◦588E 805 503 855 753 754 824 114 807 808 809 810

311

Part Five: Sign List D/B/L 536,58 536,266c 537 537* 537,65c 537,129 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 B545a 546 546,6 547 548 549 550 B550a 551 552 553 B553a 554 554,78 554,84 555 556 B556a

MZL 811 532 812 813 814 814 702 815 816 817 818 819 822 820 823 821 869 869 870 871 872 875 876 877 →B553a 873 878 874 879 880 883 895 897 884 885 887 888

D/B/L 556,2 556,8 557 558 559 560 561 562 562,6f 563 564 565 565a 565,66 565,69 566 566a 566b 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 575a B575b 576 577 578 B578a 579 B579a 579,221

MZL 886 897 889 890 891 893 894 896 ◦469M 898 899 900 902 901 901 903 902 904 905 906 907 892 825 826 832 838 827 828 828/828 829 830 833 833 831 839 ◦839A 839+309

D/B/L 579,396 580 581 582 583 584 585 585* B585a B585b B585c 586 586,4 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 593,8f 594 595 596 597 597,9 598a 598b 598c 598d 598e Bv598e

MZL 703 840 844 843 845 846 841 752 849 848 849 850 851 852 846 855 856 857 858 881 834 837 835 836 741 882 859 860 861 862 863 866 864 867 868 865

312

Part Five: Sign List

5.6.  ASy/MZL Index ASy 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12a 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21a 22 22a 23 23a 23b 23c 24 25 25a 26 27 28 29 30 30a 31 32

MZL 1 3 12 14 15 16 17 5 6, 7 8 9 10 10+754 10+535+737 10+839+756 24 42 33, 49 54 61 62 64 65 71 71+754 77 74 84 81 80 18 19 22, 23 (cf. ASy 271) 89 90 91 86 88 85 92

ASy 4 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 54a 55 56 57 58 59 59a 60 61 62 63 63a 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

MZL 93 94 98 99 108 109 105 106 111 113 110 115 117 118 120 121 112 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 140+574 141 142 153 143 145 148 149 150 157 167 168 127

ASy 4 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 83a 84 85 86 87 88 88a 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

MZL 164 166 151 152 153 172 174 175 176 178 179 170 183 171 180 181 182 184 201 203 207 209 215 221 223 246 247 296 297 230 222 238 242 248 252 260 253 254 255 258 259

313

Part Five: Sign List ASy 4 110 111 111a 112 113 114 114a 115 115a 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 134a 135 136 137 137a 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148

MZL 261 262 264 266 271A 275A 275B 292 293 302 298 300 301 309 311 313 313+111 312 320 326 333 336 339 340 341 351 352 348 349 350 ◦350A 354 212 381 357 358 362 378 385 386 379 380 437 387

ASy 4 149 150 151 152 153 153a 154 155 156 157 158 159 159a 160 161 162 163 163a 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 170a 171 172 173 174 174a 174b 174c 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185

MZL 435 411 438 438 464 464+754 466 468 469 122 ◦469C 469+808 472 474 504 483 498 498+839 499 501 484 485 486 490 491 492 493 494 496 495 495+839 495+238 495+839+238 502 507 508 511 512 514 517 535 535+737 541 540

ASy 4 186 187 187a 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 204a 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227

MZL 543 560 560+132 544 545 547 561 548 552 553 554 555 558 556 559 564 565 566 567 567+825 567+825+754 568 569 570 571 575 576 578 579 580 583 584 585 587 589 590 591 596 596+350 598 599 611 612 613

314 ASy 4 228 229 230 231 233 234 235 235 236 236a 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 254a 255 256 257 258 259 259a 260 261 261a

Part Five: Sign List MZL 628 631 632 633 635 636 595 640 641 641#/# 643 644 645 646 631+839 661 663 672 674 677 678 681 682 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 685 686 698 701 704 705 724 724+825

ASy 4 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 268a 269 269a 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 277a 278 279 280 281 282 282a 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 290a 290b 291 292 293

MZL 725 726 731 733 736 720 721 720+350 737 742 119 744 745 746 708 711 748 750 750+755 751 751+541 755 767 766 766+839 786 788 795 804 753 754 807 808 808 809 810 812 813

ASy 4 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 303a 304 305 306 307 307a 308 308a 309 310 310a 311 312 312a 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325

MZL 815 816 869 877 883 884 887 889 891 890 893 896 898 899 900 905 892 825 827 828 828+91 839 839+10 839+543 839+724 839+756 ◦839A 851 856 858 856+869 881 835 836 859 861 862