Academic Showcases: The Collections at the University of Vienna 9783205201519, 9783205200642

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Claudia Feigl (ed.)

ACADEMIC SHOWCASES The Collections at the University of Vienna

Translated from German by Daniela Beuren, Susanne Ofner and Michael Reiterer

2016 BÖHLAU VERLAG WIEN • KÖLN • WEIMAR

Printed with the amicable support of the University of Vienna

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

Cover illustrations: Main image: Models of different crystal formations (from the mineral collection at the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography) Photo: Claudia Feigl Small image: Plaster cast of Hermes with the boy Dionysus from Olympia (marble), c. 320 BC (from the archaeological collection of the Department of Classical Archaeology) Photo: Claudia Feigl

© 2016 by Böhlau Verlag Ges.m.b.H & Co. KG, Wien Köln Weimar Wiesingerstraße 1, 1010 Wien, www.boehlau-verlag.com All rights reserved. This work is copyright protected. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law is forbidden. Translators and translation editors: Daniela Beuren, Denis Bostock, Catherine Danner-Jones, Gus Kenyon, Susanne Ofner, Michael Reiterer Cover design: Michael Haderer, Vienna Typesetting: Michael Rauscher, Vienna Printing and binding: Theiss, St. Stefan Printed on chlorine- and acid-free paper Printed in the EU ISBN 978-3-205-20064-2

The editor would like to thank Josef Friedl for his careful review of the German manuscript.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Heinz W. Engl Accumulating Knowledge

11

Günter Müller The Collection of Biographical Records

49

Maria Seissl Collections as an Area for Innovation

13

Li Gerhalter The Collection of Women’s Personal Papers

53

Claudia Feigl A University of Objects

15

Alexander Schiller The Erich Frauwallner Estate

57

21

Walter Lang The Slide Collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research

59

25

Irene Jörg The Rock Collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research

63

Alexandra Gappmayr The Historical Collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research

65

Alexandra Gappmayr The Map Collection of the Geography and Regional Research Library

69

Peter-Christian Jánosi, Irene Kaplan The Collection of the Department of Egyptology Hubert Szemethy The Collection of the Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy Maria Teschler-Nicola The Anthropological Collection Marion Meyer The Archaeological Collection

29

33

Ralf Buchner The Historical Picture Collection of the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research

37

Michael Kiehn The Plant Collections of the Botanical Garden

41

Tanja Fabian The Ernest Dichter Archive

47

Robert Peticzka The Soil Monolith Collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research 73 Wolfgang Rudolf Kainrath The Estate Library of Dionys Ritter von Grün

75

Wolfgang Rudolf Kainrath The Partial Estate of Friedrich Simony

77

Table of Contents 

] 7

Richard Lein The Geological Archive Richard Lein, Friedrich Popp, Michael Wagreich The Geological Collection

81

85

Walter Till The Herbarium of the University of Vienna

89

Wolfgang Waitzbauer The Insect Collection

93

Roland Domenig The Japanese Studies Collection

95

Pia Janke The Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre

99

Julia Gohm-Lezuo, Ruth Haselmair, Cathrin Lipowec The Collections of the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology Friedrich Polleroß The Slide Collection of the Department of History of Art Martin Engel The Collection of Photographs of the Department of History of Art Friedrich Polleroß The Plaster Cast Collection of the Department of History of Art Martin Engel The Collection of Originals of the Department of History of Art

8  ]  Table of Contents

Martin Engel The Collection of Plans of the Department of History of Art

119

Anton Amann The Paul F. Lazarsfeld Archive

121

Wolfram Richter The Mineral Collection of the Department of Lithospheric Research

123

Hans-Dominik Schwabl The Historical Collection of the Business, Economics and Mathematics Library

125

Herta Silvia Effenberger The Mineral Collection of the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography

127

August Schmidhofer The Collection of Musical Instruments

131

Hubert Emmerig The Collection of the Department of Numismatics and Monetary History

135

Karl Rauscher The Palaeontological Collection

139

Christa Kletter The Historical Collections of the Department of Pharmacognosy

143

Franz Sachslehner The Historical Physics Collection

147

Irene Lichtscheidl The Collections of the Former Institute of Plant Physiology

151

103

107

109

113

115

Irene Lichtscheidl The Collection of Plant Raw Materials of the Former Institute of Plant Physiology

155

Manfred Bobrowsky The Video Archive of the Department of Communication

157

Michael Zach The Sudan Archaeological Collection

159

Birgit Peter The Theatre History Archive

163

Klemens Gruber, David Martín-Krems The Intermedial Image Archive of the Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies (TFM)

167

Thomas Maisel The Historical Collections of the Vienna University Archive

169

Isolde Baum, Thomas Posch The Vienna University Observatory and the Museum of the Department of Astrophysics

177

Violetta Reiter, Alois Stuppner The Study Collection of the Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology

183

List of Authors

199

Index of Persons

202

Picture Credits

209

Verena Widorn The Western Himalaya Archive Vienna (WHAV) 187 Daniel Siderits The Zoological Collection

191

Daniel Siderits The Collection of Zoological Wall Charts

195

Table of Contents 

] 9

ACCUMUL ATING KNOWLEDGE

Accumulating knowledge, acquiring new insights and disseminating this knowledge is what this University stands for. Its almost 650-year-long history necessarily means that the University of Vienna possesses valuable old books and manuscripts, as well as a wide range of collections. The majority of these were established in previous centuries, but even in the 21st century they sometimes still form the basis for aspects of research. Today, for instance, items in the collections can be re-analysed using newly-developed investigative methods. For example, historical plant samples can now be studied genetically, and exhibits analysed by computer. These innovative research methods and digitisation capabilities not only open the door to new forms of archiving, but also enable broader public access to the collections via the Internet. Many departments and faculties at the University of Vienna have archives, collections and estates used for research, study and teaching. The range extends from biographical records and coin collections to herbaria. As a result, the diversity of the University of Vienna as regards study courses and research focuses is equally reflected in its collections. The starting point of university-based collections has always been academic interest rather than putting them on display, which is not their prime purpose. Nevertheless, in recent years the environment has changed  ; academic methods have moved on again, and justification for the existence of the collections can no longer be derived from the disciplines’ self-interest alone. Answers need to be given to the questions posed by the public  : What purpose do collections serve for research and teaching  ? We need to explain to interested members of the public what purpose collections still serve in the present day. Where the focus nowadays is on the mu-

seum-like character, care must be taken regarding the suitable storage and display of valuable exhibits, definitely with support from external partners, and especially through collaboration with museums. In this volume, Claudia Feigl has documented the treasure trove of collections built up throughout the years and so has made an important contribution to shaping the future of the university collections. The University of Vienna is pleased that you are interested and hopes you find this volume to be an informative insight. Heinz W. Engl Rector of the University of Vienna

Accumulating Knowledge 

] 11

COLLEC TIONS A S AN AREA FOR INNOVATION When the ‘Collections at the University of Vienna’ project was set up at the Library and Archive Services Unit, the stated aim and task was to systematically inventory the diverse scientific collections and facilities at the University of Vienna and make them more visible to the public, both internally and externally. Another of the aims was to create a general inventory and publish it on the Internet – always with the aim of making the items in the collections more accessible as resources for university teaching and research and of making the culturally significant items familiar to interested members of the public  : http://bibliothek.univie.ac.at/sammlungen/. Because of the great success of the project, the staff position of a coordinating collection representative of the University of Vienna was created. The coordinating collection representative maintains a general overview of all the collections and acts as an interface for improving communication between and for linking the collections, which are housed in separate departments. Standards on handling the items and a university-wide concept on the function and usage of the collections have been developed. During the process of establishing collection coordination at the University of Vienna, best-practice models at other institutions were investigated. Nowadays the approach adopted by the University of Vienna is itself regarded as a best-practice model. This is evident in the numerous visits and invitations from abroad to give talks and is further confirmed by the German Council of Science and Humanities in its January 2011 publication ‘Recommendations on Scientific Collections as Research Infrastructures’. The academic collections and facilities reflect the teaching and research activities of the University of Vienna in a unique way and they have an important role to play in the creation and dissemination of knowledge.

By publishing this volume in English as part of the University’s 650th anniversary activities, the University of Vienna demonstrates the diversity and wide range of its collections. Maria Seissl Head of the Library and Archive Services Unit of the University of Vienna

Collections as an Area for Innovation 

] 13

Claudia Feigl

A UNIVERSIT Y OF OBJECTS The University of Vienna and its Collections

Larger or smaller quantities of objects acquired for science, teaching and research have been collected at the majority of universities over the years, decades or even centuries. They have played an indispensible role in university work, and generally continue to do so even today. These collections of materials each have their own historical origins and are unique in their composition. As opposed to collections in museums or archives, private collections or church collections, they have not been built up according to a specific policy of acquisition, but have been established in the course of specific academic activities at the various departments where they are housed today (with a few exceptions). Hence, on the one hand, they are closely connected with the history of that university and with the particular individuals by whom they were built up and, on the other, they reflect the academic practices of the various disciplines in a unique way. Although such items have had an important function as research objects and visual aids at universities for several centuries, it is only recently that they have moved back into the focus of a broader interest. The long ­period of disregard is certainly connected with the shaded existence that the majority of academic collections had been leading since the mid-20th century, when some of the objects were no longer adequate because of the rapid technical developments in modern teaching methods and were no longer of interest for contemporary research. At the time, many of the longstanding collections were packed into boxes and cabinets, stowed in depots or stored in cellars. However, the situation has since changed. University collections are once again becoming the subject of research, primarily for cultural and historical studies, forming the basis of international unions

and filling much-visited exhibitions. This development, which (from the perspective of German-speaking countries) started in Berlin, has reached Austria too in recent years. In 2007, a three-year project focusing on the inspection and documentation of academic collections and facilities was launched at the University of Vienna. A permanent facility arose from the project, whose task it is to coordinate the collections as research infrastructures and maintain them for the long term. The project – the content, design and academic management of which lay in the hands of the author of this article – was the basis of a master’s thesis of the same name and also forms the basis of this anthology, which presents the collections at the University of Vienna in the form of a book for the first time. As one of the oldest and largest universities in Europe, the University of Vienna boasts a particularly large and diverse range of collections, unique in the German-speaking territories. This is not only down to the long existence of the University, which was founded in 1365, but also to the fact that it held the rank of comprehensive university until 2004 and so offered fields of study in natural sciences, humanities, law, and in business and economics, as well as medicine and theology. Yet despite the outsourcing of the medical faculty and the associated collections, the University still boasts a considerable number of collection items that reflect the still multifarious range of degree programmes. Not every field of study has a collection but, even so, today some one hundred collections are housed at the University of Vienna, the origins of which predominantly go back to the period from the second half of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th. From the beginning they fulA University of Objects 

] 15

filled a wide range of tasks and for the most part remain a part of everyday university life even today. A collection is understood as comprising all those objects that consist of material things that, in turn, have been brought together for a specific purpose. The common goal here was use of the objects in teaching, science and research, where one collection often had multiple functions to fulfil at once – objects were collected, purchased or sent as gifts, not just for teaching, but also for academic investigation. And even today, nothing has changed in this method of building up collections. The origins of the first collections at the University of Vienna lie in the beginning of the 18th century when the Jesuits founded the Physical and Mathematical Museum in around 1715. The museum’s collection items covered the fields of mechanics, mathematics and physics and were used for experiments in physics classes. In 1752 Empress Maria Theresa founded the discipline of natural history at the Faculty of Philosophy as part of the University reforms and was also responsible for having a threestorey university building erected in Bäckerstrasse. It was formally opened in 1756 and today houses the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Among other things, the building was appointed with a luxuriant ceremonial chamber, several auditoria, an anatomical theatre, a chemical labo­ra­ tory and, on the roof of the building, an observatory. 1774 finally saw the institutionalisation of the first actual university collection, the Natural History Cabinet, which contained mineralogical, botanical and zoological objects. In his work published in 1796 with the title Kurzer Inbe­ griff von dem Ursprunge der Wissenschaften, Schulen, Akade­ mien, und Universitäten in ganz Europa, besonders aber der Akademien und hohen Schule zu Wien (‘A brief summary of the origins of the sciences, schools, academies and universities of all Europe, particularly the academies and university in Vienna’), Friedrich Collard describes the facilities of the new university building and, in doing so, mentions the collections in existence  : However, in this new university building, particular atten­ tion has been paid to the auditoria required for the higher 16  ]  Claudia Feigl

sciences. Also on the first floor of the same building has been built a very large and magnificent hall, painted splendidly by Guglielmi, in which the election of the Rector, thesis de­ fences and other solemnities of the university take place  ; op­ posite this there is the physical and mechanical auditorium with a very impressive and remarkable collection of physical instruments, artifacts and mechanical models  ; besides this there is the theological auditorium. […] On the third floor a lofty observatory stocked with very good instruments has been provided. In addition, there were even more rooms in the former university building opposite, in which the Natural His­ tory Cabinet, founded in 1774, was housed  : In a building that used to belong to the Jesuits and lies some 30 steps away from the new University building is the mag­ nificent Natural History Cabinet, devoted to lectures on nat­ ural history. (Previously in that place various physical ex­ periments were carried out by the famous Pater Franz S.J. in the presence of a very large crowd of more and less eminent spectators.) Herein, besides the considerable and expensive collection from the animal and mineral kingdom, of par­ ticular note are the two spiral or winding staircases, and the demised 15-year-old elephant previously kept at the Imper­ ial-Royal Zoo at Schönbrunn, the skin of which was stuffed and the legs of which were skeletonised by the famous Profes­ sor Barth and erected in that place. Also built there is a chem­ ical laboratory for conducting the necessary natural history experiments, but which, along with the natural history room and the auditorium, was extensively improved throughout and extended several years ago by Professor Jordan. Some years before, in 1754, another facility still of significance today was established, the purpose of which was principally for spectating and communication  : However, to enable the students of pharmacology to acquire the necessary knowledge of plants as well, on the advice of Baron van Swieten, Maria Theresa purchased the house and garden of Herr von He[u]nisch located on Rennweg, and

had the botanical garden established there, which is provided with every possible domestic and foreign plant – some very rare – and is now brought so abundantly into bloom under the supervision of Professor von Jacquin. The academic collections and facilities established in the mid-18th century still exist today, albeit in a different form and layout. The Botanical Garden, the NHM (Museum of Natural History), the Physical Cabinet and the Vienna University Observatory have been extended on an ongoing basis, and objects discarded and replaced with new ones. During the second half of the 19th century, following the university reforms carried out in 1849 by Minister Leopold Graf von Thun-Hohenstein, numerous new chairs and institutes were established as the sciences became more and more differentiated, and many new collections were established. The increasing specialisation of the object-based disciplines demanded more comprehensive, hence more specific collections, and so collections already in existence were divided up, enhanced and reorganised. The completion of a new main university building on the Ringstrasse in 1884 finally presented the opportunity of physically bringing together and suitably displaying collections that had previously been spread across the city and sometimes kept in the private houses of professors. Consequently the collections not only fulfilled didactic and academic purposes, but also served to showcase the frequently still very young disciplines and departments, as well as the University in general. This function receded ever further into the background in the following decades due to the increasing need for space. Also, a proportion of the objects in the collections gradually lost importance as the focus of research and teaching moved on, a fact that contributed to less space being allocated than before to collections long in existence in the course of relocation to new university premises. However, an opposing development is now taking place because, as previously, new collections are being set up that form the basis of new research areas, e.g. the Collection of Women’s Personal Papers at the Department of History, the Western

Himalaya Archive Vienna at the Department of History of Art, or the objects in the Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre at the Department of German Studies. Academic collections are generally constantly changing, ­being added to, replaced and extended and, in the course of structural changes to the organisation of the departments and faculties, merged, separated and relocated. In doing so, the focus is on their academic use, for which reason they are always kept at the institution at which they are used for teaching and research. A large proportion of the objects in the collections is made up of objects that have been acquired as visual aids with both abstract and concrete content or which have even been specially made. One important group of objects in this regard is the models that exist in a vast range of designs and materials, whether they are models of crystals, made of cardboard and painted by the students themselves, mathematical models industrially fabricated out of wood and metal, plaster models of single-celled organisms, or the valuable plant and animal models from the 19th century – products manufactured from gelatine, wax and glass that represent the highest levels of craftsmanship. The latter are admittedly no longer used for teaching, and neither are the many wall charts from the late 19th century that have been preserved to this day and which have now become objects of great cultural and historical value, similar to the historical ­models. Another group of objects important to teaching is the plaster casts, some of which have been made from sculptures, reliefs and coins from antiquity, and others from historical art objects and prehistoric discoveries. However, the vast majority are ‘originals’ that, unlike collections in other institutions, are not merely used for observation, but are intended to be handled, turned, weighed, touched and closely examined by the students. Supervised handling of objects has long been a fixed component of the curricula in a number of departments, and education without the objects available would be unthinkable. This is primarily the case in the natural science disciplines such as Botany, Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, as well as in humanities and cultural A University of Objects 

] 17

studies disciplines such as Archaeology, Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, Art History and Numismatics. These objects are enhanced with imagery that exists in multiple forms and was also used very intensively in teaching until recently. One of the oldest collections in this regard is the photo collection at the Department of History of Art, which was established in 1852 and contains a few prints from this period even today. Besides collections of photographic prints, the first collections of slides were established at the turn of the 19th century as well. These slides, which were first produced in the form of glass plates of various sizes and were projected onto screens as part of the lectures, not only depict reproductions from printed works, but also sometimes show images of field trips, large numbers of which were undertaken by members of the University until the inter-war years. Reference should be made in this regard to the botanical trips conducted around 1900 to various regions of the Habsburg Monarchy, for example, as well as those to South America, North Africa and Asia. It was not until the second half of the 20th century that small format slides with plastic frames gradually started to take hold. These are still used today for science and teaching, albeit in digitised form. Besides the conventional collections of teaching materials, there are also collections that consist of objects acquired for dealing with specific research subjects or for authoring academic (dissertation) papers. Such objects include items collected by the academics themselves, such as small prehistoric discoveries, bones, minerals and soil samples, as well as plaster casts of coins that have been made in museums all over the world, so they can then be kept in a cabinet or strongbox in a professor’s room and studied. As soon as these objects no longer meet current scientific interests, they undergo a change in significance, from objects in use to historical objects, the function of which often lies in the passing-on of knowledge. These sometimes materially valuable items include optical devices and instruments, globes and models from the 19th century. In former days these objects of significance to the history of the University 18  ]  Claudia Feigl

and to science were often passed on to museums. Today, however, efforts are made to improve the basic conditions at the University for housing these valuable items, to the extent that they can be kept at the relevant department and so continue to be available for future academic research. This development can also work in the opposite direction, as is evident, for example, in recent investigations into historical zoological specimens from which DNA samples were successfully taken and which in turn form the basis of new research issues. Generally speaking, the historical natural science collections are increasingly proving themselves to be invaluable sources for study involving biodiversity and evolutionary research. Besides the objects mentioned, there are also special collections that consist of specific groups of objects, such as the numerous media libraries in which audio, video or film materials are kept. The objects sometimes go back to the 19th century and are finding new significance as sources for current science history en­ quiries. Finally, mention should be made of the numerous academic estates of former professors who worked at the University of Vienna, which, besides lecture notes, letters, notebooks and diaries, can also contain photographs, newspaper cuttings, audio tapes, magazines, video cassettes and small objects. The collections are not generally publicly accessible, but can be viewed by prior appointment. This is partly due to lack of staff, and partly because space requirements are often inadequate for displaying the objects in showcases in a visitor-friendly way. Exceptions to this are larger institutions such as the Botanical Garden and the Vienna University Observatory, which o­ ffer tours and a diverse supporting programme all year round. With some collections, the option has been taken of setting up showcases in the publicly accessible parts of the Department and filling them with selected items. The objects are used to present specific subject areas or current research undertakings. Students are increasingly involved in the design of these and create displays as part of their coursework. Two of the collections are kept in

rooms that are also used for courses, presentations and receptions – the archaeological collection and the study collection of the Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology. This type of display matches the original form of storage traditional in universities. This makes the collection easy to access for the students as well as the teachers. Also the objects are directly available for communicating educational content and for examination purposes. Furthermore, the students can also use the collection outside of the curriculum as a place for learning and consolidation, to prepare themselves for forthcoming exams or to investigate specific objects more closely. However, the predominant proportion of the collections is kept in rooms inside departments, in cabinets, mobile shelving or basement storage areas, where they are not publicly accessible. This situation, widespread since the mid-20th century because of the ubiquitous shortage of resources, has led to awareness of and about the collections constantly decreasing until recently  ; in some cases, students were completely unaware of a collection existing at a department. This situation has changed as a result of the project that has aimed to inventory and enhance the visibility of the collections, and interest in becoming more familiar with these collections and their historical roots by means of new, current enquiries has significantly increased. Awareness of the uniqueness and irreplaceability of such objects – the cultural value and potential significance for future academic work of which has increasingly become apparent – has led to great value now being placed on preserving the collections. Recent digitisation and restoration projects being carried out with increasing frequency aim to ensure that the objects will remain available to future generations of academics and students as well as to interested members of the public.

A University of Objects 

] 19

Peter-Christian Jánosi, Irene Kaplan

THE COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EGYP TOLOGY

The collection of the Department of Egyptology goes back to when the former Institute of Egyptology was founded in 1923 and consists of a collection of objects and also a collection of old photographs and glass plate slides. The majority of the collected objects come from excavations which the founder of the Institute, Hermann Junker (1877–1962), carried out on behalf of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (today  : Austrian Academy of Sciences) between 1910 and 1939 in Egypt. In accordance with the standard way of dividing up finds at the time, the objects taken to Vienna mostly found their way into the Egyptian-Oriental Collection at the Museum of Art History. The former Institute of Egyptology and African Studies received a small part as a gift from the excavator. From 1923 until 1939 the collection was set up at the premises of the original location of the Institute in the Albertina Museum (at Augustinerbastei 1 in Vienna’s 1st district). In 1940 both the Institute and the collection moved into a private residence in Vienna’s 9th district and in February 2014 they moved to FranzKlein-Gasse. In total the collection contains around 350 archaeological objects, with the focus on pottery covering several thousand years of pharaonic culture. The collection of objects must be considered both as a permanent exhibition and as a teaching collection. The items in the display cabinets have been arranged mainly according to groups of objects and chronologically, and only in individual cases according to the various places of discovery. For many of the objects which are arranged according to theme, it is unfortunately no longer possible to reconstruct any context about the find. The oldest finds in the collection come from Junker’s excavations between 1929 and 1934, and also in the years 1937 and 1939. They were sometimes carried out in cooperation

Fig. 1: The Department’s first premises in the Albertina Museum (at Augustinerbastei 1 in Vienna’s 1st district), around 1930

with the Stockholm State Historical Museum, in particular in Merimde Beni-Salame in the western Nile Delta, and also in the nearby Abu Ghalib. The objects from Merimde are mainly stone equipment (tools and arrowheads) as well as Neolithic hand-made pottery from the early 5th millennium BC. There are several microlithic tools from Abu Ghalib. The objects from prehistory and early history (around 50,000–2,700 BC) and the Old Kingdom (2,700–2,200 BC) were found in the The Collection of the Department of Egyptology 

] 21

Fig. 2: Vessel for provisions with an early king’s name, Naqada IIIB period, c. 3, 100 BC

necropolises of Tura and Giza. The cemeteries of Tura (excavation  : 1909–1910), around 13 km south of Cairo, delivered a series of cylindrical vessels which can be seen as characteristic representatives of a series of typological developments and are therefore of value for chronological studies. The remaining ceramic items are bowls and various other vessels. One particularly remarkable object is an approximately 50 cm high storage jar bearing a pot mark with the name of an early ruler (serekh) of the Protodynastic Period (around 3,100 BC). The 26 clay and six calcite miniature vessels from Giza (excavations  : 1912–14 and 1925–29) probably date from the 5th Dynasty (around 2,450–2,300 BC). One of the few finds with a confirmed origin is a flint blade which was found in the western cemetery in Mastaba IIs and dates back to the 4th Dynasty (around 2,550–2,450 BC) The pottery in the collection from the cemeteries of el-Kubanieh South (excavation  : 1910/11), el-Kubanieh North (1911), Toshka (excavation  : 1912) consists mainly of typical pot22  ]  Peter-Christian Jánosi, Irene Kaplan

tery of the C-Group Culture (around 2,300–1,550 BC), i.e. bowls with an encrusted incised pattern and bowls with black edges. The Department also possesses a small selection of jewellery and make-up accessories from the C-Group Culture graves in Toshka, including two pearl necklaces made of faience, cornelian, ivory and bone, two bracelets made of ivory and shells, a fragment of an earring and a finger ring. There are also make-up accessories in the form of a seashell for grinding make-up, as well as reddle and a make-up stick. Apart from a cosmetic palette with rubbing stone (C-Group Culture), the finds from Ermenne (excavation  : 1911/1912) come from the Meroitic period (around 270 BC–350 AD, including a clay bowl painted with a geometric pattern) and Christian era (grave slab with Coptic inscription and a ceme­ tery lamp made of clay). The collection also includes glazed fragments of pottery of unknown origin with floral and geometric patterns as well as lamps from the Islamic period. In 1936 the Institute was given several objects from two private collections  : The first donation contains twelve funerary figurines (ushabtis), three bronze Osiris figures and a Hellenistic herm, with around half of the ushabtis containing hieroglyphic inscriptions. The second collection comes from the belongings of the ethnologist Etta Becker-Donner (1911–1975) and comprises six Liberian brass sculptures. The photograph collection consists of around 400 old photographs, which the Institute either purchased or obtained as part of an estate (for example the estates of Georg Ebers and Felix von Luschan). The themes range from architecture of the ancient Egyptian to the Islamic era, works of art from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, onto landscapes and scenes with an ethnological background. Some of the black and white pictures are hanging up in frames in the premises of the Department, but most of them are kept in folders. The photograph collection also contains more than 1,400 old photographic glass plate slides, primarily in 8.5 x 8.5 cm and 8.5 x 9.8 cm format. Rather than negative plates they are diapositives which were used in lessons. Around a third of them record situations and objects from ex-

cavations carried out by Hermann Junker in Egypt, with most of these pictures coming from the excavations at the Great Pyramids in Giza. A smaller number were taken during the first excavations in Merimde. The second main part of the glass plate collection consists of pictures from academic books (ground plans, maps, objects, etc.) and from museums  ; they were evidently used for teaching. Another, smaller section comprises pictures from Egypt, Sudan and probably Ethiopia and reflect the joint focus of the Department (Egyptology/African Studies) at the time. A few years ago, the Full Professor of Egyptology at the University of Trier in Germany, Erich Winter (b. 1928), bequeathed the Department his collection of photographic glass plates of the Temple of Philae, which were used as the basis for a publication on this building. The most important and the majority of the old pictures have been digitised. These include, for example, the excavation pictures at the pyramids, which can be viewed in a large online archaeological archive about the Giza Plateau, and also the glass plates of the Temple of Philae. Anyone who is interested can come and see these in digital form in the image archiving database at the University of Vienna. Address  : Institut für Ägyptologie (Department of Egyptology) Franz-Klein-Gasse 1 1190 Vienna

Fig. 3: Glass plate slide with statue of Hatshepsut, Berlin 1908

Wissenschaften in Wien auf den Friedhöfen von El-KubaniehNord, Winter 1910–1911, Vienna 1920. Junker, Hermann  : Bericht über die Grabungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien auf dem Friedhof von Toschke (Nubien) im Winter 1911/12, Vienna and Leipzig 1926. Jánosi, Peter-Christian  : Österreich vor den Pyramiden. Die Grabungen Hermann Junkers im Auftrag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien bei der Großen Pyramide in Giza, Vienna 1997. About the two donations from 1936 see  : Exhibiten des Instituts für Ägyptologie, SS36, Nr. 57 u. 63  ; SS36, Nr. 94.

Further reading  : Junker, Hermann  : Bericht über die Grabungen der Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien auf dem Friedhof in Turah. Winter 1909–1910, Vienna 1912. Junker, Hermann  : Ermenne. Bericht über die Grabungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien auf den Friedhöfen von Ermenne (Nubien) im Winter 1911/12, Vienna 1925. Junker, Hermann  : Giza I. Die Mastabas der IV. Dynastie auf dem Westfriedhof, Vienna and Leipzig 1929. Junker, Hermann  : Bericht über die von der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien nach dem Westdelta entsendeten Expedition (20. Dezember 1927–25. Februar 1928), Vienna and Leipzig 1928. Junker, Hermann  : Bericht über die Grabungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien auf den Friedhöfen von El-Kubanieh-Süd, Winter 1910–1911, Vienna 1919. Junker, Hermann  : Bericht über die Grabungen der Akademie der The Collection of the Department of Egyptology 

] 23

Hubert Szemethy

THE COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANCIENT HISTORY, PAPYROLOGY AND EPIGR APHY

The collection of the Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy originally formed part of the archaeological collection of the University of Vienna. This goes back to the first Full Professor of Classical Archae­ology Alexander Conze (1831–1914), who moved from Hanover to be appointed in Vienna in 1869. Here in 1876 he worked together with the ancient historian and epigraphist Otto Hirschfeld (1843–1922) to set up the so-called Archaeology and Epigraphy Department, which featured an archaeological collection consisting of plaster casts and originals. Initially installed together with the collection of the Academy of Fine Arts, in 1886 the archaeological collection was moved to prestigious premises in the new University building on the Ringstrasse. In 1956 the Archaeology and Epigraphy Department was renamed Department of Ancient History, Archae­ology and Epigraphy. The Department of Classical Archaeology separated from the Department of Ancient History in legal terms in 1984, but the move to separate premises did not come until 1989. The latter, today termed Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy, was then left a small collection of objects. This collection essentially consists of ancient inscriptions in the form of originals, plaster casts and squeezes. The originals go back to Eugen Bormann (1842–1917) and Adolf Wilhelm (1864–1950) in particular. Both worked at the University of Vienna as Full Professors of Studies in Classical Antiquity and Epigraphy – Roman and Greek respectively – and left the Department several Greek and Latin inscriptions from their private collections. In the case of some inscriptions, e.g. a fragment from the excavations of Heinrich Schliemann (1822– 1890) in Troy, it is still unclear today when and under what circumstances they ended up in the collection. Also

Fig. 1: Columbarium inscription of a six-year-old boy (CIL VI 21223), from the Bormann Collection

curious is the history of an altar made of calcareous sandstone which was found in 1935 in Bruckneudorf (Burgenland). It disappeared in the chaos of the Second World War before being rediscovered by chance recently at a stone disposal site in Bruck an der Leitha, Lower Austria, and was given to the collection as a gift. The plaster cast objects cover almost the entire time frame of ancient Greece and Rome. The disc found in 1908 in the Palace of Phaistos is also represented, as are Linear B tablets from the excavations carried out by Arthur Evans (1851–1941) in Knossos. A replica of the forum cippus, which came to light in 1899 at the edge of the Forum Romanum in Rome, shows one of the oldest Latin inscriptions from the 7th/6th century BC. Dating back to the 5th century BC is one of the longest preserved Etruscan texts. Its 62 lines in ten paragraphs are written on a clay tablet discovered in 1898 in the necropolis of Santa Maria di Capua Vetere (Tabula Capuana). From Celje (Slovenia) comes the Roman gravestone of Aurelius Iustinus, who died in the Dacian campaign

The Collection of the Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy 

] 25

Fig. 2: Gravestone of Aurelius Iustinus, based on: A. Conze, Römische Bildwerke einheimischen Fundorts in Österreich, III: Sculpturen in Cilli, Pettau und Seckau (1877), Taf. XIII

Fig. 3: Squeeze of a Myron inscription, made by Eugen Bormann in 1889 in the Vatican

26  ]  Hubert Szemethy

at the age of 23 as a soldier of Legio II Italica. Known since the early 18th century, it was published in detail for the first time by Alexander Conze in 1877. Relatively recent, however, is the replica of an honorary inscription for Marcus Haterius Summus, which was discovered in 1957 during excavations at Kaigasse No. 21 in Salzburg. Artur Betz (1905–1985), Professor of Roman History in Vienna, immediately made it available for research purposes and handed it over to the collection. The last two examples should suffice to demonstrate the always close connection between the collection and any current research carried out by the Department. Several replicas of military diplomas and consular diptychs complete the range of different inscribed objects. A large collection of squeezes goes back to the research of the archaeologist Emanuel Löwy (1857–1938) on the inscriptions of names by Greek sculptors. In this connection, the squeeze of a Myron inscription produced by Eugen Bormann in the Vatican in 1889 proves that this collection was also continued after Löwy’s publication in 1885. Alongside inscriptions as the focal point of the collection there are also many other original objects of many different types and eras  : These include brick and terra sigillata fragments with a stamp and also unpublished historical glass plate negatives which go back to an expedition to Albania and Montenegro in 1916. Old photograph albums, a relief map of modern and ancient Athens on a scale of 1  : 12,500, modelled by the sculptor Heinrich Walger (1829–1909) in 1880 in Berlin based on the Atlas of Athens (1878) by Ernst Curtius (1814– 1896) and Johann August Kaupert (1822–1899), and the plaster model of a bust made by the sculptor Carl Kundmann (1838–1919) are also part of the inventory. The bust is a smaller version of a marble bust of the philologist Hermann Bonitz (1814–1888) unveiled in 1893, which is on display in the Arcaded Courtyard of the University of Vienna. Together with the bust of Franz Serafin Exner (1802–1853) and the statue of Leopold Graf von Thun-Hohenstein (1811–1888), this belongs to a prominent group of monuments honouring the reformers of Austrian education after 1848.

From the beginning, the collection was conceived as a study and teaching collection for the education of students of Ancient History. The items are therefore still regularly used in courses and occasionally also by academics for their research. Address  : Institut für Alte Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Papyrologie und Epigraphik (Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epi­graphy) Universität Wien Universitätsring 1 1010 Vienna Further reading  : Szemethy, Hubert  : Die “Archäologische Sammlung” der Universität Wien – Rückblick und Ausblick. In  : Florian Müller (ed.)  : Archäo­ lo­gische Universitätsmuseen und -sammlungen im Spannungsfeld von Forschung, Lehre und Öffentlichkeit. Vienna et al. 2013, pp. 501–517. Szemethy, Hubert  : Ausgewählte Objekte aus der Sammlung des Instituts für Alte Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Papyrologie und Epigraphik. In  : Lafer, Renate/Strobel, Karl (eds.)  : Antike Lebens­ welten. Althistorische und papyrologische Studien. (= Akten des “14. gesamtösterreichischen Althistorikertages 2012” und des “Österrei­ chischen Papyrologentages” in Klagenfurt, 16.11.2012–18.11.2012 sowie des interdisziplinären Workshops “Antike Fundmünzen und Münzbefund in numismatischer und archäologischer Interpretation” in Klagenfurt, 02.–04.12.2011), pp. 153–192. Fig. 4: Inscription from Doclea, based on a glass plate negative made on a research trip to Albania and Montenegro, 1916

The Collection of the Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy 

] 27

Maria Teschler-Nicola

THE ANTHROPOLOGIC AL COLLECTION While prehistory already became a fixed component at the University of Vienna in 1892 with the conferral of the venia legendi to Moriz Hoernes (1852–1917) for the subject Prehistoric Archaeology, the subject Anthropology/Ethnography did not become established until 1913 with the appointment of Rudolf Pöch (1870–1921) as an associate professor in Vienna. As a physician, anthropologist, ethnographer and the first full professor, he is of particular importance for the history of this discipline and the collection. He is still well known today internationally as an explorer and media pioneer. Rudolf Pöch’s work, his involvement as a physician, anthro­ pologist, ethnographer and explorer and also his role as a (possible) media pioneer and someone who laid the foundations of anthropology in Vienna has been the theme of an ongoing interdisciplinary research project with the title ‘Rudolf Pöch – anthropologist, explorer, media pioneer’. This project aims to preserve his extensive estate, which is held in several Austrian institutions, and also to critically analyse his historical scientific significance in the context of national and international developments. Pöch’s first study trip outside of Europe took him to India (1897) as part of the Vienna Plague Expedition, and later he travelled around West Africa to study malaria (1902). In New Guinea, Indonesia and Australia (1904–1906) and also South Africa (1907– 1909) he carried out intensive research and collecting activities, covering anthropology and ethnography but also other fields such as medicine, archaeology, botany, zoology and geology. The anthropological objects collected during these travels, for example human skeletal and soft tissue remains, soft tissue plaster casts, hair samples, and also photographs, sound and film recordings and data in the form of metrical and morphological data sheets, handprints and footprints were significant for Pöch’s successful further academic career. They also

Fig. 1: Rudolf Pöch (1870–1921), first Full Professor of the Department of Anthropology and Ethnography at the University of Vienna, probably 1918/1919

provided the basis for teaching and research at the newly established Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography (today  : Department of Anthropology). The research interests and research concepts at the time and also their key players can be clearly seen in this collection today. After Pöch’s unexpectedly early death in 1921, the Chair in Anthropology and Ethnography was taken over in 1924 by the German anthropologist and ethnog­ rapher Otto Reche (1879–1966). For him ‘race issues’ and genetics (‘hereditary biology’) were the focus, in parThe Anthropological Collection 

] 29

Fig. 2: Painted plaster casts of prisoners of war during World War I which were made in the course of anthropological studies in the AustroHungarian prisoner-of-war camps between 1915 and 1918 by Rudolf Pöch and his staff (including Josef Weninger) and were used for teaching and propaganda purposes

Fig. 3: Josef Weninger (1886–1959) documenting facial features as part of a human genetics (‘hereditary biology’) study of Volksdeutsche (‘ethnic Germans’) in Marienfeld, Banat, winter of 1933/34

ticular the practical implementation of anthropological findings in the form of so-called ‘genetic paternity reports’. Despite his short tenure in Vienna (1924–1927), with these reports he was responsible for a development which, from 1927, was continued by his successor Josef Weninger (1886–1959), one of Rudolf Pöch’s students. Initially this was expanded very successfully (in economic terms). In his work he was supported by the so-called ‘working group on hereditary biology’, whose task it was to carry out anthropological tests on twins and families to study the morphological characteristics of humans based on Mendel’s principles of heredity. Weninger initially presided over the Chair in Anthropology until his (politically motivated) dismissal during the annexation of Austria by the National Socialists in 1938. In this period, which was marked by an urge to make use of the findings, there was a boom in the polysymptomatic similarity diagnosis introduced by Reche, which formed the basis of the ‘genetic proof of paternity’ and provided courts with a ‘pseudo-objective’ aid for decisions. To ensure the reports had a scientifically sound basis, elaborate twin and family tests were subsequently carried out at the Vienna Department. These aimed to fill the know-

ledge gap regarding the inheritance of physical characteristics. This programme is associated with an extensive collection comprising hundreds of findings sheets, measurement sheets, genealogical trees, illustrations of morphological body details, anthropological standard photographs (including of different body and facial ­regions) and also a large selection of genetic paternity reports. As well as the objects obtained by Rudolf Pöch and some smaller parts of the collection connected with research interests of the assistants in the Department, the study material accumulated during Josef Weninger’s tenure and the reports form the core of the Department’s collection today. Although the affirmative role of the Department and its assistants during the Nazi era is verified, there are only few examples in the Department’s collection which prove this assistance. For example, the whereabouts of the genetic and racial biology reports written in the Nazi era on behalf of the Reichssippenamt are unclear. The composition of the collection provides an inadequate reflection of the development of the staff and the history of the former Department of Anthropology and Ethnography, with some parts of the collection varying

30  ]  Maria Teschler-Nicola

Fig. 4: Rudolf Pöch’s workroom with expedition gear, South Africa expedition 1907–1909

greatly in terms of quality and quantity. These include human skeletal remains, soft tissue plaster casts of faces, hands, feet and ears, hair samples, glass negatives and positives, celluloid negatives, findings sheets, observation sheets, drawings and also handprints and footprints. The collection also contains lecture notes, manuscripts and various records as well as fully or partially preserved paternity reports, however. The scope and composition of this collection were largely unknown until 2002 and the collection was not examined, documented and relocated to a secure area of the Department until the aforementioned research project was written by the

author of this article. Katarina Matiasek and Roswitha Windl helped the author implement this project on the collection. A large part of the collection can be connected with the activities and interests of the founder of the Department and his employees, who felt obliged to work on the ‘Pöch legacy’ up to the 1960s. The items mostly come from the period between 1880 and 1945. More recent additions are solely in the form of human skeletal remains from (pre)historic times which were salvaged during rescue or research excavations and handed over to the Department as current objects of teaching and research. The Anthropological Collection 

] 31

With the collections of non-European human skeletal remains acquired during expeditions and the created picture and audio documents, Rudolf Pöch tried to record subjects such as peoples facing extinction – both in anthropological terms and also with regard to their ‘racial purity’. The topicality of this theme at the time enabled the physician Rudolf Pöch to enhance his specialist profile through his habilitation, but also with data and objects from his trip to New Guinea/Australia, his public relations work and tireless lecturing activities. Later the collections were also used as teaching collections for education at the University. Several brief biographical essays exist on Pöch himself. Many of these essays were written on the occasion of his premature death in 1921 and, in each particular case, emphasise partial aspects of his work, such as his role in the Vienna Plague Expedition or his leading role as a media pioneer. It was not until the 1990s that there was a critical examination of his work by humanities scholars, sociologists and historians. These dealt more intensively with the ‘collector of human data’ and analysed the early concepts and implementation strategies of this ‘science of humans’ at the Vienna University Department. Today the question of Rudolf Pöch’s regional and national significance and the importance of the projects he pursued, which included the likes of research into prison inmates in the countries he visited outside of Europe and mass studies of prisoners of war in the First World War, as well as the collection of items associated with this work, is increasingly becoming the focus of historical considerations on this discipline. The ethically often questionable circumstances behind the acquisition of objects have put a limit on the current use of the human bone relics obtained on the expeditions, even though these may be of interest for variability and comparative studies of modern humans. The same applies for all objects obtained in the context of war. Address  : Department für Anthropologie (Department of Anthropology) Biozentrum (UZA I)

32  ]  Maria Teschler-Nicola

Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Further reading (selection)  : Fuchs, Brigitte  : “Rasse”, “Volk”, Geschlecht. Anthropologische Dis­ kurse in Österreich 1850–1960. Frankfurt am Main, New York 2003. Geisenhainer, Katja  : Rasse ist Schicksal. Otto Reche (1879–1966). Ein Leben als Anthropologe und Völkerkundler. Beiträge zur Leipziger Universitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Reihe A, 1, Leipzig 2002. Seidler, Horst/Rett, Andreas  : Das Reichssippenamt entscheidet. Rassenbiologie im Nationalsozialismus. Vienna, Munich 1982. Szilvássy, Johann/Spindler, Paul/Kritscher, Herbert  : RUDOLF PÖCH – Arzt, Anthropologe und Ethnograph. In  : Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 83 (1980), pp. 743–762. Teschler-Nicola, Maria  : The diagnostic eye – On the history of genetic and racial assessment in pre-1938 Austria. In  : Collegium Antropologicum 28 (2004), pp. 7–29. Teschler-Nicola, Maria  : Aspekte der Erbbiologie und die Entwicklung des rassenkundlichen Gutachtens in Österreich bis 1938. In  : Vorreiter der Vernichtung. Eugenik, Rassenhygiene und Euthanasie in der österreichischen Diskussion vor 1938. Zur Geschichte der NS-Euthanasie in Wien, Teil III. Eds. Heinz Eberhard Gabriel and Wolfgang Neugebauer. Vienna, Cologne, Weimar 2005, pp. 99–138. Teschler-Nicola, Maria  : ‘Volksdeutsche’ and Racial Anthropology in Interwar Vienna  : The ‘Marienfeld’ project. In  : Blood and Homeland. Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe 1900–1940. Eds. Marius Turda and Paul Weindling. Budapest, New York 2007, pp. 55–82.

