The standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh : cuneiform text, transliteration, glossary, indices and sign list [1 ed.] 9514577604

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STATE ARCHIVES OF ASSYRIA CUNEIFORM TEXTS VOLUME I

SIMO

PARPOLA

The Standard Babylonian

THE NEG-ASSYRIAN TEXT CORPUS PROJECT

STATE ARCHIVES OF ASSYRIA CUNEIFORM TEXTS VOLUME I

State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts (SAACT) is a series of text editions presenting central pieces of Mesopotamian literature both in cuneifom1 and in transliteration, with complete glossaries, name indexes and sign lists generated electronically from the transliterations. The goal of the series is to eventually make the entire library of Assurbanipal available in this format.

© 1997 by the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project

Department of Asian and African Studies University of Helsinki All Rights Reserved

Set in Times Typography and layout by Teemu Lipasti The Assyria11 Royal Seal emblem drawn by Dominique Collon from original Seventh Century B.C. impressions (BM 84672 and 84677) in the British Museum Cover: Gilgamesh and Enkidu killing Humbaba (VA 4215); courtesy Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin

Printed in Finland by Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy ISBN 951-45-7760-4 (Volume 1) ISSN 1455-2345 (Series)

STATE ARCHIVES OF ASSYRIA CUNEIFORM TEXTS VOLUME I

The Standard Babylonian

Epic of Gilgamesh CUNEIFORM TEXT, TRANSLITERATION, GLOSSARY, INDICES AND SIGN LIST

By Simo Parpola with the assistance of Mikko Luukko and Kalle Fabritius

THE NEG-ASSYRIAN TEXT CORPUS PROJECT 1997

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The present volume has grown out of a score transliteration of SB Gilgamesh prepared for purposes of teaching, and it owes a great deal to feedback received from students who were exposed to and used earlier versions of it in class. I wish to extend my thanks particularly to Mikko Luukko and Kalle Fabritius, who pointed out various errors, typos and inconsistencies and provided valuable practical help in the production of the final manuscript. The reconstruction of Tablet X is essentially based on a score transliteration prepared by Raija Mattila in the early eighties. The cuneiform fonts used in printing the cuneiform text and the sign list were created by Laura Kataja of the SAA Project in 1988-92. The program enabling the output of the cuneiform text in proportional spacing on a-laser printer was written by Pentti Bergh of the Helsinki Institute of Technology. Needless to say, the present volume could not have been produced without their efforts. All the other programs used in the generation and formatting of the cuneiform text and the sign list were written by myself. I am grateful to Dr. Evelyn Klengel-Brandt, Director of the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, for providing the photograph of VA 4215 used on the cover of this volume, and for granting permission to publish it. Finally, I wish to record my gratitude to Dr. Aage Westenholz of the Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, Copenhagen, whose transliterations, collations and copies of OB Gilgamesh texts I was able consult during my stay at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, to Dr. Irving L. Finkel of the British Museum, who kindly confirmed the join K 6899 + K 8564+ and provided the copy reproduced on p. xxii, and to Robert Whiting who did last-minute proofreading and typesetting fixes. Helsinki, May 1997

Simo Parpola

V

CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..

V

INTRODUCTION . Manuscripts .. Abbreviations and Symbols ...

IX

xiii xxvii

CUNEIFORM TEXT Tablet I. Tablet IL. Tablet III Tablet IV Tablet V .. Tablet VI . Tablet VII .. Tablet VIII Tablet IX Tablet X ... Tablet XI .. Tablet XIL

1

3 9 15 19 25

29 35 41 45 49

57 65

69

TRANSLITERATION .. Tablet I ... Tablet II Tablet III Tablet IV .. Tablet V .. . Tablet VI .. . Tablet VII. Tablet VIII Tablet IX .. . Tablet X .. . Tablet XI .. Tablet XII ..

101 103 109 115

GLOSSARY AND INDICES Logo grams and Their Readings .. Glossary Index of Names ..... Index of Manuscripts ..

117 117 119 146 149

SIGN LIST ..

