85 Years IFLA: A History and Chronology of Sessions 1927–2012 9783110288445, 9783110253290

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International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Fédération Internationale des Associations de Bibliothécaires et des Bibliothèques Internationaler Verband der bibliothekarischen Vereine und Institutionen Международная Федерация Библиотечных Ассоциаций и Учреждений Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Bibliotecarios y Bibliotecas

About IFLA

www.ifla.org

IFLA (The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) is the leading international body representing the interests of library and information services and their users. It is the global voice of the library and information profession. IFLA provides information specialists throughout the world with a forum for exchanging ideas and promoting international cooperation, research, and development in all fields of library activity and information service. IFLA is one of the means through which libraries, information centres, and information professionals worldwide can formulate their goals, exert their influence as a group, protect their interests, and find solutions to global problems. IFLA’s aims, objectives, and professional programme can only be fulfilled with the cooperation and active involvement of its members and affiliates. Currently, approximately 1,600 associations, institutions and individuals, from widely divergent cultural back-grounds, are working together to further the goals of the Federation and to promote librarianship on a global level. Through its formal membership, IFLA directly or indirectly represents some 500,000 library and information professionals worldwide. IFLA pursues its aims through a variety of channels, including the publication of a major journal, as well as guidelines, reports and monographs on a wide range of topics. IFLA organizes workshops and seminars around the world to enhance professional practice and increase awareness of the growing importance of libraries in the digital age. All this is done in collaboration with a number of other non-governmental organizations, funding bodies and international agencies such as UNESCO and WIPO. IFLANET, the Federation’s website, is a prime source of information about IFLA, its policies and activities: www.ifla.org Library and information professionals gather annually at the IFLA World Library and Information Congress, held in August each year in cities around the world. IFLA was founded in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1927 at an international conference of national library directors. IFLA was registered in the Netherlands in 1971. The Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Royal Library), the national library of the Netherlands, in The Hague, generously provides the facilities for our headquarters. Regional offices are located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Pretoria, South Africa; and Singapore.

IFLA Publications 155

85 Years IFLA: A History and Chronology of Sessions 1927 ‒ 2012 Jeffrey M. Wilhite

De Gruyter Saur

IFLA Publications edited by Louis Takács and Ingeborg Verheul

Illustration on Book Cover: Group photo from the 22nd IFLA Session in Munich, Germany, September 3rd – 4th, 1956 (IFLA, Actes XXI, 1) Illustration on Previous Title Page: 1. Logo for International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography in Italy, June 1929

ISBN 978-3-11-025329-0 e-ISBN 978-3-11-028844-5 ISSN 0344-6891 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston © 2012 by International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, The Hague, The Netherlands

∞ Printed on permanent paper The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard – Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) Typesetting: Dr. Rainer Ostermann, München Printing and binding: Strauss GmbH, Mörlenbach Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com

Contents Photographic Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Part One: Introductory History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Part Two: Chronology of Sessions, 1927-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Appendix 1: Changing of the Session Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Appendix 2: Core IFLA Research Sources and Dates of Coverage in Chronological Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Appendix 3: Chart of Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Name Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Photographic Illustrations Illustration with Citation to Bibliography 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Logo for International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography in Italy, June 1929 (IFLA’s History). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isak G. A. Collijn, IFLA President 1927-1931 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . Heinrich Uhlendahl, IFLA Secretary General 1928-1929 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tietse Pieter Sevensma, IFLA Secretary General, 1929-1958 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William Warner Bishop, IFLA President 1931-1936 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marcel Godet, IFLA President 1936-147 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . . . . William Munthe, IFLA President 1947-1951 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . . Pierre Bourgeois, IFLA President 1951-1958 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . Gustav Hofmann, IFLA President 1958-1963 (IFLA, Past Presidents). . . . . . . Joachim Wieder, IFLA Secretary General, 1958-1962 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sir Frank Francis, IFLA President 1963-1969 (IFLA, Past Presidents). . . . . . . Herman Liebaers, IFLA President, 1969-1974 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . Anthony Thompson, IFLA Secretary General, 1962-1970 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preben Kirkegaard, IFLA President 1974-1979 (IFLA, Past Presidents). . . . . . Else Granheim, IFLA President, 1979-1985 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . . . Margreet Wijnstroom, IFLA Secretary General 1971-1987 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hans-Peter Geh, IFLA President 1985-1991 (IFLA, Past Presidents). . . . . . . . Paul Nauta, IFLA Secretary General, 1987-1992 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Robert Wedgeworth, IFLA President 1991-1997 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . Christine Deschamps, IFLA President, 1997-2003 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . Leo Voogt, IFLA Secretary General, 1992-1998 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ross Shimmon, IFLA Secretary General 1999-2004 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kay Raseroka, IFLA President 2003-2005 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . . . . Alex Byrne, IFLA President 2005-2007 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . . . . . Claudia Lux, IFLA President 2007-2009 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . . . . Ellen Tise, IFLA President 2009-2011 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . . . . . . Ingrid Parent, IFLA President 2011-2013 (IFLA, Past Presidents) . . . . . . . . . Rasu Ramachandran, IFLA Secretary General, 2004-2005 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Lor, IFLA Secretary General, 2005-2008 (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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30. Jennefer Nicholson, IFLA Secretary General, 2008- (IFLA, Past Secretaries General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. The 2nd Session in Rome, Italy, June 14, 1929, Congress reception with His Holiness, Pope Pius XI 41 (IFLA’s History: Le Congress Mondial des Bibliothèques) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. The 5th Session in Berne, Switzerland, June 9 – 10, 1932 (IFLA, Actes IV, 2) 33. The 6th Session in Chicago, Illinois, United States, October 14, 1933 (IFLA, Actes V, 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. The 7th Session in Madrid, Spain, May 28 – 29, 1934 (IFLA, Actes VI, 2). . . 35. The 8th Session in Madrid and Barcelona, Spain, May 19 – 20 and 30, 1935 (IFLA, Actes VII , 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. The 9th Session in Warsaw, Poland, May 31 – June 2, 1936 (IFLA, Actes VIII, 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. The 10th Session in Paris, France, August 24 – 25, 1937 (IFLA, Actes IX, 2) 38. The 11th Session in Brussels, Belgium, July 4 – 5, 1938 (IFLA, Actes X, 2). . 39. The 12th Session in The Hague and Amsterdam, The Netherlands. July 10 – 12, 1939 (IFLA, Actes XI, 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40. The 13th Session in Oslo, Norway, May 20 – 22, 1947 (IFLA, Actes XII, 2) . 41. The 14th Session in London, UK, September 20 – 23, 1948 (IFLA, Actes XIII, 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42. The 15th Session in Basel, Switzerland, July 11 – 13, 1949 (IFLA, Actes XIV, 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43. The 16th Session in London, UK, September 15 – 18, 1950 (IFLA, Actes XV, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44. The 17th Session in Rome, Italy, September 12 – 14, 1951 (IFLA, Actes XVI, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45. The 18th Session in Copenhagen, Denmark, September 25 – 27, 1952 (IFLA, Actes XVII, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46. The 19th Session in Vienna, Austria, June 10 – 13, 1953 (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47. The 20th Session in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, September 27 – October 1, 1954 (IFLA, Actes XIX, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48. The 21st Session in Brussels, Belgium, September 10 – 16, 1955 (IFLA, Actes XX, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49. The 22nd Session in Munich, Germany, September 3 – 4, 1956 (IFLA, Actes XXI, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50. The 23rd Session in Paris, France, September 23 – 26, 1957 (IFLA, Actes XXII, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51. The 24th Session in Madrid, Spain, October 13 – 16, 1958 (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52. The 25th Session in Warsaw, Poland, September 14 – 17, 1959 (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53. The 26th Session in Lund and Malmö, Sweden. August 8 – 11, 1960 (IFLA, Actes XXV, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54. The 27th Session in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. September 4 – 7, 1961 (IFLA, Actes XXVI, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55. The 28th Session in Berne, Switzerland, August 27 – 31, 1962 (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Photographic Illustrations 56. The 29th Session in Sofia, Bulgaria, September 1- 6, 1963 (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57. The 30th Session in Rome, Italy, September 13 – 18, 1964 (IFLA, Actes XXIX, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. The 31st Session in Helsinki, Finland, August 15 – 21, 1965 (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59. The 32nd Session in Scheveningen, near The Hague, The Netherlands, September 11– 17, 1966 (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60. The 33rd Session in Toronto, Canada, August 15 – 20, 1967 (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61. The 34th Session in Frankfurt, Germany, August 18 – 24, 1968 (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62. The 35th Session in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 24 – 30, 1969 (IFLA Annual 1969, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63. The 36th Session in Moscow, USSR, August 29 – September 7, 1970 (IFLA Annual 1970, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64. The 37th Session in Liverpool, UK, August 28 – September 4, 1971 (IFLA Annual 1971, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65. The 38th Session in Budapest, Hungary, August 28 – September 2, 1972 (IFLA Annual 1972, 3) 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66. The 39th Session in Grenoble, France, August 27 – September 1, 1973 (IFLA Annual 1973, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67. The 40th Session in Washington, DC, US, November 16 – 23, 1974 (IFLA Annual 1974, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68. The 41st Session in Oslo, Norway, August 11 – 16, 1975 (IFLA Annual 1975, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69. The 42nd Session in Lausanne, Switzerland, August 23 – 28, 1976 (IFLA Annual 1976, 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Foreword This work records and celebrates the long and proud history of the world body for libraries and information services, known concisely and affectionately as ‘IFLA.’ At 85 years old this year, it is far from an octogenarian in or approaching retirement but, rather, a mature international organization, confident in its role and effective in its programs. It embodies the true spirit of ‘internationalism’ in its drive to promote the advancement of libraries and information services globally and to address the challenges faced by those organizations, we who work in them, and our clients. That term, ‘internationalism’, has many meanings including the pedestrian “state or quality of being international” and the more specific “ideal or practice of cooperation and understanding between nations” (Collins, 848), which relates particularly to politics and diplomacy. At a broader level, internationalism describes the drive towards international cooperation across many fields and in many ways including discourse, standardization, collaborative ventures, and initiatives to try to ‘level the playing field’ across the world. Central to that drive has been the creation of an enormous variety of international organizations from the early humanitarian examples such as the International Committee of the Red Cross created in 1863 and those concerned with standards such as the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: Bureau international des poids et mesures) established in 1875. International organizations include those of the United Nations system, other international governmental bodies such as the World Bank and a host of international nongovernmental organizations. IFLA is a particular type of international nongovernmental organization, an international professional association. From its establishment in 1927, IFLA has expressed the aspirations and international outlook of librarians. They came from many countries, including far distant Australia, by ship and train to participate, to learn, to share, and to promote international understanding and collaboration. Through their work an understanding of ‘international librarianship’ developed which is more than area studies or comparative analysis of practice, but which expresses an ethos of internationalism that is open, collaborative, and built around deeply felt values. In this valuable work, Jeffrey M. Wilhite traces the history of IFLA through its records of its meetings and activities, taking the reader in summary form through a chronology of the Federation’s ‘Sessions’ or Conferences from the first, establishment, meeting held in 1927, to the 2011 meeting in San Juan, Puerto Rico and looking forward to this year’s meeting in Helsinki, Finland.

12 Foreword There are many points at which the ethos of the Federation and its members come through. Notable moments included the concerns expressed by President Marcel Godet in 1938 about the destruction of libraries during the Spanish Civil War and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and his reluctant agreement to continue as President in place of Wilhelm Munthe who had refused to serve if it required “fraternizing with Nazism” during the planned 1940 conference in Germany. That conference did not eventuate because of the Second World War, Munthe assuming the presidency at the first post war meeting in Oslo, Norway, in 1947. Demonstrating his deep humanity and commitment to professional principles, Munthe subsequently advocated the reconstruction of German libraries and their readmittance to IFLA on the eve of the Cold War. IFLA managed to continue as a united body through those decades of international tension despite very difficult periods especially in 1968 when the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia. It demonstrated a capacity to continue to promote international understanding and professional cooperation across the divides of language, culture, and politics. But concerns to overcome those divides and the great divide of national wealth have characterized the history of IFLA. The 1984 establishment of the Action for Development through Libraries Program (ALP) signaled the international library community’s commitment to development and the 1997 creation of the dual Committee on Copyright and other Legal Matters (CLM) and Committee on Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) demonstrated the commitment to access to information unhindered by regulatory, political or other barriers. Those strongly held and strongly expressed values were forcefully conveyed during IFLA’s very successful interventions in the World Summit on the Information Society and at its two summit meetings in 2003 and 2005. These themes and more can be seen in this work. The shared values, the strong commitments to equity and to collaboration, the drive for understanding and unity, and the spirit of sharing are all evident, as they are at every IFLA meeting. Jeffrey M. Wilhite has compiled a most valuable record of the work of IFLA since the time of steam trains and telegraphs to today’s world of rapid air travel, instantaneous communication and global information access. There is much more to be done but the history of IFLA presented in this volume demonstrates that the global library and information community has the will and unity to address today’s and tomorrow’s challenges. Alex Byrne IFLA President 2005-2007 Sydney, Australia

Acknowledgments It all began, as it always has, with Miss Carroll. I met Dr. Frances Laverne Carroll in 1995 at our home institution of the University of Oklahoma (OU), Norman, Oklahoma, US. She was Faculty Emerita, having taught at the OU Library School since 1963, and I was a newly hired faculty librarian. We went to lunch and she mentioned IFLA to me; she was involved with it, and asked if I had ever heard of it. I had, but only marginally. Being the Government Documents Librarian for OU, I managed US Federal, State of Oklahoma, and international document collections. Once she found out I worked with international information that was all she needed before she decided I should follow in her footsteps and become active in IFLA also. I was quick to find out when Dr. Carroll got an idea, you really just better step out of the way and let her work. Dr. Carroll attended her first IFLA Conference in Frankfurt, Germany, in 1968, the year I was born. Her last IFLA Conference was Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2004, thirty-six years later, which we attended together. She did not participate in every Conference during this time, but she attended most in her almost four-decade long relationship with IFLA. In her first years with IFLA, in the early 1970s, she worked with the school libraries committees, and was the Chairperson of the Section of School Libraries, and later the Chairperson of the Planning Group for School Library Work. During the mid-1970s, she presented at two different Conferences, and worked on the 1978 UNESCO/ IFLA contract Guidelines for Planning an Organizing of School Library Media Centers. During the late 1970s, she served on the Provisional Professional Board and wrote for the IFLA Journal. If you look on page 218 of this book, in the picture from the 1974 IFLA Annual of Session participants, there she is, dead center in the front row, as she liked to be. It was Dr. Carroll that encouraged me to attend my first IFLA Conference, the 2001 IFLA Conference in Boston, Massachusetts, US. We attended together and she introduced me to her world of international librarianship. One of her friends I met at the Conference was Dr. Norman Horrocks of Dalhousie University Library School, Nova Scotia, Canada, and Scarecrow Press. On Dr. Carroll’s recommendation, there at the Conference, he offered me the opportunity to write the follow-up to Josephine Metcalfe Smith’s 1968 Scarecrow Press title, A Chronology of Librarianship. This volume covered the beginning of the Christian era to 1959. The idea that Norman had was for me to do a companion piece to this volume, covering, well, most everything that had happened in librarianship since Smith’s book. I agreed happily. In the interim that it took me to write this book, Dr. Carroll and I traveled to Glasgow, Scotland, UK, for the 2002 IFLA 75th Conference, to Berlin,

14 Acknowledgments Germany, for the 2003 Conference, and to Buenos Aires, Argentina, for the 2004 Conference. After this Dr. Carroll ceased traveling and I put my nose to the grindstone to finish the book. It was during this period, in the hardscrabble part of research, that I realized that there was not an adequate volume on the history of IFLA; I could not locate a resource to give me the information that I wanted for my book. Now, granted, there were many fine short histories, but what was lacking was a full, bold chronology of the organization. In July 2009, Scarecrow Press published my book, A Chronology of Librarianship, 1960-2000. Directly after this I began working on the book about IFLA that I had wanted for my previous research. I attended the 2009 IFLA Milan, Italy, Conference (the actual 75th Conference), and the 2011 San Juan, Puerto Rico, Conference and afterwards set about to complete the book you now hold. In February 2011, IFLA published this book, A Chronology of IFLA Sessions, 1927-2009, on the recently developed IFLA History Corner website (http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/history/chronology_wilhite.pdf ). After this publication, there were discussions with IFLA and De Gruyter Saur for me to expand the volume and have it published as one of the green-backed IFLA Publications Series volumes. Thus the current book you hold incorporates my A Chronology of IFLA Sessions, 1927-2009, as well as a new extensive introductory history and a number of new edits, additions, and updates of the original material to 2012. I would like to very much thank Miss Carroll for all the opportunities she has presented me over the years, and for just being my friend. I hope I have made you proud Laverne. Thanks also goes to my home institution, the University of Oklahoma, particularly the Bizzell Memorial Library, for the time to produce this volume. Additionally my staff in the Government Documents Department, including Vicki Michener and Melanie Lim, need to be thanked for their assistance and perseverance. Brian Shults in the University Libraries Digitizing and Copying Center also deserves my thanks for his help with the photographic illustrations. I would also like to thank the University of Oklahoma Office of the Vice President for Research for their support. I would also like to point out a personal connection I discovered during my research: Carl Milam, one of the original 1927 IFLA founders and signers of the final Resolution that established the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (later IFLA), called my home institution his alma mater and, in fact, began his illustrious library career at the University of Oklahoma Library. I had no idea of this fact until I was well into the research and was thrilled to discover it. This realization brought me personally closer to the subject matter and gave power to the fact that one lone Oklahoma librarian could have an effect on international librarianship. And, again, as always, thank you Daniel Price.

Preface This volume is in two major parts – Part One: Introductory History and Part Two: Chronology of Sessions, 1927-2012. These are followed by a Bibliography, Appendices, a Name Index, and About the Author.

Part One: Introductory History Throughout the last 85 years, there have only been a handful of articles about the history of IFLA, and even fewer books on the topic. One of the best and most well-known books about the Federation is Willem R. H. Koops and Joachim Wieder’s IFLA’s First Fifty Years, produced in honor of IFLA’s 50th birthday in 1977. A lesser known but equally useful volume that focuses on the early years of the organization is Johanna de Vries’ 1976 Master’s Thesis, The History of the International Federation of Library Associations, From its Creation to the Second World War, 1927-1940. The 75th Anniversary pamphlet disseminated at the 2002 Glasgow, Scotland, UK, Conference, by Carol Henry and Donald G. Davis, Jr., also added to this cannon of IFLA history. More so than books, there have been a number of articles produced over the years that equally add volume to the history of the Federation. An impressive 1962 article is by Edith Scott, “IFLA and FID-History and Programs,” from the Library Quarterly (volume 32, no. 1). Peter Harvard-Williams wrote a larger general survey with his 1977 “The History of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions,” in the UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries (volume 31, no, 4). More recently, Harry Campbell published two fine historical pieces in the 2002 IFLA Journal (volume 29, no. 3). The first was “IFLA’s First Fifty Years: A Reprise,” which took extracts from Joachim Wieder’s introductory chapter from IFLA’s First Fifty Years, which Wieder also edited. The second article, “IFLA: Library Universality in a Divided World” updated the previous article through 2001. As the internet has added an entirely new dimension to research, it has also presented a number of useful websites about the history of IFLA. The most useful pages are the ones produced by IFLA itself, including: http:// archive.ifla.org/III/75ifla/75index.htm, which gives a brief history of the organization, complete with photos. Also of considerable use are the IFLA websites that list the past conferences (http://www.ifla.org/en/annual-conference/ past) as well as the sites that cover IFLA’s past publications (http://www.ifla. org/en/ifla-publications), and the recently developed IFLA History Corner (http://www.ifla.org/en/history).

16 Preface The introduction melds all of these elements and resources to produce a thorough overview of IFLA over the last 85 years, 1927-2012.

Part Two: The Chronology of Sessions, 1927-2012 The Chronology of Sessions is based on the methodology of my book, A Chronology of Librarianship, 1960-2000 (Scarecrow Press, 2009), which was based on the methodology of Josephine Metcalfe Smith’s A Chronology of Librarianship (Scarecrow Press, 1968), with some variation. This section presents historical data as found in library literature, including some that may be in fact dubious and need to be further verified by additional research. As per the subject matter, the core resources I utilized were IFLA produced volumes, including IFLA Actes (1927-1968), IFLA Annual (1969-2006), IFLA Repertoire (1931-1968), IFLA Directory (1971-present), IFLA News (1962-1974), IFLA Journal (1975-present), and the current IFLA website. To supplement these sources, I also consulted pertinent library journals (Libri, Library Journal, Library Quarterly, UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries, etc.) as well as books on the topic (Wedgeworth’s World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services, Wiegand and Davis’ Encyclopedia of Library History, etc.). The value of this Chronology lies in its variety. In it you can find specific data on each of the IFLA Sessions 1927-2012, and thus the workings of IFLA itself, chronologically compiled unlike any other source. You can use this book to research the themes, attendance, or topics covered at each of the first 85 Sessions. You can use this book to find information on one year specifically, information for a decade, or data on all 78 of the IFLA Sessions in the first 85 years of IFLA’s history. You can use this book to find data evidently replicated in other volumes, such as the yearly listing of the theme of each Session, as listed in the IFLA Directory. But you can also use this book to find data that has heretofore not been compiled into one source, such as attendance, speakers, and host location of each Session. In following A Chronology of Librarianship, 1960-2000, this work does not establish dates, only reports them where found. Following the initial entry for each item there is presented, in parentheses, a citation; this is the source of the date under which an occurrence is entered. Each entry is followed by a coded citation. These citations are referenced in the Bibliography that occurs after the Chronological Tables. The coded citations work as follows: (Dale, ix-x) refers to a citation on pages ix-x of: Dale, Doris Cruger, Carl H. Milam and the United Nations Library. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1976. Annuals are listed similarly: (IFLA, Actes XXII, 3) refers to a citation in the 22nd volume, pages 3 of: International Federation of Library Associations, Actes du Comite International des Bibliothèques. The Hague, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1932-1968.

Preface 17

Periodicals are listed thus: (IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 2, 301) refers to the 1979 year, volume 5, number 2, page 301 of: International Federation of Library Associations, IFLA Journal. Munich, Germany: Verlag Dokumentation, 1975-2004. Internet citations are referenced the same, with the addition of the date the webpage was accessed: (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 23-August 27, 2009, Milan, Italy, Conference Program and Proceedings) refers to: International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 23-August 27, 2009, Milan Italy, Conference Program and Proceedings.http://www.ifla.org/annualconference/ifla75/programme2009-en.php (accessed 4/22/10). For all citations that are published by IFLA and have IFLA as the first word of the title, the author has been dropped. In other words, (IFLA Annual 1975, 25) refers to: International Federation of Library Associations, IFLA Annual: Munich, Germany: Verlag Dokumentation, 1972-1995. Each yearly listing is divided into 24 categories. These categories are as follows: − Title of the session, including the country and city where it was held, and the dates it was held − The theme of the Session − The number of Session meetings, as well as what type of meetings were held (Open, Professional, Poster Session, etc.) − The number of Workshops (pre and post), and what they were themed − The number of participants who attended the Session and how many countries they represented − The IFLA Secretary General − The IFLA Vice-President(s) − The IFLA President − What the IFLA President said in his/her opening remarks to the Session − The dignitaries or keynote speakers who addressed the Session − General Session topics − UNESCO Session topics − FID Session topics − Session paper topics − Poster Session entries − What conferences IFLA had been represented at in the past year − Report recommendations and announcements from committee work during Session − Business topics (about IFLA’s internal operations) − Treasurer’s report − General comments about IFLA at the time (division of membership, etc.)

18 Preface − Exact location of the Session, as well as details about the social events and post-Session excursions − IFLA membership numbers − New members to IFLA this year − Where the Session proceedings were recorded − Other significant IFLA publications Not every year has something in each category, especially in the early years when the Sessions were much shorter and less intensive. Many of these themes did not begin until later in IFLA’s life, such as the Poster Session which did not begin at Session until 1988. Sometimes, I simply could not find the information for one of the entries, even though I had found it for all of the surrounding years. Some examples of this are: in 1947, I could not locate the number of IFLA members; in 1964, in the listing of conferences IFLA had been represented at, I could not locate any places or dates of the listed conferences; in 1977, I could not locate the number of attendees at the Session; and in 1999, I could not locate the names of any of the Poster Session entries. In these instances, the entries simply are not included or, in the case of new IFLA members, there is a note of: “IFLA did not publish lists of new members this year.” One would guess that with the advent of the internet this type of information would be easy to locate, but I did not find this to be true. An outstanding example of this is that the 1998 IFLA Annual Report is not available online anywhere, on the IFLA website, the archived IFLA website (http:// archive.ifla.org/ ) or otherwise, even though the rest of the IFLA Annual Reports, 1996-2011, are all available, full text online, from the IFLA website. Throughout editing this volume, many specific editorial decisions had to be made. The Americanized spellings have been chosen over the European spellings, the most common of which changed all of the ‘catalogues’ to ‘catalogs,’ ‘programmes’ to ‘programs’, and ‘centres’ to ‘centers.’ Even though the internet began its existence in the early 1990s with a capital “I,” I opted to go with the lower-case “internet.” I also had to realize ‘Frankfurt’ is in Germany and ‘Frankfort’ is in Kentucky, US. One of the challenges of compiling this volume was determining when a citation was correct, especially when it was cited differently by noted authors. One example is the IFLA website that lists links to all of the past IFLA Conferences, 1993 forward (http://www.ifla.org/en/annual-conference/past). This lists the titles of all the listed IFLA Conferences as “World Library and Information Congresses.” Through my research I realized that the title ‘World Library…’ actually did not begin to be used by IFLA until Berlin 2003, making the website information incorrect for the 1993-2002 entries. A decision had to be made, so I went with the correct (as I knew them) titles and informed IFLA their website titles were wrong.

Preface 19

There have also been instances where I had to remove good citations as I had been careless in my research and neglected to include a correct citation. An excellent example I had to remove was a citation from 1998 that I could not verify: “IFLA undertook a major mailing in spring 1998, in sending out the IFLA Directory 1998-1999, and the IFLA Medium-Term Program 1998-2001, to all members in more than 150 countries around the world.” The editing process also turned up a few gems that are worth sharing. There was a 1947 citation where I described newly elected President Munthe: “Munthe belonged to the old IFLA guard and had become familiar with its needs, problems, and responsibilities. With his personality bearing the imprint of Anglo-Saxon and German culture, he was known to be an outstanding expert on American librarianship and the author of a much-appreciated book: American Librarianship from a European Angel.” On the second edit, I realized his book was actually titled, American Librarianship from a European Angle, which really brought the author back down to Earth. Another humorous edit was a 1994 citation I had recorded thus: “In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth highlighted Cuba’s great successes in raising the general education level of its people and wiping out literacy throughout its own region.” It was not until I did a third or fourth complete edit that I realized it was ‘illiteracy’ that was wiped out, not ‘literacy.’ The point to this is that there will be errors on my part as well as on the part of the authors I cite, and for that I apologize now. I have made every effort to correct and repair these, but there will be inherent errors, inconsistencies, and flat-out mistakes. I welcome any comments to help me correct my work.

The Use of the Chronological Tables The use of this book lies in its great variety. You can use this book to track changes in Conference themes, from the early themes, like the 1968 Frankfurt, Germany, theme of Books and Libraries in an Industrial Society, to the 2003 Berlin, Germany, theme of Access Point Library-Information-Culture. This book can be used to track the placement of the Session, from strictly European cities, to being hosted all over the world. You can use this book to track the magnificent locations where IFLA Session events have been hosted, including the Vatican, the Library of Congress, the Louvre, and the Sydney Opera House. This book can be used to track the attendance at the different Sessions, from the first Session to break 100 attendees (Brussels, Belgium, in 1955), the least attended Conference in the last twenty-five years (Nairobi, Kenya, in 1984, with 1,000 participants), to the most well attended Session in the Federation’s history (2001 Boston, Massachusetts, US, with 5,300 attendees). This book can also be used to track the remarkable personages from history who have attended the Sessions, including Benito Mussolini and Pope Pius XI in

20 Preface 1929, King Baudouin of Belgium in 1977, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark in 1979 and 1997, President Ferdinand and First Lady Imelda Marcos of the Philippines in 1980, their Imperial Highnesses the Crown Prince and Princess of Japan in 1986, the King and Queen of Sweden in 1990, Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand in 1999, and King Harald of Norway in 2005. This book can also be used the track library trends across the years. In 1932, one of the topics of discussion was the continued worldwide financial crisis, where libraries were taking cuts to their hours and staffs while their circulation numbers continued to rise from the rush of use by the recently unemployed. How similar this is to the Great Recession of 2009, that left many unemployed and running to their libraries for free help, only to find these cashstrapped institutions having to close up many of their doors. In 1937, in his opening remarks, President Godet spoke of the basically indestructible power of the book in a period increasingly dominated by emerging mass media like radio and film. How familiar this is to the late 1990’s and 2000’s, as the internet replaced paper sources, with librarians left trying to save many of their paper collections. My hope is that the volume you now hold will be as useful to you as it has been to me. I feel I have now written the book that I originally needed and wanted for my own research. I hope you find it as useful.

Note on the Photographs The photographs in this volume come from two main sources. In Part One: Introductory History, the photographs of the Presidents and Secretaries General are drawn from the IFLA website. In Part Two: Chronology of Sessions, 19272012, the photos from the Sessions are drawn from either the IFLA Actes or the IFLA Annual. As these photos were only reproduced in these sources for the 1932-1976 sessions, that is the extent of the photographs that could be included herein.

Note on the Name Index To assist in research there is a Name Index at the end of the volume. This index presents proper names, facts or occurrences, with a citation to a specific page number in the book. To note: not every proper name has been indexed. Proper names that occur more than twenty times were not typically indexed (e.g. ‘IFLA’, ‘UNESCO,’). Additionally, city names were not indexed, rather just the corresponding country.