Marion Meyer

THE ARCHAEOLOGIC AL COLLECTION

The archaeological collection of the Department of Classical Archaeology contains around a thousand casts of ancient sculptures and some 3,500 originals. Statues and reliefs were key aspects of visual communication in Greek and Roman culture. Studying these was a focus of Classical Archaeology for a long time in the German-speaking area. Since the early 19th century, collections of plaster casts of ancient sculptures have been set up for research and teaching at universities. In this regard, Alexander Conze (1831–1914), the first Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Vienna (1869–1877), also demanded the establishment of a cast collection. He was provided with funds for this, but not any premises. The casts he obtained from 1869 onwards were placed in rooms of the Academy of Fine Arts in the St. Anna Building ( Johannesgasse). From 1865, a ‘plaster museum’ with casts of sculptures from ancient times, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance period had been set up here. Together with the items of the Academy, in 1878 the casts purchased for the University of Vienna were relocated to the new building of the Academy of Fine Arts, designed by Theophil Hansen (1813– 1891), at Schillerplatz. Here the casts of the ancient sculptures were put on prominent display in the Aula and in four other rooms. There were regular opening hours, gas lighting and captions. In 1880 the so-called ‘Museum of Plaster Casts’ had its own guide published by Carl von Lützow. In 1883 at the latest, after the acquisition of large casts of new finds from Pergamum and Lycia, the space problem in the Academy became pressing. Otto Benndorf (1838–1907), successor to Alexander Conze as Full Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Vienna (1877–1898), repeatedly approached the Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs with the request

Fig. 1: Former arrangement of the collection in the basement of the northern wing of the Main Building of the University, before 1988

to allocate premises to the Chair in Archaeology for an Archaeological Collection in the new university building at Schottentor. After several locations had been considered (including the Arcaded Courtyard), at the start of 1886 the collection moved to (initially) four rooms in the basement of the northern wing. By 1892 four further rooms had been added. The insufficient lighting meant this proved a not very satisfactory place for the items. The physical proximity to the Archaeology and Epigraphy Department set up in 1876 was seen as an advantage, though. The archaeological collection remained at this location for around a hundred years, as part of the Institute of Ancient History, Classical Archae­ology and Epigraphy, as it was renamed in 1956. In 1984 a separate Institute of Classical Archae­ ology was set up, which moved to Vienna’s 19th district with the collection in 1988. A small part of the collection, mainly consisting of inscriptions, remained in the The Archaeological Collection 

] 33

Fig. 2: Casts of Hellenistic sculptures in the permanent exhibition

also newly established Department of Ancient History, ­Papyrology and Epigraphy. From 1878 the University also came into possession of originals, usually from donations. These are mainly ceramic items from all ancient eras and small terracotta figures, which were used as burial objects and votive offerings. They also include several marble sculptures, such as a 2nd century AD copy of the head of a statue of Apollo, which was famous in ancient times and had been on display at the Acropolis in Athens in the 5th century BC. The casts are installed in two large, bright rooms at the current location. The originals are kept in a storeroom, with selected objects presented in display cabinets in the two rooms of the plaster collection. The plaster collection contains casts of statues, heads and reliefs from a period of almost 1,000 years (6th century BC to 3rd century AD). The statues are mainly Greek artifacts, which are often not the originals but reproductions from the Roman imperial period. The statues (and their casts) 34  ]  Marion Meyer

are therefore of interest because of their image conception (formal design, function, the statement made by the content) and also how they were perceived and received in the ancient world. The heads are partial casts of statues (e.g. of the pediment figures from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia) or casts of portraits whose bodies were either not copied in ancient times (as was often the case with imperial era copies of Greek portraits, e.g. of Homer, Socrates, Plato, Alexander the Great) or which were created as busts from the outset (e.g. Roman portraits of contemporaries). Reliefs of Greek buildings are one focus of the collection. These include ‘classics’ such as the reliefs of a treasure house in the sanctuary at Delphi, which is of particular importance for the chronology and for the imagery of the Archaic period. However, there are also items which are found only rarely in comparable institutions, such as the coffers from Priene. It is a unique collection of reliefs from Lycia (south coast of Turkey), with the com­ bination of Greek and Near Eastern traditions which is

Fig. 3: Casts of portraits and architectural sculpture in the Portrait Gallery Fig. 4: Historical photographs of ancient buildings (from the collection of photographs)

characteristic of this region. Architectural models and reconstructions of sculptural ensembles support this focus of the collection. Casts of grave and votive reliefs give a representative impression of the diversity of these widespread monuments. The collection also features a slide library and a photograph collection with 20,000 images. The latter was established in 1887 with the aim of providing sufficient visual aids for teaching. It therefore covers all areas of Classical Archaeology and contains mainly images of artefacts from various museums but also views of archaeological buildings and monuments as well as photographs taken at archaeological excavation sites in the late 19th and early 20th century. In times when visual perception is dominated by two-dimensional media, the plaster collection is an indispensable tool for teaching and research. It offers the possibility of a sensory experience of three-dimensional images which are free-standing in the room and

were designed to be viewed from different perspectives. Describing and comparing sculptures is part of basic archae­ological training. Using the objects in the collection of originals, students learn classification methods for important material groups. The archaeological collection will be shown and explained to visitors upon consultation, unfortunately regular opening hours cannot be offered. The Archaeological Collection 

] 35

Address  : Institut für Klassische Archäologie (Department of Classical Archaeology) Franz-Klein-Gasse 1 1190 Vienna Further link (in German)  : http://klass-archaeologie.univie.ac.at/einrichtungen/archaeologische-­ sammlung Further reading (selection)  : Brein, Friedrich (ed.)  : Kyprische Vasen und Terrakotten. Vienna 1997 (= Kataloge der Archäologischen Sammlung der Universität Wien, Band 1). Brein, Friedrich (ed.)  : Emanuel Löwy. Ein vergessener Pionier. Vienna 1998 (= Kataloge der Archäologischen Sammlung der Universität Wien, Sonderheft 1). Brein, Friedrich (ed.)  : Bronzezeitliche und geometrische Keramik. Archaische Lokalstile. Vienna 1999 (= Kataloge der Archäologischen Sammlung der Universität Wien, Band 2). Kenner, Hedwig  : Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Wien. Universität Wien und Professor Franz von Matsch. Munich 1942 (= Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Band 5). Kenner, Hedwig  : Die Marmorbildwerke in der Archäologischen Sammlung der Universität Wien. In  : Österreichische Jahreshefte 46 (1961–1963), pp. 5–49. Lützow, Carl von  : Museum der Gypsabgüsse. Führer durch die Sammlung der k.k. Akademie der Bildenden Künste, Vienna 1880.

36  ]  Marion Meyer

Ralf Buchner

THE HISTORIC AL PICTURE COLLEC TION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND BIODIVERSIT Y RESEARCH

In science in particular, it is essential to have ‘undistorted’ documentation in order to ensure the transparency of results. In the past, exotic plants and animals could be represented more or less realistically only by artists such as painters or graphic artists. The introduction of photography as a documentation process in the late 19th century, however, made it possible to create true-tolife and easy-to-reproduce images for the first time. Of course photography at the time did not compare with the digital technologies of today  : Large, heavy bellows cameras and coated glass plates had to be taken on long, arduous journeys with horses, mules, oxcarts and ships to often largely unknown places. And when the photographers had no-one and nothing to help them, there was usually no choice but to carry the cumbersome baggage containing the photographic equipment on their own shoulders. The historical picture collection of the Faculty Centre of Biodiversity (formerly Department of Botany) comprises pictures from the period between around 1870 and 1960. On the one hand it combines local and exotic landscape and plant pictures, and on the other hand it documents the fauna in and around Vienna as well as remarkable landscapes of the other federal provinces. Photographic documentation, such as from the Brazil expedition which the Vienna Academy of Sciences undertook in 1901 and which included the former Professor of Systematic Botany and Director of the Botanical Garden, Richard Wettstein (1863–1931), represents a particular piece of luck. Many pictures were taken or purchased in order to document unusual plants, special growth forms and unknown vegetation types or rare events, and also for teaching purposes. Many of them were also given to the

Fig. 1: Podostemonaceae (Apinigia warmingiana) at the Salto grande do Paranapanema, Brazil, 1901

Department as gifts. The pictures include, for instance, natural monuments such as a postcard of the Hertha beech on Rügen, and rarities such as the blooming agaves in the Botanical Gardens of Lemberg and Berlin from 1871 and 1876 respectively. Some pictures of people are reminiscent of the photographic studies of Edward S. Curtis (1868–1952), who spent decades depicting the people and living conditions of the North American ­Indians. The photographers in the inventory lists include Anton Joseph Kerner von Marilaun (1831–1898), KarlHeinz Rechinger (1906–1998), Walter Siehe (1859– 1928), Oskar Simony (1852–1915), Franz Steindachner (1834–1919) and Richard Wettstein. A large part of the around 800 laminated paper prints on thick blue cardboard were put together according to theme in separate cahiers, e.g. the vegetation pictures

The Historical Picture Collection of the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research 

] 37

Fig. 2: Pithecolobium saman on the shore of a lake near Kandy (Ceylon), 1892

from the crown lands, the tree studies and the expedition to Brazil. Others, however, such as the water colours of various types of iris, did not come into the mixed bundle of paper prints by chance – instead they were probably intended as a colourful component of the collection of teaching aids. Today the pictures have only historical value, though, as they have lost their importance as teaching aids. As part of a project funded by the City of Vienna to digitise old pictures in 2004, all existing paper prints were digitised with a high-resolution scanner, reworked and then entered in their own database. Then the geographical data and sources were added and completed with information from the inventory book, such as ori38  ]  Ralf Buchner

gin, (purchase) value at the time, etc. To make the data available to the public, a specific website was set up for this purpose with a search function, image preview and option to download the illustrated subject areas. It is assumed that before an initial renovation of the former Botanical Department in the 1980s there were much more pictures in the teaching collection and that these are now destroyed or at least lost. For the pictures digitised in 2005 it has to be pointed out that originals such as paper prints have also been nowhere to be found since a second renovation of the Department building in the years 2006–2008. The digitised pictures are therefore the only remaining reproductions of the originals from the late 19th and early 20th century.

Fig. 3: Agave americana, blossoming in the botanical garden of Lviv, 1871

Fig. 4: Iris squalens, watercolour painting by Liepoldt, 1892

Address  : Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung (Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research) Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna

Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 79, 1. Halbband, Vienna 1908, pp. 1–3. Wettstein, Richard  : Reisebericht. In  : Ergebnisse der botanischen Expedition der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Südbrasilien 1901. Denkschrift der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 79, 1. Halbband, Vienna 1908, pp. 3–6.

Further link (in German)  : http://www.botanik.univie.ac.at/bildersammlung Further reading  : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, Ausstellung  : “The North American Indian“. Fotografien von Edward Sheriff Curtis aus der Pierpont Morgan Stiftung. http://webdoc.sub. gwdg.de/ebook/ga/2004/curtis/html/hauptmenue.htm Wettstein, Richard  : Einleitung. In  : Ergebnisse der botanischen Expedition der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Südbrasilien 1901. Denkschrift der Österreichischen Akademie der

The Historical Picture Collection of the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research 

] 39

Fig. 1: Lower entrance area of the Botanical Garden with a view of the alpine garden

Michael Kiehn

THE PL ANT COLLECTIONS OF THE BOTANIC AL GARDEN

There are currently more than 11,500 species of plants from all over the world growing in the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna – more than three times as many species as occur naturally in Austria. A large part of these plants are used in research and teaching at the University. Many of these, in particular plants from the special collections, are additionally used outside the University of Vienna in international projects. The almost 5,000 species cultivated outdoors also represent a botanical outdoor encyclopaedia for the more than 150,000 visitors to the Garden each year. In a small display building and in special display cabinets, visitors are informed about current research projects carried out on species from the greenhouse collections and are shown the plants which otherwise are not accessible to the public. Well-planned additions are made to the collections after scientific collecting trips and also through seed and plant exchanges with more than 400 botanical institutions worldwide. For the most part, the accessions of the continually developing collections have been recorded electronically in recent years. Historical Overview

The Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna (HBV = Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis) was founded in 1754. The aim was primarily to use live plants to improve the practical knowledge of prospective physicians and pharmacists about medicinal, useful and poisonous plants. These plant groups therefore also formed the basis of the collections in the early times of the Botanical Garden. The first Garden Director, Robert Laugier (1722–1793), also already introduced ‘exotic’ plants to the Garden. Some of these came from the imperial gar-

dens at Schönbrunn Palace, and some from the abandoned orangeries and greenhouses of Prince Eugene at Belvedere Palace. While working as the second Garden Director, Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817) – who, from 1759 onwards, was already providing the Botanical Garden with seeds from his Caribbean excursion and from his contacts all over the world – decided to expand the scientific collections of the Botanical Garden. To do this, in the first year of his directorship (1769–1770) he already had seeds of more than 3,000 species sown and began a seed exchange programme with other Botanical Gardens. Between 1771 and 1796, this programme resulted in 331 to 949 new species being established in the garden annually – the number of species cultivated in the Botanical Garden in this period increased to 6,000–7,000. Joseph Franz von Jacquin (1766–1839), son and successor of Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, succeeded in considerably enlarging the Garden area. The new sections were cultivated in the mid-19th century under Garden Directors Stephan Endlicher (1804–1849) and Eduard Fenzl (1808–1879). In the style of English landscape gardens, trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants were grown according to Stephan Endlicher’s system. This design, with species planted according to plant systematics, can still be seen in the lower part of the Botanical Garden today and, since 2015, has been the subject of the Endlicher-Fenzl-Kerner-Weg path providing explanatory texts to the historical and scientific contexts. In the Botanical Garden’s own catalogue of its plants, 8,186 species are listed which were in cultivation in 1842. As well as the systematic botany, which remained a permanent component in the Botanical Garden from the days of Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, the medicinal, useful and poisonous plants also continued to be of great The Plant Collections of the Botanical Garden 

] 41

Fig. 2: Various trees and shrubs in autumn

importance  : Along the newly built street Jacquingasse, at the end of the 19th century under the directorship of Anton Kerner von Marilaun (1831–1898) a new useful plant garden was created with more than 200 beds, and this still exists today. It was also under Kerner von Marilaun that so-called phytogeographical groups were created in which the species were organised according to their regions of origin. New greenhouses were constructed at their current location to provide enough space for research collections of tropical and subtropical species. Kerner von Marilaun’s successor Richard von Wettstein (1863–1931) expanded the systematically arranged groups outdoors with the addition of a group of conifers. The following directors also initiated thematically arranged collections outdoors and in the greenhouses, and these collections still exist today. Examples include 42  ]  Michael Kiehn

the construction of an alpine garden under Fritz Knoll (1883–1981), the basis of a scientifically important collection of orchids under Lothar Geitler (1899–1990), a collection of tropical trees and shrubs in the greenhouses and the beginning of a ‘flora of Austria’ group with a focus on ‘Pannonian flora’ under Friedrich Ehrendorfer (born in 1927), as well as the expansion of the ‘Pannonian group’ and, most recently, the construction of a ‘Canary Islands group’ outdoors under Tod Stuessy (born in 1943). Projects which are currently being carried out include the creation of display groups for metallophytes (opened in October 2015) and for rare species from thermophilic locations in the south of Austria (‘Illyrian group’).

Fig. 3: Group of cacti and succulents outdoors

Important Collections of the Botanical Garden Today

The tree and shrub collection outdoors  : Only very few trees still exist from the time the Garden was founded  ; worth mentioning here are a ginkgo and a sycamore in the immediate vicinity of the building of the former Institute of Botany (today  : Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research) at the University of Vienna. The sycamore which is today located in a prominent position in front of this building on Rennweg also comes from this period. The collection of trees and shrubs is based on the plantations carried out under Stephan Endlicher and Eduard Fenzl in the central part of the Garden in the second half of the 19th century and also the trees of the so-called ‘Host’scher Garten’ (gar-

den named after Nikolaus Thomas Host) in the southern part of the Garden. Some of these trees are more than 150 years old. The entire collection is thus steeped in history and today comprises a total of around 1,500 trees and shrubs representing ca. 600 species. The trees in the collection were recorded in a map in 2004 and are located with GIS technology. As a result of a diploma thesis, the entire tree population will soon be electronically searchable via the website of the Botanical Garden  ; in addition, users will also find further information on the respective species with their query. The scientific special collections  : In recent years, the focuses of the collections in the Botanical Garden have developed in line with the Garden’s various tasks in the areas of research, teaching and pubThe Plant Collections of the Botanical Garden 

] 43

Fig. 4: Streptocarpus caulescens from the Gesneriaceae research collection

Fig. 5: Bulbophyllum burfordiense, orchid from the research collection

lic relations work. For example, every year the Garden provides up to 10,000 plants or parts of plants from around 400 species from its collections for use in university-based research and teaching. For research, conservation and protection of species, special collections have been established outdoors and in the greenhouses. Since many of the very well documented species in these collections are of high scientific value or occur only rarely in nature, it is important to conserve them also after the current research activities have been concluded. To create space for new plant material that is important for research, in recent years national and international cooperation projects have been set up to pass on such plants (in particular duplicates) to other gardens. This means that not only the survival of these plants is ensured  ; it is also guaranteed that the species in question can be used for research purposes in the future if required. Examples of such collections are  :

tion are made after collecting trips and plant exchanges. Surplus young plants are also passed on to other research collections. Intensive scientific and horticultural work and excellent documentation on the origin of the individual accessions are requirements for the development of the collection and for the successful use of the cultivated species for taxonomic, systematic and phylogenetic studies as part of international cooperation projects.

Bromeliaceae (pineapple family)  : The pineapple family consists of more than 3,000 species in over 60 genera. Around 800 species from 48 genera are in cultivation in the Botanical Garden  ; this is one of the world’s biggest research collections on this family. Regular additions to the collec44  ]  Michael Kiehn

Gesneriaceae (African violet family)  : From this family, approximately 3,200 species are described, which are attributed to around 150 genera. Around 100 species from some 30 genera are in cultivation in the Botanical Garden. The collection focuses on species from the Old World which are otherwise cultivated rarely. In recent years, the cultivated species have been the subject of many research projects in international cooperation ventures which dealt with the interrelationships of Old World species and with their evolution and distribution in time and space. The plants in cultivation are also used for basic morphological research, for cytological studies and for research into the ecology of endangered species. Orchidaceae (orchids)  : With more than 25,000 described species, orchids are the biggest plant family in

the world. The Botanical Garden has a representative cross section of this family, which is important for teaching and research, and also special collections of two taxonomic groups  : the genera Bulbophyllum (approximately 1,200 species, with around 700 species cultivated) and Pleurothallis (around 1,000 species, more than 80 species in cultivation). These special collections are used in international research projects, most recently for molecular and morphological research in a phylogenetic and systematic context, and also for pollination and floral biology studies. The Bulbophyllum collection was also used recently to create a checklist for the genus for the Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) at the Botanical Garden. Rubiaceae (coffee or madder family)  : This family comprises around 12,000 species in more than 600 genera worldwide  ; approximately 150 species from 70 genera are in cultivation in the Botanical Garden. In the last five decades, plants of this special collection have provided the basis for many systematic, morphological and cytological studies and for revisions of critical taxa. Current research projects include studies of chemical compounds of these plants for systematic purposes. Rutaceae (citrus family)  : There are around 1,600 different species and 150 different genera in the citrus family. Around 50 of these species from 20 genera are in cultivation. As well as basic research, e.g. on the relations within the family, applied research is carried out on the plants of this collection  ; among other things, researchers are looking for bioactive substances, including the isolation and analysis of these substances and tests on fungicidal and insecticidal effects. Stemonaceae (stemona family)  : More than half of the 23 species of this rarely cultivated genus are currently in cultivation in the Botanical Garden. They are used for phytochemical and karyological studies. Bulb plants from tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean habitats  : Above all representatives of the families Lilia­

Fig. 6: Sarcocephalus latifolius, a species of the coffee (Rubiaceae) family

ceae s.l. and Hyacinthaceae from the Mediterranean area, Madagascar and Southern Africa were collected specifically in recent years. They are used for studies regarding interrelationships and revisions of critical taxa. Pannonian group  : Around 160 species of different dry vegetation types from Eastern Austria are currently growing in the Botanical Garden. The outdoor display group developed since 1991 aims to make the public interested in conserving endangered dry locations and the associated species. It also represents an ex situ gene pool for several highly endangered species, whose population dynamics can be studied in the group. Current research activities focus, e. g., on the Austrian dragonhead (Dra­ cocephalum austriacum), and there is also a link between ex situ (e.g. by studying germination and growth conditions with the cultivation in the Botanical Garden) and in situ species conservation activities (including support measures in habitat management). Outlook

The essential tasks of the current Garden directorship include a state-of-the-art management of the collection The Plant Collections of the Botanical Garden 

] 45

Fig. 7: Pannonian group

items. In particular, developing the collections with a focus on research and species conservation, and ensuring the collections are properly documented, plays a key role in this regard. These activities are absolutely essential for keeping the scientific standards allowing the use of the collections. Also of eminent importance is a forward-looking collection policy as well as corresponding on-site planning for the content and design. Here it is crucial to actively participate in the implementation of the new international rules regarding access to plants from other countries. This is the only way for the collections to further develop dynamically while fulfilling all the tasks of the Botanical Garden as part of national and international networks. Address  : Botanischer Garten der Universität Wien (Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna) (Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis – HBV) Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Further link  : http://www.botanik.univie.ac.at/hbv Further reading (selection)  : Botanischer Garten der Universität Wien  : Der Endlicher-Fenzl-­ Kerner-­Weg. Botanik erleben in Raum und Zeit. Vienna 2015.

46  ]  Michael Kiehn

http://www.botanik.univie.ac.at/hbv/download/2015-06-17_uniw_ botanigarten_efk-weg_schild_70x130_rz2hr_S1.pdf. Ebner, Michael  : Die Verwendung von GPS-Empfängern, Geodatenbanken und Webapplikationen als wichtige Werkzeuge in Naturschutzprojekten am Beispiel des Botanischen Gartens der Universität Wien. Diploma thesis, University of Vienna 2011. Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus  : Catalogus horti academici Vindobonensis. Vienna  : Gerold 1842. Jacquin, Joseph Franz von  : Der Universitäts-Garten in Wien. Vienna  : Gerold 1825. Kiehn, Michael  : Der Botanische Garten der Universität Wien. In  : Die Botanik am Rennweg. Das Institut für Botanik und der Botanische Garten der Universität Wien. Ed. Wilfried Morawetz. Vienna 1992 (=  Abhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Öster­reich, Band 26), pp. 96–112. Knickmann, Barbara and Michael Kiehn (eds.)  : Der Botanische Garten. Vienna 2015. Sieder, Anton, Heimo Rainer and Michael Kiehn  : CITES Orchid Checklist, Volume 5, Bulbophyllum and allied taxa (Orchidaceae). Kew  : Kew Publishing 2009. Stampf, Johann, Frank Schumacher and Michael Kiehn  : Eine “Gstätten” auf historischem Grund  ? Die Pannonische Gruppe im Botani­ schen Garten der Universität Wien. Zolltexte 32 (1999), pp. 26–34.

Tanja Fabian

THE ERNEST DICHTER ARCHIVE

The academic estate of the psychologist Ernest Dichter (1907–1991) was purchased in 1994 on behalf of the Republic of Austria by the then Minister of Science and Arts, Erhard Busek, and has been housed at the Journalism, Communications and Informatics Library of the University of Vienna since 1997. Ernst Dichter (Ernest after his emigration) was born in Vienna in 1907, the oldest of three sons of a Jewish migrant family. After passing the external university entrance examination in 1930, he enrolled at the University of Vienna to study firstly German literature and Romance studies, then psychology. In 1934 he was awarded his doctoral degree under Karl Bühler (1879–1963) and subsequently set up a psychoanalytic practice. At the same time he worked at the Psychotechnical Institute of the City of Vienna and, together with Paul F. Lazarsfeld (1901–1976), at the Institute for Research on Business Psychology. In 1935 Dichter married the concert pianist Hedy Langfelder (b. 1911). Due to his Jewish roots he was r­ emanded in custody for four weeks in 1936. In 1938 he emigrated to the USA. There he founded the Institute for Motiv­ ational Research. To this day, Ernest Dichter is considered the ‘father of motivational research’. Even as a student he was interested in the human psyche, not least because he was frowned upon as a redhead and an outsider. This status as an outsider virtually forced him to observe himself and also observe his acceptance among other students. He used his analysis of the h ­ uman ­psyche and his experience to successfully work in an advisory capacity in politics and business, as well as for managers and marketing experts. Dichter became one of the best-known and most controversial motivational researchers. His research work, which showed a strong orientation towards depth psy­cho­logy and combined qualitative and quantitative

Fig. 1: ‘A Motivational Research Study of Opportunities for Simmons Convertible Sofas’. Preliminary Draft Proposal, New York, May 1968

methods, repeatedly gave rise to criticism. His most successful years were the 1950s. During that period, he was revered as a ‘guru’ of strategic communication by some, while being criticised as a manipulation artist by others. Ernest Dichter’s research tradition is still highly important for application-oriented research on purchase decisions. His studies in the middle of the last century still remain highly topical today. Around two hundred studies on packaging tests form part of the Dichter The Ernest Dichter Archive 

] 47

Archive. In one of these studies, in which he examined packaging for margarine, he found out in an indirect survey that flowers combined with the colour yellow invoke associations of naturalness and health among female interviewees. The colours blue and white, on the other hand, are associated with hygiene and cleaning. These findings are still used today for packaging and advertising activities. In total, the Ernest Dichter Archive contains more than 3,000 market studies, around 1,000 lectures and essays in German, English, French and Japanese from the years 1947–1980, and some of Dichter’s publications. The archive of audio and video tapes completes the collection. Most of these studies are contract research projects for companies and advertising agencies, from sectors covering the entire consumer society product range. His private correspondence does not form part of the Archive. A complete inventory was made in the course of a project involving the collaboration of several participants  ; it can be searched on a separate website www. ernest-dichter.net. The collection itself can be viewed for academic purposes in the Library following prior appointment. Address  : Fachbereichsbibliothek Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft und Informatik ( Journalism, Communications and Informatics Library) Währingerstrasse 29 1090 Vienna Further reading (selection)  : Ernest Dichter – “Vater” der Motivforschung. Vienna 2005 (= Medien & Zeit. Kommunikation in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Heft 4). Dichter, Ernest  : Neues Denken bringt neue Märkte  : Analyse der unbewussten Faktoren, Umsetzung ins Marketing, Anregungen und Beispiele. Vienna 1991.  Ernest Dichter – Doyen der Verführer. Zum 100. Geburtstag des Vaters der Motivforschung. Eds. Rainer Gries and Stefan Schwarzkopf. Vienna 2007. Gries, Rainer  : Produkte als Medien. Kulturgeschichte der Produktkommunikation in der Bundesrepublik und der DDR. Leipzig 2003. Tiger im Tank. Ernest Dichter – ein Österreicher als Werbeguru. Eds. Franz Kreuzer, Gerd Prechtl, Christoph Steiner, Thomas Cudlik, Christian Mikunda and Peter Scheer. Vienna 2002.

48  ]  Tanja Fabian

Günter Müller

THE COLLECTION OF BIOGR APHIC AL RECORDS

The aim of this collection is to document written, mostly unpublished biographical records from private sources and make them available as historical and cultural sources for teaching, academic and research purposes in a central location. Founded at the initiative of social historian Michael Mitterauer in the first half of the 1980s, the collection is located at the Department of Economic and Social History of the University of Vienna. The mostly unpublished manuscripts are available for academic teaching and research as well as for educational,

social and cultural projects outside university. Beside the University of Vienna, the association ­‘Dokumentation lebensgeschichtlicher Aufzeichnungen’ (Collection of Biographical Records) is responsible for the collection. Two of the aims of the association are to encourage people to reflect on their biographies and to promote dialogue between the older and younger generations. At the time when the collection of texts was initiated, new perspectives and research areas such as family history, the history of everyday life, history of mentalities

Fig. 1: Double page from the diary of Heinrich Liptak, written in 1918­–1921

The Collection of Biographical Records  

] 49

Fig. 2: Introduction to the biographical records of Aloisia Hinterhofer, written around 1980

and women’s history were emerging in historical studies. All kinds of personal accounts proved to be a particularly informative type of source for qualitative and subject-oriented research, and have since been pursued with increasing interest in historical, cultural and social studies. Biography research developed into an interdiscip­ linary domain. From the beginning, the collection of biographical ­records was closely linked to biography oriented education, which took the form of discussion and narration groups, organised in cooperation with adult education centres (Volkshochschulen), the Museum of the City of Vienna (Wien Museum) and other institutions. In order to establish and continually enlarge the collection, calls 50  ]  Günter Müller

to write down and collect personal accounts were published in newspapers and magazines, in the context of educational radio programmes featuring everyday history and in newsletters to the members of the steadily growing community of authors. The book series ‘Damit es nicht verlorengeht…’ (Lest We Forget), in which selected manuscripts have been published by Böhlau Verlag since 1983, has also provided a certain publicity and set an example for biographical writing and recollection. Currently the series comprises 68 volumes, some of which are autobiographical monographs, while others are theme-specific anthologies including recollections by several authors. Since 2009 the website www.MenschenSchreibenGeschichte. at (people writing history) has operated as a showcase and virtual information point for the above-mentioned association and as a communication platform for autobiography writers and readers interested in life stories in a broader sense. The concept of biographical records includes a great variety of auto/biographical text types. The collection focuses on written recollections by individuals, mostly at an advanced age, giving an account of their own lives, either as a way of taking stock of their past experience or as a family heritage to hand down to younger generations. Recollections written in reaction to theme-specific calls for contributions are also significant in the collection. At the beginning of 2015, the collection included written biographical records contributed by around 3,600 persons, which amounted to approximately 12,000 individual manuscripts. A supplementary collection of photographs, which was started at the same time as the biographical collection, contains around 5,000 pictures, most of which have been digitally processed. Most of these photos are related to the documented biographies. The oldest manuscripts date from the mid 18th century. Around 350 authors were born before 1900  ; however, the majority of the documented biographies originated in the first half of the 20th century. As to social origin, the authors come from all population groups. From its beginning the archive has been

Fig. 3: Private audio edition of the life account of Maximilian Murauer (recorded by Mathilde Murauer in 2004)

committed to encouraging people with little experience of writing to record their recollections and to making sure that the spheres of life of socially disadvantaged sections of the population are at least not underrepresented in the collection. Biographies with a rural background and those originating from an urban background are almost even in number, while women as authors outnumber men by a ratio of 3  :2. The majority of the writers were born within the territory of Austria as it is today, while a smaller proportion were born in countries neighbouring Austria. There is a significant portion of accounts featuring childhood memories which relate to various historical regions of immigration, especially

areas where German was formerly spoken, such as Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, Transylvania, Bačka and Banat. The texts and their authors were registered in a local database ordered according to biographical data and categories relevant for social history. A part of the texts and photos are available in digital form. During the opening hours of the archive, the documents can be used on site, provided that these personal records are handled with due confidentiality and care. The collection is maintained by experts and is being continually expanded.

The Collection of Biographical Records  

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Fig. 4: Books from the series ‘Damit es nicht verlorengeht …’ (Lest We Forget), in which selected manuscripts from the biographical records collection have regularly been published by Böhlau Verlag since 1983

Address  : Dokumentation lebensgeschichtlicher Aufzeichnungen Institut für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte (Department of Social and Economic History) Universität Wien Universitätsring 1 1010 Vienna Further links (in German)  : http://lebensgeschichten.univie.ac.at http://www.MenschenSchreibenGeschichte.at http://www.boehlau-verlag.com/Damit_es_nicht_verlorengeht_.htm http://www.lebensspuren.net/medien/pdf/Doku_Lebensgeschichten. pdf

52  ]  Günter Müller

Li Gerhalter

THE COLLECTION OF WOMEN’S PERSONAL PAPERS

In summer 2015, the Collection of Women’s Personal Papers at the Department of History contained 220 contributions comprising the estates and pre-estates of 358 persons. The backgrounds of the writers were varied  : They were teachers, farmers, authors, housewives, servants, aristocrats, factory workers, school or university students, actors, doctors’ assistants, milliners, artists, athletes. Other women include a butcher, a miller, a photographer, a dentist, a tour guide, a translator and an ambassador. The writers are women of all ages, they come from urban or rural settings  ; also included are family members, friends and acquaintances, which is why documents written by men are also part of the Collection of Women’s Personal Papers. While hardly any of them were at the centre of public attention, all of them wrote and left various self-narratives. Regarding content and material properties, these written legacies are as varied as the individual life stories of the women. In the collection, the written documents included in their estates and pre-estates are archived, made accessible and ready for use as sources for research purposes. The archive is continually utilised for a wide range of academic projects and in university teaching. The documents serve as sources for a great variety of issues of historical and cultural interest. Also, the various materials may influence genre discussions and attributions with regard to auto/biographical documents, which primarily used to be classified and evaluated according to criteria applied in literary studies. The collection is continually expanded through calls for contributions in the course of research projects, by cooperating with other archives and by gradually supplementing the existing pre-estates and estates. Currently, prominent areas of research are love letters and diaries.

Fig. 1: Portraits of Hedi Zdansky and Marianne Mayrhofer

The material has been precisely registered on individual stock sheets. In addition, a systematic catalogue containing a short description of each item, as well as a register of documents and a register of places was established. Currently the catalogue lists 784 volumes of diaries and similar records, 810 other documents in book form such as agendas, household books or poetry journals, around 37,600 items of correspondence, approximately 35,600 photographs, some 3,970 official and business documents, 101 autobiographical texts and twelve literary estates. 99 contributions additionally include small commemorative objects, such as decorative ribbons, medals, so-called Jewish badges, needlework samples, children’s shoes, jewellery boxes, etc. The estate of the welfare association “Vienna Settlement” also forms part of the collection. Most of the documents in the collection originate from the late 19th and first half of the 20th cen­turies. All in all, the time frame extends over three cen­turies  : The earliest piece is a business document dating from 1738, and the most recent additions are parts of an The Collection of Women’s Personal Papers 

] 53

Fig. 2: Portraits of women whose pre-estates or estates are included in the Collection of Women’s Personal Papers, from left to right: Mimi Hübner, Rosina Kalowa, Hertha Bren, Martha Teichmann

exchange of letters and e-mails which ends in April 2011. Geographically, the collection focuses on the area of what is now Austria  ; however, quite a number of contributions come from the former crown lands under the Habsburg monarchy and its neighbouring countries. The collection includes documents from all continents. As an academic institution, the Collection of Women’s Personal Papers is an example of the shift of focus that has occurred in historical studies over the past few decades, towards Women’s and Gender His­ tory and auto/biographical research, which is becoming increasingly varied. Owing to its main interest in collecting pre-estates and estates of all women, rather than just the members of a certain occupational category or social group, political movement or party, the collection is unique in Europe. The Collection of Women’s Personal Papers was ini­ tiated in 1990 by Edith Saurer (1942-2011), Professor of Modern History and doyenne of women’s and gender history in Austria. It was started to mark the anniversary of 70 years of votes for women in Austria, when a call to contribute biographical records as part of an exhibition 54  ]  Li Gerhalter

was published in a newspaper. Jointly directed by Edith Saurer and Christa Hämmerle, Associate Professor of Modern History and Women’s and Gender History, the collection was established and expanded at the Department of History over the following years. In 2000, the collection was organised as an association  ; from 2006 to 2012 it was part of the research platform ‘Repositioning of Women’s and Gender History in an Altered European Context’ at the University of Vienna, through which a part-time position for the academic supervision of the collection was financed. In 2013, a permanent part-time position was created at the Department of History for that purpose. Address  : Sammlung Frauennachlässe (The Collection of Women’s Personal Papers) Institut für Geschichte (Department of History) University of Vienna Universitätsring 1 1010 Vienna Further link (in German)  : http://www.univie.ac.at/Geschichte/sfn

Fig. 3: From left to right: Katharina Maierhofer, Erna Rentmeister, Lise Monika Lindenberg, Bernhardine Alma

Further reading (selection)  : Gerhalter, Li with the collaboration of Brigitte Semanek  : Bestandsverzeichnis der Sammlung Frauennachlässe am Institut für Geschichte der Universität Wien. 2nd expanded edition, Vienna 2012. Gerhalter, Li  : Auf zur eigenen Dokumentation von Erinnerung  ! Feministische Archive für auto/biografische Dokumente als Schnitt­ stellen von Erinnerungspolitiken und Forschung. In  : Women’s  :Museum Frauen  :Museum – Curatorial Politics in feminism, education, history and art | Politiken des Kuratorischen in Feminismus, Bildung, Geschichte und Kunst Eds. Elke Krasny and the Women’s Museum in Merano. Vienna 2013, pp. 285–295. Gerhalter, Li  : Geschichten und Voraussetzungen. Die Bestände der Sammlung Frauennachlässe am Institut für Geschichte der Universität Wien. In  : Unsere Heimat. Zeitschrift für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich 81 (1/2010), pp. 27–41. Gerhalter, Li  : Decisions and Chances – the Winding Path of Women’s Personal Testimonies. The Collection of Women’s Estates/Sammlung Frauennachlässe, Vienna. In  : Women and Minorities  : Ways of Archiving. Ed. Kristina Popova, Marijana Piskova, Margareth Lanzinger, Nikola Langreiter and Petar Vodenicharov. Sofia/Vienna 2009, pp. 20–34. Hämmerle, Christa  : Fragmente aus vielen Leben. Ein Portrait der ‘Sammlung Frauennachlässe’ am Institut für Geschichte der Universität Wien. In  : L’Homme. Europäische Zeitschrift für Feministische Geschichtswissenschaft 14 (2/2003), p. 375–378. Hämmerle, Christa  : ‘Und etwas von mir wird bleiben…’. Von Frauennachlässen und ihrer historischen (Nicht)Überlieferung. In  : Montfort. Vierteljahresschrift für Geschichte und Gegenwart Vorarlbergs 2 (2003), pp. 154–174.

Hämmerle, Christa  : “… vielleicht können da einige Briefe aus der Kriegszeit bei Ihnen ein ständiges Heim finden.” Die “Sammlung Frauennachlässe” am Institut für Geschichte der Universität Wien. In  : Briefe – Tagebücher – Autobiografien. Studien und Quellen für den Unterricht. Eds. Peter Eigner, Christa Hämmerle and Günter Müller. Vienna 2006, pp. 132–139. Hämmerle, Christa  : Nebenpfade  ? Populare Selbstzeugnisse des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts in geschlechtervergleichender Perspektive. In  : Vom Lebenslauf zur Biografie. Geschichte, Quellen und Probleme der historischen Biographik und Autobiographik. Ed. Thomas Winkelbauer. Horn/Waidhofen a.d. Thaya 2000 (= Schriftenreihe des Waldviertler Heimatbundes 40), pp. 135–167. Saurer, Edith  : “For Women, the Act of Writing – whether Letters or Diaries – Expresses their Identity, their Life’s Ambition, the Will to Survive”. Interview Kristina Popova with Edith Saurer. In  : Women and Minorities  : Ways of Archiving. Eds. Kristina Popva, Marijana Piskova, Margareth Lanzinger, Nikola Langreiter and Petar Vodenicharov. Sofia/Vienna 2009, pp. 16–19.

The Collection of Women’s Personal Papers 

] 55

Alexander Schiller

THE ERICH FR AUWALLNER ESTATE

The estate of the Indologist and expert on Buddhism Erich Frauwallner (1898–1974) has been located at the Department of South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies (ISTB) since 1975. Frauwallner was born on 28 December 1898 in Vienna. He studied Classical Philology, Indology and Iranian Studies at the University of Vienna and was awarded a doctor’s degree in Classical Philology in 1921. In 1928 he acquired his habilitation at the University of Vienna as a private lecturer of Indian Philology and Classical Studies. In 1930 he started to hold courses on Indology and was appointed Associate Professor of Indology and Iranian Studies in 1939. He had to interrupt his teaching career because of his conscription to the military service in 1943. After the end of the war he was dismissed from public service because of his membership of the German National Socialist Workers Party and three years later (in 1948) had to retire prematurely. Upon Frauwallner’s application, his political activities during the Nazi era were subjected to an examination and he was again awarded the venia legendi in 1952 by the Federal Ministry of Education. In 1955 he was appointed Associate Professor at the newly established Department of Ind­ology of the University of Vienna and in 1959 he became Full Professor of Indology. At the beginning of 1964, Frauwallner retired. He continued his academic work until his death in Vienna on 5 July 1974. From 1955 Frauwallner was a full member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, from 1972 an honorary member of the German Oriental Society and from 1973 corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Frauwallner’s main field of work was the history of Indian philosophy. A considerable proportion of his research was dedicated to the philosophical systems of

Fig. 1  : Untersuchungen zum Mokṣadharma. Die nicht-sāṃkhyistischen Texte (published in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1925). Clean copy of the first publication on Indology by Erich Frauwallner, Vienna, before 1926

Buddhism. Among circles of experts Frauwallner’s works were received extremely favourably  : It has been written, for example, that in a large part of his work, Frauwallner created the pre­ requisites […] for the doxographic view of India’s systems of thought becoming a convincing historical presentation of Indian philosophy.

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This is one example of an appraisal of Frauwallner as an honorary member of the German Oriental Society in the 122nd volume of the magazine from 1972. Frauwallner left personal papers and a library. His personal papers were handed over by Frauwallner’s descendants as a gift to the Department of Tibetan and Buddhist Studies in 1975. There it was sorted and compiled as a collection in 1976 and 1977, using resources from the Austrian Science Fund. The library, which formed part of the estate, was purchased on behalf of the University of Vienna using an endowment from the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research and incorporated into the collections of the Department of Indology and the Department of Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. Frauwallner’s personal papers comprise works, correspondence, documents and collections, most of which have been recorded and pre-sorted by archival means. The items in the collection are listed in a separate inventory. The vast majority of the estate library has been recorded in two inventory books  ; it has also been catalogued electronically and can be retrieved in the online catalogue of the University Library. Today Frauwallner’s estate is stored in two locations. His personal papers are housed in the Tibet and Buddhist Studies Section of the ISTB  ; however the estate library is stored at the South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies Library. The entire estate can be accessed for scientific purposes upon prior appointment. Addresses  : Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde (ISTB) (Department of South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies [ISTB]) Tibet and Buddhist Studies Section Campus of the University of Vienna Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 2.7 1090 Vienna Fachbereichsbibliothek Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde (South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies Library) Campus of the University of Vienna Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 2.1 1090 Vienna

58  ]  Alexander Schiller

Further reading (selection)  : Frauwallner, Erich  : Geschichte der indischen Philosophie. I. Band  : Die Philosophie des Veda und des Epos. Der Buddha und der Jina. Das Sāṃkhya und das klassische Yoga-System. Salzburg 1953. II.Band  : Die naturphilosophischen Schulen und das Vaiśešika-System. Das System der Jaina. Der Materialismus. Salzburg 1956. Frauwallner, Erich  : Die Philosophie des Buddhismus. Eds. Eli Franco and Karin Preisendanz including a preface, 5th edition, Berlin 2010. Gödl, Robert  : Erich Frauwallner  : Nachruf. In  : Österreichische Aka­ de­mie der Wissenschaften, Almanach für das Jahr 1974 (124. Jahrgang), Vienna 1975, pp. 476–481. Oberhammer, Gerhard  : Erich Frauwallner (28.12.1898–5.7.1974). In  : Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens und Archiv für indi­ sche Philosophie 20 (1976), pp. 5–17. Oberhammer, Gerhard  : Verzeichnis der Schriften Erich Frauwallners. In  : Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens und Archiv für indische Philosophie 20 (1976), pp. 19–36.