153

71

75 79 83 87 91

95 99

vii

INTRODUCTION

The lack of an adequate edition of the Epic of Gilgamesh has been a source of frustration for Assyriologists for more than half a century. As an outstanding philosophical work and as a masterpiece of Mesopotamian literature the Epic is fundamental to the study of Mesopotamian religion and philosophy and a must for the erudition of every Assyriologist. Yet the most recent, and in practice, the only scholarly edition of it, R.C. Thompson's The Epic of Gilgamish (Oxford, 1930), dates from a time when many of the sources currently available for the reconstruction of the Epic were still unknown. This state of affairs has created a schizophrenic situation that has caused a great deal of confusion among nonspecialists and a waste of precious time among specialists. On the one hand, the discovery of new manuscripts and fragments has led to the appearance of numerous new translations of the Epic and produced a great number of specialized articles and studies on the Epic. On the other hand, controlling the available translations critically and making full use of the progress achieved in the study of the Epic, not to speak of actively contributing to it, has long since not been possible without a disproportionate loss of time and energy. Since large segments of Thompson's edition are hopelessly out of date, every Assyriologist studying or teaching the Epic has in practice been compelled to produce an updated edition of it on his own. This is a laborious and time-consuming process, and, repeated countless times over several decades, a massive waste of scholarly effort. The present volume is intended to improve the situation by providing an up-to-date reconstruction of the Standard Babylonian version of the Epic that can be profitably used both in teaching and research. It is by no means a definitive edition of this material, and is meant to complement rather than compete with the forthcoming critical edition by W.G. Lambert and A.R. George that has been in preparation since the late fifties. Apart from the fact that it would have been senseless to duplicate the work already done by two outstanding scholars, meeting the demands of perfection set for the critical edition would in practice have pushed the appearance of the present volume into the remote future, if not prevented it altogether. Instead, the format of the SAACT series has made it possible to finish the volume within a reasonable time and to provide it with features falling beyond the scope of a critical edition but essential to the teaching and study of the Epic.

ix

GILGAMESH

In addition to an up-to-date composite transliteration of the SB version, making it possible for the first time to quote the Akkadian text of the Epic by a running line number, the volume contains a computer printout of the entire reconstructed text in cuneiform, supplemented by a sign list, a key to the logograms, and complete computer-generated glossaries and indices in the SAA style. Since the volume is primarily intended for teaching and many translations and studies of the Epic are available in several languages, no translation or commentary has been included. The recent translation by Stephanie Dalley (Myths from Mesopotamia, Oxford 1989, pp. 39-162), which contains a commentary and a good bibliography, can be profitably used as a companion to the volume. As the line numbering in the forthcoming edition by Lambert and George will doubtless differ from the reconstruction offered here, it is recommended . that the present volume be cited as SAA Gilg. (e.g., "SAA Gilg. I 243," referring to Tablet I, line 243 of the present edition). Once the critical edition has appeared, differences can be eliminated in a second edition of the present work.

Cuneiform Text and Sign List The cuneiform text and sign list have been generated automatically from the composite transliteration using programs and and fonts created by the SAA Project. Black characters stand for text preserved in at least one manuscript while white characters stand for restored text and correspond to items within square brackets in the transliteration. For the indication of partially preserved characters see below. Note that portions of text restorable from refrains and parallels but not actually extant in any manuscript are also given in white characters. Unrestorable portions of the text are indicated by shaded areas. The sign list contains all the syllabic and logographic sign values occurring in the composite text and their frequencies. The sign numbers given in bold face are those of R. Borger' s Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste with minor modifications.

Transliteration The transliteration of the Epic presented here has been reconstructed from a great number of different tablets and fragments including ones from different periods. The overall goal has been to provide a composite text of the Epic making it possible to read the entire SB recension in class without being constantly forced to restore textual gaps by means of sundry material from other periods. Accordingly, while the composite text must be understood as essentially a reconstruction of the SB recension, it incorporates elements taken from earlier versions whenever such material is available for the

X

INTRODUCTION

reconstruction of major gaps in the SB version. Passages in earlier versions merely paralleling text in the SB version have been left out of consideration. Restorations made from non-SB material are consistently enclosed within square brackets and naturally must be treated with great caution even though I.he Old Babylonian and Standard Babylonion versions are largely parallel. This applies particularly to the beginning of Tablet VII which has been restored from a Hittite source by artificially retranslating it into Akkadian. The composite text is based on a score transliteration of all published fragments of the SB version as well as OB/MB and Hitt. fragments used for the restoration of broken passages. The score itself, which is over 150 pages long, is not included in the volume for reasons of space. Most manuscripts of the SB version are three-column tablets, but the column division of the originals could not be applied to the score/composite text, since the length of columns and, consequently, the number of lines per column varies from tablet to tablet. Instead, each line of the composite text has been assigned a running line number taking into account the number of lines lost in the breaks, which can be estimated from the number of lines per column in individual manuscripts. In some manuscripts, two consecutive lines are for reasons of space occasionally combined into one line, with a division mark ":" separating the hemistichs. Such lines, as well as other very long lines which came out too cramped in experimental versions of the cuneiform text, have been systematically split in two in the composite text. Conversely, in passages involving restorations taken from OB manuscripts, whose lines on the average are much shorter, two or three lines of the original have often been combined to make a single line in the composite text. Since not all the fragments available for the reconstruction of the SB version can be assigned to definite manuscripts, the composite text is not oriented after any particular manuscript. Rather, it is a conglomeration reflecting the idiosyncracies of several different scribes. Generally, "grammatically correct" forms have been preferred over "incorrect" ones, syllabic spellings over logographic ones, and "full" spellings (lu-u) over "defective" ones (lu). Absolute consistency in this respect has not been striven for, however. In OB passages used for the reconstruction of textual gaps, uncontracted i+a has generally been replaced by a to harmonize with SB orthographic practices. A few clear scribal errors and omissions in the SB manuscripts have also been corrected. Such emendations to the original text are noted in the critical apparatus. The transliteration generally follows the conventions of the SAA series. Note, however, that since the cuneiform font distinguishes only between completely preserved and broken signs, half-brackets enclosing signs whose readings are certain have been removed from the composite text in order to prevent them from appearing as "destroyed" in the cuneiform text. Correspondingly, square brackets basically enclose only totally missing signs.

