A Handbook of 'Phags-Pa Chinese 9780824861261

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A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

ABC CHINESE DICTIONARY SERIES Victor H. Mair, General Editor The ABC Chinese Dictionary Series aims to provide a complete set of convenient and reliable reference tools for all those who need to deal with Chinese words and characters. A unique feature of the series is the adoption of a strict alphabetical order, the fastest and most user-friendly way to look up words in a Chinese dictionary. Most volumes contain graphically oriented indices to assist in finding characters whose pronunciation is not known. The ABC dictionaries and compilations rely on the best expertise available in China and North America and are based on the application of radically new strategies for the study of Sinitic languages and the Chinese writing system, including the first clear distinction between the etymology of the words, on the one hand, and the evolution of shapes, sounds, and meanings of characters, on the other. While aiming for conciseness and accuracy, series volumes also strive to apply the highest standards of lexicography in all respects, including compatibility with computer technology for information processing.

Other titles in the series

ABC Chinese-English Dictionary (desk reference and pocket editions) Edited by John DeFrancis ABC Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs Edited by John S. Rohsenow ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary Edited by John DeFrancis ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese Axel Schuessler

A Handbook of

'Phags-pa Chinese

w.

South Coblin

ABC Chinese Dictionary Series

University of Hawai'i Press Honolulu

© 2007 University of Hawai'i Press

All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 12 11 10 09 08 07

6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data Coblin, W. South. A handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese / W. South Coblin p. cm. -

(ABC Chinese dictionary series)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8248-3000-7 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-lO: 0-8248-3000-8 (cloth: alk. paper) 1. Mongolian language-Alphabet-Handbooks, manuals, etc.

als, etc.

2. 'Phags-pa alphabet-Handbooks, manu-

3. Mongolian language-Phonology-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Tide.

II. Series

PL402 .C63 2006 494'.23813--dc22

2005056867

University of Hawai'i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources.

Text prepared by the author.

Printed by IBT Global

In Memory of

Fang-kuei Li

Contents

Preface

IX

Abbreviations Introduction

xi xiii

I. The 'Phags-pa Chinese Script: Its Invention, Textual Attestation, and Historical Background 1 II. A Brief Review of 'Phags-pa Chinese Studies

23

III. Analysis and Interpretation of the 'Phags-pa Alphabet 32 IV. A Structural and Historical Consideration of the 'Phags-pa Chinese Sound System 69 Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

105

PInyIn Index to Chinese Characters in the Glossary

177

Stroke Order Index to Chinese Characters in the Glossary

213

Index of Transliterated 'Phags-pa Orthographic Forms in the Glossary References

299

vii

287

Preface

During the compilation of this work I have received help and encouragement from many friends and colleagues. Particularly notable among these are David P. Branner, Victor Mair, Jerry L. Norman, and Axel Schuessler. I am also grateful to an anonymous reviewer for a number of suggestions and corrections. I am of course responsible for all remaining errors and weaknesses. Research for the project was supported in part by a Career Developmental Assignment from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Iowa. Over a period of several years I was also afforded the services of two research assistants, Ms. Jungim Chang and Mr. John Schlitz, whose prodigious labors on the indexes to the text were invaluable to me. It is a pleasure to acknowledge their help and the generous support of my Department in assigning them to me.

ix

Abbreviations

s*frl

BJX

Baijiaxing

GR

Guanhua g~15

Inscr

Inscriptions

JY

Janast and Yang (1987)

LC

Luo and Cai (1959)

LR

Left Readings of Sin Sukchu

MGZY

Menggii ziyim ~"i5*ifffit

PR

Popular Readings of Sin Sukchu

QYS

Qieyun :lj]ifffit System

RR

Right Readings of Ch'we Sejin

SR

Standard Readings of Sin Sukchu

Su

Sutras

xi

Introduction

China is blessed with one of the oldest continuously used writing systems in the world. But this unique script has been the bane of historical phonologists, because it is logographic rather than alphabetic. Due to this peculiarity, the script effectively conceals from phonologists the pronunciations that underlie it. This is not to say that there is no field of Chinese historical phonology. Quite to the contrary, there has been such a field for well over a century. But it is a curious and often vexatious discipline. To pursue it certain complex and idiosyncratic textual materials, such as fanqie JitlJ collectanea, rime tables, versified texts, and sets of structurally related logographs, are juxtaposed, shuffled, and manipulated to construct abstract systems, whose phonetic reality is then postulated using formalized sets of assumptions and procedures. The products of these procedures are conventionally called "reconstructions," and they often differ considerably from one investigator to another. The result is that for any given period in the history of Chinese one may find a perplexingly broad choice of these "systems," all arising out of the same corpora of data. The fact that these systems are called "reconstructions" is in a sense potentially misleading. For the procedures underlying them are for the most part rather different from those applied by historical linguists who use the classical comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction to study the sound systems of earlier languages. In fact, the sinological approach probably has more in common with the techniques of textual analysis and phonetic interpretation familiar to students of ancient written languages like Latin, Greek, Old English, etc. The difference is of course that these languages are written alphabetically and the interpretation of their writing systems is simpler by many orders of magnitude than what is done in Chinese. This may in good part account for the existence of the multiple systems in the Chinese field. To wit, it may be that the available data simply cannot bear the weight sinologists place upon them. Put another way, while it may indeed be feasible to learn significant things about earlier Chinese phonology from the written sources in question, it may not be possible to reconstitute entire sound systems on that basis. In any case, it seems clear that the field of Chinese historical phonology as it is practiced today is so peculiar and exacting that it lies essentially beyond the reach both of sinologists who have not received specialized training in it and of the broad range of historical linguists who might wish to familiarize themselves with it. One may, if one wishes, consult handbooks and learn anything xiii

Introduction

from a bit to a great deal about English, French, German, or Spanish historical phonology. But pre-modern Chinese phonology remains for most non-specialist readers a closed book. Interestingly, however, besides the abovementioned logographic sources, there exists for certain varieties of standard Chinese a corpus of systematic alphabetic records, commencing in the thirteenth century and continuing to the present day. (We exclude here the sizable corpus of Tibetan, Uyghur, and other transcriptional materials of Tang times, since these do not employ systematic orthographic systems.) This alphabetic material begins in 1269 with Chinese recorded in the 'Phags-pa alphabet. Then, from the mid-1400s, we have Korean transcriptions written in a specially modified version of the Han' gUl alphabet. These materials record both a reading pronunciation and a spoken pronunciation for the southern koine, sound system (i.e., the so-called Nfmyln) 1¥i~ of the Ming !jJ3/Qlng known in traditional times as Guanhua '§~§. Alphabetic materials for this same southern-based Guanhua pronunciation resume in the late sixteenth century in the orthographies developed by Western missionaries and continue until the demise of the Nanyln in the nineteenth century. Starting in the sixteenth century we also have Korean records for the northern pronunciation (i.e., Beiyln ::!~~) of the Guanhua koine. And in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there are records of this type of speech in Manchu orthography. And again in the eighteenth century there are Western (mainly French) records of this type of speech. Then, in the nineteenth century we find a wide range of Western sources on the Beiyln, which ultimately feed directly into twentieth-century recordings of Gu6yu ~~:g/put5nghua ~w~rs. It seems clear that this rich corpus of orthographic material, covering a span of over seven centuries, can and should form the basis of an alphabetically based history of standard Chinese pronunciation. For the period in question, at least, Chinese historical phonology can be described with the same rigor, clarity, and precision found in handbooks treating alphabetically recorded languages in other parts of the world. A history of the sort envisaged here should begin with the type of Chinese recorded in 'Phags-pa script. But with this there are a number of problems. For the 'Phags-pa sources have hitherto been difficult both of access and interpretation. They can be obtained, to be sure; but finding them requires considerable effort and an active familiarity with the field of 'Phags-pa studies. And once they have been acquired, there remains the question of how to locate things in them and how then to read and construe what one has found. The result is that 'Phags-pa data have seldom

m

xiv

Introduction

been taken into consideration by Chinese historical phonologists who were not themselves 'Phags-pa specialists. And, when such data have been cited by those specialists, they have been viewed warily by other linguists, for the quite understandable reason that these readers have had no way to assess for themselves the cited material. To overcome these obstacles, what is needed today is a source book which introduces the 'Phags-pa data in an easily understandable and accessible form. Such a work would allow all concerned readers to find what interests them and analyze it for themselves. The present handbook is intended as a reference source of this kind. The work consists of two main parts, an introductory section comprising four chapters, and a glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese forms and their corresponding Chinese characters, together with pInyIn and stroke order indexes to those characters. The first introductory chapter outlines the invention of the 'Phags-pa Chinese writing system, summarizes the major types of material preserved in it, and describes the historical and linguistic contexts in which its invention occurred. The second chapter is a brief history of 'Phags-pa studies. The third chapter deals specifically with the alphabet and its interpretation. The fourth and final chapter describes certain salient features of the underlying sound system represented by the script and compares it with those of various later forms of Chinese which have been recorded in alphabetic sources. The field of 'Phags-pa studies has justifiably been considered a complex and even arcane one. It is our hope that the present work will enable all readers to gain control of the 'Phags-pa material and use it to the fullest in their own research on the history of the Chinese language.

