A History of Knowles & Son: Oxford builders for 200 years 1797-1997 9780860548539, 9781407318820

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A History of Knowles & Son Oxford builders for 200 years 1797-1997

David Sturdy

BAR British Series 254 1997

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 254 A History of Knowles & Son © David Sturdy and the Publisher 1997 COVER IMAGE

The vignette, taken from James Ingram's Memorials of Oxford, shows Knowles’s yard in the 1830s

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860548539 paperback ISBN 9781407318820 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548539 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1997. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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CONTENTS P r eface

1 1

L i s to fi lu s t r a t ion s :C o lou rP l a t e sa nd T ex tF igu r e s I n t roduc t ion 1

T he T owne send f am i ly ,m a s te r -bu i lde r s , 1 674 -1797 ;t h e i rb r idge s a nd f o remen ,H en ry B a rk e ra nd T homa s Know le s

2

P a r tne r sa nd f o r eb ea r sf r om 1 604 ;t h eP idd ing ton s ,P e is leys a nd B adge r s

3

T he Know le sf am i ly ;t h e i ra r r iva li nO x fo rd a nd t a keove r o ft h eT own send s 'f i rm

4

1 5

1 9

3 3

E dwa rd N icho l ls K now le s : 1 852 -1884 ; a nd h i ss on T homa sR icha rd K now le s : 1 884 -1892

7

1 0

T homa sK now les t h ee l de r 's b u i ld ing s ;h i ss on T homa sK now le st h ey ounge r , 1 826 -1852

6

1

T he h ou seho ld a nd b u s ine s sl i f eo f aR egency m a s te r -bu i lde r , T homa sK now le st h ee l de r , 1 797 -1826

5

v i i

5 0

T homa sE a s tK now le sa nd h i sb ro the rE dwa rd J ame sE a s tK now le s : 1 892 -1943 ,t h ee a r ly Twen t ie th C en tu ry

6 2

Y a rd si nL ongwa l l ,H o lywe l l ,H ead ing ton ,R ec to ry R oad a nd O seney Mead . H ome si n Ho lywe l l ,H ead ing ton ,N o r th O x fo rd a nd e l sewhe r e

7 6

9

B ook sa nd p ap e rwo rk :t h ef i rm 's r e co rd s

9 4

1 0

G uy N e l son K now les : 1 94 3 -1976 .A lan A lden K now le s ,

8

t h el a t e Twen t ie th C en tu ry a nd t h eF u tu r e A pp end ix 1T he K now le sf am i ly .A pp end ix 2 D i r ec to r so ft h eC ompany

1 08

P REFACE T h is s t udy o f t h e K now les f am i ly 's b u i ld ing f i rm o ve r t h e l a s t t wo c en tur ie s , w i th s ome m en t ion o f t h e ir p redeces so r s t h e T ownesends , i s ah i s tory o f b us ines s , ah i s to ry o f a r ch i tec tu re a nd b u i ld ing , ah i s to ry o fa nu rban s oc ie ty a nd af am i ly w h ich s e tu pc oun t le s s m emo r ia ls t op eop le i n many l e ve ls o ft h a ts oc ie ty .I ti sah i s to ry o ft h eh ome sa nd w o rk -p lace s o fs even s ucce s s ive g ene ra t ion s o fo ne f am i ly . P e rhap s mo s t o fa l i ti s as t udy o fb u i ld ing c hange o r t ha t n ew s ub jec t , w h ich s ome o f u s h ave s t ud ied f o r d ecades , ' bu i ld ing s a r chaeo logy ' ,b u tf r om an ew b u tl o ng -e s tab l ished a ng le ,d o cumen t sa sw e l la st h ef ab r ic i t se lf . Ih ave a t temp ted t o s how w ha t aw ea l th o f u nknown r e co rd s c an b e f ound f o r many w e l l -known b u i ld ings a nd a l so h ow m inu te ly t h o se b u i ld ing s mu s tb e e xam ined i no rde rt o r e cogn ise s ome o f t h e v e ry many a l te ra t ions b y w h ich e ve ry h i s to r ic b u i ld ing h a s b een t r an s fo rmed f r om i t so r ig ina la pp ea r ance ,e ven w hen i th a sk ep ti t so r ig ina lf unc t ion .I ti sb a sed o n as i ng le a r ch ive s ou r ce , t h e r e cord s o f t h e f i rm a t Ho lywe l l H ou se o n O seney Mead ; a nno t a ted c op ie so ft h is b ook w i th d e ta i led r e f e r ence sf o re ve ry s t a temen tw i l lb ed epo s i ted i n t h eB od le ian L ib ra ry ,t h eC en t re f o rO x fo rd sh ir eS tud ie sa nd t h eC oun ty R eco rd O ff ic e . Ih ave n o tp rov ided a s many g r aph s , maps a nd p l an sa s Im igh th ave ,b u t my u nde r ly ing t h eme i so ne o ft h eb e s t -known a nd mo s tb eau t ifu l o fE u ropean c i t ie s ,w he re s o many s cho la r sh ave s t ud ied a nd s o many p eop le h ave v i s i ted . Mo s to fu sa l ready h ave o u ro wn p e rcep t ion sa nd m en ta l map so fO x fo rd . Ih ave i n c luded al o ng s e r ie so ft a b le so f money s p en tb yc o l lege sw i th as i ng le f i rm o nk eep ing u po rr e pa i r ing t h e i rp r em ise so ve r ac en tu ry a nd ah a lf a sm a te r ia lf o r i n s t i tu t iona la nd e conom ic h i s to ry . T h is s t udy c ou ld n o th ave b een b egun w i thou tt h eg ene rou ss uppo r to f Mr A lan K now le s ,h i s f am i ly a nd a l l t h e s t a f fo f K now le s a nd S on . I tc ou ld o n ly h ave b een c omp le ted w i th t h e c ons tan t s uppo r to f my w if e B r ig id A l len , who i n t roduced m e t oc oun t le s sr e f e rence st ot h e f i rm 's c os t sa nd b i l ls t h roughou tt h e 1 8 th a nd 1 9 th c en tu r ie si nt h e a r ch ive so fJ e su sC o l lege a nd o u rs on E dmund ,w ho r epa ir ed a nd r enova ted t i r ed c ompu te r sa st h eK now le se sr epa i red t i r ed c o l lege b u i ld ing s .

i n

L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS 1 . C o lour P lates I

C h r is tC hu rch ,P eckwa te rQ uad rang le , 1 706 -11

I

A l l S a in t sc hu rch , 1 707 -8 ,t owe ra nd s p i re 1 718 -20

I I

C la r endon B u i ld ing , 1 712 -13

I V

A l lS ou ls C o l lege ,C odr ing ton L ib ra ry a nd N o r th Q uad rang le , 1 7 16 -30

V

B lenhe im P a rk , Wood s tock ,l a nd scaped 1 725 -6

V I

S tG i le s ' c hu r ch , Ox fo rd , monumen tt oJ ohn T owne send I( d .1728 )

V I I

H ome o fJ ohn T owne send I V ,5 8 -9 H igh S t ree t , O x fo rd ,c . 1772

V I I I C o rpus C h r is t iC o l lege ,F ron tQ uad rang le ,r e faced 1 805 -8 I X

L inco ln C o l lege ,T u n lS t ree tf r on t ,r emode l led 1 8 17 -18

X

J e su sC o l lege ,c a r r iage -ga te t oP r inc ipa l 's g a rden , 1 826

X I

B egb roke c hu r ch n ea rO x fo rd ,r emode l led 1 826

X I I

J e su sC o l lege ,S t even sB u i ld ing , 1 975 -6

X I I I L inac re C o l lege ,n ew e n t rance , 1 995 X IV H er t fo rd C o l lege , Wa rnock H ou se , 1 995

2 . T ex t F igure s P age 2 . P emb roke C o l lege , ma in g a te a nd l o dg ing s 3 . C orpu sC h r is t iC o l lege ,F e l lows B u i ld ing 4 . A l l S ou ls C o l lege ,C od r ing ton L ib r a ry 6 . A l lS ou ls C o l lege ,d in ing h a l l 7 . C orpu sC h r is t iC o l lege , ma in g a te 8 . E xe t e rC o l lege ,l i b ra ry 3 5 .J e su sC o l lege ,e a s tr a nge o fb ack q uad ;a nd e a s tr ange o ff r on tq uad w i th m a in g a te 5 4 .E dwa rd N icho l l sK now les a nd h i sw if e Ma rga re t( Gooda l l ) . Cour t e sy R evd J .REYNOLDS 5 9 .T homa sR icha rd K now le si na bou t 1 890 6 0 .T .R .Know les ,h i s s on T .E .Know le sa nd s ome o ft h e i rm en i na bou t 1 89 1 . 6 3 .T .E .Know le s 's d ance p rog ramme f o rt h ec en tena ry b a l li n1 897 6 4 .T he f i rm 's c r a f t smen a nd l a bou re r sa t1 3N o rham G a rden si n1 907 6 5 . Ou t ings :t o Wood s tock i n1 897 a nd E ve sham i n1 927

6 6 .C oope r si r onmonge r s ,b u i l t 1 939 ( d emo l ished ) 7 3 .T .E .Know le si na bou t 1 930 7 7 .T he y a rd a t7 9H o lywe l l , woodcu tv i ew i nt h e 1 830 s 7 8 .T he y a rd a t7 9H o lywe l l ,O rdnance S u r vey 1 : 500 p l an , 1 874 7 9 .T he y a rd a t7 9 Ho lywe l l ,p lan o nl e a se o f1 854 8 3 .B i rd s -eye v i ew o fH o lywe l li n1 675 9 0 .H o lywe l lw i th Mu s ic R oom a nd N o3 6i nt h e 1 830 s 9 6 .D e ta i lf r om ' Yea rB ook ' s how ing c r o s sf o rJ e su sC o l lege c hape l ,J une 1 816 1 08 . G uy N e lson K now le s 10 .T he l a s th o r se ,P unch ,w i th T om B rown s i l l 11 .T he f i rm a tt h en ew y a rd ,2 4N ovemb e r 1 95 1 12 .I nd ian I n s t i tu te L ib ra ry , 1 966 -68 12 .A lan A lden K now le s , Manag ing D i r ec to r1 976 -95 a nd C ha i rman s i nce 1 976 13 . P ro f es so r ( l a te r S i rJ ohn ) H abakkuk , P r inc ipa l o fJ e su s C o l lege , t o pp ing o u t t h e O ld Membe r sB u i ld ing , 1 97 1 14 .T homa sE dwa rd K now les a nd A n thony H ugh Mun sey

v i

I NTRODUCT ION K now le sa nd S on , 1 797 -1997 T he Know les f am i ly 's b u i ld ing f i rm h a s u nde r taken av a s t amoun t o f wo rk i na nd a round O xfo rd i nt h el a s tt wo c en tu r ies . Much o fi th a sb een f o rt h ec o l lege s , s ome t ime s a s mundane r e pa i r -wo rk ,k eep ing t h ing sa st h ey a r e ,o ri mp rov ing s e rv ice sw i thou tv i s ib le c hange .A to the r t ime st h ef i rm h a s made ac on s ide rab le c on t r ibu t ion t ot h ec ha rac te ro ft h ec i ty a nd u n ive r s i ty . F rom mo r et han t wen ty f ive c o l lege s whe re t h ey h ave w o rked w ec an g l ance a t t e ne xamp les: A l l

S ou ls Co l lege

A tA l l S ou ls ,K now le s 's c a r r ied o u ta l lr egu la rs t onewo rk r epa ir sf r om 1 799 ,w o rk ing t h e r eo n ar e gu la rb a s is u n t i l 1 923 .S ucces s ive h ead so ft h ef i rm s t ead i ly e xpanded t h e ir s cope o fw o rk t oo t he rb ranche so ft h eb u i ld ing t r ade . Ag ood d ea lo fi tt ook t h ef o rm o fr egu la rr ep lacemen t o f t h e n ine ty o r s o p innac les , r epa ir a nd o cca s iona l r ep lacemen t o f t he u nu sua l a l l -ove r s t one -pav ing i nt h eq uad rang le sa nd ,i n1 836 -7 ,r ebu i ld ing t h et w in t owe r si nB a th s t one . I n i t s p rev ious man ifes ta t ion , a s W i l l iam T ownesend 's b us iness , t h e f i rm h ad b u i l t t h e C od r ing ton L ib ra ry i n1 7 15 -21 t oN icho la sH awk smoo r 's ` Go th ick ' d e s igns ,b e fo r e g o ing o n t oc ons t ruc tt he r e s to ft h ei mmense N o r th Quad rang le b y 1 734 .D e lay si nr a is ing f und sm ean t t h a tt h eL ib ra ry w a sf i t ted o u t o n ly i n 1 748 -51 . F o rt wo c en tu r ie s , u n t i l 1 939 , T ownesend s ' a nd Know les a nd S on m a in ta ined C od r ing ton L ib ra ry ,w h ich w a ss epa ra te ly e ndowed . B a l l io l Co l lege F o rB a l l io l C o l lege K now le sa nd S on b u i l t Wa r ren 's B u i ld ing a nd t h eJ un io rC ommon R oom i n1 9 12 -13 a nd u nde r took ah o s to fm ino rr epa ir s , many o ft h em t oc o l lege p roper t ie s ,b e tween 1 883 a nd 1 938 . B rasenose Co l lege T homa s R icha rd K now le s s ecu red t h e r e gu la rB ra seno se ma in tenance c on t rac ti n 1 882 ; t h e f i rm wo rked t h e re c on t inuou s ly o n aw ide r ange o fc onve r s ion s , r epa ir s , r edeco ra t ion s a nd o t he r wo rk u n t i l 1 955 .T h is w e l l -endowed c o l lege s pen ts ol a v ish ly o nb u i ld ing r epa ir sd u r ing t h ef i r s th a lf o ft h is c en tu ry t h a ti n1 916 t h ef i rm o pened as pec ia lB ra seno se A ccoun td i s t inc t f r om t h eo the rc o l lege w o rk . B e tween 1 929 a nd 1 934 T .E .Know les c onver ted t h ef l oo r s o ve r N o s 1 8 -23 H igh S t ree t i n to c o l lege r ooms . Know le s a nd S on r e tu rned i n 1 9% t or epa i r t h e m a in g a te towe r .

v i i

T he f i rm h a s wo rked mo re t h an o nce a tF rew in H a l l , ac o l lege p rope r ty j u s t w es t o f C o rnma rke t : i n1 888 T .R .Know les a dded a n u ppe r f l oo r t ot h e w e s t w ing f o r t h e l aw d on C .L .Shadwe l lt op l an sb yT .G . Jack son . Ac en tu ry l a te r ,i n 1 98 1-3 K now le sa nd S on w on t h e c on t rac t t or e fu rb ished b o th t h e a nc ien t b u i ld ing a nd a l l t h e V ic to r ian h ou se s a r ound i ta s s t uden tr oom s . O n B ra seno se l a nd i n S ou th O xfo rd Know le s a nd S on l a id o u t Wh i te H ou se L ane f o r d eve lopmen ti n1 894 a nd b u i l tt h eO ld Wh i te H ou se p ub l ic h ou se ( now t h eF o l ly B r idge I nn ) t od e s ign sb y H .T .Ha re i n1 897 . Corpus Chr is t i Co l lege T he f i rm 's s e cu re ly d ocumen ted c onnex ion w i th C o rpu s g oe s b ack t o 1 702 , w hen J ohn T owne send Iw a s d o ing r egu la r s t onewo rk r e pa i r s . H is s on W i l l iam d e s igned a nd b u i l t t h e F e l low s ' B u i ld ing i n 1 706 -12 . W i l l iam 's s on J ohn I I r a ised a nd a l te r ed t h e c o l lege 's ma in n or th f r on t o n Me r ton S t ree t t oi t s p r e sen tf o rm i n 1 74 1 ; J ohn I l l 's c ou s in J ohn I V d id t h e s ame t ot h ee a s tf r on ti n1 748 . E ve ry y ea rf r om 1 799 t o1 848 C o rpu se mp loyed Know le sf o ra l lr e gu la rs t onewo rk r e pa i r st o t h ec o l lege ,t ot h es t ab le si nK yba ld S t r ee ta nd t oa no the rs e to fs t ab le st h a tC o rpu sl e a s ed f r om C h r is tC hu r ch j u s to f fC h r is tC hu rch Meadow s ou th o fR os eL ane . I n1 805 -8 T homa sK now le st h ee l de re n t i r e ly r e f aced t h ew a l l so ft h ef r on tq uad ,t h en f a ced i n r ende red r ubb le , i n s upe rb B ar r ing ton s t one . T h i s c lose ly ma tched t h e w indows a nd d oo rway s ,s t i l ll a rge ly o r ig ina l ,e xcep ti nt h en o r th -ea s tc o rne rw he r eh ee l im ina ted a no r ig ina l p o rch . H is s on T homa st h ey ounge rd i dt h es t onewo rk f o rJ .M .D er ick 's c hape l r e s to ra t ion o f 1 843 a nd a l so r epa i r ed t h eG en t lemen C ommone r 's B u i ld ing .I nt h e L ong V aca t ion o f 1 996 K now le sa nd S on f i t ted o u tt h ee a s tr a nge o ft h ef r on tq uad w i th e n su i t es howe r s& c . Exe ter Co l lege A l lr e pa i r st os t onewo rk a tE xe te rC o l lege w e r ee n t ru s ted t oT homa sK now le st h ee l de rf r om 1 799 ,a nd p robab ly f r om 1 797 w hen h et o ok o ve rt h ef i rm . H i s s on , g r and son , g r ea t -g rand son a nd g r ea t -g rea t -g rand son c on t inued t h ew o rk ,w h ich t h ey s ha red w i th S ynun a nd C of r om t h e 1 850 s , u n t i l 1 898 . T he c onnex ion w en t b ack a v e ry l ong w ay : a s e a r ly a s 1 695 J ohn T owne send Ia ppea r si nt h ea ccoun t sa st h ec o l lege ma son ,w i th W i l l iam C o l l i son a sc a rpen te r , J ame sD av is a sj o ine r , R icha rd L um ley a sg l az ie ra nd p lumbe r , J ame s F i f ie ld a ss l a t te r a nd p l as te re r a nd Wi l l iam D aya s b l ack sm i th . I n 1 70 1-3 T owene send d es igned a nd b u i l t t h e s ou th -we s tc o rne ro ft h ef r on tq uad f r om t h ed i n ing h a l lr ound t ot h e ma in g a te a nd g a te towe r .

v i i i

Her tford Co l lege T homa s Know le s t h e e l de rw o rked r egu la r ly f o rt h e f i r s t H e r t fo rd Co l lege , wh ich d i ed o u t , a nd a l so f o r Magda len H a l l ,w h ich moved i n1 822 f r om i t so r ig ina l s i te b y Magda len t ot h e H e r t fo rd s i te a nd w a sr e founded i n1 875 a st h es e cond H e r t fo rd C o l lege .H is s u cce s so r si nt h e f i rm c on t inued t h e i rr epa i rw o rk f o rt h eh a l la nd t h en t h ec o l lege f o ra no the rf ou rg enera t ion s u n t i l t h eS econd Wo r ld Wa r .I n 1 994 -5 t h ef i rm ' s ' De s ign a nd B u i ld ' d i v is ion b u i l t Wa rnock H ou se , as t uden tr e s idence i nS tA lda te sn ex tt ot h eH ead o ft h eR ive r .O the rw o rk i sp l anned . J esu s C o l lege W i l l iam T owne send b u i l tt h en o r th -ea s tc o rne ro ft h eB ack Q uad a tJ e su si n1 7 13 .F rom t h en u n t i l u n t i l 1 797 T owne send s ' c a r r ied o u ta l l t h e s t onewo rk n eeded a tt h e c o l lege b e s ide t he v a r iou s s pec ia l is t c ra f t smen s uch a s c a rpen te r s , g l az ie r /p lumber s , s l a t te r /p la s te rer s a nd b l ack sm i th sn amed i nt h ea ccoun t s . When h et o ok o ve rt h ef i rm T homa sK now le st h e e lde r c on t inued t h ec onnex ion .B e tween 1 799 a nd 1 826 t h ec o l leg ep a id h im £ 2942 f o r al ong s e r ie s o f w o rk s , i n c lud ing a ne x ten s ive r emode l l ing o ft h e f r on t q uad . We w i l l t a ke J e su s a s a n e xamp le o fh i s w o rk a nd o fh ow h e o rgan ised h i s men a tw o rk i n 1 815 -18 19 . T he y ounge r T homa s c on t inued t h e w o rk , b u t j u s t w hen h e h anded t h e f i rm o n t o h i s s on i n 1 853 , J .C .Buck le rb ecame c o l lege a r ch i tec t , an ew p o s i t ion .B uck le rf avou red Wya t t 's , ac a rpen t ry f i rm j u s tt h en d i ve r s i fy ing i n to ma son ry .K now le s 's w e r eg i ven v e ry l i t t le a nd t h en n o wo rk a t a l l u n t i l 1 88 3 , w hen B uck le r r e t i red a nd t h e f i rm w a s a to nce t aken o n a ga in . I n 1 883 -4 K now le sa nd S on ,w h ich h ad a l so d i ve r s if ied i n to c a rpen t r y ,p l a s te r ing ,a dded al a rge w ing t o t h eP r inc ipa l 's L odg ing sa nd r e bu i l tt h eL ib r a ry s t a i r s .B o th c on t rac t s ,t ot h ed e s ign so fB od ley a nd G a rne r , w e re s ubcon t rac ted f r om C u r t is a no the r Ox fo rd b u i ld ing -f i rm . F rom t h en u n t i l 1 898 t h ef i rm d id a l b u i ld ing -wo rk a tJ e su s . L inco ln C o l lege A t L inco ln t o oT homa s K now les t h e e l de rt ook o ve r a n e x i s t ing a r rangemen tt or epa i rt h e s t onewo rk f r om T owne send s ' . T he C o l lege A rch ives i n c lude b i l l s t h a t h eh im se l fw ro te o u t a nd s i gned a sS t ephen T owne send 's f o reman .I n1 815 -18 h ed e s igned a nd c r ea ted t h ep r e sen t f o rm o ft h e ma in f r on to nT u n lS t ree t .T he f i rm d i da l lr e pa i r su n t i l Wo r ld Wa rI . Magda len Colege T he f i rm 's l i nk sw i th Magda len w en tb ack a tl e a s tt o1 730 ,w hen W i l l iam T owne send p layed a n i mpo r tan t p a r t i no rgan is ing t h e c ons t ruc t ion o ft h e N ew B u i ld ing ( t he n o r th r ange o f a p ro jec ted r ebu i ld ing , t h e r e s t o f w h ich w a s n eve r c a r r ied o u t ) . F rom t h e 1 790s T homa s K now le st h ee l de rw a so f ten a t Magda len C o l lege w o rk ing o nr e nova t ion sa nd r e pa i r s . i x

New Col lege B e tween 1 799 a nd h i sd ea th i n1 826 T homa sK now le st h ee l d e rc a r r ied o u ta bou t£ 3000 -wo r th o fw o rk f o rN ew C o l lege wh ich a d jo ined h i sy a rd a nd h ad al a rge e ndowed i n come . H e w a s e nd le s s ly r ebu i ld ing c h imney s a nd o ve rhau l ing g u t te r s o nt h et wo l a rge q uad rang le s .He a l so d i dv e ry many s ma l lp r iva te j ob sa tt h ec o l lege ;d e ta i led s t udy w i l lo ne d ay h e lp u st or e cogn i se s ome o ft h e many f i r ep lace st h a th ep u ti na nd w indow -open ing st h a th ee n la rged . I n1 799 t e n f e l lows a nd u nde rg r adua te s , t h e c o l lege C ook a nd B u t le ra nd t h e Wa rden 's s e rvan to rde red w o rk f r om K now le s .A no the rf e l low p a id h im t or i de e i gh tm i le so u to fO x fo rd t oh i sv i ca r age a t We s ton o nt h eG r een t og i ve a ne s t ima te .T he b i l ls f o rt h e se f ou r teen p r iva te c l ien t sc ame t o l e s st h an £ 7a nd K now le s may h ave d oub ted w he the rs u ch c u s tome r sw e r er e a l ly w o r thwh i le , e spec ia l ly a ss ome b i l l sw e r es t i l lu npa id f i ve y ea r sl a te r . I nt h i s b ook w e c an f o l low af am i ly t h rough t wo c en tu r ie s , a nd s e e t h e i rv a r iou s c hange s o f p l ace o fw o rk a nd many c hange so fh ome ,c omb ined w i th as t eady a dhe r ence t o as i ng le w ay o f mak ing al i v ing i no ne p a r t icu la rf i e ld , b u i ld ing , t h a t i sn o tor iou s f o r i t s i n s tab i l i ty , b u t wh ich t h eK now le sf am i ly h ave s ucce s fu l ly f o l lowed i nt h e ir o wn w ay f o rt wo h und r ed y ea r s . We w i l le xam ine many a spec t so ft h ew o rk a nd l i f eo fT homa sK now le st h ee l de r ,w ho d i ed i n 1 826 . H e w a s am a s te r -c ra f t sman w ho k ep t t ot r ad i t iona l w ays a nd t u rned h i s b ack o n t h e o ppo r tun i ty t od i ver s if y a nd e xpand i n to l a rge r sca le c on t rac t ing .H el i ved b e s ide h i sy a rd a nd r ema ined a l lh i sl i f e as k i l led m a s te r -ma son ,w i th n od i re c ti n vo lvemen ti no t he rb r anch e so ft h e b u i ld ing i n du s t ry . H i s t e r se m ic ro scop ic h and c ove r s mo r e t h an 1 500 p age s , s ome o ft h em l a rge d oub le p age s w i th h und red s o fs epa ra te d e ta i ls , i nt h e e i gh t v o lumes t h a t h appen t o s u rv ive a mong t h ef i rm 's a r ch ive sf r om f i ve d i s t inc ts e r ie so rk i nd so fr e co rd . H i s s on ,T homa sK now le st h ey ounge r ,m igh ta ppea rt ob e , i ns ome w ay s , ap ionee r mode rn b u s ine s sman , c ommu t ing t o wo rk f r om o u t o ft own a nd s p read ing h i s a c t iv i t ie s i n to o the r t ype s o fb u i ld ing . B u th e n eve r s t rayed v e ry f a rf r om t h ef i rm 's e s tab l i shed a c t iv i t ie si nt h e r epa ir a nd r enova t ion o f c o l lege s , c hu rches a nd h ou se s . H e e mba rked o n , b u t p u l led b ack f r om , c hu rch r e s to ra t ion a nd d id n o tt a ke a ny s i gn if ican tp a r ti nt h a te mpha t ic a spec to ft h e n ine teen th c en tu ry ,t h eG o th ic R ev iva l .H is r ound r a the rb oy ish h and s p r aw ls a c ro s sh und red s o fp age so ff ou rl a rge a ccoun tb ook s ,t wo o fw h ich h ad b een b egun b yh i sf a the r ,a nd c an a l so b ef ound h e re a nd t h e re i nt h r ee o fh i sf a the r 's o the r wo rk ing n o tebook s . L a t e rh ead so ft h ef i rm e ach h ad d i s t inc tc ha r ac te r s .T he i rc on tempo ra r ie s mu s th ave s e en e ach o ft h em a se n te rp r is ing a nd mode rn i ne ve ry b oom b u ta tt h es ame t ime ,a st h ey q u ie t ly b rough t t h e b u s ine s st h rough s ucce s s ive s l ump sa nd r e ce s s ion s , i n ten se ly c au t iou sa nd c on se r va t ive . T he ir s u cces si nr i d ing o u tt h ec hange so ft h ed ay wh i le c on t inu ing i nt h e s ame l i ne o f wo rk , O x fo rd b u i ld ing ,r e pa i ra nd r e nova t ion i st h et h eme o ft h is b ook .L ong m ay t h ey d os o . X

P la te I .W i l l iam T owne send b u i l tP eckwa te rQ uad a tC h r i s tC hu r ch i n1 706 11 t ot h ed e s ign o fD rH en ry A ld r ich ,D ean o ft h ec o l lege .

P la te I .A l l S a in t sc hu r ch , O xf o rd , r e bu i l ti n1 707 -8 t od e s ign sb yH en ry A ld r ich . W i l l iam T owne send b u i l tt h et owe ra nd s p i r e i n1 7 18 -20 t oh i so wn d e s ign .

x i

P la te I I .W i l l iam T owne send b u i l tt h eC la rendon B u i ld ing i n 17 12 13 a sa U n ive r s i ty p r in t ing -hou se t oH awk smoo r ' sd e s ign .

P la te I V . W i l l iam T owne send b u i l tt h eC od r ing ton L ib ra ry a nd N o r th Q uad rang le o fA l l S ou l sC o l lege i n1 7 16 -30 t oH awk smoo r ' sd e s ign .

x i i

P la te V .W i l l iam T owne send a nd B a r tho lomew P e is ley t r an sfo rmed t h el a nd scape o fB lenhe im P a rk i nt h e 1 720 st oC o lone lA rm s t rong 's d e s ign .

P la te V I . Monumen tt oJ ohn T owne send I( d .1728 ) a tS tG i le s 'c hu rch , O xfo rd n od oub td e s igned b yh i s s on W i l l iam T owne send .

P la te V I I .N o s 5 8 -9 H igh S t ree t , O xfo rd , w h ich J ohn T owne send I Vb u i l tf o r h im se lf s oon a f te rh eb ough tt h es i t e( p a r to ft h eo l dE a s tga te ) i n1 772 .

P la te V I I I .T homa s K now le st h ee l de rr e f aced t h em a in q uad o fC o rpu s C h r i s t i C o l lege i na sh la ri n1 805 -8 ,r e de s ign ing t h en o r th -ea s tc o rne rs e en h e re .

x i v

P la te I X .T homa s K now le st h ee l de rr emode l led t h ee a s tf r on to fL inco ln C o l lege i n1 817 -18 ,i n se r t ing a l l t h e ' Go th ic ' w indow s s e en h e re .

P la te X .T homa s K now le st h ee l de r 's l a s tw o rk i n1 826 w a st h eg a te a tt h e n o r th -ea s tc orne ro fJ e su sC o l lege , m a tch ing t h ec l a s s ica l f a cade .

XV

P la te X I .T homa s K now le st h ey ounge rr emode l led B egb roke c hu rch i n1 826 , c opy ing t h ew indow sf r om m ed ieva l o ne sa tC h r is tC hu rch .

P la te X I I . K now le s a nd S on b u i l tt h eS t even sB u i ld ing i n Wood s tock R oad . O xfo rd , a sg radua te f l a t sf o rJ e su sC o l lege i n1 975 -6 .

x v i

N I ) I M A ) ) 1 ) 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

P la te X I II .K now le s a nd S on c omp le ted t h en ew e n t rance -b lock o fL ina c re C o l lege , s e en o nt h el e f t , i n1 995 .

P la te X IV . K now le sa nd S on b u i l t Wa rnock H ou se a t4 1-43 S tA lda te s , O xfo rd a ss t uden ta ccommoda t ion f o rH e r t fo rd C o l lege i n1 995 .

x v i i

CHAPTER ONE T he T owne send f am i ly , ma s te r -bu i lde r sf r om 1 674 T homa s K now les , g rea t -g rea t -g rea t -grea t -grand -

s on o f T homa s T ownesend l a bou re r o f O xfo rd ,

f a the ro ft h ep resen tC ha irman o f Know le s&S on ,

b o rn i na bou t 1 648 . H is b ap t ism i sn o t r e co rded ,

A lan A .Know les , t ook o ve rS t ephen T owne send 's

b u ta lmo s tc e r ta in ly t ook p lace i nS tG i les 's c hu r ch ,

f am i ly b u s ines s i n 1 797 . T he e a r l ies t e n t ry i nt h e

w ho se p a r ish r eg is te rf o rt h is t ime i sd ef ec t ive . I n

f i rm 's a ccoun ts , f o r t h e w eek e nd ing " Ap r i l i s t

1 664 h ew a sa pp ren t iced t oB a r tho lomew P e is ley I ,

1 797 " , i s t o Mr B u t son o f N ew C o l lege f or

s t onema son o fS tG i le s ' .

" c lean ing ama rb le c h imney p i ece" . Ap r i lt h ef i r s ti s t he re fo re t h e d ay o n wh ich w e s hou ld m a rk t h e

I n1 674 ,a f te rs even y ea r s ' t r a in ing a nd t h ree y ea r s

b i cen tena ry o f Ox fo rd 's o lde s tb u i lde r sa sK now le s

w o rk ing a s aj ou rneyman , v e ry l i ke ly w i th P e is ley

&S on .A sw es ha l ls e e ,t h ef i rm c an b et r aced b ack

b u t p os s ib ly a way f r om O xfo rd , h e b ecame a

l ong b e fo re t ha t ,d i rec t ly t o 1 674 a sT owne send 's ,

F reeman o ft h e C i ty , a nd w a s t hus e l ig ib le t o g o

a nd e ven f u r the rb ack t o 1 604 ,r a the rl e s s d i rec t ly

i n to b u s ine s s ; h e w a s t h en a bou t t wen ty -s ix y ear s

t h rough t he c lose ly l i nked f am i ly f i rm s o f t h e

o ld .A l r eady o n2 9S ep tembe r 1 672 h eh ad ma r r ied

P e is ley s ,t h eP idd ing ton sa nd t h eB adge r s .

E l izabe th Mo ran ,a l so o fS tG i le s ' p a r ish .T hey h ad K a the r ine i n1 674 , W i l l iam i n 1 676 ,J ohn i n 1 678

T h ree o f t hese f am i l ies , t he P e is leys , t he

a nd G eo rge i n1 68 1 .

P idd ing tons a nd t he T ownesends , l i ved a nd wo rked i n S t G i les , t hen O x fo rd 's n or the rnmo s t

V e ry l i t t le i sy e tk nown o fh i sa c t iv i t ie sd u r ing t h e

s ubu rb , i n t he 1 7 th c en tury . A t t h e e nd o f t h e

1 670 s a nd 8 0s . I n t h is p e r iod h e t ook t wo

c en tu ry a l t h ree moved s ou th , t he P idd ing tons t o

a pp ren t ice s ,b o th o ft h em l a bou re r s ' s ons . H e may

H o lywe l l , wh ich w a s t h en t h e C i ty 's n o r th -ea s t

o f ten h ave w orked f o r o r i np a r tne r sh ip w i th t h e

s ubu rb ,j u s t o u t s ide t h e C i ty Wa l l ; l a te rK now le s

P e is leys a nd o ther Oxford mas ter -masons .

a nd S on w e re b a sed h e re f o r ac en tu ry a nd ah a lf .

R e sea rch i nc o l lege a r ch ive s ,h a rd ly y e tb egun f o r

T he P e is leys a nd T ownesends moved t ot h e mo re

t h is t op ic ,m ay s how h im b u i ld ing u p ab us ines si n

c en t r a lp a r ish o fS tM ichae la tt h eN o r thga te .

r egu la r r epa ir s a t s eve ra l c o l leges . A t E xe ter C o l lege h ew a s u nde r tak ing s uch w o rk b y a tl e a s t

B efo re t u rn ing t o t he s even g enera t ions o f

1 695 , a t C orpus C hr is t i b y 1 702 , b u t e a r l ier

K now le ses t o h ave b een b u i lder s i n Ox fo rd a nd

e v idence m ay w e l lc ome t ol i gh t .

t h e i r a ch ievemen t s , w e mu s t b r ief ly r e coun t t h e s t o ry o ft hese e a r l ie r s t onema sons w ho , b e tween

B y t h e 1 690 s , n ow i nh i s f o r t ie s , h e h ad e me rged

t h em , b u i l t p rac t ica l ly t h e who le o f O xford 's

a st h ec i ty 's l e ad ing s t onema son a nd b u i lde r .I nt h is

s pec tacu la rc omp lex o fg rand b a roque a nd g o th ick

d ecade h e t ook o n as i ng le a pp ren t ice , h i s o wn

a r ch i t ec tu re o ft h ee a r ly e i gh teen th c en tu ry .

e l des ts on W i l l iam .A tP emb roke C o l lege i n1 69 1-4 T owne send b u i l tt h e ma in g a te a nd g a te towe ra nd

J ohn T ownesend I

t h e w es t h a lf o ft h e n o r th r ange , n ow S t a irca se 1 , a dd ing t h ea d jacen t Ma s te r 's L odg ing s i n 1 694 -5 .

K now les & S on 's f i r s tp r ecu r so ri nt h e mo s td i rec t

H is c l ien t , D r J ohn H a l l Ma s te r o fP emb roke f o r

l i ne i nt h eb u i ld ing t r ade w a s J ohn T owne send I ,

f o r ty f ive y ea r s , 1 664 -1709 , w a s a n o ld -fash ioned 1

P ur i tan , B ishop o f B r is to l , L ady Margare t

G i le s ,p e rhap so nt h ee as ts i de o ft h es t ree t( Oxf ord

P ro f e s so ro fD iv in i ty a nd C anon o f Wo r ce s te r ,a nd

C ounc i lA c t s 3 , 3 47 ) . B y n ow h e h ad r eached a

R ec to ro fS tA lda te 's , who may h ave c on t r ibu ted

p os i t ion o f s ome s t and ing i n O x fo rd a nd w a s

s o me i deas t owards

e l ec ted t ot h eC i ty C ounc i l o n3 0O c tobe r 1 699 .A t

t he

r a ther n a ive a nd

o ld -fa sh ioned d es ign , wh ich T ownesend d rew u p .

s ome d a te a f te rt h is h e b ough tt h e l e ase o f al a rge a nd c onsp icuou s ly l o ca ted p l o t i n B road S t ree t , s omewhe re o n t h e s i te o f D i l lons b ookshop o r B oswe l ls d epa r tmen t s t ore , f o r h i s h ouse a nd p e rhaps a l so ay a rd a nd wo rk shop . T h is w a s C i ty l a nd o nt h ef o rme rT own D i tch ,n ow f i l led i n . A t E xe ter C o l lege J ohn T owne send b u i l t t h e g a te towe r a nd s ou th p ar t o f t h e s t ree t f r on t , i n c lud ing t h ek i tchen a tt h ea ng le o fT u r l S t ree ta nd B ra seno se L ane i n 1 701-3 , p re sumab ly t oh i s o wn d es ign ; b efo re b e ing r emode l led i nt h e 1 830 s , t h e t owe r h ad c oup led I on ic p i las te r s a nd a r ound p ed imen t b enea th a b a lus t rade , r a ther l i ke t h e g a te towe r a tP embroke . I n 1 995 T ownesend 's f i rm , a sK now le sa nd S on , r e fu rb ished p a r to ft h is r ange . H e t ook a no ther a ppren t ice , W i l l iam K ing f r om W imb ledon , S u r rey i n 1 704 . K ing l a te rt ook

P EMBROKE COLLEGE , GATE AND LODG INGS

o ve r s eve ra l c on t rac t s a t Magda len a nd A l l S ou ls I n 1 692 -5 J ohn T ownesend b u i l t t he s p lend id

f r om W i l l iam T ownesend ,p erhap si na s soc ia t ion o r

1 20 -foo t long L ib ra ry a tQ ueen 's C o l lege , w he re

p e rhap ss imp ly b yu nde rcu t t ing h i sp r ice s .

h i ss on W i l l iam w a st os pend ag r ea td ea lo ft ime a s h e r ebu i l t mo s to ft h e r e s t o ft h e c o l lege . T he re i s

I n 1 705 J ohn T owne send 's g rea tes t o ppor tun i ty

much u ncer ta in ty a bou t t h e d es ign o ft h e L ib ra ry

c ame . H e w on t h e c on t rac t t o b u i ld t he g rea t

w hose l a rge r ound -headed w indows d e r ive f r om

K i tchen C our ta tB lenhe im P a lace . H e may a tt h is

Wren 's c hu rches i nt h e C i ty o fL ondon . An e a r ly

t ime h ave moved a l l h i s o pe ra t ions t o Wood s tock

v er s ion t ha t s u rv ives a s a n e ng rav ing i n D ean

a nd l e f t Ox fo rd t oh i ss on W i l l iam ,w ho w a sn ea r ly

A ldr ich 's p aper s a t C h r is t C hu rch h as b een

t h ir ty . I n 1 706 h e t ook o na no the rn ew a pp r en t ice ,

d escr ibed a s " a d ec ided ly j e jeune c ompos i t ion

J ohn O sbo rne f r om Wa ter E a ton , w ho n o d oub t

whose p ed imen t s t ood a wkwa rd ly a ga ins t t h e

w o rked l a rge ly a tB lenhe im o n ly af ew m i le sf r om

a t t ic" . T h is may b eT ownesend 's f i r s tt hough t s ; i n

h i s h ome v i l lage . When t h e g overnmen t 's money

i t s o r ig ina l s t a te , b e fo re b e ing r emode l led i nt h e

a nd e n thu s ia sm r a no u ti n1 712 , t h eK i tchen C ou r t

1 820 s , t h e g a te towe r a tP emb roke h ad a s im i la r

w a sp rac t ica l ly f i n ished , u n l ike t h e ma in b lock o f

p oo r ly c o -o rd ina ted p ed imen t .A ld r ich i sg ene ra l ly

B lenhe im ,u nd e rc on s t ruc t ion b yE dwa rd S t rong .

t hough t t oh ave b een r e spon s ib le f o rr ev is ing t h e d es ign , b u t t h e c u l tu red T imo thy H a l ton , P rovo s t

N ow i n h i s s i x t ies , J ohn T ownesend , aC i ty

o fQ ueen 's f r om 1 677 t o 1 704 , m ay a l so h ave h ad

C ounc i l lo rs i nce 1 699 , h ad b egun t op l ay a n a c t ive

ah and .

p a r ti nl o ca la f f a i r s , s e rv ing a st h ej un io ro ft h et wo C hambe r la ins ( am inor o f f ice ) i n 1 709 /10 a nd a s

I n

1 696 J ohn T ownesend

p a id t ax

o n

a

j un ior o f t he t wo B a i l if f s ( a p res t ig ious a nd

mode ra te -s ized h ouse w i th e i gh t w indows i n S t

i mpo r tan t o f f ice ) i n 1 711 /12 . I n t h ese y ea r s , a nd 2

p erhap s t h rough h i s i n i t ia t ive , t h e C i ty 's c en t ra l

K en t , a nd h ed e s igned o the rb u i ld ings h im se lf . H e

c ro s s road sa tC a r fax w a sr e p lanned a nd o pened o u t

o f ten h ad t oa dap tp l ans d rawn b y o the r s t of i tt h e

t o t he s ou th -wes t t of orm t h e s t a r t o f a" Fo rum

s i te o rm ee tt h ec l ien t 's r e qu ir emen t s .

C iv i ta t is" o r C i ty S qua re . N icho la s H awk smoo r s hows af u l ly d eve loped f o rm o ft h is ,w i th a l lf ou r

W i l l iam 's a pp ren t ice sh ip s hou ld h ave l a s ted u n t i l

c orne r s s e t b ack , o n v a r ious v er s ions o f h i s

1 700 . H e s e em s n eve r t oh ave b ecame aF reeman

ma s te r -p lan f o r Oxfo rd . H .M .Co lv in i sw rong i n

o f Oxfo rd ,p e rhap sh av ing b een s en ta way f o rp a r t

s ay ing i n h i s U nbu i l t O xf ord ( 1983) p .69 t h a t

o fh i s t r a in ing t oo ne o ft h e g r ea t L ondon m a son s

" there i sn o e v idence t ha t a ny o f . . . H awk smoo r 's

l i ke E dwa rd S t rong , who se f am i ly c ame f r om

s cheme s . . . w a s e ve rb u i l t " .T owne send a l so s e rved

a round B ur ford i n w es t O xfo rdsh ire . H e f i r s t

a s aV iewe ro rS u rveyo ro fN u isances a nd a l so a sa

a ppea r si nO x fo rd r e co rd sa tE xe te rC o l lege ,w he re

K eykeepe r i n 1 714 /5 , w hen h i s s on in law t h e

h e c a rved t h e s pec tacu la r d oub le p endan t v au l t i n

c a rpen te rJ e rem iah F rank l in w a ss en io rB a i l if f .

t h e ma in e n t rance , b enea th h i sf a the r 's g a te towe r o f 1 701-3 . A t C orpus C h r is t i C o l lege i n 1 701 h e

I nh i s l a t e s i x t ie s ,J ohn T owne send s e ems t oh ave

d es igned a nd c arved p ar t o f t h e H a l l S creen ,

c on t inued i nb us ine s s ,n ow p e rhap so ve r shadowed

d e s igns f o rw h ich a r ei nt h ec o l lege a r ch ive s .

b yh i ss on Wi l l iam ,a nd t ook o nh i sl a s ta pp r en t ice i n 1 714 . T ownesend w a s S urveyo r o f N u isances

T hen , w i th h i s f a the r a way a tB lenhe im , W i l l iam

f or 1 715 -19 w i th h i s s on in law t he c a rpen te r

T ownesend b u i l t P eckwa te r Q uadrang le a tC hr is t

J e rem iah F rank l in ; h e w a s t h en e l ec ted t o b e a n

C hu rch i n 1 706 -11 t o av e ry a dvanced P a l lad ian

A s s is tan t ,o ne o ft h eC ounc i l 's c en t ra lc omm i t tee o f

d e s ign d rawn u p b y t h e h ead o f t h e c o l lege , D r

t we lve o rt h ir teen s en io rm embe r s . H ew a sc ho sen

H enry A ld r ich , ak een a ma teu r a r ch i tec t . T h is

Mayo rf o r 1 720 /1 , h o ld ing t h e C i ty 's mo s t s en io r

e s tab l ished h i s p os i t ion a s O xford 's l e ad ing

o ff ice a t l a s t a t t he a ge o f s even ty two . A f te r

m a s ter -bu i lde r . I n 1 706 -12 h e b u i l t , p e rhap st oh i s

f i f ty -fou ry ea r so fm a r r iage J ohn T own send 's w if e

o wn d e s ign a dap ted f r om P eckwa te r , t h e F e l lows

d ied i n 1 726 a nd w as b ur ied o n 3 1 May a t S t

B u i ld ing a tC orpu s C hr is t i , r e ce iv ing £ 1223 f o r

G i le s ' . H e f o l lowed h e rw i th in t wo y ea r s a nd w a s

s t onewo rk .

b u r ied t h ere o n 2 5 May 1 728 b enea th a s t r ik ing monumen t t ha t s t and s s ou th o ft h e c hu rch p o r ch . On J ohn T ownesend 's d ea th , h i s s on in law F rank l in w a se l ec ted t oh i sp l ace a sA s s is tan t . Wi l l ia m T ownesend J ohn T ownesend 's s on W i l l iam , b ap t ised a t S t G i le s ' c hu rch o n 1 7 D ec 1 676 a nd a pp ren t iced t o h i s f a ther i n 1 693 , w as O xford 's g rea tes t ma s ter -bu i lder f r om a bou t 1 706 u n t i l h i s d ea th , r e spon s ib le i no ne w ay o ra no the rf o r mo s t o ft h e s t r ik ing wo rk so fa r ch i tec tu r eb u i l ti nO xfo rd i nt h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry . H e b u i l ts ome o fh i s b u i ld ing s t ot h e p l ans o fo t he rm en , s ome o ft h em a ma teu r s l i ke D ean A ld r ich o fC h r is t C hu r ch o rD rG eo rge C la rke

o f

A l l

S ou ls '

C o l lege

a nd

F ELLO WS BU ILD ING , CORPUS CHR IST I COLLEGE

s ome

p ro f e s s iona ls l i ke N icho la sH awk smoo ro rW i l l iam

A f ter t h is h e r e ce ived a n a lmos t e nd less f l ow o f 3

c on t rac t sa nd c omm is s ion st ob u i ld ,o ne o ft h ef i r s t

A lso i n1 7 13 T ownesend c omp le ted t h en or th -ea s t

b e ing t h e n or th -ea s t b l ock o ft h e G a rden Quad a t

c orne r o f t h e I nner Q uad a t J e sus C o l lege b y

N ew C o l lege f o r£ 800 i n1 707 ,f o l low ing t h e l i ne s

b u i ld ing S t a irca se 1 , f o l low ing t h e t r ad i t iona l

o fW i l l iam B y rd 's s imp le s cheme o ft h e 1 680 s .

' Oxford -Tudor ' d es ign t ha t t h e mas ter -mason R icha rd Maude h ad e s tab l ished f o rt h is q uad w hen

A t Q ueen 's C o l lege h e b u i l tt h e w e s t r ange o ft h e

h e b u i l t S t a irca se 1 3 i n 1 640 a nd S ta irca se 6 i n

F ron t Quad b e tween

1 64 1 .

November

1 709 a nd

D ecembe r1 711 .T he b l un ta nd e ne rge t ic P rovo s to f Q ueen 's , D r Wi l l iam L ancas te r , e l ec ted i n 1 704 ,

B yt h et ime t h ed i n ing h a l l a tQ ueen 's w a sn ea r ing

b egan b y p e r suad ing t h ec o l lege t ob uy ah ou se o n

c omp le t ion ,A l l S ou ls C o l lege h ad b ough t ah ou se

H igh S t r ee t i n 1 704 t o ' s qua re o f f ' t he s i te . T he

i n C a t S t ree t f r om S t Ma ry 's p a r ish i n 1 714 t o

n ew r ange , b u i l tp a r t ly o n t h is p lo t , c on t inued t h e

' s qua re o f f ' t he ir l ong -p lanned b u i ld ing -s i te .

l i ne o ft h eL ib r a ry s ou thwa rd a nd s t ood t ot h ew e s t

T ownesend a nd t h e c o l lege f i na l ly e mba rked i n

o fa l l t h em ed ieva l b u i ld ing so ft h ec o l lege ,w h ich

May 1 715 o n E ng land 's f i r s t l a rge c onsc iou s ly

c ou ld t hu s r ema in i n u se w h i le i tw as b u i l t .

` Go th ick ' b u i ld ing , t h eN or th Q uad rang le w i th t h e

T owne send n ex td emo l ished t h eo ld d in ing h a l la nd

C od r ing ton L ib ra ry f o rm ing i t sn o r th s i de ,a ga in t o

P rovos t 's l odg ing , t o make r oom f or t h e n o r th

am a s ter -p lan b y H awk smoo r . H e r e i tw as ag r ea t

r ange o f an ew q uad rang le ,b egun i nJ anua ry 1 714 .

i nnova t ion t oh ou se b ook s a tg round l e ve l , r a the r

T h is c omp r ised t h e d in ing h a l l , b u i l t a ts peed a nd

t han o n a n u ppe r f l oo r l i ke a l l p r ev ious O xfo rd

b rough t i n to u se t h e n ex t y ea r , a nd c hape l , w h ich

l i b ra r ie s .T he s he l l o ft h en ew L ib ra ry w a sr e ady i n

t ook f i ve y ea r s t o c omp le te a nd f i t o u t f or

1 721 .

c onsecra t ion i n 1 719 .

Wi l l iam T ownesend

p robab ly m ade a l l t h e wo rk ing d raw ing s f o r t h is s ober a nd m agn if icen tp ro jec t ,f o l low ing s ke tche s b y D rG eo rge C la rke o fA l l S ou ls a nd s ugges t ion s b y o ther m en o f t a s te , n o d oub t i n c lud ing D r L anca s te r , w ho se c ha rac ter t h e c o l lege c e r ta in ly

. 1 11

j

g

e choe s .

I i _

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l

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L I ! ! !

Ano the rp ro jec to fD rL anca s t e r 's c ame t of r u i t ion b e tween t h ese t wo p hases o f b u i ld ing . On 2 2

ALL SOULS COLLEGE , CODR INGTON L IBRARY

F ebr ua ry 1 712 t h e f ounda t ion s t one o ft h e " New P r in t ing H ou se" ,n ow t h eC la r endon B u i ld ing ,w a s

Wh i le c ons truc t ion w en t o n a t A l l

l a id o n as i te a ssemb led f r om p lo ts o f l and

S ou ls ,

T ownesend b u i l t t h e s ma l l B r is to l B u i ld ing a tt h e

o r ig ina l ly l e ased b y t h e C i ty f or g a rden s a nd

s ou th -we s tc o rne ro fB a l l io lC o l lege i n1 7 16 -20 ,n o

h ouses a cross t he f i l led in T own D i tch . T he

d oub tt oh i so wn q u ie tc l a s s ica ld e s ign .

a r ch i tec t w a s N icho la s H awk smoo r , t h e L ondon p rofes s iona l , a s s is ted o n s i te b y P e is ley 's f o rme r a pp ren t ice a nd s on in law H en ry J oynes , c l e rk o f

T hen o n 1 0J anua ry 1 717 h e e xchanged c on t rac t s

works a t B lenhe im . T he s he l l , w i th a l l t he

w i th C hr is t C hur ch , w he re h i s l a rge sca le c a reer

s t onework

f or

h ad b egun ,t oc omp le te t h es ou th s i de o fP eckwa ter

o ccupa t ion b y O c tober 1 713 , a l though t he

Q uad a s a n i mmense c l a s s ica l L ib ra ry w i th g i an t

b y T ownesend ,

was

r eady

D e lega te s ' R oom t ook s ome y ea r st oc omp le te w i th

a t tached C o r in th ian c o lumn s a long t h e f r on t w i th

s p lend id p ane l l ing a nd t he l e ad s t a tues o n t h e

ma tch ing p i la s te r so nt h ee nd s a nd s ou th f a ce .T h is

p ed imen t st o ok e ven l o nge r .

g rand d es ign w en t t h rough a n umbe r o f s t ages , 4

b eg inn ing a s an ine -co lumned r e s iden t ia l b lock

H a l la bove i ta l so i n1 722 ;a tt h eB o tan ic G a rden h e

w i th t h ree s toreys i n D ean A ldr ich 's f i r s t

b u i l tt wo f i ne p o lygona l c onse rva tor ie si n1 727 f o r

mas te r -p lan , b u t e nd ing i n D r C la rke 's r ev ised

£ 319 ; a tT r in i ty C o l lege h e r ebu i l tt h en or th r ange

v e r s ion ,f i na l ly r e so lved o nT owne send 's c on t rac t

o f t h e F ron t Q uad i n 1 728 , w i th a n e n t ire ly

t oh ave s even a t tached c o lumn sa nd t wo s t o rey s .

d i f f e ren tc l a s s ica le l eva t ion o ne ach s i de .

A s w i th Q ueen 's a nd A l l S ou ls a nd l a ter a t

A t P emb roke C o l lege h e b u i l t t h e s obe rr u s t ica ted

Wo rces te r , t h is v ery a mb i t iou ss cheme t o ok many

D o r ic C hape l f o r£ 730 i n 1 728 -32 ; a nd a tC o rpu s

y ea r s t oc omp le te a nd T owne send g o ti nt h e h ab i t

t he F e l low -Commoner s ' B u i ld ing i n r us t ica ted

o fb u i ld ing a s much a st h ec o l lege h ew a s wo rk ing

b a roque s t y le f o r£ 1800 i n1 737 .A tB a l l io lC o l lege

o n c ou ld a f fo rd a nd t h en mov ing o n t oo the rj ob s

h e r ebu i l t t he e a s ter nh a lf o ft h e F ron t Quad i na

w h i le a no the rr ound o ff und ra is ing w en to n .

s imp le r a the r d u l l c l a ss ica l s t y le f o r £ 1900 i n

H e b u i l tt h e ma sonry o fC h r is t C hu rch L ib ra ry i n

O xfo rd , h e b u i l t al i t t le o c tagona l t emp le i n t h e

f i ve p ha se s o ver t wen ty two y ea r s . T he c o l lege

g round s i n 1 738 -9 .

1 738 -43 . A t R ousham H a l l , t e n m i le s n or th o f

p a id h im £ 2331 i n 1 717 -20 f o r ac on t inuou sb u r s t o fc on s t ruc t ion i nw h ich n ea r ly h a lf t h e s he l l w en t

T he s ca le o nw h ich W i l l iam T owne send u nder took

u p . H e r ece ived £ 100 i n 1 723 f or a s hor t

r epa ir a nd r e fu rb ishmen t o f o lde r b u i ld ings ,

c ampa ign , t hen £ 1000 i n 1 729 -30 a nd £ 1502 i n

e spec ia l ly c o l leges h as n eve r p rev ious ly b een

1 732 -4 ,t a k ing t h eL ib ra ry u pt oo ra lmo s tu pt ot h e

i n ve s t iga ted .N ew f i gu r es e x t rac ted f r om t h eS en io r

c o rn ice . H ef i n ished t h e s he l l i n1 738 -9 , s e t t ing u p

B u r sa r 's A ccoun t sa tJ e su sC o l lege s how t h a t ,w i th

t h e b a lu s t rade f o r£ 502 , wh i le t h e r oo fw a s b e ing

many n ew b u i ld ings i nu se i nt h e 1 720 sa nd 3 0 s ,i t

f r amed , r e ady t ob e l e aded i n1 740 .T he w indows ,

w a s n o t t hough t n ece s sa ry t op u t much e f for t i n to

f l oo r s , c e i l ing a nd b ookca ses t ook a no the rt wen ty

ma in tenance .I ns ome y ea r sn o th ing a ta l w a ss pen t

y ea r s i n te rm i t ten t w o rk b y c a rpen te r s , p l a s te re r s ,

o n s t onework a nd t h e a verage a nnua l c os t i n

s m i th s , s ome o ft h em l o ca l men , o the r sb rough ti n

1 726 -39 v a r ied b e tween £ 10 a nd £ 14 i nf i ve y ea r

f r om L ondon .

p er iods . b u i ld ing-boom

T ownesend o f ten w o rked i n p a r tner sh ip w i th

T ownesend c ou ld a lways f i nd p l en ty o f n ew

B a r tho lomew P e is ley I I , g rand son o fh i sf a the r 's

b u i ld ing -wo rk i n t h e f o rm o f s ma l ler r anges o r

ma s te r .A tU n ive r s i ty C o l lege i n1 7 17 -19 t h ey b u i l t

b lock s o fc o l lege r oom s . T he f o rm o ft h e s u rv ing

t he R adc l if fe Q uad t oge ther f o r £ 4700 i n t h e

r e co rd s , p ar t ly e s t ima tes a nd c on t rac t s a nd p a r t ly

' Ox ford T udo r ' s t y le t ha t R icha rd Maude h ad

l e t ter s g i ves p rac t ica l ly n o i n fo rma t ion a bou t h i s

i mpo sed o n t h e F ron t Q uad i nh i s m a s ter -p lan o f

T hroughou t

t h is

amaz ing

l a rge w o rkfo rce , h ow m any ma son s a nd l a bou re r s

1 634 . T hey b u i l t R ad ley H a l l , s i x m i les s ou th o f

h e emp loyed f u l l t ime , whe ther t h ey wo rked

Oxford , i n 1 721-5 , o r a t l e as t p rov ided t he

e n t i r e ly o n s i te o rp a r t ly i ny a rd s , a nd w he the rh e

s t onewo rk d r es s ings f o rt h is b r ick h ou se .

u sed r e l iab le f o remen o r s ubcon t rac ted wo rk t o o the r l e sser ma s ter -masons . H e s eems t o h ave

A tB lenhe im P a lace t h ey b u i l tt h e Wood s tock G a te

d es igned mo s t o f t h e n ume rous m ino r b u i ld ings

i n 1 722 -3 a nd t h e C o lumn o fV ic to ry i n 1 727 -30 .

t ha t h e b u i l t . A t O r ie l C o l lege h e b u i l t as i ng le

I nb e tween t h ey w o rked t o ge the ro n ag i gan t ic s c a le

d e tached ' Oxfo rd T udo r ' s t a irca se , t h e R ob in son

f o r D uchess S a rah , e mp loy ing l a bou re r s t o s h if t

B u i ld ing i n1 719 -20 f o r£ 750 ; a tC h r is tC hu r ch t h e

t hou sand s o ft on s o f s o i l a nd r ock a st h ey s haved

' Tudo rG o th ic ' B u t te ry b yt h eh a l li n1 722 ;a tN ew

d own t h es u r face a nd ,p r e sumab ly ,b r ing ing o ve ra t

C o l lege h e v au l ted t h e u nde rc ro f t a nd p aved t h e

l e as t s evera l d ozen s k i l led O x fo rd m asons t o 5

c on s t ruc t ac ana l 3 250 f e e t l ong r equ i r ing 3 3 ,000

Wa rw ick ,t h eg r ea tM id land c oun t ry h ouse b u i lde r ,

t ons o f s t one , w i th b as ins 3 60 f ee t l ong a nd

a sj o in tc on t ra c to r s .

w a t e r fa l ls 10 f e e ta c ro s sa nd e i gh tf e e td eep ,a l t o t h e i n s t ruc t ion s o f t h e m i l i ta ry e ng inee r C o lone l

A tf i r s tt h ey p u shed a head a t ag r ea tp ace a nd b yt h e

A rm s t rong .A f te rt h is t h ey r ebu i l tn ine m i le so ft h e

s umme r o f 1 739 t h ey h ad d one £ 8000 -wor th o f

P a rk Wa l l .

work .

T he

l oss

o f t he

mos t e xper ienced

m a s te r -cra f t smen e a r ly i nt he wo rk , w i th Sm i th 's Mean t ime T owne send 's m en w en tb ack a ti r regu la r

d ea th i n Ap r i l 1 738 a nd T own send 's i nS ep tembe r

i n terva ls t o c on t inue a tQ ueen 's a nd A l l S ou ls a s

t h e n ex t y ea r , c au sed many d e lays , a s t he ir s ons

t h e money c ame i n .A t Wo rce s te rC o l lege t h ey b u i l t

l a cked t h ec onf idence t ov au l tt h ed ome i ns t one

t h e m a in s he l l o ft h e e n t rance b lock w i th C hape l , H a l l a nd L ib ra ry , a ga in i no cca s iona l i n s ta lmen t s f r om 1 720 ; t h ep l a in c l a s s ica ld e s ign w a st h ew o rk o f D r G eorge C la rke w i th s ugges t ion s f r om H awk smoo r . A t Q ueen 's t h ey w ere a b le t ob u i ld t h es ou th a nd e a s ts i de so ft h eN or th Q uad i n1 7 19 , a st h eC hape l w a sb e ing f i t ted o u t .T hen t h e re w a s al u l l u n t i l 1 734 -5 , w hen t h ey c omp le ted t h e b l ind a rcade a l ong t h e s t r ee t f r on t a nd t h e s ou th e nd o f t he e a s t r ange . A t A l l S ou ls t h ey f i n ished o f ft h e e a s tr a nge o ft h eN o r th Quad a nd r ebu i l tt h eD in ing H a l lt oc on t inue t h el i ne o ft h es ou th r a nge i ns t age s b e tween 1 720 a nd 1 748 .

ALL SOULS COLLEGE , HALL RADCL I I 1 -h . CA MERA FRO M THE ROOF OF

T he g randes t o f a l l t he g rand b u i ld ing s t ha t

BRASENOSE COLLEGE ; KNO WLES & SON HAVE

T ownesend w a sc once rned w i th c ame a tt h ee nd o f

TW ICE REBU ILT THE CH I MNEYS ON THE LEFT

h i sl i f e ,n o t l ong b efo re h ew a sb ur ied a tS tG i le s ' o n 2 2 S ep t 1 739 . T he g r ea t L ondon p hys ic ian D r

a nd t h i sw a sa bandoned e a r ly i n1 74 1 . I n s tead J ohn

J ohn R adc l if fe h ad l e f t , o n h i s d ea th i n 1 714 ,

T owne send I a nd Wi l l iam Sm i th h ad t o s t and

i n s t ruc t ions a nd a bundan t f und ing f o r ag rea t

b ack w h i le t h e R adc l if f e T rus tee s e mp loyed J ohn

l i bra ry , t o s erve a s a memor ia l t o h imse lf .

P h i l l ip s , ag r ea t L ondon c a rpen te r , d eve loper a nd

H awk smoor 's f i r s t d es igns i n 1 720 w ere f o r a

a r ch i tec t t o e r ec t , i n s tead o f t h e s t one d ome t h a t

g r ea td omed b u i ld ing . R adc l if f e 's T ru s tees f i na l ly

G ibbs h ad p ropo sed , at imbe r d ome , w h ich o the r

b egan w o rk i n1 737 t oJ ames G ibb s 's d e s ign ,w i th

L ondon -based c r a f t smen f i n ished w i th l e ad o u t s ide

Wi l l iam T ownesend a nd F ranc is Sm i th o f

a nd p l a s te rw i th in .

6

T ob u i ld s o much ,W i l l iam T ownesend mus th ave

w ork . I n 1 742 h e c arved a n ew s c reen f o r S t

o pe ra ted i n av ery d i f fe ren t w ay f r om e a r l ie r

J ohn 's H a l lt oG ibb s ' d e s ign .

ma sons . H e w o rked b y c on t rac t b a sed o n p r ices a nd q uan t i t ies , l e av ing r eco rd s t ha t a r e r a the r

A t C orpus C h r is t i C o l lege i n 1 745 -6 h e f a ced t h e

d i f f e ren tf r om t hose o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ,w i th t h e ir

s t ree tf r on to nt h en o r th w i th c u ts t one a nd r a ised i t

l i s t s

d ay -work o r

b y as t o rey o n t h e s i de a way f r om t he q uad t o

l a bou r -on ly c on t rac t sw i th t h ec l ien ts upp ly ing t h e

o f n amed

workmen o n

' box -ou t ' t h e a t t ics t h ere . T he i nne r s i de w a s l e f t

ma te r ia ls . T h is d i f fe rence m ay n o t h ave b een s o

w i th t wo s t o reys , a si th ad b een b u i l t e a r ly i nt h e

c l ea r a t t h e t ime . T ownesend 's w o rk may h ave

s i x teen th c en tu ry . J us t b efo re h i s d ea th h e h ad

b een a ch ieved i nt h e o ld w ay b y g roups o fs ma l l

o f fered , i n ap ropo sa l p reserved i n t he c o l lege

f am i ly f i rm su nde rh i s managemen t .

a r ch ive s t or e pea tt h ep roce s so n t h ew es tf r on tf o r £ 335 .

J ohn T ownesend I I J ohn T ownesend I V J ohn T own send I I , W i l l iam 's s on , t o ok o ve r a nd c omp le ted t h e R adc l if f e L ib ra ry ( o r ' Came ra ') .

A f ter J ohn T ownesend I I d ied i n 1 746 , a

A pa r tf r om t h is ma rve l lou sp ro jec t ,w i th i t sb udge t

n amesake w ho s e em st oh ave b een as on o fW i l l iam

o f£ 40 ,000 w a i t ing r eady t os p end , n ew j obs w e r e

T ownesend 's b ro ther , J ohn T ownesend I o f

v e ry f ew a nd f a r b e tween i n t h e 1 740s , a s t h ey

L ondon , t ook o ve r t he O xford b us iness a nd

c on t inued t ob ef o rt h er e s to ft h ec en tu ry . C o l lege

c omp le ted t h e b a lus t rad ing a nd p av ing i n a nd

f und s t e nded t ob e s pen t o n p e r sona l c omfo r t a nd

a round t h e R adc l if fe C ame ra . J ohn T owne send I

i n terna l g randeu r , o n s uch t h ing sa sp ane l l ing a nd

h ad s e t t led i nL ondon a nd b u i l tt h eo r ig ina lB ank o f

n ew p l a s te rc e i l ing st od raugh t -p roo ft h eo ld o pen

E ng land i n1 732 -4 t oG eo rge S ampson 's p l an sa nd

t imbe r r oof s o f d in ing h a l ls . N ew d in ing h a l l

t h e Mans ion H ou se , d es igned b y t h e e l de rG eo rge

c e i l ings , c ar r ied o u t a t J e sus i n 1 741-2 a nd

D ance ,i n1 739 -42 .

B ra seno se i n1 754 ,s e ldom r e qu ired m uch m a son s ' T h is J ohn T ownesend I V l i ved t h rough many c hange s i nh i st ime a sh ead o ft h ef i rm . F o rn ea r ly f o r ty y ea r s h e h ad t of i nd w o rk f o r h i s m en i na p ro longed p er iod w hen t h e r ew e re n o g r ea tc o l lege p ro jec t s t o c omp le te o ver d ecades . A t C o rpus , c a r ry ing o u tt h ej ob p r iced b yJ ohn I I ,h ef a ced t h e w es t f r on t o f t h e ma in q uad w i th c u t s t one a nd r a ised i tb y as t o rey . I n 1 996 K now les a nd S on ,t h e s ame f i rm ,c a r r ied o u t ama jo rr e fu rb ishmen to ft h is r ange . F ew c o l leges w e re s o a mb i t iou s a s t oa dd w ho le s t o reys . B u ta tJ e su si n1 756 P r inc ipa lP a rdo c omm is s ioned ac l as s ica l s t ree t f ron t o n T u nlS t ree t , i n 1 756 , n o t h icke rt h an as i ng le b lock o fH ead ing ton s t one . A p i ece o fs t age -scenery ' pa s ted -on ' t ot h e e x is t ing much a l te red E l izabe than f r on t r ange , i tg ave t h e CORPUS CHR IST I COLLEGE , FRONT GATE

f a lse a ppea rance o fa ne x t ra f l oo ra nd c o s t£ 157 . 7

Ma in tenance w ork a tt he c o l leges b ecame mo re

T hames b r idges , a t Ma idenhead t o S i r R ober t

v i ta l , a s t h e b u i ld ing s a ged , a nd a s t h e f e l lows

T ay lo r 's d es ign f o r£ 15 ,74 1 , mak ing al o s so fo ve r

d emanded s uch mode rn f ac i l i t ies a sw a te r -c lo se t s .

£ 880 when h e c ar r ied i to u t i n 1 772 -7 , a nd a t

A tJ esus a n a nnua l b udge tf o ra l l r epa ir s o fa bou t

H en ley , b u i l t i n 1 782 -6 t o t he p lans o f W i l l iam

£ 30 ,w i th n o mo re t h an £ 7 -8 s pen to ns t onewo rk i n

H aywa rd o fS h rewsbu ry , w ho a l so s upe rv ised t h e

t he 1 740 s r o se t o a bou t £ 140 i nt he 1 780 s , w i th

p av ing o fO x fo rd a nd t h e r e bu i ld ing o f Magda len

£ 30 -40 f o rs t onewo rk o fa l lk inds ,f r om d ra in sa nd

B r idge i n t he 1 770 s . T he c on t rac t f o r t h is l a t te r

r epav ing t or e p lac ing c h imney sa nd c op ing -s tone s .

b r idge , h oweve r , w en t t o J ohn R anda l l , ' t hough

T he v a r iou sr e la t ive ly m ino rc on t rac t st h a tJ ohn I V

T owne send e ven tua l ly c omp le ted t he b a lus t rad ing

managed t ow in i nO xfo rd i n c luded r ebu i ld ing t h e

t oh i so wn d e s ign .

ma in f r on t b lock o ft h e T own H a l l i n 1 75 1 w i th R icha rd P idd ing ton I I , t o t he a nd r a the r d u l l

H e h ad s ome i n tere s t i n c hu rche s , s u rvey ing t h e

c l a s s ica l d es igns o f t h e L ondon a rch i tec t , I s aac

s p i re o fS t Ma ry 's i nO xfo rd i n1 757 a nd r e bu i ld ing

Wa re ,w ho h ad a n o ff ic ia l p o s ta sS ecre ta ry t ot h e

t ha t a t S ho t tesb rooke , B e rk sh ire i n 1 758 f o r a

B oa rd o f Wo rk s ( i t w a s r ebu i l t i nt he 1 890 s ) . I n

b a rga in £ 300 , a ga in s to the re s t ima te so f£ 600 -900 .

1 757 -9 J ohn I Vf i l led i nt h el a s ts e c t ion l e f tu nbu i l t

I n 1 771 h e b ough t ap rom inen tf r eeho ld s i te f r om

a t Queen 's C o l lege ,t h en o r th p a r to ft h ee a s tr a nge

t h e C i ty , t h en o r th p a r to ft h er e cen t ly d emo l ished

o ft h e F ron tQ uad ,f o l low ing t h ee l eva t ion w o rked

E a s tga te ,j u s t w he re Wi l l iam B adge r Ih ad l i ved

o u t f o r t h e w e s t r ange i n 1 709 b y D r G eo rge

t wo a nd ah a lf c en tu r ies e a r l ie r . H e re h e b u i l tf o r

C la rke , H awk smoo r a nd W i l l iam T ownesend . I n

h imse lf , n o d oub tt oh i s o wn d e s ign , av e ry g rand

1 758 -9 h e r ebu i l t t h e p las te r f an -vau l t o f t he

' s howp iece ' h ou se . I ts t i l l s t ands , s l igh t ly a l te red ,

C onvoca t ion H ou se , d e s igned b y Wi l l iam Ma son

o nt h en o r th s i de o fH igh S t ree tn ea rt h eL ongwa l l

o f L ondon i nt h e 1 630 s , i ns t one . And a tE xe ter

c o rne r . H e m ay h ave e s tab l ished aw o rk s y a rd a t

C o l lege i n1 779 h ed e s igned a nd b u i l ti nt h eg a rden

t h e n or th e nd o f L ongwa l l , o n t h e s i te o f N ew

a ne l egan tc l a s s ica lL ib ra ry w i th I on ic p i la s te r s .

C o l lege 's S ache rB u i ld ing ; i n 1 784 ,j u s tb e fo re h e d ied , h e l e ased a l a rge s ec t ion o f t h e o ld T own D i tch h e r e f r om t h eC i ty . S tephen T ownesend H is s on S t ephen T ownesend , b o rn i nS tM ichae l 's p a r ish i n1 755 ,t ook o ve rt h eb u s ine s sa tt h ea ge o f t wen ty -n ine w hen h i s f a ther d ied i n 1 784 . H e s e em st oh ave p u tl i t t le e f fo r ti n to t h ef i rm a nd g ave u p h i sf a the r 's amb i t ions t oe s tab l ish h imse lf a sa l a rge -sca le e ng inee r ing c on t rac to ra c ro s st h es ou th o fE ng land , wh ich c ou ld h ave l e do nt oc ana ls a nd t h en r a i lways . H ei so n ly r e corded a sh av ing b u i l t : B enson c hu rch t ower i n 1 780 -1 ; a nd Wes t 's B u i ld ing ,a s Magda len C o l lege g r and iou s ly c a l lt h e

EXETER COLLEGE L IBRARY ( DEMOL ISHED )

l a t r ine b lock b y t h e r i ve r , i n 1 782 ; h e c omp le ted H en ley B r idge i n1 784 -6 ;a nd h ed e s igned a nd b u i l t

B u t h i s l a rges t c on t rac ts w ere a l ong w ay f r om

Woods tock C hu rch t owe r i n 1 785 a nd Whea t ley

Oxford . A s c oach -roads a nd t u rnp ike t r us t s

c hu r ch i n1 793 -5 .

b oomed h e g a ined t h e c on t rac t s f o r t wo ma jo r 8

A t t h is t ime h i s F o reman w a s H en ry B arker , t o

s pan c r acked i n1 797 ,t h eb rand -new b r idge h ad t o

j udge f r om as i gna tu re o n ab i l l a tL inco ln C o l lege

b ed i sman t led a nd t h eo ld w ooden b r idge p u tb ack

m ade o u ti nT owne send 's n ame ;B a rke r mu s th ave

i n to u se u n t i l 1 803 ,w hen as i ng le -span i r on b r idge

b een r unn ing t h e f i rm f o rT ownesend w hen t h ey

w a s o pened . I ts ubs ided t h e s ame y ea r a nd h ad t o

b u i lt Whea t ley

1 794 S tephen

b e r ebu i l t a ga in , s o t ha t t h e w ooden b r idge w as

T ownesend h ad t aken o n T homas K now le s t h e

f i na l ly p u l led d own o n ly i n 1 807 . T he n ew i r on

e lder a s h i s f oreman , a s w e l earn f rom a

b r idge a l so f a i led a nd w as r ep laced b y t he p re sen t

T owne send b i l l i nt h ea r ch ive sa tL inco ln C o l lege ,

s t one b r idge i n1 828 -32 .

c hurch .

B y

w r i t ten a nd s i gned b yK now le s . I n 1 797 T homa sK now le st h ee l de r ,h av ing r un t h e Ad i sa s t rou sp ro jec ti n wh ich t h ef i rm w a si n vo lved

f i rm f or t h ree y ea r s , b ough t i tf r om S tephen

a tt h is t ime w a s at h ree -a rched s t one b r idge a t

T owne send w ho d i ed f a ir ly s oon a f te rwa rd s , a ged

S t a ine s , d es igned b y t h e a r t is tT homas S andby , t o

4 5 i n 1 800 . K now les 's A ccoun t B ook A s hows

c a r ry t h eo l dR oman r oad t h a tw ek now a st h eA 30

t ha t c o l lege ma in tenance a nd r e furb ishmen t

a c ross t h eT hame s . I nt h el i t t le P r ice B ook t h a th e

a ccoun ted f o ro ve r7 0% o fs a le s . T owne send m ay

made u p i n t he e a r ly 1 790 s a nd i n wh ich h e

h ave l o s th eav i ly a tS ta ine sB r idge a nd h ave h ad t o

r e corded t h e " I l lum ina t ion T hu r sday N igh t J une

s e l lh im t h is l u c ra t ive p a r to ft h eb u s ine ss .

1 2 th 1 794 t he T hu rsday i n Wh i tsun w eek" , K now le s made a n o te o f ab u s ine s s mee t ing o n "Wedy ,N ov 8 1 794 i n Mr S T f r on tP a r lo r . S t a ine s b r idge . Mr C la rke a greed t o f i nd s t one & wo rk (mansh i )p t oC o rn ice +r a i l a t1 870 p (e r )f oo t b o th t oge the r . B ann is te r s s t one+wo rk e ach 2 /9 e xc lu s ive o f c a r r iage" . S tephen T owne send mu s t b e ' ST ' ,a nd ' C la rke ' may w e l l h ave b een E dwa rd C la rk o fB a r r ing ton i nG louce s te r sh ire , ar egu la r s upp l ie r o f h igh -qua l i ty s t one t o O xfo rd , h e re t r y ing t oe x tend h i s ma rke t . O n a no the r p age h e n o ted t h a tt h ep l in th w a st ob e o fH a rds tone 1f oo t 5i n che sh igh b y 1f oo t 2i n che sw ide ,a nd t h a tt h e w id th w a s a l te red t o 1f oo t , o n w h ich b a s is h e wo rked o u t ac o s to f1 / 11 p e rf oo tr un . I na no the rn o tebook t ha th ew a su s ing a tt h is t ime , h i s t i ny C a lcu la t ion B ook , K now les s ke tched a c ro s s sec t ion o ft h e ' r a i l ' o fS t a ine sB r idge ,n o ted t ha ti tw a st ob eo f" Tayn ton S tone S en tt oy ey a rd r ough C hop t" a nd w ro te al ong m emo r andum a bou t t h ew o rkman sh ip a nd p r ic ing o ft h is j ob . T hese n o tes s how c lea r ly t ha t K now les w as i nvo lved i nc omp le t ing t h is i l s ta r red b r idge ,b u i l t i n 1 792 -6 t o r ep lace a n o ld w ooden b r idge c l o se b y . We mus th ope t ha t n e i the rT ownesend n or h e w a s r e spons ib le f o r t h e f ounda t ions : t h e c en t ra l

9

CHAPTER TWO P a r tne r sa nd f o rebea r sf r om 1 604 B u i lde r sa nd b u i ld ing c r a f t smen h ave a lway sb een

c en tu ry . T he e a r l ies t o f t hem , t h e f i r s t o f t he

u nusua l ly n umerous a nd p rom inen t i n O xford ,

P idd ing ton s , r egu la r ly wo rked i np a r tne r sh ip w i th

f o rm ing at e n th o ft h e c i ty 's w o rk ing p opu la t ion ,

Wi l l iam B adger I , whose f a ther 's f i rm w a s

d oub le t h e u sua l p ropor t ion i n t owns a nd c i t ies

r ecogn ised a s a n e s tab l ished O x fo rd b u s iness i n

b e tween t h ef ou r teen th a nd t h en i ne teen th c en tu r ie s .

1 604 .T h is m eans t h a ti n2 004 K now le s&S on c an

F o rt h ew ho le o ft h is l o ng p e r iod t h e ir mo s tr e gu la r

l eg i t ima te ly c e leb ra te f ou r h und red y ea r s o f a n

e ve ryday wo rk , t o a much g r ea te r e x ten t t han

Ox fo rd b u i ld ing p a r tne r sh ip .

p u t t ing u p n ew b u i ld ings , h a s b een r epa ir ing a nd mak ing m ino ra l te ra t ion st oh ou ses , c hu rches a nd ,

The P e is ley F am i ly

i np ar t icu la r , t h e c o l leges ; t h ese m ino r c hanges ,

Oxford s t one masons f rom 1 662 t o 1 727

wh ich h ave e ven tua l ly q u i te t r ansfo rmed much Oxfo rd a r ch i tec ture a re o n ly b eg inn ing t o b e s t ud ied a nd u nde r s tood .

