A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language [2 ed.]

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KAHOLO a LEE

umm\

1^0 VO. Ul^>^

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2011 with funding from

Brigham Young University

http://www.archive.org/details/practicalgrammarOObenf

t

:

A

PEAOTIOAL GRAMMAR OF THE

SANSKKIT LANGUAGE FOR THE USE OF EARLY STUDENTS.

BY

THEODOE BENFEY.

SECON^D

EDiTio:isr.

CAREFULLY REVISED AND CORRECTED.

LONDON TRUBNER &

CO., 60,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

1868.

[all rights reserved.]

HERTFORD PBINTKD BY STEPHEN AUSTIN.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

The

favour with which

received,

and

my own

this

Grammar has been

little

experience of

usefulness as an

its

introduction to the study of a difficult language, have led

me

to the conclusion that

any material

alterations in its

I have therefore

form would be unadvisable.

limited

myself to a careful review of the whole work, only supplying what appeared to be the deficiencies of the First Edition.

Some distinguished

scholars

have suggested that I

should change the order of arrangement, and begin with the noun instead of the verb.

am

unable to

comply, for

insight into the character

it

With

this suggestion I

seems to

me

that

of the Arian stock,

a real

— which

should be aimed at from the very commencement of the

study of

its

standard language,

setting out from the verb.

those

who

— can

only be obtained by

In order, however,

to enable

are of a different opinion to begin with the

noun, I have carried the transliteration through the latter part of the

mend

Grammar

that the

;

and

for their

convenience I recom-

Grammar may be taken up

in the following

PREFACE.

IV

order: 1, §1-36; 2.

§^09-267;

3.

§ 62-186

and 188-190;

37-61, 187, and 191-208.

4. §

For the suggestion of additions or

may

alterations,

which

appear necessary to others, I shall feel grateful

I assure those

who

are disposed thus to help

will endeavour, as far as possible, to profit

by

me

;

that I

their friendly

criticism.

TH. BENFEY. GoTTINGEN, January, 1868.

and

CONTENTS.

PACK

PART THE FIRST Chapter

I.

Accent,

:

Letters,

Letters and phonetic rules, §§ 1-36

§§1-9

ih.

10

§

7

Exercise in reading,

Chapter XL Phonetic Section

1

I.

12

11

§

rules, §§ 12-36

14

General phonetic rules,

Section IL Changes of

§

12-18

letters at the

ih.

end and at the beginning

of words in a sentence or hemistich, §§ 19-36

PART THE SECOND: Chapter L The Verb, Section

24

§§ 37-190

ih.

Crude forms of the Verb,

I.

16

Formation of words, §§37-267 §§ 38-62

ib.

Primitive and derivative verbs, § 38

ib.

Derivative verbs, §§ 39-62.

Frequentative or Intensive, §§ 39-51 General rules of reduplication, §§ 42-47

ib.

2.

Desiderative, §§ 52-57

32

1.

3.

Causal, §§ 58-60

4.

Verbs of the tenth Conjugational

5.

Denominatives,

Section

25

38

§

42

Class, § 61

43

62

II.

Inflexion of the

L Active

Voice, §§ 64-160

Verb

Conjugation, §§ 63-167

:

...

ib.

Parasmaipada and Atmanepada, §§ 64-66 Tenses and Moods, § 67 Conjugation of the

first

four Verbal

ib.

45

Forms

:

Present,

Imperfect, Imperative, and Potential, §§ 68-108

...

First Conjugation, §§ 71-81

Second Conjugation,

:

1. Reduplicated Perfect, §§ 111-119

Periphrastic Perfect, §§ 120-124

Sixth Verbal

Form

:

Aorist, §§ 125-148

46 ib.

§§ 82-108

Conjugation of the last six Verbal Forms, §§ 109-160 Perfect, §§ 110-124 Fifth Verbal Form

2.

44

61 .

.

94 ib. ib.

110 112

CONTENTS.

VI

PAGE

The three simple

Aorists, §§ 128-137

113

First form of the Aorist, §§ 128-131

Second form of the Aorist,

ih.

§§ 132-134

114

Third form of the Aorist, §§ 135, 136 Alphabetical

list

of the

115

most notable anomalies

the three simple forms of the Aorist,

The four compound Fourth and

137

§

120

forms of the Aorist, §§ 139-145 Sixth form of the Aorist, § 146

Seventh form of the Aorist, list

of

.

last

ih.