xv

I

The 'Phags-pa Chinese Script Its Invention, Textual Attestation, and Historical Background

1.1 The Invention of the Script The 'Phags-pa script is named for its creator, the 'Phags-pa (lit., "excellent, glorious") Lama, a Tibetan who was active in the court of the Mongol emperor Qubilai (i.e., Kublai Khan, Yuan Shizu 7GtI:t*£!.. 1215-1294). The full name of the 'Phags-pa Lama (which epithet is actually a title rather than a name) was 'Gro-mgon 'Phags-pa Blo-gros rgyal-mtshan. There exists a surprisingly large corpus of biographical information on him in Chinese, Tibetan, and Mongolian sources. A discussion of these, with a digest of their contents and a comprehensive list of translations and related studies, is given by Nakano (1971: 24-41). For a very detailed recent study of the Tibetan bibliographical sources, see W ling Q Hang (2001). The lama was born in Tibet in either 1235 or 1239, a scion of the noble Sa-skya clan. As a young man he accompanied his uncle, Sa-skya paI).Qita, on a trip to Mongolia, where he remained after his uncle's death. In 1253 he was summoned by Prince Qubilai, who received him in audience and was much impressed by him. 1 From that point on he became a member of Qubilai's retinue. In 1260 Qubilai ascended the throne and appointed the 'Phags-pa Lama National Preceptor (GuashI ~§lfi), charging him with the task of developing an alphabet. This alphabet was completed in 1269, whereupon it was promulgated in an imperial edict. The text of this edict is preserved in the Yu{wshl7G5t: and is reproduced by Lua and Cai (1959: 9-10) and JUnast and Yang (1987: 1). It has been translated into Western languages a number of times. An English translation that includes part of the wider Yuansh I passage in which it occurs was made by Leon Hurvitz and included in Poppe (1957: 5). Another English translation is that of Cheng (1985: 148, n. 15). Parallel passages from other sources are translated by Nakano (1971: 35-36, n. 42).

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

We now reproduce part of the edict text, together with a translation adapted from those of Hurvitz and Cheng. Having discussed the general benefits of writing and the Mongols' previous lack of a practicable system, the edict continues as follows: 2

••

~ '~~&~~.~,~~~*o~~ffl~R'W*.~M'~ -{~f!3UJ3t.~*ffi ' ~~Jfp~gffiJ\J~ES~U~~tI*JT* ~~-W~* M~.~.$WBo~~~ttA~ ~~~'~m~tI~*,m~

••

.D);tt~*;UZ

'

'

0

If we examine this matter with regard to the Liao and JIn, and to the countries of remote areas, as a rule each has its own script. Nowadays civilized polity has gradually come to flourish, and yet we lack a writing system. The institutions of our dynasty are in fact not yet complete. Wherefore, we specifically command the National Preceptor, 'Phags-pa, to create a new Mongolian script, in order to transcribe all writing systems, our expectation being simply to facilitate smooth communication. From this time forward, whatever documents are issued under the Imperial Seal are to use the new Mongolian script, with the national writing of each [other] country alongside. From this passage several significant points emerge. At the outset it becomes clear that the new writing was to be first and foremost a "Mongolian script," i.e., a national writing system for Mongolian, such as the Khitans and Jurchens, also non-Sinitic peoples who had conquered China, had possessed for their own languages. It therefore seems probable that the writing of Mongolian was the first problem the 'Phags-pa Lama had to address in his orthography project. However, the new script was also to be used to "transcribe" (ylxie~~) other scripts. This did not simply mean that these materials were to be translated into 'Phags-pa Mongolian. Rather, it was specifically stipulated that the new forms should appear beside native written forms of languages other than Mongolian and should thus phonetically transcribe those languages in the new system. This might seem to imply that the script was intended to have a single, unified phonetic value, like today's International Phonetic Alphabet, so that readers of the Mongolian system could then pronounce forms written in other languages. But in actual practice this does not seem to have been the case. For we know, for instance, that Chinese 'Phags-pa had letters which Mongolian 'Phags-pa did not. And it appears, in fact, that each language had its own transcriptional conventions. For example, in the

2

The 'Phags-pa Chinese Script

Chinese 'Phags-pa system, the letter h in syllable internal position (concerning which see Chapter ill, section 3.3.9 below) is generally thought to have been a diacritic governing a following vowel. 3 But in the Sanskrit 'Phags-pa system internal h was used to help transcribe Sanskrit voiced aspirated letters. For example, Sanskrit 'Phags-pa ba = Skt. ba, Sanskrit 'Phags-pa b + ha = Skt. bha, etc. Thus, it is not possible to take values known from a particular system and read them into one of the others without further ado. Each system must be dealt with on its own terms. Comparison between systems can at most give us hints regarding interpretation.

1.2 The Propagation and Use of the Script Virtually nothing is known about the progress of the 'Phags-pa Lama's work on the new script. As suggested above, we may suppose that the Mongolian system had primacy and was definitely ready in 1269, as the histories report. According to Lu6 and Cai (1959: 32), the first section (out of four) of the Chinese 'Phags-pa inscription on the Hnglu Ch6ngyfmg Wanshoug6ng shengzhl bei *~.£~~. g~ §'~~ stele is reliably datable to 1269. Poppe (1957: 6) notes that in that same year 'Phags-pa script schools were established in all provinces and that in the following year positions for teachers in these schools were established. In the immediately following years further steps of various kinds were taken to promote the use of the script. In 1272, three years after it had been introduced, a report was submitted to the throne to the effect that "in spite of the establishment of a state school of Mongolian script, children and the younger brothers of Chinese officials were not being taught this script .... The upshot of this report was a decree according to which all edicts were to be written thenceforth with Mongolian (i.e., l)P'ags-pa) script, and that the children and younger brothers of Chinese officials were to be sent to school" (Poppe, loco cit.). We may be reasonably confident that what was required of the Chinese here was not the learning of the Mongolian language per se but rather mastery of the 'Phags-pa orthography for their own language. This suggests that that orthography was already complete in all its essentials by at least 1272, and in fact almost certainly by the time the schools were established in 1269. The final touch in the effort to establish and propagate the new writing was the establishment in 1275 of a special department of the Hanlinyuan ~ if;:HJG to deal with the script. The 'Phags-pa Chinese orthography was used throughout the Yuan period on

3

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

a number of written media. Surviving examples of it will be discussed in section 1.4 below. The script in all its forms was virtually abandoned at the fall of Yuan. The highly stylized seal version of it survived in the carving of seals in Tibet. Interest in it remained alive for some time in Korea, where is was still known by at least some individuals in the fifteenth century (Ledyard 1997).

1.3 The Form and Ordering of the Alphabet The earliest known description of the 'Phags-pa writing system is found in the same Yu{msh I section containing the edict mentioned above. We reproduce the pertinent passage here, substituting our own translation for that of Hurvitz.

Its syllables number only somewhat over a thousand, while its letters are forty-one. As to the way it forms syllables by linking components4 with each other, there is a method in which rimes are linked. And as for the way it forms syllables by combining two, three, or four elements,5 there is a method for making the rimes congruent. 6 But as to its essential concern, it takes making the initials congruent as its guiding principle. This account, while formulaic and couched in the language of the traditional Chinese philological discipline known as shengyunxue iI:~i'l~, does convey certain essentials about the 'Phags-pa system. It had forty-one letters, from which over a thousand separate syllables could be formed. The letters for the initials acted as the real foundation of the written syllable, to which further elements bearing on the finals might then be added. And, finally, there were letters which could be used to stand for the codas of syllables, exclusive of the rimes as a whole. 7 Like Indicderived scripts in general, it assumes an inherent vowel a in all syllables unmarked for other vowels, and those other vowels must then be indicated by special graphic devices. Thus, for example, if the letter b is written alone as a distinct syllable, it is read as ba, etc. 8 Not surprisingly, given its origin, the 'Phags-pa script is generally recognized as Tibetan-based. However, there are elements in it which are clearly not of Tibetan

4

The 'Phags-pa Chinese Script

origin; and the provenance of these constitutes a special area of inquiry within the field of 'Phags-pa studies. Full lists of the 'Phags-pa alphabet are given in three early sources. Two of these, the Fifshakifo i:t.~ of Sheng Xlming ~~~ EY3 (fl. Yuan Dynasty, 1206-1368) and the Shashf huiyiw. :t:tr~ (published 1376) of Tao Zongyi 1l'1iH*1i , contain essentially the same list. Facsimiles of the original texts containing the lists, together with translations by Hurvitz, are given in Poppe (1957: 10-15), and a useful numbered version of the list is provided by Nakano (1971: 39). A facsimile of another text version of the Shashf huiyiw passage is reproduced by Clauson (1959: 321), with a translation (ibid., pp. 302-303). We give the list below, with Nakano's numbering inserted: 1.

=m

7. E 13. 2J

~; 2. ICi i!); 3.

EE; 8. rr=J

U;

a

~A; 4.

2

1)l; 9. ~ '1'8; 10. EI

14. CJ ~; 15. 2J

*; 16.

m; 5. :fJi;

a

~; 6.

11.:z:. ~; 12. o:J

O.j . ; 17.

