Advances in Communication, Devices and Networking: Proceedings of ICCDN 2022 9819919827, 9789819919826

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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 1037

Sourav Dhar Dinh-Thuan Do Samarendra Nath Sur Chuan-Ming Liu   Editors

Advances in Communication, Devices and Networking Proceedings of ICCDN 2022

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering Volume 1037

Series Editors Leopoldo Angrisani, Department of Electrical and Information Technologies Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy Marco Arteaga, Departament de Control y Robótica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico Samarjit Chakraborty, Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, TU München, München, Germany Jiming Chen, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Shanben Chen, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Tan Kay Chen, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Rüdiger Dillmann, University of Karlsruhe (TH) IAIM, Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Haibin Duan, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China Gianluigi Ferrari, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Sede Scientifica Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy Manuel Ferre, Centre for Automation and Robotics CAR (UPM-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Faryar Jabbari, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Limin Jia, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Janusz Kacprzyk, Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Alaa Khamis, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, German University in Egypt El Tagamoa El Khames, New Cairo City, Egypt Torsten Kroeger, Intrinsic Innovation, Mountain View, CA, USA Yong Li, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China Qilian Liang, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA Ferran Martín, Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Tan Cher Ming, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Wolfgang Minker, Institute of Information Technology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany Pradeep Misra, Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA Subhas Mukhopadhyay, School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia Cun-Zheng Ning, Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Toyoaki Nishida, Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Luca Oneto, Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Genova, Italy Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India Federica Pascucci, Department di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italy Yong Qin, State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Gan Woon Seng, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Joachim Speidel, Institute of Telecommunications, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany Germano Veiga, FEUP Campus, INESC Porto, Porto, Portugal Haitao Wu, Academy of Opto-electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District Beijing, China Walter Zamboni, Department of Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, DIEM—Università degli studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy Junjie James Zhang, Charlotte, NC, USA

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Sourav Dhar · Dinh-Thuan Do · Samarendra Nath Sur · Chuan-Ming Liu Editors

Advances in Communication, Devices and Networking Proceedings of ICCDN 2022

Editors Sourav Dhar Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology Rangpo, Sikkim, India Samarendra Nath Sur Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology Rangpo, Sikkim, India

Dinh-Thuan Do School of Engineering University of Mount Union Alliance, OH, USA Chuan-Ming Liu Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei, Taiwan

ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering ISBN 978-981-99-1982-6 ISBN 978-981-99-1983-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1983-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Preface

ICCDN 2022, the 6th International Conference on Communication, Device and Networking, is held at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) of Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology (SMIT), Sikkim Manipal University (SMU), Sikkim, during December 16–17, 2022. The publication of the ICCDN is sponsored by LNEE, Springer (SCOPUS Indexed). The aim of the conference is to provide a platform for researchers, engineers, academicians, and industry professionals to present their recent research works and to explore future trends in various areas of engineering. The conference also brings together both novice and experienced scientists and developers, to explore newer scopes; collect new ideas; establish new cooperation between research groups; and exchange ideas, information, techniques, and applications in the field of Electronics, Communication, Devices, and Networking. The ICCDN 2022 Committees rigorously invited submissions of manuscripts from researchers, scientists, engineers, students, and practitioners across the world related to the relevant themes and tracks of the conference. The call for papers of the conference was divided into six tracks as mentioned, Track 1: electronics devices and nano-technology, Track 2: signal processing, Track 3: microwave and millimeter wave engineering, Track 4: AI and its application, Track 5: energy, power, and control, and Track 6: communication and networking. On behalf of the Executive Committee and the Local Organizing Committee, we thank the authors and the participants for their original ideas, innovative applications, and practical achievements in the different fields related to the conference. The conference is enriched with six keynote speeches each of 1 hour duration by eminent speakers from academia and industry. As speakers, we have with us Dr. Robindro Lairenlakpam, EV Technologies Area, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, India; Dr. Dinh-Thuan Do, Computer and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Mount Union Alliance, USA; Dr. Soumya Pandit, Radio Physics and Electronics, Calcutta University, India; Dr. Nisha Gupta, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India; Dr. Navin Singh Rajput, Department of Electronics Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, India; Dr. Angsuman Sarkar, Electronics and Communication v