.

125 126

147

§

some notable anomalies

in the

compound forms of the Aorist, § 148. four Verbal Forms Future I. and II., Con-

four

The

118

.

.

Aorists, §§ 138-148

fifth

Alphabetical

in

.

127

.

:

and Precative,

ditional

130

§§ 149-160

Passive Voice, §§ 161-167

11.

The

first

and

The

:

Present, Imperfect, Imperative,

Potential, §§ 161-163

last six

Verbal Forms

III.

:

ih.

Perfect, Aorist,

and Precative,

Conditional,

Section

143

Forms

four Verbal

§§

Future

I.

and

II.,

145

164-167

Other Verbal Derivatives,

§§ 168-187

152

Participles, §§ 168-174

ih.

Absolutives, §§ 175-180

170

181-183

Infinitive, §§

175

Table of Conjugation

Appendix

:

Some

Primitive nouns,

§

177

Veda

verbal forms of the

§§ 184-186

...

196 198

187

Section IV. Combination and composition of verbal derivatives with prepositions and similar words, §§ 188-190 Chapter II. The Noun, §§ 191-261

Section I.

I.

Crude forms of the Nouns,

§§

199

202

191-2106

ih.

Primitive Nouns, § 192

ih.

II.

Secondary Nouns,

§§ 193,

194

ih.

III.

Compound Words,

§§ 195-208

204

Copulative

First Class:

Compounds

(^['li), §

197

.

.

.

.

Second Class Determinative Compounds( cTr^IJ), § ^ 1 98-205 :

Special rules for the

first species,

pounds (^^\|TT^),

§§ 201,

Numeral Compounds

or the appositional

§

207

Com208

202

(t^[^),

206

203

ih.

Special rules for the second species, or the inflectional

Compounds (ffrg^^ ««t' e|oxV), §§ 204, 205 ... Third Class Relative Compounds (^^^^), kk 206, 207

.

:

Appendix, IV. Gender.

§

ih.

211

208

Formation of Feminines and Neuters,

209

§§

209-2106.

212

CONTENTS.

yil PAGE

Section 1.

Declension of Nouns,

§§

211-261

Substantives and Adjectives,

§§

211-239

II.

First Class

A

Appendix Nouns,

:

the terminations of Nouns,

all

Some Vedic anomalies

§§

§

235

.

.

.

257

of anomalous Nouns,

list

3.

Pronouns,

§§

§

260

239

240-243

269

244-255

following

273

more or

less the

pronominal declension

250-255

Numerals,

§§

280

256-261

283

Cardinals, §§ 256-260 Ordinals,

Chapter

III.

§

ih.

288

261

Indeclinables, §§ 262-267

Adverbs and

Interjections,

290

Particles, §§ 263-265

Adverbs and Adverbial Compounds ("^RI^HT^)? Particles

:

Prepositions, Exj^letives, Conjunctions,

§

266

Degrees of comparison,

256

in the Declension of

236-238

Degrees of Comparison, §§

216

236

2.

4.

212-221.

ih.

Crude forms ending in vowels or diphthongs,

:

Alphabetical

§§

§§

.

222-234

Synopsis of

Nouns

•

Crude forms ending in consonants,

:

Second Class §§

215

ih. § §

264 265

.

291

.

292

294 §

267

295

—

—

:::

:

PART THE FIRST. LETTEKS AND PHONETIC EULES.

CHAPTEE I.—LETTEES. The Sanskrit

1.

§

following letters

:

Five short and five long vowels,

I.

short

long II.

i,

:

"^ «,

^

I

Four diphthongs

Ohs.

and

alphabet, called Devandgari, comprises the

x^ e is in

"^

III. 1.

o of a

Two

a, :

ij

"^ u,

^

^i,

^ u,

-^

^

^ ai,

"^ e,

and

u^

ri,

o,

^ ^

'^

/^. It,

cm. i,

\

ai of a

the one, called Anusvdra,

is

denoted

"^ au

slight nasals

e,g, '^

^

ri,

most cases a combination of a and

;

by a dot -^ placed above the nounced,

viz.

am

;

of a and u.

letter after

which

it is

the other, called Anundsika,

a half-moon with a dot in

it

-^ and placed

is

to be pro-

denoted by

either above or after

the preceding letter, in the latter case with an oblique dash

under

it,

2.

e.g. "^

An

dots, placed

or '^^ «^.

aspirate, called Fisarga,

one above the other

IV. Thirty-three consonants 1.

five gutturals:

cR

2. five palatals 3. five

Unguals

(:),

which

is

denoted by two

e.g, "^: ah.