B a r tho lomew P e is ley I( 1620 -92 ) , s on o f ay oung c arpen te r o f t h e s ame n ame w ho h ad s e t t led i n Oxford f rom A sco t t u nder Wychwood , w a s

I n t h e s even teen th c en tu ry mos t b u i ld ing f i rms

b ap t ised o n 4S ep tembe r 1 620 i nS tG i le s ' c hu r ch ,

w ere s ma l l o r v ery s ma l l , c ons is t ing o f a

Oxfo rd w he re h i s f a the r h ad b een b ur ied f ou r

ma s te r -c ra f t sman w i th t wo o rt h ree j ou rneymen a nd

mon th s p rev ious ly . I n 1 627 h i s mo the r Ma ry

o ne o rt wo a pp ren t ice s ,w i th s ome c a sua ll a bou re r s

ma r r ied h er n e ighbour R icha rd P idd ing ton , a

w hen n ece ssa ry .T hey w e re a l s pec ia l is tf i rm s . We

r ecen t ly w idowed s t onemason ; h e mus t h ave

a r e c oncer ned i nt h is b ook w i th t he s t onema sons ,

t r a ined h i s s t epson a s as tonemason w i thou t

b u t w e s hou ld a l so r emembe r t h e o the r b u i ld ing

e nro l l ing h im w i th t h e c i ty a u tho r i t ies a s a n

c r a f t smen . C a rpen te r s a nd j o ine r s w e re t wo q u i te

a pp r en t ice .

d i s t inc t t r ades i n t h e s i x teen th a nd s even teen th c en tur ies wh ich me rged i n t h e e a r ly e i gh teen th c en tu ry . P lumbe r s w e re a lmo s t a lways t r a ined a s g l az ier s a nd w o rked i nb o th f i e lds , a l though l e s s a nd l e ss s o a s wooden s a shes r ep laced l e aded w indows e a r ly i nt h e e i gh teen th c en tu ry . S la t ter s a l so w o rked a sp l a s te re r s .

P e is ley w a s ma r r ied a nd w ork ing i nO xfo rd , b y 1 649 , w hen h i se l de s tc h i ld , Ma ry , w a sb ap t ised a t S tG i le s ' . No d oub th e w a s l i v ing w i th o rn ea rh i s mo the r a nd h er s e cond h u sband . T h ir teen y ea r s l a te r ,a tt h ea ge o ff o r ty two , h ew en ti n to b u s ines s o n h i s o wn a ccoun t , o r a t l ea s t m ade h imse lf e l ig ib le t od os o ,b yb ecom ing aF r eeman o fO xfo rd

A s w e h ave s een , t h e f i rm o f Know les & S on

o n3 0 May 1 662 . H is s i xa pp ren t ice si n c luded J ohn

d escends d i rec t ly f r om t h e T ownesend s . A s w e

T ownesend , w ho se c a reer w e h ave a l ready n o ted ,

s ha l l s ee , t h e l i nks w i th t he P e is leys a nd t he

a nd h i s o wn s on s B a r tho lomew I a nd C ha r les .

P idd ing ton s a nd t h e i rt r ad i t ions a r e l e s s c l o se b u t

W i th t h e ir h e lp a nd w i th h i sj ourneymen h e b u i l t

v e ry r e a l .T hese t h ree f am i l ie sa l lb egan w o rk ing a s

M idd le ton H a l l ( now N o 1 S t G i le s ) i n 1 663 . I n

s t onema son si nS tG i le s ' i nt h e 1 7 th c en tu ry a nd a l l

p ar tnersh ip

t h ree moved f u r the rs ou th i nt h e c i ty a tt h ee nd o f

P idd ing ton ,a no the ri mpo r tan tf o rebea ro fK now le s

t h ec en tu ry a nd g ave u pb u s ine ss i nt h e 1 8 th

& S on , h e w on aC i ty p av ing c on t rac t i n 1 671-2 .

w i th

h is

h a lf -bro ther

An tony

H e b u i l t t h e S en io r C ommon R oom a tS t J ohns 1 0

C o l lege i n 1 673 -6 ; a nd i n 1 685 -6 c omp le ted t h e

H e mar r ied P e is ley 's d augh te r Ma ry a nd t ook h e r

C hape l a nd L ib ra ry a tS tE dmund H a l l , b egun b y

o f ft ol i ve i nL ondon w he re f r om 1 7 15 t o 1 754 h e

a no ther mason , Wi l l iam B yrd , i n 1 680 -2 . I n

h e ld a p os t i n t he K ing ' s Wo rks i n c ha rge o f

1 686 -7 h e s h ipped s t one f r om H ead ing ton , w here

K ens ing ton P a lace . H e a l so h ad a s ubs tan t ia l

h e mu s th ave o wned o rl e a sed aq ua r ry ,t oL ondon

a r ch i tec tu ra lp rac t ice f o rp r iva te c l ien t s .

f o rS tP au l 's C a thed ra l . I n 1 692 -5 P e is ley b u i l tT r in i ty C o l lege C hape l ; h e H e w a s n eve r e l ec ted t o t h e C i ty C ounc i l , b u t

m ay h ave h ad ah and i ni t sd es ign ,f o rw h ich D ean

s e rved a so ne o ft h e f ou r S urveyor s o fN u isance s

A ld r ich o f C hr is t C hu rch w a s p robab ly l a rge ly

f o r many y ea r s ,i n 1 676 -8 a nd 1 680 -92 ,e xe rc is ing

r e spons ib le . I n 1 693 -4 h e b u i l t a nd p robab ly a l so

s ome o ft h ef unc t ion so f amode rn C i ty E ng inee r .

d es igned S ta ircase 9 a t Wadham C o l lege , a

H e m ay h ave p ar t ly r e t ired i n 1 685 w hen h i s s on

d e tached b lock o nt h es t ree ts ou th -we s to ft h ef r on t

t ook u ph i sF r eedom ;h ed i ed i n1 692 .

q uad . I n 1 699 -1700 h e b u i l tS tone 's H o sp i ta l i nS t C lemen t s , ac on t rac t h e won i n 1 797 . F rom 1 705

B a r tho lomew P e is ley I ( 1654 -1715 ) w a sb ap t ised

h i s ma jo r c on t rac t w as t he G rea t B r idge a t

a tS t G i le s ' o n 2 9 May 1 654 a nd a pp ren t iced i n

B lenhe im , d es igned b y V anbrugh a nd l e f t

1 669 t oh i sf a ther f o rw hom h e mus th ave wo rked

u n f in ished when t h e w o rk s w e re h a l ted i n 1 711 ,

a s aj ou rneyman f o r n i ne y ea r s b efo re t a k ing h i s

l e av ing h im w i th u npa id a ccoun t sf o r£ 1200 .

F reedom i n1 685 . A ta bou tt h is t ime h eg ave h i sd oub le h ou se a t2 0S t H e moved s ou th f r om h i s h ome p a r ish , w i thou t

M ichae l S t ree t au n ifo rm s t one f r on ti nt h es t y le o f

e ve rg i v ing u ph i sl i nk st h e r e . I n 1 684 -5 h el i ved a

B lenhe im P a lace ;s i nce t h e 1 920 si th a sb een c a l led

f ew d oo r sw e s to fN o 1 0S tM ichae l S t ree t( pay ing

` Vanb rugh Hou se ' i nt h e w is t fu l b u tw rong b e l ie f

as h i l l ing t o t h e O ve r seer s o f S t M ichae l a tt he

t h a t i tw a s S i r J ohn V anbr ugh 's r e s idence . T he re

N o r thga te p a r i sh ) . I n1 686 o r' 87 h e moved f u r the r

c an b e n o s e r ious d oub t t h a t P e is ley d es igned i t

w es twa rd t o ah ouse w h ich f o rms t he e a s t h a lf o f

h imse lf , p erhaps w i th a dv ice f r om h i s o ld

No 2 0( p ay ing o ne s h i l l ing a nd s i xpence ) .E a r ly i n

a pp ren t ice a nd s on in law H en ry J oyne s . P e is ley 's

1 694 h et o ok o ve rt h en ex th ouse , t h e o t he rh a lf o f

w i f eE l izabe th d i ed a t ar e la t ive ly e a r ly a ge a nd w a s

N o2 0a sw e l l . I nt h eW indow T ax l i s to f 1 696 h e

b ur ied a tS tG i le s ' o n 2O c tobe r 1 70 1 . H e d i ed a t

w a sa s se s sed f o re i gh tw indows . A l l t h eh ou se so n

6 1 a nd w a sb ur ied o n2 7 May 1 7 15 a tS tG i les ' ,t h e

t h en or th o ft h e s t r ee tb acked s t ra igh to n to t h eo ld

o ld f am i ly c hu rch , n o t a th i s p a r ish c hu rch o f S t

T own Wa l l , w i th n o r oom f o rs t o res , w o rk shop o r

M ichae l 's .

y a rd a nd w e re l e a sed f r om t h eC i ty . H i sb ro the rC ha r le sP e is ley ( 166 1-17 17 ) ,w ho w a s H es e rved a s aC i ty C ounc i l lo rf r om 1 696 u n t i lh i s

a pp ren t iced t o t h e ir f a the r i n 1 676 , b ecame a

d ea th i n 1 715 . H e a l so s e rved a s V iewer o r

F reeman i n 1 692 a nd t o ok f ou r a ppr en t ices a sh i s

S u rveyo ro f Nu isance si n 1 700 -1715 . H e e n ro l led

b us iness e xpanded . H e s eems t o h ave l i ved i n

f ou ra pp r en t ice s ,o ne o ft h em h i ss on B a r tho lomew

Me r ton S t ree ta nd p a id t a x i n 1 6%o n 6w indows

I I . A no ther w a s J ohn P udd le who t ook o u t h i s

i nS tP e te ri nt h eE a s tp a r ish .H ed i ed i n1 7 17 .

F r eedom i n1 70 1b u ts t ayed w i th t h ef i rm a nd a c ted a s t h e P e is leys ' f o reman a tB lenhe im P a lace . A

B a r tho lomew P e is ley I I ( 1683 -1727 ) , a pp ren t iced

t h ird , much mo r en o tab le c ha rac te r ,a ppea r si nt h e

t oh i sf a the ri n 1 698 ,n eve rt r oub led t ot a ke o u th i s

C i ty b ook s a s H enry , s on o f H enry J ames o f

F reedom , b u t w o rked a s a ma s te r -ma son , v ery

Ma r rowbone ( Ma ry lebone ) ,b u tb ecame , a sH en ry

o f ten ,a sw eh ave s e en ,i np a r tne r sh ip w i th W i l l iam

J oyne s , c l e rk -o f -wo rk sa tB lenhe im i n 1 705 -17 15 .

T ownsend . H e f i n ished t he G rea t B r idge a t 1 1

B lenhe im i n1 721 -2 ,r e bu i l tt h ep a rk w a l li n1 723 -4

h es w i tched a l leg iance a nd p a id h eav i ly t ob ecome a

a nd 1 727 -9 a nd m ade t h e ma rb le d oorca se s i nt h e

F reeman o ft h e C i ty . F rom 1 671 u n t i l h i sd ea th h e

G a l le ry ( now t h eL ong L ib ra ry )f o r£ 350 i n1 723 .

s e rved t h e C i ty a s o ne o ft h e f ou r ' Surveyo r s o f N u isance s ' c a r ry ing o u ts ome o ft h ef unc t ions o fa

H ed i ed s udden ly a tt h ea ge o f4 4i n1 727 a nd w a s

moder nC i ty E ng inee r .H ed i ed a tt h ea ge o ff o r ty -

b u r ied i nS tG i le s ' c hu r ch , r emembe red a s" av e ry

e i gh t ; h i s w idow E l ino r may h ave r un t h eb u s ines s

c our teou s a nd w e l l b ehaved man" . H is y oung a nd

f o rt h en ex tf ou ry ea r su n t i lt h e ir s on t ook o ve r .

" ve ry p r e t ty w idow" m a r r ied G eo rge H udde sfo rd , P re s iden to fT r in i ty C o l lege a nd s en th e ry oung s on

H e w as R ichard P idd ing ton I ( 1653-1724 )

u p t os t udy t h e re . P resumab ly s he t r an sf er red t h e

e n ro l led o n t h e C i ty b ook s a s o ne o f h i s f a ther 's

f i rm 's c raf tsmen a nd g oodw i l l t o W i l l iam

f ou ra pp ren t ice s . H e b ecame aF reeman i n 1 680 .

T ownesend . T h is s on , y e t a no the r B a r tho lomew ,

H el i ved i nS tG i le sf o rs ome y ea r s , moved t oN ew

b ecame a f e l low o f T r in i ty a nd l a ter a c oun t ry

C o l lege L ane i n 1 692 a nd t h en t ot h e s ou th s i de o f

p a r son i n ac o l lege l i v ing . H e w a s b ur ied i n

H o lywe l l i n1 695 . H e h ad a tl e a s t s even c h i ld r en ,

Wo lve rco te c hu rch ,w he re h ei sc ommemo r a ted b y

f i ve o f whom s u rv ived i n fancy , a nd t ook n ine

ah and some monumen to fc o lou red m a rb le s .

a pp r en t ices w ho w ere e n ro l led o n t h e C i ty b ooks . T he n umbe ro fa pp ren t ice si mp l ie st h a t ,a l though h e

The P idd ing ton F am i ly

i sn o to f ten d ocumen ted i nc o l lege r e co rds ,h eh ad a

Oxford s t onemason s f ro m 1 624 t o 1 764

l a rge b us iness , p erhaps o f ten w ork ing a s a s ubcon t rac to rf o rt h e T owne send s . H e d id r egu la r

R icha rd P idd ing ton I( 1597 -1644 ) o f S t G i les p a r ish ,w ho c ame o r ig ina l ly f r om S t an ton S tJ ohn , o b ta ined U n ive r s i ty p r iv i lege i n1 624 ,l i ke T homa s K now le s ah und red a nd s even ty f ou r y ea r s l a te r . A sw e h ave s e en , h e ma r r ied t h e w idowed mo the r o fB a r tho lomew P e is ley Ii n 1 627 . H e u nde r took r epa i r s a tJ esus C o l lege i n 1 633 a nd h ad ar e gu la r p ar tne r sh ip w i th W i l l iam B adge rI ,w ho h ad t a ken

r epa i r so nh i so wn a ccoun tf o ra tl e a s tt wo c o l leges , O r ie la nd Magda len ,a nd i n1 700 b u i l tt h em a son ry s he l l o ft h es ou th -ea s tb lock o ft h eG a rden Q uad a t N ew C o l lege . T owa rd s t h e e nd o fh i s l i f e h e w a s e l ec ted t ot h eC i ty C ounc i la nd a l so s e rved ,l i ke h i s f a the r ,a s ' Surveyo ro fN u isance s ' . H ew a sc l ea r ly a mo s t s ucces fu l b us ines sman a nd d ied " wo r th t we lve h und red P ound si nH ouse sa nd E f f ec t s" .

o u t h i s C i ty F reedom . T oge the rt h ey b u i l tt h e e a s t r ange o ft he C an te rbury Q uad a tS tJ ohns C o l lege

H is t wo s urv iv ing s ons , J ohn P idd ing ton I

i n 1 634 a nd t h e H igh S t ree t r ange a t Magda len

( 1682 -1716 ) a nd R ichard I I ( 1698 -1752 ) b o th

C o l lege i n 1 635 , a nd i n 1 639 -40 t h ey p aved t h e

s e rved a pp ren t ice sh ip s u nde r h im . J ohn moved t o

n ew ly f i n ished C ong rega t ion Hou se a nd l a id o r

S tP e te ri nt h eE a s tp a r ish a nd b ecame ac ompe ten t

' p i tched ' t h eg u t te r so u t s ide . P e rhap sP idd ing ton 's

s cu lp to r ,l e av ing s eve ra l s i gned monumen t si nl o ca l

s k i l ls l a y i n s k i l led b enchwo rk a nd s t one -cu t t ing

c hu r ches .

wh i le B adge rl a id f ounda t ion s , b u i l t r ubb le w a l ls a nd a s semb led t h ec omponen t s , s uch a sd oo rway s ,

R icha rd I I moved t ot h en o r th s i de o fH o lywe l l( on

w indows a nd c h imneys , w h ich P idd ing ton a nd h i s

t he s i te o f Mansf ie ld R oad ) , p erhaps h av ing

m en p r epa red .

i nher i ted p roper ty t h e r ef r om t h eC o l l i son f am i ly o f c arpen te r s , a nd f o l lowed h i sf a the ra s ap roper ty -

H is s on An tony P idd ing ton ( 1628 -76 ) , a l so o fS t

o wne ra nd m a s t e r -bu i lde r .I n1 733 -4 ,w i th W i l l iam

G i le sp a r ish ,p re sumab ly s ucceeded h i sf a the ra sa

K ing a s ap a r tne r , h e b u i l t t h e N ew B u i ld ing a t

p r iv i leged c r a f t sman a nd w o rked a ss uch o nr egu la r

Magda len C o l lege ; i th ad b een p lanned a st h ef i r s t

ma in tenance a nd r epa ir s a t Or ie l C o l lege i n 1 657 -6 1 , a nd n od oub to the rc o l lege s t oo . I n 1 664

s t age o f av a s t r e bu i ld ing p ro jec tw h ich o therw ise c ame t on o th ing . H eo wed t h is c on t rac tt oW i l l iam 1 2

T ownesend , w hose r o le a s ak ind o f manag ing

t ha t " The H o lywe l l y ard d escended f r om t he

a gen tf o rt h e c o l lege i sc l ea rf r om an umbe ro fh i s

P idd ing ton st ot h eK now le sw ho h ave n ow moved

l e t te r si nt h eC o l lege A rch ives .R icha rd P idd ing ton

t ot h e n o r th s i de o f Ho lywe l l" . I n t h e 1 7 10 s a nd

I I h ad t wo s on s who d i ed i n i n fancy a nd t h ree

2 0 s R icha rd P idd ing ton I ( 1653 -1724 ) o wned N o

d augh te r sw ho se c a ree r sc anno tr e ad i ly b et r aced .

8 3 Ho lywe l l w h ich , a f te r as uccess ion o f o the r

T he y ea rb efo re h ed i ed h e b ecame aF reeman a nd

o wner s , t h e K now leses o wned f r om t h e 1 820 s t o

a l so a C i ty C ounc i l lo r , h av ing r un t he f am i ly

t h e 1 870 s , t h is c o inc idence p robab ly g ave r i se t o

b us iness f o r t wen ty -s ix y ea r s w i thou t h av ing

t h es t a temen t ,w h ich i sam e r ec on jec tu r e ,a bou tt h e

t r oub led a bou t C i ty r egu la t ions . T he s ame y ea r ,

y a rd . B u t n o K now les e ve r a cqu ired a ny o f t he

1 751 , h ea nd J ohn T ownesend I V r ebu i l tt h e m a in

o ther p roper t ies t ha t h ad b e longed t o t he

b lock o ft h e T own H a l l a s p a r tne r s . E v iden t ly h e

P idd ing tons . A l i t t le f ur ther ( and l e s s h ur r ied )

t hough ti tw a s wo r th t ak ing u ph i sF reedom t ow in

r e sea rch i nt h e A rch ives a t Me r ton C o l lege , t he

t h e c on t rac t . H is s i de o ft h e b us iness , b u t n o t h i s

g round land lo rd o fa lmos ta l o f Ho lywe l l , w ou ld

p er sona l p roper ty a nd a s se t s may h ave p a s sed t o

s oon h ave made t h el a ck o fa ny c onnex ion p l a in .

h i sn ephew J ohn I a nd d i sa s te r . T her e i s amo re v i ta l s e r ies o fl i nks b e tween t h e J ohn P idd ing ton I ' s s on ,J ohn I ( 1710 -90 ) , i n

f i r s tt wo P idd ing ton sa nd t h e P e is ley f am i ly , t h ree

t he f i f th g enera t ion o f t h is f am i ly o f ma sons ,

g ene ra t ion so fw hom w e re O x fo rd s t onema son s ,a s

h av ing l o s th i sf a the ra tt h e a ge o fs i x , h ad a tl e a s t

w e h ave s e en . R icha rd P idd ing ton I( 1597 -1644 )

s even c h i ld ren ,f i ve o f whom s u rv ived i n f ancy .H e

b rough t u p a nd t r a ined h i s s t ep son B a r tho lomew

l i ved n ex t -doo rt oh i s u nc le R icha rd I I i n ah ou se

P e is ley I( 1620 -92 )a nd h i ss on A n tony P idd ing ton

t ha t s u rv ives a s ' The A l te rna t ive T uck shop ' a nd

( 1628 -76 ) w o rked i np ar tne r sh ip w i th P e is ley a nd

h ad amuch l e ss s a t isfac to ry c a ree r , t u rn ing o u tt o

f o l lowed h im i nt ak ing o u th i sF reedom . T h is f i r s t

b e av e ry b ad e gg i ndeed w i th , p resumab ly , n o

P e is ley t r a ined t h ef i r s to ft h eT owne sends a nd t h e

i n teres t o r s k i l l a t b us iness . I n 1 764 , h av ing

s econd

embezz led t h ef und so ft h eO x fo rd B enef i tS oc ie ty ,

b u s ines s -pa r tne r so ft h e g r ea tW i l l iam T owne send

h e w a s s en tenced t o s even y ea r s ' t r an spor ta t ion .

i n t he s pec tacu lar Oxfo rd b u i ld ing -boom o f

a nd

t h ird

P e is leys

w ere

r egu lar

S urv iv ing t h is , h e r e turned h ome t oH o lywe l l , a t

1 700 -1730 . We c an t r ace c onnex ions t h rough

l e a s tf o rb u r ia l .

r e gu la rp a r tne r sh ip sb ack t oa ne ven e a r l ie rd a te ;t h e f i r s t P idd ing ton c a r r ied o u t mo s t o f h i s r e co rded

H is s on R icha rd P idd ing ton I V w a s b o rn i n 1 745

wo rk a s t h e p ar tne r o f W i l l iam B adge r I , w i th

a nd w as n ine teen a t t he t ime o f h i s f a the r 's

w ho se f am i ly w e mu s te nd t h is c hap te r .

d i sg r ace ,n od oub tt r a ined b u tn o tr e a l ly a b le t ot a ke o ve ra nd u se s uch g oodw i l l a sr ema ined . H es e em s t oh ave s t ayed i n Ox fo rd a nd k ep t o n t h e l e a se o f

The B adger F am i ly

t he H o lywe l l h ouse . H e a ppea r s i n t h e v a r ious

Oxford s t one masons f ro m 1 604 t o 1 694

e d i t ion so ft h e U n ive r sa lB r i t i sh D ir ec tor ya so ne o f n ine m a s te r ma son sa c t ive i nO xfo rd . .

B e tween 1 604 a nd 1 694 t h r ee s ucces s ive W i l l iam B adger s r a n t h e ir o wn b us ines s a s ma s ter -ma son s

Know le sa nd S on h ave t wo l i nk sw i th t h ef ou rl a te r

i n O xfo rd . T hey c ame f r om C ow ley j u s t e a s t o f

g ene ra t ions o f t he P idd ing ton f am i ly , t he N ew

O x fo rd o rp e rhap sf r om B eck ley , af ew m i les t ot h e

B u i ld ing s c on t rac t a t Magda len i n 1 733 a nd t h e

n o r th -ea s t .W i l l iam B adge r I( d .1613 )f i r s ta ppea r s

p a r tne r sh ip t ob u i ld t h eT own H a l li n1 75 1 .B u tw e

i nt h e c i ty r e co rd s o n 1 8J une 1 604 w hen h e p a id

mu s ts p ec ia l ly n o te t h a tt h e re i sn os ubs tance i nt h e

£ 1 t o b ecome a F reeman o f O x fo rd a nd t hu s b e

s t a temen t , made i n 1 949 ( Oxon ien s ia 1 4 , 7 1-2 )

e l ig ib le t ot r ade w i th in t h e C i ty . A t t h e C ounc i l 1 3

m ee t ing t h a t d ay a nd a to ne af o r tn igh t e a r l ie rn o

h ave t aken h i s F reedom i n a bou t 1 650 . H e may

f ewer t h an t wen ty -s ix b u i ld ing c ra f tsmen w e re

h ave l i ved i n h i s f a the r 's h ouse a tE a s tga te a nd

i n v i ted t ot a ke u pt h e i rF reedom a nd t wen ty -fou ro f

a ppea r si n at a x l is to f1 648 a s ar e s iden to fS tP e te r

t h em d id s oa to nce i no rde rt oj o in an ew g u i ld o f

i nt h e E a s t p a r ish a ta bou t t ha t l o ca t ion . H e w a s

" F reemasons , c arpen ter s , j o iner s a nd s l a te r s"

e l ec ted t ot h eC i ty C ounc i l i n 1 668 a nd w a so ne o f

w h ich o b ta ined ac ha r te rf r om K ing J ame s Io n3 1

t h e t wo C hambe r la ins ( am ino ro f f ice ) i n 1 669 /70

O c tobe r 1 604 .

a nd o ne o ft h e t wo B a i l if f s ( nex t mos t i mpor tan t a f te rt h e Mayo r )i n1 678 /79 .

T h is a t temp tb yt h eC i ty a nd l o ca lb u i lde r st o ge the r t o monopo l ise a nd c on t ro l b u i ld ing -wo rk s a nd

H is c a ree r a s ab u i lde r s eems t o b e ac omp le te

c ond i t ions i n Oxfo rd m e t s t rong h os t i l i ty i n

b lank . H e t ook n o a pp ren t ices a nd n o b u i ld ing -

a cadem ic c i rc les a nd e ven tua l ly f a i led . C o l lege

wo rk o f h i s h a s y e t b een i den t if ied f r om a ny

p a t rons b rough t i n masons a nd c arpen te r s f r om

r e co rd . I tm ay eme rge t h a th eg ave u pb u i ld ing a nd

Yo rk sh ir e t ow o rk a t Me r ton C o l lege i n 1 609 a nd

b ecame a n i nnkeeper o r s ome th ing s im i la r o r

mason s f r om S omer se t t o Wadham C o l lege i n

s imp ly l i ved o nh i sf a the r 's i nve s tmen t s .

1 6 10 . Mo s to ft h em embe r so ft h en ew g u i ld w e r e f o rced t o l e ave i ti n 1 610 a nd i tw as f i na l ly s uppr e s sed b yt h eP r ivy C ounc i li n1 6 12 . W i l l iam B adge r I( c .1591 -1647 ) , a pp ren t iced t o h i sf a the ri n1 605 w hen t h e g u i ld 's p rospec t sw e r e s t i l l h opefu l , t ook o u t h i s F reedom i n 1 614 , p robab ly j us ta f te rh i sf a the rd i ed ,t ot a ke o ve ra nd r un t he b us iness w i th a l l t he b enef i ts a nd d i sadvan tages o f t he C i ty 's r e s tr ic t ive t r ad ing r egu la t ion s .B adge rm ay h ave b een a' r ough laye r ' , g ood a tf ounda t ions a nd r ubb le w o rk a nd c apab le o fl a y ing a sh la r . H e m ay h ave o wned q ua r r ies a nd c a r t sf o rs t one t r an spo r t . F rom 1 629 o rb efo re u n t i l h i sd ea th h eh ad ah ouse b u i l to nt h eo l dC a s t le D i tch j u s ti n s ide We s tga te a s s ub tenan to f aC i ty l e s see ;h eh ad a no the rh ou se i n t h e n o r th p a r t o fE a s tga te . I n 1 634 h e r ebu i l t t h is h ouse , p resumab ly t o l i ve i n . H e w a s v ery s uccesfu l i ndeed , t oj udge f r om t he n umbe r o f a pp ren t ice sh et ook ,t h i r teen i na l l , mo re t h an t h ree t imes a s many a sa ny o the rO x fo rd ma s te r -ma son o ft h a th a l fc en tu ry .A sw eh ave s e en ,h ew o rked i n p a r tne r sh ip w i th R icha rd P idd ing ton , w ho h ad U n ive r s i ty p r iv i lege a nd t h eb enef i t st h a tc ame w i th i t . W i l l iam B adge rI I ( 1626 -95 ) w as e n ro l led a so ne o fh i sf a the r 's many a pp ren t ice si n 1 640 a nd mu s t 1 4

CHAPTER THREE T he K now les f am i ly ,t h e i ra r r iva li n Oxfo rd a nd t h e ir t akeove ro ft h ef i rm FAM ILY OR IG INS 1 750 -80 ; THE MOVE F ROM BANBURY We c an t r ace t he K now les f am i ly b ack o n ly t o

T h ree o f t h e c h i ld ren o f T homa s a nd E l izabe th

1 762 , w hen aT homa s K now le s w a s w o rk ing a sa

K now les o f B anbu ry w e re i n Ox fo rd i n t h e l a te

ma son a nd s t one -cu t te ro rs t one -ca rve ri nB anbu ry ,

1 770 s , s oon a f te r t h e i r mo the r 's d ea th ; t h e f ou r th

t h e l a rges t t own i nn o r th O x fo rd sh ire , whe re h e

m ay w e l l h ave b een w i th t h em a nd w a s ma r r ied i n

l i ved w i th h i s w ife E l izabe th . T he ir o r ig in a nd

O x fo rd i nt h e 1 780 s .T he a gen tr e spon s ib le f o rt h e

b ackg rounds h ave n o t s of a r b een d i scove red a nd

move may h ave b een a n Oxford v i c tua l le r ( o r

i nt h is b ook w e c an o n ly d i s t ingu ish h im f r om t h e

p ub l ican ) c a l led W i l l iam K now le so ft h ep ar ish S t

o the r s o ft h e s ame n ame b y c a l l ing h im T homas

M ichae l a tt h e No r thga te , w ho may p os s ib ly h ave

K now le so fB anbu ry . H ed i ed i nB anbu ry a nd w a s

b een a nu nc le o rs ome o t he rf a ir ly c l o se r e la t ive .H e

b ur ied o n 5 Apr i l 1 774 . T h ree y ea r s l a te r s he

d oe s n o t a ppea ri nt h e S u rvey o f 1 772 , b u t w a s i n

f o l lowed h im o n 9J u ly 1 777 . T hey h ad a tl e a s t

t h e c i ty b y 1 774 a nd c ou ld t hus h ave moved t o

f ou rc h i ld ren ,T homa s t h ee l de rb o rn a bou t 1 754 ;

O x fo rd i na bou t 1 773 .

E l izabe th b orn i n 1 756 o r ' 57 ; E dwa rd b orn i n 1 761 ; a nd J ohn b ap t ised i nB anbu ry o n 8 Ma rch

T homas K now le s t he e lder 's d o ing s f orm a

1 765 .D e sp i te many a t temp t s ,t h eb ap t isma lr e co rd s

p r inc ipa l s ub jec to ft h is a nd t h en ex tt wo c hap te r s .

o ft h et h ree e l de rc h i ld ren h ave n o ty e tb een f ound .

H em ay h ave b een a pp ren t iced t oh i sf a the ri na bou t 1 768 a nd w i l l h ave b een d ue t oc omp le te h i st ime

T .E .Know le s b e l ieved i n t h e 1 920s t ha t h i s

s oon a f te r h i s f a the r 's d ea th i n 1 774 . I fW i l l iam

f o rebea r s h ad c ome f r om Y o rk sh ir e . T he re a r e

K now le s t h e v ic tua l ler w a s i ndeed ar e la t ive , h e

h in t s t h a t t he K now lese s may h ave g one t o

may h ave h e lped T homa s f i nd w ork t h rough

B anbu ry f r om a G louces ter sh ire v i l lage n ea r

c us tomer s a nd f r iends i n O xfo rd p ub s , p erhaps

S tow-on the - Wo ld t we lve o r f i f teen m i les

w i th t he c i ty 's l e ad ing mas te r -bu i lde r J ohn

s ou th -wes t o f B anbury . I n h i s P r ice B ook

T owne send I V . T homa s l a te r r an t h e b u s ines sf or

T homa s K now le s t h e e l de r , s on o ft h e B anbu ry

T owne send 's s on S t ephen ,f r om w hom h ea cqu ired

ma son n o ted t he p r ices o f T ayn ton s t one

i ti n1 797 .

d e l ive red t o" Da i ls fo rd" a nd o fc i rcu la rs t ep sa t " Da i l s f (o r )d" a nd i nt h ei n dex t ot h eP r ice B ook

W i l l iam K now le s may a l so h ave a r ranged f o r

h e

o f

E l izabe th t og oi n to s e rv ice w i th s ome t a i lo rf r iend

S .P .Cocke re l l , t he a r ch i tec t who c a r r ied o u t

o fh i s . H e c e r ta in ly h ad s ome i n te re s t i nt a i lo r ing ,

e x tens ive a l te ra t ions f o r War ren H as t ings a t

a s h e s t ood s u re ty i n 1 774 f o r at a i lo r , J oseph

D ay le s fo rd H ou se i nG louce s te r sh i re i n1 788 -93

H a rpe r o f S t E bbe s . I n 1 779 , a ged a bou t t wen ty

a nd l a te r ,i na bou t 1 805 -7 ,b u i l tS ez inco te H ouse

t wo , E l izabe th h ad a n i leg i t ima te s on who w as

f o rh i sb ro the rS i rC ha r le sC ockere l l .D ay les fo rd

b ap t ised a sT homa sR ober t s K now le s i nB anbu ry

p u t

d own

t he

L ondon

a ddress

a nd S ez inco te l i e b e tween S tow a nd B anbury .

c hu rch o n 2 6 May 1 779 . S ix w eek s l a ter , o n 7

T he e l de rK now le s 's t wo d augh te r s ma r r ied m en

J u ly , s he m ar r ied T homas R ober t s , e v iden t ly t h e

f r om S tow . H e w en t t oS tow i n 1 814 ; h i s s on ,

c h i ld 's f a the r , a tS tG i le s ' c hu rch ,O x fo rd . H e w as

T homa st h ey ounge r ,a l so w en tt h e re i n1 8 15 .

at a i lo ro fS t Ma ry Magda len p a r ish , O x fo rd , b orn 1 5

a bou t 1 744 ,a pp ren t iced i n1 758 t oJ ohn Sm i th a nd

a r ch i tec t , f r iend o f D r J ohnson a nd f ound ing

t r an sfe r red i n 1 760 t o Sm i th 's f o rme r a pp ren t ice

m embe r o f t he R oya l A cademy , c ame f r om

W i l l iam F id le r . I nt h e 1 770 sT homa sR ober t s w as

S hrewsbury ,

l i v ing i n Magda len S t ree t E a s t , o n t h e R ando lph

H aywa rd , w a s o ne o f al i ne o fm a sons e s tab l ished

H o te ls i te , whe re E l izabe th p re sumab ly j o ined h im .

i n L inco ln f r om t he 1 720 s . J ohn T ownesend I V

O f t h e t wo y ounge r b ro the r s , E dwa rd may h ave

w on al a te rc on t rac ti n1 782 t od e s ign a nd p u tu pa

f ound w o rk w i th a nO x ford i r onmonge r .J ohn w a s

b a lu s traded h and ra i l o n Magda len B r idge , much

e n ro l led a pp ren t ice o n2 7J anua ry 1 779 t oW i l l iam

s imp le rt h an Gwynn 's o r ig ina l o rna te d e s ign ;u nde r

F id le rt a i lor a nd c i ty c ounc i l lor o fN o 2S tG i les

K now les t he f i rm c on t inued t o ma in ta in t he

w ho h ad a l so b een T homas R obe r t s 's m a s te r .J ohn

b a lu s t rad ing f o rt h en ex tt wo g ene ra t ions .

wh i le

h i s

a ss is tan t ,

Wi l l iam

w a st h ef i r s to ft h ef am i ly t ob er e co rded i nO xfo rd , a l though h e w as t he y ounges t c h i ld o f t h is

Gwynn a l so d es igned t h e C ove red Ma rke t , w i th a

g ene ra t ion . I ti s wor th n o t ing t h a t W i l l iam F id le r

h and some c l a s s ica lr ange a l ong H igh S t ree ta nd t h e

p rov ides o ne l i nk b e tween J ohn K now les a nd h i s

Wo rkhouse o n t h e s i te o f We l l ing ton S qua re a nd

s i s ter E l izabe th 's h usband T homas R obe r ts . A

a l so p u l led d own t h e C i ty 's No r th a nd E as t g a tes .

s e cond l i nk i st h a ta l lt h ree m en w e r et a i lo r s .

J ohn R ande l l ,w ho w on t h ec on t rac tf o rt he b r idge w a sa l ready e s tab l ished i nO xfo rd i nt h e 1 760 sb u t

F ou r mon th sa f te rJ ohn w a sb ound a pp ren t ice , h i s

h i s b ackground h a s y e t t o b e d i scovered . H e ,

e l de r b ro the rT homa s K now les t h e e l de r m a r r ied

Gwynn o rH aywa rd may h ave r e c ru i ted ma son st o

S a rah , d augh te ro fJ ames C lemen t s , ‘ c o rdwa iner '

w o rk o nt h e ir p ro jec t s ,o rK now le sm ay h ave c ome

o f Ho lywe l l o n 2 3 May , i n S t C ross c hurch ,

t oO xfo rd i ns e a rch o fp ay ing wo rk .

Ho lywe l l , o ne o f t h e w i tne sse s b e ing J ona than E ng l ish who w as a l so a w i tne ss t o E l izabe th

Ano the rp o s s ib le r e a son f o rh i sa r r iva li n Ox fo rd i s

Know le s 's ma r r iage a tS t G i les s i x w eek s l a te r .

t h a tE dwa rd E dge , aG louces te r sh i re m a s ter m ason ,

T he t h ree e ven ts ma rk t he f u l ly d ocumen ted

s e t t led i nO xfo rd a nd t ook o u th i sF reedom i no rde r

a ppea rance o f t he K now les f am i ly i n O xfo rd ,

t o b u i ld t h e s he l l o f t h e s p lend id L ibrary a nd

a l though T homa s may h ave b een w o rk ing t h ere

C ommon R oom b lock a tO r ie l t oJ ames Wya t t 's

s i nce 1 774 . T he p re sence o fJ ona than E ng l ish a t

d es ign i n 1 788 -9 . L ike a l l Wya t t 's Oxford

t h et wo ma r r iage s make si tp rac t ica l ly c er ta in t h a t

c omm is s ion st h is w a sf i t ted o u tb yJ ame sP ea r s ,a n

T homa sa nd E l izabe th w e re i n deed t h eb ro the ra nd

O x fo rd j o ine r t u rned b u i lde r . H e w a s aF reeman

s i s te r ;t h ec o inc idence o ft h ec h i ld b e ing c h r is tened

a nd C i ty C ounc i l lo r ,a nd b ecome Mayo ri n 1 793 /4 .

T homa s R ober t s Know les a nd t h e h u sband b e ing

A f ew y ea r s l a te r P ea r s k new K now les a nd

T homas R ober ts make s i tc l ea r t ha t E l izabe th

a pp roved o fh i ss k i l le nough t og ive h im t h ej ob o f

Know le s t h e mo the r i nB anbu ry w a s i ndeed t h e

l e t te r ing amonumen tt oW .B .Pea r s ,h i st we lve y ea r

b r ide o ft h es ame n ame i nO xfo rd .

o ld s on w ho d i ed i n1 793 .

I ti sn o te a sy t oi d en t i fy e xac t ly w ha to ppo r tun i t ies

I n h i s n o tebook s K now le s o f ten men t ions H en ry

b rough t t h e Know leses t o B anbu ry i n t h e e a r ly

B a rke r , T ownesend 's f o reman i n t h e 1 780 s a nd

1 760 s . B u ti n Ox fo rd b u i ld ing w o rk , a t al ow e bb

9 0 s , b efo re h et o ok o ve rf i r s tt h e p o s ta nd t h en t h e

i n t h e s even teen -fo r t ie s , f i f t ies a nd s i x t ies , w a s

f i rm i n aw ay t h a t i mp l ies t h a t B a rke r w as h i s

r ev iv ing i nt h e s even t ies a nd ma sons mu s t h ave

s ponso r . H e o f ten c i tes B a rker o n p r ices a nd

b een a t t rac ted t ot h ec i ty o re ven a c t ive ly r e cru i ted .

t e chn ica l d e ta i l ;h e may e ven b eq uo t ing h i s wo rd s

Magda len B r idge r ebu i l t t o t he d es ign o f J ohn

when

Gwynn ( 1713 -86 ) w a s t h e l a rges t c on t rac t i nt h e

T ownesend 's c on t rac t s o f t h e 1 770 s b efore h e

c i ty . Gwynn , a n a r ch i tec tura l c r i t ic w ho t u rned

h e

n o tes

d e ta i ls

o f s ome

o f J ohn

j o ined t h ef i rm o rw hen h ew a s aj un io rm ason . 1 6

H e g ives t he d imens ions o f t he p l in th a nd

o fh i sm a s te r 's a s soc ia tes a nd c u s tome r s ,E l izabe th

b a lu s trade a nd o ft he c o s t o f Ma idenhead B r idge ,

N ewman a ged t wen ty . S he l i ved i n H igh S t ree t

w h ich J ohn T ownesend I V h ad b u i l t i n 1 772 -77 .

o ppos i te R o se L ane ;h e rf a the rR a lph , aw irewo rke r

Q uo t ing B a rke r d i rec t ly , K now le s g i ve s " P r ize s

a nd j o ine rt h e re , l a te ra pp ren t iced h i s s on R icha rd

a l low ' d b y Mr R ek rab" ( Ba rke r i n K now le s 's

t o Wace .

c ha rac te r i s t ic r e ve r se -wr i t ing )f o rB a r r ing ton s t one o f2 / - p e rf oo tc ube , w i th 8 d af oo ts upe rf o rp la in

T he y ounge s t o f t h e f am i ly , J ohn K now les , a ged

w ork , 9 d f o r s unk wo rk a nd l id f o r mou lded

f i f teen ,w a si nt h es e cond y ea ro fh i sa pp ren t icesh ip

w o rk , a s a ga in s t t he v a s t ly i n f e r io r H ead ing ton

t oW i l l iam F id le rt a i lo ra nd c i ty c ounc i l lo ro fN o2

f r ees tone w h ich h e c ha rged a t 1 4 p e r f oo t c ube ,

S tG i le s ' ,w ho h ad b een T homa sR obe r t s ' m a s te r .

w i th 5 d af oo t s upe rf o rc l ean s 'd w o rk a nd 6 d f o r s unk o r m ou lded w ork a nd H ead ing ton H a rd , a s

The T akeover i n 1 797 -99

u sed a tL inco ln C o l lege i n 1 789 , a t2 /4 p e r f oo t c ube , w i th 4 d f o r p eck -wo rk , 1 0d f o r p l a in w o rk

Wh i le J ohn T ownesend I V w a s a n a c t ive l a rge -

a nd 1 / - f o r s unk w o rk . H e a l so q uo tes B a rke r 's

s ca le c on t rac to r , h i s s on w a s mo re c au t ious , o r

p r ices f o rw o rk f o rD rT a tham ,R ec to ro fL inco ln a t

l a cked h i s f a ther 's d r ive . H av ing b een t h e a i l ing

h i sp a r sonage h ou se a tC ombe i n1 797 a nd p r ice s

S tephen T ownesend 's y a rd f o reman ( e f fec t ive ly

a tJ e sus C o l lege .

Manag ing D ir ec to r ) s i nce 1 794 ,T homa s K now les t h e e l de rp e r suaded h im t oa ccep t a n o f f er f o rt h e

The F am i ly i n 1 780

b us ines s . I tt ook s ome t ime f o r t he t r ansfe r o f o wner sh ip t o b e c onc luded . H e t ook i to ver i n

We s hou ld i mag ine t h e t h ree b ro the r s a nd t h e ir s i s ter m ee t ing i n 1 780 , p erhaps a f te r c hurch f o r S unday d inner i n T homa s K now les t h e e l der 's l odg ing s i n Ho lywe l l . T homa s w a s t wen ty -s ix y ea r so l d ,f a ir ly n ew ly ma r r ied t oS a rah C lemen t s , n ow t wen ty , a nd l i v ing w i th h er p aren ts o r i n l odg ing s n ea rby . Du r ing t h e y ea rt h ey h ad ab aby P o l ly , b orn o n 1 J u ly 1 780 . T homa s w as n o d oub t w o rk ing a s ama son , p e rhaps a l r eady w i th s ome s uperv iso ry d u t ies f o r t h e w e l l k nown b u s ine s so fJ ohn T owne send I V . H is t wen ty three y ear o ld s i s te r E l izabe th w a s l i v ing o ppo s i te t h e c hu rch o f S t Ma ry Magda len w i th h e r h usband , t h e t a i lo rT homa s R ober t s a nd t h e i rh a s t i ly l e g i t im ised c h i ld .

1 797 ,a nd r e -e s tab l ished i tu nde rh i so wn n ame i na n ew y a rd i nH o lywe l l i n 1 799 . F o rt h ese t wo y ea r s Know les s eems t o h ave

c on t inued t o u se

T owne send 's b ook s a nd h i s y a rd a tt h e n o r th e nd o fL ongwa l l , o n t h e s i te o fN ew C o l lege 's S acher B u i ld ing . T he f i r s t s t ep t h a t w e c an t r ace T homa s K now les t h e e l de rt a k ing i so ne o fs t a tu s . O n 2 7 S ep tember 1 798 h e ' ma t r icu la ted ' o rs i gned u pa s ap r iv i leged t r adesman o ft h eU n iver s i ty ,d e sc r ibed a s` l ap ic id i ' t h a ti s( i n L a t in ) s t onema son . T h is e n t i t led h im t o b e i nb u s ines s o n h i s o wn a ccoun t , e xemp t f r om t h e C i ty 's j ur isd ic t ion . H is n ex t s t ep w a s mo re p ub l ic . O n 5 March

1 799 h e a dver t ised i n

J ack son ' sO xf ord J ourna l ,t h el o ca lp ape r ,t h a t " hav ing f o r many y ea r s c onduc ted t h e b us iness o f Mr S .Townesend , Ih ave

T he i r n ine teen -yea r -o ld b ro the r E dwa rd w a s n o t

o pened ay a rd n ea rt h eb o t tom o fH o lywe l l

a pp ren t iced b u t ( we may g uess ) w orked a s a

w he r e Im ean t oc a r ry o nt h ea bove b u s ines s

wo rk shop a nd s a les a s s is tan t f o r R ober t Wace ,

i ni t sv a r iou sb ranche s" .

w h i te sm i th a nd i r onmonge r ,w ho l i ved i n ao ne o f av e ry n a r row b l ock o fs hops a nd h ou ses d i rec t ly

T homas t he e l de r h ad c l ea r ly moved a l l h i s

a c ros s f r om T om T owe r f r on t ing S t A lda te 's

a c t iv i t ie so u to fT owne send 's y a rd b e fo re t h e e nd

c hu r chya rd . H e w a s a wa re o ft h e d augh ter o fo ne

o ft h e m on th . O n 1Apr i l 1 799 t h e C i ty v o ted t o 1 7

a l low S t ephen T owne send t os e l l t h e l e a se o ft h e p roper ty t oJ ohn Hud son . F ina l ly , a l so i n Ma rch , T homa s b egan A ccoun t B ook A , t r ansfer r ing B u tson 's a nd a n umbe r o f o the r u n se t t led j ob s f rom s ome p rev ious b ook w h ich , w e mus t a s sume ,w a st h eT owne send s " l a s t . F rom t h e 1 770 s t ot h e 1 960 s H o lywe l l r ema ined t h ef ocu so ft h ef am i ly 's l i f ea nd ,t o ma rk t h is l o ng c onnex ion ,t h ef i rm 's o ff ice -b lock i nO seney Mead c a r r ie st h en ame H o lywe l lH ou se . The Know les

F am i ly ,

1 780 -1800

T homa s t h e e lder 's b ro the r E dward ma r r ied E l izabe th N ewman , a ged t wen ty s i x , a tS tG i les ' c hurch , O xford i n 1 786 a nd s e t t led a s a n i r onmonge ri nD edd ing ton , as ma l l t own n o r th o f Oxfo rd o nt h er oad t oB anbu ry .T hey h ad W i l l iam i n1 787 a nd J ane i n1 80 1 . H is b ro the rJ ohn 's ma s te r , W i l l iam F id le r r e t i red f r om b u s iness i n 1 786 a nd moved t o I s l ip , r ema in ing ac i ty c ounc i l lo ru n t i lh i sd ea th i n1 79 1 . H e h anded h i sb u s ine s so ve rt oJ ohn , w ho b ecame aF reeman o n 3 Apr i l 1 786 a nd t ook o ve r h i s ma s te r 's a pp ren t ices . W i th h i s w if e Anna Ma r ia , J ohn h ad t wo c h i ldren , A nna Ma r ia i n 1 786 a nd J ohn i n1 787 . B y h i s w i l l o f 1 781 F id ler l e f t h i s o wn h ou se , l e ased f r om t h e C i ty , a nd h i s H o lywe l l h ou se , l e ased f r om Mer ton ,t oh i sw idow A nn a nd t h en t o t h es on a nd d augh te ro fh i sl a te b ro the rJ ame s .T h is n i ece w a s , n o d oub t , J ohn 's w if e Anna Ma r ia ; a n i n te re s t o r t e nancy i n t h e C i ty h ou se w h ich t h e K now le sh ad l a te r may h ave c ome f r om h e r . J ohn a nd h i sw if e s e em t oh ave l e f tO x fo rd i nJ u ly 1 79 1 when a n a pp ren t ice o f h i s w a s t r ansfer red t o a no the r ma s te r .

1 8

CHAPTER FOUR T he h ou seho ld l i f ea nd b u s ines sl i nk so f aR egency ma s te rb u i lde r ; T homa s Know le st h ee l de r , 1 797 -1826 We c an a pp rec ia te many o ft h ed e ta i ls o fT homas

o f t wo a cadem ic h a l ls ; o ver e igh ty a cadem ics ,

Know le s t h e e l de r 's i n te re s t s , l i fe a th ome a nd

s tuden ts a nd

b us ines s a r rangemen t s s omewha t b e t te r t han w e

c oa l -bu rn ing g ra tes o r n ew w indows i n t he ir

s t af f who d emanded modern

c an t hose o f h i s s on t h e y ounger T homas ,

r ooms ; a nd f i f ty d omes t ic a nd p a r ish c us tomer s .

g randson E dward ,

g rea t -grandson T homas

T he f i r s t t h ree c a tegor ie s , t h e u n ive r s i ty c l ien ts ,

R icha rd a nd e ven h i s g r ea t -g rea t -g rand son s w ho

a ccoun ted f o r8 0% o fh i st o ta l s a le s . E ach y ea rt oo

d i ed w i th in l i v ing memo ry a sr e cen t ly a st h e 1 930 s

h e a l so u nder took b e tween t we lve a nd t wen ty

a nd 4 0 s , b ecause t h ey p i ou s ly p re se rved mo re o f

monumen ta lc omm is s ion sa nd s upp l ied m a te r ia lt o

h i sa s so r ted n o tebook st h an t h ey d id o ft h e ir o wn .

a bou t e i gh t o ther O xford b u i lder s w hen t hey

T he i n c iden ta l s u rv iva l o fd ozens o fc a sua l n o te s

h appened t ob es ho r t ,a st h ey w e re a lways p repa red

t h a th el e f ts ca t te red t h rough h i sr e co rd sa l lows u s

t od of o rh im .

t of e e lq u i te c l o se t oh im . H is b ro the rE dwa rd t h e i r onmonge ri nD edd ing ton The Know les f am i ly i n 1 800

w a s p rospe r ing , s t i l l w i th as i ng le c h i ld W i l l iam , n ow t h ir t een .

I n 1 800 T homa s K now le s t h e e l der w a s f o r ty -s ix

The f am i ly b e tween 1 800 a nd 1 820

y ea r s o ld , l i v ing i n H o lywe l l w i th S a rah , n ow f o r ty .T en y ea r se a r l ie rt h ey h ad s uf f e red t h et r ag ic l o s so ft h e ir f i r s tbo rn , P o l ly w ho d i ed f ou r mon ths b efo re h er t en th b i r thday a nd w a s b u r ied a t S t C ro ss o n 2 3 F eb 1 790 . T he i r n ex t c h i ld , who a ppea r s i n t h is b ook a s T homa s Know les t he y ounge r ,b ap t ised a tS tC ro s so n2 5D ec 1 78 1 ,w a s n ow e i gh teen a nd w a s l e a rn ing t he b us iness a nd b eg inn ing t ob eu sefu l o ns i te a nd i nt h ey a rd a sa n a pp r en t ice i n t h e f i rm . I fw e i mag ine t h e f am i ly a ga in s i t t ing d own t oS unday d inne r , t h e y ounge r c h i ld ren a l so a th ome w e re E l izabe th , b ap t ised o n 1 2 Ap r i l 1 786 a nd n ow f ou r teen ; E dwa rd w ho h ad b een b o rn i n 1 788 w hen h i s p a ren t s w e re a way f rom h ome a nd w as n ow t we lve ; a nd Ma ry , b ap t ised o n 1 6 Ma rch 1 795 a nd n ow f i ve . T hey w e r e a l ready l i v ing i nH o lywe l l , p e rhaps r en t ing

I n 1 802 K now les b ough t t h e l e a se o f N o 7 9 f or £ 250 f r om t h el e s see J ohn B a t t in o ft h ep a r ish o fS t P e ter i n t he E as t p a r ish , o r r a ther f rom h i s mor tgagee s Ann P acke r a nd J ohn a nd E l izabe th Sm i th . B eh ind t h eb ack g a rden i th ad al a rge y a rd , f o rme r ly as e c t ion o ft h e o l dT own D i tch , r e ached f r om t h e s t ree t b y aw aggon e n t rance u nde r t h e l e f t -hand s i de o ft h eh ou se .I n 1 8 15 h er e newed t h e l e a se f r om Mer ton C o l lege i n1 8 15 I n 1 804 T homa s t h e y ounger ma r r ied H annah N icho l ls w hose f a the r E dwa rd , ag ood c u s tome r , r an a ne x t en s ive m i l l ing b u s ine s sb o th a tK id l ing ton a nd a tH o lywe l lM i l l .T hey m ay h ave l i ved f i r s ti na r en ted h ouse i n Ho lywe l l , p o ss ib ly N o 2w here

No 7 9f r om J ohn B a t t in ,w ho o wned t h el e a se .

T .E .Know les b e l ieved i n t he 1 930 s t ha t h i s

K now le s w a s i mmense ly b u sy , d ea l ing e ve ry y ea r

K id l ing ton i n1 809 .T homa sb ecame j un io rp a r tne r

w i th t h e b u r sa r s o ft h e s even c o l leges f o r w ho se s t onewo rk h ew a sn ow r e spon s ib le ; t h ep r inc ipa ls

f orebea r s h ad o nce l i ved , b efo re mov ing o u t t o i nt h e f i rm o n 1 9 A pr i l 1 816 , w hen h e w a s t h ir ty f i ve .

1 9

O n May 11 804 h i sb ro the rE dwa rd , b orn i n 1 788 ,

r e turned o nT hu r s (d a )y n igh t t oK id l ing ton" . B u t

w a sa pp ren t iced f o rs even y ea r st oJ ohn H ickman a

t h is f am i ly c a re d i d n o t s t op E l izabe th p roduc ing

p lumbe r , c u s tome ra nd r egu la r b us ines s a s soc ia te

J ohn , s urnamed P ebwo r th , i n 1 8 17 . And i n 1 821

o fK now le s ;t h ey o f ten w o rked t o ge the ra nd p a s sed

t h e v i ca r , w i th n o s en se o f c ha r i ty , p u t d own h e r

w o rk t oe ach o t he rb e tween 1 798 a nd a tl e a s t 1 826 .

l a s t c h i ld C a ro l ine i n t he r eg is te r a s " bas ta rd

I n 1 813 , t wo y ear s a f ter t he e nd o f h i s t ime ,

d augh te ro fE l izabe th K emp s te rw idow" .

E dwa rd , mar r ied Ann Odcrof t o f S t Ma ry Magda len p a r ish i n 1 813 , moved i n t o No 7 5

T he y ounge s t s i s te r Ma ry , b o rn i n 1 795 , n ine y ea r

Ho lywe l l , f ou r d oo r s f r om h ome , a nd s e t u p i n

y ounge rt han E l izabe th h ad ab o r ing ly r e spec tab le

b u s ine s sa s ama s te r -p lumbe r ,b u tn eve rc omp le te ly

s t ory . A t S t C ros s i n 1 818 , n ow 2 3 , s he ma r r ied

s upp lan ted H ickman i nt h ef i rm 's b ook s .

G eo rge P a in o fS tow o nt h e Wo ld a nd w en tt ol i ve t h e re w i th h im a nd p e rhap s ,t h ef am i ly h oped ,s e ta

T he e lder d augh te r E l izabe th , b o rn i n 1 786 ,

g ood e xamp le t oh e rw icked s i s te r . G eo rge ,b o rn i n

m a r r ied J ohn P ebwor th K empes te r a tS t C ross i n

S tow i n 1 793 , w a s n ow 2 5 a nd aw a tchmaker b y

1 805 w hen s he w as 1 9 . We c an f o l low s ome th ing

t r ade . T hey p roduced A nn Ma ry i n 1 819 a nd

o ft h e ir s ubsequen t l i ve s i nt h e p a r ish r eg is te r so f

G eo rge A r che ri n1 82 1 a nd t h en e i the rs t uck a tt wo ,

S tow o n t he Wo ld . H e w as a w idower o f

l i ke a n i dea l mode rn c oup le , o r moved a way t o

f o r ty -e igh tt h en r e s iden ti nH o lywe l l ,b o rn a tS tow

b e t te r t hemse lves o r t o e scape f r om E l izabe th 's

i n1 757 . ( He ma r r ied h i sf i r s tw if e ,A nn B l iza rd o f

f l igh ty g o ing so n .

S tow , i n1 778 a nd h ad ac h i ld Ma ry Ann i n 1 782 . S he d i ed a tt h ea ge o ft h ir teen ,a nd h e r mo the r Ann

The f am i ly i n 1 820

K emp s te rd i ed i n1 803 . )T he n ew ly m a r r ied c oup le w en t t ol i ve i n S tow , b u t t h e ma r r iage s eems t o

I n 1 820 T homa s K now le s t h e e l de rw a s s i x ty -s ix

h ave l a s ted o n ly ay ea r o rt wo . L ike h e rn augh ty

y ea r s o ld , s t i l l l i v ing i nH o lywe l l w i th S a rah , n ow

a un tE l izabe th R obe r t s ,E l izabe th K emp s te rs e em s

s i x ty . H is s on T homa st h ey ounge rw a st h ir ty -e igh t

t oh ave h ad a ne ye f o r at a i lo r . S he moved i nw ith

a nd h ad b een a p a r tne r i n t he b us ines s f o r f ou r

J ohn P ebwor th ,n od oub t ar e la t ive o fh e rh usband ,

y ea rs , s i nce 1 9 A pr i l 1 8 16 . F o r t h e l a s t e i gh t o r

a nd h ad s i x c h i ldren b y h im a nd a s even th b y

n ine y ear s h e h ad c ommu ted i n t o work f rom

s omeone e l se .

K id l ing ton w he re h e l i ved w i th h i s w if e H annah , t h em i l le r 's d augh te r ,a nd t h e i rc h i ld r en .

T he f i r s t f i ve , b ap t ised u nder t h e s urname K emps te r , w e re T homa s ( 1807 ) , L ou isa ( 1809 ) ,

O ft h e se g randch i ld ren ,H annah w a ss i x teen ; Ma ry

C a r le ton ( 1811) , E l izabe th i( 1813 ) a nd E l izabe th

Ann f our teen a nd E l izabe th J ane t e n ; t h ey h ad a l l

i , b ap t ised o n 3 1 J u ly 1 814 . A w eek l a te r , o n

b een b ap t ised a t S t C ross . E dwa rd , b ap t ised a t

Augu s t 6 -15 , T homas t h e e l de r v i s i ted h i s e r ran t

K id l ing ton o n 2 5 S ep t 1 8 14 , w a s s i x a nd t here

d augh te ri nS tow , a sh en o ted i nb ackwa rd w r i t ing

w e re t wo -yea r -o ld t w in sE dw in a nd Emma b ap t ised

i nt h ec u r ren tY ea rB ook .S ix mon ths l a te rh ew ro te

o n2 6 Ap r i l 1 8 18 .

"Mr s K e rn c ame t h is E ven ing Mond (a )y 3 0 th J an (ua r )y b y H and s" a nd o n 2 8 F eb rua ry 1 8 15

T he y ounge r T homas 's b ro the r E dward w as i n

"M r s K rl e f tt h is d ay b y H ands " ( pe rhap s ' Hand s '

b us ines sa s ap l umbe r al i t t le w ay a l ong H o lywe l l ,

i s a mode o f t r anspo r t , ac oach , c oachman o r

o f ten b r ing ing t h e f am i ly f i rm i nf o r s t onewo rk ,

c a r r ie rr a the rt h an ah a l t , l i ke L ong H andbo rough ,

d ra in -bu i ld ing a nd o the r s uch w o rk . We c an o n ly

o n t he j ourney ) . E igh t mon ths l a te r , o n 1 5 -16

i mag ine t ha tt h e i r mo the r S a rah o f ten i nv i ted h e r

N ovember 1 815 , T homa s t h e y ounge r w en t t o

d augh te r sE l izabe th K empe s te ra nd Ma ry P a in a nd

S tow o r a sK now les w ro te " KJ un r t n ew o t wo tS

t h e ir c h i ld ren t os t ay . 2 0

Wor ld Af fa ir s

2 8 -June 1 ;i ti n vo lved c ove r ing t he w ho le f r on to f Q ueens C o l lege w i th l i gh t s , w h i le b ands p layed

T homa s Know les t he e lde r h as l e f t , s ca t tered

l oya l mu s ic , b e l ls r ang t h roughou t t he d ay a nd

t h rough h i s r ecords , ag ood d ea l o f a ssor ted

c r owd sf i l led t h es t ree t su n t i lm idn igh t .H e made n o

i n fo rma t ion a bou t h i s s oc ia l l i f e a nd h i s b us ines s

men t ion o f t h e d eep r eces s ion , a ggrava ted b y

o rgan isa t ion ,i fi tmay b ec a l led t h a t ,a sw e l l a bou t

s eve re w in te r sa nd as t eep r i se i nt h ep r ice o fb ee r ,

a s h i s b u s ines s d ea l ing s . We c an f i nd s ome th ing

o rt h e O x fo rd sh i r e M i l i t ia 's mu t iny a tB r igh ton i n

t oo o fh i sr e ac t ion st ot h eg r ea ti n te rna t iona l a f f a i r s

1 795 , wh ich l e d t ob loody f i gh t ing a nd e nded i n

o f h i s d ay . H e w a s a t l e a s t mo re a wa re a nd

f ou rr i ng leade r sb e ing c ou r tma r t ia led a nd s ho t .

e n thu s ia s t ic t h an J ane A u s ten s howed h e r se lf t ob e i nh e rn ove ls ;a nd h et ook mo re i n te r es tt han a ny o f

A st h ew a rw en to nK now le si g no red t h el a te rn ava l

h i s s uccessor s i n t he f i rm i n t h e g rea t wor ld

v i c to r ies o fS tV incen t a nd C ampe rdown i n 1 797 ,

s t rugg le s o ft h e i rd ay , a tl e a s ti nc ommen ts i nt h e

a nd C openhagen i n 1 801 . B u t h e n o ted t he

f i rm 's b us ines sr e co rds .

i lum ina t ion so n "Wedy 3 O c t 1 798" t oc e leb ra te N e lson 's o ve rwhe lm ing v i c to ry a tt h e N i le o nt h e

Mos t o f h i s o bserva t ions a r e i n t wo n o tebook s

n igh to f Augu s t 1o ve rt h eF rench b a t t le f l ee t wh ich

t r easu r ed b y t h ef am i ly , at i ny h ome -made p ocke t

h ad e sco r ted N apo leon t oE gyp t . H e r epor ted a n

c a lcu la to r o r ' r eady -reckone r ' , h ere c a l led h i s

" No i tce le" [ E lec t ion ]o n 6J u ly 1 801 a nd h a i led t h e

C a lcu la t ion B ook , a nd t h e s o l id l i t t le P r ice B ook

p re l im ina r ie so f" Peace S a tu rday Mo r (n ing ) O c t 3

t h a t h e p repa red i n 1 794 a nd c a r r ied r ound i nh i s

1 80 1 e a r ly i ny e Mo r (n in )g t h ef i r s tn o t ice g iven" ,

p ocke t f or t he r e s t o f h i s l i f e , a s h i s s on a nd

a l though t h e a c tua l T rea ty o f Am ien s w a s s i gned

g randson c on t inued t o d o o n o cca s ion u n t i l t h e

o n ly i n Ma rch 1 802 , l e ad ing t of ou r teen mon th s o f

1 880 s .

p eace i nt h em idd le o ft h et wen ty th ree y ea r so fw a r t h a tf i l led mo s to fK now les 's l a te rw o rk ing l i fe .

H e m ade n o o pen r e ference t o t he F rench R evo lu t ion i n1 789 -92 b u tt w ice r e co rded O x fo rd 's

D ur ing t he P eace h e n o ted t he e xecu t ion o n

mos to pen d emon s t ra t ion a ga in s t s uch t e ndenc ie s

F eb rua ry 2 1 1 803 o fC o lone l D espa rd a nd h i s s i x

( and n eares t a pproach t o t he s ame s or t o f

a s soc ia tes f o r T reason , o r a t l e as t f o r p lo t t ing

b ehav iou r ) , when t wo mob s o fb oys p a raded t h e

a ga ins t t h e G overnmen t . W i thou t t ouch ing o n t h e

s t ree t s w i th l i gh ted t o rches , b ea r ing t h e e f f igy o f

r enewa l o fw a ri n May 1 803 o rN apo leon mak ing

T om P a ine , o ne o ft h em d re s sed i nb l ack w i th t h e

h imse lf Empe ro r ay ea r l a te r , h e p roud ly n o ted

R igh t s o f Man i nh i s l e f t h and a nd ap a ir o fs t ay s

T ra fa lga r" Ld N e lson o b ta in ' dac omp le te V ic to ry

u nde rh i s r i gh ta rm , t h en t h rew t h em o n ab onf ire

o ve rt h ec omb ined f l ee to n Monday O c t2 1s t 1 805

w h i le t h e mag is t ra te s p a t r io t ica l ly t u rned ab l ind

i nw h ich m emo rab le a nd t r emendou se ngagemen t

e ye . I n o ne n o tebook h e w ro te " Pa ine T om 's

h el o s th i sv a luab le L if e" a nd t h e c e leb ra t ions t h a t

E f f igy b u rn t i nS tC lemen t s Tuesday J an 8 1 793

e n sued ,t h e" I l lum ina t ion F o ry eV ic to r ie so b ta ined

D o o n c a r fax" a nd i na no the rh e p u t " Bu rn t i nS t

b y t h e h e ro ic A dm ira ls N e lson+S t rachan o ve rt h e

C lem sT ue sday N igh tJ an y8 t h 1 793 D oC a r fax" .

c omb in 'd f l ee tw a si n tended t oh ave b een e xh ib i ted o nT uesday t h e 1 2 th o fN ov 1 805 b u tt h e w ea the r

T he n ex ty ea rh ep roud ly n o ted i nh i sP r ice B ook a

p rov ing u nfavo rab le i tw a s t hough t p roper t o

g rea t b low t o F rench h opes , t he " I l lum ina t ion

p o s tpone i tt oy e f o l low ing e ven ing when i tt ook

T hu r sday N igh t J une 1 2 th 1 794 t h e T hu r sday i n

p l ace w th e ve ry d emon s t ra t ion o fJ oy" . T hen h e

Wh i t sun w eek" . T h is w as i n h onour o f L o rd

g ave m i l i ta ry g l o ry am is sf o rt h en ex tn ine y ea r so f

H owe 's g r ea tn ava l v i c to ry , t h e ' G lo r ious F i r s t o f

w a r .

J une ' f ough t o f f t h e c oa s t o f B r i t tany o n May 2 1

H e w as moved e nough t oj o t d own i n ad i f f eren t

Genera l Know ledge And Cu l ture

wo rk ing n o tebook , h i s Y ea r B ook No 8 , a l ong w i th d e l iver ie sa nd q uan t i t ie s o fm a ter ia ls n eeded

I n h i s t i ny C a lcu la t ion -book K now le s c a refu l ly

f o r j obs , t ha t o n Apr i l 61 814 " The g lor ious

w ro te o u t t h e n ames o f t he Muses a nd t h e ir

i n te l l igence a r r ived t h is d ay o ft h ea l l ies t ak ing a nd

a t t r ibu tes , t h e s i ze a nd w e igh t o ft h e g rea t b e l l a t

e n ter ing P ar is o n t h e 3 1s t o fA p r i l ( s ic : May ) ; a nd

Moscow , s ome d e ta i ls o f c hange -r ing ing a nd

o n Apr i l 1 2h en o ted t h e" I l lum ina t ion o na ccoun t

v a r ious ma thema t ica l r u le sa nd p uzz les ,a sw e l l a s

o ft h eG lo r iou ss ucce s se so fE ng land+ i t sA l l ie s+ o f

t h ev a r iou st o p ica ln o te sw h ich w eh ave r e f e r red t o .

t he Abd ica t ion o f t h e C o r s ican T y ran t" . A f ew mon ths l a ter o n J une 2 7 h e n o ted " Peace

P rof ess iona l a nd F inanc ia l D ea l ing s

p roc la imed i nO x fo rd t h is d ay" ,a nd i nh i sl i t t le o l d C a lcu la t ion -book ,j u s tb e low h i sn o te o nT ra f a lga r

A l i s t o f h i s c r ed i t a ccoun t s w r i t ten b y T homa s

" Peace p roc la imed t h is d ay Monday 2 7 th J une

Know les t h e e lde r w ro te i nt h e b ack o fA ccoun t

1 814 " . B u to f1 8 15 ,N apo leon 's e s cape f r om E lba ,

B ook B t e l ls u s t ha t h i s a t torney w a s Mr Wa lsh ,

t he t r auma t ic r enewa l o f w a r , t h e H und red D ays

who w a s a l so a c u s tome r . Wa lsh 's b i l l f o r 1 805

a nd t h ec l imac t ic v i c to ry a t Wa te r loo ,h ew ro te n o t

c ame t o£ 16 .11 .0 ; B ook E s hows t h a t h e l i ved i n

awo rd .

B road S t ree t . Mr R ack s t raw h ad r e p laced h im b y 1 815 . When K now le st ook o u tt h en ew l e a se o fN o L oca l E ven t s

7 9 H o lywe l l f r om Mer ton C o l lege , d a ted J une 9

I nh i sb ook sK now les r e co rded t wo s t o rms ,o ne o n

" Reg is te r ( in )g a ss ignmen t & c o f an ew l ea se f o r

Augu s t 1 3 1 795 t h a td amaged t h en ume ra ls X I Ia nd

Hou se" .

1 815 ,

h e

b i l led

h im 9 /2

o n J une

1 2 f or

Io n t he c l ock -face o f S t Ma ry 's t ower a nd o n O c tober 2 7 1 812 , when h e w ro te "W ind v ery

Know les e s t ima ted h i s 1 805 a ccoun t w i th h i s

b o is te rou s" ,a nd t wo f i re s ,o ne a tC h r is tC hu r ch o n

a po theca ry M rP a ssand a s£ 10 .10 .0 . H e t oo w a s a

Ma rch 4 1 809 , wh ich g u t ted T om Q uad S ta irca se s

c us tome r ,t hough K now le sd id n o te n t ire ly d epend

1& 2 a nd t h e S ou th -wes t L odg ings a nd t h e o t he r

o n h i s a dv ice . I n o ne o f t he f i rm 's work ing

o n J anuary 9 1 820 w h ich d id g rea t d amage t o

n o tebook sh e w ro te o u t ar emedy f o r" Gou t . G um

Magda len H a l l ,w he re h eh ad l a te ly b een w o rk ing ;

Gu iacum , R huba rb , N i t re , S u lphu r , e ach h a lf a n

i n h i s r eve r se w r i t ing

o unce . We l lm ix t h em . Add h a lf ap ound o ft r eac le .

i tr e ad s " E r if N e ladgam

L lah" .

T ake o ne t e as poon f u l la tb ed t ime" .

On F ebrua ry 2 8 1 80 1 h e n o ted a s" Bbu t Y ro l l ip"

I n

t he c onv ic t ion o fh i st r an spo r tc on t rac to rT ubb t o

s choo lma s te r , p resumab ly f o r h i s s on E dwa rd 's

a n h our i nt h e p i l lo ry . H is o n ly r e f e rence t oc i ty

l a s tt e rm b efo r eh el e f tt os t a r to n May 11 804 a sa n

p o l i t ic si s "M r RC ox e l ec ted A ld [e rma ]n . . . "w hen

a pp ren t ice w i th Mr H ickman t h ep l umbe r . V incen t ,

h i s g ood c u s tome rt h e me rce ra nd b anke rR icha rd

l i ke s o many o ft h e m en w i th w hom K now les h ad

C ox d ef ea ted t h e r i va l b anke rH erbe r t P a r son s i n

a ccoun t s ,w a sa l so ac u s tome r .

1 805 h e s t i l l o wed 1 5 / - t o Mr V incen t ,

c iv ic s t and ing o n S ep tembe r 1 7 1 813 . And t h e i n teres t i n b e l l -r ing ing t ha t h e s howed i n a

H e h ad d ea l ings a nd a ccoun ts w i th f ou r Ox ford

ma thema t ica l n o tebook c ame o u t a ga in when h e

me r ce r s ,C ox ,F l e tche r , R ob in son a nd Woo t ten ,a l l

r e co rded as i xa nd t h ree -qua r te rh ou rp ea l r ung o n

o f t h em b anke r s . H e may h ave b anked w i th C ox

N ew C o l lege b e l ls o n Ma rch 2 7 1 8 15 .

a nd b ough t l i nen , c l o th a nd o the r g ood s f r om t h e o the r s ,t hough F l e tche rw a s ama jo rc l ien t .

2 2

R icha rd C ox 's s on F erd inand w a s ap a r t icu la r ly

C a r ter o f 1 / , made u p o f " 4 n igh t s C lub g2 / -

g ood c us tomer ; i n 1 817 K now les p u t i n a n

J u ly A ug S ep t &O c t8 / ; D uf f&A lcock 's d ea th s

e xpens ive n ew v e ined ma rb le c h imney -p i ece a nd a

2 / ; M idd le & N ew ton 's w ives D o ( i .e . d ea ths )

n ew k i tchen f i rep lace f o rh im a nd f i xed t h e s t rong

1 / -" . T he ' n igh t s ' a r e e v iden t ly mon th ly c lub

r oom d oo r a t t he b ank . O ve r al ong p e r iod t he

m ee t ing sw i th r e f reshmen t s .I nJ une a nd D ecembe r

C oxes r e ck les s ly b o r rowed l a rge s ums f r om t he

1 816 h e made l a rge rp aymen t s , t h e f i r s t o f9 / - ( a t

b ank ,w i thou ti n fo rm ing t h e ir p a r tne r s ,t h ew ea l thy

t h is t ime Mr H a r r ison w a sa tS ta l l S t ree t ,B a th )a nd

b rewe r sJ ame sa nd R ober t Mo r r e l l .I tc ame t ol i gh t

t h es e cond o f1 8 /4 .

i n 1 831 t h a t t he C oxes h ad p i l laged t h e b ank , F e rd inand o f£ 14 ,000 a nd h i sf a the ro f£ 60 ,000 . I n

H ew a sp e rhap sa c t ing a sa nI n su rance a gen tw hen

1 834 t h ee l de rC ox ,t h ree t imes Mayo ro fO xfo rd ,

h en o ted ,o nO c tobe r 51 8 14 t h a th eh ad p a id aMr

i n1 799 , 1 812 a nd 1 823 ,w a st od i ei nd i sg race a nd

B an t ing 1 6 /6 " fo rM rG ee f o rA s su rance" . C ha r le s

e x i le a tC a la is . A s w e s ha l l s e e h e w a s p robab ly

G ee w a s ac arpen te r a nd u nder taker i nH o lywe l l ,

r e spon s ib le f o r t h e u se i nO x fo rd , f o r at ime , o f

f o r whom K now les f r equen t ly l e t te red c of f in -

s t one f r om o ne o f h i s e xpans ive p u rchases , a

p l a tes . K now les a l so l e n t£ 3 t o aMr C l .. ko n F eb

q ua r ry i nt h eF o re s to fD ean .

1 2 1 817 a nd g o t b ack £ 1 o n F eb 1 5a nd £ 2o n F eb 1 7 .

A s ounde r a nd mo re c au t iou s b anker , A lderman W i l l iam F l e tcher ' f a the r ' o ft h e C i ty C ounc i l f o r

C lo thes a nd f ood

o ver t h i r ty y ea r s , w as p e rhaps K now les 's b es t b us ines s c us tomer o ver a v ery l ong p er iod ,

T homa s K now les t h e e l de r b ough t h i s h a t s f r om

emp loy ing h im i nm any p rope r t ie sw h ich h eo wned

C ha r le sT a lmage , am e rce ri nH o lywe l l , w ho s o ld

o rh ad c a r e o fa st r us tee . K now les a nd S on made

g loves , h ose , l i nen a nd g ene ra l g oods , c o l lec ted

t h e t wo monumen t s t oh im i nY a rn ton c hu rch , a

p oo r -ra tes i n1 8 14 /15 a so ne o ft h eO ve r see r so ft h e

f i ne c l a s s ica l -seem ing b u t g o th ic w a l l -monumen t

p oo r f o r t he p a r ish , a nd w a s a l so a r egu la r

a nd a s p lend id a nd r ema rkab le mock -med ieva l

c u s tome r . I n 1 818 h e o rdered

a l ta r tomb w i th i n la id b ra s se s .T he ' O ld B ank ' t ha t

Me e tg , h ouse y d t o m emo ry Mr s T " ; h e w a s n o

h e f ounded i n H igh S t ree t s t i l l f l our ishes a s a

d oub t an oncon fo rm is t .

-aMo n t

e r ec ted i n

b ranch o fB a rc lays B ank ,w h ich h a sl ong r e ta ined a s pec ia lc onnex ion w i th t h ef i rm .A l lt h eO ld B ank 's

I n 1 804 K now les 's s hoes c ame f r om E dwa rd

e a r ly l e dger s s urv ive a nd i ts eems c l ea r t ha t

G ooda l l o fS tA lda te s ,t ow hom h ep a id £ 4 .10 .1 t o

K now le sd i dn o th ave a na ccoun tt h e re .

s e t t le h i s a ccoun tf o rt h e y ea r . T en y ea r s l a ter , i n O c tobe r 1 814 h e p a id h i s n e ighbour S t ephen

R icha rd Woo t ten , t o whom K now les p a id £ 9 o n

K ens i l l , s hoemake ro fH o lywe l l ( o rh i s s on J ames

a ccoun ti n1 805 , w a sa no the rg ood c us tome r ; o ne

w ho f o l lowed i nt h et r ade )£ 1 .8 .6 ; i nJ anua ry 1 8 17

o fh i sb ank ing d escendan t sc au sed al a te rK now le s

o n ly 1 /6 .T he K en s i l ls ,e s tab l ished i nH o lywe l lb y

much wo r ry when , s t i l l t h ef i rm 's b anke r , h e s ho t

t h e 1 770 sw e re r egu la rc us tome r so ft h ef i rm f r om

h imse lf i n1 909 .

t h e 1 790 s t ot h e 1 850 s , t h is w a sj u s t o ne o f many v e ry p e r s is ten tc onnex ion so ve rm any d ecade s .

K now le sb e longed t o aB enef i t C lub r un b y aMr H a r r ison t h rough Mr C a r te r , a n i r onmonge r w ho

T he f am i ly g rocer ie s c ame f r om Mr H ick s w i th

s upp l ied h im w i th f i r ebr ick s . B e tween S ep tembe r

w hom K now le s s pen t£ 19 .5 .3 i n 1 804 a nd £ 18 .1 .0

1 8 15 a nd Ma rch 1 8 17 h en o ted p aymen t so fh i s8 d

i n 1 805 . H e w a s n o d oub t t he P au l H ick s , a n

s ubsc r ip t ion , n one a tr egu la ri n terva ls . H e m ade a

o rphan a pp r en t iced i n1 79 1 , who w a sO ve r see ro f

l onge re n t ry i nN ovembe r 1 8 15 a bou t ap aymen tt o

t he P oo r i n S t C ro ss p a r ish f o r 1 8 14 /15 . T he

2 3

c onnex ion w a sa ga in l o ng la s t ing ,a sK now le sp a id

c us tomers , s t i l l d rank h i s w ine o n f es t ive

h im £ 10 .15 .7 i n 1 8 14 , f o r3 6l b s o fs ago i n 1 8 15 ;

o cca s ion s . WM c l ea r ly m ean s ' w ine m e rchan t ' t o

a nd a l so c ha rged h im f o ra l lk inds o fb u i ld ing -wo rk

d i s t ingu ish t h is Mr Sm i th f r om m any o the r s . I n

b e tween 1 815 a nd 1 828 .

r e tu rn Sm i th w a s ag ood c u s tome r ,o r de r ing a mong much e l se av e ined ma rb le c h imney -p iece d e l ive r ed

H eh ad a no the rg roce ry a ccoun ti nt h is l a te rp e r iod

f r om L ondon a nd f i xed i n Augus t 1 815 f or

w i th Me s s r s B r idgewa te r & S heen , p ay ing t h em

£ 12 .12 .5 , u n t i l K now le s made h i s b ur ia l v au l t a t

£ 2 .17 .6 i n J anua ry 1 815 . Andrew B r idgewa te r

A l l S a in t s c hu rch i n 1 823 . I n 1 833 t h e y ounge r

f r om I s l ip h ad b een a pp ren t iced t oJ ame sC o s ta ri n

T homa sl a id ama rb le s qua re t oM ra nd Mr s Sm i th

1 797 , R icha rd S heen f r om D orche s te r w as a l so

i nt h ec hu rch ,e nd ing al o ng c onnex ion .

a pp r en t iced t oC o s ta ri n1 799 ;t h ey w e re v e ry g ood c u s tome r so ft h ef i rm .