xi

GILGAMESH

Variant apparatus Since the present volume is not a critical edition of the Epic, the variant apparatus is not exhaustive but contains only variants substantially deviating from the reconstructed text; merely orthographic variants such as tu for tu, etc., have not been listed. In general, only first-millennium SB manuscripts have been fully taken into consideration, although variants from OB and MB manuscripts are selectively included.

Glossary and Indices The logogram list, glossary and indices, electronically generated, follow the conventions of the SAA series. The glossary contains all lexically identifiable words occurring in the text. Variants given only in the variant apparatus are not included in the glossary or other indices. The glossary and indices were prepared by the author.

xii

MANUSCRIPTS TABLET I

Three-column tablets A = K 913+ ( +) K 2756a+ ( +) K 2756c ( +) K 2756e+. NA script, 41 to 42 lines per column. A 1 = K 2756c (Haupt NE p. 1). Col. I, lines 1-16. A 2 = K 913 + K 2756 (Haupt NE pp. 4-6) + 81-7-27,93 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 1 and 5-8). Cols. I-II and IV-VI; lines 1-2, 46-50, 162-183, 194-234 and 250-281. A, = K 2756a (Haupt NE p. 2) + K 2756b (Haupt NE p. 2) + K 13874 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 2-5). Cols. II-III and V, lines 83-84, 125-146 and 185-197. A. = K 2756e + K 2756f (Haupt NE p. 2) + K 6541 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 2). Col. III, lines 93-102. All pieces parts of the same tablet, although direct join not possible. b = Rm 785+ (+) BM 34916 (+) BM 37163 (+) BM 38538. NB script, 44 to 45 lines per column. b, = BM 38538 (CT 46 18). b 2 = Rm 785 + Rm 1017 + 5-10 and 50-60. b, = BM 34916 (CT 46 17). b. = BM 37163 (CT 46 20).

Cols. I and VI; lines 1-2 and 265-281. BM 34248 (CT 46 19). Cols. I-II, lines Col. I, lines 5-20. Cols. II and IV, lines 80-81 and 177-183.

Possibly all parts of the the same tablet. There is an overlap of one sign between b 2 and b, (line 7 = I 3'), but this may be simply due to an error in Pinches' copy (CT 46 17) whose accuracy can no longer be verified, the original having deteriorated under wartime storage. C

=

K 8584 (Haupt NE p. 79). Cols. I-II, lines 1-11 and 53-60. NA script, about 45 lines per column.

Thompson Gilg. pl. 8 notes that K 8584 and K 2756d (= I) may be parts of the same tablet but this is impossible as a simple line count shows that the latter must be a two-column and the former a three-column tablet. D and C cannot be parts of the same tablet since their texts overlap.

D = K 4465 + K 9245 + Sm 2133 (Haupt NE pp. 8-13; Thompson Gilg. pl. 1-5). Cols. II-V, lines 47-50, 61-29 and 142-249. NA script, about 47 lines per column. xiii

GILGAMESH

e

=

VAT 17234 (VS 24 95). Cols. II-V, lines 45-61 and 156-180. NB script.

F = K 7017 (Geers N 46). Cols. III-IV, lines 144-158. NA script, about 50 lines per column. g = W 22744/lb (von Weiher Uruk 122). Cols. III-IV, lines 142-145 and

191-200. NB script.

Two-column tablets H = ND 4405/4 (Wiseman, Iraq 37, pl. 37 [copy] and 38 [photo]). Cols. I-II, lines 17-51 and 95-107. Early NA script, about 56 lines per column.