'\5l t~; ;;fi; 22. ::3

18. ~ 1* (> ~); 19. :5l ~; 20. f:zs: f.i:f; 21. ~ 23. r2 !ThJ; 24. \AI $; 25. I rIi; 26. ['21 *I; 27. 51 ~; 28. ~I

i9>;

as .; jj~;

iii;

29. ~ ~; 30. I§I U5ii; 31. ~ 1j!'; 32. ~ J®~; 33. ~

~; 34. A

~; 35. I zyung [zYUIJ]

~

~

qu 1t£ '

ping)j{jJ'

129 '

qu

~

~J[ , ~m ' ~

~ , /i!g , 'fIlI ' qu ~

ping:ij;' .. ' . . '

, i~t ' M

110

~

,

IIIi! ' i!Il ''!lIi' . ' shang Jll[ ,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

38.

~

39.

~

~ ~

xyung [fiyu1J] ping jl&Jf ' Inser: ~ yyung

,

, shang

7J< ' qu "1r7k ' 17k '

~ ,W

ping ~

Yyung [?YU1J]

[LC 100; JY 32] 40.

~

ping

yyung [jYU1J]

~~

,

)j~ , ~~~ , ~ , i~

, • ' fI '

~

, ., , • '

.'~'ffl,~,~,~,~ang~'~'~'M,.,.,m,

qu ttl 41.

42.

!l ~

ping

lyung [lYU1J]

~i

~

46.

~ ~ ~

47.

~

44. 45.

ging [ki1J] ~

, qu

ping

1ljJ;: , jE ,

khing [k'i1J]

nging [1Ji1J]

:g~

~

'

ping 7:X; ,

Zhyung [ryu1J]

~

II.

43.

' H ' ffi '

Ping

g~~

WrJ '

T '

~

ffI

, if ' shang JL '

m

3m '

~

, shang W '

11Wz ' ~ , ~ ,

, qu af

ping @ , {Ji '

ding [ti1J] ping ~J'5E'~T'~T

,~:X

~ij[ ,

gying [kji1J]

;

*'

Ii ' ~i

,

, shang

~J

qu

@ , {%E

' ;EJ , 1T ' shang

111

~T

'

J~

,

W~

, m ' qu

~

,

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

[LC 100; JY 33] 48.

49.

~ thing [1' il)] ping 1T ' l~ , • ' shang m' 1M ' ill[ , qu l~ ~ ting [dil)] ping ffi! ' 1~ , j i , ~ , ¥ ' ~ , 1~ , ~ , ~Jf ' m' ff ' shang m' 1m ' ~Jf ' "§J ' qu JE ' ff ' tE

50.

~

51.

~

52.

~

53.

~

54.

~

ning [nil)]

ping $: 'shang

~~,

qu

~j[

ping ffi[ , , fj[ , 11£ ' shang ~ , ~ , i*, qu JE!z ' IE ' ill Inscr: ffi[ cing; JE!z cing,jhing

jing [1{;il)]

ching [1{;'il)] f~

, ff

bing [pil)]

m' m' ret

ping ;It ,

1ij , {j ,

~~

~~ , ~ , IE ' ~ , ~ , ~ , '

~

m' f~ , 1M ' shang ~ , ,~ , qu

*' '

ping ~ , ' ~ , qu ffl

{Jj( , t~~

'1'[73 , 1M '

, shang

m' *

~ , fi~

, m'

~

, {ffi[

,

'* ' ret '

[LC 100; JY 34] 55. 56.

57.

~ phing [p'il)] ping 1~ , 11* ' qu W ' ~J!J ~ ping [bil)] ping.3f'"§f':IjZ' ~f ' 1f=li ' liiJf ' m' ff ' :rn: ' {;~ , ~! ' shang :illz ' qu m' .3f ' "§f ' ~! ~ ming [mil)] ping , I'ljj , M ' , 1; , 1t ' , , , , , ~

a~

58.

59.

~ ~

~~

, shang lID. ' :::g , ~ , qu in '

dzing [tsil)]

# ' qu fiJi tshing [ts'il)]

ping ~f!f

'

~

~

1~

~

~

a~

m' .. ' g~ , ~ , Ilf!f ' fiJi ' ~ , 1% ' shang

p ing ~~,

m' ~ , shang "§i ' qu 1~ , m' ~ , if![ 112

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

60.

~

~~ , ~ , shang Ii ' ftf ' m' qu

ping 'II ' Sf ' f.frfi '

tsing [dziI]]

{"m'8,m

[LC 101; JY 35] 61.

62. 63. 64.

~

~ ~ ~

66.

~ ~

67.

~

68.

~

65.

sing [sil)]

ping £ '

'11: zing [ziI]]

g~ , ~ , t~ , shang ~ , ~ , t~ , qu ~ , ~1 '

~

ping

shing [~iI]]

ping ~ ,

zhing [~il)]

ping pJG ,

Xing [yiI]]

ping 'I'§:

ling [?il)]

ping

~

,

Jt ' 1Jf. ' ~

~

,

~

, MJ ' qu

*'

, ~ , ~ , ~~ ,

~

,

~

,

• ' 01 ' ;jI!

,•

ping '¥il' I{ , ' qu ¥f! ' @ , lJ!.

It ' 11 ' fji

,

~!I!

MJ ' mE

7R ' qu

JJ! ' II, shang

Ying [?jil)] ping M' M ' shang • ' qu ~ , ~ , 1~ ying Uil)]

~ ,

'

~

~ , ~

, qu

~

l' ' II ' ~ , *'

m' (qu =) shang

,

JJ!

'

!f~ , ~ ,

[LC 101; JY 36] 69.

~

ling [IiI]]

ping

71.

72.

~

!

~

' !Ii '

{I ,

~ , {~ ,

~,~,~,~,*,~,~,.,~,~,.,~,.,~ang ~j, ~,~,

70.

~ , II ' ~ , ~ , ~~ , ~ , #

qu

~

-re ' ~

Zhing [ril)]

ping

ghing [kgl)]

ping #.I!i ' qu §. ,

khhing [k'gl)]

shang ~

113

t§:

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

73. 74. 75. 76.

i

~

I

dhing [t;:}IJ]

ping ~ , ~Il

thing [dgIJ]

ping

nhing [mIJ]

ping 1$ , {$ ,

Z

jh ing

[~gIJ]

' 1I ' shang

!JI ' g* '

qu

, fjI , JJt ' qu

~

m' jit ' -@:

U&: '

~,m

ij~

* '* '

T '

ping

~ ,

shang

*T ' qu

1~

, ~ , ~~ [LC 101; JY 37]

77.

78. 79.

80. 8l. 82. 83. 84.

85. 86.

ZZ ! ! ->

ch ing [dz;,gIJ]

phhing [p'gIJ] phing [bdIJ]

Z Z ~

i i

M'

ping

it ti3 ' :frr1 jt If'

ping

~

, #J¥1 ' :tJJ ' #Jt '

z ' -7

'

{ff: '

ping

,

JI'~

,

~

, ~ , ~ , t~

tshing [dzgIJ]

ping Jij ,

~

,

qu

~~

~

shing [SgIJ]

ping 1~

shhing [~gIJ]

ping

ping

qu

fi 7.f

m:

Jl3 ' tAA ' J3Jj , JAg , IDJ~ , jgg , shang

ping

~~ '\fEa'

tf

dzhing [tSgIJ]

lhing [lgIJ]

~

'If

* 'm

ping

bhing [pgIJ]

I I

, Etj 'If' ~ pIng

ch'ing [1ll'aD]

{ff: '

qu

,V

.±. ' ~ , tt ' il ' ~ , j~

1E '

~

, ~ , shang 114

~

, shang ~ ,

1!f

{ff:

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

[LC 101; JY 38] 87. ; 88. ;

89. 90. 91.

(-!) (-!)

gyung (- gyung) [kyul]]

~ , ,111 '

ping

khyung (- khyung) [k' yUl]]

ping

fJ:Ji '

ping

Ii (- Ii)

shang mnJ

hyung (- hyung) [xyul]]

~ (-~) Hyung (- Hyung)

[YyUl]]

~

,

ping •

gying [kjil]]

1J! ' tJl '

~

ping

ping

~,V

94. 95.

I i I

hYing [xjirJ]

-->

~Ji

J:][ , shang J:][ , fJj ,

ping

~U

'D '

qu

,

Jt '

,[~

1m '

* ' ,:ttf '

' ;ffl:

,

~ , M& ' ]I! , ~ , JJI ' •

, ~ , lfk '

khying [k'jil]]

,[~

'

shang ~ , :tfOJ ' ~IPJ

93. ;

shang

~,~

~ (- ~) kyung (- kyung) [gyUlJ]

92. ;

j:[i1] ,

~

~ , ~~ , shang

]I! , 1~ , ~ , ~ , f~ , ~

~JL ' :% ' ~, t~, ~ , ~ , ~ , shang ~ ,

ill' • '" • Il · JIll • qu JIll

HYing> hYing

[xji~]

ping

5l [LC 102; JY 39]

96. 97.

~

'wung [?wul]]

i (- i)

ping

~5l.