List of Abbreviations ALA ALA (year) AL (year) DC Ed. Eds. EU FID GPO i.e. IFLA IFLA (year) LC LIS LJ (year) MARC OCLC St. UK UN UNESCO US USSR

American Library Association ALA Bulletin ALA’s American Libraries District of Columbia Editor Editors European Union International Federation for Documentation Government Printing Office id est International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions IFLA Journal Library of Congress Library and Information Studies ALA’s Library Journal Machine Readable Cataloging Online Computer Library Center Saint United Kingdom United Nations United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Part One: Introductory History Not only is IFLA the largest international library association in the world but it is also the leading body representing the interests of library and information services and their users today.1 IFLA was founded September 30, 1927, at the Annual Meeting of the [UK] Library Association in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. The Federation began with fifteen members from fifteen different countries, and by 2012, on the 85th anniversary of this storied federation, IFLA boasted 1,500 members in 151 countries.2 And through the good years and the war years, through expansions and depressions, from books to the internet and beyond, IFLA has continued to grow and expand with no limit to its future progress. The idea of an international library organization began in earnest postWorld War I, with the establishment of the League of Nations in 1920. In 1926, the head of the French Library Association presented a proposal to establish an international library federation, but it was not until 1927, at the Annual Meeting of the [UK] Library Association in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, that the idea was made official by a seven-person working group. On September 30, 1927, the International Library and Bibliographical Committee was officially formed. This Committee would later be renamed the International Federation of Library Associations, or IFLA, in 1929. Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Stockholm, Sweden, and Chairman of the seven-person working group, was elected first Chairman (later President). The March 31, 1928, 1st Session of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (later IFLA) was held in Rome, Italy. The June 14, 1929, 2nd official Session of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (later IFLA) was held in Rome, Italy, in conjunction with the first International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography. By the end of the Session, the new body was formed, young and green, but formed. The 1930’s proved to be a time of growth and challenge for the new Federation. By mid-decade IFLA was a well-established body, with regular meetings, and had done much to give personal contact among the leading librarians of the world, without which an effective international collaboration in the field of librarianship was not possible.3 It was during these years that IFLA suffered from the perception that it was a gentleman’s club, a reference to its smallness and informality in conducting business.4 And in reality in the pre-World War II years, IFLA did not produce very many tangible results. These were years of development, characterized by a steady growing number of members and attendance at meetings, by growing enthusiasm of the participants, showing in

24 Introductory History the volume of the annual Actes, by more and more contributions from members on national accomplishments, and an increasing number of Subcommittees.5 The 1940’s were a time of war for the world, as well as IFLA. IFLA disbanded in late 1940 and stayed that way until May 1946. There was behind the scenes work done to keep the organization alive, and help with the war effort, but there were no meetings or Sessions held during these seven years. At war’s end, with the advent of UNESCO, libraries were finally given international direction after so many years of war. The first meeting of the IFLA Executive Board since the war began was held in Geneva, Switzerland, in May 1946. This meeting led to the 1947, 13th IFLA Session, in Oslo, Norway that officially restarted the Federation and its activities. The IFLA of the 1950’s closely resembled the tight-knit IFLA of the 1930’s, but with some notable exceptions. Membership grew, but not exponentially as it did in later decades, and the organization continued to stay firmly planted in Europe. The Statutes were revised and long-term planning was added, but the structure remained basically as it had been since the Federation began in 1927. Funding increased, per the UNESCO subvention, but, again, not as grandly as many wanted. The Sessions progressed, with the highlight being the 1955 Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers in Brussels, Belgium. The biggest difference in IFLA of the 1950’s and the earlier years was the Federation’s interaction with the Documentalists. Starting in 1951, the IFLA Sessions began to be held alongside the FID Conferences. In 1954, in regards to this, President Bourgeois said, “Another very clear advantage of this collaboration, which has been accepted by all concerned with a certain hesitation and even reticence, will be to allow the…federations to know each other better, to delimit their field of action, and to round-off certain angles which hitherto have caused friction. Who knows – all hopes are permitted – perhaps we will … learn at last where library science ends and where documentation begins.”6 The advantages of these conjoined meetings included consolidating two international conference trips into one for attendees and allowing the head of each organization to address the other, drawing the two similar, yet different, federations closer. The swinging 60’s for IFLA was a period of great growth, with membership rising from 81 members in 1960 to 231 in 1969. This growth was a result of the 1964 change in the Statutes which created the new ‘Associate’ membership, opening IFLA up more to the world. This growth was reflected at Session, where more and more attendees began to participate, sometimes with deleterious results. This growth also necessitated more funding, which IFLA often, sadly, found lacking. Luckily by the end of the decade the finances had turned around and the Federation found itself in a stronger place than it had ever been. In the realm of milestones, the sixties had its share, including the

Introductory History 25

1961 Parisian International Conference on Cataloging Principles, the establishment of the first permanent Secretariat in 1962, the first Session theme in 1966, and the 1963 publication of President Hofmann’s Libraries in the World: A Long-Term Program for IFLA, which signaled the Federation’s turning point as a truly international organization on the world stage. The decade of the 1970’s birthed a number of firsts for IFLA. Not only did IFLA have its first female Secretary General, but also its first female President. At Session, the first pre-session was held as well as its first technology exhibit. But the overall expression of the 1970’s for IFLA was a time of stupendous growth. IFLA began the decade in 1970 with 257 members and ended it in 1979 with 906! But this level of growth and increased internationally accepted role necessitated huge administration problems which called for a strengthening of the organization. For this reason the Statutes and the Constitution were both revised to accommodate this larger Federation. An offspring of this growth and development was a coordinated IFLA publishing program, with the IFLA Directory and IFLA Journal both premiering during the decade. But all was not clear sailing for IFLA during the 1970’s, as rocky waters were hit when UNESCO briefly dropped its consultative status with IFLA over issues concerning South African Apartheid. The 1980’s were a time of geographic growth based on the internal organizational evolution of the Federation during the 1970’s. After the restructuring of IFLA in 1976, the organization flourished and expanded, and did it ever, hosting its first Session in Asia, Africa, and Australia, all in a ten year period. Even though membership only grew marginally (966 members in 1980 to 1,265 in 1989), the Federation itself continued to grow internally. A number of new initiatives appeared in the 1980’s, including the Universal Availability of Publications Program and the Advancement of Librarianship Program (ALP). But amid this growth there were still challenges, including in 1981 when China agreed to join only if IFLA dropped the membership of the Taiwanese associations. The 1990’s for IFLA, like the rest of the developed world, was driven by technological achievements that appeared at first divergent but eventually brought people all over the world together. In 1993, IFLA’s website, IFLANET, was created and the Federation began using e-mail, and later the internet, to connect with the world. By decade’s end, most of IFLA’s work was being done online, including the publishing of documents and the organization of Sessions. In 1998, at the Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Opening Session, balls of colored yarn were tossed through the audience to “weave everyone into the Web.”7 Indeed. The 1990’s were a time of some growth for IFLA, as membership increased marginally from 1,243 members to 1,623, but also a time of firsts. In 1994, a Session was first held in Latin America and the Caribbean. In 1996, a Session was finally held in China. And in 1999, a Session was held in a devel-

26 Introductory History oping country, Thailand, for the first time. The 1990’s also saw the development of many internal funding mechanisms as well as the Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Committee and six new Discussion Groups. The opening of the new Millennium brought its share of challenges to the world as well as IFLA, but the Federation persevered and continued to expand and evolve. In 2000, the Statutes and Rules of Procedure were revised again, bringing a new structure and progressive changes to IFLA. In 2001, the first postal ballot was held to elect a President-Elect, who would go on to be President in two years. Also in 2001, IFLA reached the zenith of its country membership with 155 country members. In 2002, the IFLA Round Tables were dissolved and most of them transformed into Sections, and the Conferences began being called “World Library and Information Congresses.” IFLA also celebrated its 75th anniversary at the 2002 Conference in Glasgow, Scotland, UK, with a membership of 1,711 members in 151 countries. The year 2006 saw the pinnacle of membership in IFLA, with 1,784 recorded. The year 2008 saw new Statutes and in 2009 the actual 75th IFLA Session was held in Milan, Italy. And through all of this, the internet not only grew, but became the most used communication tool of the decade, with Conference blogs and tweets even being tracked and archived on the IFLA website by 2008. At its 85th anniversary at the 78th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly in Helsinki, Finland, IFLA was fit and exuberant. With the development of the 1930’s, the diligence of the 1940’s, the determination of the 1950’s, the internationalism of the 1960’s, the growth of the 1970’s, the adventure of the 1980’s, and the technology of the 1990’s and 2000’s, IFLA is set to continue to expand. With its greatest years ahead of it, IFLA looks proudly forward and continues to define and redefine its role as the world’s leading organization for international librarianship, the steward for librarians all over the world, and the keeper of civilization’s knowledge.

1926-1929: The Origins and Beginnings of IFLA The idea of an international library organization had been percolating through the world for years before it was made official in 1927. National library organizations began forming in the mid-nineteenth century, with the ALA founded in 1876 and the [UK] Library Association in 1877. These foundations set the stage for the beginning of transnational activities, such as Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine and their work with the International Institute of Bibliography.8 These attempts were cut short by the advent of World War I in 1914. It was not until post-World War I, with the establishment of the League

1926-1929: The Origins and Beginnings of IFLA 27

of Nations in 1920, that the general movement of organized internationalism began anew. In July 1926, at the International Congress of Librarians and Booklovers in Prague, Czechoslovakia, Gabriel Henriot, head of the French Library Association, presented a proposal to establish an international library federation. Later in October 1926, at the ALA General Conference in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US, Henriot’s proposal was discussed by a group of international delegates from 13 countries and ALA’s Committee on International Relations. That Committee then produced a formal recommendation to establish an international library organization. The ALA Committee’s recommendation was presented by delegates of the ALA at the 1927 Annual Meeting of the [UK] Library Association in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, where the 50th anniversary of the [UK] Library Association was being celebrated. On September 27, the [UK] Library Association’s International Library Cooperation Section formed a seven-person working group to consider the 1926 proposal. This seven-person working group was composed of Dr. Isak G. A. Collijn of Sweden, Chairman, Dr. Vincenzo Fago of Italy, Dr. Henry Guppy of the UK, Dr. Hugo Kruss of Germany, M. Henri Lemaitre of France, Carl H. Milam of the US, and Dr. Zdenek Vaclav Tobolka of Czechoslovakia. The working group held two meetings on September 29, 1927, about this issue. On September 30, 1927, the working group met in the Mahogany Room of the North British Hotel and adopted ALA’s recommendation, officially forming the International Library and Bibliographical Committee. This Committee would later be renamed the International Federation of Library Associations, or IFLA, in 1929. The final Resolution document of this Committee was signed by delegates of fifteen countries, including: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the US. The accepted final Resolution contained seven points, including one that stated “the duties of the Committee shall be to select the time and place for international conferences and, with the cooperation of local committees, to prepare programs for such conferences.”9 As part of the discussion about the final Resolution, it was stated that “The international committee, purely representative of national associations, which will also consider international library and bibliographical questions in general, will doubtless afford the world organization which is promoting in so many professions and relations international sympathy and brotherhood, the best antidote for war and assurance for peace.”10 This final Resolution was considered by many IFLA’s “Magna Carta” of foundation.11

28 Introductory History

2. Isak G. A. Collijn, IFLA President 1927-1931

Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Stockholm, Sweden, and Chairman of the seven-person working group, was elected first Chairman (later President) of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee. He was a distinguished scholar, primarily an incunabulist and medievalist of international fame, who combined a wide culture with exceptional linguistic accomplishments. Fluent in eight languages, he furnished on occasion astonishing proof of the latter.12 The first library organizations to join the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (later IFLA) were the Belgian Association of Archivists and Librarians, the Danish Library Association, the Finnish Library Association, the Association of French Librarians, the Library Association (UK), the Central Association for Public Libraries (The Netherlands), The Netherlands Association of Librarians, the Polish Librarians’ Association, the Swedish Association of Research Librarians, Sweden’s General Library Association, and the Swiss Vereinigung Schweizerischer Bibliothekare. Session proceedings for this first meeting were recorded in Actes, Volume I, published in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1931.

1926-1929: The Origins and Beginnings of IFLA 29

3. Heinrich Uhlendahl, IFLA Secretary General 1928-1929

The 1928, 1st Session of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (later IFLA) was held in Rome, Italy, on March 31. This first meeting was mainly devoted to matters of a practical, organizational character, as could be expected. The session was held in Rome in preparation for the following year’s First International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography also to be held in that city. In accordance with international custom, the Session was carried out in English, French, German, and Italian. IFLA Chairman Collijn proposed the establishment of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee and it was unanimously adopted. Heinrich Uhlendahl of Germany was asked to take over as Secretary General for the duration of the meeting. The agenda focused on the election of the Executive Committee, decision of the time and place for the next session, a proposition by Mr. Godet concerning the program for future Congresses, and appointment of Subcommittees. During the Session it was decided that the new organization would only concern itself with questions of a truly international character, related to international problems or problems of general interest, and of concern to a number of countries, not superfluous discussion of unrelated single topics, to ensure the meeting program’s unity and substance.13 Of the fifteen countries that originally signed the 1927 Resolution at the Edinburgh, Scotland, [UK] Library Association Meeting, twelve delegates attended this Session, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US. Of the Executive Committee elected at the Edinburgh meeting, the delegates of Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the US were present. As of this Session, the International Library and Bibliographical Committee had a membership of 14 countries. It had been decided at the 1927 Edinburgh meeting, that the founding Resolution (signed by the representatives) would not be binding until approved by the different library associations, yet by this 1st Session only 14 of the original 15 countries had approved the Resolution.

30 Introductory History The only country that was lacking was Denmark, as the Denmark Library Association had yet to meet, to be able to approve the Resolution. The 1929, 2nd Session of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (later IFLA) was held in Rome, Italy, on June 14, in conjunction with the first International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography, which was also held in Florence on June 25, and Venice on June 29, with each meeting forming a part of the same session. Over 1,500 participants attended the Congress, with eighty-five papers presented. The Session of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (later IFLA) was attended by delegates from 18 countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Lettland (Latvia), The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the US, and by a delegate from the League of Nations.14

4. Tietse Pieter Sevensma, IFLA Secretary General, 1929-1958

The temporary Secretary General was the US ALA Secretary Carl H. Milam, until Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands was officially appointed into the position. Sevensma was the Director of the League of Nations Library in Geneva, Switzerland. His appointment was advantageous to IFLA as Sevensma was a link to the League of Nations world organization, and gave IFLA a permanent seat in Geneva at that organization’s Library. Sevensma was a Dutchman of encyclopedic culture, open to the world, temperamental and very active, gifted with a winning humanity and amiability. A skilled negotiator with a dynamic personality, he was always out for new contacts. Seen in the light of history, he appears the very soul of the young Federation, and at the same time the embodiment of the enthusiasm which in the early days characterized many champions of the international cooperation.15, 16 The IFLA Chairman (now called President) continued to be Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Stockholm, Sweden. As part of the business discussion, membership officially changed the name of the organization

1930’s: IFLA Emerges 31

from the International Library and Bibliographical Committee to the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), the Executive Committee changed its name to the International Library Committee, and the organization adopted its first official Statutes. As of this Session, IFLA had a membership of 21 library associations from 21 countries. New members to IFLA in 1929 were the Denmark Library Association, the Estonia Library Association, the Japanese Library Association, the Lettland (Latvia) Library Association, the Mexican Library Association, the Polish Library Association, the State Advisory Committee on Library Affairs (The Netherlands), and the American Library Association. By the end of the Session, the new body was a rather loosely organized federation of associations, with a President in Stockholm, Sweden, and a Secretary General in Geneva, Switzerland, and a little money, but no permanent office, and no guarantee for any kind of permanence. But IFLA had been created with its present name and in its present form. Some organizational problems had been solved as the first International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography had presented the new Federation with a working program for years to come, and the first Subcommittees had been formed, so work could begin.17

1930’s: IFLA Emerges Leadership: 1930’s The decade of the 1930’s saw three IFLA Presidents. Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Stockholm, Sweden, continued as President until he completed his term during the 1931 Session. William Warner Bishop, noted library consultant out of Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, was then elected President. Not only did Bishop embody the best American library traditions, but he was also an excellent authority on European librarianship, and its specific needs and problems. He was also a learned bibliophile. In accepting the presidency, he apologized for not speaking as many languages as Mr. Collijn, but vowed to do his utmost to advance the affairs of the Federation.18, 19

32 Introductory History

5. William Warner Bishop, IFLA President 1931-1936

When President Bishop resigned from his post in 1936, there was an election and Vice President Marcel Godet, Director of the Swiss National Library, Berne, Switzerland, was elected President. An excellent organizer with practical sense, Godet was a highly cultivated man, with a wide range of interests, charming and full of Gallic wit, radiating a warm humanity and an unbending idealism. 20, 21 Godet served the remainder of the decade, even though in 1939 he wished to step down for political and health reasons, but he did not due to the difficult political world situation of that moment. IFLA’s German delegation (obligated to officially represent Hitler’s National Socialist regime) was laying claim on the leadership of IFLA, so Godet was persuaded to continue in office, much to the relief of the Norwegian President designate, Wilhelm Munthe. Mr. Munthe, Director of the Oslo University Library, Norway, had declined the IFLA proposal to become President, “because I could not get over my dislike, my reluctance for the presidency over a Congress in Germany, which involved fraternizing with Nazism and making complacent addresses to Dr. Goebbels and consorts.” So although he did not desire to, Godet continued as IFLA’s President through the end of the decade.22, 23

1930’s: IFLA Emerges 33

6. Marcel Godet, IFLA President 1936-1947

As for Secretary General, Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands served for the entire decade. In 1938, Secretary General Sevensma left his position at the League of Nations Library to return to The Netherlands to take up the direction of the Library of Leyden University, but remained Secretary General of IFLA the entire time.

The Organization: 1930’s In 1930, the official languages for the Session were voted on and English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish were approved. Also in 1930, three working committees were established on the topics of library staff, book statistics, and professional training. In addition at the 1930 Session, the official Statutes adopted by IFLA in 1929 came into effect, constituting the organization as a world union of national library associations, also open to related organizations of central library institutions in countries where no library associations were in existence. These Statutes were also slightly amended during that Session. By 1932, IFLA had seven working Subcommittees: Hospital Libraries, Popular Libraries, Exchange of Librarians, Exchange of University Theses, Professional Education, Library Statistics, and Printed Matter. By the end of 1932, a Subcommittee of the Popular Libraries Committee was established, which formally brought public library issues into IFLA for the first time. In 1934, six new Committees were established to cover, for instance, Special Libraries, Parliamentary Libraries, Uniform Catalog Rules, and Standardization. By 1936, IFLA consisted of thirteen Subcommittees: Special Libraries, Hospital Libraries, Popular (Public) Libraries, Exchange of Librarians, Exchange of University Theses, Professional Education, Library Statistics, Statistics of Publications, Parliamentary Libraries, Uniform Catalog Rules, Legal Question

34 Introductory History Concerning International Loans, Normalization in the Field of Books and Libraries, and Overproduction of Periodicals. In the years directly after the original development of IFLA’s Subcommittees, they seldom had meetings in between the annual Sessions, which was detrimental to the Committee’s development and goals.24 Many years later it was noted that IFLA Committees of the 1930’s were ineffective because their work was practically always the work of just one man, usually the chairman, and the Committees were dependent upon this chairman to submit their reports. At Session, this lead to a chairman and a secretary discussing subjects they had arranged before a completely arbitrary audience.25 Membership: 1930’s IFLA began the decade in 1930 with 24 Member Associations, representing 20 countries: Austria, Belgium, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland (2 members), France, Germany (2 members), Italy, Japan, Latvia, The Netherlands (3 members), Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the US. By decade’s end in 1939, IFLA consisted of 41 Member Associations in 31 countries, and included 2 international groupings. Apart from the US, there were several library associations from outside Europe, such as China, India, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, Egypt, and Palestine. Overall, this was a 71% increase in membership from 1930 to 1939. New members to IFLA during the decade included the Norwegian Library Association in 1930, the Finnish Research Library Association in 1931, the Association of Mexican Librarians in 1932, Greece’s Superior Council of Libraries in 1933, the US Medical Library Association in 1934, the India Public Library Association in 1935, the Vatican Library and the International Association of Hospital Libraries (which was the first international organization to join) in 1936, the Library Association of Australia in 1937, and the Association of Hungarian Librarians in 1938. Milestones: 1930’s A number of important milestones occurred for IFLA during the 1930’s. In 1931, IFLA published the first edition of IFLA Repertoire, which was a directory of IFLA members with contact information for the Federation as well as each individual member. During the 1932 Session, IFLA passed a resolution highlighting the dangers libraries were facing because of the severe financial situation of the world: “The International Library Committee urgently requests governments, in spite of the world crisis, to maintain undiminished, for the service of intellectual workers, the financial provision made for national education and instruction, and notably credits voted for libraries.” This resolution was dispatched to the governments of all countries.26, 27 In 1933, the Interna-

1930’s: IFLA Emerges 35

tional Institute of Intellectual Cooperation stated its readiness to cooperate with IFLA by collaborating through the League of Nations to influence governments to execute IFLA’s 1932 Resolution on the world financial crisis and its effect on libraries. In 1939, the Sevensma Prize was founded to mark the 60th birthday of Tietse Pieter Sevensma and his first ten years as Secretary General of IFLA. The Prize was to be given every other year to the author of the best paper on libraries in their relations to current problems. The competition was open to all members of an association affiliated with IFLA who were less than 40 years old at the date of submission of the paper. Overview of the 1930’s Sessions Most IFLA meetings of the 1930’s were two-day meetings with an average attendance of between 30 and 50 delegates, and by one or more representatives of the League of Nations and the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation. There was a fixed procedure for the sessions consisting of two plenary sessions, during which the various Subcommittees held their professional meetings. The opening plenary session was devoted to addresses of welcome by representatives of the authorities and libraries hosting the session, and to the opening speech by the President. This was followed by the Secretary General’s progress report, and his survey of IFLA’s financial situation. As there was not a separate Treasurer position as part of the IFLA Executive Board at this time, the Secretary General managed the finances and made the financial reports to the organization during Session. Then came the reports presented by the delegates of related cultural organizations. The final meeting of these early sessions was devoted to the presentation of the individual country reports from each national library organization. The International Institute of Documentation (later FID) and the International Committee of Agriculture Libraries began having a representative make a presentation at the IFLA Sessions, to highlight cooperation between the two organizations. The League of Nations also continued to send a representative to each meeting. The closing plenary session concluded the official program with the announcements of directions and plans of the Executive Committee, and the determination of the next Session’s location and time. Fortunately there was always an invitation from some country to host the next Session. Sometimes the actual discussion was left to the Board. The Session proceedings were recorded in the Actes, published in Geneva, Switzerland. These publications were important for IFLA early on, as they formed the only regular means of communication between IFLA and its members. Of these Actes, the Annexes formed the most important part, as these contained the full text of most of the Subcommittees reports and all of the national reports. The national reports

36 Introductory History were an important means of informing other countries of one’s national developments, and one’s most important publications in the field. All taken together these reports formed an important and interesting source of library history. In 1933, Nijhoff Publishers began producing and selling the Actes. This provided IFLA a steady profit stream for the first time, which gave the Federation finances to assist with planning. 28, 29 Generally during the 1930’s, the contributions of the members paid for the printing of the annual volumes of the Actes and for minor expenses such as the stamps for the distribution of various matters to the member-associations. The Congresses were also subsidized by the Federation, but there was never very much money left, even after selling the Actes. 30 The Sessions, 1930-1939 The 1930, 3rd IFLA Session was held in Stockholm, Sweden, August 20-21. The Session was attended by representatives of 20 nations, and other international representatives. In his opening remarks, President Collijn spoke of the importance of the development of libraries in the development of civilization. There was only one woman on the program (Miss Sarah Bogle, the US ALA representative), but it was reported that two others were present for the meeting.31 The 1931, 4th IFLA Session was held in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK, August 29-31, in conjunction with the [UK] Library Association Meeting, August 31-September 5. The Session was attended by 20 delegates representing 12 nations. In his opening remarks, President Collijn said, “Unfortunately, clouds have gathered at the political and economic horizon of the world since our last meeting, and due to this our present session is not so well attended as our previous meetings in Rome and Stockholm…I called attention, gentlemen, to the present situation of general depression in all countries. It is obvious that these conditions cast their shadow even within the area of intellectual activity, and library work especially has suffered heavily from economic difficulties in several lands.” 32, 33 At the end of the Session, as President Collijn announced the completion of his term, he said, “I beg to express my sincere thanks to the delegates of the Federation for the privilege given me during the past years of working for its organization. It would have been impossible to fulfill the mission entrusted to me, had it not been for the support I have experienced from the many good friends from the various countries, amongst who may be counted several of Europe’s and America’s foremost librarians.” 34 The 1932, 5th IFLA Session was held in Berne, Switzerland, June 9-10. The Session was attended by 27 delegates representing 17 countries. In his opening remarks, President Bishop dwelt on two aspects: the achievements and major occurrences in the world of librarianship, and the by then even more obvious financial crisis in the world at large: “We meet in parlous times … all interna-

1930’s: IFLA Emerges 37

tional projects must of necessity move rather slowly. Patience is a virtue which we must all not only cultivate but make part of our very lives, if we are to achieve international understanding and co-operation in the field of librarianship.” 35, 36 Former IFLA President Collijn, also spoke on the dangers to all intellectual work involved from the drastic budget cuts governments being made because of the world depression. During Session, IFLA passed a resolution highlighting the dangers libraries were facing because of the severe financial situation of the world and dispatched it to the governments of all countries. The 1933, 6th IFLA Session was held in Chicago, Illinois, US, October 14 and Avignon, France, November 13-14, with each meeting forming a part of the same session. The Chicago Session was held in conjunction with the 55th annual ALA Conference, allowing the IFLA delegates to mingle with their American colleagues and participate in various aspects of the ALA Conference itself. In the Chicago section, 45 delegates representing 18 nations attended. In his opening address President Bishop commented, “Our task as a Committee in this world crisis is clear. We must keep our organization alive and vigorous, ready to go forward at the first opportunity.”37 Secretary General Sevensma’s financial survey showed that there was a deficit in the IFLA budget for the first time. The Avignon session was attended by 16 participants representing seven countries. Vice President Godet led the Session for President Bishop, as he was unable to attend both Sessions. There was a presentation about the partially successful effect the 1932 resolution had on maintaining funding for libraries during the current world financial crisis. The resolution had received the support of the relevant League of Nations Committee of Experts. 38, 39 The 1934, 7th IFLA Session was held in Madrid, Spain, May 28-29, in preparation of the 1935 Second International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography. The Session was attended by 25 delegates representing 10 nations. As President Bishop could not attend the Session because of his workload and the problems of travelling to Europe, Vice President Godet replaced him as chairman of the plenary session. In his opening remarks, Vice President Godet spoke of the achievements of the past year, particularly on various important books published in the field of librarianship. A major part of the discussion at Session concerned the organization of next year’s Second International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography. Secretary General Sevensma’s financial survey showed that last year’s deficit in the IFLA budget had been repaired because of the profit brought in by the selling of the IFLA Actes.40 The 1935, 8th IFLA Session was held in Spain, in conjunction with the Second International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography, May 19-20 in Madrid and May 30 in Barcelona. The Second International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography opened in Madrid, continued in Seville, then returned to Madrid and then went to Barcelona for its closing session. More than 550 delegates from 26 countries attended the Congress, with over a hundred and fifty papers read. The IFLA Session covered three days of the Congress,

38 Introductory History with 65 attendees. As the Congress produced a number of resolutions, this gave IFLA a working program for a number of years afterwards.41 This made the Session much more important than some before, as it proved influential for IFLA’s further development.42 The 1936, 9th IFLA Session was held in Warsaw, Poland, May 31-June 2. The Session was attended by 34 participants representing 17 countries and 3 international organizations. In his opening remarks, President Godet discussed the relationship of librarians to documentation. Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the Federation was in good standing, with no financial problems. The 1937, 10th IFLA Session was held in Paris, France, August 24-25. The Session was attended by more than 60 delegates. In his opening remarks, President Godet spoke of the basically indestructible power of the book in a period increasingly dominated by emerging mass media like radio and film. In reference to the Session, a Dutch delegate observed, “The importance of such meetings lies not so much in the decisions taken, for internationally things cannot really be decided, only desired - as the regular meeting of colleagues from different countries, colleagues who seek this contact, and who try to realize the wishes, formulated at the meetings.”43 The 1938, 11th IFLA Session was held in Brussels, Belgium, July 4-5. The Session was attended by 49 participants representing 19 countries. In his opening remarks, President Godet noted with sadness the destruction of libraries during the Spanish Civil War and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. He proclaimed that all must be touched by such destruction and ready to assist reconstruction. He again discussed the relationship of librarians to documentation, stating in practice, “the difference often lies not so much in the actual facts, as in the attitude of the functionary, who as ‘documentalist’ is inspired more by considerations of utility, and as traditional librarian more by the interest of culture.” 44, 45 At the end of the Session, IFLA accepted Germany’s offer to hold the 1940 Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography in Berlin, Leipzig, Frankfurt, and Mainz, in conjunction with the Gutenberg celebration of 500 years of printing. In relation to this, a British report stated, “The Committee unanimously kept politics out of consideration (the only condition on which the Federation can survive) and accepted the invitation.” 46 The 1939, 12th IFLA Session was held in The Hague and Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 10-12. The Session was attended by 46 participants representing 15 countries. In his opening remarks, President Godet gave a grave pre-war summary of all of the bleak apprehensions to which he had given voice on earlier occasions in face of the threats to peace and international intellectual cooperation. 47, 48 A Dutch delegate reflected on this Session and the upcoming war, “We hope that the international links will not be destroyed completely by the war, although everybody will understand that it will be very difficult to rebuild what has been built slowly over the years, and what has

1940’s: The War Years 39

now been destroyed by a single stroke…We only wish to express the hope that, as librarianship is such a peaceful and serving profession, the old ties may soon be renewed, when peace comes.” 49 Part of the Session was spent discussing the 1940 Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography in Germany. Because of the political turmoil in the world at the time, most of the delegates at the Session did not for a moment believe that the International Congress would be able to be held next year, least of all in Germany. But the preparations for the Congress continued as apparently no one dared to speak the truth at Session, especially in front of the German delegates. IFLA officials were uneasy at the thought of meeting in the oppressive atmosphere of National Socialist Germany, but they did not want to make an official break with the German librarians, nor did they know how to dismiss the German offer to host the conference. After the Session, the outbreak of the war in September 1939 definitively settled IFLA’s questions, and the 1940 German Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography and IFLA Session were cancelled. 50, 51 After this Session, IFLA disbanded and would not be reconstituted until May 1946, with the next IFLA Session not to be held until May 1947.

1940’s: The War Years IFLA remained disbanded through the World War II years of late 1940 through May 1946, with no meetings or Sessions held during these seven years. The fact that the Federation’s seat and central office were located in neutral Switzerland (with Assistant Secretary A. C. Breycha-Vauthier at the League of Nations Library in Geneva and President Godet in Berne) allowed for the circulation of information by correspondence and the maintenance of certain contacts which made possible various interventions and relief actions. The war conditions severely limited the interchange of cultural materials between countries, but IFLA did assist libraries in war areas with book collection drives, working with such organizations as the US Victory Book Campaign. IFLA also took part through Breycha-Vauthier’s membership in the Advisory Council on Literature for Prisoners of War and Internees in the distribution of large numbers of books to various camps. This beneficial action was directed by the Red Cross, and was carried out with the cooperation of several international organizations, such as the Young Men’s Christian Association. 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 At war’s end, librarians applauded the UN’s establishment of UNESCO in 1945 with the hope that it would give libraries international direction after so many years of war. UNESCO was the successor to the League of Nations’ International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation. UNESCO quickly developed its program of subvention to “organizations truly international in char-

40 Introductory History acter and with programs in accord with UNESCO’s purposes,” which included IFLA. 58 The first meeting of the IFLA Executive Board since the war began was held in Geneva, Switzerland, in May 1946. This meeting was funded by the US Rockefeller Foundation with the purpose of restarting IFLA after the war. During this meeting a number of decisions were reached, including appointing a committee to cooperate with UNESCO. The second post-war meeting of the IFLA Executive Board was held in the UN Library in New York City, New York, US, in November 1946. Twelve librarians from nine countries met to discuss the efforts to continue to revive the dormant organization and to detail the formation of the next Session. Leadership: 1940’s When IFLA reconvened in 1947, the President continued to be Marcel Godet, Director of the Swiss National Library, Berne, Switzerland. He served through the 1947 Session, where he offered his resignation. An election was held and Wilhelm Munthe, Head of the University Library of Oslo, Norway, was elected President. Munthe belonged to the old IFLA guard and had become familiar with its needs, problems, and responsibilities. With his personality bearing the imprint of Anglo-Saxon and German culture, he was known to be an outstanding expert on American librarianship and the author of a muchappreciated book, American Librarianship from a European Angle. But his personal qualities of goodness and simplicity, his helpfulness and convincing humanity were at that time even more greatly appreciated than his professional competence.59

7. William Munthe, IFLA President 1947-1951

As for Secretary General, Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands continued in the post through-out the war years and after.

1940’s: The War Years 41

Membership: 1940’s IFLA began the decade in 1940 with 41 national member associations in 31 countries. By decade’s end in 1949, IFLA had 48 members. Overall, this was a 17% increase in membership from 1940-1949. During the 1940-1946 war years, IFLA had three new members join: Sweden’s Association of Special Research Libraries, which joined in 1945, and the Association of Austrian Librarians and the Canadian Library Association which joined in 1946. A number of new members joined after the war, including Belgium’s National Council of Hospital Libraries, the Japan Library Association, and the US Special Libraries Association in 1947; the Association of Norwegian Research Librarians in 1948; and the Swiss Hospital Library Association, the Cuban Library Association, the Norwegian Library Association and the Flemish Library and Librarian Society in 1949. Additionally in 1949, through President Munthe’s actions, the newly established Association of German Libraries was allowed to rejoin, while the Italian Library Association had still yet to reform.

Milestones: 1940’s The most significant milestone for IFLA in the 1940’s occurred in 1947 when IFLA signed a formal agreement at Session whereby the Federation was “recognized as UNESCO’s ‘principal means of contact’ with associations of professional librarians and was promised financial support for the development of such programs as would be in line with the general policies within the framework of the UNESCO budget.”60 In 1947, President Munthe proposed an agreement for mutual recognition between IFLA and UNESCO to “further by all possible means the greatest freedom in the distribution and exchange across national frontiers of publications, other materials of libraries, and information about publications.”61 This savvy move brought much needed money to IFLA’s coffers and allowed the organization to begin to grow rapidly. Other milestones included the advent of the UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries in 1947, a periodical which began publishing news about IFLA as well as some IFLA Session papers. And in 1948, the first Sevensma Prize was awarded to Valter Ahlstedt of Stockholm, Sweden, for his paper Unit Cataloging.

Overview of late 1940’s Sessions Beginning with the first post-war Session in 1947, the duration of the Sessions was extended from two days to three or four days. Other than the addition of a report from the newly appointed UNESCO Representative at each Session, the post-World War II Sessions continued basically as the Sessions before the war.