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Engineering, in Kalyani Government Engineering College, West Bengal, India. We are also thankful to Dr. Zheng Xu, Shanghai University, China, for organizing a special session. A total of 132 papers have been received; out of which 60 papers (including four invited papers) have been accepted in the conference. Participants, from different parts of the country as well as across different countries, presented their paper through online platform. All these efforts undertaken by the Organizing Committees lead to a high-quality technical conference program, which featured high-impact presentations from keynote speakers and from paper presenters. On behalf of the ICCDN Organizing Committee, we would like to thank Springer for the kind cooperation. We would like to thank Chief Patrons, Patron, Advisory Board Members, General Chair, and Program Chair for their continuous support and encouragements. Finally, we would also like to express our appreciation to all contributors for submitting highly accomplished work, to all reviewers for their time and valuable comments, and to all members of the conference committees for giving generously of their time over the past year. Sikkim, India Alliance, USA Sikkim, India Taipei, Taiwan

Dr. Sourav Dhar Dr. Dinh-Thuan Do Dr. Samarendra Nath Sur Dr. Chuan-Ming Liu

Contents

A Low Phase Noise Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Using Tunable SIW Cavity Resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Md. Atiqur Rahman and Pankaj Sarkar

1

Design and Analysis of an Efficient Novel Multilayer 4:1 MUX Using QCA Technique with Reversibility and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rupsa Roy, Swarup Sarkar, and Sourav Dhar

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Investigation of Phosphorene’s Sensing Behaviour Towards SO2 F2 and SOF2 Gases: A DFT Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Siddanth Chettri, Sagarika Sharma, Bibek Chettri, Prasanna Karki, Pronita Chettri, Sanat Kr. Das, and Bikash Sharma RFID-Based Student Identification Card Attendance Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joseph Bamidele Awotunde, Samarendra Nath Sur, Muqeetat Tolulope Aderinto, and Tarek Gaber Analysis of Channel Grading on Triple Material Double Gate Stack Oxide SON MOSFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ningombam Ajit Kumar and Khuraijam Nelson Singh Design of Audio Codec System Based on ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shi Cheng Parameters Optimization of YOLO Algorithm for Vehicle Detection in SMIT Campus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Divya Rai, Bijay Rai, and Saikat Chatterjee Textural Analysis of MRI Scan Using Radon Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kesang Chomu Basi and Archit Ajay Yajnik

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A Study on Transcontinental Diabetes Datasets Using a Soft-Voting Ensemble Learning Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gaurav Pradhan, Gopal Thapa, Ratika Pradhan, Bidita Khandelwal, and S. Visalakshi

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Advancements in Electronic Healthcare: A Bibliometric Analysis . . . . . . 101 Saibal Kumar Saha Impact of Perceived Social Support on Patient Empowerment: A Study of Online Patient Support Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Vivek Pandey, Saibal K. Saha, Samrat Mukherjee, Sreerengan V. R. Nair, and Ajeya Jha Interfacing of Industrial Inductive Proximity Sensor with NI DAQ and Speed Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Prasad Nemade and Ashok Kumar Kumawat Design and Implementation of Intelligent Vehicle Dual Vehicle Merging Based on Image Processing and Electromagnetic Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Lei Cao Shield Tunnel Design Method Based on Constrained Multi-objective Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Hui Zeng, Tongfei Liu, Changliang Xie, Yanhao Mo, and Zhengyang Cai Railway Traffic Operation Optimization Method and System Based on Bee Colony Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Jinsheng Chen A Method and Display System for Interacting with Virtual Scene Through VR Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Dong Xing Research on Dance Training System Based on Motion Capture and Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Linlin Du Intelligent Motion Control Technology of Industrial Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Han Jiwei Research on GIS Data Maintenance Technology Based on DBSCAN Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Wei Jiang Research on Matching Algorithm of Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Yongjun Cao