~

Hying (- Hying) [YiirJ] ping IT • • Jij • ii · 'IfI • Il!l1 • ~'~'$'~'m'~'iliang~'~'~'$'~'

t$ ,

, qu ff iT hwu; ~

~

Inser:

Xwung

115

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

III.

98. 99.

~ ~

gang [kaI)]

~

ngang [I)aI)]

101.

~

dang [taI)]

~

thang [t'aI)]

102.

yang [jaI)]

' idJ ' */lijJ , 1C ' qu idJ shang tf ' qu m' ~ , tiL ' ilL ' 1C

ping ~ , /1ld ' :I:lE ' ~m

khang [k'aI)]

100.

~ ~

ping ~,., ping ~ , ping

i% '

.m

~I

' 1m ' ~ , ffi '

, shang

~

.. ' 1t ' §I ,

qu~'~'~ ~ I±t :ri3:'t

m- ' ~ 'shang

ping

~ 103. 2 tang [daI)] ping ~ , shang ~ , m '

Ili' 1. '

m'qu

1.'

m- ' m

m' 1m ' If ' lJ8 ' !II ' !II ' :/:J! ' 1m ' :¥m ' ~ , ¥i ' qu 7ft '

~

,~ ,~

[LC 102; JY 40] 104. 105.

~ ~

nang [naI)]

~~~

107.

~

cang

ping

:II 'qu

~ , :¥i ' ~ , ~ ,

* ' * ' 1)1 , qu

jang [t§aIJ] shang

106.

~~

[d~aI)]

*

109.

bang [paI)]

110.

~

phang [p' aI)]

nang [I).aI)]

*' '~ ,f? ' ~ , 1. '

1:R ' ~ , 1~ , Ii] , M ' shang , ~~ , ~ , ~I§ , 1~ , ~

* ' * ' Jm ' ;I:~

ping

I(

, ~ , ~ , :J:lj[ , ~ , • ' ~

chang [t§'aIJ] ping jl§ , ~ , ~, R$(' qu tR ' ~ Inscr: I§ cang

~ ~

108.

ping.' shang

,

shang ;t ,

~ , ~ , qu II ping;li' *f ' ~ , *~ , shang

7J hyue [xye] ping.' , :t!I! ~ , ~, shang ~ , ~ , ~, ~, ~'rU r1fll.'1lfi1'~ Inser: :t!I! Hyue

237 . [5 ~ ,WI. [1'] WI

'

~ , *.; , Bij! , I[ ,

m' ff '

qu

~

, ff '

* qu' :J~'

238. [LC 108; JY 64]

v. #,!.

239.

&l

gu [ku] ping ~, shang ~ , 'fil'

m,

~,~

1i!f ' 240.

~

241.

~

242.

~

!f1!f '

thu [t'u]

*'

M' ~ , & ' ir:~ , !15 ' oN ' M ' #1 ' tJl\ ' V, M: ' Ef5 ' A ' iif ' II ' tr!i ' ~ , ~ , • '

'* ' ,m' rB ' ~

shang

.,.,~,

JI~

M' ~U ' shang "is 'qu

ping:fm'

.,~

~

xyu [fiy]

.,.,~,&,m'~'fi'~'rU

khu [k'u] ping 1m'~'Jffi'1iL du [tu]

~

)$, JJ% '

rU ~ , "If '

M 'shang 1m' ~ , ~ , qu -pp , Ii ' ~ , rU

± ' o± ' ~

, qu

128

iii ' ~ , o± ' t~ , rU

* ' ~~ ,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

[LC 108; JY 65] 243.

~

tu [du] ,1ft , ±

ping 1;t ,

m' m' ~ , ~ , w,~,

' qu r1l ' ~ , ~ , It ' rU

1; , •

~, 11/ ' ~, shang *± ' ' B ' Iii ' Hi ' JI ' • '

Ill,., ri,ifI, . ' . 244.

~

nu [nu]

~J.. ' ~ , 1i ' -m- ' ~ , shang ~ , ~ , ~ , qu ~ ,

ping

rU~

245.

~

246.

~ ehu [~'u]

247.

~

eu

248.

~

bu [pu]

ju

rU

[~u]

ping

ping 1)] , $S , shang

[d~u]

~ , I~ , shang

ping j.§. , iIJ ' ping W ' M '

~ , ~ , ~ , rU A

~,

shang

i§. ,

qu IlJJ

rm ' ~ , III ' qu

;ffJ , III ' ffIj ,

~,~,~,~,~

~

Inser: 249.

:m ' shang m' ~.§. , qu m' m

~ phu [p'u]

pu ping ~ ,

00 ' shang If ' r~

, rm ' qu

,[% '

~ , rU 1+ '

~,~

[LC 108; JY 66] 250.

~

251.

~

pu [bu] ping M ' 111 ' ::g:, ~ , M' shang ~ , :g~ , qu &'rU.'.'~'.'~'~'B'~'~'~'~ mu [mu]

ping

:tm ' rrffi '

t~ , ~ , ~ , t~ , shang ~ , "#' MJ:' qu W ' :;; ,

.'.'.'rU*,~,~,.,.,.,&,§

252 .

~

~,

~ ~ ~

~~

Hwu [fu] ping Nit, JY( , 11 ' X ' , , , $ , -¥ ' , • ,~,¥,~,¥,~,oo,~angm'R'~,.,m,~,

m' 1m ' 11,

~,~,

5# ' qu N '

~

, fW ' JI1 '

~r

' 11' , rU

1M '

.,.,.,.,.'.,~,m,~,ft'*'~'M'~'

~,~,~,~,m,~,~,~,~

Inser: m bu 253.

hwu> Hwu [vu]

ping ~ , 5i€ '

t4 '

~

, X ' 1ft ' shang

~'.'.'~'~'~m,w,.,~,OO'rU~'~'

m,~,g'.'.'.,~,~,~,m,~,~,~,

m

Su:

~

hwou (sic!)

129

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

[LC 109; JY 67] 254.

~

wu [uu]

ping

~'ill' ~ , ~&

M ' ~ , • ' ~ , ~~ , qu

' z;Jl , shang ~ , ~ , $J , ~ , ~ , ~ , rU § , Eli

*' ' ,

11iJ '

I[f!!€ '

f~

t)( ,

~ ,

4"

~'to/J'~'~'UW

255.

~

256.

~ tshu [ts'u]

it ' shang tB ' ;EB ' #,g , qu it ' fU

ping fB'

dzu [tsu]

ping

II '

JIg , *fl§ ,

qu

4"

257.

~

m' ~'I!! ' ~ , fU ~~ , ~ , 1$ ,

tsu [dzu]

[LC 109; JY 68] 259.

~ -7 ~ zhu > shu [~u]

ping

1& ' qu Mt ' 1& ' 260.

~

261.

~

hu [xu] ping fu~'~"I?e

t,@ ,

Mt '

tn ' ~ , !II ' M:f ' 'Itu ' shang

w' Imf ' * ' grjJ , •

asy , I); , ~~ , ~J$ , • '

Xu [yu] ping i!iJj , ID: ' 1'Jl\ ' ~ , J$ , shang P , ~ , tr§" ,

shang

pfT '

m ' fJJt ' 1m: ' qu WJ '

~~ , ft~

~

, mJ ' tiH,~ , !tJ ' *M ' 7Jl\ ' f ' , M ' 8p , UJil1 ' Ji ' M ' qu ~ ,

~'.'li,~,m'~'rU.,m'M,m,=,~,~,~,

iftE ' ~ Inscf: f hu; 262. 263.

~ ~

'U

[?u]

ping

~

hwu

i~'~!$' m ' *'5 ' iF:' ' ~

, shang

rU~'iU'1~'~

,~~ , qu ~ , 1f '

*' ' nMt ''

ping!1!' $11 ' jif , !if ' • ' ~, ' • ' It ' ill ' shang W ' it ' 1~ , ~ qu ~ , • ' iIEfi ' ~ , • ' ijfr , g'rU.'*'~'.'~'R'.'.'~'B'~

Iu [Iu]

m' ,

[LC 109; JY 69] 264.

~

f~

gyu [ky] ping 5 ' , :tm shang ~ , 8 ' ~E ' rg , :tt! '

' ;Em ' Ji5,~

qu

~

,

, i@

* ' :j:1ITI!i' ,~' , :t*, ' 1~ , , i@ ,

~

Jfj , Jaj ,

~,m,rU.'.'~'.'.'~'.,~,.,OO

130

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Fonns

265.

~

266.

~

~!

khyu [k'y] ping:J;W, t! ' f)§ , ' ]!I , $; , M ' J5 ' !rnii ' fU ~ , ffB ' Jffi ' ~tfj

* ' ~l * ' J~

kyu [gy] ping ' , • ' • f@ , ~~ , %tJ ' ~Jijf , shang E ' ~E ' :j::§ , ffi qu J!l ' §E ' 'Ifl ' ~ , fU _ ' flfJ ' Ji!foj , Wi InSCf: J~ kew; gyu

m

267.

~

[~y]

jyu shang ~r

,~rni ' l&iZ ' •

' mrnii ' shang

iii ' m' M ' ~ , ti]jJ , ' fffi ' ;t:§ , §E ' J# ' • ' ' tlY1ll ' :tlffi '

ping ~ , mi ' ~ , ~ , f* ' *~ , * ' ~ ,~* ' ~ , ' *~ , ~ , [}g , 1:fI ' ±. ' ~ , 13: ' qu ~ , ~ , §± ' ~± '

n'~'~'.'~'13:,~,~n,~,m,.,ru,m,~, *,.,m,~,~,m,.,.,.

[LC 109; JY 70]

268.

269.

~ ~

ehyu ~

[~'y]

, qu

eyu

~

[d~]

ping

111 '

~ , ~ , im ' fr-* ' shang f1!f ' W ' ~ , f"F '

, fU 1rfR ' ill ' !(\jill

' tfj

Ei ' i~ , f?* ' 1~ , 1M ' Jfj , Jti ' shang iT ' ' %f ' :j:f ' ;It ' qu ~ , Il* ' {.1 ' fU JRffi ' ~ , ~ , , mJ ' 7ft ' Vft ' 1~

ping Il* '

%r ' ;ff , ff ' T

tru ' Vlq , ~ , J(jf

Inscf: {.1 jyu 270.

~

nyu [l).y]

ping ffrO '

Wi '

~ , shang -g , qu -g , fU g~ , JrJj , ttl '

JfIfH

271.

~

dzyu [tsy]

ping

B '

!I!§. , 1[ , g1& ' fr1& '

8 ' [It\;. ¥ ' JE InSCf:

1li

qu t§. , 113. ' JE ' fU ~

,

tsu [LC 110; JY 71]

272.

~

273.

~

tshyu [ts'y] ping ill ' !l1ii ' 1113. ' 1m shang I[£ , qu j~ , ~ , fOO ' fU {JE tsyu [dzy]

' 11 ' 1li ' 1£ ' mE '

shang ali ' 1li ' ~13. ' ~ , qu ~

l31

,~

* 'n

m' ~ ,

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

275.

~

zyu [zy]

276.

~

sbyu

277.

~

[~y]

ping

tft'B xway [fiwaj]

qu!ll

~ 1~ !F~ ~~ f~ ~, m, m' " m' '

gyay [kjaj] ping {i ' f;ij , , , , , , shang qu '1m ' ~ 1M ' ~ , WG ' :W- ' fr ' ffr ~'~'~'~'~'~'ru~'~'M'~'~'¥'

m'

~

Inscr:

~

gue

319.