:

ka,

J^ kha, '^ ga, "^

^ cha,

l^ chha, ^jcf,

Z

"3

(«5

tha,

^

c?«,

gha,

^Jha,

of 7ia,

^

dha,

J!i

na,

•f

na,

five dentals

7{ ta,

"^ tha,

^ da, V dha,

5. five labials:

^pcli

TJ^pha,

^

ba, '^ hha,

T^

ra,

^

la,

Xf

sha,

'^ sa,

4.

6. four

semivowels

7. three sibilants 8.

:

:

the sonant aspirate:

^ ya, ^ ^a, ^

ha.

^ ha,

^

va,

T{ma,

—

PART

2 Obs.

1.

aspirated^

Obs. 2.

I.

are

five first classes

combinations of the preceding unaspirated with

i.e.

The "q

belongs to the guttural class,

sha to the lingual, and

some

Obs. 3. In

^ ha

letter

^

used instead of

texts of Vedic

^

da and

vowels or diphthongs,

e.g.

dha,

x^:

The a attached

^ sa

2.

[^

The second and fourth letters of the

the palatal,

Obs. 4.

CHAPTER

I.

^

h.

ca to

to the dental.

works 3o ^« and

^ tha are

preceded and followed by

if

itah instead of

f;^^: ida/}.

to the consonants only serves for the

purpose of facilitating their utterance, as in English the

e after

b, c, d, etc.

Obs.

5.

The words

in the Dictionaries are arranged according

to the order of letters in the above

list.

§ 2. It is not possible to ascertain exactly the original pro-

nunciation of the Sanskrit

Hindu proper names

in

letters.

However, the transcription of

Greek and Latin works, as well as some

other facts bearing upon this subject, allow us to establish the

some confidence

following rules with like

a in apt, "^

^ like

u

to read,

i

pronounced

like ee in feeble,

Ji

"^ like

Xf

sha,

^

^

o in note,

— before the semivowels ^

sibilants IJ qa,

^

in phi,

lid,

li

like the Italian ai in mat,

Anusvdra

^ like

to be

is

^ like o in move, ^ like ri in rid, ^ like rea in in ^ like lea in to lead, like a in fate, \

in full,

^ like

a in far,

like

'^

:

i/a, "^

and the aspirate

sa,

^

like

ou in our,

^ la, ^ va, the

ra,

ha,

is

pronounced

like 7ig in king, before all other consonants like the nasal of the

class to

which the following

letter belongs, e.g. before

like the nasal of the guttural class (§1, IV. 1)

^ ^H ha?ij jana.

Visarga

inaudible.

before

cR

k and

before "^9, ^

Cf.

The Anundsika -^ seems

^

sh,

^

(:)

kh

;

is

and ^5, perhaps

A. Weher^ Ueber

ein

cfe

^UF ka7ig gana,

to have been all but

Greek % the Greek ^ before i(^ p and x^ ph ;^

to be

like

;

a guttural

pronounced

like the

like the

Greek

spiritus lenis.

Fragment der Bliagavati (On a Fragment of the

Bhagavati), Berlin, 18G6 (Memoirs of the R. Acad, of Sc), p. 38G sqq.

The

natives pronounce the Visarga everywhere almost inaudibly.

.

I

cR

gh

3

LETTETIS.

^3.]

k

like

in loghoiise,

^ like

^ like

in king,

w^

like

sgr

o^ like

in inkhorn,

J[

g

like

in

gun,

TT like

y

in jet,

5m^.

in fo

^ like

ch in church.

^ like y+ A,

kh

cA + A in churchhill,

^

like

in singe.

?i

The Unguals seem

to

have been pronounced originally like the

But

corresponding dentals with the addition of a slight r}

^t,^ d,

present

and

n,

sound quite

like the

true pronunciation of the dentals

European.