K now le sa l so h ad amuch l a rge ra ccoun t , n od oub t f or f or b eer , w i th t he w e l l-known a nd v ery

K now les g o t h i s b read f r om Mr K e r ry , w i th a n

p ro spe rou sb rewe rW i l l iam H a l l ; o nD ecembe r3 0

a ccoun tw h ich h ee s t ima ted a s£ 8 .10 .0 f o rJ anua ry

1 805 h e s e t t led h i sa ccoun tf o r£ 18 .9 .0 w i th H a l l 's

t oJ u ly 1 805 . H e b ough t mea tf r om t wo b u tche r s ;

c l e rk o ra gen tH umph r ie s .

t h ef i r s tw a sD av id H ob ly ,w hose a ccoun tf o r 1 805 c ame t o £ 16 .4 .6 ; h e h ad a l ong c onnex ion w i th

I n 1 8 14 -17 h e b ough t ma l t , p e rhap sf o r b rew ing ,

K now les , who p a id h im £ 26 .4 .1 i n D ecembe r

f r om v ar iou s ma l t s te r s , n one o f t h am Mo t t , h i s

1 8 14 , £ 20 .2 .5 i nS ep tembe r 1 815 a nd £ 18 .2 .2 i n

s on 's b ro the r in law . H eu sed s i xb u she ls i n 1 8 14 ,

D ecembe r 1 816 . H e w a s ab u tche r 's s on w ho h ad

a l lf r om B u r row sa t1 / - ab u she l d e l ive r ed i n May ,

b een a pp ren t iced a sl ong a go a s 1 762 a nd w a st hus

Augu s t a nd S ep tembe r ,f ou ri n 1 8 15 a l l d e l ive red

i nh i sl a te f i f t ie s .

f r om B u r rows i n Ma rch ,n one i n1 8 16 a nd n ine a ta l owe r p r ice o f 1 0 / - i n 1 8 17 , f ou rf r om F a lkne r i n

T he s econd b u tche r w as J ohn P info ld , whose

May a nd f i ve f r om F or tnam i nJ u ly .

a ccoun t f o r t he y ea r h e e s t ima ted a s £ 2 .10 .0 . P in fo ld ,l i ke B r idgewa te rc ame f r om I s l ip a nd h ad

F urn i ture & m i sce l laneou s

b een a pp ren t iced i n O xfo rd i n 1 784 . H e w a s a r egu la r c us tome r o f t h e f i rm u n t i l 1 838 w hen

R e f er ences t of u rn i tu re i nt h is g roup o fr e co rd s d o

K now les made a t omb f o r h im a nd p u t i tu p i n

n o tt e l lu s much a bou tt h ea ppea rance o ft h er ooms

H o lywe l l c hurchya rd . B u tcher s ' s hops d id n o t

i nK now le s h ou se i nH o lywe l l . I n 1 805 t h e b roke r

s upp ly a l lt h ef am i ly m ea t ; o n Novembe r 1 8 1 8 14

R icha rd Ma I lam ,( o rh i ss on R obe r t ,a pp ren t iced t o

K now les n o ted t ha t h e h ad b ough t a" G ip" ,

h im i n 1 790 ) o b ta ined h a lf a d ozen c ha ir s f or

p re sumab ly ap ig f r om " Bob" f o r£ 5 .11 .9 , s ha r ing

K now les a t4 /6 e ach . A nd e l even y ea r s l a te r i n

i tw i th an e ighbou ro rf r iend "MC" w ho p a id h a lf

O c tober 1 8 16 h e p a id M rD ay 9 /6 " f o r as ack f o r

t h ec o s t .

B eds tead " . Wine a nd b eer

O n N ovember 1 1 814 K now les n o ted i n r eve r se t h a t h e h ad b ough t a" Reh taew S sa lg" (Wea the r

K now les h ad a s ma l l a ccoun t w i th t he w ine

g l a s s ) f r om Mr " Snoma la s" ( Sa lamon s ) . H e p a id

m e r chan tR icha rd Sm i th , w h ich c ame t o£ 1 .3 .0 i n

"M r Dr o f S 'e ldnac 1 5 s 9 d" o n F eb rua ry 9 1 815 .

1 804 . L ike s o many o fK now les 's c onnex ions ,t h e

T h is c and le -make r a ppea r s o n J anua ry 3 1 817 ,

a ccoun t l a s ted al ong t ime . Twe lve y ea r s l a te r o n

w hen K now le s" pd M rD av is 9 /6 f o rS e ldnac i nf u l l

N ovembe r 91 8 16 an o t e" Pd Mr Sm i th W M i nf u l l

t o t h is t ime" . A lso o n F eb rua ry 9 1 8 15 " pd Mr

£ 1 .1 .0"

W i lson f o rt u np a te ra s5 s " ,w ha teve r` s a re tap ' w a s .

s hows t ha t t he f am i ly , o r s pec ia l

2 4

A ccoun tB ook B i t se lf c o s t 1 6 / -o nc r ed i tf r om Mr

P a r l iamen t o n l e ng th o f s t ree t -f ron tage , f o r r oad

B u t ler , C ommon -room man a t A l l S ou ls , a s

m a in tenance a nd c i v ic i mp rovemen t sc a r r ied o u tb y

v o lume i t se lf t e l ls u s : " By a n ew L edge r ( Th is

t h e P av ing o r M i leways C omm is s ioner s . T h is

B ook )" .

u ne lec ted b ody , w i th r epresen ta t ives f r om b o th T own a nd Gown , a c ted r a the r a s ac omb ined Fue l

modern c i ty p l ann ing a nd e ng inee r 's d epa r tmen t m igh t ,b u t mo re f o r cefu l ly .T hey d ep ended t os ome

K now les h ad c oa l d e l ive red i nb u lk f r om s eve ra l

e x ten t o n mo r tgag ing t h e ir a s se t s , e spec ia l ly t h e

s upp l iers .

a t

t o l ls t h ey c o l lec ted a tt h e e as t e nd o f Magda len

s i x teenpence o nJ une 6 1 8 14 ; c oa l w o r th £ 9 .8 .2 i n

J .H igg ins

d e l ivered

1 5

c w t

B r idge f r om t h e ' Tu rnp ike H ouse ' w h ich K now le s

t h e s umme r o f 1 8 15 ; a nd 2 7 c w t a ts i x teenpence

r ebu i l t f or t hem i n 1 817 -18 . F o r Know les t h e

h a lfpenny o nJ anua ry 3 0 1 8 16 . P ha roah o fS tG i les

C omm iss ioner s w e re i d ea l c u s tome r s ; f r om t h e

b rough t2 1 c w t a ts i x teenpence o n J une 1 8 1 8 16 ;

1 790 st ot h e 1 860 st h ey r e ta ined h i sf i rm t or epa ir

a nd H igg ins d e l ive r ed 3 t ons 8 cw t a tf i f teenpence

t h e b a lu s t rad ing o n Magda len B r idge , w h ich J ohn

h a lfpenny o n Augu s t 1 6 . I n 1 817 h e n o ted t h ree

T ownesend h ad d e s igned a nd a dded i n1 782 .

d e l iver ie s : 2 2 a nd aq uar te r c w t a ts i x teenpence f r om C h r is tophe rC o l l ie ro n F eb rua ry 2 6 , o ne t on

T he h a lf -yea r 's a s se ssed t a xes d ue o n O c tobe r 1 0

f r om S immond s o f S t T homa s , a t 1 5d p er c w t

1 8 15 t o ta l led £ 5 .6 .9 ;t h ec omponen te l emen t sw e re

e xc lud ing c a r r iage w h ich c o s t 1 / 4 , s p l i t b e tween

"W indows 1 . 8 .0 . H ouse 1 . 8 .penny -ha lfpenny .

J u ly 1a nd 3J u ly ; a nd f i ve t on sf i ve c w ta l so f r om

Horse

S immond s ,a ts i x teenpence ac w t ,o nJ u ly 2 3 .

K now les p a id o n N ovembe r 1 .T he h a lf -yea r 's

1 . 8 .9 . L and

1 . 1 . tenpence -ha lfpenny" ;

P rope r ty T ax d ue o nt h es ame d ay c ame t o£ 9 .10 .0 . Ground -ren t

w h ich h e p a id t he f o l low ing J anuary 3 1 . T he

O nce h eh ad a cqu ired t h el e ase o fh i sh ou se i n1 802

£ 1 .7 .6 . A s t he P av ing C omm iss ioner s p a id

K now le s h ad , b y t h e t e rms o f t h e l e a se , t o p ay

K now les £ 300 o na ccoun tt h a ty ea r ,h ec an s c a rce ly

Mer ton C o l lege a r egu la r g round ren t o f 1 0 / - a

h ave c omp la ined .

P av ing t ax o n Ma rch 1 8 1 817 c os t K now les

y ea r , w h ich h e r e f e r red t oa s t h e " Qu i t -r en t" . O n J u ly 4 1 814 h e p a id £ 1 .1 .0 ( a g u inea ) t o Mr

T he mo s tf r equen tl o ca l t a x ,c o l lec ted u pt of i f teen

A .Rob ins , p resumab ly t he B ur sar 's c l erk a t

t imes ay ea rb y ap a ir o fh i s n e ighbou r s a c t ing a s

Mer ton . On J u ly 8 1 815 , s oon a f ter h e h ad

P a r ish O ve r see r s , w a st h e Too r s r a te ' , w h ich w a s

r e newed t h el e a se i nh i so wn n ame o nJ une 9 1 815 ,

s pen tl o ca l ly a nd i n d iv idua l ly o nw e lf a re p aymen t s

h e p a id R ob in s 1 8 /1 f a r th ing . O n May 2 6 1 817 h e

t oo t he rl e s sf o r tuna te n e ighbou r s . We c an t a bu la te

s imp ly s c raw led i nh i s w o rk ing n o tebook t h a t h e

as i ng le y ea rw hen K now le s managed t ok eep t r ack

h ad p a id t h eq u i t ren t .

o f mos t o fh i s p aymen t s wh ich m ay h ave t o ta l led £ 5 .12 .6 f o rt h ey ea r : Taxes 1 8 16

A s ap roper ty -owne r , Know les h ad t o p ay a

Apr 2 3

P a id Messr s L uker a ' Aus t in t he

f i r s ta nd s e cond p oo r sr a te 1 5 s

b ew i lde r ing v a r ie ty o ft a xes , mo re p e r s is ten t a nd o ne rous e ven t han t hose o f t h e l a te t wen t ie th

May 1 3L uke r+Au s t in 3 rd

c en tu ry .T he se t a xes h ad b een i mpo sed a tv a r iou s

J une 2P dL uke r+Au s t in

t imes , s ome o n p roper ty ; o the r s , t h e ' a s se ssed

J u ly 2 2 Aus t in+Luke r ,6 t h7 /6

t axes ' o n w indows , l a nd a nd h o r ses ; a nd y e t

A ug 2 7L uke r+Au s t in , . . th p oo r sr a te 7 /6

a no the r , t h e ' Pav ing t a x ' b a sed b y al o ca l A c t o f

S ep t 2 6 L uker+Aus t in , t he 8 th P oor s r a te 2 5

u namb i t iou s l a ndbound b u s ines se s b eh ind . T he re

7 /6 O c t 2 2 L uker+Aus t in , t he . th p oors r a te

a r e t h ree k ey d a tes a sf a r a sO xfo rd a nd s t one a r e c oncerned . T he f i r s t i s t he e x tens ion o f t h e

7 /6 N ov 1 8 Mr L uke r 1 0 th p oo r sr a te 7 /6

S t roudwa t e rC ana l ,w h ich h ad b een o pened i n1 779

D ec 3Mr L uke r1 th 7 /6

w i th w ide l o ck s , a s t h e T hames & S evern C ana l w i th i t sn a r row lock st h rough t h eS appe r ton T unne l

1 817 J an 1 4 P d Messr s L uker+aus t in 1 3 th P oo r s r a te 7 /6

t o t h e T hame s a tL ech lade i n 1 789 . T h is l i nked Oxford w i th t he w es t . T he s econd was t h e

F eb 1 L uke r+Aus t in . p oo r sr a te 7 /6

c omp le t ion o ft h e Ox ford C ana l t h rough t oO xfo rd

F eb 2 5L uke r+Au s t in . th p oo r sr a te

f r om B rauns ton i n 1 790 . T h is l i nk s Oxford w i th

And f i na l ly t w ice a y ea r t he C hurchwa rden .s

moves t owards modern is ing p roduc t ion a nd

c o l lec ted f i ve s h i l l ing sa s" Chu r ch r a te" ,M in is te r 's

c ommun ica t ion sh ad o ccu r red l ong b efo re ,a sw hen

f e e" o r "M in is te r sd ue s"

R a lph A l len h ad f o l lowed t he l e ad o f c o l l iery

t h e n o r th . T he t h ird w i l l c oncern u s l a te r . S ome

o wne r so nt h eT yne a nd i nS ou th Wa les a nd l a id a n Bus iness l i nks

i n

i r on r a i lway i n 1 731 f r om h i s q ua r r ies a tC ombe

t he 1 790s

D own t o h i s w ha rves o n t h e R ive r A von , w h ich K now le s ' ss u rv iv ing r e co rd s a l low u s ag l ance a t

h ad b een m ade n av igab le i n 1 727 .A tf i r s tn one o f

b u s ines sl i nk so the rt h an t h ec l ien t sa nd c u s tome r s

t h is c once rned t h ef i rm .

w ho r equ ired b u i ld ing -wo rk ,p a r t icu la r ly h i ss t one s upp l ie r sa tt h ree p e r iods . F i r s t ,t h em id 1 790 s a r e

When Know le s w a s T owne send 's f o reman i nt h e

w e l li lu s t ra ted i nt h ep ages o ft wo l i t t le n o tebook s .

m id -1790 sa nd j u s ta f te rh eh ad t a k en t h ef i rm o ve r

h i s P r ice -book , w h ich i nc ludes m any s upp l ier s '

i n 1 797 , h e c ou ld c hoose s t one f r om f i ve q ua r r ie s

p r ices , a nd t h e C a lcu la t ion -book , w h ich c on ta in s

w h ich c ompe ted t o s e l l a nd c a r t t he ir s t one t o

many r e levan tn o te s .

O xfo rd . F ou r w e re v ery l oca l , w i th in af ew m i le s o f O xfo rd : H ead ing ton a nd H a se ley t o t he e a s t , h is

B ladon a nd N o r th L e igh o r N o r ly , a si tw as o f ten

c r ed i t -accoun t s a tt h e b ack o f A ccoun t -book B ,

S econd ,

f or

1 804 -5 ,

t he

n o tes

o n

s pe l t , t o t he n or th -wes t . T he f i f th q uar ry a t

wh ich w e h ave a l ready j u s t l ooked a t i n o ur

B a r r ing ton w a so n ly t wen ty m i les a way a st h ec r ow

d i scuss ion o f h i s h ome l i f e , c on ta in a w ea l th o f

f l ies . On ly P o r t land s t one , u sed f o r p av ing a nd

i n fo rma t ion .

f i rep laces , Yo rk s t one p av ing a nd ma rb le f r om B e lg ium a nd I t a ly c ame b y s h ip a nd t hen r i ve r

And t h ird , h i s r ema in ing Y ea r B ook f o r Ma rch

b a rge f r om g r ea td i s tances .

1 814 t o J u ly 1 817 r e co rds mos t o r a l l o f t he d e l iver ies r ece ived i n t he H o lywe l l y a rd . T hese

T he r egu la rs ou r ce o fg ood -qua l i ty s t one f o ra sh la r

t h ree s ou rce s , a l though n o ta l toge the rc ompa t ib le ,

a nd

s how u s c l ear ly t ha t g rea t c hanges a f fec ted

G louces ter sh ire , o n t he s ou the rn s l ope o f t h e

K now les 's s upp l ie r sd u r ing h i sw o rk ing l i f e .

W indrush v a l ley l i t t le more t han t wen ty m i les

c arved

work

was

a t

B arr ing ton

i n

a way .T he s t one ,a no o l i te wh ich w ea the r st o ar i ch T hese c hanges w e re p r ima r i ly d ue t o t he r ap id

g o lden c o lou r ,h a sr e s i s ted t h er a the rp o l lu ted a i ro f

e x ten s ion o ft h e c ana l n e two rk . T he f a rl owe rc o s t

O xfo rd w e l l . D e l iver ies p e rhap s c a me j us t o ve r

o fw a te r t ran spo r tb yb a rge ,c ompa r ed w i th h o r se s

t wen ty m i le s b y r oad , p ay ing t h e t o l ls , r a the rt h an

a nd c a r t s o r w aggons o n t h e r oads , w i th t o l ls t o

b y r i ver , w h ich w ou ld h ave i nvo lved a s t eady

a dd , e nab led s a lesmen a nd a gen t s f r om s ome

d ownh i l l r oad f o re l even m i le s t h rough L angfo rd

q uar r ies t o e xpand t he ir s a les , l e av ing s ma l l

a nd G raf ton t ot h e wha rves a tR adco tB r idge ,t h en 2 6

n ea r ly t h ir ty m i le s b y r i ve rb a rge t o Ox fo rd , w i th

` 60 sa tN uneham P a rk f o ra sh la rf a c ing o n ab r ick

t h ee x t ra c o s to fl o ad ing a nd u n load ing b a rges .

s he l l , n e i the rt h e p roduc t ion n o rt h e q ua l i ty o ft h i s g r ey ish -wh i te s t one f r om t h e ' Po r t land B ed s ' s e em

T he o the r f ou r q ua r r ies a l l h ad t o c a r t s t one t o

t oh ave b een t hough ts a t is fac tory i n Ox fo rd .

O x ford b yr o ad . H ead ing ton , .t h en ea res t ,w a sj u s t t wo a nd ah a lf m i le se a s to ft h ec i ty o nt h eC o ra l l ian

B u i ld ing s t one c ou ld a l so c ome f r om N o r th L e igh

h i l ls . Mr C oppock t h e p r inc ipa l q ua r ryman a nd

n ine m i le st ot h en o r th -we s t( t he q ua r ryman K eene

o thers p roduced a r ough c rys ta l l ine wh i t ish

h ad c au sed as c anda l i nt h e 1 770 sw hen h i sb r ibe s

f r ees tone ,e a s i ly w o rked w i th v e ry p oo rw ea the r ing

t ot h ec on t r ac to rb u i ld ing Magda len B r idge c ame t o

q ua l i t ie s . C heap a nd v e ry e a s i ly a va i lab le , i tw a s

l i gh t ) . A l though u sed a s h a rd s tone o n e xposed

u sed f o ra lmo s te very g rand O x fo rd b u i ld ing o ft h e

p a r t s o f O r ie l L ib ra ry i n t h e 1 780s , i tw a s v ery

1 7 th a nd e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu ry a nd c ou ld b y

much o u to ff a sh ion i nt h en ex td ecade .T h i s s t one

K now le s 's t ime b e s een t ob e u n sa t isfac to ry . O n

w a s a" f laggy h a rd l ime s tone" o ft he t ype n amed

t h e No r th Q uad rang le a tA l l S ou ls h e w as a l ready

' Fo r es t Ma rb le ' b yg eo log is t s .

r ep lac ing t h e n ine ty -odd g o th ic p innac le s , a l l l e s s t h an ac en tu ry o ld , a nd af a i rp a r to fh i sl i ve l ihood

I nt h e 1 790 s K now le s c ou ld o rde r Yo rk s t one f o r

c ame f r om p a tch ing h ere a nd t h e re o n t h e many

p av ing f r om M rS t a ine si nL ondon t ob es h ipped u p

c rumb l ing s e c t ion s o fH ead ing ton s t one i ne ve ry

t h eT hame s . T he c o s t l a id i nO x fo rd w a s £ 3 .14 .6

c o l lege .T he d ense wh i te h a rds tone t ha ta l so c ame

p e r h und red f e e t ; K now les e v iden t ly i n tended t o

f r om H ead ing ton ,t hough l i ab le t os ome d eg r ee o f

c ha rge £ 5p e rh und red f ee t .A nn o te a dded i nJ une

p i t t ing ,w a ss t i l l s ome t ime su sed f o rp l in th s .

1 797 t e l ls u st h a tt h ec os tl a id w a sn ow £ 4 .7 .8 ; t h e r i se i sh a rd ly s u rp r is ing g i ven t h e d ep reda t ion s o f

S tone f r om B ladon , s even m i le s n or th -wes t o f

F r ench p r iva tee r si nt h eN o r th S ea .

O x fo rd ,w a sq uo ted b y Mr T im s , a sw er e ad i nt h e P r ice -book t h a t Know les made a nd k ep t u p i nt h e

P or t land s t one , s ome t imes u sed i n Oxfo rd f o r

1 790 s , a tf i vepence -ha lfpenny f o r p av ing p ecked

p av ing a tt h is t ime ,w a sa va i lab le i nL ondon a t1 / 10

a nd d e l ivered t o O xfo rd , o r s i xpence -ha lfpenny

p e rf oo tc ube i n1 792 ,w i th c a r r iage t o Ox fo rd 2 5 / -

t oo led a nd d e l ive red ( t h is c ompa red w i th R ank l in ,

at o n ; i n 1 797 t h e p r ice h ad r i sen t o2 /6 , w h i le t h e

a n Oxfo rd m ason 's p r ice o f 5 /6 f o r Yo rk s t one

c a r r iage w a s d own t o 2 0 / ; i n 1 846 T homas t h e

p av ing j o in ted a nd l a id ) . T h is " wh i t ish c oa r se

y ounge rw ro te ' 3 /2 o ve rt h ep r ice i nh i sb o ld h and .

o o l i te" w a sn o tu sed f o ra sh la ro r mou lded w o rk i n t h ee a r ly 1 9 th c en tu ry ,a si th ad b een when 's upp l ie s

K now le s g i ve s s ome p r ices f o r "Wo rces te r sh ire

o fH ead ing ton r an s ho r ti nt h eg r ea tb u i ld ing b oom

S tone" f r om 1 / 2 p e r f oo t s upe r a tt he q ua r ry t o

o f ac en tu ry b efore . More r e cen t ly t he re w as

s l ab sl a id ,a sh ea r th sa nd p av ing ,f o r3 /9 t o4 / ;t h is

s ome th ing o f av ogue f o ri t su se a sc ou r sed r ubb le

may h ave b een a f a ir ly s ho r t l ived a t temp t a t

w a l l ing b e tween t h e 1 880 sa nd t h e 1 940 s .

ma rke t ing ah a rd s and s tone b rough tb yn ar row -boa t o nt h eT hame sa nd S eve rn C ana l .

A t H ase ley , n ine m i les s ou th -ea s t o f O xford , T homas E a s t 's p r ices i nJ une 1 795 w e re f ou rpence

S evera lt y pes o fm a rb le f o rg rand f i rep lace s ,c hu r ch

f o r p av ing s awn a nd u n jo in ted o re igh tpence f o r

monumen t s a nd g raves lab s , a nd p av ing i n s ome

2 inch b e s t s l abs s awn a nd u n jo in ted , e i the r s o r t

c hu rches a nd c hape ls c ame f r om L ondon , h av ing

d e l ive red t oO x fo rd f o r ap enny af oo t ;i tc ou ld a l so

b een s h ipped t h e re ." B lack N amu re ma rb le l e dge r s"

b eu sed f o rs imp le f i rep lace s . H a se ley g raves tone s

( g r ave -s lab s ) ,p r e sumab ly f r om B e lg ium ,c o s t4 /6 a

c o s t 1 2d af oo t , d e l ive ry t oO x fo rd f i ve s h i l l ing sa

f oo t i n L ondon ; a no ther b lack marb le " fo r

p a i r . A l though i th ad b een u sed i nt h e 1 750 s a nd

b o rde r ( in )g " c o s t6 / - p e rf oo ts upe r .P o l ished D ov9 2 7

ma rb le c o s t 6 / - t o8 / . B u rd i l la a nd S iena ma rb le

c ou ld n ow b e u sed o n ly f o rb ack ing i np l ace sn o t

c ou ld a l so b eo b ta ined .V e in m a rb le , a" F luc tua t ing

e xposed t ot h e w ea the r , a l though t h e much more

a r t ic le" g ene ra l ly c o s t1 4 / -p e rf oo tc ube ,c a r r iage t o

e xpens ive h a rd s tone w a ss t i l l v a lued f o rp l in th s .I n

Ox fo rd b e ing £ 1 .5 .0 at o n , mak ing i t sc o s ta su sed

Ma rch 1 805 K now les o wed C oppock £ 2 .17 .9 f o r

f o rC h imney -p iece s5 / - t o5 /9 p e rf oo ts upe r( l a te r

f r ees tone i nb lock sa nd £ 1 .17 .6 f o r a3 0f oo tr un o f

n o tes i nt h e e l de rT homa s 's h and a dd " 7 / - o r7 /6 ;

" peck t+Jo in ted K irb" , t ha t i s r eady p repa red

s i nce 8 /6 " )

c u rb s tone s ,p e rhap sf o rs t ree tp avemen t s .

K now le s n o ted p r ices , m ea sure s o r s ou rces f o r

K now le so wed £ 20 .2 .6 f o r 1 804 t oW i l l iam D a i ley

f l oor t i les , p an t i les , h u rd les , e lm b oa rd s , l ime ,

o fW i tney , ac ar te r .T h is w a sf o rp av ing s l ab sf r om

l a ths , b r ick s , h a ir , s ash l ine , o ak p a les , i r on

C an te l l 's q ua r ry , i ft h e ir l a ter d ea l ing s i n 1 8 14 -17

h oop ing " fo r b ind ing e nd s o f S caf f b oard s" ,

i nd ica te w ha t t h ey w e re d o ing a tt h is t ime . T he

s caf fo ld p o les a nd d ea ls , s hee t l e ad i n h i s P r ice

q ua r ry d oe sn o ts e em t oh ave b een i d en t if ied ;t h e re

b ook a nd f o r" M i l ld L ead" , g r ave l , " p la is te r ing" ,

a r es eve ra lo ne i the rs i de o ft he W ind ru sh .

" s la te ing" , l a ths , b r ickwork , mor ta r i n h i s C a lcu la t ion b ook .

A n ew p roduc t b rough t b y b a rge o n t h e Ox fo rd c ana l , n o t a va i lab le i n O xford b efo re 1 790 , w a s

Bus iness l i nks i n a bou t 1 805

g r aves tone so fN o r th O x fo rdsh ir ei r on s tone .A th i s H orn ton Q ua r ry J oshua C leave r h ad d eve loped

B y af or tuna te c hance K now le sm is la id o ru sed u p

t h em a s ar e ady -made s pec ia l i ty ,c a r t ing t h em f i ve

aB ook o f' Good s R ec (e ive )d ' i nw h ich h ee n te red

m i le sd ownh i l l t ot h ec ana l wha r fi nB anbu ry f o ra

h i s p u rcha ses o n c r ed i t a nd f o r s ome w eek s i n

t wen ty s even m i le v oyage b y n a r row b oa t t o

1 805 u sed o ne o fh i s ma in a ccoun t l e dge r s , B ook

O xfo rd . C ommon i n many l o ca l c hu r chya rd s w i th

B , t o l i s t h i s p urchases o f b o th t he h ouseho ld

t h e ir d a rk r a the r g reeny -b rown a ppearance , t h ese

i t ems , d i scussed a bove , a nd t h e ma in b us ines s

n ow l o ok r a the rg loomy ; when n ew ,w i th c hee r fu l

d e l iver ie s . Ar ap id o pen ing u po fc ommun ica t ion s

p a in ted o r g i l t l e t ter s , t h ey may h ave b een mo re

h ad ,f o r ad ecade ,a l lowed d i s tan tp roduce r st os h ip

a ppea l ing . F o r s ome r e a son t hey w en t d own v ery

h eavy ma te r ia l sl ong d i s tance sc heap ly b yc ana lb u t

w e l li n Ox fo rd a nd K now le sw a st os h ip t h em i nb y

K now les , r e so lu te ly p u r su ing t h e c a ree r o f a n

t h e h a lf -dozen o r e ven l a rger q uan t i ty . I n 1 804

o ld -fash ioned mas ter - c raf tsman s t i l l l a rge ly

K now le sh ad o rde red £ 5 .17 .6 -wor th ;t oj udge f r om

f o l lowed t h ep r e -cana lp a t te rn o fe a r l ie rt ime s .

l a te rp r ice s ,t h is may h ave amoun ted t ot h ree t h ree h ead s tone sa nd t h es ame n umbe ro ff oo t s tones .

H igh q ua l i ty s t one f o ra sh la rf a c ing , mou ld ing a nd c arv ing s t i l l c ame f r om E dwa rd C la rk 's q ua r ry a t

F rom a much g rea ter d is tance , J ohn Wya t t ,

B a r r ing ton .S ome t ime i n1 805 K now les n o ted t h a t

b a rgema s te ro fS tA lda te s( app ren t iced t oh i sf a the r

t h e b a lance o f h i s a ccoun t w i th C la rk s t ood a t

L awrence i n 1 770 ) h ad d e l ive red t wo b lock s o f

£ 11 .9 .and a h a lfpenny , as ma l l p ar t o f t he

P or t land s t one w e igh ing n ea r ly f ou rt ons t oge the r .

s ubs tan t ia l s u ms h e w as p ay ing h im , wh ich

K now les o wed h im £ 4 .18 .0 , b u t was a b le t o

i n c luded ,f r om 1 805 t o1 808 ,a tl e a s t£ 50 ay ea rf o r

d educ t 1 3 /9 f o rw ork t h a t h e h ad d one f o r Wya t t ,

t h e r aw ma te r ia l f o r h i s l a rges t r e fac ing j ob , t h e

b efo re h es e t t led u p . D is rup ted b yp r iva tee r si nt h e

w ho le o ft h ef r on tq uad a tC o rpu sC hr is t i C o l lege ,

F rench R evo lu t iona ry a nd N apo leon ic Wa r s , t h is

f o r wh ich h ec ha rged t h ec o l lege o ve r£ 550 .

t r ade a long t he S ou th C oas t w a s n eve r e n t ire ly s t opped .

L ow -g rade f r ees tone f r om C oppock 's H ead ing ton q ua r ry , a t much l e s s t h an t he p r ice o fB a r r ing ton ,

Ma rb le t ob es h ipped u pt h eT hame ss eem st oh ave 2 8

c on t inued t oa r r ive f r om I t a ly a nd S i c i ly t h roughou t

1 804 h e h ad s upp l ied t h e f i rm w i th £ 21 o f g oods

t h e Wa r s , u n les s s t ock s h ad b een b u i l t u p b efo re

a nd s e rv ice s a nd o n A ugus t 3K now le s e s t ima ted

t h es i tua t ion b ecame i mpo s s ib le .C ha r le sR anda l lo f

h i s a ccoun t w i th H ickman a s £ 7 . O ver a l onger

L ondon w a s n ow Know le s 's a gen t . H e m ay h ave

p er iod i n1 805 -9 H ickman 's a ccoun tw i th K now les

b een a b ro the r o f t h e O xfo rd m erce r T homa s

t o ta l led o ve r£ 55 ,a st h ey g ave e ach o the rs pec ia l is t

R anda l l , whose f a the rJ ohn , ama s ter -ma son , w on

s ubcon t rac tw o rk o n ar egu la rf r iend ly b a s is t .

t h e c on t rac t f o r Magda len B r idge i n t h e 1 770 s . K now le s o wed C ha r le s R anda l l £ 3 .10 .0 f o r 1 804

K now les h ad a s im i la r c omp l ica ted r e la t ionsh ip

a nd h ad o rdered a" S ta t (ua r )y T ab le" ( as hee t o f

w i th t h ree c a rpen te r s , ap a in te ra nd aw h i tesm i th ,

p l a in w h i te ma rb le )d ue t oc ome i ni t sp ack ing c a se

a l l o f whom b o th s upp l ied h im w i th a nd c ha rged

f o r am onumen tt o Mr G od f rey o fM i l ton i n Augus t

h im f o r wo rk a nd s e rv ices , a nd as imp le ro ne w i th

1 805 .

t wo more c arpen ter s whom h e emp loyed f o r v a r ious u n spec if ied j ob sa nd t h ei r onmonge rB u sh

A sh ew a sl i s t ing h i sa ccoun t s , Know le sf ound t ha t

( af o rebea ro ft h e a nc ien tf i rm G i l l a nd C o ) f r om

h i sl a rge s ts i ng le d eb th appened t ob e ,n o tf o rs t one

w hom h e b ough t m a te r ia l . H e h ad a no the rd ea l i n

a ta l l , b u tf or b r ick s , ac onven ien t ma te r ia l n eve r

p rog ress w i th a no the r p a in ter Mr Sm i th , f r om

m ean tt ob e s een i ns t onema sons ' w o rk , b u t v ery

w hom h e h ad b ough t ah ouse i nS tT homa s 's f o ra

u sefu l f o r b lock ing u p d oorways , f orm ing

d own -paymen t

o f

£ 150

w i th

s ubsequen t

p a r t i t ion s ,b u i ld ing u pk i tchen i n s ta l la t ion sa nd a l l

i n s ta lmen t s o f £ 7 .10 .0 . H e s eems t o h ave g iven

t h e o t he r m ino r a l te ra t ions t h a t b u r sa r s a nd o the r

t h is h ouse t o h i s y ounger s on E dwa rd , who p a id

c o l lege s t a f fh ave c on s tan t ly i n s is ted o n .H eo wed

h im f o rr epa ir st oi t .

£ 33 t oW i l l iam B ees ley o fF oxcombh i l l f o rb r ick s a nd l ime . B ees ley 's f a ther J ohn , a" k i lnman"

Bus iness l i nks i n

1 814 -17

e v iden t ly r an t h e b r ickya rd a nd W i l l iam s aw t o o rde r s a nd d e l iver ies , w h i le h i s b ro the rJ ohn h ad

T he Y ea r B ook t h a t s u rv ives , a l one o f many , f o r

b een a pp r en t iced i n 1 788 t ot h e Ox fo rd c a rpen te r

Ma rch 1 1 814 t o J u ly 3 0 1 817 , p rov ides a n

a nd b u i lde rJ ohn J ohn son . B ee s ley w as t os upp ly

i mmen se a moun to fi n fo rma t ion ,n o to n ly a bou tt h e

b r ick st oK now le s 's y a rd i nH o lywe l la lmo s te ve ry

d e ta i ls o fK now le s 's b u i ld ing -wo rk , b u ta l so a bou t

mon th f o r t wo d ecade s , u n t i l K now les b u i l t h i s

d e l iver ie s h e r e ce ived t o c a r ry i to u t , w i th s ome

b ur ia l v au l t o u t o f h i s o wn b r icks i n 1 822 .

d e ta i ls o fh ow h ep a id f o rt h em . We h ave s pace t o

B ees ley 's w idow , w e l l a wa re t ha t K now les h ad

l ook i n d e ta i l o n ly a tB a th s t one , o rde red b y t he

a lway s s e t t led u p a tt h e e nd o ft h e y ea r , d e layed

b oa t load d ur ing t h e se y ea r s a nd i no u t l ine a to the r

p aymen tf o re igh teen mon th s .

s t one s , s ome l o ca la nd o the r s s h ipped f r om d i s tan t p a r t so fE ng land a nd a b road .O u rd a ta d on o tr e a l ly

Our

s pec ia l is t

a l low u s t o r each a ny f i rm c onc lus ions a bou t

s ubcon t rac to r , Mr Meadowc ro f t , w ho h ad b i l led

e v idence

r evea ls

o n ly o ne

d i scoun ts f o r b u lk p u rcha ses o r r epea t o rder s ,

Know les £ 5 .8 .6 f or " P i tch ( in )g"

w h ich may h ave a ccoun ted f o rt h ss ucces so fs ome

o r r ough

r e sur f ac ing t h e s t ab leya rd a tQ ueen sC o l lege a nd a

p roduc t so ve ro the r s .

b r idge a t Magda len ( B249 ) . I n r e turn h e o wed K now le s£ 14 .10 .3 f o rw o rk a nd m a ter ia l ss upp l ied

T he o pen ing p ages o f t he Y ea r B ook s i gna l a n

o ve r ar a the rl onge rp e r iod .

a b rup t c hange i nt h e s ource o fh igh -qua l i ty s t one f o r a sh la ra nd mou lded w o rk . I td oes n o t m en t ion

O ft he o t he r b u i ld ing t r ades w e h ave a l r eady me t

B a r r ing ton a ta l l .T he d e l ive ry , o n Ma rch 2 1 1 8 14

J ohn H ickman , t he p lumbe r t o w hom K now les

o fn ine teen b lock s o f" Coomb d own s t one" f r om

a pp ren t iced h i s s e cond s on E dwa rd a tt h is t ime . I n

B urgess 's q uar ry j us t o u ts ide B a th b y C ha r les

2 9

I n1 8 15 K now les g o t ,q u i te l a te i nt h ey ea rb u tv i ta l

H a t ton b argemas te r o f Ab ingdon s how t ha t t h e modern wor ld , l ong -d is tance t r anspo r t , o rde r s b y

f o r h i s n ew b a t t lemen t s o n t h e H a l l a nd C hape l a t

l e t te rr a ther t h an wo rd o f mou th ,a nd o ther a spec t s

J e su s a nd h i s k i tchen e x tens ions f o rt h e P r inc ipa l ,

o f e a r ly c ap i ta l ism h ad b egun t o a f fec t Oxfo rd

2 4 b lock s ( 348 f e e t ) i n Augu s t , o fw h ich " 2 b lock

b u i lder s , w i thou t t oo much d e lay o nce n ew

s t one l e f t b y R iver" e ven tua l ly t u rned u p i n

c ommun ica t ions w ere i n p lace . T ha t a nd t h e

O c tober ; a nd 2 1 b locks ( b i l led a s 3 10 f ee t ,

p rev ious g enera t ion a l so s aw r ad ica l s oc ia l

measured i n t h e y a rd a s 3 07 ) i n S ep tember .

c hanges , a s p ea san t s b ecame f a rme r s o r , mo re

N eed ing mo re B a th s t one i nN ovembe rh e b ough t

o f ten ,f a rm l a bou re r s wh i le p a r ish a f te rp a r ish h ad

o ne b lock f r om Wya t t . T he a ccoun tt h a t Know le s

i t s c ommon s a nd o pen f i e lds e nc lo sed , r ep lanned

made u p f o r J e su s i n O c tober i n c ludes 5 57 f ee t

a nd r ed is t r ibu ted .

c ube o fB a th s t one , t a k ing u p mo s to ft h e6 55 f e e t d e l ive red . T h i sw o rk w i l l s e rve a sa ne xamp le o fa

T h i sw a sf ou ry ea r sa f te rt h et h ird k ey d a te i nc ana l

ma jo rp ro jec ti nt h en ex tc hap te r .

d eve lopmen t a f fec t ing s t one a nd Oxford , t he o pen ing o ft h eW i l t sh ire a nd B e rk sh i re c ana lt ot h e

I n 1 8 16 K now les s e cu red " ab oa t load o fS tone n ow

T hames a t Ab ingdon i n 1 810 . I tl i nked t he Avon

l y ing o n t he w ha rf " f o r £ 20 d own o n Ma rch 1 ;

N av iga t ion w i th t h e T hames a t A b ingdon a nd

Wya t td e l ive r ed t h is t ot h ey a rd t h ree d ays l a te ra s

e nab led S omer se t c oa l a nd B a th s t one t o b e

2 9 b locks ( 4 14 f ee t ) . T h is e p isode i mp l ies t h a t

ma rke ted c ompe t i t ive ly t h rough much o f c en t ra l

H a t ton h ad b rough t t he l oad t o Oxford a s

E ng land . T he d e l ive ry m en t ioned a bove may n o t

s ome th ing o f as pecu la t ion ,t oe xp lo i tt h ep os t -wa r

h ave b een t he f i r s t s t one d e l ivery f r om B a th t o

e upho r ia . I nm id A p r i l , a st h e r e su l to fa n o rde ro f

O x fo rd o rd i rec tt oK now le s 's y a rd .T he l o s so ft h e

" 410 f t s en t f o r " , 2 4 b locks ( 350 f e e t , w i th n o

t wo f i na l Accoun t -book s Ca nd D f o r 1 810 -14 ,a nd

d i spu te ) a r r ived a tt h e y a rd b y H a t ton 's b oa t a nd

a l l t h e o the r Y ea r B ook s , mean s t h a t w e c anno t

Wya t t 's c a r t .E a r ly i nJ une Know le sb ough t" No 8

p roduce t he e v idence f o r t hose y ea r s . A l u cky

b lock s . . . 1 45 f ee t e20d D e ld" f o r £ 11 .5 .0 ( t he

s ea r ch i nc o l lege a r ch ives f o r K now les 's b i l ls o f

p r ice q uo ted w ou ld h ave b een £ 12 .1 .8 ;t he re w a sa

t h e m iss ing y ea r s m ay a nswe r t h e q ues t ion o f

d i scoun t o f 1 6 /8 ) f rom Mr Wh i te , a r i va l

e xac t ly when , i f n o t h ow , B a th s upp lan ted

b a rgema s te rb a sed a tB r imscomb p o r t n ea rS t roud

B a r r ing ton . B a th b ecame t h e r egu la r s t one f o r a l l

w i th h i s o wn w aggon a nd h o r ses i nO xfo rd . T h i s

O x fo rd b u i ld ing o fa ny q ua l i ty ,a si tw a st or ema in

l o ad mu s th ave g one d own r i ve rf r om B a th ,u pt h e

f o r mo re t han s i x ty y ea r s .

S evern e s tua ry t o F ram i lode , a nd t h en b y t h e S t roudwa ter C ana l t oB r imscomb a nd t he T hame s

D ur ing 1 814 K now les r e ce ived 1 9 b lock s ( he

&S ever nC ana l t ot h eT hames a nd s ot o Ox fo rd ,a

mea su red t h em a s3 58 f e e ta nd d i spu ted t h eb i l lf o r

r oundabou ta nd f a rf r om r e l iab le r ou te . Two w eek s

3 64 )i n Ma rch ;2 5b lock s( 391 f e e tC ube )i n Ap r i l ;

l a te ro nJ une 1 9 al a rge d e l ive ry , o rde red t h rough

a nd 2 5 b lock s i n J une . P e rhap s t wen ty o r t h ir ty

t he u sua l c hanne ls , a r r ived ; H a t ton a nd Wya t t

b lock s made u p as t anda rd n a r row -boa t l oad ; i n

b rough t 3 93 f e e t , ( 373 f ee t h ad b een " sen t f o r " ) .

Ap r i l K now les n o ted t h a t Wya t t t h e m ason , who

J us t o ver a mon th l a ter t hey b rough t a no ther

c ar ted t h e s t one sf o rh im f r om t h e w ha r fa tH y the

b oa t load ( o f4 12 f e e t )o nJ u ly 2 6 .A tt h eb eg inn ing

B r idge t ot h e y a rd i nH o lywe l l t ook t h e2 5b lock s

o f Augus t h e o rdered 3 56 f ee t , y e t a no ther

i ne i gh tw aggon - o rc a r t load s . T h is e n t ry , l i s t ing

b oa t load , wh ich c ame b y H a t ton 's b oa t t o b e

e ach o ft h e2 5s t one sb y an umbe rb e tween " No 2 "

d e l ive red t ot h e y a rd o n Aug 1 6 -17 i n2 6 b lock s

a nd " No 5 3" , make si tc l ea rt ha te ach b lock h ad a

( t u rn ing o u tt ob e3 85 f ee t ) . B u rge s sa nd h i sc l e rk s

n umbe r p a in ted o n , t oi d en t ify i t . P e rhaps Wya t t

a t B a th may h ave d ec ided t o s t op Know les 's

t o ok s ome s t one s ,o ro t he rp aymen ti nk i nd .

m e t icu lous q u ibb le sb y a lways s e nd ing mo re t h an

3 0

h e o rde red . O rt h ey may h ave r e ckoned t ha t t h is

u nspec if ied p aymen ti nJ une a nd £ 20 i nN ovembe r .

w a s ag ood t a c t ic f o rb oom y ea r s .

I n 1 815 h e p a id £ 20 i ne a r ly J une , £ 21 .3 .7 a tt h e e nd o ft h e mon th t os e t t le t h ea ccoun tt od a te , a nd

T he se d e l ive r ie sg ave K now le s at o ta lo f2 099 f e e t

t h en £ 9 1 i nD ecembe rt oc ove rt h eb i gd e l iver ie si n

c ube o fB a th s t one f o rt h ey ea r ,o f wh ich h eu sed a t

Augu s t a nd S ep tembe r . I n 1 816 , a sw e h ave s e en ,

l e a s t 9 80 a tJ e su s , r a is ing a nd b a t t lemen t ing t h e

h e made ad own -paymen to f£ 20 i n Ma rch ,m ak ing

e as t a nd s ou th r anges o f t h e f r on t q uad a nd

a f ur ther p aymen t o f£ 12 i n Ap r i l . F o r Wh i te 's

r emode l l ing mo s to ft h ew indows i nt h a tc o rne ro f

s t one , d e l iver ed i ne a r ly J une , h e p a id Mr s Wh i te

t h e c o l lege d ur ing t he L ong V aca t ion , l e av ing

£ 11 .15 .10

p l en ty t os pa re f o rh i so the rj ob sa nd mo re .

H ea ley i n p a r t f o r t h e J une d e l ive ry w i th a£ 20

o n t he l a s t d ay o f O c tober . H e p a id

n o te , N o 1 0 11 f r om t h e b anke r s R . &F .Cox , w ho F o rt h e n ex t n ine mon th s f r om m id - Augu s t 1 816

w e re g ood a nd r a the re x t ravagan tc u s tome r s , a nd a

n oB a th s t one r e ached t h eH o lywe l l y a rd . I ts eem s

£ 5n o te , N o .9166 f r om t h e O x fo rd b anke rJ .Lock .

c l ea r t ha t Know le s h ad p len ty i n r e se rve a nd

T he c a refu lr e co rd o fn umbe r ss hows t h a tt h e r eh ad

u n l ike ly t ha t B u rgess , H a t ton a nd H ea ley w e re

b een s ome t r oub le o ve rp aymen t s .O nD ecembe r2 4

c once rned t ha tK now le sh ad s e t t led h i sa ccoun tf o r

h e s e t t led u p w i th H ea ley f o r t h e b a lance o f t h e

J une t o Augu s t o n ly i n D ecembe r , a s t h is w a s a

J une d e l ive ry a nd t h e w ho le o ft ho se i nJ u ly a nd

s t anda rd d e lay . A s w e s ha l l s e e Know les h ad a

Augu s t b y p ay ing h im £ 119 .T he Y ea rB ook e nd s

l a rge d e l ive ry f r om t h e F o re s t o fD ean , a nd may

b efo re K now les m ade a ny p aymen t f o r t h e t h ree

h ave b een t r y ing i ta s as ub s t i tu te f o rB a th .O n May

d e l ive r ies r e co rded i n1 817 .

2 3 1 8 17 H a t ton a nd Wya t t d e l ivered 2 6 b lock s ( 333 f e e t ) " 1s tf r e igh t s i nce p aymen to fb i l l" a nd

A s b efo re R icha rd C an te l l o f W i tney s upp l ied

t h ree d ay s l a te r ,o n May 2 6o ne o fH a t ton 's b oa t s ,

i n expens ive p av ing s l ab s , s t eps a nd ' Ro l ls ' . H e

a nd p r e sumab ly Wya t t 's w aggon f r om w ha r f t o

s en t 1 60 f e e to fp av ing i n Ap r i l 1 8 14 a nd al o ad i n

y a rd , b rough t a no the r 3 81 f e e t C ube . T he y a rd

J une ; 1 47 f e e t i n J anua ry 1 815 , 10 f e e t ( two

mus th ave b een c r ammed w i th b l ock so fs t one . O n

l o ads ) i nF ebrua ry a nd s ome s t ep s a nd p av ing i n

J u ly 2 6 , t h e Y ea r B ook r e co rd s " No 8 S tones t o

Apr i l ; 1 70 f e e t r e ady s qua red p av ing i n J anua ry

y a rd f r om H a t ton b y P ra t t 's H o r se s & Mr Wya t t s

1 816 a nd 1 60 f ee t i n Augus t ; 1 70 f e e t i nJ anua ry

( ye ma son s )C a r ta t 3L oad s9 7 f t6 a sp a r to f ab oa t s

1 817 a nd mo re i n J u ly . K now les n o rma l ly p a id

f r e igh tl e f ta t wha r f" ; p erhap st h is w a st h e r e s idue

C an te l l a nd h i s c a r te r D a i ley w i th in t he mon th ,

o f t he s t one d e l ive red a mon th b efo re . B e tween

s ome t ime s w i th in aw eek a nd o nce t h e n ex t d ay ,

J u ly 1 8 17 a nd J anua ry 1 8 18 K now les u sed ag ood

t hough a tt h ee nd o f1 8 14 t h e r ew a s£ 3 l e f tt os e t t le

d ea l o f B a th s t one i n b u i ld ing t he o c tagona l

o nt he a ccoun ta nd a tt h ee nd o f1 8 15 £ 4 .10 .0 .

T u rnp ike H ouse a t t he e a s t e nd o f Magda len B r idge ,4 00 f ee tC ube " be tween p l in th a nd f a c ia" ,

Al i t t le H ead ing ton f r ees tone c on t inued t oc ome i n to

5 07 c ube " i nf ac ia " ,4 57 f ee tC ube " f rom F ac ia t o

t h e y a rd , t oge the rw i th H ead ing ton h a rds tone , b u t

c o rn ice" a nd 12 f e e tC ube i nt h eC o rn ice , mak ing

o n ly a s b oundary s t ones . On F ebruary 2 1 815 a

at o ta lo f1 476 f ee tc ube .

"Warksh ire

B lue

L ed (ge )r"ar r ived

f or

D r

E ve le igh 's f l oor -s lab a t S t Ma ry 's c hu rch , T he Y ea rB ook h e lp su st r ace K now les 's p aymen t s

p resumab ly c om ing f r om Warw ick sh ire o n t h e

f o rt h is n ew k i nd o fs t one t o an ew a nd v e ry d i s tan t

O xford C ana l a s as ubs t i tu te f o r t he B lack

q uar ry -propr ie to r , o r a t l e as t t o h i s l oca l

` Namu re ' Ma rb le l e dger s , n o l onger a va i lab le

r epresen ta t ives . D u r ing 1 814 h e made s ome

b ecause o f t h e Wa r a broad . A lso d e l ivered b y

i n s ta lmen t p aymen t s t o Mr H ea ley , a gen t f o r t h e

J o shua C leave r o n t h e Oxfo rd c ana l a nd b y h i s

s h ipper s , G a r r iman & H a t ton o f Ab ingdon , a

Oxford 3 1

c a r ter

Wags taff o f G eorge

L ane ,

r e ady -made Horn ton g raves tones w e re ar egu la r

T he Y ea rB ook r e co rd ss ma l lq uan t i t ie so fP o r t land

p a r t o f t h e f i rm 's b us ines s , o n ly n eed ing t o b e

a nd much l a rger q uan t i t ies o f Yo rk s t one ,

i n sc r ibed a nd p u tu p .T he r ew e re a l so d e l ive r ie so f

p ar t icu lar ly r eady -made g u t ter ing . I n

g ood -qua l i ty

Know le s s en t R anda l l f i ve o rder s f o r m a rb le f o r

C o tswo ld

s t one ,

s o me

o f i t

1 814

h a lf -prepared , f r om t he n ew c ana l d epo t a t

monumen t sa nd o ne f o r ab l ack f i rep lace ; i n 1 8 15

B r imscomb p or t a tM inch inhamp ton n ea r S t roud .

t he re w e re o n ly t wo o rde r s , b o th f o r c h i mney -

On J anua ry 2 9 1 8 16 Know les " gave J ohn Wh i te

p iece s ;i n1 816 h eg ave t wo o rder sf o r monumen t s ,

( o fB r imscomb p o r t )a no rde rf o r 1 00 f tc ube b l ock

o ne f o r as he lf , p os s ib ly ac oun te r , f o rh i s g roce r

&s ome J ambs & s he lve sHamp ton s t one" ,c l ea r ly

a nd o ne f o rt wo s l ab so fb l ack ma rb le f r om B r is to l ;

f r om M inch inhamp ton .H eh ad p rev iou s ly b ough ta

a nd i n 1 817 h e g ave t h ree o rder s f o r m onumen t s

s i ng le s he lf o f t h is s t one f o r ac l ien t a tQ ueens

a nd o ne f o r ac h imney -p iece f o rt he n ew P r inc ipa l

C o l lege f r om Wya t tt h em a son w ho c a r ted much o f

o f J esus . T he se o rde r s w ere v ery s pec ia l a nd

h i s s t one f r om t h e whar f . A lso f r om t he w es t ,

p ersona l w i th t he c l ien ts o f ten b e ing n amed ,

s ma l l q uan t i t ies o fP a insw ick s t one a ppea ra mong

whe ther d ead o r a l ive , a nd make i tp oss ib le t o

t h ed e l ive r ies ,a f te r af i r s tp u r cha se o f as i ng le s he lf

i d en t ify a nd p rec ise ly d a te t h e f i na l i n s ta l la t ion i n

f o rJ e sus C o l lege f r om Wya t t .

c hu rch o r d raw ing r oom . R anda l l 's a ccoun t f o r 1 814 c ame t o£ 40 .6 .0 .

Ano ther n ew

s ource , t he F ores t o f D ean ,

p re sumab ly ah a rd C a rbon if e rou s l imes tone , f i r s t

T he Y ea rB ook a l so n o tes c ons tan ts ma l ld e l ive r ie s

a ppea r sa s ad e l ive ry o fs even t on so fs t ep si nJ une

o fb r ick s ,a ny th ing f r om 2 00 t o2 000 a t at ime f r om

1 815 , t h en i nJ anua ry 1 816 a sa n a dd re ss o fJ ohn

B ees ley a nd s ome t imes f r om S avo ra nd o fl ime i n

J ones " who o ver looks t he f ores t o f D ean

a l lk inds o fq uan t i t ies f r om B ees ley a nd s ome t ime s

Qua r r ies" , t h en i nN ovembe r a s ad e l ive ry o f6 6

f r om B owe rman a nd H ew le t t , ' Roman c e men t '

s t ones o f wh ich o ne a r r ived b roken . O n May 6

f rom H ew le t t , c h imney -po ts a nd f i rebr icks ,

1 817 K now le s o rde red al ong r un o fp l in th t wen ty

b rushes , s aws , s ca f fo ld -co rds a nd b a ske t s f r om

i n ches h i gh b yt h ir teen a nd ah a lf i n che st h ick ,a nd

v a r iou ss upp l ie r s .

c omp la ined b i t te r ly i n to h i s Y ea r B ook ( and n o d oub ti np e r son a nd b yl e t te rt o o )a tt h ed e lay w hen i ta r r ived n i ne w eek sl a te ro nJ une 5 .I tw a sf o rt h e f i ne o c tagona lT u rnp ike H ou se t h a tK now le sb u i l t f or £ 520 a t t he e as t e nd o f Magda len B r idge . C ons t ruc t ion b egan w i th d igg ing t h e c e l la r si nt h e s econd w eek i n J u ly . A ccoun t -book E l i s t s t h e F o res t o fD ean s t one u sed a s 1 23 f ee t c ube i nt h e p l in th a nd t we lve f e e ti nt h ep o r t ico .T h is s t one w a s a lmo s tc e r ta in ly p romo ted b yK now le s 's c u s tome r , t h ew aywa rd Ox fo rd b anke rR icha rd C ox w ho h ad a cqu ired al a rge c oa lm ine a nd a s soc ia ted q ua r ry i n t h e c ou r se o fh i s f i nanc ia l a dven tu res . T he u sua l s av ing so fw a te r t ranspo r tc anno th ave b een v a l id , w i th aj ou rney b y c ar t o r t r amway t o t h e Wye , l o ad ing a boa rd aS eve rn t r ow t oS ha rpnes sa nd o n u pt h e S t roudwa te rt oB r im scomb f o rr e load ing o n an a r row -boa tf o rt h el ong c ana lp a s sage t oO x fo rd b yt h eT hame s &S eve rn a nd t h eT hame s . 3 2

CHAPTER F IVE T homa sK now le st h ee l de r 's b u i ld ing s , 1 797 -1826 a nd T homa sK now le st h ey ounge r : f r om 1 826 t o1 852 T he e l de r T homas K now les 's s pec ia l s k i l l a nd

p ocke t s f or i mp roved f i rep lace s , w indows , w ine -

p a r t icu la re conom ic a nd t e chn ica ls t reng th l a yi nt h e

b ins a nd o the r s uch c hanges a nd a men i t ies . T he

r e fu rb ishmen t a nd r epa ir o f e x is t ing c o l lege a nd

a ve rage f i gu re f o r e ach c o l lege w a s£ 56 , f o r e ach

u n ive r s i ty b u i ld ings . Abundan t e v idence i n t h e

i nd iv idua l membe r o n ly £ 0 .9 .4 , l e s s t h an 1% o f

f i rm 's o wn r eco rds a nd i nc o l lege a nd u n ive r s i ty

t h a t .

a rch ives makes t h is c l ea r . B y 1 797 , w hen h e s t a r ted i nb us iness o n h i s o wn a ccoun t , t h e many

F o r much o ft h e 1 9 th C en tu ry O x fo rd d ome s t ic a nd

s p lend id b u i ld ings , wh ich g ive u s s o much

b us ines s c l ien t s p rov ided o n ly 1 2 -15% o f t he

p lea su re a nd d e l igh tt oday ,w e re a l ready a g ing a nd

f i rm 's t u rnover . I n 1 800 T homa s K now les t he

i nn eed o fc on s tan tc a re a nd r egu la r moder n isa t ion

e l de r wo rk f o r4 5 p r iva te a nd b u s ines s c us tomer s

b y Ox fo rd b u i lde r sl i ke K now le s , w ho s pec ia l ised

c ame t o £ 76 o r 1 2 .3% o f s a les . I n 1 851 h i s s on

i na nd h ad ag i f tf o rt h is w o rk .S ome o ft h ec o l lege

made £ 136 o r 1 4 .5% o f s a le s f r om t h is c l ass o f

b u i ld ing sw e re med ieva l ; mo s tw e r et h ep roduc to f

wo rk . I n b o th p er iods mos t b us ines smen s t i l l

t wo g r ea t b u i ld ing - b ooms , i n 1 608 -42 a nd a

w o rked f r om h ome a nd n od i s t inc t ion c an b e made

c en tu ry l a te r i nc . 1710 -40 . A s w e s aw i nC hap te r

b e tween c omme rc ia l a nd r e s iden t ia lw o rk . Mo s to f

One , t h e f i rm wh ich K now les t ook o ve r , t he

t h ese c l ien t sp rov ided v e ry l i t t le wo rk ,t h ea verage

T owne send s , w a s d om inan ti nO x fo rd i nt h el a t te r

c ha rge b e ing o n ly £ 1 .13 .10 , b u t s eve ra l h ad q u i te

p e r iod .T he ma sons w ho se t r ad i t ion s m e rged w i th

s ub s tan t ia lj obs d one . K now les wo rked f o r many

t h eT owne send s ' w e re a c t ive i nt h ef o rme rp e r iod ,

o f t h em o ve r l ong p er iod s . S tephen Wen twor th ,

a s

t he

i nnkeepe ro ft h e S ta r , ac e leb ra ted c oach ing i nn i n

T ownesends , Know les b u i l t p rac t ica l ly n o th ing

w e

s aw

i n

C hap ter Two .

Un l ike

C omma rke t ( on t he s i te o ft h e C la rendon C en t re )

n ew ; h i s s pec ia l ised b us iness g ave h im a

p a id K now le sr a the rm o re t h an J e su sC o l lege d id i n

s a t is f ac to ry l i v ing w i th m in ima lr i sk .

1 800 , h i s £ 18 b e ing 2 .9% o f t o ta l s a les f o r t he y ea r . H e r e l ied o n t h ef i rm f o r many m ino r wo rk s

S a les i n t he y ear 1 800

i ns t one o rb r ick , a l though t h e i nn , w i th t h e s ame s t ree tf r on tage a nd much t h e s ame d ep th o fs i te a s

Much t h e g rea tes t p ropor t ion o f t he f i rm 's b us iness , a lmos t f our -f if ths t h roughou t t he N ine teen th C en tu ry , w a s w i th a nd i nt h e c o l leges . A t t h e s t a r t , i n 1 800 , a tl e a s t 9 5 o r 5 9% o f t h e f i rm 's 1 61 c l ien ts b e longed t o u n iver s i ty a nd a ccoun ted f o r p rac t ica l ly 8 0% o f s a le s . O f t o ta l s a les o f£ 619 i n 1 800 , n ol e s s t h an £ 449 o r7 2 .5% c ame f r om j u s t e i gh t c l ien t s , s even o ft h e t wen ty c o l leges a nd o ne o f t h e f ou r a cadem ic h a l ls . A f u r the r £ 39 o r6 . 3% c ame f r om 8 4 membe r s a nd s t a f fo ft h ec o l leges p l ea sed t op ay o u to ft h e i ro wn

t h ec o l lege ,w a st imbe r -f r amed . I n 1 800 Know les 's t we lve c omm is s ion st oi n sc r ibe a nd s e t u p monumen t s i nc hu rches o rg r ave s tone s i nc hu rchya rd s , t oa dd o r r ep lace i n scr ip t ion s , t o o pen a nd r e f i l l g rave so rt oc on s t ruc t b ur ia l -vau l t s b rough t i n£ 37 o r 6% o fs a les ; t h ef i gu re i n 1 85 1 w a s£ 29 o rj u s t 3% o fs a les . T rade s a les a nd s ub -con trac t wo rk , p rov id ing m a te r ia ls o r e xpe r t s k i l ls f o r e i gh t o t her O xford

3 3

b u i ld ing a nd a l l ied t r adesmen , who a r en o ta lways

f ou rj obs o u t s ide t h e c i ty , t wo o ft h em p u t t ing u p

e a sy t or e cogn ise , b rough ti n£ 8 , o r 1 . 2% o fs a le s

g rave s tones i nc hu r chya rds ; d id 1 9 s ma l l p r iva te

i n 1 800 .

j obs i nc o l lege r ooms , mos t ly o n f i rep laces ; a nd w o rked f o r2 8O x fo rd c i t izen so n aw ide v a r ie ty o f

Organ isa t ion a nd mode o f w ork

t a sk s .

K now le sh imse lf w a st h e ma in sp r ing o ft h ef i rm t o

I ne ach o ft h e mon th s , Ap r i l , May a nd J une ,i nt h e

a n e x ten t q u i te u n th inkab le t oday . E ve ry w eek h e

s p r ing a nd e a r ly s umme ro f 1 816 ,K now les h ad 2 4

h ad t o d ea l w i th a d ozen o r mo re c l ien t s , g ive

t o2 8c u s tome r s , a mong t hem e igh to rn ine o ft h e

e s t ima te s , h i re a nd f i r e h i s wo rkmen a nd s ee t h a t

c o l leges ; b e tween t h ree a nd n ine f e l lows ,

h i s a pp ren t ices w e re b e ing t r a ined , a s w e l l a s

u nde rg radua tes o rc o l lege s e rvan t s w ho f e l t t h ey

o rder ing ma ter ia ls f r om q uar rymen , l imeburne r s

n eeded m inor i mp rovemen ts i n t he ir r ooms ;

a nd o t he rs upp l ie r s . H e k ep t a l l t h e r e co rd s o ft h e

b e tween n ine a nd e l even p r iva te j ob s i nt h e t own

b u s ines sw i th h i so wn p en a nd al i t t le h e lp f r om h i s

a nd , s ome t imes , ac oup le mo re o u t s ide O x fo rd . I n

s on ; t h ey t h em se lves w ro te o u t p rac t ica l ly a l l t h e

t h e w in te r mon th s , a s w e h ave s e en , t h e f i gu res

s urv iv ing e v idence f o rt h e f i rm 's a c t iv i t ies , o the r

w e re v ery s im i la rw i th r a the r mo r ep r iva te j ob s i n

s e r ie so fb ook sa nd c oun t les s l e t te r s , wh ich a r ea l

t h ec o l lege s .

l o s t . Mo s to ft h ese j ob sw e re v ery s ma l l , i n s ta l l ing a nd K now le sc ha rged b yt h ed ay f o rh i sm en s ' t ime o n

r epa i r ing g r a te s ,s e t t ing u pc h imney -p ieces o fs t one

s i te , n o t ing t h e m ens ' n ames i ns ho r tened f o rm i n

o r ma rb le , r ep lac ing h ea r th s tone s , o pen ing a nd

h i s r ough Week ly A ccoun t B ook , a nd a dd ing

c l ean ing o r r econs t ruc t ing d ra ins , o pen ing o r

s t anda rd c harges f o r b r ick s a nd mor ta r . F o r

b u i ld ing b ur ia l -vau l t s i n c hurches , c hurchya rds ,

mou lded a nd o the rw o rked s t ones s en tr ound f r om

c o l lege c hape ls a nd c l o is te r s , c ove r ing t h em w i th

t h ey a rd h ec ha rged f i r s t ly b yt h ef oo tc ube f o rt h e

i n scr ibed s l ab sa nd s e t t ing u p monumen t s .

t h e r aw ma ter ia l , t h e s t one a s i tw a s d e l ive red i n b locks , a nd s econd ly b y t he f oo t s uper f or

A ma jor c omm iss ion i n 1 815 -16

w o rkmansh ip d one b y t h e mason s i n t h e y a rd , n o t ing o n ly t he t ype o f wo rk c ar r ied o u t , n o t t h e n ames o f t h e b anke r -masons , who may p e rhaps a l so h ave wo rked o ns i te t u rn a nd t u rn a bou t .

T he amb i t ious a nd wor ld ly D av id Hughes , P r inc ipa l o fJ esu sC o l lege , C hap la in t ot h e P r ince o f Wa le sa nd a c t ive i nL ondon s oc ie ty ,t r ans formed t h eh ome ly f r on tq uad ,w i th t wo s t o r ies a nd v a r ied

We c an s t udy t h e f i rm 's wo rk f o r t wo s amp le

d ormer s w indows t o t he a t t ics i n to a more

p e r iod s , w e l l d ocumen ted i n t he s urv iv ing Y ea r

d i s t ingu ished b a t t lemen ted c ou r tya rd o f t h ree

B ook a nd Week ly A ccoun t B ook . I n t h e w in te r

s t o reys . H is p redece s so rT homa sP a rdo h ad s e t a n

mon th so fJ anua ry t o Ma rch 1 8 16 K now les h ad 7 2

e xamp le s even ty -f ive y ea r se a r l ie rw hen h er a ised

c l ien t s ,i n c lud ing t e nc o l lege sa nd t h et wo a cadem ic

a nd b a t t lemen ted t h e f r on t o f t h e P r inc ipa l 's

h a l ls a nd t wo s ma l lc hu rch j ob s .T he ma in s u rp r ise

L odg ings , a nd as e cond e xamp le s ome y ea r s l a te r

( t oo u rw ay o ft h ink ing )w as 3 1 s ma l l p r iva te j ob s

w hen h e e ngaged J ohn T ownesend I Vt or a ise a nd

i nc o l lege r oom s , mo s t ly i n s ta l l ing n ew g ra tes o r

r emode l !t h eT u nlS t ree tf a cade t ol e ave t h ec o l lege

r e pa i r ing f i rep lace s ;h ed id o n ly 2 4j ob sf o rO x fo rd

c l a s s ica la tt h ef r on ta nd t udo r -go th ic i n s ide .

c i t izens . I n t he n ex t t h ree mon ths , Ap r i l t oJ une 1 816 h e wo rked f o r 6 6 c l ien ts , i n c lud ing n ine

We c an t ake H ughe s ' c omm is s ion a s a ma jo r

c o l lege sa nd t wo a cadem ic h a l ls ,w i th o ne s ma l l b i t

e xamp le o fK now les 's w o rk . T he d e s ign h a s b een

o f o f f ic ia l w ork a tt h e T own H a l l . H e u nder took

a t t r ibu ted t ot h ef a sh ionab le L ondon a r ch i tec tJ ohn 3 4

Na sh , b u t t h e s ke tches o f mos t o f t h e d e ta i ls i n

u n iform h e igh t a nd a dd ing t h e w avy g ab les t o

Know le s 's Y ea rB ook s t rong ly i mp ly t ha t h e a nd

ma tch t ho se o nt h eo t he rs i de so ft h eq uad .

n o tN a sh d es igned t h ea l te ra t ion s ,c a r r ied o u ti ns i x p ha se sb e tween F eb rua ry 1 815 a nd O c tobe r 1 816

T he f ou r th p ha se o fw o rk l a s ted e l even w eek sf r om Apr i l t o m id J une 1 816 . O ne o r t wo masons ,

T he f i r s t p hase t ook s i x w eek s i n F eb rua ry a nd

s ome t ime s w i th a no the rr e lea sed f r om o t he rw ork

Ma rch 1 815 w i th o ne mason a nd o ne l abou rer

f o r af ew d ays , a nd t wo o rt h ree l a bou re r s r ebu i l t

r e con s t ruc t ing t h es e rv ice r oom so ft h eP r inc ipa l 's

t he c h imneys a nd p a tch t h e s t onework o f t he

L odg ing s , wh ich K now les h ad b u i l t i n 1 802 -3 t o

m id -e igh teen th -cen tury f acade o n T u n lS t ree t ,

N ash 's p l an s when H ughe st ook o ff ice .

l e av ing t h e F ron t Quad emp ty o fs caf fo ld ing a nd ma te r ia ls d u r ing t h eT r in i ty T e rm .T he c om ing sa nd

I n t h e s e cond p ha se ,wh ich l a s ted f o r n ine w eek s

g o ings o f t h e m en d u r ing t h is a nd t h e n ex t t wo

f r om l a te J u ly t om id S ep tember 1 8 15 K now le s 's

p ha ses , a s K now les k ep t t he momen tum g o ing a t

men d i sman t led t h ed o rme r so nt h eH a l l r ange a nd

J esus w i th t he ma in b ody o f h i s w orkfo rce ,

r ep laced t h em w i th b a t t lemen t sa nd a l so r a ised a nd

r edep loy ing t h em o n o the rj ob s w hen n eeded , c an

b a t t lemen ted t h es ou th w a l lo ft h eC hape l .A tl e a s t

b e f o l lowed i n m inu te d e ta i l i n h i s s urv iv ing

f i ve w o rkmen , a lways t wo ma sons , o f ten w i th

r e co rd s .

a no the rr e leased f r om o the r wo rk f o r af ew d ays , a nd t h r ee l a bou re r s ,s ome t ime sw i th a no the ro ne o r t wo f o r s ho r t p e r iod s , wo rked s t ead i ly o n r a is ing t h e C hape l wa l ls a nd o n p a rape ts , g u t ter s & b a t t lemen t s . T hey h ad o f c ou r se t o wo rk c l ose ly w i th t h e c a rpen te r s w ho a dap ted t h e r oof t imber s a nd t h e p lumbe r s w ho l e aded t h e n ew g u t te rs ; b y l ong t r ad i t ion e ach s pec ia l is tf i rm w a s s epa ra te ly emp loyed a nd c ha rged t h ec o l lege s epa ra te ly .

J ESUS COLLEGE , FRONT QUAD ; CHAPEL AND EAST RANGE , AS ALTERED I N 1 8 15

T he f i f th p ha se w a s mos t ly i nt h e L ong V aca t ion J ESUS COLLEGE , I NNER QUAD ; WEST FRONT OF LODG INGS AND HALL , AS ALTERED I N 1 815

a nd l a s ted n ine w eek s ,f r om l a te J une t ol a te Augu s t 1 8 16 . K now le sb rough ti n amuch l a rge rw o rk fo rce o f t h ree a nd o f ten f our masons w i th t wo a nd

I nt h et h ird p ha se o ff i ve w eek f r om m id S ep tembe r

s ome t imes t h ree l a bou re r st or a ise t h ew a l ls o nt h e

t ot h et h i rd w eek o fO c tobe r 1 8 15 ,o ne ma son a nd o ne l a bou r e r ,w i th o dd d ays ' h e lp f r om c o l league s ,

b a t t lemen t s . T hey a l so r ep laced a l l t h e s t one -

a l ter ed t h ew es tf r on to ft h eL odg ing s ,n o r th o ft h e

mu l l ioned w indows o n t h e e a s t a nd h a lf t h e s ou th

H a l l i nt h e I nne rQ uad rang le , r a is ing t h ew a l l t oa

r ange t o ma tch t h o se o n t h e o t he rh a lf o ft h e s ou th

e a s t a nd s ou th s i des o f t he f r on t q uad a nd a dd

3 5

As i x th p ha se o fs i xw eek sf r om l a te Augu s tt ot h e

We c an s ee , i n aT ab le b e low , t h e a nnua l c os t o f

b eg inn ing o fO c tobe r , w i th o ne o rt wo m a son sa nd

K now le s 's m a in tenance a nd o the rs t onewo rk a tf i ve

o ne t o t h ree l abourer s f i n ish ing t he w o rk a nd

s amp le c o l lege s .T he f i gu res f o r 1 8 10 -14 , m is s ing

c l ea r ing u pt h er ubb ish a nd s c a f fo ld ing i nt ime f o r

f r om t h eK now le sr e co rd sw i th t h el o ss o fA ccoun t

t h e s t a r t o f t e rm s aw t h e e nd o f t he t wo -yea r

B ook D ,h ave b een made u pf o rJ e su sC o l lege f r om

c ampa ign .

t h e S en io r B u r sa r 's A ccoun t B ook i nt h e c o l lege a rch ives . T he N ew C o l lege f i gure s a re f o r t h e

i n h i s f avour i te L ondon c of fee -house ; t h e n ew

o rg ene ra l r e pa ir a ccoun t .T hey d on o t i n c lude m ason ry a nd o t he rb u i ld ing d e ta i ls i nt h e

P r inc ipa l r e s t ra ined h imse lf f r om d o ing much

H a l l , K i tchen , Wa rden 's , C hape l , C lo is te r a nd

f u r the rt ot h ef ab r ic u n t i l 1 822 -3 .

G a rden a ccoun t s ,e ach o fw h ich h a sh ad as epa ra te

T he n ex ty ea rP r inc ipa l H ughes b l ew h i sb r a in so u t

-C ommon"

e x is tence s i nce t h e c o l lege w as f ounded , m a tched Col leges T he c o l leges , p ar t icu la r ly b e tween Apr i l a nd

b y d i f fe ren t a ccoun t s i n K now les 's b ook s . I ti s v ery l a bo r iou s t o r each e xac t t o ta ls f o r b u i ld ing w o rk a tt h ec o l lege o ve r al ong p e r iod .

S ep tembe r , w ere b y f a r t h e b es t c l ien t s . I n 1 797

Know les b i l ls i n £t o f i ve c o l lege s

K now le s t ook o ve r S tephen T owne send 's r egu la r ma in tenance a r rangemen t a ts even o f t h e t wen ty c o l lege s wh ich , w i th f i ve a cadem ic h a l ls , t h en

Y ea r

A l l S

m ade u p t h e U n iver s i ty . T hey p rov ided p l en ty o f

1 799

6 1

4 7

s umme r mon th s ; a nd p a id t h e i rb i l ls p romp t ly a nd

1 800

7 9

7 4

r e l iab ly ,s oon a f te rt h e i rf i nanc ia ly ea rh appened t o

1 80 1

4 1

e n , s ome t ime b e tween J une a nd F eb rua ry ; t h is

1 802

E xe te r

L ine 7

J esus

N ew C

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8 8

4 1

1 7

18

8 1

4 3

2 0

1 35

1 6

4 8

5

1 31

2 10

1 803

1 31

1 5

6

1 33

9 1

1 804

1 50

1 2

7

1 6

7 1

T o ta l

4 17

2 30

1 04

3 17

6 25

1 805

4 9

2 7

4 0

1 31

1 806

9 8

3 9

1 7

9 2

C o l leges . I n t h e c a se o f C o rpu s a nd E xe ter t h e

1 807

4 25

3 7

6 7

4 3

8 0

T owne sends h ad w orked o n t h em c on t inuou s ly

1 808

1 43

5 1

/ 4

3 /

15

s i nce t h e b eg inn ing o ft h ee i gh teen th c en tu ry . T he

1 809

8 3

9

11

5 8

1 02

T o ta l

7 99

1 25

2 68

1 90

5 20

i n te re s t ing a nd v a r ied wo rk , e spec ia l ly d u r ing t h e

e nsu red t ha t p aymen t s i n w e re w e l l s p read o u t . Two a cadem ic h a l l s o n K now les 's b ook s , w i th n o e ndowed i n come , c ou ld n o t a f fo rd much r egu la r work . T he s even c o l leges f o rw h ich K now le sc a r r ied o u t r e gu la rw o rk f r om t h e s t a r tw e re A l l S ou ls ,C o rpu s C h r is t i ,E xe t e r ,J e su s ,L inco ln , Magda len a nd N ew

2 2 6

t wo h a l ls f o r wh ich Know les w o rked r e gu la r ly w ere Magda len H a l l ( wh ich h a s moved t o a d i f fe r en ts i te a nd b ecome H e r t fo rd C o l lege )a nd S t Ma ry H a l l( abso rbed b yO r ie l i n1 902 ) . K now le s 's

1 810

6 1

r epu ta t ion s oon l ed t o a no the r t h ree c o l leges

1 811

4 2

s e ek ing h i s s e rv ices a nd a ppea r ing i n h i s b ook s .

1 812

1 5

T hese w e re O r ie la nd Q ueen si n1 802 w i th Me r ton ,

1 813

1 5 1

1 814

5 6

To ta l

3 25

h i s g round land lo rd , o cca s iona l ly p rov id ing w o rk f r om 1 807 .

3 6

1 8 15

7 2

8 7

4 8

/ 94

4 9

1 8 16

7 3

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4 8

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H awk smoo r 's d es igns , A l l S ou ls p a id Know les o ver £ 850 i n 1 803-7 f or work t ha t i nc luded

1 8 17

1 98

4 3

1 33

1 8

2 8

r epav ing t he Cod r ing ton L ib ra ry a nd r ep lac ing

1 8 18

1 7

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s ome o f i t s p innac les . I n a l l h e r e ce ived a bou t

1 8 19

4 9

9 9

1 6

4 9

2 84

£ 2500 f o r r epa ir s t o t he f abr ic o f t he c o l lege ,

T o ta l

4 09

/ 87

2 83

9 38

5 25

1 820

9 7

6 5

1

1 05

3 8

1 821

4 7

1 8

3 7

1 09

1 35

1 822

5 0

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9 5

2 46

1 66

1 823

6 0

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2 8

5 77

1 4 1

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J e su s

N ew C

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6 7

T o ta l

2 08

Y ea r

A l l S

E xe t e r

L inc

w i thou t a ny s i gn if ican t a l te ra t ions b e tween 1 797 a nd h i sd ea th i n1 826 . Corpus Chr is t i Co l lege E qua l ly w ea l thy a nd w i th o n ly as i ng le q uad rang le a nd t wo o ther b locks o f r ooms , b o th b u i l t b y W i l l iam T owne send ,C o rpu sC h r is t if e l tt h eu rge t o u nde r take s ome b u i ld ing wo rk w hen t h e B u i ld ing F und w a si n s t i tu ted i nJ anua ry 1 801 , af ew mon th s b efo re w r i t ten e xam ina t ion s r ep laced t h e a r cha ic s poken d i spu ta t ion a s aq ua l if ica t ion f o rd eg rees . B u t t h e re w as p ro longed d eba te u n t i l ,j us t t h ree

A s w e c an s ee Know les 's i mpac t o n t h e c o l lege s

y ea r sl a te r ,t h ec o l lege " f ina l ly a g r eed t on ew -face

v a r ied ag r ea td ea l ,j us ta st h ea moun tt h ec o l leges

t h e i nne r w a l ls o ft he C o l lege w i th W indrush o r

c ho se t os pend v a r ied s om uch t h a tt h ey d on o tf a l l

B a r r ing ton s t one" a nd o pened as ubscr ip t ion l i s t .

i n to a ny v e ry r egu la rr ank ing o fr i ch ,m idd l ing a nd

T he F ron tQ uad h ad b een b u i l ti n1 508 -12 o fr ubb le

p oo r .T he i rr e sou r ces v a r ied a nd s ucce s s ive c o l lege

a nd t hen r endered o ve r t o l ook l i ke a sh la r , w i th

h ead s a nd b u r sa r s h ad v ery d i f feren t t a s te s a nd

o n ly t h e w indows a nd d oo rway s o f h igh -qua l i ty

r equ i remen t s , s o me t imes s pend ing o u t o fi n come

C o tswo ld s t one . K now les f aced i tw i th a sh lar i n

o r r e se rve s a nd s ome t ime s r a is ing money f r om

1 806 -8 f o r£ 552 , r emov ing al a rge o r ig ina l p o rch

a ppea ls ,s ome t imes s pend ing f r ee ly a nd s ome t imes

i nt h e n o r th -eas t c orne r .T h is e l abo ra te o pe ra t ion ,

e conom is ing . L av ish e xpend i ture f o l lowed t he

d one l a rge ly f o r c osme t ic r ea son s , s eem s t oh ave

a r r iva lo fE dwa rd L egge a s Wa rden a tA l lS ou ls i n

b een t h e f i r s t ma jo r r e fac ing o f ak ind l a te r t o

1 817 ,o fJ . C .Jones a sR ec to ra tE xe te ri n 1 8 19 , o f

b ecome s o p reva len t i n O x fo rd . T he d ec is ion t o

D av id H ughe sa sP r inc ipa l o fJ e sus i n1 802 a nd o f

f ace t h e w a l ls i n g o lden B a r r ing ton s t one , v ery

P .N .Shu t t lewor th a s Wa rden o f N ew C o l lege i n

s im i la rt ot h ed oo rways a nd w indows ,h a sr e su l ted

1 822 , t hough R ec to r C o le a tE xe te r i n 1 808 a nd

i na ne n semb le o fs t r ik ing u n ifo rm i ty .

P r inc ipa lF ou lkes a tJ e su si n1 817 d id n o th ave t h e s ame i mpac t , p e rhap s b ecau se t h e w a rw a sr ag ing

Exeter Co l lege

i n 1 808 a nd , a s w e h ave s e en , P r inc ipa l H ughe s h ad j u s ts p en tv ery l a rge s um so nJ esu si n1 815 -6 . We c an b r ief ly e xam ine t h ed i f f e ren tr equ ir emen t s a nd p a t t e rn so f wo rk i ns ome o ft h ese c o l lege s .