~~~

khyay [k'jaj]

320.

~~~

hyay [xjaj]

ping

~ , shang r& ' ~ , qu ~ , ~ , ru $ 135

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

321.

~~~

~ , ~ , shang M ' ~~ , 3m ' ~~ ,

Hyay [yjaj] ping tt ' ru~¥ ' ,~ , qu ~ , ~~ , ~ ,

m' ~ , ru

~

,

II '

~

, ~ , #t.

[LC 112; JY 81] I'i:5

322. 323.

324.

325.

326.

327. 328. 329.

330.

331.

~

khhiy [k';:}j]

~ ~ --> !

dhiy [tdj]

~

rU1~'1~

rt ru' It:,

~ ~ 'JQj"~-"

thiy [d;:}j] rU~,)ji Inscr: ~ dhiy, thhiy

j'iy

chhiy [t$';:}j]

i

' :R: ' JW.

zhiy > thhiy [t'oil

~ [~il ~ ~ ~

~

ru ~U

ru J7!!: '

1~1j

ru 1~U ' tl!U ' ~ ,

..........

chiy [d~;:}j]

ru

dzhiy [ts;:}j]

rU fliJ

tshiy [dZdj]

ru

shiy [s;:}j]

JA '

~U

~,m

rU~

[LC 112; JY 82] 332.

~ --> ~

zhhiy > shhiy [!Oi]

ztz:. ru, 1S '[E:!'

136

Tz,!;>; Ill!

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

333. 334. 335.

~

lhiy [lgj]

rU if] ,

m ' ijjJ

']j[ JI\'

~

337.

~

338.

~

339. 340.

r~fJ

~ hiy [xij] ru ~ Xiy [yij] ru ~U VII.

336.

, {j] ,

~ ~

gin [kin]

ping

~ ~

rtJ ' IT ' 1f9J '

11 ' qu IT ' WT kin [gin]

ping

1I,S,ti ngin [lJin] ~t

ping

' JJI

nin [nin]

,~

~ , shang §i , 11 ' * ' 'Iii ' ~ ,

~ , 'Iii ' shang ill: ' qu ill: ' 1.1 ' B

wN ' 00 '

~

, :f:N ' :f:Jr ' itfT ' fi '

shang Off '

' 7i '

qu

ping #ZJJ

Jt ' ~ , II ' 11& ' aIt ' shang ~ , aIt ' , If ' fiN ' fl ' qu ;;{ , 11& ' ~i ' ~ , ~ , ~

jin [t§in] ~

JJJ ' Jf '

jin [t§in]

ping

~ , 1.;t '

[LC 113; JY 83] 341. 342.

~ ~ chin [t§'in] ping gl ' Ol ' "§l ' shang ~ , qu 11< ' Jli& ~ cin [d~in] ping:f$, ~* ' ~ , shang 1.;51 • ~ • qu ~* ' ~ ---?

Inscr:

343.

344.

*$ zhin, zhim

~

bin [pin]

~

phin [p'in]

ping ~ ,

rl ' • · #~ · ~ ,

.'11 ping

f.ti:

137

~

, ~ , {J[ • qu

{J[ , ~ •

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

345.

~

346. ;

347. 348. 349.

pin [bin]

~ , ttl ' :Jlt ' 9ll ' .. ' O!m ' ~ , shang tr. ' JJl ~ , #,~ , f!,9 ' ~ , shang ~ , '1'00 ' 00 ' ~)( ,

plng;Jij'

min [min] ping ~'1R'1;

i1I1% '

~ dzin [tsin] pIng $ , fJi ' shang 3'1 'qu ~ tshin [ts'in] pIng ~ 'qu ~ ~ tsin [dzin] pIng * ' • ' shang 3'1

rg , :.t~ , f.i ' m; ,

[LC 113; JY 84]

~ 35l. ~ 352. ~ 353. ~ 350.

354. 355. 356.

357. 358.

~ ~ ~

m' ~R ' ill ' ¥=R ' 1.1 ' a ' P'!

sin [sin]

pIng :$ , 5fJf ' qu

zin [zin]

pIng •

ping $ ,

shin

[~in]

zhin

[~in]

ping

Xin [yin]

ping

'I~;'

M

'in [tin] Yin [?jin] qu

'* ' ,M ' *' ~

p ,mg ~!t ::x. ,

~

~§i: 'to. wun [uun]

372.

~

, ~)( , ~ , ~ ,

r~'

ping. ' •

tsun [dzun]

ping ping

t.& '

'

*' 'G '

, !I& ' ~ &

~

*' ,

shang

ft '

shang

rtt ' qu

nm '

~

*1 ' shang 'Ii, qu "i"

f¥ ' • ' shang. ' • [LC 114; JY 87]

§I

376. ~ sun [sun]

1* '

ping

:m ' ~ , ~ , shang

'un [?un]

ping ilNt ' shang

380.

~ ~ ~ ~

lun [lun]

ping

381.

;

gyun [kyn]

377. 378. 379.

382. ; 383. 384.

385.

Xun [yun]

ping ;l ,

kbyun [k'yn]

[gyn]

~~

, 'Itj ,

ping

~ kyun

; I

~

hun [xun]

~!I!

,

j=ffil '

~

, 11 '

~

, il!

IiJ

' shang

i~

, ~ , ~ , m' qu

,~

, m!

rI

~ifU ' -W ' ;ftfij , qu ~

ping

1't '

iI[ ,

ping ~ , ping

~ , til ' ~ , f!g , ~ , qu III ' ~

m

f=f ' nt '

shang ~ ,

m' m' qu ~

ping Iil; , ~ , ~ , ~ , shang

chyun [q;'yn]

qu

ping ~ ,

* ' ~ Yyun >

~

M ' ~ , • ' ~ , ~ , 1*

ping

'

III ' ItJ ' m' Ii; , 1;1 , • ' M ' • '

ping 5] • Pll1 • shang

yYun [jyn]

--> IIYun llyn]

~

,

~ • :It. • J7i:

liB • l/iiiii • JIii • NiIi • lIfl;

ping

[LC -; JY 89] 396.

397.

~ Zhyun [ryn]

I

398.1

g"in [1n] khhin

[k'~n]

ping!/$' shang

ping

!I!~ , qu ~ , ~M

""'!'l. qu Jll

shang

~

,

~

141

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

399. 400. 40l.

402.

403. 404. 405.

I II I I ~

; i

thbin [t'on] jhin [Ipl]

B: 'qu

ping

ping ~ ,

~

* ' ,W ~

chhin [t§'~n]

qu . ' . ' m, It

shhin [~n]

ping $ , ,W9G ' ~ , !JtJG '

'hin

[?~n]

,

Me ' 1Jfc

' ~

[:§

pmg

J~'

~

gyin [kjin]

shang

hyin [xjin]

ping JTX '

tff ' Blf ' WT ' 1JT ' qu • '

1JO( ,

1JT

[LC 114; JY 90]

406. 407.

ii ~

Hyin [yin] 'win [?win]

qu M '

'11Wt '

iii

ping

If ' 1.ml. ' :If ' 1.ml.

ping ~

,

m ' fElt ' shang

'$ ,

:If ' 11K ' $I'M'

~

408. ~ xwin [fiwin] ping ~ , ~ , iii ' #.1i ' ;fi , ~ , -:IS. ' ~ , shang ~ • ~~ • • • qu it ' ~ · ~ , • · ~ ''fIS

Vill.