Walter Lang

THE SLIDE COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGR APHY AND REGIONAL RESEARCH

The importance of the slide collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research is based on its history. Previously, in an age before TVs and com­puters, these images both served to underpin scientific findings in research publications and to impart knowledge in higher education establishments. At first sight, due to the further development of technology and the use of modern media (such as Google or Wikipedia), the objects in this collection no longer seem to be relevant for our times. Upon closer analysis, however, they reveal an earlier picture of a world that has ceased to exist in this form and can hardly be grasped in any other way. The slides show and prove changes in time and space that can still be recognised in the present day and are increasingly gaining in importance. This is now the academic and didactic purpose of the collection, which is currently being converted into a modern, digital form. Every collection of images reflects the technical development of photography. The oldest exhibits in the geographical slide collection date back to the 1920s, a period when taking photos became easier. It was no longer necessary to carry heavy, coated glass plates outside  ; the formats became easier to handle. In addition, the smaller (black-and-white) slides were ideally suited for projections during lectures. Eduard Brückner (1862–1927), who held the Chair in Physical Geography at the University of Vienna from 1906 until 1927, was one of the first to use this technology. He also laid the foundation for this collection, which from the beginning comprised a wide range of motifs. The importance of slide projections at that time is manifested in a large number of acquisitions made by the Department in the 1930s and 1940s from private picture archives.

Fig. 1: Scoop wheel in Hama (Syria), 1965

Finally, in the 1950s, the first colour slides were made, after Kodachrome colour film was developed by Kodak in 1935. The very thin multilayer emulsion of the film clearly enhanced the image sharpness and colour brilliance  ; this not only increased the quality but also the quantity of the images produced at the Department of Geography. Every section now had a large number of specialist pictures. In this regard, the collections of J­ osef Matznetter (1917–1990) and Ernest Troger (1926– 1988), then of Julius Fink (1918–1981) and finally of Hans Fischer need to be highlighted. This wealth of diapositives, around 80,000 to 100,000 items in total, was no longer administered centrally and was pushed to one side in the early 1990s, before being overrun by the digital revolution. In a special project funded by the Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, the images are now being closely inspected, sorted, digitised and newly presented for the longer term. The goal is to uphold the value of the collection and preserve unique specimens that had been affected by relocations, dust,

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Fig. 2: Esmark Glacier (Svalbard), around 1925

fingerprints, scratches, light, dampness as well as fungi and bacteria over many years. In line with the diversity of geography, the items in the collection cover a wide array of fields and essentially reflect the research focuses of the various academics (and photographers). Thus, for example, many pictures can be found on glaciology and ice age research from Eduard Brückner’s creative period. Later Brückner dedicated himself to meteorology and climatology, and these fields are also represented in pictures in the form of diagrams. They cover the territory of Austria (including the A ­ lpine foothills, the Salzkammergut region) and Europe (Germany, France, Denmark, Norway) as well as Arctic regions (Greenland, Svalbard)  ; they include some aerial photographs taken from an airship at that time which 60  ]  Walter Lang

deserve particular mention. It is conspicuous that this first basis for the collection from the period of approximately 1925 to 1940 had a strong regional geographical focus. The slide collection of Josef Matznetter covers the period from 1958 to 1988. Based on today’s terminology, he was a social and economic geographer. The themes of his pictures focus on industry, mining, agriculture and forestry. He carried out field research on the Cape Verde islands (1958), later on São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-­ Bissau, South Africa (1961), several times in Angola and Mozambique, and in Brazil. He was always accompanied by his wife, who was also a scientist, as is proven by many pictures of ethnological content. The geographical collection of pictures was also enriched by Ernest Troger. He was a Professor of Human

Geography who analysed the socioeconomic changes and population geography topics in mainland Southeast Asia (Thailand, Laos) at the end of the 1950s and in the early 1960s. Later pictures from the 1960s were made in the course of numerous excursions, which took him to the Orient and North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt), from 1970 onwards to western Asia (Turkey, Iraq, Iran), from 1980 onwards to India, and from 1985 until 1988 to Thailand. Julius Fink was a Professor of Physical Geography between 1969 and 1981. He carried out very comprehensive work in the fields of geology and soil science, Quaternary and loess research, and landscape ecology. His photos prove his meticulous excavation and research activities in large parts of Austria. After his death in 1981, Fink’s stock of images was taken over, enlarged and complemented by Hubert Nagl (Professor of Geoecology). Finally, a large part of the image collection comes from Hans Fischer, who was a Professor of Physical Geography from 1982 to 2000. His main research areas were geomorphology and ‘worldwide high mountain regions’. He used to travel to the countries of eastern Europe (Czechoslovakia, GDR, Poland), where valuable impressions of regions that were then difficult to access were created in the period prior to 1989. The majority of the not yet completely inventoried slide collection is stored in archive rooms of the Department of Geography and Regional Research and can only be visited following prior appointment.

Fig. 3: Pupils with clay tablets in the hamlet of Fula Pretos – Brincasse near Bafatá (Guinea-Bissau), 1961

Fassmann, Heinz  : Geography in Austria. In  : Belgeo, Heft 1 (2004), pp. 17–32.

Address  : Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung (Department of Geography and Regional Research) Neues Institutsgebäude (NIG) Universitätsstrasse 7 1010 Vienna Further reading  : Fassmann, Heinz  : Portrait  : Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung der Universität Wien. In  : Forum Raumplanung 2 (2004), pp. 53–58.

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Irene Jörg

THE ROCK COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGR APHY AND REGIONAL RESEARCH

The rock collection can look back on a long history  ; it has mainly been compiled by professors employed at the Department of Geography and Regional Research and their staff over many decades of meticulous work. The beginnings of today’s Department of Geography and Regional Research date back to the year 1851, and the beginnings of the collection – then still termed Geographical Cabinet – to 1853. The rock collection experienced a particularly significant upswing under Julius Fink (1918–1981). Many colleagues have helped to enlarge the collection by bringing back hand rock samples from excursions or study trips and integrating them into the collection. The collection comprises a large number of loan items, including those of Julius Fink and Hans Fischer (b. 1931). The various professors of Physical Geography who have been employed here since the Department was founded have set their own personal priorities in the rock collection. For example, Julius Fink was active in the field of Quaternary geology and loess research and supplied the collection with relevant materials. Erik Arnberger (1917–1987), who undertook excursions to different continents, similarly supplied hand rock samples, as did Hans Fischer, whose focus was on Alpine research. Although the collection includes hand rock samples from all over the world, the focus is on the Alpine region and Austria. In addition, many items stem from the Quaternary period in eastern Austria. The entire collection comprises some 400 hand rock samples, the most important of which are displayed in four display showcases. These 62 hand rock samples are grouped by major rock type (igneous rock, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock)  : In the first display cabinet, samples of volcanics, plutonites and pegmatites are shown. Two other display

Fig. 1: Examples of the topic of speleology

cabinets contain hand rock samples of clastic sediments (breccias, conglogmerates, sandstones and loess) and of chemical and biogenic sediments. The fourth display cabinet contains various gneisses, slates and marbles. Most of the exhibits are from Austria. Some thirty hand rock samples stored in drawers are also ordered according to this system and students can touch and observe them closely. Furthermore, there is one separate drawer with rocks for teaching purposes, which contains the hand rock samples in line with a generalised lithological map of Austria . Depending on the courses provided, students have the option of themselves carrying out the major field methods relating to mineral and rock determination on a small scale. For this purpose there are twenty-five exhibits, each of seven different rock and mineral samples from Austria. Three small drawers are

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Fig. 2: Different clastic sediments

dedicated to mineralogy, in which fifteen samples are stored relating to new mineral formation (igneous rock minerals, sedimentary rock minerals and metamorphic rock minerals), crystal formation (quick-slow-shock) and gloss (mother of pearl gloss, glass gloss, silk gloss, metal gloss). In addition, the collection contains a whole variety of fossils, including mussels and snails from the Molasse zone and Waschberg zone and an upper jaw deciduous tooth of a proboscidean from the earliest Pannonian age. There are many other supplementary exhibits in four other cabinets with drawers. This allows the compilation of certain items for different university courses in line with the manifold geomorphological questions and the demonstration of different forms of weathering based on rock samples. For example, there are limestone pavements or weathered crusts as well as examples of striated cobbles, solidified moraines and ventifacts. The different appearance of granites occurring in Austria can similarly be shown as the different forms of conglomerates. There 64  ]  Irene Jörg

are also examples on the subject of karst and speleology. As well as the above-mentioned limestone pavements, the collection also contains different calcite crystal formations, drip pipes and dripstones, various sinter formations, calcareous tufa, lublinites, Augenstein deposits from caves, as well as cave bear bones. There are individual samples relating to tectonics, such as a mylonite or tectonic breccia. Address  : Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung (Department of Geography and Regional Research) Neues Institutsgebäude (NIG) Universitätsstrasse 7 1010 Vienna

Alexandra Gappmayr

THE HISTORIC AL COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGR APHY AND REGIONAL RESEARCH

The University of Vienna owns some interesting historical and geographical collection items which, in the course of the introduction of new university organisation reforms, passed from the Department of Geography and Regional Research into the ownership of the Depart­ ment Library. These are teaching materials and work equipment from the field of cartography which were collected for the Department and used in classes long before the triumphant advance of digital technologies. The largest part is made up of the map collection and the collection of atlases. The globes and raised-relief maps were handed over to the Austrian National Library as permanent loans in the 1980s and 1990s due to lack of space. Globes

The history of globes (this word comes from the Latin word globus, meaning round mass or sphere) started as early as in antiquity with the first celestial globes and experienced its heyday in the age of discoveries. The manufacture of globes flourished in the 17th and 18th cen­ turies. From the very beginning, globes have functioned as work items and demonstration objects in teaching and research. In parallel, globes have been manufactured in increasingly elaborate designs to be used merely as decorative prestige objects. In the 18th century, globes became less expensive but also more factual and less ornamental. The increasing mass manufacture benefited from progress in manufacturing technology in the 19th century. The centres of globe manufacturing were Germany, the Netherlands, England, France and Italy. In Austria, it was not until the second half of the 18th

century that the manufacturing of globes started, reaching its peak in the 19th century. Major manufacturers of this period were Jan Felkl, Franz Leopold Schönninger (1790–1877), Eduard Hölzl (1817–1885), Gustav Freytag (1852–1938) and Wilhelm Berndt (dates of birth and death not known). The Geography and Regional Research Library owns a small but valuable collection of old globes that are exhibited as permanent loans in the Globe Museum of ÖNB (the Austrian National Library). Most of the items are terrestrial globes, but they also include two rare meteorological globes. The most valuable items in the group of terrestrial globes are the Erdglobus by Daniel Friedrich Sotzmann (1754–1840) from 1808, the Erd­ kugel by Joseph Jüttner (1775–1848) from 1839 and the Erdglobus by Joseph Riedl von Leuenstern (1786–1856), which was produced in 1868. Daniel Friedrich Sotzmann was one of the most important German cartographers of his time. He dedicated his Erdglobus / von 11/2 Pariser Fuss to His Royal Majesty, the King of Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph. The globe had a diameter of 48.5 cm and a height of 120 cm and is crafted according to the English model. It is characterised by its wealth of topographical names and two special features  : firstly, the representation of little-­ explored regions  ; secondly, the inclusion of a total of 36 expedition routes (voyages). This globe was manufactured by the Nuremberg arts dealer Johann Georg Franz jun. (1775–1836). The terrestrial globe with a diameter of 63 cm and a height of 112 cm was designed by the military cartographer Joseph Jüttner and is an example of successful cooperation between designer and publisher. The Erd­ kugel / von 2 Wiener Schuh was the showpiece of the

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Fig. 1: Meteorological globe (January) by Carl Kassner, 1907

Fig. 2: Meteorological globe (July) by Carl Kassner, 1907

Second General Austrian Exhibition of Trade Producers held in 1839, on the occasion of which Jüttner was awarded the silver medal for this globe. However, on the globe itself, no mention is made of the publisher Franz Leopold Schönninger, who switched his globe manufacture – at Jüttner’s suggestion – from expensive and heavy gypsum bodies to specially treated spheres made of cardboard. Two very rare pieces are the meteorological globes Meteorologischer Globus ( Januar) and Meteorologischer Globus ( Juli), which were published in the Berlin-based publishing house Reimer and both of which were made in 1907 based on a draft by the meteorologist Carl Kas­ sner (1864–1950). The two globes, each of which have a diameter of 32 cm and a height of 57.5 cm and have a black painted wooden stand, show the climate with isotherms and precipitation.

Raised-relief Maps

66  ]  Alexandra Gappmayr

Raised-relief maps or terrain models are three-dimensional representations of parts of the earth’s surface which are similar to maps and help show the elevations of the earth’s surface. The manufacture of raised-relief maps started in Switzerland in the early 18th century. This form of terrain representation is mainly important because it facilitates the visual recognition of terrain features  ; therefore raised-relief maps were frequently used in the 19th and the 20th century as teaching aids in the classroom. In the second half of the 20th century, raised-relief maps moved out of the focus of (academic) attention. Recently, however, increased interest in these objects can once again be noted. The Department Library’s collection includes six raised-relief maps, which were handed over as permanent loan items to the ÖNB (Austrian National Library) and form part of the ÖNB’s

Fig. 3: Raised-relief map of the Bay of Naples by Domenico Locchi, around 1900

map collection. There is the raised-relief map of France at a scale of 1  : 500,000, for example. The raised-relief map made of gypsum is about 80 x 80 cm and has been painted yellow and brown. The raised-relief map was designed by Émile Levasseur (1828–1911) and French geographer Caroline Kleinhans (dates of birth and death not known). Levasseur was a French statistician, geographer and economist as well as a champion of raised-­ relief map manufacturing in 19th century France. Two important raised-relief map manufacturers were active in 19th century Italy  : Domenico Locchi (dates of birth and death not known) and Cesare Pomba (1830– 1898). The collection includes two raised-relief maps

made by Domenico Locchi  : Rilievo plastigrafico 1  : 75 000 del territorio di Trento from around 1900, 165 x 135 cm in size and based on a special map of Austria-Hungary. This raised-relief map, which is not very true to nature and aims to provide a general view, is painted topographically, with the names glued on the map. The second of Locchi’s raised-relief maps represents the Bay of Naples and is a geological, painted raised-­ relief map at a scale of 1  :100,000 and 91 x 68 cm in size. With the raised-relief map made by the Italian geographer Cesare Pomba, the Library’s collection includes a raised-relief map that is well-known simply thanks to its unusual dimensions (the object is 2m²). At the time

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Theodolites

The Department Library keeps two theodolites of identical construction from the second half of the 19th century. It can be proven that one of the two devices formed part of the then Institute’s collection as early as 1890. The theodolite is stored in a wooden box with a strap and weighs some 20 kilograms. Address  : Fachbereichsbibliothek Geographie und Regionalforschung (Geography and Regional Research Library) Neues Institutsgebäude (NIG) Universitätsstrasse 7 1010 Vienna

Fig. 4: Theodolite (surveying instrument for measuring angles), around 1925

when it was made it was considered a first-rate teaching aid. Pomba’s raised-relief map of Italy L’Italia nel suo aspetto fisico. Relievo a superficie curvo at a scale of 1  : 1,000,000 on a curved surface dates back to between 1880 and 1884. It shows impressively the differences in elevation of the earth’s surface and its curvature  ; it represents the entire Alpine region. Pomba dedicated one object personally to the then Geographical Institute. In addition, the collection includes a raised-relief map of the Dalmatian coast made by an unknown author, as well as a raised-relief map by Franz Rohrhofer (dates of birth and death not known) from 1953. The latter depicts the lines of the Schalfferner, Mutmalferner and Marzellferner glaciers in the Ötztal Alps for 1850 and 1951 at a scale of 1  : 10,000. 68  ]  Alexandra Gappmayr

Further reading (selection)  : Penck, Albrecht  : Pomba‘s Relief von Italien. In  : Globus. Illustrierte Zeitschrift für Länder- und Völkerkunde 58 (1890), pp. 49–51. Dörflinger, Johannes  : Der große Erdglobus von D.F. Sotzmann 1808. Eine Dokumentation der Seereisen des späten 18. Jahrhunderts. In  : Der Globusfreund 28–29 (1980/81), pp. 113–135. Wohlschläger, Heide/Dörflinger, Johannes  : Österreichische und deut­sche Globenhersteller der zweiten Hälfte des 19. und des beginnenden 20. Jahrhunderts. In  : Der Globusfreund 30 (1982), pp. 9–40. Jan Mokre  : Rund um den Globus. Über Erd- und Himmelsgloben und ihre Darstellungen. Vienna 2008. Modelle der Welt. Erd- und Himmelsgloben. Kulturerbe aus österrei­ chischen Sammlungen. Ed. Peter E. Allmayer-Beck. Vienna 1997. Zemann, Andreas  : Reliefbau in Österreich. Diploma thesis, University of Vienna 1986.

Alexandra Gappmayr

THE M AP COLLECTION OF THE GEOGR APHY AND REGIONAL RESEARCH LIBR ARY

The history of the map collection in the Geography and Regional Research Library is closely linked with the history of the Department itself. In 1851 Friedrich Simony (1813–1896) was appointed the first Full Professor of Geography at the University of Vienna. Two years later a specific chair was set up, then termed Geographical Cabinet. Even in its first years, the Institute’s staff members and students had at their disposal both a rich collection of teaching materials – some of which Simony had made himself – and his private book collection. ­After he retired in 1885, a structural reorganisation led to the establishment of a second professorship  : its separation into Physical Geography on the one hand and Historical and Cultural Geography on the other led to the Cabinet being renamed the Geographical Institute. As early as 1890, the Department Library included around 5,000 map sheets, 80 wall maps, 115 atlases, 800 photographs, 200 panoramas, 50 geographical character images, 26 raised-relief maps and ten globes. The systematic enlargement of the Map Collection was promoted in the course of the 20th century by renowned representatives of the Department who also left their distinctive mark on it, including Albrecht Penck (1858–1945), Eugen Oberhummer (1859–1944), Hugo Hassinger (1877–1952), Erik Arnberger (1917–1987), Hans Bobek (1903–1990) and Ingrid Kretschmer (1939–2011). Finally, in the mid1960s, a Professorship of Cartography was set up. The intense research and publication activities of the Department members in the field of cartography provided important stimuli for the map collection. Today it comprises an estimated 100,000 map sheets, some 150 wall maps, plus a large number of aerial and satellite photos. The collection is completed by around 1,000 atlases and comprehensive cartographical literature. The

items have been recorded in index card catalogues (author index and subject index). Parts of the collection can already be searched via the online catalogue of the Vienna University Library. Due to the digital acces­sibility of the items, map collections have recently come increasingly into the focus of (academic) attention again. Hence, just recently, a course has been held on the his­tory of cartography, as part of which old maps and atlases from the collection are also used as teaching materials. Maps

The maps’ geographical focus is on (Central) Europe, especially Austria. In addition, there is a considerable stock of maps of non-European regions, most of which were acquired for research trips. There is the complete series of official maps of Austria (the Österreichische Karte 1  : 50,000, the enlarged version at a scale of 1  : 25,000, the Österreichische Karte 1  : 200,000 and 1  : 500,000), which are mainly used by students and teaching staff. The core of the collection includes the maps of the Austrian Al­ pine association Alpenverein as well as a large number of thematic maps, such as geological maps, soil maps, trail maps, city maps and street maps. Most of the maps date back to the 19th and 20th centuries. But a few maps from the 18th century have also been preserved, including some French maps. In the 17th and 18th centuries, France was a leader in the area of cartography. Two of the major representatives were the two ‘Royal cartographers’ Alexis-Hubert Jaillot (1632–1712) and Adrien-­ Hubert Brué (1786–1832), whose maps were precise and constantly updated and were used by Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859).

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Fig. 1: Atlas minor by Matthäus Seutter, 1744

The thematic focus is on maps of Austrian land surveys, which were carried out in several stages. The map collection that was drawn up under Francis Joseph I (Fran­ zisko-Josephinische Landesaufnahme) (1869–1887) at a scale of 1  : 25,000 is complete and well preserved  ; the same goes for the special map of the Austria-Hungarian Empire 1  : 75,000 and the general map of Central Europe 1  : 200,000. Towards the end of the 19th century, despite its size, Austria-Hungary was the only country in Europe that boasted a full series of maps (1  : 25,000), a special map and a general map in the metric system. 70  ]  Alexandra Gappmayr

Atlases

Including world, national and regional atlases, school ­atlases, specialist atlases, picture atlases, as well as tourist map products, the map collection comprises the entire gamut of atlas cartography, with the major part of the stock dating back to the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. They include some very valuable items, such as the series of maps Typi chorographici provin  : Austriae cum explicatione earundem pro Commen. Rer. Austriacar.concin­ nati from 1561 by Wolfgang Lazius (1514–1565), which is considered the first atlas of Austria, as well as the Atlas

minor from 1744 by the German cartographer Matthäus Seutter (1678–1757), who was one of the most renowned map publishers in Central Europe. Last but not least, mention must be made of the fourth edition of the atlas by Gerhard Mercator (1512–1594), one of the most important cartographers  ; this edition came out posthumously in 1613 with the title Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura. Wall Maps

Further reading  : Svatek, Petra  : Wolfgang Lazius als Kartograph. Eine Analyse seiner Karten in Bezug auf die Werke anderer Kartenmacher des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. Doctoral thesis, University of Vienna 2005. Aspekte der Kartographie im Wandel der Zeit. Festschrift für Ingrid Kretschmer zum 65. Geburtstag und anlässlich ihres Übertritts in den Ruhestand. Ed. Wolfgang Kainz. Vienna 2004 (= Wiener Schriften zur Geographie und Kartographie 16). Lexikon zur Geschichte der Kartographie. Von den Anfängen bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Bearbeitet von Ingrid Kretschmer. Vienna 1986. Kartographie der Gegenwart in Österreich. Ed.  : Institute of Cartog­ raphy of the Austrian Academy of Sciences under the editorial supervision of Erik Arnberger. Vienna 1984.

Wall maps are large-size maps that aim to produce impact at a distance. As early as in the Middle Ages they embellished prestigious rooms. Since the mid-19th century they have mainly been used as illustration, teaching and working aids in classes. Emil von Sydow (1812–1873) was the first to create hand-drawn maps for lessons and coloured them in ‘regional colours’  : green (= low-lying) and brown (= mountainous). The maps, which are strung on canvas and held together by sticks, have been widely used since the 1850s. Wall maps are most often topographic, but also thematic, above all political maps and historical maps. Whereas they were still indispensable visual aids for the classroom until the end of the 20th century, these bulky maps, which are difficult to update, have become museum pieces due to electronic presentation techniques. However, wall maps are once again being used frequently in exhibitions or lectures. The map collection in the Geography and Regional Research Library currently comprises some 150 wall maps, all of which appeared after 1950. The older maps were handed over to the Austrian National Library as a gift some years ago. Address  : Fachbereichsbibliothek Geographie und Regionalforschung (Geography and Regional Research Library) Neues Institutsgebäude (NIG) Universitätsstrasse 7 1010 Vienna

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Fig. 1: Soil monoliths in the corridor of the Department of Geography and Regional Research (NIG)

Robert Peticzka

THE SOIL MONOLITH COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGR APHY AND REGIONAL RESEARCH

The soil monolith collection of different soil types primarily serves as a teaching aid, as these demonstration profiles portray real nature and are therefore especially suited to supporting the teaching of aspects of the soil sciences. The profiles are interpreted and described by expert staff at the Department of Geography and Regional Research. This means that the profiles are not self-explanatory. The terms ‘lacquer profile’, ‘demonstration profile’ and ‘soil monolith’ are often used synonymously and denote one-to-one representations of real nature. In an extremely complicated process, which can last for several weeks and comprises a large number of individual steps, a mirror-inverted, but otherwise identical demonstration item is obtained from a natural soil profile. The major advantage of this method of documenting natural soils is the spatial or three-dimensional structuring of the objects. Only in this way is it possible to recognise the polygenetic component in the genesis of soils. The typical characteristics of soils, such as their texture, layers (horizons) or colours, can be identified much more easily using such lacquer profiles than in a photograph or drawing, as these methods of recording lack the third dimension and will therefore always be just an abstraction of reality. Overall, 14 of these lacquer profiles are exhibited in the publicly accessible rooms of the Department of Geography and Regional Research, on the fourth floor of the NIG (New Institute Building). Except for soil type and profile location, no other data has been added to the profiles, which are secured behind glass. The soil horizons have deliberately not been further differentiated or named, as this – in line with soil science nomenclature – would be extremely complex and not self-explanatory. It is

therefore left to the experts to interpret these profiles. The range of the exhibited soil types roughly corresponds to the range of soils found in Austria – all main soil types are represented. Accordingly, the soils in basin and river landscapes (chernozem and fluvisol) are represented here, as are Alpine soils such as ranker, podzol or Alpine pseudogley, which are very significant for Austria. Following the nomenclature of Austrian soil mapping, the two orders ‘terrestrial’ and ‘hydromorphous’ are represented as well. As well as these 14 lacquer profiles at the l­ocation of the NIG, there are several dozen more at the ­University Centre Althanstrasse. But these profiles have a strong thematic connection and are often produced for a specific reason. Thus, for example, since 2009 these rooms have been home to the lacquer profile that documents the sensational archaeological find ‘double burial of twins’ in Krems, Lower Austria. Unlike the collection at the NIG, however, these profiles are not accessible to the public, as they primarily serve scientific documentation purposes. This collection is maintained by the Laboratory of Physical Geography at the Department of Geography and Regional Research. As the profiles have also been produced there for many years, the collection is growing steadily. In line with the fundamental orientation of a scientific collection, these profiles are frequently lent out as loan items to renowned institutions or museums. Lacquer profiles of the Department of Geography and Regional Research can, for example, be found at the NHM (Museum of Natural History in Vienna) or the Gozzoburg Museum in Krems.

The Soil Monolith Collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research  

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Fig. 2: Soil monolith in the area of the double burial of twins in Krems, 2009

Addresses  : Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung (Department of Geography and Regional Research) Neues Institutsgebäude (NIG) Universitätsstrasse 7 1010 Vienna Institut für Geographie und Regionalforschung (Department of Geography and Regional Research) Laboratory of Physical Geography Geozentrum (UZA II) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna

74  ]  Robert Peticzka

Wolfgang Rudolf Kainrath

THE ESTATE LIBR ARY OF DIONYS RIT TER VON GRÜN

The collection Ex bibliotheca Dionysii de Gruen of the Geography and Regional Research Library c­ omprises some 840 volumes from the private library of the Bohe­ mian geographer Dionys Ritter von Grün (1819–1896). He attended grammar school in Bratislava, studied phil-

osophy and history in Prague. From 1849 onwards he lived in Berlin, where he was inspired by the geographer Carl Ritter (1779–1859) to follow his subsequent academic career. From 1853 onwards he worked as a teacher at the Archiepiscopal Grammar School in Levoča. In

Fig. 1: Map detail of ancient Greece in the Notitia orbis antiqui sive Geographia plenior by Christoph Cellarius, 1731/32

The Estate Library of Dionys Ritter von Grün 

] 75

1855 he became a teacher of history and geography at the Academic Grammar School in Vienna. It was especially thanks to his publication Geographie. Länder- und Völkerkunde on geography, area studies and ethnology, which was published in Vienna in 1870 and was over one thousand pages long, that Grün secured the order in 1872 to teach Crown Prince Rudolf in geography. In 1875 he was awarded a knighthood in merit of his ser­ vices in this regard. On 1 May 1875 he held his inaugural lecture at the German University in Prague after having been appointed Professor of Geography there. He bequeathed his collection of books, which comprised a large number of geographical rarities, to the Association of Geographers at the University of Vienna. It was subsequently organised systematically, using coloured labels to distinguish the themes of ‘general geography’, ‘continents’ and ‘seas/polar regions’. The subdivision was done with Roman numerals based on subjects and subareas. In the following, three examples from the collection will be described in detail  : There is an 8 x 14 cm miniature book by the geographer and historian Philipp Clüvers (1580–1622), who is considered one of the co-founders of historical geography. This is a copy of the first volume of universal geography with the title Introductionis in universam geogra­phiam… which was published from 1651 onwards in six volumes. The book has an engraved title, rich book decorations and several fold-out plates with wind roses. On the flyleaf, an owner’s mark in an old hand from 1743 can be made out. An anthology by the Dutch scholar Gerhard Johannes Vossius (1577–1649), which includes De Historicis Latinis Libri Tres and De Historicis Graecis Libri Quattuor (1606) plus supplements, forms part of the Library. The book contains the ex libris of its previous owner, Johann Christoph Baron von Bartenstein (1689–1767). It shows his owner’s coat of arms and, above this, the inscription Insignia D. Jo. Christophori / S. R. J. Lib. Baronis de Bar­ tenstein. Underneath it reads  : Peragit tranquilla potestas / quod violenta nequit. / claud. conf. Fl. Mal. Theod. In addition, the collection also includes a book by Christoph 76  ]  Wolfgang Rudolf Kainrath

Cellarius (1638–1707), historian and geographer from Halle an der Saale, who in his Historia tripartita was the first to write about the tripartite division of world history  : ‘Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period’. The book that is in the collection bears the title Notitia orbis antiqui sive geographia plenioris. […] (1731/32)  ; this was published in 1731/32 and is a description of the ancient world in two volumes, illustrated with maps. Address  : Fachbereichsbibliothek Geographie und Regionalforschung (Geography and Regional Research Library) Neues Institutsgebäude (NIG) Universitätsstrasse 7 1010 Vienna Further reading  : Sedlmeyer, Karl Adalbert  : Wilhelm Dionys Ritter von Grün. Geograph an der Prager Universität, sein Leben, sein Wirken. In  : Bohemia 11 (1970), pp. 388–417.

Wolfgang Rudolf Kainrath

THE PARTIAL ESTATE OF FRIEDRICH SIMONY

The Geography and Regional Research Library houses a most interesting and valuable part of the estate of the famous geographer and Alpine researcher Friedrich Simony (Szimonj) (1813–1896), who bequeathed it to the then Geographical Cabinet of the University of Vienna. The partial estate comprises some 80 drawings, eight wall charts (vedutas in pencil, ink and watercolour) as well as 250 to 270 photographs, some personal documents and some special reproductions. The first modern treatment of the collection was carried out in 1992 by the author of this article, whereby the objects were scanned in one by one and stored in a university-wide digital archiving system. Friedrich Simony was born an illegitimate child in a former monastery in Hrochův

Týnec (Bohemia)  ; his mother died young, his father is not known. Friedrich grew up with relatives in Bohe­ mia and Hungary  ; after school he completed an apprenticeship in an apothecary in Trenčín and worked as a laboratory assistant in Znojmo. In 1833 he came to Vienna, where he graduated in 1835 and then studied natural sciences. In September 1840 Simony climbed the Dachstein massif for the first time and, in September 1842, the Hoher Dachstein. He encouraged the construction of a hiking trail and a small mountain shelter made of stone in the Wildkar area, which he called ­Hotel Simony. This hut, which was built in 1843, still exists almost in its original form, some five minutes’ walk from the Simony Hut built in 1876/77.

Fig. 1: Ink drawing of lake Hallstätter See, 1843

The Partial Estate of Friedrich Simony 

] 77

Fig. 2: Watercolour painting of the Karls-Eisfeld glacier on Hoher Gjaidstein, 1844

Maps of Alpine Lakes

In 1844 Simony started embarking on his limnological research by conducting depth soundings in lake Hallstätter See, in the following years he continued his work on some dozens of Alpine lakes. For this he used a rowing boat and an instrument he had made himself. On his map of lake Hallstätter See he described how he was working as follows  : The depth soundings […] were executed using a 4-foot long hoist, whereby, after very full turn, exactly 4 feet of the measuring line were unreeled. The main part of the hoist 78  ]  Wolfgang Rudolf Kainrath

[…] was a type of reel consisting of 6 approximately 5/4inch thick spokes, which were arranged around a central hex­ agonal axis equal to the angles of a hexagonal prism […]. His two-volume atlas of Austrian Alpine lakes, which was produced in 1895/96, was published on the basis of the results from these depth soundings. Two valuable objects in the collection of maps and map-related representations, which altogether comprise 15 items, are a pencil drawing of Lake Mondsee on wrapping tissue and cardboard at a scale of 1  : 50,000 and a ­watercolour ink drawing of lake Hallstätter See dating back to 1843, at a scale of 1 inch = 100 fathoms (this roughly corres-

Fig. 3: Detail of: Schichtenkarte der österreichischen Alpen und des nördlich angrenzenden Gebietes, 1865

ponds to a scale of 1  : 7,200). Simony bequeathed the corresponding depth profiles to the Imperial-Royal Geological Institute (now  : Geological Survey of Austria) and can still be found there today.

precise documentation of the retreat of the Karls-Eisfeld glacier in the Dachstein massif in drawings and photos from the period 1842 to 1889. Teaching Aids

Landscape Representations

From 1846 onwards, Simony spent many decades studying questions related to glaciology and glacial morph­ ology, mainly on the Dachstein glacier. The results of his research work are still preserved in the partial estate as a

In 1851 it was Simony who encouraged the establishment of the Geographical Cabinet as the first Chair in (then  : Physical) Geography in Austria at the University of Vienna, where he was full professor until 1885. Many objects from the partial estate were made for teaching The Partial Estate of Friedrich Simony 

] 79

purposes, such as wall charts and wall maps, raised-­ relief maps and depth profiles, tables and sketches, some of which can still be found in the Department Library ­today. One important item from the former stock of teaching material is a stratigraphic map of the Austrian Alps and northern regions. This unique item is a study to further develop the then common method of representing heights using a colour scale based on the principle of Franz von Hauslab (1798–1883)  : ‘the higher, the darker’. This formed the basis of the colouring of the stratigraphic map of the Austrian crown lands, which was published from 1865 onwards by the publishing house k.k. Schulbücher Verlag in Vienna, commissioned by the education authorities and designed for use in schools by V.[alentin von] Streffleur and A.[nton] Steinhauser, 1  : 864,000, in 15 sheets of different size. The darkest colour was used in the middle, with nine to eleven colour shades from yellow, green and brown to white used as a representation which Simony modelled according to nature and is still in wide use today. The collection also includes a copy of the physiognomic atlas of the Austrian Alps, which was published in Germany in 1862 and one leaf of which served as a model for Simony’s most monumental painting with the title Glacier Phenomena. The watercolour painting of about 2.6 x 1.6m in size won prizes at the world expositions in London and Vienna, but is considered lost today. Photographs

In 1875 Friedrich Simony discovered photography as an important means for his research work and took his first pictures on Hoher Dachstein in 1876. In 1884 he began extensive photographing of Hoher Dachstein, which he completed in 1889. In 1890 he climbed Hoher Dachstein for the last time. The partial estate includes prints of photos taken in the Salzkammergut region, the Dachstein massif and the Karls-Eisfeld glacier, most of which were published in the three-volume work on Si80  ]  Wolfgang Rudolf Kainrath

mony’s life, Das Dachsteingebiet. The collection also comprises a sample volume of this work with 40 autotypes and autographic iconographies. Address  : Fachbereichsbibliothek Geographie und Regionalforschung (Geography and Regional Research Library) Neues Institutsgebäude (NIG) Universitätsstrasse 7 1010 Vienna Further reading  : Böhm, August Edler von Böhmersheim  : Zur Biographie Friedrich Simony‘s. 1899. Kainrath, Wolfgang Rudolf  : Der Teilnachlass F. Simonys in der Fachbibliothek für Geographie. Hausarbeit, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna 1997. Kainrath, Wolfgang Rudolf  : Friedrich Simony und seine Beiträge zur Erforschung der Alpen. Ein Lebensbild des Alpenforschers und ersten Ordinarius für Geographie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner glaziologischen Forschung und einer Analyse ausgewählter Forschungsperspektiven mit einem umfassenden Werkverzeichnis. Diploma thesis, University of Vienna 1993. Simony, Friedrich  : Das Dachsteingebiet. Ein geographisches Charakterbild aus den österreichischen Nordalpen nach eigenen photographischen und Freihandaufnahmen. Vienna 1889–1895. Penck, Albrecht  : Friedrich Simony. Leben und Wirken eines Alpenforschers. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geographie in Österreich. Vienna 1898 (= Arbeiten des Geographischen Institutes an der Universität Wien 6,3). Atlas der österreichischen Alpenseen. Eds. Albrecht Penck and Eduard Richter. Vienna 1895–1896. Austria Picta. Österreich auf alten Karten und Ansichten. Eds. Franz Wawrik and Elisabeth Zeilinger. Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung an der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Graz 1989.

Richard Lein

THE GEOLOGIC AL ARCHIVE

It is very rare for the construction of an archive to be planned even as a university department is being established. It is only after quite some time has passed that the necessity arises – most often due to increasing lack of space – of either removing objects that have for long grown out regular use or of storing them separately (where the value of a removed object has been rec­ ognised and space is available for its storage). The contents of such a collection, the composition of which is more random than anything, will consequently include a wide range of items, ranging from old administrative files and inventory books to disused scientific devices that have already been replaced with new instruments. It is only once this initial phase has been overcome – where the objectives for the further development of the collection have been defined and the required space prerequis­ ites for it created – that one can speak of a real archive of the department’s history. In the case in question, the geological archive, nearly one hundred years passed until finally an ‘organising hand’ brought together the archival records that were still available at the Department, replaced what was missing, and only then prepared the compiled material for further study. Two stimuli substantially contributed to the foundation of the archive  : firstly, the relocation of the Department of Geology from the Main Building on the Ringstrasse to the NIG (the New Institute Building at Universitätsstrasse 7 in the 1st district of Vienna), which again brought to light many long-forgotten objects, and secondly – at the same time – the preparatory studies by Alexander Tollmann (1928–2007) on the history of the Department of Geology, which celebrated its centenary in 1962. Tollmann, who worked as full professor at the Department of Geology from 1972 onwards, established the Geological Archive in 1962 by making the initial

Fig. 1: Bust of the Department founder Eduard Suess on a pedestal, on which many geologists’ hammers were attached; permanent geological exhibition in the Main Building of the University of Vienna on the Ringstrasse, around 1960

entry in the inventory book he had created for future acquisitions. Since the Department’s renewed move to its current location at the Geocentre of the University of Vienna, the archive has been housed in a separate room. The written items in the collection are securely stored in eleven steel cabinets. The largest and also most valuable part of the collection comprises objects that are connected with the founder and longtime head of the Department, E ­ duard Suess (1831–1914). These include some valuable autographs, such as the hand-written manuscript of his world-famous book Das Antlitz der Erde [‘The Face of the Earth’]. As well as parts of his substantial correspondence, the archive also contains evidence of Suess’ The Geological Archive  

] 81

Fig. 2: Sketch of a view, from one of Eduard Suess’s field books: ‘The mill of Castelcucco: first occurrence of nummulitic limestone’, 18 May 1865

political activity as a member of the Vienna Municipal Council and of the Imperial Council. There is also detailed documentation of the Department’s subsequent history. As well as these materials from the Department’s previous possessions, Tollmann integrated the estates of other important geologists into the archive, including also those of individuals who had never been members of staff of the Department of Geology, but had strong ties with it. This means that he intentionally widened the scope of the collection from merely being 82  ]  Richard Lein

orientated towards documenting and presenting the history of his own Department to future research work ­being based in this archive. The most valuable items in this collection are without doubt the field books of the geologists who are represented in the archive. Based on these records it can be seen, for example, which specific observations in nature actually support the syntheses developed later on the basis of these. Often these mapping books also include terrain sketches of excellent drawing quality.

As well as this written source material, the archive also boasts some unusual objects, all of which are connected in one way or another with the person of E ­ duard Suess. These include the best-known object in the arch­ ival collection – the thighbone of a mastodon that was probably uncovered when the foundation for the north tower of St. Stephen’s Cathedral was laid and was later put on display with the date 1443 and the motto A.E.I.O.U. and hung over the Giant’s Door. This impressive piece later came into the possession of the University, probably at a time when it was still headed by the Jesuits. The route taken by this object, which has been shown in many exhibitions, before coming into the care of the Department of Geology, has not been completely clarified to date. Similarly unique is the collection of hammers belonging to famous geologists. In the course of his many years of work, numerous expert colleagues who were close to Suess gave him – probably at his request as well sometimes – their geologists’ hammers as a sign of their special relationship. These include Marcel A. Bertrand (1847–1907), Jovan Cvijić (1865–1927) and Dionýs Štúr (1827–1893). This collection of hammers belonging to renowned earth scientists, which therefore essentially goes back to Eduard Suess, has been expanded continu­ ally by donations from various estates in recent decades. The exceptional objects also include the mostly largescale commemorative stone plaques for geologists from Suess’ circle of students who were killed in accidents during research trips. Originally these epitaphs were on display in the former Department of Geology on the Ringstrasse. After the Department was relocated to the NIG, they were placed in a storeroom for a few years. Since early 2013 they have been on display in the southern staircase of the Geocentre and once again made accessible to the interested public.

Fig. 3: Thighbone of a mammoth, also known as the ‘giant’s bone of St. Stephen’s Cathedral’, found in 1443

Address  : Department für Geodynamik und Sedimentologie (Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology) Geozentrum (UZA II) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Further reading (selection)  : Eduard Suess und die Entwicklung der Erdwissenschaften zwischen Biedermeier und Sezession. Ed. Johannes Seidl. Vienna 2009 (= Schriften des Archivs der Universität Wien 14). Abel, Othenio  : Vorzeitliche Tierreste im Deutschen Mythos, Brauchtum und Volksglauben. Jena 1939. Lein, Richard  : Alexander Tollmann (27.6.1928–8.8.2007). In  : Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 100 (2007), pp. 238–250. Lein, Richard  : Das Archiv des “Geologischen Institutes” der Universität Wien – ein bedeutendes kulturhistorisches Erbe. In  : Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 83 (2010), pp. 24–26. Lein, Richard  : Die Hammersammlung des Eduard Suess  : Fakten und offene Fragen. In  : Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 89 (2011), pp. 37–38. Suess, Eduard  : Erinnerungen. Leipzig 1916. Tollmann, Alexander  : Hundert Jahre Geologisches Institut der Universität Wien (1862–1962). In  : Mitteilungen der Geologie- und Bergbaustudenten in Wien 13 (1963), pp. 1–40.