I = K 2756d (Haupt NE p. 7). Cols. III-IV, lines 173-188 and 235-249. NA script, about 59 lines per column. See above, under C.

Other sources K = K 16024 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 54), NA script. A small 6-line fragment containing the beginnings of lines 11 and 15-18 of Tablet I.

Tablet II (etc.) refers to refrains paralleling or duplicating the text of Tablet I in other tablets of the SB recension. OBN

2 NT 79 = A 29934, unp. OB school tablet from Nippur utilized from a copy by A. Westenholz. //Col.II, lines 77-81.

OBP refers to the Old Babylonian Pennsylvania fragment (Langdon, BE 10/3, coll. A. Westenholz), utilized eclectically for lines 230-243 and 257-265 where the OB and SB recensions run more or less parallel.

xiv

MANUSCRIPTS

TABLET II

Three-column tablets a = W 22729/9 (+) W 23018. LB script, 45 lines per column. a1

=

W 22729/9 (von Weiher Uruk 30 and ZA 62 222ff). Cols. I and VI, lines 18-38 and 213-237. a2 = W 23018 (von Weiher Uruk 123). Cols. V and VI, lines 180-212 and 229-264. These two fragments do not make a direct join, but the gap separating them in lines 232-235 is not wide (2-3 signs only).

b = A 3444 (Heidel, JNES 11 140ff). Cols. I and VI, lines 29-37 and

249-263. NB script, about 46 lines per column. C

=

K 857 4 (+) Rm 289. NA script, about 47 lines per column.

C 1 = Rm 289 (Haupt NE pp. 81-84; Thompson Gilg. pl. 9f). Cols. I-VI, lines 34-43, 73-88, 132-156 and 189-204. C2 = K 8574 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 9f). Cols. II and V, lines 49-55 and 238-240. On the connection of the fragments see Thompson Gilg. pl. 9.

Other sources OBN

=

OBP

= OB

unpub. OB Gilgamesh-fragment from Nippur, now in Pennsylvania (UM 29-13-570), copy A. Westenholz. Used for lines 156-164 and 175-177. Pennsylvania Tablet (Langdon, BE 10/3), collated by A. Westenholz. Used for lines 1 104.

OBY = OB Yale Tablet (Jastrow and Clay, YOR 4/3). Lines 109-263. In addition, refrains in Tablets I and III can be used for the reconstruction of some lines.

xv

GILGAMESH

TABLET III

Three-column tablets A = K 9885+ (+) Ki 1904-10-9,19. NA script, 43 lines per column.

A 1 = Ki 1904-10-9,19 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 13, photo King, Cat. Suppl. pl. 3). Cols. I and VI, lines 1-26 and 227-236. A2 = K 9885 + 80-7-19,306 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 12f). Cols. II, (III), IV and V, lines 44-57, 85-86, 153-164 and 208-209. To the same set of tablets as Tablet I, ms. A.

B

=

K 3423+ (+) K 4474 (+) K 8558 (+) Sm 2097. NA script, 35 lines per column.

B 1 = K 8558 (Haupt NE p. 20; cf. Thompson Gilg. pl. 1lf). Cols. I-II, lines 2-22 and 41-56. B 2 = K 4474 (Haupt NE p. 52; Thompson Gilg. pl. 11f). Cols. I-II, lines 30-35 and 63-69. B 3 = Sm 2097 (Haupt NE p. 21; Thompson Gilg. pl. 12f). Cols. II-III, lines 36-53 and 70-88. B 4 = K 3423 + Rm 579 (Haupt NE p. 23; Thompson Gilg. pl. 13). Cols. IV-V, lines 119-139 and 159-172. All pieces part of the same tablet.

c = W 23130 (von Weiher Uruk 124). Cols. II-III, lines 43-51, 59-66 and 82-117. LB script, 39 lines per column.

D = K 8573 (CT 46 29). NA script, portion of one column only (probably Col. V). Lines 177-183.

e = BM 34191 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 12; CT 46 28). Col(s. IV-)V, lines 176-182. NB script, approximately 43 lines per column.

Other sources f = VAT 19286 (VS 24 96). Col. III, lines 85-94. NB script. Two(?)-column school tablet with excerpts from the Sb vocabulary on the obverse.