409.

~

~ ~

Xan [van]

gan [kan] ping T • ~ • :¥ · Mf • tlf • ff · shang f1f! ' qu Bf • ~ • ~ • lif

142

¥i '

~ • ~ • ~f ·

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

410.

~

khan [k'an]

411.

~

ngan [I)an]

ping

~ , tU

' shang 1JrL ' iff ' qu 1frL '

~f ' ~f ' qu

ping

J¥ '

~ , iff

~ , ~f ' ~ [LC 115; JY 91]

~

dan [tan]

413.

~

than [t'an]

414.

~

tan [dan]

412.

ping

EL

qu 3-' ' 1B , ~

if.! ' fij! , 3-' ' , • ' '1ft! ' ~

nan [nan]

ping

416.

~

jan [t{lan]

shang

418.

419.

~

420.

~

chan [t{l' an] can

[d~an]

JlE ' shang mi ' M'

~,~

shang Wi

' qu Wi

ping

~

,

~

phan [p'an]

ping

~

UW;

,~ , 1m ' shang 1B , :rE!. ' ~ , , qu JlE

~

, {II , shang

, *I '

qu

~

, ~ , t,\iE

~ , f1:1 ' ~~ , ~ , t.& ' shang

ping tJI ' 711 '

ban [pan] ~,!I!fflj

",~!, qu

shang Y1'

It ' shang fS , qu ~ , :JX '

ping:l:.I'

~ ~ ~

7' ' .. '

ping.' D-' ' Dl '

415.

417.

¥ ' ~~ , ft '

Jt& ' ;f.& '

~ , t.& ' Wi ' qu ~ , !l7t ' ~ [LC 115; JY 92]

421. 422.

~ ~

man [man]

425.

ping

~ , qu

'It '

~I ' ~ , f.i

han> hwan [fan] ping fi ' 1M IZ ' shang IZ ' ~.& ' ~ , qu Il!lZ

423.

424.

qu ¥h¥ ' • ' 1J¥

pan [ban]

~~~ ~~~

Han> Hwan [van] ~][

ping.'

' :m: ' rpm , 1f ' §

~ , ~ , m' ~ , ~ , ~ ,

, 11 ' 1f ' JJI ' 31 ' # ' 1* ' shang

wan [van]

shang fJffG ' 143

, *I ' t.l '

~ ,

~ , t9d ' f£ ' qu •

qu '

~

Jj ,

J! '

§f

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

426. 427. 428.

~ ~ ~

dzan [tsan]

qu W '

tshan [ts'an]

ping ping

tsan [dzan]

~

~

7~

,

,

, I~

qu

~

~

,~ ,~

, shang :fl [LC 115; JY 93]

429. 430.

~ san [san] ping £fffi ' :EIffi ' frfffi ' shang 1& ' *1 ' :$ , qu 1& ~ --7 ~ zhan> shan [~an] ping ffit~ , §W ' i! ' UJ ' shang i! 1£ ' 1,1 , qu

431. 432.

~ ~

han [xan]

shang

Xan ryan]

ff ' 1f '

ping

'I~

§W '

1W

~ , qu 1l ' Bl ' ~ ~ , ~ , ~ , tf~ , 1f ' shang ¥ ' qu ~ , if ' ¥ ' Bl '

, ~ , M ' ,!W

*

Yan [[jan]

435.

~ ~ ~

yan [jan]

~ , qu ~ , ping g~ , qu ~ , ~ ping ~ , shang §.N ' qu

436.

~

Ian [lan]

ping

~

on [::m]

433. 434.

437.

'an [[an]

qu

1f~

ping!:Ji:'

,~

' J£ '

Hi ' Jif

Xf~ , 111 ' 11 ' ~ , 11 ' tr~ , ~II ' shang

ping rIJ7t ' ffU '

tjG , !l!5t ' tn ' ~)ffi , qu 3JC '

f)5t '

frI '

'~ ,

WI

[LC 115; JY 94]

438.

~

gon [k:m] ~ , J'§ ,

Su:

439. 440.

:u

ping'§"

%'

:u ' JEt ' {'g , t§ , shang

:g; ,

~ , w. '

m' qu 1f ' 1* ' ~'§ , II ' 1:f ' ft ' 1#. ' JEt ' W. ' :u

khyu

~ khon [k' ~n] ping J[ , ' shang if,): , ifJG ~ don [t~n] ping Jz!lij , shang ' qu , IT ~'l

~lf

144

~

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

441.

~ thon [t':m]

ping frffl ' shang all '

qu

~ , 1%
Shhiw [~~w]

~ ,

ping

qu :Jl

qu

* ' ,Wx ~

f5ll' ft' JJl ' Ji '

shang

it '

[LC 122; JY 120]

644.

645.

646. 647.

648.

649.

j ~

I ! J ~

.hiw [7ow] :m {ll!!!

Ihiw [low]

ping

-gi ' Wz '

ping"".'

~,~,.,.

lID[ ,

ping f~

, shang

kyiw [gjiw]

ping ~4

'

hyiw [xjiw] ping Inser: {* hi w

~

, shang Wz ' ali '

1M&: '

qu

I! · 'II • III • III · sMng JI • 11 • qu

gyiw [kjiw]

~

it '

~ ,

*.LI ' It]

, ~ , shang !I&

«< · iiI* • ®I: • J{;fi. • sMng

;f5 • qu

Ill!

H wow [vow1 ping l'J1 • fl1 • ffil • "Jl • '!f! • 'fllf • !fl11 • shllng ~ , .$ , {~ , qu 1j[ , f* ' ~ , fi Inser: .$ Hwow; ~ hwu

162

filii •

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

650.

~

gam [kam]

651.

~

kham [k'am]

~

JJ.

XII.

tam [dam]

tt ' # ' m' ~tt ' shang ~ , :Ef~ , ~:E& ' qu .. '

ping

ping

Ii '

:l:ft '

~ , shang

:l:jz ,

qu

m' ~ , M)r [LC 122; JY 121]

652.

~

653.

~

654.

dam [tam]

ping

n ' 1ft ' m' tt ' !t ' tt ' {l , shang It ' Jl1i '

#x ' qu tt ' tIt ' 1jt , 15 tham [t'am] ~~

~~~

~ , n,

ping

, llik ' n

tam [dam]

ping

JJ. '

~ , OJ: , N ' =f1& ' qu 1! '

JfM' shang

~. ' • ' ~ , 1Jl ' ~JJ? ' iR~ , 'Ilk ' ~~ ,

~'~'~'~~g.,g,~,~,~,.,~,.,~,

~

655. 656. 657.

~ ~ ~

,

~~

nam [nam] jam

[~am]

cham

, 'It ' 'Ilk ' qu 'It ' 'Ilk '

ping

WI '

~

shang !WT ' qu

[~'am]

ping

,

~~

, t-I4 ' ;fflj , ru¥i ' ft '

D~ , ~ ,

11 '

iR~

rJi¥j

y~

it ' shang it ' IU ' qu

t~

[LC 122; JY 122]

658. 659. 660.

~

cam

[d~am]

~ , ~ , ~ , ilit ' shang

111t '

qu mft

~ ~ ~ hwam [fam] [vam] ping fL ' $JL ' :tB ' ~}L , shang m: ' fl ' i8 ' j'8 ' ~ quHwam }t , $JL

662.

~ ~

dzam [tsam]

663.

~

tsham [ts'am]

66l.

ping

warn [vam]

shang

~

ping ~ ,

£" ' shang

~ ,

it

ping ~ , ,~ , shang 'I~ , '1'1 ' ~ , ~

163

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

665.

~ ~

666.

~

667.

~

664.

tsam [dzam] sam [sam] sham [~am] qu, ~/ 19 ham [xam]

ping

II '

ping ~t ping

'

j;i ,

~

ii '

'I$T , If '

, ~ , shang

*~

,1;; , 1;;

shang ~

,

11\ ' qu fll ' I[ , If

qu

~

(duplicate) , ~ , ~ , shang ~ ,

p ing ~ , shang u~

[LC 123; JY 123] 668.

~

669.

~

Xam [yam] 'I~' ~ 'am [?am]

~

Yam [?jam]

671.

~

yam [jam]

672.

~

674. 675. 676.

~ ~ ~ ~

ping §1f , ~ ,

Ml ' ill ' rut ' shang f3J[ ,

1i ' ft ' lFll ' shang

~

~

, Iltil; ,

, 00 '

qu

m ' qu

B1l ' 00

670.