42 Introductory History The Sessions, 1947-1949 The 1947, 13th IFLA Session was held in Oslo, Norway, May 20-22. The Session was attended by 55 delegates from 18 countries and as well as representatives from UNESCO and FID. In his opening remarks, President Godet welcomed all of the delegates back and summarized the work of IFLA during the war years. This Session provided the first opportunity for many delegates to reconnect with friends and colleagues from other countries for the first time since the war began in 1939. Two significant Resolutions were proposed at Session, one urgently recommended the definitive acceptance of the international format for catalog cards, and the latter stressed the importance of the systematic promotion of public libraries in close cooperation with UNESCO. Secretary General Sevensma reported on the finances of the Federation, which showed a positive amount, even after the wartime expenses. The 1948, 14th IFLA Session was held in London, UK, September 20-23, in conjunction with the first UNESCO International Summer School for Librarians. The Session was originally planned to be held in Washington, DC, US, in conjunction with the Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography. Because of the severe financial state of the world, and the inability for the American host to subsidize at least 30 or 40 prominent librarians to attend the meeting, the Congress was cancelled and the IFLA Session was rescheduled to the UK, to correspond with UNESCO’s International Summer School. The Session was attended by 66 delegates from 23 countries. In his opening remarks, President Munthe spoke of the need for growth per the consequence of the war, of resuming normal relations with Germany even though it was still being boycotted everywhere, and addressed the new political animosity, “The ideals we fought for seem farther away than ever. Shall our most urgent concern be to prepare bigger evacuation premises, to dig deeper anti-air raid, nay anti-atomic bomb shelters in which we can bury the intellectual treasures we have in our custody? Shall we, the torch bearers of enlightenment, end as gravediggers of science and scholarship?” 62, 63 The 1949, 15th IFLA Session was held in Basel, Switzerland, July 11-13. The Executive Board had accepted the offer of the Czechoslovakian Library Association to host the Session in Prague, Czechoslovakia, but the Session had to be moved to Switzerland due to financial reasons. The Session was attended by 45 participants representing 18 countries. In his opening remarks, President Munthe discussed the return of the German libraries to IFLA and stated, “It is quite natural that IFLA should be one of the first international organizations to resume the connections with the ex-enemy states. Peace – like war – begins in the minds of men. The mind is influenced by thoughts. Thoughts are locked in books. Unlocking books is the principal task of librarians. Therefore, we must stand up for a free circulation of books which is identical with free interchanges of thoughts. If we librarians cannot cooperate across the haphazard

1950’s: Slow Growth 43

political boundaries in spreading the thoughts enshrined in books and the results embodied in thousands of periodicals, we have failed to do our duty.” 64

1950’s: Slow Growth Leadership: 1950’s The decade of the 1950’s saw three IFLA Presidents. The decade began with Wilhelm Munthe, Head of the University Library of Oslo, Norway, continuing as President. In 1950, he tendered his presidential resignation to the Executive Board during the London, UK, Session, but the Board did not accept it as he had not completed his five year term. Owing to this response, Mr. Munthe agreed to continue to serve until he fulfilled his duty in 1951. At the end of the 1951 Rome, Italy, Session, there was an election and Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne, Switzerland, was elected President. Bourgeois was the second Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne to be elected IFLA president; the first being Marcel Godet, IFLA President from 1936-1947. Bourgeois was also Vice President of FID, which added better contact with that organization. No more suitable personality could have been found in that particular stage of IFLA’s development to adapt the Federation to the conditions of modern times and to undertake with foresight and energy the work of reorganization. Bourgeois was made altogether of different clay than former IFLA presidents. A natural scientist by origins, open to the realm of technology, a federalist by conviction and an efficient organizer, easy to contact, although as bachelor at the same time personally aloof and cool, a good public speaker and linguist, he knew how to carry through his conceptions in a convincing way and to instigate initiatives in accordance with his mind. 65, 66

8. Pierre Bourgeois, IFLA President 1951-1958

44 Introductory History President Bourgeois completed his terms, and at the 1958 Madrid, Spain, Session there was an election and Gustav Hofmann, the Director General of the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany, was elected President. Hofmann was a successful and highly esteemed champion of German librarianship - then in the throes of renovation and the challenges of a supra-regional nature. 67

9. Gustav Hofmann, IFLA President 1958-1963

As for Secretary General, Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands continued to serve until he tendered his resignation during the 1958 Session in Madrid, Spain, after almost thirty years of service. After he retired, his position was broken into that of a Secretary General and a Treasurer. As part of the 1958 elections, Joachim Wieder of Munich, Germany, was appointed Secretary General, and Assistant Secretary A. C. Breycha-Vauthier, of Geneva, Switzerland, was appointed Treasurer. The Secretariat was then moved from The Netherlands to Munich, Germany.

10. Joachim Wieder, IFLA Secretary General, 1958-1962

1950’s: Slow Growth 45

The Organization: 1950’s The organization of IFLA in the 1950’s continued as it had in the 1940’s, while also growing and expanding. At the 1950 London, UK, Session, Secretary General Sevensma chastised a number of the Subcommittees for not utilizing time at the Session to produce adequate reports that could then be presented to the delegates. He did add, though, that some of the Subcommittees had done remarkable work.68 Also at the 1950 Session, there was discussion that for future conferences, knowledgeable speakers should be invited to present on important and timely library topics to the group convened, which began a grand tradition of influential speakers at Session indeed. At the 1952 Copenhagen, Denmark, Session, the revisions of the IFLA Statutes were discussed, voted on, and adopted. These revisions included the following: The International Library Committee changed its name to the IFLA Council; the Subcommittees were renamed Committees; the regular convening of international Congresses no longer figured among the main tasks of IFLA; membership now emphasized national and international associations with related interest to join; the term of Board Members was fixed at five years; the possibility of creating professional and regional Sections was instigated; and international organizations began to be admitted on the same rights as national associations. About the new Statutes, President Bourgeois commented, “The new disposition of our Statutes allow us to give IFLA a more supple, a more flexible organization than in the past, an organization which has not only the possibility of resolving general problems but the same time of considering topics of a more restricted kind.”69 By 1957, IFLA was composed of six Sections and Committees: Parliamentary and Administrative Libraries, International Loan, Scientific Books and Periodicals, Exchange of Publications, Hospital Libraries, and Public Libraries. During the 1957 Paris, France, Session, President Bourgeois first presented a plan to establish a working group to prepare a long-term comprehensive program of activities. At the 1958 Madrid, Spain, Session, President Bourgeois announced that the task of long-term comprehensive planning of activities had been entrusted to the Enlargement Board (which met for the first time in 1958). He also announced a number of housekeeping items, including that the Executive Board would in future be convened at least once in the months between the annual sessions. The first of these meetings was held in Geneva, Switzerland, May 17-18, 1958, where there was discussion of future planning and about problems which had occurred at the 1957 Paris, France, Session. Also at the 1958 Session there was discussion concerning the recommendations brought forth by the Scandinavian libraries about the general management of IFLA, including equal representation on the Executive Board of national and university libraries, public libraries, and special libraries; that the Executive Board should keep a stricter control of membership dues and only

46 Introductory History let paying members vote; and that the Executive Board should investigate establishing a salaried secretariat, and if necessary raise membership dues accordingly. As part of this discussion it was suggested to “follow the example of the [UK] Library Association which charges a conference fee … for each participant.” 70

Membership: 1950’s IFLA began the decade in 1950 with 50 members. By decade’s end in 1959, IFLA had 74 members, of which 15 were associations of institutes or national administrative and bibliographic centers, and 4 international associations, representing 45 countries total. This was a 48% increase in membership from 1950 to 1959. In 1950, new members to IFLA included the newly reorganized Italian Library Association, the newly formed Yugoslav Federation of Library Associations, and the Spanish National Association of Archeology Libraries and Archives. In 1951, new members included the Association of French Canadian Librarians and the Turkish Library Association. In 1952, new members included the newly reorganized Japan Library Association, the Swedish Association of Scientific and Special Libraries, and the Argentinean Center of Library Studies. At the same time, the New Zealand Library Association decided to withdraw membership from IFLA. In 1953, new members included the Belgian Library Association, the Canadian Association of Librarians of the French Language, the Greek Library Association, and the National Library of Portugal (accepted as there was not a Portuguese Library Association). In 1954, new members included the Cuban National Association of Professional Librarians, the State Librarians of Denmark, the Uruguayan Library Association, and the São Paulo Association of Librarians. In 1955, new members included the International Association of Technological University Libraries (becoming the first international library association to become an IFLA member), the International Association of Theological Libraries, the International Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists, the International Association of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts, the Association of Danish Research Libraries, the Honduran Association of Libraries and Archives, the Association of Libraries of Judaica and Hebraica in Europe, the Association of Hungarian Librarians (rejoined), and the Korean Library Association. In 1956, new members included Hungary’s University Library of Szeged (as the Hungarian Library Association no longer existed), the Mexican Library Association (rejoined), the German Association of Librarians with Diplomas in Learned Libraries, and the Portugal’s Inspectorat General of Libraries (as there was still no Portuguese Library Association).

1950’s: Slow Growth 47

In 1957, new members included the Israel National Library Association, the Indian Library Association, the Pakistan Library Association, the Romanian Library Association, and the Columbian Library Association. In 1958, new members included the National Library of Bulgaria, the National Library of Monaco, and the Brazilian Library Association. And in 1959, new members included the National Library of Sofia in Bulgaria, the Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers, the German Association of Public Libraries, the Central Council of Czechoslovak Libraries, and the Uruguayan Library Association. Additionally in 1959, the Central Council of Libraries in the USSR joined IFLA, which ushered in a new period of useful cooperation with Eastern Europe and the socialist countries.71

Milestones: 1950’s The 1950’s brought a number of significant milestones to IFLA. In 1950, the journal Libri premiered. The aim of the journal was to further as extensively as possible, within its own field, the power of international understanding and cooperation. It was published out of Denmark, in English, French, and German. In 1953, the IFLA Communications section premiered in Libri, which published information on IFLA and its activities and programs. Another significant milestone of the 1950’s was a result of UNESCO’s continued involvement with the Federation: In 1951, before the Rome, Italy, Session, UNESCO convened officers of IFLA, FID, ICA, and the International Association of Music Librarians, to speak with all of them for the first time about coordinating their future activities. Another major milestone of the 1950’s was the publication of the Indian librarian and noted author S. R. Ranganathan’s 1954 article, “IFLA-What it Should Be and Do,” in Libri’s IFLA Communications. The article criticized IFLA for not being a truly international organization, rather focusing on the predominant West European and North American membership, and its limited participation with and in developing countries. In the article he equated the “internationalisms” in IFLA with “Western European,” and he denounced IFLA for not realizing that the days of “imperialism” were past and included as an example the impediment to Western Asian library progress caused by having “much of out-modeled stuff thrust down its throat,” notably in Japan which “had made much progress in its libraries before World War II, but now it is obliged to swallow the American pill.”72, 73, 74, 75 Much IFLA discussion and introspection occurred afterwards, and was intensified by the 1957 suggestion of the US ALA Executive Board that they drop their IFLA membership based on the grounds that the “money could be better spent in some other way.” This suggestion was based on the US perception that ALA, and thus the US, had little to do with IFLA during this period.76

48 Introductory History Overview of 1950’s Sessions The early Sessions usually lasted 3 or 4 days, with less than 50 delegates attending. Besides the IFLA Sessions of the 1950’s being held alongside the Documentalists conferences, there were also other new innovations to occur throughout the decade. In 1951, a new type of program was introduced during the Rome, Italy, Session: professional paper presentations on timely topics. The first presenters were Charles Nowell, Director of the Manchester Public Library, UK, who spoke on Aims and Problems of the Public Libraries, and Professor Francesco Severi, an eminent mathematician, who spoke on Libraries as an Aid to Scientific Research. In 1952, IFLA celebrated its 25th anniversary at the Copenhagen, Denmark, Session now with 53 members. In 1953, the availability of copies of Section and Commission papers was discussed. It was decided that participants wished for these to be available during the Session, if not before, rather than after, to facilitate discussion and comment during Session. Also in 1953, the organization of the three-day Session was discussed, with suggestions made that in the future, two days could be devoted to plenary meetings, and the last day reserved for section meetings, with 1-2 days before the Session designed for committee meetings. In 1954, the meeting was divided into three main parts: first, meetings of a number of technical committees on parliamentary libraries, serial publications, library statistics, hospital libraries, publications exchange, cataloging, international loan and conservation, cataloging and reproduction of rare and ancient works; secondly, plenary meetings of specialist sections; and thirdly, full plenary meetings, where the committees which held their meetings during the first two days presented their reports and their resolutions. The Sessions, 1950-1959 The 1950, 16th IFLA Session was held in London, UK, September 15-18. The Session was held in conjunction with the centenary of the British Public Libraries Act Jubilee. This Session was initially planned to be held in conjunction with the Third International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography in the US, but due to a lack of funding it had to be postponed once again. In his opening remarks, President Munthe explained why this Session’s location had to be changed from the US to the UK, apologizing to the US delegation for the work they had done on the Congress. The Session was attended by 58 participants representing 25 countries and three international organizations. The 1951, 17th IFLA Session was held in Rome, Italy, September 12-14, in conjunction with the FID Conference, held September 15-21. The Session was attended by 57 delegates from 25 countries and representatives of four international organizations. In his opening remarks, President Munthe congratulated ALA on the occasion of its 75th anniversary of service, and stated that all

1950’s: Slow Growth 49

university libraries throughout the world needed increased space, facilities, and money if they were to deal adequately with post World War II increased student enrollments. Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the financial situation of the Federation was rather precarious. The 1952, 18th IFLA Session was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, September 25-27 in conjunction with the FID meeting, held September 27-October 5, sections of the International Organization for Standardization Conference held October 6-11, and the UNESCO Annual Advisory Meeting of Representatives of each of these groups along with representatives from the ICA and the International Association of Music Libraries. The IFLA Session was attended by over 60 participants. In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois commented that this meeting celebrated the 25th anniversary of IFLA. The 1953, 19th IFLA Session/Council was held in Vienna, Austria, June 10-13, in conjunction with the annual FID meeting. This was the first time the Session was titled an ‘IFLA Council.’ The Session was attended by 70 participants from 27 member-associations, representing 16 countries and three international organizations. In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois stated, “The world after the last war does not resemble in any way the world which saw IFLA come into being. It is vaster, infinitely more intricate; it sets upon us new tasks which require urgent solution.”77 The 1954, 20th IFLA Session/Council was held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), September 27-October 1, in conjunction with the FID Conference, being held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia), October 3-10. The Session was attended by 55 participants from 25 Member Associations, representing sixteen countries and four international organizations. In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois stated, “We may thus hope that one day IFLA will become the rallying point in the world of libraries, a sort of turntable linking up diverse disciplines.”78 The 1955, 21st IFLA Session/Council was held in Brussels, Belgium, September 10-16, in conjunction with the Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers, with the theme The Tasks and Responsibilities of Libraries and Documentation Centers in Modern Life. These two meetings were held in conjunction with the fourth Congress of Music Librarians and the 22nd FID meeting. The Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers was held September 12-13 and 17, and was attended by over 1,200 librarians and documentation specialists from more than 44 countries. This was the largest library and documentation center Congress organized to date.79, 80 The Congress, which was vigorously encouraged and financed by UNESCO, was divided into a series of plenary and joint sessions of all the participating organizations and individual conferences.81, 82 The Congress’ most significant contribution to world library and document center development was that it marked a decisive step forward in the international organization of librarians and documentalists. While focusing attention on the need for more

50 Introductory History systematic consideration of the special needs of libraries and documentation centers in various subject groups, the Congress stressed the need for better coordination of the specialized work of the various international federations and associations.83 The IFLA Session itself was attended by 103 participants and three observers from 37 associations representing 23 countries and five international organizations. As a great number of the items usually discussed in the plenary and committee meetings of the Council had been transferred to the program of the Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers, the items on the program of the Session and its committees were restricted to a fairly small number of sectional and committee meetings. A number of affiliated organizations presented reports at the Session, including the Medical Librarians and FID. In addition, the foundation meeting for the International Association of Agriculture Librarians and Documentalists was also held at Session. The 1956, 22nd IFLA Session/Council was held in Munich, Germany, September 3-4, in conjunction with the FID meeting which was held in Stuttgart, Germany, at the end of August. The Session was attended by 62 participants, including 33 members representing 21 countries and four international organizations, and 29 observers. In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois gave a concise evaluation of the success of the 1955 Brussels Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers. He also gave a description of the recent changes in the activities of the Federation and its Executive Committee, and of the new tasks before the Federation. Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the financial situation of the Federation was again healthy because of the generosity of UNESCO. The 1957, 23rd IFLA Session/Council was held in Paris, France, September 23-26, in conjunction with the FID meeting, which was held September 16-21, also in Paris. The Session was attended by 151 participants, which included 87 delegates representing 34 associations of 22 countries and four international organizations, as well as 20 members of the Section of Libraries and Collections of the Performing Arts, and 40 observers. In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois presented a plan to establish a working group for the purpose of preparing a long-term comprehensive program of activities. As part of the business discussion at Session, the election of the Executive Board was postponed until October 1958, and there was talk that there needed to be more public library representatives on the Board. The 1958, 24th IFLA Session/Council was held in Madrid, Spain, October 13-16. For the first time since 1951, IFLA and FID did not have conjoined meetings; instead FID held their meeting in Washington, DC, US. The IFLA Session was attended by 54 participants, which represented 35 delegates representing 26 countries, two international organizations, and 17 observers. In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois announced the need to hold an international library conference on the unification of cataloging rules. Secretary Gen-

1960’s: IFLA Becomes Truly International 51

eral Sevensma’s financial report stated that the financial situation of the Federation continued to be good. The 1959, 25th IFLA Session/Council was held in Warsaw, Poland, September 14-17, again in conjunction with the FID meeting, also held in Warsaw, September 21-26. The Session was attended by 113 participants, including 85 delegates representing 34 member associations of 25 countries, three international organizations, and 25 observers. President Hofmann’s initial address gave a short summary of the situation of the Federation and of various fundamental problems and principles of its activities. He stressed the federative principles, the necessity not to be lost in an organization mania and to limit IFLA’s activities, and especially the cooperation with other great international associations, on the basis of practical tasks of actual importance. He ended his speech by saying, “A cultural organization must develop like a human being and this is particularly true for libraries. A well-organized library … is a starting point of our international exchanges.”84, 85

1960’s: IFLA Becomes Truly International Leadership: 1960’s The decade of the 1960’s saw three IFLA Presidents. The 60’s began with Gustav Hofmann, the Director General of the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany, continuing his term until 1963. Then Sir Frank Francis of the British Museum, London, UK, was elected President. Francis brought to the new office a wealth of experience gained in the course of a brilliant career and IFLA benefitted greatly from the valuable contacts he provided as well as from his undisputed authority. Combining high culture with a winning humanity, a talent for diplomatic negotiations and fine oratory, Francis possessed at the same time a realistic sense of the obtainable. 86, 87, 88 Francis served until 1969, when Herman Liebaers of the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium, was elected President. Liebaers was a good match for IFLA at the advent of the 70’s, being an energetic champion of international cooperation.89

52 Introductory History

11. Sir Frank Francis, IFLA President 1963-1969

12. Herman Liebaers, IFLA President, 1969-1974

As for IFLA Secretary General, the decade began with Joachim Wieder of Munich, Germany, continuing to serve. In early 1962 he vacated the position. As part of his farewell address he stated, “IFLA has undergone a series of profound changes, it is in the middle of a crisis in its evolution and in a process of remarkable revival. This state of things is reflected externally in its astounding expansion, and internally in the ever-changing constitutional structure.” He also lauded the new permanent Secretary General position, describing the benefits that would come from a full-time employee rather than a half-time volunteer .90 Maria Razumovsky of Vienna, Austria, then held the position of IFLA Secretary General on an interim basis for six months, from June 1962-November 1962. In December 1962, Anthony Thompson of the UK took over as the first full-time IFLA Secretary General. Thompson was the author of the wellknown Vocabularium Bibliothecarii, and was energetic and endowed with extraordinary linguistic skills (he spoke 12 languages), and combined singleness of purpose with an unselfish idealism.91, 92, 93

1960’s: IFLA Becomes Truly International 53

13. Anthony Thompson, IFLA Secretary General, 1962-1970

In 1963, the permanent Secretariat of IFLA was transferred from Munich, Germany, to the British Museum, London, UK. In 1964, the permanent Secretariat of IFLA was then transferred from the British Museum to Thompson’s home in Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, where he managed the IFLA office, rent-free, for the next six years. In 1969, Margreet Wijnstroom, the extremely competent and capable General Secretary of The Netherlands Central Association of Public Libraries, began to work for the Secretariat, to assist Anthony Thompson with external relations. During the 1960’s there were a number of IFLA treasurers. A. C. BreychaVauthier of Geneva, Switzerland, continued as Treasurer until 1964 when Pierre Bourgeois of Switzerland, and former IFLA President 1951-1958, was appointed. In 1965, Treasurer Bourgeois announced during Session that he no longer wished to hold the position, and resigned December 31, 1965. In 1966, a new Treasurer was appointed, Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark, who served through the remainder of the decade and to 1974. The Organization: 1960’s The decade began with the Federation composed of seventeen Sections and Committees. Early in the 1960’s, organizational discussion centered around hosting the Session outside of Europe in alternating years, and that only associations and central institutes who kept up regular contact with IFLA and paid their annual dues could be looked upon as effective members. Later in the decade, the issue of a new membership fee scheme was discussed to help fund the Federation more appropriately. In 1964, the revised Statutes were adopted at Session, which were of lasting importance for the further dynamic development of IFLA, above all during the second half of the sixties. Included in these changes were: a Consultative Committee was formed by the Executive Board and the chairmen and secretar-

54 Introductory History ies of all Sections and Committees together with one representative of the regional group; the terms of office of the officers was limited to three years with the possibility of one re-election; it was decided that the President and Vice President should represent different geographic regions, library systems, and types of libraries; the General Assembly was renamed the General Council; and a new grade of membership was introduced-Associate Members, which could be libraries, bibliographical institutes, schools of librarianship, etc. These changes aimed to make IFLA’s structure more flexible to cope with its universal tasks, to improve the Board’s executive power by restricting its size, and to promote the direct cooperation in international common tasks on a broad basis by enlarging the Advisory Committee.94 By the end of the decade IFLA was composed of the following Sections and Sub-Sections: the Section of National and University Libraries, the SubSection of University Libraries, the Section of Public Libraries, the SubSection on Library Work with Children, the Sub-Section of Libraries in Hospitals, the Section of Special Libraries, the Section of Libraries and Museums of the Theater Arts, and the Section of Parliamentary and Administrative Libraries. At the same time, IFLA had the following Committees and Subcommittees: the Committee on Uniform Cataloging Rules, the Committee on Union Catalogs and International Loans, the Committee on the Exchange of Publications, the Subcommittee on Exchange of Official Publications, the Committee on Periodicals and Serial Publications, the Committee on Statistics, the Committee on Rare and Precious Books and Documents, the Committee on Library Education, the Committee on Library Buildings, the Committee on Mechanization, and the Committee on Bibliography.

Membership: 1960’s IFLA began the decade in 1960 with 81 Member Associations from 48 countries, and included 4 international organizations. IFLA ended the decade in 1969 with 231 members, which included 81 Member Associations and 150 Associate Members. Overall, this was a 185% increase in membership from 1960 to 1969. In 1960, new members to IFLA included the West African Library Association (headquartered in Nigeria), the Library Association of Venezuela, the American Association of Law Librarians, the International Association of Law Libraries, and the National Library of Luxemburg. In 1961, new members included the State Library of Pretoria (South Africa Republic), the Canadian Public Library Service of Quebec, the Brazilian Federation of Library Associations, the Library Association of Trinidad and Tobago of the West Indies, the Library Association of Thailand, the Malayan Library Association, and the Hong Kong Library Association.

1960’s: IFLA Becomes Truly International 55

In 1962, new members included the Brazilian Institute of Bibliography and Documentation at Rio de Janeiro, the Association of Greek Librarians of Cyprus at Nicosia, the Austrian Association of Public Libraries, the Association of Librarians of the Argentine Republic, and the Association of Austrian Public Libraries. In 1963, new members included the Belgian Association of Professional Librarians, the US Association of Research Libraries, the Ghana Library Association, the Nigeria Library Association, and the Peruvian Library Association. In 1964, new members included the East German Library Association and the Austrian International Board on Books for Young People. In 1965, IFLA, whose membership had so far only been open to national and international library associations, added an Associate Membership for libraries, bibliographic institutes, and similar organizations concerned with libraries. Thus, in that year new members included ASLIQ, London, UK; the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany; the US Air Force in Europe’s Headquarters Library in Wiesbaden, Germany; the National Central Library, London, UK; the Oslo State Library, Norway; the University of Brasilia, Brazil; the National Association of the Librarians of French Expression, Belgium; the German Association of Specialized Libraries; and the New Zealand Library Association. In 1966, new members included the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium; the Scarborough Public Library in Canada; Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, US; the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; the Council of Scandinavian Public Librarians; the Association of Icelandic Librarians; and the Tunisian Association of Archivists, Documentalists, and Librarians. In 1967, new members included the Society of Puerto Rican Librarians, the Association for the Development of Libraries of Madagascar, the Quebec Librarian Association of Montreal, Canada, the Ontario Library Association, and the Catholic Library Association of the US. In 1968, new members included the Lebanese Library Association, the French Association of National Superior School Libraries, the Jordanian Library Association, and the UN Library, as an Honorary Associate Member. In 1969, new members included the Union of Czech and Slovak Associations, the Federation of Slovak Librarians, Bibliographers, and Documentalists, the Malta Library Association, the Library Association of China, and the Israel Society of Special Libraries and Information Centers. Milestones: 1960’s IFLA reached a number of impressive milestones in the 1960’s. One of the largest was the 1961 International Conference on Cataloging Principles, held October 9-18, in Paris, France. The Conference was convened by UNESCO, in conjunction with IFLA. Delegates from 53 countries and 12 international organizations as well as 104 observers from 20 countries attended. The aim of

56 Introductory History the Conference was, “to reach agreement on basic principles governing the choice and form of entry in the alphabetical catalog of authors and titles.” At the conference, an important agreement was reached, which was a notable step forward in the field of international unification of cataloging principles.95, 96 In 1962, the IFLA News Bulletin premiered. The periodical was first edited by Interim Secretary General Maria Razumovsky and then Permanent Secretary General Anthony Thompson. The first two issues appeared only in English, but the publication was eventually issued quarterly in all four of the Federations’ official languages, including English, French, German, and Russian. In May 1963, IFLA issued Libraries in the World: A Long-Term Program for IFLA, by Gustav Hofmann, IFLA President 1958-1963. This book was an impressive evaluation and action program, a beacon for the next decade of development. The first sentence of this manifesto read: “Five years ago IFLA was predominately a forum for librarianship in Western Europe, with some support from the US. Now it is an organization of world-wide scope representing libraries in 52 countries, this is something more than growth; it implies a radical change in responsibility and a considerable extension of activities. These, in turn, make an impact on the structure of the organization itself.” Many saw the publication of this long-term program as a turning point in IFLA’s history, where the organization began to be truly international and have a dramatic impact on the world. 97, 98, 99 Overview of 1960’s Sessions The Sessions of the early 1960’s began to become more popular with the advent of inexpensive air travel. This helped build the number of delegates attending the IFLA Sessions, but also increased the number of dilettantes cluttering the Sessions. The 60’s Sessions ran like most others of the 1950’s, except with only two conjoined FID meetings during the decade. The 1960’s IFLA Sessions consisted of three general meetings: one opening session, a program, and a business meeting. By 1965, the organization of the Sessions was criticized on a number of levels, including being crowded with too many independent observers and inactive participants (née tourists), that papers had not been prepared sufficiently in advance, that discussions were often spoiled by the reading of long unannounced speeches, that there was not enough time for discussion after presentations, and for papers being simply read verbatim. Because of this, the Executive Board decided that at the 1965 Helsinki, Finland, Session intending observers should apply through their associations, all papers should be available at the beginning of the meeting, and there should be a limit of 5 minutes for unannounced speeches. The year 1966 proved the first Session theme adopted to add cohesion to the proceedings. The theme of the Session was Libraries and Documentation.

1960’s: IFLA Becomes Truly International 57

Also in the late 1960’s, the Session had its first major ideological controversy occur during Session as the 1968 Frankfurt, Germany, Session was almost cut short by the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia. The meeting continued after the news of the invasion, but at every break, groups gathered around transistor radios. In reference to this event, at the beginning of Session, President Francis stated IFLA was “an organization formed without consideration of political beliefs, bias, or prejudice.”100 And in 1967, IFLA became truly international for the first time when the annual Session was hosted in Toronto, Canada, which was the first IFLA Session to be held completely outside of Europe in the Federation’s so far 40 year history. The Sessions, 1960-1969 The 1960, 26th IFLA Session/Council was held August 14-16 in Lund and Malmö, Sweden. The Session was attended by 154 participants representing 33 member associations of 24 countries and five international organizations. In his opening remarks, President Hofmann said, “The rapid growth of IFLA, the question how to finance the increasing administrative tasks as well as the necessity to finance not only the correspondence between its members but also personal contacts compel us to strengthen the economic foundations of IFLA as much as possible.”101 The 1961, 27th IFLA Session/Council was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, September 4-7, in conjunction with the FID Conference which was held in London, UK, September 6-16. The Session was attended by 140 participants representing 38 member associations of 23 countries and seven international organizations. In President Hofmann’s address he spoke of the continued enormous geographic growth of the Federation, the need for a permanent IFLA secretariat, the lessening need for another International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers, the need for more secretaries to assist the overburdened chairmen of the Sections and Committees, and the need of an IFLA produced bulletin to report specifically on the Federation. The 1962, 28th IFLA Session/Council was held in Berne, Switzerland, August 27-31. The Session was attended by 145 participants representing 38 member associations of 29 countries and 16 international organizations. In his opening remarks, President Hofmann spoke of IFLA’s relationship with UNESCO, including the important fact that IFLA had been accepted in the first category of consultative status in relations between non-governmental organizations and UNESCO. The 1963, 29th IFLA Session/Council was held in Sofia, Bulgaria, September 1-6. The Session was attended by 160 participants. In his final opening remarks in office, President Hofmann commented on the need to update and adjust the managing structure of IFLA, including lessening the number of Vice Presidents to one, and shortening the terms of office of the President, Vice

58 Introductory History President, the members of the Board, and the Secretaries of the Sections and Committees. A significant meeting was held during Session, with eleven librarians from the US and an equal number from the USSR delegation meeting to explain and debate the advantages and disadvantages of their library systems. This early meeting led to many instances of Soviet and American librarians working closely and, for the most part, amicably together.102 The 1964, 30th IFLA Session/Council was held in Rome, Italy, September 13-18. Over 350 participants from 30 countries and 14 international organizations participated in the Session, making this the largest Session to date in IFLA’s 37 year history. In President Francis’ opening comments he emphasized the future fields of action and research in the automation of library functions and the responsibility of librarians in the selection and publication of reprints, photocopies, and microcopiers. The 1965, 31st IFLA Session/General Council was held in Helsinki, Finland, August 16-21. This was the first time that a Session was titled a ‘General Council.’ The Session was attended by over 240 participants of 34 member associations from 26 countries, three international member associations and 11 international organizations. In his opening remarks, President Francis commented on how internationalism was more feasible today because of the comparative ease of international travel and the increase of communication of ideas and news due to technological advances. The 1966, 32nd IFLA Session/General Council was held in Scheveningen, near The Hague, The Netherlands, September 11-17, in conjunction with the FID Conference. This was the last IFLA/FID conjoined Session to be held until 1972. For the first time, an overall theme was adopted for the Session to add cohesion to the proceedings: Libraries and Documentation. The Session was attended by 332 participants, with 34 countries represented. In his opening remarks, President Francis referenced major events of the library world in the last year, including the Library of Congresses’ practical proposal for shared cataloging on a truly international scale and the use of bibliographic information in machine-readable cataloging (MARC) form for library catalogs and bibliographical lists. The 1967, 33rd IFLA Session/General Council was held in Toronto, Canada, August 15-19. This was the first time IFLA had held a large general meeting in North America. The only other time IFLA had met in North America was in 1933, when the IFLA Session was held as a one day meeting as part of the Annual ALA Meeting in Chicago, Illinois. This Canadian Session was also the first time that the Session was held entirely outside of Europe. The Session was attended by 312 participants representing 26 countries. As President Francis was taken ill in London, UK, and could not make the Session, Vice President Herman Liebaers presided. President Francis had sent opening remarks which stated, “We must recognize the need for re-orientation in our library thinking, work for the development of new concepts and techniques, and aim

1970’s: A Time of Stupendous Growth 59

the efficient adaptation of all our expertise to the circumstances of the great world as it is.”103, 104, 105 The 1968, 34th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Frankfurt, Germany, August 18-24. The Session theme was Books and Libraries in an Industrial Society. The Session was attended by 400 participants. This was the largest IFLA Session to date. In his opening remarks, President Francis presented a survey of the activities of the past five years, in which he compared the tasks remaining to be taken up as listed in the 1963 Long-Term Program, with those that had already been completed. He stressed that one of the areas that IFLA needed to exert more effort was in working closely with FID. The 1969, 35th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 24-30. The Session theme was Library Education and Research in Librarianship. The Session was attended by 470 participants. To date, this was again the largest IFLA Session ever held. In his opening remarks, President Francis said that IFLA’s biggest accomplishment since his tenure as President began was to put itself in a much stronger position both financially and organizationally than it ever had previously enjoyed. He said IFLA’s large Session attendance had made the organization into a recognized international forum. He went on to discuss the three areas IFLA needed to make its influence felt: in the area of sophisticated library techniques, in the work of developing countries, and in library education. 106, 107

1970’s: A Time of Stupendous Growth Leadership: 1970’s Three Presidents saw IFLA through the 1970’s. Herman Liebaers of the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium, was president until he finished his terms in 1974. There was an election and Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark’s Royal School of Librarianship was then elected President. Kirkegaard had been Treasurer for IFLA since 1966 and was the first IFLA President with a public library background. Kirkegaard was President until 1979 when he completed his term during Session. There was an election and Else Granheim, Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Public and School Libraries in Oslo, Norway, was elected President, being the first woman to hold the post.