It

may

English

n

d,

t,

;^

must be added.

in the aspirated an h

The

TTf

at

is

very

be effected by bringing the

an

difficult for

tongue

tip of the

against the very edge of the upper front teeth.

The unaspirated like the

and

labials, the

^ sa

and the ^ ha, are pronounced

corresponding English letters

labials

an h must be added,

sha

"q

in shun, 7f qa like a sharp s as in

§ 3.

like a

hollow

The vowel "^

ri

;

in

all

any

to be

pronounced

^cl is

doubtful, perhaps

real word.

The ^

an original

m

it

never appears in the radical, but only in ;

^

li

only in one verb

;

^

It

-^ Anusvdra, -^ Anundsika, and

Visarga, never are primitive letters, but the two

tutes of

like sh

/.

the derivative part of a real word

not at

is

or perhaps like 55 in session.

sit,

The pronunciation of the Vedic g© was sounded

in the aspirated dentals

;

first

are substi-

or n, and the last of an original 5 or

r.

rules for these changes will be given later.

This pronunciation

is

indicated

by

their origin.

They

are not primitive

sounds of the Sanskrit language, but in most cases produced by the concurrence of a dental and r, e.g. -qfc chandra becomes nally ghur-n) becomes

that r and

and

I

"^I||'

^T!^

cJianda, ^|TII ghiirn (origi-

sometimes appear as substitutes for the lingual, as

T^^ khola instead of

The

gJtun, tj"^ patra becomes tj^ patta.

T^vg khoda, seems

to confirm this conjecture

Bilhler, on the Origin of the Sanskrit Linguals, in the

Madras

Journ. 1864, and Justi, in the Journ. Orient und Occident, vol.

iii.

fact

^^"51^ kJiora ;

cf.

Lit. Soc.

pp. 379-83,

Gottingen, 1865. ^

i.e.

Cf. the

Hindu

transliteration of English words, e.g. f^i^cfi^T^ direktar,

Director; 3Ic|vJRT!? gavarnmant,

i.e.

Government.

:

PART

4

When

§ 4.

CHAPTER

I.

I.

[§

4.

a vowel or diphthong stands in the beginning of a

sentence or hemistich, or occurs after another vowel or diphthong, it

retains the shape given in §

a consonant,

marked by a

is

it

When

1, I. II.

preceded by

it is

which

different sign,

before or after, above or below the consonant after which

makes an exception and

^

vowels and diphthongs,

j

id, cRX

however,

"Tz,

kd^

^ —

ki,

e,

—

^

e.g.

it,

r,

§ 1,

1,

the sign

unwritten, being

is left

The forms

ka.

ri,

li,

IL

ri,

of the

X au, e.g.

JO,

at,

cR^ ko,

alter their

IL e.s,

^ kli, ^ kit,

ku, if kri^ gj kri,

cfi

% ke, % kai, Some consonants

preceded by

preceded by a consonant, are

ku^

cfi

to

('^ rri, § 5).

rz

u,

t,

T*

f% M^

if

if

it is

form given in

short a which follows a consonant,

understood to be inherent in

(

ri,

retains the

for r being placed above the

A

^

The vowel

be pronounced.

placed

is

forms

iff kau. if

combined with vowels.

Thus:

T

u becomes

ra with

a ha

u

55

u

?J

A

^ hu ^ /m

ri

5?

1

u

55

-^qu

?5

^qd

A

u

A

ri,

-^

^rw

??

•

Anusvdra

ru

u §"

;

TJ5^

;

;

—

;

PART

6

(c|r

^

t-ka, tT t-ta,

CHAPTER

I.

t-t-ya,

^ t-t-ra,

f^ ^-p«, TR t-p-ra, Tqj t-pha,

^

^

c^

^

t-r-ya,

(^

^-i;«,

^-^a^

/-??2«,

I.