P oo r ly e ndowed a nd t hen c omp r is ing a s i ng le q uad rang le w i th ac oup le o fe x t ra r a nge so fr oom s , E xe te rC o l lege p a id K now le s£ 47 i n1 799 ,h a lf o fi t o nr ebu i ld ing c h imneys tack s .T he R ec to rp a id l e s s

A l l S ou ls Co l lege

t han £ 1 f o r p r iva te wo rk o n h i s w ineb in s ; t he c o l lege c ook s pen t as h i l l ing ( 5p o ft oday 's money )

R ich ly e ndowed a nd c omp r is ing as ma l lm ed ieva l

o nb r ickwo rk o nh i sc oppe r ;t h ec o l lege b a rbe rp a id

F ron tQ uad a nd t h eg rand G eo rg ian -Go th ick No r th

t h es ame f o rp av ing a tt h ep ump ,p r e sumab ly a th i s

Quad

o wn h ouse . T he b ib le -c lerk h ad h i s c h i mney

b u i l t

b y

Wi l l iam

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e n la rged a nd an ew c h imney -p iece i n s ta l led , wh i le

Know le s d id p erhaps £ 3500 -wo r th o f wo rk i n

t wo u nde rg radua tes h ad g ra tes i n s ta l led . E xe te r

1 799 -1826 . None o fi tc an r e ad i ly b ei d en t if ied ,b u t

Co l lege p a id t he e lder T homas Know les o ve r

f u r ther s t udy may a l low u st or e cogn ise s ome o ft h e

£ 1000 b e tween 1 799 a nd 1 826 , b u t n one o f h i s

many f i rep lace s a nd g ra tes t ha t h e p u t i n a nd

wo rk c an r e ad i ly b er e cogn ised t h e r e .C a refu ls t udy

w indows t h a th ee n la rged .

w i l ln od oub th e lp u st oi d en t ify af ew f i rep laces a s h is .

Pub l ic works J esus Co l lege

K now le s ma in ta ined Magda len B r idge , p u t t ing i n n ew b a lu s ter s a lmo s t e ve ry y ea r . H e r ebu i l t t h e

We h ave a l r eady t a ken J esus C o l lege ,w i th af a ir ly

t o l l -hou se a tt h e e a s te rn a pp roach t ot h e b r idge i n

s ubs tan t ia l e ndowed i n come a nd t wo f a ir -s ized

1 8 17 f o r £ 520 . I n e a r ly 1 818 h e r e nova ted a nd

q uad rang le sa sa ne xamp le o f ama jo rc omm is s ion

o ve rhau led t h es t onewo rk ,p i tched t h er o ad s u r f ace

d es igned a nd c a r r ied o u t b y Know le s , who h ad

a nd r epa ired t h ep av ing o ft h e who le a r ea a round .

worked a tt h e c o l lege f o r e i gh teen y ea r s b y 1 815 .

H e may h ave w orked o n t he b r idge a s ay oung

I n 1 799 h er e ce ived £ 90 f o rr egu la rr epa ir s , wh ich

ma son when J ohn R ande l l b u i l t i ti n 1 772 -9 , o r

i nc luded r e bu i ld ing t h eP r inc ipa l 's g a rden w a l la nd

p erhaps h ave c u t o r l a id t he s t ones o f t he

r ep lac ing t h e b a t t lemen t s o n t h e L odg ing s , t h e

b a lus t rade , c hanged f r om Gwynn 's d e s ign , w hen

c hape l b e l lco te a nd s ome p innac le s o n t h e s ou th

J ohn T own send I Vw on t h ec on t rac tf o ri ti n1 782 .

f r on t .I na dd i t ion t h ec o l lege c ook p a id as h i l l ing t o h ave af i rep lace r epa i red a nd t h ree u nde rg radua te s

Houses a nd

s hops

s pen t v a r iou s s ums f r om f i ve s h i l l ings t o £ 1 t o h ave g ra tes i n s ta l led i n t he ir r oom s . I n a l l t he c o l lege p a id Know le s s ome £ 3500 b e tween 1 797 a nd 1 826 .

K now les 's mo s te x ten s ive p r iva te j ob i n Oxfo rd i n J anua ry t oJ une 1 816 w a s t he r e fu rb ishmen t o fa h ou se i nH igh S t r ee tf o rt h e me rce rJ ame sH awk in s a t ac o s t o f£ 87 , wh ich w e c an c ompa re w i th t h e

New Co l lege

£ 825 p a id b y J esus C o l lege f o r t h e wo rk s o f 1 8 15 -16 .

Wi th t wo l a rge q uad rang les c lose t o K now le s 's y a rd a nd w i th a l a rge e ndowed i ncome , N ew

Know le s 's e xpe r ienced m a son R ank l ing wo rked a t

C o l lege p a id £ 106 t oK now le s i n 1 799 ( and £ 249

t h eh ou se f o rt h ew ho le o ft h is t ime ,a lmo s ta lways

t oS la t te rt h ec o l lege c a rpen te r )f o rr egu la rr epa i r s ,

w i th h i s r egu la r l a bou re r t h e e l de r N icho l . O the r

r ebu i ld ing c h imneys , o ve rhau l ing g u t te r s a nd s o

c ra f tsmen s uch a s c a rpen ter s , w ho a re t w ice

o n . I n t he s ame y ea r t he w a rden 's s e rvan t , t h e

m en t ioned i nK now les 's b ook s , a nd n od oub ta l so

c o l lege c ook a nd b u t ler a nd t en f e l lows a nd

p lumbe r /g laz ie r s a nd s l a t te r /p la s te r e r s mus t h ave

s t uden t s p a id f o r g ra tes t o b e i n s ta l led o r n ew

b een t he r ea l so w hen n eeded ,b u tn od e ta i ls o ft h e ir

w indows f i xed . One o ft h ef e l lows p a id K now le s

wo rk s urv ives , a s K now les o n ly c ar r ied o u t

t or i de e i gh tm i les o u to f Ox fo rd t oh i sv i ca rage a t

s t onewo rk .

We s ton o nt h eG reen f o ra ne s t ima te .T he b i l ls f o r t hese f ou r teen p r iva te c l ien t sc ame t ol e s st h an £ 7 , a nd K now les may h ave h ad s ome d oub t s a bou t whe the r s uch c u s tome r s w ere r ea l ly w or thwh i le , p a r t icu la r ly a sf ou ro ft h eb i l ls w e re s t i l lu npa id f i ve y ea r sl a te r . B u t t h ey k ep t an uc leu s o fh i s m en i n wo rk t h rough t h e w in te r mon th s . A t N ew C o l lege

I n t h e l a s tw eek o fJ anua ry 1 816 a nd t h ef i r s tt wo w eek s o fF eb rua ry t wo ma son s a nd t wo l a bou r er s r ebu i l t ac h imneys tack , u s ing 4 44 b r ick s , a nd r epaved t h ey a rd . Mo re e x ten s ive w o rk i n s ide a nd o u t b egan i n t he s econd w eek o f Ma rch a nd c on t inued f o r s i x teen w eek s u n t i l t h ef ou r th w eek 3 8

o fJ une .T he r a the rt e r se i t em isa t ion o f many d e ta i ls

Among K now le s 's n o tab le monumen t s ,h ep u tu pa

i nt h ea ccoun t sa s" D iff j ob s" makes i td i ff icu l tt o

w a l l -monumen ta tB u r fo rd i n 1 8 17 t ot h eE a r l a nd

b e s u re p rec ise ly w ha tw a sd one b es ides r epav ing

C oun te s s o f B anbu ry , b o th o fw hom h ad d i ed i n

t h e k i tchen , r ebu i ld ing t h e p r ivy a nd w a shhou se

1 771 .T he ir t wo y ounges ts on s , S amue l K no l ly s , a

a nd r ef ix ing t h e c e l la r s t ep s , w h ich a r e a l l c l ea r ly

r e t ired a rmy l i eu tenan t a nd h i s b ro ther F ranc is ,

s pec if ied . N ew p ar t i t ion w a l ls ,b lock ing d oorways

v i ca r o f B u r ford , a sh i s f a the r h ad b een , f e l t t h a t

a nd o the r wo rk r equ ired 2 644 n ew b r ick s .

a f te ra lmo s tf i f ty y ea r s t h ey s hou ld c ommemo ra te t h e ir p a ren t s w i th a n a us tere ly l e t tered ma rb le

Churches

w a l l -s lab f o r£ 22 ,s i gned " TK O x fo rd" .

T homa s K now les d i d a l l t h e r egu la rr epa ir s a tA l l

I n e a r ly J une 1 820 Know les h ad a s l ab o f

S a in t sc hu rch i nH igh S t ree t .T he f i rm ,a sW i l l iam

Wa rw ick sh ire s t one s h ipped t oO x fo rd t of o rm t h e

T ownesend , h ad b u i l t i ti n 1 706 -9 , p robab ly t o

ma in e l emen t o ft h e mo s t r ema rkab le monumen t

H en ry A ld r ich 's d es ign .T owne send h ad c omp le ted

t h a t h e c r ea ted , f o r t h e a ged a nd em inen t O xfo rd

t h e s t eep le t o h i s o wn d es ign i n 1 718 -20 a nd n o

b anke r ,A lde rman W i l l iam F l e tche rw ho w a so ne o f

d oub t s ucce ss ive T ownesend s h ad c ar r ied o u t a l l

h i sb e s tc i ty c u s tome r s .A l though c a r r ied o u ta tt h e

s t one r epa ir s f o r t h e r e s t o ft he c en tu ry . L inco ln

y a rd , t h e s pec ia l c omm is s ion i si t em ised i ns ome

C o l lege , p a t ron s o ft h e c hu rch , e ngaged K now le s

d e ta i li n ad r a f tb i l lt h a th appen st os u rv ive .

t or ep lace t wen ty b a lus t rade si n1 80 1 , t wen ty -one i n 1 802 a nd t wen ty i n 1 803 ; a nd t o r epa ir t he

F o r t he n ex t s i x w eek s b e tween o ne a nd t h ree

p av ing i n 1 804 . A l l t h is wo rk c os t n ea r ly £ 30 ,

ma son sw o rked s t ead i ly o ni t ;t h en f o rf ou rw eek s

wh ich t h e c o l lege w as a b le t o g e t t he C rewe

i n S ep tembe r a nd O c tober o ne m ason w orked

T ru s tee st or epay .

a lmos t c on t inuous ly o n t h e s l ab o r i t s F o res t o f

O r ie l C o l lege p a id Know les £ 70 i n 1 808 f or

T homa sK now le sj un io rl a bou red a way a lmo s tf u l l

r e bu i ld ing t h ep i nnac les o nt h ec hance l o fS t Ma ry

t ime f o rt h ew ho le o f Ma rch 1 82 1 -f i l ing a nd l e t t ing

t h eV irg in . I n Ma rch 1 8 14 h er ep laced s ome o ft h e

i nB ra s ses " .T hen t h ey s t o red t h e monumen tt ow a i t

p innac le s o n Adam d e B rome 's c hape l , a l so p a id

u n t i l F le tche r 's d ea th s even y ea r s l a ter w hen h i s

f o rb yO r ie l .H ed id n o tr epa i rt h e ma in b ody o ft h e

amaz ing mock -med ieva l a l ta r tomb w a s s e t u p

c hurch f o r t he p a r ish , wh ich w as g enera l ly

a bove t h em ed ieva ls t one c o ff in f r om G od s tow t h a t

managed b y t he p r inc ipa l p ar ish ioner , t he

h o lds h i s mo r ta lr ema in sa tY a rn ton .

D ean p l in th . A f te r b e ing p u t b y f o r t he w in te r

U n iver s i ty i t se lf . A t h i s o wn p a r ish c hu rch , S t C ro s s i n H o lywe l l , K now les c a r r ied o u t r egu la r

I n December 1 820 Know les d rove o u t t o

m ino rr e pa i r s .

Whea t : f ie ld t os e tu p amonumen tt ot h ef ou r th D uke o f Ma r lbo rough 's b ro the r , L o rd C ha r les S pence r Monu men ts

( d .1820 ) , e mb lazoned b y Mr G o lby ; h e c ha rged £ 24 .14 .7 . I n J u ly 1 822 h i s s on T homa s j un io r

K now les i n scr ibed a nd s e t u p m any monumen ts a nd g rave s tone s , a st h ef i rm c on t inued t od o u n t i l t he 1 970 s . H e d ug o u t g raves a nd b u i l t a nd

w en tt o Whea t f ie ld t op u t u p as e cond monumen t , t oL ady E l izabe th S pence r( d .18 12 ) . H e i n sc r ibed , c a rved a nd i n s ta l led i tf o r£ 24 .

r e -opened b u r ia l -vau l t s . H e a l so l e t te red d ozen so f c of f in -p la tes f or O xford c a rpen te rs , l i ke h i s

A tS tC ros s ,h i sl o ca l c hu rch , K now le so pened a nd

n e ighbou r C ha r les G ee o f H o lywe l l , w ho h ad a

f i l led g raves , b u i l t b u r ia l -vau l ts a nd s e t u p

s pec ia l i ty s upp ly ing c of f ins a nd a c t ing a s

g raves tone s o r monumen t s f o r m any n e ighbou r s .

u nde r take r s .

H is w o rk t h e r ei n1 802 -1809 i sl i s ted b e low .

3 9

Tho mas Know les t he e lder , monu men t s

t oh ave s pen t much t ime w o rk ing a t ab ench i nt h e y a rd a nd p e rhap s t he o the r ma son s d id t h e s ame .

1 799

Map le to f tf am

B yf i e ld , 1 V s l ian t s

Many o ft h em en 's n ames a r ea bb rev ia ted a nd i ti s

1 802

Mr K ip l ing

C h i l ton , B uck s

n o ta ta l e a sy t oi d en t ify t h em a nd t r ace t h e ir h ome s

1 804

R evd W .B ree re s

Hamp ton G ay

1 817

R evd E a r l o fB anbu ry & C oun te s s( bo th

a nd f am i l ies , v i ta l f or o u r k now ledge o f t he b u i ld ing c ommun i ty ,i t sc on t inu i ty a nd t r ad i t ion s .

B u rf o rd

£ 22

E 204

1 820 -1 A id W .F le tche r

Y arn ton

£ 48

E 224

1 820

L o rd C .Spence r

Whea tf i e ld

£ 25

E 186

1 822

L ady E .Spencer

Whea tf ie ld

£ 24

E 186

1 824

Mr sT u rne r

S pe l sbur y

d .1 771 )

E 197

Bur ia ls a nd g raves tone s a t S t C ross , 1 802-9

Know les 's mason s i n 1 816 KNO WLES T homa s Know le st he y ounge r ,w ho mu s tb e ' K ' i n t he Week ly A ccoun t B ook , wo rked a t J esus C o l lege f o r b e tween ad ay a nd aq ua r te r a nd t wo a nd a h a lf d ays a w eek d ur ing f i ve o f t h e f i r s t e l even w eek s o f t he f our th p hase o f b u i ld ing i n 1 816 , b es ide mason ' Bur ' a nd h i s l aboure r

J ame s BRE WERTON ( 1802 i n sc r ibed s t one i nc hyd ) A 161

C rappe r . D u r ing t h e f i f th , much b us ie r , p ha se h e

Mr s CEC IL ( 1803 r e le t te red f o r Mr s COLE o f SMM )A152

w a s t h e re mo s t w eek s f o r o ne a nd ah a lf t ot h ree

Mr COCK S t G i le s ( 1806 v au l ti nc hyd £ 3 .15 .10 )

d ays a w eek . H e n ever worked i n t he l a s t ,

B 18 1

Mr COLES c oachmake ro fS t Ma ry Magda len ( 1805 p a ir o f

c l ea r ing -up p ha se . Much o ft h er e s to fh i st ime h e

g rave s tone si nc hya rd i n memo ry o fs on 2 . 2 .0 )

B 203

s pen t , n o d oub t , h e lp ing h i s f a the r i n t he y a rd ,

d i t to

B 159

o f ten u nde r tak ing s ome p ape rwo rk , s uch a s t h e

( 1809 a no ther i n scr ip t ion 0 . 12 .6 )

W m FORTY v au l t & g raves tone f o r Mr POTTS , 1 804

Y ea rB ook ,b u tn eve ra ny o ft h e ma in a ccoun t s .

B 198 Mr s GOOD W IN ( c o f feehou se )o pen v au l ti nc hyd

B 198

BOLLER

HALSE ( s ad le r ) monumen ti nc hchyd £ 3 ) , 1 802

A 157

T he m a son B o l le r , who u sua l ly a ppea r sa s' Be o r

M iss PAL MER ( 1807 f o r R ev Mr P Woo l ley , Ha l l

' 1 3 ' ,w o rked a tJ e su si nt h ef ou r th p ha se o fb u i ld ing

B 177

f o r ad ay a nd aq ua r te ri nt h ew eek e nd ing Ap r i l 6

Mr SEAL ( co f feehouse ) v au l ti nc hu r chya rd , 1 808

B 198

a nd f o r ad ay i nt h e w eek o fJ une 2 9 . I n t h e f i f th

R ob TA WNEY [ c a rpen te ro f No 9 9 ] , ( t ab le t£ 5 )

B2 38

p hase h e w a s a t J esus s i x d ays a w eek f o r s i x

Ma idenhead )

Mr s WILL IA MS ( 1809 v au l ti nc hyd ,s t one t o Mr W)B189

The w orkforce T he r ough w eek ly A ccoun tB ook t h a t s u rv ives f o r J anua ry 1 816 t o Apr i l 1 818 n ame s a l l t h e ma son s a nd l a bou re r s w o rk ing o n s i te , g i v ing t he n umbe r o fd ays o rf r ac t ion s o f ad ay t h ey w e re t h e re e ach w eek . O n t h is e v idence K now le s h ad s i x ma son s a nd s even l a bou re r so ns i te b e tween Ap r i la nd J u ly 1 816 . H e may h ave h ad af ew o t he r men w o rk ing o n ly i n t h e y a rd ; t h e l a ck o f a ny Wages B ook s make si ti mpo s s ib le t ob e s u re .T he ma son C an te l l s eems ,f r om t h e g ap si nh i s d o cumen ted a c t iv i t ie s

w eek sf r om J u ly 6t oA ugu s t 1 0a sp a r to ft h el a rge t e am o fu pt ot e n w orkmen . H e w a s t h e re mo s t o f t h et ime f o rt h en ex tt wo w eek sa nd t h en ,e xcep tf o r t h ree d ays e l sewhe re , f u l l t ime f o ra l l b u t t h e l a s t w eek o ft h es i x th a nd l a s tp ha se ' CAN ' T he ma son ' Can ' , who a l so a ppea r s a s ' C ' a mong t h e ma son s a nd s hou ld n o t b e c on fused w i th t h e l a bou re r C rappe r who a l so a ppea r s a s ' C ' , w a s p resumab ly ar e la t ive o fR icha rd C an te l lo fW i tney , a q uar ryman o r s tone -supp l ier f rom whom Know le s b ough t p av ing s t ones i n 1 815 -16 . H e w o rked a tJ e su sf o ro n ly t wo d ay s ,o ne i nt h ew eek o f Ap r i l 6 ,w hen t h e f our th p ha se b egan , a nd t h e 4 0

o ther i n t h e w eek o f S ep tembe r 1 4 i n t h e s i x th

g r andfa the r o f t h e ma son J ohn R ank l ing b u t n o

p ha se . H e h ad a mos t v ar ied w o rk load i n 1 8 16 ,

R ank l ing a ppea r si nt h er a t ing l is t so f1 772 .

wo rk ing f o r b e tween aq ua r te ro f ad ay a nd f i ve d ays i n a ny w eek o n t en j ob s i n Ap r i l , s even i n

T homa sR ank l ing 's s on o ft h es ame n ame b ecame a

May , s i x i n J une , n ine i n J u ly , t en i n Augus t ,

b ookb inde r , ma r r ied E l izabe th F i she ra tS tE bbe 's

e i gh teen i nS ep tembe ra nd f i ve i nO c tobe r .I no n ly

c hu rch i n 1 831 a nd s e t t led i n S t Ma ry Magda len

f i ve w eek si nt h a tp e r iod d id C an te l l 's d ay so rp a r t s

p ar ish . H e rf a the r w a s t h e a uc t ionee r a nd b u i lde r

o f d ays a dd u p t os i x ( o r s i x a nd aq ua r te r ) f o r a

Wi l l iam F i she r w ho r ebu i l t S t E bbes c hu rch i n

f u l l w eek 's wo rk ; f o r t h ree w ho le w eek s a nd f o r

1 814 -16 . T he i rs on E dwa rd w a sb ap t ised i n 1 833

f ou rw ho le w eek s l e s s ad ay h ew a s n o ta c t ive o n

a tS tE bbe 's ,p e rhap st h eg r andpa ren t sg ave ap a r ty ;

a ny s i te . We mus t p resume t h a t h e s pen t t he

t h is w a s r epea ted f o r ag randdaugh te r L ou isa i n

b a lance o fh i st ime i nt ho se a nd o t he r' s hor t ' w eek s

1 836 ;T homa sa nd E l izabe th h ad moved t oS tP e te r

o nb enchwo rk i nt h ey a rd .

t h eB a i ley p a r ish .

RANKL ING

D u r ing t h e f i r s t p ha se o ft h e J e sus w o rk o f 1 8 16

T he ma son R ank l ing ,w ho a ppea r sa s' R ' a nd o nce

T homa s R ank l ing a nd h i s l a bou re r N icho l s en io r

( 22 J une ) a s ' Rank ' , c an r e a sonab ly b e i den t if ied

w e re wo rk ing t oge the r , w i th n oo the rh e lp ,f o r Mr

a sT homa s R ank l ing , b orn a bou t 1 780 , w ho w a s

H awk in s i n H igh S t ree t , aj ob wh ich l a s ted f o r

a ppren t iced t o h i s f a the r , a n O x fo rd ma son J ohn

n ea r ly f ou r mon th s f r om Ma rch 9 t oJ u ly 6 .T hey

R ank l ing , i n 1 796 a nd b ecame aF reeman o f t h e

moved o n t oJ e su s a nd w e re t h e re f o r f ou r t os i x

c i ty i n1 804 a tt h ea ge o ft wen ty fou r .O n 1 2 Ap r i l

d ays a w eek f o r e i gh t w eek s f r om J une 2 9 t o

1 806 , h e mar r ied a f e l low p a r ish ione r , Ann

Augu s t 1 7 .

B an is te r ,t h en a ged a bou tt wen ty seven ,a tS t Ma ry Magda len c hu rch . T he ir d augh te r C ha r lo t te w as

Know les 's l abourer s i n 1 816

b u r ied ,a ged n ine mon th s , a tS tE bbe 's i n1 8 14 . CRAPPER R ank l ing may h ave g one i n to b u s ine ss o n h i s o wn a ccoun t i n a bou t 1 805 -10 , b e fo re g e t t ing i n to d i ff icu l t ie sa nd h av ing t og ot ow o rk f o r Know le s ; as k i l led m an i nt h is p o s i t ion c ou ld g ene ra l ly r e ly o n h e lp f r om o the r O x ford b u i lde r s . B y 1 823 a nd 1 824 R ank l ing w a sb ack i nb u s ine s s , a sh ea ppea r s a s as t onemason i n S t E bbe 's i n P igo t t 's N ew C omme rc ia lD i rec tory f or t hose y ea rs . H e w as b u r ied a tS tE bbe 's c hu rch o n 1 4 May 1 839 " aged 5 9 , o f T ay lo r s R ow , B lackf r ia r s R oad" a nd h i s w idow Ann w a s b u r ied t h e re o n 1 5 S ep tember 1 844 " aged 6 5 ,o fC omme r c ia lR oad" . T he n ame R ank l ing i sn o tf ound i nO xfo rd sh ire i n t h e 1 6 th a nd 1 7 th c en tu r ies a nd n one a r en amed i n t h e r a t ing l is to f 1 772 ; J ohn R ank l ing c of fee -man moved t o Ox fo rd i nt h e e a r ly e i gh teen th c en tu ry a nd , w i th h is w ife , w a s b ur ied a t S t Ma ry Magda len i n 1 731 . H e may h ave b een f a the r o r

T he l a bou r e rT homa sC rappe r , ' C rap ' , ' TC ' o r' C ' a mong t h el a bou r e r sw o rked f o rt h e K now le se sf o r t h ir ty -n ine y ea r s , f r om 1 811 t o 1 848 , h av ing s t a r ted a ta bou t t h e a ge o ft wen ty . H e a ppea r s b y n ame i n t he r ough Week ly A ccoun t -book f or 1 8 16 -18 a nd i nt h e Wages B ook f o r 1 848 -58 . I n t h e l a t te rT homa s K now le s t h e y ounge r n o ted i n p enc i l o n t h e w eek e nd ing F eb 9 , 1 850 " C rapper w o rk ' th e r e3 9Y ea r st h e 1 2 th o ft h is Mon th" ,w i th f u r the rc ommen t sn o ted b e low . H ew o rked mo s t ly a tJ e sus ,f o rt wen ty -fou rw eek s f r om Ap r i l 6t oS ep tembe r2 1 t h roughou tt h ef ou r th a nd f i f th p ha se s a nd i n to t h e s i x th . A t f i r s t h e w o rked w i th t h em a son ' Bu r ' ; h ec on t inued f o rt h e n ex tn ine w eek sa sp a r to ft h el a rge t e am ;a nd t h en s t ayed o nf o ra no the rf ou rw eek sa sl a bou re rt ot h e m a son ' Bo t ' . A f te rt h is h e w o rked o n many b r ief c o l lege a nd p r iva t ej ob s . 4 1

' CUTd '

N ICHOLS , ' N S en r ' o r ' N ' , a nd ' NJ une

Al abou re rw ho a ppea r sa s' Cu td ' o r' Cu t ' w o rked

Two l a bou re r s n amed N icho ls , u sua l ly ' N ' s en io r

i n term i t ten t ly a tJ esu s , mos t ly f o r o dd d ays a nd

a nd j un io r ,w o rked a tJ e su sr i gh tt h rough t h ef ou r th

h a lf -days b u t a l so , i n t h e f our th p hase , f o r t he

a nd f i f th p ha se s i n 1 816 , t h e e lde rf o r a lmo s t t h e

who le o ft h e f i r s t w eek i n May a nd , i nt h e s i x th ,

who le o f t h e b usy f i f th p hase w i th h i s r egu la r

f o r t he l a s t t h ree w eek s o n s i te . T h roughou t t he

p a r tne r ,t h e ma son R ank l ing ,w i th w hom h e moved

s umme rh ew o rked w i th t h e ma son C an te l lo no the r

o nt ot h es t ab le sa tC o rpu sC h r is t iC olege .

j ob s . L a s t y ears I VES Al abou re rn amed I ve s may h ave c on t inued w i th

Know le s w a s o f f wo rk , p erhap s s i ck , f o r f ou r

t he f i rm f o r o ve r f o r ty y ea r s , b u t w i thou t t he

mon th sf r om 1 3 Ma rch t o 1 7J u ly 1 824 , a sw e c an

c e r ta in ty p os s ib le w i th C rappe r . H e w a s p erhaps

t e l l f r om ac hange i nh andwr i t ing i n Ma rch w hen

J ona than I ve s l a bou re r w ho se f ou r th s on C ha r les

h i s s on w ro te u p t he e n t r ies i n A ccoun t B ook F ,

o b ta ined t h e F reedom o f t h e C i ty i n 1 868 . T he

f o l lowed i nJ u ly b y ac hange b ack . Two y ea r sl a te r

n ame I ve s a ppea r s i n a lmos t e ve ry w eek o f t he

t h ew r i t ing c hange sa ga in ,f or g ood .I n mo s to ft h e

r ough Week ly Accoun t -book s f o r 1 816 -18 a nd

f i rm 's ma jo r a ccoun ts t he y ounger T homas

1 85 1-4 a nd o ft h e Wages B ook f o r 1 848 -58 . T h is

Know les r u led al i ne a f te rh i sf a the r 's e n t ry f o r 1 3

l i s t s ' I ve s&S on ' f r om J u ly 6t o Aug 1 0 1 850 a nd

Ap r i l 1 826 , r eached a r unn ing t o ta l a nd w ro te

p u t sp u t s I ve sf i r s t among t h el a bou re r sf r om J u ly

"Mo the r sA cc t" b es ide i t .

1 856 ,

p erhaps

i nd ica t ing

t ha t

h e

w as

' cha rge -hand ' .

On 1 5 Ap r i l 1 826 J ack son 's O xf ord J ourna l r epo r ted : " On T hur sday l a s t [ 13 Ap r i l ] d i ed , i nt h e

H ew o rked a tJ e su sf o ra ny th ing f r om h a lf ad ay t o

' 7 2nd y ea r o f h i s a ge , Mr T homas K now les ,

f ou r d ays a w eek r i gh t t h rough K now les 's 1 816

s t one -ma son , o f Ho lywe l l -s t ree t , i nt h is c i ty . H e

c ampa ign . T he r ough Week ly A ccoun t -book

h ad b een i nd ispo sed f o rs eve ra l w eek s ,a nd o nt h e

r e co rd sh im t u rn ing u pb r ie f ly a t many o ft h ef i rm 's

a bove d ay a ppea red r a the r b e t te r ; b u t w h i le i n

o the rj ob s , s ugges t ing t h a t h i s r o le w a s ' odd job

c onve r sa t ion w i th Mr sK now les h ef e l l d own , a nd

man ' .

e xp i red i n s tan t ly . H e w a s a mos t e xemp la ry a nd wor thy man , a nd h i s memory w i l l b e l ong

` MOR '

c he r ished b yh i sf am i ly a nd n ume rou sf r iend s " ;a nd

Ay oung a pp ren t ice , w ho a ppea r si nt h eJ ob B ook

o n 1 8 Ap r i l 1 826 t he H o lywe l lp a r ish r e g is te rn o te s

a s ' Moe , w a sp e rhap s S amue l Mo r r is s t onecu t te r

t he b u r ia l o f " Thoma s K now les 7 1 o tp" ( o f t h is

who se d augh te rF anny w a sb ap t ised o n 1 9O c tobe r

p a r ish ) .

1 822 a tS tC lemen t 's c hu rch ;h ed oe sn o ta ppea ri n o ther S tC lemen t 's r eco rd s . H e wa s p a id l a boure r 's w age s i n Ap r i l a nd May 1 816 d u r ing t h e f our th p ha se o f wo rk a tJ esus , whe re h e s pen ts ho r tp e r iod s . F rom l a te J une u n t i l e a r ly Augu s t h e wa s p a id a s amason a tJ esu sf o r t h ef i r s tt wo w eek si nJ u ly ,a nd t h en f o rt h ree ,t wo a nd o ne d ays aw eek . H ew o rked a to the rj obs f o r q ua r te r - a nd h a lf -days a nd o the r b r ief p e r iods , p erhap sf o re xpe r ience o f d i f f e ren tm a son s . 4 2

Work s o f Tho ma s Know les t he e lder ,

1 818

N ew C o l l

£ 110

1 799 -1826

1 8 18

A l l S ou ls , Wa rden L odg ing

£ 223+110

T h is l i s t o f t h e p r inc ipa l wo rk s o f T homa s Know le s t he

1 8 18

L inco ln ,w indows T u n lS tf a cade £ 485

E 2Olf

e lde r i n c lude s a l l e s t ima ted wo rk , s pec ia l c on t rac t s , c hu rch

1 8 18

M i leway s ; Magd B r idge

£ 150

E 2 .13f

E84

E 123f f , 2 4 1f

r e s to ra t ion s , a l l c o l lege wo rk t ha t c ame t o mo re t han £ 100

1 8 19

E xe te r ,R ec to r 's w a l l

£ 99

E 23

o r s o i n ay ea ra nd a l l p r iva te j ob s t ha t c o s t mo re t h an £ 50 .

1 819

N ew C o l l

£ 284

E 85 -6

" cor n—" m ean s' common r e pa ir s ' .

1 8 19

Me r ton ,s c reen [ fK i l l

£ 144

E 72 -3

1 820

J e su s

£ 105

E 36

1 800-1804

1 820-4

1 800

N ew C o l l , c or n-

£ 118

1 800

N ew C o l l , Wa rden 's L odg ing

£ 65

1 820

Magda len

£ 129

FS 3

1 801

N ew C o l l , c o rn-

£ 135

1 821

J e su s

£ 109

E 36 -7

A

1 802

J e su s

£ 98

1 821

N ew Co l l , C M-

£ 135

1 802

J e su s , P r inc ipa l 's L odg ing

£ 33

1 821

H e s ter , c ook o fA l l S ou ls

£ 26

1 802

N ew C o l l ,c o rn-

£ 210

1 803

J e su s

£ 133

1 803

J e su s , P r inc ipa l 's L odg ing

£ 310

1 8 1-2 1 822

1 805-1809 1 805

CCC ,f r on tq uad r e faced ( i )

£ 172

E 193 ,

B lln

J e su s

£ 246

E 37 -8

1 822

N ew C o l l

£ 166

E 117 -9

1 823

CCC , P re s id L odg ing

£ 173

E 16 -7

1 823

J e su s

£ 577

E 38 -9

1 823

N ew C o l l

£ 141 E 119 -20

1 823

E n swo r th , C omma rke t

£ 227

1 805

N ew C o l l , C 0 1 1 1-

£ 131

1 806

CCC ,f r on tq uad ( i )

£ 50

B lln

1 807

CCC ,f r on tq uad ( i i )

£ 180

B lln

1 824

A l l S ou ls , N ew R oom

£ 157 E 62 ,144

1 808

CCC ,f r on tq uad ( i v )

£ 150

B lln

1 824

N ew C o l l c hape l , g a s & c

£ 131

1 808

N ew C o l l ,c o rn-

£ 115

1 809

N ew C o l l ,

£ 102

1 813

CO M-

E 174 , 1 62 -3 ,159

1 825-1826

Apr i l

F

1 6+

1 825

J esu s

£ 347

F

1 825

N ew Co l l , c o rn—

£ 132

F

1 810-1814

1 825

H awk in s , H igh S t

£ 113

E 127

( Accoun t sl o s t )

1 826

J e su s , NE g a te

£ 150

F 38

£ 151

J e su s 1 815-1819

1 815

CCC , wo rk i nq uad

£ 47

E li

1 815

J e sus

£ 294

E 3O f

1 815

Magda len ,c o rn-

£ 135

E 50

1 815

O r ie l ,

£ 138

E 88 f

1 815

K nap , H amp ton P oy le , g o th ic w indows & c

Tho mas Know les t he y ounger T homas Know les t he y ounge r ( 1781-1856 ) , s t one -ma son o fO x fo rd , ma r r ied H annah N icho l ls

£ 62

E 237

a tS tC ro s sc hu r ch o n 1 3F eb 1 804 .H e rf am i ly a nd

E 32 f

r e la t ions a r e n o ted i nA ppend ix O ne . T hey l i ved

1 816

J e su s

£ 531

1 816

H awk in s , H igh S t

£ 87 E 208 ,224 i

f i r s t i n Ho lywe l l , u n t i l a bou t 1 809 , w hen t hey

1 817

A l l S ou ls

£ 198

E 3 f

moved t oK id l ing ton . H e b ecame ap a r tner i nt he

1 817

L inco ln

£ 131

E 4 lf

f i rm o n 1 9 Apr i l 1 816 . T he f am i ly moved t o

£ 521

E l1 0 f

H ead ing ton i n 1 830 t oe nab le h i s w if e t oc a r ef o r

1 817 -8 S tC lemen t sT o l l H ou se

4 3

m a l thou se a nd f a rm land i nH ead ing ton a se xecu to r ,

T he b us ine s si se xcep t iona l ly w e l ld ocumen ted f o r

w i th W i l l iam P a r son s t a i lo ro fS tC lemen t s ,o fh i s

t h el a s ty ea r so ft h ey ounge rT homa s 's t ime ,i nt h e

b ro the r in law T homa s Mo t t .H er enewed t h el e a se

f i rm 's o n ly s u rv iv ing 1 9 th -cen tu ry Wage s B ook

i nh i so wn n ame i n1 837 , 1 844 a nd 1 851 a nd l i ved

wh ich r uns f r om t h e b eg inn ing o f 1 848 t ot h e e nd

i nt h eh ouse a tH ead ing ton f o rt h er e s to fh i sl i fe .

o f 1 858 a nd i n ar ough Week ly A ccoun tB ook f o r J anua ry 1 851 t oJ une 1 854 . F o r t h is l a t te r p e r iod

I n Ap r i l 1 826 t he y ounge r T homas Know les

w e h ave a n e xac t r eco rd o fe ve ry p i ece o f w o rk

s ucceeded t o t he f am i ly b u s iness a t t he a ge o f

u nde r taken a nd wh ich m en a c tua l ly c a r r ied i to u t ,

f o r ty -f ive . A s w e h ave a l ready n o ted c hanges i n

s ot ha tw ec an f o l low t h em s h i f t ing o ve rt oh e lp o n

h andw r i t ing i nt h eA ccoun t -book si nd ica te t h a th e

" t he o the rj ob " . F o rt h ef o rme rp e r iod w e h ave t h e

h ad b een i nc ha rge f o rs ome mon th se a r ly i n1 824 ,

a bb rev ia ted s u rnames o fe ve ry m an emp loyed b y

n od oub tw h i le h i sf a the rw a si l .

t h ef i rm , a nd c an s ee w hen t h ey w e re t aken o na nd

T he s econd T homa sK now le sp r ef er r ed ,i nt h ew ay

t h roughou tt h ew in ter . We c an a l so s ee when t h ey

o f amodern b us ines sman , t ol i ve o u t o f Oxfo rd

t ook t ime o f f ,w i thou tk now ing w he the ri tw a sf o r

a nd c ommu te t ow o rk f r om K id l ing ton , wh ich w a s

o cca s iona lb r eak so rp e r iod so fs i cknes s .

l a id o f f , w h ich f ormed t he c en t ra l c ore k ep t o n

s t i l lr u ra l ,a nd l a te rH ead ing ton ,n o tq u i te y e tt h en a s uburb o f Ox fo rd . E ven tua l ly , o n3 0 Ap r i l 1 853 a t

I nJ anuary t h e r e w e re o f ten f ou rm a sons a nd t h r ee

t h e a ge o fs even ty -one ,h e r e t i red t or un h i s s ma l l

l a bou rer s a tw o rk , r a re ly d ropp ing t ot wo o fe ach

H ead ing ton f a rm . I nb u s ines s h eh ad c on s is ten t ly

a nd o cca s iona l ly r i s ing s ha rp ly , a s i n 1 853 t oa s

ma in ta ined h i s f a the r 's l ow -r isk s t ra tegy a nd

many a st h i r teen m en i na l l .F rom F eb ruary t o May

c on t inued t oc oncen t ra te o nr epa i ra nd ma in tenance

t h e re w a sn o rma l ly w o rk f o rf ou rm a son sa nd t h r ee

r a ther t h an c on s truc t ion .T h is r equ i red me t icu lou s

o rf ou rl abou re r s ,b u t many mo r ew e re t a ken o ni n

p ape rwo rk t oc ove rd ozen s a nd e ven h und red s o f

1 848 -9 a nd 1 852 -3 . J une a nd e a r ly J u ly w e re

s ma l l j obs f o r many c us tomer s , r a ther t han

a lways b ad t imes ; n umber s o f m en

emp loyed

c oncen t ra t ing o n af ew l a rge c on t rac t s e ach y ea r .

d ropped b ack t om idw in te rl e ve ls a nd o nce , i nt h e

E ach c l ien th ad t oc oo rd ina te t h ef i rm 's s t onewo rk

l a s t w eek o f J une 1 852 , t o o n ly t wo men , b o th

w i th t h e ir o wn c ho sen c a rpen te r s a nd p las te re r s ,

masons . B u s ines s b oomed i n e a r ly o r m id J u ly ,

c on su l t ing w i th e ach i n d iv idua l ma s te r -c ra f t sman ,

r i s ing i n 1 850 a nd 1 851 t os even teen , e i gh teen o r

t oj udge f r om r e cen t s o r t ing a nd l i s t ing o fJ esu s

e ven n ine teen m en ,a s many a st we lve o rt h ir teen o f

C o l lege b i l ls f o ro the rf i rm s .

w hom w e re ma sons , a nd d ropped s l ow ly o f f i n O c tobe rt ot h ree o rf ou r ma son sa nd a ny th ing f r om

T homa s Know le st h e y ounger b egan t ob reak o u t

t wo t o s even l a bou re r s . T he re w a s n o v e ry c l ea r

o ft h is s t ra igh t jacke to fo ve r spec ia l isa t ion w i th in a

d ema rca t ion b e tween ' b anke r -ma son s ' wo rk ing a t

y ea ro rt wo o fh i sf a the r 's d ea th . We f i nd h i s men

t h e ir b ench i nt h ey a rd a n cr s e t te r -ma son s ' o ns i t e .

k nock ing o f f t h e r ender ing , c l ea r ly o f t imber -

A l l s eem t o h ave b een p repa red t o s aw a nd r ub

f r amed h ou ses , p u t t ing u p n ew l a th ing a nd n ew

a sh la ri nt h ey a rd a tg round l e ve l ,t oe r ec tl a dde r st o

r ende r ing a nd t h en w h i tewa sh ing t h em . B u t h i s w o rk f o rc o l leges r ema ined r e s t r ic ted t o ma son ry a s

i n spec tc h imneys o rs ca f fo ld ing a nd t ow o rk f o r ty f e e ta nd mo re o f ft h eg round r ebu i ld ing p innac le s .

t h ef i rm sw h ich c a r r ied o u tt h e c a rpen t ry ,j o inery , p l umb ing a nd p l as te r ing c l ung s t ubbo rn ly t ot h e ir

A s w e h ave n o ted , al ong -serv ing l aboure r

r egu la r work f r om t he c o l legess , wh ich p a id

C rappe r , n amed i n t he r ough Week ly A ccoun t

r e gu la r ly .

B ook f o r 1 816 -18 , w o rked f o rt h ef i rm f r om 1 8 11 t o 1 850 . I n t h e s e cond w eek o f F ebrua ry 1 850 K now le s p enc i l led i n b y h i s n ame i nt h e Wage s 4 4

Co l leges ,

B ook " C rappe r wo rk ' t h e re 3 9 Y ea r s t h e 1 2 th o f

1 826 -52

t h is Mon th" . O nJ u ly 1 3 h e w ro te b y t h ep aymen t o fn ine s h i l l ing sa nd f ou rpence h a lfpenny f o rt h ree

T homa s Know le st h ey ounge rb u i l t ,p e rhap st oh i s

a nd t h ree -quar ter d ays wo rk " T .Crappe r 's L as t

o wn d e s ign ,t wo v e ry m ino rn ew c o l lege b u i ld ing s ,

Week a t Wo rk h av ing wo rk ' t h e re 3 9 Y ea r s 4

i n 1 826 " new r oom sf o r s e rvan t s" f o r£ 153 a tA l l

Mon ths" , t u rn ing b ack l a ter i n t h e y ea r t o n o te

S ou ls a nd i n 1 834 a n ew w ing o f k i tchen a nd

" D ied O c t2 9 Aged 5 9Y ea r s" .

b ed room o ve r , c os t ing £ 120 f o r t he R ec to r o f L inco ln . B o th h ave d i sappea red a lmos t w i thou t

Masons

e arned

£ 1 .1.0

o r

£ 1 .2 .0

f or

a

r eco rd . H e a l so a dded t o Magda len k i tchens i n

s i x -day -week ; b u tK now le s 's s ons w o rk ing i nt h e

1 847 , b u i ld ing o u t i n to t he e dge o f t he r i ve rf o r

b u s ines s , E dwa rd a nd E dw in b o th g o t£ 1 .10 .0 f o r

£ 111 . H e b egan t o d eve lop a l i ne i n r e s to r ing

t h e i r v a r iou s a dded r e spon s ib i l i t ies . Many o ft h e

Go th ic c hurche s a nd c hape ls , o verhau l ing a nd

s k i l led c r af t smen , c a l led i n f o r p a r icu la r wo rk ,

i n ser t ing n ew N orman a nd mock -15 th - c en tu ry

wo rked o n ly af ew d ay s aw eek , e i the rb ecause o f

w indows i n B egb roke c hu rch i n 1 826 ( h is f i r s t

t h e ir o wn c omm i tmen t s o rb ecau se t h ey w e re n o t

i ndependen tw o rk d i rec t ly a f te rh i sf a the r 's d ea th ) ,

n eeded f u l l t ime . L abou re r s e a rned 1 2 / - o r 1 3 / - a

r epa i r ing B a r t lema s C hape l ,o f ft h eC ow ley R oad ,

w eek wh i le o n f u l l t ime wo rk ; b u t T homas

f o r Or ie li n1 840 a nd r e s to r ing t h ec hape la tC o rpu s

C rappe r 's l ong s e rv ice a nd w i l l ingness t o w ork

t oJ .M .De r ick 's d e s ign i n1 84 3 .

mo re t h an s i x d ays a w eek e nsu red h im 1 5 / - a w eek .

H e s howed s ome s k i l l a t u nob t ru s ive w o rk i n s ens i t ive l o ca t ion s when h er e s to red N ew C o l lege

I n t he l a s t f i ve f u l l y ea r s o f K now les 's t ime ,

c l o is te r sf o r£ 128 i n1 829 ( t h i sw o rk i ss ot a c t fu la s

1 848 -52 , h e emp loyed i na l l t wen ty -fou rd i f fe ren t

t ob eq u i te i n v is ib le t oday ) ,r e paved t h ea n te -chape l

masons , t wo o f whom , ' Ma th ' a nd L ove , w e re

f o r £ 256 i n 1 840 a nd i n 1 848 r epa ired t he g rea t

y ea r round ' r egu la r s ' ;f ou rv e ry s ma l lf am i ly f i rm s

w es tw indow o t he rw indows o ft h e c hape lf o r£ 83 .

o f a man a nd h i s s on o r ab oy w ho c ame t o

S ome o ft h ew e s tw indow t r ace ry h ad b een c u to u t

h e lp f rom t ime t ot ime o n af a i r ly r egu la rb a s is ;a nd

when t he n ew g lass d es igned b y S i r J oshua

h et ook o na l toge the re i gh teen l a bou re r s .A sw e l la s

R eyno lds w a s i n s ta l led i n 1 779 -84 ; t h is h ad b een

C rappe rh eh ad f ou rl a bou re r sp rac t ica l ly f u l l t ime :

b lown i n b y as t orm a nd K now les r e s to red t h e

H od son wo rked f r om J anua ry 1 848 t o Novembe r

t r acery t o i t s o r ig ina l f o rm . B u t h e c au t ious ly

1 855 ,e xcep tf o rf ou rw eek si n May June 1 849 ,s i x

s t epped b ack f rom c omm i t t ing t he f i rm t o

w eek s i n May a nd J une 1 850 , t wo w eek s i n

f u l l -b looded i n vo lvemen ti ns u ch w o rk .

F eb rua ry a nd Ma rch 1 852 a nd f i ve w eek s i nJ une a nd J u ly t h es ame y ea r .I ve s ,w ho m ay p e rhaps b e

H e wo rked i n t h e g a rden s o f a l l " h is" c o l leges ,

t he s ame I ves who h ad a ppea red i n 1 816 -8 ,

i n s ta l l ing s ea t sa nd r ep lac ing p a th s .I n1 845 h eb u i l t

w o rked e very w eek f r om 1 848 t o 1 858 . P r io r

ag reenhouse f o rt h e Wa rden o fN ew C o l lege f o r

w o rked e ve ry w eek f r om J anua ry 1 848 t oO c tobe r

£ 40 a nd i n 1 846 h e r ebu i l t o ne o f t he f l igh t s o f

1 852 . And R ande ! ! , a lone o f t hem a l l , c hanged

s t eps u p t o t h e t e r race a t E xe te r o ver look ing

s t a tus , n o d oub t b ecau se h e w as a a a pp ren t ice .

R adc l if f eS qua re f o r£ 73 .

H av ing b een p a id 1 3 / - aw eek a s al a bou re rf r om 3 0 Augu s t 1 851 t o2 2J u ly 1 854 ,w i th t wo mon th s o f fi nN ovembe ra nd D ecembe r 1 852 , h e w a s p u t u p t o ama son 's p ay o f£ 1 aw eek f r om 2 9 J u ly 1 854 , ay ea ra f te rE dwa rd K now les h ad t aken t h e b u s ine s so ve r .

H e c omp le te ly r ep laced t wo c on sp icuou s e a r ly G eorg ian l andma rks who se s t one -work h ad d ecayed a f te r ac en tu ry :t h ec upo la o ve rt h ee n t r ance o f Queens C o l lege f or £ 369 i n 1 833 a nd t h e t w in t owe r s a t A l l S ou ls i n 1 836 . B o th h ave b een 4 5

entirely replaced again in this century. He replaced battlements or chimneys constantly and on a substantial scale on the east range of the Front Quad at Exeter in 1828; the west front of Corpus in 1833 and the north front and tower in 1834; and at Exeter again in 1850-1. He was often involved in new services, as when he helped instal gas, cutting all the necessary holes and channels, at Corpus in 1826, Queens in 1834, New College hall in 1835 and All Souls in 1839 and, in the same way, helped instal the "Hot water Apperatus" at Queens in 1845. College heads and bursars, who had been content to leave the design of details to his father, now began to retain newly professionalised architects even for minor work and checking bills. At Queens in 1829 Knowles's men had taken "dementions" assisting Mr Hakewill 's clerk, perhaps measuring up the cupola which they tackled four years later; at Corpus as we have seen they restored the chapel in 1843 to Derick's design; at Exeter in 1847 they were paid for "assisting take dimensions of Chapel" which may have been a preliminary scheme by H.J.Underwood for rebuilding; and at New College in 1849 they were busy "attendg Architect on diff! Parts of Coll". As well as losing overall control of advice and design Thomas Knowles the younger was faced after 1845 with a steady drop in college work. Looking down the five-year totals in the table below, we can see that work at Jesus College declined from over £600 in the first half-decade to less than £200 in the last two. At All Souls, which was paved throughout, Knowles received well over £800 for renewing paving in 1827, 1829-30 and 1832-5. The cost of his extensive repair or replacement of the twin towers in 1836 was additional to the general repairs that year; the 1839 figure covered pinnacles and battlements. Between 1826 and 1852 All Souls paid Knowles well over £3000 beside the work on the twin towers; Exeter paid him only a little over £1200.

Knowles bills to six colleges (in £)

Thomas Knowles the elder was still active in 1825

1825 1826 1827 1828 1829

1825-9 All S Exeter Jesus 349 25 68 32 18+57 171 102pav 25 20 136 25 53 233pav 66 66

Lincoln MagdH NewC 212 4 132 258 2 92 89 1 155 17 2 185 31 6 32

Total

417

607

Year

Year

1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 Total

302

310

Lincoln MagdH NewC 15 15 42 26 92 48 49 16 102 33 12 23 121 23 29

540

244

242

1835-9 9 54 102 14 80 30 63 105 15 43

Total

561

201

All S 170 81 456 376 60

1840-4 Exeter Jesus 49 23 16 16 120 17 11 32 53+38 14

1143

107

Total

46

58 52 57 14 20

204

155pav 18* 70 (61) 119 199p+b

1840 1841 1842 1843 1844

596

1830-4 All S Exeter Jesus 172pav 50 67 58 26 64 l()C)pav 40 49 126pav 31 33 94 107pav 57

1835 1836 1837 1838 1839

Year

15

212

283

314

120

7

16 18 30 31 102

280

36 21 9

28 34

142

Lincoln :M.agdH NewC 17 319 50 152 41 16 41 25 14 89 78 10 14 25 124 sg]

71

357

monumen tt ot h eB o tany P rof es so rD rW i l l iam si n

1 845-9 1 845

/ 0

1 4

3 4

2 6

1 9

2 3

C o rpu s c l o is te r s f o r£ 30 i n 1 833 . I n 1 835 h e s en t

1 846

1 0

7 3

5 9

1 38

1 3

1 85

h i s s on E dwa rd o u t t o Whea t f ie ld t o t a ke d own

1 847

18

5 5

7 7

6

4 4

L o rd C ha r le s S pence r 's monumen t w h ich h e h ad

1 848

3 1

2 1

1 8

1 4

9

4 5

1 849

6 3

1 7

1 0

3 9

T o ta l

2 42

9

1 34

1 76

2 94

1 0

5 7

6 0

3 57

mo re t oh i s f am i ly , a l l f o r£ 24 . T a tham 's w ea l thy w idow o rdered a n i mp res s ive monumen t t o h im f r om H en ry Weeke s RA o fL ondon ; w hen i tc ame i n 1 843 s he p a id K now les £ 8 t o s e t i tu p i n A l l S a in t sc hu rch .

1 850 -4 Y ea r

A l l S

E xe te r

J esu s

1 850

6 7

8 3

4 6

1 4

1

2 6

1 85 1

1 31

17

2 9

3 9

1

3 5

1 852

3 4

7 2

3 6

1 4

1 5

6 3

1 853

1 06

2 0

1 854

3 0

1 9

4 1

_

To ta l

3 68

3 12

1 61

1 04

9

p u t u p i n 1 820 , r epa in t i ta nd f i x i tu p w i th t wo

L inco ln MagdH

3 7

7

N ewC

*

1 0

5 4

1 24

*No r e co rd s urv ive s a t Know les & S on o f wo rk a tN ew C o l lege i n1 853-67 . * * T he re i sn o r eco rd a t Know le s & S on o f wo rk a t L inco ln i n1 854 -65 .

Monu men t s &c A si nh i sf a the r 's t ime ,w i thou tf une ra ry w o rk e ve r b ecom ing a ma jor p a r t o ft h e b u s ine s s , T homa s

Monu men ts b y Tho mas Know les t he y ounger 1 828

F le tche r

Y a rn ton

£ 93

E7 7

1 831

H i tchcock

K id l ing ion

£ 15

E 92

1 832

T a tham v au l t+s lab A l l S a in t s

£ 32

E 143

( 1843 T a tham monumen tb y Weekes s e tu p

£ 8

G230 ,

£ 3

G55 )

£ 21

E 92

( 1837 Mr R ober t sb u r ied+ in sc r ibed

£ 2

G 11)

1 833? W i l l iams

CCC c lo is ter

£ 30

F I7

1 835

Wheaee ld

£ 23

E 187

1 838 -9 J . P info ld

Ho lywe l lc hyd

£ 37

G66

1 84 1

B lenhe im c hape l

£ 49

G 207

1 847 Mr sT a tham b u r ied A l l S a in t s 1 832

S t ewa r t ,b p Quebec CCC c lo i s ter

£ 12

G 115

1 853

J .Kensa l l

£ 16

G83

H ep u tu p av e ry n o tab le p a ir o f monumen t st ot h e c e leb ra ted O xfo rd b anke r ,W i l l iam F l e tche r ,b o th i n t h eG o th ic s t y le ,i nY a rn ton c hu rch .Al a rge wh i te ma rb le w a l l s lab s e tu pi n Ma rch 1 828 w as p e rhap s h i s o wn d es ign ; t he s p lend id a l tar tomb w i th b ra sse sw a s ,a sw eh ave s e en ,p repa red i n1 820 -2 1 a nd s t o r ed a tt h ey a rd u n t i ln eeded . Wh i le s e t t ing i t u p , t h e y ounge r Know les e v iden t ly made f u r the r mod if ica t ion s ,a sw ec an r e ad i nt h ea ccoun t . H is monumen ta l work i n c ludes a v au l t a nd f l oo r -s lab i n A l l S a in t s c hurch f o r D r E dwa rd T a tham , R ec to ro fL inco ln f o r£ 32 i n 1 832 , a nd a

Ho lywe l lc hyd

The f am i ly i n

d ozen so fb u r ia l -vau l t s ,i n sc r ibed a nd s e tu p many t omb s tone si nc hu rchyard si na nd a round O x ford .

S pence r

Y a rn ion

1 842

Know le st h ey ounge rb u i l to ro pened u pa nd c l o sed monumen ta ls l ab si nc hu r che sa nd s eve ra lh und red

Mr s R obe r t s

1 840

I n 1 840 T homas Know les t he y ounger was f i f ty -e igh ta nd n ow h ad f ou r teen y ea r s ' e xpe r ience o fr unn ing t h ef i rm .H av ing b een j un io rp a r tne rf o r t e ny ea r s h e h ad i nhe r i ted i ti n 1 826 a tt h e a ge o f f o r ty -fou r when h i sf a the rd i ed . I n 1 830 , t e n y ea r s e a r l ier h e h ad moved t o H ead ing ton f rom K id l ing ton a nd c on t inued c ommu t ing t ow o rk i n O x fo rd f o rt wen ty -one y ea r s ,s ot h a th i sw if ec ou ld l ook a f te rh er s i s te r 's o rphaned c h i ld ren . H is mo the r ,t he e lde rT homa s 's w idow S a rah ,n ow e i gh ty ,s t i l ll i ved a tN o7 9 .H is b ro the rE dwa rd ,t h e p lumbe ra t No 7 5 H o lywe l l d i ed d u r ing t h e y ea r , o n2 0 May 1 840 , a nd w a sb ur ied a tS tC ro s so n2 7 4 7

R e t ire men t

May ,l e av ing h i sw idow Ann ( Odc rof t )t oc on t inue t h e b u s ines s o f p lumbe r a nd p a in te r . T hey h ad a s on F rede r ick who moved t o L ondon a nd d i ed

H annah K now le s ,T homa s t h e y ounge r 's w ife f o r

u nma r r ied .

f o r ty -n ine y ea r s ,d i ed o n 7 Ma r ch 1 853 . N ow a ged s even ty -one , h e made u p t h e f i rm 's Wages B ook

O f t h e ir o wn c h i ld ren E dward w a s n ow a ged

f o r t h e l a s t t ime e i gh t w eek s l a te r o n 3 0 Apr i l ,

t wen ty -f ive a nd h ad b een h i sj un io rp a r tne rf o rl e ss

w r i t ing d own h i s s on E dwa rd a s ` EK ' , w i th t he

t h an ay ea r ; w i th h i sn ew ly -ma r r ied w if e Ma rga re t

f i ve o the rm a son s a nd t h e t h ree l a bou rer s who h ad

G ooda l l o fC ha r l ton o nO tmoo rh e moved i n to N o

w o rked t h a tw eek . H ec a refu l ly t o ta l led t h ew ages

2S t G i les d u r ing t h e y ea r . H is e l des t d augh ter

p a id s of a rt h a t y ea ra s£ 181 .5 .11 . When h e made

H annah , n ow t h ir ty -f ive , w as ma r r ied t o J ohn

h i s w i l l e l even mon th s l a te r h e n o ted t h a t h e h ad

D a ly ; Ma ry Ann w a st h ir ty -fou rl i v ing a th ome a t

a l ready g i ven " my s on E dwa rd N icho l ls Know les

H ead ing ton ; t he t h i rd s i s te r , E l izabe th J ane h ad

a l lm yb u s ines so f as t onema son a nd a l my s t ock i n

ma r r ied C ha r les Wya t to fS t Ma ry Magda len p a r i sh

t r ade a nd b ook d eb t s" a nd n ow d ec la red t h ese t ob e

i n1 836 a nd d i ed t wo y ea r sl a te ra ged t wen ty -e igh t .

" abso lu te g i f t s" . H e l e f t £ 800 t ob e i n ves ted f o r

E dw in w a sn ow t wen ty two , wo rk ing a s ama son

v a r iou s g randch i ld ren ; £ 200 w as t og ot o Wi l l iam

i nt h ef i rm ;h i st w in s i s te r Emma m ay a l ready h ave

H en ry , s on o f E dw in K now le s , w ho h ad l e f t t h e

h ad a n u nders tand ing w i th t he ir n e ighbour

f i rm o n 1 5J u ly 1 848 a nd d i ed o n 8N ovembe rt h e

T heodo re J ew i t t , s on o ft h e w e l l -known e ng rave r

s ame y ea r ,£ 200 w a sf o rE dw in 's d augh te rH annah

O r lando J ew i t t , w hose d e l igh tfu l v igne t te o f t h e

E l izabe th ,w h i le h i sd augh te r Emma 's s on sT homa s

H o lywe l l y a rd h ad b een p ub l ished a f ew y ea r s

a nd E dwa rd J ew i t t w e re t o h ave £ 200 e ach . H is

b efo r e . Af i f th d augh te rE l izabe th w a st wen ty , h e r

t wo y ounge s ts on sT homa sa nd W i l l iam w ere t ob e

y ounger b ro ther s T homas n ine teen a nd Wi l l iam

t r us tee sa nd r e s idua ry l e ga tees a nd T homa sw a st o

s even teen .T hese t wo w e re n od oub th e lp ing o nt h e

h ave " a l l my f a rm ing u t en s i ls a nd i mp lemen t s o f

f a rm w h ich t h ey e ven tua l ly t ook o ve r .

h u sband ry" .

N e ighbour s a nd o ther b u i lder s i n Ho lywe l l

T homa s K now les t h e y ounge r d i ed a tt h e a ge o f s even ty -fou r o n 9J u ly 1 856 a nd w a s b u r ied w i th

I n 1 846 as t ree t d i rec to ry t e l ls u st h a tt h eb u i ld ing

h i s o wn i mmed ia te f am i ly i nt h e c hurchya rd j us t

t r ades w e re w e l l r epre sen ted i n H o lywe l l . J ohn

n or th o ft h e c hance l a tH ead ing ton , w he r e h e h ad

Ma thew b u i lder , p a r tne ro fJ ohn H udson , l i ved a t

s e t t led aq ua r te ro f ac en tu ry e a r l ie r .

N o 2 ;t h e i r y a rd w a sj us t r ound t h e c o rne r a t 1 6 L ongwa l l . G eorge L uke r p lumbe r w as a t No 2 1

Works o f Tho mas Know les t he y ounger ,

( d emo l ished f or Man sf ie ld R oad ) w i th T .H .G i lde r c a rpen ter b eh ind . B y t he Mus ic R oom J oseph H ope b u i lde rh ad ay a rd a tN o3 5( wh ich K now le s a nd S on l a te r o ccup ied f o r s evera l g ene ra t ion s ) .

1 826-53 T h is l i s t i n c ludes s pec ia l c on t rac t s , w o rk w or th mo re t h an £ 100 i n ay ea ra nd monumen t s c o s t ing £ 15 o r mo re :

A cco rd ing t ot he 1 85 1 C ensu s h eh ad n ine men i n r e gu la r emp loymen ta nd a na pp ren t ice l i v ing i n .O n t he s ou th s i de o f t he s t ree t , a s w e l l a s t he K now lese s ,w ere R icha rd Wa l l p lumber a tN o5 2 , G eo rge Nunney b r ick laye ri nB a th P lace ,W i l l iam B rock lesby w ood tu rne ra tN o5 9a nd J ohn Maxey c ab ine tmake ra nd J ohn S l a t te rc a rpen te rt o ge the ra t o rb eh ind N o6 5 .

Apr i l

1 826 -1829 £ 30

E 77

1 826

B egb roke c hu rch ,w indows

1 826

CCC , g a s

1 826 .

A l l S ou ls , s e rvan t s r ooms

£ 153

E 144

1 826

N ew C o l l ,c or n-

£ 117

F 147

1 826

Mr s D upu is ( S ta rI nn )

£ 50

F 196

1 827

N ew C o l l , c or n-

£ 155

F 148

1 828

E xe ter , Er a nge b a t t lemen t s

£ 130

F 27

4 8

F 14

1 828

N ew C o l l , t o ta l

£ 194

F 148 f

1 84 1

N ew C o l l ,

1 829

N ew C o l l ,c l o is te rr e s to red

£ 128

F 164 f

1 84 1

Q ueen s

£ 325

F 274

1 829

Q ueen s( t ook ` d emen t ion s ' ,a s s is t ing

1 842

A l l S ou l s

£ 456

F 235

1 842

J e su s

£ 120

F 46

1 842 -3

Magda len t owe r

£ 114

F 99

1 842

Q ueen s

H akew i l l 's c l e rk 1 8J u ly ) 1 829

£ 118

F 174

O ak ley c hu rch ,B uck s , r e s to red ( w i th H ud son )

£ 130

G84

co r n—

d i t to ( w i th Me s s r sC a s t le ) 1 830-1834

£ 152

F 245

£ 118

F 276

£ 27

0 180

1 842

M rH e s t e r

£ 80

G 106

1 831

Q ueen s

£ 125

1 843

A l l S ou ls , b e l lco t+chap e l

£ 376

F 236

1 831

M rE n swo r th

£ 253 F 198 f ,220

1 843

CCC ,c hap r e s to red

£ 149

F 20 , C

1 832

N ew C o l l ,c or n-

£ 102

F 151f

1 843

CCC ,G en tC omm B id , r e p£ 60 F 20 , C

1 832

H .Ha l le sq

£ 91

0 48

1 843

N ew C o l l , c o rn-

£ 89

F 247

1 833

CCC ,W f rb a t t lemen t s

£ 174

F 16

1 843

F .Mo r re l l e sq , S tG i le s

£ 97

G 14 1

1 833

R icha rd C o s ta r

£ 100

F 285

1 844

Q ueen s

£ 203

F 276

1 833

C o s ta r & Wadde l l

£ 169

F 287

1 834

Q ueen s ,m ea su re a nd £ 369

F 177

1 845

Q ue en s ,c hape l" Ho tw a te r"

£ 15

F 277

1 834

L inco ln ,R ec to r 's k i tchen

£ 120

F 52 ,282

1 845

N ew C o l l , Wa rden 's g re enho

£ 40

F 17I

1 834

CCC , t owe r+N f r on t

£ 135

F 17

1 846

E xe t e r ,g a rden s t ep s ,£59

£ 73

F 226

1 834

M rC an ,H e ad ing ton

£ 10 1

0 22

1 846

N ew C o l l ,

£ 185

F 249

1 834

Q ueen s ,h e lp i n s ta l g a s

£ 3

F 177

1 847

A l l S ou ls

£ 119

F 238

1 847

E xe t e r ," a s s i s t- t a ke

r e bu i ld c upo la

F 176

1 845-1849

d imens ion so fC hape l"

1 835-1839 1 835 1 836

N ew C o l l , g a s & c

£ 38

A l l S ou ls , r eb t w in t owe r s M rC an ,H ead ing ton

F 226

F 153

1 847

Magda len , k i t chen e x t s i nr i ve r

£ 111

F 92 -3

F 8

1 848

N ew C o l l , c hape l w indows

£ 83

F 202

1 848

A l l S a in t s c hu rch , c o lumn s

£ 260

0 249

R adc l i f f e (Wa rne fo rd )A sy lum

£ 92

0 2 18

( d e ta i ls " i n Wa s te L edge r" l o s t ) 1 836

co r n—

£ 295

0 22

1 8 48

1 837

Q u eens

£ 94

F 178

1 848

M r Mu sg rove ,n ew r oom s

£ 160

G 127 f

1 8 37

B a ldon c hu r ch ( Go l igh t ly )

£ 312

G 150 f

1 849

L inco ln , R ec to r s h ous e

£ 9 1

F 310

1 837

M r s Know le s , Ho lywe l l

£ 76

0 136

1 849

Magda len ,k i t ch en

£ 157

F 112 f

1 838

J e su s

£ 105

F 43f

1 849

N ew C o l l ," a t t endg A rch i tec t"

1 838

Q ueen s

£ 187

F 272

1 849

O r ie l( +S t Ma ry 's c hu rch )

£ 95

F 140

1 838

L inco ln ,R ec to r sL odg ing

£ 61

F 292f

1 849

R adc l if f eA sy lum

£ 132

G2 19

1 838

S t Ma ry Magda len c hu r ch r e s to red ( w i th G r im s ley )

£ 33

G55

F 251

1 850-1853

1 838

o wn h ouse ,H ead ing ton

£ 82

G 75 f

1 850

A l l S ou l s

£ 131

F 240

1 839

A l lS ou ls ( he lp r e lay g a s )

£ 105

F 10

1 850

E xe t e r ,r ebu i ld c h imney s& c

£ 84

F 227

1 839

K en sa l l , Ho lywe l l

£ 80

G8O f

1 850

Q ueen s

£ 141

F 28 1

1 839

B a ldon c o t tage s( Queen s )

£ 47

0 130

1 851

E xe t e r ,r ebu i ld 6c h imney s

£ 117

F 227

1 850

E xe t e r ,r ebu i ld h a l lc h imney & c £ 72

F 227

1 850

O r ie l

F 203

1 840-1844

£ 137

1 8 40

Magda len

£ 126

F 89

1 851

Magda len ,N ew B u i ld ing p av ing £ 175

F I3O f

1 840

( O r ie l )B a r t lema sr e pa i r s

£ 99

F 136

1 852

Magda len ,c o rn-

£ 100

F 96

O r ie l

£ 131

F 204 f

F ou lke s ,B e s se ls le igh v i ca rage

£ 144

W /a cc t

1 840

N ew C o l l ,a n t echape lp a ved

£ 256

F 16 1

1 852

1 840 -4

o wn h ou se ,H ead ing ton

£ 75

G76 f

1 853

4 9

CHAPTER S IX E dwa rd N icho l ls K now le s ,d ec l ine a nd r ev iva l , 1 853 -84 T homa sR icha rd K now le sa nd e xpan s ion , 1 885 -92 E dwa rd N icho l ls K now le s ,a ged t h i r ty seven ,t o ok

H ew a se v iden t ly aw e l l t r a ined a nd h igh ly s k i l led

o ver t he f i rm when h i s f a the r r e t ired a t t h e

s t onema son w i th e xce l len tt r a in ing a nd e xpe r ience

b eg inn ing o f May 1 853 . H e w a si nc ha rge a ss o le

i nb ook -keep ing , d esc r ib ed i nt h e r e g is te r b y t h e

o r s en io r p a r tner f o r t h ir ty two y ea r s , u n t i l h e

p a r i sh c l e rk o fS t Mary Magda len w ho r e co rded h i s

r e t ired i n 1 884 a tt h e a ge o fs even ty , t h r ee y ea r s

c h i ldren 's b ap t isms a s s cu lp to r , b u i lde r , m a son ,

b efo re h ed i ed .

s t a tua ry a nd m a son . B u t a s w e s ha l l s oon s e e , h e

T homa sK now le st h ey ounge rh ad t a ken E dwa rd a s

c r i t ic is ed h i sm anagemen ts oon a f te rh i sd ea th .

l o s t mo s to fh i sc o l lege r e pa ir -accoun t s ;a nd h i ss on h i s p a r tne r i nt h e l a te a u tumn o f 1 8 39 ; f r om t h a t t ime t h ey t r aded a s" Thoma s K now le s a nd S on" .

E dwa rd K now le s a lways l i ved w i th in w a lk ing

A t a bou t t h is t ime E dwa rd m ar r ied Ma rga r e t

d i s tance o f t h e y a rd , u n l ike h i s f a the r w ho w a s

Gooda l l o fC ha r l ton o n O tmoo ra nd a dop ted t h e

p repa r ed t oc ommu t e s e ve ra l m i le s ad ay .H i sf i r s t

m idd le n ame N icho l l s , f r om h i s ma te rna l g r and -

h ome w a sa tt h es ou th e nd o fS tG i le s ' a nd h i sf i ve

f a the r E dwa rd N icho l ls m i l le r o fK id l ing ton a nd

e l de rc h i ld r en w e r eb ap t ised i nt h ep a r ish c hu r ch o f

Ho lywe l l . T hey l i ved a t 2S tG i les f r om 1 840 t o

S t Ma ry Magda len . I na bou t 1 847 h e a nd h i sw if e

a bou t 1 847 a nd t h en moved t o7 9H o lywe l l ,j u s tb y

Ma rga r e t moved t oH o lywe l la nd t h e i rt wo y ounge r

t h ee n t rance t ot h ey a rd .

c h i ld ren w e r eb ap t ised i nS tC ro s sc hu rch .

H e c on t inued t he s t ra tegy o f h i s f a the r a nd

D u r ing h i s f a the r 's l a s t y ea r s h e m ay h ave b een

g randf a the r ,t a k ing o n many s ma l lj ob si n ma son ry a nd i ng ene ra l b u i ld ing w h i le a vo id ing l a rge sca le

r e spons ib le f o r a n i mpor tan t , i f s e ldom s e en , c hange ,t h ei n t roduc t ion o fg l azed s t onewa r ep i pe s

c ons t ruc t ion a nd s pecu la t ive h ouse -bu i ld ing . H e

f o rd ra inage s y s tem s , i n s tead o fd ra ins h and -bu i l t

s t uck f i rm ly t o r epa ir s a nd a l tera t ion s a nd , b y

o fb r ick o rs t one .D ou l ton sp u tt h em o nt h e ma rke t

1 857 , w i th in ay ea ro fh i sf a the r 's d ea th h eh i red a

i n1 846 ;i nS ep t emb e r1 852 K now le si n s ta l led t h em

c a rpen te rt oe xpand t h ef i rm 's a c t iv i t ie s .

a t No 6 3 H o lywe l l , c l o se t o t h e y a rd , f o r M r s L loyd , ab i shop 's w idow . Two o the r H o lywe l l

Two

c lose ly

r e la ted p uzz les c onfuse o u r

n e ighbou r s d emanded t h em d u r ing t h e f o l low ing

u nde r s tand ing o f E dwa rd K now le s . D u r ing t h e

s umme r a nd d u r ing t h e w in te r o f 1 853 K now les

f am i ly d i spu te t h a tf o l lowed h i sd ea th i n1 887 ,h i s

w a sb u sy r e p lac ing o ld d r a in sa nd s oakaway sw i th

s on T homa s R icha rd a s se r ted , p e rhaps n o t

t h em a tJ e su sC o l lege a nd a tt h e Wa rden 's L odg ing

a l toge the rf a i r ly ,t h a th eh im se l fh ad e f f ec t ive ly r u n

a tN ew C o l lege . T he r e su l t ing b ene f i t t o p ub l ic

t h e b us ine s s s i nce a bou t 1 868 , h i s f a the r h av ing

h ea l th w a sl o ng te rm r a the rt h an i mmed ia t e ,a st h e

s hown s l igh ti n te re s ti ni ta nd d on ev e ry l i t t le w o rk .

n ew u l t ra -hygen ic modem d ra in s mu s th ave r un

5 0

i n to 1 8 th -cen tu ry s t one s ewe r s w h ich l e d s t r a igh t

t h a tE xe te r 's s pend ing o nr epa ir sf e l lo f fi nt h el a te

i n to t he r i ve r ; Oxfo rd 's mode rn s ys tem o f m a in

1 850 s a nd e a r ly 1 860 s , r o se t o ap eak i nt h e l a te

s ewe r sd a te so n ly f r om t h e 1 870 s .

1 870 sa nd 1 880 sa nd d ec l ined i nt h e 1 890 s .

Co l leges

S umma r ised i n f i ve -yea r t o ta ls , t he s u ms t ha t E xe te r C o l lege p a id t oK now les f o r ma in tenance

T he f i rm 's b igges t p rob lem a tt h is t ime w a s t h e

f r om 1 850 t o1 900 c ome t o :

s t eady l o s s o f r egu la r ma in tenance wo rk a tt he c o l leges t oo t he rb u i lde r s , who h ad a l so d ive r s if ied

1 850

£ 311

1 875

£ 577

f r om s pec ia l is t t r ades j us t a s h i s f a the r , T homa s

1 855

£ 70

1 880

K now les t h ey ounge rh ad . H e h ad l o s th i sr egu la r

£ 658

1 860

£ 119

1 885

ma in tenance wo rk a tC orpus C hr is t i C o l lege i n

£ 606

1 865

£ 200

1 890

£ 435

1 870

£ 246

1 895

£ 102 .

1 848 .I n 1 850 t h ef i rm w as c a r ry ing o u tr epa ir sa t e i gh t c o l leges a nd a n a cadem ic h a l l : A l l S ou ls , E xe ter , J e su s , L inco ln , Magda len , N ew C o l lege , O r ie l , Queen sa nd Magda len H a l l ,a nd o cca s iona l ly a t Mer ton .E dwa rd l o s tL inco ln i n1 853 , Magda len i n 1 855 , Or ie l i n 1 856 ,J e su s i n 1 859 . I n 1 860 h e c ou ld r e ly f o r t h is r egu lar w o rk o n o n ly t h ree c o l lege sa nd o ne h a l l ,w i th s ome wo rk a tt wo mo re c o l lege s : A l l S ou ls , N ew C o l lege , Queens a nd Magda len H a l l , E xe te r ( s ha r ed w i th S yr run ) , a nd s ome t ime sa t Me r ton . H e l o s tQ ueen si n 1 869 a nd N ew C o l lege i n 1 875 . C a refu l wo rk i n c o l lege a r ch ive s may o ne d ay r e vea l s ome o ft he r e a son s , whe the r r e form ing b u r sar s o r c a re les s w ork b rough ta bou tt h is c hange . I n 1 85 1 , T homa s K now le s t h e y ounger 's l a s t f u l l y ea r b u t o ne , s a les h ad amoun ted t o £ 936 , o f w h ich £ 740 o r 7 9% c ame f r om n ine c o l leges ( i nc lud ing Magda len H a l l ) . I n 1 868 w i th s a les t o ta l l ing £ 994 , E dwa rd d i d s l igh t ly b e t te ro ve ra l l , b u t o n ly £ 457 o r4 6% c ame f r om s even c o l leges ( a ga in i n c lud ing Magda len H a l l ) , ama rked d ec l ine f r om t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t he c en tury . I n o rde r t o u nder s tand mo re a bou t wha t s t i l l r ema ined t he p r edom inan tp a r to ft h ef i rm 's w o rk ,w e may s t udy t wo c o l lege si n mo re d e ta i l . Ma jo r n ew c o l lege b u i ld ing p ro jec t s , w i th w h ich t h e f i rm w a s s e ldom c once rned , s howed as t eady r i se ,f r om 2 2i nt h e 1 850 s , 3 3 i nt he 1 860 sa nd 3 7 i nt h e 1 870 st o ap eak o f 5 4i nt h e 1 880s a nd t h en ad rop t o4 4i nt h e 1 890 s . T he t a b le b e low s hows

T he s ha rp d rop b e tween 1 855 a nd 1 865 c an b e e xp la ined b yt he l a rge b u i ld ing -con t rac t s ,w e l lo ve r £ 28 ,000 i ns i x y ea r s , wh ich J o shua S ynun c a r r ied o u ta tE xe te ri nt h e 1 850 st ot h es howy d e s ign s o f G eo rge G i lber t S co t t . H e b u i l t t h e w es te rn h a lf o f t h e B road S t r ee t f r on t i n 1 854 -6 f o r £ 4 ,587 ; t he L ib ra ry i n1 855 -6 f o r£ 3 ,32 1 ;t h eR ec to r 's L odg ing &a d jacen tr ooms i n1 856 -7 f o r£ 5 ,000 ;t h eC hape l i n 1 856 -9 f o r£ 15 ,000 ;a nd r oom sn o r th o fC hape l i n 1 858 f o r £ 550 . S uch l a rge e xpend i ture b y a f a ir ly p oo r ly -endowed c o l lege r e duced f o r at ime i t s a b i l i ty t op ay Know le s t or e fu rb i sh a nd r epa ir t h e r ema in ing o lde r b u i ld ings , a nd r equ i red S y rnm t o b ek ep to nt oo ,f o rr epa i r sa nd r emed ia lw o rk . A tJ e sus C o l lege , a c ro s s T u nlS t r ee t ,J .C .Buck ler , as k i l led a n t iqua r ian a r t i s ta nd r a the rd i sappo in t ing a rch i tec t who l i ved a t No 5 8 Ho lywe l l , won P r inc ipa l F ou lkes 's c onf idence i n 1 852 a nd w as t a ken o na sc o l lege s ur veyo rw i th ar e ta ine ro f£ 30 ay ea r . K now les f e l lf r om f avou rd u r ing t h e 1 850 s a nd d id n o work a tJ e sus f o r mo re t han t wen ty y ea r sf r om 1 86 1 . B uck le ra l so r ep laced t h ec o l lege c a rpen te r s , Hudson & Ma thew o fL ongwa l l , w ho h ad t a ken o ve rf r om T homa s Wya t ti n 1 842 , w i th Ma rga re t Wya t to fN o7 3S tG i le s .L iv ing a sh ed id i nt h es ame s t ree tc l o se t ot h e K now lese s , B uck ler w a sn of r iend ly n e ighbou r . A tJ e su sB uck le r 's f i r s tc omm is s ion w a st od e s ign n ew G o th ic f a cade sf o rt h e s ou th a nd e a s ts i de so f 5 1

t h e o l de rb u i ld ing s , e xac t ly t h e k ind o fw o rk t h a t

*A s l ip o fp aper a tF 253 l i s ts b u i ld ing wo rk f o r 1 850 -53

t h ee l de rT homa sK now le sh ad s ucce s s fu l ly c a r r ied

i nt h e K i tchen , G a rden , C hape l , C lo is te r s , H a l l a nd Wa rden s

o u t t oh i s o wn d e s ign s a tL inco ln C o l lege i nt h e

L odg ings a ccoun t sa s£ 53 ,£ 75 a nd £ 76 .

1 810 s , i f much l e s s amb i t ious t h an S co t t 's w ho le sa le r ebu i ld ing a t E xe te r C o l lege . J ame s L ong j un io r , am a son f r om W i tney , 1 4m i le sw e s t o f O x fo rd , c a r r ied o u t t he n ew s ou th f r on t o n

+ The re i sn o r e co rd o f Know le s &S on wo rk ing a tN ew C o l lege f r om 1 853 t o 1 868 * * No r ecord s u rv ives o f Know le s & S on 's work a t L inco ln i n 1 854 -65 .

