Agroclimatology of the Sugar - Cane Crop

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Agroclimatology of the Sugar - Cane Crop

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CONTENTS Page

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SUMMARY (English, French, Russian, Spanish) ..... ................ ....

VII IX

CHAPTER 1 - THE ORIGIN, SPREAD AND PRODUCTION OF SUGAR-CANE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Origin ....................................................... Spread ....................................................... Production ................................................... Research .....................................................

1 1 2 3

CHAPTER 2 - CLIMATE, SOIL AND CROP SITUATIONS IN SOME SUGAR-CANEGROWING COUNTRIES 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9 2.2.10 2.2.11 2.2.12 2.2.13 2.2.14 2.2.15 2.2.16 2.2.17 2.2.18 2.2.19 2.2.20

Introduction ................................................. Planting and harvesting under different environmental conditions ................................................... Angola ....................................................... Argentina .................................................... Australia .................................................... Barbados ..................................................... Brazil ....................................................... China ......................................................... Cuba ......................................................... Egypt ........................................................ Fiji ......................................................... India ........................................................ Indonesia .................................................... Mauritius .................................................... Mexico ....................................................... Mozambique ................................................... Pakistan ..................................................... Peru ......................................................... Philippines .................................................. South Africa ................................................. Taiwan ....................................................... Venezuela ....................................................

5 5 5 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 23

CHAPTER 3 - EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON SUGAR-CANE 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

Introduction ................................................. Temperature .................................................. Sunshine/light/radi$tion ..................................... Rainfall ..................................................... Humidity ..................................................... Dew .......................................................... Wind .........................................................

24 24 27 28 29 29 30

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Page 3.8 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4 3.9.5

Ocean current ................................................ Hazardous climatic factors/climatic hazards .................. Cyclones ..................................................... Floods ....................................................... Drought ...................................................... Frost ........................................................ Hail .........................................................

CHAPTER 44.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.3 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3

45 45 47 48 54

CROP-WEATHER RELATIONSHIPS AND THEIR USE IN THE ASSESSMENT OF YIELD

Introduction ................................................. Crop-weather experiment on sugar-cane ........................ Crop observations ............................................ Meteorological observations .................................. Crop-weather calendar ........................................ Crop-weather relationship .................................... Yield forecasting ............................................ Sucrose content and weather ..................................

CHAPTER 7-

37 37 38

WATER NEEDS IN RELATION TO WEATHER

Introduction ................................................. Meteorological factors and evapotranspiration ................ Water consumption ............................................ Lysimeter experiments ........................................ Experiments in India .........................................

CHAPTER 6-

6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.3 6.4 6.5

INFLUENCE OF MICROCLIMATE ON THE GROWTH OF SUGAR-CANE

Introduction ................................................. Variations of microclimatic parameters ....................... Experiments conducted in India ...............................

CHAPTER 5-

30 31 31 33 33 35 36

56 56 57 57 57 60 61 62

EFFECT OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF PESTS AND DISEASES

Introduction ................................................. Pests ........................................................ Borers ....................................................... Froghoppers .................................................. White grubs .................................................. Rodents ...................................................... Nematodes .................................................... Leafhoppers .................................................. Tegalensis ................................................... Diseases ..................................................... Red rot ...................................................... Eyespot disease .............................................. Smut .........................................................

68 68 68 69 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 71

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Page Pokkah boeng ................................................. Geographical distribution of pests and diseases of sugar-cane ........... ........................................ 7.5.1 Mothborers ................................................... .................. 7.5.2 White grub ................................. 7.5.3 Eyespot ...................................................... 7.5.4 Red rot ...................................................... .... 7.5.5 Root rot ................................................. 7.5.6 Culmicolous smut ............................................. 7.5.7 Gumming disease .............................................. 7.5.8 Leaf scald ................................................... 7.5.9 Fiji disease ................................................. 7.5.10 Mosaic disease ............................................... ....................... Forecasting ........................... 7.6 7.4.4 7.5

71 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72

CHAPTER 8 - PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS - RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE APPLICATIONS REFERRAL SYSTEMS (CARS) 8.1 8.2 8.3

Limitations of earlier experiments ........................... Recommendations .............................................. Contribution to climate appliances referral system (CARS) Food .........................................................

ACKNOWLXDGEMENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REFERENCES ...........................................................

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