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Multi-band Dual-Polarized Linear-Circular and Linear-Cross Obliquely Stable Reflective Type Polarizer with Mechanically Tunable Reflector Response for K-and Ka-Bands Applications . . . . . . . . . 203 Mohammad Abdul Shukoor and Sukomal Dey Enrichment of Polarization Purity, Gain and Compactness of Circular Microstrip Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Manoj Sarkar, Abhijyoti Ghosh, Sudip Kumar Ghosh, L. Lolit Kumar Singh, and Sudipta Chattopadhyay Reconfigurable Dual Polarized Square Patch Antenna for ISM Band with PIN Diode Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Pritam Nikam, Achinta Baidya, Jayendra Kumar, and Sahadev Hake Design and Analysis of an On-Body Microstrip Patch Antenna for Biomedical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Sonam Gour, Amit Rathi, Abha Sharma, and Ajay K. S. Yadav DHRNN: Deep Hybrid Recurrent Neural Networks for Aquaculture Water Quality Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 K. P. Rasheed Abdul Haq and V. P. Harigovindan Blockchain-Based Clean and Green Energy (Pico Hydel Power) Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Partha Pratim Bhattacharjee, Chaitali Koley, and Saibal Chatterjee A Comparative Analysis to Predict Diabetes Using Classification Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Rita Ganguly and Dharmpal Singh F-DDPT: An Efficient Fuzzy-Based Automated Preprocessing Technique to Support Explainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Mehfooza Munavar Basha and P. Kuppusamy Sign Language Recognition with Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Debasree Mitra, Pranati Rakshit, Shubhranil Mazumder, Anupam Dutta, Suman Manna, Sutapa Das, and Sanjoy Banik COVIDRAKSHAK: Design and Development of Autonomous Room Disinfecting Bot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Haraprasad Mondal, Mukul Chandra Bora, Chirag Chinvar, Rajesh Bose, Sandip Roy, and Anup Sharma From Natural to Artificial and Now to Emotional Intelligence . . . . . . . . . 321 Gautam S. Bapat, Nishu Ayedee, Kuldeep Bhalerao, Anuj Kumar, and Siddharth Singh

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An Enhanced Residual Networks Based Framework for Early Alzheimer’s Disease Classification and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Joseph Bamidele Awotunde, Nath Samarendra Sur, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Sanjay Misra, and Tarek Gaber Foetal Distress Prediction Using Machine Learning with Cardiotocographic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Pranati Rakshit, Sadab Halim, Rahul Nath, Ananya Saha, Arunima Dey, and Samariddhi Burman Categorization and Prediction of Rainfall by Machine Learning Algorithms Over Indian Landmass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Ranjana Ray and Swastika Chakraborty Diabetic Foot Ulcer Classification Using Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Pranati Rakshit, Bhumika Dutta, Avinash Kumar Karn, Ashesh Anand, Md Saquib Alam, and Manas Nidhi Experimental Analysis of SAR Image Classification Using GoogleNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Alicia Passah and Debdatta Kandar Image Caption Generator Through Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Debasree Mitra, Pranati Rakshit, Tarak Shaw, Sourav Mandal, Sudipta Ghosh, and Swapnadip Guha Machine Learning-Based Automated Irrigation for Indoor: Review and a Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Ian Dwyer, Kenneth Gerke, and Dinh-Thuan Do Application of Computer 3D Printing Technology in Trace Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Zhongyuan Ji, Yucheng Wang, and Ruyue Shao Research on Optimization of Resource Scheduling Algorithm Based on Responsive Web Front-End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Chen Liyan Industrial and Commercial Measurement Information Comprehensive Analysis Modeling Based on Deep Learning Model Intelligent Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Shumiao Lei Research on the Implementation Method of Parallel Testing Based on Computer Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Zejian Dong PBFT Consensus Algorithm Based on Blockchain Intellectual Property Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Yanan Gao