Ma rke tS t ree t ,t h ec o l lege 's mo s tv i s ib le f a cade ,i n 1 853 f o r£ 1236 . Two y ea r s l a te ri n 1 855 B uck le r a nd L ong g ave t h e c o l lege an ew g o th ic e n t rance f r on t o n T un lS tree t f o r £ 1356 w i th n ear ly £ 200 -wo r th o fe x t ra s ; t h e ir wo rk w a s s k in -deep , a par t f r om t he

n ew e n trance towe r .

J ohn

T owne send I Vh ad r emode l led t h ef r on ti n1 756 t o h i s o wn c l a s s ica l d e s ign b y c u t t ing n ew w indow s

1 855-9 1 855

3 1

2 8

2 9

8 0

1 856

5 7

1 4

2 4

1 24

1 857

7 1

1 0

3 0

s o

1 858

11

1 859

8 3 to t

7

8

3 0

1 5

1 2

2 6

7 4

1 03

3 10

t h rough t h e E l izabe than r a nge , r a is ing t h e w a l l t o f o rm af a lse t h i rd s t o r ey a nd r ep lac ing t h ee n t rance

To ta l

3 53

a r ch . 1 860-4

Wh i le t h i sw o rk w a si np rog re s s ,B uck le re l bowed

Y ea r

A l l S

E xe te r

K now le so u to fh i sr e gu la rr epa i r -wo rk a tJ e su s .I n

1 860

1 7

1 3

1 856 h e b rough t i n J oseph H ope o f No 3 6

1 86 1

9 1

1 5

9

3 1

H o lywe l l , an e ighbou r o f b o th K now les a nd

1 862

2 08

1 7

7

6 6

B uck le r , t o r ebu i ld t wo c h imneys . I n 1 857 -8

1 863

1 46

4 0

8

1 864

9 5

3 3

3 9

T o ta l

5 58

18

7 9

K now le s w a s a s s igned a v e ry s ma l l p a r t i n t h e r e fu rb i sh ing o ft h eL odg ing sf o rt h en ew ly -e lec ted P r inc ip a l W i l l iam s . A f te rt h is B uck le rp l aced a l l c a rpen t ry a nd ma son ry w ork i n t h e h and s o f Ma rga r e t Wya t to fS tG i le s .

L ine

1 6

1 36

4 /

Know le s b i l l s t o f i ve c o l lege s a nd a h a l l

1 866

1 3

2 8

-

( i n £ )

1 867

1 3

3 2

6 7

1 868

1 00

4 2

8 8

1 869

2 0

5 4

T o ta l

2 82

1 98

1 850-4 Y e a r

A l l S

E xe te r

1 850

6 7

8 4

1 4

1

2 6*

1 851

1 31

17

3 9

1

3 5

1 852

3 4

7 2

1 4

1 5

6 3

1 853

1 06

2 0

3 7

1 854

3 0

1 9

_*

T o ta l

3 68

3 12

1 04

N ewC

Q u C

-

1 4

-

9 3 2

1 52

1 865-9 1 865

L inc

MagdH

MagdH

7

N ewC

-+

1 0

5 4

-

2 1 8

1 4 2 2

-

1 5

2 8

7 0

5 0

6 7

1 0

4 8

4 1*

2 22

8 3

18

Q u C 1 41

1 42

1 0 *Q ueen s Co l lege s eems t oh ave d ropped Know le si n1 869

6 4 1 2 8

1 24+

9

/ /6

b u t , a s t h e t ab le makes c l ea r , L inco ln a nd N ew C o l lege t u rned b ack t o t he f i rm i n 1 867 a nd 1 868 ; o r p e rhap s t h e a ccoun t -book o r b ook s c on ta in ing t hese c o l lege s i sl o s ta nd t h ec onnex ion w a sc on t inuou s .

5 2

t we lve y ea r s , h i s g randpa ren t s ' o l d h ou se N o 7 9

1 870 -4 Y e a r

A l l S

1 870

6 8

E xe te r 3 1

L ine 1 23

MagdH

N ewC

1 0

3 8

a nd b ack d oor s b o th o pened i n to t he w aggon e n t rance t o t he y a rd t ha t r an b enea th p a r t o f t h e

1 871

7 +226*

6 1

1 08

8 0

6 2

1 872

4

7 6

1 84

1 9

2 49

4 0

1 43

4 6

6 3

4 8

5 7

2 56

6 15

1 873 1 874

T o ta l

5 5+7 7 9

4 46

8

1 63

H o lywe l l , s t ood j u s t b es ide t h e y a rd a nd i t s f r on t

1 52

5 64

* A l l S ou ls s ough t t oh ave m any l a rg e r ep a i r sc a r r ied o u t b yc on t ra c t ,i nd ica ted b yt h e ` + ' s i gn ,i nt h i sa nd s ucceed ing p e r iod s . K now le sa nd S on won many o ft h em .

h ouse . H is e l des t s on T homa s R icha rd w a s n ow n ineteen a nd , w e may p resume , h ad b een a n a pp ren t ice i nt h ef i rm f o rf ou ry ea r s .As econd s on E dward F ranc is w a s e igh teen a nd w a s p erhaps a l ready wo rk ing i nt h ef i rm . T he t h ird b oy ,J ame s G ooda l l , wa s s i x teen a nd h ad p e rhap s s t a r ted a sa f a rm p up i lw i th h i su nc les T homa sa nd Wi l l iam a t H ead ing ton . Two y ounger b oys , C ha r les H en ry , t h ir teen , a nd Wa l ter , e l even , w e re s t i l l a ts choo l . Two g i r ls , Ma ry Anne , f i f teen , a nd Marga re t

1 875-9 Y ea r

A l l S

E xe te r

H e r t f

E l izabe th , t we lve , w ere a l so s t i l l a t h ome a nd , L in e

N ewC

p r e sumab ly ,a t tend ing s choo l .

1 875

6

1 03

3 19

7 4

1 876

7

1 58

5 70

2 6

-*

1 877

2 6+600 1 42

8 32

7 1

4 73+21

1 878

3 1+948

9 7

3 19

5

3 03

7 6

1 25

0

8 3

m a in tenance -wo rk ,t h ef i e ld i nw h ich K now le sa nd

146

b u i ld ing ,E dwa rd w a sf o r ced t or e ly mo re f o r wo rk

1 879

3 4

2 66

The f i rm 's work 1 860 -1880 I n

t he

1 860s ,

a s

c o l leges

c u t

b ack

o n

S on h ad e xce l led f o r s o l ong , t o p ay f o r n ew T o ta l

1 652

5 77

2 165

1 76

*N ew C o l lege b egan an ew q ua r te r ly a ccoun t ing s ys tem a tt h is t ime ; t h e r e co rd s o f K now le s &S on d o n o t g i ve a t o ta l f o rt h ey ea r .

o n l oca l b us inessmen , t r adesmen a nd r e s iden t s , i n c lud ing many l e ad ing c i t izen s ; t he c i ty w a s g row ing r ap id ly b y mo re t h an t wo a nd ah a lf t ime s . I n 1 851 ,i nh i sf a the r 's d ay ,4 5c u s tome r sh ad p a id £ 136 ( 14 .5% o f s a les ) , wh i le i n 1 868 E dwa rd

1 880 -4 Y e a r

A l l S

E xe te r

1 880

2 3

1 70

6 4

1 88 1

1 7

1 43

2 18

1 50

1 63

1 882 1 4+574+269 6 5

4 9

9 8

4 0

1 883

2 1

5 09

9 5

1 4+1430117

H e r t f

L ine 0

N ewC 1 66+464

1 884

8

1 62

2 1

2 15

1 37

T o t a l

2 349

6 58

3 73

9 72

1 065

r e ce ived £ 357 ( 36% o fs a les )f r om 7 1 c us tome r s . Ag ood d ea l o ft h is b u s iness a nd d ome s t ic wo rk w a s , n a tura l ly e nough , c a r r ied o u t i n H o lywe l l , w he r et h ey a rd w as l o ca ted a nd w he r et h ef i rm w a s c on sequen t ly mo re w i l l ing t ot a ke o ns ma l le rj ob s . T he s t ree t p roduced 3 8% o f a l l t h e p r iva te a nd b u s iness c u s tome r s , b u t o n ly 3 0% o ft h e s a le s i n t h i s c a tegory i n 1 868 . B e tween t h e 1 860 s a nd t h e 1 890 s E dward a nd h i s s on p u t i n n ew f r on t d oo r -s tep s , n ew g ra te s , n ew c h imneys , r ebu i l t o r

The Know les f am i ly i n 1 860

r e -rende red f r on t w a l ls a nd b ack w a l ls , r ebu i l t o r r e s la ted r oo f s , p aved c e l la r s , p a ssages a nd y a rd s ,

E dwa rd N icho l ls K now le s , n ow a ged f o r ty -f ive ,

c o lou r -washed e x te rna lw a l ls a nd l ime -wa shed a nd

w a sh ead o ft he f i rm i n1 860 ,a sh eh ad b een s i nce

r epa in ted t he r ooms a t mo re t h an t wo th ird so ft h e

h i s f a the r r e t ired f r om b us ines s , b u t n o t f rom

h und red h ou se si nt h es t ree t . F o rs eve ra l c en tu r ie s

f a rm ing ,s even y ea r sb efo r e . H i sh ome f o rt h e l a s t

t h eo ccup ie r sh ad h ad t op ay f o rr e pa i r s .

5 3

A w idesp read a nd g ene ra l c hange i n p o l icy o n

The f am i ly i n 1 880

p rope r ty managemen t g radua l ly l ed t o c o l lege s c eas ing t o g ran t l ong l eases i n f avour o f

I n 1 880 E dwa rd K now les , n ow s i x ty -f ive a nd h i s

' r ack -ren t ing ' o n s ho r t l e ases , t he l and lord

w if e Ma rga re t , ay ea ro rs oy ounge r ,w e r el i v ing a t

a ssum ing r e spons ib i l i ty f or r epa ir s . C o l lege

O ak V i l la , ab l and s t uccoed v i l la ag ene ra t ion o l di n

b u rsar s emba rked o n more s ys tema t ic r epa ir

wha t w a s t ob ecome W inches te r R oad i n N o r th

p rog rammes a nd g ave K now le sa nd S on ,w i th t h e i r

Oxford . T en y ear s e a r l ie r t hey h ad c hosen a

w e l l - e s tab l ished c o l lege l i nk s , p l en ty o ft h e w o rk

c om for tab le s ubu rban l i f ew e l l a way f r om t h ey a rd .

i n Ho lywe l l a nd a l so i nH igh S t ree t a nd N ew I nn H a l l S t ree tf o rB raseno se ,i nH tgh S t r ee ta nd Or ie l S t ree tf o rO r ie l , i nH igh S t ree ta nd T u r l S t ree tf o r L inco ln a nd a tB insey f o rC h r is tC hu r ch . S eve ra l c o l leges h ad o wned h ou ses i nO xford a s i n ve s tmen t sf o rc en tur ie s : Mer ton o wned H o lywe l l , e xcep tf o rN o s3 3 t o4 0 , Wadham p roper ty s i nce i t w a s f ounded i n 1 613 . B e tween 1 870 a nd 1 896 Me r ton s o ld N ew C o l lege al ong r ow o fh ou ses o n t h e s ou th s i de o f t he s t ree t , N os 6 3 t o9 5 , mo re t h an t h ey c ou ld u se a to nce f o rn ew e x tens ions . N ew i n s t i tu t ion s p rov ided an ew s ou rce o f r epa ir work . T he P en i ten t ia ry f o r f a l len women t ha t o ccup ied t h e e a r ly -16 th -cen tury Mano r H ou se b y H o lywe l lc hu rch k ep tK now le sc ons tan t ly e ngaged i nr e pa ir s a nd m ino r w o rk s , a s d id t h e Wa rneford A sy lum o nH ead ing ton H i l l . E dwa rd K now le sa l so b u i l tm any b ur ia l v au l t sa nd s e t u p many monumen t s i nH o lywe l l c hu rchya rd a nd t h e a d jacen t c eme te ry , w i th o the r s s ca t te red t h roughou tt h ec i ty a nd d i s t r ic t . Monu men t s b y Edward N icho ls Know les

ED WARD N ICHOLS KNO WLES AND H IS WIFE I N THE 1 880 s

1 867

Ho l iday

J e r icho c eme tery

£ 14

H 146

1 868

Mr sH ew le t t

J er icho c eme te ry

£ 14

H 153

A s umme r g a ther ing o f t h e i mmed ia te K now les

1 869

G eo+E l iz Mo r r is

B ice s t er

£ 14

H600

f am i ly a nd t h e i rc l o se s tk i nw ou ld h ave c om fo r tab ly

1 870

W .Bo ssom

S tT homas c hyd

£ 14

H4 12

f i l led t h e i r g a rden , t oo l a rge f o r a ny r oom . T he

1 870

R icha rd D ry+ fam S tP e ter i nE a s t

£ 16

H62

y ounge r T homas ( b .178 1) h ad h ad t e n c h i ld ren ,

1 870

J .Hud son

S tP e ter i nE a s tc hyd £ 30 H253

o ne o f w hom d i ed i ni n fancy ; o ft he t e n E dwa rd

1 872

F l e tche r

£ 20

H f r

n ow h ad s e ven c h i ld ren a nd h i sb ro the rT homa st h e

1 872

W .Gounde ry

£ 20

H f r

f a rme ra tH ead ing ton e i gh tb yh i st wo w ive s . 5 4

E dwa rd 's f our th s on C ha r les H enry , n ow a ged

K now les o n a ga in , f i ve more c o l leges , B a l l io l ,

t h ir ty th ree a nd wo rk ing a s a' bu i lde ra nd j o ine r '

B rasenose , P emb roke , Wadham a nd Wo rce s te r

w as s t i l ll i v ing a th ome a nd u nma r r ied . Ma ry A nne

s ough th i ss e rv ices .

h ad d i ed i n1 871 a tt h ea ge o ft wen ty -s ix ,w h i le h e r p aren t s w ere i n L aburnum C o t tage , t he ir f i r s t

R e t iremen t a nd mov ing away f ro m Oxford

s ubu rban h ou se o n t h e Wood s tock R oad . T h ree o f t he c h i ld ren h ad moved a way f r om h ome , a l l s e t t l ing q u i te c l o se t oo ne a no the ri nH e r t fo rd sh i re . J a mes Gooda l l w as f a rm ing a tB roadway F a rm , s ou th o f B erkhams ted , Ma rga re t E l izabe th h ad ma r r ied a nd moved a way t o Wa t fo rd ; a nd Wa l te r h ad b or rowed £ 400 f r om h i s f a ther a nd g one i n to b u s ines sa sa na e ra ted w a te r manu fac tu re r , a l so i n Wa t fo rd . T he o r ig ina l a t t rac t ion t ha t made a l l o f t h em move t ot h es ame n e ighbou rhood h a sn o ty e t b een d i scove r ed .

A tt h e e nd o f 1 884 E dwa rd Know les h anded o ve r t h e b u s ine ss t oh i s e l des ts on T homa sR icha rd a nd r e t ired t o l i ve a t N o 3R ough Down V i l las , B oxmoo r , H eme l H emp s tead i nH e r t fo rd sh ir e . H e made a w i l l o n 2 9 D ecember 1 886 , l e av ing h i s w idow " a l l my e s ta tes a nd e f f ec t s , b o th r e a l a nd p e r sona l" , i nc lud ing l oan s t o h i s s ons T homas R icha rd ( £500 ) , C ha r le sH enry ( £ 4 100 ) a nd Wa l te r ( £400 ) , t wo f r eeho ld h ou ses i nD edd ing ton , O xon a nd t h el e a seho ld ( f rom O x fo rd C i ty )o fN o s 1 6 -19 L ongwa l l ,j u s tr ound t h e c o rne rf r om H o lywe l l o n

E dwa rd 's e l des ts on a nd p a r tne rT homa sR icha rd ,

t h es i te o ft h eS ache rB u i ld ing o fN ew C o l lege .A s

t h ir ty -n ine y ea r so ld w as l i v ing a t No 3 6H o lywe l l

w e n o ted i nC hap te r O ne , t h is h ad b een S t ephen

w i th h i s w ife Ma ry Ann ( née E as t ) a nd t h e ir

T ownesend 's y a rd , l a te ru sed b y S t ephen J e f fcoa t

c h i ld ren , E d i th Ann ie a ged e l even , T homa s E a s t ,

c a rpen te r a nd l a ter s t i l l b y t he b u i lder s J ohn

n ine , E dward J ames E as t , s even , a nd H a ro ld

H udson a nd J ohn Ma t thew , w ho c ar r ied o u t

R obe r t , t h ree . T hey h ad l o s tt h e ir f i r s t -born , A l ice

c a rpen t ry r e pa i r sa tJ e su sf r om 1 842 t o' 52 .

Ma r ion ,t wo y ea r sb e fo r ea tt h ea ge o fe i gh t ,w h i le Ma ry Ann w a sn ow p r egnan tw i th t h e ir y ounges t , w ho w a st ob en amed Ma r ie F rance s .

A t t h e e nd o f May 1 887 E dwa rd d i ed a ged 7 2 , f o l lowed f i ve y ea r s l a te rb yh i sw idow Ma rga re ta t t h ea ge o f7 7 . B o th w e re b rough tb ack t oO x fo rd t o

T hey l i ved a l l c r ammed i nt oge ther i na n a nc ien t

b e b ur ied i n t he f am i ly v au l t i n H o lywe l l

t imber f ramed h ouse b y t h e y a rd wh ich f i l led t h e

c hu rchya rd , E dward , d escr ibed a s " of H eme l

f o rme rg a rden a nd p e rhap ss e rved a st h ec h i ld r en 's

H emps tead" , o n 1J une 1 887 a nd Ma rga re t ,

p layg round . S t i l l as ubu rb i n 1 850 , Ho lywe l l w a s

d esc r ibed a s" o fB e rkhams tead " ,o n 3Ma r ch 1 892 .

n ow i nt h ec en t re o ft h eg row ing c i ty . P r inc ipa l works o f L a st y ear s a t work , 1 880 -84

Edward N icho ls Know les J ob sa s as ubcon t rac to rt oo the r sa r ei nd ica ted b y( f o r . . . )

S a les r o se s ha rp ly d u r ing E dwa rd 's l a s t y ea r o r t wo i nt h eb us iness . J us t b e fo re h e r e t ired af l ood

1 852-4

o fn ew c o l lege work c ame i n , p e rhaps b ecau se o f

1 853

A l l S ou ls

£ 106

F

h i s s on 's e ne rge t ic c ampa ign ing . S tE dmund H a l l

1 853

M is s F inch , H ead ing ton

£ 75

G 135

e i gh ty -n ine i n 1 882 a nd J e su s C o l lege p romp t ly r e -engaged t h e f i rm . T homas R icha rd K now les

1 855

Q ueen s ,P rovo s t 's L odg ing

£ 83 F 180 ,206

1 855

B a r t lemas f a rm

£ 97

e ne rge t ica l ly w ro te r ound t o c o l lege b u r sa r s

1 856

Q ueen s

£ 124

s eek ing f o r wo rk a nd i n 1 883 , t h ey ea rJ e su st ook

1 857

I ndu s tr ia l S choo l

£ 62

emp loyed t h ef i rm f o rt h e f i r s tt ime i n 1 879 .T he a r ch i tec t J .C .Buck le rf i na l ly r e t ired a tt h e a ge o f

1 855-9

5 5

G 360

G 30 1

1 857

M rB e t te r is ( cook ) H igh S t

£ 55 G 222 ,231

1 873

A l l S ou ls

£ 322

1 858

A l l S ou ls

£ 111

1 873

L inco ln

£ 143

1 873

Mer ton , k i tchen s t ove s &c

1 860 -64

( f o r G i l l &C o )

£ 39

H 289 H 310

1 860

H o lywe l lc hu rchya rd w a l l

£ 67

G 190

1 873

Wa rne fo rd A sy lum

£ 87

1 860

Wa rne fo rd A sy lum ,r epa i r s

£ 175

G 272

1 873

R evd F fou lke s ,4 0 S tG i le s

£ 111

H 616

1 861

A l l S ou ls

£ 91

1 873

R evd Go l igh t ly

£ 4 1

H 236

1 861

Magda len H a l l , c h imney s , s l a t s

£ 80

1 873

R evd G rundy 's ,H o lywe l l

£ 58

H 614

1 861

Magda len ,P r es iden t 's L odg ing ( f o r

H639

C a s t le & C o , b u i lde r s )

£ 16

1 862

A l l S ou ls

£ 208

1 862

War n e fo rd A sy lum

£ 77

1 863

A l l S ou ls

£ 146

1 863

Wa rnefo rd A sy lum

£ 90

1 864

A l l S ou ls

£ 95

F 127f

G /9/

G 277

1 873

B acon 's h o( L ink L odg ing )

£ 802

1 873

I f f ley ( f o rJ .R . Ma l lam )

£ 153

H645

1 873

4 0S tG i les ( f o r Ma l la rn )

£ 88

H650

1 873

C .Symond s , 3 0 Ho lywe l l

£ 38

H487 f

1 873

Nuneham House ( f i rep laces f o r £ 6

H 247

G 278

1 865-69

B rown i r onmonge r ) 1 873

T ay lo r&son ( s ub -con t rac t )

£ 69 H 322 ,511

1 874

N ew C o l l

£ 94

1 874

Ho lywe l l c hu rch t owe r ,c u ta way

1 865

A l l S ou ls

£ 136

1 866

A l l S ou ls ( f o rT ay lo r )

£ 9

H 210

1 874

Ho lywe l l r a cke tc our t

1 867

N ew C o l l ( f o rC a r te r )

£ 24

H 76

1 874

3 5 Ho lywe l l ( Bowden , H igh S t ) £ 80

H659

1 867

M r sF i she r , r oof r epa ir s

£ 62

H 54

1 874

Mr s B u t le r , 1 0 H o lywe l l & c

£ 64

H 317

1 867

R evd C .P .Go l igh t ly

£ 62

H 26 -9

1 875

T .Know les ,S and fo rd

£ 73

H661

1 868

A l l S ou ls

£ 100

J 2O f

1 874

Ma l lam 's o f f ice , H igh S t

£ 42

H 652

1 874

R evd W .W . Me rry , S ou th E lms

£ 78

H474

f l oo r( f o r Wh i te , App le ton )

£ 1

H430

£ 114

H 481

1 868

L inco ln

£ 88

J 224

1 869

M r Duke , n ew r oom s

£ 7 1

H 361

1 869

R evd C .P .Go l igh t ly

£ 49

H 26 -9

1 869

T .R .Know le s( f o r ENK )

£ 152

H 693

1 875

E xe te r

£ 103

1 869

E .N .Know le s( f o r TRK )

£ 57

H 695

1 875

N ew C o l lege

£ 195

1 875

P en i ten t ia ry i n f irmary & c

£ 106

H663

1 875

Wa rne fo rd A sy lum

£ 63

H 312

1 875

Ho lywe l l s ka t ing r i nk , f ence , £ 199

H482 H567

1 870 -74 1 870

L inco ln

1 870

N ew C o l lc hape l ,l a dde r s( f o r £ 1

H 237

1 875

R evd W .W . Me r ry , S ou th E lms

£ 63

1 870

Woo t ton s choo l

£ 397

H 500

1 876

E xe te r

£ 158

1 870

M r sB a l lachey ,H ead ing ton

£ 123

H 671

1 876

C anon F ree l ing ,H o lyw s v ica rage £ 95

H68 1

1 870

D rT uckwe l l 's h ou se

£ 67

H 323

1 876

R evd R .Gand le , Ho lywe l l L odge £ 46

H588

1 871

A l l S ou ls

£ 332

1 876

R evd H .C .G rundy , H o lywe l l

£ 49

H674

1 871

L inco ln

£ 108

1 876

R evd W .W . Mer ry , S ou th E lms

£ 99

H568

1 871

C .Symonds e sq , 3 0H o lywe l l £ 68

H 44 1

1 877

A l l S ou ls , b a t t lemen t s+ch ims

£ 600

UL i63

1 871

W .A .Sw inburn , H ead ing ton H i l l £ 174

H 464

1 877

E xe te r

£ 142

C lay ton & B e l l )

£ 123

1 875-79

p av i l ion & c

1 872

L inco ln

£ 184

1 872

H ead ing ton p a r ish s c hoo l

£ 105

H 400

1 872

T .Day e xecu to r s

£ 61

H 382

1 872

C .Symonds , 3 0 Ho lywe l l

£ 80

H 485

1 872

( f o rT ay lo r&S on )

£ 110

H 3 -) /

1 878

A l l S ou ls ,l i b rary p a rape t+gab le £ 948

1 878

E xe te r

£ 97

1 880-4 1 880

5 6

E xe te r

£ 170

UL i63

The f i rm 's work i n 1 885

1 881

E xe t e r

£ 143

1 882

L inco ln

£ 205

1 883

E xe t e r

£ 117

T he f i r s t f u l l y ea r o fT homa s R icha rd Know les 's

1 883

UL i179

L inco ln

£ 442 UL i1 80 ,209

r eg ime , 1 885 , w a s s pec tacu la r ly s ucce ssfu l , w i th

1 884

E xe t e r

£ 162

t he t o ta l s a les c om ing t on o l e s s t han £ 9 ,480 , t en

1 884

L inco ln

£ 388

1 884 -5 1 884 -5

UL i209

t imes t h a t o fo u r p rev iou s s amp le y ea r , 1 868 . H e

J e su s , P r inc ipa l 's L odg ing w ing £ 36 13

BB306

c a r r ied o u t wo rk wo r th £ 4 ,540 a tf i f teen c o l lege s

P emb roke c hap e lr e dec

BB223

a nd o ne a cadem ic h a l l ( s ome o fi tv e ry much t he

£ 810

s ame k ind o f r epa ir w o rk t ha t t he e lde r T homas K now le s h ad d one t h ree g ene ra t ion s b efo re ) . T h is Tho mas R ichard Know les

c ompa res w i th £ 457 a t s even c o l leges i n 1 868 , t hough t h e p e rcen tage o ft he t o ta l ,4 8% , w a s much

T homas R icha rd Know les w a s b ap t ised i n 1 84 1 a t S t Ma ry Magda len c hur ch a tt h e s ou th e nd o f S t G i le s ' i nO x fo rd . H e g rew u pa s as ma l l b oy a t No 2S t G i les , mov ing w i th h i s f am i ly w hen h e w a s s i xt o No 7 9 Ho lywe l l b es ide t h et he y a rd .I n 1 867 h e ma r r ied Ma ry Ann E a s tf r om P add ing ton a nd s e t u p h ome i n S ummer town , mov ing i n to O xfo rd a f te r ay ea r o rt wo t ol i ve af ew d oo r s a way f r om h i s p a ren t s i n 8 3 Ho lywe l l , wh ich h ad b een h i s g r ea t -e r andmo the r ' sh ome f o r at ime u n t i lh e rd ea th i n 1 846 , a f te r wh ich i tw as s ub le t . When h is p a ren t s moved a way f r om Ho lywe l l , a f te r N ew C o l lege b ough t t he f r eeho ld o ft h e f am i ly h ouses a nd y a rd f r om Me r ton C o l lege i n 1 870 , h e moved a cro ss t h e s t ree t t o No 3 6 b es ide t he n ew y a rd , w he r eh ew o rked i np a r tner sh ip w i th h i sf a the r . A t t he e nd o f 1 884 h e t ook o ver t he f i rm , p rev iou s ly " Edwa rd N icho l l s K now le s a nd S on" . B efo re h i s s udden d ea th s even y ea r s l a ter , h e e n joyed a p er iod o f g rea t p ro sper i ty . A man o f c on s ide rab le e n terp r ise h er e -e s tab l ished t h ef i rm 's t r ad i t iona l r o le i n c o l lege ma in tenance a nd modern isa t ion , a s w e n o ted , a t L inco ln a nd S t E dmund H a l l i n 1 879 , a nd a tB a l l io l , B ra senose , J esus , P embroke , Wadham a nd Wo rces ter i n 1 883 . H e f o rged t he se n ew c onnex ion s w h i le h i s f a ther w a s s en io r p a r tne r , a sw e c an s e e f r om t he d raf ts o f h i s l e t te r s i n as u rv iv ing l e t te r -book o f 1 879 -86 . H e c on t inued t o w o rk f or E xe te r a nd H er tfo rd C o l lege ( a s Magda len H a l l b ecame i n 1 874 ) , b u t may h ave l o s t A l l S ou ls , a pa r t f r om l i b ra ry r epa i r s , i n1 887 f o rs ome y ea r s

t h es ame a s4 6% i n1 868 . A tA l l S ou ls t h ed in ing h a l l w a sp ar t ly r e f aced a nd t he p a rape t a nd b a t t lemen t s l a rge ly r ep laced f or £ 9 11 a nd p a tch ing o nt h e g a te towe rc ame t o£ 198 . A tP emb roke a l t h e b a s ic s t onewo rk a nd c arpen t ry f o rC .E .Kempe 's l av ish R ena is sance r edeco ra t ion b rough t i n £ 810 , mo s t ly i n 1 884 . A t T r in i ty a n e n t ire ly n ew k ind o f b u i ld ing , a n e ng ineer ing l abo ra to ry ( j us t b es ide E dwa rd Know le s 's f i r s t h ome a tt h eb ack g a t e )c o s t£ 431 . T h is s ma l l -sca le c on s t ru c t ion w a sw i th in t h ef i rm 's u sua l r epe r to i re . A much l a rge rj ob a tJ e su sC o l lege , ma rk ing an ew d epa r tu re , w a s t he r ebu i ld ing o ft h e b ack w ing o f t h e P r inc ipa l 's L odg ing s ( now S ta ir case 1 4 ) t ot he d es igns o fB od ley a nd G a rne r b e tween May 1 884 a nd F eb rua ry 1 885 .P r inc ipa lH a rpu rs eem st oh ave me t t h e f u l l c o s t o f£ 3613 , o f wh ich t he c on t rac t was f or £ 2450 .

O ver t he

n ex t f ew

y ears

T .R .Know les c a r r ied o u t an umbe r o f modes t c on t rac t s , q u i te l a rge sca le b y t h ef i rm 's t r ad i t iona l s t anda rds , a s a t Hor spa th Mano r n o ted b e low , w i thou te ve rc om ing t od epend o n s uch w o rk . T homa s R icha rd c ou r ted t he h eads o f t he l a rge n umbe r o f s em i-pub l ic a nd a cadem ic i n s t i tu t ions t ha t h ad c ome i n to b e ing , s o t ha t h i s wo rk i nt h is c a tego ry a ccoun ted f o r£ 747 o r 8% o ft h et o ta lf r om s i x teen b od ies , c ompa red w i th £ 35 o r 3 .5% i n 1 868 f r om ac hu rch , as choo l a nd a n a sy lum . T he G eo logy D epa r tmen t o f t he Un ive r s i ty Mu seum p a id n i ne s h i l l ing s a nd t wopence f o r -t ak ing d own a nd r e f ix ing I t chyo sau ru s&l e t ter ing o ns t and " . 5 7

I n 1 885 o ne h undred a nd f our b us iness a nd

h ad d ive r s if ied i n to r oof ing a nd p l a s te r ing i nt h e

d ome s t ic c l ien t sa l toge the rp a id £ 3420 ( compa red

e a r ly 1 830 sa nd t h a th i sf a the rh ad a dded c a rpen t ry

w i th s even ty -one p ay ing £ 357 i n 1 868 ) o r3 6% o f

b y 1 857 ,w hen h eh imse lf w a ss even teen

t o ta l s a le s( t he s ame a si n1 868 ) . I nH o lywe l l t h e re w a s n o v e ry g rea t c hange : t h ir ty -fou r c us tome r s

H e s oon r e ached a s e t t lemen t w i th h i s mo the r ,

p a id £ 220 ( compa red w i th t wen ty -seven p ay ing

g i v ing w ay o n mo s tp o in t s i ne xchange f o rg r ea t ly

£ 107 ) , b u t t h e t we lve c l ien ts o u t s ide Oxfo rd p a id

r educed i n te re s t o n t he s um s o wed . H e w ro te t o

£ 3420 ( compa red w i th t h ree p ay ing £ 20 i n 1 868 .

J ames Knox H a r t , aH er tfordsh ire f anner a nd

Mos t o f t h is l a rge s um w as f o r an ew w ing a nd

n e ighbour o fh i s p a ren ts a nd b ro the rJ ame s o n 6

o ther a l tera t ions a t H or spa th Manor f o r Mr

March 1 888 , t hank ing h im f o r h i s " t ac t a nd

A .O .P r icka rd .

p e r seve r ance" w h i le "mo s tg ene rou s ly" a c t ing " t he p a r to fp eac emake r " . A f am i ly d ispu te R econc i l ia t ion m ay h ave b een t a ken f u r the ra tt h e

A f te rt h ed ea th o fh i sf a the ri n May 1 887 ,T homa s

f unera l af ew d ays l a ter o f h i s m o the r 's e l des t

R icha rd Know les r ap id ly f ound h imse lf a t t h e

b ro the r , R obe r tE a s t . O n 1 6 Ap r i l 1 888 M rJ u s t ice

c en t re o f as e r iou s d i sag reemen t w i th h i s mo the r ,

C h i t ty c onf irmed t he s e t t lemen t i n c hamber s .

n od oub te gged o nb yh e rs on sa nd d augh te rs e t t led

T homas R icha rd K now les w a s t oo we h i s mo the r

a round h e r i n H e r tfo rd sh ire , a bou t e xac t ly h ow

t h e £ 768 , p ay ing h e r £ 12 a y ea r i n teres t . O n h e r

much o f t h e f i rm 's a s se t s w ere t r u ly h i s . T he

d ea th i tw a s t ob e d educ ted f r om h i s s ha re o fh i s

d i spu te w as o ve r t he f i rm 's s t ock i n t r ade a nd

f a ther 's e s ta te . B o th s i des w e re t op ay t h e ir o wn

p l an t , v a lued a t£ 768 w hen h e t ook t h e b u s ine s s

c os t s . Mo the r a nd s on r e sumed q u i te a f fab le , i f

o ve rf r om h i s f a the ra nd t h e b ook d eb t s o w ing a t

s l igh t ly s t if f , r e la t ions . A l ong s t r ing o f l e t te r s

t h a t t ime . O n 2 6 O c tobe r Ma rga re t K now le s a nd

b e tween t h em s u rv ives f r om 1 89 1 , mo s t ly a bou t

h e r s o l ic i to r C ha r les Ma I lam o f O xfo rd i s sued a

r e ce ip t sa nd b a lance shee t s .

p r in ted w r i t i nC hance ry . O n 5D ecembe r H en ry C ow ley t h ef i rm 's c l e rk w ro te t oW .H . Wa lsh t h e

The f i rm 's w ork b e tween 1 886 a nd 1 892

f i rm 's Ox fo rd s o l ic i to r ,e s t ima t ing t h ed eb t so w ing a s£ 348 .T homa sR icha rd h ad b or rowed o rp e rhap s

We c an b r ie f ly g l ance a ts ome o ft h ec ons tan tf l ow

b een d eemed t o h ave b or rowed £ 500 f r om h i s

o f wo rk , c on t rac ts f or s ma l l n ew b u i ld ings ,

f a the rs ot h a tt h ei n te re s tw ou ld p rov ide a ni n come

e x tens ions , r e furb ishmen ts a nd r epa ir s , t ha t

f o rh i sp a ren t s .

T homa sR icha rd K now le s managed t oa t t rac t .

H is p r in ted S t a temen to fD e fence w a sd e l ive red o n

Co l leges

1 7D ecembe rb yA lf red W .Rowden o ft h eL ondon s o l ic i tor s P owna l l , C ro ss & K no t t , a c t ing f o r

I n 1 886 h e u nde rp inned t h e s ou th w a l l o fL inco ln

Wa lsh . Wh i le p repa r ing i th es c r ibb led d own s ome

C o l lege C hape l a nd r ebu i l t o ne o f t h e b u t t res ses

n o te si n al i t t le n o tebook t h a ts urv ives g lued t ot h e

( added t o t he c hape l i n

f r on t c ove r o f ah ouseho ld a ccoun t b ook t h a t h e

T owne send 's f o r eman H en ry B a rke r ) ; r e s to red t h e

a nd h i sw if eu sed i n te rm i t ten t ly b e tween 1 871 a nd

S ac r is ty a t Me r ton ( l ong u sed a s ab r ewhou se ) ;a nd

1 892 . H is s t a temen t " Bus iness s t onema son &

b u i l t an ew s t ab les a nd h a rness -room f o r t h e

b r ick laye r so n ly w hen Iw a s2 1 . . . G radua l ly a dded

P re s iden to fT r in i ty ,b yt h eb ack g a te o nS tG i le s .

1 789 b y S tephen

o ne b ranch a f te rt h eo the r " i sn o tb o rne o u tb y t h e e v idence o ft h e f i rm 's b ook s wh ich s how c l ea r ly

I n 1 887 t h e l a rges tj ob w a s a tA l l S ou ls , r e fac ing

t h a th i s g randfa the rT homa sK now les t h ey ounge r

much o ft h e s ou the rn p a r to ft he E a s tr ange o ft h e 5 8

g rea t

Nor th

Quadrang le

( wh ich

Wi l l iam

Know les b i l ls t o f i ve c o l leges ( i n £ )

T ownesend h ad b u i l ti n1 7 15 -34 ) . 1 885-9

A tt h e h e igh t o fh i s s ucces s i nt h e 1 880 s , T homa s

Y e a r

A l l S

R icha rd K now le s w a s d o ing w o rk o fo ne k ind o r

1 885

2 54+144 10

1 886

1 80

1 67

2 9

1 887

1 98+310 8 5

1 02

1 35

1 48

a no the r f o r f i f teen o f t he t wen ty h i s tor ic ( and w ea l th ier ) c o l leges . B u t i n 1 889 h e l o s t t he a ccoun t s a tQ ueen s C o l lege a nd Magda len , b o th c o l lege sw he r e t h ef i rm , a sT owne send s , h ad b u i l t v e ry e x ten s ive ly i nt h ee a r ly e i gh teen th c en tu ry a nd

E xe te r

H e r t fo rd L inco ln N ewC 1 03

8 7 2

9 1 12

1 888

9 6

1 84

4 8

1 79

2 85

1 889

1 02

6 0

4 7

2 15

1 69

T o ta l

104

6 06

3 29

6 18

8 05

c on t inued t oc a r ry o u tr epa ir sa nd a l te ra t ion sf o rt h e n ex t c en tu ry a nd a h a lf . B efore h i s d ea th t he n umbe r d ropped t ot h ir teen , t h ree o fw h ich g ave 1 890-4

K now le sv e ry l i t t le w o rk . 1 890

2 65

11

6 1

7 2

1 83

1 891

16

9 2

9 3

1 60

1 /1

1 892

2 6

5 3

7 1

7 63

1 46

1 893

3 1

1 50

5 0

11

1 //

1 894

1 68

2 8

2 8

3 69

1 81

T o ta l

6 06

4 34

3 03

1 475

7 54

1 895-9 1 895

3 9

/ 5

3 9

1 35

3 42

1 896

3 7

3 3

5 4

2 05

1 68

1 897

4 1

2 1

4 8

5 5

1 91

1 898

5 2 -049 2 2

5 3

/ 06

1 63

1 899

l o s t

6 01

8 64

T o ta l

4 18

1 02

1 94

Y ea r

A l l S

E xe te r

H e r t fo rd L inco ln N ewC

R es iden t ia l a nd v ar ious THO MAS R ICHARD KNO WLES I N ABOUT 1 890

I n 1 890 h e c onve r ted p a r t o f L inco ln C o l lege S t ab le so nt h ec o rne ro ft h eT u r l a nd Ma rke tS t ree t i n to al e c tu r er oom a nd r ef i t ted S ta ir ca se s 7a nd 8 . I n1 89 1 h er e deco r a ted t h em a in P ic tu re G a l le ry o f t h e Un iver s i ty G a l ler ies ( now t h e A shmo lean 's We s te rn A r tD epa r tmen t ) .I n1 892 h er e cons t ruc ted a l t h e d ra in s a tB raseno se a nd c a r r ied o u t l a rge r e pa ir sf o r Or ie l .

I n 1 888 K now le sa dded a n u ppe rf l oo rt ot h e m a in w es t w ing o fF rew in H a l l , al a rge h ouse w e s t o f C o rnma rke tt h a tb e longed t oB ra seno se .T he c l ien t f o rt h is r a the rp r e s t ig iou sp r iva te c omm iss ion w a s p resumab ly L ance lo t S hadwe l l , l aw t u to ro fO r ie l C o l lege who h ad a cqu ired t h el e a se . Know les s en t t h e a r ch i tec tT .G .Jackson af i rm n o te i nO c tobe r 1 888 a sk ing f o r" ac e r t if ica te o nt h ew o rk a tF rew in H a l lf o r£ 500 a ty ou re a r l ies tc onven ience" ,b u tt h e f i rm 's r ema in ing b ook s ,w h ich d e ta i lm ino rr e pa ir s 5 9

a t S hadwe l l 's p rev iou s h ouse i n S t G i les a nd a t

I n 1 891 h er enova ted N o s 1 02 -3 H igh S t r ee t w i th

F rew in H a l l a f ter h eh ad moved i n , d o n o ts e em t o

1 3 O r ie l S t ree t f o r O r ie l , c on t inu ing i n 1 892 o n

r e co rd t h e ma jo rc on t rac t ,w h ich may h ave n eeded

o t he rO r ie lh ouse sn ea rby ; h er oof ed t h es ou th p a r t

as pec ia la ccoun t -book .

o fA venue F ou ro ft h eC ove red Ma rke t . The f am i ly i n 1 890 a nd e ven ts o f 1 892

I n 1 890 Me r ton s o ld f i ve h ou ses c l o se t ot h ey a rd , N o s2 5 -29 H o lywe l l ,t o Manche s te rC o l lege . O ve r t h e n ex t f ou r y ea r s , K now le s r e furb ished f ou r o f

I n 1 890 t h e i mmed ia te f am i ly c ompr ised T homa s

t hem . A lso i n 1 890 Me r ton d ec ided , p robab ly

R icha rd K now les , a ged f o r ty -n ine w i th h i s w ife

u nde rp re s su re f r om B a l l io lt ow hom t h ey h ad s o ld

Ma ry A nn o r" Po l l ie" , a sh e rb ro the rc a l led h e ri n

l a nd b eh ind , t o e l im ina te t wo mo re h ou ses , N o s

l e t te r s ,a nd t h ef ou rc h i ld ren w ho r ema ined a f te rt h e

2 2 -23 Ho lywe l l , t o e x tend Mansf ie ld R oad , l a id

l o s s o ft h e t wo e l de rd augh te r s ,T homa s w ho w as

o u t i nt h e 1 870 s , s ou th t oH o lywe l l . K now le s p u t

n ine teen , E dwa rd s even teen , H a ro ld t h i r teen a nd

u p t he n eces sa ry h oa rd ing s , d emo l ished t h e t wo

Mane n i ne .

h ouses a nd t h e ir y a rd - a nd g a rden -wa l ls a nd m ade g ood o ne i the rs i de o ft h en ew r oad w i th n ew w a l ls a nd f ences ,a l li n 1 890 .

Am id h i s c ease less a c t iv i ty , T homas R icha rd s udden ly b ecame i l a t t h e e nd o f 1 892 . On 7 D ecembe r , i n al e t ter t o t h e B u r sa r o f Wadham a bou tr e new ing t h el e a se o f3 6H o lywe l l , h ew ro te " I h ave b een v e ry u nwe l l s i nce t he m idd le o f N ovembe r" a nd s a id t h a t h e h ad a sked h i s c l e rk , H enry C ow ley , t o" ca l l f o rm e" . O n2 9D ecembe r h e d i ed a ged o n ly f i f ty two . H ew a sb rough td own f r om h i s h ome a t H ead ing ton t o b e b ur ied i n H o lywe l l C eme tery o n 2J anua ry 1 893 .H is w idow w a sb u r ied b es ide h im o n 4Augus t 1 899 a tt h ea ge o ff i f ty -n ine ,a l so a s ar e s iden to fH ead ing ton . P r inc ipa l work s o f Tho mas R ichard Know les 1 885-9 1 885

A l l S ou ls , h a l l p a rape t &c

£ 148 1

UL i148 BB275

1 885

B r a seno se

£ 264

CC97

1 885

E xe te r

£ 110

UL i290

H e r t fo rd

£ 431

UL i237

1 885

J 56 f 1 885

J e sus

£ 157

CC210

1 885

L inco ln

£ 87

UL i UL i278

T .R .KNO WLES ( LO WER R IGHT ) , H IS SON

1 885

Magda len

£ 137

T .E .KNO WLES ( CENTRE TOP ) AND SO ME OF

1 885

N ew C o l lege

£ 106

UL i269

THE IR MEN I N ABOUT 1 891

1 885

O r ie l

£ 217

CC53

1 885

P emb roke

£ 476

CC 1 8

1 885

T r in i ty ,M i l la rd L ab

£ 431

CC30

6 0

1 885

Wo r ce s te r

£ 206

CC185

1 885

O x fo rd H igh S choo l ( g ir ls )

£ 171

UL i451

1 885

R adc l if fe I n f irma ry

£ 358

CC131

1 885

E l l is ton & C ave l l

£ 101

BB328

1 885

1G eo rge S t( F le tche r )

£ 354

BB433

1 885

1 04 -5 H igh S t( Or ie l )

£ 198

BB320

1 885

O ld B ank ( H igh S t )

£ 65

CC169

1 885

T u r l S th ouse s ( L inco ln )

£ 100

UL i56

1 885

Wa te rpe r ry ( J .J .Hen ley )

£ 112

BB138

1 885 -6

H o r spa th Mano r( P r icka rd )

£ 3423

BB499

1 886

E xe te r

£ 167

UL i290

1 887

L inco ln

£ 135

UL i

1 888

E xe te r

£ 184

UL i292

1 888

L inco ln

£ 179

UL i

1 889

L inco ln

£ 215

UL i

6 1

CHAPTER S EVEN T homa s E a s tK now les a nd h i s b ro the rE dwa rd : f r om 1 892 t o 1 943 T homa sE a s ta nd E dwa rd J ames E a s t ,t h et wo e l de r

Co l leges

s on sa nd t h e ma in f i gu res i nt h is c hap te r , s udden ly a nd u nexpec ted ly f ound t h emse lve s r unn ing t h e

C o l lege w ork a l so d ropped i n r e a l t e rms f r om

f i rm w hen t hey w e re t wen ty -one a nd n ine teen .

£ 4539 i n1 885 t o£ 3325 i n 1 9 10 ,b u tr o se t o£ 8574

T homa s , who w as t ob e s en io r p a r tne r a nd t h en

i n 1 913 . T h is s t eep r i se was p r inc ipa l ly d ue t oa

C ha irman o f t h e C ompany f o r f i f ty y ea r s , h ad

s i ng le c on t rac tf o r an ew b lock a tB a l l io l .

t r a ined f r om t h e a ge o f s i x teen w i th t h e Oxford c hu rch a r ch i tec t A Ma rdon Mowb ray ,w hose mos t s t r ik ing w o rk i n Ox fo rd ,t h ec hu r ch o fS t Ma ry a nd S tJ ohn o n t h e C ow ley R oad , d a tes f r om 1 875 -83 a nd i t s t ower f r om 1 892 -3 , d a tes w h ich s pan T homa s 's t ime i nt h eo ff ice . Wh i le h ew a st h e r eh e d rew o u t ad es ign f or a n o rna te o rgan -case , p re sen ted b y J ame s Aken o f L ondon t oP a ign ton c hu rch i nD evon ,w h ich w a se xh ib i ted a tt h eR oya l Academy i n

1 887 a nd n ow h angs i n t he

I nt h e 1 880 s , T homa s R icha rd K now les h ad b een d o ing w o rk o fo ne k i nd o ra no the rf o rf i f teen o ft h e t wen ty h i s tor ic ( and w ea l th ier )c o l lege s b u t ,a sw e h ave n o ted ,t h en umbe rd ropped t ot h i r teen b efo r e h i sd ea th , t h ree o ft h em o n ly f o ro cca s iona l w o rk . H is t wo s ons t ook o ve r h i s w o rk a t A l l S ou ls , B a l l io l , B rasenose , E xe ter , H er tford , J esus , L inco ln , N ew C o l lege , O r ie l , P emb roke , Wadham a nd Wo rces te r . B e tween 1 898 a nd 1 900 t h ey l o s t

B oa rd room .

t h e ir p o s i t ion a tE xe te r ,J e sus a nd P emb roke ,s of a r

T he y ounges tb ro the r ,H a ro ld R obe r tE a s t , b o rn i n

c omp le te a tt h is t ime .B y 1 9 10 t h e re w e re o n ly n i ne

Ho lywe l l i n 1 876 , b ecame ab u i lde r s me rchan t i n

h i s to r ic c o l leges o n t h e b ook s ,A l l S ou ls , B a l l io l ,

E nf ie ld , H er tfo rdsh ire , a nd t he o n ly s u rv iv ing

B ra seno se , H e r t fo rd ,L inco ln , N ew C o l lege ,O r ie l ,

s i s te r , Ma r ie F rances b orn i n 1 880 , mar r ied

Wo rces te ra nd ,o cca s iona l ly , Wadham .

a s w e c an t e l l f r om t he r eco rds w h ich a r e n o t

T homa sJ ame s H enman ( 1872 -1949 ) , af a rme r a t I s l ip ,e i gh tm i le st ot h en o r th -ea s to fO x fo rd .T he i r mo the r , t h e w idowed Ma ry A nn K now le s d i ed i n 1 899 , a ged o n ly f i f ty -n ine . D escr ibed a s ' o f H ead ing ton ' s he w a sb ur ied w i th h e rh u sband o n4 Augu s t 1 899 .

We h ave f o l lowed t h ef i rm 's r e l iance o nr epa ir a nd mode rn isa t ion o f ag roup o fc o l lege sf r om t h ef i r s t T homa s K now les 's t ime u n t i l t h e 1 850 s w hen h i s g randson E dwa rd b egan t o l o se i n te res t i n t h is wo rk . A l though T homas R icha rd K now les h ad v igo rou s ly r ev ived o ld c on tac t s a nd f o rged n ew

T he t wo y oung K now leses i n he r i ted as ound a nd

o nes , c o l lege w o rk w a s n eve r s oi mpo r tan t t ot h e

p ro spe rou s b u s ines s . T he t u rnove ri n 1 885 , a sw e

f i rm a ga in . B u ti tr ema ined as t eady c on t r ibu to rt o

h ave s e en , w a s£ 9 ,500 . Twen ty -f ive y ea r sl a te ri n

t h et wo y oung K now leses ' s a les .

1 910 , t h e n ex t y ea rf o r w h ich w e h ave f i gu res , i t w a s £ 15 ,000 b u t w e h ave n o e asy w ay o ft e l l ing h ow many l ows a nd h ighs t h is o vera l l r i se c oncea ls , n or f l uc tua t ions i n d i f f eren t k ind s o f wo rk .T he c o l lege sp rov ided n ea r ly h a lf t h es a le si n 1 885 , d ropped t on o t much mo r e t h an af i f th i n 1 910 ,a nd r o se a ga in t o mo re t h an h a lf i n1 913 .

O ne o f t h e ir f i r s t j obs w as t o c omp le te a l a rge c on t rac ta tB ra seno se w h ich t h e ir f a the rh ad b egun af ew w eek sb efo re h i sd ea th , ac omp le te o ve rhau l o ft h e d ra ins a nd s an i ta ry b lock f o r£ 590 ,f i n ished b y F ebruary 1 892 . O r ie l , ap oo r ly -endowed c o l lege ,h ad £ 575 -wo r th o f wo rk d one t ha ty ea r . 6 2

A tA l l S ou ls i n 1 898 K now le s r e bu i l tt he c o rn ice

Res ident ia l

a nd p a rape to nb o th s i de so ft h ef r on tq uad a nd a l so r e ca sed o ne o ft h ew e s te rn c hape l b u t t res ses f o ra n

I n1 894 t h ey l a id o u t Wh i tehou se L ane ( now R oad )

e s t ima ted p r ice o f£ 248 . A lso i n1 898 t h ey r e bu i l t

o f ft h e A b ingdon R oad , b u i ld ing al ow w a l l a l ong

t h e C ommon R oom S ta ir case i n t he s ou th -wes t

t h e n o r th s i de a nd af ence a l ong t h e s ou th , a l f o r

c o rne r o ft he F ron t Q uad a tB ra seno se f o r £ 204 ;

£ 213 . T h i s w a sf o rB ra seno se C o l lege , o pen ing u p

w ork o n t h is c o l lege a nd i t s O xfo rd p rope r ty

p a r t o f a n o ld c o l lege e s ta te f o r d eve lopmen t . I n

a moun ted t o£ 55 1 . T he s ame y ea r t h ey r e ce ived

1 896 B ra senose d ec ided t oc r ea te a ` honeypoe t o

£ 51 f r om J e sus , £ 697 f r om O r ie l , £ 375 f r om

a t t rac td eve lope r st ot h e ir Wh i tehou se L ane l a ne b y

P emb roke ( i nc lud ing wo rk o n d ra in s ) a nd £ 195

b u i ld ing ap ub a tt h ec or ne ro nt h eA b ingdon R oad .

f r om Worces te r ; d e ta i ls o f w o rk a nd c os t s a t

T he c o l lege c omm iss ioned t h ea r ch i tec to ft h en ew

B a l l io l , H er t fo rd , L inco ln a nd N ew C o l lege a r e

T own H a l l , H .T .Ha re , t o d es ign t h e O ld Wh i te

l o s t .

House ( now F o l ly B r idge I nn ) . T he K now les b ro the r sw on t h ec on t rac tf o r£ 1552 a nd ( w i th £ 134

I n 1 899 t he B rasenose work c on t inued w i th

e x t ras ) c a r r ied o u t H a re 's s t y l ish p l ans ; Mo r re l ls

r e con s t ruc t ing t h eS en io rC ommon R oom Smok ing

B rewe ry t o ok t h el e a se .

R oom f o r £ 342 ; w o rk t he re t o ta l led £ 762 . O r ie l p a id t h e l a rge s um o f £ 2595 f o r r epa i r s t o t h e

DAN: 7 .ES.

c o l lege a nd i t s O x fo rd h ou se -p rope r ty i n 1 898 -9 ;

P o r .KA

much o ft h is w a sf o rr e fac ing a nd r ebu i ld ing i nt h e

S e f

3 .W A LT: 4 . < 2,: ArX ILLZ

f r on tq uad u nde rt h e s uperv is ion o fJ . J .S tevenson ,

Fau .e

5 ,

,S ur 1 4P ier .,

6 . P 4f . D Z Qv .en t 3 : .L

an o ted ' Queen A nne ' a r ch i tec t ,o n ac o s tp lu s 1 0%

3 .

d cr‘c

D r ca ex o fS pr . , . , ,g

b a s is t h a t p roved t o b e w or th £ 1793 . P emb roke

t o .

A 1

p a id £ 509 ,£ 400 o fi to nd ra in s , Wadham £ 103 a nd

l ,

. A C1 10

Ctn . ' SZar a t ekt

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V itx .t .I `Z , ,, ,

b e: to= Apo l to r,

e r se p ; ' ,

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13

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a nd e duca t iona l b u i ld ing s , i n 1 892 f o r an ew r oo f o ve rt h es ou th e nd o fE as t Avenue i nt h eC ove red Ma rke t f or £ 370 , i n 1 894 f or a C hem ica l

THE CENTENARY BALL I N 1 897 : T .E .KNO WLES 'S

L abora to ry a tt h e B oys ' H igh S choo l i nG eo rge

DANCE PROGRA MME

S t ree tf o r£ 529 ( w i th e x t ra so f£ 5 1 )a nd a l so f o rt h e The Know les f am i ly i n 1 900

C i ty T echn ica l S choo l i n S t E bbes S t ree t t o H .W . Moo re 's d es ign f o r £ 314 1 ( w i th e x t ras o f £ 122 ) ; b o th t h e C o l lege o fF u r ther E duca t ion a nd

T he i mmed ia te f am i ly s t i l l h ad ap a ren ta l h ome ,

O x fo rd B rookes Un ive r s i ty d eve loped o u t o f t h e

w he re t h ey mu s th ave m e tr egu la r ly i nt h es umme r

s c hoo l .A t S tE dwa rd s S choo l i n1 898 , b reak ing a

o f 1 900 , b u t i tw a s n o t much o f ah ome a s t h e ir

monopo ly o f t h e r i va l f i rm S ymm a nd C o , t hey

mo ther h ad d i ed ay ea r b e fo re a nd t h ey w e re a l l

b u i l tt h eF ive sC ou r tf o r£ 108 .

mov ing o u to ft h eH e rm i tage ,p r epa r ing t ol e ti ta nd p lann ing t o s e l l . T homas w a s n ow t wen ty -n ine , E dwa rd t wen ty -seven a nd H a ro ld t wen ty th ree , 6 3

a b le t ol ook b ack o nt h e i re ne rge t ic f oo tba l l ing d ays when ,t oge the r , t h ey w e re c on sp icuous a mong t h e f ounde r so ft h eH ead ing ton U n i ted F oo tc lub C lub , w h ich w a s l o ng a f te rwa rds , a sO xfo rd U n i ted , t o r e ach t h e F i r s tD iv is ion i n 1 986 a nd w in t he M i lk C up . I ni t s e a r ly d ays T homas h ad b een t h e C lub S ecre ta ry a nd H a ro ld c ap ta in w hen t h ey w on t h e ir f i r s tc up . Ma r ie F rances , t h e o n ly s u rv iv ing s i s te r , w as n ow n ine teen . T he y oung K now lese s s eem t oh ave b een f a ir ly c l ose t o t he ir u nc les , a un t s a nd f i r s t c ous ins i n H e r t fo rd sh i re , b u t may h ave s e en l e s so ft h e ir mo re d is tan t f arm ing c ous ins i n B erksh ire a nd O xfo rd sh ire . THE F IRM 'S CRAFTS MEN AND LABOURERS

The f i rm 's work

1 900 -1914

AT 1 3 NORHA M GARDENS I N 1 907

I n 1 900 t he K now les b ro the r s b u i l t aC r icke t

A s S i r W i l l iam O s ler , t he t wen ty -f ir s t R eg ius

P av i l ion f o rT r in i ty C o l lege o n t h e Ma r s ton R oad

P rof es so r o f Med ic ine , h e w a s t o p rove t h e mos t

s por ts g round , n o r th -ea s t o f t h e c i ty c en t re , a ta

d i s t ingu ished a nd b es t loved h o lde ro ft h ec ha i r .H e

c on t rac t p r ice o f£ 870 w i th £ 19 -wor th o f e x t ra s .

w en t a broad w h i le t h e w o rk w a s d one , l e av ing

T he f o l low ing y ea rt h ey b u i l ta no the r ,f o rQ ueens

"money f o r ab ig d inne r " f o ra l l t h e w o rkmen . S i r

C o l lege o nB ra senose l a nd o f ft h e Ab ingdon R oad ,

W i l l iam r ema ined p opu la r ; a ny man c a l led i nt od o

s ou th o ft h ec i ty c en t re ; t h ej ob ,w o r th £ 1116 ,w i th

r epa ir su pt ot h et ime o fh i sd ea th i n1 9 19 c ou ld b e

£ 93 o f e x t ra s , w as s ubcon t rac ted f r om C ha r les

s u re o f" ag ood t i p " .I n1 908 t h ef i rm b u i l tN o s3 38

C u r t is . S ome o f t h e r egu la r c o l lege ma in tenance

a nd 3 40 B anbu ry R oad f o r E . J .E .Know les , w ho

was

moved i n to N o3 38 .

s ubs tan t ia l ,

w ith

B rasenose

n eed ing

£ 1461-wo r th o f w ork i n 1 900 -04 a nd £ 1911 i n 1 905 -09 . O r ie l , much l e s s w e l l -endowed , s pen t

F rom 1 9 10 , w hen t h ey h ad af i nanc ia l r e fo rm , t o

£ 4263 i n1 905 -09 .

1 958 t h e f i rm 's f i na l a ccoun t s s u rv ive i n t wo ' Impe r sona l L edge r s ' . S a le si n1 9 10 w e re £ 15 ,009

T he b ro the r s s e tu pt h e B oe r Wa rm emo r ia l a tt h e

o f w h ich c o l lege w o rk c ame t o £ 3325 , £ 11 ,000

P la in ( now i n Ho l loway ) a nd t r ied t he ir h and a t

f rom ' C i ty ' c us tomer s , £ 579 f r om Memor ia ls ,

h ou se -bu i ld ing , an ew f i e ld f o rK now les a l be i tt h e

£ 156 f r om f am i ly m embe r s a nd £ 8 o the r s . T he

ma ins tay o f s ome n ow w e l l -es tab l ished O x fo rd

s ubs id ia ry t o ta ls a l l r o se a nd f e l l ag ood d ea l ; i n

b u i lde r s . I n 1 904 t h ey b u i l tN o s2 9a nd 3 1 H i l l top

1 912 c o l lege w o rk , a t£ 6157 amoun ted t on ea r ly

R oad a nd i n 1 905 No s 2 4 , 2 6 a nd 2 8 M ins te r

h a lf o ft h ef a ir ly l ow s a le so f£ 13 ,9 10 ,b u tt h en ex t

R oad ,n ea rD iv in i ty R oad . I n 1 906 -7 t he f i rm b u i l t

y ea r , a t£ 8547 , c ame t o mo re t h an h a lf t h e h igh ,

al a rge e x ten s ion , d es igned b y N .G .Ha r r ison , t o

p erhap st h eh ighe s te ve r , s a le so f£ 16 ,644 .

No 1 3 N o rham G a rdens , i n s ta l l ing t he amaz ing n umbe ro ff ou rb a th rooms f o rt h e B o s ton ian w if e

A s o l d c us tomer sd r if ted a way , n ew o ne se ngaged

o ft h e ir mo s tp r es t ig iou sa nd p opu la rp r iva te c l ien t ,

t h ef i rm 's s e rv ice s . I n 1 9 10 K now le s c onso l ida ted

t h e e m inen t C anad ian p hys ic ian W i l l iam O s le r ,

al ong a s soc ia t ion w i th Manche s te r C o l lege , a

who w a sc a l led f r om B a l t imo r et oO x fo rd .

Un i ta r ian s em ina ry f ounded i n 1 786 w h ich h ad 6 4

moved t o Oxfo rd i n 1 889 , b ough t ar ow o f o ld

I n t h e c ou r se o f t he 1 920 s t h e K now les b ro the r s

h ou ses i nH o lywe l l a nd ,j u s t r ound t h e c o rne r i n

t ook t wo c on s ide rab le s t ep s t owa rd s modern is ing

Mansf ie ld R oad , p u tu p ad ou rG o th ic q uad f a ced

t h eb u s ines s .O n 1A ugu s t 1 924 t h ey e ngaged C y r i l

i n m i l ls tone -gr i t t o t he d es igns o f T homa s

G eo rge R ober t s , a lways k nown a s ' Sk ippe r ' f r om

Wor th ing ton o f Manches ter i n 1 891-93 . I n

h i s l ong s e rv ice w i th t h e C oun ty C r icke t C lub .

1 890 -94 t h e f i rm h ad a l ready r e fu rb ished t h e o ld

C y r i l h ad b een ap a r tne ri nC oppock & R obe r t s o f

h ouses t h a t t he c o l lege b ough t i n Ho lywe l l . I n

1a S t A lda tes ; h e w as t o s e rve K now les a s

1 910 -18 t h ey d id £ 311-wo r th o fr epa ir s ; i n 1 9 19

manage ra nd c on f idan t . H e may h ave e ncouraged

£ 1055 ; i nt h e 1 920 s£ 3068 a nd i nt h e e a r ly 1 930 s

t h em t h a ts ame y ea rt os t a r tt h eL oose L ea fJ ou rna l

£ 829 .

me thod o fa ccoun t ing f o rl a rge rc on t rac t s N o tl ong

Du r ing t h e F i r s t Wo r ld Wa rt h et u rnove rp l unged .

aL im i ted C ompany ,w i th T homa sE a s tK now le sa s

S a le si n1 917 ,a t£ 6 ,669 c ame t o am e re 4 0% o ft h e

t h ef i r s t Manag in gD i rec to r .

a f te r ,o n2 8 Ap r i l 1 928 ,t h ey r eg is te red t h ef i rm a s

1 913 p eak o f £ 16 ,664 . T h roughou t t he w a r , c o l lege r epa ir s a nd , a tA l l S ou ls , an ew l i b rary a nnexe , f o rmed a r e l iab le b ackbone f o rt h e f i rm , p rov id ing 2 5 -40% o fT o ta l S a les . Memo r ia lw o rk , t r ag ica l ly , r o se s t ead i ly a nd i n exo rab ly f r om £ 579 i n 1 9 10 t o£ 910 i n 1 9 14 a nd £ 1366 i n 1 9 18 ; a nd a f te rt h ew a r ,a se ve ry s ma l lv i l lage c ommemo ra ted i t s men , s oa red t o £ 3353 i n 1 920 a nd £ 2732 i n 1 921 . T he 1 910 f i gu re r ep resen ts 4% o ft u rnove r , t h e 1 920 f i gu re 1 2% . A f te r t h e w a r , i n 1 9 19 a nd d u r ing t h e Twen t ies , s a le s r o se f r om £ 19 ,000 i n 1 919 t o £ 26 ,000 i n 1 920 ,b u td i pped a ga in a to nce t o£ 17 ,000 i n1 921 . T he 1 920 f i gure w as s u rpassed o n ly i n 1 936 . C o l lege w o rk , wh i le r ema in ing ac en t ra lp a r to ft h e f i rm 's a c t iv i ty ,s l ipped g radua l ly . O f t h e e i gh t c o l leges w h ich h ad r ema ined w i th Know le s a nd S on t h roughou t t he w a r , B a l l io l d ropped o u ti n1 920 a nd A l l S ou ls i n1 923 ;n e i the r b reak w a st o ta l a nd t h ef i rm c on t inued t ow o rk i n B a l l io l C hape l u n t i l 1 924 a nd , o n as l igh t b u t r egu la rb a s is a tt h eC od r ing ton L ib ra ry a tA l l S ou ls u n t i l a f t e r 1 938 . Wadham e mp loyed t h ef i rm mo re p ermanen t ly f r om 1 926 , s o t ha t s even c o l leges w e r e s t i l l e mp loy ing t h ef i rm o n ar egu la rb a s is i n

D I I 1 -±RENT S TYLES I N OUT INGS : ABOVE , TO

1 930 . I n te rm i t ten tp rog rammes o fu pda t ing a tt h e

WOODSTOCK I N 1 897 , THE CENTENARY YEAR ;

h i s tor ic M i t re j io te l i n 1 922 -24 a nd a tt h e g r and

BELO W , TO EVESHA M I N 1 927

V ic to r ian R ando lph H o te l i n1 923 -28 h e lped k eep t h em en b u sy i n s tead .

6 5

T hey r ema ined f l ex ib le , b u i ld ing a f ew h ouses ,

L inco ln s pen t £ 2147 o n r epa ir s i nt h e 1 910 s a nd

s uch a s 5 5 a nd 5 7 H am i l ton R oad i n 1 924 , 2 9

a no the r£ 1956 i n 1 9 19 c onve r t ing t h eo ld R ec to r 's

L a thbu ry R oad i n1 925 a nd 6 10 B icke r ton R oad i n

L odg ing s t oc o l lege r ooms i n 1 919 ; £ 9757 i nt h e

' New ' H ead ing ton i n 1 929 , w h i le c on t inu ing t h e

1 920s , o f wh ich £ 3973

ma in tenance wo rk a tc o l lege sa nd s choo ls , wh ich

s t onewo rk , much o fi tp i ecemea lp a tch ing a l ong t h e

w e re n ow b ecom ing mo re i mpo r tan t . Among much

T u l l S t ree t f r on t ; a nd o n ly £ 1758 o n r epa ir s a nd

e l se i n 1 920 , wo rk f o r B ra seno se c ame t o£ 2693 ,

£ 279 o n t h e s t onewo rk o ft he c hape l w indows i n

r epa i r s a tN ew C o l lege t o£ 5 10 a nd ac on t rac tf o r H er tfo rd t o£ 1400 . I n 1 921 r epa ir s a tB ra seno se

t h e 1 930 s .

b rough t i n£ 1229 , a tN ew C o l lege £ 700 a nd n ew

H e r t fo rd s pen t£ 587 o nr epa ir si nt h e 1 910 s ;£ 1697

d ra ins a nd WCs a tA l l S ou ls £ 1567 .T he s ame k ind

i n t he

o f wo rk w en t o n c ons tan t ly , much o f i t i n

b u i ld ing -con t rac t n o ted a bove ; a nd £ 3920 i nt h e

s ucce s s ive L ong V aca t ions . I ti n c luded f o rm ing a

1 930 s .T he v a ry ing c i rcums t ance sa nd p e r sona l i t ie s

Smok ing R oom a tA l l S ou ls i n 1 922 f o r £ 595 ;

o fe ach c o l lege , a nd o fc ou r se t h e i n vo lvemen to f

r enew ing s t onewo rk a tL inco ln i n 1 923 f o r£ 633

o t he r b u i ld ing f i rm s , r i ch ly d ese rve i n ve s t iga t ion ,

wh ich i n vo lved c a r v ing a nd p u t t ing u p af a cs im i le

t oh e lp u sr e a l ly u nde r s tand t he O x fo rd s t ree t -scene

o f t h e G o th ick b ay w indow b y t h e c hape l w h ich

o f t oday . T hose o f u s who c an s t i l l r emembe r

T homa s Know le s t h e e l de r h ad d e s igned a nd p u t

p re - Wa r Ox fo rd h ave f o rgo t ten mo s t o fw ha t w e

u pi n 1 818 ; n ew b a th sa tN ew C o l lege i n1 924 f o r

h ea rd o ro b se rved a bou ti t sd ay to -day d e ta i l .

w en t o n r ep lac ing

1 920s , w i th a no ther £ 1400 o n t he

£ 730 ; s e t t ing u p ab u s to fJ ohn We s ley a tL inco ln i n1 926 f o r£ 42 ( w i th much o t he rw o rk ) ;a nd f i t t ing u p ac e l la rb ook s to re a tB ra seno se u nde rt h el e c tu r e r oom i n1 927 f o r£ 1785 .As i gn o fc hang ing t ime s c ame i n 1 929 when t h e f i rm a l te red N o s 1 8 -2 1 H igh S t ree t , o ve r t h e s hop s b y A l l S a in t s c hu rch , t o b e c o l lege r ooms f o r B ra senose f o r £ 3786 , S en t imen t a nd c os t b o th t o ld a ga in s t ac omp le te r ebu i ld ing w i th y e ta no ther g r and s t one f a cade o n H igh S t ree t . Du r ing t h e 1 930 s O r ie l , o ne o f t h e f i rm 's s even h i s to r ic c o l leges , d ropped o u t i n 1 933 , l e av ing B ra senose , H er tfo rd , L inco ln , N ew C o l lege a nd Wadham a st h er egu la r sd emand ing f r equen tm ino r

G .R .COOPER I RON MONGER , 1 939 ( DEMOL ISHED )

a nd s ome t ime s q u i te m a jo r r e pa i r s . B a l l io l c a l led t h ef i rm i nf o rr e gu la rm a in tenance f o r1 936 -38 a nd

T he 1 930 s a l so s aw K now les a nd S on b u i ld ing

Queen sg ave t h em l a rge c on t rac t sf o rs t onewo rk i n

mo re h ouses t han p rev ious ly . Mo s t o ft h em w e re

1 935 -36 . B ra senose r ema ined o ne o f t h e f i rm 's

d es igned b y G uy K now les a nd w i l l c ome i n to t h e

b es t c u s tome r s w i th £ 60 ,000 -wor th o f b u s ines s

l a s t c hap te r . F er ry H ink sey Mano r , r e s to red a nd

w i th T .E .Know les i nf i f ty y ea r s . O ft h is w e l l o ve r

e n la rged f o rS ho l to D oug la si n 1 930 -32 f o r£ 3495 ,

£ 4500 w a s i nt h e 1 890 s , o ve r£ 3300 i nt h e e a r ly

s e rve s a s af i ne e xamp le o ft he f i rm 's c apab i l i t ie s

1 900 s , p robab ly o ve r£ 5000 i nt h e 1 910 s , d esp i te

w i th h i s to r ic h ou se si nt h a tp er iod .A l though al a rge

Wor ld Wa r Ia nd t h e l o s s o f s ome r ecords , £ 25 ,438 i nt h e 1 920 sa nd £ 17 ,6 37 i n1 930 -38 ( t he

p ropo r t ion o fe ach y ea r 's s a les c ame ,a se ve r ,f r om a l ter ing , r e s to r ing a nd mode rn is ing , t owa rds t h e

f i gu res f o r 1 939 -42 s e em t ob el o s t ) .

e nd o f t h e d ecade mo re empha s is w as p l aced o n

6 6

w inn ing c on s t r uc t ion -con t rac t s . Among t h e se w e re t h e Ancho rI n n ,d e s igned b yA .C .L eed ,i nP o ls tead R oad i n 1 938 , t he C ong rega t iona l ( now U n i ted R eform ) C hape l o n Ma r s ton R oad i n 1 938 -9 a nd ,

1 905-9

f o r £ 15 ,000 i n 1 939 , al a rge f our -s to rey f r on t b l ock f o r G .R .Coope r i r onmonge r s a nd b u i lde r s m e rchan t s , d e s igned b y H a r ry Sm i th w i th a t a l l ` J azz -modern ' w indow o n t h e c orner o f Queen S t ree ta nd S tE bbe 's .

1 905

6 53

1 906

7 3

1 33

1 907

3 4/

8 18

1 908

4 35

9 46

1 909

3 98

9 45

150

Know le s b i l l s t o f i ve c o l leges ( £ ) T o ta l 1 910-4

1 890 -4 Y ea r

A l l S

BNC

H er t f

L ine

O r ie l

Y ea r

A l l S

BNC

1 910

8 12

1 911

1 890 1 89 1

1 60

1 892

5 90

1 893 1 894

1 523

7 63

5 75

11

2 80

3 69

3 79

H e r t f

L ine

O r ie l

4 12

8 5

4 71

/ 1/

4 07

1 349

7 3

2 06

4 42

1 912

5 47

5 29

2 5

3 31

5 64

1 913

1 028

7 99

4 1

5 71

3 22+

1 914

5 49

8 0+

1 83

4 1

4 05+

T o ta l

T o ta l

1 915-9

1 895-9 1 895 1 896

5 18

4 64

1 897

3 06

4 75

5 51

6 97

7 62

2 598

1 898

1 915

5 88

4 1

82

242

1 916

5 5

1 8

1 9

3 61

1 917

2 3

1 5

4 8

1 92

1 9 18

3 0

3 56

2 1

5 7

?

1 919

6 9

1 462

8 5

2 277

2 98

2 48

1 899

T o ta l

T o ta l

1 920-4

1 900-4 Y ea r

A l l S

BNC

H e r t f

L inc

O r ie l

A l l S

BNC

H e r t f

L ine

O r ie l

1 920

7 9

2 963

1 485

1 76

0

1 900

3 6

1 90 1

/ 90

1 921

1 588

1 229

3 3

6 53

0

1 902

4 19

1 9/ 2

8 20

1 376

2 59

3 77

0

1 903

3 20

1 9 ' 23

4 2

1 663

2 6

6 33

0

1 904

3 96

1 924

2 0*

1 675

1 65

1 472

0

2 211

3 311

0

T o ta l

8 96

Y ea r

T o ta l

6 7

1 925-9 1 893

1 994

1 43

9 32

2 625

3 56

1 832

B a l l io l , r ep s+ho s

£ 173

DD8 17

1 927

3 235

3 10

2 643

O r ie l , r ep s+ho s

£ 280

DD739 ,754

1 928

3 262

1 53

7 48

5 506

1 65

2 9 1

B ra seno se ,h a l l+chape lr epa ir s

£ 1523

DD876

1 6532

127

O r ie l , r ep s+ho s

£ 379

DD767 ,883

B oy s H igh S choo l , C hem ica l L ab

£ 529+5 1 DD676

1

1 925 1 926

1 929

1 9

•

T o ta l

1 894

6 446

C i ty T echn ica l S choo l , C hu rch S t , S tE bbe s

1 930-4 Y ea r

A l l S

aH WMoo r e( £ 3141con t rac t )

BNC

H e r t f

L inc

O r ie l

£ 3263

DD574

Wh i teho L a , Nw a l l & Sf ence ( BNC )£ 213 U /L473

1 930

3

1 729

2 31

2 40

5 51

1 931

•

2 394

2 86

4 16

3 18

1 932

/

2 102

1 90

4 96

2 81

1 850

4 78

19

6 5

J e su s , r ep s+ho s

2 210

2 85

3 1

0

O r ie l , r ep s+ho s

£ 298

EE64 ,84

P emb roke , r ep s+ho s

£ 128

EE3 ,8 ,10 ,14

1 933 1 934

T o ta l

1 •

2 0

1 0285

1 470

1 302

1 895 J e su sP r inc L odg , r e de c+p ipewk ( co i l p dp t ) £ 273 DD923 £ 104

EE 168

1 215 1 896

1 935-9 1 935

1

1 523

8 53

2 05

0

1 936

4

2 037

3 81

' 1 7

0

1 937

1

1 713

/ 93

1 75

0

1 938

3

2 069

9 43

3 28

0

1 939

B ra seno se , r ep s ,a l t s+ho s

£ 518

EE248 -6 1

J e su s , r ep s+ho s

£ 207

EE186 ,191

O r ie l , r ep s+ho

£ 464

EE99 ,295

B ra seno se , r ep s ,a l t s+ho s

£ 306

F F/76 -84

O r ie l , r ep s+ho s

£ 475

EE295 ,314

1 897

O ld Wh i te Hou s ep ub ( BNC ) T o ta l

a ,H .T .Ha re

£ 1552+134 EE653

5 4 Ho lywe l l , e x t ens ion (Mer ton )

Ma jor works o f T .E . Know les , 1 892 -1943

1 898 A l l S ou ls . F rQd E& W ra sc om ice+pa rap e tr e faced ,

T h is l i s tc on ta ins a l lj ob s wor th mo re t h an £ 100 r e co rded i n

c hape l b u t t r es s No f Ww indow c a sed £ 248e s tU /L549

t h e f i rm 's s ur v iv ing r e co rd s . T he re a r e v a r iou s g ap s i nt h e

BNC , Common R in s t c£ 204 , r eps+ho s£ 551 EE398 -407

r e co rd f r om t h e 1 890 st ot h e 1 920 s ; as ummary o ft h e t o ta ls

O r ie l , r ep s+ho s

£ 697

EE337 -58

o f c o l lege wo rk i sm iss ing f o r 1 898 -1909 a nd t h e re mu s t

P emb roke ,r ep s+ho s&d ra ins

£ 375

E F33 -48

h ave b een o the r p a ra l le l l e dge r s f o r t h ese y ea r s wh ich h ave

Wo rce s te r ,r ep s+ho s

£ 195

EP379 -82

n o ts urv ived .