The Geological Archive  

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Richard Lein, Friedrich Popp, Michael Wagreich

THE GEOLOGIC AL COLLECTION

Significantly more so than today, scientists in the 19th century were still dependent on comparative macroscopic findings when studying stones and fossils. It goes without saying that the examination methods that today extend far into the nano-range were not available at that time. Against this background it was absolutely essential and necessary to have access to the most extensive possible collection of stones occurring in nature for comparative purposes. As well as these general collections that have mainly been created for research purposes, the highlights of which have also been presented in museum showcases, teaching collections have been compiled at universities for specific courses. In addition, collections of working materials archive the most important items from previous research activities. The collections of the former Department of Geology (now  : Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology) comprise a comprehensive stratigraphic and regional collection, various teaching collections, a reference collection and the scientifically highly important type collection. Since 1862, when it was headed by Eduard Suess (1831–1914), geology at the University of Vienna has been institutionally anchored as a subject in its own right. The official name Geological Museum, which this institution had been given from its foundation until 1922, clearly shows that – following a didactic approach – it was intended from the very beginning to be a collection of samples of demonstration and information materials for teaching and research. Despite insufficient financial means and spatial limitations, Suess succeeded in establishing a remarkable collection in the years after 1862, which grew steadily, partly due to bestowals, and partly due to his own collecting, exchanges and purchases. In 1866 the Department was given a collection

Fig. 1: The large ammonite Pinacoceras metternichi HAUER from Hallstatt, which was bestowed to the geological collection in 1866 by the famous palaeontologist and geologist Edmund Mojsisovics von Mojsvár

of 405 items, which had previously been put on display by the Imperial-Royal Geological Institute (today  : Geological Survey of Austria) at the agricultural fair in the Viennese Prater. In 1872 the Vienna Municipal Council decided to entrust to the Department of Geology the fossils found during construction work for the Vienna Mountain Spring Pipeline. When, after many temporary relocations, the Department was eventually able to move into the new university building on the Ringstrasse in 1884, the collection, which had meanwhile The Geological Collection 

] 85

Fig. 2: View of the permanent geological exhibition as it was arranged from 1884 until 1962 in the Main Building of the University of Vienna on the Ringstrasse

grown considerably in size and was sorted according to stratigraphic aspects, found a prestigious home in four large exhibition rooms. It did not change substantially in the following 70 years. By that time it had admittedly passed its zenith in terms of its practical use and extension. The last radical restructuring of the permanent exhibition occurred in 1963 under the aegis of Eberhard Clar (1904–1995), on the occasion of the relocation of the Department of Geology to the NIG (the New Institute Building at Universitätsstrasse 7 in the 1st district of Vienna). The thematic focus of this exhibition, which was now presented in new showcases, was the regional 86  ]  Richard Lein, Friedrich Popp, Michael Wagreich

geology of Austria. Parts of this exhibition were able to be preserved and newly displayed in a reduced scale after being relocated once again, to the Geocentre in University Centre Althanstrasse (at Althanstrasse 14 in the 9th district of Vienna). As well as the traditional stratigraphic and regional collections and the teaching collections, there is also a collection of specimens in which important exhibits from scientific work that has already been completed are stored. Today this collection is continually supplemented by unique core material from modern drilling and tunnel construction work.

Last but not least, one special feature of major scientific value is the type collection. Most of the 1,500 or so items in this collection come from Eduard Suess’ students, who gave their valuable fossil material to the Department of Geology for safekeeping. These include Gejza von Bukowski (1858–1937), Franz Kossmat (1871–1938) and Albrecht Spitz (1883–1918). This collection mainly comprises reproductions of originals of monographically processed important trace-­fossil suites. They include a large number of holotypes, i.e. the original material, used as the basis for describing a new species. Regular enquiries come in from all over the world for these items especially. In the future, the Geological Collection will continue to be an indispensable documentation archive for earth science research at the University.

Fig. 3: Collection item with vein mineralisation and galena from upper Wetterstein limestone (basal Upper Triassic), collected by Walter Medwenitsch from the now closed mine at Bleiberg-Kreuth (Carinthia) in 1953

Address  : Department für Geodynamik und Sedimentologie (Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology) Geozentrum (UZA II) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Eduard Suess und die Entwicklung der Erdwissenschaften zwischen Biedermeier und Sezession. Ed. Johannes Seidl. Vienna 2009 (= Schriften des Archivs der Universität Wien 14). Schübl, Elmar  : Mineralogie, Petrographie, Geologie und Paläonto­ logie. Zur Institutionalisierung der Erdwissenschaften an österreichischen Universitäten, vornehmlich an jener in Wien, 1848–1938. Graz  : Grazer Universitätsverlag 2010 (= Scripta geo-historica, Band 3). Tollmann, Alexander  : Hundert Jahre Geologisches Institut der Universität Wien (1862–1962). In  : Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie- und Bergbaustudenten in Wien, Band 13 (1962), pp. 1–40.

The Geological Collection 

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Walter Till

THE HERBARIUM OF THE UNIVERSIT Y OF VIENNA

Herbarium generally means a collection of dried and pressed plants in the broadest sense. The objects are usually attached to white cardboard and the corresponding information is indicated next to this on a label. Scientific herbaria like the one at the University of Vienna (international abbreviation  : WU) additionally contain preparations preserved in liquids, usually ethanol or formol, fruit preparations, and microscopic permanent preparations. The method of preparation is based on the need to preserve the characteristics of the plants as well as possible and, at the same time, to be able to store the objects with minimum space requirements. When the original herbarium of the former Department of Botany (today Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research) had to be transferred to the newly built Imperial-Royal Natural History Court Museum on the Ringstrasse (today  : NHM or Vienna Museum of Natural History) in 1879, the Head of Department at the time, Anton Kerner von Marilaun (1831–1898), faced the task of completely rebuilding the Department’s herbarium. The employees and students did have their own Central European herbarium, but a much more extensive collection needed to be established. With this in mind, he worked together with around 150 employees to initiate a major exsiccata work (from the Latin exsiccare  : to dry out), the Flora Exsiccata Austro-Hungarica, containing around 4,000 numbers each with 100 duplicates. Since this series could be acquired only as part of an exchange, Kerner von Marilaun very quickly managed to expand the Department’s new herbarium with the addition of a large international collection. In addition, there were also significant items added either as purchases or as gifts, such as his own herbarium, the ones of Karl Keck (1825–1894) and Michele de Sardagna (1833–1901) and both herbaria of Eugen von Halácsy

Fig. 1: Alchemilla anisiaca from the Flora Exsiccata Austro-Hungarica, syntype

(1842–1913). More recently, the Melk monastery herbarium and the collections of Friedrich Ehrendorfer (born in 1927), M. A. Fischer and E. & H. Schönbeck were given as gifts to add to the objects in the herbarium. In addition, the herbarium of the Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology was also incorporated very recently. Specimens were collected during the many research trips in nearly all parts of the world made by former The Herbarium of the University of Vienna 

] 89

Fig. 2: Diatom preparations by Lothar Geitler, many type specimens, first half of 20th century

members of the Department. Two of these are highlighted here as examples  : the Brazil expedition in 1901 by Richard von Wettstein (1863–1931) and his employees and the expedition to China by Freiherr Heinrich von Handel-Mazzetti (1882–1940) during 1913–1919. Both brought many new additions to the herbarium from regions which were still largely unexplored at the time. Today these materials still provide an indispensable source for taxonomic research. With a skilful exchange and purchasing policy, Kerner von Marilaun 90  ]  Walter Till

had also managed to obtain several historical herbaria. For instance, the herbarium therefore includes the extremely valuable algae collection of Franz Xaver Freiherr von Wulfen (1728–1805), a probably complete set of vouchers of the Linné pupil Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart (1742–1795) and also many classic lichen collections which contain a particularly high number of nomenclatural type specimens thanks to the revisions done by the specialist Julius Steiner (1844–1918). The collection of permanent preparations of various prokaryotic and

Fig. 3: Primula calliantha from China, collected by Heinrich von HandelMazzetti

Fig. 4: Tillandsia bochilensis from southern Mexico, holotype

eukaryotic algae made by Lothar Geitler (1899–1990) is also excellent. Thanks to these many different acquisitions, the tireless collecting work of the Department’s staff and also the international exchange activities, the University of Vienna’s herbarium currently has an inventory of around 1,400,000 vouchers of plants of all groups and from all parts of the world. The focus with the origins is naturally on Central Europe and, on account of the political conditions at the time of the monarchy, on the Balkan Peninsula. Since the work of the Department’s staff has a scientific focus on specific plant groups, the holdings in some plant groups are particularly abun-

dant, for example the Annonaceae (annona family), Bro­ meliaceae (pineapple family), Cactaceae (cactus family), Gesneriaceae (gesneria family), Pinaceae (pine family), Rubiaceae (coffee or madder family), and Scrophulariaceae (figwort family). An active lending policy and many visitors from outside prove the scientific importance of the herbarium. In the research areas anatomy, biosystematics, morphology, palaeobotany, physiology, phytochemistry, taxonomy, and ultrastructure the properties of the plants themselves are examined and evaluated. In the research areas chorology, flower biology, conservation biology, ecology, The Herbarium of the University of Vienna 

] 91

and vegetation science, on the other hand, data on the location, blooming period, and horizontal and vertical distributions are also used. For teaching, the herbarium is used for demonstrations and as a source of material for diploma theses and dissertations, where the extraction of DNA has recently become very important. Since there are gaps in the collections, they are still regularly updated and expanded. To also make them more available for scientific work, for a few years the vouchers have been digitised and recorded in their own database. By integrating these in international data networks, the first parts have been made globally available. Address  : Herbarium der Universität Wien (Herbarium of the University of Vienna) Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung (Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research) Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Further link  : http://herbarium.univie.ac.at Further reading (selection)  : Schönbeck-Temesy Eva  : Zur Geschichte des Herbars der Wiener Universität. In  : Die Botanik am Rennweg. Ed. Wilfried Morawetz. Vienna 1992 (= Abhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Österreich, Band 26), pp. 69–95. Till Walter  : Anton Kerner und das Herbarium der Universität Wien. In  : Anton Kerner von Marilaun (1831–1898). Eds. Maria Petz-Grabenbauer and Michael Kiehn. Vienna 2004 (=  Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon, Schriftenreihe 9), pp. 49–63.

92  ]  Walter Till

Wolfgang Waitzbauer

THE INSEC T COLLECTION

Stored in glazed wooden boxes, insect collections usually present systematically arranged small sections of the entomological biodiversity of a specific geographical region or representatives of a superspecies selected according to taxonomical aspects. However, they can also contain only particularly attractive samples which were selected according to the purely aesthetic aspects of their morphological beauty. The entomological collection items of the former Institute of Zoology (today  : Department of Integrative Zoology) date back to the Vienna World Fair in 1873. As well as a number of heavy old German oak desk boxes with sloping glass tops, this period also gives us a collection of items which is kept in a huge eight-door box with large wooden drawers which opens from two sides. In total the original collection had around 120 drawers and presented the most important insect orders of the indigenous fauna with many hundreds of species. At the time, however, the individual objects did not yet have labels indicating the place of discovery, only the species name on a small card. They therefore did not meet today’s scientific standards. The collection was considerably expanded around 1916 when the Head of Department at the time, Franz Werner (1867–1939), made research trips to North Africa and added his finds to the collection. The collection was relocated to the damp basement of the University’s Main Building on the Ringstrasse during the final months of the war and this caused considerable damage, as did the subsequent secret rivalry between the heads of the former First and Second Institute of Zoology in the 1960s. At the time, jealousy prevented the two groups of zoologists from accessing each other’s collection areas to such an extent that it was only occasionally possible to combat the dreaded museum beetle with poison. As a

Fig. 1: Section of the newly arranged butterfly collection, Arctiidae family (tiger moth)

result, around a third of the collection was largely des­ troyed. Many collection boxes also had either cracked glass or badly fitting lids, giving the pests free entry, as it were. Yet even this remaining part of the collection was still really impressive, even if the former order had now become quite a muddle. Between 1970 and 1988, various significant private collections and many individual boxes were added to the insect collection, such as the large boxes with outstandingly prepared micromoths, the downright affectionate notes on larval biology by Carl Rothe (1833–1917) and many drawers with indigenous beetles and hymenoptera as well as insects from Central America from the estate of the zoologist Friedrich Schremmer (1914–1990). The collection of Wilhelm Kühnelt (1905–1988), comprising indigenous grasshoppers in 36 boxes, which also contain first records for Austria, is also remarkable. Poorly preserved for the most part, there are remains of cleared-out, once extensive old school collections in which there are, The Insect Collection  

] 93

Fig. 2: View of the new ground beetle collection

Fig. 3: The large orthoptera collection ‘W. Kühnelt’ comprises all species registered for Austria including valuable first records. In the picture: some rare bush crickets.

in some cases, exquisite individual examples of species of beetles which are today very rare or, in Central Europe, largely lost. These are therefore a particularly treasured part of the collection. Since the former Institute of Zoology relocated from the University’s Main Building to the Biocenter of the University Centre Althanstrasse (Vienna’s 9th District, Althanstrasse 14), the insect collection has been located in a gas-proof collection room. In total the collection comprises 540 large boxes, in some cases in the form of double boxes with different fill levels and states of preservation, as well as dozens of cardboard boxes and converted old cigar boxes. The total number of species of many different orders represented here is difficult to estimate but it must be over 1,000, with the number of intact individual specimens around 10,000. The oldest voucher specimen comes from 1865. Large parts of the collection are currently functionless because the increasing trend towards microbiology has meant a loss of interest in traditional organismic biology and therefore also in the collection. Individual areas of the collection are currently coming under private ownership and are being rearranged with students as part of a specific course with the aim of com-

bining several small collections into one large collection. In the meantime around a half of the indigenous butterfly species have thus been updated, alongside individual beetle families and representatives of other orders. The excursion collections from Austria, the Mediterranean region and the desert areas of North Africa and the Middle East are also extensive. These are also being gradually organised and prepared for the publication of the faunistic data. The historical find data, in particular, are of major interest for historical entomology because many of the former collection sites no longer exist today.

94  ]  Wolfgang Waitzbauer

Address  : Department für Integrative Zoologie (Department of Integrative Zoology) Biocenter (UZA I) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna

Roland Domenig

THE JAPANESE STUDIES COLLEC TION

The collection of realia at the Japanese Studies Section of the Department of East Asian Studies consists of approximately 700 objects of primarily private origin which were donated to the University of Vienna by Japanese individuals and institutions. The collection is maintained and managed by the academic staff and includes pictures and picture scrolls, documents, kitchen and household tools, ceremonial objects, musical instruments, clothing and textiles, writing utensils, toys and games, everyday objects as well as weapons and ornamental pieces from all regions of Japan. A great variety of Japanese traditional dolls dating back to the 19th century is another focus of the collection. Among them are a number of dolls that were exhibited at the Vienna World Fair of 1873 and, following several detours, landed at what was then the Institute of Japanese ­S tudies following World War II. In the past two ­decades, parallel to the development of research areas such as ‘leisure and games’ and ‘popular culture’ the number of objects attributed to Japanese popular culture has risen significantly. The collection is continually expanded owing to donations. The oldest objects in the collection of realia used to be in the possession of the first Institute of Japanese Studies founded in 1938 and were acquired with means from the Mitsui foundation donated by Baron Mitsui Takaharu, a Japanese industrial magnate, for the purpose of establishing institutes of Japanese Studies in Vienna, Prague and Rome. One part of the archive which comprises especially farming equipment, clothing (including footwear), traditional toys and religious objects (such as, for instance, a Shinto altar), was systematically acquired by Josef Kreiner, Full Professor of Japanese Studies between 1971 and 1977, for the newly founded Department of Japanese Studies which reopened in 1965. These

Fig. 1: Lacquered photo album with intarsia, depicting the Shinkyo bridge in Nikko, around 1900

items reflect the orientation towards social and cultural anthropology of the Department in those days. In addition to the collection of realia, the present Japanese Studies Section at the Department of East Asian Studies holds a collection of historical photographs, among them around 300 hand-coloured souvenir photographs from the Meiji period (1868–1912) and several valuable lacquer albums. According to the inventory stamps, the first specimen were bought already in 1941  ; between 1998 and 2002, more albums containing historical photographs were acquired for the collection by Sepp Linhart, Full Professor from 1978 to 2012. As an assignment for students in practical courses, all the photographs have been digitised, catalogued and annotated with background information. Furthermore, the Japanese Studies Collection includes an archive of video and audio media, especially gramophone records, videotapes and DVDs as well as The Japanese Studies Collection 

] 95

Fig. 2: Hand-coloured photograph of the Sanmon Gate at the Yasaka Shrine in Gion, around 1900

slides. Starting in 2005, the complete photograph collection, the catalogue of the realia collection and parts of the digitised gramophone record collection have been entered into the database of the Faculty of Philological and Cultural Studies of the University of Vienna, where they are accessible for research purposes and for use in the classroom. The collections are utilised in teaching and in research in a variety of ways  : courses on specific themes, such as the history of Japanese photography, the culture of everyday life or popular music in Japan regularly draw on the material in the collection, which is also 96  ]  Roland Domenig

used for the purpose of demonstrating cultural activities like the tea ceremony to students beginning their Japanese Studies. Also, the collection is regularly used for tutorials and special events. Occasionally, researchers from other countries come to visit the Department in order to study specific parts of the collections. On occasion of small, temporary exhibitions, especially items from the realia collection are displayed in the rooms of the Department in glass cases designed and mounted by students in the course of class assignments. Objects that are ritually used on occasion of Japanese festivals, such as

the comprehensive doll-set for Girl’s Day (3 March) or the great carp-dragon-set for Boy’s Day (5 May) are also regularly displayed in the Study Room or in front of the Department rooms. In cooperation with museums, individual objects are made available to the general public as loans for special exhibitions. One recent example is the doll set of the Vienna World Fair. Address  : Institut für Ostasienwissenschaften, Abteilung Japanologie (Department of East Asian Studies, Japanese Studies Section) Universitätscampus Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 2.4 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Made in Japan. Aus den Sammlungen des Museums für Völkerkunde. Ed. Renate Noda. Catalogue of an exhibition at the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna. Vienna 2009.

Fig. 3: 44-part Hina doll set for Japanese Girl‘s Day (hinamatsuri)

The Japanese Studies Collection 

] 97

Pia Janke

THE ELFRIEDE JELINEK RESEARCH CENTRE

Founded in 2004 as an association and affiliated with the Department of German Studies at the University of Vienna, the Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre is an information point with international connections which f­ocuses on research about Elfriede Jelinek and her oeuvre. It documents Jelinek’s works and their reception and establishes an information and communication platform, as well as a comprehensive archive on Austria’s only Nobel laureate in literature, at the University of Vienna, in order to develop a sound philological basis for well-founded academic discourse and to provide information and materials to all those interested in Jelinek. In addition, the Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre is a forum for reflection and academic exchange with broad public appeal. The scope of the Centre’s activities ranges from developing research projects and organising symposiums, event series, discussions and video conferences, to publishing books and articles. Of special importance is the Centre’s interdisciplinary and intercultural academic approach and its cooperation with other universities, cultural actors and artists. The foundation for the archive of the Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre was laid when the author of the present article, in cooperation with eight students at the Department of German Studies, published a catalogue of the works of Elfriede Jelinek (Werkverzeichnis Elfriede Je­ linek) in book form, starting in 2002 and – as if planned – completing the work in 2004, the year in which the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Jelinek. This catalogue was the first to include all of Jelinek’s publications by genre, indicating the respective bibliographical information. This bibliography was supplemented by a complete documentation of Jelinek’s interviews, secondary sources and artistic adaptations of her works. Elfriede Jelinek supported the project by providing data

Fig. 1: Publications by the Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre

from her own archive and personal information. Based on the material collected in the course of comprehensive research for this publication, the archive was established. Since 2004 the staff at the Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre has systematically archived all materials of rele­ vance to academic research on Jelinek and her works. In 2014, a thoroughly revised version of the 2004 catalogue was published under the title Elfriede Jelinek  : Werk und Rezeption in two volumes containing 1,155 pages. The archive includes book editions and printed texts of Jelinek’s works (poetry, short prose, novels, plays, The Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre 

] 99

Fig. 2: International news coverage on the Nobel Prize in Literature awarded to Elfriede Jelinek (2004)

l­ibrettos, essays, audio play typoscripts, screen plays), reports and reviews, interviews, features, programme booklets and a selection of academic secondary sources. Audio-visual media sources such as recordings of a­ udio plays, radio programmes, films, TV shows and live-­ recorded events, as well as posters and scores also form part of the collection. In addition, a comprehensive photo archive (including portraits, photos of performances and events, etc.) has now been set up. Owing to worldwide support at the time of Jelinek’s Nobel Prize, a broad range of international media reports on the award were collected and archived. 100  ]  Pia Janke

At present, in addition to numerous books, printed texts and secondary sources relating to Jelinek, the archive includes over 7,400 articles published in newspapers and magazines, 230 typoscripts, 500 theatre programmes, over 200 DVDs and audio CDs, as well as approximately 6,600 photographs. Owing to the support offered by numerous publishing houses and by the author herself, the archive also possesses over 200 translations of Jelinek’s texts, which have been translated into more than 30 languages. The contents of the archive are being continually expanded and recorded, and its catalogue is also available

via the multimedia database of the Faculty of Philological and Cultural Studies. The archive forms part of the services provided by the Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre and is frequented on a continuous basis. Academics, students and teachers working on Jelinek use the archive for researching their papers, projects, publications, conferences or material for courses and classwork. School students faced with Jelinek’s texts ask for advice concerning their reading, presentations and examinations. Translators turn to the archive for further reference material. Research institutes and cultural institutions such as theatres, operas, museums and cultural forums presenting texts by Jelinek or planning events in connection with Jelinek, as well as journalists preparing articles on the author request information material. To sum up, within a few years the archive of the Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre has succeeded in becoming the central information point on this Austrian author, at the international level.

Fig. 3: Translations of works by Elfriede Jelinek

Address  : Elfriede Jelinek-Forschungszentrum (Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre) University of Vienna Universitätsring 1 1010 Vienna Further link (in German)  : http://www.elfriede-jelinek-forschungszentrum.com Further reading (selection)  : JELINEK[ JAHR]BUCH. Ed. Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre. Vienna 2010 ff. Janke, Pia (Hg.)  : Jelinek-Handbuch. Stuttgart 2013. Janke, Pia  : Elfriede Jelinek  : Werk und Rezeption. Unter der Mitarbeit von Verena Humer, Teresa Kovacs, Christian Schenkermayr. Vienna 2014 (= DISKURSE.KONTEXTE.IMPULSE. Publikationen des Elfriede Jelinek-Forschungszentrums. Ed. Pia Janke Volume 10). Janke, Pia/Kovacs, Teresa (Eds.)  : “Postdramatik”. Reflexion und Revision. Vienna 2015 (= DISKURSE.KONTEXTE.IMPULSE. Publikationen des Elfriede Jelinek-Forschungs-zentrums. Ed. Pia Janke Volume 11).

The Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre 

] 101

Julia Gohm-Lezuo, Ruth Haselmair, Cathrin Lipowec

THE COLLECTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND CULTUR AL ANTHROPOLOGY The collections of the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology (the former Institute for Ethnology) comprise approximately 1,200 ethnographic objects and an archive of about 6,000 black-and-white photographs, 500 small slides and an estimated 3,200 glass plate slides. Particularly interesting items are displayed in a permanent exhibition and may be viewed upon prior appointment at the Department. In the course of relocating to a new venue, large parts of the collections were digitally mastered and made accessible in a faculty-wide database at the University of Vienna. The Ethnographic Collection

Starting in the 18th century and increasingly in the 19th century, missionaries, merchants and scholars collected objects connected to cultures outside Europe – so-called ethnographica, particularly objects of daily or ritual use, as well as works of art. In Europe, these objects were used above all for purposes of demonstration and education. The methods of social and cultural anthropology of that time were strongly focused on the ethnographic object  ; ethnographica were used to develop or substantiate social science theories such as the diffusion of innovations. The oldest objects in the collection of the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology originate from the middle of the 19th century and were part of a collection of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography. In the course of the division into two separate institutes and disciplines in 1927/28, the ethnographic part of the collection was moved to the Institute of Ethnology at the ‘Corps de logis’ of the Vienna Hofburg (Imperial Palace), where the Weltmuseum Wien (World Museum

Fig. 1: Malanggan mask ‘tatanua’ from New Mecklenburg (today: New Ireland), Papua New Guinea, 2nd half of the 19th century

of Vienna, formerly Museum of Ethnology) is located. Many of the objects were consigned or donated to the Institute between 1910 and 1940 by private collectors, staff at the Department of Anthropology and Ethnography at the NHM (Museum of Natural History), members of the Society of the Divine Word and staff at the Institute of Ethnology. In May 1941, shortly after taking office as a Full Professor in Vienna, ethnologist Hermann Baumann (1902–1972) had a ‘collection of duplicates’, which had been compiled by the Ethno-

The Collections of the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology 

] 103

The Collection of Photographic Media

Fig. 2: Conch from Oceania, 2nd half of the 19th century

logical Museum in Berlin, transferred to Vienna in ­order to have at hand a true-to-life collection for teaching and study purposes. Although this part of the collection, consisting of some 1,500 objects, had been entered in the register of items received as a donation, it was later reclaimed in two phases (1965 and 2005) by the Ethnological Museum in Berlin. Today, the ethnographical collection comprises 1,200 objects from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania  : above all weapons, jewellery and objects of everyday use (including baskets, knives, spoons and grass skirts) made of various materials (such as wood, metal, grass, stone, feathers). One of the best-known collectors was anthropologist and ethnographer Rudolf Pöch (1870–1921), who pursued field studies among the ethnic group of the Kai in New Guinea between 1901 and 1906, and among the San in South Africa between 1907 and 1909. Other collectors deserving of mention are Paul Schebesta (1887–1967), Matthäus Much (1832–1909), Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf (1909–1995), Robert Stigler (1878–1975) and the International School of American Archeology. However, due to loss of labels, inappropriate storage, several relocations and repeated water damage, in the case of some objects it is impossible to trace either the details of their acquisition or their regional origin. 104  ]  Julia Gohm-Lezuo, Ruth Haselmair, Cathrin Lipowec

The history of the collection of photographic media, which comprises photographs, slides and glass plate slides, is hard to reconstruct. The collection consists mainly of bequests by members of the Institute of Ethnology who compiled these media for use in their courses, among them Wilhelm Koppers (1886–1961) and Josef Haekel (1907–1973). Most of the pictures have been reproduced from books, whereas only a small part consists of originals taken by photographers, travelling salespersons or researchers. Still, the collection has a certain historical value, as the preserved media are a source of information on the content and structure of university courses after the Second World War. In the bequest of Wilhelm Koppers, for instance, 103 albums have been preserved, which contain original photographs as well as reproduced material from various continents (America, Africa, Asia and Oceania) depicting the ways of life of diverse ethnic groups. The collection of glass plate slides consists of a remarkable number of originals as well as illustrations from books on various world religions. It was mainly arranged by Robert von Heine-Geldern (1885–1968). Other collectors were Fritz Röck (1879–1953) and Josef Haekel. The smallest part of this collection is attributed to Herta Haselberger (1927–1974), art ethnologist and art historian, who in addition to illustrations from books also contributed some originals from her field studies.

Fig. 3: Boat and people on the beach in Colombo, Ceylon (today: Sri Lanka), photographs from the Koppers collection, 1st half of the 20th century

Address  : Institut für Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie (Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology) Neues Institutsgebäude (NIG) Universitätsstraße 7 1010 Vienna Further reading  : Linimayr, Peter  : Das Institut für Völkerkunde der Universität Wien 1938–1945, unter Berücksichtigung des Museums für Völkerkunde Wien. 2 volumes. Diploma thesis, University of Vienna 1993. Gohm, Julia  : Hermann Baumann. Ordinarius für Völkerkunde in Wien 1940–1945, sein Wirken und seine Lehrsammlung. Diploma thesis, University of Vienna 2006.

The Collections of the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology 

] 105

Fig. 1: Selected slides

Friedrich Polleroß

THE SLIDE COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ART

When a separate Chair of History of Art was set up at the University of Vienna in 1852, the first courses were held in front of originals in the Viennese museums and collections, but were also based on large-format photographs, some of which still form part of the Department’s collection of photographs. In the late 19th century there was the switch to so-called Lichtbilder or positives, which were shown using slide projectors. Comparison of works of art, which was characteristic of the Vienna School of History of Art, absolutely required double projection. The original ‘large slides’ in 9 x 9 cm or 9 x 12 cm film format were used until as late as the 1970s. Only then did the 35 mm format (24 x 35 mm) finally become established. It was not until around 1990 that colour slides, which were introduced in the 1930s when they were still very expensive, replaced black-andwhite images, which in many cases were made by copying negatives in the in-house photo laboratory. Today the slide collection comprises a total of 330,000 large-format and 35 mm items. Thematically the collection covers the entire history of western art from early Christianity to the 21st century, although some parts of the collection relate to antiquity and non-European art. As the slide collection aims to support teaching practice, most photos are reproductions from books. However, there are also separate smaller sections with original images made by the Department photographers or other Department members, as well as from estates and purchases from professional slide producers. With purchased museum pictures especially, legal permission relating to the image material applies solely to use in classes  ; permission for publication can only be granted for original images produced by the Department. Therefore the slide collection does not serve as a public picture archive.

Fig. 2: Slide cabinet with open drawers

Due to the modern-day electronic use of digital images from the image database, which is for the use of all the departments in the Faculty of Historical and Cultural Studies, the diapositives are today only used by a few professors and for diploma examinations. Address  : Institut für Kunstgeschichte (Department of History of Art) Campus of the University of Vienna Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 9.2 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Engel, Martin/ Polleroß, Friedrich/ Widorn, Verena  : Vom Gipsabguss zum Digitalbild. Visuelle Hilfsmittel in der Kunstgeschichte. In  : Gelehrte Objekte  ? Wege zum Wissen. Aus den Sammlungen der Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien, Eds. Hubert Szemethy a.o., Vienna 2013, pp. 168–180.

The Slide Collection of the Department of History of Art 

] 107

Martin Engel

THE COLLECTION OF PHOTOGR APHS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ART Besides the library, the collection of photographs in the Department of History of Art was at the centre of research and teaching of the history of art until the 1970s. The collection comprises around 150,000 photographs, a collection of postcards from the estate of Profes­ sor Rena­te Wagner-Rieger (1921–1980), the Marburg Index in the form of a comprehensive collection of microfiches, and the ‘Iconographic apparatus’, in which small-sized reproductions of different works of art are stored in thematic order. This wealth of images, which has grown over many decades and goes back to the dawn of photography and the beginnings of the discipline of History of Art at the University of Vienna, is currently being digitised and its contents inventoried. The history of the collection of photographs can above all be read from the embossed stamps that were used to mark the individual photographs as being in the possession of the University of Vienna. The oldest stamp marks the ‘Teaching reserve of the University of Vienna’, which was set up shortly after the first Chair in History of Art was established in 1852. To date, some 250 photographs from these early days can be identified. These older photographs especially are valuable documents in many respects, both for the history of science and for the history of the works of art in the pictures. Furthermore, these photographs have themselves now become the object of current research work. Of particular interest in this regard are the large-format architectural photographs by the famous photographers Édouard Baldus (1813–1889), the brothers Louis-­ Auguste (1814–1876) and Auguste-Rosalie Bisson (1826–1900), and the brothers Leopoldo (1832–1865), Romualdo (1830–1890) and Giuseppe (1836–1890) Alinari. One of the oldest photographs in the collection was taken by Domenico Bresolin (c. 1812–c. 1899). It shows

Fig. 1: View of the Fondaco dei Turchi in Venice, by Domenico Bresolin, around 1858

the Fondaco dei Turchi in Venice before it was completely reconstructed from 1858 onwards. It can be proven that this photograph was used both in teaching and in research. Karl M. Swoboda (1889–1977) in particular used it to illustrate his habilitation thesis on the forms of Roman and Romance palaces, which was printed in 1919. For this purpose he marked the desired detail with pencil lines, whereas the commissioned printmaker retouched the sky in grey to produce the printer’s copy. Later on it was re-used by his students when they published his lectures. Older pictures of paintings pose some problems, because all the initial efforts to represent the colours in appropriate grey tones failed. In this connection, there were also heated discussions at the Department of History of Art about the use of photography for the study of works of art. The two professors Rudolf Eitelberger von Edelberg (1817–1885) and Moritz Thausing (1838–1884) in particular informed the expert public of their opinions

The Collection of Photographs of the Department of History of Art 

] 109

Fig. 2: Photographic reproduction of Hans Schäufelin’s painting of a bearded man, from the Nuremberg Germanic National Museum, around 1880

and reservations in a number of essays. One interesting example from that time is the reproduction photography of a painting that shows a bearded man with a hood drawn low over his face. This photograph was doubtless made on the orders of the Dürer researcher Thausing and purchased on behalf of the Department, because the picture, which was publicly displayed for the first time at an exhibition in 1869, was considered a work of Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) because of the monogram. The photography did not convince Thausing of the provenance, and he neither mentioned it in his large Dürer monograph of 1876 nor in its revised version of 1884. Today the picture is considered a work of Hans Schäufelin (c. 1480/85–c. 1540), an important member of Dürer’s workshop. 110  ]  Martin Engel

Fig. 3: Tomb of Count John II (III) of Nassau (1423–1472) in the abbey church St. Arnual in Saarbrücken, around 1900

Towards the end of the 19th century, photographic technology was improved, thanks above all to the development of the far more photosensitive silver bromide paper. Systematic reproductions of famous pictures from picture galleries worldwide were now largely made by well-known publishers such as Hanfstaengl, Bruckmann, Anderson and several others. Quite a few photographs from their publishing programmes were also acquired on behalf of the Department of History of Art. But the more interesting part of the collection consists of photographs taken especially by order of the Department of History of Art in the respective museums, collections and libraries. On the initiative of the two professors Otto Pächt (1902–1988) and Gerhard Schmidt (1924-2010), for example, a particularly valuable set of

photographs was put together on the research area of book illumination. Over the decades, the collection of photographs has also grown as a result of important inheritances and bestowals. Worth mentioning in this regard are the bequest of Count Amadei, the estate of Professor Ludwig Münz (1889–1957), and the donation of Professor Karl Maria Swoboda. Address  : Institut für Kunstgeschichte (Department of History of Art) Campus of the University of Vienna Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 9.2 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Schulz Juergen  : The Restoration of the Fondaco dei Turchi. In  : Annali di architettura 7 (1995), pp. 19–38. Thausing, Moritz  : Kupferstich und Photographie. In  : Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst 1 (1866), pp. 287–294. Peters, Dorothea  : Fotografie als “Technisches Hülfsmittel” der Kunst­ wissenschaft. In  : Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen 2002, pp. 167–206. Heß, Helmut  : Der Kunstverlag Franz Hanfstaengl und die frühe fotografische Kunstreproduktion – das Kunstwerk und sein Abbild. Munich 1999.

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] 111

Fig. 1: Plaster casts of medieval ivory objects, around 1900

Friedrich Polleroß

THE PL A STER C AST COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ART

In the 19th century it was common practice at aca­d­ emies of fine arts and at schools of arts and crafts to use plaster casts of antique statues for teaching purposes  ; consequently, relevant reproductions of small sculptures and objects of artistic craftsmanship were probably also used in the classroom at the Department of History of Art at the University of Vienna until as late as the mid20th century. The collection in the Department of History of Art comprises some 120 pieces, mainly casts of ivory figurines, objects and reliefs from Late Antiquity and the High and Late Middle Ages. This is complemented by impressions of Roman coins and medals from the modern era. But there are also some metal reproductions of Romance book covers in the collection. A small group in the collection comprises five moulds of three medals (the obverse and reverse sides of two of them). The originals of the moulds are early works of the later imperial court architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656–1723). They are an indication of a turning point in academic thinking in the late 19th century, when art historians and contemporary artists also became aware of Baroque as well as medieval art. Such objects were at first collected in the arts and crafts museums of the 19th century, and some of the first full professors of History of Art in Vienna, such as Robert Eitelberger von Eitelberg (1817–1885) and Alois Riegl (1858–1905), also worked at the Imperial Royal Museum of Art and Industry (today  : MAK or Museum of Applied Arts). Therefore, it can be assumed that the acquisitions of the Department have their origin there or that teaching was even inspired by teaching ­practice at the Imperial Royal School of Arts and Crafts, which was attached to the Museum. Indeed one relief in the collection bears a label of the Arundel Society in England. This society had been founded in 1849 in London

Fig. 2: Plaster cast of a medal by Johann Bernhard Fischer in honour of Charles II of Spain (1682), around 1900

with the purpose of disseminating art by reproduc­ ing art works. In the beginning it distributed colour chromolithographs, and from 1855–56 onwards plaster casts of ivory reliefs from 34 museums or collections as well. The casts, which were manufactured in five steps by Giovanni Franchi & Son, were sold individually or in series to museums, collectors and teaching institutions. The Austrian Imperial Royal Museum of Art and Industry, which was founded in 1863 on the basis of an English model and headed by Robert Eitelberger, not only acquired plaster casts from England but, from 1879 to 1910, also manufactured casts itself  ; these were ­offered in a separate sales catalogue printed in 1879 under the title Verzeichniss der Gypsabgüsse welche von The Plaster Cast Collection of the Department of History of Art 

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dem k.k. österr. Museum für Kunst und Industrie in Wien zu den beigesetzten Preisen zu beziehen sind. From 1896 onwards, the first head of the Department of History of Art in Graz, Styria – Josef Strzygowski (1862–1941), who later worked at the University of Vienna – also bought plaster casts of medieval works and used them for teaching purposes. Address  : Institut für Kunstgeschichte (Department of History of Art) Campus of the University of Vienna Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 9.2 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Engel, Martin/ Polleroß, Friedrich/ Widorn, Verena  : Vom Gipsabguss zum Digitalbild. Visuelle Hilfsmittel in der Kunstgeschichte. In  : Gelehrte Objekte  ? Wege zum Wissen. Aus den Sammlungen der Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien, Eds. Hubert Szemethy a.o., Vienna 2013, pp. 168–180. Fawlett, Trevor  : Plane Surfaces and Solid Bodies  – Reproducing Three-Dimensional Art in Nineteenth Century. In  : Art History through the Camera’s Lens. Ed. Helene E. Roberts. Amsterdam 1995, pp. 59–84. Sobieczky, Elisabeth/Deutsch, Johannes  : Katalog der Gipsabgüsse. Die Sammlung des Instituts für Kunstgeschichte an der Karl-Franzens-Universität. Graz 2010.

Fig. 3: Plaster cast of an ivory crook of an abbot’s or bishop’s crosier with the Coronation of the Virgin, French, 14th century, original in the Bavarian National Museum in Munich, around 1900

114  ]  Friedrich Polleroß

Martin Engel

THE COLLECTION OF ORIGINALS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ART

The Department of History of Art owns a small collection of prints which originally formed part of the ‘teaching collection for graphic arts’ and were acquired for teaching purposes. The largest section mainly comprises prints from around 1900 and modern artists’ prints from the 1970s, and came into the possession of the Department through bestowals. Overall, these are some 140 individual sheets and several sets with about 500 other prints. Due to a policy of acquisitions that had no system to it, the body of the collection is very heteroge­ neous. The most valuable sheets include 15 etchings from the series Raccolta di Teste … by Giovanni Dome­ nico Tiepolo (1727–1804), which were created in the early 1770s in Würzburg. As well as these small-sized head studies, which aimed to try out new forms of artistic expression, there are also some traditional portraits of clerical dignitaries, noblemen, scholars and artists. A particular highlight is the portrait of Gottfried Semper (1803–1879), drawn and etched by the later Professor at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts William Unger (1837–1932) on the occasion of his short stay in Vienna in 1871. In this connection it is interesting that Unger was a friend of the two art historians Rudolf von Eitelberger (1817–1885) and Moritz Thausing (1838–1884), who contributed considerably to the establishment of the discipline of History of Art at the University of Vienna. Unfortunately there are no indications at all as to when and in what ways this sheet became part of the former teaching reserve of the Department of History of Art. The diversity of graphic arts techniques represented in the collection is surprising. As well as pencil drawings, there are woodcuts, copper engravings, etchings, chiaroscuro (light and shade painting), mezzotint sheets, sheets in crayon, lithographs, steel engravings,

Fig. 1: Head study no. 2 from the series Raccolta di Teste … by Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, around 1770

zinc etchings, and other modern art print techniques. In most cases, these are not works of art in their own right, but reproduction prints based on the paintings of well-known masters such as Giorgione, Antoine Coypel, Antoine Watteau or Samuel W. Reynolds, to name but a few examples. In the period before photography, such sheets were the only possibility for making a wider public familiar with famous pictures. The special achievement of the reproducing printmakers lay in translating The Collection of Originals of the Department of History of Art 

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Fig. 2: Cavalry fight on 2 September 1695 by Christian Rugendas, around 1765

the painted drafts into another artistic technique while still making the paintings’ specific qualities visible. Of interest here is the mezzotint sheet by the Augsburg printmaker Christian Rugendas (1708–1781), who marketed pictures of his father Georg Philipp Rugendas (1666–1742) in a series of ‘Horsemen, Horse and Battle Pieces’. To make the martial atmosphere evident, he printed the sheets in finely graded shades of ochre. Another especially beautiful example is the etching based on the painting ‘Horses in the Fog’ by Teutwart Schmitson (1830–1863), which is today housed in the Museum of the City of Vienna (Wien Museum). This etching was made by Johannes Klaus (1847–1893) by order of 116  ]  Martin Engel

the Society for Reproductive Art and offered for sale in the fifth booklet of the 1872 album. The Society for Reproductive Art was founded in Vienna in 1871 with the purpose of promoting traditional reproduction techniques, which, due to the rapid development of photography, were increasingly losing importance. Colour lithography was highly significant for teaching art history research findings far into the 20th century. The collection of originals includes a set of drawings and press proofs that show this clearly. As a preparation for drawing up a list of all objects in the cathedral treasury of Halberstadt, Hermann Schäfer (dates of birth and death unknown) made several water-coloured ink

drawings, which show the major items of the cathedral treasury in their full splendour. The press proofs, which have also been preserved and were printed in the Imperial-Royal Court and State Printing House, are evidence that the manufacture of this luxuriously illustrated book had already progressed quite far. The existence of this book has to date not been proven in any library and therefore it is not certain if it has ever been on the market. Last but not least, mention must be made of two other sets  : One consists of 107 surveys conducted by an unknown architect on his three trips to Italy in 1868, 1875 and 1884. Some of these drawings are perspective views of interior rooms, but most drawings show floor plans and vertical plans with precise dimensions. The second set comprises designs by the architect Julius Franz (1831–1915), who, from about 1864 onwards, first worked as a staff member of Carl von Diebitsch (1819– 1869) and, after the latter’s death, as the chief architect for the Egyptian Khedive (viceroy) Ismail Pasha (1830– 1895). Both sets are parts of architects’ estates that were handed over to the Department of History of Art for further research a long time ago. Address  : Institut für Kunstgeschichte (Department of History of Art) Campus of the University of Vienna Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 9.2 1090 Vienna

Fig. 3: Votive bread bowl and stone-throwing Jews from the cathedral treasury of Halberstadt, by Hermann Schäfer, around 1880

Fig. 4: Design for the extension of Ali Pasha Sherif’s country house, by Julius Franz, 1877

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Fig. 1: Ideal view of Corvin Castle (Vajdahunyad/Hunedoara) in Transylvania by Alexander Wielemans, Publicationen der Wiener Bauhütte, Jg. VI.2, Blatt 49–51.