OBY

=

OB Yale Tablet (Jastrow and Clay, YOS 4/3). Lines 1-10.

xvi

MANUSCRIPTS

TABLET IV

Three-column tablets a= VAT 14512 (+) VAT 14513. LB script, approximately 33 lines per column. a,= VAT 14512 (LKU 39). Cols. I-II and V-VI, lines 1-5 and 34-37 + three unplaced lines on the reverse. a2 = VAT 14513 (LKU 40). Col. IV, lines 137-157. B = K 8586 (+) Sm 1040. NA script, approximately 40 lines per column.

B 1 = K 8586 (Haupt NE p. 57; Thompson Gilg. pl. 18). Col. I, lines 22-35. B 2 = Sm 1040 (Haupt NE p. 58; Thompson Gilg. pl. 19). Col. III, lines 81-104. On the connection of the fragments see Haupt NE p. 57.

c = BM 45883 (CT 46 22). Cols. III and IV, lines 109-118 and 144-146. NB script. D = K 8591 (Haupt NE pp. 27f, cf. Thompson Gilg. pl. 14ff). Cols. V-VI, lines 191-203 and 233-259. NA script, approximately 40 lines per column.

E = K 13525 (Geers T 9). Fragment of Col. V, lines 188-196. NA script. [F = VAT 10217 (KAR 319). Unplaced fragment probably belonging to Tablet IV but left out of consideration for the time being.] g = Rm 853 (CT 46 21). Cols. I and VI, lines 33-37 and 209-213. NB

script, about 41 lines per column. H = K 7224 (Haupt NE p. 94; Thompson Gilg. pl. 10). Part of Col. VI, lines 219-227. NA script.

Other sources Bo. = KUB 4 12, Obv. Hittite copy of OB original. Probably to Col. II. Lines 47-71. OBD

IM 52265 (van Dijk, Sumer 13 pl. 12 [copy] and Sumer 14 114ff; von Soden, ZA 53 215ff with collations by Edzard). OB school tablet, lines 165-180. Probably to Col. IV.

xvii

GILGAMESH

TABLETV

Three-column tablets A = K 3252 + K 8561 (Thompson Gilg. pl. l 7ff). Cols. I-II and V-VI, lines 1-16, 46-72, 204-217 and 246-255. NA script, about 45 lines per column.

b = W 22554/7 (von Weiher Uruk 59 and BaM 11 90ff, pl. 15f). Cols. I-VI, lines 81-103, 113-143, 149-166, 187-207, 211-227 and238-255. LB script, about 36 lines per column.

Other sources 01

A 22007 (Bauer, JNES 16 245f). Lines 207-238. OB school tablet from Eshnunna. Collated and recopied by A. Westenholz. [N.B. The OB fragments IM 52750 (van Dijk, TIM 9 45) and IM 21180x (TIM 9 46) have not been utilized.]

xviii

MANUSCRIPTS

TABLET VI

Three-column tablets A = K 231 (+) K 5335. NA script, obverse 44-40 lines, reverse 32-30 lines per column.

=

K 231 (Haupt NE pp. 37-41, cf. Thompson Gilg. pl. 20ff). Cols. I-VI, lines 1-84, 92-102, 128-132 and 146-175. A 2 = K 5335 (Haupt NE p. 34, cf. Thompson Gilg. pl. 24). Cols. III and IV, lines 103-114 and 124-130. A,

Column width 6 cm, tablet width 18.75 cm, height 12 cm. Assurbanipal library stamp. On the connection of the fragments see Thompson Gilg. pl. 20.

B

=

K 3990+ (+) Sm 2112. NA script.

B, = K 3990 (Haupt NE p. 36) + K 4579 (Haupt NE p. 35) + DT 2 + Rm 578 (Haupt NE p. 29) + Rm 2,197 (joins and composite copy in Thompson Gil g. pl. 20ff). Cols. I and IV- VI, lines 1-12, 123-141 and 154-189. B 2 = Sm 2112 (Haupt NE pp. 32-33). Cols. II-IV, lines 44-58, 83-94 and 141-145. Column width a little over 6 cm. Assurbanipal library stamp. On the connection of B, and B 2 , see Thompson Gilg. pl. 20.

C = K 4579a+ (+) K 15193+. NA script, obverse 36-38 lines per column. C, = K 4579a + K 8018 (Haupt NE p. 30f; join by Thompson). Cols. I-II and V-VI, lines 1-23, 34-53, 153-163 and 181-189. C 2 = K 15193 + Sm 401 (NE p. 33) + Sm 2194 (NE p. 34; joins and composite copy in Thompson Gilg. pl. 20ff). Cols. III-V, lines 80-96, 114-122 and 148-153. Column width 7.3 cm. Catch-line with short colophon, but no Assurbanipal ownership mark. To the same set of tablets as Tablet VII, ms. E, see Haupt NE pp. 18 and 33. On the connection of C, and C 2 see Haupt NE pp. 30 and 33, as well as Thompson Gilg. pl. 20.