60 Introductory History

14. Preben Kirkegaard, IFLA President 1974-1979

15. Else Granheim, IFLA President, 1979-1985

The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Anthony Thompson of the UK until December 1970, when he announced he would no longer be able to hold the position in part because the Executive Board had decided to move the Secretariat from his home in Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, to the FID offices in The Hague, The Netherlands on January 1, 1971. In February 1971, Acting Secretary General Margreet Wijnstroom, the previous General Secretary of The Netherlands Central Association of Public Libraries, was appointed permanent Secretary General during the Executive Board Meeting in Brussels, Belgium. Miss Wijnstroom was the first woman appointed to this position.

16. Margreet Wijnstroom, IFLA Secretary General 1971-1987

There were a number of Treasurers during the 1970’s. Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark continued to serve until 1974. Gunther Pflug of Germany was then Treasurer from 1974-1977, followed by Jean-Pierre Clavel of Switzerland, from 1978 to 1980.

1970’s: A Time of Stupendous Growth 61

The Organization: 1970’s The structure of the Federation grew as the 1970’s progressed. In 1973, IFLA consisted of 24 Sections, Committees, and Working Groups. By 1977, IFLA was composed of eleven Sections by library type and fifteen by type of activity section, including Sections on Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. By 1979, IFLA was composed of eight Divisions, 28 Sections, and 12 Round Tables. The Federation made many changes to its structure through-out the 1970’s, as it continued to define and redefine itself as a player on the international stage. In 1970, changes were made to the membership categories where “Associate Members” became known as “Institutional Members,” and a new category was added: Associate Members, for “supporting members.” In 1974, the Program Development Group premiered their Medium Term Program 19751980, giving the organization guidance through the end of the decade. In 1979, the Executive Board was increased from 5 to 7 members, and the first representative of a developing country was elected to the Executive Board, Joseph S. Soosai of Malaysia. In 1971, it was announced that IFLA became officially registered in The Netherlands, as the Secretariat had moved to The Hague. During this period, IFLA had four operational units: the headquarters Secretariat at The Hague, The Netherlands; the International Office for Universal Bibliographic Control at London, UK; the Secretariat for the Working Group for Developing Countries at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and the IFLA Office for International Lending at Boston Spa, UK. In 1977, IFLA Headquarters moved into larger premises within The Netherlands Congress Building in The Hague. The largest change for the organization during this period was the middecade revision of the Statutes. In 1976, IFLA General Council unanimously adopted a completely new Constitution and structure for the work and inner coherence of the organization with a defined new purpose, “to promote international understanding, cooperation, discussion, research, and development in all fields of library activity, including bibliography, information services, and the education of personnel, and to provide a body through which librarianship could be represented in matters of international interests.”108 The name of the organization also changed from “International Federation of Library Associations” to “International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions.” Even with this change, it was decided that the familiar acronym IFLA would continue to be used, while the French acronym FIAB was abolished. Also as part of this revision, the former Sections and Committees were replaced by two new categories of Sections: type of library and type of activity sections. In addition, the Consultative Committee and the Program Development Group were replaced by the Professional Board.

62 Introductory History Membership: 1970’s At the beginning of the decade in 1970, IFLA had 257 members, which broke down to 85 Member Associations and 172 Associate Members. By the end of the decade in 1979, IFLA had a membership of 906 members in 108 countries, which broke down to 153 Association Members, 671 Institutional Members and Affiliates, and 82 Personal Affiliates. This was a 253% increase in membership from 1970 to 1979. In 1970, new members to IFLA included the Malta Library Association, the South African Library Association, the Library Association of China (Taiwan), the Federation of Slovak Libraries, Bibliographers and Documentalists, and the Ceylon Library Association. In 1971, new members included the International Council of Theological Library Associations, the Iranian Library Association, the Canadian Association of Library Schools, the Library Association of the Republic of Korea, the Pakistan Library Association, the Indian Association of Teachers of Library Science, the Vietnamese Library Association (Saigon), and the Australian School Library Association. In 1972, new members included the East African Library Association, the Jamaican Library Association, the Manitoba School Library Audio Visual Association, and the Zaire Library Association. In 1973, new members included the National Library of Brazil, the Commonwealth Library Association, the Association of American Library Schools, the Uganda Library Association, the Welsh Library Association, Oklahoma State University, US, and the League of European Library Researchers (LIBER). In 1974, new members included Nepal’s Tribhuvan University Library, the Portuguese Association of Libraries, Archivists, and Documentalists, and the Art Libraries Society of North America. In 1975, new members included the Bangladesh Library Association, the Saudi Arabian King Abdul-Aziz University Library, the Sudan Library Association, the Association of Caribbean University and Research Libraries (ACURIL) and the Music Library Association. In 1976, new members included the European University Institute, the Association of Parliamentary Libraries in Canada, the Ethiopian National Library and Archives, and Turkey’s Library of the Grand National Assembly. In 1977, new members included the International Association of Music Libraries, the International Association of Orientalist Librarians, the Albania Council of Libraries, the Library Association of Slovenia, the Croatian Library Association, and the Malawi Library Association. In 1979, new members included the World Council for the Blind, the International Institute for Communications, and the Mauritius Library Association.

1970’s: A Time of Stupendous Growth 63

Milestones: 1970’s By far the largest milestone for IFLA during the 1970’s occurred in 1972 when UNESCO ceased its consultative status with IFLA for six months, from January-June 1972, over matters of racial discrimination in South Africa. IFLA had enjoyed a consultative status with UNESCO since 1962, which meant that UNESCO had to seek IFLA’s advice on all library matters. This status was essential to IFLA, as an international organization in the cultural-scientific field could not be outside of UNESCO. IFLA was one of 41 international nongovernmental agencies suspended by UNESCO for failing to prove that their affiliates did not practice racial discrimination or support the apartheid policy. In relation to IFLA’s suspension, the South African Library Association withdrew its membership from IFLA, thus removing the barrier in IFLA’s relationship with UNESCO. UNESCO reviewed this decision, and in June 1972 reestablished their bonds with IFLA, ending the suspension. 109, 110, 111 Another milestone was the seminar IFLA hosted in Seoul, South Korea, May 31-June 5. This was the first seminar ever organized by IFLA in Asia, with 416 delegates from 28 countries attending. The theme of the Session was Library Resources and National Development: Use and Control of Eastern Publications by East and West. Other milestones for the Federation included the advent of a number of new seminal publications. In 1970, the IFLA Directory began to be published, replacing the IFLA Repertoire. In 1973, IFLA News (only available to IFLA members since 1962) was replaced by the new publication, IFLA Journal. Because of this, also in 1973, the IFLA Communications section ceased to be printed in the international library journal Libri, out of Copenhagen, Denmark. And in 1977, in honor of IFLA’s 50th anniversary, the book IFLA’s First Fifty Years was published. Edited by Willem R. H. Koops and Joachim Wieder, this commemorative volume presented a number of essays on the history as well as the future of the organization. Overview of Sessions: 1970’s The Sessions of the 1970’s, ran like the Sessions of the 1960’s, but with many more attendees. In 1970, a decision was made that future Session meetings should begin on the last Monday in August. In 1971, the first pre-session was held, for colleagues from developing countries on the topic Latest Achievements in Advanced Librarianship. In the early 1970’s exhibits were added to the Session, with the first being in the Liverpool, UK, Session in 1971. Long Term Programs began to be adopted, and in 1976 a new Constitution and Statutes were adopted which redefined the Federation and streamlined their work. In 1977, IFLA celebrated its 50th anniversary in Brussels, Belgium, during the Fourth World Congress of Librarians, now with a membership of 806 members in 102 countries. Also during the 1977 Session, a program for newcomers was organized as part of Conference for the first time.

64 Introductory History The Sessions, 1970-1979 The 1970, 36th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Moscow, USSR (Russia), August 29-September 7. The Session theme was Libraries as a Force of Education. The Session was attended by 747 participants representing 40 countries. This was again a record attendance to date for an IFLA Session. In his opening remarks, President Liebaers congratulated the newly formed Program Development Group on their work on a new Short Term Program (to update the 1963 Long Term Program) and the renewed structure for the organization, the lack of an IFLA regional branch in Asia, and his worry over how UNESCO had not offered IFLA any new contracts this year. President Liebaers also stated, “IFLA, like most other international non-governmental organizations, started by being European, with early support from the US, and in more recent years, from the East European countries. Though fortunately dwindling away, the West European preponderance is still a fact.”112 The 1971, 37th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Liverpool, UK, August 28-September 4. The Session theme was The Organization of the Library Profession. The Session was attended by 750 participants representing 65 countries, again the largest IFLA Session to date. The Session involved two plenary meetings on the topic of Organization of the Library Profession, 48 meetings, and the delivery of 300 papers. A first for the Session was the big International Exhibit of Library Technology and the International Exhibition relating to Library Associations throughout the World. In his opening remarks, President Liebaers focused on four topics: the universality of IFLA, Universal Bibliographic Control, UNESCO’s International Book Year, and the organization of the profession. The 1972, 38th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Budapest, Hungary, August 28-September 2, in conjunction with the FID Conference. The last conjoined IFLA/FID Session before this one was in 1966, in The Netherlands. This was the last conjoined Session IFLA and FID would participate in. The Session theme was Reading in a Changing World, to correspond to the UNESCO’s International Book Year. The Session consisted of 133 papers presented during more than 70 meetings. The Session was attended by 800 participants representing 51 countries, making it again the largest IFLA Session to date. In his opening remarks, President Liebaers announced that for UNESCO’s International Book Year, IFLA was publishing the revised Public Library Manifesto and the book Reading in a Changing World. The 1973, 39th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Grenoble, France, August 27-September 1. The Session theme was Universal Bibliographic Control. The Session consisted of 143 papers presented at 84 meetings, including 49 open meetings and 24 meetings of Working Groups and Standing Advisory Committees. The Session was attended by 1,000 participants, again making it the largest IFLA Session to date. In his opening re-

1970’s: A Time of Stupendous Growth 65

marks, President Liebaers spoke of book promotion developments after the official ending of UNESCO’s International Book Year, on the progress made in bibliographic work from the Universal Decimal Classification to Universal Bibliographic Control, and on the new structures of IFLA, including the need to revise the Statutes. Treasurer Kirkegaard presented the Federation’s Financial Report at Session, stating that “IFLA is in a far more critical situation than most of you probably realize. The large grants from outside are temporary and will stop one day.”113 The 1974, 40th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Washington, DC, US, November 16-23. The Session theme was National and International Library Planning. The Session involved 85 professional meetings, with sometimes as many as eight at a time going on. There were 93 papers presented, with many of those appearing in multiple languages. The Session was attended by 975 participants representing 75 countries. In his opening remarks, his fifth and final in the role, President Liebaers first thanked the US Council on Library Resources for helping fund this meeting, and then spoke on “What is IFLA and What Might it be Tomorrow,” as well as summarizing his time with IFLA since 1969. The 1975, 41st IFLA Session/General Council was held in Oslo, Norway, August 11-16. The Session theme was The Future of International Library Cooperation. The Session was attended by 500 participants, representing nearly 50 countries, with nearly one quarter of the attendees coming from developing countries. This was the least attended IFLA Session since the 1969 Copenhagen, Denmark, Session. In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard stated that the major point of discussion before the Federation was membership and voting questions, and discussed the new draft Medium Term Program, whose purpose was to provide guidance to the Board and the other organs of IFLA in planning the work of the Federation in the period until 1980. The 1976, 42nd IFLA Session/General Council was held in Lausanne, Switzerland, August 23-28. The Session theme was IFLA. The Session was attended by 450 participants. The number of participants to this General Council meeting had been restricted to about 500 by the IFLA Executive Board because the principal topic was to be the reorganization of IFLA. In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard said the major issues before the Federation were the Medium-Term Program 1976-1980, the revised Statutes, and the new Constitution. The 1977, 43rd IFLA Session/Council Meeting was held in Brussels, Belgium, September 3-5, in conjunction with the September 5-10 Fourth World Congress of Librarians. The 50th anniversary of IFLA (September 30th) was also celebrated during this Session. The Congress involved more than 100 professional meetings, attended by 1,700 participants representing 100 countries. In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard stated that this was the first “New IFLA” Session, as it was being held under the new Constitution and the

66 Introductory History updated Statutes which dictated a different voting pattern. In Secretary General Wijnstroom’s progress report in honor of IFLA’s 50th anniversary, she stated: “In spite of its age no signs of passivity and no acceptance of the status quo may be perceived. Quite the contrary! The international community as united in IFLA has never before been so engaged in intensifying existing cooperative programs and in launching new plans.” 114 The 1978, 44th IFLA Session/Council Meeting was held in Strbske Pleso, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (now Slovakia), August 26-September 1. The Session theme was Universal Availability of Publications. The Session involved 68 papers presented in 134 professional meetings presented by 35 groups. The Session was attended by 783 participants representing 53 countries. In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard stressed the need for international library cooperation in a time of global economic regression, in order to meet the problems of the rising book production and the ever growing demand for service to the library public. Additionally, he said that effects of IFLA’s increased internationally accepted role included increased communication and huge administration problems, which called for a strengthening of IFLA headquarters.115 The 1979, 45th IFLA Session/Council Meeting was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 27-September 1. The Session theme was Library Legislation. The Session involved 180 professional meetings. The Session was attended by 1,021 participants representing 61 countries. In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard spoke of the importance of library legislation and the positive example the Danish libraries offered the world. As part of the business discussion, the Executive Board was increased from 5 to 7 members; the first representative of a developing country was elected to the Executive Board (Joseph S. Soosai of Malaysia); and the increase in membership dues was approved.

1980’s: IFLA Explores the World Leadership: 1980’s The 1980’s saw the smallest turnover of IFLA Presidents in its history to date: only two. The decade began with Else Granheim, Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Public and School Libraries in Oslo, Norway, as President. She served until her term ended in 1985, when Hans-Peter Geh of the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, Germany, was elected President. In his introductory remarks, President Geh listed his “10 Points” that were crucial to his presidency, including Membership, Third World, Questions of Structure, Professional Work, Core Programs, Publications, Collaborations with UNESCO, IFLA Secretariat, Prospects, and Members. President Geh served out the remainder of the 1980’s, until 1991.

1980’s: IFLA Explores the World 67

17. Hans-Peter Geh, IFLA President 1985-1991

As for the Secretary General, the decade began with Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands in the position. She served until she announced her retirement at the 1987 Brighton, UK, Session. She had held the position since 1971. Paul Nauta, Director of the Frederik Muller Academy Library School in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, was then appointed Secretary General. As for the Treasurer position, the decade began with Jean-Pierre Clavel of Switzerland serving through 1980. Marie-Louise Bossuat of France then served 1981-1987. Tony Evans of the UK then served in the position, 1987-1991.

18. Paul Nauta, IFLA Secretary General, 1987-1992

The Organization: 1980’s After major reorganizations in the 1970’s, the 1980’s progressed with less change, rather with geographically adventurous expansion. In 1983, IFLA received new headquarters in the Royal Library in The Hague, The Netherlands. In place of the 1970’s Long Term Program, the 1980’s were guided by medium-term programs, including the Medium Term Program 1981-1985 and Medium Term Program 1986-1991. By mid-decade, IFLA had six Core Pro-

68 Introductory History grams (which became Core Activities): Universal Bibliographic Control, International MARC, Universal Availability of Publications, Preservation and Conservation, Transborder Data Flow, and Advancement of Librarianship in the Third World. Also mid-decade, the Statutes were again revised as well as the Rules of Procedure relating to membership fees. By the end of the decade, IFLA officially adopted Spanish as one of its five official languages, along with English, French, German, and Russian. Membership: 1980’s IFLA began the decade in 1980 with 966 members in 110 countries. This broke down to 152 Association Members, 722 Institutional Members and Affiliates, 79 Personal Affiliates, and 13 Bodies with Consultative Status. By the end of the decade in 1989, IFLA had 1,265 members in 123 countries. This broke down to 180 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 903 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 182 Personal Affiliates. This was a 31% increase in membership from 1980 to 1989. In 1981, new members to IFLA included the Gaborone Library Association of Botswana, the Cuban Library Association, the Lima Library Association of Peru, and the China Society of Library Science, Beijing. New members in 1982 included the Javerianos Library Association of Bogota, Colombia, and the Nicaraguan Association of Library Professionals. In 1983, new members included the Zambia Library Association, the Japan School Library Association, the Japanese National Council of Public Libraries, and the Antillean Public Library Association. In 1984, new members included the National Library of Kiribati (accepted as Association Member because there was not yet a library association member of IFLA from Kiribati), the Ethiopian Library Association, and the Swaziland Library Association. In 1985, new members included the Library Association of Antigua and Barbuda. In 1985 it was noted that a number of member countries had not paid their dues; some for two years now even with reminder letters having been sent out to them. Membership decided to exclude these countries from membership if they did not pay by January 1, 1986. Also in 1985, IFLA only had representatives from a quarter of the world’s nations holding seats on standing committees and 12 nations occupied 79% of the committee placements.116 In 1986, new members included the Finnish Association of Library and Information Science, the Mauritania Association of Libraries, Archivists, and Documentalists, and the Junior College Library Association of Japan. In 1987, new members included the Buenos Aires School of Librarianship in Argentina and the Assad National Library in Syria. In 1988, new members included the Society of Nordic (Scandinavian) Art Libraries and the Burundi Association of Librarians, Archivists, and Documentalists. And in 1989, a new member was the Gabon Association of Documentalists.

1980’s: IFLA Explores the World 69

Milestones: 1980’s The most impressive milestones for IFLA in the 80’s were geographic. The sessions of the 1980’s reflected the growing diversity of IFLA, with Sessions held all over the world. In 1980, IFLA held its first Session in Asia, which was its first Session to be held outside of Europe and North America, its first Session in a developing country, and it’s first in a country under martial law. In 1984, IFLA held its first Session in Africa, which was also the 50th Session of the Federation. And in 1988, IFLA held its first Session in Australia. Overview of 1980’s Sessions The 1980’s Sessions continued as did the 1970’s Sessions, but with some firsts. The 1980 Manila, the Philippines, Session was the first time a Session was officially titled a ‘Conference.’ From 1980-1999, the Sessions were either titled ‘General Conference’ or ‘Council and General Conference,’ as the Councils were only held every other year. By 1985, it was announced that preconferences would only be held every other year, in the years where the Council was held. Some new features of Session included an Open Forum introduced in 1985, and expanded in 1989 to include orientation to newcomers to IFLA, and a training seminar for new officers, under the title What is Expected of the Officers. In 1988, the first poster session was held at Session, as well as a section for contributed papers, and workshops. In 1989, at the Paris, France, Session, the IFLA Express premiered. This daily newspaper of the IFLA Conference, available every morning of the Conference, soon became a staple of future IFLA Sessions. The Sessions, 1980-1989 The 1980, 46th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Manila, the Philippines, August 16-23. The Conference theme was Development of Libraries and Information Systems: Global Information Exchange for Greater International Understanding. The Conference involved over 100 program meetings of the IFLA Divisions, Sections, and Round Tables. The Conference was attended by 1,237 participants representing 52 countries. In her opening remarks, President Granheim spoke of the continued importance of Universal Bibliographic Control and Universal Availability of Publications, and how there was no Council meeting this year due to the new Statutes which stated that the Council would only meet every other year, starting in 1980. The 1981, 47th IFLA Session/Council Meeting was held in Leipzig, German Democratic Republic, August 17-22. The Conference theme was The Role of National Centers in National Library Development and in International Library Cooperation. The Conference involved 229 professional meetings with

70 Introductory History 147 papers presented. The Conference was attended by 946 participants from 70 countries. In her opening remarks, President Granheim spoke of the UN’s International Year of the Disabled Persons and stressed the great significance of book preservation for the disabled. The 1982, 48th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Montreal, Canada, August 22-28. The Conference theme was Network. The Conference involved 277 professional meetings where 170 papers were presented. The Conference was attended by 1,915 participants, the largest IFLA Conference to date, and the largest since the 1977 Brussels, Belgium Session and Fourth World Congress of Librarians. In her opening remarks, President Granheim highlighted the importance of holding IFLA General Conference and Council Meetings alternatively on different continents and in different countries, and spoke of the new Universal Availability of Publications Program in the British Library’s Document Supply Center in Boston Spa, UK. The 1983, 49th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Munich, Germany, August 21-27. The Conference theme was Libraries in a Technical World. The Conference involved 263 professional meetings, where 189 papers were presented. The Conference was attended by 1,296 participants representing 75 countries. In her opening remarks, President Granheim stated “the importance of technological developments for libraries today is indisputable … ” and spoke of the growth of the organization.117 The 1984, 50th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya, Africa, August 19-25. This was the first IFLA Conference to be held on African soil. The Conference theme was The Basis of Information Services for National Development. The Conference involved 253 professional meetings where 148 papers were delivered. The Conference was attended by over 1,000 participants representing 71 countries. In her opening remarks, President Granheim stressed that the realization of the theme of the Conference depended upon an effective exchange of experience and ideas with the host. She warned that too often a non-critical acceptance of new technology might cause a neglect of local culture and traditions which must be described in writing to safeguard them for posterity.118, 119 The 1985, 51st IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Chicago, Illinois, US, August 18-24. The Conference theme was Libraries and the Universal Availability of Information. The Conference involved 270 professional meetings and 523 exhibitors. The Conference was attended by 1,600 participants representing 84 countries. In her opening remarks, President Granheim traced her route “From Copenhagen to Chicago,” over her time as President, and spoke of women’s evolving roles in present society. In her closing remarks, her last in the position, President Granheim said, “I also want to stress that such positive cooperation can only be achieved if we are, all of us, willing to consider critically our own basic principles, not in order to compromise our consciences but to make an effort to understand the point of view of

1980’s: IFLA Explores the World 71

others. Let us search for ways enabling us to work together to reach the common goal of our professional organization: better libraries as a means to ensure that our fellow citizens are better informed. Thus, we can indirectly build a better world.”120, 121 The 1986, 52nd IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Tokyo, Japan, August 24-29. The Conference theme was New Horizons of Librarianship Towards the 21st Century. The Conference involved 250 professional meetings, with 219 papers presented - an IFLA record to date - with more than half of them being translated into Japanese. The Conference was attended by more than 1,900 participants representing 61 countries. In his opening remarks, President Geh surveyed the development process of libraries using new technologies, expanding from their present role as information collectors and providers of information to becoming producers of information and information processors.122, 123 The 1987, 53th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Brighton, UK, August 14-21. The Conference theme was Libraries and Information Services in a Changing World. The Conference involved more than 200 professional meetings and one of the largest exhibitions to date. The Conference was attended by 2,143 participants representing 84 countries, again the largest IFLA Conference to date, and the largest since the 1982 Montreal, Canada, Conference. In his opening remarks, President Geh celebrated IFLA’s 60th anniversary and spoke of the organization’s history and how it was uniquely bound to international library cooperation in the UK. The 1988, 54th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Sydney, Australia, August 28-September 3, in conjunction with the Library Association of Australia Annual Conference, and the Bicentennial of Australia. The Conference theme was Living Together: People, Libraries, Information. The Conference involved over 100 speakers. The Conference was attended by over 1,500 participants, with over 1,000 Australian colleagues attending. In his opening remarks, President Geh spoke of the history of libraries and the plan to rebuild the Great Library of Alexandria in Egypt. The 1989, 55th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Paris, France, August 19-26, in conjunction with the Bicentennial of the French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. This was the first Conference to be held in continental Europe in five years, since the Munich, Germany, Conference, in 1983. The Conference theme was Libraries and Information in the Economy Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. The Conference involved 232 professional meetings where 162 papers were presented. The Conference was attended by over 3,000 participants representing 84 countries. In his opening remarks, President Geh reflected on the ideals of the French Revolution as he spoke on how IFLA tried to achieve Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity for its members, emphasizing that IFLA was working to reduce the growing gap and disparity among nations through many of its programs.124, 125

72 Introductory History

1990’s: Technology Connects Leadership: 1990’s The decade of the 1990’s saw three IFLA Presidents. The 1990’s began with Hans-Peter Geh of the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, Germany, continuing as IFLA President. He was President until he completed his term in 1991 and then Robert Wedgeworth, Dean of the School of Library Service, Columbia University in New York City, New York, US, and Executive Director of the ALA from 1972-1985, became President. He was the first librarian of African American descent to be elected president of IFLA. In his statement at the 1991 Moscow, Russia, Session, President Wedgeworth joked, “The first non-European IFLA president in 60 years was elected and the next day the host country’s government fell.”126 Wedgeworth continued as President until he completed his term during the 1997 Copenhagen, Denmark, Session. Then Christine Deschamps, Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes), France, was elected President. She served through the remainder of the decade, until 2003.

19. Robert Wedgeworth, IFLA President 1991-1997

20. Christine Deschamps, IFLA President, 1997-2003

As for Secretary General, the decade began with Paul Nauta, Director of the Frederik Muller Academy Library School in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in the role. He served until he retired on October 1, 1992. Leo Voogt of The Netherlands was then appointed as Secretary General. Voogt retired from the position at the end of 1998, and Ross Shimmon, Chief Executive of the [UK] Library Association, was appointed in April 1999. The 1990’s saw a number of Treasurers, including Marcelle Beaudiquez of France, 1991-1995, Warren Horton of Australia, 1995-1997, and Derek Law of the UK, 1997-2004.

1990’s: Technology Connects 73

21. Leo Voogt, IFLA Secretary General, 1992-1998

22. Ross Shimmon, IFLA Secretary General 1999-2004

The Organization: 1990’s As with everything else in the 1990’s, the greatest change to the Federation organizationally came with the new internet technologies. By 1993, IFLA headquarters was equipped for e-mail messaging, and the IFLA website, IFLANET, was created in 1994. By 1995, IFLA Headquarters had moved to new offices in the National Library of The Netherlands in The Hague. Also in 1995, IFLANET was moved to SilverPlatter servers in the US, and then to the Canadian National Library in Ottawa in 1997. As in the 1980’s, IFLA in the 90’s was organized by Medium Term Programs, including the 1992 Medium Term Program 1992-1997 and the 1996 Medium-Term Program 1998-2001. In 1993, a new category of membership – Sponsor – was created and approved. Throughout the 1990’s, the Preservation and Conservation (PAC) Core Program began establishing Regional Centers around the globe. By 1997, IFLA consisted of 45 Sections and Round Tables. During the 1990’s there was also significant growth of grants, funds, and fellowships available directly from IFLA. These awards included the Guust van Wesemael Literacy Prize, the Hans-Peter Geh Grant for Conference Participation, the Gustav Hofmann Study Grant (which succeeded the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant), the Robert Vosper IFLA Fellows Program, the Margreet Wijnstroom Fund for Regional Library Development, and the Dr. Shawky Salem Training Grant.

Membership: 1990’s IFLA began the decade in 1990 with 1,243 members in 129 countries. This broke down to 178 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status,

74 Introductory History 911 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 154 Personal Affiliates. By the end of the decade in 1999, IFLA had a membership of 1,623 members in 144 countries. This broke down to 171 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,094 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 324 Personal Affiliates, and 34 Sponsors. Overall, this was a 31% increase in membership from 1990 to 1999. In 1991, new members to IFLA included the Association of Public Libraries of Romania, the Romanian Association of Librarians in the Field of Education, University Libraries, Polytechnic Libraries, and School Libraries, and the Afghan Librarians and Publishers Association. In 1992, new members included the Lithuanian Library Association, the Estonian Library Association, the Library Association of Latvia, and the Seychelles Library Association. In 1993, a new member was the Association of Research and Science and Technology Libraries of the CIS. In the first six months of 1995, 155 New Members, Affiliates and Sponsors joined IFLA. New Associate Members included the Canadian Association of Research Libraries, the Association of Danish Public Library Managers, the Russian Library Association, and the Library Assembly of Euroasia. In 1996, new members included 18 organizations, six individuals, and one Basic Sponsor. Included in this were the Bulgarian Central Technological Library, the Social Management and Information Center of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Georgia, and Harrassowitz Booksellers and Subscription Agents in Germany. In 1997, new members included the Library and Information Association of South Africa, the Stichting Cultureel Centrum Suriname, the People’s Assembly of Republic of Albania, the Art Museum of San Francisco, and the US 3M Library Systems as a Sponsor. In 1998, new members included the Myanmar Library Association and Hans Neschen A. G. as a Sustaining Sponsor. And in 1999, new members included the Bolivian Association of Librarians of Oruro and the Georgian Association of Information Specialists. Milestones: 1990’s Milestones in the 90’s for IFLA occurred mainly in the political realm. In 1990, two groups of protesters greeted attendees at the Stockholm, Sweden, Session conference site. One group was protesting the attendance of South African librarians who had not renounced apartheid. A second group protested the presence of the Iranian delegation. Later, an unidentified group entered the exhibits and attacked the government sponsored Iranian booth. The booth reopened the following day but armed police remained a presence for the duration of the Conference. And in 1991 at the Moscow, Russia, Session, there was an unsuccessful military coup d'état by Communist hard liners attempting to overturn President Gorbachev’s glasnost initiatives, with soldiers and tanks rolling into

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Red Square on August 19. This left the Conference somewhat disrupted for almost three days, with delegates having to make their way past road blocks, soldiers, and tanks to reach the Conference center each morning. But by August 21 it was clear the coup had failed and normality returned to the Session.127 Overview of 1990’s Sessions In the 1990’s there were a number of new facets added to the Sessions. In 1993, a Guest Lecture series was introduced by Secretary General Leo Voogt. This series crossed the traditional lines of IFLA’s organizational structure, presenting two sessions which featured outstanding speakers addressing timely topics. In 1994, at the Havana, Cuba, Conference, attendees were first given a floppy disk of all the papers to take home. In 1996, at the Beijing, China, Session, attendees were given a IFLA Unplugged CD-ROM which contained a frozen snapshot of the IFLA website. In 1997, IFLA Express was revised to include a wide variety of topical news, “on the spot” interviews, and “feedback” about delegate’s Conference experiences. In 1998, for the first time, each Conference bag had an evaluation form in it for the participants to fill out for the use of improving future conferences. In 1999, at the Bangkok, Thailand, Session, IFLA memorabilia began to be sold from the IFLA Booth in the Exhibit Hall, and an Internet café premiered for the use of the attendees. But the 1990’s also saw the end of many previously important tenants of the Sessions, including the Representatives of FID and ICA officially presenting addresses. The last time either representative of these organizations presented at Conference was at the 1996 Beijing, China, Session. Another advent of the 1990’s was a dearth of grant monies being made available to bring attendees to Sessions. In 1997, the Danish government provided DANIDA Travel Grants to 141 delegates from 81 developing countries to the Copenhagen IFLA Conference, supporting librarians who had never attended an IFLA Conference before. And in 1999, for the Bangkok, Thailand, Session, the Danish DANIDA Travel Grant supported 40 colleagues from 35 development countries, the Open Society Institute (Soros Foundation) supported 40 colleagues from Russia and other republics of the former Soviet Union, and the French IFLA Committee brought 39 French-speaking colleagues from France and other French-speaking developing countries. Sessions, 1990-1999 The 1990, 56th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Stockholm, Sweden, August 18-24. The Conference theme was Libraries: Information for Knowledge. The Conference involved 200 presented papers and 170 exhibits

76 Introductory History from 20 different countries, and was attended by almost 5,000 participants representing 95 countries, making it IFLA’s largest Conference to date. In his opening remarks, President Geh praised the high standard of libraries and librarianship in Sweden and their generous contributions to developing countries. He also stressed the leading role libraries played in the information sector and their responsibilities to facilitate the free and impartial distribution of information throughout the community. The 1991, 57th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Moscow, Russia, August 18-24. The Conference theme was Libraries and Culture: Their Relationship. The Conference involved four satellite meetings, 12 workshops, several poster sessions, three Division Open Forums, 42 open sessions, and well over 225 presented papers (including translations). The Conference was attended by 1,492 participants representing 74 countries. In his opening remarks, his last as President, President Geh assured the assembled participants that, having discussed the present coup situation with a number of organizing members, that the Conference would indeed go on. He went on to say “The main goals of our organization are international understanding and to bring about and promote worldwide unhindered access to information which in today’s society is critical and important, so that every individual, wherever he or she may live, may be given the chance to acquire knowledge through reading, thus developing to his or her full potential.”128 The 1992, 58th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in New Delhi, India, August 30-September 5, in conjunction with the centenary of influential Indian librarian S. R. Ranganathan, 1892-1972. The Conference theme was Library and Information Policy Perspectives. The Conference involved 86 contributed papers and was attended by 1,173 participants representing 80 countries. In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth spoke of the “new beginnings” within IFLA and in the library world in general. In reference to challenges ahead he said librarians needed to decide, “whether we wish to manage service stations on the superhighways of information, or become traffic engineers managing information flows to address priority needs of our respective societies.”129, 130 The 1993, 59th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Barcelona, Spain, August 22-28. The Conference theme was The Universal Library: Libraries as Centers for the Global Availability of Information. The Conference involved 93 open program sessions, 17 workshops, and five satellite meetings, with 209 papers presented, and 295 translations, as well as 90 booths in the Exhibition Hall occupied by more than 200 exhibitors. The Conference was attended by 3,039 participants representing 91 countries. This was, again, IFLA’s largest Conference to date. In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth spoke of the ‘Universal Library,’ and how it is stocked not with terminals but with books, the most widely available medium for libraries and their patrons around the world.