Martin Engel

THE COLLECTION OF PL ANS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ART

The collection of plans at the Department of History of Art has two focuses and comprises around 1,700 construction plans and architectural drawings. The focus of the older part of the collection comprises some 800 printed sheets published in a piecemeal way by the architects’ association Wiener Bauhütte from 1862 onwards. These plans are recorded in a register that was published in 1874 and correspond to the first nine annual volumes of the association’s publication Publikati­ o­nen des Vereins Wiener Bauhütte, which were continued from 1901 under the name Mitteilungen der Architekten-­ Vereinigung ‘Wiener Bauhütte’. The hardback volumes of this magazine, which is important for Viennese architectural history, are stored in the University Library. Most of these construction drawings are surveys carried out by students of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts, which was headed by Professor Friedrich von Schmidt (1825–1891) at that time. The majority of the surveys were produced on study trips that took them to various regions of Austria and (mainly) to Italy. Most of them show medieval churches and architectural monuments, many features and details of which were also meticulously recorded, including tombstones, furniture, doors and window fittings. The selection provides a good overview of the topics that Schmidt investigated with his students as part of his teaching. It must be highlighted that he sometimes selected buildings that were in a poor state and shortly due to be restored, such as Corvin Castle (Vajdahunyad/Hunedoara), which burnt down in 1854. This castle had formerly been the home of the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus (1443–1490) and is the most important medieval building in Transylvania. The plans drawn in 1867 probably served to prepare for the restoration of the castle, which was started in the following year by Ferencz Schulcz (1838–1870),

one of Schmidt’s best-known students. As well as these surveys, which document the historism-inspired enthusiasm for architectural history, contemporary drafts and projects were also published at that time. Mention must be made here of several buildings on the Vienna Ringstrasse, such as the Wertheim Palace on Schwar­ zenbergplatz, which was built by Heinrich ­Ferstel (1828–1883) from 1864 onwards, the Palace of the Society of Friends of the Music of Vienna, which was built by Theophil Hansen (1813–1891) from 1863 onwards, and his drafts for the Imperial-Royal Museums in Vienna, which were never implemented. These mostly large-format plans were probably acquired immediately after their publication on behalf of the Department of History of Art. On the reverse side they were all marked with the stamp ‘Teaching reserve of the University of Vienna’. This means that they are among the oldest part of the collection, which dates back to the beginnings of Viennese art history, and which became a discipline in its own right in 1852. The second focus of the collection is made up of around 900 copies of plans drawn by the architect Adal­bert Klaar (1900–1981) for the Austrian Federal Monuments Office. Adalbert Klaar was responsible for surveys of mainly medieval churches, in his capacity as a conservator from 1946 onwards. His precise ground plans and cross-sections formed the basis for research projects that were carried out in close cooperation between the Austrian Federal Monuments Office and the Department of History of Art when compiling the Österreichische Kunsttopographie [‘Austrian Art Topography’]. Adalbert Klaar had a pronounced academic interest and worked as an associate professor at the Vienna University of Technology following his habilitation on settlement history in 1940. From 1946 he The Collection of Plans of the Department of History of Art 

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Fig. 2: Ground plan of Corvin Castle (Vajdahunyad/Hunedoara) by Franz Neumann, Publicationen der Wiener Bauhütte, Jg. VI.2, Blatt 13–14.

was also awarded teaching contracts at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Vienna. The question of whether the stock of maps came to the Department of History of Art at his request cannot be answered for now. It is probable that Otto Demus (1902–1990) also played a decisive role in this. After all, he was President of the Austrian Federal Monuments Office from 1946 to 1963 and then moved to the Department of History of Art at the University of Vienna, where he worked as a full professor.

120  ]  Martin Engel

Address  : Institut für Kunstgeschichte (Department of History of Art) Campus of the University of Vienna Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 9.2 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Rath, Jürgen  : Burgenrestaurierung und Schloßarchitek­tur im Werk Friedrich von Schmidts (1825–1891). Diploma thesis, University of Vienna 1998. Scheifele, Hans  : Zur Geschichte der Plansammlung des Bundesdenkmalamtes. In  : Österreichische Zeitschrift für Kunst und Denkmal­ pflege 49 (1995), pp. 80–87.

Anton Amann

THE PAUL F. L A Z ARSFELD ARCHIVE

Officially founded in 1980, the Paul F. Lazarsfeld Arch­ ive had already been started some time before that date at the initiative of Paul M(artin) Neurath (1911–2001), a sociologist who, as an assistant of Paul F(elix) Lazars­ feld (1901–1976), had begun to collect publications, manuscripts and other material even before Lazarsfeld died. However, it was not possible to acquire the entire estate of Lazarsfeld, as one part of it had already been given to Columbia University. The comprehensive material stored there could only be viewed, selected from and copied. The Archive contains a nearly complete collection of all books and anthologies which Lazarsfeld authored, co-authored or edited, an almost complete collection of all his other publications, as well as approximately 300 unpublished manuscripts, biographical material and part of his academic correspondence and working material. Furthermore, it comprises 500 research reports issued by the Bureau of Applied ­Social Research that was founded by Lazarsfeld, and approx­i­ mately 780 articles published by staff of the Bureau of Applied Social Research. The Archive also includes publications by Lazarsfeld’s assistants and a substantial part of his research library. From the beginning, the documents in the Archive were collected and organised in order to preserve all the material relevant to the history of empirical social research. Therefore, documents that had originated from the wider circle of Lazarsfeld on the history of the Bur­ eau of Applied Social Research and the Office of Radio Re­ search were also included, as well as the results of studies on the history and methodology of social research that had been conducted at Columbia University and at the Sorbonne in Paris. After Neurath’s death in 2001 his entire scientific estate was taken over by, and integrated into, the Lazarsfeld Archive. In the course of a research

Fig. 1: Paul Neurath (1911–2001)

project, all the material was viewed and presorted, and a complete catalogue of Paul M. Neurath’s publications was drawn up. During the project, several other smaller collections and personal papers from Neurath’s family were found. Even today, future paths may be outlined for the sociology of science and the history of sociology for which the contents of the Archive offer important source material, for example in the field of networking and collaboration among academics. It should also be mentioned that several diploma theses, dissertations and publicaThe Paul F. Lazarsfeld Archive 

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tions have appeared that are based on the material in the Archive. Address  : Fachbereichsbibliothek Soziologie und Politikwissenschaft (Sociology and Political Science Library) Rooseveltplatz 2 1090 Vienna Further link (in German)  : http://www.soz.univie.ac.at/lazarsfeld-archiv Further reading (selection)  : Neurath, Paul M.  : Das Paul F. Lazarsfeld Achiv an der Universität Wien. Vorgeschichte, Gründung, Bestände und Pläne, in  : Österrei­ chisches Jahrbuch für Kommunikationswissenschaft 4 (1986/87), pp. 131–177. Neurath, Paul M.  : Die veröffentlichten und nicht veröffentlichten Schriften von Paul F. Lazarsfeld (1901–1976). Eine nach Hauptthemen geordnete Gesamtbibliographie. In  : WISDOM II/1 (1988), pp. 6–64.

122  ]  Anton Amann

Wolfram Richter

THE MINER AL COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LITHOSPHERIC RESEARCH The mineral collection of the Department of Lithospheric Research dates back to Austrian mineralogist Gustav Tschermak von Seysenegg (1836–1927), who became Associate Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in 1868, and head of the newly founded ‘Petrographical Cabinet’ in 1873. Mineralogy, including petrography, had already been introduced as a separate discipline at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Vienna in 1850. Franz Xaver Maximilian Zippe (1791–1863) was the first full professor of this discipline, who had been in charge of the then Mineralogical Museum. Zippe and his successors, August Emanuel von Reuß (1811–1873) and Albrecht Schrauf (1837–1897), compiled a large collection of minerals, which had been intended as a reference and research collection – a purpose it has retained right up to the present day. The collection is located at the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography. In 1873 Tschermak, in addition to becoming the head of the Petrographical Cabinet, was also appointed Full Professor of Mineralogy and Petrography. In 1875, the Cabinet was renamed the ‘Mineralogical-Petrographical Institute’ and, under Tschermak, a separate mineral collection was started specifically for study purposes. It is impossible today to ascertain whether, and to what extent, parts of Zippe’s collection were integrated into this collection. In the present day, the collection, which comprises slightly more than 9,000 mineral specimens, is managed by the Department of Lithospheric Research and has been organised by mineral groups, in accordance with modern systematics, and preserved in showcases and drawers. The collection is intended for teaching and exhibition purposes, and is located at the Geocentre of University Centre Althanstrasse. Particularly beautiful and interesting specimens are displayed in a glass case

Fig. 1: Schorl (iron tourmaline), find spot: Pierepoint, New York (USA)

Fig. 2: Stibnite (antimonite, Sb2S3), find spot: Kisbanya (Hungary)

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Address  : Department für Lithosphärenforschung (Department of Lithospheric Research) Geozentrum (UZA II) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Pertlik, Franz/Seidl, Johannes/Svojtka, Matthias  : Franz Xaver Maxi­ milian Zippe (1791–1863). Ein böhmischer Erdwissenschafter als Inhaber des ersten Lehrstuhls für Mineralogie an der Philosophi­ schen Fakultät der Universität Wien. In  : Eduard Suess und die Entwicklung der Erdwissenschaften zwischen Biedermeier und Sezession. Ed. Johannes Seidl. Vienna 2009 (= Schriften des Archivs der Universität Wien 14), pp. 161–211. Fig. 3: Wulfenite (lead molybdate, Pb[MoO4]), find spot: Mesiča (Slovenia)

in the central area on the ground floor of the Geocentre. As the collection has hardly seen any additions and expansions since the time of Gustav Tschermak and his successor Friedrich Becke (1855–1931), it is regarded as a historical collection and primarily comprises the mineral species that were known in the 19th and early 20th centuries and had been found in the former crown lands of the then Austro-Hungarian Empire. This is why the collection is especially valuable  : It includes documentary evidence from historical deposits and sites which, in part, are no longer accessible or have been exhausted, and thus – in conjunction with the similar mineral collection of the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography – reflects a specific aspect of more than a century of the history of geological science in Central and Eastern Europe. The collection has been systematically catalogued on index cards. In 2005 and 2006, the card index was reviewed and updated, and now both the mineral names and the corresponding geographical information are presented in a correct way. At present, the collection is not open to the public. However, interested persons, particularly student groups, can make appointments for a tour. In the case of reasonable academic interest it is also, to a certain extent, possible to provide study material. 124  ]  Wolfram Richter

Hans-Dominik Schwabl

THE HISTORIC AL COLLECTION OF THE BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND M ATHEM ATICS LIBR ARY

Like all departments of mathematics and many upper secondary schools, in the 19th century the Department of Mathematics at the University of Vienna had a comprehensive collection of teaching materials  : a large number of geometrical demonstration objects, numerous charts with geometrical constructions and curves, various types of logarithmic slide rule for exercises, as well as a large demonstration slide rule. The collection of teaching materials also included many mechanical calculators, for instance a pinwheel calculator, the type of arithmometer invented by Willgodt Theophil Odhner (1845–1905), several Brunsviga machines and precision instruments for geometrical measuring. What is particularly worthy of mention is a series of planimeters (for mechanically determining the area of flat surfaces) and two large integraphs (for mechanically plotting the integral of a given function). Unfortunately, many instruments have been lost. As a result of the increasing trend towards greater abstraction in the teaching of mathematics, which reached a peak in the 1970s, as well as the development of computers as of the 1980s, all charts, as well as the demonstration slide rule, were disposed of. However, many smaller geometrical models have been preserved in showcases that have not been needed for other purposes, in the drafting room at the former location at Strudlhofgasse 4 in Vienna’s 9th district. Since the mid-1990s, the Business, Economics and Mathematics Library has been in charge of these models, which include a string model of a hyperboloid of revolution, a few wooden models (conic sections, a pseudosphere, a seven-colour torus), as well as a small number of metallic models such as a compound of three cylinders, or an equal-width area. In recent years, a number of geometrical precision-measuring instruments

Fig. 1: Compensation polar planimeter, manufacturer: Gottlieb Coradi, Zurich, 1913

and drafting instruments have been added, for instance integraphs, planimeters and several types of protractor, as well as a series of slide rules and mechanical calculators. The newest object in the collection is one of the first personal computers from around 1980, which was donated to the Library. The entire collection consists of approximately 50 objects. In 2009, the Faculty of Mathematics received an important collection of historical material owned by ZAMG (Austrian Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics)  : several boxes with manuscripts, including original manuscripts by Carl Friedrich Gauß (1777–1855) and old scientific instruments from the 19th century, from the estate of Karl Kreil (1798–1862), the first director and founder of the former Central Institute of Meteorology and Geomagnetism. Kreil was a member of the ‘Magnetic Club’ founded by Carl Friedrich Gauß and Wilhelm Weber (1804–1891) as a society of scientists all over the world, with the aim of measuring the Earth’s magnetic field. The most promin-

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Fig. 2: Presentation model of a pseudosphere, 20th century/1st half

Fig. 3: String model of a hyperboloid of revolution, 20th century/1st half

ent specimens in the collection are several dozen instruments for measuring the geomagnetic field, which were produced in Göttingen, Germany, under the supervision of Gauß and Weber.

Rottmann, Michael  : Der Boom der Bilder. Zur Blüte mathematischer Demonstrationsmodelle im 19. Jahrhundert. In  : Genau und anders. Mathematik in der Kunst von Dürer bis Sol LeWitt. Ed. Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien and Wolfgang Drechsler. Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien (29. Februar–18. Mai 2008), Vienna 2008. Visualization and Mathematics. Experiments, Simulation and Environments. Ed. Hans-Christian Hege and Konrad Polthier. Berlin 1997.

Address  : Fachbereichsbibliothek Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Mathematik (Business, Economics and Mathematics Library) Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1 1090 Vienna Further reading (selection)  : Dietz, Sabine  : Die Geschichte des Modellbaus in der Mathematik am Beispiel der Universität Göttingen. Staatsexamensarbeit, Mainz 1993. Lorey, Wilhelm  : Das Studium der Mathematik an den deutschen Universitäten seit Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. Leipzig/Berlin 1916. Mathematische Modelle. Aus den Sammlungen von Universitäten und Museen. Ed. Gerd Fischer. 2 Bände (Bildband/Kommentarband), Braunschweig 1986.

126  ]  Hans-Dominik Schwabl

Herta Silvia Effenberger

THE MINER AL COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MINER ALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGR APHY

The mineral collection of the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography dates back to Franz Xaver Maximi­ lian Zippe (1791–1863), who in November 1850 became the first Full Professor of Mineralogy at the Faculty of Philosophy of Vienna. This professorship had formerly been part of the Faculty of Medicine, but after the university reform of 1848/49, it was transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy, which was finally deemed to be equal to the other three Faculties (of Theology, Medicine and Law, respectively). When Zippe took up his function, very few minerals and demonstration materials were available to be used for teaching. Through purchases, surface finds and donations of mineral and rock samples he was able, by the time of his death, to gather as many as 2,336 specimens, as the basis for the mineral collection that the Department houses in the present day. In addition, Zippe bought, and in part designed himself, numerous crystal models as demonstration materials for teaching. In the following years, the mineral collection was complemented and expanded continually. In this context, the activities of August Emanuel Rudolf von Reuss (1811–1873) are worthy of mention  : After he became Full Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna in 1863, he increased the collection to a total of 4,785 entries in the inventory list. His successors, Albrecht Schrauf (1837–1897), Friedrich Johann Karl Becke (1855–1931), Cornelio August S. Doelter y Cisterich (1850–1930) and Emil Dittler (1882–1945), also endeavoured to expand the collection. In addition, numer­ ous optical instruments that were used for scientific examinations at that time have been preserved – for instance microscopes, reflection goniometers, apparatuses for interaxial angle determination, spectrometers and laboratory scales.

Fig. 1: View of the permanent exhibition, with portrait of Albrecht Schrauf (1837–1897)

During the Second World War, the mineral collection suffered considerable losses. Herbert Eduard Haberlandt (1895–1970), working under Felix Karl Ludwig Machatschki (1895–1970), who had become professor at the Department in 1944, endeavoured to reestablish the collection. Following his suggestions, missing or lost mineral specimens were bought, or added by donation, to complement the collection. What also de-

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Fig. 2: Models of various crystal forms, produced at the Department, mid 20th century

serves mention in this context is that Machatschki’s entry into office was paralleled by the renaming of the Mineralogical Institute as the Mineralogical-Crystallographic Institute. This was a tribute to the crystal symmetry approach, which had already been pursued intensively for 100 years, and now that it had become possible to determine the atomic structure of crystals by means of X-ray defraction methods and to subsequently study crystal properties, this gave a new, forward-looking impetus to the investigation of symmetry. Furthermore, Josef Zemann (b. 1923) contributed to 128  ]  Herta Silvia Effenberger

the crystallographic part of the collection by producing numerous models. The arrangement of the objects at first followed the classification of minerals that originated with Carl Friedrich Christian Mohs (1773–1839), and which was based primarily on their outward appearance and physical characteristics, such as crystalline form, hardness, brittleness and specific weight. However, improved methods of analysis, particularly knowledge of the atomic structures in crystals, rendered obsolete Mohs’s classification, which had already been a controversial

Fig. 3: Twinned triclinic and monoclinic feldspars with graphics and wooden crystal models

issue during his lifetime. Today, the mineral collection is arranged according to the traditional international classification introduced by Hugo Strunz (1910–2006), i.e. based on aspects of (crystal) chemistry. The current add­ itions to the collection are limited to surface finds in the context of field trips, as well as donations. It has hardly been possible, for budgetary reasons, to buy any material of didactic or academic interest. The relocation of the Department from the Main Building of the University of Vienna to the newly built Geocentre in Vienna’s 9th district required a general re-

arrangement of the mineral collection. Today, a selection of approximately 2,500 mineral samples and 500 crystal models are presented in showcases. The collection provides an overview of minerals that are interesting for technological and economic reasons, as well as in terms of crystal chemistry. The majority of items are preserved in chests of drawers. For historical reasons, the geographical focus is on the area of present-day Austria and the former crown lands. In a broader sense, the mineral collection also includes reference material used in the context of academic

The Mineral Collection of the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography  

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work for physical and chemical examinations, as well as mineralogical field studies. The specimens also serve as reference material for future academic studies. Examining the symmetry of crystals was a topic of interest not only during Zippe’s lifetime, when its main purpose was the identification of minerals. The symmetry of crystals defines many physical characteristics that are of technological relevance. Knowledge of the characteristics that are related to crystal symmetry is thus becoming increasingly important in modern research, and continues to be taught in the degree programmes of the University of Vienna. The Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography therefore has numerous models for demonstrating crystal morphology and the atomic structure of minerals,. Synthetically produced mineral phases, which are important in many respects, are also taken into account. As intended in the early days, the mineral collection and the crystallographic demonstration objects are still used for teaching and studying purposes, as well as for academic research. Address  : Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie (Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography) Geozentrum (UZA II) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Pertlik, Franz  : Synopsis der unter der Anleitung von Albrecht Schrauf an der Universität Wien verfassten Doktorarbeiten. In  : Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 146 (2006), pp. 245–252. Pertlik, Franz/Seidl, Johannes/Svojtka, Matthias  : Franz Xaver Maximilian Zippe (1791–1863). Ein böhmischer Erdwissenschafter als Inhaber des ersten Lehrstuhls für Mineralogie an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Wien. In  : Eduard Suess und die Entwicklung der Erdwissenschaften zwischen Biedermeier und Sezession. Ed. Johannes Seidl. Vienna 2009 (= Schriften des Archivs der Universität Wien 14), pp. 161–211. Pertlik, Franz/Schroll, Erich  : Herbert Eduard Haberlandt  : ein Pionier der Geochemie in Österreich (*3.6.1904 Mödling  ; †9.6.1970 Wien) (eine Biografie mit Schriftenverzeichnis). In  : Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft 146 (2001), pp. 435–447. Pertlik, Franz/Schroll, Erich  : Arthur Marchet (18.9.1892–30.5.1980)

130  ]  Herta Silvia Effenberger

Ordentlicher Professor und Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Wien. Sein wissenschaftliches Werk. In  : Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft 148 (2003), pp. 373–385. Pertlik, Franz/Seidl, Johannes  : Lehrveranstaltungen an der Universität Wien mit Bezug zu Mineralogie von 1786 bis 1848. In  : Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft 154 (2008), pp. 69–82. Pertlik, Franz/Seidl, Johannes  : Emil Dittler (*Graz, 29.10.1882  ; †Wien, 3.11.1945). Sein wissenschaftliches Werk (eine Vornotiz). In  : Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 83 (2010), pp. 38–40. Pertlik, Franz/Ulrych, Jaromir  : Lehre der Geowissenschaften im Rahmen des Faches Naturgeschichte an der Universität Wien im Zeitraum von 1787 bis 1848. In  : Berichte der Geologischen Bundes­ anstalt 53 (2001), pp. 55–60.

August Schmidhofer

THE COLLECTION OF MUSIC AL INSTRUMENTS

The Department of Musicology possesses a collection of approximately 130 musical instruments, most of which have been received by the Department starting in the 1960s. Around three quarters of the instruments come from non-European areas, while the other instruments pertain to European folk music tradition or, to a smaller extent, European art music. The history of the collection started one year after the first Department of Music­ ology had been founded in 1899, when Ludwig Bösendorfer (1835–1919), the famous Vienna piano maker, made a present of a piano to Guido Adler (1855–1941), Full Professor of Musicology at the time. This piano, referred to as the ‘Adler-Flügel’ (Adler Grand), served generations of teachers for classes, until it could no longer be played and remained silent for generations. It was eventually restored in 2010. Not only because of its cultural history, but also from the point of view of instrument-making, this piano is exceptional. Moreover, only a few specimens of this type, built between 1891 and 1900, are still in a playable condition today. During the early years of its existence, two other valuable instruments arrived at the Department. One is the oldest instrument in the collection, a clavichord dating from the second half of the 18th century, which had probably also been owned by Guido Adler. This is a fretted clavichord of a very simple design. By contrast, the second instrument is a splendid showpiece  : the replica of a three-manual, richly decorated harpsichord from the early 20th century, which Adler purchased in 1913. It is on display in the Collection of Historic Musical Instruments at the KHM (Museum of Art History) in Vienna, as a permanent loan. Since its early days, the Department of Musicology has taken an interest in the music of cultures outside Europe. However, it was only in the 1960s that researchers from Vienna started to

Fig. 1: Replica of a harpsichord, around 1900

study traditional music in the countries of origin. The musical instruments that they brought back from their field surveys provided the basis of the collection of objects from outside Europe. Other instruments, brought by visitors from abroad as gifts, were added to the collection. In recent times, the Department has organised an increasing number of excursions to countries outside Europe. Consequently, the collection is broad in scope, focusing on certain geographical areas. The oldest instruments of the ethnological part of the collection come from New Guinea  : a pair of so-called Sacred Flutes (murup) and two hourglass drums (kundu). Rudolf Pöch (1870–1921), who introduced Anthropology as an academic subject at the University of Vienna, acquired these objects in New Guinea in 1904. As tabooed sacred The Collection of Musical Instruments 

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Fig. 2: Sacred Flutes (murup) from New Guinea, around 1900

objects, the Sacred Flutes, two 1.30-metre-long transverse flutes made of bamboo, are rarely encountered in museums and are thus among the most valuable instruments in the collection. Particularly splendid exhibits may be found among the instruments of Chinese origin  : guqin (half-tube zither), erhu (spike fiddle), sheng (mouth organ), several dizi (transverse flutes) in various sizes, taogu (rattle drum), bells and a barrel drum. Other instruments from East Asia in the collection include a kayagŭm (half-tube zither from Korea) and a shakuhachi (bamboo flute from Japan). The collection features many musical instruments from Persia, including a santur (hammered box zither), a kamancheh (spiked fiddle), a dutar (two-stringed lute) and a setar (four-stringed lute), a ney (end-blown flute), a tonbak (goblet drum), and a daira (frame drum). Two countries are highlighted to represent the African continent  : Madagascar and Uganda. In both cases, acquisitions were made in the course of field research, for instance by ethnologist Lotte Gernböck (1927–2009) as far back as the 1960s in Madagascar, by the ethnomusicologists Gerhard Kubik (born in 1934) and Moya Aliya Malamusi (born in 1959) in Uganda, and by August Schmidhofer, Assistant Professor for Compara132  ]  August Schmidhofer

tive Musicology, who regularly travels both countries. Among the most striking collection items from these regions are a hybrid valiha (tube zither) with strings made of bamboo and steel, characteristic of the period around 1900, and a complete plucked idiophone ensemble (likembe) from Northern Uganda, consisting of eight instruments in various sizes. Another focus of the collection is on instruments from Brazil. A substantial number of instruments were acquired for the Department in the course of excursions directed by Regine Allgayer-Kaufmann, Full Professor of Comparative Musicology. Outstanding examples are two complete percussion ensembles from North Eastern Brazil  : an afro-Brazilian bateria and a maracatu. Both ensembles are regularly played by students, either with instruction during courses or outside the university. The musical instruments of the Department of Musicology have mainly been collected for purposes of demonstration during courses. Because of the broad range of instruments, particularly of types of instruments, it has been considered appropriate to exhibit individual objects as examples to demonstrate the classification system of musical instruments by Erich M. Hornbostel (1877–1935) and Curt Sachs (1881–1951). Curated by the former Director of the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna, Christian Feest, and designed in cooperation with students during a course, this exhibition was opened in January 2011 in the lounge of the Department. In 2010, also during a course, a database of musical instruments was created, which not only makes the instruments visible on screen from all sides, but also audible via sound clips. Address  : Institut für Musikwissenschaft (Department of Musicology) Universitätscampus Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 9.1 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Hornbostel, Erich M. von/Sachs, Curt  : Systematik der Musikinstrumente. Ein Versuch. In  : Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 46 (1914), pp. 553–590.

Fig. 3: View of the permanent collection, reorganised in 2010

Huber, Alfons  : Dokumentation über die Restaurierung eines gebun­ denen Clavichordes im Besitz des Musikwissenschaftlichen Institutes der Universität Wien. Unpublished manuscript, undated.

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Hubert Emmerig

THE COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF NUMISM ATICS AND MONETARY HISTORY The ‘numismatic teaching collection’ at the University of Vienna, which was established in 1898 at the initiative of Wilhelm Kubitschek (1858–1936), then Associate Professor of Ancient Studies, already included a coin collection. The teaching collection was part of the Archae­ ology and Epigraphy Department, which combined history and classical archaeology. The members of the Numismatic Society of Vienna supported Kubitschek in building the coin collection, and one of the first acquisitions was thus a series of copies of Greek coins from the British Museum in London. The early basis of the collection also included original coins from various private collections, e.g. Mr. Reichel (possibly Vincenz Robert Reichel, †1899, or Ernst Wolfgang Reichel, 1858–1900), Josef Schnellinger (1846–1904), Heinrich Cubasch (1849–1904), Eugen Schott (1826–1905), A. O. van Lennep (†1913) and Josef Scholz (1835–1916) – all of them ­antique coins. In 1907, the heirs of ophthalmologist Josef Brettauer (1835–1905) donated his comprehensive coin and medal collection specialising in medicina in nummis (coins and medals on medical themes) to the University. However, in 1928 the University handed the collection over to the Federal Collection of Medals, Coins and Currencies at the KHM (Museum of Art History) to be preserved there. When the Department of Antique Numismatics and Pre-Islamic History of Central Asia was founded in 1965, the teaching reserve became the collection of the newly founded Department. In 1978 the tasks of the Department were expanded to cover the entire field of numismatics, and consequently, the collection had to be expanded to include non-antique specimens as well. In the same year, the collection of the federal upper secondary school at Kleine Sperlgasse in Vienna’s second

Fig. 1: Roman Empire, Gordian III (238–244): aureus, minted in Rome; 238–239 AD. Gold. 20.1 mm. 4.91 g. Reverse: Providentia, standing (reference to the Emperor’s foresight and making provision for the people and the Empire), from the Brettauer Collection

district was consigned to the Department as a permanent loan. This collection, which had originally been held by the ‘Leopoldstädter Communal’ upper secondary school, consisted of 1,696 coins from all epochs. In 1988, Brettauer’s collection returned to the University, and is now maintained at the Department’s current location. When Wolfgang Hahn became Associate Professor of Numismatics in 1990, 858 coins and banknotes from the medieval and modern periods were acquired from his private collection. Another addition worthy of mention is the permanent loan of drafts, models, moulds, embossing stamps and medals of Viennese medalist Edwin Grienauer (1893–1964). The latest addition, in 2007, has come from Germany’s central bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) in Frankfurt  : a collection of Bavarian emergency banknotes from the early 20th century. In 1979 the collection of antique coins suffered massive losses due to a burglary  : Around 7,500 coins were stolen. Fortunately, a large part of them reappeared in the international coin trade, and could thus be repossessed and returned to the Department.

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Fig. 2: Urban potato banknote from the municipality of Traunstein (Upper Bavaria) for indigent citizens, worth 10 Pfennig, undated [1917], 111 x 73 mm

Today, the collection comprises several parts  : One is a universal collection of over 20,000 items from antiquity to the euro. It also includes banknotes, a few pre-coin means of payment, modern and contemporary counterfeits, coin weights and scales. Most of the material in this general collection is average in terms of commonness and state of preservation. However, Brettauer’s collection comprises almost 7,000 numismatic objects on medicina in nummis, and is among the most important collections in this field, due

Fig. 3: Jan de Vos (1578 to after 1619): vanity medal. Prague, 1612. Silver. 58.6 x 48 mm. 37.80 g. Portrait of woman looking left/portrait of skeleton looking right, with toad on head (contrast between life and vanity), from the Brettauer Collection

136  ]  Hubert Emmerig

to its remarkable degree of completeness and the extraordinary quality of the items. In addition, the Edwin Grienauer bequest has added some beautiful examples that demonstrate the individual steps of medal creation in the 20th century. The collection is complemented by plaster copies, particularly of antique coins. These are parts of private study collections which the Department has obtained from renowned numismatists. The general collection and the special inventory provide ample, realistic study material for educational pur-

poses. It is thus possible for the courses at the University to use much original material for illustration. In a broader sense, the collection also includes written materials from bequests of important numismatists, for instance Friedrich Stefan (1886–1962), Günther Probszt (1887–1973), Rudolf Paulsen (1893–1975), Herbert Rittmann (1930–1993) and Wolfgang Heß (1926–1999). However, these are considered a separate fonds at the Department, which is referred to as the Department’s archive. Address  : Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte (Department of Numismatics and Monetary History) Franz-Klein-Gasse 1 1190 Vienna

Further link (in German)  : https  ://numismatik.univie.ac.at/einrichtungen/sammlung Further reading  : Czurda, Barbara/Dick, Franziska  : Die Münzsammlung der Universität Wien, Institut für Numismatik (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse, Denkschriften 140 = Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Numismatik 9 = Thesaurus Nummorum Romanorum et Byzantinorum 3), Vienna 1980. Holzmair, Eduard  : Katalog der Sammlung Dr. Josef Brettauer Medicina in Nummis, Vienna 1937 (2nd edition, Vienna 1989). Specht, Edith  : Die Geschichte der numismatischen Lehre an der Universität Wien. In  : Vindobona docet. 40 Jahre Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität Wien 1965-2005. Ed. Hubert Emmerig, Vienna 2005 (= Numismatische Zeitschrift 113114), pp. 17–31. Reprinted in  : Compte rendu (Commission internationale de numismatique) 52 (2005), pp. 25–35.

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Fig. 1: The ‘bear cave’ seminar room of the Department of Palaeontology and Palaeobiology at the Main Building of the University on the Ringstrasse, with numerous showcases, around 1930

Karl Rauscher

THE PAL AEONTOLOGIC AL COLLEC TION

On 20 November 1873, a separate Institute of Palaeontology was established at the University of Vienna, based on a decision of the then Ministry of Culture and Education. It is thus one of the oldest departments in this specialist area. The foundation document not only mentions separate rooms in the former study college (at Bäckerstrasse 20 in Vienna’s 1st district), financial means for the acquisition of instruments, as well as annual funding, but also explicitly refers to the stock of a collection and a budget for the purchase of collections. The first specimens in the collection were the ‘petrefacts’ of the Kner collection, which had formerly been part of the Zoological Museum, then headed by Ludwig Schmarda (1819–1908). Rudolf Kner (1810–1869) was appointed Professor of Zoology in 1849  : the first professorship in this discipline in the entire Habsburg Monarchy. From 1874 to 1903, the course directories of the University of Vienna expressly mention a ‘palaeontological collection’ or a ‘Palaeontological University Museum’. Melchior Neumayr (1845–1890), as of 1873 Associate Professor of Palaeontology and first head of the newly founded department, is rightfully regarded as the founder of the palaeontological collection of the University of Vienna. Apart from the aforementioned Kner Collection, the basis of the collection also includes Neumayr’s comprehensive private collection, as well as the collections contributed by Fromm (mostly fossils from Swabia’s Jurassic period), Walser (recent molluscs), Redtenbacher (alpine Cretaceous fossils), Letocha (Neogene of the Vienna Basin) and Schloenbach (fossils from northern Germany). Later additions include Crinoidea (sea lilies) from Northern America, Devonian fossils from the Rhine region, as well as material from the Pliocene period collected at Pikermi (Greece). Not all specimens were purchased  : Many could be added in the context of private

Fig. 2: Cave bear skull from the Pleistocene found in the Drachenhöhle cave near Mixnitz (Styria) in 1921

surface finds, excavations carried out by the Department, as well as by barter. After the Department was moved to the new university building on the Ringstrasse in 1884/85, its comprehensive collection was preserved in four large rooms, based on the system introduced by Karl von Zittel (1839–1904). The professors who headed the Department in the subsequent years include Wilhelm Waagen (1841–1900), Viktor Uhlig (1857–1911) and Carl Diener (1862–1928). The latter is especially worthy of mention as during his tenure (1903–1928) he founded a specific ‘palaeobiological teaching reserve’ in 1912. The First World War was the reason why the new part of the collection was not put in place before 1916  ; then, in 1924 it became a separate Department of Palaeobiology – even though Othenio Abels (1875–1946) had already been appointed Associate Professor of Palaeobiology in 1907 (followed by a full professorship as of 1912). The keystone of the collection is vertebrates found during an excavation at Pikermi (Greece) commissioned by the Imperial-Royal Academy of Sciences in 1912. The basic principle underlying the collections of the palaeoThe Palaeontological Collection 

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Fig. 3: Perisphinctes (Ataxioceras) sp. from Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridge), found at Schwäbisch Gmünd (southern Germany)

biological teaching reserve was the importance of representing animals’ way of life, as well as their relationship to the environment. Adaptation to their natural environment, movement, diet as well as symptoms of diseases were important aspects. The second part of the exhibition focused on specimens illustrating fossilisation as well as ichnology, and the third part housed objects on phylogenesis, using Equidae as an example. In addition, objects showing ‘fossils in folk religion’, as well as surface finds at Pikermi and the numerous cave bear finds from the Drachenhöhle cave at Mixnitz (Styria) are worthy of mention. After Carl Diener’s death in 1928, the Faculty decided to merge the two palaeontological departments. This required a reestablishment of the collection, which was largely completed in 1929. Over the next few years, the Department of Palaeontology, which  – in addition to the Departments 140  ]  Karl Rauscher

of Chemistry, was a show-piece of the University of Vienna – was one of the locations often chosen for tours of renowned guests of the University. The early 1940s marked a decisive change in the development of the Department’s collections, as large parts of the collections and the library had to be relocated as a result of the war. As of summer 1943, the material was stored in numerous crates at the presbytery of Böheimkirchen (Lower Austria), where it was kept during the first few post-war years as well. Bombing considerably damaged both the rooms and the remaining parts of the collection in the Main Building of the University. The necessary repair of the building took until 1951. When Othmar Kühn (1892–1969) was appointed Full Professor of Palaeontology and Palaeobiology in 1951, the systematic stratigraphic orientation of activities was resumed, which had been neglected after Carl Diener’s death. As a result, the collections were restructured accordingly. In 1962, during Kühn’s professorship, the Department was moved to the NIG (New Institute Building) at Universitätsstrasse. Here, both the exhibition part of the collection and the ample material stored in drawers were rearranged. Five exhibition rooms were finally available, which, however, doubled as offices of professors, assistants and doctoral students. The exhibitions covered the following s­ ubjects  : fossilisation and its occurrence, palaeoecology and palaeo­botany, the systematics of invertebrates, stratigraphy, the systematics of vertebrates, and the fauna of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Furthermore, showcases on the corridors of the Department house objects on these themes, as well as the comparative osteological collection, ichnologic specimens, reconstructions, and the Weinfurter Collection, a very large collection focusing on Lower Austria. Urgent need for additional office space required frequent changes to the original exhibition, which have always been at the cost of exhibition space. The latest fundamental reorientation of the Department’s collection took place in 1995, when the Department was moved to the Geocentre of the University of Vienna (Althanstrasse 14 in Vienna’s 9th district). Here,

a few focal themes as well as certain fossil finds of particular importance are presented in the public area and have thus become accessible to a larger public. The exhibits include several important vertebrate skeletons  : Stenopterygius (a prehistoric marine reptile), Stegosaurus (Austria’s only cast of an entire skeleton) and An­ hanguera (a prehistoric flying reptile). In addition, exhibits on themes that represent the Department’s current activities are presented – for instance, corals or living quarters of crustaceans. The main part of the collection has, however, been rearranged and moved to modern storage rooms. As it is a collection that has developed over many years, its present organisation reflects a historical perspective  : The main subjects covered include the vertebrates collection, the comparative osteological collection, the invertebrate collection, the stratigraphic collection, ichnology, the micro collection, the palaeobotanical collection, as well as a type collection. This is complemented by a collection of teaching materials, ample working materials of the individual divisions and staff, diploma and doctoral students, lacquer peels, drill cores, as well as the Department’s archive. Address  : Institut für Paläontologie (Department of Palaeontology) Geozentrum (UZA II) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Further reading (selection)  : Abel, Othenio  : Die paläontologischen Sammlungen des Paläontologischen und Paläobiologischen Institutes der Universität Wien. In  : Palaeobiologica 2 (1929), pp. 270–282. Abel, Othenio  : Die Neuaufstellung der Sammlungen des Paläontologischen und Paläobiologischen Institutes der Universität Wien. In  : Paläontologische Zeitschrift 12 (1930), pp. 142–155. Steininger, Friedrich / Thenius, Erich  : 100 Jahre Paläontologisches Institut an der Universität Wien 1873–1973. Vienna 1973. Svojtka, Matthias  : Die Trilobitensammlung der Universität Wien  : eine Revision mit Beiträgen zur Stammesgeschichte der Trilobita. Diploma thesis, University of Vienna 2002. Svojtka, Matthias  : Trilobitensammeln im Dienst von Lehre und Forschung. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Paläontologischen Sammlungen an der Universität Wien im späten 19. Jahrhundert. In  : Mensch – Wissenschaft – Magie. Mitteilungen

Fig. 4: Hyaena eximia skull with mandible, ROTH & WAGNER (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from Pikermi (Greece), found 1854

der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsgeschichte 25 (2007), pp. 161–180. Salvini-Plawen, Luitfried/Svojtka, Matthias  : Fische, Petrefakten und Gedichte  : Rudolf Kner (1810–1869) – ein Streifzug durch sein Leben und Werk. Linz 2008 (= Denisia 24). Svojtka, Matthias/Seidl, Johannes/Steininger, Barbara  : Von Neuroanatomie, Paläontologie und slawischem Patriotismus  : Leben und Werk des Josef Victor Rohon (1845–1923). In  : Mensch – Wissenschaft – Magie. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsgeschichte 26 (2009), pp. 123–159.

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Christa Kletter

THE HISTORIC AL COLLECTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PHAR M ACOGNOSY

The Department of Pharmacognosy houses two historical collections  : the collection of crude drugs comprising around 18,500 items, and the historical pharmaceutical collection of approximately 2,000 objects. The two collections give an impressing overview of the remedies and devices that were used in pharmacist’s everyday work, as well as in the education of pharmacists in the past. The most interesting objects of the two collections are presented in a separate exhibition room at the Department of Pharmacognosy and can be visited by prior appointment. The Collection of Crude Drugs

The discipline of pharmacognosy focuses on the scientific research of bioactive natural products, particularly in plants. The term ‘crude drugs’ includes all raw materials of plant or animal origin that can be processed to obtain remedies and technical products. Crude drugs from plants are dried plant parts, as well as any products obtained from medicinal plants, such as essential oil, fatty oil, resin and latex. Crude drugs of animal origin are dried animals or animal parts, as well as products obtained from them, for instance musk, fish glue or castoreum. Until well into the 19th century, crude drugs were the main components of medicines, and knowledge about them was an essential part of the education of pharmacists and physicians. At that time, collections of crude drugs were mainly intended for teaching purposes at universities, and in addition, provided plant material for research. The Department of Pharmacognosy still holds a collection of crude drugs, whose origin goes back to the mid 19th century. The collection was founded by Karl Damian Schroff (1802–1887), who in 1849 was

Fig. 1: Mummy head (until the 19th century, mummy powder was used in medicines for healing wounds and as an additive to plasters), Egypt, 1892

appointed Professor of General Pathology and Pharmacology at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vienna, and was asked to deliver lectures on crude drugs for students of Medicine and Pharmacy. In 1854, he was able to purchase a comprehensive collection of crude drugs owned by Theodor Martius (1796–1863), Professor of Pharmacognosy in Erlangen, which formed the basis of the present collection. One part of the collection that is of particular historical interest comes from the scientific expedition of the Imperial frigate Novara, which sailed around the world from 1857 to 1859 and returned with various drugs and medicines, particularly from China and Chile. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the focus of pharmacognosy research in Vienna was on the microscopic study of anatomical plant characteristics, which considerably

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Fig. 3: Jars, porcelain and wood, with the inscriptions ‘Ext: Flam: Jov:’ and ‘Pulv. Doveri’, from the Imperial Pharmacy of Vienna, 18th century

Fig. 2: Chinese medicinal drug (Pinellia sp. tuber), including a sheet with Chinese drug name, Novara expedition, 19th century

increased the number of objects in the collection. 1925 saw another enlargement, when the comprehensive collection of crude drugs hitherto maintained by the General Austrian Society of Pharmacists was integrated into the existing collection, and has, as of 1967, been owned by the Institute of Pharmacognosy. In 1965, the ‘Berger Collection’ was added, which was the basis of Hand­ buch der Drogenkunde, a manual on drugs consisting of several volumes, written by Franz Berger (1909–1965), Director of the vocational school of chemists in Vienna and a recognised expert in crude drugs. 1989 saw the 144  ]  Christa Kletter

addition for academic use of a collection of 340 crude drugs from outside Europe, particularly Africa, which had been owned by Tadeus Reichstein (1897–1996), Full Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and long-standing head of the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the University of Basel. For his studies on adrenal cortical hormons he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1950. In recent years, research projects on crude drugs used in traditional Tibetan and traditional Mongolian medicine have helped expand the collection by adding Asian crude drugs. Today, only few collections of crude drugs still exist. Without appropriate conservation measures, they are very prone to mould or damage by animals. Furthermore, due to the rising importance of synthetic drugs in the 20th century, they have often been regarded as a historical dead weight without academic relevance, and been disposed of. However, collections of crude drugs are not just of historical interest  : They continue to provide authentic material for comparison in the context of microscopic and phytochemical studies.

The Historical Pharmaceutical Collection

At the outset, the collection included only older objects from the Institute of Pharmacognosy, as well as the inventory from the former study pharmacy in which students of Pharmacy learned how to produce medicines. In 1977, the collection was considerably enlarged as various devices, pharmaceutical and other objects, as well as books and scientific journals from the former Imperial Pharmacy of Vienna were added. The majority of these pharmaceutical devices date from the 19th century, but several jars and pharmacopoeias are considerably older and date back to the 17th century. After the former Imperial Pharmacy was closed in 1991, all the historical devices and objects still in existence were integrated into the collection. Worthy of special mention are various laboratory apparatuses for producing large quantities of spirits and alcohol-containing medicines. Apart from the Imperial Pharmacy, other institutions also contributed objects to the collection  : In 1978, several utensils owned by the former Federal Institute of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research in Vienna were added. A variety of utensils used in everyday pharmacy work at the hospital pharmacy of the General Hospital Vienna became part of the collection in 1993. In addition, further interesting objects have been generously donated by private persons. Address  : Department für Pharmakognosie (Department of Pharmacognosy) Pharmazentrum (UZA II) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Further link  : http://pharmakognosie.univie.ac.at/department/historic-collections Further reading  : Ganzinger, Kurt  : Die Sammlung Martius am Pharmakognostischen Institut der Universität Wien. Pharmazeutische Zeitung 34 (1960). pp. 968–972. Hausknost, Marietta  : Die tierischen Drogen der pharmakognosti­ schen Sammlung. In  : Österreichische Apotheker-Zeitung 51 (1976). pp. 1002–1006.