D = VAT 9667 (KAR 115) + A 122 + A 123 + A 124 + A 125 (Frankena, CRRAI 7 113ff). Cols. I-VI, lines 1-21, 38-73, 79-105, 114-128, 153-165 and 184-189. NA script, approximately 42 lines per column.

E = VAT 11576 (KAR 320). Fragment from Col. II, lines 61-65. NA script. Not part of the same tablet as D.

xix

GILGAMESH

TABLET VII

Three-column tablets A = K 3588 (Haupt NE p. 53f; Thompson Gilg. pl. 14f). Cols. I and VI, lines 27-50 and 256-272. NA script, about 50 lines per column.

Part of the same tablet as F?

C = Rm 2,399 (Haupt NE p. 77; Thompson Gilg. pl. 14). Fragment from Col. II, lines 69-80. NA script. D

=

K 2589 (Haupt NE p. 16f; Thompson Gilg. pl. 27f). Cols. III-IV, lines 98-115 and 182-206. NA script, about 48 lines per column.

E

=

K 8590 (Haupt NE p. 18f; Thompson Gilg. pl. 27f). Cols. III-IV, 95-123 and 183-201. NA script, 46-50 lines per column. Column width 7 .5 cm.

F = K 3389 (Haupt NE p. 14f; Thompson Gilg. pl. 27f). Cols. III-IV, lines 128-148 and 152-177. NA script, about 50 lines per column. Possibly part of the same tablet as A (and E?).

G = K 11659 (Haupt NE p. 94; Thompson Gilg. pl. 28, composite copy). Fragment from Col. IV, lines 124-137. NA script.

h = BM 46002 (CT 46 23). Cols. II-III, lines 89-104. NB script. i

=

BM 34873 (CT 46 25). Cols. III-IV, lines 108-123 and 195-202. NB script.

j = BM 35245 (CT 46 24). Col. V, lines 165-174. NB script.

h, i and j are probably all parts of the same tablet.

L = 79-7-8,320 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 27). Cols. IV-V, lines 163-172 and 214-224. NA script. 0 = K 9196 (Geers N 76). Cols. IV-V, lines 163-172 and 214-224. NA script, about 50 lines per column.

Two-column tablets B = Sm 2132 (Haupt NE p. 55f; Thompson Gilg. pl. 14f). Cols. I and IV, lines 58-68 and 250-266. NA script, about 75 lines per column.

XX

MANUSCRIPTS

One-column tablets S = S.U. 51/129A + 187 (STT 14 + 112, cf. Gurney, JCS 8 87ff). Lines 46-93. School tablet with about 75 lines per column. NA script.

Other sources Bo. = KUB 8 48 // KUB 17 3 (Friedrich, ZA 39 16ff). Hitt. text used for the reconstruction of lines 2-19. u

=

UET VI 394 (Gadd, Iraq 28 105ff, cf. Landsberger, RA 62 123ff). MB school(?) tablet, lines 88-172.

K = 79-7-8,355 (Landsberger, RA 62 128 and 131, cf. Thompson Gilg. pl. 30). Lines 183-194. This fragment has not been available to me and has been utilized only through the composite copy of Thompson and Landsberger's footnotes. M

=

Megiddo fragment (Goetze + S. Levy, Atiqot 2 12lff). Used very sparingly (lines 264-267).

[N

=

79-7-8,342 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 17). Possibly a fragment from Col. V of the Assurbanipal recension. Left out of consideration for the time being.]

[79-7-8, 194 (CT 46 26) may contain portions of cols. II and III (thus Lambert, CT 46 p. 4), but cannot be combined with the other fragments and has hence been left out of consideration for the time being.]

xxi

GILGAMESH

TABLET VIII

Three-column tablets A = K 8587 (Haupt NE p. 68; Thompson Gilg. pl. 31). Fragment of Col. I, lines 1-9. NA script. B = K 8565 + K 9997 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 31-32 [composite copy] +

Lambert, CRRAI 7 53). Cols. I-II, lines 1-30 and 50-65. NA script, about 41 lines per column. C

=

K 6899 (CRRAI 7 54) + K 8564 + K 9716 + Rm 2,262 (Haupt NE pp. 75, 86-88; Thompson Gilg. pl. 31-33). Cols. I-VI, lines 1-6, 42-65, 83-94, 165-169, 200-210 and 245. NA script, 41 lines per column.

Assurbanipal library stamp. Join K 6899 + K 8564+ by S. Parpola, December 1982.

d = BM 37189 (CT 46 27). Fragment from Col. I, lines 36-43. NB script.