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The 1994, 60th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Havana, Cuba, August 21-27. This was the first IFLA Conference ever held in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Conference theme was Libraries and Social Development. The Conference involved 57 open sessions, where 187 papers were presented, as well as 16 workshops, and 37 poster sessions. The Conference was attended by over 1,500 participants representing 80 countries. In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth highlighted Cuba’s great successes in raising the general education level of its people and wiping out illiteracy throughout its own region. He also announced the establishment of IFLA’s website, IFLANET, which he said, “will transform IFLA into a worldwide communications network for libraries and librarianship that will transcend the barriers of time, place, and levels of development that separate us today”131 The 1995, 61st IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Istanbul, Turkey, August 20-25. The Conference theme was Libraries of the Future. The Conference involved 56 open sessions, 17 workshops, and 2 satellite meetings, where 200 papers were presented. For the first time, more than one-third of the papers at the Conference were available on the IFLA website prior to the Conference. The Conference was attended by 2,639 participants representing 104 countries. In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth said “perhaps the most dramatic change our library communities face is the rapid pace of technological change stimulated by telecommunications and the existence of international computer networks.”132, 133 The 1996, 62nd IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Beijing, China, August 25-31, in conjunction with the ICA Conference, which was held directly after the Session. The Conference theme was The Challenge of Change. The Conference involved 68 open sessions, where 150 papers were delivered. There were also 20 workshops, 14 poster sessions, nine contributed papers, and 284 exhibitors. The Conference was attended by 2,384 participants representing 91 countries. In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth thanked the Chinese Organizing Committee, and commented that this was IFLA’s first Conference in China even though China was one of the founding members of IFLA in 1927. The 1997, 63rd IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 31-September 5. The Conference theme was Libraries and Information for Human Development. The Conference involved 72 open sessions and 22 workshops, where 170 professional papers were presented. There were also 20 poster sessions offered and 185 booths in the Exhibits Area. The Conference was attended by 2,976 participants representing 141 countries. In his last opening remarks in the position, President Wedgeworth spoke of today’s “legal barriers and political pressures which are very real threats to the concept of service that libraries and librarians offer.”134 The 1998, 64th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 15-21. The Conference theme was On Cross-

78 Introductory History roads of Information and Culture. The Conference involved 72 open sessions and 22 workshops, where 192 papers were presented, as well as 495 exhibitors at 101 booths in the Exhibit Hall. The Conference was attended by 3,300 participants representing 120 countries. In her opening remarks, President Deschamps stated the three priorities of her presidential term: Education, Freedom of Expression, and Standardization. The 1999, 65th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Bangkok, Thailand, August 20-28. This was the first IFLA Council held in a developing country. The Conference theme was On the Threshold of the 21st Century: Libraries as Gateways to an Enlightened World. The Conference involved 218 professional meetings, where 159 professional papers were presented. There were also 23 workshops, 20 poster sessions and 109 booths in the Exhibit Hall. The Conference was attended by 1,980 participants representing 117 countries. In her opening remarks, President Deschamps stated, “IFLA as an institution has been in existence for a very long time. As with any institution of this type, it is necessary from time to time to stand back and analyze the adequacy of existing structures to reflect economic and technological developments and the evolution of the library profession.” 135

2000-2012: The Future is Now Leadership: 2000-2012 The years 2000-2012 saw six IFLA Presidents, the most ever in a 12 year period, per the changes in the new Statutes. The new Millennium began with Christine Deschamps, Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes), Paris, France continuing as President. In 2001 Kay Raseroka, Director of Library Services at the University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, was elected IFLA President-Elect by postal ballot. As the President-Elect automatically became President after two years of service, this was the first time an IFLA President was elected by general postal ballot, under the new Statutes adopted at the 2000 Jerusalem, Israel, Conference. President Deschamps served until 2003, when she completed her term. In 2003, President-Elect Kay Raseroka became President. President Raseroka was IFLA's first President from Africa, and also the first from a nonAmerican and non-European country. Also In 2003, Alex Byrne, University Librarian, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, was voted into the position of President-Elect by postal ballot. President Raseroka served until 2005 when she completed her term.

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23. Kay Raseroka, IFLA President 2003-2005

In 2005, President-Elect Alex Byrne assumed the position of President. At the same time, Claudia Lux, Director General of the Central and Regional Library, Berlin, Germany, was voted into the position of President-Elect by postal ballot. President Byrne served until 2007, when he completed his term.

24. Alex Byrne, IFLA President 2005-2007 25. Claudia Lux, IFLA President 2007-2009

In 2007, President-Elect Claudia Lux became President. At the same time, Ellen Tise, Senior Director, Library and Information Services at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, was elected President-Elect by postal ballot. President Lux served until 2009, when she completed her term.

80 Introductory History

26. Ellen Tise, IFLA President 2009-2011

27. Ingrid Parent, IFLA President 2011-2013

In 2009, President-Elect Ellen Tise became IFLA President. At the same time, Ingrid Parent, University Librarian of the University of British Columbia, Irving K. Barber Learning Centre, Canada, and IFLA Treasurer, 2004-2006, was elected to serve as President-Elect by postal ballot. President Tise served until 2011, when she completed her term. In 2011, President-Elect Ingrid Parent became President. At the same time, Sinikka Sipilä, Secretary General of the Finnish Library Association, Helsinki, Finland, was elected to serve as President-Elect for the term 2011-2013, and then the President for the term 2013-2015. As for Secretary General, the 21st Century began with Ross Shimmon, continuing in the position. He retired in March 2004, ending his five-year term. Rasu Ramachandran, Director of the National Library and Deputy Chief Executive of the National Library of Singapore, was appointed to the position starting April 1, 2004. He served until the beginning of December 2004, but had to resign for personal reasons. IFLA Professional Coordinator Sjoerd Koopman then took over as Acting Secretary General until spring 2005. Peter Johan Lor, Professor in the Department of Information Science at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, was next appointed Secretary General beginning February 15, 2005. In September 2008, Lor retired and was succeeded by Jennefer Nicholson, Executive Director of the Australian Library and Information Association, as she had joined IFLA Headquarters in June 2008 to make the transition easier. In June 2011, she was reappointed to serve as Secretary General through 2014.

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28. Rasu Ramachandran, IFLA Secretary General, 2004

29. Peter Lor, IFLA Secretary General, 2005-2008

30. Jennefer Nicholson, IFLA Secretary General, 2008-

The Treasurer position was held by a number of individuals throughout this time period. Derek Law of the UK, served as Treasurer, 1997-2004. In 2004, Ingrid Parent of Canada, became the new Treasurer and served until 2006, when Gunnar Sahlin of Sweden, accepted the position. He then served until Barbara Schleihagen of Germany became the new Treasurer, for 2009-2011. Donna Scheeder of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC, US, was the appointed Treasurer for 2011-2013. The Organization: 2000-2012 The organization of IFLA went through many changes and permutations at the start of the new Millennium. The first major changes occurred in 2000, as the

82 Introductory History Statutes and Rules of Procedures were revised and adopted. These were the first major changes to the Statutes since 1976. Some of the changes including having a Council Meeting every year (under the previous Rules, Council only met every other year), shortening the President’s term to two years, the introduction of a two-year President-Elect position, and that the PresidentElect and members of the Governing Board would be elected by postal ballot. Also the number of Board members increased, while the Professional Committee became a subset of the Governing Board. IFLA made these changes in its Statutes to enable its members to meet the challenges of the future, to make the electoral and governing processes more democratic in nature, and to facilitate participation of its members in each of the world’s regions in its affairs.136 Other significant decisions in 2000 included the Executive Board’s decision to cancel the official preconferences held in odd years before the Conference, and in their place from time to time sponsor a satellite meeting on a topic proposed by the organizing committee in cooperation with the Professional Board. Also the Medium Term Programs were ceased after 2001 and replaced with draft two-year Strategic Plans, starting with the 2002-2003 term. In 2002, the ten IFLA Round Tables were dissolved, with eight reformed and continued as IFLA Sections, leaving IFLA composed of 47 Sections, grouped under eight Divisions by 2004. There was also much growth for IFLA during this period. In 2004, a new model for IFLA’s leading concept for the years to come was approved, IFLA’s Three Pillars: Society, Members, and Profession. In 2005, IFLA’s website had 20,000 subscribers to the 45 different discussion lists, with all Conference papers from 1994 to date available online. In 2006, Arabic and Chinese were added to the list of five official IFLA languages (English, French, German, Russian, and Spanish). In 2007, IFLA began establishing Language Centers to assist in publication and translation of key documents. In 2008, new Statutes and Rules were accepted, and the new professional structure for the organization was ushered in. As part of this, the concept of Discussion Groups came to an end. In their place, Special Interest Groups (SIGs) came into being, with the Professional Committee ratifying eleven of them, including the Library History, New Professionals, and E-learning SIGs. And in 2009, with the continued growth of the web and dependence on internet technologies, the IFLA website was modernized, including the addition of the IFLA Online Learning Platform in 2010.

Membership: 2000-2012 IFLA began the Millennium in 2000, with 1,696 members in 152 countries. This broke down to 170 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status,

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1,125 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 365 Personal Affiliates, and 36 Corporate Partners. By 2011, IFLA had over 1,500 members in 151 countries. This was a 12% percent decrease in members from 2000 to 2012. In 2001, new members to IFLA included the Azerbaijan Library Development Association, the Papua New Guinea Library Association, the Pacific Islands Association of Libraries and Archives of Guam, and the Tanzania Library Association. In 2002, new members included the US International Children’s Literacy Corps, the Library and Information Association of Eritrea, the Library Association of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and Corporate Partners: Instant Library Limited from the UK, and Ebrary from the US. In 2003, new members included The Gambia Library and Information Services Association, the Gabon Association of Documentalists, the Indonesian Library Association, and the Israel Librarians and Information Specialists Association. In 2004, new members included the Georgian Library Association and Corporate Partner: the US’ Annual Reviews. In 2005, the Moroccan National Association of Informationists, and Corporate Partner: the UK’s ProQuest Information and Learning joined. In 2006, new members included the US International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists, the Association of Greek Librarians and Information Scientists, the Union of Bulgarian Librarians and Information Services Office, and the Ghana Library Association. In 2007, new members included the Bangladesh National Library, the Georgia Library Association, the National Library of Tunis, and the National Library of Armenia. In 2008, new members included the Afghanistan National Assembly Library, the State Library of Western Australia, the National Library of Belarus, the National Association of Public Libraries and Librarians in Romania, and the Canadian British Columbia Library Association. In 2009, new members included the Library and Information Association of Eritrea, the Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees, the Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers, the Nepal Community Library Association, the Azerbaijan Presidential Library, the Botswana Examinations Council, and the Russian School Libraries Association. In 2010, new members included the Association of Libraries of Czech Universities in the Czech Republic, the Shenzhen Library of China, the Lesotho Library Association, the Serbian Academic Library Association, the Library Association of Samoa, the University of Djibouti, the University of the West Indies on the Open Campus Library in Trinidad and Tobago, the Supreme Council of Crimea in the Ukraine, Helsinki University Library in Finland, the National Library of Peru, and the Rockefeller Foundation of the US. And in 2011, new members to IFLA included the University of Brunei Darussalam Library, the York University Library in Canada, the National and University Library of Strasbourg in France, the University of The Gambia Library, the University of Balamand Library in Lebanon, Auckland Libraries in

84 Introductory History New Zealand, and the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, US Department of Energy, US. Milestones: 2000-2012 One of the largest milestones for IFLA in this period occurred in 2002, when the 75th anniversary of IFLA was celebrated at the Glasgow, Scotland, UK, Session. The Session was held in Scotland as a nod to the origins of IFLA at the 1927 meeting of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (to be renamed IFLA in 1929), held in Edinburgh, Scotland. As part of the 75th celebration, during the Opening Ceremony delegates sang “Happy Birthday” to IFLA, to honor its anniversary. Session attendees were also given two pamphlets which offered a historical overview of the organization in their conference bags, A Brief History of IFLA 1927-2002, and IFLA 75th Anniversary. At the 2012 Helsinki, Finland, Session the 85th anniversary of IFLA was celebrated. Overview of 2000-2012 Sessions The IFLA sessions of the 2000’s ran mostly as they had in the 1990’s, but with some innovations. In 2001, the IFLA Express was offered every morning of the Boston, Massachusetts, US, Session in English, French, Spanish, and for the first time Russian. In 2002, a Fun Run to collect money for the UNESCO Books for All program was held in conjunction with the IFLA Conference at the Glasgow, Scotland, UK Session. In 2004, a raffle was introduced at the Buenos Aires, Argentina, Session with donations offered by participants who brought gifts from their own countries. These gifts were then raffled off to raise funds to pay for delegates from the developing world to attend future IFLA conferences. There were also some changes in the organization of the 21st Century Sessions. In 2002, the Governing Board adopted the title “World Library and Information Congress” for future IFLA annual Conferences (with the existing title being retained as a sub-title). From 2003-2008, the Sessions were titled ‘World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council.’ From 2009-2012, the Sessions were called ‘World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly,’ with no mention of ‘Council.’ In 2002, the Congrex Company was appointed conference organizer for the 2005-2011 conferences. With Congrex organizing Sessions, there was far less burden on the host country’s local library association, which opened IFLA up to meet in countries in which the local profession had thus far hesitated because of the enormous commitment a Congress entailed. And in 2006, for the first time, the Council meeting was held completely at the beginning of the Conference, instead of being divided in two parts, at both the beginning and the end.

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The Sessions, 2000-2012 The 2000, 66th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Jerusalem, Israel, August 13-18. As IFLA went back to hosting a Council every year, the title of the Sessions standardized to ‘Council and General Conference’ between 2000-2007. The Conference theme was Information for Cooperation: Creating the Global Library of the Future. The Conference involved 244 professional meetings where 179 Conference papers were presented. There were also 30 poster sessions, 36 workshops, and 62 exhibitors. The Conference was attended by more than 1,800 participants representing 93 countries. In her opening remarks, President Deschamps announced that the recent budget surplus allowed for a decrease in membership fees for institutional members in the least developed countries. The 2001, 67th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Boston, Massachusetts, US, August 16-25. The Conference theme was Libraries and Librarians: Making a Difference in the Knowledge Age. The Conference involved 70 Open Sessions where 160 papers were presented. There were also 100 business meetings, 60 poster sessions, 25 workshops, four industry updates, and 11 satellite meetings that took place around North America. The Conference was attended by 5,300 participants, representing 150 countries, making it the largest Session in all of IFLA’s first 85 year history, with also the most countries represented at any Session so far. In her opening remarks, President Deschamps said “IFLA is developing well and perhaps thanks to the important decisions made or implemented over the course of the year.” 137 The 2002, 68th IFLA General Conference and Council was held in Glasgow, Scotland, UK, August 18-24. The Conference was held in Scotland in celebration of IFLA’s 75th anniversary, as IFLA was founded at the 50th anniversary of the [UK] Library Association meeting in Edinburgh in 1927. This was the first time that a Session title featured the word ‘Conference’ before the ‘Council.’ The Conference theme was Libraries for Life: Democracy, Diversity, Delivery. The Conference involved 220 professional meetings where 166 papers were delivered. There were also 58 poster sessions, 25 workshops, 6 satellite meetings, and 126 exhibitors. The Conference was attended by 4,300 participants representing 131 countries. In her opening remarks, President Deschamps spoke of IFLA’s relations with other international organizations, including UNESCO, the World Trade Organization, the International Standardization Organization, and the International Committee of the Blue Shield. The 2003, 69th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Berlin, Germany, August 1-9. The Conference theme was Access Point Library-Information-Culture. The Conference involved 234 professional meetings, where 197 papers were presented. There were also 80 poster sessions, 12 Satellite Meetings either before or after the Conference, and 159 exhibitors. The Conference was attended by 4,500 par-

86 Introductory History ticipants representing 133 countries. In her opening remarks, her final in the position, President Deschamps stated that many new countries were being represented on the Governing Board, which showed IFLA’s “fierce determination to bring together librarians of all countries, including the least privileged.” She also spoke of the many achievements that had been made during her tenure as President, the most important of which she felt were the new Statutes from 2000. 138 The 2004, 70th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 22-27. This was IFLA’s first Conference in South America. The Conference theme was Libraries: Tools for Education and Development. The Conference involved 222 professional meetings, where 189 papers were presented. There were also 80 poster session, and 96 exhibitors. The Conference was attended by almost 4,000 participants representing 121 countries. In her first opening remarks in the position, President Raseroka praised the rich history of South American libraries. The 2005, 71st IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Oslo, Norway, August 14-18. The Conference theme was Libraries - A Voyage of Discovery. The Conference involved 216 professional meetings, where approximately 200 papers were presented. Additionally, there were 17 satellite meetings organized immediately prior to, or directly following the Conference, and there were 94 exhibitors. The Conference was attended by almost 3,000 participants representing 133 countries. In her opening remarks, her last as President, President Raseroka said the main focus of her presidency had been to facilitate transition and change of IFLA, based on the outcome of consultations with members, leading to advocacy, partnerships and alliances, and continued professional development. The 2006, 72nd IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Seoul, Korea, August 20-24. The Conference theme was Libraries: Dynamic Engines for the Knowledge and Information Society. The Conference involved 215 professional meetings, where 380 papers (including translations) were presented. In addition, there were 85 poster sessions, 89 exhibitors, and seven satellite meetings immediately prior to the Conference. The Conference was attended by more than 4,000 participants representing 124 countries. In his opening Remarks, President Byrne cautioned, “Events over the past month have forcibly reminded us that we continue to live in uncertain times; in times in which the desire for peace and justice is too often subsumed by the rages of hatred and violence, often fuelled by ignorance and envy…We cannot permit ourselves to be intimidated and to become complicit in the processes which set peoples against each other. As information professionals, we are committed to facilitating access to information for all. We are committed to enabling unrestricted access to information by the peoples of the world, to the unbiased provision of information through our libraries and information services.”139

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The 2007, 73rd IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Durban, South Africa, August 19-23. The Conference theme was Libraries for the Future: Progress, Development and Partnerships. The Conference involved 215 professional meetings, where 390 papers (including translations) were delivered. Additionally, there were 80 poster sessions, 102 exhibitors, and 15 satellite meetings organized immediately prior to the Conference. The Session was attended by 4,000 participants representing 118 countries. In his opening remarks, his last in the position, President Byrne welcomed everyone to Africa for the 80th anniversary of the Federation and stated, “Standing together with our colleagues to promote and defend our values is a profound responsibility which expresses our solidarity throughout the profession and across the globe….We must not lose sight of the distinct identity of our profession but nor should we be complacent about it. We must continue to reconsider and reinvent our profession in response to changing circumstances and needs while always remembering our higher goals.”140 The 2008, 74th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, August 10-14. The Conference theme was Libraries without Borders: Navigating towards Global Understanding. The Conference involved 224 professional meetings (102 sessions and 122 business meetings), where 245 papers were presented. Additionally, there were 137 poster sessions, 15 satellite meetings, and 120 exhibitors. The Conference was attended by approximately 3,000 participants representing 118 countries. In her opening remarks, President Lux said “As librarians we cannot change the world, but we can be more visible by distinctly demonstrating many of the good values represented by libraries and librarians for all to see and by putting them into action.”141 The 2009, 75th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly was held in Milan, Italy, August 23-27. The Conference theme was Libraries Create Futures: Building on Cultural Heritage. The Conference involved 219 professional meetings where over 200 papers were presented. There were 103 Poster Sessions entries and 18 satellite meetings. The Conference was attended by some 4,500 participants representing 127 countries. In her last speech in the position, President Lux spoke of the challenges and successes of her two-year term, including the creation of the new professional structure, the strengthening of relationships with strategic partners, and the development of an advocacy policy. The 2010, 76th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly was held in Gothenburg, Sweden, August 10-15. The Conference venue was originally slated for Brisbane, Australia, but had to be cancelled and relocated. The Conference theme was Open Access to Knowledge -Promoting Sustainable Progress. The Conference involved 160 professional meetings, 150 poster sessions, 14 satellite meetings, 30 library

88 Introductory History tours, and 80 exhibits. The Conference was attended by 3,300 participants representing 121 countries. In her opening remarks, President Tise said, “There are some who view knowledge as being even more valuable than precious metals such as gold, diamonds and platinum. Knowledge has become quantifiable in terms of its economic worth. Knowledge is the one commodity that increases in value with use – there are no diminishing returns when knowledge is used. In fact the use of knowledge, unlike other commodities which once used lose some value, such use often leads to new knowledge thereby enhancing the inherent value of this commodity.”142 The 2011, 77th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly was held in San Juan, Puerto Rico, US, August 13-18. The Conference theme was Libraries beyond Libraries: Integration, Innovation and Information for all. The Conference involved numerous professional meetings, over 150 poster sessions, and 15 satellite meetings. The Conference was attended by 2,418 participants representing 116 countries. In her opening remarks, President Tise said, “IFLA has at its core the provision of quality library and information services for all. Changes in technology, the exponential growth of information, reasons for needing information, how information is used, and how knowledge is created have all dramatically impacted on our profession in many ways in recent years … Whatever the thrusts, developments and advances, the importance of providing access to information which in turn changes lives and creates new knowledge remains unchanged and steadfast.” 143 The 2012 78th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly was held in Helsinki, Finland, August 1117. The Conference theme was Libraries Now! –Inspiring, Surprising Empowering. The 85th anniversary of IFLA was celebrated at this Session.

Citations 89

Citations are to entries in the Bibliography (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46)

IFLA, About IFLA IFLA, About IFLA de Vries, 71 International Library Review 84, vol. 16, no. 4, 346 de Vries, 122 Libri 55, vol. 5, no. 3, 269 IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 331, 337 Library Quarterly 82, vol. 52, no. 1, 41-42. AL 27, vol. 21, no. 12, 772 LJ 27, 12/1/27, 1135 Koops, 14 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 109 Koops, 15 de Vries, 17 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 108, 110 Koops, 14 de Vries, 27, 28 AL 31, vol. 25, no. 8, 664 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 109 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 109 Koops, 20 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 110 Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 12 de Vries, 97 IFLA, Actes XXXI, 24 AL 33, vol. 27, no. 1, 45 Koops, 17 de Vries, 32, 59 Koops, 154 de Vries, 113 LJ 30, 10/15/30, 834 de Vries, 30 IFLA, Actes III, 6 IFLA, Actes III, 28-29 de Vries, 30 IFLA, Actes IV, 9 Koops, 20 IFLA, Actes V, 61-62 Koops, 17 de Vries, 34 de Vries, 70 Koops, 20 de Vries, 108 de Vries, 73 Koops, 21 de Vries, 104, 107

90 Introductory History (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) (68) (69) (70) (71) (72) (73) (74) (75) (76) (77) (78) (79) (80) (81) (82) (83) (84) (85) (86) (87) (88) (89) (90) (91) (92) (93) (94)

de Vries, 73 Koops, 21, 25 de Vries, 109 de Vries, 104 Koops, 23-24 AL 43, vol. 37, no. 10, 315, 319 AL 44, vol. 38, no. 9, 327-328 AL 47, vol. 41, no. 6, 197-232 IFLA, Actes XII, 25 Koops, 24 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 109, 110 Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 15 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 111 Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 15 IFLA, Actes XII, 46-48 IFLA Journal 00, vol. 25, no. 1, 14 Koops, 28 IFLA, Actes XIV, 14 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 111 Koops, 30 Koops, 36, 155 IFLA, Actes XV, 20 Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 65 IFLA, Actes XXIII, 24-31, 72 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 113 Koops, 34 Libri 54, vol. 5, no. 2,182-189 LJ 73, 11/15/73, 3352 Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 13 AL 57, vol. 51, no. 8, 582 Libri 53, vol. 4, no.1, 63 Libri 55, vol. 5, no. 3, 267 Koops, 33 UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 11-12, 233 LJ 55, 1/15/55, 97 LJ 55, 1/15/55, 99 UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 11-12, 234 Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 241 Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 249-253 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 114 IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002 Koops, 36, 155 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 116 Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 270, 271 IFLA News 1, 7/15/62, 1 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 113, 115 IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 113

Citations 91 (95) (96) (97) (98) (99) (100) (101) (102) (103) (104) (105) (106) (107) (108) (109) (110) (111) (112) (113) (114) (115) (116) (117) (118) (119) (120) (121) (122) (123) (124) (125) (126) (127) (128) (129) (130) (131) (132) (133) (134) (135) (136) (137) (138) (139)

IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 112 UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 62, vol. 16, no. 2, 53-64 IFLA, Libraries in the World, v Koops, 40 LJ 64, 11/13/64, 4481-4482 IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 16-17 IFLA, Actes XXV, 14 IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 15 IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 21, 24 IFLA News 22, 10/67, 2 Koops, 44 IFLA Annual 1969, 19-22 IFLA News 30, 10/69, 2 IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 224 AL 75, vol. 6, no. 2, 74 IFLA Annual 1972, 41 IFLA News 41, 7/72, 1 IFLA Annual 1970, 25 IFLA Annual 1973, 37 IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 105 IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 362 IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 16. IFLA Annual 1983, 25-27 IFLA Annual 1984, 17 IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 4, 394 IFLA Annual 1985, 23 IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 328, 332 IFLA Annual 1986, 18 IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 365 IFLA Annual 1989, 29 IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 336 IFLA Annual 1991, 110 McCook, 8 IFLA Annual 1991, 109 IFLA Annual 1992, 27 IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 369 IFLA Annual 1994, 16, 23 IFLA Annual 1995, 18, 24 IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 304 IFLA Annual Report 1997 IFLA, 65th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference, August 20-August 28, 1999, Bangkok, Thailand, Presidential Address IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 2, 133 IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 297 IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 203, 246 IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 72nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 20-August 24, 2006, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Program and Proceedings, Opening Address.

92 Introductory History (140) IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 73nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 19-August 23, 2007, Durban, South Africa, Program and Proceedings, Opening Address (141) IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 336 (142) IFLA Journal 36, No. 4, December 2010, pg. 285-287 (143) IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13-August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Opening Address by IFLA President Ellen Tise

Part Two: Chronology of Sessions, 1927-2012 1927 The International Library and Bibliographical Committee (to be renamed the International Federation of Library Associations, or IFLA, in 1929) was founded September 30th, at the Annual Meeting of the [UK] Library Association, in Edinburgh, Scotland, as the [UK] Library Association celebrated its 50th Anniversary (AL 27, vol. 21, no. 12, 772; de Vries, 8-9; IFLA, Actes 1, 13; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 108; LJ 27, 10/1/27, 969-970; Koops, 14). At the meeting on September 27th, the [UK] Library Association’s International Library Cooperation Section formed a seven-person working group to consider the 1926 proposal from the International Congress of Librarians and Booklovers in Prague, Czechoslovakia, and the 1926 proposal from the ALA General Conference in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US, both calling for the establishment of an international library organization (Henry, 1; IFLA, Actes 1, 13). This seven-person working group was composed of Dr. Isak Collijn of Sweden, Chairman, Dr. Vincenzo Fago of Italy, Dr. Henry Guppy of the UK, Dr. Hugo Kruss of Germany, M. Henri Lemaitre of France, Carl H. Milam of the US, and Dr. Zdenek Vaclav Tobolka of Czechoslovakia (Dale, ix-x; IFLA, Actes 1, 13, 15). The working group held two meetings on September 29th about this issue. The result of these meetings was a Proposition to form the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (IFLA, Actes 1, 13). On September 30th, the representatives of the various National Library Associations met in the North British Hotel, in the Mahogany Room. There they adopted the Committee’s Proposition, officially forming the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (IFLA, Actes 1, 13). As part of discussion about the final Resolution, it was stated that “The international committee, purely representative of national associations, which will also consider international library and bibliographical questions in general, will doubtless afford the world organization which is promoting in so many professions and relations international sympathy and brotherhood, the best antidote for war and assurance for peace” (LJ 27, 12/1/27, 1135). The final Resolution document was signed by delegates of fifteen countries, including: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US (IFLA, Actes 1, 14-15; Koops, 14).

94

Chronology of Sessions

The accepted final Resolution contained seven points, including one that stated “the duties of the Committee shall be to select the time and place for international conferences and, with the cooperation of local committees, to prepare programs for such conferences” (AL 27, vol. 21, no. 12, 772). This final Resolution was the Federation’s “Magna Carta” of foundation (IFLA, Actes 1, 14-15; Koops, 14). Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Stockholm, Sweden, and Chairman of the seven-person working group, was elected first Chairman (later President). He was a distinguished scholar, primarily an incunabulist and medievalist of international fame, who combined a wide culture with exceptional linguistic accomplishments. Fluent in eight languages, he furnished on occasion astonishing proof of the latter (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 109; Koops, 14; LJ 27, 10/15/27, 977). The first library organizations to join the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (later IFLA) were the Belgian Association of Archivists and Librarians, the Danish Library Association, the Finnish Library Association, the Association of French Librarians, the [UK] Library Association, the Central Association for Public Libraries (The Netherlands), The Netherlands Association of Librarians, the Polish Librarians’ Association, the Swedish Association of Research Librarians, Sweden’s General Library Association, and the Swiss Vereinigung Schweizerischer Bibliotekare (IFLA Annual 1969, 114, 128, 137, 142, 161, 170, 171, 187, 194, 195, 200). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume I, published in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1930-1931 (de Vries, 32; Koops, 154).

Year 1928

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1928 The 1st Session of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee was held in Rome, Italy, March 31, in preparation for the following year’s First International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography. It was also advantageous to have the Session in Rome as many librarians were already in the city acting as advisors on the cataloging of the Vatican Library (IFLA, Actes 1, 16; Koops, 154; LJ 28, 5/1/28, 410; Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 1). Of the fifteen counties that originally signed the 1927 Resolution at the Edinburgh, Scotland, Session, twelve delegates attended the meeting, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US. Of the Executive Committee elected at the Edinburgh Session, the delegates of Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the US were present (de Vries, 13; IFLA, Actes I, 17, 18). The agenda for the Session involved election of a temporary secretary, election of the Executive Committee, decision of the time and place for the next session, a proposition by Mr. Godet concerning the program for future Congresses, and appointment of Subcommittees (de Vries, 13). Heinrich Uhlendahl of Germany was asked to take over as Secretary General for the duration of the meeting. The appointment of Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands was discussed, but the formal recommendation had to be postponed until the next Session (de Vries, 14; IFLA, Actes 1, 22; IFLA Archive). Two Vice-Chairmen were elected, William Warner Bishop of the US as first chairman, and Mr. Vincenzo Fago of Italy as second chairman (de Vries, 14). The IFLA Chairman continued to be Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Stockholm, Sweden (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, Chairman Collijn addressed and welcomed the delegates in Italian (IFLA, Actes 1, 19). As proposed by Chairman Collijn, the establishment of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee was officially declared at Session and unanimously adopted (IFLA, Actes 1, 25; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 108). The session was opened by His Excellency Professor Bodrero, Italian Under-Secretary of the State and by Dott Salvagnini, Director General of Academies and Libraries (IFLA, Actes 1, 18; IFLA, Actes 2, 32). During the Session, six Subcommittees were established, each with a president and one or more members. These Subcommittees included: Classification Schemes for International Use; International Catalog Rules; International Code for Bibliographers; International Scholarships, Fellowships, and Exchange of Librarians and Assistants; Education for Librarianship; and ByLaws for Eventual Regulations Supplementary to the Resolutions Adopted at Edinburgh (de Vries, 15; IFLA, Actes 1, 28-29).

96

Chronology of Sessions

The choice of Subcommittees had come from Carl Milam of the US, and appeared to be based on his personal interests. There was no further discussion about exactly what these Committees were to do, and how they were supposed to go about it, which left the Committees at a disadvantage (de Vries, 16). This first meeting was mainly devoted to matters of a practical, organizational character, as could be expected (de Vries, 13). Mr. Godet’s propositions concerning future sessions were discussed. It was decided that the new organization would only concern itself with questions of a truly international character, related to international problems or problems of general interest, and of concern to a number of countries, not superfluous discussion of unrelated single topics, to ensure the meeting program’s unity and substance (de Vries, 14; Koops, 15). Session topics included the recent work at the Vatican Library (Koops, 15; LJ 28, 5/1/28, 410). As a letter had been received from the Italian delegate, Vincenzo Fago, containing an invitation to hold next year’s International Congress in Rome, the invitation was accepted, and the date was set for June 1929 (de Vries, 14; IFLA, Actes 1, 26, 27). In accordance with international custom, the Session was carried out in English, French, German, and Italian (IFLA, Actes 1, 22). The Session was held at the new Ministry of Public Instruction building in Rome. The session was divided into two meetings, one in the morning of March 31st, and one in the evening (IFLA, Actes 1, 17, 27). The International Library and Bibliographical Committee had a membership of 14 countries. As it had been decided at the 1927 Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, Session, that the founding Resolution (signed by the representatives) would not be binding until approved by the different library associations, and by this Session only 14 of the original 15 countries had approved the Resolution. The only country that was lacking was Denmark, as the Denmark Library Association had yet to meet, to be able to approve the Resolution (IFLA, Actes I, 25). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume I, published in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1931 (de Vries, 32; Koops, 154).