Fig. 4: Apparatus for the distillation under reduced pressure, from the Imperial Pharmacy of Vienna, 19th/20th century

Hausknost, Marietta  : Die Drogensammlung des Institutes für Pharmakognosie der Universität Wien. In  : Österreichische ApothekerZeitung 37 (1980). pp. 680–685. Hausknost, Marietta  : Die Apotheke aus einem Sanitätszug des Malteserordens. In  : Österreichische Apotheker-Zeitung 15 (1984). pp. 296–298. Hausknost, Marietta  : Die Sammlung Berger im Institut für Pharmakognosie der Universität Wien. In  : Österreichische Apotheker-Zeitung 12 (1985). pp. 244–245. Jurenitsch, Johann/Müller, Claudia/Schneider, Kurt/Kubelka, Wolfgang  : 200 Jahre Pharmakognosie in Wien. Vienna 1998. Kletter, Christa  : Die pharmakognostische Sammlung in Wien. Relikt einer vergangenen Zeit oder doch mehr  ? In  : 150 Jahre Tschirch – Tschirch 150 ans. Akten des Symposiums der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie zum 150. Geburtstag von Alexander Tschirch. Ed. François Ledermann and Claudia Zerobin, Schwyz 2007 (= Veröffentlichungen der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie 28). pp. 89–102. Renner, Iris  : Dokumentation der Drogensammlung von Prof. Reichstein. Diploma thesis, Vienna 1991.

The Historical Collections of the Department of Pharmacognosy 

] 145

Franz Sachslehner

THE HISTORIC AL PHYSICS COLLEC TION

The historical collection of the Faculty of Physics comprises approximately 1,400 physical apparatuses and utensils from the fields of mechanics, thermodynamics, acoustics, optics, electrodynamics and radioactivity. Approximately 920 objects are from the former Second Institute of Physics, and around 160 specimens from the former First Institute of Physics. These date from 1850 to 1914, with a small additional collection of electrical measuring instruments which date from 1914 to 1960. The former Institute of Radium Research at the Imperial Academy of Sciences (the later Institute of Radium Research and Nuclear Physics, or Radium Institute) provided 317 objects from the time between 1910 and 1960, which are currently exhibited as a permanent loan at the ECHoPhysics European Centre for the History of Physics in Pöllau, Styria. The majority of objects continue to be exhibited in the white-framed glass cases that were part of the original interior of the First and Second Institutes of Physics (1913) and the Radium Institute (1910). In 1715 the Jesuits added a ‘Physical Cabinet’ to the Chair in Physics, which had been established at the University of Vienna as early as 1554. The Cabinet included tools, machines and physical apparatuses that were used as teaching aids for illustration. In 1773, the Society of Jesus was dissolved, and the Physical Cabinet was then owned by the University. That year thus marks the actual beginning of the collection of physical instruments at the University of Vienna. Today, only one or two of the objects described in the first known inventory of 1817 have been preserved  – for instance, an Archime­dean screw. Andreas Baumgartner (1793–1865), who held the Chair in Physics from 1823 to 1832 and was also in charge of the Physical Cabinet during that time, sold many outdated devices and renewed the entire inven-

Fig. 1: Hydrometer produced by Wilhelm Gintl, Vienna, 1830

tory. The objects from this period include six hydrom­ eters with an inscription that translates ‘for the Imperial-Royal Museum of Physics, produced by Wilhelm Gintl, 1830’, and a Plößl telescope from 1832. After the reform of the studies system in 1848/49 a larger number of physics teachers were needed. In 1850, the Institute of Physics was thus established, headed by mathematician and physicist Christian Doppler (1803–1853). Both the Chair and the Institute of Physics were to use the Physical Cabinet. During the 1848 The Historical Physics Collection  

] 147

Fig. 2: Large refraction goniometer designed by Mitscherlich, August Oertling, Berlin, 1858

revolts, the University served as accommodation for troops of the army, and in 1851 Doppler’s Institute was thus moved to a temporary location at Landstrasse 104 in Erdberg, Vienna. The majority of objects from the Physical Cabinet were transferred to the new quarters, including the microscopes manufactured at the Plößl workshop, which have been preserved to the present day. In 1858 Doppler’s successor, Andreas von Ettingshausen (1796–1878), acquired the large refraction goniometer designed by Eilhard Mitscherlich (1794–1863), which, in addition to several spectral apparatuses, is one of the show-pieces of the collection. In 1866, Josef Stefan 148  ]  Franz Sachslehner

(1835–1893) became head of the Institute in Erdberg, Vienna. The most important objects to be added during his tenure include his original instruments for measuring the thermal conductivity of gases (1872) and the diffusion between acids and bases, as well as the heliostat from Stampfer’s estate (1867). The Physical Cabinet, which had suffered as a consequence of its relocation under Doppler, did not see any improvement until 1865, when Viktor von Lang (1838– 1921) headed the Chair in Physics and the Physical Cabinet was separated from the Institute of Physics and turned into a unit that encompassed both the Chair

Fig. 3: Artistic mica object for demonstrating double refraction in polarised light: a) parallel and b) perpendicular polarising filters, England, around 1900

and the former Cabinet. In 1875, due to ­damage to the building they occupied, as well as their remote l­ocation, both the Physical Cabinet and the Institute of Physics were moved to Türkenstrasse 3 in Vienna’s 9th district. Here, the Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics was established in order to meet the rising demand for research in physics, with Josef Loschmidt (1821–1895) as its first head. In 1902, the three institutes of physics were reorganised at the Türkenstrasse location  : the Institute of Physics was renamed the Institute of Theoretical Physics  ; the Physical Cabinet became the First Institute of Physics, and the former Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, the Second Institute of Physics. The experimental inventory of the former Institute of Physics headed by Doppler, Ettingshausen, Stefan and finally Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) was divided between the two newly founded institutes of physics. In 1913, all three institutes moved from Türkenstrasse to the new building at Boltzmanngasse 5/Strudlhofgasse 4 in Vi­ enna’s 9th district, three years after the Institute of Radium Research of the Imperial Academy of Sciences had been opened at Boltzmanngasse 3, funded through an

endowment by patron Carl Kupelwieser (1841–1925). It was the first institute worldwide that focused on radium research, and after a Chair in Nuclear Physics was established in 1955, it became the fourth institute of physics at the University. In 2004, the four institutes were to form the Faculty of Physics. The institute-based structure was dissolved in 2007, and working groups were established. Around 600 objects from the former First and Second Institutes of Physics were purchased for conducting experiments and demonstrations during lectures. They include Chladni figures, an electromagnetic induction experiment, a Barlow’s wheel, a Waltenhofen’s pendulum, a Wheatstone bridge, Newton’s rings and an interferometer. Most of them are still used for demonstration purposes in study courses. The majority of other objects, however, including those of the Radium Institute, are outdated or no longer used as research instruments. Those preserved in Vienna are often presented to students for didactic or historical reasons, for instance a Hipp chronoscope, a mirror galvanometer, as well as spectral and polarisation apparatuses. The Historical Physics Collection  

] 149

Fig. 4: Hipp chronoscope, manufactured by Peyer Favarger & Cie., Neuchâtel Suisse, 1897

Address  : Fakultät für Physik (Faculty of Physics) Experimentelle Grundausbildung und Hochschuldidaktik Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Vienna Further link (in German)  : http://history-physics.univie.ac.at Further reading  : Karlik, Berta/Schmid, Erich  : Franz Serafin Exner und sein Kreis. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Physik in Österreich. Vienna 1982 (= Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Geschichte der Mathe­ matik, Naturwissenschaften und Medizin der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 40). Bittner, Lotte  : Geschichte des Studienfaches Physik an der Wiener Universität in den letzten hundert Jahren. Doctoral thesis, University of Vienna 1949.

150  ]  Franz Sachslehner

Irene Lichtscheidl

THE COLLECTIONS OF THE FOR MER INSTITUTE OF PL ANT PHYSIOLOGY

The former Institute of Plant Physiology was the first of its kind worldwide. The first chair in this discipline was established in 1849, for botanist and plant physiologist Franz Unger (1800–1870). The teaching facilities of his time were very modest indeed, as the available rooms were limited to Unger’s flat and a few rooms at the upper secondary school at Wasagasse in Vienna’s 9th district. Under Unger’s successor, Julius von Wiesner (1838– 1916), the Institute eventually moved to the second floor of the newly erected Main Building of the University of Vienna on the Ringstrasse that had been completed in 1884, and was for the first time large enough to permit appropriate teaching and research. At that time, a comprehensive collection for teaching and exhibition purposes was started, with models, wall charts and fossil plants. The wall charts illustrating the structures and functions of plants were hung in the Institute’s rooms, and some of them have been used for plant anatomy exercises right up to the present day. They illustrate information on microscopic preparations, in addition to electronic means of presentation. Some of them date back to the years around 1900 – for instance, those of Carl Ignaz Leopold Kny (1841–1916). Furthermore, botanical models made from wood, wax or gelatine were used for teaching, but only few of them have been preserved. Botanist and microscopist Ferdinand Pfeiffer von Wellheim (1859–1935) studied algae and developed a special fixative solution for this purpose, which has been used in research on algae till today. His serial botanical (stereoscopic) images were then sold in bookshops. His collection of preparations was transferred to the Institute of Plant Physiology and the Department of Botany of the University of Vienna, as well as the Department of Botany of the NHM (Museum of Natural History). The

Fig. 1: Model of parasitic Cuscuta trifolii (clover dodder) on a red clover stem, by Robert Brendel, Berlin, around 1885

stereoscopic images were taken by means of a method developed by Ferdinand Gebhardt (years of birth and death not known), based on the principle of a Zeiss sliding box. This method was modified and made more practical when a box was developed that permitted the taking of several partial photographs on one photographic The Collections of the Former Institute of Plant Physiology 

] 151

Fig. 2: Stereoscopic images in a special stereoscopic viewer, Raumbild publishing house, around 1930

plate, from the correct distance and in the correct position. The preparations and micro photographs were exhibited at the 2nd International Botanical Congress held in Vienna in 1905. The ten algae preparations and one poplar leaf between glass slide plates that have been preserved at the Department date from that time. However, it has not so far been possible to ascertain whether they were produced by Pfeiffer von Wellheim himself. In addition, the collection boasts 55 images and 76 stereoscopic images of plants and their microscopic sections, as well as of algae seen through a microscope, which, however, are slightly more recent. Finally, the numerous images of the former teaching collection are equally worthy of mention. The objects 152  ]  Irene Lichtscheidl

preserved include 131 (micro) photographs on glass plates and paper made by Pfeiffer von Wellheim from around 1900, 22 autochromes of plants and landscapes from the 1930s, and 87 impressive stereoscopic images that depict a photographic journey through the world of the early 20th century (‘School Room Travel’). In the latter case, the images are viewed with optical stereoscopic glasses that give the perception of 3D depth. In the course of a digitisation project, the autochromes and original micro photographs were digitised and entered in a database belonging to the University. Furthermore, around 30 instruments and apparatuses have been preserved which are interesting from a historical, and in part also a didactic, point of view. Julius von

Wiesner’s ‘toy’ microscope is one of the oldest microscopes  : a Nuremberg ‘toy’ microscope made from wood, cardboard and leather, with a tripod. Franz Unger’s large brass microscope was produced at the Plößl workshops in Vienna in 1855 and was equipped with preparation tools. The ‘cold microscope’ developed by Hans Molisch (1856–1937) was custom-made in the 1920s and thus the first to permit the observation of plant cold responses. The development of optical microscopy from the 1930s to the 1960s is represented by Reichert, Zeiss and Leitz microtomes, cameras and microscopes. Auxanometers were used to analyse plant growth. They visualise the movement of plants either by means of a drum blackened with soot (drum auxanometers from the period between 1900 and 1914), or by using a small mirror to show the reflection of a light beam on a wall (mirror auxanometers, which were used in lectures until the 1980s). Further instruments that were used for teaching and in research also include psychrometers, torsion balances and microbiological apparatuses. During a practical course for school students organised by the Department of Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research in cooperation with the FFG (Austrian Research Promotion Agency) in August 2008, some of these apparatuses were documented by department staff and school students and, in some cases, animated. To be able to document the apparatuses the students first had to get familiar with the various techniques used in biology in the past and in the present day. This led to the decision to present these techniques in short films and to design a website on techniques used in biology. The website comprises the techniques of microscopic preparation and microtomy, as well as measuring the osmoregulation in plants. A selection of the above instruments are presented in glass showcases along the corridor of the Biocenter. One showcase illustrates microscopy in the past and today, and another the history of the Institute of Plant Physiology. By prior appointment, the instruments can be viewed for academic purposes or borrowed for teaching purposes.

Fig. 3: Julius von Wiesner’s ‘toy’ microscope: drum-style microscope with simple objective and ocular lenses, 18th century

Address  : Core Facility für Cell Imaging und Ultrastrukturforschung (Core Facility of Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research) Biozentrum (UZA I) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna

The Collections of the Former Institute of Plant Physiology 

] 153

Fig. 4: Drum auxanometer for measuring plant growth, constructed by the Institute of Plant Physiology, before 1914

Further link (in German)  : Virtual exhibition of the objects  : http://www.univie.ac.at/ciusweb/ Sammlung/$_sammlung.html Further reading (selection)  : Verhandlungen des Internationalen botanischen Kongresses in Wien 1905. Actes du Congrès internationale de botanique tenu à Vienne (Autriche) 1905, Eds. Richard von Wettstein, Julius Wiesner and Alexander Zahlbruckner. Jena 1906. Pfeiffer-Wellheim, Ferdinand  : Über Stereoaufnahmen. In  : Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie und für mikroskopische Technik 30 (1913), pp. 1–28.

154  ]  Irene Lichtscheidl

Irene Lichtscheidl

THE COLLECTION OF PL ANT R AW M ATERIALS OF THE FOR MER INSTITUTE OF PL ANT PHYSIOLOGY

Julius von Wiesner (1838–1916) was a pioneer of materials and raw materials science. Before his tenure as a Full Professor of Plant Anatomy and Physiology at the University of Vienna, he worked in the same field of studies at the Imperial-Royal Polytechnical Institute

(today’s Vienna University of Technology) and at the Imperial-Royal Forestry Academy at Mariabrunn (today’s University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna). Among his numerous academic publications and books, for instance on the technical use of latex

Fig. 1: Part of the seed collection started by Julius von Wiesner in the course of his research travels, around 1875

The Collection of Plant Raw Materials of the Former Institute of Plant Physiology 

] 155

and resin, his work Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches on raw materials of the plant kingdom, which was published in 1873, is especially worthy of mention  : It proved to be trailblazing for academic technical raw materials science, and saw repeated reprints until the 1960s. Records and pictures of Wiesner’s teaching and research activities, as well as his travels, have been archived at the former Institute of Plant Physiology. In addition, the guests and visitors resulting from his intensive academic exchange at the international level have been documented in the Golden Book, the guest book at the Institute. On his numerous study trips, Wiesner collected woods, resins and fibres for research purposes and as examples for demonstration. They form the basis of the collections that are now maintained at the Department of Molecular Systems Biology. The collection comprises over 3,700 specimens, with the oldest dating back to the 1870s. The items are recorded in a card index giving the name of the wood, as well as date and provenance if known. A digital version is now being prepared. Another 150 fibre, latex, resin and gall specimens dating from between 1865 and 1918 are preserved in jars and boxes. These have neither been looked through nor classified, but at first glance one can see, for instance, resins that were collected during the Novara expedition from 1857 to 1859 and made available to the Institute. Address  : Department für Ökogenomik und Systembiologie (Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology) Biozentrum (UZA I) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Further reading (selection)  : Wiesner, Julius von  : Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches – Versuch einer technischen Rohstofflehre des Pflanzenreiches. Leipzig 1873. Wiesner, Julius von  : Die technisch verwendeten Gummiarten, Harze und Balsame. Erlangen 1896.

156  ]  Irene Lichtscheidl

Manfred Bobrowsky

THE VIDEO ARCHIVE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNIC ATION

Contrary to its formerly widespread image as an academic discipline that works merely with paper and pencil, Mass Media and Communication Science is one of the most interesting branches among the social sciences. In addition to all facets of journalism, its scope also includes public relations, advertising, and information technologies. One of its tasks is to study and analyse audiovisual media and content relating to the past and present. The video archive started with a few Video2000- and U-matic-lowband tapes that staff had brought to the Department. The archive was formally established in 1986 by the author of this article. At present, it comprises more than 400 VHS tapes and DVDs with around 700 individual tracks and approximately 40,000 minutes of running time. For some time now, the DVD has been the exclusive medium of data storage. The archive consists of recorded TV broadcasts, additionally purchased VHS tapes and productions by students  ; the TV broadcasts, mainly recorded by the author of this article, represent the major part of the archive. The key subjects of the collection are advertising, journalism, National Socialism, oral history and reports by witnesses, comedy and satire, journalism in film, and talk shows. A special section contains video documentaries of oral history between 1988 and 1996. These productions are the outcome of a course project with students, which was supervised by the author of this article and ran for eight years. This project resulted in approximately 50 documentaries and two book publications presenting the activities of wellknown and unknown Austrian journalists and artists who were active in the resistance movement during the Second World War.

Fig. 1: Productions by students at the Department of Communication

Each tape contains two or three documentaries. The tapes are available for borrowing not only to staff and students, but also the general public. The recordings are mainly used as course material. Beyond teaching purposes, another important task fulfilled by the collection is historical documentation. The Department’s own video productions, listed on a special website and accessible in an electronic register, form a significant part of the collection. Address  : Institut für Publizistik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (Department of Communication) Währinger Strasse 29 1090 Vienna

The Video Archive of the Department of Communication  

] 157

Fig. 2: One part of the archive material is still available on VHS cassettes as well

Further reading  : Bobrowsky, Manfred  : Videographische Erinnerungen. Die ungeschriebenen Lebensgeschichten. In  : Geschichte spüren. Österreichische Publizisten im Widerstand. Ed. Manfred Bobrowsky. Vienna 1990. Schreiben im Widerstand. Österreichische Publizisten 1933–1945. Ed. Manfred Bobrowsky. Vienna 1993.

158  ]  Manfred Bobrowsky

Michael Zach

THE SUDAN ARCHAEOLOGIC AL COLLEC TION

In terms of archaeology, Sudan is one of the best researched regions in the world. The discovery and documentation of its monumental ancient sites by Europeans started in 1820/21, during Sudan’s occupation by the Ottoman rulers of Egypt. The sites date from the period of the Kingdom of Kush, an African superpower with Napata and Meroe as its political and religious centres, whose rulers dominated the Middle Nile valley from the 9th/8th centuries BC to the mid 4th century AD. Between 715 and 664/56 BC, Egypt was also part of the kingdom ruled by the Kushite kings of the 25th Dynasty, the ‘Black Pharaohs’. The early 20th century saw the start of the first organised excavations, which covered not only the region south of the first dam that was to be built near Aswan, but the entire antique metropolis of Meroe, too. As of 1960, when the High Dam was built, a UNESCO campaign to save the Nubian antiquities was launched, which lent a new quality to the archaeological activities in the region  : For the first time, coordinated international efforts were made to examine the sites that corresponded to the northern part of the former Meroitic empire. This resulted in the advance of Meroitic ­studies as a subdiscipline involving research which has been regularly presented at international expert conferences. In recognition of Austria’s contributions, the 11th International Conference for Meroitic Studies was held in Vienna in 2008, organised by the Department of African Studies. The history of 19th century Sudan is notably linked with Austria, as many travellers from the then Habsburg Monarchy visited Sudan (either in an ‘official’ capacity on behalf of Egypt, the colonial power, or as missionaries, diplomats or adventurers), and often left writings that describe the relics of Meroe. Furthermore, in the

Fig. 1: Pyramid No. 19 at Begrawiya North Cemetery, Meroe

mid 19th century Sudan (in addition to Ethiopia) was in the focus of Austria’s colonial interests, which were not realised solely due to the radical changes in Europe’s political situation. Austria’s subsequent interest in Meroitic culture saw a shift to archaeological missions, the first of which took place in 1911/12 and focused on the cemetery of Arminna in the Egyptian part of Nubia, directed by Hermann Junker (1877–1962), egyptologist The Sudan Archaeological Collection 

] 159

Fig. 2: Collection of small finds from the Middle Nile valley

and later founder of the Department of Egyptology at the University of Vienna. The excavations in the context of the UNESCO campaign to save the Nubian an­ tiquities in Sayala rendered invaluable insights into the late Meroitic period of Nubia. After the disciplines of African studies and Egypt­ ology had become two separate fields of study in 1978, the newly founded Department of African Studies defined Meroitic studies as a main research area, which resulted in the foundation of an international journal on Sudan studies (Beiträge zur Sudanforschung) and the Beihefte complementary series of monographs. Based on field work in Sudan carried out as of 1985, material has been retrieved for two projects, funded by the Austrian Science Fund, on the social and economic history of 160  ]  Michael Zach

Meroe, and has enabled a comprehensive photo documentation of Meroitic sites, as well as the compilation of a small archaeological collection. The collection comprises more than 350 surface finds collected at various places in the Middle Nile Valley. The National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums of Sudan gave permission to transfer the objects to the University of Vienna, where they are also used in the context of teaching. The majority of objects are ceramic sherds and small finds such as arrowheads, quern stones and faience objects. They date from different periods of Sudanese history, from the Neolithic period to the Late Middle Ages. They also document aspects of handicraft, as well as everyday life, in an easily comprehensible way. The collection was further expanded by a donation of

finds from the Saharan region, which can be used for comparisons. The collection is complemented by a set of slides and photographs, comprising approximately 4,000 slides and 1,500 black-and-white negatives, which, in particular, document the most important archaeological sites of Sudan. It also includes images of collected objects in the form of photographs, from internal sources or official museum images. Since autumn 2005, the slides have continually been digitised and will in the future be accessible through an online database. In addition, the collection is being continually expanded by digital images of relevant collected specimens, as well as field photographs made during international missions in the context of current excavation activities. At present, this documentation consists of around 3,000 digitised images. The objects in the two parts of the collection are used for both teaching and research. For instance, various archae­ological objects and photographs have already featured in publications in the context of academic s­ tudies. The digitised slides have also met with international interest, as they document both hitherto unknown iconographic details, and the state of conservation of the archaeological sites in Sudan in the mid 1980s. The entire collection has been inventoried and can be viewed, by prior appointment. The photos (except images subject to legal restrictions) can be made available for publication in the context of academic studies.

Fig. 3: Naqa Lion Temple devoted to the Meroitic god Apedemak

Address  : Institut für Afrikawissenschaften (Department of African Studies) Universitätscampus Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 5.1 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Junker, Hermann  : Ermenne. Bericht über die Grabungen der Aka­ demie der Wissenschaften in Wien auf den Friedhöfen von Ermenne (Nubien) im Winter 1911/12, Vienna 1925.

The Sudan Archaeological Collection 

] 161

Fig. 1: This room in the Vienna Hofburg Palace, which is now used as a lecture hall, was designed as an exhibition room in order to provide exhibition material for teaching, Inv.-No.: R 4901/13567, German Federal Archives Berlin

Birgit Peter

THE THEATRE HISTORY ARCHIVE

Collections at the Central Institute of Theatre Studies (now Department of Theatre, Film and Media ­Studies) were initiated already in 1943, when the Institute, headed by literary scholar Heinz Kindermann (1894– 1985), started its teaching and research activities. The private library of German actor Gustav Richard Busch (1857–1918), containing 3,000 volumes which Kindermann had transferred to Vienna as a loan by the German Studies Department of the University of Münster, formed the basis of the new Institute library. He simultaneously applied to the Reich Ministry of Education for special funding to purchase collections of theatre history material from antiquarian booksellers. With the exception of the theatre library Pálffy, a compilation of approximately 3,000 printed plays that had been collected in 706 volumes by members of the family Pálffy von Erdöd as of the mid-18th century, and a c­ ollection of prints by theatre architect and stage designer Ludovico Burnacini (1636–1707), there is no evidence of the purchases made. Generally, no inventory accounting books or lists of collection items have as yet been found for the period between 1943 and 1945. The only relevant documents are correspondence items available at the Vienna University Archive and the Austrian State ­Archives, based on which research into the library and collection history of the Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies was started a few years ago. First results were directly integrated into an exhibition on how the Central Institute of Theatre Studies was founded at the University of Vienna, entitled “Wissenschaft nach der Mode”  ? (‘A discipline following fashion  ?’), which was shown at the Department in 2008. Although a list of the items in the collection drawn up in July 1945 by Kindermann’s successor Eduard Castle (1875–1959) exists, to this day not all the objects on the list have been found.

Fig. 2: The library rooms of the Central Institute, May 1943

The process of collecting material was continued after 1945 too, but as for the previous years, hardly any notes on provenance, purchase sums, or documents on donations exist. Presumably the collections had mostly been donations and were used in a private research library by the management of the Institute. At present, the Theatre History Archive contains collections of newspaper clippings, theatre playbills and programmes, which are referred to in Heinz Kindermann’s correspondence with several theatre managers of the German Reich under the designated focuses of the collection, ‘European Contemporary Theatre’ and ‘War Theatre’. Furthermore, for a long time it was only possible to locate a few of the folders of the former picture archive containing portraits of actors in etchings and photographs. It was not until 2011, in cooperation with provenance researcher Christina Gschiel, that the missing items could be traced, identified and brought back to the Department. The archive also contains maThe Theatre History Archive 

] 163

Fig. 3: Box containing index cards for an archive of newspaper reviews, created in 1943/44, discovered in 2008

terial from the theatre archive Alfred Leuschke (biographical data unknown), which was purchased by the City of Vienna and entrusted to the then Central Institute of Theatre Studies, and documents from the archive on censorship established by Heinrich Hubert Houben (1875–1935). In addition, the archive comprises material on film studies between 1943–45, which were compared to corresponding items in the Vienna University Archive and made accessible in the course of a research project in 2009 and 2010. Material archived by other institutions was also discovered at the Department. For example, in 2007 an extensive part of the collection of Louise Dumont (1862–1932) and Gustav Lindemann (1872–1960) was found. It was presumably on the occasion of the Euro164  ]  Birgit Peter

pean Theatre Exhibition at the Vienna Künstlerhaus in 1955, curated by Heinz Kindermann, that these valuable correspondences were brought to the Institute, where they remained for 60 years before being rediscovered and restored to the Dumont-Lindemann Archive of the City of Düsseldorf (Theatre Museum of the State Capital Düsseldorf ). By contrast, an extensive portion of the bequest of Baron Alfred von Berger (1853–1912), writer and theatre manager, was legitimately donated to the Institute by his niece, the writer Gisela Berger (1879– 1960). Berger’s bequest also contains the partial bequest of his wife, Burgtheater actor Stella Hohenfels (1857– 1920). Stella Kadmon, theatre and cabaret manager in Vienna (1902–1989), left documents of her theatre work in Vienna, Palestine and Israel to the Department. The

archive also features a part of the former Max Reinhardt Archive Salzburg, and the bequests or partial bequests of Gemma Boić (1883–1914), Hans Weigel (1908– 1991), Richard Flatter (1891–1960), Heinrich Glücks­ mann (1864–1947), Berta Zuckerkandl (1864–1945), Alfred Zohner (1903–1967), Max Mell (1882–1971), Max Paulsen (1876–1956), collections of material on Eleonore Duse (1858–1924), Josef Kainz (1858–1910), Oskar Werner (1922–1985), Leon Epp (1905–1968), as well as material from the Deutsches Volkstheater, Carltheater and Theater in der Josefstadt, all located in Vienna. The comprehensive archive of the Dramatisches Zentrum, an experimental theatre in Vienna, is currently being reviewed in the course of a dissertation project funded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Finally, one should not neglect to mention the three-dimensional objects, such as statues and masks. However, the stage models that were on display at the Central Institute in 1943/44 have so far not been rediscovered. Address  : Institut für Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft (Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies) Hofburg, Batthyanystiege 1010 Vienna Further reading  : Eduard Castle  : DENKSCHRIFT zu der Frage über die Erhaltung des Zentralinstituts für Theaterwissenschaft in Wien. In  : Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für Wiener Theaterforschung 1945/46. Vienna 1946, pp. 234–241. Wissenschaft nach der Mode  ? Die Gründung des Zentralinstituts für Theaterwissenschaft an der Universität Wien. Ed. Birgit Peter and Martina Payr. Vienna 2008.

Fig. 4: Josef Kainz as Hamlet, by Sandor Járay (1870–1928), plaster cast of the model for a Kainz monument in Vienna, district of Währing, before 1910

The Theatre History Archive 

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Klemens Gruber, David Martín-Krems

THE INTER MEDIAL IM AGE ARCHIVE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THEATRE, FIL M AND MEDIA STUDIES (TFM)

I go to the theatre every day. Walter Benjamin, 1925 The significance of an academic collection of images cannot be measured according to quantitative or archival criteria only, but is primarily defined by the conceptual approach behind it. The renaming of the former Institute of Theatre Studies as the Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies (in short  : TFM) in 1999 also had a corresponding effect on the Theatre Studies slide collection containing several thousand slides, which at the time were locked away and gathering dust. A ­ fter several attempts to reorganise the collection before the onset of digitisation in the field of archiving images, the tasks of creating a new scientific design and a digital archive for the images were now combined. It appeared reasonable to redefine the collection as an image ­archive focusing on the interrelationships of the subject areas theatre, film and media that were now linked. At the onset of the 20th century, the relationship between media and artists became a dominant issue. Propelled by technical innovations, particularly the possibility of reproduction, art forms that used to be regarded as separate entered into a productive discourse, in which the in-between gained special importance. Based on the redefinition of the arts by the international avant-garde of the 1910s and 1920s, today a modern, intermedially oriented image archive has the task to document the new imagery of the 20th century. The Intermedial ­Image ­A rchive (IMIA) has a special focus on more unusual fields which are being overlooked by mainstream culture and escape the entertainment industry, and also devotes attention to the image-generating media, i.e., the technically most advanced devices.

Fig. 1: Dramatizing a typewriter, 1921

Two lines of technical development have characterised archive work over the past few years  : One is the fact that the hardware and diverse storage software used in the field of digitising images of diverse origin, often selfmade in order to meet the needs of a certain discipline, are more and more rapidly outdated. The second lies in the worldwide intercommunication through the Internet and the ensuing sudden mass circulation of digital images, which has created a totally new situation  : Research

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line with the idea of a productive archive. Other important fields of work are the maintenance of existing images by means of digitisation and long-term storage, the development of new material through research, and accessibility. The aim is to provide easy access for all members of the Department as well as students, using the existing structures of the university. The connection of IMIA data to already existing interdepartmental ­image databases is a logical step in this direction, which is now under way. Finally, one must not neglect to provide some key data such as usually appear at the beginning of an ­article of this type  : The Intermedial Image Archive (IMIA) at the Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies is based on a foundation of approximately 12,000 slides and has been continually expanded by adding images from various audiovisual sources since 2004. In addition to early avant-garde and theatre history, photography, the history of television and video art are the current ­focuses of the collection.

Fig. 2: Nam June Paik on his TV Chair, 1976

for images has since been possible at any time, using a random web browser. While the results as to quality and reliability of the sources sometimes depend on chance, minimum standards are followed by many online image archives, some of them accessible free of charge. Since a university department’s archive hardly has the means to purchase costly originals, but must, in most cases, resort to using material that has been published before, the prime asset of such a collection will lie in its content and structure. Thus, rather than amassing material values, the core task of such an archive is to connect data, to create interlinks and to systematically expand the collection. This method of working relates to the already existing material as well as to material under development, in 168  ]  Klemens Gruber, David Martín-Krems

Address  : Institut für Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft (Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies) Althanstrasse 12–14 1090 Vienna Further reading  : Mapping Intermediality in Performance. Ed. Sarah Bay-Cheng, Chiel Kattenbelt, Andrew Lavender and Robin Nelson, Amsterdam 2010.

Thomas Maisel

THE HISTORIC AL COLLECTIONS OF THE VIENNA UNIVERSIT Y ARCHIVE

In modern usage, the term ‘archive’ often refers to the accumulation of documents of every kind that relate to the past and serve the purpose of remembrance or memory, and include a relevant number of ‘objects’ (in a broad sense). Many institutions that maintain collections are referred to as archives, or ‘archive’ is part of their names. The Vienna University Archive is, in fact, an archive in the strict sense of the word  : an institution that preserves documents which have been generated in the course of activities carried out by a legal or natural person (in our case  : the University of Vienna and its organisational units), which are no longer needed for running the current business and are regarded as ‘worthy of archiving’. In the present day, respect des fonds, i.e. provenance, has gained acceptance as the guiding principle of archival arrangement and preservation, as it ensures that the origin of archived documents is reflected in an appropriate context. As many other administrative archives, the Vienna University Archive includes both archival documents in a narrow sense, i.e. administrative records that have become historical, and other collection materials. They are different to archival records, as they are not arranged with regard to provenance but according to subject-­ related or formal criteria. The majority of collections in the Vienna University Archive are continually supplemented by means of donations and dedications and, less often, by purchases. The aim here is to acquire objects that are connected with the history of the University and can thus contribute to the historical sources of the University of Vienna. The collections that will be discussed in this article are invaluable additions to the traditional archival records.

Fig. 1: The Celtis Box (1508), named after humanist Konrad Celtis (1459– 1508), UA Wien 114.1

The Permanent Exhibition

The permanent exhibition is the result of plans, which have not been carried out, to establish a separate university museum that specialises in the history of the University of Vienna. The first endeavours in this field date back to 1914, when the special exhibition Der Student was organised in Leipzig, Germany, to which the University of Vienna contributed a number of objects. Since then, it has been repeatedly planned to present these objects, which include the famous Celtis Box from 1508, in a separate university museum in Vienna. This plan was also pursued during the time of the Nazis, when Rector Fritz Knoll (1938–1942/43) gave a pounce sprinkler found at the Rectorate to the Vienna University Archive, which was then still located in the Main Building of the University. The covering letter says, ‘These relics of the past of our University shall be preserved until the University The Historical Collections of the Vienna University Archive 

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Fig. 2: Poet’s crown of the collegium poetarum et mathematicorum (reconstruction), 2008, UA Wien 114.129

Museum of Vienna which I am planning has been estab­ lished. They shall be exhibited there. Vienna, summer 1943. [signed  : F. Knoll]’. Knoll’s initiative may have been inspired by the ideas of Richard Meister (1881–1964), Professor of Education, as well as of Classical Philology, Dean (1930/31) and Rector (1949/50), and later President of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (1951–1963), who took an active interest in the University’s history for many years, particularly as a member of the Federal Cultural Council during the years of corporate statism, as well as after 1945, and had a strong influence on the organisation of academic life and its institutions in Austria. In 1950, during Meister’s tenure as Rector, Vienna’s University Museum was opened in the Small Ceremonial Chamber (Kleiner Festsaal) of the Main Building. However, it lasted hardly longer than its founder’s tenure. The room was needed for functions, and in 1956 the exhibits were transferred to the Archive to be preserved there. When the Vienna University Archive was moved from the Main Building to its present location in the previous main building of the former university location in 1979/80, the University Museum was formally reopened. This turned out to be mostly a declaration of 170  ]  Thomas Maisel

intent, however, because it was not actually consolidated as an institution. The rooms assigned to the Archive include the former Jesuit refectory, a large room from the late 17th century with showcases where objects and ­archived documents are displayed. A regular museum with different exhibitions and clearly defined opening hours has never existed, for financial and personnel reasons. It is therefore more appropriate to refer to this collection as a permanent exhibition of the Vienna University Archive rather than a museum. Tours for groups can be organised by prior appointment, depending on staff resources and schedules. The room also serves to accommodate presentations by the Archive in the context of courses, as well as for lectures. The permanent exhibition currently comprises around 130 museum objects, even though not all of them are displayed in the showcases. In addition, objects from other collections and a few archived documents are displayed in the refectory. The most prominent object is the Celtis Box from 1508, undoubtedly the most important and most valuable exhibit of the permanent exhibition. It is a painted wooden cube of a side length of 31 cm that was produced immediately after the death of Konrad Celtis (1459–1508), a famous humanist, for preserving the insignia of the collegium poetarum et mathe­ maticorum. It was rediscovered in 1876 in the vault of the old university house between the registrar’s office and the archive proper. The faces were painted by an unknown artist, possibly a pupil of Albrecht Dürer or Hans Burgk­mair the Elder. Of the insignia which were originally kept in the box and used for the coronation of poets laureate, only the stamp seal has been preserved. The newest addition to the collection is directly related to it  : a replica produced in 2008 of the silver laurel crown that was used until the 18th century for the coronation of poets laureate. The ‘military’ history of the University is represented by three drums, the two older of which were probably used as early as in 1683, by the academic troops who helped defend the city walls against the Turkish army. The more recent drum dates back to 1797, the

Fig. 3: Plaster model of the arcades in the Main Building of the University of Vienna, around 1890, UA Wien 114.95

time of the War of the First Coalition (French Revolutionary Wars), when academic troops composed of students, doctors and professors (as officers) marched from Vienna to Klosterneuburg, Lower Austria, before the Treaty of Campo Formio was signed and thwarted any further heroic acts. The Revolution of 1848 involved more bloodshed, when the academic legion of students from all academic institutions of Vienna (the University, the Polytechnic School and the Academy of Fine Arts) formed the spearhead of the revolution in Vienna. The majority of the objects displayed are permanent loans of

the Museum of the City of Vienna (Wien Museum)  : swords of the academic legion and a muzzle-loader with bayonet from Vienna’s armoury, where the students had obtained their arms. In addition, other objects such as a few fraternities’ paraphernalia, flags, building models of the former university location, figurines, academic dress (gowns, collars, birettas), technical instruments and old furniture, are displayed.