S tE dwa rd ss choo l , F ives C ou r t

£ 108

EE711

1 892

1 899

B a l l io l , r ep s

£ 134

DD297

BNC , r ep+ho s , s moke i m e s t £ 342 £ 762

BNC , n ew d ra ins D ec ' 9 1-Feb ' 9 2

£ 590

DD865 -73

O r ie l C o l lege ,f rq d s t /wk ( co s t+10% )J u l '99 -Oc t '00

O r ie l , r ep s+ho s

£ 575

DD711 ,729

C ove red Ma rke t , r oo f Sp t EA ve

£ 370

DD572

( 3510o s a . J JS teven son ) O r ie l , r ep s+ho s

6 8

EE4 17 -32

£ 1793 E E817 f ,821-4 1 ,FF 1-16 £ 805

EE740 -60 ,856

1 907

1 900 P emb roke , r e p s+hos

£ 194

T r in i ty C o l lege , C r icke t P av i l ion

£ 870+19 EE879

Wo r ce s te r ,r e p s+hos

£ 154

EE222 -8

A l l S ou ls . N qd l a rge l e c t / rm e n ! [ OC ' 070c tll : a .HQu in ton ] B a l l io l . Ma s te r 's L odg r ep lumb+ redec

EE390 -4

1 5B anbu ry R oad ( pe rF ie ld & C a s t le ) e s t£408 £ 453 F F501 [ ?Eng d rx xxx ]

[ OC ' 070c t11 ,x : a .HQu in ton ] B ra seno se ,v a r

£ 342

H -8 18 ,00122

BNC . C hap r edec , F rQ ds und ia l , P r inc &c [ OC ' 0 70c t11 ,x ] N ew C o l l . o ld q dS +E s t /wk , S 7+9+11 ,Kr e nov , c i ty wa l l 1 901

B ra seno se ,r ep+ho s

r e p £ 290

EEA65 -77

Q ueen s C o l lege , C r icke tP ay ( 1901 -2 ) ( £ 1116e s t ) [ 154n s , i nn ame o f C .Cur t is ]

£ 1209

F F591-2

[ OC ' 0 70c t 11 ,9 /9 ,11 : a .N icho lson&Ca r le t t e , L inc I nn ] O r ie l ,s twk H a l l+ch im

£ 577

0014

O r ie l , rep s+ho sN ov -Ap r£ 145 ,May -Oc t£ 96 £ 24 1 GG13 ,26

1 7B anbu ry R oad ( pe rF ie ld & C a s t le )£ 4 14 F F504

( O r ie l ) 7O r ie l S t

9Mer ton S t ree t ,a l ts [ 101ns ]

M i t re y a rd c ove red a s mo to rs hed ,A lf red S t[ 1078n s ]

9 -10 O r ie lS t ree t( per F ie ld & C a s t le )£ 102 F F505

6 ,6a ,7 C a ro l ine S t , SC lem ( 1084n s )

£ 271

GG319 f

1 3 N o rham G a rdens ,d rr m+ te r r[ OC ' 0 70c t11 ,9 : &Ha r r ison ] 1 902 B ra senose ,r ep s+hos

£ 4 1 19

EE485 -500

C ow ley O r( Lady W imbo rne ) d ra in s ,g a s& c£ 164 F F619

1 908 A l l S ou ls . C a t S t s ub /s ta [ OC ' 0 80c t9 : a .HQu in ton ] BNC , O c t - Mch £ 99 , May -Oc t£ 185 £ 284

1 903 B ra senose ,r ep s+hos

( BNC ) Am s te rdam b ack b i dp td em+a l t£ 151 0G146 £ 320

R ando lph H o te l , a l t s [ 427n s ]

F F301 ,316

Or ie l ,r epa ir s+hou se s

?c an ' tf i nd

Or ie l , s twk R ob inson B ld , Ne nd+E r e turn+9 g ab le s

£ 322

£ 624 1 904 BNC , r ep s+ho s

00132 ,144

0039 ,55

GG42

3 38+340 B anbury R d [ 1 329n s ] £ 396

F F325 ,344

9 4 H igh S t , a l t s [ 609ns ]

1 909

2 9+31 H i l l top R oad , D iv [ 666n s ]

B ra seno se ,v a r

4 We l l ing ton P IS t G (M is s B u t t ) b a th rm & c £ 137 F F661f

L inco ln ,a l t s [ 1549n s ]

£ 398

O r ie l , 1 5 O r S t£ 124 1 905 BNC , r ep s+ho s

£ 281

GG156 ,178

GG66 ,77 f

O r ie l , s twk B ack Q d No fP rov L odg&S4 £ 664 GG67 £ 295

BNC ,d in ing r oom+ha l l v en t i la to r £ 233

F F354 ,366 F F753f

1 910 ( £ 15 ,009 ) A l l S ou ls , p i nnac le s &s h ie ld ( 1723n s ) £ 398 C o ln

L inco ln ,a l t s [ 8 14n s ] , b ike s hed [ 8 58n s ] F F17 -31

A l l S ou ls , r epa ir s

£ 154

C o l l1

O r ie l , r ep s+ho s ' 04 -5 £ 62 , ' 05 £ 65 £ 227

F F468 ,486

A l l S ou ls , l i b ra ry

£ 240

C o 1 125

O r ie l , k i tchen a l t s

F F485

O r ie l , s twk S f rr e f( Cur t is c o rm )

£ 809

B a l l io l ,r epa ir s

£ 676

C o 1 177

H ead ing ton Q ua r ry I n fS ch e x tn ,a ,Ha r r ison [ OC ' 05xxx ,x ]

B a l l io l ,l i b ra ry W f r on tr e s

£ 190

C o 1 177

2 4 ,26 ,28 M in s te rR oad , D iv ( 803n s )

BNC , O c t - Mch £ 45 , May -Oc t£ 213 £ 258

£ 114

00188 ,204

BNC , mea tl a rde ra l t ,c hap r oo f& ca .WE M i l ls £ 154

0018 1

L inco ln , r e nova t ion s

£ 437

C o 1 1145

N ew C o l lege , s twk

£ 254

C o 1 1189

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 290

C o 1 1189

1 906 B a l l io l C o l l . l i b s t /wk [ OC ' 060c t 12 ,x ] O r ie l , r ep s+ho s

£ 133

F F496 ,884

1 30 Wa l ton S t ree t , d ra in s ( CDCur t is ) £ 105 F F761

Or ie l , Nov -Ap r£ 86 , May -Oc t£ 136 £ 222

0089 ,101

( BNC p roper ty ) S tamfo rd H o£ 83

C o 1 147

6 9

£ 404

( Ch r is tC hu rch e s ta tes )

£ 104

C o 1 1107

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 4 18

C o 1 1191

( L inco ln ) U t ley T o l l B oo th £ 97

£ 288

C o 1 1155

O r ie l ,r epa ir s

£ 322

GG368 ,38 1

2 6+27 Ho lywe l l (Manche s te r )

£ 108

C o 1 1181

O r ie l , s twk

C herwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S ch

£ 129

C o 1 1117

( Ba l l io lp rop er ty )

£ 190

C o 1 185 -6

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 555

C o 1 148

1 911 ( £ 13 ,421 )

2 1 S tM ichae l S t , a l t s [ 2073n s ]

A l l S ou ls , s mok ing r oom

£ 184

C o l l1

A l l S ou ls , r epa ir s

£ 190

C o 1 11f

B a l l io l ,r epa ir s

£ 393

C o 1 177 -8

A l l S ou ls , r epa ir s+ l ib

£ 549

C o l l3

GG213 ,461

B a l l io l , r epa ir s

£ 442

C o 1 179

BNC , O c t - Mch £ 104 , May -Oc t£ 229 £ 333

BNC , s twk N f r on t ( BNC l a )+F rQ S 1 ,4 ,6 ,7 S 5+6 in t £ 1016

GG466

1 914 ( £ 10 ,771 )

BNC ,v a r

GG560 ,

H e r t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 183

C o 1 1129

L inco ln , r enovs ( `Chy s BNC L ane ' £ 47 )£ 186 C o 1 1145

N ew C o l lege , s twk

£ 381

C o 1 1191

N ew C o l lege , s twk

£ 270

C o 1 1189

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s &c

£ 265

C o 1 1191

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 450

C o 1 1189 -90

O r ie l

£ 405

C o 1 1269 ,GG388

O r ie l , r ep s

£ 217

GG322 ,330

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 579

C o 1 148

( L inco ln p roper ty )

£ 236

C o 1 1156

O r ie l , l e c tu re r ma l t s( Dec ` 1 1- Mch ' 12 £ 225 GG331f f ( BNC ) 1 7S t M ic S t b a th rm £ 213

£ 452

C o 1 147 1 915 ( £2 ,921)

K ing s A rms Ho te l , a l t s [ 1 816n s ]

A l l S ou ls , l i b ; l a n tern , l i gh t s+bookca se £ 529 C o 1 125 1 912 ( £ 13 ,910 )

B a l l io l , r epa i r s

£ 135

C o 1 179 -80

A l l S ou ls , r ep s+p innac les & s t ack s£ 543

C o 1 12

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s &c

£ 174

C o 1 1191

B a l l io l , r epa ir s ( i nc WCs £ 730 )

C o 1 178 -9

O r ie l ,r epa ir s

£ 242

C o 1 1269

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 107

C o 1 148

C he rwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S ch

£ 243

C o 1 1118

£ 14 16

B a l l io l ,B a sev i /Sa lv in b l ock ( s ee ' 1 3 )£ 2028 C o 1 197 [£ 6858 , E ng d r .2015+2039n s ]

* no t i n GG*

B ra seno se ,v a r

£ 529

GG476 ,504

L inco ln , r e nova t ion s

£ 274

C o 1 1146

N ew C o l lege , s twk S t c3 +4 OB

£ 438

C o 1 1190

B a l l io l ,r epa ir s

£ 28 1

C o 1 180

N ew C o l lege , s twk Wa rden s E

£ 139

C o 1 1190

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s &c

£ 337

C o 1 1191

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 347

C o 1 1190

O r ie l ,r epa ir s

£ 361

C o 1 1269

O r ie l ,repa ir s

£ 338

GG347 ,357

( Ba l l io lp rope r ty )

£ 110

C o 1 186

( BNC )G randpon tH ou se £ 108

£ 225

C o 1 148 -9

O r ie l , s twk T owe r+ tu r re t C l ip sh p a rap+b 'men t s & c

1 916 ( £9 ,037 )

£ 226

GG358

( L inco ln ) I f f ley mano rh ou se £ 231

£ 357

C o 1 1156 -7

( BNC )G randpon t Hou se £ 167

£ 362

C o 1 147 -8

( O r ie lp rope r ty )

£ 191

C o 1 1269

( L inco ln )M i t r e O ff ice £ 145

£ 291

C o 1 1155 -6

C herwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S choo l £ 124

C o 1 1118

1 917 ( £6 ,669 )

1 913 ( £ 16 ,664 ) A l l S ou ls , s twk

£ 959

C o 1 13

B a l l io l ,r epa ir s

£ 278

C o 1 180

B a l l io l ,r epa ir s

£ 487

C o 1 179

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 318

C o 1 1192 -3

B a l l io l ,B a sev i /Sa lv in b i( s ee ' 1 2 )

£ 4831

C o 1 197

O r ie l ,r epa ir s

£ 192

C o 1 1269 -70

* no t i n GG*

( BNC p roper ty )

£ 205

C o 1 149

GG5 14 ,550

( L inco ln p rope r ty )

£ 133

C o 1 1157

[£ 6858 , E ng d r .2015+2039n s ] BNC , O c t - Mch £ 67 , May -Oc t£ 535 £ 602

( O r ie lp rope r ty )

BNC , s twk n ew d orme r s S 4+6 , s t r /co S 2 -3

L inco ln , b a th s i nS tc 7 +8 b a sem '

£ 197

00549

£ 514

C o 1 1146

7 0

1 918 ( £8 ,516 )

H e r t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 259

Co 1 1130 Co 1 1148

B a l l io l ,r epa ir s

£ 599

C o 1 180 -1

L inco ln , r enova t ion s

£ 377

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 434

C o 1 1193

Manches te r ,r epa ir s

£ 278

Co 1 1183

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 432

Co 1 1194

( Ba l l io lp roper ty )

£ 163

Co 1 187

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 302

Co 1 149

( L inco ln p roper ty )

£ 178

Co 1 1158

O r ie l ,r e pa ir s £ 255

( BNC p rope r ty )

C o 1 149

1 919 ( £18 ,988 ) B a l l io l ,r epa ir s

£ 615

C o 1 181

B ra seno se ,v a r

£ 1462

I mp . i

M i t re Ho te l a l t s [ 2768 ,2773 ,2786n s ]

1 923 ( £33 ,471 )

L inco ln , R ec to r s H oc ony t or ooms £ 1956

C o 1 1148

L inco ln , r enova t ion s

£ 321

C o 1 1148

B raseno se ,v a r

£ 1 ,663

I mp . i

Manch e s te r ,r e pa i r s

£ 291

C o 1 1182

L inco ln , s twk T owe r

£ 281

Co 1 1149

N ew C o l lege , r epa i r s & c

£ 673

C o 1 1193

L inco ln , s twk S 6b ay -w indow

£ 256

Co 1 1149

L inco ln , r epa ir s( Bu r sa ry c h im £ 44 )

£ 196

Co 1 1149

O r ie l ,r e pa ir s ( Ba l l io lp roper ty )

£ 183

C o 1 187

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 593

Co 1 1195

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 139

C o 1 149

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 532

Co 1 150

( L inco ln p rope r ty )

£ 127

C o 1 1157

( L inco ln p rope r ty )

£ 140

Co 1 1158

2 7+28 H o lywe l l ( Manches te r )

£ 764

C o 1 1182

M i t re Ho te la l t s [ 2707n s? ]

( O r ie lp rope r ty )

R ando lph Ho te l , a l t s [ 2925 ,2935n s ]+ luggage e n t r [ 3005ns ]

C he rwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S ch

£ 242

C o 1 1119

9K ing E dwa rd S t ,c ony t of l a t s [ 3030n s ] 9 1 H igh S t , a l t s [ 3029ns ]

1 920 ( £25 ,806 ) 1 924 ( £23 ,965 )

B ra seno se ,v a r

£ 2693

I mp . i

H e r t fo rd , Ho lywe l lb l o ck

£ 1400

C o 1 1137

B ra senose ,v a r

£ 1 ,675

I mp . i

L inco ln , r enova t ion s

£ 137

C o 1 1148

H e r t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 165

C o 1 1131

Manch es t e r ,r epa i r s

£ 189

C o 1 1182

L inco ln ,s twk T owe r+Fe l lows ' g a rden

£ 309

Co 1 1149

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 510

C o 1 1194

L inco ln , s twk S 6b ay -w indow

£ 257

C o 1 1149

( BNC p roper ty )

£ 336

C o 1 149

L inco ln , r enova t ion sS 3

£ 387

C o 1 1149

£ 519

C o 1 1149

( L inco ln ) R o senda le £ 125

£ 315

C o 1 1157

L inco ln , r epa ir s (S cou t s ' WC £ 250 )

C herwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S choo l

£ 472

C o 1 1119

Manches te r ,r epa i r s

£ 629

Co 1 1183

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s &c

£ 376

C o 1 1195 -6

N ew C o l lege , n ew b a th s

£ 730

C o 1 1196

( B ra seno se p roper ty )

£ 231

Co 1 150

£ 545

C o 1 1158

B ra seno se ,v a r

£ 1 ,994

I mp . i

H e r tfo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 143

Co 1 1131

L inco ln , r enova t ion s S 3

£ 291

C o 1 1149

Ho lywe l l Mu s ic R oom , o rgan c h [ 2619n s ]

1 921 ( £17 ,386 ) A l l S ou ls , d ra in s+ WCs

£ 1567

C o l l5

( L inco ln ) 1 3T u n l£ 274

B ra senose ,v a r

£ 1 ,229

I mp . i

M i t re Ho te l a l t s [ 3 105n s ] R ando lph Ho te l , WCs [ 3 122ns ]

L inco ln C o l l ,l odge a l te red

£ 295

C o 1 1148

L inco ln , r enova t ion s

£ 358

C o l l1 48

Manch es t e r ,r epa i r s

£ 229

C o 1 1182

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 700

C o 1 1194

( L inco ln ) 13 -4 H igh £ 81 ,R o senda le £ 58 £ 488 C o 1 1158

1 925 ( £19 ,309 )

L inco ln ,r epa ir s &c ( `Quo in g ab le e nd f a c s N '£ 298 )

1 922 ( £ 19 ,662 ) A l l S ou ls , s mok ing r oom

£ 595

A l l S ou ls , s twk p innac le s

£ 184

C o l l5

B ra seno se ,v a r

£ 1 ,376

I mp . i

£ 631

C o 1 1149

Manches te r ,r epa i r s

£ 121

Co 1 1183

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 313

C o 1 1196

C o l l5

7 1

( Ba l l io lp roper ty )

£ 130

Co 1 188

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 479

Co 1 150

( He r t fo rd p rope r ty )

£ 150

Co 1 1138

( L inco ln p rope r ty )

£ 104

Co 1 1158

L ongwa l l ( New C o l l )

£ 256

C he rwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S choo l

£ 214

N ew C o l lege S choo l

£ 156

Co 1 1196

S tP e te r 's , H ann ing ton H a l l c ony a sd in ing -ha l l £ 578

LL J i b

Wadham ,r epa ir s

£ 562

C o 1 1226

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 317

C o 1 150 -1

C o 1 1196

( L inco ln p rope r ty )

£ 492

C o 1 1158

Co 1 1120

A l len 's F a rm , L i t t lemo re ( L inco ln )

£ 283

C o 1 1158

C he rwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S choo l

£ 407

C o 1 1121

£ 1630

I mp . i

2 9L a thbu ry R oad ( 3403n s )

R ando lph Ho te l

1 926 ( £20 ,422 )

1 929 ( £ 19 ,306 )

B ra senos e ,v a r

£ 2625

I mp . i

B ra seno se ,v a r

BNC , P r inc ipa l 's H os l a t ing

£ 455

Co 1 1295

BNC ,18 ,20+21 H igh S tr e con s t r

H er tfo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 358

Co 1 1131

L inco ln , s twk T u n lS tf r on t

£ 1204

L inco ln , s twk c hape l ' Su pt ow indow s '£ 30 1

( g .J .E .Tho rpe 4 315n s )

£ 3786 .LL J ,Co 1 151

Co 1 1150

N ew C o l lege , S1 2 .0B

£ 439

C o 1 1198

Co 1 1150

H er t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 165

C o 1 1132

Co 1 1149 -50

L inco ln ,r enova t ions

£ 29 1

C o 1 1151

£ 533

C o 1 1184 -5

L inco ln , r e nova t ions

£ 285

Manches t e r ,r epa i r s

£ 180

Co 1 1183

Manche s te r ,a l te ra t ions

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s & c

£ 687

C o 1 1196 -7

N ew C o l lege ,r epa ir s &c ( 120B £ 439 ) £ 686

C o 1 1198

Wadham ,r e pa i r s

£ 243

Co 1 1226

O r ie l ,r epa ir s

£ 215

C o 1 1273 -4

( Bra seno se p rop e r ty )

£ 132

C o 1 150

Wadham ,r epa ir s

£ 144

C o 1 1226 -7

We s t 's f a rm , Ma r s ton ( Bra seno se )

£ 187

Co 1 150

( BNC ) s e e H igh S th ouse sa bove

£ 411

C o 1 150

( L inco ln p rop e r ty ) 3L i t t lemo re c o t tage s£ 378 , 1 927 ( £23 ,336 )

I f f ley mano rh ou se £ 90

£ 547

C o 1 1158 -9

I mp i

C herwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S choo l

£ 126

C o 1 1121

B ra senose ,b ook s to re uL ec tu re Rm V I I I£ 1785

Co 1 1295

L awn Up ton Hou se , L i t t lemo re ( S t Ma ry 's Home )

H e r t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

C o 1 1131

B ra seno se ,v a r

£ 3 ,235

£ 310

L inco ln , s t /wk c hape l Ss i de+p l in th N s i de £ 1574

LL 11 l a

£ 1082

LL J i c

6 -?10 B icker ton R oad ,H ead ing ton ( 450On s )

C o 1 1150

L inco ln , s t /wk h a l l W s i de+bu t t resse s

£ 600 Co 1 1150 i a

L inco ln , S 3 b e l l tu r re t

£ 295

C o 1 1150

H e r t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 231

C o 1 1132

L inco ln , r e nova t ion s

£ 174

Co 1 1150

L inco ln ,r enova t ions

£ 240

C o l l151

Manches t e r ,r epa ir s

£ 114

C o 1 1184

L inco ln , c ony 1 5T u n lt oc o l lege r oom s £

LL J i h

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s &c

£ 761

Co 1 1197

N ew C o l l , r epa ir s &c

£ 1030

C o 1 1198 -9

Wadham ,r e pa ir s

£ 231

C o 1 1226

N ew C o l l , R ob in son T owe rr epa ir s

£ 137

LL 1 i e

( BNC p roper ty )

£ 284

Co 1 150

N ew C o l l , s t o re s , c e l la r , museum

1 928 ( £21 ,98 1) B ra seno se

£ 3 ,262

1 930 ( £20 ,653 )

LL J i f

O r ie l ,r epa ir s

£ 551

C o 1 1274

O r ie l ,S t Mary 's c hu rch r epa ir s

£ 166

C o 1 1274

I mp . i

Wadham ,r epa ir s

£ 240

C o 1 1227

BNC , l i b ra ry £ 800 C o 1 1296 , c hape l £ 508

Co 1 1296

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 114

C o 1 151

H e r t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 153

C o 1 1131 -2

1 5T u n l( L inco ln )

£ 1030

C o 1 1159

L inco ln , s twk g ab le o ve rb u t tery

£ 327

Co 1 1150

( L inco ln ) 7B ea rL a£ 103 , F o re s tH i l l mano rf m£ 217

L inco ln , r e novs ( Sv t s+Bu r sa ry WC £ 149 ) £ 421

C o 1 1150 -1

£ 437

C o l l 1 59

Manches t e r ,a l t e ra t ions

£ 750

Co 1 1184

( O r ie lp roper ty )

£ 266

C o 1 1274

N ew C o l lege , Mun imen tT owe r

£ 313

C o 1 1198

C herwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S choo l

£ 320

C o 1 1121

C o 1 1197 -8

Magda len B r idge ,s t /wk r epa i r s

N ew C o l lege , r epa i r s & c

£ 789

7 2

LL Ji d

Mano r Hou se , NH ink sey ( S .T .Doug la s ; t o' 32* ) £ 3495* LL J i g

1 931 ( £19 ,690 )

L inco ln ,c hape l w indows N s i de

£ 279

Co 1 1152

L inco ln , r epa ir s& c

£ 217

C o 1 1152

N ew Co l lege , S t c 9 ,7 ,11

£ 1060

C o 1 1201

N ew C o l lege , r e pa ir s

C o 1 1201

B ra seno se C o l l , 2 3 H igh S tr e con sa s S£ 1306

C o 1 151

O r ie l ,r epa ir s

£ 281

Co 1 1275

H e r t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 286

C o 1 1132

Wadham ,r e pa ir s

£ 191

C o 1 1227

L inco ln , r e nova t ion s

£ 4 16

C o 1 1151

( BNC p roper ty )

£ 224

C o 1 151-2

N ew C o l lege , r epa ir s

C o 1 1200

( O r ie lp rope r ty )

£ 149

C o 1 1275

O r ie l ,r epa ir s

£ 318

C o 1 1274

C he rwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S choo l

£ 221

C o 1 1122

Wadham ,r e pa ir s

£ 144

C o 1 1227

' We s tga te s ' , H a rcou r tH i l l ( t o ' 3 3* )

£ 2224* LL J i i iA

( BNC )s e e 2 3 H igh S ta bove

£ 225

C o 1 151

3 5 ,37 ,39 ,4 1 V ic to r ia R oad ( 5878n s )

£ 2577

LL J i i iB

( O r ie lp roper ty )

£ 152

C o 1 1274

B a rc lays B ank , SA ld ( 5208n s ) aGTGa rdne r£

1 933 ( £15 ,940 )

R ymans , 1 5 H igh S t , r e f i t ted

LL J i / i

H er t fo rd C o l l ,s twk

£ 319

C o 1 1133

S ix h ouse s , F e rr y H ink sey L ane ( GNK ) £ 2095

LL J i i / j

H er t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 159

C o 1 1132 -3

L inco ln , r enova t ion s

£ 119

N ew C o l l , r epa ir s

Co 1 1152 C o 1 1202 -3

N ew C o l l , Mun imen tT ower

£ 320

C o 1 1203

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 285

C o 1 152

2 1 S tM ic S t /50 N ew I nn h a l l S t ( BNC )£113

C o 1 152

C herwe l l H a l l+ M i lham F o rd S choo l

C o 1 1122

£ 188

R ando lph Ho te l , b a th room & WCs ( t o3 4* ) £ 513* L I .J i i iG H awe 's s hop , Ho l loway , C ow ley , r e f i t( t o ' 34* ) 1DBoo th ,4 7B road S t

£ 255*

LL J i i iF

2 2 Mu seum R oad ,a l tr ep d ec h /w ( M r sHa l l ,4 Pk sRd ) a ,GNu t ta l l Sm i th , 4 7B road S t

£ 446

LL j i i iE

'Whea t ley Hou se ' ,a l tr ep d ec ( S .T .Doug la s ) £ 620

LL I i i iC

' Bu rco tB rook ' l o dge ,a dd a l td ec ( L tCo l Wa t t ) £ 429

LLJ i i iD

£ 842

LL J i i iM

£ 630

Ll l i i iL

1 934 ( £19 ,380 ) B ra seno se ,k i tchen ,a l t& c a t ,JETho rpe B ra seno se ,2 2 H igh S tr e con s t r( S

a , JEThorpe ;a l so s hop & s hop -f ron t

C o 1 152

H er t fo rd ,s t /wk

£ 129

C o 1 1133

H er t fo rd ,a l tera t ion s

£ 156

C o 1 1133

Manches te r , wo rk f o rf i t te r sc u tf+mak ` g ood a ,Tho Wo r th ing ton & S ons T .E .KNO WLES I N ABOUT 1 930

£ 324 LL J i i iR ,Co 1 1185

Mansf ie ld ,s t onewo rk ( Sapco te & C o )

£ 138

L LJ i i iP

£ 379

LL J i i i Mc

N ew C o l l , k i tchen+ rooms o ve r 1 932 ( £16 ,862 )

a ,N WHa r r ison

B ra seno se C o l l , 1 9H igh S tr e con s ( S14 ) £ 270

C o 1 151

N ew C o l l , r epa ir s

H er t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

C o 1 1132

Wadham ,r epa ir s

£ 190

7 3

C o 1 1203 -4 £ 119

C o 1 1227

( BNC p roper ty )s e e 2 2 H igh S ta bove

£ 304

C o 1 152

1 7C o rnma rke t ,s hop r e f i t ted ( M i lwa rd s ) a ,WRo land Howe l l

£ 489

LL J i i iN

R ando lph Ho te l , B i l l ia rd Rm c ony t oL ad ies ' WC 1GTGa rdne r 3 40 B anbu ry R d ,r edec ( F JEK )

H er t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 381

N ew C o l l , r e pa i r s

£ 453

LL J i i iS

£ 189

L Li i i i0

C o 1 1133 C o 1 1206

Q ueen s C o l lege ,3 6H igh S t( ' 36 -7 ) £ 3876+695 C o 1 1327 ( Bra seno se p roper ty )

£ 377

C o 1 153

£ 2626

L L J ivX

S tephen son s , B o t ley R d ,e x ten s ion a ,Ha r ry WSm i th

1 2 No rham R d ,a l t s (M is s S t rode J ack son )

1 0 Ho lywe l l ,r enov ( D rR .G reene ) a ,Nu t ta l l Sm i th & B oo th

£ 120

LL J i i iH

1 4C had l ing ton R d ,a l t s , r edec , p lumb ing+ba ths ( M r sR adc l if fe )

a ,N WHa r r ison

£ 924

LL J ivR

1 80 Wood s tock R d ,b edrm e x t+dec ( C .B .Hun t )37*

£ 368

LL j i i iK

B urco te B rook H ou se ,a dds ( L tCo l Wa t t )£ 34 48

LL J i i i

S tM ichae l 's c hu rch h a l l , S hoe L ane ( t o ' 35 ) £ 2360 LL . T ivA

£ 172*

LL J ivY ,Z

` B lakes O ak 'a ,GNK ( E .T .A lden )

£ 2474

LL J ivS

Y a rne l ls H i l l , 2h o s ( TEK )

£ 1984

I mp i 38

G rea t Ha se ley c hu rch ,r oo f . 1TLDa le

£ 691

LL J ivT

£ 92

C o 1 182

1 935 ( £ 19 ,529 ) B ra seno se , s t /wk S 1+2 c h im s

£ 497

LL J ivD

H er t fo rd ,r oo f s3 +4 OB

£ 549

C o 1 1133

B a l l io l ,r epa ir s BNC ,P r inc ipa l 's L odg ing r e -o rgan ised

H er t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 304

C o 1 1133

L inco ln ,c hape lo rgan

£ 134

C o 1 1152

Manche s ter , r oo f s ; p a in t ' 2 5 -30 Ho lywe l l£ 456

1 937 (09 ,957 )

a :G .C .D r inkwa te r

£ 7000+525

C o 1 1305

LL J ivF

H er t fo rd ,a l te ra t ion s

£ 293

C o 1 1133-4

C o 1 1185

L inco ln ,r e pa ir s

£ 175

C o 1 1153

N ew Co l l , r epa ir s

C o 1 1204 -5

N ew C o l l , r epa ir s

£ 1192

C o 1 1207

N ew Co l lege , k i tchen a l t s s he lv ing WC s £ 613

LL J ivB ,C

( Ba l l io lp rope r ty )

£ 166

C o 1 188

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 272

C o 1 153

a ,N WHa r r ison

/ £504+160 C o 1 1204

Q ueen s ,c hap+ha l lr oof&N c o rn ice '35 -6 £ 1564

C o 1 1327

7T u l l ( L inco ln ) , a l t s

£ 549

C o 1 1160

Q ueen s , S 6a l t+dec

Ya rne l ls H i l l 2 nd p a ir ( TEK )

£ 833

I mp / i i38

B a l l io l , r epa i r s

£ 146

C o 1 182

H er t fo rd ,a l tera t ion s

£ 943

C o 1 1134

L inco ln ,r epa ir s

£ 328

C o 1 1153

£ 257

Ll l ivG

( BNC p roper ty )

a , JETho rpe

£ 206

C o 1 152

T own H a l l , WC s & c

£ 1273

LL J iv M /N

6 0S tA lda te s( C i ty ) ,r edec

£ 148

LL . J ivH

2 2 ,37 ,40 We l l ing tonSq , 2 2 -3 Wa l ton C re s , 1 8 P a rk s R d ( Bre t t 's e xec s )a ,GTGa r c ine r

£ 392

LL J iv M

1 938 ( £ 39 ,870 )

N ew C o l l ,r epa ir s

H ead ing ton H i l l H a l l ,l i f t (M r s Mor re l l )

C o 1 1208

Wadham ,r e pa ir s

£ 165

C o 1 1228

' Bag ley E dge ' ( Co lP .W .B l is s ) *?GNK£3813

( BNC p rope r ty )

£ 183

C o 1 153

' New B a r n ' F er ry H ink sey ( P ro fG .N .C la rke )a dd s

Ancho rI nn ,P o ls tead R d [ OM' 38Ap r i 1 ,5 : a .ACL eed ]

a ,GTGa rdne r

£ 344

a ,Ar t s K een

£ 368

LL J iv l, J

LL J ivE I nJ anua ry 1 939 TEK a nd GNK i n t roduced an ew mon th ly

` Tommy 's H ea th ' ,d ra in sc a rp ' (M r sO l ive r )£ 549 LL J ivL Woodper ry Hou se ,a l t s( Guy T homson ) £ 1514

S tT homa s 's c hu rch ( t o ' 36 ) , a , TLDa le £ 655

L LJ iv0

a ccoun t ing s y s tem ,a bandon ing t h el a rge r ed mo ro cco l e dge r s

C it y623

f or Co l lege ,

LL J ivP

a ccoun t s a nd g ave u p t h e l oo se lea f -b inde r s ( LL) u sed f o r

B rasenose ,

C ity a nd

C ity

S pec ia l

l a rge r c on t rac t s a nd t h e s ma l le r l oo se lea f -book s i nu se f o r C ity o f Oxford a nd S undr ies ( sma l l s a les o f ma ter ia ls )

1 936 ( £27 ,604 ) B a l l io l ,r epa ir s

£ 265

C o 1 182

a ccoun t s . T hey r e ta ined o ne o f t h e e i gh t e x is t ing s ys tems ,

B raseno se ,v a r

£ 1787

BNC

t h e p a le c r eam v e l lum -cove red Me mor ia l l e dge r s ; t h ese

BNC , SCR ,Smok ing+D in ing Rms

£ 1459

C o 1 130 1

s t ayed i n u se u n t i l 1 976 . Apa r t f r om t h ese n o d e ta i led

BNC ,

£ 231*

LL J iv W

a ccoun t ss ur v ive f o r 1 939 -44 .

d i t to

,h a l l c h im ( t o ' 37* )

7 4

1 939 ( £57 ,565 ) N ew C o l l , r e pa ir s

C o 1 1208

GRCooper s hop , S t E bbes

£ 15 ,000 I mp / i i38

RGBeck

£ 3566

I mp / i i38

£ 6 ,782

n o tebook

2C ape l C lo se ( 4616ns )

1 940 ( £44 ,875 )

1 941 ( £36 ,624 )

1 942 ( £ 30 ,335 )

1 943 ( £42 ,021 ) M IL IT

H in ton A irod rome

F rom 1 939 n o d e ta i led a ccoun t s s urv ive u n t i l 1 944 when a s e r ies o f v e ry l a rge g reen -covered b inde rs b eg in a ga in f o r C i ty a ccoun t s ; s im i la r C o l lege o ne s s t a r t i n 1 948 . T o s ome e x ten t t h e g ap i sf i l led b y s ma l l b rown l oo se lea f P u rcha se b inder sf o r1 94 1-7 .

7 5

CHAPTER E IGHT Y a rds a nd h ouse s PART ONE ,

w ho le a r ea b e ing a bou tt h ir ty y a rd ss qua re .H ud son

YARDS

r enewed t he l e ase i n 1 825 . H is e xecu tor s a nd s ucce sso r sa sc a rpen te r sa nd b u i lde r s , H udson a nd

Nos 1 6 -17 L ongwa l l EARL IER H ISTORY

Ma thew ,r enewed t h el e a se a ga in i n1 839 . KNO WLES OWNERSH IP

T he T own D i tch o nt h ew e s ts i de o fL ongwa l l w a s

B y 1 886 E dwa rd N icho l ls Know le s h ad a cqu ired

d i v ided u pa nd l e a sed o u ta so r cha rd sa nd g a rden s

t h el e ase o ft h ey a rd ,w h ich h el e f tw i th a l h i so the r

b yt h eC i ty i nt h e 1 660 s ,b u tr ema ined u ndeve loped

a s se t s t oh i s w idow . I ti sn o t y e tc l ea rh ow h e g o t

a nd w as s t i l l n o t c omp le te ly f i l led , s t i l l l e ss

h o ld o ft h e l e a se n o rh ow s he d i spo sed o fi t .N ew

d eve loped w i th h ou se s ,d e sp i te as cheme t od ot h is

C o l lege a cqu i red t h ef r eeho ld o ft h es i te i n1 921 i n

i n 1 671 .

On 1 J u ly 1 784 J ohn T ownesend i v

a ne xchange o fp rope r t ies w i th t h eC i ty ,t o re d own

o b ta ined al e a se f r om t h eC i ty o f as i te i nL ongwa l l ,

t h eh ou se sa nd s t o re sa tt h ee nd o f1 960 a nd b u i l ta

t h e n or thern - mo s t 7 5 y a rds o f t h e f o rme r T own

b lock o f r ooms t o h ouse g radua te s , t h e S ache r

D i tch ,b yt h en p e rhap sl a rge ly f i l led i n .I tr ema ined

B u i ld ing , i n 1 96 1-2 .

ab u i lde r 's y a rd f r om T ownesend 's t ime u n t i l t he l a te 1 9 th c en tu ry . T h is , w e mus t a s sume , wa s

No 7 9 Ho lywe l l

w he re T homa s Know le s t h e e l der wo rked f o rt he T ownesends a s as t onema son a nd w he re h e r an

F rom 1 799 t o 1 802 T homas K now les t he e l de r

S t ephen T owne send 's f i rm a sf o reman f r om 1 794 .

p robab ly r en ted al a rge p roper ty o nt h e s ou th s i de o fH o lywe l l ,t h eh ou se t ha tl a te rb ecame N o7 9a nd

KNO WLES OCCUPAT ION

ag a rden a nd l a rge a r ea b eh ind i t .K now les 's y a rd

When h et ook t h eb u s ine s so ve ri nA p r i l 1 797 t h is

w a s h e re p robab ly f r om 1 799 a nd c e r ta in ly f r om

w as p robab ly Know les 's f i r s t y ard . We mus t

1 802 u n t i l 1 870 . I n 1 798 J ohn B a t t in ,g en t leman o f

a s sume t ha t h e p a id r e n tf o rt h e n ex t t wo y ea r s t o

S tP e te ri nt h eE a s tp a r ish , h ad l e a sed t h ep rope r ty

S tephen T ownesend , w ho r enewed t h e l e a se i n

i n 1 798 f r om Mer ton C o l lege , w h ich o wned t h e

1 798 . I n Apr i l 1 799 T ownesend s o ld i t ,w i th t he

f r eeho ld o fa lmos tt h ew ho le s t ree ta nd a l t h ef i e ld s

C i ty 's a pprova l , t o J ohn H udson , c a rpen te r a nd

o ft h is ,t h en s t i l l p a r t ly r u ra l ,t own sh ip . I tw a st h en

b u i lde r .C lea r ly Know le sh ad f ound o the rp rem ises

k nown a s` t he f o r ty -e igh th h ouse ' o r XLV I I I b yt h e

a nd moved o u t .I ti sn o ta ta l c l ea rw ha ts t o res a nd

a r cha ic n umbe r ing s y s tem u sed b y t h ec o l lege f o r

w o rk shop ss t ood o nt h es i te i nh i st ime .

m anag ing i t sl a rge e s ta te h e re .

LATER H ISTORY

K now les b ough t B a t t in 's l ease i n 1 802 a nd

B y 1 8 12 H udson w a s b u i ld ing t wo h ou ses o n t h e

r e newed i t ,d i rec tf r om Mer ton i n1 8 15 ; h i sw idow

n o r th p a r to ft h e s i te ; i nt h e s ou the rn h a lf , a na r ea

S a rah r enewed t h el e a se i n 1 826 a nd 1 840 ; ( a s N o

a bou tn ine ty f e e t s qua re , t wo r anges o fs t o res a nd

7 9 : s t ree tn umbe r sd a te f r om 1 839 ) .T he i rg rand son

c ove rb u i ld ing sf a ced e ach o t he ra c ro s s ay a rd ,t h is

E dwa rd r e newed t h el e a se a ga in i n1 854 . 7 6

c i ty 's b u i ld ing wo r ld w i th t h e a cadem ic l i fe o f Ox fo rd . B o th v i ews s how ma sons a t wo rk . T hey h ave o f ten b een r ep roduced a nd a r e f am i l ia r t o m any l o ve r so fO xfo rd a nd b ook sa bou tO x fo rd . T he a r t is tF rede r ick MacKenz ie made af i ne , v e ry d e ta i led d raw ing o f t he y a rd w ith a v e ry f o resho r tened ma sons ' l odge o rw aggon s hed o ni t s r i gh th and m a rg in ,w h ich r ep re sen t st h e n o r th s i de o ft he y a rd ; t h is e xac t ly ma tche s a n o pen -f ron ted b u i ld ing w i th t wo p o s t s s hown o n t h e p l an o n t h e Mer ton l e a se o f 1 854 . T he y a rd i sc r ammed w i th a r ch i tec tu ra lf r agmen t so fa l lk i nd s , as t a tue , ab u s t a nd a nu rn ; o ne ma son i s wo rk ing w i th h i sb ack t o u s w h i le a no the r s t and s f ac ing u s w i th ma l le t a nd c h ise l i nh i sh and s ; s heds o rs t o re sa l ong t h es ou th w a l l s hown i nt h eo the rv i ew b yD e lamo t te a nd o n t h e 1 854 p lan a r el a ck ing .T h is v i ew w a sc ho sen t o b ee ng raved b yF .Radc ly f f ea st h eh eadp iece o ft h e THE YARD I N THE 1 830 s , DRA WN BY DELA MOTTE

O xford Un iver s i ty A lmanac f o r 1 844 , b u t t h e

AND ENGRAVED BY J EW ITT

a bsence o ft h es t o res a l ong t h es ou th w a l li nd ica tes a n e a r l ier d a te , p erhaps i n t he 1 820s , when

EARL IER H ISTORY

MacKenz ie b egan t om ake d raw ing sf o rt h eP res s .

T he s i te o f N o 7 9 H o lywe l l w as e nc losed f r om w a s te l a nd b e tween t h es t ree ta nd t h eC i ty D i tch i n

At i ny d raw ing o ft h e y a rd b yW .A .De lamo t te w a s

1 636 t of o rm ag a rden f o rt he o ppo s i te h ou se o n

e ng raved b yO r lando J ew i t tt ob ei n c luded i nJ ames

t he n or th

I ng ram 's Memor ia l so fO xf ord i n1 832 -7 a so ne o f

s i de o f t he s t ree t .

I n 1 671

t he

mas ter -carpen te r R icha rd F rog ley , t he c ur ren t

t h e t e ni lu s t ra t ions i nt h eN ew C o l lege s e c t ion . A

l e s see o ft he h ou se a nd g a rden , e nc lo sed amuch

ma son i sc u t t ing t h e i n scr ip t ion o n a' l edge r ' o r

w ider s ec t ion o f t he D i tch i t se lf , n o t a s a

monumen ta l s l ab w i th t wo o r t h ree more s l abs

t imbe r -ya rd o r wo rk ing a rea , b u t t o s e rve a s a

s t and ing a bou t a nd t h ree b a r r e ls , p e rhaps o fl ime

g a rden o ro rcha rd f o r t h e n ew h ou se t h a t h e b u i l t

mo r ta ri n af a i r ly e mp ty y a rd w h ich h a s ar a nge o f

s ome t ime b efo re 1 674 o nt h eg a rden o f1 636 .

s heds a l ong t h e s ou th w a l l . T he e ng raver J ew i t t mus th ave k nown T homa sK now le st h ey ounge ra s

DESCR IPT ION

af a ir ly n ea rn e ighbou ri nH ead ing ton ; af ew y ea r s

T he y a rd m ea su red e i gh ty f e e ta l ong t h el i ne o ft h e

l a te rh i ss on T heodo re ma r r ied K now le s 's d augh te r

o ld D i tch b y s i x ty -f ive f ee t s i x i n ches a cro ss i t s

Emma .

f o rme rw id th . I to ccup ied mo s to ft h ew ide rs e c t ion o ft h ep rope r ty b eh ind t h eh ouse a nd i t sb ack y a rd ,

Ap lan o n t h e l e a se o f 1 854 s hows t h a t t h e h ou se

b u t mo s to ft h ea r ea i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h eh ou se

h ad at wo -sea te r e a r th o rw a te rc l o se tj us t b eh ind

r ema ined a s ag a rden f o ri t .

t h e k i t chen i nt h e n o r th -wes t c o rne r o f t h e w ide r b ack s e c t ion o ft h ep rope r ty .T he y a rd h ad i t s o wn

Two e a r ly v iews o ft h e y a rd , w i th t h eT own Wa l l

s i ng le -sea ter i n t he n or th -eas t c o rner , wh ich

a nd N ew C o l lege C hape l a nd T ower b eh ind ,

a d jo ined ad oub le l oo sebox n ex tt ot h et wo -po s ted

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No 3 6 Ho lywe l l

p e rhap s o ft h e 1 630 s o r 1 670 s r unn ing a l ong t h e l e ng th o ft h eo ld T own D i tch ,w h ich c ou ld o ne d ay

When N ew C o l lege g ave h im n o t ice t o move o u to f

b ee xcava ted t or e vea li t .

N o 7 9 , E dwa rd K now les w a s f o r tuna te t ob e a b le t o f i nd a nd r e n t ay a rd a nd h ouse j us t a c ross t h e s t ree t . B y

1 872 T homas R ichard K now les ,

E dwa rd 's e ldes t s on a nd p a r tne r , h ad moved i n to t h e h ouse a tN o 3 6 ; E dwa rd h imse lf a nd h i s w if e moved a way t o No r th O x fo rd .H eb ough tt h el e a se i n 1 875 . T he f i rm w a s b a sed h e re u n t i l 1 951 a nd ma in ta ined t h eC o l lege Wo rk so ff ice o nt h eg round f l oo ro ft h eh ouse u n t i l 1 976 . S ucces s ive Wadham l e ases f r om 1 886 u n t i l 1 969 s how t h a t i n 1 911 K now les a nd S on t o ok o ve rt h e b ack land b eh ind No 3 5 , o ccup ied b y al a rge s t ore a nd f i ve e a r ly -n ine teen th -cen tu ry c o t tages , wh i le Wadham t ook o ve r p a r t o f t h e s pace b eh ind t h e J o ine r s ' S hop i n1 939 f o r aB ook s to re ,t h eu ppe rp a r to ft h e h ouse i n 1 948 a nd a no ther s ec t ion b eh ind t h e J o ine r s ' S hop i n1 948 . EARL IER H ISTORY I n t h e 1 260s al o ca l l a ndowne r b ough t ar ow o f s ubu rban h ouses j u s t o u t s ide Sm i thga te t of o rm a s i te f o ra n Augu s t in ian F r ia ry ,f ounded i n1 268 a nd s upp r es sed i n 1 538 .T he C i ty e ven tua l ly a cqu ired -

—

-o •

-

t h e w ho le f r ia ry s i te i n 1 587 a nd b egan t og ran t l e ase s o f p lo t s l a id o u t o n Ho lywe l l a long t h e s ou the rn f r inge o ft h e s i te . I n 1 610 K ing J ame s I b u l l ied t he C i ty i n to s e l l ing t h e e n t ire s i te t o

P LAN OF THE HOUSE AND YARD I N 1 854

D o ro thy Wadham ,t h ef o r cefu lw idow o f aw ea l thy

( FROM A MERTON LEASE TO KNO WLES I N

S ome r se t l a ndowne r . S he l e f t t h e r e cen t h ou ses

NE W COLLEGE ARCH IVES )

s t and ing a nd b u i l t Wadham C o l lege o n t h e l a rge

I n 1 870 Mer ton s o ld t h e f r eeho ld o ft h e K now le s h ou se a nd y a rd ,w i th a l l t h en ea rby h ou se s ,t oN ew C o l lege .T he c o l lege g ave n o t ice t oa l t h et e nan t s a nd , w hen t h ey h ad moved o u t , t o re d own a l l t h e h ou ses a nd l e ve l led u p t h e d i tch . T he s i te o f t h e y a rd b ecame p a r t o f al awn b eh ind t he N ew B u i ld ing .B y ac u r iou si r ony t h ec o l lege e mp loyed K now les a nd S on i n 1 946 , s oon a f te r t h e e nd o f Wo r ld Wa r Two , t ob u i ld al i ne o fp refab r ica ted c onc re te h u t so nt h e l awn ,j u s tl i ke a na rmy c amp , f o rt empo ra ry s t uden th ou s ing .

a r ea t h a t r ema ined b eh ind t h em i n 1 6 10 -13 . T he c o l lege c on t inued t ol e a se o u t t h e h ouse s a nd a ny emp ty p lo t s t h a t r ema ined ; t h e ir d e ta i led h i s to ry r ema ins t o b e i nve s t iga ted i n t h e A rch ives a t Wadham . I n t h e 1 840 s a nd ` 50 s , J oseph Hope " Bu i lder , C a rpen te r ,J o ine ra nd S tone Ma son" w a sa tN o3 6 . H e w a s a l ready t h e o ccup ier o n 2 7 Apr i l 1 847 , when h e f i r s t t ook al e a se , wh ich h e r enewed i n 1 85 1 , 1 859 ( when N o3 5w a s a dded t ot h e l e a se ) a nd 1 866 . A l l t h el e a ses w e re f o rt wen ty y ea r sa nd 7 9

t h e p r em ium o r" f ine" t h a th ep a id r o se f r om £ 55 ,

h o r izon ta l b and s , a par tf r om t h e v er t ica l s t a irca se

t o£ 180 , t o£ 201 f o rt h ed oub le p rope r ty , a nd t h en

w indows .

d ropped t o £ 200 .10 .0 , w h i le t he g round -ren t , £ 1 .8 .4 u nde r t he o ld ' b enef ic ia l ' l e a se s , w en t u p

Head ing ton

f r om £ 5t o£ 25 ay ea r . H ope o rh i s s on o ft h es ame n ame moved t o C o lches te r i n a bou t 1 870 a nd E dwa rd K now les r en ted t h e y a rd f r om h im a nd moved i n . I n 1 875 H ope s o ld t h e l e a se o fN o3 6t o E dwa rd K now le sa nd N o3 5t oC ha r le sC o lcu t t .

T homa s K now le s t h e y ounge ro rT homa s R icha rd K now les a cqu ired a s ma l l y a rd , a bou t f i f ty f e e t s quare , s ome s i x h undred f ee t s ou th o f t h e H e rm i tage a ts ome u nknown d a te i nt h en ine teen th c en tu ry , p robab ly t ou se a s s t ab le sf o rc ommu t ing

DESCR IPT ION

t oO x fo rd . B y t h e 1 890 s t he f i rm w a s a l so u s ing

T he h ouse , d escr ibed i n t he n ex t s ec t ion , s t i l l

t h e y a rd a s al o ca l b a se f o rb u i ld ing ma ter ia ls a nd

s t ands a s Wadham C o l lege r ooms . T he p l o t w a s

a dver t is ing i ta s as e cond a dd ress .I tw a sk ep tu pa s

o r ig ina l ly f or ty f ee t w ide b y o ne h und red a nd

t h e b a se f o r t he f i rm 's h o r se -d rawn t r an spo r t ,

n ine ty -f ive f e e t l ong . T he y a rd , a pp roached b y a

w h ich c on t inued u n t i l 1 95 1 a nd e ven tua l ly s o ld i n

t e n -foo tw ide w aggon -en t rance b enea th t h ee a s to r

t h e 1 960 s .

r i gh t -hand s i de o f t h e h ouse w as a l i t t le o ve r a h und red a nd t h ir ty -f ive f e e tl ong b eh ind t h eh ou se

F erry H inksey L ane , B ot ley

a nd i t st i ny y a rd o rg a rden . I n 1 931 G uy N e lson K now les b ough t a n o ld Af a ir ly l a rge b u i ld ing , l a t ter ly t h eJ o ine r s ' S hop ,

f a rmhou se a tB o t ley ,f o rme r ly p a r to ft h e H a rcou r t

s t ood r i gh t a c ros s t h e y a rd , l e av ing as pace s ome

e s ta te , a s ap er sona l i nves tmen t w i th money

t h ir ty -e igh tf e e tl o ng ,b eh ind i ta tt h ef a re nd .T h is

i nher i ted f r om h i s mo the r . H e b u i l t s i x h ou ses

b u i ld ing , wh ich d oes n o ta ppea ro nT ay lo r 's map

a l ong t h e l a ne a nd r e ta ined t he o r cha rd b eh ind ,

o f Ox fo rd i n 1 750 , i sv i s ib le o n H ogga r 's m ap o f

w h ich t h ef i rm u sed a s as t o re f o rm any y ea r s .

1 850 ;i tw a st wen ty -s ix f e e tw ide b yt h ir ty -f ive f e e t l ong a nd h ad a s ma l l s ou th -wes t a nnexe , u sed

2 7 P e mbroke S treet , S t C lemen ts

l a t te r ly a ss t o res . AG a s E ng ine , i n s ta l led i n 1 903

( now R ectory Road ) , 1 951-66

o u ts ide t he t he s ou th -ea s t c orne r o f t h e l a rge b u i ld ing , p rov ided much o f t he y a rd 's mo t ive

I n1 903 ,p ar t ly a sa ni nves tmen ta nd p a r t ly p erhap s

p owe ru n t i l 1 951 . I nt h e l a te t wen t ie st h ef i rm p u t

a s ar e serve ,i nc a se Wadham C o l lege e ve rn eeded

u p al a rge e x ten s ion p a r t ly b eh ind t h e J o iner s '

t o t a ke o ve r t h e y a rd i n H o lywe l l , T homa s E a s t

S hop a nd p a r t ly t h el a rge S to re st ha th ad g one w i th

K now le s a nd E dwa rd J ames E as t K now les p a id

No 3 5 . T he Ma son s ' S hed s s t ood o n t h e e a s t s i de

£ 992 f o r t he f r eeho ld o f al a rge d oub le p lo t o f

o ft h ey a rd ,a l ong t h ef o rme rd i v id ing w a l lb e tween

v acan t l a nd a t2 7 P embroke S t ree t ( now R ec to ry

Nos 3 6a nd 3 5 .

R oad ) , w h ich r un sb e tween t h e C ow ley R oad a nd S t C lemen ts . T he re w as b a re ly r oom f o r t wo

LATER H ISTORY

h ouses o n t h e s t ree t , b u t t h e p lo t w idened o u t t o

L a te i n1 951 K now le sa nd S on g ave u pt h ey a rd t o

a lmos t t h ree t imes t he w id th a t t he b ack ;

Wadham C o l lege w h ich p romp t ly t o r ed own a l lt h e

p r e sumab ly e ve ry p o ten t ia l d eve lope rp e r ce ived i t

s hed s a nd w o rk shop s t of o rm much o ft h e s i te o f

a s b e ing mor e v a luab le a s s t ore s a nd w o rk shops

t h e G odda rd B u i ld ing , c omp le ted i n 1 954 . I ti sa

t h an a st wo h ou ses w i th e x t reme ly l a rge g a rdens ,

l ong s l igh t ly c u rv ing r ange o f r ooms , f a ced i n

s o n o h ouses h ad g one u p when t h e s t ree t w a s

s qua red r ubb le , b u ti no t he rr e spec t st yp ica l o ft h e

d eve loped i nt h e 1 870 s .

' Modern Movemen t ' w i th t h e w indows f o rm ing

8 0

T hey c on t inued t ol e tt h el a nd w i th t h es t ab les a nd

p l ann ing p e rm is s ion t or e loca te t h emse lves t h e re ,

s t o r e s s t and ing t h e re t ov a r iou s t e nan t sf o ra lmo s t

s e l l ing o f ft h es pa re l a nd .T he mov ing s p ir i tb eh ind

h a lf ac en tu ry b e fo re i t sw ide rv a lue t ot h ef i rm h ad

t h es cheme w a sM rR ob in K emp o fK emp & K emp

t o b e e xp lo i ted . O n 2 4 November 1 951 A lan

a nd t h ec on sor t ium w a sj o ined b yA lden P res sf r om

K now les , w ho w as t h en s i x teen , p er fo rmed t h e

B insey L ane , B .H .B lackwe l l , G .T .Jones w ine -

f o rma l c e remony o f o pen ing t h e n ew H o lywe l l

m e rchan t sa nd Mowb ray ,b o th f r om S tE bbe 's ,a nd

Wo rks , t he

S ymm a nd C of r om L i t t le C la rendon S t ree t .

y ard , wo rkshops a nd o f f ices o f

K now les a nd S on o nt h ed oub le -p lo t . T he n ew s i te ,w i th v e ry a dequa te s pace f o ro f f ices , DESCR IPT ION

w o rk shops a nd s t o re s , c os t ing £ 101 ,000 , c ove r s

T he l a nd , at r iangu la rp lo t , l a y o nt h eo u t s ide o fa

a na c re a nd ah a lf .

c u rve a nd m ea su red o ve r 1 50 f e e td eep b y9 0f e e t w ide a te nd f a re nd b u to n ly 3 5f e e to nt h es t ree t . LATER H ISTORY A f te rt we lve y ea r st h eC ompany w ished t oe xpand t h e n ew y a rd t o t h e s ou th , w he re t h e n ex t d oo r p rope r ty h ad b ecome a va i lab le . B u t t he C i ty P lann ing D epa r tmen th ad z oned t h ew ho le a r ea a s r e s iden t ia l a nd t h e ma in b u i ld ing t he re , a n o ld s choo l o r c hape l , h ad o n ly t empo rary p l ann ing p e rm is s ion f o ru se a s as t o re .A tt h et ime t h e C i ty w a s e ne rge t ica l ly p u r su ing a p o l icy o f mov ing s c a t te red i ndu s t r ia lw o rk shop sa way f r om l o ca l i t ie s d es igna ted a s r e s iden t ia l a nd s hopp ing a r ea s b y t h e ir p lanne r s a nd i n to l a rge r i ndus tr ia l z ones . E nqu ir ing a bou t p l ann ing p e rm is s ion f o r t h e n ew p rem ises n ex t d oo r , t he C ompany w a s i n s tead t h rea tened w i th c ompu lso ry p u rcha se o f R ec to ry R oad a nd o f f e red an ew s i te n ea rt h e mo to r wo rk s , o n t h e w ay t o Ho r sepa th . A f te r t h e d eve lopmen t o u t l ined b e low t h ef i rm moved t oO seney Mead a nd s o ld i t s R ec tory R oad w o rk s t o t h e C i ty t o b e r ebu i l ta sa n O ld P eop le s ' D ay C en t re , w i th s ome r e s iden t ia la ccommoda t ion . Ho lywe l l House , O seney Mead , s ince 1 966 U nw i l l ing t oa ccede t ot h eC i ty p l anne r s ' d emands a nd move r i gh t a way f r om t he c en t ra l a rea , K now les a nd S on j o ined a c on so r t ium o f l o ca l f i rm s , a l l o f wh ich t u rned o u t t o b e e qua l ly t h rea tened a nd d i s sa t is f ied ,a cqu i red O seney Mead f r om U n ive r s i ty C o l lege a nd e ven tua l ly o b ta ined 8 1

PART TWO ,

K now le sb ough tB a t t in 's l e a se f o r£ 250 o n2 0O c t

FA MILY HO MES , 1 790s -1990s

1 802 a nd r e newed i t ,d i rec tf r om Me r ton o n 9J une 1 815 , a ga in f or f o r ty y ea r s . H is w idow S a rah

When t h ey f i r s t ma r r ied i n1 779 ,T homa sK now le s

r enewed t h e l e ase o n 2D ecembe r 1 826 a nd a ga in

t h e e l de ra nd h i s w if e S a rah may h ave s ha red h e r

o n 1 6J une 1 840 ,t h is t ime a sN o7 9b yt h eu n ifo rm

p aren ts ' h ouse a t N o .68 H o lywe l l , w h ich s t i l l

s t ree t n umbe r s i n t roduced t h e y ea r b efo re . T he ir

s t ands , i nu se a s N ew C o l lege r oom s ,j u s t t ot h e

g rand son E dwa rd r enewed i ta ga in o n 8D ecembe r

w e s to ft h et h a tc o l lege 's N ew B u i ld ing .S ome t ime

1 854 , p ay ing a ' f ine ' o f £ 77 .9 .6 . I tw a s t h en a

i nt h e 1 780 s a nd 9 0 s , a s t h e ir f am i ly g rew , t h ey

w idesp read r egu la r p rac t ice t o r enew f o r ty -yea r

p robab ly moved o u t i n to l odg ing s o r r en ted a

l eases a f ter f our teen y ea r s a nd t wen ty - o r

h ouse . T here a r e n o p a r ish r a te -books f or t h is

t wen ty -one -yea rl e a se sa f te rs e ven y ea r s .

p e r iod a nd i tm ay n eve rb ep o s s ib le t ob ea ny mo re T he S tC ro s sp a r ish r a te -book sf o r 1 832 -6 m ake i t

p r ec ise .

c l ea r ,f r om t h eo rde ro fn ame s ,t h a tS a rah K now le s No 7 9 Ho lywe l l

w as a c tua l ly l i v ing a t N o 7 9 a t t ha t t ime . T he S t ree t -d irec to ry o f 1 846 s how sh e ra sl i v ing a tN o

T h is l a rge h ou se o n t h e s ou th s i de o f Ho lywe l l ,

8 3 . S he mu s tt hu s h ave moved o u t b e tween a bou t

w h ich n o l onge r e x is t s , b e longed t ot h e Know le s

1 836 a nd 1 846 , p erhap s f i nd ing t h e h ou se t oo

f am i ly f r om 1 802 t o 1 870 . T homa s K now les t h e

l a rge .S he d i dn o t move t o make r oom f o rh e re l der

e l der l i ved i n i tf r om 1 802 , a nd p e rhap s s eve ra l

s on T homa s t h e y ounge r , w ho c on t inued t ol i ve a t

y ea r s e a r l ie r , u n t i l h i s d ea th i n 1 826 . H is w idow

H ead ing ton . H is s on , p a r tner a nd s ucce s so r a s

S a rah c on t inued t ol i ve t h e r ef o ra tl e a s ta no the rt e n

h ead o ft h e f i rm E dwa rd K now le s l i ved a tN o 7 9

y ea r s , b u th ad moved t oN o8 3 b efo r e h e rd ea th i n

f r om 1 847 t o1 870 .

1 846 . T he i r g randson E dwa rd N icho l ls Know les l i ved t h e re f r om 1 847 t o1 870 a sj un io rp a r tne ra nd

T homa s t h e y ounge r 's b ro the r E dwa rd l i ved f ou r

a s h ead o f t he f i rm . T h is p rope r ty , w h ich h ad a

d oo r s a way t ot h e w es t a tN o7 5 , w he re h e r a nh i s

l a rge y a rd b eh ind i ta nd t h en ex tt h ree h ou se st ot h e

b us ine s sa s ap lumbe ra nd p a in te r .A f ter h ed i ed i n

e a s t , w a s t he f i rm 's o n ly b a se a nd c en tre o f

1 840 h i s w idow A nn c on t inued t h e b us ine s s u n t i l

o pera t ions u n t i l 1 870 , e ven a t t imes when t h e

h e ro wn d ea th i n1 846 .

h ouse i t se lf w a s l e t . I ts t ood s ome f o r ty y a rd s t o t h e w es t o f t h e p resen t H o lywe l l G a te o f N ew

EARL IER H ISTORY

C o l lege .

T he h ou se h ad b een b u i l tn ea r ly ac en tu ry a nd ah a lf b efo re b y al e ad ing Ox fo rd ma s te r -bu i lde ro nl a nd

I ti sn o tc l ea rp r ec ise ly w hen T homa sK now les t h e

t ha t h e l e ased f r om Mer ton . O n 2 8 N ovembe r

e l de ra nd h i sf am i ly moved i n .H e may h ave r en ted

1 636 , a f te rf enc ing i to f fa sa n e x t ra g a rden , J ohn

i tf r om 1 797 -8 . I n 1 798 J ohn B a t t in , g en t leman o f

D ickenson b u tche r , l e ssee o f N os 1 5 -16 o n t h e

t h e p a r ish o f S t P e ter i n t h e E a s t , h ad t aken o r

n o r th s i de o f t he s t ree t , f i r s t l e ased t h e n a r row

r enewed a f o r ty -yea r l e ase o f t he h ouse f r om

n o r the rn p ar t o fN o 7 9 , m ea sur ing 6 0 b y 2 4f e e t ,

Mer ton C o l lege ,o wne r so fa lmo s tt h ew ho le s t ree t

f r om Me r ton C o l lege a t 1 2d ay ea rf o r4 0 y ea r s .

a nd t ownsh ip . I n t h e a r cha ic n umber ing s ys tem

R icha rd F rog ley c a rpen te r t ook a l e a se o f t h e

i n t roduced b y Me r ton C o l lege i nt h e s even teen th

h ou se , g a rden a nd l ong n a r row f i e ld o n t h e n o r th

c en tu ry i tw a st h en r e fe r red t oi nt h e l e a ses a s' t he

s i de o f t h e r oad o n 1 4 F eb rua ry 1 671 a nd a l so

f o r ty -e igh th h ou se ' a nd m ay h ave h ad t h en umbe r

l eased

XLV I I I i n c ised i n to t h e l i n te l o ve r t h e f r on t d oo r ,

i mmed ia te ly ,o n 1Apr i l 1 671 ,h er enewed t h el e a se

a ss eve ra lo the r s ,s uch a sI Ia nd XXX I I s t i l l d o .

w i th al a rge e x t ra p lo to n t h e s ou th , m ea su r ing 6 3 8 2

t h is

g arden

o n t he

s ou th . A lmos t

f e e tn o r th sou th b y8 4f ee te a s tt ow e s t ,w h ich h ad b een p a r to ft h eC i ty D i tch .

f l oo r" p e rhaps o f a nc ien t b oa rds s u rv iv ing f r om F rog ley 's t ime .

F rog ley a l so u nde r took t o b u i ld a h ou se t o t h e

T he e n t rance h a l l a tt h ef oo t o ft h e s t a ir s a nd t h e

v a lue o f £ 100 w i th in t h ree y ea r s . On Me r ton 's

b ack r oom h ad " pav ing" o ft i l e o rs t one . T he b ack

e a r l ies te s ta te map o f Ho lywe l l ,s u rveyed i n1 674 ,

r oom w a st h ek i tchen w i th " oven a nd b o i le rr a nge"

t h is a ppea r s a s "Ma s ter F rog ley h i s n ew b u i ld ing

a nd " D res se ra nd c upboa rd" .J u s tp as tt h e k i tchen

a nd g round" . T he h ouse w here much o f t he K now le s 's s oc ia l a nd b u s iness l i f e t ook p l ace

t he p lan s hows t h a t as e conda ry s e rv ice -en t rance l e d o f ft h e w aggon -way i n to t h e n o r th e nd o ft h e

b e tween a bou t 1 800 a nd 1 870 ,c an t hu sb ed a ted t o

b ack y a rd ;t h i s may b et h e" Spa r red g a te a nd p o s t s"

1 671-4 .

o ft h es a le -ca ta logue .

F rog ley h ad ,i n1 665 -8 ,c on s t ruc ted t h el a rge s tf l a t c e i l ing e ve rb u i l ti nE u rope b e fo re t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry , c on t r ived a s as howp iece o f ma thema t ica lt h eo ry b y t h e b r i l l ian t y oung A s t ronomy p rofesso r , D r C h r is tophe r Wren .I ts pans t h eS he ldon ian T hea t re , t h e u n ive rs i ty 's g radua t ion h a l l , w h ich h e a l so d e s igned a sO x fo rd 's f i r s te n t ir e ly c l a s s ica lp i ece o f a r ch i tec tu re ;t h e w a l ls a r ei n as ense n o mo r et h an d eco ra t ive ' c ladd ing ' . Wren n eve r a t temp ted t o r epea t o r e mu la te h i s r oof , e ven a t S t P au l 's C a thed ra l . DESCR IPT ION N o7 9 , o fw h ich n op ho tog raph so rd raw ing sh ave b een f ound , a l though t h e re a r et wo f i ne d raw ing s a nd a ne a r ly p ho tog raph o ft h ey a rd b eh ind , w a sa f a ir ly l a rge h ouse , e nd -on t ot h e s t ree t , o r ig ina l ly w i th t wo g ab les o n t he f r on t . I th ad a b road w aggon -en t rance o nt h ee a s t( t ot h el e f t ,l ook ing a t t h e f r on t f r om t he s t ree t ) w i th a " S t rong p a ir o f e n trance

g a tes ,

w ith

w icke t ,

h inges

a nd

f a s ten ing s" , t o q uo te f r om t h e d emo l i t ion -sa le

B IRDS -EYE V IE W OF OXFORD I N 1 675 BY DAV ID

c a ta logue o f 1 872 . T he p lan o n t he 1 854 l e a se o f

LOGGAN .

1 854 s hows t ha t t h e f r on t d oo r w a s n o t o n t h e

THE HOUSE I S MARKED W ITH AN X

s t ree t , b u t h a lf -way d own t h e w aggon -en t rance , w i th a " Pa ir o f s a sh d oo r s" , a cco rd ing t o t he

B eyond w a s t h e n a r row p aved w a shhouse w i th i t s

c a ta logue .T he f r on tr oom , n od oub t ap a r lou rt h a t

f i xed

T homa sK now le st h ee lde ro f ten u sed f o rb u s ine s s

n a r rowe rp aved y a rd w i th " t h ree s t one s t ep s" l e dt o

w h ich c ou ld a l so s e rve a s ad in ing r oom w hen t h e

t h e p r ivy , at wo -sea te r o n t h e p lan . E i the r t he

w ho le f am i ly c ame t oge the rw h i le h eo rh i sw idow

w ashhou se o rt he y a rd h ad " Two l a rge r a in w a te r

l i ved i nt h eh ouse ,h ad a" Th ree l i gh tw indow" ,n o

t a nk s , l i ned w i th l e ad" a nd a " Lead p ump a nd

d oub t al a te -18 th -cen tu ry s a sh w i th n a r row s i de

p ip ing ,i r onwo rk a nd s t one s i nk" .

l i gh t s , a" La rge c orner c upboa rd" a nd a n " oak 8 3

-C oppe r" ;

b es ide t h e w ashhou se a n e ven

T he " F IRST F LOOR "m ay h ave h ad f i ve r ooms ,i f

No 8 3 Ho lywe l l

w e c an j udge f r om t h e " Th ree 6 p ane l d oo r s" a nd " Two 2 -pane l d oo r s" i nt h e s a le -ca ta logue , b u t i t

I n 1 815 T homas K now les t h e e l der b ough t t he

d oes n o ts e em p o ss ib le t of i ts o many r oom sa bove

l e a se o fa no ther s ma l le rh ou se i nH o lywe l l ,w h ich

t he g round p lan i n t h e l e a se . P erhap s t h e " Two

r ema ined f am i ly p roper ty , s ome t imes s ub le t u n t i l

2 -pane l d oo r s" f o rmed d oub le -doo r st h a tc ou ld b e

1 870 . T he S t ree t D irec tory o f 1 846 s hows Mr s

o pened f o re n te r ta in ing t ot h row t oge the rt h e t wo

S a rah K now les , w idow o f T homa s K now les t he

f r on t r oom s , o ne o ve r t h e p a r lou r , w h ich h ad a

e l de r , l i v ing a t No 8 3 ; s he may h ave f ound N o7 9

" Sham r eg is te r g ra te , c h imney p iece , a nd h ear th

t oo l a rge a nd moved t o No 8 3 where , w e c an

s t one" a nd o ne , wh ich w a s u nhea ted , o ve r t h e

a s sume , s h ed i ed i n 1 846 .

waggon -en t rance . B eh ind t h is s pac iou s d raw ing r oom ( a s w e m igh t c a l l i t ) s uch a n a r rangemen t

F o r ay ea ro rt wo a bou t 1 869 -70 T homa s R icha rd

wou ld l e ave a s i ng le mas te r -bed room o ve r t h e

Know les , who h ad s t ar ted mar r ied l i fe i n

k i tchen ; t h is h ad a" sma l l g ra te" . O n t h e l a nd ing

S umme r town , l i ved i n No 8 3 , af ew d oo r s a way

t h e re w e re " Two c ubpoa rd s " .

f r om h i s p a ren t s , E dwa rd a nd Ma rga re t K now les , a t N o 7 9 . E jec ted b y N ew C o l lege i n 1 870 -72 ,

T he h ou se w a st h ree s t o r eys h igh a nd t h et op f l oo r ,

w hen t h ey b ough to u tt h ef r eeho ld a nd s o ld o f ft h e

p e rhap sa t t ic st h a th ad b een ' boxed o u t ' , h ad " f ive

ma te r ia ls f o rd emo l i t ion a st hey d i dw i th N o7 9 ,h e

d oo r sa nd f i t t ings " .P e rhap st h e re w a s ad oo ra tt h e

moved a c ro s st h es t ree tt o No 3 6 .

h ead o ft h e s t a ir sa nd f ou rb ed room s . O ne o ft h em h ad af i rep lace . T h is " T WO -PA IR F LOOR" a l so

DESCR IPT ION

c on ta ined a "W .C ." b y 1 872 , when t h e re w a s a

N o 8 3 w a s af a i r ly s ma l l h ouse o fs i x r oom s , o nce

" bra s st a pa nd h ou sema ids ' c i s te rn o nl a nd ing" .

t he w es t e nd o f a much l a rge r h ouse w h ich h ad

Above i ta l l w a s ab lue s l a te r oo f ; n o d oub t al ow

b een b u i l t s i de -on t ot h e s t ree ta nd h ad t hen b een

p i tched r oo fh ad r ep laced t h e o r ig ina l s t eep -p i tch

s ubd iv ided . We c an r e cons truc t i ti ns ome d e ta i l

r oof w hen t h e a t t ics w ere b oxed o u t . B o th u ppe r

f r om a p lan o n al e ase o f 1 851 a nd f r om t he

s t o reys h ad t wo " squa re b ow w indows" , e ach

d emo l i t ion s a le -ca ta logue o f 1 872 . I th ad af r on t

" con ta in ing 4 p a ir o f s a shes" ; l i ke o the r O xfo rd

d oo r o n t h e s t ree t w h ich l ed i n to a v ery n a r row

h ou ses , a nd s eve ra l i n H o lywe l l , s a sh -w indows

s i de -pa s sage w i th " s tone p av ing" t ot h et i gh tn ewe l

h ad r ep laced l e aded c a semen ti nt i e r so fp ro jec t ing

s t a irca se a nd o nd own , b y" f ive s t one s t eps" t ot h e

b ay -w indows . T he e ave s h ad g u t ter s l e ad ing t oa

k i tchen . F rom t h e p a ssage t wo d oo r s o pened , t h e

d own -p ipe t ot h er a inwa te rt a nk s .

f i r s t i n to af r on t s pace o r s hop , o n ly a bou t s even f ee t d eep a nd u nhea ted , w h ich h ad a" Th ree l igh t

LATER H ISTORY

w indow , s hu t ter s , a nd f i t t ing s" o n t he s t ree t .

I n 1 870 N ew C o l lege b ough t t h e f r eeho ld o f t h e

B eh ind t h is , a nd l i nked t oi tb y ad oo rway , w a sa

p rem ise s f r om Me r ton a nd g ave n o t ice t oq u i t t o

l a rge r r oom a bou t f our teen f ee t d eep w i th , a tt h e

Know le sa nd a l t h el e s sees ,t e nan t sa nd s ub tenan t s

b ack , a" Hand some s t one c h imney p i ece . . . ,w i th

o ft e no t he rp rope r t ie s .T he c o l lege c omm is s ioned

s t one h ea r th" .T h is r oom may h ave b een l i to n ly b y

G eo rge G i lbe r tS co t tt od e s ign al a rge e x ten s ion t o

as ma l l w indow b es ide t h e f i rep lace . T here w a s a

h ou se a ni n f lux o fs t uden t so nt h er e su l t ing s i te .O n

c e l la r b enea th t h ese t wo f r on t r ooms , p aved w i th

2 3-24 Apr i l 1 872 G a lp in & S on a uc t ioned t h e

s t one a nd r e ached b y " s tone s t ep s" , w h ich mu s t

b u i ld ing ma te r ia ls o ft e n h ouse s , Nos 7 5 -80 a nd

h ave o pened o u t o f t h e k i tchen a nd f o l lowed t h e

No s8 2 -85 ,f o rd emo l i t ion a nd c l ea rance d u r ing t h e

t u rn o ft h en ewe l s t a ir . B eh ind t h ek i t chen af a i r ly

n ex t f ew w eeks . T he f i rs t s t age w a s b u i l t i n

s pac ious p aved y a rd l ed t o " The p r ivy" , a

1 872 -74 ;f ou r mo r ew e r ec omp le ted b y 1 898 .

s i ng le -sea te ro nt h ep l an ,b eyond w h ich w a s al a rge 8 4

g a rden ,o ve rt h ree t ime st h ew id th o ft h eh ou se .O n

f r om t h ec o l lege w i thou tt h ef a rm land .H el e ti to u t

t h ew e s tt h e g a rden a d jo ined t h e l a rge y a rd b eh ind

t ot e nan t su n t i l 1 892 ,w hen h e moved i na nd a lmo s t

N o 7 9 . T he 1 851 p l an s hows i td iv ided b y a n

a to nce d i ed . H is w idow Ma ry Ann l i ved o n t h e re

e a s t -we s tw a l l w i th n o a ppa ren t o pen ing . P e rhap s

u n t i l h e rd ea th i n Augu s t 1 899 . T hen h e rc h i ld ren

o ne o f t h e T homas K now leses h ad j o ined t h e

p u ti to n t h e m a rke t ,f a i led t of i nd ab uye ra tt h e ir

f u r the rh a lf o ft h eg a rden t oh i sy a rd .

p r ice a nd l e ti tt ot e nan t s ,s e l l ing i ti n1 902 .

T he u ppe rf l oo r s o f t h e h ouse d o n o t s e em t ob e

EARL IER H ISTORY

p rec ise ly d e scr ibed i nt h ec a ta logue . I fw ef o l low i t

Magda len C o l lege o wned t h eh ou se a s af a rm s tead

l i t e ra l ly t h ef i r s tf l oo ro r" one -pa i rs t o ry" h ad t h ree

f r om t h e 1 400 st o 1 880 ; b efo re 1 804 t h ef a rm land

f i rep laces , t wo w indows a nd o n ly o ne d oo r . T he

c omp r ised t we lve p a rce ls o f meadow o r s t r ip s o f

" uppe rs t o ry" o ra t t ic sh ad a" Th ree l igh tw indow ,

a r ab le a nd l e ys , amoun t ing t on ea r ly e i gh t a c res .

1s ma l l d i t to , 2d oo r s , a nd f i t t ings . . ." , b u t n o

When t h ec ommon f i e ld sw e re e nc lo sed i n 1 804 -5

f i rep lace s .

t h e f a rm land w a s c onso l ida ted i n to t wo s qua re f i e ld ss ome d i s tance a way o nO ld R oad .

EARL IER H ISTORY L ike m any o the r Ho lywe l l h ouse s , N o 8 3 h ad

T he C o l lege l e a sed a"Mes suage w i th aB a rn a nd

a s soc ia t ions w i th o the r ma s te r -bu i lde r s . E a r l ie r

O r cha rd" t oG eo rge D av is ,y eoman o fH ead ing ton ,

l e a se s i nt h e Mer ton l e a se -book s s how t h a t t h e

i n1 697 ; h es ucceeded h i sf a the rJ ohn ( d .1688 )a nd

ma son R icha rd P idd ing ton h ad l e a sed t h ep rope r ty ,

t h en h i sw idowed mo the rE l izabe th . I n1 665 aJ ohn

a l ready s ubd iv ided , i nA p r i l 1 711 a nd r e newed h i s

D av is h ad p a id t ax o n t wo h ea r ths ; i fh e w as

l e a se i nO c tobe r 1 724 ; h e a l so l e a sed s e ve ra l o t he r

a l ready i nt h e Magda len p rope r ty , t h e h ouse w a s

Ho lywe l l p rope r t ies f r om Mer ton . L a ter t he

t h en as ma l l o ne . T he t h ree D av ises may a l l h ave

P idd ing ton s , who se h i s to ry w e s c anned i nC hap te r

o ccup ied a nd f a rmed t h e p roper ty , t hough n e i the r

Two , l i ved a cros s t h e r oad a tN o 2 4j u s t w es t o f

E l izabe th n o rG eo rge s e em st oh ave b een b u r ied i n

Man s f ie ld R oad .

H ead ing ton .I ndeed t h e ma r r iage a tH ead ing ton o fa G eorge D av is o f B ur fo rd o n 8O c tobe r 1 717 t o

T he Herm i tage , O ld Head ing ton

S a rah Smy th , a l so o fB ur fo rd , s ugges ts t ha t t h a t , whoever t hey w e re , t he D av is f am i ly 's ma in

I n 1 830 T homas K now les t h e y ounge r , h i s w ife

i n te res t w a s i nt h a t a r ea , o ve rt wen ty m i les t ot h e

H annah a nd t h e y ounge rf i ve o rs i x o ft h e ir e i gh t

w e s to fO x fo rd .

c h i ld ren moved f r om K id l ing ton ,f i ve m i le sn o r th o f O xford , t o a l a rge s t one f a rmhouse a t

T he n ex t l e ase o f 6S ep tembe r 1 706 o f -A l l t h a t

H ead ing ton ,t wo m i le se a s to fO x fo rd .I ts t i l le x is t s

n ew e rec ted Messuage o r T enemen t Ma l thouse

a nd h a sl o ng b een k nown a s" The H e rm i tage" ,b u t

O u thouse sE d if ices B u i ld ing sa nd O rcha rd" w a st o

s e em st oh ave b een c a l led " t he Wh i t eH ou se" i nt h e

W i l l iam Abso lon ( d .1725 )y eoman o fH ead ing ton .

1 820 s . H e l i ved h e re f o rj u s t o ve r aq ua r te r o fa

S ome t ime i nt h e i n te rven ing n ine y ea r s Ab so lon

c en tu ry ,f r om 1 830 t o1 856 ,a tf i r s tl e a s ing i tf r om

mu s th ave b ough tD av is 's l e a seho ld i n te res t( and a

Magda len C o l lege a s g ua rd ian t o h i s o rphaned

mo r tgage f r om S i r W i l l iam Wa l te r o f S a r sden ) ,

n ephews a nd n i eces . H is y ounge r s ons T homa s

t a ken o ve rt h ef a rm ,b u i l tt h em a l thou se a nd r e bu i l t

a nd W i l l iam c on t inued t ol e a se i ta nd l i ved t h e re a s

t h eh ou se i ni t sp r esen tf o rm . H er e newed t h el e a se

f a rme r sf r om 1 856 t o1 872 .

i n1 713 a nd 1 720 .

I n 1 880 T homas R icha rd K now le s , t h e y ounge r

W i l l iam Ab so lon , w ho mu s t e v iden t ly b ec r ed i ted

T homa s 's g rand son , b ough t t h e p rope r ty o u t r igh t

w i th b u i ld ing t h eh ou se ,w a sa l ready e s tab l ished i n 8 5

H ead ing ton i nt h e 1 680 s , w hen h i s t wo c h i ldren

H ead ing ton a nd i n1 828 o pened t h ef am i ly v au l ta t

w e re b ap t ised ,W i l l iam o n2 8N ovembe r 1 684 a nd

K id l ing ton f o rh i s s i s te r in law t ob el a id t h e r e . O n

E l izabe th o n 1 3 F eb rua ry 1 686 . T h is y ounge r

6D ecembe r 1 830 T homa s Mo t t 's e xecu tor s ,

W i l l iam t ook o ve r t he Magda len l e ase a nd w a s

T homa s K now les " of H ead ing ton mason" a nd

b ur ied a tH ead ing ton o n 1 S ep tember 1 750 . A n

W i l l iam P a r son s ,t a i lo ro fS tC lemen t sr enewed t h e

E l izabe th Abda lon , p e rhaps t h e e l der Wi l l iam 's

Magda len l e a se . T homas K now les t he y ounge r

w ife , w as b u r ied o n 5S ep tembe r 1 687 a nd a n

r enewed t h e l e ase i n h i s o wn n ame t h ree t ime s

E l izabe th Ab so lon , p e rhap s t h e d augh ter , o n 2 2

mo re ,o n 6D ecembe r 1 837 ,a nd o nt h es ame d ay i n

J u ly 1 723 .

1 844 a nd 1 85 1 .

T he h ou se e scaped o n3 0 Ap r i l 1 718 , when " abou t

H is a ccoun tb ook sf r equen t ly n o te e xpend i tu re o n

f our o 'c lock i n t h e a f te rnoon a f i re b egan a t

" Head ing ton H ouse" a nd i t s g rana ry , m a l thou se ,

H edd ing ton n ea rO xfo rd , w [h i ]ch ( t he w ind b e ing

p igs tye a nd c o t tages , £ 33 i n 1 830 -1 , £ 18 i n

p r e t ty h igh )i n as ho r tt ime b u rn td own 2 4d we l l ing

1 831-3 , £ 16 i n 1 837 -8 , £ 55 i n 1 838 -9 , £ 50 ( o f

H ouse s . . . e xcep t ing a bou tt wo H ou se s wh ich w e re

w h ich £ 17 w a sf o rn ew g a tes )i n1 839 -4 1 a nd £ 4i n

s t one b u i ld ings , whereas t h e o ther s w ere o ld

1 84 1-2 . I n 1 842 h e b ough t s ome n ea rby c o t tages ,

t h a tch 'd B u i ld ings ." ( Hearne C o l lec t ion s 6 , f o r

p erhaps i mmed ia te ly t o t he n o r th f o r £ 262 a nd

1 717 -19 , ( 1902 ) p . 171) .

r epa ired t h em f o r£ 58 .L a te rt h ey s e em t oh ave b een t h rown t oge the ra nd r e named ' S tone H ou se ' .