Year 1929

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31. The 2nd Session in Rome, Italy, June 14, 1929, Congress reception with His Holiness, Pope Pius XI

1929 The 2nd Session of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee was held in Italy, in Rome on June 14th, in conjunction with the International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography, which was also held in Florence on June 25th, and Venice on June 29th, with each meeting forming a part of the same session (IFLA, Actes 1, 30, 43, 44; IFLA Archive; Koops, 15). There were eighty-five papers presented at the Congress (Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 11). Over 1,500 participants attended the Congress (AL 29, vol. 23, no. 2, 29). The opening session of the Congress was addressed by Benito Mussolini, the Prime Minister of Italy. Many of the official delegates were received by His Majesty, the King, who also honored the Congress by visiting the exhibits. The entire Congress was also received and addressed by His Holiness, Pope Pius XI. The Pope granted a two-hour audience to the delegates and stopped to speak informally with a number of the delegates. The Pontiff was a former librarian at the Ambrosiana Library in Milan, Italy (AL 29, vol. 23, no. 7, 215; AL 29, vol. 23, no. 9, 424). Congress topics included government document bibliography, international bibliographies, an international cataloging code, international exchanges, and information bureaus (LJ 28, 9/1/28, 700).

98

Chronology of Sessions

The Congress was notable for its work stimulating progress at the Vatican Library and the Ibero-American Cultural Exposition which had opened in Seville, Italy, in March 1929 (LJ 28, 12/15/29, 1028). Fifteen resolutions were adopted during the Congress, including the need for professional library schools to be created in member countries without them; that international loan be arranged; and that governments be urged to put libraries in an equal financial footing with the total national education budget, in view of their significant cultural mission, and not consider them mere parts of the educational system. These resolutions gave IFLA a framework to work in over the upcoming years (AL 29, vol. 23, no. 9, 426-427; de Vries, 22; IFLA, Actes 1, 38; Koops, 17). The Congress was called by the International Library and Bibliographical Committee, but all of the planning was left almost completely to the local Italian Committee and the Government of Italy, which made the Congress not so much an international conference, rather a national conference with an international character. Chairman Collijn of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee (later IFLA) could only exercise an indirect influence on the running of the Congress; the direct management came from the Italian government, which obviously could not cope. As a result nobody knew exactly what was to happen next or where he or she was expected to be (de Vries, 21, 25). The Congress was described in a US article as, “Though divided into many sections according to topics for discussion, naturally did not work with the smoothness characteristic of the ALA Conferences despite their greater multifariousness, and the announced plans were more or less frustrated” (LJ 28, 8/29, 660). Carl Milam of the US further described it as, “that the Rome Congress was organized wholly for the libraries of great reference libraries,” and that out of the eighty-five papers at the Rome Congress, “only eight or ten could be said to be of special interest to the public librarian” (Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 11). A Dutch delegate reflected on the Congress as having too great a number of issues to be discussed, too many sections, too many things to do and see, and that the countries’ delegates stuck together too much, thereby limiting their contacts with colleagues from other countries (de Vries, 25-26). The Session of the International Library and Bibliographical Committee was attended by delegates from 18 countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Lettland (Latvia), The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the US, and by a delegate from the League of Nations (de Vries, 17). The temporary secretary was the ALA Secretary Carl H. Milam of the US, until Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands was officially appointed Secretary General. Sevensma was the Director of the League of Nations Library in

Year 1929

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Geneva, Switzerland. His appointment was advantageous to IFLA as Sevensma was a link to the League of Nations, and gave IFLA a permanent seat in Geneva at the League of Nations Library. Sevensma was a Dutchman of encyclopedic culture, open to the world, temperamental and very active, gifted with a winning humanity and amiability. A skilled negotiator with a dynamic personality, he was always out for new contacts. Seen in the light of history, he appears the very soul of the young Federation, and at the same time the embodiment of the enthusiasm which in the early days characterized many champions of the international cooperation (de Vries, 18; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 108, 110; Koops, 14; Dominican). The IFLA Chairman (now called President) continued to be Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Stockholm, Sweden (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Collijn greeted the delegates and gave a history of the organization (IFLA, Actes 2, 30). The Session was opened by Senator Cippico, President of the Executive Committee of the First International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography, who welcomed the delegates (IFLA, Actes 2, 30). As part of the business discussion, membership officially changed the name of the organization from the International Library and Bibliographical Committee to the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), the Executive Committee changed its name to the International Library Committee, and the organization adopted its official Statutes (as drafted by Carl Milam of the US), which stated one of the principal tasks of the new super body was to convene at three to five year intervals, a large international congress (AL 29, vol. 23, no. 9, 424; AL 29, vol. 23, no. 12, 768; de Vries, 18; Koops, 14, 15; Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, No. 1, 11). During the Session, nine Subcommittees were formed, but there was no further mention of the six Committees that had been formed at the 1928 Rome, Italy, Session (de Vries, 27). By the end of the Session, the new body was a rather loosely organized federation of associations, with a President in Stockholm, Sweden, and a Secretary General in Geneva, Switzerland, and a little money, but no permanent office, and no guarantee for any kind of permanence. But IFLA had been created with its present name and in its present form. Some organizational problems had been solved as the Congress had presented the new Federation with a working program for years to come, and the first Subcommittees had been formed, so work could begin (de Vries, 27, 28). A tour arranged through the ALA to attend this Congress cost $860 ($10,800 in 2010 dollars) and involved departing New York City, New York, US, by steamer ship on May 24, visiting a number of countries including Rome for the Congress, and returning to New York City by ship by July 22. The price did not include “tips, deck chairs, rugs on Atlantic steamer, and passport expenses” (AL 29, vol. 23, no. 9, 424).

100 Chronology of Sessions The Session was held at the Hotel Ambasciatori in Rome, the Hotel Savoia in Florence, and the Hotel Danieli in Venice. In Venice the delegates participated in local library tours (IFLA, Actes 2, 43-44). IFLA had a membership of 21 library associations from 21 countries (IFLA, Actes 2, 34, 36). New members to IFLA this year were the Denmark Library Association, the Estonia Library Association, the Japanese Library Association, the Lettland (Latvia) Library Association, the Mexican Library Association, the Polish Library Association, the State Advisory Committee on Library Affairs (The Netherlands), and the American Library Association for a total of 21 member countries (IFLA, Actes 1, 34-35; IFLA Annual 1969, 169, 242). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume I, published in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1931. Proceedings of the Congress were published in Italian, by the Italian Government in 1932 (de Vries, 21, 32; IFLA, Actes IV, 17; Koops, 154).

Year 1930

101

1930 The 3rd IFLA Session was held in Stockholm, Sweden, August 20-21(IFLA, Actes II, 3; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by representatives of 20 nations, and other international representatives (IFLA, Actes II, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Stockholm, Sweden (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Collijn spoke of the importance of the development of libraries in the development of civilization (IFLA, Actes II, 6). The first part of the session was addressed by Mr. Knos, the Swedish Secretary of State and Minister of Public Instruction. The second part of the session was addressed by Mr. Ortega, the Minister of Mexico in Sweden, on A Summary of the History of Mexican Libraries (IFLA, Actes II, 6, 16). Session topics included discussion on the Report of the Committee on Public Libraries, library statistics, professional schools, the need to include public libraries in IFLA’s scope, the completion of the Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University, Connecticut, US, and the growing demand for the international exchange of librarians (AL 31, vol. 25, no. 5, 181; IFLA, Actes II, 64; LJ 30, 10/15/30, 834-836). The need for new editions of the Index Bibliographicus and Bibliotheca Bibliographica was discussed, as well as the need for a list of all the organizations and institutes which dealt with international bibliography (de Vries, 34-35). Three working Committees were established on the topics of library staff, book statistics, and professional training (Koops, 22). As part of the business discussion at Session, the official Statutes adopted by IFLA in 1929 came into effect, constituting the organization as a world union of national library associations, also open to related organizations of central library institutions in countries where no library associations were in existence. These Statutes were also slightly amended during the session (IFLA, Actes II, 37; Koops, 15). The representative of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation spoke on the Guide to National Services, List of Remarkable Works, Public Libraries for Workers, and Decimal Classification (de Vries, 52). At the end of all of the Sessions at this time was a discussion on the time and place of the next Session. Fortunately there was always an invitation from some country to host it. Sometimes the actual discussion was left to the Board (de Vries, 58). There was only one woman on the program (Miss Sarah Bogle, the US ALA representative), but it was reported that two others were present for the meeting (LJ 30, 10/15/30, 834).

102 Chronology of Sessions Although the official languages for the Session were voted on, and English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish were officially approved, the session was held mainly held in French. Speeches were also made in English and German (IFLA, Actes II, 7; LJ 30, 10/15/30, 834). Most IFLA meetings of the 1930’s were two-day meetings with an average attendance of between 30 and 50 delegates, and by one or more representatives of the League of Nations and the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation. There was a fixed procedure for the Sessions consisting of two plenary sessions, during which the various Subcommittees held their professional meetings. The opening plenary session was devoted to addresses of welcome by representatives of the authorities and libraries hosting the Session, and to the opening speech by the President. This was followed by the Secretary General’s progress report, and his survey of IFLA’s financial situation. As there was not a separate Treasurer position as part of the IFLA Executive Board at this time, the Secretary General managed the finances and made the financial reports to the organization during Session. Then came the reports presented by the delegates of related cultural organizations. The closing plenary session concluded the official program with the announcements of directions and plans of the Executive Committee, and the determination of the next general session’s location and time (de Vries, 31; IFLA, Actes IV, 16; Koops, 18, 19). The Session was held at the Swedish Parliament (Riksdagshuset) for the first two sessions, and then in Uppsala in the Stadshotellet for the third session. Session events involved visits and receptions, a tour of the Royal Library and the Polytechnic School Library, an excursion to old Uppsala to the Linnaeus’ Hammarby, and then a charming final dinner hosted by Madame Collijn (IFLA, Actes II, 32). IFLA consisted of 24 Member Associations, representing 20 countries: Austria, Belgium, China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland (2 members), France, Germany (2 members), Italy, Japan, Latvia, The Netherlands (3 members), Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the US (IFLA, Actes III, 9; IFLA Annual 1969, 186). A new member to IFLA this year was the Norwegian Library Association (IFLA, Actes III, 9; IFLA Annual 1969, 186). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume II, published in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1931 (de Vries, 32; Koops, 154).

Year 1931

103

1931 The 4th IFLA Session was held in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK, August 29-31, in conjunction with the [UK] Library Association Meeting, August 31-September 5 (AL 31, vol. 25, no. 8, 666; IFLA, Actes III, 3; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by 20 delegates representing 12 nations (IFLA, Actes III, 3). Due to political constraints in the world, this Session was not as well attended as the previous two sessions (IFLA, Actes III, 6). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Stockholm, Sweden, until he completed his term during Session (IFLA, Actes III, 28-29). In his opening remarks, President Collijn said, “Unfortunately, clouds have gathered at the political and economic horizon of the world since our last meeting, and due to this our present Session is not so well attended as our previous meetings in Rome and Stockholm…I called attention, gentlemen, to the present situation of general depression in all countries. It is obvious that these conditions cast their shadow even within the area of intellectual activity, and library work especially has suffered heavily from economic difficulties in several lands” (de Vries, 30; IFLA, Actes III, 6). The Session was addressed by Alderman Clara Winterbotham, twice former mayor of the city, on behalf of the Cheltenham local library committee (IFLA, Actes III, 5). Another typical segment of the early 1930’s Sessions was the reading of telegrams from those who could not attend the Session. During this Session, telegrams of apology were received from a number of countries including German, Austria, Japan, Latvia, and Norway, all apologizing for not being able to attend the Session because the present economic conditions prevented them from sending delegates (IFLA, Actes III, 8-9). Session topics included the need for a Subcommittee for hospital library services, international loans, French library statistics, librarian exchange, and recent innovations in the Czechoslovakian libraries (AL 31, vol. 25, no. 8, 664; IFLA, Actes III, 18, Annexe IV, Annexe X; LJ 31, 11/1/31, 911). Another topic of discussion was the resolutions of the League of Nations Committee of Expert Librarians on the subject of the preservation of manuscripts and printed matter, which IFLA forwarded to all member associations to review (IFLA, Actes III, 10). It was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences and events over the last year, including the International Congress on Popular Libraries in Algiers, Algeria, in April 1931, the League of

104 Chronology of Sessions Nations Committee of Expert Librarians, in Paris, in June 1931, and the inauguration of the Krasinski Library and Museum in Warsaw, Poland (IFLA, Actes III, 10). At the end of the Session, as President Collijn announced the completion of his term, he said, “I beg to express my sincere thanks to the delegates of the Federation for the privilege given me during the past years of working for its organization. It would have been impossible to fulfill the mission entrusted to me, had it not been for the support I have experienced from the many good friends from the various countries, amongst who may be counted several of Europe’s and America’s foremost librarians” (IFLA, Actes III, 28-29). An election was held and William Warner Bishop, noted library consultant out of Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, was unanimously elected president of IFLA. Not only did William Warner Bishop embody the best American library traditions, but he was also an excellent authority on European librarianship, and its specific needs and problems. In accepting the presidency, he apologized for not speaking as many languages as Mr. Collijn, but vowed to do his utmost to advance the affairs of the Federation (AL 31, vol. 25, no. 8, 664; IFLA, Actes III, 29; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 109). As part of this election, new Vice Presidents were elected, including Marcel Godet, Director of the Swiss National Library, and Arundell Esdaile, Secretary of the British Museum, London, UK (de Vries, 29). For next year’s Session, Secretary General Sevensma suggested a central meeting place per the seriousness of the world economic depression. After some discussion, the location of Switzerland was decided upon (IFLA, Actes III, 27). Mr. Bishop repeated last year’s offer from the US’ ALA to host the 1933 IFLA Session in Chicago, Illinois, US, in conjunction with the ALA Annual Conference (IFLA, Actes III, 23). The Session was held at the Art Gallery and Museum and the Queen’s Hotel, both in Cheltenham (IFLA, Actes III, 5). A new member to IFLA this year was the Finnish Research Library Association (IFLA Annual 1969, 138). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume III, published in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1931. The Actes were considered quite important for IFLA, as they formed the only regular means of communication between IFLA and its members. Of these Actes, the Annexes really formed the most important part, as these contained the full text of most of the Subcommittees reports and all of the national reports. Thus the national reports were an important means of informing other countries of one’s national developments, and one’s most important publications in the field. All taken together these reports form an interesting source of library history (de Vries, 32, 59; Koops, 154). IFLA had a membership of 24 associations in 21 countries, covering America, Asia, and Europe (IFLA, Actes III, 9).

Year 1931

105

The first edition of IFLA Repertoire was published. This was a directory of IFLA members, with contact information for the Federation as well as each individual member (IFLA, Repertoire, 5; Koops, 51, 80).

106 Chronology of Sessions

32. The 5th Session in Berne, Switzerland, June 9 – 10, 1932

1932 The 5th IFLA Session was held in Berne, Switzerland, June 9-10 (IFLA, Actes IV, 3; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by 27 delegates representing 17 countries (AL 32, vol. 26, no. 9, 738; IFLA, Actes IV, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be William Warner Bishop, noted library consultant out of Ann Arbor, Michigan, US (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Bishop dwelt on two aspects: the achievements and major occurrences in the world of librarianship, and the by then even more obvious financial crisis in the world at large, “We meet in parlous times…all international projects must of necessity move rather slowly. Patience is a virtue which we must all not only cultivate but make part of our very lives, if we are to achieve international understanding and co-operation in the field of librarianship” (de Vries, 30; IFLA, Actes IV, 9). At Session, former IFLA President Collijn of Stockholm, Sweden, spoke on the dangers to all intellectual work involved from the drastic budget cuts governments were making because of the world depression (AL 32, vol. 26, no. 9, 738). Telegrams of regret for not being able to attend were read from a number of delegates, including the Under-Secretary-General of the League of Nations,

Year 1932

107

and the library associations of Austria, Japan, and Mexico, amongst others (IFLA, Actes IV, 5-6). A number of announcements were made, including the premiere of the second and third volumes of the Catalog of Printed Books, the first volume of the Gesamtkatalog, as well as the first part of the German Handbook of Library Science (IFLA, Actes IV, 7). Session topics included the December 1931 fire at the Vatican Library, the status of international loan, and the continued worldwide financial crisis, where libraries were taking cuts to their hours and staffs while their circulation numbers continued to rise from the rush of use by the recently unemployed (IFLA, Actes IV, 8-9; LJ 32, 9/15/32, 777). At Session, IFLA passed a resolution highlighting the dangers libraries were facing because of the severe financial situation of the world: “The International Library Committee urgently requests governments, in spite of the world crisis, to maintain undiminished, for the service of intellectual workers, the financial provision made for national education and instruction, and notably credits voted for libraries.” This resolution was dispatched to the governments of all countries (AL 33, vol. 27, no. 1, 45; Koops, 17). Resolutions adopted during Session included an urge to include lectures on library construction in the programs of all schools of architecture, an appeal to help emigrating German librarians, an appeal to assist victims of the Spanish Civil War, and a resolution concerning the increasing high prices of German periodicals in the fields of natural science, medicine, and technology (Koops, 17, 18). A Subcommittee of the Popular Libraries Committee was established, formally bringing public library issues into IFLA for the first time (IFLA Annual 1977, 102). The final meeting of these early 1930’s Sessions was devoted to the presentation of the individual country reports from each national library organization (IFLA, Actes IV, 35-42). President Bishop again presented the US’ ALA offer to host next year’s 1933 meeting in Chicago, Illinois, US, but many delegates still wanted a European location per the high cost of travel because of the strained world economic times. By Session’s end it was decided that the decision of where to locate next year’s Session would be left up to the Executive Board (IFLA, Actes IV, 48). IFLA now had seven working Subcommittees: Hospital Libraries, Popular Libraries, Exchange of Librarians, Exchange of University Theses, Professional Education, Library Statistics, and Printed Matter (IFLA, Actes V, 9-11; Koops, 22, 23). The Session events were held at the National Library of Switzerland. Session events involved a tour of the facility as well as dinner at Kursaal Schanzli and an outing to Thoune (IFLA, Actes IV, 13, 48; LJ 32, 9/15/32, 777).

108 Chronology of Sessions A new member to IFLA this year was the Association of Mexican Librarians (IFLA Annual 1969, 259). IFLA consisted of 27 Member Associations, representing 22 countries (de Vries, 31). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume IV, published in The Hague, The Netherlands, in 1934 (de Vries, 32; Koops, 154).

Year 1933

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33. The 6th Session in Chicago, Illinois, United States, October 14, 1933

1933 The 6th IFLA Session was held in Chicago, Illinois, US, October 14, and Avignon, France, November 13-14, with each meeting forming a part of the same session. The Chicago Session was held in conjunction with the 55th annual ALA Conference, allowing the IFLA delegates to mingle with their American colleagues and participate in various aspects of the ALA Conference itself (AL 33, vol. 27, no. 12, 602-603; AL 34, vol. 28, no. 6, 332; IFLA, Actes V, 3, 41, 42; Koops, 154). In the Chicago Session, 45 delegates representing 18 nations attended. Many delegates were able to attend through small grants from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the General Education Board of the Rockefeller Foundation through the ALA, and the Carnegie Corporation (AL 33, vol. 27, no. 9, 403; AL 34, vol. 28, no. 6, 332; IFLA, Actes V, 3, 14; LJ 33, 9/1/33, 698). The Session was only of one day’s duration, as it was a part of the ALA Annual Conference (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 24). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be William Warner Bishop, noted library consultant out of Ann Arbor, Michigan, US (IFLA Archive). In his opening address President Bishop commented, “Our task as a Committee in this world crisis is clear. We must keep our organization alive and

110 Chronology of Sessions vigorous, ready to go forward at the first opportunity” (AL 33, vol. 27, no. 12, 602-603; de Vries, 29, 30; Koops, 20). Session topics included the continued discussion of the widening global economic crisis’ effects on libraries, the US President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal and its implication for US libraries, the continued publication of the Prussian Gesamtkatalog, and the yearly distribution of the 200 copies of the Actes (IFLA, Actes V, 18, 19, 32; LJ 33, 11/1/33, 878-881). During the Session it was voiced that the cost of extensive international cooperation was not favorable now because of the economy, but relations were still being sought even though some countries understandably had to scale back their internationalism because of the expense (AL 34, vol. 28, no. 6, 332). Secretary General Sevensma reported that the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation had stated its readiness to cooperate with IFLA by collaborating through the League of Nations to influence governments to execute IFLA’s 1932 Resolution on the world financial crisis and its effect on libraries. This was very helpful, since the Federation had no real power at all to support its recommendation (de Vries, 33). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial survey showed that there was a deficit in the IFLA budget for the first time (de Vries, 34). At the end of the meeting it was decided to hold the next International Congress in 1935, with the location to be decided by the Executive Board, but probably Spain (de Vries, 58). The Session was held at the Stevens Hotel. Session activities included participation in the ALA Annual Conference, a dinner at the Cliff Dwellers Club of Chicago, a banquet of the Special Libraries Association, a dinner of the National Association of State Librarians, and a Library Donors luncheon. Delegates also toured local libraries, and made excursions to other American cities (IFLA, Actes V, 42-43). A number of the IFLA Delegates also presented papers at the ALA Annual Conference, including Monsignor Eugene Tisserant, acting librarian for the Vatican Library, Italy, on What the Preservation of the Records of Scholarship Means to Changing Civilizations; Arundell Esdaile, Secretary of the British Library, on The Social Responsibilities of the Modern Library; and former IFLA President Collijn on Society’s Responsibilities to Maintain Libraries (AL 33, vol. 27, no. 12, 602-603). The Avignon, France, session was attended by 16 participants representing seven countries (IFLA, Actes V, 7-8). Vice President Godet led the Session for President Bishop, as Bishop was unable to attend both Sessions. Vice President Godet, Secretary General Sevensma, and Assistant Secretary Breycha-Vauthier attended both sessions, Chicago and Avignon (AL 33, vol. 27, no. 12, 602-603; de Vries, 29, 30; IFLA, Actes V, 3-9; Koops, 20).

Year 1933

111

For the opening remarks of the President, Vice President Godet read a copy of the pre-prepared speech President Bishop made at the Chicago Session (AL 33, vol. 27, no. 12, 602-603; de Vries, 29, 30; Koops, 20). Session discussion centered around Subcommittee work, including the Subcommittee on Popular Libraries (IFLA, Actes V, 59). There was a presentation about the partially successful effect the 1932 Resolution had on maintaining funding for libraries during the current world financial crisis. The Resolution had received the support of the relevant League of Nations Committee of Experts (IFLA, Actes V, 61-62; Koops, 17). The resolution introduced at the 1932 Session concerning the increasing high prices of German periodicals was implemented. This resolution brought about a positive result, with a reduction in the prices (IFLA, Actes V, 62-63; Koops, 17). The Session was held at the Calvet Art Museum. Session events involved a tour of the museum, tours of the city, receptions, and a tour of the Inguimbertine Library in Carpentras (IFLA, Actes V, 80). New members to IFLA this year included Greece’s Superior Council of Libraries (IFLA, Actes V, 21). IFLA had a membership of 28 associations representing 23 countries (IFLA, Actes V, 20). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume V, published in The Hague, The Netherlands, by Nijhoff Publishers. Once Nijhoff began to publish and sell the Actes, IFLA began to have a steady profit stream for the first time, which gave the Federation finances to assist with planning (de Vries, 32; Koops, 154).

112 Chronology of Sessions

34. The 7th Session in Madrid, Spain, May 28 – 29, 1934

1934 The 7th IFLA Session was held in Madrid, Spain, May 28-29, in preparation of hosting the Second International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography in 1935 (IFLA, Actes VI, 3; Koops, 154; LJ 35, 9/1/35, 671). The Session was attended by 25 delegates representing 10 nations (IFLA, Actes VI, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be William Warner Bishop, noted library consultant out of Ann Arbor, Michigan, US (IFLA Archive). As President Bishop could not attend the Session because of his workload and the problems of travelling to Europe, Vice President Godet replaced him as chairman of the plenary session (de Vries, 29). In his opening remarks, Vice President Godet spoke of the achievements of the past year, particularly on various important books published in the field of librarianship (de Vries, 31). The Session was opened with speeches by Mr. Artigas, Director of the National Library of Madrid, J. Lasso de la Vega, Secretary General of the Association of Spanish Libraries and Librarians, and Dr. T. Hernando, the President of the Association of Spanish Libraries and Librarians (IFLA, Actes VI, 5).

Year 1934

113

Topics of the Session included the continued rising price of scientific periodicals and discussion about cooperative cataloging (IFLA, Actes VI, 45,105). A major part of the discussion at Session concerned the organization of next year’s 1935 Second International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography. Unlike the 1929 Rome International Congress, which was planned mainly by the Italian Government, the organization of this Congress was mainly being done by IFLA, which planned a tighter and better organized Congress than the one in Rome (de Vries, 65; IFLA, Actes VI, 34). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial survey showed that last year’s deficit in the IFLA budget had been repaired because of the profit brought in by the selling of the Actes (de Vries, 34). This Session, more so than the ones before, had a remarkable effect on international cooperation, with six new Committees established to cover, for instance, Special Libraries, Parliamentary Libraries, Uniform Catalog Rules, and Standardization (Koops, 22). IFLA consisted of seven Subcommittees: Hospital Libraries, Public Libraries, Exchange of Librarianship, Exchange of University Theses, Professional Education, Library Statistics, and Statistics of Publications (de Vries, Annex IV). The Session was held at the National Library of Madrid. Session events involved a reception at the Hotel de Ville, a tour of El Escorial (the former residence of the King of Spain), and a theatrical production at the Ateneo of Madrid, as well as a tour of local libraries (IFLA, Actes VI, 3, 46-47). IFLA consisted of 32 Member Associations, representing 24 countries (de Vries, 31). A new member to IFLA this year was the US Medical Library Association (IFLA Annual 1969, 255). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume VI, which included a cumulative index, 1927-1934 (de Vries, 75; Koops, 154).

114 Chronology of Sessions

35. The 8th Session in Madrid and Barcelona, Spain, May 19 – 20 and 30, 1935

1935 The 8th IFLA Session was held in Spain, in conjunction with the Second International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography, May 19-20th in Madrid and May 30th in Barcelona. The Congress opened in Madrid, continued in Seville, then returned to Madrid and then went to Barcelona for its closing session (de Vries, 64; IFLA, Actes VII, cover; Koops, 23, 154; LJ 34, 11/1/34, 847; LJ 35, 9/1/35, 671). The Congress was divided into two main themes: one technical (international loan) and other more general (the place of libraries in modern life) (de Vries, 64; Koops, 23, 154; LJ 34, 11/1/34, 847; LJ 35, 9/1/35, 671). More than 550 delegates from 26 countries attended the Congress. The largest delegations were from Spain (200), France and then the US. As there were fewer delegates than at the 1929 Rome Congress, the proceedings went smoother (AL 36, vol. 30, no. 5, 313; de Vries, 65; IFLA Archive; Koops, 23). At the Congress there were over a hundred and fifty papers read (de Vries, 64). Topics of the Congress included international loans, public libraries, professional training, cooperation between libraries and the current over-production of periodicals. The Congress was a watershed in international librarianship as it endorsed common regulations for international interlibrary loans (AL 35, vol. 29, no. 3, 162; IFLA Archive; LJ 35, 9/1/35, 671-672). The Congress produced a number of resolutions, which gave IFLA a working program for a number of years afterwards (de Vries, 70).

Year 1935

115

This Congress was generally better organized than the 1929 Rome Congress; things happened as planned and on time. The speeches were fewer and better prepared and the sections worked more effectively. There were fewer delegates and they communicated better with each other. This occurred as this Congress was actually organized by IFLA, whereas the organization of the 1929 Rome Congress had been left to the Italian Government (de Vries, 65). The Congress was partially funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and Carnegie Corporation (Koops, 23) The IFLA Session covered three days of the Congress (IFLA, Actes VII, cover). Of the 550 Congress delegates, 65 attended the IFLA Session (AL 36, vol. 30, no. 5, 313; de Vries, 65; IFLA Archive; Koops, 23). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be William Warner Bishop, noted library consultant out of Ann Arbor, Michigan, US. During Session, President Bishop announced his wish to step down from the position next year (IFLA, Actes VII, 38; IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks President Bishop spoke only briefly to allow time for all of the national reports. He did state that IFLA was now a wellestablished body, with regular meetings, and that it had done much to give personal contact among the leading librarians of the world, without which an effective international collaboration in the field of librarianship was not possible (de Vries, 71; IFLA, Actes VII, 7). Jose Ortega y Gasset, Professor of Metaphysics at the University of Madrid spoke on The Mission of the Librarian (AL 35, vol. 29, no. 3, 162). A representative of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation addressed the Session (IFLA, Actes VII, 10). The first two days of the Session were taken up by representatives of 25 countries presenting communication on the national developments in the field of librarianship. Before these presentations began, President Bishop underlined the importance of the reports the committee was about to be presented. He said he often noticed at his home institution of the Michigan University, US, the great use students were making of the IFLA proceedings when they were looking up the reports of the Associations, as they contained information impossible to get anywhere else (de Vries, 64; IFLA, Actes VII, 11). Session topics included, the UK’s announcement of the completion of the second edition of the World List of Scientific Periodicals, Mr. Ranganathan of India presenting the Madras Library Association report which stressed development of public libraries, and the discussion about the fact that the Scandinavian countries were leading the world in the matter of library development (AL 35, vol. 29, no. 8, 477; IFLA, Actes VII, 16).

116 Chronology of Sessions At the end of the Session, President Bishop read telegrams from China and India, inviting IFLA to host future sessions in either of their countries. All of the delegates except the Japanese declared that it would be impossible for them to attend without help with the financing. Carl Milam of the US said it was important for the Federation not to center its activity especially in Europe but to be truly international, and to try and accept the countries’ invitations in the future. The German delegation then offered to host the 1939 IFLA Session, as well as the next International Congress in 1940 in Germany, to correspond with the quincentenary Gutenberg celebrations. President Bishop thanked the German delegated but stated the date was too far in the future to currently set (IFLA, Actes VII, 33-35). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the Federation was in good standing, with no financial problems (de Vries, 76). This meeting, more so than some before, proved important for IFLA’s further development (Koops, 20). The Session was held at the Palace Hotel in Madrid and the General’s Palace in Barcelona. Session events involved participation in the Andalusia Festival, excursion trips to Escorial, Toledo, and Salamanca, and His Excellency, Niceto Alcala Zamora y Torres, the President of the Spanish Republic, receiving the members of the Congress at the National Palace in Barcelona for the closing session (AL 35, vol. 29, no. 8, 477; IFLA, Actes VII, 3, 36-37; LJ 35, 9/1/35, 671-672). New members to IFLA this year included the India Public Library Association (IFLA, Actes VII, 8). IFLA had a membership of 34 members in 25 countries (Koops, 15). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume VII. In 1939, 200 copies of Volume III of the Proceedings were released. Because of the Spanish Civil War, Spain did not publish the rest of the volume until 1951, and then they were still incomplete (de Vries, 75; Koops, 23, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 51, vol. 5, no. 6, 216). The second edition of IFLA Repertoire was published (IFLA, Repertoire, 5).

Year 1936

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36. The 9th Session in Warsaw, Poland, May 31 – June 2, 1936

1936 The 9th IFLA Session was held in Warsaw, Poland, May 31-June 2 (IFLA, Actes VIII, cover; Koops, 154). China and India had invited IFLA to host the 1936 Annual Session in Asia, but IFLA had to decline owing to the limited travel finances of the delegates (de Vries, 104; Koops, 16). The Session was attended by 34 participants representing 17 countries and 3 international organizations (IFLA, Actes VIII, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). Executive Board elections were held and two new Vice Presidents were elected: Hugo Andres Kruss, Director General of the Prussian State Library of Berlin, Germany, and C. Schmidt of France (de Vries, 70; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 108). The IFLA President continued to be William Warner Bishop, noted library consultant out of Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, until he posted a letter in February 1936 resigning from his position. After this Vice President Godet took over his responsibilities. An election was held during Session, and Vice President Marcel Godet, Director of the Swiss National Library, Berne, Switzerland, was officially elected President of IFLA. An excellent organizer with practical sense, Marcel Godet was a highly cultivated man, with a wide range of interests, charming and full of Gallic wit, radiating a warm humanity and an unbending idealism (IFLA, Actes VIII, 21-22; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 109; Koops, 20).