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Design of Reservoir Performance Analysis System Based on Big Data Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Gu Yongguang Design and Simulation of Medium-Frequency Transformer in Ansys Maxwell Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 Abhishek Giri, Rojika Darnal, Rahul Kumar, and Amit Kumar Singh Design and Simulation of SEPIC-Based Buck-Boost PFC Converter for Battery Charging Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Rojika Darnal, Abhishek Giri, Rahul Kumar, and Amit Kumar Singh A Study of Practical Approaches to Reduce Power Consumption Using Different Floor Layouts of Datacenter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Subhodip Mukherjee, Debabrata Sarddar, Rajesh Bose, Haraprasad Mondal, and Sandip Roy Hybrid GIS-Multi-Criteria Decision Support System for Optimum Wind Farm Site Selection in Sikkim, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Kamal Sapkota, Shabbiruddin, and Karma Sonam Sherpa Review on Lithium-Ion Battery Modeling Techniques For Electric Vehicle Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 P. Aruna, V. Vasan Prabhu, V. Krishnakumar, and P. Velmurugan A Systematic Approach for Magnitude Approximation of Fractional Control Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Jaydeep Swarnakar Modelling of Fractional-Order Differentiator: A Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Wandarisa Sungoh and Jaydeep Swarnakar Analysis of Inspection and Maintenance Methods for Thermal Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Jingru Chen, Chenxi Xue, Yuteng Wang, Chao Qian, and Qing Zhu Multi-terminal Modular Multi-level Flexible DC Transmission System and Its Grounding Electrode Determination Method . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Zhao Hanghang and Tang Jie Performance Analysis of Multiuser MIMO System with Transmit Antenna Selection and MRC Receivers Over Fisher-Snedecor F Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Hubha Saikia and Rajkishur Mudoi Analysis of Matched Filter Spectrum Sensing in Multicarrier Waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Mridul Mittal

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Peak to Average Power Ratio Analysis for Multicarrier Waveform Using SLM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Jyoti Gupta, Ankit Gupta, and Arun Kumar Dynamic Intrusion Detection Algorithm for Power Information Network Based on Data Flow Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Huang Chao, Dong Liang, Zhou Zheng, Liao Rongtao, Li Jing, and Dai Dangdang Design of Large-Scale Electronic Information Intelligent Cache System Based on Knowledge Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Liang Shouyu, Zhang Kun, Jiang Wei, He Yubin, Yang Yuanwei, and Li Yingchen Design of Computer Storage System Based on Cloud Computing . . . . . . 651 Chen Mao Performance Analysis of Two IRS-NOMA Users in Downlink . . . . . . . . . . 661 Thai-Anh Nguyen, Hoang-Viet Nguyen, Dinh-Thuan Do, and Samarendra Nath Sur Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

About the Editors

Dr. Sourav Dhar (senior member, IEEE) is currently a professor and head of the ECE Department, SMIT. His current research interests include IoT, WSN, remote sensing and microwave filter design. He is a member of IEEE, the IEEE-GRSS society and IEI, India. He has published more than 30 papers in SCI/Scopus-indexed international journals and at conferences. He is currently guiding four Ph.D. scholars. He also serves as a reviewer for Wireless Personal Communication, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology and several other journals and conferences. Dr. Dinh-Thuan Do (senior member, IEEE) received the B.S., M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from Vietnam National University (VNU-HCMC), Vietnam, in 2003, 2007 and 2013, respectively. Prior to joining University of Mount Union (USA), he was with the University of Colorado Denver, the University of Texas at Austin (USA). He has authored or co-authored one book, three edited books and six book chapters. He has authored or co-authored more than 100 technical articles published in peer-reviewed international journals (SCIE). His research interests include machine learning in wireless communications, massive MIMO, NOMA, UAV networks, satellite systems and physical-layer security. He was a recipient of the Golden Globe Award from the Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology in 2015 (top-ten most-excellent scientists nationwide). He was a recipient of the Creative Youth Medal in 2015. He is serving as an associate editor in IEEE Transactions on Vehicle Technology, Computer Communications (Elsevier) and ICT Express (Elsevier). Dr. Samarendra Nath Sur (senior member, IEEE) is an assistant professor at the ECE Department, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, India. His current research interests include broadband wireless communication, advanced digital signal processing and remote sensing. He was the recipient of the University Medal and Dr. S. C. Mukherjee Memorial Gold Centered Silver Medal from Jadavpur University in 2007. He is a member of IEEE, IEEE-IoT, IEEE-SPS, IEI, India and IAENG. He has published more than 77 papers in SCI/Scopus-indexed international journals and at conferences. He also serves as a reviewer for the International Journal of Electronics, IET Communication, Ad Hoc Networks and IEEE Transactions on xiii