G eo rge F or tnam y eoman o f H ead ing ton r e newed t h e l e a se i n 1 802 a nd 1 809 , w hen ac oach -hou se

R epa ir s t o t h e h ouse a nd t he c o t tages c on t inued

a nd s t ab les w e re t aken f r om t h e p roper ty t o b e

s t ead i ly ,w i th £ 28 i n1 84 1-5 ,£ 26 i n1 845 -7 ,£ 23 i n

l e a sed t o t h e O x fo rd b anke r S i r J o seph L ock t o

1 847 -9 ( t h is i n c luded t h eb u r ia lo fE dw in K now le s

b ecome p a r t o f h i s g rand v i l la c l ose b y a tB u ry

o n 1 3 O c t 1 848 ) , £ 38 i n 1 849 -53 , £ 29 i n 1 853 -6 .

K now le ; a nd i n 1 816 . O n 6D ecembe r 1 823

A f ter t h e y ounge r T homas d i ed i n 1 856 h i s t wo

F or tnam 's w idow B e t ty r enewed t h e l e a se a ga in .

y ounges t s on s r e newed t h e l e a se , a s Mess r s W . &

S he may a l ready h ave s ub le t i tt o T homas a nd

T . K now les .T he ir e lde rb ro the r E dwa rd K now le s

Ma r tha Mo t t .

a nd ,f r om 1 872 ,h i s s on T homa sR icha rd K now le s c a r r ied o n d o ing r epa ir s , b u t f a r f ewe r , f o r £ 7 i n

H annah K now le s 's much y ounge r s i s te r Ma r tha

1 856 -65 , £ 15 i n 1 857 -65 , £ 10 i n 1 866 -8 , £ 10 i n

( 1784 -1828 )h ad m a r r ied T homa s Mo t t , ma l t s te ro f

1 867 -70 a nd £ 20 i n1 870 -1 .

H ead ing ton a nd B u rghc le re ,H an t s .S he l e f tf i ve o r s i xc h i ld ren w hen s he d i ed a t4 3a nd w hen T homa s

I na bou t 1 872 t h ef a rme rT homa sK now le sg ave u p

d i ed i n1 830 ,t h eK now le se s moved i n to t h e Mo t t s '

t he

h ou se s o t ha t H annah c ou ld c a re f o rt he o rphans ,

S andfo rd -on -Thames . F rom 1 874 t h e f am i ly f i rm

a cco rd ing t of am i ly t r ad i t ion c on f irmed i n1 939 b y

c a rr ied o u th i sr epa ir s a tS and fo rd a nd o n3 0 May

T .E .Know les t o ay oung t h ird c ous in ( now t h e

1 879 T homa sR icha rd K now les w ro te t oh im t h e re ;

R evd . J ohn R eyno lds , Mo t t 's g r ea t -g randson ) . I t

t h en h e moved t oB a ldon i na bou t 1 885 . F o r mo s t

may h ave a l lowed T homa s t o k eep a n e ye o n

o ft h e 1 870 st h eK now les f am i ly s e em t oh ave h ad

T homa s Mo t t 's m a l t ing b u s ine s s , wh ich m ay h ave

n oi n te re s ti nH ead ing ton .

Magda len

l ease

a nd

moved

t o

b een a s soc ia ted w i th t h eN icho l s ' m i l la tH o lywe l l . K now le s may h ave k ep ta ne ye o nt h em i l l .

T .R .KNO WLES , H IS WIDO W AND HE IRS I n 1 880 Magda len C o l lege p u tt h ef r eeho ld o ft h e

T he y ounge rT homa sh ad a l ready d one s ome s ma l l

h ouse u p f o r s a le w i thou t i t s f a rm land . T he

r epa ir s f o r t he Mo t ts a t t h e ' Wh i te House ' i n

p ar t icu la r s i s sued b y t he a uc t ionee r s P ike a nd 8 6

Messenge r d escr ibed t he " spac ious f am i ly

t ot ake t h e b uy t h e "Wa l l G a rden a nd C o t tage a sa

r e s idence . . .l a te ly i nt h eo ccupa t ion o ft h eR ev .M r .

s e t t lemen to ft h eq ue s t ion" a nd l a te ro f fe r ing t ot a ke

P ea r son" w i th a n " ex tens ive 2 -S to rey B u i ld ing ,

al e a se wh i le a l so t h rea ten ing l e ga la c t ion a s ,b y2 1

( r ecen t ly u sed a s aMALT HOUSE ) , a bou t 9 5f t .

Ap r i l " my t enan t h as l o s t a l l p a t ience" . When

b y 2 0f t .w i th a d jo in ing S hed a nd L o f to ve r ,a bou t

G od f rey d i ed a nd h i sd augh te ri n he r i ted t h ec o t tage ,

5 0f t . b y 1 0f t . " . A t t h e a uc t ion , h e ld a tt h e M i t re

T .R .Know les c on t inued t h e c or respondence i n

Ho te l o n 2 8 J anua ry 1 880 " A t FOUR f o r F IVE

1 886 b yr em ind ing h e rt h a th eh ad n eve rb een p a id

o 'c lock p r ec ise ly" i tf a i led t os e l l . A .W .Pea r son

f o rr epa ir ing t h ew a l l a nd w a rn ing h e ro n 4J anua ry

h ad b een V ica ro fH ead ing ton i n1 876 -78 a nd w a s

t h a t" Th is l a s tf r os ts ome mo re f e l la way" .S he w a s

t Rec to ro fS t Ma rga re t 's C an te rbu ry f r om 1 880 .

v ery s l ow i na nswe r ing a nd h e h ad t o wr i te mo re

T .R .Know le s o f fe red t h e c o l lege £ 650 . We l e a rn

When s he d i da nswe r ,s he d en ied l i ab i l i ty .

l e t te r s , o n 1 6 &2 5 J anua ry a nd 1 6 F eb rua ry ' 86 . f r om a ne n t ry o f2 3 F eb rua ry i nh i sL e t te r -book o f 1 879 -86 t h is w as p a r t ly o nb eha lf o f Mr sB a l lachey

I n 1 884 -5 T .R .Know le s w a s l ook ing f o r a no the r

o f B u ry K now le House c lose b y . Magda len

t e nan t a nd s en t o u t l e t te r s d esc r ib ing t he h ouse t o

a ccep ted a nd Know les t ook t h e h ou se , t he l a rge

T homa s J ones o f S hoo ter s H i l l , K en t o n 2 9

b ack g a rden a nd t h e n o r th p a r t o f t h e f r on t y a rd ,

S ep tembe r 1 884 ,J ames K ing o n2 8J anua ry a nd 1 4

w h i le M r sB a l lachey t ook t h e s ou thern a nd e a s ter n

F eb rua ry 1 885 , W .K inch , s o l ic i tor o fD edd ing ton

p a r t s o f t h e o ld Magda len p rope r ty w here t h e

f o r ac l ien to n 3Ma rch 1 885 a nd , p e rhap si n May ,

b anke rS i rJ o seph L ock h ad b u i l th i ss t ab les b e fo re

t oC ap ta in H .H . Mu lcahy o fC ow ley B a r rack s . H e

1 809 .

w ro te t ot h eC hurch T ime st oa dve r t ise i nF eb rua ry o r Ma rch a nd o n 2 5J u ly , b u t t h is d id n o tp roduce

S he a l so t o ok o ve rt h e s ou th p a r to ft h e f r on ty a rd

i d ea lt e nan t s . C ap ta in Mu lcahy t ook t he h ouse f o ra

s ot h a ti tc ou ld f o rm t h es i te f o r at empe rance t a ver n

y ea r ,b u th ad t ob er em inded o n2 3J anua ry 1 886 t o

t h e ' Br i t ish Wo rkman ' , n ow t h e V ik ing S po r t s

p ay t h e r en t a nd , o n 1 6 Ma rch a nd 1 0 May , t o

C lub .T he c ha irman o ft h e t empe rance c omm i t tee

move o u t .

w a s G ene ra l D esbo rough o ft h eL indens ( now t h e P r io ry ) as ho r tw ay t ot h en o r th ; M is sM .A .N icho l

O n 9J anua ry 1 886 Know le sw ro te o f ft oa dve r t ise

o fJ e smond C o t tage me ta l l t h ec ons t ruc t ion -co s t s .

i n t he O xf ord T imes , p erhaps h op ing f o rmo re

K now le s ,a sb u i lde r ,c ha rged h e rt h ec on t rac tp r ice

r e l iab le t e nan t st han h eg o tf r om t h eC hurch T ime s .

o f£ 440 a nd £ 48 .8 .9 o fe x t ra s .

H eg o ta ne nqu iry f r om M is sT ho rp o fT oo tB a ldon a nd w ro te t oh e ro n 1 6a nd 2 3 Ma rch a nd 1 0 Ap r i l ,

O ve rt h en ex tf i ve y ea r sT homa sR icha rd K now le s

r educ ing t h er en tf r om £ 50 t o£ 45 .T he s t o ry o ft h e

s p en t£ 62 o nr e pa i r st ot h eH e rm i tage a nd s t a r ted t o

H erm i tage i s c on t inued , a f te r ag ap w hen t he

l ook f o r at e nan t ; h e w ro te o n 1 9 J anua ry 1 881

L e t te r -book r uns o u t , b y ab und le o f t wen ty t wo

a bou t l e t t ing t h e h ou se t o Ma jo r R .Thompson ,

i n c rea s ing ly b ad tempe red a nd f o rma l l e t te r sf r om

I f f ley R oad ,O x fo rd .

Mr F . J .Rudman , w ho t ook t h e h ouse f o rt h e y ea r s 1 888 -91 , a nd f ou r d ra f t r ep l ies , a l l t e l l ing o f a

I n 1 884 T .R .Know les h ad t r oub le g e t t ing t h e

r a p id ly d e te r io ra t ing r e la t ion sh ip .

o wne ro f an e ighbou r ing g a rden t or epa i rt h ew a l l b e tween ;h ef i red o f f ab a r rage o fl e t te r st oT homa s

I n 1 89 1 o r 9 2 T homa s R icha rd K now le s a nd h i s

G odf rey o fP angbou rne n ea rR ead ing i n s is t ing o n a c t ion a s mo r e a nd mo re o f t h e w a l l f e l l d own ,

f am i ly moved i n to t h eH e rm i tage . S oon a f terwa rd s h e d i ed a ged o n ly 5 2 , l e av ing h i s w idow t ob r ing

w r i t ing t o h im o n 4& 1 7 J anua ry , 1& 1 9

u p t h ef am i ly a nd h i s t wo e l de rs on s o f2 1 a nd 1 8

F eb rua ry , 8Ma rch a nd 7Ap r i l ,i nt h ee nd o f f e r ing

t ot ake u p a nd r un t he b us ines s . W i th in ay ea r o f 8 7

t he i r mo the r 's d ea th o n 1Augu s t 1 899 a l l t h es ons

LATER H ISTORY

a nd d augh ters h ad moved a way f rom t he

C .F .Be l l ( 1871-1966 ) b ough t t h e H erm i tage i n

H e rm i tage .T he m idd le s on E dwa rd a ppea r sa st h e

1 912 a nd s o ld i ti n 1 926 . O xfo rd d i r ec to r ies n ame

o ccupan ti nK e l ly 's D i rec to ry f o r1 900 .

M iss C our tenay B e l l , k nown a s at r an s la to r f r om t he F rench ( and n o d oub t as i s ter o r a un t ) , a s

I n Augu s t 1 900 t h ey l e tt h eh ou se f u rn ished f o rs i x

o ccup ie r i n 1 909 -2 1 . B e l l h imse lf i sn amed i n

mon ths a t£ 50 t oC ap ta in S tap le ton C o t ton . O n 1

1 922 -25 . When h e d id u p t he H erm i tage , l oca l

May 1 901 , d ur ing h i s r enewed t e nancy , t h ey p u ti t

t r ad i t ion r e la te st h a tB e l ld emo l ished t h ree a d jo in ing

u p f o r a uc t ion t h rough B ucke l ! & S on . D e sp i te a

c o t tage t ot h en o r th ,e v ic t ing h i st e nan t st h e re .

b id o f £ 890 t he h ouse f a i led t o r each t he ir o ve r -op t im is t ic r e se rve . B y 7 May B ucke l l h ad

B e l l w a s A ss is tan t K eepe r o f An t iqu i t ies a t t h e

f ound ap urchase r p repa red t oo f fe r£ 700 , w h ich

A shmo lean Mu seum f r om 1 8%t o1 909 ,d u r ing t h e

t he y oung Know leses t u rned d own , n o d oub t

e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e g r ea t e xcava t ion sa tK no sso sb y

d i sappo in ted a tt he l ow o f fe r , a nd a tt he e nd o f

S i r A r thu r E van s , K eepe r o f t he Mu seum ( bu t a

C o t ton 's s e cond s i x mon th s i n Augus t 1 90 1 t h ey

p e r s is ten ta b sen tee f r om h i sj ob ) .B e l lt h en b ecame

l e tt he H e rm i tage a ga in , t o aMr s G ray , f o r£ 65 a

K eepe ro f We s te rn A r t a tt he A shmo lean u n t i l h e

y ea r . T h is r educed r en t i nd ica tes t ha t t h ey h ad

r e t ired i n1 929 .A s s uch h i s o f f ic ia l r e s idence , t h e

s ha red o u to rd i sposed o ft h e ir mo the r 's f u rn i tu re .

' Keepe r 's House ' , w a s ar amb l ing a pa r tmen t o n

I nJ anua ry 1 902 t h e f am i ly w ere o f fe red £ 775 f o r

s eve ra l f l oo r st u cked i n to t h e s ou th -we s tc orne ro f

t he f r eeho ld a nd e ven tua l ly , i n Augu s t , t hey s o ld

t h eg a l le r ie s .H er en ted t h eH e rm i tage t oP ro fes so r

t he H e rm i tage t h rough H am le t & D u lake t o Mr

a nd Mr sL idde l li n1 924 a nd t hen s o ld i tt ot h em .

A lf red F u l le rf o rt ha t s um (Wa lsh , l awye r 's c o s t s £ 12 , r educed t o£ 10 .10 .6 ) g iv ing t h em £ 742 .10 .0

No 2 S t G i les

t os ha re . F rom 1 840 t o1 847 E dwa rd Know le sl i ved a t No 2 DESCR IPT ION

S tG i les , 1 20 y a rd sn o r th o fS t Ma ry Magda len ,t h e

T he h ouse c an b e d a ted b y v i sua l i n spec t ion t o

p a r ish c hu rch o ft h es ou ther nh a lf o ft h es t r ee t .T h is

a bou t 1 680 -1720 . D ocumen ta ry e v idence , a s w e

magn if icen tw ide s t ree th ad b een , f r om t h e 1 200 s ,

h ave s e en ,a l lows mo re p rec is ion ,t ob e tween 1 697

t h e c i ty 's a nc ien t n o r th s uburb , b u t w as s oon t o

a nd 1 706 . I th a s t h ick b u t r a the ru n s tab le w a l ls o f

s eem a lmos t c en t ra l a s s pecu la to r s o f a l l k ind s

l o ca lr ubb le a nd s t ands e nd -on t oO ld H igh S t ree t ,

d eve loped t h ev i l la sa nd s t ree t so ft h ef a s t -g row ing

w i th t h ree r ooms o n e ach o ft h e t wo ma in f l oo r s ,

s ubu rb st h a tw ek now a s' No r th O x fo rd ' .

t h ree s pac iou sa t t ic r ooms a bove ( whe re t h ew a l ls r i s ing t ot h igh -he igh t ) , a nd c e l la r sb enea th t h et wo r ea rr oom s , b u tn o t o n t h e s t ree t .T he r oof t ru s ses , w i th c o l la r -beam s b u t n o t i e -beams , h ave s p read u neven ly , a nd p u shed o u tt h e w a l l tops i np l aces . Many o u tbu i ld ings s u rv ive , b u t al a rge ma l thou se t ha t s t ood a l ong t he s t ree t s ou th o ft h e h ou se w a s t aken d own i n 1 883 . E xcep t f o r t he s t a irca se , wh ich d a tes f r om a bou t 1 830 , e ve ry f ea tu re i nt h e h ou se i so fa bou t 1 920 , w hen C .F .Be l l , K eepe ro f Wes tern A r t a tt h eA shmo lean Mu seum , l a v ished money o n t he h ouse . A l l t h e c h imneyp iece s a nd s ou th -f ac ing w indows a r eo ft h a td a te .

EARL IER H ISTORY F rom 1 660 O x fo rd C i ty C ounc i l , a st r u s tee so ft h e T r in i ty C ha r i ty ,o wned t h eD o lph in I nn a nd s eve ra l h ou ses h ere j u s t s ou th o f S t J ohn 's C o l lege a nd n o r th o fB a l l io l . A sw e h ave s een , Wi l l iam F id le r , t a i lo r a nd s ub tenan t o f t h is h ou se b y 1 774 , h ad t aken J ohn K now le s ,b ro the ro ft h e e l de rT homa s , a sh i sa pp ren t ice .F ou ry ea r sl a te rt h eC i ty s o ld t h e n or the rn p ar t o f t h e w ho le p rope r ty , N o s 2 -3 , t o Ma ry C hu rch ,w idow o ft h ec a thed ra lo rgan is t . B y t hen J ohn K now les h ad t aken o ver F id ler 's b u s ine s sa nd h ou se a nd w a sl i v ing t h e re . 8 8

I n 1 786 t h e C i ty s o ld t h e s ou thern p a r t t oT r in i ty

No 3 6 Ho lywe l l

C o l lege ,w h ich h ad n oc onnex ion w i th t h eC ha r i ty , t o make ab ack e n t rance t ot h e c o l lege . S tJ ohn 's

B e tween 1 870 a nd 1 976 t h ef i rm h ad f i r s ti t s ma in

C o l lege b ough t Nos 2 -3 i n 1 855 , u sed t h em a s

y a rd , t h en j u s to ne o fi t st h ree y a rd s a nd f i na l ly a n

s t uden tr ooms i nt h e 1 870 sa nd p u l led t h em d own

o ff ice h e re . T he h ouse , i nw h ich T homas R icha rd

i nt h e 1 880 sT he c o l lege m ade u se o ft h es i te o n ly

K now le s l i ved f r om 1 870 t o 1 891 , s t i l l s t ands a s

i n 1 948 w hen i tb u i l tt h e D o lph in B u i ld ing t oS i r

p a r t o f Wadham C o l lege b u t t h e y a rd a nd a l l i t s

E dwa rd Mau f e 's n eo -Geo rg ian d e s ign .

s hed s a nd o the r b u i ld ing s h ave b een s wep t a way . T he f i rm 's e a r ly l e dge r ss u rv ived h e re ,s t o red i nt h e

A l though s ma l l , t h e h ouse h ad a g ood l o ca t ion .

b a semen t , a nd a r e r e a sonab ly c omp le te , wh i le t h e

When E dwa rd Know le st ook o ve rt h et e nancy w i th

mo re modern r e co rd s , moved i n t he 1 950 s a nd

i t s l ong f am i ly c onnex ions , t he C i ty 's l e ad ing

a ga in i nt h e 1 960 s ,h ave s uf f e red mo re d es t ruc t ion .

s o l ic i to rB ake r Mo r r e l lw a sl i v ing a tN o 1 ,j u s tp a s t t h e T r in i ty b ack g a te n ex t d oo r . T o t h e n o r th t h e

When Mer ton s o ld N o s7 9a nd 8 3 t oN ew C o l lege

n ex t -door n e ighbour a t N o 3 was P an io t i

i n 1 870 a nd a l l t he t e nan t s h ad t o move o u t ,

B a l lachey , aG reek f enc ing -ma s te r ; h i s d augh te r -

E dwa rd K now le sw a sl u cky t ob e a b le t of i nd a nd

i n law l a te r emp loyed K now le s&S on t ow o rk o n

r en t ay a rd a nd h ouse j u s t a c ros s t h e s t ree t . I nt h e

h e r H ead ing ton v i l la a nd s evera l h ou ses t h a t s he

1 840 s a nd ` 50 s , J o seph H ope " Bu i lde r , C a rpen te r ,

o wned i nO x fo rd .

J o ine ra nd S tone Ma son" w a sa t No 3 6 , b u th e ( o r as on a nd n amesake )t h en moved t oC o lches te r ,a nd

DESCR IPT ION

E dwa rd t ook o ve rt h ee mp ty p rem ise s . H e a nd h i s

T he h ou se , e nd -on t ot h e s t ree t , w a s o n ly 1 4f e e t

w if e moved a way t o N or th O xfo rd , l e av ing h i s

w ide a nd 4 0f ee t d eep . T he O S 1 / 500 map s how s

p a r tne ra nd e l de s t s on ,T homa s R icha rd K now le s ,

t h a tt h eg round f l oo rh ad t wo r oom ss epa ra ted b ya

w ho h ad l i ved f o r ay ea ro rt wo a tN o8 3 a nd t h en

t h ick c en t r a lc h imney s tack w i th an ewe ls t a i rt ot h e

moved a c ro ss t h e s t ree ti n to t h e h ouse a tN o3 6t o

n or th i nt h ed ep th o ft h es t ack , ap lan c ha rac te r is t ic

k eep ac l ose e ye o n t h e b u s ine ss . H e a nd h i sw ife

o f t h e 1 7 th c en tu ry . Ap ho tog raph t aken b e fo re i t

t ook l odge r s , a sh e p o in ted o u ti nh i s d i spu te w i th

w as t o rn d own i n t h e 1 880 s , s hows t ha t i th ad

h i s mo the ri n1 887 -8 .

t h ree s t o reys a nd makes i tc l ea r t ha t , l i ke many Oxfo rd h ouses , i tw a s r e f ron ted i n t h e l a te 1 8 th

O ne o f t h ese w a s t h e i r rep ress ib le Mr J .E .Fa i th ,

c en tu ry .A tt h is t ime as t eep -p i tched r oo fm ay w e l l

r evea led b y ab a tch o ff o r ty th ree b i l ls a nd r e ce ip t s

h ave b een r ep laced b y af l a t te r o ne a nd t h e a t t ic s

d a ted b e tween Ma rch 1 874 a nd N ovembe r 1 876 a s

' boxed o u t 't o make af u l lt o pf l oo r .

aman w ho b e l ieved i ne n joy ing h imse lf . H e l i ved e x t ravagan t ly a tN o3 6 , h av ing d inner s en t r ound

S u m mer t own

f rom O xford h o te ls a nd r e s tauran ts , o rder ing q uan t i t ie s o f d r ink f r om a s urp r is ing r ange o f

T homa s R icha rd K now le s , b or n i n 1 84 1 , g r ew u p a s as ma l l b oy a tN o 2S t G i les , b efo re mov ing w i th h i s f am i ly when h e w as s i x t o N o 7 9 H o lywe l l b es ide t h e t h e y a rd . O n h i s ma r r iage t o Ma ry A nn E a s tf r om P add ing ton i n1 867 h e s e tu p h ome i nS ummer town a ta na dd ress wh ich h a sn o t y e tb een i d en t if ied .A f te r ay ea ro rt wo t h ey moved i n to O x fo rd t o l i ve i nN o 8 3 H o lywe l l , a s n o ted

w ine -me rchan t s a nd o t he r s upp l ier s a nd S e id l i tz P owde r f r om h i s p ha rmac is t i n B road S t ree t t o c oun ter h i s h angove r s ,b uy ing G lad s tone b ag s a nd K e ro sene l amps f r om t he b es t L ondon s hops , e nd les s ly p ay ing £ 5o r£ 10 o na ccoun tt oh i st a i lo r a nd b oo tmake r . T he K now leses f a i led t o s upp ly o ne amen i ty : h e b ough t a" Bes t H ip B a th" i n C ornma rke tf o r£ 1 .15 .0

a bove . 8 9

A t t h e e nd o f 1 884 , T homas R icha rd K now les

d oo rt ot h e e a s tr ema ins much l e s sc hanged . Wi th

f i na l ly g o tf u l lc on t ro lo ft h ef i rm ,u n t i lt h en k nown

i t sg ab le sa nd p ro jec t ing b ay w indows c a r ry ing t h e

a s" Edwa rd N icho l ls K now les a nd S on" ,w h ich h e

d a te 1 626 , i t g ives a n i dea o f t he o r ig ina l

h ad e f fec t ive ly r un s i nce t h e 1 860 s . B efo re h i s

a ppea rance o fN o3 6 .

s udden d ea th s even y ea r sa f ter t ak ing c on t ro lo ft h e f i rm ,h ee n joyed ap e r iod o fg rea tp ro sper i ty ;a sw e

LATER H ISTORY

h ave s een , h i s f i r s t f u l l y ea r i n c ha rge s aw h i s

A f te r mov ing t o H ead ing ton , T homas R icha rd

S a le st o ta lw e l lo ve r£ 9000 . F o ra l b u tt h el a s tf ew

K now les l e tt h e u ppe rf l oo r so fN o3 6 , wh i le u s ing

mon th so ft h is t ime ,h el i ved a tN o3 6b yt h ey a rd ,

t h e g round f l oo ra sh i s o f f ice a nd h i s s ons d id t h e

j u s ta sh i s g r ea t -g rand fa the rT homa s K now le s t h e

s ame . I n 1 895 t he t enan t w as G odf rey Noe l

e l de rh ad d one ;i nt h is r e spec th ew a sv e ry f a rf r om

R ichardson who h e ld t each ing p os ts a t t wo

b e ing amodem b u s ine s sman .

c o l leges , O r ie l a nd P embroke . T he Know le s 's mos t r ema rkab le t e nan t b e tween 1 892 a nd 1 955 ,

DESCR IPT ION

w hen Wadham t ook o ver t he u ppe r f l oo r s , w as

T he h ou se , b u i l ti na bou t 1 600 , l i e s s i de -on t ot h e

p erhaps H i la ire B e l loc who w a s t here f r om

s t ree tw i th af o r ty -foo tf r on tage ,i n c lud ing ab road

S ep tembe r 1 897 t oJ anua ry 1 900 . H e s pen t much

w aggon -en t rance o nt h ee a s t( o rr i gh ts i de l ook ing

o ft h et ime a way m ak ing money o nl e c tu re tou r so f

f r om t h es t ree t ) .I th a st wo r ooms o ne ach f l oo r ,o n

t h eU n i ted S t a te sa nd s pend ing i to nj aun t st oP a r is .

e i the r s i de o f ac en t ra l c h imney s t ack , w i th a

Wo rk ing a s a" un ive r s i ty e x ten s ion l e c ture r " , h e

' l obby -en t rance ' f r om t h e s t ree t l e ve l w i th t h e

w ro te o f t h e u nde rg radua te f r iend s who " wou ld

s t ack .A l l t h ew indows w e re r ep laced w i th s a she s

c ome i nt h rough t h e w indow , a nd s yphons w ou ld

i nt he l a te 1 8 th o r e a r ly 1 9 th c en tury , w hen t h e

s ome t imes b e h u r led a c ros st he r oom ; b u t n obody

a t t ics w e re b oxed o u tt of o rm af u l lt h i rd s t o rey ,

w as e ver w ounded" . T hey p i led u p c ha ir s a nd d ropped i nk t h rough t h em o n t oA r thu r S tan ley . " Songs we re s ung ; p or t w a s d runk a nd t h rown a bou tt h er oom ." O nt h eo cca s iona l q u ie te ven ing , B e l loc 's " pup i ls m igh t b e d i scu ss ing F rench l i te ra tu re" , a nd w hen t h e re w as n o o ne h e w ro te More B eas t s f or Wor se C h i ld ren ( 1897 ) , T he Modern T rave l ler ( 1898 ) a nd aL if e o f Dan ton ( 1899 ) . A f te rT homa s R icha rd K now le s 's w idow d ied i n Augus t 1 899 a nd t he ir c h i ldren g ave u p ` t he H erm i tage ' a tH ead ing ton ,t h em idd le s on E dwa rd J ame s E a s t K now les l i ved f or a t ime a t No 3 6 , w he re t h es t ree td i rec to r ies p l ace h im i n1 901-3 .

3 6 HOLY WELL , MARKED W ITH AN

L aburnum C ot tage (Woods tock Road )

ARRO W , AS I T WAS I N THE 1 830 s . THE THREE -GABLED HOUSE I SN o3 5

a ny o verhangs a nd p ro jec t ing b ay -w indows e l im ina ted a nd a lmo s te ve ry o the ro r ig ina lf ea tu re c ove red u p . A l though t h ey w e re b o th i nc ommon o wne r sh ip i n t he m id 1 9 th c en tu ry , No 3 5 n ex t

B y 1 872 E dwa rd a nd Ma rga re t K now les w e re l i v ing i nS tG i le sR oad We s t( now t h e Wood s tock R oad ) a tL abu rnum C o t tage , as ma l lh ou se b u i l ti n t h e l a te 1 830 s o r4 0 s a tt h e n or th -wes t c o rne r o f R ackham 's L ane ( now S t Ma rga re t 's R oad ) . I tw a s 9 0

t h en t he n o r the rnmo s t h ou se i nt h e c on t inuous ly

DESCR IPT ION

b u i l t -up a r ea o fN or th O xfo rd . B e fo r et h e S tG i le s '

O ak V i l la s t and si n as pac iou sp l o t5 5f e e tw ide a nd

I n c losu re o f 1 832 t h e s i te h ad b een p a r t o f t h e

15 f e e td eep ,a bou th a lfway b ack a nd o nt h en o r th

v e rge o ft h e Woods tock R oad , u nusua l ly b road i n

s i de . T he 1 / 500 m ap , p ub l ished af ew y ea r s b efo re

t h is a rea , wh ich w a s t aken i n a t t h e I nc losure

t h e K now leses moved t here s hows a c i rcu lar

Awa rd t of o rm al ong n a r row f i e ld .

c a r r iage d r ive a tt h ef r on t t ot h e w es t , w i th s h rubs

DESCR IPT ION

o pen ing o n al awn o n t h e s ou th a nd al a rge rl awn

L aburnum C o t tage l a y f ac ing e a s t t owa rds t h e

s u rounded b yp a th sa tt h eb ack . I ti s as ymme t r ica l

s ou th e nd o f al o ng n a r row g a rden w i th af r on tage

s t uccoed b r ick v i l la o nt wo f l oo r s ,3 8f ee tw ide a nd

o n t h e Woods tock R oad o f o ve r 1 50 f ee t , b u t a

2 8f e e td eep ,r a the rl a rge rt h an L abu rnum C o t tage .

o rt r ee si nt h ea ng le st owa rd st h es t ree t , av e randah

d ep th o fo n ly a bou tf i f ty f e e t . I tw a s as ma l l b r ick h ou se o n t wo f l oo r s w i th c e l la r s ; o n e ach f l oo r

N o 3 Rough Down V i l las , B ox moor , Hert s

t h e re w e re t h ree r ooms , e ach a bou t t en f ee t b y f i f teen , f o rm ing a n Li np l an , 3 2f e e tw ide a nd , a t

A t t he e nd o f 1 884 E dwa rd N icho l ls K now les

t h e mos t , 2 8f e e t d eep . T he 1 / 500 m ap o fO x fo rd ,

h anded o ve rt h e b u s ines st oh i se l des ts on T homa s

p ub l ished i n t h e 1 870s , s hows t h e g a rden w i th

R icha rd a nd r e t ired t ol i ve , f o rw ha t p roved t ob e

t r ee so r as ma l l s hrubbe ry i nt h es ou th -ea s tc o rne r ,

h i sl a s tt wo a nd ah a lf y ea r s ,w i th h i sw ife Ma rga re t

w h ich w a s s oon t ob e c u t b ack f o rt h e t u rn o u t o f

i nH er t fo rd sh i re n ea r t h e h ome s o f s eve ra l o f h i s

S t Ma rga re t sR oad i n to t h e Wood s tock R oad , v ery

c h i ld ren , a tN o 3R ough D own V i l la s , B oxmoor ,

f o rma l b ed si nf r on to ft h ec o t tage o ne i the rs i de o f

H eme l H emps tead . T h is w a s l e s s t h an t wo m i les

ap a th t o ac en tra l d oo r , a nd l awn s w i th p a th s

f r om h i s t h ird s on J ame s a tB roadway f a rm . H e

r ound t h em f u r the rn o r th .

d i ed t h e re a tt h e e nd o f May 1 887 a ged 7 2 . H is w idow s oon moved t o B e rkhams ted , whe re s he

LATER H ISTORY

l i ved o nf o ra no the rf i ve y ea r su n t i l 1 892 . B o th o f

T he K now leses l i ved i n L abu rnum C o t tage f o r

t h em w e re b u r ied a tO x fo rd n ea r t h e ir f o rebea r s ,

a bou t e i gh t y ea r s ; b y 1 880 t h ey h ad moved o u t .

n o ti nt h ef am i ly v au l ti nS tC ro s sc hu rchya rd , b u t

T he C o t tage w a sd emo l ished i n1 886 t o make r oom

n ea rby i nH o lywe l lC eme te ry .

f o r No 1 43 Wood s tock R oad , al a rge V ic to r ian h ouse , w h ich i n 1 970 g ave w ay t o ap r ima ry

Know les f am i ly h o mes , 1 890s -1990s

s choo l . THOMAS EAST KNO WLES Oak V i l la ( No 1 1 Winches ter Road )

A f te rT homa s R icha rd K now le s 's s udden d ea th a t

B y 1 880 E dwa rd K now le sa nd h i sw if eh ad moved

t he h ouse t ha t t hey h ad j us t moved i n to , t he

al i t t le f u r the r s ou th t o al a rge rh ou se , O ak V i l la ,

H e rm i tage a tH ead ing ton . Ma ry A nne K now les ,t h e

N o r th P a rade T e r race , aw ide s t ucco -f ron ted v i l la

w idow , d i ed o n 1A ugu s t 1 899 . H e r c h i ld ren s oon

o f t he

moved a way .

t h e e nd o f 1 892 h i sw idow a nd c h i ld ren s t ayed i n

1 850s wh ich s t i l l s t ands a s N o

1

Winches te r R oad . I tw a s r e -numbe red b y 1 885 , w h i le E dwa rd w a sl i v ing t h e re .T hen a sn ow N or th

B y 1 5 May 1 900 , w hen h e s e t t led t h e a ccoun tf o r

P a rade w a s t h e n a r row r oad t h a t l a y b e tween t wo

E s ta te D u ty o nh i sp a ren t s ' p roper ty ,t h ee l des ts on

s ho r tR egency t e r race s ,t h en N o r th P a rade T e r race ,

T homa s E as t K now les h ad moved t o t he mos t

n ow 1 3 -19 Winche s ter R oad ; S ou th P a rade w as

s pac iou s o ft h e s i de road s o f ft h e I f f ley R oad a nd

a no the rR egency t e r race a tN o s5 7 -67 Wood s tock

b ough tN o .29 S t an ley R oad .T he s p ecu la t ive h ou se

R oad ,d emo l ished i nt h e 1 930 sf o rB e lsyre C our t .

b u i lde rG eo rge C a s t le , w ho l i ved n ex t -doo ra tN o 9 1

3 1 , h ad b u i l t Nos 2 7 -29 a s ap a ir i n 1 880 .

t ol e tt h eh ou se i n1 90 1 , when h e moved o u tt ol i ve

F erd inand Wo lf f P h .D w as t h ere i n t he e a r ly

o ve r t h e f i rm 's o f f ices a tN o 3 6 H o lywe l l , w here

1 890 s , D av id T . Wy l ie p hys ic ian a nd s u rgeon i n

t he l o ca l s t ree td i rec to r ies l o ca te h im f o rt h ey ea r s

a bou t 1 897 -99 . T he mos t s i gn if ican t l ong te rm

1 901-3 . B y

r e su l t o fK now les 's r e s idence h e re i st h a ti n 1 903

T ho rnc l if f eR oad ,w he re h i ss on R icha rd w a sb o rn .

C a s t le s o ld h im h i sy a rd a tN o2 7P emb roke S t r ee t ,

H e moved a ga in i n 1 908 ,j u s t r ound t h e c or ne rt o

S tC lemen t s ( l a te r R ec to ry R oad ) , wh ich b ecame

2 10 Wood s tock R oad , at a l l r e d b r ick t e r raced

t h eC ompany 's ma in b a se i n1 95 1 .

h ouse . I n 1 910 h e moved o n a ga in , s ome s i x

1 904 h e h ad moved t o N o 4 6

h und red y a rd sa st h ec row f l ie s ,t o as em i -de tached B y 1 904 K now les h ad moved o u to fS tan ley R oad

h ou se ' S tone E nd ' ( l a te r No 3 38 ) B anbu ry R oad ,

t oN o 2 44 I f ley R oad n ea rby , a no ther e ven l a rge r

o n t he e as t s i de b e tween P o r t land a nd H am i l ton

r ed -b r ick s em i -de tached h ouse , wh ich a no the r

R oad s . K now le sa nd S on h ad j u s tc omp le ted i ta nd

s pecu la t ive h ouse -bu i lder , Wi l l iam R ose o f 6 2

t he h ouse n ex t d oo r ( l a te r N o 3 40 ) t o p l ans

H u r s tS t ree t , h ad j us tp u tu pa s ap a ir w i th N o2 46

a pp roved b y t h e C i ty i n 1 908 . I n 1 92 1 h e moved

o n ap lo to r ig ina l ly m ean tf o rt h r ee h ou se s . H ed i d

a ga in t o ` Ba i l leen ' ( l a te r No 9 4 ) H am i l ton R oad ,

n o ts t ay l ong b u ts oon b ough t av a s t p lo t ,4 30 f e e t

j u s tr ound t h ec o rne r ,w he re h el i ved u n t i lh i sd ea th

n or th -sou th b y 1 70 f e e t a nd 2 70 f ee t t owa rds t h e

i n Augu s t 1 934 ; h i sw idow s t ayed o nt h e re .H eh ad

s ou th , o n t h e c o rne ro fL a t ime rR oad a nd L ondon

moved h ou se f ou rt ime si ns even teen y ea r s .

R oad , H ead ing ton . H ere h e d e s igned a nd b u i l t h im se lf al a rge h ou se ' The B ramb le s ' o fr ed b r ick ,

GUY NELSON KNO WLES

5 0 f e e t w ide b y 4 0 f ee t d eep . H e r ema ined h e re

I n 1 932 -3 G uy K now les b u i l th i sb r ide C on s tance

o n ly f r om 1 908 t o 1 9 11 , w hen h e moved a ga in ,t o

A lden an ew h ou se 'Wes tga te s ' o n H a rcou r t H i l l

R ose C o t tage , I s l ip ( i n f a c t d i sappear ing f r om

f o r£ 2224 . Wh i le t h ey w e re l i v ing t h ere , t h e i rs on

C oun ty a nd L oca lD ir ec to r ie sf o rt e ny ea r s ) .

A lan w a s b o rn i nh o sp i ta l ; h i s mo the r f ound h im u ncomfo r tab ly h eavy t o p ush u p t h e h i l l a nd i n

F rom 1 922 t o 1 940 K now le s l i ved a tS co t s P ine ,

1 938 , w hen t h e t wo Know leses f a ther a nd s on

C u t te s lowe , w h ich h e b u i l to n t h e e a s t s i de o ft h e

b ough t N o 2H ernes R oad , o f ft h e B anbu ry R oad

B anbury R oad j us t s ou th o f F ive M i le D r ive ;

n o r th o fS unune r town ,t od i v ide u pa nd b u i ld o ni t s

L ove lace R oad w a sl a ter l a id o u ta l ong t h es ou the rn

v e ry l a rge g a rden ,G uy a nd h i sw if ed ec ided t os e l l

s i de o f t h e g a rden . H e w a s l i v ing h ere w hen h i s w if ed i ed i nO c tobe r 1 925 a nd h i sc h i ld ren g r ew u p

'We s tga te s ' .

a nd l e f t h ome . I n 1 940 h e moved t o as ma l l

I n 1 938 t h ey moved i n to ` Greenga tes ' a s t h ey

d e tached h ou se ` G rey s tone s ' ( now N o 1 3 V ic to r ia

r enamed N o 2 , wh ich EJ .Brook s t h e e s ta te a gen t

R oad ) wh ich h i ss on G uy h ad b u i l tf o rh im ,i nt h e

h ad b u i l t f o r h imse lf i n a bou t 1 910 . A b ig

c en t re o f ar ow o fo the rh ou ses h e w a s b u i ld ing t o

a dvan tage w a s t ha t C onn ie 's p a ren t s Mr a nd M r s

s e l l ,o nt h es ou the rn f r inge o ft h ev e ry l a rge g a rden

R .T .A lden l i ved n ex td oo ra t We s tg rove ( i n 1 931-2

o f ' G reenga te s ' i nH erne s R oad . H e d i ed h e re i n

Guy Know les h ad d es igned N os 3 5 -41 ( odd )

J anua ry 1 943 , h av ing moved h ouse s i x t imes i n

V ic to r ia R oad o n t h e s ou th p ar t o ft h e ir l a nd a nd

f o r ty -fou r y ea r s , a tl e a s t f ou r o f t hose t imes i n to

Know les a nd S on h ad b u i l t t h e t wo p a ir s f o r

n ew h ou se s

£ 2577 ) . A f ter b u i ld ing ` G ra ssga r th ' , ' Two T ree s ' a nd ' Hou se s tead s ' o nt h eH ernes R oad f r on tage o f

ED WARD J AMES EAST KNO WLES

No 2 a nd N os 9 -21 ( odd ) V ic to r ia R oad o n t h e

A f te r h i s e lde r b ro ther moved a way f r om t h e

b ack o f t h e g a rden , t h ere w ere s t i l l t h ree s i zab le

H e rm i tage i n1 899 a nd t h e ir mo the rd i ed t h e r el a te r

g a rden sf o rt h e g row ing f am i ly t op l ay i n , w i th n o

i nt h e y ea r , E dwa rd s t ayed o n u n t i l t h ey managed

f ence b e tween ' G reen G a tes ' a nd g randfa ther 9 2

T homa s E a s t Know le s a tN o 1 3 , a nd ag a te i nt h e f ence l e ad ing t h rough t ot h eA lden g randpa r en t sa t 'We s tG rove ' . A f ter t h e War Guy

a nd h i s w ife

b ough t

` Longr idges ' o n t h e R id ings a t S ho tove r a f ter h eavy u se b y t he L and A rmy d u r ing t h e Wa ra nd w ere a b le t o move i n , a f te r c ons iderab le r enova t ion s , i n 1 952 . T he i rn ea rn e ighbou r s w e re v ar ious l e ad ing p rofess iona ls , a rch i tec t s a nd s urgeon s , b u t w i th in t en y ea r s t h e o pen ing o ft h e E as tern B ypass made t h e a r ea l e ss d es irab ly i s o la ted . A f ter K now les a nd S on h ad d eve loped H awk swe l l G a rden s i n 1 958 -62 i n S umme r town j us tt ot h es ou th o fE dwa rd K now les 's o l dh ouse a t 9 4 H am i l ton Road , G uy a nd h i sw ife b u i l t N o 1 8 f o rt h em se lves ( Ke l ly 's D i r ec to ry p u t s t h em t h e re i n 1 966 -72 ) . F ina l ly t hey r enova ted ' Cromwe l l House ' N o 2 8 H igh S t ree t , Woods tock , a h and some 1 7 th -cen tu ry h ou se .

A s b efo re , G uy

Know le sa c ted a sh i so wn a r ch i tec t , mov ing t h e re i n 1 972 . I n af o r ty y ea r p er iod h e moved f i ve t ime s , t w ice i n to b rand -new h ouses , t w ice i n to e x is t ing h ouses w h ich h e a l te red a nd o nce i n to a f i ne h i s to r ic h ou se w h ich h er e s to red . ALAN ALDEN KNO WLES A f te r h i s f i r s t m a r r iage A lan K now le s l i ved i na r e cen t ly c onve r ted f l a ti nN o8 4F i ve M i le D r ive ,a t t h ew e s te nd b yt h er a i lway b r idge a nd t h en moved af ew m i le sn o r th t oC he s tnu tL odge , S andy L ane , Ya r n . ton ,s ot ha th i s s on T homa sw a sc h r is tened i n t he a nc ien t c hu rch a t Y a rn ton whe re T homas Know les t he e l der h ad d one much wo rk f o r A lde rman F le tche r n ea r ly t wo c en tu r ies b e fo re . E ven tua l ly h et o ok o ve r' C romwe l lH ou se ' .

9 3

CHAPTER N INE B ook s a nd p ape rwo rk , t h er e co rd s o fK now le sa nd S on I NTRODUCTION

F ive t ypes o fr e co rd s u rv ive i nt h e e l de rT homa s

Bu i lders ' r ecords , c . 1780 -1820

K now les 's d i s t inc t ive h and -wr i t ing . H e a nd h i s s ucce s so r s d i sca rded w ho le s e r ie s o fr e cord s a nd

T o r un h i s b u s ines s , T homa s K now les t h e e lde r ,

c oun t le s sb und le so fp ape r s ,i nc lud ing a l t h el e t te r s

l i ke e very o ther mas te r -bu i lder , t r adesman ,

h e r e ce ived a nd a l h i s s upp l ie r s ' b i l ls , b u te nough

m e rchan t a nd b anke r o ft h e t ime , h ad t ow r i te u p

r ema ins f o ru st ou nde r s tand h ow h eo rgan ised h i s

s eve ra l s e r ies o fb u s ine s sr e co rd s . E xcep tf o rs ome

l i f ea nd b u s ine s s ,a nd a l so t h e wo rk h ec a r r ied o u t .

p re l im ina ry n o tes , h e a lway s w ro te a l l o ft h em i n h i so wn h and ,w he the rh ew a ss i t t ing a th i st ab le o r

B efo re w e d esc r ibe a nd d i scu ss t h e s urv iv ing

d esk , s t and ing o n s i te o rr e ach ing o u to rs qua t t ing

r e co rd s , w e mu s t c ons ide r s o me c l a s se s o fr e co rd

d own t o mea su re d e ta i ls w i th ar u le ro rs t a f f .

w h ich h e may h ave made a nd s ome wh ich h e c e r ta in ly made ,o fw h ich n oe xamp le ss u rv ive . We

S ome C oun ty R eco rd O f f ices h ave an umber o f

c anno tb es u re a bou ts ome c a tego r ie so fr e co rd .F o r

o dd v o lumes o fb u i lde r s ' r e co rd s , b u ti ti sn o te a sy

e xamp le , K now le s m ay h ave k ep t as e r ies o fJ ob

t of i nd p a ra l le ls t ot h e w ho le s e r ies a nd s u rv ivo r s

B ook s , n o t ing d own e ach c omm iss ion a s h e

o f s e r ies i n t h e a r ch ives o f K now les a nd S on ,

s e cu red i t ,c ro s s ing i to f fo nc omp le t ion ;o rh em ay

e nough f o ru st ob ea b le t og r a sp h ow t h e se r e co rd s

h ave c a r r ied s uch d e ta i ls i nh i s h ead , n o t a n e a sy

f unc t ioned a nd why t h ey t ook t h e f o rm t h ey d id .

t a sk ,w i th t wen ty -f ive t os i x ty n ew j ob st o manage

Modern s t ud ies o f b ookkeep ing a nd o f f ice

e very mon th . P e rhaps h e h ad t he a b i l i ty t o w a lk

p rocedu re a nd p rac t ices i nt h ee i gh teen th a nd e a r ly

r ound t h e c i ty p l ann ing t h ej obs a nd t i ck ing t h em

n i ne teen th c en tu ry a r en o ta bundan t .

o f fi nh i sh ead a sh er e cogn ised h i sc l ien t sa nd s aw t h e ir h omes o rc o l lege r oom sa lmo s te ve ry d ay .

T hree v o lumes f ound i n 1 930 i n al of t i n Wi l l iam sbu rg ,V i rg in ia i n1 930 ,s t i l l b e ing s t ud ied

H em ay h ave k ep tL e t te r -book s ,f o rn o t ing d ea l ing s

a nd m ade s ense o f ,s e em t ob ea sc l ose a ne xamp le

w i th s upp l ier s ,w he the rt h ey w e re q ua r rymen i nt h e

t ot h e e a r ly K now le sr e co rd sa so ne c ou ld h ope t o

C o t swo ld sa nd l a te ra tB a th ,o re x is t ing c l ien t sw ho

f i nd .

Humphrey

h ad f a i led t op ay t h e ir b i l ls o r w an ted m o re wo rk

H a rwood 's L edge r s Bf o r 1 776 -91 ; Cf o r 1 784 -96 ;

d one ,o rp o ten t ia lf u tu r ec l ien t s ,s uch a sr e la t ives o f

T hey

a re

t he

b r ick layer

a nd D f o r 1 793 -94 ; h e d i ed i n 1 789 a nd t h is p ar t

l o ca l w o r th ies a nx ious t o p u t u p m onumen t s t o

i n c ludes t h e s e t t lemen t o f h i s e s ta te b y h i s s on

t h em .B u tp e rhap sh es imp ly s c r ibb led a n swe r sa nd

W i l l iam .D esp i te t h ed i f f e rences i nt r ade ( Ha rwood

l i ke ly p r ice so nt h ea c tua ll e t te r sa nd k ep tt h em i na

w as a b r ick layer , n o t a mason ) a nd s oc ie ty

p i le o rs p ike o n h i s d e sk u n t i l h e g o ta na n swe r .A

( Ha rwood o wned h i s b l ack l a bou re r s a nd t he ir

s e r ies o f n o te s o n t h e l oose b ack e ndpaper o f

w ive sl i ke l i ves tock )t h e r ea r em any s im i la r i t ie so f

A ccoun t B ook E r e fe r t o " l e t ter s" a nd a " Le t t '

f o rma ta nd a ccoun t ing p r ac t ice s .

B ook" ; t h e se n o te s w e re o n b enef i t -c lub b u s ines s a nd t h eL e t te rB ook m ay h ave b een j u s tf o rt ha t . 9 4

T homa sK now le st h ee l de rd id n o th ave a na ccoun t

N o Wage sB ook sr ema in f r om t h et ime o fT homa s

w i th Mes s r s F le tche r &P a r son s a tt h e c e leb ra ted

K now les t h e e l de r , b u th e a nd a l l h i ss ucces so r si n

' O ld B ank ' , n ow B a rc lays i n H igh S t ree t . T he ir

t h ef i rm mu s th ave k ep tt h em ;f r om t h es even teen th

l e dge r s s u rv ive i n tac t f r om t h e d ays w hen i tw as

c en tu ry a l l s ub s tan t ia l b u i lder s mus t h ave k ep t

p r ima r i ly al i nen s hop a nd d o n o tn ame K now les .

r e cords o f w ages p a id . A s i ng le Wages B ook

N o o t he rB ank B ook s u rv ive sf o rt h is t ime a mong

s u r v ives f o r 1 848 -58 ,t h el a te ry ea r so ft h ey ounge r

t h ef i rm 's r e co rd s . B u t al i s to fh i sa ccoun t si nt h e

T homa sa nd t h ee a r ly y ea r so fh i ss on E dwa rd ,a nd

b ack o fA ccoun tB ook B s hows t h a t K now le s h ad

i sd e scr ibed b e low .

d ea l ing sw i th F l e tche r ,t h es en io rp a r tn e ro ft h eO ld B ank , w i th h i s n ephew a nd j un io r p ar tner ,

E ach s uccess ive h ead o ft h e f i rm mus t h ave made

R ob in son , a nd w i th C ox a nd Woo t ten , t wo o the r

u pf i na l a ccoun t se ve ry y ea ri nh i se qu iva len to fa

O xfo rd mercer s w ho h ad s epa ra te ly e mu la ted

' nom ina l l e dge r ' t o mon i to r t h e p rogress o f t h e

F le tche r a nd g one i n to b ank ing . K now les m ay

b us iness a nd k eep t r ack o f h i s r en ts a nd

p e rhaps h ave h ad a n a ccoun t w i th C ox Mo r re l l o r

i n ve s tmen t s , p erhaps c omb in ing t h e f i na l a nnua l

w i th Woo t ten , e ven t hough o n ly af ew c l ien t sp a id

a ccoun t s w i th c a sh i n a nd o u t . B u t n one o f t h e

t h e i rb i l ls b yc heque , mo s to nt h eO ld B ank .

f i rm 's o rt h ef am i ly 's f i na l a ccoun t ss urv ive b efo re t h e ' Impe r sona lL edge r 'f o r 1 910 -35 .

T he b ank 's s en io r f ound ing p a r tne r , A lderman W i l l iam F le tche r , w as o ne o f K now les 's mos t

Ano ther s e r ie s o f n o tes a tt he b ack o f A ccoun t

c on s tan ta nd v a lued c l ien t s ,w ho c a l led o nh im f o r

B ook B r e fe r s t o a' Book o f G oods r e cd ' wh ich

a l l k inds o f wo rk a t h i s o wn h ouse a nd a t t h e

K now les a l so k ep t f or h i s o wn o u ts tand ing

h ome so fh i s r e la t ive sa nd c us tome r s ; h ew i l l h ave

a ccoun t s , n o t o n ly f o rb u s ines s w i th h i s s upp l ie r s

made n o d if f icu l ty a bou t c ash ing c heques .

o fs t one a nd o the rb u i ld ing ma te r ia ls ,b u ta l so w i th

K now le sc r ea ted F l e tche r 's mo s tl a s t ing i mage a nd

O xfo rd t r ader s f o rf ood a nd h ou seho ld g ood s . I t ,

k ep ti ts a fe u n t i li tw a sr e qu i red a f te rh eh im se lf h ad

o r t h ey i fi tw a s o ne o f as e r ies , mus t h ave b een

d i ed , ar ema rkab le m ed ieva l t omb , f i tf o rs uch a n

b o th a' Ya rd B ook" f o rd e l ive r ies a nd ar e co rd o f

a r den ta n t iqua ry .

a l l t h e a ccoun t s h e h ad w i th o the r s f o r h ou seho ld a nd p e r sona lp u r cha se s .

I ti sh a rd t os e eh ow ,w i th t h ev e ry l a rge n umbe ro f c us tome r s h e d ea l t w i th e ve ry y ea r , K now le s c an

O ft h e s u rv iv ing r e co rds , K now le s s eem s t oh ave

h ave managed h i sf i nances w i thou t k eep ing C a sh

t a ken e ve rywhe re w i th h im , s t u f fed i n to h i sp ocke t

o r P aymen t s B ooks , p e rhaps a w ho le s e r ies o f

at i ny h ome -made C a lcu la t ion B ook o r ' r eady

t h em b e tween 1 797 a nd 1 826 , c on t inued b y h i s

r eckoner ' a nd a s ma l l P r ice B ook o f c ur ren t

f am i ly a nd s ucce s so r sf o rt h er e s to ft h ec en tu ry .A

m a te r ia ls a nd s im i la ri n fo rma t ion .T hey a r e among

s i ng le h ouseho ld C ash B ook , a ppa ren t ly u sed

t h ef i rm 's mos tm ov ing r e l ics .

b e tween 1 871 a nd 1 887 b y Ma ry Ann K now les , s u rv ive s among t h ep ape r so ft h ef am i ly d i spu te o f 1 887 -88 . H er h u sband T .R .Know le s t ook i to ve r a nd u sed i ti n 1 892 -3 . N one o ft h ef i rm 's b u s ine s s C a sh B ook s s u rv ive s a nd n o n o te a bou t p aymen t s i n a ny o ther r e co rd s r e fer s t o o ne . I ft h e m any s t a temen t s" Pa id c a sh . . ." mean j u s tt h a t , t h e e l de r T homa s c o l lec ted mos t p aymen t sf r om h i s ma jo r c l ien t si nc o in a nd t ook i th ome i nh i sp ocke t .

K now les a l so c a r r ied r ound w i th h im i nh i sp ocke t ac u r ren tY ea rB ook i nw h ich h ej o t ted d own d e ta i ls & s pec if ica t ion s , r ough s ke tches o f c h imney s t ack s , mou ld ing s ,p innac le sa nd s im i la rd e ta i ls ,a s w e l l a s n o tes o f d e l iver ies o f ma ter ia ls a nd p aymen ts

t o

s upp l iers

a nd

t o

t ax -

a nd

r a te -co l lec to r s . H eo cca s iona l ly j o t ted d own v e rba l e s t ima tes t h a th eh ad g i ven .O ne b ook o ft h is s e r ies o f t we lve o r more v o lumes s u rv ives a nd i s 9 5

i n

u sed a nd t h e a c tua l wo rkmen o n e ach s i te . Af ew

c ro s s -ref e rence s t ot h e c ur ren t Y ea r B ook i n h i s

w ere n amed a nd t he o ther s w e re i nd ica ted w i th

r ough Week ly A ccoun tB ook , a nd s ome t ime sa l so

i n i t ia ls o r a bb rev ia t ions , wh ich d oes n o t m ake i t

d escr ibed

b e low .

H e

r egu lar ly

w ro te

e a sy t oi d en t ify t h em . B e tween 1 797 a nd 1 826 t h e

i nt h eA nnua lA ccoun tB ook . •

e l der T homa s K now les u sed b e tween t we lve a nd

\

t wen ty o ft h ese r ough b ook s , h i s s on T homa s t h e y ounge r as im i la r n umbe r . T hey may o nce h ave / 6 '8 e ir e r ,

f o rmed , i ft h ey w e re k ep ta nd s he lved , al o ng r ow o f v o lume s s ma l le r a nd l e s s i mp ress ive t h an t h e

r1

Annua l A ccoun t B ook s , b u t more d i rec t a nd i mmed ia te a nd c r ammed w i th mo r ed e ta i l . T he s e cond o ft h et h ree s t age si n vo lved s imp l ify ing a nd f a i r -copy ing t h es ame i n fo rma t ion i n to a no the r s e r ies o f much l a rge r v o lume s , t h is t ime u nde r a s epa ra te h ead ing f o re ach c l ien to rc u s tome r .T hese v o lumes h ad t o h ave n ame indexes a tt h e f r on t

.1 0 1 .•

b ecause t he p ages c ou ld n o t b e r ea r ranged

—

a l phabe t ica l ly ;t h ee n t r ie st h e re fo r ed i dn o th ave t o

/ 0

b ei na ny p a r t icu la ro rde r . S even o f t h e n ine Annua l A ccoun t B ook s u sed P e,

c on t inuous ly f r om 1 799 t o 1 876 s u rv ive a nd a r e d escr ibed b e low . E very f ew w eek s o r mon ths K now le su sed t h e Week ly A ccoun tB ook st od r aw

" CROSS ON J ESUS COLL CHAPEL" J UNE 1 816 , ENLARGED DETA IL FROM YEAR BOOK

T homas Know les t he e lder d id h i s f orma l b ookkeep ing i n t h ree s t ages , a nd h i s s on a nd g randson u sed t h e s ame s ys tem u n t i l t he e nd o f

u p t he c u r r en tb ook i nt h is s e r ies , a r ranged n o tb y w eek b u tb y c l ien t . H e u sed t h ese a st h eb a s i sf r om wh ich h e c op ied o u t t h e B i l ls t ha t h e s en t t o c u s tome r s . B e tween 1 799 a nd 1 826 t h ee l de rT homa sK now le s

1 876 . F rom 1 877 h i s g randson E dward N icho ls

u sed s i x , B ook s At oF .B ook s C , a nd w i th i ta l l

K now les a g reed t o t he i n troduc t ion o f an ew

t h e p r iva te a nd b u s ines s c us tome r s o f t h e 1 8 10 s , a nd B ook D w i th t h e c o l lege w ork o f 1 8 10 -14 a r e

f ou r s tage s ys tem , n o d oub t s ugges ted a nd e ven u rged o n h im b y h i s s on T homas R icha rd

b o th l o s t . I n 1 826 T homa s t h e y ounger t ook o ver

K now les .

a nd u sed t h e c u r ren t b ook s , c r amm ing t h em w i th

T he f i r s to ft h et h ree s t age sw a st h e r ough Week ly A ccoun ti nw h ich a l t h ew o rk d one e ach w eek w a s f i r s t w r i t ten d own t o ge ther . O ne o f t h ese B ook s s u rv ives f o r 1 816 -18 a nd a no ther f o r 1 851-54 , e v iden t ly t h e s u rv ivor s f r om ac on t inuou s s e r ie s ; b o th a r e d escr ibed b e low . F rom t hem w e c an s e e t h a te ve ry w eek w i thou tf a i l K now les made u p t h e c u r ren t b ook , n o t ing t h e w o rk d one , t h e ma ter ia ls

a ccoun t s t h a tj ump f r om g ap t og ap a nd r e qu i red d ense c ro s s re f e renc ing ;h e b egan B ook G i n1 829 f o rp r iva te a nd b u s ine s sc us tome r s . I n1 876 h i ss on E dwa rd f i na l ly g ave u pt h is f i r s t S er ie s ,h av ing g o t t oB ook H f o rp r iva te a nd b u s ines s c u s tome r s a nd B ook Jf o rc o l lege w o rk . T hese Annua l A ccoun t B ook s g i ve t h e n umbe ro f w orkmen e ach w eek o n a ny o ne s i te a s N I ' f o r

9 6

m a son a nd

f o rl a bou re ro ra pp ren t ice f o l lowed

h ave a lmo s ta cc iden ta l ly p rese rved b und le so fo ld

b yt h ew eek ly t o ta lo fd ay sw o rked b ye ach ,b r ie f ly

b i l ls o ve rs eve ra l d ecade s .T h is c an a l low u st of i l l

d e scr ibes t h e wo rk d one o n s i te , m a te r ia ls s uch a s

i n t he g aps i n K now les 's b ooks f r om b i l ls i n

b r ick sa nd mo r ta rd e l ive red a nd t h en l ump t o ge the r ,

c o l lege a r ch ive s a nd e qua l ly g aps i nt h e c o l lege

a tl ong i r regu la ri n te rva ls ,t h es t one a nd s t onewo rk

a r ch ive s ( and i no u r u nde r s tand ing o fw o rk d one

s upp l ied . K now le sc ha rged b yt h ed ay o rh a lf - a nd

o n t he c o l lege f abr ic ) c an o f ten b e f i l led f r om

q uar te r -day f o r l abou r o n s i te , b u t c ha rged f o r

K now le s 's b ook s .

mason ry p repa red a t t h e y a rd b y t h e t ype a nd q uan t i ty o f s t one a nd b y t h e w o rkmansh ip o f s o

A s e ach c u s tome rp a id h i sb i l l , Know le s n o ted t h e

m any f e e to fc h imney tunne l ,G o th ic mou ld ing & c .

d a te i n t h e ma in Annua l A ccoun t B ook , w ro te " pa id" w i th s ome n o te o rd e ta i l a nd u sua l ly s t ruck

T he t h i rd o ft h es t age sh ad t wo f o rms ,o ne t h ef i na l

t he e n t ry t h rough w i th a d iagona l l i ne . T h is

e nd re su l to ft h ef i rm 's w o rk a nd t h eo t he rt h es t a r t

i nd ica tes t ha t t here w as n o f ur ther s t age o f

o f a no the r ' pape rchase ' . T homa s K now les t h e

b ookkeep ing b e fo re t h ef i na ls umma ry a ccoun t s .

e l de r m ade d e ta i led a nd c a refu l ly i t em ised c op ie s f r om t h e Annua l A ccoun t B ook s t o s end o u t a s

We s hou ld n o te i np ass ing t ha t t he e l de rT homas

B i l ls ; h i s l e s s me t icu lou s s on o f ten ' bumped u p '

K now le s 's r egu la r p rac t ice , f o l lowed b y h i s s on

t h ep r ice s al i t t le a bove t h o se i nh i sb ook s ,w i thou t

a nd n o d oub t n o rma l i nb ookkeep ing a tt h e t ime ,

a ny o bv iou s s ys tem ; h i s g randson E dwa rd o f ten

w a s t o w r i te c onsecu t ive n umber s i n t he t op

l e f t t h e c opy ing t o h i s s on T homas R icha rd

r i gh t -hand c o rne r o f e very d oub le -page s p read ,

K now le s . Many d ozen ,p e rhap ss eve ra lh und red o f

i n tend ing t h a tn umbe rt oa pp ly t ot h et wo p age sa s

t h ese b i l ls s u rv ive i nc o l lege a nd o t he r a r ch ive s .

t h ey l a y o pen . T h is s y s tem d i f f er s b o th f r om p age

T he e l de r T homa s 's d i s t inc t ive a nd m ic roscop ic

n umber s i n p r in ted b ooks , wh ich h ave a n ew

h andwr i t ing s t ands o u ti nb und les o fo r ig ina l b i l ls

n umbe ro n e very s i de o fe ve ry l e a f . I ta l so d i f fe r s

o r -v ouche r s" ,a sa r ch iv is t sl i ke t oc a l lt h em . Af ew

f r om t h e ' f o l io n umber s ' u sed i n c a ta logu ing

mo re b i l ls , n o t s en t f o r s ome r eason , r ema in

manu sc r ip t s a nd a r ch ive s , where t h e c onsecu t ive

s t u f fed i nt h ep age so ft h eA nnua l A ccoun tB ook s .

n umbe r s i n t h e t op r i gh t -hand c o rne r o f e very

T he o the r e nd -p roduc t , o nce t h e b i l ls w e re p a id ,

d oub le -page s p read a pp ly t ot h e f r on t ( r ec to ) a nd

w a st h ef i na la ccoun tk ep tb ye ach s ucces s ive h ead

b ack ( ve r so ) o ft h a t l e a f . T he d e sc r ip t ion s b e low

o ft h ef i rm . N one o ft h e se s u rv ive f r om b e fo re t h e

n o te w he re a ny v o lume h as d oub le -page n umbe r s ,

a ccoun t ing r e form o f 1 877 o r as econd o ne t h a t

b u t a l l r e f e rence s a r e g i ven a s " p ." , w he the r t o

t o ok p l ace i n1 9 10 .

s i ng le o rd oub le p age s .

I ni n s t i tu t ion sl i ke c o l lege sw i th b u r sa r so rp a r ish

Know les 's r ecords o f t he 1 780s a nd 9 0s

c hu rche sw i th c hu rchwa rden s ,t h eb i l ls a r e m e re ly t h e s t a r t o f a no the r r ound o f p aperwo rk , g o ing f rom

r ough

a ccoun t -books

t o

f a ir -copy

a ccoun t -book s a nd f i na l s t a temen t s o ft h e money s pen t , wh ich h ad t o b e a ud i ted e ve ry y ea r b y c heck ing t h rough t h eb i l ls a nd c h i t s o n t h e i rs p ike i nt h e b u r sa ry , c hu rch v es t ry o r c hu rchwa rden 's c oun t ing -hou se .T he b i l ls c ou ld t h en b ed i sca rded , t h rown a way o r b und led u p a nd d umped i n a c upboa rd f o r ay ea r o r t wo . I n f a c t a n a maz ing n umbe rn eve rd i d g e tt h rown a way . S ome c o l lege s

CALCULAT ION BOOK T homa s K now les b ough t at i ny 6 4 -page c a rd c overed n o tebook ( 98x75mm ) i n t h e 1 780 s , p erhaps w h i le w ork ing a s af oreman f o r t h e T ownesends t o u se a s ah ome -made p ocke t c a lcu la to r o r ' r eady -reckone r ' . K now les l e f t t h e f i r s ts i xp ages f o ra ni ndex , a l low ing f ou rl e t te r st o as i ng le p age a nd om i t t ing J a nd U a nd t h en n umbe r ed t h e r ema in ing s i ng le p ages 1 , 2 ,2 ,3 -57 ; s ome o ft h ec on ten t sa r en o ted i nC hap te rF ou r . 9 7

PR ICE BOOK

c o lumn sf o r money t o ta ls o nt h er i gh to fe ach p age .

I nt h e 1 790 sT homa sK now les t h ee l de ra cqu ired a

An e ngraved b i l l-head f or R oya l E xchange

s o l id l i t t le n o tebook w i th 2 80 p age s( 164x10 1 mm )

A ssu rance i sp a s ted i n s ide t h ef r on tc ove r .T he l a s t

i n av e l lum c over ( 166x105mm , o r 1 07mm o ver

p age o ft h e f ou r th g a the r ing ( p .92 ) w a s l e f tb l ank ,

t h ec l a sp s ) .H ea cqu ired i tb e tween 1 792 a nd 1 794 ,

a s w e re t h e l a s t t h ree p ages ( pp .18 1-4 ) . T homa s

p erhap s f o r h i s o wn p er sona l u se . B u t S tephen

K now le s t h e y ounge r w ro te i tu p f r om 1J anua ry

T ownesend may h ave s upp l ied h im w i th i tw hen h e

1 848 t o3 0 Ap r i l 1 853 ;h i ss on E dwa rd f r om 7May

t ook o ve r i n 1 794 a s y a rd f o reman , i n e f fec t

1 853 t o3 1 D ecembe r 1 858 ; t h e m en d i d n o t s i gn

manag ing d i r ec to r .K now le sh ad i ts t amped TK o n

f o r t he ir w age s a nd mos t o f t h e ir n ames a re

t h ef r on tc ove ra nd a l so h ad d oub le -page n umbe r s

a bb r ev ia t ed .

h and s tamped t h roughou t . H e o r h i s s upp l ie r l e f t t h ef i r s t2 3 s i ng le p age sf o ra ni ndex , om i t t ing J ,U

D epend ing o n t he n umber o f m en t h ey w ere

a nd X a nd c u ta way p a r to ft h er i gh t -hand ma rg in s

emp loy ing ,t h ey f i t ted t wo ,t h ree o rf ou rw eek st o

f o ri n s tan tr e f e rence t oe ach p a i ro fl e t te r s .S ome o f

ap age . Abou t e very o ther p age T homa s j o t ted

t h e v a r ied e x t ra n o tes s c a t te red t h rough t h e b ook

d own t h e t o ta l f o r t h e y ea r s o f a r ; a tt h e e nd o f

a r ed i scu s sed i nC hap te rF ou r .

1 852 h e t u rned b ack t oh i s 1 848 t o ta l , p u t d own t h e a nnua l t o ta ls f o r 1 848 -52 a nd a ve raged t h em

Records f or 1 797-1876

o u t ,t os e et h a ta l though 1 851 h ad b een ab ad y ea r , 1 852 w a s ag ood d ea l b e t ter . H is s on E dwa rd ,

YEAR BOOK

mo re m e thod ica l ,k ep tt o ta ls f o re ve ry q ua r te r .

T h is s o le s u rv iv ing v o lume f o r 1 8 14 -17 w a sN o8 o ft h e s e r ie s , t oj udge f r om ar e f e rence f orwa rd t o

WEEKLY ACCOUNT BOOK f o r 1 816 -18 , o f

" YB N o 9f o .2" o np . 136 , t h el a s tf u l l p age . I th a s

1 44 u nnumbered f o l ios i n n ine g a the r ings

1 36 h and -numbe red d oub le -page s ( 19 1x155 mm )

( 189x 157mm ) i n av e l lum b ind ing ( 195x160mm ) ,

i n n ine g a ther ings i n av e l lum b ind ing ( 197x

a r ranged b y w eek a nd d e ta i l ing i ns e c t ion s o fo ne

1 60mm ) w i th Y*B i nked o n t he f r on t c over .

t ot we lve l i ne st h ew o rk d one f o re ach c u s tome ri n

P re sumab ly i tb egan l i f ew i th 2 88 s i ng le p age s ,t he

t ha t w eek . T homa s K now les t h e e l de rw ro te i ta l l

f i r s ta nd t h el a s to fw h ich w e re p a s ted t ot h ec ove r ,

u pf r om 6J an 1 8 16 t o 1 Ap r 1 818 .

l e av ing 1 42 d oub le -pages ; t h ree l e aves h ave b een t o rn f r om t h e f i r s t g a the r ing . K now le s u sed i td ay

WEEKLY ACCOUNT BOOK f o r 1 851-54 ,

b y d ay f r om f rom 1 Ma r ch 1 814 ( o r s l igh t ly

h ome -made o f a bou t 2 46 u nnumbered f o l ios

e a r l ie r ,i fh e h ad u sed s ome o ft h em is s ing l e ave s )

( 202 -205x150 -158 mm )i n as i ng le h uge g a ther ing

t o 3 0 J u ly 1 817 t o make many r ough n o tes ,

r ough ly s t i tched t h rough w i th t w ine , i n ab a t tered

s ke tches , d imens ions a nd q uan t i t ies , w i th t he

h a lf -ca lf b ind ing ( 204x167mm ) , p e rhap s f rom

c l ien t 's n ame o r d es t ina t ion , s uch a s ' Ya rd ' i n a

a no the r b ook , w i th t h e b ack b oa rd m i s s ing . I ti s

h and -ru led 3 0mm -w ide r i gh t -hand c o lumn . H e

h and ru led i n p enc i l w i th s even teen t on ine teen

r u led many l i nes i ni nk o rp enc i lt os u i th im se lf a s

l i nes o n ap age a nd t h ree c o lumn s , f o rt h e c os t , t o

h e w en t a long . T homa s K now les t h e y ounge r ,

t h er i gh t .T homa sK now les t h ey ounge rw ro te i tu p

t hen i n h i s m id t h ir t ie s , made af a ir n umbe r o f

f r om 4J anua ry 1 85 1 t o3 0 Apr i l 1 853 , w i th af ew

e n t r ie s ,p a r t icu la r ly i nA p r i la nd May 1 8 17 .

e n tr ies b y h i s s on E dwa rd . I ti sa l l i nE dward 's h and f r om 7May 1 853 t o1 7J une 1 854 .

WAGES BOOK f o r 1 848 -58 , o f 1 84 u nnumbe red p ages ( 201x163 mm ) i n e i gh t g a the r ings i n a h a lf -ca lf a nd ma rb led p ape rb i nd ing ( 206mm h i gh ) . T he re a r e 2 1-24 h and ru led p enc i l l i ne s a nd t h ree 9 8

ANNUAL ACCOUNT BOOKS

I nt h is a nd t h en ex tv o lume ,p a r t icu la r ly i nt h ef i r s t

F i r s ts e r ie s , B ook sA Jf o r 1 799 -1876

h a lves , many p age s wh ich h ad n o t b een u sed f o r t h e p a r t icu la rc o l lege i n tended b u tl e f tb l ank h ave

I nB ook s A -B ( f or 1 799 -1809 ) T homas K now le s

b een c u t o u t a nd u sed , p resumab ly , f o r w r i t ing

t h ee l der m ixed c o l lege a nd p r iva te w o rk . I n 1 810

b i l ls .

h ek ep tt h e t wo c a tego r ie s s epa ra te w hen h eb egan t h e m iss ing B ook s C( f o r b us ine ss a nd p e r sona l )

BOOK B , o r ig ina l ly o f 2 73 h and -numbered

a nd D ( f o r c o l lege w o rk ) . H e c omb ined t h e t wo

d oub le -page s( 308x 198 mm ; s eve ra lh ave b een c u t

c a tego r ies a ga in f r om 1 815 w hen h e b egan B ook

o u t )w i th a na dded h and -made i n dex ( 302x18 1 mm )

E ,b u ts epa ra ted t h em a ga in w hen h eb egan B ook F

h as a v e l lum -cove red b ind ing ( 3 19mm h igh )

i n 1 824 . F rom t ha t t ime , h e , h i s s on T homa s t he

w i thou tc l a sp s .

y ounge r , g randson E dwa rd a nd g rea t -grandson T homas R ichard k ep t t he c o l lege a ccoun t s i n

T homa sK now le st h ee l de rl a id i to u ti n Novembe r

B ook s Fa nd J ( f o r 1 824 -76 ) . B u t t he y ounge r

o r D ecembe r 1 804 o n t h e p a t te rn o f B ook A ,

T homa sc hee r fu l ly o re conom ica l ly mudd led n ew

mov ing t h e c o l lege a ccoun t s o ve rf r om t ha t b ook

d omes t ic wo rk i n w i th o ld c o l lege wo rk a s h e

b e tween O c tobe r 2 7 ( Exe ter C o l lege ) a nd t he

c on t inued t ou se B ook E i np a ra l le l w i th h i s n ew

f o l low ing Ma r ch 1 6( L inco ln ) ,p e rhap st os u i te ach

B ook G u n t i l i tw a sl a rge ly f u l li n1 835 .

c o l lege 's f i nanc ia l y ea r . A t t h e f r on t i tc on ta ins w o rk f o r t e n c o l leges , A l l S ou ls , C orpus , E xe ter ,

BOOK A , o f 1 95 h and -numbe red d oub le -pages

J esus , L inco ln , Magda len , Me r ton f rom 1 807 ,

( 3 15x200mm ) h a s a n a dded h and -made i ndex

N ew C o l lege , O r ie l a nd Queens w i th Magda len

( 294x190mm ) a nd a v e l lum -cove red b ind ing

H a l l a nd S t Ma ry H a l l .

( 322mm h igh ) w i th t wo b ronze c l a sp s , o f w h ich o ne h a sb een b roken .

A t t h e b ack K now le s k ep t t h e a ccoun ts o f a bou t 4 48 o the r c us tome r s , s ome o f t h em c ar r ied o ve r

T homa s K now les t h e e l de rb egan i ti nA pr i l 1 799

f r om B ook A a s u npa id . H e u sed t h e b ook u n t i l

t oc on ta in , a tt he f r on t , wo rk f o r s even c o l lege s ,

J anua ry 1 810 , b u t h ad b egun t h e n ex t v o lume i n

A l l S ou ls , C orpus , E xe ter , J esus , L inco ln ,

O c tobe r 1 809 , k eep ing t h e t wo i nu se t oge the rf o r

Magda len a nd N ew C o l lege a nd o ne a cadem ic h a l l ,

s ome t ime a sb e fo r e .

Magda len H a l l , t h en l o ca ted n ex t t o Magda len C o l lege . H e u sed t h e b ook u n t i l 1 804 /5 , a dd ing

H ea l so u sed af ew d oub le -page sa lmo s ta tt h ee nd

O r ie l a nd Queen s i n 1 802 , t h e mor ibund f i r s t

( pp .245 -253 )t ol i s tt h ec r ed i ta ccoun t sh eh ad w i th

H er t ford C o l lege i n 1 803 a nd S t Ma ry H a l l i n

f o r ty s upp l ie r s a nd Ox fo rd t r adesmen , mo s t o f

1 804 .

w hom h ad a ccoun t s w i th h im , a s d i scu s sed a t g r ea te r l e ng th i nC hap te r F ou r . H e makes many

H e f i l led t he b ack h a lf u p w i th t he a ccoun t s o f

r e fe rences t o a' Book o f Goods r e cd ' i n t h is

a bou t4 80 o the rc u s tome r s , mo s t ly a cadem ic sa nd

s e c t ion .

c o l lege s t a f f w i th s ome s ome l o ca l b us iness a nd d omes t ic c us tomer s . S ome o f t hese a ccoun ts ,

BOOK C i s al o s t v o lume wh ich c on ta ined n on -

t r an s f e r red f r om ap rev iou sb ook b ecau se t h ey h ad

c o l lege j obs o f 1 809 /10 t o 1 815 /25 , t oj udge f r om

n o t b een p a id , g o b ack t o 1 797 when Know les

c ro s s ref e rence s i ne a r l ie ra nd l a te rv o lume s . T he

a cqu i red t h e b u s ines s f r om S t ephen T ownesend .

d e ta i ls o fa l lp r iva te w o rk f o r 1 8 10 -15 a nd s ome o f

H e h ad n o d oub t c on t inued t o u se t he l a s t

i tf o rs ome y ea r sa f te rt ha ta r et h e r e fo re l o s t .

T owne send a ccoun t -book u n t i li tw a sf u l l . 9 9

BOOK D i sa no the rl o s tv o lume w h ich c on ta ined

t h e b o lde r l oopy h andwr i t ing o f t h e h i s s on , t h e

c o l lege wo rk f r om 1 809 /10 t o 1 8 14 /5 , a s i sc l ea r

y ounger T homa s K now les , w hose f a the r mus t

f r om c ro s s re f erence s i nB ook s Ba nd E .T he re i s

h ave b een i lo ra way f r om O x fo rd a tt h is t ime .

t hu s ag ap i nt h e r e co rd o fc o l lege w o rk b e tween 1 8 10 a nd 1 8 14 , t h e ma in o u t l ines o fw h ich s hou ld

A f te rt h e e l de rT homa s K now les 's d ea th i n Ap r i l

b er e cove rab le f r om c o l lege a r ch ive s .

1 826 t h e y ounge r T homa s u sed t h e v o lume f o r a l ong t ime ,c r amm ing e ve ry p age w i th d e ta i ls a nd a

BOOK E i s ad i lap ida ted v o lume , o f 2 68 h and -

maze o fc ro s s ref e rence s . H is s on E dwa rd w en to n

n umbe red d oub le -pages ( 3 17x202 mm ) . I th a sl o s t

u s ing i tf o rw o rk a t Queen sC o l lege u n t i l 1 869 a nd

i t s c ove r s , e xcep t f o r t h e l oose b oa rds ( 337mm

a t Mer ton a nd Magda len H a l l

h igh ) , a nd h as o n ly t h e l a s t t h ree p ages o f i t s

c omp l ica t ing t h et a ng le o fc ro s s re f erence sa nd t h e

2 2 -page i n dex .

c r ammed p age se ven f u r the r .