118 Chronology of Sessions In his opening remarks, President Godet discussed the relationship of librarians to documentation (Koops, 21). The Session began with President Godet reading telegrams from those delegates who could not attend, including former President Bishop, and the Indian and Japanese library associations (IFLA, Actes VIII, 9). Part of the Sessions of the 1930’s included presentations by each of the Subcommittees (IFLA, Actes VIII, 26-37). IFLA consisted of thirteen Subcommittees: Special Libraries, Hospital Libraries, Public (popular) Libraries, Exchange of Librarians, Exchange of University Theses, Professional Education, Library Statistics, Statistics of Publications, Parliamentary Libraries, Uniform Catalog Rules, Legal Questions Concerning International Loans, Normalization in the Field of Books and Libraries, and Overproduction of Periodicals (de Vries, Annex IV; IFLA, Actes VIII, 6-8). In the years directly after the original development of IFLA’s Subcommittees, they seldom had meetings in between the annual sessions, which was detrimental to the committee’s development and goals (de Vries, 97). Session topics included the Chinese Delegation discussing the new publication, Libraries in China, which was produced by the Chinese Library Association on occasion of their 10th anniversary, and the rise and overproduction of periodicals (IFLA, Actes VIII, 49, 93). The new international interlibrary loan system, to which President Godet had devoted himself, was propounded and adopted as the Regulations for International Loans (AL 39, vol. 33, no. 9, 620; de Vries, 76; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 1, 5). There was also discussion about the International Congress of Documentation, held in September 1935 in Copenhagen, Denmark, and how it was only after this Congress that the stained relationship between the librarians and the documentalists began to move toward useful cooperation (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 110). During this time, the International Institute of Documentation (later FID) and the International Committee of Agriculture Libraries began having a representative make a presentation at the IFLA Session, to highlight cooperation between the two organizations. The League of Nations also continued to send a representative to each meeting (de Vries, 99; IFLA, Actes VIII, 24). The most recent 1935 Second International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography in Spain was discussed (IFLA, Actes VIII, 26, 37). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the Federation was in good standing, with no financial problems (de Vries, 76; IFLA, Actes VIII, 20). Generally during this period, the contributions of the members paid for the printing of the annual volumes of the Actes and for minor expenses such as the stamps for the distribution of various matters to the member-associations. The

Year 1936

119

Congresses were also subsidized by the Federation, but there was never very much money left, even after selling the Actes (de Vries, 113). At the end of Session, it was announced that a letter had been received from the French Library Association inviting IFLA to Paris for next year. The Executive Board accepted this invitation (IFLA, Actes VIII, 56-57). The Session was held at Staszic Palace, home of the Society of Sciences. There was a reception at the Warsaw Royal House, tours of the Warsaw Libraries, and excursions to Krakow, Wieliczka, and Zakopane (IFLA, Actes VIII, 3, 62). New members to IFLA this year included the Vatican Library and the International Association of Hospital Libraries, which was the first international organization to join IFLA (IFLA, Actes VIII, 18; IFLA Annual 1969, 207; Koops, 23). IFLA had a membership of 39 members in 28 countries (IFLA, Actes VIII, 18). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume VIII (Koops, 154).

120 Chronology of Sessions

37. The 10th Session in Paris, France, August 24 – 25, 1937

1937 The 10th IFLA Session was held in Paris, France, August 24-25 (IFLA, Actes IX, cover; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by more than 60 delegates (Koops, 19). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Marcel Godet, Director of the Swiss National Library, Berne, Switzerland (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Godet spoke of the basically indestructible power of the book in a period increasingly dominated by emerging mass media like radio and film (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 109). The Session was addressed by A. Britsch, Librarian and Head of Faculty and President of the French Library Association, and former IFLA President Collijn (IFLA, Actes IX, 7, 17). The Subcommittees presented their reports to the Session (IFLA, Actes IX, 25-36). Session topics included, the Report of the International Guild of Hospital Librarians, the growth of IFLA, discussion of the value of international cataloging practices, and continued discussion about the rising cost of periodicals, with findings showing that costs had risen as much as 20 percent (IFLA, Actes IX, 32, 61, 68). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including ALA’s Committee on International Relations’ work with

Year 1937

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IFLA on international library statistics and a code for international interlibrary loans (AL 37, vol. 31, no. 9, 488). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the federation was in good standing, with no financial problems (de Vries, 76). In reference to the Session, a Dutch delegate observed “The importance of such meetings lies not so much in the decisions taken, for internationally things cannot really be decided, only desired-as the regular meeting of colleagues from different countries, colleagues who seek this contact, and who try to realize the wishes, formulated at the meetings” (de Vries, 108). IFLA’s perception at this time was of that of a gentleman’s club, a reference to its smallness and informality in conducting business (International Library Review 84, vol. 16, no. 4, 346; Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 18). The Session was held at the University of Paris Library. Session events involved a dinner hosted by the French Library Association in the Latin Quarter, as well as tours of the libraries, museums, and sights of Paris (IFLA, Actes IX, 51-52). A new member to IFLA this year was the Library Association of Australia (IFLA Annual 1969, 261). IFLA had a membership of 43 members in 32 countries (de Vries, 75). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume IX (Koops, 154).

122 Chronology of Sessions

38. The 11th Session in Brussels, Belgium, July 4 – 5, 1938

1938 The 11th IFLA Session was held in Brussels, Belgium, July 4-5 (IFLA, Actes X, 3; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by 49 participants representing 19 countries (IFLA, Actes X, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands. Secretary General Sevensma left his position at the League of Nations Library to return to The Netherlands to take up the direction of the Library of Leyden University, but remained Secretary General of IFLA (IFLA Archive; Koops, 22). The IFLA President continued to be Marcel Godet, Director of the Swiss National Library, Berne, Switzerland (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Godet noted with sadness the destruction of libraries during the Spanish Civil War and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. He proclaimed that all must be touched by such destruction and ready to assist reconstruction. He again discussed the relationship of librarians to documentation, stating in practice, “the difference often lies not so much in the actual facts, as in the attitude of the functionary, who as ‘documentalist’ is inspired more by considerations of utility, and as traditional librarian more by the interest of culture” (de Vries, 73; IFLA Archive; Koops, 21). The Session was addressed by Mr. Rutten, Belgian Inspector General, who spoke for the Minister of Education, and Mr. Vincent, President of the Belgian Library Association, who welcomed them to the city (IFLA, Actes X, 6, 7).

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The Subcommittees presented their reports to the Session, including a report by the Subcommittee on the Over Production of Books and Periodicals, which was based on detailed study of the price of German medical and biological periodicals and on a survey of French periodical prices; and a report by the Subcommittee of Special Libraries that focused attention on the increasing importance of microphotography (IFLA, Actes X, 21-31). Session topics included the progress in the UK on the National Library of Wales and the reopening of the North Library of the British Museum after its reconstruction; the Subcommittee on Uniform Cataloging Rules presented a report; and the establishment of the International Federation of Documentation (FID), formed on the basis of the International Institute of Documentation after the International Congress on Documentation, held in Paris, France, in 1937 (IFLA, Actes X, 31, 37, 55, 86). A representative from FID addressed the Session, inviting the delegates to participate in the upcoming FID Conference in Oxford, UK, in September 1938 (IFLA, Actes X, 31). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the Federation was in good standing, with no financial problems (de Vries, 76). At the end of the meeting, the Executive Board accepted the offer of The Netherlands to host next year’s IFLA Session (IFLA, Actes X, 43). Additionally, at the end of the Session, IFLA accepted Germany’s offer (originally tendered in 1935) to hold the Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography in Berlin, Leipzig, Frankfurt, and Mainz, in conjunction of the Gutenberg celebration of 500 years of printing. The motto of the Congress was to be “The Library and its Users.” In relation to IFLA’s acceptance of this, a British report stated, “The Committee unanimously kept politics out of consideration (the only condition on which the Federation can survive) and accepted the invitation” (de Vries, 104, 107). IFLA had 13 committees in total. Much later it was noted that IFLA committees of the 1930’s were ineffective because their work was practically always the work of just one man, usually the chairman, and that no contact was maintained with the committee members outside of Session. The committees never met and were dependent upon the chairman to submit their reports. At Session, this led to a chairman and a secretary discussing subjects they had arranged before a completely arbitrary audience (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 24; Koops, 26). The Session was held at the University of Brussels. Session events involved a tour of the University Library, an evening reception at the Bon Marche, a banquet hosted by the Belgian Library Association, a tour of the city, and excursions to Louvain, Villars, and Waterloo (IFLA, Actes X, 3, 43-44). IFLA had a membership of 42 members in 31 countries, as Austria had to drop out as it no longer had its own independent library association (de Vries, 75; IFLA, Actes X, 18).

124 Chronology of Sessions New members to IFLA this year included the Association of Hungarian Librarians (IFLA Annual 1969, 173). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume X (Koops, 154). The third edition of IFLA Repertoire was published. It listed 39 associations in 30 countries, with professional work being carried out with the help of one section and twelve Subcommittees. It also listed the Regulation on International Loans with a list of all the libraries adhering to this scheme (de Vries, 75; IFLA, Repertoire, 5; Koops, 81).

Year 1939

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39. 12th Session in The Hague and Amsterdam, The Netherlands. July 10th – 12th, 1939

1939 The 12th IFLA Session was held in The Hague and Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 10-12 (IFLA, Actes XI, 3; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by 46 participants representing 15 countries (IFLA, Actes XI, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Marcel Godet, Director of the Swiss National Library, Berne, Switzerland. Although President Godet wished to step down for political and health reasons, he did not due to the difficult political world situation of that moment. IFLA’s German delegation (obligated to officially represent Hitler’s National Socialist regime) was laying claim on the leadership of IFLA, so Godet was persuaded to continue in office, much to the relief of the Norwegian President designate, Wilhelm Munthe. Mr. Munthe, Director of the Oslo University Library, Norway, had declined the IFLA proposal to become President, “because I could not get over my dislike, my reluctance for the presidency over a Congress in Germany, which involved fraternizing with Nazism and making complacent addresses to Dr. Goebbels and consorts.” So although he did not desire to, Marcel Godet continued as IFLA’s President (IFLA, Actes XI, 21-22; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 110; Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 12). In his opening remarks, President Godet gave a grave pre-war summary of all of the bleak apprehensions to which he had given voice on earlier occasions in face of the threats to peace and international intellectual cooperation (de Vries, 73; Koops, 21, 25).

126 Chronology of Sessions The Session was addressed by Professor G. A. van Poelje, Director General of State Education, The Netherlands (IFLA, Actes XI, 7). At Session, twenty member associations and eight committees made presentations (IFLA, Actes XI, 25-33; Koops, 24). Session topics included discussion about the recent destruction of Chinese libraries by the invading Japanese forces; a presentation of the Report of Hospital Libraries; the US Library of Congress’s progress into microphotographic mediums; and a report about the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Norwegian Library Association (IFLA, Actes XI, 38, 90, 107, 149). The Sevensma Prize was founded to mark the 60th birthday of Tietse Pieter Sevensma and his first ten years as Secretary General of IFLA. The Prize was to be given every other year to the author of the best paper on libraries in their relations to current problems. The competition was open to all members of an association affiliated with IFLA who were less than 40 years old at the date of submission of the paper (de Vries, 103; IFLA, Actes XI, 1921, 40-41, 200-201; Libri 69, vol. 19, Issue 4, 313; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 51, vol. 5, no. 3, 92). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the Federation was in good standing, with no financial problems (de Vries, 76; IFLA, Actes XI, 18). Part of the Session was spent discussing next year’s Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography in Germany. Large-scale manifestations were being planned in Berlin, Leipzig, Mainz, and Frankfurt (where the International Documentation Congress was to take place). Because of the political turmoil in the world at the time, most of the delegates at the Session did not for a moment believe that the International Congress would be able to be held next year, least of all in Germany. But the preparations for the Congress continued, as apparently no one dared to speak the truth at Session, especially in front of the German delegates. IFLA officials were uneasy at the thought of meeting in the oppressive atmosphere of National Socialist Germany, but they did not want to make an official break with the German librarians, nor did they know how to dismiss the German offer to host the conference. After the Session, the outbreak of the war in September 1939 definitively settled IFLA’s questions, and the German Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography and the conjoined IFLA Session were cancelled (de Vries, 104; Koops, 23-24). A Dutch delegate reflected on this Session and the upcoming war “We hope that the international links will not be destroyed completely by the war, although everybody will understand that it will be very difficult to rebuild what has been built slowly over the years, and what has now been destroyed by a single stroke…We only wish to express the hope that, as librarianship is such a peaceful and serving profession, the old ties may soon be renewed, when peace comes” (de Vries, 109).

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The Session was held in the Peace Palace in The Hague and at the Municipal Museum in Amsterdam. Session events involved a tour of the Royal Library in The Hague, and receptions and excursions (IFLA, Actes XI, 3, 42; Koops, 21, 25). Overall, the pre-war years of IFLA did not produce very many tangible results. They were years of development, characterized by a steady growing number of members and attendance at meetings, by growing enthusiasm of the participants, showing in the volume of the annual Actes, by more and more contributions from members on national accomplishments, and an increasing number of Subcommittees (de Vries, 122). IFLA was composed of 41 national member associations in 31 countries, and included 2 international groupings. Apart from the US, there were several library associations from outside Europe, including China, India, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, Egypt, and Palestine (Koops, 15). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XI, published in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1940. As this was the last pre-War volume published, it proved to be a valuable tool in 1946, when time came to restore IFLA’s interrupted traditions (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 110; Koops, 154). After this meeting, World War II broke out in September 1939, and IFLA was disbanded and would not be reconstituted until May 1946, with the next Session not to be held until May 1947 (de Vries, 104).

128 Chronology of Sessions

1940-1946 No IFLA Sessions were held for seven years because IFLA ceased most of its activity due to the advent of World War II (IFLA, Actes XII, 19-23; Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 14). The fact that the Federation’s seat and central office was located in neutral Switzerland (with Assistant Secretary Breycha-Vauthier at the League of Nations Library in Geneva and President Godet in Berne) allowed for the circulation of information by correspondence and the maintenance of certain contacts which made possible various interventions and relief actions. The war conditions severely limited the interchange of cultural materials between countries, but IFLA did assist libraries in war areas with book collection drives, working with such organizations as the US’ Victory Book Campaign. IFLA also took part through Breycha-Vauthier’s membership in the Advisory Council on Literature for Prisoners of War and Internees in the distribution of large numbers of books to various camps. This beneficial action was directed by the Red Cross, and was carried out with the cooperation of several international organizations, such as the Young Men’s Christian Association (AL 43, vol. 37, no. 10, 315, 319; AL 44, vol. 38, no. 9, 327-328; AL 47, vol. 41, no. 6, 197232; IFLA, Actes XII, 25; Koops, 24; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 109, 110). At war’s end, librarians applauded the UN’s establishment of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1945 as a way to give libraries international direction after so many years of war. UNESCO was the successor to the League of Nations’ International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation. UNESCO quickly developed its program of subvention to “organizations truly international in character and with programs in accord with UNESCO’s purposes” (AL 46, vol. 40, no. 3, 108; AL 47, vol. 41, no. 6, 233-235; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 110; Koops, 25; Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 15). The first meeting of the IFLA Executive Board since the war began was held in Geneva, Switzerland, in May 1946. This meeting was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation with the purpose of getting IFLA restarted again after the war. During this meeting a number of decisions were reached, including appointing a committee to cooperate with UNESCO (AL 47, vol. 41, no. 2, 35; AL 47; Actes XII, 25). The second post-war meeting of the IFLA Executive Board was held in the UN Library in New York City, New York, US, in November 1946. Twelve librarians from nine countries met to discuss the efforts to continue to revive the dormant organization and the formation of the next Session (AL 47, vol. 41, no. 2, 35; IFLA, Actes XII, 25). New members to IFLA during the war years were Sweden’s Association of Special Research Libraries, which joined in 1945, and the Association of

Years 1940-1946

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Austrian Librarians and the Canadian Library Association which joined in 1946 (IFLA Annual 1969, 109, 195, 238).

130 Chronology of Sessions

40. The 13th Session in Oslo, Norway, May 20 – 22, 1947

1947 The 13th IFLA Session was held in Oslo, Norway, May 20-22 (IFLA, Actes XII, 3; Koops, 154). The organization of this Session, to resume IFLA’s work, was made possible by a Rockefeller Foundation Grant of $9,000 (or $138,800 in 2010 US dollars) (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 110). The Session was attended by 55 delegates from 18 countries and as well as representatives from UNESCO and FID. This Session provided the first opportunity for many delegates to reconnect with friends and colleagues from other countries since the war began in 1939 (IFLA, Actes XII, 3; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 47, vol. 1, no. 4, 78). Through Wilhelm Munthe’s efforts, the President of the Austrian Library Association was invited to take part in the Session, when no German delegate had been invited (World Libraries, The Pioneers: Wilhelm and Gerhard Munthe). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Marcel Godet, Director of the Swiss National Library, Berne, Switzerland, until he offered his resignation during Session (IFLA Archive).

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In his opening remarks, President Godet welcomed all of the delegates back and summarized the work of IFLA during the war years (IFLA, Actes XII, 9-17). An election was held and Wilhelm Munthe, Head of the University Library of Oslo, Norway, was elected President. Munthe belonged to the old IFLA guard and had become familiar with its needs, problems, and responsibilities. With his personality bearing the imprint of Anglo-Saxon and German culture, he was known to be an outstanding expert on American librarianship and the author of a much-appreciated book: American Librarianship from a European Angle. But his personal qualities of goodness and simplicity, his helpfulness and convincing humanity were at that time even more greatly appreciated than his professional competence (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 111; World Libraries, The Pioneers: Wilhelm and Gerhard Munthe). During the election, two new Vice Presidents were also elected: Milton E. Lord, Director of the Boston Public Library, Massachusetts, US, and H. M. Cashmore, past president of the [UK] Library Association, London, UK. They joined A. Hahn, Chief Librarian of the Medical School, and President of the French Library Association, Paris, France (IFLA, Actes XII, 22-23). The session was opened with addresses by Mrs. Deinboll, President of the Norwegian Library Association, and Mr. Fostervoll, Norwegian Minister of Education (IFLA, Actes XII, 7). The Subcommittees all made reports during Session, to reaffirm their status and work. Topics focused on reported happenings in each country since the Session was last held seven years ago in 1939 (IFLA, Actes XII, 20-26; 27-38). For the first time, UNESCO was represented at Session. The representative, Mr. Edward Carter, presented a report on UNESCO’s library activities and spoke of his hope for the two organizations cooperation in the future. IFLA signed a formal agreement at Session whereby IFLA was recognized as UNESCO’s “principal means of contact” with associations of professional librarians and was promised financial support for the development of such programs as would be in line with the general policies within the framework of the UNESCO budget (IFLA, Actes XII, 38; Koops, 25; Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 15; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 47, vol. 1, no. 4, 78). President Munthe proposed an agreement for mutual recognition between IFLA and UNESCO to “further by all possible means the greatest freedom in the distribution and exchange across national frontiers of publications, other materials of libraries, and information about publications” (IFLA, Actes XII, 46-48; IFLA Archive). Two significant Resolutions were proposed at this Session, one urgently recommended the definitive acceptance of the international format for catalog cards, and the latter stressed the importance of the systematic promotion of public libraries in close cooperation with UNESCO (Koops, 26).

132 Chronology of Sessions Secretary General Sevensma reported on the finances of the Federation, which still showed a positive amount, even after the wartime expenses. It was reported that IFLA had received a $3,000 grant ($27,700 in 2010 US dollars) from the Rockefeller Foundation to support the Federation in the difficult postwar years (DollarTimes; IFLA, Actes XII, 25-26; IFLA, Actes XV, 16). The US delegates offered to host the next Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography in the US in 1948, in the name of the ALA, the Medical Library Association, and the Special Libraries Association (IFLA, Actes XII, 45). Beginning with this first post-war Session, the duration of the Sessions was extended from two days to three or four days (Koops, 27). The Session was held at the Nobel Institute. Session events involved a luncheon at the Hotel Cecil offered by the Minister of Education, a tour of the Norse Folk Museum in Bygdoy, and a dinner offered by the Norwegian Library Association. After the Session, the Norwegian hosts offered a generous round of entertainment and organized visits to all the most important Oslo libraries (IFLA, Actes XII, 50; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 47, vol. 1, no. 4, 78). A number of new members joined IFLA this year, including Belgium’s National Council of Hospital Libraries, the Japan Library Association, and the US Special Libraries Association (IFLA, Actes XII, 24; IFLA Annual 1969, 115, 221, 255). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XII, which was published in 1948. This Actes contained 20 reports of national associations for the years 1939-1946, as well as 30 reports of Subcommittees covering many fields of library activities (IFLA, Actes XIII, 15; Koops, 154). UNESCO began publishing the UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries, which often published news about IFLA and directly published IFLA Session papers (Koops, 58).

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41. The 14th Session in London, UK, September 20 – 23, 1948

1948 The 14th IFLA Session was held in London, UK, September 20-23, in conjunction with the first UNESCO/IFLA International Summer School for Librarians (IFLA, Actes XIII, 4; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 48, vol. 2, no. 6, 198). The Session was originally planned to be held in Washington, DC, US, in conjunction with the Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography. Because of the severe financial state of the world, and the inability for the American host to subsidize at least 30 or 40 prominent librarians to attend the meeting, the Congress was cancelled and the IFLA Session was rescheduled to the UK, to correspond with the International Summer School (AL 48, vol. 42, no. 1, 33; IFLA, Actes XIII, 15-16). The Session was attended by 66 delegates from 23 countries (Koops, 26). Fifty young public librarians from nineteen countries attended the UNESCO/IFLA International Summer School for Librarians. It was held September 2-28 in Manchester and London, UK. Arne Kildal, Director of the libraries in Norway, directed the course. The basic theme of the course was for public libraries, with particular emphasis on their services to popular education and the promotion of international understanding (UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 48, vol. 2, no. 11, 418). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Wilhelm Munthe, Head of the University Library of Oslo, Norway (IFLA Archive). In his opening marks, President Munthe spoke of the need for growth per the consequence of the war, of resuming normal relations with Germany even

134 Chronology of Sessions though it was still being boycotted everywhere, and addressed the new political animosity, “The ideals we fought for seem farther away than ever. Shall our most urgent concern be to prepare bigger evacuation premises, to dig deeper anti-air raid, nay anti-atomic bomb, shelters in which we can bury the intellectual treasures we have in our custody? Shall we, the torch bearers of enlightenment, end as gravediggers of science and scholarship?” (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 25, no. 1, 14; Koops, 28). The Session was addressed by the Right Honorable George Tomlinson, UK Minister of Education, and C. Nowell, President of the [UK] Library Association (IFLA, Actes XIII, 7-9). UNESCO Session topics centered on IFLA’s relationship with UNESCO: IFLA was recognized as UNESCO’s principal means of contact in all matters with regard to library and related services in the UNESCO program, and IFLA in turn had accepted the underlying principles of the UNESCO Constitution (IFLA, Actes XIII, 11-12; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 48, vol. 2, no. 1, 2). The representative of FID presented a report at Session (IFLA, Actes XIII, 21). Session topics included worldwide charitable book distribution per the destruction of World War II, the fact that the Russians were not invited to the Session, discussion on how to begin to renew ties with German libraries and librarians, and UNESCO’s establishment of the International Council on Archives (ICA) in Paris, France (IFLA, Actes XIII, 11, 12, 13; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 48, vol. 2, no. 8, 278). During Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the FID Conference in Berne, Switzerland, the UNESCO meeting in Mexico City, Mexico, and the Temporary International Council for Educational Reconstruction Conference in Paris, France (IFLA, Actes XIII, 16-17). The first Sevensma Prize was awarded to Valter Ahlstedt of Stockholm, Sweden, for the paper Unit Cataloging. The prize came with an award of 1,000 Swiss francs ($229 or $2,110 in 2010 US dollars) (Antweiler; DollarTimes; IFLA, Actes XIII, 20-21, 41; Libri 69, vol. 19, Issue 4, 313; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 49, vol. 3, no. 8, 288). Secretary General Sevensma reported on the finances of the Federation, which showed a positive amount. He reported that IFLA had received a second $3,000 grant ($26,900 in 2010 US dollars) from the Rockefeller Foundation to continue to assist in the post-war years (DollarTimes; IFLA, Actes XIII, 17-19; IFLA, Actes XV, 16). The Session was held at Chaucer House. Session events involved a reception hosted by the UK Minister of Education at the palatial Lancaster House for the IFLA delegates and participants in the UNESCO Summer School. There were also excursions to Oxford, Eton, and Hampton Court offered (IFLA, Actes XIII, 3, 49).

Year 1948

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IFLA had a membership of 44 library associations, in 33 countries (IFLA, Repertoire, 5). A new member to IFLA this year was the Association of Norwegian Research Librarians (IFLA Annual 1969, 187). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XIII (AL 49, vol. 43, no. 6, 216; Koops, 154). The fourth edition of IFLA Repertoire was published (IFLA, Repertoire, 5; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 49, vol. 3, no. 1, 8).

136 Chronology of Sessions

42. The 15th Session in Basel, Switzerland, July 11 – 13, 1949

1949 The 15th IFLA Session was held in Basel, Switzerland, July 11-13 (IFLA, Actes XIV, 3; Koops, 154). The Executive Board had accepted the offer of the Czechoslovakian Library Association to host the Session in Prague, but the Session had to be moved to Switzerland due to financial reasons (IFLA, Actes XIV, 10, 17). The Session was attended by 45 participants representing 18 countries (IFLA, Actes XIV, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). As Vice President A. Hahn, Chief Librarian of the Medical School and President of the French Library Association, Paris, France, retired, the Executive Board replaced him with R. Brun, National Library of Paris, France (IFLA, Actes XIV, 16). The IFLA President continued to be Wilhelm Munthe, Head of the University Library of Oslo, Norway (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Munthe discussed the return of the German libraries to IFLA and stated, “It is quite natural that IFLA should be one of the first international organizations to resume the connections with the exenemy states. Peace – like war – begins in the minds of men. The mind is influenced by thoughts. Thoughts are locked in books. Unlocking books is the

Year 1949

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principal task of librarians. Therefore, we must stand up for a free circulation of books which is identical with free interchanges of thoughts. If we librarians cannot cooperate across the haphazard political boundaries in spreading the thoughts enshrined in books and the results embodied in thousands of periodicals, we have failed to do our duty” (IFLA, Actes XIV, 14). The Session was addressed by Mr. Miville, the Swiss Director of the Education Department of the Canton of Basel, and Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library (IFLA, Actes XIV, 6, 8). Session topics included how to renew relationships with the German libraries; the new Public Library Law in India; the death of the first president of IFLA, 1927-1931, Dr. Isak G. A. Collijn, Director of the Royal Library of Sweden; and discussion about the upcoming First International Congress of Music Libraries, to be held in October in Florence, Italy (IFLA, Actes XIV, 39, 42, 119; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 51, vol. 5, no. 12, 432). UNESCO Session topics included the publication of the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto (which proclaimed the public library as an instrument for democracy); the activities of the Clearinghouse; the Book Coupon Scheme which was launched December 1948; the publication of the UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries; the joint publication of pamphlets on public libraries (which were based in part on papers produced at the 1948 UNESCO/IFLA International Summer School for Librarians); and the first subvention from UNESCO to IFLA of 1,500 Swiss Francs (or $343, or $3,000 in 2010 US dollars) (Antweiler; DollarTimes; IFLA, Actes XIV, 19; IFLA Archive; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 49, vol. 3, no. 1, 2; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 49, vol. 3, no. 3, 82). The representative of FID presented a report at Session. The President of FID, Mr. Le Maistre, was present for the Session (IFLA, Actes XIV, 19, 25). At Session it was announced that IFLA has been represented at a number of meetings in the last year, including a number at UNESCO House in Paris, France (IFLA, Actes XIV, 17). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including a report by the Subcommittee on Parliamentary and Administrative Libraries (IFLA, Actes XIV, 27). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the Federation was in good standing, with no financial problems (IFLA, Actes XIV, 18). The American delegation again offered for ALA to host the next Third International Congress of Librarianship and Bibliography in the US, in 1950 (IFLA, Actes XIV, 21, 33). The Session was held at the University of Bale. Session events involved a dinner at the Schutzenhaus Restaurant hosted by the Government of the Canton Basel-Town, and then a tour on the final Session day where participants were taken to the Bottmingen Castle, outside of Basel, and given a tour and let spend a quiet evening in the open air (IFLA, Actes XIV, 46).

138 Chronology of Sessions IFLA had a membership of 48 members (IFLA, Actes XIV, 16). New members to IFLA this year included the Swiss Hospital Library Association, the Cuban Library Association, the Norwegian Library Association and the Flemish Library and Librarian Society. Additionally, through President Munthe’s actions, the newly established Association of German Libraries was allowed to rejoin (IFLA, Actes XIV, 16; IFLA Annual 1969, 143, 192, 207; Koops, 28). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XIV (Koops, 154).

Year 1950

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43. The 16th Session in London, UK, September 15- 18, 1950

1950 The 16th IFLA Session was held in London, UK, September 15-18. The Session was held in conjunction with the centenary of the British Public Libraries Act Jubilee (IFLA, Actes XV, 3, 6; Koops, 25, 154). This Session was initially planned to be held in conjunction with the Third International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography in the US (1st in 1929 in Italy; the 2nd in 1935 in Spain), but due to a lack of funding it had to be postponed once again (IFLA, Actes XIV, 22; IFLA, Actes XV, 7; Koops, 26; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 50, vol. 4, no. 4, 583). The Session was attended by 58 participants representing 25 countries and three international organizations (IFLA, Actes XV, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Wilhelm Munthe, Head of the University Library of Oslo, Norway, although he did tender his presidential resignation to the Executive Board during the Session. The Board did not accept his resignation as he had not completed his five year term. Owing to this response, Mr. Munthe agreed to continue to serve as President (Actes XV, 46; IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Munthe explained why this Session’s location had to be changed from the US to the UK, apologizing to the US delegation for the work they had done on the Congress (IFLA, Actes XV, 7).

140 Chronology of Sessions The Session was addressed by J. D. Stewart, Chairman of the Council of the [UK] Library Association, and Dr. Luther Evans, US Librarian of Congress (IFLA, Actes XV, 6, 9). Session topics included the unemployed and refugee German librarians, the post-war reform of the Finnish libraries, and the Library of Congress’ sesquicentennial anniversary (IFLA, Actes XV, 9, 46. 115). UNESCO Session topics centered on their efforts to have IFLA and FID collaborate with each other as well with the newly founded International Council of Archivists (IFLA, Actes XV, 13, 17). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the UNESCO General Conference in Florence, Italy, in May 1950 (IFLA, Actes XV, 15). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including Secretary General Sevensma chastising a number of the Subcommittees for not utilizing time at Session to produce adequate reports that could then be presented to the delegates. He did add, though, that some of the Subcommittees had done remarkable work (IFLA, Actes XV, 20). As part of the business discussion at Session, it was noted that for future conferences knowledgeable speakers should be invited to present on important and timely library topics to the group convened (IFLA, Actes XV, 45). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the economic situation of the Federation was “not too favorable,” as there were no additional grants being offered to help sustain IFLA (IFLA, Actes XV, 16-17). At the end of the Session, the Executive Board announced that they had decided to add another Vice President position to the Board, and that Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library, had been nominated to that position (IFLA, Actes XV, 46). The next Third International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography was again discussed, with its time and place left for future decision (IFLA, Actes XV, 45). The Session was held at Chaucer House, for the second time in three years. The Session ended with a number of celebratory events synchronized with the celebration of the Centenary of the British Public Libraries Act, including a dance and reception in the Lyceum Ballroom offered by the Board of the [UK] Library Association, a reception in the Victoria and Albert Museum offered by His Majesty’s Government for Overseas Delegates, and an official dinner in the Dorchester Hotel (IFLA, Actes XV, 47). IFLA had a membership of 50 members (IFLA, Actes XV, 13). New members to IFLA this year included the newly reorganized Italian Library Association, the newly formed Yugoslav Federation of Library Associations, and the Spanish National Association of Archeology Libraries and Archives (IFLA, Actes XV, 12-13; IFLA Annual 1969, 179, 232).

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Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XV (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 52, vol. 6, no. 1, 14). A supplement to the IFLA Repertoire was published, stating the Federation had 50 member associations (IFLA, Repertoire, 5, 13). The journal Libri premiered. The aim of the journal was to further as extensively as possible, within its own field, the power of international understanding and cooperation. It was published out of Denmark, in English, French, and German (UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 50, vol. 4, no. 11, 874875; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 50, vol. 4, no. 12, 915).