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The Medal Collection

The medal collection of the Archive is one of three coin and medal collections owned by the University of Vienna. The other two collections are maintained by the Department of Numismatics. It originates from donations and contributions by academic officials, as well as specific purchases by the Archive, over more than 100 years. Gifts exchanged in the context of international contacts between universities and their rectors are another important sources. Orders and medals from various bequests, as well as donations and legacies, are also preserved in this collection. The period that is primarily covered comprises the 19th and 20th centuries. However, the oldest medal is considerably older and dates back to 1624. At present, 376 objects have been inventoried and can be searched online through the archive information system of the Vienna University Archive, and most of the entries include images. The collection basically consists of two large categories of medals  : medals awarded to academic institutions, and medals awarded to persons. The first group includes universities, colleges, acad­emies and academic departments. They reflect the national and international contacts of the University of Vienna. In the second group, i.e. medals awarded to persons, the focus is, rather, on Austria. Many medals were awarded to honour professors, commissioned by universities, friends, students, relatives or colleagues. The Collection of Images (Photographs, Prints, Paintings)

The objects in the collection are subdivided into several groups, which are defined by formal and subject-related criteria. The photo archive focusing on the history of the University is one of them  : Its origin goes back to the purchase of the ‘Fessl Collection’ in 1958. Johann Fessl had worked as a building overseer at the University of Vienna for many years, and collected photographs, particularly portraits, of professors working at 172  ]  Thomas Maisel

the University, and of university buildings. The majority of images have also been preserved on glass plate negatives. In the course of 50 years, numerous new photographs were added, many of them from donations, but a large number were also commissioned by the Archive, primarily photographs of valuable archived documents and insignia. The collection includes three photograph albums, some very richly ornamented, from the 19th and early 20th centuries, presented by friends and students in honour of their professors. The group of photographs relating to the history of the University alone comprises as many as 4,000 items. Another group consists of approximately 5,200 negatives, which the University purchased from the archive of the Vouk photo studio in 2002. The Vouk studio made photographs on behalf of the University from the late 1940s onwards, particularly of academic functions and events, but also portraits of academic officials and photos of university buildings and insignia. Another important group of images has been compiled in the collection of engravings, drawings and artistic prints, comprising almost 1000 individual sheets. In addition, the collection holds numerous engravings and prints of portraits of academics and scholars from the 16th to the 20th century, as well as a set of student postcards showing fraternity themes, a number of caricatures on student and university matters, and images of the 1848 revolution, as well as of university buildings. As the collection of images comprises a large number of items, it enables the key aspects of the history of the University of Vienna to be illustrated. The Vienna University Archive also includes 29 oil paintings, almost all of them portraits, many of which had originally been part of the rectors’ gallery. Around the late 17th century it became a tradition to have portraits of the rectors of the University of Vienna painted. The earlier paintings depict the full body, and later, head-and-shoulder portraits were usually commissioned. The oldest portrait shows Paul de Sorbait (1624–1691), a famous ‘plague physician’ who became Rector in 1668. At the present day, the majority of baroque paintings hang in the

Fig. 4: Two students in the revolution year of 1848, unknown artist, UA Wien 135.880

Main Ceremonial Chamber and the Senate Meeting Hall in the Main Building on the Ringstrasse. Two are presented in the Archive’s permanent exhibition  : a portrait of Rector Laurentius Grüner (1682/83) and Rector Josef Anton Öttl (1707/08). In 1848, the collection of rectors’ portraits was alienated from the University in a manner so far unexplainable. After the new Main Building on the Ringstrasse was opened in 1884, many paintings from the baroque rectors’ gallery were donated to the University by Graf Hans Wilczek (1837–

1922), philanthropist and patron, who is still remembered today as the founder of the Viennese ambulance service, provider of funds for the North Pole expedition by Payer and Weyprecht, and the builder of Kreuzenstein Castle. His portrait also forms part of the Arch­ ive’s collection. Today, most of the rectors’ portraits hang in the Rectorate, the Senate Meeting Room and the Main Ceremonial Chamber. Another portrait of outstanding quality is worthy of mention in this context  : the painting of Joseph von The Historical Collections of the Vienna University Archive 

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Fig. 6: Album sheet in Theodor Storm’s handwriting with a verse dedicated to student Josef Blumenstock (later name: Halban), 1887, UA Wien 150.60

been integrated into the archive information system, as have the images preserved in the Archive. Personal Papers and Autographs

Fig. 5: Josef von Sonnenfels (1733–1817), Professor of Public Policy Studies and Cameralism (Government) at the University of Vienna, and Rector in 1793 and 1795, UA Wien 105.P.276

Sonnenfels (1733–1817), who had been Rector twice, in 1793 and 1795, and was a renowned exponent of the Austrian Enlightenment, as well as Professor of Public Policy Studies and Cameralism (Government). The portrait, which was donated to the University in 1778 with the permission of the highest authority, was probably painted by Anton Graff (1736–1813), a famous portrait and landscape painter who also portrayed Lessing and Schiller. It had hung in the rooms of the Faculty of Law for many years, and in 1988 was transferred to the permanent exhibition of the Vienna University Archive. In the same year, the Archive drew up a central inventory of all portraits owned by the University of Vienna (project by Günter [Tobias] Natter), which have meanwhile 174  ]  Thomas Maisel

Even though personal papers and autographs are two separate collection parts, there are many similarities and links between the two groups. The Vienna University Archive, which was until 1953 maintained as a second job by archivists of the Austrian State Archives, has not always been the main institution for keeping the personal papers of professors. Some of them are still p ­ reserved at the Vienna University Library and in various departments. After the Second World War, the ­majority of personal papers were moved to the Vienna University Archive. Many of them are small, and should therefore rather be regarded as partial or fragmentary, or just isolated items. The apparently large number of over 100 estates must thus be qualified. The Archive gen­erally accepts any items that comprise the typical material main classes of estates and relate to persons whose activities have been closely connected with the University of Vienna  : biographical documents (identification cards, certificates, diplomas, etc.), correspondence, writings (manuscripts, excerpts, index cards, etc.), as well as collections of photographs, special prints, etc.. Personal papers

Fig. 7: The oldest document preserved by the Vienna University Archive was issued approximately 130 years before the founding of the University of Vienna: on 10 May, between 1224 and 1236, and documents the granting by Babenberg Duke Heinrich the Younger of Mödling (1177/82[?]–1236[?]) of four fiefs in ‘Suwering’ to the church on ‘Weirochperge’ (Landstrasse, Vienna), UA Wien 108.A.1

in the form of documents preserved at an academic’s former workplace continue to be taken over by the Archive. Furthermore, the Archive also maintains personal papers bequeathed to the Archive premortem. Usually, care is taken to keep personal papers complete and not to divide them. As a rule, all personal papers from estates, as well as the rest of the archived documents, can be perused in the Archive’s reading room. However, access to the documents may be restricted – due, on the one hand, to the Archive’s rules of use, and, on the other, to any specific agreements made when the material was transferred to the Archive, which also have to be taken into account. The Collection of Charters

Documents that establish or secure rights and titles and serve as evidence constitute the original fonds of

the Vienna University Archive, and are thus part of the archived documents. The collection includes the deeds of foundation of the University of Vienna from 1365  : Duke Rudolf ’s foundation letter in Latin and German, and the papal agreement confirmed by Pope Urban V. It has become a tradition in many archives to compile documents of the medieval and early modern periods as a separate subgroup based on formal characteristics (written on parchment, large sizes, seals attached) and to store them together. In the case of the Vienna University Archive, this applies to a find of documents in the Celtis Box detected in the old registrar’s office in 1876. However, this find was not related to the collegium poetarum, for which the box had been built in 1508, but had obviously been placed there by a registrar at an unknown point in time. What is remarkable is that many of the documents date from the 13th century, i.e. they were issued long before the foundation of the University. They The Historical Collections of the Vienna University Archive 

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had originally been owned by the Cistercian nuns of St. Niklas, a monastery which, until the 1529 Ottoman Siege of Vienna, had been located near Stubentor in the Landstrasse district, and part of whose possessions had been transferred to the University when the community was dissolved in the 16th century. Other Collections

The Vienna University Archive holds other collections as well – mostly smaller ones, which have not been analysed to the extent that would be desirable. They include the following  : portrait busts and sculptures  ; a collection of plans  ; the collectio documentorum academicorum (certificates, university membership cards, etc.)  ; wall maps (geographic and historical wall maps for teaching purposes)  ; audio tapes and audio cassettes  ; matrices (seals, signets)  ; a collection of seals (impressions)  ; obituaries and notices of death  ; embossing stamps for decorations of honour  ; posters  ; leaflets  ; the ‘Schrauf ’ biographical collection of materials (copies and excerpts from biographical sources, as well as biographical essays by Karl Schrauf on Viennese university teachers of the 15th to 18th centuries)  ; a collection of leaflets on the revolution year of 1848  ; a newspaper documentation from the 20th century  ; as well as a collection of educational films, including films used for teaching. Address  : Archiv der Universität Wien (Vienna University Archive) Postgasse 9 1010 Vienna Further links  : http://bibliothek.univie.ac.at/archiv http://geschichte.univie.ac.at/en Further reading (selection)  : Hölbling, Lothar  : Medaillen der Wissenschaft. Die Sammlung des Archivs der Universität Wien Wien 1998 (= Schriftenreihe des Universitätsarchivs, Universität Wien, Band 13). Maisel, Thomas  : Ein Museum, das es gar nicht gibt. Die Schau­

176  ]  Thomas Maisel

sammlung des Wiener Universitätsarchivs. In  : Neues Museum 2 (1992), pp. 11–14. Maisel, Thomas  : Die Nachlass-Sammlung im Archiv der Universität Wien. In  : Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs 56 (2011). Mühlberger, Kurt/Wakounig, Marija  : Vom Konsistorialarchiv zum Zentralarchiv der Universität Wien. Die Neuorganisation und Erweiterung des Archivs der Universität Wien im 19. Jahrhundert unter der Einflussnahme Theodor von Sickels. In  : Scrinium 35 (1986), pp. 190–213. Mühlberger, Kurt/Maisel, Thomas  : Archiv der Universität Wien. In  : Scrinium 63 (2009), pp. 67–74. Natter, Günter [Tobias]  : Die Gemälde der Universität Wien. Eine historische Dokumentation. Doctoral thesis, University of Vienna 1988. Riess, Marta/Seidl, Johannes  : Die Universität im Blick. Das Bildarchiv des Archivs der Universität Wien wird digitalisiert – ein Werkstattbericht. In  : Mitteilungen des VÖB 62 (2009) Nr. 1, pp. 7–16. Seidl, Johannes  : Von der Immatrikulation zur Promotion. Ausgewählte Quellen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts zur biografischen Erforschung von Studierenden an der Philosophischen Fakultät aus den Beständen des Archivs der Universität Wien. In  : Stadtarchiv und Stadtgeschichte. Forschungen und Innovationen. Festschrift für Fritz Mayerhofer zur Vollendung seines 60. Geburtstages (= Historisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz 2003/2004, Linz 2004) pp. 289– 302.

Isolde Baum, Thomas Posch

THE VIENNA UNIVERSIT Y OBSERVATORY AND THE MUSEUM OF THE DEPARTMENT OF A STROPHYSICS

As early as in the 15th century the University of Vienna already had renowned astronomers such as Johannes von Gmunden (approx. 1380–1442), Georg von Peuerbach (1423–1461) and Johannes Müller von Königsberg, known by the epithet ‘Regiomontanus’ (1436–1476). However, a university observatory in its own right was not established before 1755. Jesuit Father Maximilian Hell (1720–92), famous for his expedition to Lapland to observe the transit of Venus in 1769, was one of its first directors. At that time, the University Observatory was just a wooden structure on the roof of the former main university building, which since 1857 has housed the Austrian Academy of Sciences. It took until the late 19th century, and several decades of preparation, before the Vienna University Observatory was established in a separate, newly constructed building. Since 1874 it has been located in the southernmost part of Türkenschanze in today’s district of Währing, then a suburb of Vienna, and on 5 June 1883 its opening ceremony took place in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph I. The observatory was built by the two most outstanding theatre architects of the Austro-Hungarian Empire  : Ferdinand Fellner (1847–1916) and Hermann Helmer (1849–1919). They realised a representative building in Renaissance Revival style on an area of approximately 100 x 70 m. At that time, the location of the building was well-suited for astronomical observation, but already around 1900, the rapidly expanding city and the massive increase in street lamps gave rise to plans for a branch observatory in the Alpine region. It took until 1969 before the Leopold Figl Observatory was built on Mount Schöpfl in the Wienerwald forest. The new Observatory at the Türkenschanze plateau, in addition to a library, was also equipped with specially

Fig. 1: Entrance hall with stairs and glass roof

manufactured, excellent refracting telescopes of diameters of up to 68 cm and focal lengths of up to 10.5 m, which were mounted in the four cupolas. From 1880 to 1883, most of the inventory of the former University Observatory, as well as an ample stock of astronomical literature that had been compiled in the course of time, was moved to the new location. Since 1990, the southern wing of the Observatory has housed a small museum. It is situated in two rooms of the former director’s flat and boasts historical telescopes, accessories to telescopes, angular measuring instruments, various types of clock, star charts, globes and art objects, such as a plaster model of a Kepler statue. The complete inventory of objects, which has recently been published as a book, gives descriptions of 150 items. Today, the collection of historical instruments plays no significant role for teaching – with the exception of a large spectrograph in the optical laboratory. However, it is extraordinarily important for the numerous guided tours of the Observatory.

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Fig. 2: Large 68 cm refractor designed by Grubb, Dublin, in the main cupola of the University Observatory: At the time of its completion in 1883 it was the largest refracting telescope in the world.

The outstanding exhibits in the collection include a chronometer dating back to 1784, manufactured by English clockmaker John Arnold (1736–1799). Its long history of production and use is reflected in repeated modifications of the clock in 1874 and 1928. It had been given to meteorologist Anton Pilgram (1730–1793) by Emperor Joseph II, and was then owned by Austria’s only woman astronomer of the baroque period, Elisabeth von Matt (approx. 1762–1814), and was later 178  ]  Isolde Baum, Thomas Posch

purchased by the Observatory. The sextant developed by British instrument maker Edward Troughton (1753–1853) was manufactured around 1800, and has a radius of 25 cm. Several filters of different colours can be inserted in its optical path, which is important particularly for determining solar altitude. This instrument was very useful for defining geographical positions, and had also been owned by Elisabeth von Matt. The dialytic telescope from the workshops of Viennese optician

Fig. 3: One of the two rooms of the Observatory Museum in the former director’s flat

Georg Simon Plößl (1794–1868) has a lens diameter of 10.4 cm and a focal length of approximately 1.25 m, which is a considerable size for a telescope in the first third of the 19th century. On grounds of the good quality of images (good definition, little chromatic aberration), Plößl’s instruments were held in high esteem by contemporaries throughout Europe. The collection also includes a number of special globes (Moon, Mars). In this context, the pair of globes designed by Joseph Jüttner (1775–1848) around 1838/39 is worthy of mention  : Each of the two globes, one celestial and one terrestrial, has a diameter of 63 cm and comes from a Viennese workshop. In addition to the objects exhibited in the Observa­ tory Museum, the astronomical collection also includes large instruments, the majority of which have been

mounted in the four cupolas of the Observatory and are still operational  : for instance, a series of refracting telescopes with diameters between 21 cm and 68 cm, as well as a reflecting telescope whose mirror was produced by renowned optician Bernhard Schmidt (1879–1935). The rooms of the Observatory Museum also house the Rare Book Collection of the Astronomy Library, which comprises around 760 titles from the time between 1473 and 1800. They include – mostly well-preserved – first editions of books by Georg von Peuerbach, Regiomontanus, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) and Johannes Kepler (1571–1630). These books have repeatedly been made available for exhibitions (on history of art or science) and lent to other institutions. The collection also boasts colourful folios, for instance by Peter Apian (1495–1552) and Andreas Cellarius (1596–1665), which

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Fig. 4: Illustration of the Copernican system in the ‘Harmonia Macrocosmica’, by Andreas Cellarius, 1661

were of extraordinary significance for the dissemination of astronomical expertise. In fact, the collection of rare books continues to be a source for historical academic studies, and in recent years, the historical stock of books has started to be digitised in order to enable a better preservation of the original works. Finally, there is a stock of large photographic plates and glass slides from the 20th century, which have not 180  ]  Isolde Baum, Thomas Posch

yet been fully inventoried. These images show numerous starfields, astronomical objects, telescopes and observa­ tories of past epochs. As the glass slides were still used for teaching until a few decades ago, they also include many photographs from textbooks. This part of the collection has been digitised since 2009 and can be accessed online.

Address  : Institut für Astrophysik (Department of Astrophysics) Universitätssternwarte Türkenschanzstrasse 17 1090 Vienna Further link  :

http://astro.univie.ac.at/en/home

Further reading (selection)  : Die Geschichte der Universitätssternwarte Wien. Dargestellt anhand ihrer historischen Instrumente und eines Manuskripts von Johann Steinmayr. Ed. Jürgen Hamel, Isolde Müller and Thomas Posch. Frankfurt/Main 2010. Kerschbaum, Franz/Posch, Thomas  : Der historische Buchbestand der Universitätssternwarte Wien. Ein illustrierter Katalog. Teil 1  : 15. bis 17. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt/Main, Vienna et al. 2005. Kerschbaum, Franz/Lackner, Karin/Müller, Isolde/Ottensamer, Roland/Posch, Thomas  : Der historische Buchbestand der Universitätssternwarte Wien. Ein illustrierter Katalog. Teil 2  : 18. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt/Main, Vienna et al. 2006. Schnell, Anneliese  : The University Observatory Vienna. In  : Cultural Heritage of Astronomical Observatories. From classical astronomy to modern astrophysics. Proceedings of the International ICOMOS Symposium in Hamburg, October 14–17, 2008. Ed. Gudrun Wolfschmidt. Berlin 2009 (= Monuments and Sites 18). pp. 142–149.

The Vienna University Observatory and the Museum of the Department of Astrophysics 

] 181

Fig. 1: Apples from Mondsee pile dwelling (Upper Austria), 4th millennium BC

Violetta Reiter, Alois Stuppner

THE STUDY COLLECTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC AL ARCHAEOLOGY

The study collection of the Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology was officially mentioned for the first time on 4 March 1905. Its foundation goes back to prehistorian Moriz Hoernes (1852–1917), who as of 1893 had conducted find demonstrations for teaching purposes at the Imperial-Royal Court Museum (today’s NHM Museum of Natural History), and in 1899 became the first Professor of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology at the University of Vienna, which was the first chair in this field in the German-speaking countries. The first objects in the collection were approximately 700 duplicates, which the Imperial-Royal Court Museum had eliminated from its holdings and made available to the University of Vienna. In the years to come, the study collection was continually expanded, through purchases and donations, for instance in April 1912  : Hoernes was able at the right moment to convince the then Ministry of Culture and Education to purchase the private collection of prehistoric antiquities of private collector Matthäus Much (1832–1909) after his death. Its around 24,000 objects were thus acquired and at first preserved in the ‘Much Prehistoric Museum’ at Wasagasse 4 in Vienna’s 9th district. It included important finds from the late Neolithic pile dwellings of lake Mondsee, the Late Bronze Age grave field Die Gans at Stillfried, the copper mining villages of Mitterberg (Bischofshofen) and Kelchalm (Kitzbühel), as well as the Iron Age burial mounds at Rabensburg, Bernhardsthal and Bullendorf. The study collection was even then organised according to topic areas of Vienna’s prehistoric and historical archaeology  : settlement archaeology, pile dwellings, mining, burial studies, and typology, and was used for teaching and the education of students. Today, the study collection comprises approximately 59,000 items, which

Fig. 2: Copper spiral from Mondsee pile dwelling (Upper Austria), 4th millennium BC; diameter: 32 mm

are in part presented in glass cases. The focus is on prehistoric periods, and in recent years the collection has therefore been expanded primarily through the addition of archaeological objects from protohistory, as well as the medieval and modern periods. The study collection also includes items that have been made available for the Department’s research and teaching activities. Apart from collecting and preserving purposes, the collection is of great relevance for research and teaching. It permits intensive comparative studies of objects and object groups from all periods of civilisation in prehistory and protohistory. It thus continues to be an integral part of the practical education of students. Its objects are listed in inventory books and an index of photographs. The first inventory book was probably started in 1927, based on the index of the Much Collection, and was continued until the 1990s. However, its entries no longer correspond to modern museum stand­ ards, therefore a separate project was initiated in 2005

The Study Collection of the Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology 

] 183

Fig. 3: Jewellery from the Hallstatt grave field (Upper Austria), 7th to 5th century BC

to digitise the inventory in a database, but has not yet been completed. The goal of the digitisation, which is carried out by department staff, is to record and examine the individual objects. The data that have been gathered on the items are stored in a digital image archive that is accessible across different departments, and can be used by students and teachers at any time. The archaeological finds are primarily used for teaching purposes. In determination exercises, the students learn to identify, describe and date the objects correctly, and to specify their cultural category. The direct work with the finds helps the students train the professional handling and academic recording of archaeological material. In addition, appropriate find complexes are used as sources for graduate theses. 184  ]  Violetta Reiter, Alois Stuppner

Prominent find complexes such as the remains of the pile dwellings of lake Mondsee help find answers to interdisciplinary research topics, for instance, the reconstruction of Ötzi’s way of life around 3200 BC. And geoarchaeologist Alexander Binsteiner analysed the raw materials of the flintstone utensils of the pile dwellings of lake Mondsee and thus found out that the Mondsee settlers had undertaken long expeditions across the Alps, to northern Italy. In addition, Michael Götzinger, mineralogist at the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography of the University of Vienna, analysed the blades of hand axes and stone axes based on mineral determination, and thus pointed to the preferred use of regional raw materials. The origin of ‘Mondsee copper’, which was detected in Swiss pile dwellings, has also been

studied and discussed by archaeometallurgists for many years. Outstanding items, for instance the Stillfried bronze cup from the late Bronze Age have repeatedly been loaned to organisers of special exhibitions. Furthermore, long-term loan agreements have been concluded with several regional museums. Since 2007, the study collection has organised an annual open day, which focuses on a specific theme. The activities and new find complexes of the study collection are also presented to interested students and guests throughout the year, by posters and temporary exhibitions. Address  : Institut für Urgeschichte und Historische Archäologie (Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology) Franz-Klein-Gasse 1 1190 Vienna

Fig. 4: Stillfried cup from the Die Gans grave field (Lower Austria), 8th century BC

Further link (in German)  : http://ufgsammlung.univie.ac.at Further reading  : Felgenhauer, Fritz  : Zur Geschichte des Faches “Urgeschichte” an der Universität Wien. In  : Studien zur Geschichte der Universität Wien, Band 3. Graz/Cologne 1965, pp. 7–27. Jakubovitsch, Hermann  : Die Forschungsgeschichte des Faches Urund Frühgeschichte der Universität Wien und Innsbruck im Über­ blick. Mit einem Beitrag zur Forschungsgeschichte des Burgenlandes. Doctoral thesis, University of Vienna 1983. Menghin, Oswald  : Die Neuaufstellung der Sammlung Much. In  : Urania Wochenschrift für Volksbildung, Heft 37 (1913), pp. 601–605. Stuppner, Alois/Reiter, Violetta  : Die Studiensammlung des Institutes für Ur- und Frühgeschichte. Digitalisierung 2005-2009. In  : Archäologische Universitätsmuseen und -sammlungen im Spannungsfeld von Forschung, Lehre und Öffentlichkeit. Vienna et al. 2013, pp. 529–542.

The Study Collection of the Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology 

] 185

Verena Widorn

THE WESTERN HIM AL AYA ARCHIVE VIENNA (WHAV )

The University of Vienna has conducted research on the cultural history of Inner and Southern Asia for more than 20 years, and documented its activities by photographs of art, material cultures, rituals and ceremonies, as well as everyday life and customs. The resulting visual documentation of images which, in fact, cover more than only the Western Himalaya, has been preserved and studied at the Western Himalaya Archive Vienna (WHAV ), which is among the most comprehensive teaching and research collections worldwide of visual materials of the Western Himalaya and beyond. The WHAV, which is located at the Department of History of Art, is the centrepiece of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Documentation of Inner and South Asian Cultural History (CIRDIS). It comprises a large archive of slides and photographs, a small collection of plans and maps, as well as an online image database. The majority of the original image data were produced in the past two decades, during research travels of academics who had taken part in interdisciplinary research initiatives that were financially supported through third-party funds. Apart from well-known places of worship, sights and museums in Southern, South-East and Central Asia, the expeditions covered isolated mountain regions and remote monasteries and temple complexes in India, Nepal, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region. The first expeditions took place in 1991 and 1993, directed by Deborah Klimburg-Salter, retired Professor of Asian Art History and former head of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Documentation of I­ nner and South Asian Cultural History, and followed the footsteps of famous Italian tibetologist Giuseppe Tucci (1894–1984), who had travelled to the West Himalaya, which had hardly been visited at his time  : to Himachal

Fig. 1: Bodhisattva, wall fresco in the ambulatory passage of the Tabo main temple, Himachal Pradesh (India), 2001

Pradesh and Ladakh in India, as well as western Tibet. The visual documentation of these research trips has been compiled and archived, and forms the basis of the collection, which today comprises more than 150,000 image data. The Archive holds approximately 75,000 slides documenting the attempt to comprehensively record Asia’s cultural monuments for research of art and art history, in the best possible quality. Special importance has been attached to the careful and thorough documentation of objects, architecture, rituals and festivities, as it represents the basis for further academic study. In the course of four academic expeditions to northern and eastern India, the collection could be expanded noticeably (also with regard to geographical coverage). Since around ten years ago, the images have been provided in digital form. The photographs are archived as raw image files in the RAW format, with the best possible resolution. The analogue media are being digitised, step by step, and entered in a database set up specifically for the Archive and, via the WHAV website, are made The Western Himalaya Archive Vienna (WHAV) 

] 187

Fig. 2: Wooden Hindu temple in Pangi, Himachal Pradesh (India), before (1996) and after renovation (2003)

available to staff, students and academics from Austria and abroad. The digitisation of the images and their entry in the database, which is growing continually and at present comprises around 125,000 items, also aims at the long-term preservation of the vulnerable slides, whose lifespan is limited. On the one hand, the special value of the WHAV collection is its diversity of visual media, which reflect both the interests of the scholars and photographers involved, as well as their interdisciplinary environment. On the other hand, the documentation that has been drawn up over several years helps secure findings of artistic and cultural objects, cities and villages, and illustrates change, decay and damage in the course of time. The climate change and social developments also affect remote regions  : Traditional stone, wood and clay buildings 188  ]  Verena Widorn

are being replaced by cheaper concrete structures, and dilapidated wooden temples by colourful shrines with new decorative carving. The WHAV documents this transformation, as well as conservation measures and restoration initiatives. For instance, the Archive holds the comprehensive documentation of conservation work in the context of the Nako Research and Preservation Projects (NRPP) from 2002 to 2007, which aimed at preserving a Buddhist temple complex in Himachal Pradesh with wall paintings from the 12th century. Both Vi­ ennese art historians and national and international conservation experts took part in the project. The WHAV also includes the corresponding architectural drawings, sketches and plans. In this context, the documentation of images was a relevant aspect for the reconstruction of the ceiling paintings and clay sculptures. The goal of the WHAV is long-term preservation on the one hand, and academic study and research on, as well as public accessibility of, the archived material on the other. For this reason, the identification and localisation of the images is of particular importance. During field trips, exact positions are determined by means of GPS data, in cooperation with the Department of Geography and Regional Research of the University of Vienna, and the WHAV image database is linked with a geographic information system. Interdisciplinary contacts in Austria and abroad also permit a visual documentation of excavation sites and cultural property in Afghanistan (especially from the National Museum of Afghanistan in Kabul) and the integration into the WHAV database of unique film and photographic material on rituals and ritual objects of the Tibetan Bon tradition. The latter was made available by Charles Ramble (École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris). Furthermore, the WHAV has received extraordinary visual material on India, Nepal and Afghanistan from the 1970s and 1980s for study and research purposes, as loans or donations by scholars and cooperation partners of international renown, such as Romi Khosla (Romi Khosla Design Studio, Delhi), Rob Linrothe (Department of Art History, Northwestern

University) and Jaroslav Poncar (Cologne University of ­Applied Sciences). Apart from contributing to research, the WHAV also provides visual input to almost all courses on Asian cultural history, as well as for academic work by students. Thanks to the close cooperation with, and good links to, institutions and authorities, and the integration of the local population, a unique documentation of significant Asian cultural property has been built in the course of time, which makes the WHAV an outstanding visual archive. Address  : The Western Himalaya Archive Vienna (WHAV) Institut für Kunstgeschichte Universitätscampus Spitalgasse 2–4, Hof 9.2 1090 Vienna Further link  :

http://whav.aussereurop.univie.ac.at

Further reading (selection)  : Klimburg-Salter, Deborah  : Tucci Himalayan Archives Report, 2. The 1991 Expedition to Himachal Pradesh. In  : East and West 44/1 (1994), pp. 13–82. Klimburg-Salter, Deborah  : Tabo. A Lamp for the Kingdom. Milan 1997. Klimburg-Salter, Deborah  : The Nako Preservation Project. In  : Orientations 34/5 (2003), pp. 39–45. Klimburg-Salter, Deborah  : Twice Buried, Twice Found  : Treasures of the Kabul Museum – an interview with Director Omara Khan Masoudi. In  : Orientations 36/8 (2006), pp. 86–92. Luczanits, Christian  : Buddhist Sculptures in Clay. Early Western Himalayan Art, Late 10th to Early 13th Centuries. Chicago 2004. Widorn, Verena  : The Mirkula Devi Temple in Udaipur, Lahaul  : a wooden jewel in the Western Himalaya and its role in the sacred landscape of Lahaul. Doctoral thesis, University of Vienna 2007. Widorn, Verena  : The Documentation, Archiving and Dissemination of Visual Resources. The Western Himalaya Archive Vienna. In  : Word, Picture and Song. A Transdisciplinary Dialogue. Ed. Deborah Klimburg-Salter, Kurt Tropper und Christian Jahoda. Leiden 2007 (= Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford 2003), pp. 27–44. Engel, Martin/ Polleroß, Friedrich/ Widorn, Verena  : Vom Gipsabguss zum Digitalbild. Visuelle Hilfsmittel in der Kunstgeschichte. In  : Gelehrte Objekte  ? Wege zum Wissen. Aus den Sammlungen der Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien, Ed. Hubert Szemethy a.o., Vienna 2013, pp. 168–180.

Fig. 3: Torma (cake offering) for a Protector deity, produced for a Bon ritual in Mustang (Nepal), 2010

The Western Himalaya Archive Vienna (WHAV) 

] 189

Daniel Siderits

THE ZOOLOGIC AL COLLECTION

The zoological collection is an academic collection for comparative and reference purposes, which after the dissolution in 2005 of the Institute of Zoology became part of the Department of Theoretical Biology. Since 1982 the collection has been located at the University Centre Althanstrasse, Althanstrasse 14, in Vienna’s 9th district. Its inventory of preparations includes approximately 110,000 fluid-preserved specimens, and around 350,000 dry-mounted items, which, in sum, represent the entire animal kingdom. The collection is arranged on the basis of zoological systematics, and has been indexed to a very large extent. Apart from the academic focus of the collecting activities, the collection serves an important purpose with regard to teaching, as it provides didactic aids and objects for demonstration  ; and in recent years, also with regard to archiving in the context of general research of the history of zoology studies in Vienna. Furthermore, the management of preparations from bequests of former zoologists of the University of Vienna has opened up a new area of activity. The two main parts of the collection are the collection of fluid-preserved specimens on the one hand, and of dry-mounted objects on the other. This organisational division is oriented towards the way in which animals, or animal parts, have been preserved. Fluid-preserved specimens are stored in glass jars, in alcohol of a concentration between 65 % and 70 %, and in specific cases, in 4 % formaldehyde solution. This type of conservation permits the preservation of entire bodies or organs that would easily dissolve otherwise. The items in the drymounted collection are solid structures such as skeletons, mollusc shells, crustacean exoskeletons, corals, as well as a few historical stuffed preparations and scientific models, for instance glass models from the workshop of Leopold Blaschka (1822–1895) and Rudolf

Fig. 1: Selachii (sharks), cartilaginous fish specimen in the collection of fluidpreserved specimens, around 1918

Blaschka (1857–1939), or wax models of Adolf Ziegler (1820–1889) and Friedrich Ziegler (1860–1936). Apart from this classification according to conservatory aspects, both the collection of fluid preparations and the collection of dry-mounted items consist of several subgroups that are diverse with regard to subject areas and history. In some cases, they obviously reflect not only the history The Zoological Collection 

] 191

Fig. 2: Mounted skeleton of standing Fringilla domestica L.1758 (house sparrow), bird skeleton specimen prepared by Johann Georg Ilg, prior to 1815

of the zoological collection itself but also the history of the zoological institutes of the University of Vienna. The roots of the collection go back to the year 1775, when a ‘Museum of Natural History’ (later referred to as the ‘Zoological Museum’) was established in the context of the Chair in Natural History, which was then part of the Faculty of Medicine. The Museum, which was located in the former university building, which now houses the Austrian Academy of Sciences, provided objects for demonstration from the areas of zoology, botany and mineralogy for all courses on natural history that were held in the context of the study of Medicine. In 1813–1815, the collection saw its first major enlargement, when earmarked funds were made available that allowed Johann Baptist Ritter von Scherer (1755–1844), then Professor of Natural History at the Faculty of Medicine, to purchase 345 skeleton preparations from Prague anatomist Johann Georg Ilg (1771–1836). Sev192  ]  Daniel Siderits

eral years later, in 1830, Scherer’s inventory book, which has still been preserved in the collection, already listed 3,000 objects. After the Chair in Zoology was established and zoologist Rudolf Kner (1810–1869) was appointed Professor of Zoology in 1849, the history of the collection took a meandering course. In 1851, during Kner’s tenure, the study collection of the second Chair in Natural History, which was part of the Faculty of Philosophy, was integrated into the Museum of Natural History. Parallel to that, medical scientist and comparative anatomist Joseph Hyrtl (1810–1894) established his own collection, the ‘Museum of Comparative Anatomy’. When two additional chairs in zoology were established in 1861, and Ludwig Schmarda (1819–1908) and Carl Brühl (1820–1899) were appointed Professors of Zoology, and in 1873 Carl Claus (1835–1899) became the successor of Rudolf Kner, new independent collections were compiled at the new institutes, at several locations. Both the ‘zootomical collection’ which Carl Brühl founded in 1863, and the ‘zoological comparative anatomical collection’ established by Carl Claus in 1874, received preparations from Hyrtl’s museum. In 1884, during Claus’ tenure, the zoological comparative collection in the then rifle factory (today’s address  : Währingerstrasse 11 in Vienna’s 9th district) was combined with the zoological museum, which had been maintained in the former university building until then, at the new location in the Main Building of the University on the Ringstrasse. In the year following the restructuring of the Institute in 1896, the zootomical collection, which so far had been preserved in the old rifle factory, was also integrated into the relocated collection. After 1897 the University thus had a ‘new’ First Institute of Zoology, and a Second Institute of Zoology, which shared a ‘zoological-comparative anatomical collection’ located on the Ringstrasse until 1982, when it was moved to the Biocenter. Already in 1888, an academic was appointed ‘conserver’ (the subsequent ‘curator’)  : Theodor Pintner (1857–1942), who was responsible for scientific questions concerning the zoological collection. He was

succeeded by Franz Werner (1867–1943), Helmut Hofer (1912–1989), Wilhelm Kühnelt (1905–1988) and Eduard Piffl (1921–1998). Since 1982, Hans Leo Nemeschkal has been the scientific director of the zoological collection. His staff includes technical assistants who are in charge of the everyday routine of conser­ vation, restoration, loans and preservation. Since 2007, provenance research has been an additional area of the history of science that is among the focuses of regular activities. This development, as well as the long tradition of comparative orientation, has been the reason why it was possible between 2008 and 2010 to integrate ­larger estates of the Medical University of Vienna into the zoological collection  : 275 preparations from the dissolved Museum of Anatomy, as well as 451 tissue and organ preparations from the former Department of Histology and Embryology. The new composition of the collection, which includes both macroscopic and microscopic objects, permits the consolidation of the zoological collection as a forward-looking ‘archive of organisms’ in the context of the dynamic infrastructure of a modern university, particularly with regard to minimal-invasive methods of analysis in genetics and molecular biology. In addition, these new areas, as well as the discussion of current research subjects, lend a new profile to one of the oldest collections, in terms of reputation and relevance for preservation as a cultural and academic heritage of the University of Vienna. Address  : Department für Theoretische Biologie (Department of Theoretical Biology) Biozentrum (UZA I) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Further link  : http://theoretical.univie.ac.at/zoological-collection

Fig. 3: Corrosion-cast specimen of Spermophilus citellus L.1766 (European ground squirrel) from Hyrtl’s collection: Sealing wax was injected into the blood vessels in order to visualise parts of the circulatory system, between 1865 and 1874

tute an der Universität Wien. Unapproved doctoral thesis, University of Vienna 1958. Maria Mizzaro/Luitfried Salvini-Plawen  : 150 Jahre Zoologie an der Universität Wien. In  : Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Österreich 136 (1999), pp. 9–29. Salvini-Plawen, Luitfried/Svojtka, Matthias  : Fische, Petrefakten und Gedichte  : Rudolf Kner (1810–1869) – ein Streifzug durch sein Leben und Werk. Linz 2008 (= Denisia 24).

Further reading  : Botanik und Zoologie in Österreich in den Jahren 1850 bis 1900. Ed. k.k. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Wien anlässlich der Feier ihres fünfzigjährigen Bestandes. Wien 1901. Haas, Wilhelm  : Geschichte der zoologischen Lehrkanzeln und InstiThe Zoological Collection 

] 193

Daniel Siderits

THE COLLECTION OF ZOOLOGIC AL WALL CHARTS

The collection of zoological wall charts is a collection of teaching aids. It has been an organisational part of the Department of Theoretical Biology since 2005 and is managed by the staff of the zoological collection. It consists of various large-sized image charts, which are diverse with regard to age, production method and academic-artistic graphical realisation. The charts are either paintings or images composed of several laminated prints on canvas. All charts are wall-mounted and preserved in a special teaching resources storage room at the University Centre Althanstrasse. The objects have been arranged according to zoological systematics, and have been fully catalogued. The catalogue includes a photographic index of small-sized black-and-white photographs and notes, which serve as an aid for users and as a search instrument. From the view of modern didactics, this teaching collection is primarily of historical value, as wall charts are hardly used for teaching today and have mostly been replaced by electronic media. Wall charts as a form of presentation and communication of knowledge were of relevance from around 1870 to the 1970s. However, one has to bear in mind that ongoing progress in imaging technologies for recording and displaying has made it fairly easy to access and duplicate realistic, graphically complex, schematic academic information, while in the past, the production and presentation of such images for teaching purposes involved high costs. As the newest wall charts date from the late 1970s one has to regard such charts as a tradition of proven worth until then, but was nevertheless slightly old-fashioned already at that time. Even though illustrated charts were probably used for teaching in the ‘Museum of Natural History of the University of Vienna’ already before Rudolf Kner (1810– 1869) was appointed Professor of Zoology for the first

Fig. 1: Wall chart by Rudolf Leuckhart depicting corals: living specimens (4, 5), coral anatomy (1–3) and coral development (6). Berlin, around 1880

time in 1849, it was not before the tenure of Kner’s successor Carl Claus (1835–1899) that the first systematic collection was started, around 1880. During the endeavours to modernise zoology in Vienna, Claus founded a specialised library at his institute on Schottenring 22, or in the then rifle factory (today’s address  : Währingerstrasse 11 in Vienna’s 9th district), respectively. The tasks to be performed by the library included the administration of wall charts. It cannot be excluded, however, that the two other Institutes of Zoology of the University of The Collection of Zoological Wall Charts 

] 195

Fig. 2: Wall chart No. 18 by Paul Pfurtscheller, on the anatomy of Tropidonotus natrix (grass snake), overview (1), skull skeleton (2) and circulatory system with heart and lung (3, schematic). Vienna, before 1910

Vienna, which also had their own libraries, preserved wall charts as well. In 1897, after its relocation to the new Main Building on the Ringstrasse, and after all zoological libraries and collections had been integrated into the newly founded ‘Zoological Comparative-Anatomical Collection and Library’, the existing wall charts were combined to form the collection that exists until the present day. The First and Second Zoological Institutes became the joint users and administrators of the ‘Collection and Library’ institution. In the mid 20th century, the collection and the library were separated, and after moving to the Biocenter in 1982, the former zoological library was integrated into the libraries of the Institutes of Zoology, Plant Physiology and Human Biology, to form today’s Biology Library. The wall charts continued to be administered by the Institute of Zoology. According to the catalogue and the photographic ­index, the inventory consists of a total of 874 charts, which cover the entire animal kingdom  : from micro196  ]  Daniel Siderits

scopic unicellular organisms to human beings, with the focus on comparative-anatomical, and phylogenetic-morphological aspects, respectively. A small number of charts deal with animal geography, ecology and genetics, with the latter two categories mostly dating from the 1950s to the 1970s. Among the series of charts that were purchased, approximately 200 charts initiated by Rudolf Leuckart (1822–1898) and Paul Pfurtscheller (1855–1927), are particularly worthy of mention. Apart from a few charts from various publishing houses, between half and two thirds of the existing charts are from later productions of chart painters or graphic designers employed by the Institute. The Leuckart series, which was designed between 1877 and 1892, and continued by Carl Chun (1852– 1914) is remarkable due to its high degree of academic expertise in the themes depicted. Leuckart was a zoologist and researcher himself, and the academic teacher of Claus and his later predecessor Berthold Hatschek (1854–1941). His series of charts reflect not only his own results, but also those of numerous other researchers from the exploratory phase of zoology, whose publications were important sources for the representation of the many groups of animals and subject areas c­ overed. What characterises the charts that go back to Paul Pfurtscheller from around 1900, rather than numerous detail information, is naturalistic representation, particularly with regard to the images of sections and of living animals. They are unique both graphically and in terms of subject areas, and from a didactic point of view, as serviceable as Leuckart’s charts. Both groups document zoological teaching subjects, as well as forms of teaching at the time around 1900 in an outstanding way, and due to their extraordinary quality they have, in recent years, again been the focus of academic interest.

Address  : Department für Theoretische Biologie (Department of Theoretical Biology) Biozentrum (UZA I) Althanstrasse 14 1090 Wien Further reading  : Abbott, Alison  : Visual zoology. Historic zoological wallcharts found in Pavia. In  : Nature 421 (2003), p. 580. Bucchi, Massimiano  : Images of science in the classroom  : wallcharts and science education 1850–1920. In  : British Journal for the His­ tory of Science 31 (1998), pp. 161–184. Hoßfeld, Uwe/Markert, Michael  : Historische Rollbilder  : Biologie im Blick. Zufallsfund an der Universität Jena. In  : Biologie in unserer Zeit 41 (2011), pp. 190–197. Redi, Carlo Alberto  : Visuall Zoology. The Pavia collection of Leuckart’s zoological wallcharts. Como et al. 2002.