E = K 8281 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 33). Cols. III-IV, lines 91-111 and 162-177. NA script, 45 lines per column.

One-column tablets S = S.U. 51/7 (STT 15). Lines 1-73. NA school tablet. 23 + 20 lines corresponding to Cols. I-II of the three-column edition.

Fig. 1. K6899 + K8564+ (Copy I. L. Finkel)

xxii

MANUSCRIPTS

TABLET IX

Three-column tablets A = K 2360 + K 3060 (Haupt NE pp. 59-64; Thompson Gilg. pl. 34-37). Cols. I-IV, lines 1-29, 37-60, 74-93, 127-144, 150-178 and 185-199. NA script, 36 lines per column. Column width ea. 5 .5 cm. Assurbanipal library stamp.

B = 80-7-19,305 (Haupt NE p. 85). Col. I, lines 1-11. NA script. Assurbanipal colophon e.

xxiii

GILGAMESH

TABLETX

Three-column tablets K 3382+ ( +) K 8579 (+) K 8589+. NA script, about 50 lines per column.

A

A, = K 8589 (Haupt NE pp. 65-66; Thompson Gilg. pl. 38 and 43) + Sm 1681 (CT 46 33). Cols. I, (V) and VI, lines 1-30, 268-278 and 301-329. K 3382 + Rm 621 (Haupt NE pp. 67-72; Thompson Gilg. pl. A2 38-43). Cols. I-V, lines 21-29, 67-113, 133-192 and 222-276. A1 = K 8579 (Haupt NE p. 73; Thompson Gilg. pl. 40). Fragment from Col. V, lines 114-127. Column width 7 .5 cm. Assurbanipal library colophon.

b = BM 34160 + BM 34193 + BM 35174 + BM 35174 + BM 35348 + BM 35413 + BM 35628 (CT 46 30). Cols. I-II and V-VI, lines 19-47, 72-110, 259-294 and 297-329. LB script. Seleucid colophon.

c

=

BM 35546 + Rm 751+ (CT 46 32 + additional join communicated by Lambert in CRRAI 26 54f). Cols. V-VI, lines 239-261 and 297-316. NB script.

Other sources OBM = VAT 4105 (Meissner, MVAG 7/1 1-16 and pl. I-II). Used for lines 60-64 and 147-153. OBM 2

=

BM 96974 (CT 46 16). Used for lines 80-86 and 155-159. Probably part of the same tablet as OBM.

xxiv

MANUSCRIPTS

TABLET XI

Three-column tablets A = K2252 + K 2602 + K 3321 + K4486 + Sm 1881 (Haupt NE pp. 95-105 and 124). Cols. I-VI, lines 1-19, 52-62, 69-72, 80-84, 92-108, 113210, 219-231 and 235-320. NA script, 50 lines per column. B

K 3375 (+) Rm 616. NA script, 52-3 lines per column. B 1 = Rm 616 (Haupt NE p. 120). Col. I, lines 1-22. B2 = K 3375 (Haupt NE pp. 106-13). Cols. II-V, lines 55-278. No rulings. On the connection of the tablets (Thompson's mss. "B" and "I"), see Thompson Gilg. pL 44.

C

K 7752+ (+) Sm 2131+ (+) 82-5-22,316. Cols. I-VI. NA script, ea. 50 lines per column.

=

82-5-22,316 (Haupt NE pp. 126f). Cols I-II and V-VI, lines 53-63, 108-123, 241-245 and 290-300. C 2 = Sm 2131 + Sm 2196 (Haupt NE p. 130) + Rm 2,390 (Haupt NE p. 124) + Rm 2,383 (Haupt NE p. 125; composite copy in Thompson Gilg. pl. 44). Cols. I-II and IV, lines 29-51, 64-105 and 248-261. C, = K 7752 (Haupt NE pp. 130) + 81-2-4,245 + 81-2-4,296 (Haupt NE pp. 128f) + 81-2-4,460 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 44). Cols. III-V, lines 124-148 and 222-240. C1

On the connection ofK 7752+ and Sm 2131+ (Thompson's mss. "C" and "D") see Thompson Gilg. pl. 44.