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Signal Processing. He is currently editing several books with Springer Nature, Elsevier and Routledge & CRC Press. He is also serving as a guest editor for special issues of the journal like Springer Nature, MDPI and Hindawi. Dr. Chuan-Ming Liu is a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering (CSIE), National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taiwan, where he was the Department Chair from 2013–2017 as well as the head of the Extension Education Center at the same school from 2018–2021. Dr. Liu received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Purdue University in 2002 and joined the CSIE Department in Taipei Tech in the spring of 2003. In 2010 and 2011, he has held visiting appointments with Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA, and the Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. He has services in many journals, conferences and societies as well as published more than 100 papers in many prestigious journals and international conferences. Dr. Liu was the co-recipients of many best paper awards, including ICUFN 2015, ICS 2016, MC 2017, WOCC 2018, MC 2019, MC 2021 and WOCC 2021. His current research interests include big data management and processing, uncertain data management, data science, spatial data processing, data streams, ad hoc and sensor networks and location-based services.

A Low Phase Noise Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Using Tunable SIW Cavity Resonator Md. Atiqur Rahman and Pankaj Sarkar

Abstract In this paper, a tunable Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) cavity resonator-based low phase noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is presented. Initially, a highly selective SIW cavity resonator is designed at 5.25 GHz. Tunable capability of the proposed SIW resonator is achieved by loading a surface mount varactor diode on the top surface of the cavity structure. The center frequency is tuned over a range of 400 MHz (5.1–5.5) GHz by changing the bias voltage. An amplifier is designed using high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) in order to design the VCO. By introducing matching circuit on both side of the transistor, maximum gain of 9.415 dB is achieved at frequency 5.15 GHz. The proposed voltage control oscillator has been designed by placing the tunable cavity filter in the feedback path of the amplifier. The proposed VCO implemented at 5.15 GHz having phase noise is better than −127 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset. Keywords Tunable SIW cavity resonator · Varactor diode · Voltage-controlled oscillator · High electron mobility transistor · Low phase noise

1 Introduction Recently, there has been an increase in demand for low cost, mass producible and high-performance subsystems for microwave, and millimeter-wave systems. One of the essential elements of modern wireless communication systems is the voltagecontrolled oscillator (VCO). High output power, low phase noise, a broader tuning range, and harmonic rejection are crucial factors for developing VCOs. Also, VCO is also significantly impacted by the resonator’s quality factor (Q). Maintaining system size and weight is very difficult task. This is even more crucial when developing Md. Atiqur Rahman (B) · P. Sarkar Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya 793022, India e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 S. Dhar et al. (eds.), Advances in Communication, Devices and Networking, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 1037, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1983-3_1