Fig. 3 Wall chart by Rudolf Leuckhart using original images by Berthold Hatschek (published 1881) on the development of the lancet Branchiostoma lanceolatum Pallas 1774. Berlin, around 1880

The Collection of Zoological Wall Charts 

] 197

LIST OF AUTHORS

Amann, Anton, Associate Prof. (ret.) – Retired associate professor at the Department of Sociology  ; co-founder and academic head of the Paul F. Lazarsfeld Archive

Gappmayr, Alexandra – Head of the Geography and Regional Studies Library

Baum, Isolde – Former staff member at the Department of Astrophysics and the Astronomy Library

Gerhalter, Li – Academic staff member at the Department of History  ; coordinating representative of the collection of women’s personal papers

Bobrowsky, Manfred Assistant Prof. – Assistant professor at the Department of Mass Media and Communication Science  ; founder and head of the video archive

Gohm-Lezuo, Julia, Dr. – Former academic staff member at the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology

Buchner, Ralf, Dr. – Academic staff member at the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research

Gruber, Klemens, Associate Prof. – Professor of Intermediality at the Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies  ; head of the intermedial image archive

Domenig, Roland, Dr. – Associate Professor at Meiji Gakuin University, Tokyo  ; former head of the Japanese studies collection Effenberger, Herta Silvia, Associate Prof. – Professor at the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography  ; head of the mineral collection Emmerig, Hubert, Associate Prof. – Professor at the Department of Numismatics and Monetary History  ; head of the numismatic collection Engel, Martin, Dr. – Academic staff member at the Department of History of Art  ; head of the collection of photos, originals and plans Fabian, Tanja – Head of the Journalism and Communications Library Feigl, Claudia, MAS – Coordinating collection representative at the University of Vienna

Haselmair, Ruth, Dr. – Former member of the collection staff at the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology Janke, Pia, Associate Prof. – Professor at the Department of German Studies  ; founder and head of the El­ friede Jelinek Research Centre Jánosi, Peter-Christian, Associate Prof. – Associate professor at the Department of Egyptology Jörg, Irene – University lecturer at the Department of Geography and Regional Research Kainrath, Wolfgang Rudolf  – Staff member at the Geography and Regional Studies Library Kaplan, Irene – Head of the library and the collection at the Department of Egyptology

List of Authors 

] 199

Kiehn, Michael, Associate Prof. – Associate professor at the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research  ; head of the Core Facility Botanical Garden

Peter, Birgit, Dr. – Academic staff member at the Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies  ; head of the theatre history archive

Kletter, Christa, Assistant Prof. (ret.) – Retired assistant professor at the Department of Pharmacognosy  ; head of the historical collections at the Department of Pharmacognosy

Peticzka, Robert, Assistant Prof. – Assistant professor at the Department of Geography and Regional Research  ; head of the Laboratory of Physical Geography

Lang, Walter, MSc – Staff member at the Department of Geography and Regional Research

Polleroß, Friedrich, Dr. – Academic staff member at the Department of History of Art  ; former head of the slide and plaster cast collection

Lein, Richard, Associate Prof. (ret.) – Retired associate professor at the Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology  ; head of the geological archive

Popp, Friedrich, Dr. – Retired academic staff member at the Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology  ; former head of the geological collection

Lichtscheidl, Irene, Associate Prof. – Head of the Core Facility of Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research  ; head of the Cell Physiology and Scientific Film Lab

Posch, Thomas, DDr. – Academic staff member at the Department of Astrophysics  ; head of the Observatory Museum

Lipowec, Cathrin – Former member of the collection staff at the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology

Rauscher, Karl, Assistant Prof. – Assistant professor at the Department of Palaeontology  ; head of the palaeontological collection

Maisel, Thomas, MAS – Head of the Vienna University Archive

Reiter, Violetta – Former staff member at the study collection of the Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology

Martín-Krems, David – Media archivist and staff member at the intermedial image archive at the Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies

Richter, Wolfram, Full Prof. (ret.) – Retired full professor at the Department of Lithospheric Research

Meyer, Marion, Full Prof. – Head of the Department of Classical Archaeology  ; head of the archaeological collection

Sachslehner, Franz, Assistant Prof. – Assistant professor at the Faculty of Physics  ; head of the historical physics collection

Müller, Günter – Academic staff member at the Department of Social and Economic History  ; head of the collection of biographical records

Schiller, Alexander, Dr. – University assistant at the Department of South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies  ; custodian of the Erich Frauwallner Estate

200  ]  List of Authors

Schmidhofer, August, Assistant Prof. – Assistant professor at the Department of Musicology  ; head of the collection of musical instruments

Zach, Michael, Associate Prof. – Professor at the Department of African Studies  ; head of the Sudan arch­ aeo­logical collection

Schwabl, Hans-Dominik, Dr. – Retired staff member at the Business, Economics and Mathematics Library Siderits, Daniel – Former assistant curator of the zoological collection Stuppner, Alois, Assistant Prof. – Assistant professor at the Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archae­ ology  ; head of the study collection Szemethy, Hubert, Assistant Prof. – Assistant professor at the Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy  ; head of the Department’s collection Teschler-Nicola, Maria, Associate Prof. – Director of the Department of Anthropology of the NHM (Vienna Museum of Natural History)  ; university lecturer at the Department of Anthropology Till, Walter, Assistant Prof. – Assistant professor at the Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research  ; head of the Herbarium Wagreich, Michael, Associate Prof. – Professor at the Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology Waitzbauer, Wolfgang, Associate Prof. (ret.) – Retired associate professor at the Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology  ; former head of the insect collection Widorn, Verena, Dr. – University assistant at the Department of History of Art  ; head of the Western Himalaya Archive Vienna

List of Authors 

] 201

INDEX OF PERSONS

Abel, Othenio (1875–1946) – Palaeontologist  ; 1912–40 Professor of Palaeontology at the University of Vienna  ; 1932/33 Rector  ; founder of palaeobiology  | 139 Adler, Guido (1855–1941) – Musicologist  ; 1898–1927 Professor of Musicology at the University of Vienna  | 131 Alinari, brothers (Leopoldo, Romualdo and Guiseppe) – Photographers from Florence  ; pioneers of art photography  | 109 Allgayer-Kaufmann, Regine (b. 1950) – Musicologist  ; since 2002 Professor of Comparative Musicology at the University of Vienna  | 132 Apian, Peter (1495–1552) – German astronomer, geographer and mathematician  | 179 Arnberger, Erik (1917–1987) – Cartographer, geographer and speleologist  ; 1966–83 Professor of Geography at the University of Vienna  |  63, 69 Arnold, John (1736–1799) – British clockmaker and inventor of chronometers  | 178 Baldus, Édouard (1813–1889) – Photographer  ; professional architectural photographer  | 109 Bartenstein, Johann Christoph Freiherr von (1689–1767) – Politician  ; head of Austrian foreign policy affairs and tutor of future Emperor Joseph II  | 76 Baumann, Hermann (1902–1972) – Ethnologist  ; 1939–45 Professor of Ethnology at the University of Vienna  | 103 Baumgartner, Andreas Freiherr von (1793–1865) – Physicist and minister  ; 1823–55 Professor of Physics and Applied Mathematics at the University of Vienna  | 147 Becke, Friedrich Johann Karl (1855–1931) – Mineralogist and petrog­rapher  ; 1898–1927 Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna, 1918/19 head of the Department of Mineralogy and Petro­graphy  |  124, 127 Becker-Donner, Etta (1911–1975) – Ethnologist  ; Director of the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna  | 22 Benndorf, Friedrich August Otto (1838–1907) – Archaeologist  ; 1877–98 Professor of Archaeology at the University of Vienna  ; founder of the Austrian Archaeological Institute  | 33 Berger, Alfred Freiherr von (1853–1912) – Theatre manager and writer  ; 1910–12 head of the Vienna Burgtheater, husband of Stella von Hohenfels-Berger  | 164 Berger, Franz (1909–1965) – Pharmacognosist  ; director of the Vi­ ennese school of pharmacists  | 144 Berger, Gisela (1879–1960) – Poet  | 164

202  ]  Index of

Persons

Berndt, Wilhelm (dates unknown) – Merchant, publisher and globe manufacturer  | 65 Bertrand, Marcel Alexandre (1847–1907) – French geologist  ; 1886– 1907 Professor of Geology at the École des Mines de Paris  | 83 Betz, Artur (1905–1985) – Archaeologist and epigrapher  ; 1948–75 Professor of Roman History, Antiquity Studies and Epigraphy at the University of Vienna  | 26 Bisson, Auguste-Rosalie (1826–1900) – Photographer  ; pioneer of French photography, with his brother Louis-Auguste head of studio Bissons frères  | 109 Bisson, Louis-Auguste (1814–1876) – Photographer  ; pioneer of French photography, with his brother Auguste-Rosalie head of studio Bissons frères  | 109 Blaschka, Leopold (1822–1895) – Glass artist  ; manufacturer of bot­ anical and zoological glass models  | 191 Blaschka, Rudolf (1857–1939) – Glass artist  ; son and successor of Leopold Blaschka  | 191 Bobek, Hans (1903–1990) – Geographer and cartographer  ; 1951–71 Professor of Cultural Geography at the University of Vienna  | 69 Boić, Gemma (1883–1914) – Actress  | 165 Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844–1906) – Physicist  ; 1873–78 Professor of Mathematics at the University of Vienna, from 1894 Professor of Physics at the University of Vienna  | 149 Bonitz, Hermann (1814–1888) – Classical philologist  ; 1849–67 Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Vienna, founder of the Philological Department at the University of Vienna  | 26 Bormann, Eugen (1842–1917) – Expert in antiquity studies and epigrapher  ; 1885–1914 Professor of Ancient History and Epigraphy at the University of Vienna and Director of the Archaeology and Epigraphy Department  | 25f. Bösendorfer, Ludwig (1835–1919) – Piano manufacturer  | 131 Bresolin, Domenico (c. 1812 – c. 1889) Photographer  | 109 Brettauer, Josef (1835–1905) – Numismatist and ophthalmologist  ; important collector of copper engravings, coins and medals  | 135f. Brué, Adrien-Hubert (1786–1832) – Cartographer  | 69 Brückner, Eduard (1862–1927) – Geographer and glaciologist  ; 1906–27 Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Vienna  | 59f. Brühl, Carl Bernhard (1820–1899) – Zoologist and anatomist  ; 1861–90 Professor of Zootomy and Comparative Anatomy at the University of Vienna  ; founder of the Zootomical Institute  | 192 Bühler, Karl (1879–1963)  ; Psychologist and philosopher  ; 1922–38 Professor of Psychology at the University of Vienna  | 47 Bukowski von Stolzenburg, Gejza (1858–1937) – Geologist and

palaeontologist  ; chief geologist at the Imperial-Royal Geological Institute in Vienna  | 87 Burnacini, Lodovico Ottavio Freiherr von (1636–1707) – Italian theatre architect and stage designer  ; architect of Emperor Leo­pold I  | 163 Busch, Gustav Richard (1857–1918) – German actor  | 163 Castle, Eduard (1875–1959) – Literary historian and expert in theatre studies  ; Professor of German Language and Literature at the University of Vienna  | 163 Cellarius, Andreas (1596–1665) – German astronomer, mathemat­ ician and cosmographer  | 179f. Cellarius, Christoph (1638–1707) – German historian, geographer, philologist and theologist  ; 1693–1703 Professor of Rhetoric and History at the University of Halle  | 75f. Celtis, Konrad (1459–1508) – Humanist  ; from 1497 Professor of Rhetoric and Prosody at the University of Vienna  | 169f. Chun, Carl (1852–1914) – Zoologist and deep sea researcher  ; Professor of Zoology at the University of Breslau, publisher of zoological wall charts (with Rudolf Leuckart)  | 196 Clar, Eberhard (1904–1995) – Geologist  ; 1954–72 Professor of Geology at the University of Vienna  | 86 Claus, Karl Friedrich (1835–1899) – Zoologist  ; 1873–96 Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at the University of Vienna, founder and Director of the Imperial-Royal Zoological Institute in Trieste  |  192, 195f. Clüver, Philipp (1580–1622) – German geographer and historian  ; co-founder of historical geography  | 76 Conze, Alexander (1831–1914) – Archaeologist  ; 1869–77 Professor of Archaeology at the University of Vienna, co-founder of the Arch­aeology and Epigraphy Department  |  25f., 33 Cubasch, Heinrich (1849–1904) – Coin collector  | 135 Cvijić, Jovan (1865–1927) – Geologist and geographer  ; from 1893 Professor of Geography at the University of Belgrade  | 83 Demus, Otto (1902–1990) – Art historian, 1963–73 Professor of History of Art at the University of Vienna  | 120 Dichter, Ernest (1907–1991) – Psychologist  ; pioneer of motivational research  | 47f. Diener, Carl (1862–1928) – Geographer and palaeontologist  ; 1903– 28 Professor of Palaeontology at the University of Vienna, Rector in 1922  | 139f. Dittler, Emil (1882–1945) – Mineralogist  ; from 1921 Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna  | 127 Doelter y Cisterich, Cornelius (1850–1930) – Mineralogist  ; 1907–21 Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna  | 127 Doppler, Christian (1803–1853) – Mathematician and physicist  ; from 1850 Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Vienna, founder and first head of the Institute of Physics  |  147f. Dumont, Louise (1862–1932) – German actress and theatre manager  | 164

Ebers, Georg (1837–1898) – Egyptologist and writer  ; from 1875 Professor of Egyptology at the University of Leipzig  | 22 Ehrendorfer, Friedrich (b. 1927) – Botanist and expert in plant systematics  ; 1970–95 Professor of Botany at the University of Vienna, Director of the Botanical Garden  |  42, 89 Ehrhart, Jakob Friedrich (1742–1795) – German botanist  | 90 Eitelberger-Edelberg, Rudolf von (1717–1885) – Art historian  ; from 1852 first Professor of History of Art at the University of Vienna  |  109, 113, 115 Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus (1804–1849) – Botanist and philologist  ; from 1840 Professor of Botany at the University of Vienna  ; ­Director of the Botanical Garden and founder of the Botany ­Museum of the University of Vienna  |  41, 43 Ettingshausen, Andreas Freiherr von (1796–1878) – Mathematician and physicist  ; from 1821 Professor of Further Mathematics at the University of Vienna, from 1852 Director of the Institute of Physics  ; Rector in 1852  | 148f. Evans, Arthur (1851–1941) – British archaeologist  | 25 Exner, Franz Serafin (1802–1853) – Philosopher, reformer of the university and school system  | 26 Flatter, Richard (1891–1960) – Translator and writer  | 165 Fellner, Ferdinand (1847–1916) – Architect  ; in cooperation with Hermann Helmer, architect of many Viennese residential, commercial and theatre buildings  | 177 Felkl, Jan (1817–1887) – Publisher and globe manufacturer  | 65 Fenzl, Eduard (1808–1879) – Botanist  ; from 1849 Professor of Botany at the University of Vienna and Director of the Botanical Garden  |  41, 43  Ferstel, Heinrich Freiherr von (1828–1883) – Architect  ; main representative of historicist architecture and designer of Viennese Ringstrasse buildings  | 119 Fessl, Johann (dates unknown) – Building overseer at the University of Vienna  | 172 Fink, Julius (1918–1981) – Geographer and geologist  ; 1969–81 Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Vienna  |  59, 61, 63 Fischer, Hans (b. 1934) – Geographer  ; 1982–2000 Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Vienna  |  59, 61, 63 Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard (1656–1723) – Architect and builder  ; Imperial court architect and court engineer, co-founder of German late baroque architecture  | 113 Franz, Johann Georg jun. (1775–1836) – German arts dealer  | 65 Franz, Julius (1831–1915) – Architect  ; chief architect of the Egyptian viceroy  | 117 Frauwallner, Erich (1898–1974) – Indologist and expert in Buddhist studies  ; 1955–64 Professor of Indology at the Department of Indology at the University of Vienna  | 57f. Freytag, Gustav (1852–1938) – Publisher  | 65 Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von (1909–1995) – Ethnologist  ; explorer of India and the Himalayas  | 104 Index of Persons 

] 203

Gauß, Carl Friedrich (1777–1855) – German mathematician and researcher of geomagnetism  | 125f. Geitler, Lothar (1899–1990) – Botanist  ; from 1948 Professor of Botany at the University of Vienna and Director of the Botanical Garden 42, 90f.  |  Gernböck, Lotte (1927–2009) – Ethnologist  | 132 Glücksmann, Heinrich (1864–1947) – Journalist, poet, dramatist and translator  | 165 Gmunden, Johannes von (c. 1380–1442) – Astronomer and mathematician  ; from 1408 teacher at the University of Vienna  | 177 Graff, Anton (1736–1813) – Portrait and landscape painter  | 174 Grienauer, Edwin (1893–1964) – Sculptor and medalist  | 135f. Grün, Dionys Ritter von (1819–1896) – Geographer  ; 1872–75 teacher of Crown Prince Rudolf  ; from 1875 Professor of Geography at the German University of Prague  | 75f. Haberlandt, Herbert Eduard (1904–1970) – Mineralogist  ; 1948–58 Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna  | 127 Haekel, Josef (1907–1973) – Ethnologist  ; Professor of Ethnology at the University of Vienna 1950–1973  | 104 Hahn, Wolfgang (b. 1945) – Numismatist  ; 1990–2010 Professor of Numismatics at the University of Vienna  | 135 Halácsy, Eugen von (1842–1913) – Botanist and medical scientist  ; renowned plant collector  | 89 Handel-Mazzetti, Heinrich Freiherr von (1882–1940) – Botanist  ; from 1925 curator at the NHM (Museum of Natural History of Vienna)  ; renowned plant collector  | 90f. Hansen, Theophil Edvard Freiherr von (1813–1891) – Architect and builder  ; designer of Viennese Ringstrasse buildings  |  33, 119 Haselberger, Herta (1927–1974) – Art ethnologist and art historian  | 104 Hassinger, Hugo (1877–1952) – Geographer  ; 1931–50 Professor of Geography at the University of Vienna  | 69 Hatschek, Berthold (1854–1941) – Zoologist  ; 1896–1925 Professor of Zoology at the University of Vienna, head of the Second Department of Zoology  | 196f. Hauslab, Franz von (1798–1883) – Cartographer, general and painter  | 80 Heine-Geldern, Robert Freiherr von (1885–1968) – Ethnologist and archaeologist  ; 1931–38 Professor of Ethnology at the University of Vienna  | 104 Hell, Maximilian (1720–1792) – Jesuit, astronomer  ; from 1755 Professor of Astronomy at the University of Vienna and first Director of the Vienna University Observatory  | 177 Helmer, Hermann (1849–1919) – Architect  ; in cooperation with Ferdinand Fellner, architect of numerous residential, commercial and theatre buildings  | 177 Heß, Wolfgang (1926–1999) – Numismatist  ; from 1980 Main Conservator of the Munich State Coin Collection  | 137

204  ]  Index of Persons

Hirschfeld, Otto (1843–1922) – Expert in antiquity studies and epigrapher  ; 1876–85 Professor of Ancient History, Antiquity Studies and Epigraphy at the University of Vienna, co-founder of the Arch­aeology and Epigraphy Department  |  25 Hoernes, Moriz (1852–1917) – Prehistorian  ; from 1892 private lecturer of Prehistoric Archaeology at the University of Vienna, from 1911 Full Professor ad personam of Prehistoric Archaeology  | 29, 183 Hofer, Helmut (1912–1989) – Zoologist  ; curator of the zoological collection  | 193 Hohenfels, Stella (1857–1920) – actress at Burgtheater  | 164 Hornbostel, Erich von (1877–1935) – Music ethnologist  ; 1906–33 head of the Berlin Phonogram Archive  | 132 Houben, Heinrich (1875–1935) – German expert in literature studies and publicist  | 164 Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von (1769–1859) – German naturalist and traveller, co-founder of geography as an empirical science  | 69 Hyrtl, Joseph (1810–1894) – Anatomist  ; from 1845 Professor of Anatomy at the University of Vienna, founder of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy in Vienna, 1864/65 Rector  | 192f. Ilg, Johann Georg (1771–1836) – Physician, medical scientist and anatomist  ; from 1808 public teaching prosector at the Imperial-­ Royal Josephinum Academy in Vienna, from 1810 Professor of Anatomy at the University of Prague  | 192 Jacquin, Joseph Franz Freiherr von (1766–1839) – Botanist  ; from 1797 Professor of Botany and Chemistry at the University of Vienna and Director of the Botanical Garden  | 41 Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph Freiherr von (1727–1817) – Botanist  ; from 1768 Professor of Botany and Chemistry at the University of Vienna and Director of the Botanical Garden  | 41 Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert (1632–1712) – Cartographer and publisher  | 69 Jelinek, Elfriede (b. 1946) – Austrian writer and Nobel laureate  | 99ff. Junker, Hermann (1877–1962) – Egyptologist  ; from 1912 Professor of Egyptology at the University of Vienna  ; co-founder and first head of the Department of Egyptology and African Studies  | 21, 23, 159 Jüttner, Joseph (1775–1848) – Mathematician, military geographer and globe manufacturer  |  65f., 179 Kadmon, Stella (1902–1989) – Actress, comedian and theatre manager  | 164 Kassner, Carl (1864–1950) – Meteorologist  | 66f. Keck, Karl (1825–1894) – Book printer, botanist and plant collector  | 89 Kerner von Marilaun, Anton (1831–1898) – Botanist  ; 1878–98 Professor of Botany at the University of Vienna, Director of the

Botanical Garden and the Botany Museum of the University of Vienna  |  37, 42, 89f. Kindermann, Heinz (1894–1985) – Expert in literature and theatre studies  ; 1942–45 Professor of Theatre Studies at the University of Vienna  ; founder of the Department of Theatre Studies  | 163f. Klaar, Adalbert (1900–1981) – Architect, researcher of settlement and house forms  ; state conservator at the Austrian Federal Monuments Office  | 119 Klaus, Johannes (1847–1893) – Copper engraver and painter  | 116 Kleinhans, Caroline (dates unknown) – Geographer  | 67 Kner, Rudolf (1810–1869) – Zoologist  ; 1849–69 Professor of Zoology at the University of Vienna and head of the Zoological Museum of the University of Vienna  |  139, 192, 195 Knoll, Fritz (1883–1981) – Botanist  ; 1933–45 Professor of Systematic Biology at the University of Vienna and Director of the Botanical Garden, 1938–43 Rector  |  42, 169f. Kny, Leopold (1841–1916) – German botanist  ; author of botanical wall charts  | 151 Koppers, Wilhelm (1886–1961) – Ethnologist and researcher  ; 1928–39 Professor of Ethnology at the University of Vienna, cofounder of the Department of Ethnology  | 104f. Kossmat, Franz (1871–1938) – Geologist, geophysicist, palaeonto­ logist and mineralogist  ; 1894–97 Assistant at the Department of Geology at the University of Vienna  | 87 Kreil, Karl (1798–1862) – Meteorologist  ; 1851–62 first Director of the Vienna Central Institute of Meteorology and Geomagnetism  | 125 Kreiner, Josef (b. 1940) – Japanologist  ; 1971–77 Professor of Japanese Studies at the University of Vienna  | 95 Kretschmer, Ingrid (1939–2011) – Geographer  ; from 1966 Associate Professor of Cartography at the Department of Geography and Regional Research at the University of Vienna  | 69 Kubik, Gerhard (b. 1934) – Ethnomusicologist and explorer of ­Africa   | 132 Kubitschek, Wilhelm (1858–1936) – Expert in antiquity studies and numismatics  ; 1905–29 Professor of Roman Antiquity Studies and Epigraphics at the University of Vienna  | 135 Kühn, Othmar (1892–1969) – Palaeontologist and botanist  ; 1951–64 Professor of Palaeontology and Palaeobiology at the University of Vienna  ; 1960/61 Rector  | 140 Kühnelt, Wilhelm (1905–1988) – Zoologist, entomologist, ecologist and conservationist  ; at first curator of the zoological collection, 1952–76 Professor of General Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at the University of Vienna  |  93f., 193 Kundmann, Carl (1838–1919) – Sculptor, main exponent of Viennese Ringstrasse sculpture  | 26 Kupelwieser, Carl (1841–1925) – Lawyer and patron  ; founder of the Vienna Institute of Radium Research  | 149 Lang, Viktor von (1838–1921) – Physicist  ; 1865–1908 Professor of

Crystal Physics at the University of Vienna, Rector in 1884 and 1889  | 148 Langfelder, Hedy (b. 1911) – Concert pianist  ; wife of Ernest Dichter  | 47 Laugier, Robert (1722–1793) – Pharmacologist  ; 1755–68 Professor of Chemistry and Botany at the University of Vienna, first Director of the Botanical Garden  | 41 Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix (1901–1976) – Sociologist and mathematician  ; member of the Department of Psychology of the University of Vienna and co-founder of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna  |  47, 121f. Lazius, Wolfgang (1514–1565) – Humanist, historiographer, cartographer, medical scientist  ; from 1541 professor at the Medical Faculty of the University of Vienna 70  |  Lennep, A. O. van (18??–1913) – Coin collector  | 135 Leuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf (1822–1898) – Zoologist, 1869–98 Professor of Zoology and Zootomy at the University of Leipzig, pioneer of parasitology and designer of zoological wall charts  | 196f. Levasseur, Pierre Émile (1828–1911) – Statistician, geographer and economist  | 67 Lindemann, Gustav (1872–1960) – Theatre manager and director  ; co-founder of the Düsseldorf Schauspielhaus theatre  | 164 Linhart, Sepp (b. 1940) – Japanologist  ; 1978–2012 Professor of Japanese Studies at the University of Vienna  | 95 Locchi, Domenico (dates unknown) – Relief maker  | 67 Löwy, Emanuel (1857–1938) – Archaeologist  ; 1918–28 Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Vienna, collector of inscriptions of Greek sculptors  | 26 Loschmidt, Johann Josef (1821–1895) – Physicist  ; 1872–91 Professor of Physics at the University of Vienna  | 149 Luschan, Felix von (1854–1924) – Anthropologist  ; 1882 authorisation to teach Anthropology and Physical Ethnography at the University of Vienna  | 22 Machatschki, Felix Karl Ludwig (1895–1970) – Mineralogist and petrographer  ; from 1944 Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna  | 127f. Malamusi, Moya Aliya (b. 1958) – Ethnomusicologist  | 132 Martius, Theodor Wilhelm Christian (1796–1863) – Pharmacologist  ; from 1838 Honorary Professor of Pharmacognosy at the University of Erlangen  | 143 Matt, Elisabeth Freiin von (c. 1762–1814) – Astronomer  | 178 Matznetter, Josef (1917–1990) – Geographer  ; professor at the Department of Geography and Regional Research at the University of Vienna  | 59f. Meister, Richard (1881–1964) – Education expert, philologist, cultural philosopher  ; 1923–38 Professor of Education at the University of Vienna, 1938–45 Professor of Classical Philology, 1945–56 again Professor of Education  ; 1949/50 Rector  | 170 Index of Persons 

] 205

Mell, Max (1882–1971) – Dramatist, novelist, poet and essayist  | 165 Mercator, Gerhard (1512–1594) – Mathematician, geographer, cartographer and globe manufacturer  | 71 Mitscherlich, Eilhard (1794–1863) – Chemist and mineralogist  ; from 1822 Professor of Chemistry at the Berlin Friedrich Wilhelm University  | 148 Mitterauer, Michael (b. 1937) – Historian  ; 1971–2003 Professor of Social and Economic History at the University of Vienna  | 49 Mohs, Carl Friedrich Christian (1773–1839) – Mining expert, mineralogist and crystallographer  ; 1826–35 Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna, founder of academic mineralogy in Austria  | 128 Molisch, Hans (1856–1937) – Botanist  ; 1909–28 Professor of Plant Anatomy and Physiology at the University of Vienna, 1926/27 Rector  | 153 Much, Matthäus (1832–1909) – Prehistorian  ; from 1877 conservator at the Imperial-Royal Central Commission of Art and Historical Monuments, co-founder of Austrian research on prehistoric archae­ology, important private collector  |  104, 183 Münz, Ludwig (1889–1957) – Art historian  ; from 1946 Director of the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna  | 111

atician  ; teacher at the University of Vienna, court astronomer of Emperor Frederick III  |  177, 179 Pfeiffer von Wellheim, Ferdinand (1859–1935) – Lawyer and micro­ scopist  ; manufacturer of botanical serial pictures  | 151f. Pfurtscheller, Paul (1855–1927) – Zoologist  ; upper secondary school teacher in Vienna and designer of zoological wall charts  | 196 Piffl, Eduard (1921–1998) – Zoologist  ; curator of the zoological collection  | 193 Pilgram, Anton (1730–1793) – Astronomer and meteorologist  ; from 1753 assistant at the Vienna University Observatory  | 178 Pintner, Theodor (1857–1942) – Zoologist and parasitologist  ; from 1894 curator of the zoological collection at the University of Vienna  ; 1905–27 Professor of Zoology  | 192 Plößl, Simon (1794–1868) – Inventor and optician  ; pioneer of the Viennese optical industry  |  147f., 153, 179 Pomba, Cesare (1830–1898) – Geographer  | 67f. Pöch, Rudolf (1870–1921) – Anthropologist and medical scientist  ; from 1913 Professor of Anthropology and Ethnography at the University of Vienna, founder of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography  |  29ff., 104, 131 Probszt, Günther (1887–1973) – Numismatist  | 137

Nagl, Hubert (year of birth unknown) – Geoecologist  ; retired Associate Professor at the Department of Geography and Regional Research of the University of Vienna  | 61 Nemeschkal, Hans Leo (year of birth unknown) – Zoologist  ; Associate Professor at the Department of Theoretical Biology of the University of Vienna, from 1981 scientific director of the zoological collection  | 193 Neumayr, Melchior (1873–1890) – Palaeontologist  ; from 1879 first Professor of Palaeontology at the University of Vienna  ; co-founder of the Department of Palaeontology  | 139 Neurath, Paul Martin (1911–2001) – Sociologist  ; from 1991 visiting lecturer and honorary professor at the Department of Sociology at the University of Vienna, founder of the Lazarsfeld Archive  | 121

Reche, Otto (1879–1966) – Anthropologist and ethnologist  ; 1924–27 Professor of Anthropology and Ethnography at the University of Vienna  | 29f. Rechinger, Karl-Heinz (1906–1998) Botanist  ; demonstrator under Richard Wettstein, 1963–71 Director of the NHM (Museum of Natural History of Vienna)  | 37 Regiomontanus, epithet of Johannes Müller von Königsberg (1436– 1476) – Mathematician, astronomer and humanist  |  177, 179 Reichstein, Tadeus (1897–1996) – Chemist and botanist  ; 1938–60 head of the Pharmaceutical Department of the University of Basel  ; 1946–67 Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Basel, Nobel laureate  | 144 Reuss, August Emanuel von (1811–1873) – Palaeontologist and mineralogist  ; 1863–73 Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna  | 127 Riegl, Alois (1858–1905) – Art historian  ; from 1897 Professor of History of Art at the University of Vienna, co-founder of the Vienna School of History of Art  | 113 Ritter, Carl (1779–1859) – Geographer and co-founder of academic geography  ; Professor of Geography at the University of Berlin  | 75 Rittmann, Herbert (1930–1993) – Numismatist  | 137 Röck, Friedrich (1879–1953) – Ethnologist  ; co-founder and first Director of the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna  | 104 Rohrhofer, Franz (dates unknown) – Academic painter and relief maker  | 68 Rothe, Carl (1833–1917) – German teacher and naturalist  ; insect collector  | 93

Oberhummer, Eugen (1859–1944) – Geographer  ; 1902–30 Professor of Historical and Political Geography at the University of Vienna  | 69 Odhner, Willgodt Theophil (1845–1905) – Swedish engineer  ; inventor of a pinwheel calculator  | 125 Pächt, Otto (1902–1990) – Art historian, 1963–72 Professor of His­ tory of Art at the University of Vienna  | 110 Paulsen, Max (1876–1956) – Actor and director  ; 1922/23 Director of the Vienna Burgtheater  | 165 Paulsen, Rudolf (1893–1975) – Numismatist  | 137 Penck, Albrecht (1858–1945) – Geographer  ; 1885–1906 Professor of Geography at the University of Vienna  |  69, 80 Peuerbach, Georg von (1423–1461) – Astronomer and mathem-

206  ]  Index of Persons

Rugendas, Christian (1708–1781) – German copper engraver  ; son of Georg Philipp Rugendas  | 116 Rugendas, Georg Philipp (1666–1742) – German painter and copper engraver  ; father of Christian Rugendas  | 116 Sachs, Curt (1881–1959) – Musicologist and art historian  ; co-author of a systematic classification of musical instruments  | 132 Sardagna, Michele de (1833–1901) – Botanist  ; important plant collector  | 89 Saurer, Edith (1942–2011) – Historian  ; Professor of Modern and Contemporary History and doyenne of women’s and gender his­ tory  | 54f. Schebesta, Paul (1887–1967) – Ethnologist  ; pygmy researcher  | 104 Schliemann, Heinrich (1822–1890) – Expert in antiquity studies, ­archaeologist and merchant  | 25 Scherer, Johann Baptist Ritter von (1755–1844) – Medical scientist  ; 1806–33 Professor of Special Natural History at the University of Vienna  | 192 Schmarda, Ludwig Karl (1819–1908) – Zoologist and traveller  ; 1862– 83 Professor of Zoology at the University of Vienna  |  139, 192 Schmidt, Bernhard (1879–1935) – Optician  ; manufacturer of astronomical instruments and inventor of the Schmidt telescope  | 179 Schmidt, Gerhard (1924–2010) – Art historian, 1968–92 Professor of History of Art at the University of Vienna  | 110 Schmidt, Friedrich von (1825–1891) – Architect  ; professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna and Master Builder of St. Stephen’s Cathedral  | 119 Schmitson, Teutwart (1830–1863) – German animal painter  | 116 Schnellinger, Josef (1846–1904) – Coin collector  | 135 Scholz, Josef (1835–1916) – Coin collector  | 135 Schott, Eugen (1826–1905) – Coin collector  | 135 Schrauf, Albrecht (1837–1897) – Mineralogist  ; 1876–96 Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna, head of the Mineralogical Museum of the University of Vienna  |  123, 127 Schremmer, Friedrich (1914–1990) – Biologist  ; 1963–76 Professor of Zoology at the University of Heidelberg, insect collector  | 93 Schroff, Karl Damian von (1802–1887) – Pharmacologist and pharma­cognosist  ; 1850–74 Professor of General Pathology and Pharmacology at the University of Vienna, 1856/57 Rector  | 143 Schulcz, Ferenc (1838–1870) – Architect  | 119 Semper, Gottfried (1803–1879) – German architect  | 115 Seutter, Matthäus (1678–1757) – Cartographer, copper engraver, map producer and publisher  | 70f. Simony, Friedrich (1813–1896) – Geographer, geologist and alpinist, 1851–86 Professor of Geography at the University of Vienna, founder of the Department of Geography  |  69, 77ff. Simony, Oskar (1852–1915) – Mathematician and physicist  ; 1889– 1912 Professor of Physics at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, son of Friedrich Simony  | 37 Sonnenfels, Joseph Freiherr von (1733–1817) – Lawyer and states-

man  ; from 1763 Professor of Public Policy Studies and Cameralism (Government) at the University of Vienna, Rector in 1793 and 1796  | 174 Sorbait, Paulus de (1624–1691) – Physician  ; from 1654 Professor at the University of Vienna, Rector in 1668  | 172 Sotzmann, Daniel Friedrich (1754–1840) – Cartographer  | 65 Spitz, Albrecht (1883–1918) – Geologist  ; 1911–1918 at the Imperial-Royal Geological Institute in Vienna  | 87 Stefan, Friedrich (1886–1962) – Numismatist  | 137 Stefan, Josef (1835–93) – Physicist and mathematician  ; from 1863 Professor of Further Mathematics and Physics at the University of Vienna, 1876/77 Rector  | 148 Steindachner, Franz (1834–1919) – Zoologist and ichthyologist  ; 1898–1919 Director of the Imperial-Royal Court Museum of Natural History in Vienna  | 37 Steiner, Julius (1840–1918) – Botanist and teacher  ; important plant collector  | 90 Stigler, Robert (1878–1975) – First ascensionist and explorer of Mount Elgon in East Africa  | 104 Strunz, Hugo (1910–2006) – German mineralogist  | 129 Strzygowski, Josef (1862–1941) – Art historian, 1909–33 Professor of History of Art at the University of Vienna  | 114 Stuessy, Tod (b. 1943) ­– Botanist, retired full Professor of systematic and evolutionary botany at the University of Vienna  | 42 Štúr, Dionýs (1827–1893) – Geologist and palaeontologist  ; 1885–92 Director of the Imperial-Royal Geological Institute in Vienna  | 83 Suess, Eduard (1831–1914) – Geologist and politician, from 1862 professor at the University of Vienna and head of the Department of Geology  |  81ff., 85, 87 Swoboda, Karl Maria (1889–1977) – Art historian, 1946–62 Professor of History of Art at the University of Vienna  |  109, 111 Sydow, Emil (1812–1873) – Prussian colonel and cartographer  | 71 Troughton, Edward (1753–1853) – Instrument maker  ; leading manufacturer of navigational, surveying and astronomical instruments  | 178 Thausing, Moritz (1838–1884) – Expert in art and cultural history  ; 1873–82 Professor of History of Art at the University of Vienna, pioneer of the Vienna School of History of Art  |  109ff., 115 Thun-Hohenstein, Leo Graf von (1811–1888) – Politician  ; 1849–60 Minister of Culture and Education  ; reformer of the university and secondary school system  |  17, 26 Tiepolo, Giovanni Domenico (1727–1804) – Italian painter  | 115 Troger, Ernest (1926–1988) – Geographer  ; 1966–88 Professor of General Geography at the University of Vienna  | 59f. Tollmann, Alexander (1928–2007) – Geologist  ; 1969–84 Professor of Geology at the University of Vienna  | 81ff. Tschermak-Seysenegg, Gustav (1836–1927) – Mineralogist  ; 1868–77 Director of the Court Mineral Cabinet, 1868–1906 Professor of Index of Persons 

] 207

Mineralogy and Petrography at the University of Vienna, 1893/94 Rector  | 123f. Uhlig, Viktor (1857–1911) – Geologist and palaeontologist  ; from 1900 Professor of Geology and Palaeontology at the University of Vienna  ; co-founder and first President of the Geological Society in Vienna  | 139 Unger, Franz (1800–1870) – Botanist  ; 1850–66 Professor of Plant Physiology at the University of Vienna  |  151, 153 Unger, William (1837–1932) – Painter, copper engraver and etcher  ; from 1894 professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna  | 115 Vossius, Gerhard Johannes (1577–1649) – Dutch philologist and historian  | 76 Waagen, Wilhelm Heinrich (1841–1900) – Mineralogist, geologist and palaeontologist  ; from 1890 Professor of Palaeontology at the University of Vienna  | 139 Wagner-Rieger, Renate (1921–1980) – Art historian, 1958–80 Professor of History of Art at the University of Vienna  | 109 Walger, Heinrich (1829–1909) – German sculptor  | 26 Weber, Wilhelm Eduard (1804–1891) – German physicist  | 125 Weigel, Hans (1908–1991) – Theatre critic and writer  | 165 Weninger, Josef (1886–1959) – Anthropologist  ; 1927–38 Professor of Anthropology and Ethnography at the University of Vienna  | 30 Werner, Franz (1867–1939) – Zoologist  ; 1909–33 Professor of Zoology at the University of Vienna  |  93, 193 Wettstein, Richard von Westernheim (1863–1931) – Botanist  ; from 1899 Professor of Systematic Biology at the University of Vienna  ; Director of the Botanical Garden  |  37, 39, 42, 90, 154 Wiesner, Julius Ritter von (1838–1916) – Botanist, plant anatomist and plant physiologist  ; from 1873 Professor of Plant Physiology and Anatomy at the University of Vienna and head of the newly founded Institute of Plant Physiology  ; 1898/99 Rector  | 151, 153f., 155f. Wilczek, Hans (1837–1922) – Traveller and patron  | 173 Wilhelm, Adolf (1864–1950) – Philologist and epigrapher  ; 1905–33 Professor of Greek Antiquity Studies and Epigraphics at the University of Vienna  | 25 Winter, Erich (b. 1928) – Egyptologist  ; from 1977 Professor of Egyptology at the University of Trier  | 23 Wulfen, Franz Xaver Freiherr von (1728–1805) – Jesuit, botanist, Al­ pine researcher and mineralogist, important plant collector  | 90 Ziegler, Adolf (1820–1898) – German physician, pharmacist and modeller  ; producer of wax models of the development of various organisms and founder of the Studio of Academic Plastics in Freiburg, Germany  | 191 Ziegler, Friedrich (1860–1936) – Modeller  ; son and successor of Adolf Ziegler  | 191

208  ]  Index of Persons

Zippe, Franz Xaver Maximilian (1791–1863) – Mineralogist  ; 1850–63 Professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna  |  123, 127, 130 Zittel, Karl Alfred von (1839–1904) – Palaeontologist  ; from 1880 Professor of Geology at the University of Munich  ; designer of palae­ontological wall charts  | 139 Zohner, Alfred (1903–1967) – Writer and journalist  | 165 Zuckerkandl-Szeps, Berta (1864–1945) – Writer and journalist  | 165

PICTURE CREDITS

Unless otherwise specified, the copyright for all pictures published in this book is owned by the University of Vienna. In spite of thorough research it has in a few cases not been possible to identify the owner of the pertinent copyright. Any legitimate claims shall be compensated in accordance with the standard terms for such agreements. Collection of the Department of Egyptology  : Fig. 1  : photographer unknown  ; Fig. 2  : Irene Kaplan  ; Fig. 3  : Franz Stoedtner Collection of the Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy  : Figs. 1–3  : Hubert Szemethy  ; Fig. 4  : photographer unknown Anthropological collection  : Figs. 1, 3 and 4  : © NHM (Museum of Natural History) Vienna/Department of Anthroposophy  ; Fig. 2  : Maria Teschler-Nikola Archaeological collection  : Fig. 1  : photographer unknown  ; Figs. 2–4  : Edith Hütter Historical picture collection of the Faculty Centre of Biodiversity  : Fig. 1  : Richard Wettstein  ; Figs. 2 and 3  : photographer unknown  ; Fig. 4  : Faculty Centre of Biodiversity The plant collections of the Botanical Garden  : all pictures  : Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis (HBV) Ernest Dichter Archive  : Fig. 1  : Claudia Feigl Collection of biographical records  : Figs. 1 and 3  : Claudia Feigl  ; Figs. 2 and 4  : Documentation of Biographical Records Collection of women’s personal papers  : all pictures  : © Collection of Women’s Personal Papers Erich Frauwallner Estate  : Fig. 1  : Alexander Schiller Slide collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research  : Fig. 1  : Hans Fischer  ; Fig. 2  : photographer unknown  ; Fig. 3  : Josef Matznetter Rock collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research  : Figs. 1 and 2  : Irene Jörg Historical collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research  : Figs. 1 and 2  : Ingrid Oentrich  ; © Austrian National Library (Globe Museum)  ; Figs. 3 and 4  : Claudia Feigl Map collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research  : Fig. 1  : Geography and Regional Studies Library Soil monolith collection of the Department of Geography and Regional Research  : Fig. 1  : Walter Lang  ; Fig. 2  : Robert Peticzka Estate Library of Dionys Ritter von Grün  : Fig. 1  : Geography and Regional Studies Library Partial estate of Friedrich Simony  : all pictures  : Geography and Regional Studies Library

Geological archive  : Fig. 1  : photographer unknown  ; Fig. 2  : Depart­ ment of Geodynamics and Sedimentology  ; Fig. 3  : Christian Stocker Geological collection  : Figs. 1 and 3  : Christian Stocker  ; Fig. 2  : photographer unknown Herbarium of the University of Vienna  : Figs. 1, 3 and 4  : Herbarium of the University of Vienna  ; Fig. 2  : Walter Till Insect collection  : all pictures  : Department of Evolutionary Biology Japanese studies collection  : Figs. 1 and 3  : Department of East Asian Studies, Japanese Studies Section  ; Fig. 2  : photographer unknown Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre  : © Elfriede Jelinek Research Centre Collections of the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology  : Fig. 1  : Cathrin Lipowec  ; Fig. 2  : Claudia Feigl  ; Fig. 3  : photographer unknown Slide collection of the Department of History of Art  : Figs. 1 and 2  : Karl Pani Collection of Photographs of the Department of History of Art  : all pictures  : Department of History of Art, collection of photographs Plaster cast collection of the Department of History of Art  : all pictures  : Karl Pani Collection of originals of the Department of History of Art  : all pictures  : Department of History of Art, collection of photographs Collection of plans of the Department of History of Art  : all pictures  : Department of History of Art, collection of photographs Paul F. Lazarsfeld Archive  : Fig. 1  : photographer unknown Mineral collection of the Department of Lithospheric Research  : all pictures  : Christian Stocker Historical collection of the Business, Economics and Mathematics Library  : all pictures  : Claudia Feigl Mineral collection of the Department of Mineralogy and Crystallography  : Figs. 1 and 3  : Herta Silvia Effenberger  ; Fig. 2  : Claudia Feigl Collection of musical instruments  : Fig. 1  : Department of Music­ ology  ; Fig. 2  : August Schmidhofer  ; Fig. 3  : Michael Hagleitner Collection of the Department of Numismatics and Monetary His­ tory  : all pictures  : Department of Numismatics and Monetary History  : Palaeontological collection  : Fig. 1  : photographer unknown  ; Figs. 2–4  : Rudolf Gold Historical collections of the Department of Pharmacognosy  : all pictures  : Christa Kletter Historical physics collection  : all pictures  : Franz Sachslehner Collections of the former Institute of Plant Physiology  : all pictures  : Gregor Eder Picture Credits 

] 209

Collection of plant raw materials of the former Institute of Plant Physiology  : Fig. 1  : Claudia Feigl Video archive of the Department of Communication  : Figs. 1 and 2  : Manfred Bobrowsky Sudan Archaeological Collection  : Figs. 1 and 3  : Department of African Studies  ; Fig. 2  : Michael Zach Theatre history archive  : all pictures  : Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies Intermedial image archive of the Department of Theatre, Film and Media Studies  : Fig. 1  : Ralph Steiner  ; Fig. 2  : Friedrich Rosenstiel Historical collections of the Vienna University Archive  : all pictures  : Vienna University Archive Vienna University Observatory and the Museum of the Department of Astrophysics  : Figs. 1 and 3  : Peter Wienerroither  ; Figs. 2 and 4  : Franz Kerschbaum Study collection of the Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology  : Figs. 1, 3 and 4  : Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology  ; Fig. 2  : Britt Schier Western Himalaya Archive Vienna (WHAV)  : Fig. 1  : Jaroslav Poncar  ; Fig. 2  : Deborah Klimburg-Salter (above)  ; Verena Widorn (below)  ; Fig. 3  : Kemi Tsewang Zoological collection  : all pictures  : Gregor Eder Collection of zoological wall charts  : all pictures  : Foto Leutner

210  ]  Picture Credits

MARIANNE KLEMUN, HUBERT SZEMETHY, FRITZ BLAKOLMER AND MARTINA FUCHS (EDS.)

1365 – 2015 – 2065 “ONCE THERE WAS A STUDENT”: OTHER STORIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA

The book sets itself the task of capturing, in a concise form, the 650-year history of the University of Vienna, as seen through a number of different windows. It understands itself as a fresh new model of science communication: interesting, readable but at the same time highly reflected. The figures in the action are freely invented, but the context in which they live is analysed from a serious and research-related viewpoint. In 14 stages, the stories focus on the students’ perspective, the different modes of knowledge acquisition over the course of 650 years, and the spatial changes to the university within the city of Vienna. They examine the complexity of learning beyond the traditional history of institutions, personnel and academic disciplines, and reflect critically on important developments of the university. 2015. 172 S. 48 S/W-ABB. GB. 210 X 135 MM. ISBN 978-3-205-79703-6

böhlau verlag, wiesingerstrasse 1, 1010 wien. t: + 43 1 330 24 27-0 [email protected], www.boehlau-verlag.com wien köln weimar

JULIA RÜDIGER, DIETER SCHWEIZER (EDS.)

SITES OF KNOWLEDGE THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA AND ITS BUILDINGS. A HISTORY 1365–2015

Sites of Knowledge combines the history of the University of Vienna with the history of its buildings. The evolution of one of Central Europe’s oldest universities is laid out in essays on the Alma Mater Rudolphina from the points of view of history of architecture and of art, history of science and of the university. This history sets off from the former Duke’s College in Vienna’s inner city district of Stubenviertel and continues via the “Palace of Knowledge” on the Ringstrasse and the glass building Juridicum at Schottenbastei to more recent buildings erected in the Alsergrund district. Each of these buildings represents its own era and at the same time constitutes a lasting expression of the way the university, which is now the largest in the Germanspeaking realm, has actively shaped its own role. 2015. 382 S. 268 S/W- UND FARB. ABB. GB. 210 X 280 MM. ISBN 978-3-205-79662-6

böhlau verlag, wiesingerstrasse 1, 1010 wien. t: + 43 1 330 24 27-0 [email protected], www.boehlau-verlag.com wien köln weimar