[§ 5.

t-m-ya^

rJJJ

^

t-s-na,

^ t-na,

"^ t-tha,

lof t-t-va,

cSI

t-s-ya

^-y«^ "^

Jf-^cf,

—^ th-ya

;

g' d-d-ha, W" d-d-b-ra, ^ ^ d-d-ya, ^ d-d-ra, ^ d-d-va^ W d-d-v-ra, ^ d-dha, ^ d-dh-ya, ^ d-dh-va, §[ ^ ^ d-b-ra, ^ d-bha, ^ d-bh-ya, ^ d-ma, —"^ dh-^ia, ^ «,

"g*

c?-i;«,

\S{

dh-ma, "^ dh-ya,

•^

n-t-ya,

itsr

n-dh-ya,

n-ma,

tJT

"P"

^

^

^

-&:/«?

^

n-tha,

^

Z>-c?«, 3c|

icf

^-?;a^

b-dha,

«^ n-d-ra,

?z-c?«,

^ n-p-ra,

«fT

w-if«,

tl|

n-dha,

rCjf

n-pha,

?2-f a, vg" ?z-5«,

'^ p-t-r-ya,

g jt?-/«^

-^

—^QT n-gh-ya,

n-w«, 51 n-n-ya,

;^

g* ?z-r«,

p-t-ya,

jo-y «^ IT jo-ra,

T2[

^

n-dh-ra,

n-ya,

;

dh-ra, "^ dh-va;

"VT

«^ n-t-ra,

Jl^

p-^a^

c?-o?a,

^

'^

p-na, xg jo-joa,

T^

jo-Aa

Z>-Z>«,

;

—

Xcf jo-i&«^ tjt

ph-ya ;

xfvf

^

o*t b-bha,

p-ma,

—^ b-gha,

-^-ya^

W

'^-^^

;

^ bh-ya, ?^ bh-ra, ^ bli-va — m-na, m-pa, ^ m-p-ra, ^ m-ba, "^ m-bha, m-bh-ra, m-ma, ^ m-ya, ^ m-ra, ^ m-/«, ^ m-va. ^ y-y«^ ^ ^ y-^^ —^ ^-^^^ ^ ^-^^^ W ^ Jf{

jg^

;

y-^«:j

'^ ^-cAa^

"^

q-qa},

"^

sh-t-r-ya,

x(!j

sh-na,

^

5-^«^

^

5-pAa, "^

§ 6.

c.-ch-ya,

—^ sh-ka, ^

"gjj

^

^

S'kha, 5-?72«,

When

"Ejif

^

^

"^

^

c-yci,

sh-tha,

sh-p-ra, 5-^«,

"^

"cjf

tkt

s-m-ya, '^ s-ya,

^

^

sh-th-r-ya,

sh-ya, t^ 5^-i;a

s-tha,

^ 5-w«^ ^

;

5-jDa,

^ 5-r«^ 1^ 5-?;a, ^ 5-5«.

mark

which denotes the absence of a vowel, final, e.g. "^^T^c^

abhavat.

The want

consonants compels us to use this

is

called

Virdma, ^pause/

placed at the foot of the

of types for the

mark sometimes

of a word, sentence or hemistich, as in is

^-z;^,

a word standing at the end of a sentence or hemis-

tich terminates in a consonant, the

proceeding

"Ry

^

sh-t-ya, "^ sh-t-ra,

sh-th-ya,

sh-ma,

s-t-ra,

^-ra, "^ c-Za,

^

sh-k-ra, "5 sh-ta,

^

/-?n«,

^-/?«^

^ q-na,

sh-t-va,

sh-pa,

XCT

T€(

^3^

;

i^^

compound

in the middle

n-t-sa.

But

this

at variance with the rules of Sanskrit orthography.

§

LETTERS.

10.]

§ 7-

The mark

called

^,

Avagraha,

separation/

'

is

inserted in

the Vedic works between pure or nasalized vowels to denote the

ya uvdcha, ^if^J^ftf mahd^

hiatus, e.g, "^Sf^^^^T^

asti;

and to

separate the parts of a compound, e.g. ^TffvJ'^ ghrita-qchut.

other works final "5 e § 8.

serves to indicate the loss of a short

it

^

or

o

[cf. §

The mark

|

^

In

a after a

23).

end of a sentence or

indicates in prose the

part of a sentence, in poetry of a hemistich

;

denotes in prose

||

the end of a longer period, in poetry of a whole verse.

The

sign

,

which

may

cates that one or several

be placed before or after a word, indi-

words must be repeated from a preceding

Thus

sentence or part of the same sentence.