D = K 8517+ (+) K 8593 (+) K 8594 (+) K 8595. NA script, about 50 lines per column. D 1 = K 8517 + K 8518 (Haupt NE pp. 114-9). Cols. I-II and V-VI; lines 1-41, 56-101, 256-72, 291-322. D 2 = K 8594 (Haupt NE p. 117). Col. III, lines 143-149. D, = K 8593 (Haupt NE p. 118). Col. V, lines 249-256. D. = K 8595 (Haupt NE p. 118). Col. V, lines 250-256. On the connection of the fragments (Thompson's ms. "E, F, G, H") see Haupt NE, pp. 114 and 133, and Thompson Gilg. pl. 44. Bigger script than in mss. A and B.

e

= BM 35380 = Sp II 960 (CT 46 35; Haupt NE p.

121ff; Thompson's ms. "J"). Cols. I, II and VI, lines 5-29, 55-75 and 280-310. NB script, 50 lines per column.

For K 16014 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 54) see under Tablet I.

XXV

GILGAMESH

TABLET XII

Three-column tablets A = K 2774 (Haupt BA 157-65) (+) K 8225 (Haupt BA 155). Cols. I-VI, lines 9-38, 43-67, 73-100, 118-119, 129-135 and 147-154. NA script, 29 lines per column. B

=

K 3475 (Haupt BA 1 49-51) + DT 13 (Lambert CRRAI 7 55) +

81-2-4,327 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 58) (+) Rm 933 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 57, no copy)(+) Rm 964 (Thompson Gilg. pl. 55). Cols. I, IV and VI, lines 1-30, 90-97 and 144-154. NA script, 30 lines per column. C

=

K 8226 (Haupt BA 1 50). Col. I, lines 14-24. NA script.

D

=

Opitz fragment (Weidner, AfO 10 363). Beginning of col. III and end of col. IV, lines 59-68 and 98-110. NA script, 29 lines per column.

Not the same tablet as A (lines overlap) or B (column V would be 32 lines long).

e = BM 30559 + BM 32418 (CT 46 34). Col. I, lines 4-13. NB script.

xxvi

Abbreviations and Symbols

Bibliographical Abbreviations 79-7-8 etc. A

MO Atiqot

BA

BuM BE BM Cat. Suppl.

CAD CRRAI

CT DT Geers Haupt NE

IM JNES K

KAR Ki

KUB LAS LKU

MVAG ND

NT

RA Rm

SAA

Sm

tablets in the collections of the British Museum tablets in the collections of Istanbul Arkeoloji Mtizeleri and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Archiv ftir Orientforschung journal of the Israel Department of Antiquities Beitrage zur Assyriologie Baghdader Mitteilungen Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform Texts tablets in the collections of the British Museum L. W. King, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection, Supplement (London 1914) Chicago Assyrian Dictionary Rencontre assyriologique internationale, comptes rendus Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum tablets in the collections of the British Museum copies of Kuyunjik tablets by F.W. Geers P. Haupt, Das babylonische Nimrodepos (Leipzig 1891) tablets in the collections of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad Journal of Near Eastern Studies tablets in the collections of the British Museum E. Ebeling, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiosen lnhalts (Leipzig 1919) tablets in the collections of the British Museum Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazki:iy S. Parpola, Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal I, II (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 5/1-2, Neukirehen-Vluyn 1970, 1983) A. Falkenstein, Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk (Berlin 1931) Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Agyptischen Gesellschaft field numbers of tablets excavated at Nimrod field numbers of tablets excavated at Nippur Revue d' assyriologie tablets in the collections of the British Museum State Archives of Assyria tablets in the collections of the British Museum

xxvii

GILGAMESH

Sp STT

s.u. Thompson Gilg. UET UM VAT

vs w

von Weiher Uruk YOR

tablets in the collections of the British Museum O.R. Gurney, J.J. Finkelstein and P. Hulin, The Sultantepe Tablets I-II (London 1957-64) field numbers of tablets excavated at Sultantepe R.C. Thompson, The Epic of Gilgamish (Oxford 1930) Ur Excavations, Texts tablets in the collections of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia tablets in the collections of the Staatliche Museen, Berlin Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der Koniglichen Museen zu Berlin field numbers of tablets excavated at Warka E. von Weiher, Spiitbabylonische Texte aus Uruk, II-IV (Berlin and Mainz am Rhein, 1983-1993) Yale Oriental Series, Researches

Other Abbreviations and Symbols MB NA

NB OB

SB Hitt. e. obv. pl. r., rev. col. coll. mng. ms. unpub. var.

*

0 X

() (()) [[ ]]

+ (+)

Middle Babylonian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Old Babylonian Standard Babylonian Hittite edge obverse plate reverse column collated, collation meaning manuscript unpublished variant collation emendation uncertain reading cuneiform division mark graphic variants (see LAS Ip. XX) uninscribed space or nonexistent sign broken or undeciphered sign supplied word or sign sign erroneously added by scribe erasure joined to indirect join

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