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Md. Atiqur Rahman and P. Sarkar

circuits for VCO and highly selective filters [1–3]. Since phase noise has established as the most performance-restricting component in oscillators, SIW technology has become extremely popular due to its lower loss, high Q, affordability, consistency with planar printed circuit boards, and isolation of the SIW cavity resonators. However, it is very difficult in maintaining the tuning range and quality factor (Q). As a result, tuning methods that can tune over wide range with negligible variation in quality factor are very challenging. Various tunable SIW-based VCO has been investigated in [4–9]. However, most methods either have a very narrow tuning range or degrade the resonators quality for wide tuning range. A SIW cavity-based tunable antenna oscillator has been proposed in [4], and where the tuning range is small. The concept and development of an X-band low phase noise VCO was presented in [5]. In [6], a voltage-controlled oscillator that operates at the X-band frequency range and uses enhanced group delay SIW filters has been proposed. The oscillator’s phase noise is decreased by altering the perturbing via hole. A parallel feedback coupling oscillator using tunable SIW resonator is reported in [7]. In [8] to generate anti-phase sources, a balanced oscillator is proposed at Ku band. The proposed oscillator uses a single planar SIW rectangular cavity which stabilized with the TE210 differential mode having mutually locked dual anti-phase outputs. A hexagonal SIW resonator-based oscillator is reported in [9]. For simple oscillator design, hexagonal SIW resonators combine the performance of circular cavities with the flexibility of rectangular cavities. In [10], a circular SIW cavity is used to design an X-band dielectric resonator-based oscillator. Series reflection-type topology is used, and the oscillator is examined utilizing the negative resistance concept. In [11], C-band fully planar tunable oscillator is reported. Its DC-RF conversion efficiency is good, and its phase noise is minimal. The oscillator makes use of a special complementary coupled resonator constructed on a SIW that may be operated at its differential mode. However, in order to limit radiation loss and obtain a high Q resonator, the analogous slots magnetic currents flows in reverse path. A concurrent dual band oscillator is provided in [12]. To produce parallel loop sub-oscillators, two small Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs) SIW diplexers were coupled. Both sub-oscillators channels were segregated from one another, resulting in a dual band signal at the output with a low spurious level. The SIW-CSRR, on the other hand, is smaller than the traditional SIW, which will aid in reducing oscillator size. A reflecting dual band oscillator with a SIW cavity using CSRR is reported in [13]. The size reduction is caused by the combined structure’s ability to produce resonances at lower frequencies than the dominant waveguide mode. By utilizing a PIN diode switch to choose between a single-ring and a double-ring CSRR resonator, the dual frequency functioning is accomplished. To meet the oscillation criterion for the two distinct modes, two matching stubs one of which is switching are employed. In [14], a widely tuned SIW cavity resonator-based VCO that operates between 1.7 and 2.2 GHz is presented. The SIW resonator’s frequency is adjusted by inserting three through posts into the cavity, which alters the cavity’s field distribution. In [15], a SIW-based bandpass filter (BPF) with particular CSRRs that works below the cutoff frequency of SIW can produce positive and negative couplings simply by rotating the CSRRs. The suggested BPF is small and has a quasi-elliptic feature.

A Low Phase Noise Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Using Tunable SIW …

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Fig. 1 Topology of proposed VCO

In this manuscript, a varactor loaded tunable SIW rectangular cavity-based voltage-controlled oscillator has been designed as depicted in Fig. 1. Initially, a SIW cavity has been designed at fundamental frequency of 5.25 GHz. The tunable characteristics of the proposed SIW cavity has been achieved by using varactor diode which can tune the structure from 5.1 to 5.5 GHz by changing the biased voltage. In order to design the oscillator, the tunable SIW cavity is placed in the feedback path of an amplifier as shown in Fig. 1. The proposed oscillator provides phase noise of −127 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset. The structure is designed using FR4 material that is 1.00 mm thick. EM simulation is performed using ADS.

2 Tunable SIW Cavity Design The design process of a VCO is initiated by designing a SIW cavity-based tunable bandpass filter. A narrow passband tunable filter is required to design a VCO with minimal phase noise. Figure 2a shows the design of SIW cavity-based bandpass filter. Substrate Integrated Wave Guide is synthesized non-planer waveguide that can be transformed in planar form which is suitable for any PCB process. In SIW, periodic metallic via holes are placed with specific spacing and diameters in which EM waves are confined. In order to optimize the loss the key parameters of SIW design are spacing between the vias “p” also known as pitch, diameter of “d” is chosen such that d