^W^ ff cR-^tRr "€F^ ff oRTtftf

II

I

bhyo him karoti

sa ekayd sa tisribhih

paMiabhyo him karoti

saptabhyo him karoti

\

Savitd cam no bhavatu

qam no bhavatu

\

\\

;

\

or ^ftcTT

Varunah^

Varunah

\

tisribhih pm'icha-

sa ekayd sa tisribhih

^ H^rT

^

^ f?i^fiT:

written instead of

is \

"RoR^T

^ET

ekayd sa

sci

^saptahhyo him karoti

\

:

Indrah^

\

T^»®

II

instead of Savitd

||

qain no bhavatu

^^l!j:®

|

Indrah qam no

\

bhavatu, § 9. (cf, §

The numerals

are

:

— o «I^^8M^^^Q.^0S^

etc.

256).

ACCENT. § 10.

The Sanskrit language has one

acute, called

^^^tT Uddtta, ^ high

principal accent only, the

tone.^

It distinguishes

three different intonations, the Svarita ^f^cf

Anuddtta,

'

deep tone,' and the Anuddttatara,

sounding tone,^

'

'

besides

more than deep

tone.' 1.

The Svarita

is

the tone of a syllable which

preceded by an acute, Uddtta,

where bra has the

acute.

e.g.

When

that of

hma

is

immediately

in ^f^

Brahma,

a vowel which has the acute

is

changed into a semivowel, the vowel which follows the semivowel generally retains the Svarita.

For instance, when the

PART

8

I.

CHAPTER

termination of the nominative phiral

I.

[§

^^ as is

devf-as.

But

changed

to y,

according to a phonetic law, the

as,

the

is lost,

The Anuddtta

must be

and the Svarita alone remains, devyas,

depends has disappeared.

it

is

say, of those syllables

the general intonation of speech, that

Thus, in

^^ITfTpQ'cJT

syllable has the Udatta, consequently the last

is

to

which are not distinguished by an Udatta,

Svarita, or Anud^ttatara.

and the

i

a,

the latter kind of Svarita the independent Svarita, as

Udtoa on which

2.

on

fall

which being a semivowel cannot have an accent,

the acute, Udatta, I shall call

^^ devi,

added to

the final of which has the acute, the Svarita would

10.

dtdrishma, the

first

second the Svarita,

two are pronounced in the general tone,

with

i.e.

the Anuddtta.

The Anuddttatara

3.

falls

on the

syllable or syllables

precede an Udatta or independent Svarita.

^^^

For instance,

in

devyds, as has the independent Svarita and de the Anuddt-

tatara g7iih

which

;

in ^rPr: agnih

and

^I24c||«f:

dpnuvdndh the

final syllables

and nah have the acute, and consequently the preceding a

and dpnuvd the Anuddttatara. There are several systems in use

The most common

is

that which

is

for

marking the accents.

adopted in the Rig- Veda.

There the Svarita and Anuddttatara alone are indicated, the former by a perpendicular stroke placed above, the latter by a horizontal line placed below,

the independent Svarita

^

i

in fT^:

is

is

e.g.

Ty^\ indrah, "^f^: agnih.

As

preceded by an Anuddttatara, and the

not marked as such, the

-'-

on

"g":

can denote the

dependent Svarita only, and this being preceded always by an acuted syllable,

it

follows that the

the Anuddttatara under Svarita over f^\ in

^^^

mark

i

has the acute.

In ^f^:

a and the absence of the mark of the

show that the

devyas, the

syllable de,

^

^

latter syllable is acuted, whilst

of the Anuddttatara under the

first

and that of the Svarita over the second, show that

the word has the independent Svarita on

its last syllable

vyas.

^

LETTERS.

10.]

mark

In ^|^c||«f: the syllables,

ACCENT.

of the Anuddttatara under the

and the absence of any mark on the

word is an oxytonon, dpnuvdridh. under the

9

.

last,

first

show that the

In f^'^^'^i!!^ the Anuddttatara

and the Svarita over the fourth, show

first syllable,

that the second and third

must have the

acute, mitrdvdrunau.