T he e l de rT homa sK now le sl a id i to u t ,p robab ly i n

BOOK G h as 3 61 f o l ios a nd 2 e x t ra p ages

Ma rch 1 8 15 t oc on ta in , i nt h ef i r s th a lf , t h e d e ta i l

( 320x200mm ) i n as l igh t ly t a t te red w h i te v e l lum

o f h i s wo rk f o r t e n c o l leges a nd t wo a cadem ic

b ind ing ( 334mm h igh ) l a be l led G o n t h e f r on t

h a l ls , A l l S ou ls , C orpus , E xe ter , J e sus , L inco ln ,

c ove r . T he y ounge rT homa s K now les s t a r ted i ti n

Magda len , Mer ton , N ew C o l lege , O r ie l , Q ueens

J an 1 829 t o s upp lemen t t h e m iss ing B ook C f o r

w i th Magda len H a l l a nd S t Ma ry H a l l . ( Her t fo rd ,

p r iva te c us tomer s ' a ccoun t s . I th as n o c o l lege

wh ich a ppea red i n B ook A , d i ed o u t f o r h a lf a

a ccoun ts , b u t d oes h ave s ome m ino r w o rk f o r

c en tu ry ) .H eu sed i tf o rc o l lege w o rk f r om 1 8 15 t o

a cadem ic i n s t i tu t ions , l i ke t h e T ay lo r ian L ib ra ry .

D ecembe r 1 823 .

E dwa rd K now les c on t inued t o u se i ta f te r 1 852 .

u n t i l

1 871 ,

C on ta in ing w o rk f o ra bou t7 42 c u s tome r s , a lmo s t A t t he b ack h e e n tered wo rk f o r many o ther

a l l o f t hem O x fo rd c i t izens , i ti sv ery c rammed ,

c u s tome r s ,t h ee a r l ie s ts t a r t ing i nD ecembe r 1 8 14 ,

mudd led a nd d i so rde red , e ven mo r e s ot h an B ook

many o the r s i n 1 8 15 -25 a nd c on t inu ing u n t i l h i s

F . Many o ft h e a dd i t ions i nB ook G a r e i n i t ia led

d ea th i n 1 826 . H is s on t h e y ounge rT homa s w en t

WO f r om 1 830

o nu s ing t h eb ook ,j ump ing f r om p age t op age w i th many c ro s s r e fe rence sa nd o ve r lapp ing w i th B ook

BOOK H h a s6 96 p age s( 3 18x200mm ) i n ab rown

F ,u n t i l 1 835 , when i tw a sp rac t ica l ly f u l l u p w i th

c a lf b ind ing ( 333mm h igh ) w i th s l igh t r o l led

d e ta i ls o fh und red so fp r iva te c u s tome r s ' w o rk . H e

f o l iage b o rde rd eco ra t ion . E dwa rd K now le sb egan

u sed u p mo s to ft h es pa re p ages a nd b l ank s pace i n

i ti n J anua ry 1 866 t o r ep lace B ook G a nd i t

t h ec o l lege s e c t ion s .

c on ta ins t he w o rk t ha t h e d id f o r a bou t 4 89 n on -co l lege c u s tome r si n 1 866 -76 mos t ly o ft h em

BOOK F ,w i th 3 12 h and -numbe red d oub le -page s

O xfo rd b us inessmen a nd r e s iden t s , w i th a f ew

( 370x235mm ) , c on ta ins work d one f or t h ir teen

c oun t ry c l e rgy a nd o the r l o ca l p eop le , a nd s ome

c o l leges a nd t wo u n iver s i ty d epa r tmen ts , t h e

t r ade c u s tome r sf o rb u i ld ing m a te r ia ls .

P hys ick G a rden a nd t h eP r in t ing O f f ice i n1 824 -52 a nd 5 5 o ther c u s tomer s , mos t o f t h em o n ly f o r

L e t t e red ,/ o n t h e s p ine , BOOK Jh a s 2 64 h and -

1 824 -26 .T he e l de rT homa sK now le sl a id i to u ti n

n umbered d oub le -pages ( 325 -201 mm ) w i th

J anua ry 1 824 ,a sb e fo re a l phabe t ica l ly b yc o l lege .

p r in ted b lue l i nes a nd r ed a ccoun t -co lumn s i na

H e k ep t i tu ps ys tema t ica l ly a nd t i d i ly i nh i st i ny ,

wo rn b rown c a lf b ind ing ( 335mm h igh ) w i th

s ome t ime ss l igh t ly n ervy h and u n t i lt h ew eek o fh i s

mach ine -s tamped l o zenge -pa t tern ing a nd f o l iage

d ea th ,w i th o ne g ap .A lmo s ta l l t h ee n t r ie sf o rt h e

b orde r s o n f ron t a nd b ack c ove r s a nd n ar row

w eek s b e tween 1 3 Ma rch a nd 1 7J u ly 1 824 a r e i n

d oub le l ine s o n t h e s p ine . T he y ounge r T homa s 1 00

K now les b egan i ti nO c tobe r 1 852 t oc on ta in t he

1 816 -18 a nd 1 85 1-54 ) o r t he f our th a nd f i na l

A l l S ou ls C o l lege a ccoun t s .E dwa rd K now le st ook

s u mma ry , t h e ' nom ina l l e dger ' ( l ike t h e t wo t ha t

o ve r t he p ape rwork f r om 1 853 a nd g radua l ly

s urv ive f o r 1 9 10 -35 a nd 1 935 /6 -1949 /50 ) , w e a re

t r an s fe r red o t he rc o l lege a ccoun t st oi tf r om B ook

f orced t o d educe t ha t t hey mus t h ave b een

F ,k eep ing b o th v o lumes i nu se s i de b y s i de f o r

s y s tema t ica l ly k ep tu p .

n i ne teen y ea r su n t i l 1 871 ,u s ing B ook Ff o rt h el a s t t wo , Me r ton a nd Magda len H a l l .

Two v o lumes , d esc r ibed n ex t , a r e s urv ivo r sf r om t h et h ird s t age a nd w e re i n tended t os umma r ise t h e

T homas R ichard K now le s , h i s s on a nd j un io r

n ex ts e r ie so f' j ou rna ls ' t ob e d escr ibed n ex t ,h e re

p a r tne r , w ro te o u t t h e d e ta i led Magda len H a l l

c a l led A nnua l A ccoun t B ook s , w h ich b egan w i th

a ccoun ti nB ook Ji n 1 872 h imse lf . F rom 1 873 h e

t h e l o s tB ook AA a nd s u rv ive f r om B ook BB o f

l e f ti tt ot h en ew o ff ice -c le rk H en ry C ow ley , w ho

1 883 -85 .T he o f f ice c l e rk H en ry C ow ley l a id t h em

g ene ra l ly o m i t ted a l ld e ta i ls ,b u tT .R .Know le st ook

o u ta nd w ro te t h em u p , o f ten om i t t ing t h eb u lk o f

t h e a ccoun t o ver a ga in p e r sona l ly i n 1 875 w hen

t h e d e ta i l . T hey c ove rt wo b ranche s o ft h e f i rm 's

Magda len H a l l b ecame H e r tfo rd C o l lege , a nd

w o rk ,t h ef i r s t ' Un ive r s i ty ' f o rt h ec o l lege sa nd t he

c on t inued e n ter ing much d e ta i l i nh i s o wn h and .

s econd ' C i ty ' f o r a l l o the ri n s t i tu t iona l , b u s iness

T he v o lume w a sa bandoned , s t i l l w i th v e ry many

a nd d omes t ic c us tome r s , w i th o ne c on sp icuous

e mp ty p age s , i n S ep tembe r 1 875 ( f o r t he N ew

e xcep t ion ,a l lw o rk i nc hu r chya rd sa nd c eme te r ies .

C o l lege a ccoun t )a nd i n1 876 f o rt h eo t he r s ;t h el a s t

T h is t h ird b ranch o f t h e f i rm 's w o rk mu s t h ave

s e t t lemen t made i n i t , b y C h r is t C hurch f o r

b een c overed i n at h ird s e r ies o f ' Memo r ia l

p rope r ty r epa ir s ,w a si n1 88 1 .

L edge r s ' , n one o f w h ich s u rv ive f o r 1 877 -1910 . Howeve r w e c an s e e t h a t , u n l ike t h e o t he r t wo

R ecords f or 1 877 -1909

b ranches o f work , a l l memor ia l j obs w ere s ys tema t ica l ly n umbe red i n as e r ie s w h ich mus t

I n 1 877 t h e f i rm u nder took a a t ho rough -go ing r e fo rm o ft h ea ccoun t ing s y s tem . P erhap sT homa s R icha rd K now les t ook t h ei n i t ia t ive i nb r ing ing i t i n ; t e n y ea r s l a te rh e c l a imed l a te rt h a th i s f a the r , E dward N icho l ls K now les , h ad s hown l i t t le

h ave b egun i n 1 877 , a ppea r s when t h e s u rv iv ing r ecords b eg in i n 1 910 w i th No

1 828 , a nd

c on t inued t o N o 8 323 i n 1 976 . T he U n ive r s i ty L edge r s a r e l o s t f o r 1 896 -1909 a nd t h e C i ty L edge r sa r el o s tf o r 1 892 -1909 .

i n te res ti nt h eb us ine s ss i nce t h e 1 860 s .T he o ff ice c l e rk H en ry C ow ley a c tua l ly c a r r ied o u tt h eb u lk o f

UN IVERS ITY LEDGER ( U /L i )c l o se ly r e semb les

t h ew o rk .T he c hange t o an ew s y s tem m ay o we i t s

t he C ITY LEDGER ( C /L i ) d escr ibed n ex t , w i th

o r ig in t o s ome t ens ion o r m is t ru s t b e tween t he

7 02 p r in t -numbered p ages ( 326x203mm ) i n a

p a r tne r s o r among t h e f am i ly a s aw ho le , b u t i s

h a lf -ca lf b i nd ing ( 337mm h i gh )l a be l led ( Un ive r s )

mo re l i ke ly t ob e s imp ly p a r to f aw ide rc hange o f

` i ty ' o n at o rn w h i te p ape rp a tch p a s ted a bove ar ed

a ccoun t ing p rac t ices . O ve r t h e n ex t s i x o r e i gh t

l e a the rs l ip w i th t h ew o rd ' LEDGER 'g i l t s tamped

y ea r sm any o ft h ec o l leges c hanged o ro ve rhau led

o nt h es p ine .

t h e ir a ccoun t s . C ow ley l a id i to u ti n1 877 t os umma r ise t h er e pa ir A sw e l l a sp r e l im ina ry s ke tch -book so rn o tebook s

a ccoun t s f o r t we lve c o l lege , A l l S ou ls , B a l l io l ,

f o r e s t ima t ing a nd o rde r -book s , a l l o f w h ich a r e

B ra seno se ,E xe te r ,H e r t fo rd ( a s Magda len H a l lh ad

l o s t , t h e re mus t h ave b een f ou r s t ages o ff o rma l

b ecome i n 1 875 ) , J e sus , L inco ln , Magda len ,

b ookkeep ing . A l though , u n fo r tuna te ly , n o b ook s

Manche s te r , N ew C o l lege , O r ie l a nd Q ueen sw i th

s u rv ive f r om e i ther t h e f i r s t r ough s t age , t he

S t E dmund H a l l a nd S t Ma ry H a l l a nd p rope r ty

w eek ly a ccoun tb ook s( l ike t h et wo t h a ts u rv ive f o r

ma in tenance a ccoun t s f o r n ine c o l lege s , B a l l io l , 1 01

B rasenose , C hr is t C hurch , H er tford , J esus ,

An ew o ff ice c l e rk s i gn ing h im se lf M M o rW W ( o r

L inco ln , Me r ton , Or ie l a nd Wadham . H eo f ten p u t

p e rhap s MN o rMW )b egan i ti nF eb rua ry 1 883 t o

d own t h e t o ta ls w i thou t a ny d e ta i l , wh ich mus t

c on ta in b y 1 885 t h ea ccoun t so fe i gh tc o l lege s ,A l l

h ave b een a va i lab le i ns ome l o s t s e r ies o fw eek ly

S ou ls ,

a ccoun t -book s . H ek ep tt h ev o lume u pu n t i l 1 8% ,

P embroke , Wadham a nd Worces ter w i th S t

w hen t h e a ccoun t s mu s t h ave b een c on t inued i n

E dmund H a l l , a bou t e leven i n s t i tu t ions o r

a no ther l e dge r ( U /L i) , n ow l o s t , wh ich r an t o

d epa r tmen t s a nd a bou t s i x ty -fou r b u s ine s s , t r ade

1 909 .

B a l l io l ,

B rasenose ,

E xe ter ,

J esus ,

a nd d ome s t ic c u s tome r s ;t h ese c anno tc omp r ise a l l t he c u r ren t c us tome r s . T he a ccoun t s f o r o the r

C ITY L EDGER

c o l lege sa nd m any mo re c us tome r sm ay h ave b een

B ook C /L i , a s w e r e fe r t o i t h e re , h as 7 02

k ep ti nt h el o s tB ook AA ,o ri na no the rs e r ie s .

p r in t -numbe red p age s( 327x203mm ) i n ah a lf -ca lf b i nd ing ( 3 37mm h igh )l a be l led ' CITY ' o n aw h i te

T he c l e rk w ho b egan i ti n1 883 c on t inued t ok eep i t

p ape rp a tch p a s ted o nt h es p ine a bove ar e dl e a the r

f or T .R .Know les , w i th n o o bv ious c hange t o

s l ip w i th t h ew o rd ' LEDGER ' s t amped i ng i l t .

i nd ica te E dwa rd 's r e t ir emen t a nd h i s s on t a k ing o ve ra tt h ee nd o f1 884 .

C ow ley s e t i to u t e ar ly i n 1 877 a nd k ep t i tu p l a rge ly s i ng le h anded u n t i l a tl e a s t 1 892 w i th t h e

BOOK CC h a st h el e t te r Ci nked o nt h e s p ine a nd

a ccoun t s o f a bou t 5 12 p r iva te , b us iness a nd

c on ta ins 9 22 mach ine -numbered wh i te p ages

i n s t i tu t iona lc u s tome r s ,w h ich mu s th ave c on t inued

( 319x205mm ) w i th f a in t g rey p r in ted l i nes a nd

i n a no the r l edger o r l e dger s , n ow l o s t ( C IL i i ) ,

p r in ted r e da ccoun t -co lumns i n as t anda rd b i nd ing

wh ich c on t inued t o1 909 .

c ove r ed c ove red w i th t h in v e l lum .I th a sa ni n teg ra l p r in ted i ndex -sec t ion a nd w as s upp l ied b y J .Eve r shed o fH o lborn ( London ) E .C . , a cco rd ing

ANNUAL ACCOUNT BOOKS

t o ab r igh tg r een l a be li n s ide t h ef r on tc ove r .

S econd s e r ies , B ook s AAGG f o r 1 877 -1909 T he o f f ice c l e rk M M o rWW ,w ho h ad s t a r ted a nd T he a ccoun t ss umma r ised i nt h eL edge r sd e scr ibed a bove w ere e x t rac ted f r om t h is ma in s e r ies o f d e ta i led a ccoun t s . Ih ave d oub led e ach l e t te r t o d i s t ingu ish t h em f r om t h ef i r s ts e r ies . BOOK AA , t h e f i r s t v o lume o ft h e s e cond s e r ies , b egun i n 1 877 a nd u sed u n t i l 1 883 , mus t h ave b een l o s t . BOOK BB o r Bi nt h e s e cond s e r ies , i sl e t te red B o n t he s p ine a nd h a s 3 27 h and - n umbered d oub le -pages o f b lue p ape r ( 319x200mm ) w i th f a in t b lue p r in ted l i ne s a nd p r in ted r ed a ccoun t c o lumn s i n as t anda rd b i nd ing c overed w i th v ery t h in v e l lum ( 330mm h igh ) , w i th a s epa ra te t a l l n a r row i n dex sec t ion ( now l o o se )s ewn i nb e tween t h ef r on td u s t shee t s .

k ep t B ook BB b egan i ti n 1 885 a nd u sed i tu n t i l 1 889 f o rt h e a ccoun t s o fe i gh t o lde rc o l lege s , A l l S ou ls , B a l l io l , B rasenose , J esus , P embroke , Wadham a nd Wo rce s te rw i th t wo n ew o nes ,K eb le a nd Man sf ie ld , a nd S tE dmund H a l l a nd S t Ma ry H a l l ,a bou te l even d epa r tmen t sa nd i n s t i tu t ion sa nd a bou t ah undred a nd f i f ty l oca l b us inesses , r e s iden t sa nd t r ade -cu s tome r s ,a lmo s ta l o ft h em i n t h e c i ty .T he o ne h und r ed a nd s even ty t h ree o rs o e n t r ie s m ay i n c lude a l l t h e c us tome r s o f t hose y ea r s , e xcep t f or c hurch

monumen ts a nd

g raves tone s( s ee b e low , Memo r ia lA ccoun t s ) . BOOK DD h a st h ei n ked l e t ter D o n t h e s p ine a nd c on ta in s 9 50 m ach ine -numbe red p age s ( 324x205 mm ) w i th f a in t g r ey p r in ted l i nes a nd p r in ted r e d a ccoun t c o lumns , a nd a n

i n teg ra l p r in ted

i ndex sec t ion ,i n as t anda rd t h in v e l lum b i nd ing . 1 02

T he c l e rk w ho k ep tt h et wo p rev iou sv o lume su sed

BOOK GG h a sa ni nked l e t te rGo nt h es p ine a nd

i tf r om 1 889 t o 1 893 f o rt h ea ccoun t so ft h e s ame

w a ss upp l ied ,a cco rd ing t o ap a le g r een l a be li n s ide

e i gh t o lde r c o l leges a nd S t Ma ry H a l l , s ome

t h e f r on t c over , o n 26/ 4/ 04 a s N o 1 5 ,985 b y

f ou r teen i n s t i tu t ion s a nd a bou t ah und red a nd

J .Eve r shed & C o , 8& 9 K ing S t ree t , S now H i l l ,

t h ir ty two p r iva te ,b u s ine s sa nd t r ade c u s tome r s ;a

E .C .

f ew a ccoun t s g o o n t o 1 8% . T he re i sn o o bv iou s c hange t om a rk T homa sR icha rd 's s udden d ea th a t

I tc on ta ins t he a ccoun t s f o r 1 907 -19 14 f o r f ou r

t h e e nd o f 1 892 a nd h i s t wo e l de rs on s ' h av ing t o

c o l leges , B ra seno se ,O r ie l , Wadham a nd ,t o 1 908 ,

c ome a nd r un t he b u s ine s s .

Wo rces ter , as i ng le i n s t i tu t ion , t he P rov iden t D ispen sa ry ,a nd j u s t5 5o t he rc u s tome r s .

BOOK EE h a s al a rge i nked l e t te r Eo nt h e s p ine a nd c on ta ins 9 18 mach ine -numbe red b lu ish -wh i te

MEMOR IAL ACCOUNT BOOKS 1 877 19 14

p age s ( 323x206mm ) w i th f a in t g rey p r in ted l i ne s

I n 1 877 , a s p a r t o f t he g enera l r e form o f

a nd p r in ted r ed a ccoun tc o lumn s , a nd a n i n teg ra l p r in ted i n dex -sec t ion ,i n av e l lum b i nd ing ( 3 35mm h i gh ) .

b ookkeep ing , t h e f i rm i n t roduced a s epa ra te a ccoun t ing f o r monumen t s ,g r ave s tone sa nd r e la ted w o rk , wh ich s ome t imes i nc luded p rov id ing n ew m a rb le c oun te r s f o r b u tche r s ' s hops . D e ta i ls o f

T he c l e rk M M o r WW , w ho k ep t t h e t h ree

c hurch monumen t s a nd r e la ted w o rk h ad b een

p rev iou s v o lume s , u sed i tf r om 1 894 /6 t o 1 900 /2

i n c luded among a l l t h e o ther p r iva te wo rk i n

f o rt h ea ccoun t s o fs i x o lde rc o l lege s , B ra senose ,

A ccoun t B ook H w h ich r uns t o 1 876 , b u t d o n o t

J esus t o J une 1 898 , O r ie l t o D ecembe r 1 899 ,

a ppea rt h e' C i ty L edge r ' ( C /L i )b rough ti n to u se i n

P emb roke , Wadham a nd Wo rces te rw i th S t Ma ry

1 877 . F rom t ha t t ime u n t i l 1 909 t h ey mus t h ave

H a l l .J e sus d ropped o u ti nJ une 1 898 a nd t h eO r ie l

b een s umma r ised i n al o s t ' Memo r ia l L edge r '

a ccoun t e nds i n D ecembe r 1 899 . I ta l so d e ta i ls

( M /L i ) .

wo rk f o r s o me s i x i n s t i tu t ion s o f o ne k ind a nd a no the ra nd a bou t 1 87 p r iva te , b u s ine ss a nd t r ade c u s tome r s .

T he Memo r ia ls i de o ft h ef i rm 's w o rk r ema ined f o r av e ry l ong t ime c u r iou s ly o u t o fs t ep w i th a l l i t s o t he ra c t iv i t ie s ,a tl e a s tf r om a na dm in is t ra t ive p o in t

BOOK F Fw a sf o rme r ly l e t te red Fo nt h es p ine ,a s

o fv i ew . Memo r ia ls w e re g i ven j ob n umbe r s , b u t

n o ted o n al a be l f r om t h e s upp l ie r s , J .Eve r shed &

a l l o the r w ork w en t o n w i thou t n umbe r s u n t i l t h e

C o ,A ccoun t Book & E nve lope Make r s , 2 4&2 5

1 950 s a nd e ven l a te r . An ew s e r ies o f ' J ou rna ls '

F urn iva l S t , Ho lbo rn EC , i n s ide t h ef r on tc over . I t

w a s s t a r ted i n 1 899 , w hen t h ere w a s n o o ther

c on ta ins 9 18 mach ine -numbered b lu ish -wh i te

s i gn if ican t c hange i n t h e f i rm 's p aperwo rk , a nd

p age s( 323x207mm ) w i th f a in t g rey p r in ted l i ne s

w as c on t inued u nchanged t h rough t h e ma jor

a nd p r in ted r ed a ccoun tc o lumns , a nd a ni n teg ra l

r e fo rms t h a ta f f ec ted a l lt h eo the rb ranche si n1 9 10

p r in ted i ndex -sec t ion , i n ab ad ly worn b ind ing

a nd 1 939 u n t i la sr e cen t ly a s 1 976 .

( 332mm h igh ) w h ich h a s l o s t i t s o u te r v e l lum s k in .

Aw ho le s e t o fa ccoun t b ook s f o rj ob s n umbe red 1 1827 , c a r r ied o u t i n 1 877 -1899 , h a s b een l o s t .

I t c on ta ins t he a ccoun ts f or s i x c o l leges ,

T h is means t h a t t h er e i sn o r e co rd o f t h e f i rm 's

B ra seno se ,J esus , O r ie l , P emb roke , Wadham a nd

Memor ia l work f r om 1 877 t o 1 899 , a l toge the r

Wo rce s ter f or 1 900 -1907 , w i th d e ta i ls o f t h e

mo re t h an 1 800 j ob s ,o na ve rage mo re t h an e i gh ty

c r icke tp av i l ion b u i l t f o rQ ueens , w o rk d one f o r

ay ea r , a lmos t s even amon th o r o ne a nd ah a lf

s ome t we lve i n s t i tu t ion so rn a t iona lc ompan ie sa nd

e ve ry w eek t op u ti tl e s si mp re s s ive ly .

a bou t 1 84 o the rc u s tome r s . 1 03

B ook I ,w i th t h e n umbe r

-i ni nk o n t h e s p ine

R ecords

f or 1 910 -38

a nd ' 1899 -1903 ' i nb l ue c r ayon o nt h ef r on tc ove r , h a s 2 70 b lue ish -wh i te p ages w i th g rey l i nes a nd

I n 1 910 t h e t wo p ar tne r s , T homa s E a s t K now le s

r e da coun t -co lumn s( a l l p r in ted ) . I ti sl a id o u tw i th

a nd h i s b ro ther E dward e s tab l ished a n ew

t we lve p age s o fa l phabe t ica l i ndex o fc u s tome r s '

a ccoun t ing s y s t em t ha tp robab ly h ad f ou rs t age so f

n ames

h and -numbered

f o rma l b ookkeep ing , l i ke t h e p r ev ious s y s tem o f

d oub le -pages o fj ob s , t h e l a s t t h ree o f wh ich l i s t

1 877 -1909 . I ti sv ery d i f f icu l tt oc ompa re t h e t wo

t h e memo r ia ls s e tu pi n Wo lve r co t eC eme te ry f r om

s y s tems a nd s e e h ow t h ey d i f f e red , a s t h e f ou r th

1 902 t o 1 9 19 ( con t inued i nB ook V ) a nd t ho se i n

a nd f i na l s t age , t he ' Impe r sona l L edge r ' s u rv ive s

R o se H i l lc eme te ry f r om 1 902 t o1 906 ) I tc on ta in s

f r om 1 910 b u t t he e qu iva len t f o r t he p rev iou s

t he d e ta i ls o f t wo h und red a nd s even ty -s ix

p er iod i sm is s ing . F o r t h e t h ird s t age , t he l e dge r s

a t t he

f ron t ,

1 29

c omm is s ions ( No s 1 828 -2 104 )f r om A p r i l 1 899 t o

w h ich s umma r ise e ach b ranch o ft h ef i rm 's w o rk ,

J une 1 903 ( a tt h er a te o f5 . 75 amon th )

a r e e qua l ly i n compa t ib le . A U n ive r s i ty L edge r

B ook I , n ow l o s t , c on ta ined d e ta i ls o f f ou r

f o r 1 899 -1909 ( U /L i) i s l o s t , a l though t he

h undred a nd f i f ty -f ive j ob s c ar r ied o u t b e tween

c on t inua t ion f or t he n ew s ys tem o f 1 910 -38

J une 1 903 a nd F eb rua ry 1 909 ( a tt h e r a te o f ab i t

( U /L i i i )s u rv ive s ; aC i ty L edge re x is t sf o r 1 877 -92

l e s st h an s even ( 6 .7 ) amon th ) .

( C /L i ) , b u t i t s c on t inua t ion f o r 1 893 -1909 ( C IL i i )

( U /L i ) s u rv ive s f o r 1 876 -98 , b u t i t s c on t inua t ion

a nd t he f i rs t v o lume o f t he n ew s ys tem f o r B ook I I , w i th ME 1 11 .1 -I II . i nked o n t h e s p ine , h a s 3 81 mach ine -numbe red p ages ; p ages 1 12 h ave b een u sed a s a n i ndex o f n ame s , w i th t h e

1 910 -25 ( C IL i i i ) a r e m iss ing ; a nd t h e Memo r ia l L edge rf o r t h e e a r l ie rp e r iod i sl o s t ( M IL i ) , w h i le i t s s ucce s so rf o rt h e l a te rp er iod s u rv ives ( M /L i i ) .

r i gh t -hand mo s t c o lumn c u t a way i ns e c t ion s . I t

T he re a r e l ong g ap s i nt h e d e ta i led e n t r ies o ft h e

c on ta ins t he d e ta i ls o f 4 47 c omm iss ions ( No s

s e cond -s tage ' J ou rna ls a nd n os u rv iv ing e xamp le s

2 559 -3006 ) f r om F ebrua ry 1 909 t o Augus t 1 9 14

o ft he f i r s t -s tage r ough b ook s o rt ime -shee t sa nd

( a tt h er a te o fj u s tu nde re i gh t amon th ) .

d e l ive ry -no te sa ta lf r om e i ther p e r iod .

LETTER -BOOKS , 1 879 -1890

K eep ing t he t h ree ma in b ranches o f t he e a r l ie r

AL e t te r -book ( 1879 -86 )u sed b yT homa sR icha rd Know les f or i n surance a nd o ther b us iness s u rv ives f o r 6F eb rua ry 6 1 879 -5 O c tobe r 1 886 . No tes o f l e t ter s s en t a r e o n s t ubs l e f t a f ter

s y s tem , C o l lege , C i ty a nd Memo r ia l ,t h eK now le s b ro the r s s t ar ted a ' Sundr ies ' a ccoun t i n 1 9 15 f o r t r ade s a les o f b u i ld ing ma ter ia ls , a tf i r s t q u i te i n s ign if ican t b u t a lway s a moun t ing f r om 1 919 t o

d e tach ing ama in ' Memo randum ' ,t he b ook s t a r t s

s evera l h und r ed p ounds ay ea r , r e ach ing £ 4 . 19 i n

w i th No 3 0 1 a nd r un st o3 9 3 ,a f te r wh ich t h e r ea r e 1 49 u nnumbe red s t ub s .

' Sund r ie sJ ou rna l ' s e r ie sw i th a l lt h ed e ta i ls ,w h ich

AL e t te r -book ( 1888 -90 ) u sed b y H en ry C ow ley , t h e o ff ice c l e rk , a nd s ome t imes b y T .R .Know le s f o r o rder s , r e ce ip t s a nd e nqu ir ie s r ema in s f o r 2 6 S ep tembe r 1 888 -13 O c tober 1 890 . C a rbon s o f l e t te r s s en t a r e o n l i ned ' f l imsy ' p ages , s t a r t ing w i th N o 2 770 a nd r unn ing t o 2 8 10 , a f te r w h ich t h e re a r ee i gh tu nnumbe red p age s .

1 927 a nd £ 475 i n 1 935 . T he re mus t h ave b een a w ere t h en s umma r ised i n a' Sund r ie sL edge r ' ,b u t a l l t ha t r ema ins i s t he a nnua l t o ta ls i n t h e ' Imper sona l L edger ' . T hey a l so ma in ta ined p e r sona la ccoun t sf o rt h em se lve si nd iv idua l ly a nd a no the r , u p t o 1 910 , f o r t hemse lves a s t he ir f a ther 's T rus tees , e n ter ing t h ese i n t h e ' C i ty L edge r ' ,b u ts epa ra te ly i nt h e' Impe r sona lL edge r ' . T hey g r adua l ly mod if ied a nd t r ansfo rmed t h e n ew s y s tem ,a dd ing mo re n ew c a tego r ie s . I n1 9 17 t h ey 1 04

d i s t ingu ished s ome f avou red a nd w ea l thy p r iva te

Two t h ick ' BRASENOSE J OURNALS ' , h a lf -

c l ien t sa nd t h e b e t te rh o te ls i nt h e ' C i ty ' c a tego ry

b ound i nr ed mo rocco , c on ta in a l t h e w o rk d one

a s ' C i ty S pec ia l ' c u s tome r s . I n 1 9 18 t h ey t ook

o n B rasenose C o l lege a nd i t s O xfo rd h ou se -

B ra seno se , aw e l l -endowed c o l lege t h a tw a so f ten

p rope r ty i ng r ea td e ta i l , o ne f o r 1 934 -8 i sf u l l ; t h e

t h e ir b es t s i ng le c u s tome r o u t o f t he ' Co l lege '

n ex t , l abe l led " 1939" i sb l ank . A l l b ook s a nd

c a tego ry i n to o ne o fi t so wn . I n 1 924 , w hen C yr i l

d e ta i ls f o r 1 9 15 -33 a r em is s ing .

R ober t s c ame t ow o rk f o rK now le sa nd S on ,t h ey s t a r ted a' Loo se L ea fJ ou rna l ' c a tego ry f o r ma jo r

A s e r ies

c on t rac t s ,a nd i n 1 933 ,a ss choo lm a in tenance a nd

h a lf -bound i nr ed mo rocco ,c on ta in sf u l ld e ta i ls o f

o t he rc i v ic w o rk i n c rea sed ,o ne f o r' Ox fo rd C i ty ' .

a l l t h e w o rk d one f o r mo s t o ft h e f i rm 's b us iness

o f s i x

t h ick C ITY J OURNALS ,

a nd d omes t ic c u s tome r s .A l l b ook sa nd d e ta i ls f o r ' I MPERSONAL ' OR NOM INAL LEDGERS

1 910 -28 a r e l o s t . T he b ook f o r 1 929 -30 l i s t s 2 42

T he f i na l f our th -s tage a ccoun t s o f K now le s a nd

c us tome r s ; t he n ex t t wo a re f o r 1 931-2 a nd

S on a re p reserved i nt wo ' Impe r sona l L edge r s '

1 933 -4 ; t h e b ook f o r 1 935 -6 l i s t s 2 03 c us tome r s ,

o ne f o r 1 910 -35 a nd t h en ex tf o r 1 936 -50 .

t ha t f o r 1 937 -8 2 39 c us tomer s a nd t h e l a s t f o r 1 939 -40 i sb l ank .

LEDGERS A t t h e t h ird s t age C o l lege wo rk mu s t h ave b een

Two

s ummar ised i n a ' Un ivers i ty L edger '

t h ick

C ITY

S PECIAL J OURNALS ,

1 9 10 -1938 , av o lume o rs e r ie st ha ti se n t ir e ly l o s t .

h a lf -bound i nr e d mo rocco , g i ve f u l l d e ta i ls o fa l l t h e w o rk d one f o r ag roup o f f avou red c l ien ts

P r iva te a nd b us ines s w o rk w a s s ummar ised i na

i nc lud ing Mr s G .H . Mo r re l l , t he v e ry w ea l thy

' C i ty L edge r ' . T he v o lume o rv o lumes f o r 1 910 -

b enef ic ia ry o f t h e B rewe ry T rus tees , h er s on

2 5 ( C /L i i i ) a r e l o s t . T he n ex t o ne f or 1 926 -39

J .H . Mor re l l , t h e n ove l is t R hoda B rough ton a nd

( C /L iv )s u rv ives b a t te r ed a nd i n comp le te ,l a ck ing

G uy T hom son o f t h e O ld B ank a nd Woodpe r ry

t h e f i r s t 1 55 p age s a nd c on ta in ing o n ly n ame s

H ou se , a sw e l l a st h e M i t r e a nd R ando lph H o te ls .

b eg inn ing w i th t h el e t te r sD -Y .O n ly t h e' Memo r ia l

A l l b ooks a nd d e ta i ls f o r 1 917 -24 a r e l o s t . O ne

L edge r ' f o r 1 910 -76 ( j ob s 2 409 -8323) s urv ives

b ook marked " 1925" l i s ts 2 1 c us tomers i n

c omp le te ;w ec an c a l li tM /L i i .

1 925 -30 ; t h e o the r , ma rked

f or

-1 931"

l i s t s 1 3 f o r

1 931-8 . J OURNALS An i ncomp le te s er ies o f t h ick COLLEGE

An ew s ys tem o f LOOSE -LEAF -JOURNALS t o

J OURNALS s u rv ive s ,h a lf -bound i nr e d mo rocco .

c ove r a ccoun t ing f or l a rge r c on t rac t s , i nvo lved

A l l o ft h em a nd a l l d e ta i ls a r e l o s t f o r 1 9 10 -28 .

f i l ing a l l t h e o r ig ina l t ime - a nd m a te r ia l -shee t si n

T he re a r ef i ve f u l l v o lume s ,f o r 1 929 -30 , 1 931-2 ,

f o lde r sw i thou tt h en eed t oc opy m a s ses o fd e ta i li n

1 933 -4 , 1 935 -6 a nd 1 937 -8 a nd ab lank o ne f o r

l onghand i n to b ound ' J ou rna ls ' . T he f i r s t f o lder

1 939 -40 t ha t wa s n eve r u sed . T hey g ive f u l l

f o r 1 924 -27 i sl o s t . F u l l d e ta i ls s u rv ive f o rt we lve

d e ta i ls o fa l work d one a tt h eC od r ing ton L ib ra ry

j obs i n

a t A l l S ou ls , f o r B a l l io l A th le t ics C lub , f o r

t wen ty two

H e r t fo rd , L inco ln , N ew C o l lege a nd Wadham o n

l a bou r -sav ing s y s tem f ormed p rov ided t h e f i r s t

b o th f ab r ic a nd p rope r ty ,f o rK eb le o np rope r ty i n

i ncen t ive f o r l oose leaf C i ty o f Oxford a nd

1 929 -30 , f o r Manche s te rt o 1 936 , s ma l l a moun t s

S und r ies J our na ls ,b o th i n t roduced i n1 933 .

1 927 -31 , i n

t wen ty

1 934 -37 .

i n

1 932 -34 a nd

P resumab ly

t h is

f o r Mer ton i n 1 931-2 a nd 1 935 -6 , f o r O r ie l o n f ab r ic ,p rope r ty a nd S t Ma ry 's c hu r ch t o 1 933 ,f o r

A no the rl oo se lea fs y s tem , mo re s oph is t ica ted t h an

Q ueen si n1 937 -8 a nd f o rS tJ ohn si n1 933 -4 .

t h a t f o r c on t rac t s , w a s s t a r ted i n 1 933 t o c over ma in tenance w o rk f o r t h e C i ty C ounc i l ; p r in ted 1 05

s hee t s ,a tf i r s tk ep ti na no pen t r ay o rd rawe r ,w e r e

i n it ia l ly

k ep t

i n

d eep

t r ays ,

r earranged

b o l ted i n to b rown l oose leaf c over s . O ne

a l phabe t ica l ly b y c us tomer 's n ame a s t h ey w e re

OXFORD C ITY J OURNAL s u rv ive sf o r 1 933 -8 .

f i l led i n , a nd t h en b o l ted t oge the ri ng reen c ove r s l i ke t ho se t h a ts u rv ive f r om al i t t le l a te r .T he f u r the r

T h is s ame l oo se lea fs ys tem w a sa dop ted i n1 933

s t age sw h ich l e dt ot h ef i na la ccoun t sa r eu nc lea ra s

f o r t he S und r ies c a tego ry o f b u i ld ing m a te r ia l

n o t h ird -s tage L edge r s s e em t os u rv ive f r om t h is

s upp l ied t o o ther f i rms . Two SUNDR IES

t ime .T he s u rv iv ing r e co rd s mu s tb es umma r ised .

J OURNALS s u rv ive , b o l ted i n to b rown c ove r s , f o r 1 933 -6 a nd 1 937 -8 .

G reen -covered l oose leaf b o l ted v o lumes o f COLLEGE WORK : C o l lege J ou rna l 1 948 -9

Memo r ia l Wo rk , s umma r ised i nt h e MEMOR IAL L EDGER f o r1 9 10 -76 n o ted a bove ,i sd e ta i led i n :

a nd a ne a r l ie rs t age o fn o tebook s : B rasenose C o l lege O rde r -book , S ep tember

B ook I I f o r 1 909 -14 ( No s 2 559 -3006 ; i tw a s n o t

1 950 Janua ry 1 955

a f f ec ted b yt h er e fo rms o f 1 9 10 ) , B ook I Vf o r 1 9 14 -18 ( No s3 007 -3468 ) ,

N ew C o l lege O rde r -book ,A ugu s t 1 949 - Ma rch 1 959

B ook V f o r 1 9 19 -23 ( No s3 467a -3948 , i n c lud ing an umbe ro f Wa r Memo r ia ls ) ,

C ITY WORK

B ook V I f o r 1 923 -28 ( No s3 947 -462 1) ,

J ou rna l 1 944 -5

B ook V I If o r 1 928 -32 ( No s4 622 -5314 ) a nd

D ay J ou rna l 1 946

B ook V I I I f o r 1 933 -38 ( No s5 315 -6070 ) .

J our na l 1 947 -8

T he re i s aS amp le B ook o f Memo r ia ls d a t ing f r om

J ou rna l 1 95 1-2

t h ee a r ly 1 930 s .

a l l l oo se lea f ,b o l ted i nG r een c over s

OTHER RECORDS t ha t s u rv ive i n c lude t h ree

MEMOR IAL WORK

Wages B ook s ,s pann ing t h e b ookkeep ing r e fo rm s

V e l lum -bound b ook sc on t inu ing t h es e r ie sb egun i n

o f1 939 :

1 899 a nd t h en umbe r st h a th ad b een i n t roduced i n

J une 1 935 - May 1 938 ,

1 877 :

May 1 938 -Decembe r1 94 1 a nd

B ook I X , f o r 1 938 -50 ( No s6 07 1-7065 )

D ecembe r1 94 1-Ap r i l 1 944 . A C a sh B ook , mos t ly b l ank , r ema ins f o r J u ly

B ook X , f o r 1 950 -76 ( Nos 7 066 -8323 , w i th s even mo re u nnumbe red j ob s ) ,a nd a l so :

1 937 -June 1 940 a nd t wo P e t ty C a sh B ook s ,f o r :

O rde rB ook f o r 1 94 1 -5 1

J u ly 1 937 -Ap r i l 1 940 a nd Augu s t 1 963 -Augu s t 1 965 .

Two B ox f i les o fc a rbon -cop ies o fb i l ls & cf o r 1 952 -58 ,a nd 1 969 -76 E s t ima tes & O rde r s ,c a rbon b ook , 1 958 -73

Records o f 1 939 -1956 a nd l a ter

I n sc r ip t ion s , c a rbon b ook f o r 1 958 -70

T he n ew s y s tem i n t roduced , p re sumab ly b y G uy

S upp l ie s And S ubcon t rac to r s ,t wo b o l ted l oo se lea f

Know les , f rom t he s t a r t o f 1 939 , i nvo lved

I nvo ice B ook s i n b rown c over s , f o r 1 941-53

a bandon ing t he C o l lege , B rasenose a nd C i ty

( mo s t ly 1 948 -53 ) ;b ys upp l ie r sn ames ,A Ia nd J -Y

J ou rna ls t h a th ad a l r eady b een s upp l ied f o rt h ey ea r a nd l e av ing t h em u nused . N oa ccoun t ss urv ive f o r

C ash

t h en ex tf i ve y ea r s ,f r om 1 939 t o1 943 ,b u tw ec an

1 956 -Sep tembe r 1 97 1

a s sume t h a t d e ta i ls w e re e n te r ed o n l oo se s hee t s 1 06

R ece ip ts

Book

M

f or

S ep tember

I n 1 956 R on P ou l ter r egu la r ised a ccoun t ing p rac t ice , i mpos ing a mo re r egu la r d oub le -en t ry s y s tem . I n 1 967 , a f ter t h e move t oO seney Mead a nd u nde r A lan K now les 's g u idance , m anua l e n ter ing w a s a t l a s t s uperseded w i th t he i n t roduc t ion o ft h e ' B lack B ook ' s ys tem , l e ad ing o n i n 1 974 t o a` Da ta sab ' mach ine w h ich l a s ted o n ly u n t i l 1 984 when ` K ir s t ie ' , t he f i rm 's f i r s t c ompu te r , r unn ing o n ` Bu i ldax ' t ook o ve r . T hese s y s tem s p roduced s t ack s o fv o lumes a nd mound s o fp ape rt o og r ea tt ol i s t .

1 07

CHAPTER TEN G uy N e lson K now le s : 1 943 -76 a nd A lan A lden K now le s t h e l a te Twen t ie th C en tu ry a nd t h ef u tu r e Guy Ne lson Know les ,

1 943 -76

I n 1 929 G uy K now les j o ined t h e f am i ly b u s iness , i n co rpo ra ted i nA p r i l 1 928 a s aL im i ted C ompany .

Guy N e lson K now le sa nd h i st w in s i s te rK a th leen

H ew o rked i nr a the rD ickens ian c ond i t ions b e s ide

w e re b o rn o n 3 0 May 1 907 wh i le t h e ir p a ren t s

h i sf a the r , u nc le E dwa rd a nd C yr i l R obe r t s i nt h e

w e re l i v ing a t2 44 I f f ley R oad , Ox fo rd . H e w a s

b ack r oom o f No 3 6 H o lywe l l , w i th a s l ip o f a

e duca ted a t Magda len S choo la nd t r a ined f o r at ime

r oom t oe scape t ow h i le d e s ign ing .T he o ff ice b oy

a bou t 1 923-4 i n t he a rch i tec t E dw in L u tyens ' d raw ing o ff ice a nd t h en ,f o rb u s ine ss ,w i th Me ss r s P a rne l l o fR ugby , t h en an o tab le c on t rac to r , a bou t 1 924 -6 . Mean t ime , i n May 1 924 h i s f a the r T .E .Know les o f fered work , a t £ 4 .10 .0 a w eek , t o a n o ld a cqua in tance ,C yr i lR obe r t s ,w ho h ad w o rked w i th MacA lp ine s d u r ing Wo r ld Wa rO ne , w hen h e h ad l e a rn t h ow t ou se T erm C on t rac t s , t e nde r ing t oa p r in ted s t anda rd s chedu le o fp r ices .L a te rh es e tu p h i s o wn f i rm , C oppock & R obe r t s b u i lde r s a nd c on t rac to r so f la S tA lda te sa nd b u i l t an umbe ro f h ou se si nt h eD avenan tR oad a r ea o fN o r th O x fo rd , b u tg o ti n to d i ff icu l t ie st h rough n of au l to fh i so wn . A f te rc omp le t ing ac on t rac ta tB ud le igh S a l te r ton h e j o ined K now les a nd S on o n 1Augu s t 1 924 . R obe r t s w a s t o p lay ama jo r r o le i nt h e f i rm f o r

GUY NELSON KNO WLES

many y ea r s . H is l e t te r s f r om B ud le igh S a l ter ton s how t h a t h e e xpec ted t o s ucceed Mr S an som a s

w ho s t ar ted a tt e n s h i l l ings ( 50p ) aw eek i n 1 931

o f f ice manage r , b u t h e s oon f ound aw ide r r o le ,

w as i na we o fG uy 's f a the r a nd w ou ld n eve rd a re

s ha r ing t h e b ack o ff ice a tH o lywe l l w i th T homa s

w ande ro u ti n to t h ey a rd w i thou t as pec if ic mes sage

a nd E dward Know les ;

t od e l ive r . T o h im T homa s E .Know le sw a s as t er n

h e k ep t t h e p eace ,

e s tab l ished p o l icy a nd h e lped p repa re e s t ima te s .

a nd v e ry c a r efu l ma s te r .

C yr i l R ober ts was a f fec t iona te ly k nown a s

E dwa rd J .E .Know le s d i ed o n o n 3 0A ugus t 1 934 ;

' Sk ippe r ' ; f o r s eve ra l d ecades h e k ep t w icke t f o r

i mmed ia te ly a f terwa rds , o n 1 0 S ep tembe r , G uy

Ox fo rd sh i re i nM ino rC oun t ie sc r icke t .H eb ecame

w a sn om ina ted aD i r ec to ro ft h eC ompany . B yt h a t

aD i rec to ri n1 956 , r e t ired i n1 964 a nd d i ed i nh i s

t ime h e h ad a l ready , a tt he a ge o f t wen ty t h ree ,

e i gh ty -f i f th y ea ri n1 978 .

s hown h i s d es ign s k i l ls f rom 1 08

1 930 i n t he

s ympa the t ic r e s to ra t ion a nd e x ten s ion o ft h e Mano r

u p f o r m i l i ta ry s e rv ice b u t s oon d i scha rged f o r

H ou se a t No r th H ink sey , aj ob w h ich w en t o n t o

m ed ica l r easons , w i th a b ad b ack . Dur ing t he

1 932 . I n 1 93 1 h e d es igned a nd b u i l t ap a ir o f

' p honey w a r ' p e r iod h ed rew ac a r toon o fH i t le ra s

h ou se s , N o s 3 47 a nd 3 49 I f f ley R oad , p ay ing t h e

a n i n e f f ec tua l d es t roye rt h a tw ew e re s oon t ol e a rn

f i rm £ 1684 o u t o f al e gacy f r om h i s mo the r , w ho

w a s av ery f a lse i mp ress ion .

h ad d i ed i n1 925 ;h es o ld a t ar e a sonab le p rof i t .H is

f a ther "M r T om" , n ow a ged s i x ty -e igh t , s t i l l t h e

f a the rh ad c au t iou s ly r e fu sed t ob uy mo re l a nd h e re

n om ina lh ead o ft h ef i rm a nd a nx iou st oh ea re ve ry

f o rd eve lopmen tb u tn ow i tw a st o ol a te a nd a l lt h e

d ay 's d eve lopmen t , Guy K now les a nd Mr J ack

p l o t sh ad b een s napped u p .

K inge r lee w e r e a ppo in ted l o ca l r epre sen ta t ive s o f

B y 1 940 , w i th h i s

t h e O ff ice o f Wo rk s w i th e x ten s ive p owe r s . A f te r G uy K now le sd eve loped h i ss k i l ls a s as pecu la t ing

h i s f a ther ' sd ea th G uy , t h en t h e o n ly D irec to r ,

a r ch i tec ti nF e r ry H ink sey L ane i nB o t ley o nl a nd

s ucceeded a sC ha i rman i nJ anua ry 1 943 .

w h ich L o rd H a rcou r t s o ld i n 1 920 a nd h i s f a the r b ough t i n 1 931 . I n 1 931-2 h e b u i l t t h ree p a ir s o f

We wou ld w e lcome f u r the ri n fo rma t ion a bou tt h e

h ou se sf o r£ 2095 ;f o r£ 49 h er e pa ired t h ef i ne l i t t le

1 940 s t oe xp la in t a le s s t i l l t o ld i nt he f i rm . When

s t one f a rmhouse o r" co t tage" d a ted 1 645 ,t ha ts t i l l

t h ec e leb ra ted d r ive t oc o l lec ti r on r a i l ing so ccu r red

s t ands t h ere . H e s o ld t he h ouses , k eep ing t he

K now le s a nd K inge r lee w an ted t o make s u re t h a t

o rchard b eh ind f or

s t orage , t o a ugmen t t he

t h e U n ive r s i ty s e t ag ood e xamp le f o r u s a l l t o

c r amped H o lywe l lY a rd ,t h es ma l ly a rd a nd s t ab le s

f o l low a nd s e tt h e i rm en t od i sman t le t h eU n ive r s i ty

a tH ead ing ton a nd t h e s t o res a tP emb roke S t ree t

P a rks r a i l ings . T he Adm ira l ty , w h ich h ad al a rge

( now R ec to ry R oad ) .

p resence i n O xford f or r e sea rch a nd t r a in ing , o b jec ted v igo rou s ly a nd t h eO ff ice o f Wo rk sh ad t o

D ec id ing t os e t t le i nt h ea r ea o fN o r th H ink sey h e

o rder t h e r a i l ing s t ob e p u t b ack u p . B u t w hy d id

b ough t ap lo t o n H a rcou r t H i l l a nd b u i l t h imse lf

t h ey d emand r a i l ing s?

' We s tga tes ' f o r£ 2224 i n 1 932 -3 . I tw a s h ere t h a t h i s e l der s on A lan , n ow C ha irman o f t he f i rm ,

A no the r , mo re f e roc ious , o b jec to r w as t he t e n th

s pen t h i s e ar l ies t y ea r s . T he a r ea h ad a r u ra l

D uke o f Ma r lbo rough , w hen h e f ound t he f i rm 's

a tmosphere a nd w a s , a nd i s , o u ts ide t he C i ty

m en l a y ing f ounda t ions f o r t empo ra ry h u t s i nt h e

b ounda ry , a l though p rac t ica l ly w i th in t h e b u i l t -up

f o recou r t o fB lenhe im P a lace , f o r t h e u se o fM I5 ,

c i ty .T he re w as ac e r ta in s oc ia ld i s t inc t ion i nh av ing

t he s ecre t g overnmen t d epar tmen t t hen i n

aC umno r t e lephone n umbe r w i th t h ree d ig i ts ,

o ccupa t ion . T he h u t s , d ep loyed s ymme t r ica l ly o n

r a the rt h an a n Ox fo rd o ne w i th f ou r .

e i the r s i de o ft h e f o recou r t , w e r e i nf ac t b u i l t a nd u sed f o r an umbe ro fy ea r s .

A l though t h ef i rm h ad r un am o to r -b ike s i nce 1 9 14 a nd aF o rd mo to r t r o l ley , b ough t f o r£ 175 , s i nce

I nt h e e a r ly d ays o ft h e Wa rt h ef i rm b u i l ta i r -ra id

1 919 , t h e f i r s t c ompany c a r c ame f r om E y le s a nd

s he l te r s , p i l lboxes , a n t i tank d ef ence s , a e rod romes

E y les f o r £ 245 ( £254 .3 .0 o n t h e r oad ) . I tw as a

a nd d ecoy f ac tor ies o u t i n t h e c oun t rys ide w e l l

b rand n ew 1 93 5 S tanda rd 1 0 /12 s peed s a loon i n

a way f r om b u i l t -up a r eas , s ome i nB ag ley Wood .

l a vende r g r ey a nd b lue w i th b l ue u pho ls tery , s oon

T om Ma r sha l l , t h e l o r ry d r ive r who h ad d r iven

f o l lowed b y as econd S t anda rd i n 1 936 a nd an ew

t r oops t ot h ef r on t b y b us i nt h e F i r s t Wo r ld Wa r ,

F o rd l o r ry f or £ 200 i n 1 937 , t he o ld l o r ry b e ing

h ad av e ry n ar row e s cape o u t d e l ive r ing ma ter ia ls

t r aded i nf o r£ 18 .

n ea rS t and lake o ne d ay w hen h ew a s s t raf fed ' b ya Mes se r schm id t 1 09 ; f o rw eek s h e r e fu sed t oa l low

S oon a f te r h is move t o H e rnes R oad a nd t he

t h eb u l le th o le st h rough h i st a i l -boa rd t ob ef i l led i n

o u tb reak o f Wo r ld Wa r Ii n1 939 ,G uy w a sc a l led

a nd p a in ted o ve r . 1 09

O nce , t r ag ica l ly , K now le sa nd S on 's h eavy r e scue

L ouch i nD ecembe r 1 943 a nd c ou ld b er e l ied o nt o

t e am , ' No 1 4 R escue S quad ' , p u t a l l t h e ir s k i l ls

f i nd h i s o wn w ay b ack t ot h e y a rd f r om a nywhe re

a nd h ou r s o fp rac t ice t os e r iou s w o rk . T hey w e re

i n t he c i ty wh i le T om B rowns i l l t he c a r te r

r e served f o r O xford a nd n eve r e xper ienced t h e

s l umbe red o nt h eb ox .

L ondon ' B l i tz ' a tf i r s t h and . O n 4 May 1 943 a n RAF Wh i t ley b ombe r o n at r a in ing f l igh t c r a shed

T owa rd s t h e e nd o f t h e Wa r t h e re w a s t ime f o r

i n to ah ouse i nL in ton R oad , k i l l ing t h e c r ew a nd

mo re v a r ied w o rk a nd i n 1 944 K now le s a nd S on

i n jur ing t h r ee r e s iden t s .A lan K now le sw a sc yc l ing

c a r r ied o u t£ 2000 -wo r th o fw o rk a tt he P o s tO f f ice

h o me a long C ha r lbu ry R oad f r om t he D ragon

S or t ing

O f f ice ,

n ear

Oxford

s t a t ion ,

a nd

S choo l a nd r e ca l ls s ee ing t h e f i rm 's l o r ry r a c ing

£ 1759 -wor th a t D idco t S oc ia l c en t re a nd a l so

a l ong L in ton R oad b e fo r et h et e ache r sc ame o u ta nd

r edeco ra ted t h e k i tchen w ing a tB lenhe im P a lace .

l e dt h e ir p up i ls b ack i n to c l a s s .

N o tl o ng b e fo re D -Day t h ej o ine r sw o rked d ay a nd n igh t f o r s i x w eek s t o b u i ld a nd f i t o u t ap a ir o f

I n 1 943 t h e f i rm 's t r anspor t a moun ted t o an ew

c ommand c a ravans f o rG ene ra l B rad ley , w ho h ad

Aus t in t r uck CUK 9 57 v a lued a t£ 957 , a n o l de r

s een a nd e nv ied G ene ra l Mon tgome ry 's . T he y a rd

Aus t in l o r ry J O8 382 ,b ough ti n1 942 a nd v a lued a t

w a s c ove red i nt a rpau l ins t oh ide e very c h ink o f

£ 20 a nd t h eF o rd son v an E FC 6 43 w r i t ten d own a t

l i gh t , a s t h e ` b lack -ou t ' w a s s t i l l i n f o rce . B u t

£ 5 i nt h e b ook s . T he re w e re t h ree c a r s , aMo r r is

s omeone h ad b l unde red a nd t h ec a ravans p roved t o

HFC 7 36 a t£ 90 , aF o rd DFO 1 90 a t£ 5a nd t h eo l d

b e t oo h i gh t of i tu nde rt h e a r chway i n to H o lywe l l

S tanda rd C JO 6 56 ,a l so a t£ 5 .T he f i rm 's l a s th o r se

a nd t h ey h ad t ob e h au led t h rough o n p lank sw i th

' Punch ' o u t la s ted a l lt h ese h ec o s t£ 100 f r om M r

t he ir w hee ls o f f . I nt h eb ook st h e ' Un i ted S t a te so f Amer ica ' a ppear s among t h e d omes t ic , n o t t h e a cadem ic ,c u s tome r sa nd L ieu tenan tS p rad l ing p a id t h eb i l lf o r£ 400 a to nce . Dur ing t h e Wa r , t he l abou r f o rce d ropped , f r om a bou t 1 40 i n ap re -wa r s umme r p eak , t o4 0 o r5 0 men a nd e ven f ewer i n o ne b ad w in te r . S a le s d ropped t oo , d own t ob a re ly h a lf t h e 1 939 t o ta l o f £ 58 ,000 , w h ich h ad b een f a r h ighe r t han a ny p rev iou s p eak . S a les d ropped i n 1 940 t o£ 45 ,000 , i n 1 94 1 t o£ 37 ,000 a nd i n 1 942 t o£ 30 ,000 . T hey r o se t o£ 42 ,000 i n 1 943 ,f e l l al i t t le t o£ 38 ,500 i n 1 944 a nd t h en r o se s t eep ly t o£ 61 ,000 i n 1 945 . A f te r t he Wa r , b u i ld ing -wo rk o f a l l k inds w as s t r ic t ly l i cenced , b u tt h ef i rm p rospe red a nd s a le s , w h ich h ad r e ached t he h ighes tf i gu re e ve ri n1 945 , d oub led i n1 946 t o£ 126 ,000 . I n 1 946 K now les a nd S on b u i l t f o r N ew C o l lege t he u g l ies t b u i ld ings e ve r t o a f f ron t t he O x fo rd s cene ,t h ree l o ng ' O r l i t ' p reca s t -conc re te h u t sw i th me ta lw indow st oh ou se r e tu rned s e rv icemen ,r i gh t a cros st h e s i te o ft h e y a rd t ha th ad b een t h ef i rm 's

PUNCH AND TOM BRO WNS ILL

b ase b efo re 1 870 . T hey c o s t £ 1946 , l e s s t h an 2% 1 10

o ft h e 1 946 s a les f i gu re . I nf a c tt h ev e te rans n eve r

f ee t u p a nd d own f o r w ha t s eemed a v e ry l ong

t u rned u pi ns u ch n umbe r sa st or equ ire t h em t ob e

t ime . Mr K n igh t r an o f ft ot h eY a rd n o mo r e t h an

b rough t i n to u se . B u tt h e h u t s d id r equ ire v a r iou s

n ine ty y a rds a way , p i cked u p al a rge s c rewd r ive r

p i eces o fe qu ipmen tt h a tw en ow t ake f o rg r an ted ,

a nd p u shed h i s w ay b ack t h rough t h e t h rong , o n ly

s uch a s t ubu la r s t ee l s ca f fo ld ing c os t ing £ 755 ,

t ol o se h i s w ay f o r at ime w i th in t h e L ib ra ry . A t

t h ree c onc re te m ixe r sf o r£ 226 ,£ 8 1 a nd £ 75 a nd a

l a s t , h av ing g o t t he s c rews o u t a nd r emoved t h e

' Nea ls ' 1 5c w t 6h pp o r tab le p e t ro lc rane f o r£ 355 .

l o ck , h e g en t ly b egan t oo pen t h e d oo rs o t h a t H is

T he f i r s tf u l l y ear o fp eace a l so s aw t he g row th o f

Ma je s ty c ou ld f i na l ly g o t h rough t h e mo t ions o f

s o me th ing l i ke a r egu la r f l ee t o f v eh ic les ,

s eem ing t oo pen i t .A s Mayo ro fO x fo rd i n1 957 /8 ,

a moun t ing t ot wo l o r r ie s ,t wo t r uck s ,t wo v ans a nd

Mr K n igh t u sed t ot e l l w i th g us to h ow h e , a nd n o t

f ou rc a r s ,t o ge the rv a lued a t£ 299 1 i nt he b ook s .

t h eK ing ,h ad o pened t h eL ib ra ry .

T he a ccoun tan ts c a l lous ly d ep rec ia ted ' Punch ' ,

A ma jo rd eve lopmen tf o rced o n G uy K now les b y

w r i t ing h im d own t o£ 20 a sh ec on t inued i nh i so ld

c o l lege e xpan s ion w a st h e move f r om H o lywe l l t o

w ay , b r ing ing h imse lf b ack t o t he y a rd a nd

n ew p rem ise sj us t o f ft h eC ow ley R oad . Wadham

i gnor ing p o s t -wa ri nnova t ion sl i ke t r a ff ic l i gh t si n

C o l lege h ad c omm is s ioned a mb i t ious p l an s f r om

n ew p l ace s a nd u n fam i l ia rn ew o ne -way s y s tem s .

H en ry G odda rd f o r al o ng c u rved b lock o fr ooms .

H e w a s f i na l ly p ens ioned o f f i n 1 951 w hen t h e

T h is w a sb u i l ti n1 951-4 o nt h es i te o ft h ey a rd t h a t

y a rd i t se lf w a s moved .

t he f i rm h ad o ccup ied s i nce 1 870 . B efo re wo rk c ou ld b eg in ( j us ta sh ad h appened a c ros st h es t ree t

T he f i rm d emo l ished s ome o ft h e m any b r ick A ir

w i th N ew C o l lege e i gh ty y ea r s b efore ) K now les

R a id S he l te r st ha tt h ey h ad b u i l te a r ly i nt h e Wa r ,

a nd S on h ad t o move . O n2 4N ovembe r 1 95 1 G uy

p u l l ing d own t ho se a tt h e C hu rch i l l Hosp i ta l a nd

K now les 's s on A lan o pened t h ef i rm 's n ew y a rd i n

Manches te r C o l lege i n 1 947 . T o h e lp mee t t h e u rgen t h ous ing n eed t hey e rec ted f i f ty -four " p refab s " , w e l l -p lanned l i t t le f a c to ry -made ' O r l i t ' h ou se s f o r t h e C i ty o n t h e B a r ton E s ta te a nd i na v ery d i f fe ren t mode p rov ided s uppor t f o r t h e s cu lp to r E .S .F r i th 's r e s to ra t ion o f t he Mar ty r s ' Memo r ia li n1 949 -50 . K now le sa nd S on 's mo s ti d io sync ra t ic c on t r ibu t ion t o e a r ly P os t - Wa r Oxford c a me d u r ing K ing G eo rge V I 's v i s i to n 2 4O c tobe r 1 947 ,t oo pen t h e N ew B od le ian L ib rar y ; s t epp ing f o rwa rd t o t h e c eremon ia l e n t rance ( one t h a t i sn eve r u sed ) h e i n ser ted a nd t u rned t he o rna te s i lver k ey , t he

KNO WLES AND SON AND THE IR MEN

b us ine s s e nd o f wh ich b roke o f f a nd j ammed t h e

I N THE NE W YARD ,2 4 NOVEMBER 1 951

l o ck .T he f i rm 's f o reman c a rpen te r ,F rank K n igh t , h ad i n s ta l led t h e l o ck , w a s s t and ing b y a nd c ou ld

P embroke

h ard ly h e lp r ea l is ing t he t r oub le , wh i le K ing

C lemen t s . A lan ' sg rand fa the rT homa s E .Know les

G eo rge , i nf o rce fu l N ava l l a nguage , e xp re s sed h i s

h ad , w i th f o res igh t a nd p rudence , b ough t t h e s i te

o p in ion o f a cadem ic a dm in is t ra to r s who a l lowed

s i x ty y ea r s e a r l ie ra nd l e t mo s to fi to u t ,k eep ing a

s uch t h ings t o h appen . A s as choo lboy i n t h e

t imbe rs t o re t h e re .

c rowd Ic an w e l l r emembe rt h e K ing s t amp ing h i s 111

S tree t

( now

R ec tory

R oad ) ,

S t

D u r ing t h e 1 950 sa nd 6 0 ss choo l -bu i ld ing f o rl o ca l

e x is t ing b u i ld ing sa tt h eR oya lC o l lege o fM i l i ta ry

a u thor i t ie s , B e rk sh ire , B uck inghamsh ire , O xfo rd

S c ience a tS h r ivenham ."

C i ty a nd O xfo rdsh ire ( wh ich t hen h ad s epa ra te r e spons ib i l i t ie s ) p rov ided t h e c en t ra l c o re o f t h e

G uy K now les w a s a wa rded t h e MBE i n 1 979 f o r

f i rm 's w o rk .B a r ton P r ima ry S choo li nH ead ing ton

s e rv ices t ot he d ea f . H is y ounge r s on B ryan w a s

w a so ne e xamp le .

p rofound ly d eaf a nd b o th G uy a nd C onn ie K now les s e rved f o r many y ea r s o n t h e D iocesan

T he C i ty P lann ing D epa r tmen t w a s v igo rous ly

C ounc i l f o rt h e D eaf , p l ay ing a ni mpo r tan tp a r t i n

e ngaged i n t he m id 1 960s c los ing d own a nd

t h e e s tab l ishmen t o ft h e C en t re f o r t h e D ea f a nd

mov ing i ndus t r ia l workshops f r om wha t t hey

H a rd o f H ea r ing i n t h e o ld ` Adu l lam ' c hape l i n

p e rce ived a sr e s iden t ia l a r ea s . I n 1 966 t h ey f o rced

A lb ion P lace ,S tE bbe s .H er e t i red i n1 976 a nd d i ed

t h e move t o O seney Mead d esc r ibed i n C hap te r

o n 8D ecembe r 1 987 .

E igh t .A tt h a tt ime t h ef ir m 's r e cen ta c t iv i t ie sw e re R ecen t Year s

d escr ibed , i n a dd i t ion t o " car ry ing o u t r epa ir s , r enova t ions a nd modern isa t ion o n s ome o f t h e O xfo rd C o l lege s" ,a s" The ma in a c t iv i t ie si nt h el a s t

A lan A lden K now le s ,b or ni n1 935 a nd e duca ted a t

t wo d ecade sh ave b een c a r ry ing o u t ma in b u i ld ing

t h e D ragon S choo l , R ep ton a nd B r igh ton C o l lege

c on trac t s f o r aw ide v a r ie ty o f c u s tome r s w h ich

o f T echno logy , w a s e l ec ted a D irec to r o f t h e

i n c lude O x fo rd C o l lege sa nd t h eU n ive r s i ty C he s t ,

C ompany i n Augus t 1 959 a nd b ecame C ha irman a nd Manag ing D irec to ro n 1 9 May 1 976 .U nde rh i s c a re t h e f i rm 's p ace h a s n eve r s l ackened , i ft h e r a nge a nd t ype o fw o rk h a sc hanged .

-A " l e smer f e re i r e f ier

WIW I ear inn

I ND IAN I NST ITUTE L IBRARY , NE W BODLE IAN

t h e D epar tmen t o f t he E nv ironmen t , Hosp i ta l B oa rds a nd c omme rc ia l a nd i ndu s t r ia l b od ies , a s w e l l a s p r iva te i nd iv idua ls . S ome o f t he n o tab le b u i ld ing s a r e t he e x tens ions f o r E xe te r C o l lege , Mansf ie ld C o l lege , J e sus C o l lege , B rasenose C o l lege , n ew o f f ices , w o rks a nd s t o re s f o r t h e

ALAN ALDEN KNO WLES

O xford Un iver s i ty P res s , t he e x tens ion t o t h e

MANAG ING D IRECTOR 1 976 -95

R adc l if f e S c ience L ib ra ry ,a sw e l l a sl a rge f a c to ry

AND CHA IRMAN S INCE 1 976

e x ten s ion sf o rt h ef u rn i tu re a nd p r in t ing i ndu s t r ie s i nH igh Wycombe ,b u i ld ing n ew a nd mode rn is ing 12

I n t h e 1 970s c omme rc ia l wo rk , much o f i ta t a

T he f i rm h a so f ten f ound i t se lf g o ing o ve rt h es ame

d i s tance f r om Ox fo rd , w a so fg r ea ti mpor tance . I n

g r ound a ga in ,c omm iss ioned t ow o rk o n b u i ld ing s

t h e 1 980s , h osp i ta ls p rov ided a g rea t amoun t o f

p u t u p o r r e fu rb ished b y ap rev iou s g ene ra t ion o f

w o rk o f ten b y t he J o in t V en tu re C on t rac t ( JVC )

t he

s y s tem w i th a s soc ia ted mechan ica l a nd e l ec t r ica l

T ownesend s . I n 1 888 T homa s R icha rd K now le s

c on t rac to r s . S ome o ft h is w o rk h a sb een i n Ox fo rd ,

e n la rged F rew in H a l li nN ew I nn H a l lS t ree tf o rt h e

K now leses o r

t he ir

p redecessors ,

t he

a tt h e n ew J ohn R adc l if f e H o sp i ta l i nH ead ing ton ,

a cadem ic l awye r L ance lo t S hadwe l l t o p lans b y

b u t much o fi th a sb een s ome d i s tance a way w i th a

T .G .Jack son . K now les a nd S on w on t h e c on t rac t

l ong s e r ies o f c on t rac ts a t t he Wexham P a rk

t o r e fu rb ish i ta nd a l l t he h ou ses a round i tf o r

H osp i ta l i nS lough , a t Ame r sham a nd e l sewhe re .

£ 720 ,000 i n 1 981-3 a s a n a nnexe o f B ra senose

T he f i rm d id ag rea td ea lf o rt h eO x fo rd U n ive r s i ty

C o l lege .

P re s s ,i nL ondon a nd i t sC o rby d i s t r ibu t ion c en t re , a sw e l l a s Ox fo rd .A t Yo rk H ouse i nK ens ing ton i n

E xe te rC o l lege e ngaged J ohn T ownesend It oc a r ry

1 988 -90 t he f i rm r enova ted a l a rge b lock o f

o u t r epa ir s a s l ong a go a s 1 695 . I n 1 701-2 h e

E dwa rd ian l u xury f l a t s ,a dd ing p en thou se s u i tes .

d e s igned a nd b u i l tt h e w ho le s ou th -wes tc orne ro f t h e c o l lege f r om t h e g a te towe rt ot h ed in ing -ha l l .

T here w a s a l so a s t eady f l ow o f w o rk , mos t ly

I n t he L ong V aca t ion o f 1 995 K now les a nd S on

a l te ra t ions a nd r e fu rb ishmen t so nm i l i ta ry a i rf ie ld s

r e fu rb ished S ta irca se 2 , wh ich w a s as ec t ion o f

a nd o t he r g overnmen t i n s ta l la t ion s . A l a rge n ew

T ownesend 's w o rk , a nd i n s ta l led a n ew b o i le r

b l ock o fs t uden tr ooms ,t h eB ambo rough B u i ld ing ,

t h e re .

f o rL inac re C o l lege ,w i th i t s mock -V ic to r ian w avy g ab le s ,c o s t£ 400 ,000 . D u r ing t h ed ecade J e sus

A t C o rpus C h r is t i C o l lege K now les a nd S on r e f i t ted t h e w ho le w es t r ange o f t h e F ron t Q uad w i th e n -su i te f a c i l i t ies i n t h e L ong V aca t ion o f 1 996 .

I n t h is c o l lege f i ve

g enera t ions o f

T ownesends a nd , a f ter t hem , t he f i rs t t wo g ene ra t ion s o ft h e K now les f am i ly u nde r took a l l s t onewo rk t h a tw a sn eeded f r om 1 702 u n t i l 1 848 . T he g r ea tW i l l iam T ownesend d e s igned a nd b u i l t t h eF e l lows B u i ld ing i n1 706 -10 a nd t h eG en t lemen C ommone r s ' B u i ld ing i n 1 733 ; i n 1 751 J ohn T ownesend I Va dded as t o rey t ot h ew e s tf r on ta nd f a ced i tw i th H ead ing ton s t one ; a nd b e tween 1 805 a nd 1 808 T homa sK now les t h e e l der f aced a l l t h e i n ne rs i de so ft h ef r on tq uad w i th B a r r ing ton s t one . N ew c omme r c ia lb u i ld ing h a sc on t inued e ven i nt h e P ROFESSOR ( LATER S IR J OHN ) HABAKKUK ,

w o r s t o ft h e r e ces s ion , a s ag l ance a tt h e c u r ren t

PR INC IPAL OF J ESUS , TOPP ING OUT THE

c l ien t l is tw i l lc onf i rm , wh i le r e cen ty ea r sh ave s e en

OLD MEMBERS ' BU ILD ING , 1 971

as t rong r e v iva l o fc o l lege w o rk , n o t a l l o f i tf o r p u re ly a cadem ic p u rpo se s .T he S po r t sP av i l ion t h a t

C o l lege p rov ided much w o rk , Mo re c ame f r om

C o rpus C h r is t i C o l lege b u i l t i n 1 910 o f f t h e

B ra seno se ( t he F rewen H a l l d eve lopmen t i sn o ted

Ab ingdon R oad w as g u t ted b y f i re i n 1 990 ;

b e low ) , Man sf ie ld , S t Anne s a nd S tJ ohns ; s ome

K now le sa nd S on r e ins ta ted i td u r ing t h en ex ty ea r .

w o rk w a sd one o nc en t ra lU n ive r s i ty f a c i l i t ie s . 13

E xamp le s o f K now les a nd S on 's i n i t ia t ive i n

T ony h a sw o rked w i th B ank s , Wood a nd P a r tne r s

f i nd ing s i te s a nd n ego t ia t ing as i ng le ' De s ign a nd

i n Manche s te r ,t h eB u i ld ing D e s ign P a r tne r sh ip i n

B u i ld ' p ackage w i th b o th c l ien ta nd l o ca la u tho r i ty i n c lude

Warnock H ouse b u i l t i n 1 994 -5 f o r

H er t fo rd C o l lege w i th 7 3 s t udy b edroom s o n t h e s i te o f ap ub c a r -pa rk a nd t h ree 1 9 th -cen tu ry h ou ses i nS tA lda tes n ex tt ot h eH ead o ft h eR ive r , a nd 4 8 g radua te f l a t s a t R ew ley R oad f o r t h e U n iver s i ty i t se lf . P ro jec t s o f t h is k ind n ow i n p rog res si n c lude 8 0s t udy b ed room sf o rS t Anne 's C o l lege i n S ou th P a rade , S ummer town a nd 5 1 s t udy b ed rooms f o r Mansf ie ld C o l lege n ea r t h e P la in , w i th a l i me -capsu le ' p laced u nde r t he b u i ld ing . T he e i gh th g ene ra t ion o ft h ef am i ly i n c lude sA lan A .Know le s 's s on T homa s E dwa rd K now le s , b or n o n2 1 O c tobe r1 974 ,e duca ted a tt h eD ragon S choo l a nd B loxham , a nd n ow g a in ing c ommerc ia l e xpe r ience ; ANTHONY HUGH MUNSEY L ondon , R idge a nd P a r tne r s i nO xford , a nd K y le S tewar t C on t rac to r s i n L ondon . A s Manag ing D i rec to rs i nce J anua ry 1 995 ,h es a y s : "We a r e w e l l e qu ipped t of ace t h e f u tu re w i th a h igh ly s k i l led p rofe ss iona l t e am . We h ave g r ea t f l ex ib i l i ty a nd c an o f fe r a n e no rmous r ange o f s e rv ice s t oo u r c l ien t s . We h ave ab road b a se o f B lue C h ip c l ien t s w ho k eep r e turn ing w i th mo re i n te res t ing p ro jec t s . O u ra im i st ok eep i mp rov ing o u r p e r fo rmance a nd t op rov ide t h e se c l ien t s w i th t h e b es t s e rv ice p os s ib le . T h is w e f ee l c onf iden t w i l l a l low o u r s uccess t oc on t inue i n to o u r t h ird c en tu ry a nd b eyond . THO MAS ED WARD KNO WLES

a nd s t epson An thony H ugh Munsey , b o rn o n 2 6 J anua ry 1 960 , e duca ted a tt h e D ragon S choo l , S t E dwa rd 's a nd S a lfo rd U n ive r s i ty w i th aB .Sc i n Q uan t i ty S u rvey ing a nd C on s t ruc t ion E conom ic s .

114

A ppend ix

A KNO WLES T homa s KNO WLES = o fB anbu ry ,d . 1774

I

Thoma s Know les=Sarah C lemen t s t he e lder o f Ox ford o f Ho lywe l l , Oxford

1 760 -1846

1 754 -1826 I P o l ly

Thomas iKnow les=l lannah N icho ls t he y ounger o f K id l ing ton

1 780 -90

1 781 -1856

E l izai •e th. J .Kemp s te r b . 1786

1 783 -1853

1 H annah= J .Da ly Ma ry iAnn T homa sE dwa rd E l izabe th J ane=Cha r le s Wya t t 1 80 4 1 7 1 806 -53 1 807 1 8 10 -38

Thoma s R ichard Know les= Mary Ann Ea s t 1 841 -92 A l ice L la r ion 1 868 -78

E d i th Ann ie 1 869 -85 I E r ic N e lson 1 902 -92

o fS tow

o f P add ing ton , d .1899

Edward [

E dwa rd IF ranc is 1 842 -78

181 4 J ame s I b . 1843

Thomas Ea s t Know les=iN e l l ie Ne lson Edward 18 71 -1943

1

1

Guy N e lson Know les=Constance Morr i s A lden 1 908 -86

1 907 -1987

B r idge t S he i lagh L inne l 1=A lan A lden Know les= Mo l ly E l izabeth b .1935 C la i re S h i reen=C .C .D rewe ry b . 1962 I 1 W i l l iam b . 1990

G eo rg ina b . 1992

H e len D iana=S teven C h r is t ie b . 1965

T homa s E dwa rd K now le s b . 1974

O ne FA M ILY TREE = E l izabe th d . 1777

I E l izabe th=Thoma sR ober t s b . c1765

o fO x fo rd

I E dwa rd=E l izabe th N ewman

( Dedd ing ton )

b . c1744

1 76 1-18 12

1 E dwa rd =Ann Odc rof t 1 788 -1840

1 T homa s

o fO x fo rd

b . 1779

1 J ohn=Anna Ma r ia

o f Ox fo rd

( Ox fo rd )

1 760 -1804

b . 1765

I W i l l iam

I J ane

1 Anna Ma r ia

1 J ohn

b . 1786

b . 1787

b . 1787 b . 1801

I 1 I Know les= Margare t Gooda l l Edw in Emma=Theodo re E l izabe th T homa s Wi l l iam 1887

1 815 -92

G ooda l l

1 818 -48 b . 18 18 J ew i t t

I Ma ry Anne

C ha r le s tH en ry

1 845 -71

b . 1846

1 8 18 -51

1 82 1-92

Ma rga re t IE l izabe th= Jame sD o r re l l b . 1848

1 823 -64

i Wa l te r b . 1849

y anks Ea s t Know les=Be r tha Ma rga re t Haro ld iR .Ea s t Ma r ie F rances.T .J .He runan 1 873 -1934

b . 1876

I

1 K a th leen Ma ry=Ba s i l G i les 1 907 -1979

( Saunders )= Munsey

1 904 -83

1

An thony Hugh Munsey=He len P erry I I

Ame l ia

I G eo rge

b . 1991

b . 1993

1 872 -1949

R ichard 1Edward

J enn if e rIA lden=Dav id M i tche l l -Bake r b . 1938

b .1960

1 880 -1958

B ryan A lden b . 1940

A ppend ix Two D irec tor so f KNO WLES a nd SON a nd s ub s id iary c ompan ie s Thoma s E a s t KNO WLES a s Cha ir man 1 928 -43 T homa sE .KNO WLES

C ha i rman a nd Manag ing D i rec to r1 928 -43

E dwa rd J .E .KNO WLES ,

D i rec to r &C ompany S ec re ta ry 1 928 -1934

D ied 3 0A ugu s t1 934 G uy . N .KNO WLES D ied 8D e cembe r1 987

D i r ec to r1 934 -87 C ompany S ec r e ta ry 1 9 34 -43 C ha i rman 1 943 -76 P r e s iden t 1 976 -87

C onn ie M .KNO WLES

D i r ec to r &S ec r e ta ry 1 943 -75 Guy KNO WLES a s Cha ir man 1 943 -76

C y r i lG .ROBERTS

Manage r( no to nt h eB oa rd ) 1 924 -56 D i r ec to r1 956 -64

A lan A .KNO WLES

D i r e c to rs i nce 1 956 C ha i rman s i nce 1 976 Manag ing D ir ec to r1 976 -95

R ona ld P OULTER

D i r e c to r1 966 -8 1

R u s se l lD .A .ED WARDS

D i rec to r1 966 -68

H e rber t W .H IGGS

D i r ec to r1 968 -75

K .S tewa r t WH ITE

D i r ec to r1 968 -9 1

Mo l ly E .KNO WLES

D i re c to r &C ompany S ec re ta r y 1 975 -

A lan KNO WLES a s Cha irman s i nce 1 976 E .A lan J . BARKER

D i r ec to r1 977 -93

D av id J . TURK

D i re c to r1 977 -96

B a r ry EVANS ,F CA

D i rec to ri n1 984 o n ly

R icha rd HUGHES ,F CA

D i rec to r1 988 -94

A n thony H . MUNSEY ,

D i r ec to rf r om 1 990

B Sc , AR ICS

Manag ing D ir ec to rf r om 1 995

D av id R .BURGESS

D i rec to rs i nce 1 995

G lenn M ILNER , AC IOB

D i rec to rs i nce 1 995

B r ian R .HENAGULPH

D i rec to r so fS ub s id ia ry C ompan ie s D i rec to r1 966 -68

M ichae l DRAY

D i r ec to r1 990 -

P e te rJ . PRESTON , MC IOB

D i r ec to r1 990 -

L eona rd W .KEY

D ir ec to r1 995 -