673.

ping ~ , ~ ,

h 11# sang ""R '""s V

ping ffi ' ~ , ,@ , shang )W,~

lam [lam] ping ~ , tJ;fb , ,@l , ~E;: , *I ' oE;:

qu

gem [kern] khem [k'em] kern [gem] ngem [IJem]

shang ~ ,

qu

m ' ~ , shang

tl ' • ' M ' it: '

~iJ

qu 'J\. ping ping

1tf '

m' $~ , ~ , ~~ , ~ , shang fiR ' 7
Zhern [rem]

gyarn [kjem]

ping

~

ping ,

~

,•

165

'

f'& '

~U ' qu

m' shang ~ , f~ , qu

~'shang t4 ' ¥} , ~ , qu ~ '

~

, fit

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

[LC 123; JY 126] 695.

~

khyam [k'jem]

696.

~

tsyam [dzjem]

697. 698. 699. 700. 701.

~ ~ ~

703.

p ing ~I

tl '

, shang

'

shang

'

gyam [kjam]

ping #~

, Ei ' 1!l '

khyam [k'jam]

qu

~

, {l , qu

~

{l , ~

1¥IT

ping ~A

~ hyam [xjam] ~ Hyam [yjam]

~ ~

~

Yyam [?jem]

Id 'qu

702.

ping

, shang II '

m' qu m' ~A ' ~ '

shang 1~ , qu ~I:

~

, Ei

~

shang OflX ping AA ' ~ , ~ , {jij , shang

FJ ' :fIl: ' £: ' 11£ '

~@

hyem [xjem] Hyem [yjem]

fX ' shang

ping

~ , ~ , ~

ping ~

XIII.

1~ ~

tshim [ts' im] [LC 124; JY 127]

704.

705. 706.

707.

~

~ ~ ~

gim [kim] khim [k'im] kim [gim]

m' ~ , shang

~f!1

' qu

~

ping ~ , ~ ping ~ ,

~

ngim [l)im]

f:i '

ping 3i: ' ~ ,

ping

rJt '

m' ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , shang ~

166

~

, qu

rJt '

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713.

~

jim

[~im]

p ing ~ , ,p~

, itt '

~t

' ~ , ~ , shang tt ' qu tt

ping , , if1\) , shang III ' 11 ' qu MJ ~ chin ping m' shang !1* ' qu ~ , :g ~ cim ~ dim [I),im] qu jt ~ bim [pim] shang. h ~ ~ ~ phim [p'im] sang ~

[~'im]

~

[d~im]

P J:!J:!

V

[LC 124; JY 128] 714. 715.

~ dzim [tsim] ~ tshim [ts'im] sim [sim]

717.

~

zim [zim]

718.

~

719.

~

720.

~

qu

,

r~

, ~ , 15t

ping f~ , t.& ' ,~ , shang ~ ,

1i '

, qu

~

~L\

¥i ' ,; , 11

ping ~ , ~. '

shim [~im] ping ~ , shang Inser: 7~ shin zhim

[~im]

ping W!; ,

lim ['lim] ping Inser: JIi in

722.

~ ~

723.

~~~

721.

~

~I

31

716.

ping

Yim [?jim] yim [jim]

~

,

m: ' !If ' III ' ~ , ~ , ~

tt ' ~! ' shang

~

m' shang

,

~

,

~

,

qu :g

qu i?i '

~

, JIi '

~

ping 'I~ ping

lim [lim]

r¥ ' 11 ' ~ , .. ping

1* '

~

167

,M ' • '

~

, shang

•

'

'I. '

{~

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

[LC 124; JY 129] 724.

725.

726.

727.

728. 729.

~

! ! I i !

Zhim [rim]

if: ' :f ' H '

pIng

shang

if '

~f

' Ii- ' qu

~f ' ifif '

if: j'im

[~ml

chhim

pIng ~ ,

[~'gm]

chim [dz.gm]

shhim

qu

pIng ~

pIng

'?4 '

m

'qu

~

1-*

pIng ~ , ~ , ~ ,

[~gm]

hyim [xjim]

qu

*x

:5(1

go [k::>]

pIng ~ , friJ • ~ , shang !U,~ 'OO,g~,it'~'*€1'~

:5(1

731.

~ kho [k'::>]

go [k::>]

lfriJ '

pIng

, 'I'~

W\

pIng

XIV.

730.

1~

;ji,~

shang

tm ' BPI ' qu

1!f ' i~ , rU ~ ,

ru ' lfriJ ' triJ ' qu triJ ' rU 1i ' ~ , ~ , [LC 124; JY 130]

732.

~ ngo [1p]

qu

pIng

~'rU ~

733.

X

do [t::>]

734.

~

tho [t'::>]

~ • 0fZ ' ~fX ' ~ , l~ , {fX ' ~

,~

pIng:g" pIng

shang ~ ,

qu $:

it ' im ' 't ' !Irf:: ' qu fffi 168

, shang il(; ,

~,

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Fonns

735.

~

736.

~

no [n:J]

737.

XI

dzo [ts:J]

738.

~

tsho [ts':J]

to [d:J] shang ifB

ping,~, K ' f.\t: ' ~t ' it ' ~t ' Wt ' ~ , ~ , ,!&fc ' 11::; , ' ~t ' qu ,!&fc ' 7\. ping t.J~ , .. ' shang m~ , t.J~ , qu t.J~

*'

qu 16: ' 1:i. JF! ' ~ , ji , ~

shang 1:i. '

739. ~ tso [dz:J]

ping

ping ~ , ~ , ~ ,

, shang

Jl

IlJ! [LC 125; JY 131]

740. ~I so [s:J] 741. 742.

ping ~ ,

19; , f{Y , JiI\ ' ty , qu

®

~ ~ ~ ho [x:J] ping tiiJ ' rmr ' shang ru ~ , m ' ~ IJ:! Xo [Y:J] ping 101 ' iriJ ' 1iij , ~ , =t1j , shang 1iij , qu ~ , ru ~ , .,.,a'~'.'~'~'$'*

743.

'X

'0

744.

~

10 [b]

745.

~

gwo [kw:J]

~

khwo [k'w:J]

746.

747.

~

ping ~ , jlj , Su: ~ xa ['b]

ping

ru ~ , ~ , :f;~ , ~ , B ' ~ , 05

*f ' • ' it ' :fI ' 01 ' • ' II ' shang it ping j(; ,

$ , ;ft , *8 ' JfI5 '

~,

m ' 115

ping f4 '

~

dwo [tw:J] shang:l:lE' Inser: :1:.1 da

&f.WJ '

shang

* ' ~ ,W ' qu ~ , ru f5 '

~ , mi ' !l!f4 ' shang !m 'qu ~'ru ~ ,

tf '

~ , ru ~ , i~ [LC 125; JY 132]

748.

~

749.

;e

two [dw:J]

750.

~

nwo [nw:J]

[!3

thwo [t'w:J]

ping shang

M: ' shang

* ' ~" ' ~ ,qu U.I ' ru m' Jm

m' :I:~ , ;fj , 'I'fif ' qu m' 'I'fif ' ru ,. , )t( , Jm

ping ~ ,

qu

;fI ,

169

'I~

, i'I

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

751.

~

752.

~

bwo [pw::>] ping 1El. ' :1:1 ll1I'ru ft't~'U'§ phwo [p'w::>]

ping

1i

' 1i '

i€ ' ll1I ' qu :JI ' i€ '

shang lFEl '

~ , :tEl. ' :EEl ' shang

[Ii ,

~ , qu

11& ' ru

*i '

Inscr: 1iBl phYo. This form is clearly a scribal error for phwo. 753. 754.

~ pwo [bwo] ~ rnwo [mw::>]

756. 757.

ping

~'1*'f*'1*

Inser: 755.

~ , SI ' }]i , ru

ping

~

~ ~

M rnue; Su:

dzwo [tsw::>]

qil

tshwo [ts'w::>] tswo [dzw::>]

$l,t ,

* 'rl ' M ' mm '

*

1m: '

shang

~ , tR ' Ilibt ' ft ' Wjt m' qu

M'

ru

*'

rna

f~ , ~ , rU

11 ' #J&

g~ , qu gW ' ~ , ~ , rU 11 ~~ , ~ , shang ~ , qu ~ , 1*

shang ping

[LC 125; JY 133] ~ ~

swo [sw::>]

759.

~

hwo [xw::>]

760.

~

Xwo [yw::>]

758.

761. 762.

ping

g: , ~ ,

~&:

'

1~

shang!k, qu ~ , ru ping fD '

7K ' m '

, shang rG '

shang

~~

, ~

~

ti% ' f$ , IIi' '

qil fD ' rU

f&,m,~

~ two [?w;)] ~ Iwo [lw::>]

ping

ping r~'rUt~ 763. A 0 [::>] ping §1~ ,

1~ , :If,§) , 11% ' ~ , gil ~ , ru ~ ,~~ , ~ , II ' :Ii ' shang ~ ,~, il ' 11 ' qu a1t ' qu

~

170

J1I '

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Fonns

xv. • ~ ma[ma] 764.

~

gya [kje]

765.

~

khya [k'je]

ru ~ , ffi ' ~ , fE ' ~j , ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ ru 1fl ' ~ , JI~ , m [LC 125; JY 134]

766.

~ dya [tje]

767.

~ thya [t'je]

768.

~

769.

2

nya [nje] jya [1:tije]

ru ~ , fit ' lUi ru., ~ , ,. ' '1'6 ' ~ti ' ~~ , ~ti ru ~1E ' ti ' iI ' Jii ' if ' ft!l. ' :lit ping ~ , shang ~ , ~ , qu *;0 , l!t~ , Jk. ' If ' ru fJf '

m,.,.,.,.,w,~,m'.'.'~'.'ffi Su: ~ je

770. ~ chya [~'je] 771.

~

bya [pje]

ping.$'.' shang. '

ru

772. ~ phya [p'je] 773.

~

774. ~

5j , I3Jj ,

, 53U

ru ~ , M

mya [mje] shang t2 Su: t2 me, mi, 'i -7

~,~

ru • ' • ' ~

~ dzya [tsje]

'ru ~ , • ' N ' 11 ' ~ , ~

ping ~ , .'§L , shang

trEl '

t.§. , qu

{'Ii '

ru

jp ,

~,~,m'~'yJl!'~'¥!k

[LC 126; JY 135] 775.

~ tshya [ts'je]

776.

~ -7 ~

ru m ' ~ , ~ , #~ @ , shang ~ , ~ , qu 1fP , ~~ , ru ~ , ~ ,

shang.§.'

sya [sje]

ping

V'M'~'~'~'~'~'~'~

777.

~

-7

~

zhya > shya

[~je]

ping

~,~

, shang

~'M!'ru:llt,~,~,U'~

778.

~ hya [xje]

779. ~ Hya [yje] 780.

~ -7 ~

ru fir ' J~ 1i ru #.iij , M1 ' i!ffi ' ~ , fJ!c! ' ~ , {~

'ya [?je]

,

ru ~ , ~ , J1tt ' ~e 171

~

,

* 'qu * '

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

781.

~ Yya [?je] rU Ilf ' UIt3 '

782. ~ yya [je]

II(

Ii ' ~ , ~ , M ' ~~ , III ' ~ , •

rU

[LC 126; JY 136] 783. ~ lya [lje]

rU JU ' ~ , r.U ' {j1J ' ~ , ~ , ~ , 11 '

It ' Nj

784.

~

Zhya [rje]

shang

~

785.

~

gwa [kwa]

ping

JJl ' M '

786.

~

khwa [k'wa]

787.

~

nwa [nwa]

788.

~

jwa

789.