The unmarked

syllables

Anudatta,

^TfTTPc^ dtdrishma the syllables rishma ;

had the if

e.g, in

acute, they

three

which are preceded by a Svarita are if

they

would be preceded by an Anud^ttatara, and

they were Svarita or Anudattatara, they would be distinguished

by the corresponding marks. These two marks

(_

),

therefore, are sufficient to indicate the

'

accents of all,

^: kdh;

An

words.

all

if

Svarita,

it

acute monosyllable has no

has the

hydh; being without accent, the Anudattatara,

As

is

it

mark

mark

at

of this intonation, lu:

distinguished by the sign of

^ cha.

e.g,

for dissyllabic words: in "^f^: agnih, the first syllable

having

the Anudattatara, the second has the Udatta ; in T?^*> indrah, the

second syllable having the Svarita, the

^^

svdrvaty the

first syllable

second the Anuddtta ; in

first

has the Udatta; in

has the independent Svarita, the

^^^ devyds,

the

first syllable

Anudattatara, the second the independent Svarita

;

in

has the

^^: samah,

both syllables having the Anudattatara, the word has no acute accent.

As

for trisyllabic words: in "^il^^T: dsindh, the first

having the Anudattatara, the agnind, the

first

last

two

syllables

has the Udatta; in "^f^iiT

having the Anudattatara, the

last the Svarita,

the middle has the Udatta ; in W^irn hrdhmand, the second having the Svarita, the first

first

has the Udatta

;

in

^tj^^?^ apichydm, the

two have the Anudattatara, the third the independent

Svarita ; in

^v^^: sadhrydhchah, the second has the independent

Svarita, the first the Anudattatara

;

in

^^^

svdrvate, the

first

has the independent Svarita, the following two have the Anuddtta; in "^^-^samasya, aU the syllables having the Anudattatara,

the

word has no acute

accent.

—

10

PART

.

As

for

words of four

I.

syllables

CHAPTER

I.

10.

[§

in -^ny^^T^T*

:

;

dpnuvdndh, the

first

three syllables having the Anudattatara^ the last has the Udatta in

"^jfg^ dpnuvdte, the third has the Udatta, and so on.

The Anudatta, dependent

Svarita,

and Anudattatara of words

standing in the middle of a sentence or hemistich are subjected

which are caused by the influence of preceding

to several changes,

or following words.

When

1.

a word which,

than one Anudattatara, Anudattatara

is

singly, begins

with more

preceded by an oxytonon,

changed to a Svarita, and the

When

become Anudattas.

last,

is

when used

it is

rest,

first

its

except the

preceded by a Svarita,

the Anudattataras except the last are changed to Anudattas, ^|^c(|«t:

A

e.g,

dpnuvdndh preceded by "^f^^ agnim, becomes ^iycjj^f:

^dpnuvdndh ; preceded by 2.

all

word ending

^^i

iiidrah, ^|^c(|«f: dpiiuvdndh.

in Anudattas or in a dependent Svarita

[i.e»

a Svarita preceded by an Udatta), and followed by a word beginning with a syllable having an acute or independent Svarita,

changes ^

g^^ l^

^

Anudatta or Svarita to Anudattatara.

its final

hrdhmdnd (ending with one Anudatta), or

Thus

^jf^^tu^n* qucln-

handhund (ending with three Anuddttas), or 9r^ hrdhmd (ending with a dependent Svarita), before

X^T'WT

(beginning with

^'47^'*^

an acute) or ^: svdh (having an independent Svarita), are modified into

WW^T brdhmmid, "Jjf^^t^^n qucliihandhund, ^^ hrdhma^

with Anudattatara on the

3

(a).

final.

W^hen vowels combine by

changed

crasis or are

:

UdA^tta with Udatta or independent Svarita remains Udatta, e.g,

"^^ '%'k adyd dtra become

''^^rnr

adyutra, gp x^Jcvd

it

%^ kvet, —

Udatta with dependent Svarita or Anudattatara becomes optionally

Udatta or Svarita,

e.g.

^I^T^W^ adyarundh or either "^^^i^;

stands on (§

i^

f?

^^

'^af^Tir:

"^^TRTir:

udyd drundh^ become either

adyarimdh,

adyeddm or "^^^^J^^ adyeddm. or

"^

23) J the Udatta

is

o,

after

which an

T^'^ adyd iddm

"^f^

If the

Udatta

original a has disappeared

changed to Svarita,

e.g.

^

'^5R^«^^