~~~

790.

~

hwa [xwa]

ping

¥ ' 1t ' 1ft ' qu 1t

791.

~

Xwa [ywa]

ping

¥ ' .• ' tI! ' • ' shang ~ , qu III '

[t~wa]

ping

rU

M ' ~ , III

, ;fi , rU

~fOJ

#/OJ ' .rI!i% '

' shang • ' /'M ' rU EU

~ , ~ , ~ , {~ , shang ft ' qu ~ , Jm

~ ~,~

ping

zhwa > shwa

¥'.'rUm-,~

, rU

[~wa]

m' ~

shang

m: ' ~ , rU

frllU

*' '

11 '

[LC 126; JY 137] 792.

~

793.

~ ~ ~ xwa [fiwa]

794.

~~~

'wa [?wa]

ping

m' ~i ' !ItE ' rI ' o.t shang]i' JjU

gya (- gya) [kja] ping ~ , ' shang fl ' ~~ , 1f!1 '

mo ' ;fED

*If '' 110 ,' qu~ , 150, 'f*II' ' Wi ' • ~

~

'

1ft ' ~ ,

~'1f!1'If'rU.,~,_,~,n,~,~,~,~,

'*

795.

l' ' ~, ' ;tg?, , ~ (-~) khya (- khya)

shang

[k'ja]

~,WJ

796.

~

(-

~)

U,hya (- hya) [xja]

797. ~ (- ~) Hya (- Hya) [yja] shang T ' ~ , JJl

ping

1m ' qu 1m ' rU f~ , 'I'§'

,

m'

~~ , DJf ' qu • ' ~ , ~ , rU ~ ,

ping j@ , ~ , ~ , g , ~ , ~1l1 ' i1 ' e~ , T ' ~ , ~, rU lEi ' $ , ~ ,

' qu

~,~,~,~,~,~,~,~,~,W

172

Glossary of 'Phags-pa Chinese Forms

798.

~

ril :£j( , WIl ' gf{ij , §R ,

gwya [kye]

~~

,

,~

, $I( ,

,~ ,

1* ' ffl

[LC 126; JY 138] 799.

~

800.

~~~

801.

~

802. 803. 804.

chwya

jwya

[~ye]

ru ~ , 'I~ ,

ttl:! ' f)t

rillX

[~'ye]

~ dzwya [tsye] ru ~ tswya [dzye] ru, ~ swya [sye] ril§:

'~ J" ~f§

)11

806.

~ ~

shwya

807.

~

zhwya [zye]

808.

~

hwya [xye]

805.

~,~

ru

khwya [k'ye]

zwya [zye] [~ye]

iiIT

ril

'm

ru

='

ru rJi ru Ita. [LC 127; JY 139]

809.

~

Hwya [yye]

810.

~

'wya [?ye]

811.

~~~

812.

~

813. 814.

~ ~

ril'/\ ril~

xwya [fiye]

ril A ' ,FlU ' $)[ ,

ywya [jye] rut~'§)t'lm Inscr: 1m xwya lwya [lye] Zhwya [rye]

ru, !j; ' ~ '" ru~'m,ni7'J

173

~ , ~ , ~~ ,

tf!£ '

~B

' B

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

815.

~

816.

~ khwe [k'we]

gwe [kwe] rU J9fj , Inscr: J9fj khwe

Inscr: 817. 818

~

~

rU

Itt ' • '

jZ

~

khwya

kwe [gwe]

~ Hwe [ywe]

ping. ' rU

'*

ping [no examples] [End of Received MGZY Text]

Supplement

z:;

shang tT ' rU tha [t' a] rU fiJ ' j!j!j ,

S 1. S2.

El

S3.

~ ta

S4. S5. S6. S7. S8. S9. S 10. SI1.

01 E

ttl

a 2J E:I 2J ~

da [ta]

fda]

rU Jj ,

tEl. ' ~ W~ , m

~

na rna] ping ~ , rU 1* ' ~V3 ja [t§a] ping;t1l' $ , shang WF 'qu Of; , ~ 'ru otJf ' 117] cha [t§'a] ping:x., shang ~:t ' qu tE ' 1Y.. ' ru ~ , *U ' ca [d~a] ping i'l ' ft ' shang i'l ' qu !p , ru ~ , :k~ ba [pa] ping ES ' shang :tr:: ' qu ~ , rU J\ pha [p' a] ping BB ' qu $e:l ' rU 1/\ pa [ba] ping qu ;tEl ' 1m ' rU j:Ji: rna [rna] ping.' shang J~ qu t~

m'

,

ru ~ , ~ ,

1*

ru {~ , ~ S14. ~ wa [va] rU. S15. :51 dza [tsa] rU j:$ , !Iff ' S16. ~ tsha [ts'a] ru ~ S17. ~ tsa [dza] ru ~ , rm

~

S12. ~ hwa [fa] S13. ~ Hwa [va]

S18.

JZ '

~

,

~

,

~

, JEt 194;

~qj ,

tPJ ' ~

196

cr ci cong cong cong cou cou cu cu cufm cu~m CUI

cUI cUI cun ctm cun cun cuo cuD cuo

dfl da da dai dai dan dan

dan

y~t

'

r~

177' 193; 1ft, {~t 193 WU ' WU ' {~ 193; ~ 195 19:J' l,,!\ ' ~ , ~'!\ ' ,~J!t 18; fiXf 32 . ' tw: ' ~ , ,[* ' ~ , fi 19; fif 33 &'!\ 18 !OO 640 ~ , ~ , ~~ 640 II ' J.ffi ' ~ 256; 257 ~'If ' ~ , J$ , ~ 256; ~ 256, 640; § , ~ 271; {,@ 272 tI, tlI: ' ~ 450 . ' . 449; • 458 f,:~ 219; tM ' 219' 220 1m ' rtf 219 ~ 211 ' 219; ~ , !W: ' 1$ , y$ 219; ~"I$' ~ 220 t1 374; ~~ 388 ff ' JEt 375 '1'1 374 --t 374 rW ' ri ' 738; ~ 738 ' 756; ~~ , ti 756 M ' ~ , ~ , ~ 739; ~ , ~ 757 256; ~ 256, 536; ~ 536; ~ 755; Y9U ' ~ 756 ' 788

*- '

*il

1*

m

m

t§. , 1§: :tJ

*-

7

Sl;

Jl S3

Sl 735 288

m' JlrJ ' iX 288;

m'

Ji 289; yj§ , ;§ , i.;j§ , ~j§ , f~ , *- ' 1* ' 1-\ ' 11/ ' 1i ' ~ , ~ , ~ , m 290 • ' ~~ , ft ' JJ!II ' • 412; :Itt ' y! ' gtt , tt ' 1t 652; 1ft!} 653 ~ , $: 412; !Itt ' ~fi ' t.vt 652; • ' g 654 EL 412; W ' {S ' ~ , 5~ , {S ' 1¥ ' 'I~ , 'f!r. 414; tt ' tt ' tiL ' 11i ' 181

A Handbook of 'Phags-pa Chinese

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