142 Chronology of Sessions

44. The 17th Session in Rome, Italy, September 12 – 14, 1951

1951 The 17th IFLA Session was held in Rome, Italy, September 12-14, in conjunction with the FID Conference, held September 15-21 (IFLA, Actes XVI, cover; Koops, 154; LJ 51, 6/1/51, 926; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 51, vol. 5, no. 5, 168; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 52, vol. 6, no. 1, 1). The Session was attended by 57 delegates from 25 countries and representatives of four international organizations (IFLA, Actes XVI, 3; AL 52, vol.46, no. 4, 119;UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 52, vol. 6, no. 1, 4). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Wilhelm Munthe, Head of the University Library of Oslo, Norway, until he completed his term during Session (IFLA Archive; Koops, 30). In his opening remarks, President Munthe congratulated ALA on the occasion of its 75th anniversary of service, and stated that all university libraries throughout the world needed increased space, facilities, and money if they were to deal adequately with increased student enrollments (AL 52, vol. 46, no. 4, 119). The Session was addressed by Guido Arcamone, Director General of the Academies of Italian Libraries (IFLA, Actes XVI, 6). A new type of program was introduced during this Session: professional paper presentations on timely topics. Charles Nowell, Director of the Man-

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chester Public Library spoke on Aims and Problems of the Public Libraries, and Professor Francesco Severi, an eminent mathematician, spoke on Libraries as an Aid to Scientific Research (IFLA, Actes XVI, 10, 19; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 52, vol. 6, no. 1, 5). The representative of FID presented a report at Session and expressed his pleasure at the excellent relationship between the two organizations (IFLA, Actes XVI, 32). The representative of UNESCO presented the 1951 UNESCO Library and Bibliographical Program, which he discussed as he distributed copies of the item to the delegates (IFLA, Actes XVI, 32). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including one about simplifying the international interlibrary loan process, one about the need to revise the 1929 Statutes, and one about the continued rise in periodical prices (AL 52, vol.46, no. 4, 119-120; IFLA, Actes XVI, 32, 70-71, 74-75; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 52, vol. 6, no. 1, 5). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different UNESCO meetings this year, including one in Paris, France, in November 1950 and another in London, UK, in April 1951 (IFLA, Actes XVI, 30). It was announced during Session, that directly before the Session began UNESCO had convened the officers of IFLA, FID, ICA, and the International Association of Music Librarians, to speak of the possibility of them coordinating their future activities (IFLA, Actes XVI, 61). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the financial situation of the Federation remained rather precarious (IFLA, Actes XVI, 31). The Executive Board accepted an invitation from the Danish delegation to host the Session next year (IFLA, Actes XVI, 63). At the end of the Session, there was an election and Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne, Switzerland, was elected President of IFLA. Bourgeois was the second Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne to be elected IFLA president; the first being Marcel Godet, IFLA President from 1936-1947. Bourgeois was also Vice President of FID, which added better contact with that organization. No more suitable personality could have been found in that particular stage of IFLA’s development to adapt the Federation to the conditions of modern times and to undertake with foresight and energy the work of reorganization. Bourgeois was made altogether of different clay than former IFLA presidents. A natural scientist by origins, open to the realm of technology, a federalist by conviction and efficient organizer, easy to contact, although as bachelor at the same time personally aloof and cool, a good public speaker and linguist, he knew how to carry thorough his conceptions in a convincing way and to instigate initiatives in accordance with his mind (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 111; Koops, 30).

144 Chronology of Sessions The Session was held at the National Council of Researchers. Session events involved touring three celebrated libraries in Rome: the Angelica Library, the Vallicelliana Library and the Casanata Library. There was also a reception hosted by the Minister of Public Education at the Academy of Saint Luke, and a visit to the Vatican Library, where there was a display of ancient manuscripts for the 500th anniversary of the foundation of the Library (IFLA, Actes XVI, 3, 66-67). IFLA had a membership of 53 members (IFLA, Actes XVI, 29). New members to IFLA this year included the Association of French Canadian Librarians, and the Turkish Library Association (IFLA, Actes XVI, 29). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XVI (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 52, vol. 6, no. 10, 132).

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45. The 18th Session in Copenhagen, Denmark, September 25 – 27, 1952

1952 The 18th IFLA Session was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, September 25-27 in conjunction with the FID meeting, held September 27-October 5, sections of the International Organization for Standardization Conference, held October 611, and the UNESCO Annual Advisory Meeting of Representatives of each of these groups along with representatives from the ICA and the International Association of Music Libraries (IFLA, Actes XVII, 3; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 1, 1). The Session was attended by over 60 participants (UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 1, 1). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President was Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne, Switzerland (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois commented that this meeting celebrated the 25th anniversary of IFLA (IFLA, Actes XVII, 12). The Session was addressed by M. R. Lassren, President of the Danish Library Association (IFLA, Actes XVII, 7). Conference papers included Preben Kirkegaard of Vejle, Denmark, on Decentralization in the County Library Organization, and Frank Frances of the British Museum, London, UK, on Topical Problems in the Field of Scientific Libraries (IFLA, Actes XVII, 24, 32).

146 Chronology of Sessions Session topics included library statistics, the passage of the new Canadian National Library Bill, an upcoming Library Service Bill in the US, and the 40th anniversary of The Netherlands Library Association (IFLA, Actes XVII, 59, 61, 64; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 1, 1). UNESCO Session topics included discussion about their new publication, Access to Books, and the continued collaborative work between their organization and IFLA (IFLA, Actes XVII, 22, 54). Besides UNESCO, a number of other international organizations made presentations, including FID, the International Association of Music Libraries, and the International Organization of Standardization (IFLA, Actes XVII, 52-53). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Bibliographical Committee of UNESCO in April 1952, the Germany Library Association Conference held in Mainz, Germany, in April 1952, and the Dutch Library Association Conference in The Hague, The Netherlands (IFLA, Actes XVII, 19). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Subcommittee on the Production of National Statistics (which reported that librarians were desirous of statistics they could use for practical purposes), and the Subcommittee on Union Catalogs reported on their findings, as requested by UNESCO (IFLA, Actes XVII, 43, 46). As part of the business discussion at Session, revisions of the IFLA Statutes were discussed, voted on, and adopted (to be entered into force in 1953). These revisions included the following: The International Library Committee changed its name to the IFLA Council; the Subcommittees were renamed Committees; the regular convening of international Congresses no longer figured among the main tasks of IFLA; membership now emphasized national and international associations with related interest to join; the term of Board Members was fixed at five years; the possibility of creating professional and regional Sections was instigated; and international organizations began to be admitted on the same rights as national associations (IFLA, Actes XVII, 23; IFLA, Actes XVIII, 19; Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 63; Koops, 31, 57, 81). The Sevensma Prize was discussed, with the subject of the next award being debated (IFLA, Actes XVII, 66). During Session, Julian Cain, Director of the National Library of France, Paris, was nominated to the Executive Board as a Vice President (IFLA, Actes XVII, 39-40). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the economic situation of the Federation continued to remain precarious (IFLA, Actes XVII, 21). At the end of the Session, the Executive Board accepted the invitation of the Austria Library Association to host next year’s Session in Austria. The Board also accepted the offer of the Yugoslavia Library Association to host a future session (IFLA, Actes XVII, 68-69).

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It was also announced that the ALA regretfully had to withdraw their offer to host the upcoming Third International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography, which had been planned for 1954 (IFLA, Actes XVII, 18). The Session was held at the Christiansburg Palace. Session events included a tour of the University Library for Science, a reception at the Hotel De Ville, a visit to the National History Museum in the Frederiksborg Castle, and a production of Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess at the State Opera House (IFLA, Actes XVII, 3, 70; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 1, 2). IFLA had a membership of 53 members (IFLA, Actes XVII, 18). New members to IFLA this year included the newly reorganized Japan Library Association, the Swedish Association of Scientific and Special Libraries, and the Argentinean Center of Library Studies. At the same time, the New Zealand Library Association decided to withdraw membership from IFLA (IFLA, Actes XVII, 18; IFLA Annual 1969, 146). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XVII (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 7, 93).

148 Chronology of Sessions

46. The 19th Session in Vienna, Austria, June 10 – 13, 1953

1953 The 19th IFLA Session/Council was held in Vienna, Austria, June 10-13, in conjunction with the annual FID meeting. This was the first time the Session was titled an ‘IFLA Council’ (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 3, 18; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 10, 127). The Session was attended by 70 participants from 27 member-associations, representing 16 countries and three international organizations (Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 70). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne, Switzerland (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois stated, “The world after the last war does not resemble in any way the world which saw IFLA come into being. It is vaster, infinitely more intricate; it sets upon us new tasks which require urgent solution” (Libri 53, vol. 4, no.1, 63). The Session was addressed by Mr. Jancik, President of the Austrian Library Association, who spoke of the recent war and encouraged participants to make new contacts in the country as well as reestablish old friendships (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 7-8).

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Conference papers included Joseph Stummvoll, General Director of the Austrian National Library, on The Importance of Libraries for Technical Assistance in Under-Developed Countries (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 20; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 10, 127). Session topics included a preliminary report on the availability and comparability of library statistics, the newly established National Scientific Documentation Center in India, the opening of the first county library in Norway, the first book boat service in Sweden, and the upcoming first International Congress for Medical Librarianship, to be held in July in London, UK (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 70; Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 74; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 2-3, 134). An additional Session topic was the upcoming Third International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography. The year 1955 was set as the next possible date, with the theme The Task and Responsibilities of Libraries and Documentation Centers in the Modern Economic and Social Life. A section of this Congress’ program would include FID as well as the specialized library groups (music, medical, and hospital). President Bourgeois stated, “It is not the annual session, it is not our Congresses which are the soul and the justification of our Federation. The true IFLA - that is our libraries and their patient, persistent work of every day” (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 71-72; Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 67, 69, 74; LJ 53, 9/1/53, 1391; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 10, 127). The UNESCO representative, Edward J. Carter, head of UNESCO’s Library Division, presented on a number of their library projects, including a field project at the Delhi Public Library in India, IFLA’s agreement to undertake the organization of work parties for the reconstruction of libraries from UNESCO, and the recently established Liaison Committee established between IFLA, FID, ICA, the International Association of Music Libraries, and the International Organization for Standardization (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 40-41; Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 66; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 1, 6; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 53, vol. 7, no. 7, 86). The FID Representative made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 41). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different UNESCO meetings in the past year, including two Coordinating Committee Meetings, one in in Copenhagen, Denmark, in September 1952, and another in Paris, France, in April 1953 (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 19). The election of Vice Presidents to the Executive Board occurred, with D. W. Bryant of Cambridge, Massachusetts, US (to replace Milton E. Lord, Director of the Boston Public Library, Massachusetts, US), L. R. McColvin of London, UK, and Gustav Hofmann of Munich, Germany, being confirmed (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 17).

150 Chronology of Sessions As part of the business discussion at Session there was talk of the new revisions of the IFLA Statutes, which had been adopted in 1952 and came into force January 1, 1953 (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 19; Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 63; Koops, 31, 81). About the changes to the Statutes, President Bourgeois stated, “The new disposition of our Statutes allow us to give IFLA a more supple, a more flexible organization than in the past, an organization which has not only the possibility of resolving general problems but the same time of considering topics of a more restricted kind” (Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 65). The availability of copies of Section and Commission papers was discussed. It was decided that participants wished for these to be available during the Session, if not before, rather than after, to facilitate discussion and comment during Session (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 43). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the financial situation of the Federation was beginning to improve (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 20). The organization of the three-day Session was also discussed, with suggestions made that in the future, two days could be devoted to plenary meetings, and the last day reserved for section meetings, with 1-2 days before the Session designed for committee meetings (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 75). The Session was held at the Austrian Trade Association Building. Session activities included a reception at the Starhemberg Palace, a performance at the National Theater, and a concert in the famous Prunksaal of the National Library of Austria (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 3, 76; Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 75). IFLA had a membership of 53 members (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 18; IFLA Annual 1969, 239). New members to IFLA this year included the Belgian Library Association, the Canadian Association of Librarians of the French Language, the Greek Library Association, and the National Library of Portugal (accepted as there was not a Portuguese Library Association) (IFLA, Actes XVIII, 18). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XVIII (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 54, vol. 8, no. 2-3, 26-27). The IFLA Communications section premiered in the international library journal Libri, published out of Copenhagen, Denmark (Koops, 34, 51; Libri 53, vol. 4, no. 1, 65; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 54, vol. 8, no. 7, 82).

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47. The 20th Session in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, September 27 – October 1, 1954

1954 The 20th IFLA Session/Council was held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), September 27-October 1, in conjunction with the FID Conference, being held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia), October 3-10 (Koops, 154; Libri 54, vol. 4, no. 3,239; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 54, vol. 8, no. 7, 72; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 1, 10). The Session was attended by 55 participants from 25 Member Associations, representing 16 countries and four international organizations (Libri 54, vol. 5, no. 2,172). As was decided at last year’s Vienna, Austria, Session, the meeting was divided into three main parts: first, meetings of a number of technical committees on parliamentary libraries, serial publications, library statistics, hospital libraries, publications exchange, cataloging, international loan and conservation, cataloging and reproduction of rare and ancient works; secondly, plenary meetings of specialist sections; and thirdly, full plenary meetings, where the committees which held their meetings during the first two days presented their reports and their resolutions (Libri 54, vol. 5, no. 2,172, 176; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 1, 11). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne, Switzerland (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois stated, “We may thus hope that one day IFLA will become the rallying point in the world of libraries, a sort of turntable linking up diverse disciplines” (Libri 55, vol. 5, no. 3, 267). In reference to the upcoming 1955 Third International Congress, President Bourgeois said, “Another very clear advantage of this collaboration, which has

152 Chronology of Sessions been accepted by all concerned with a certain hesitation and even reticence, will be to allow the three interested federations to know each other better, to delimit their field of action, and to round-off certain angles which hitherto have caused friction. Who knows – all hopes are permitted – perhaps we will arrive in Brussels to learn at last where library science ends and where documentation begins” (Libri 55, vol. 5, no. 3, 269). The Session was addressed by Mr. Rojnic, President of the Yugoslavia Library Federation (IFLA, Actes XIX, 7). Session topics included the reactivation of the International Committee of Agriculture Librarians, the establishment of a study of cataloging with a view to establish common principles, the revision of 1936 Rules for International Interlibrary Loan, and about the new working document on international library statistics (IFLA, Actes XIX, 33, UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 1, 5, 11; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 2-3, 53, 71). UNESCO Session topics included their contribution of $10,000 ($80,300 in 2010 US dollars) to IFLA; UNESCO’s activities on behalf of public libraries in Iran, Brazil, Indonesia, and Iraq; the status of the statutes of the Liaison Committee, the Intergovernmental Session, and the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property; the Technical Assistance Program; and the showing of two UNESCO films: Road to Books and Books for All (DollarTimes; IFLA, Actes XIX, 36, 43, 52, 85; Libri 54, vol. 5, no. 2,173; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 1, 11). The FID Representative made a presentation to the Session, and the Vice President of FID expressed the wish that for practical reasons, in the future, FID and IFLA sessions should coincide as far as possible (IFLA, Actes XIX, 18; Libri 54, vol. 5, no. 2,172). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Session, including the Committee on Statistics of Libraries and Book Production, the Committee on Periodicals and Serial Publications, and the Committee on Cataloguing. In addition, the International Association of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts was founded (Libri 54, vol. 5, no. 2,178-179; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 1, 11). There was discussion at Session about the article in Libri’s IFLA Communications, by S. R. Ranganathan of India, “IFLA - What it Should Be and Do.” The article criticized IFLA for not being a truly international organization, rather focusing on the predominant West European and North American membership, and its limited participation with and in developing countries. In the article he equated the “internationalisms” in IFLA with “Western European,” and he denounced IFLA for not realizing that the days of “imperialism” were past and included as an example the impediment to Western Asian library progress caused by having “much of out-modeled stuff thrust down its throat,” notably in Japan which “had made much progress in its libraries before World War II, but now it is obliged to swallow the American pill” (Koops, 34; Libri

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54, vol. 5, no. 2,182-189; LJ 73, 11/15/73, 3352; Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 13). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the economic situation of the Federation continued to improve (IFLA, Actes XIX, 17). The Session was held at the Mirko Kljaic Trade Union Club. Session events included library and museum tours in Zagreb, an operatic performance at the National Theater, and a reception hosted by the Mayor of Zagreb. There was also an excursion to Ljubljana arranged (IFLA, Actes XIX, 81-82; Libri 54, vol. 4, no. 3,241). IFLA had a membership of 57 members in 36 countries (IFLA, Actes XIX, 14). New members to IFLA this year included the Cuban National Association of Professional Librarians, the State Librarians of Denmark, the Uruguayan Library Association, and the São Paulo Association of Librarians (IFLA, Actes XIX, 14; IFLA Annual 1969, 258; Libri 54, vol. 5, no. 2,172). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XIX (Koops, 154).

154 Chronology of Sessions

48. The 21st Session in Brussels, Belgium, September 10 – 16, 1955

1955 The 21st IFLA Session/Council was held in Brussels, Belgium, September 1016, in conjunction with the Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers, with the theme The Tasks and Responsibilities of Libraries and Documentation Centers in Modern Life. These two meetings were held in conjunction with the fourth Congress of Music Librarians and the 22nd FID meeting (IFLA, International Congress of Librarians and Documentation Centers, Brussels, September 11-18, 1955, 19-23; Koops, 32, 154; LJ 55, 1/15/55, 97-100; LJ 55, 11/15/55, 2565; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 54, vol. 8, no. 10, 114, 117; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 1, 5, 37-38). The Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers was held September 12-13 and 17, and was attended by over 1,200 librarians and documentation specialists from more than 44 countries, making the meeting so large it was almost overwhelming. This was the largest library and documentation center Congress organized to date (Koops, 33; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 11-12, 233). The Congress was vigorously encouraged and financed by UNESCO (LJ 55, 1/15/55, 97). The Congress was divided into a series of plenary and joint sessions of all the participating organizations and individual conferences (LJ 55, 1/15/55, 99).

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The Congress’ most significant contribution to world library and document center development was that it marked a decisive step forward in the international organization of librarians and documentalists. While focusing attention on the need for more systematic consideration of the special needs of libraries and documentation centers in various subject groups, the Congress stressed the need for better coordination of the specialized work of the various international federations and associations (UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 11-12, 234). The Congress passed a number of resolutions, including one on the exchange of publications, one on the Congresses’ relation to UNESCO, and one adopting IFLA’s Working Paper on the Development of Public Libraries (IFLA, Actes XX, 32-35; LJ 55, 11/15/55, 2565; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 54, vol. 8, no. 10, 234). The working languages of the Congress were English and French (LJ 55, 1/15/55, 99; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 54, vol. 8, no. 10, 115). Registration to the International Congress was 300 Belgian francs ($6, or $49 in 2010 US dollars), which covered attendance at the Congress, the cost of the three volumes of working documents and admission to the various events arranged during the period concerned. An extra fee of 100 Belgian francs ($2, or $16 in 2010 US dollars) was charged to cover the group excursions and tours organized during the Congress (Antweiler; DollarTimes; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 54, vol. 8, no. 10, 115). The IFLA Session itself was attended by 103 participants and three observers from 37 associations representing 23 countries and five international organizations (IFLA, Actes XX, 3; Libri 56, vol. 6, no. 2, 172). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne, Switzerland (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois gave a history of IFLA and commented on its current activities (IFLA, Actes XX, 9-14). As a great number of the items usually discussed in the plenary and committee meetings of the Council had been transferred to the program of the Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers, the items on the program of the Session and its Committees were restricted to a fairly small number of sectional meetings (Libri 56, vol. 6, no. 2, 173). Session topics included exchange of official publications, national and learned libraries, work with audio-visual materials, the founding of the Subcommittee on Library Work with Children and Young People, and the building projects of the Canadian Library Association (IFLA, Actes XX, 46; International Library Review 71, vol. 3, no. 1, 36; Libri 56, vol. 6, no. 2, 177; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 54, vol. 9, no. 11-12, 235).

156 Chronology of Sessions UNESCO Session topics centered around the Liaison Committee and UNESCO’s important financial support for this Session, allowing IFLA, FID, and the International Association of Music Librarians to meet simultaneously (IFLA, Actes XX, 17, 25; Koops, 32). The FID President, Sir Alexander King of London, UK, made a presentation to the Session, speaking of the continued collaboration of the two organizations (IFLA, Actes XX, 18). A number of affiliated organizations presented reports at the Session, including the Medical Librarians and FID. In addition, the foundation meeting for the International Association of Agriculture Librarians and Documentalists was also held at Session (IFLA, Actes XX, 21-23; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 11-12, 234). The Sevensma Prize was awarded to Dr. Eugene Josef Egger of Switzerland, for his paper The Swiss Union Catalog (IFLA, Actes XX, 19-20). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the financial situation of the Federation was healthy (IFLA, Actes XX, 16). The Session was held at the University of Brussels Library. Session/Congress activities included a reception and concert in the Town Hall of Brussels, and excursions throughout Belgium to visit libraries and documentation centers in Ghent, Antwerp, Liege, Charleroi, and Mons (IFLA, Actes XX, 54; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 11-12, 234). IFLA had a membership of 56 members in 33 countries (IFLA, Actes XX, 14). New members to IFLA this year included: the International Association of Technological University Libraries (becoming the first international library association to become an IFLA member), the International Association of Theological Libraries, the International Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists, the International Association of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts, the Association of Danish Research Libraries, the Honduran Association of Libraries and Archives, the Association of Libraries of Judaica and Hebraica in Europe, the Association of Hungarian Librarians (rejoined), and the Korean Library Association. (IFLA, Actes XX, 14; IFLA Annual 1969, 106, 173, 229; International Library Review 78, vol. 10, no. 3, 218; Koops, 33; Libri 56, vol. 6, no. 2, 173, 191; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 11-12, 234). IFLA Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XX (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 56, vol. 10, no. 7, 163). The proceedings of the Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers was published as the International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers, Brussels, 11-18 September, 1955 in three volumes: Volume 1, Preliminary Reports; Volume 2A, Communications: General Congress; and Volume 2B: Communications: Fourth International Congress of Music Libraries. Twenty-second International Conference on

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Documentation (UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 5-6, 115; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 55, vol. 9, no. 11-12, 261). The fifth edition of IFLA Repertoire was published. This was the last to be published out of Geneva, Switzerland. It listed 57 national associations as well as three international members (IFLA, Repertoire, 5; Koops, 81; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 56, vol. 10, no. 7, 164).

158 Chronology of Sessions

49. The 22nd Session in Munich, Germany, September 3 – 4, 1956

1956 The 22nd IFLA Session/Council was held in Munich, Germany, September 34, in conjunction with the FID meeting which was held in Stuttgart, Germany, at the end of August (IFLA, Actes XXI, 3, 24; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by 62 participants, including 33 members representing 21 countries and four international organizations, and 29 observers (IFLA, Actes XXI, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne, Switzerland (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois gave a concise evaluation of the success of the 1955 Brussels Third International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers. He also gave a description of the changes in the activities of the Federation and its Executive Committee, and of the new tasks before the Federation (Libri 57, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 187). Additionally, President Bourgeois explained how the Federation was reorganizing to have less cross-over with FID. Among these changes he noted the Committee on Standardization had been dissolved and the Committee on Union Catalogs had been merged with the Committee on Cataloging Rules. He also spoke of IFLA’s work with UNESCO, including the UNESCO contract which allowed the Committee on Cataloging Rules to publish its report, and how the Committee on Statistics has flourished under UNESCO’s guidance (Libri 57, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 212-213).

Year 1956

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The Session was addressed by Dr. Meinzolt, the German Secretary of State for Education (IFLA, Actes XXI, 9). Session topics included standards of public library services and the publication The Development of Public Library Service (which stated libraries were a “fundamental ‘human right’”), the state of international exchange publications, and the development of ALA’s International Relations Committee and the International Relations Office in the US (IFLA, Actes XXI, 20; Libri 56, vol. 6, no. 2, 185; LJ 64, 11/15/64, 4465-4466; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 56, vol. 10, no. 7, 149). UNESCO topics at Session included the funding of underdeveloped countries (in Asia, Latin American, and Africa) vs. developed European countries, UNESCO’s studies on the production of scientific documents, the UNESCO published Union Catalogs: Their Problems and Organization (by L. Brummel), and the UNESCO/IFLA developed and UNESCO published book, International Study of Cataloguing Rules (IFLA, Actes XXI, 23, 39, 45; IFLA, Libraries in the World, 29; Libri 56, vol. 6, no. 3, 271-297; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 56, vol. 10, no. 5-6, 123). The FID Representative made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXI, 24). During Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different meetings in the past year, including the Committee on Bibliography in Paris, France, the Meeting of Experts on the International Exchange of Publications in Paris, France, the Working Group on Co-ordination of Cataloging Principles at the Annual Conference of the Graduate Library School of Chicago, Illinois, US, and the ALA Conference, in Miami, Florida, US (IFLA, Actes XXI, 21). A number of committees presented at Session, including the International Association of Technical University Libraries, the Committee on Statistics, and the Committee on Catalog Rules. Additionally, the Committee for Rare and Precious Books was revived (IFLA, Actes XXI, 32, 35, 37; Koops, 33). Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the financial situation of the Federation was healthy because of the generosity of UNESCO (IFLA, Actes XXI, 22). The fifth Sevensma Prize was discussed, with the following topic being decided upon for the next prize, “The Information Service in the Library” (IFLA, Actes XXI, 46). The Executive Board accepted a proposal from the French Library Association to have the next session in Paris, France. In regards to this S. R. Ranganathan of India, suggested the time and place of the meeting be coordinated with the FID Conference as much as possible, to accommodate those people who had to travel great distances and wished to attend both conferences (IFLA, Actes XXI, 57-58).

160 Chronology of Sessions The Session was held at the Library of the Polytechnic University of Munich. Session events included the presentation of an opera at Nymphenburg Palace, a reception at the Schack Gallery hosted by the President of the Bavarian Council of Ministers, a reception at the Ratstrinkstube, and an excursion to the Bavarian Alps (IFLA, Actes XXI, 59). IFLA had a membership of 59 national associations, representing 36 countries, and 3 international associations (IFLA, Actes XXI, 19). New members to IFLA this year included Hungary’s University Library of Szeged (as the Hungarian Library Association no longer existed), the Mexican Library Association (rejoined), the German Association of Librarians with Diplomas in Learned Libraries, and the Portugal Inspectorat General of Libraries (as there was still no Portuguese Library Association) (IFLA, Actes XXI, 1920; IFLA Annual 1969, 146). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXI (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 57, vol. 11, no. 7, 177).

Year 1957

161

50.The 23rd Session in Paris, France, September 23 – 26, 1957

1957 The 23rd IFLA Session/Council was held in Paris, France, September 23-26, in conjunction with the FID meeting, which was held September 16-21, also in Paris (IFLA, Actes XXII, 3; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 58, vol. 12, no. 1, 19). The Session was attended by 151 participants, which included 87 delegates representing 34 associations of 22 countries and four international organizations, as well as 20 members of the Section of Libraries and Collections of the Performing Arts, and 40 observers (IFLA, Actes XXI, 3; Libri 58, vol. 7, no. 4, 292). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne, Switzerland (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois presented a plan to establish a working group for the purpose of preparing a long-term comprehensive program of activities (Koops, 35). After the initial roll call, the session was adjourned for two days to allow ample time for the different sections and committees to discuss their special

162 Chronology of Sessions subjects and to prepare their reports and conclusions to be submitted to the plenary meeting (Libri 58, vol. 7, no.4, 292). The Session was addressed by Mr. Bordeneuve, French Secretary of State of Arts and Letters (IFLA, Actes XXII, 10). Session topics included strengthening relations with Latin America, the revision of the 1886 Brussels Convention on the exchange of official and nonofficial (government) publications, and the idea of proposed standards for public library buildings (IFLA, Actes XXII, 26; Libri 58, vol. 7, no. 4, 296 UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 58, vol. 12, no. 1, 20). At Session, there was discussion about the ALA Executive Board’s suggestion to drop IFLA membership on the grounds that the “money could be better spent in some other way.” This suggestion was based on the perception that ALA had little to do with IFLA during this period (AL 57, vol. 51, no. 8, 582). UNESCO Session topics included the recent UNESCO/IFLA developed and UNESCO published book International Statistics on Libraries and Book Production, a report on the Bureau of the International Advisory Committee on Bibliography, and updates on the UNESCO field projects in Columbia, Afghanistan, and Jordan (IFLA, Actes XXII, 26, 30, 31; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 57, vol. 11, no. 1, 16-17). Julian Cain, Vice President of FID (and former IFLA Vice President), made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXII, 28). IFLA was composed of six Sections and Committees: Parliamentary and Administrative Libraries, International Loan, Scientific Books and Periodicals, Exchange of Publications, Hospital Libraries, and Public Libraries (Libri 57, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 214). A number of committees presented at Session, including the Commission on Union Catalog and International Loan, the Subcommittee on Library Work with Children and Young People, the Committee for Parliamentary and Administrative Libraries, and the Ad Hoc Committee on Professional Education (IFLA, Actes XXII, 36, 38, 43, 48; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 58, vol. 12, no. 2-3, 61; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 58, vol. 12, no. 10, 225). At Session, the Committee on Cataloging decided to seek assistance from UNESCO and the US Council on Library Resources for financial and organizational support to host an international cataloging meeting, whose principal goal would be to arrive at the minimum requirements for international cataloging cooperation. This was the first step toward IFLA’s development of the 1961 International Conference on Cataloging Principles, to be held in Paris, France (Koops, 59; Libri 58, vol. 7, no.4, 292). As part of the business discussion at Session, the election of the Executive Board was postponed until October 1958, and there was talk that there needed to be more public library representatives on the Board (IFLA, Actes XXII, 61; Library Quarterly 62, vol. 32, no. 1, 1; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 58, vol. 12, no. 1, 20).

Year 1957

163

Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the financial situation of the Federation continued to be healthy because of UNESCO’s generosity (IFLA, Actes XXII, 28). The Executive Board accepted an invitation from the Spanish Library Association to hold next year’s Session in Spain. There was also talk of hosting a future Session in Canada, when the Canadian and American Library Associations were hosting their conferences conjointly (IFLA, Actes XXII, 62). The Session was held at the Institute of Art and Archeology. Session events involved a reception at the National Library of France, a reception at the Hôtel de Ville, a tour of local libraries, and excursions to Chartres, Chevreuse, and Rambouillet (IFLA, Actes XXII, 65-67). IFLA had a membership of 63 national associations, representing 41 countries, and 4 international associations, which included the Association of Libraries of Judaica and Hebraica in Europe, International Association of Theological Libraries, and the International Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists (IFLA, Actes XXII, 25; Libri 57, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 214). New members to IFLA this year included the Israel National Library Association, the Indian Library Association, the Pakistan Library Association, the Romanian Library Association, and the Columbian Library Association (IFLA, Actes XXII, 25; IFLA Annual 1969, 211). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXII (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 58, vol. 12, no. 10, 241). As the Chief Editor of Libri passed away, publication of the IFLA Communications were halted for a time. (IFLA, Actes XXII, 27).

164 Chronology of Sessions

51. The 24th Session in Madrid, Spain, October 13 – 16, 1958

1958 The 24th IFLA Session/Council was held in Madrid, Spain, October 13-16. For the first time since 1951 IFLA and FID did not have conjoined meetings. Instead FID held their meeting in Washington, DC, US (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 3, 21; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by 54 participants, which included 35 delegates representing 26 countries, two international organizations, and 17 observers (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Tietse Pieter Sevensma of The Netherlands, until he tendered his resignation during Session, after almost thirty years of service, 1929-1958 (IFLA Archive; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002). The IFLA President continued to be Pierre Bourgeois, Director of the Swiss National Library in Berne, Switzerland, until he completed his term during Session (Koops, 36, 155; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 112; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002). In his opening remarks, President Bourgeois announced the need to hold an international library conference on the unification of cataloging rules, and that the US Council on Library Resources had voted a subvention of $20,000 ($150,000 in 2010 US dollars) for the preparation of this conference (Dollar-

Year 1958

165

Times; IFLA, Actes XXIII, 45; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 112; LJ 58, 9/15/58, 2375; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 58, vol. 12, no. 11-12, 289; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 59, vol. 13, no. 4, 96). The Session was addressed by Garcia Noblejas, Spanish Director General of Libraries and Archives and Mr. Goicoechea, Director of the National Library of Spain (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 11, 15). Session topics included the founding of an Ibero-American Library Committee (aimed at the creation of separate working groups in accordance with IFLA’s own structure), President Bourgeois’ announcement that the task of long-term comprehensive planning of activities had been entrusted to the Enlargement Board (which met for the first time this year) and a number of housekeeping items, including the announcement that the Executive Board would in future be convened at least once in the months between the annual sessions. The first of these meetings was held in Geneva, Switzerland, May 17-18, 1958, where there was discussion of future planning and about problems which had occurred at last year’s Paris, France, Session (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 19, 58-60; Koops, 34, 35; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 58, vol. 12, no. 1, 20; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 59, vol. 13, no. 1, 21). UNESCO Session topics included the recent UNESCO sponsored Symposium of National Libraries in Europe (held in Vienna, Austria, September 827), a mobile microfilming unit in Latin American, and of the publication of the Manual of Public Library Services for Children. During the Session representatives of IFLA and FID met with a UNESCO Secretariat representative to coordinate programs and discuss common problems (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 23; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 59, vol. 13, no. 4, 77). The FID Representative, Julian Cain, made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 21). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Brussels Symposium on Library Methods, in Belgium, September 1957, the Commission on Bibliography and Publications of the World Organization for Meteorology Conference, and the Warsaw Bibliographic Conference, in Poland (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 19). As part of the business discussion at Session, there was talk concerning the recommendations brought forth by the Scandinavian libraries about the general management of IFLA, including equal representation on the Executive Board of national and university libraries, public libraries, and special libraries; that the Executive Board should keep a stricter control of membership dues and only let paying members vote; and that the Executive Board should investigate establishing a salaried secretariat, and if necessary raise membership dues accordingly. As part of this discussion it was suggested to “follow the example of the [UK] Library Association which charges a conference fee … for each participant” (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 24-31, 72).

166 Chronology of Sessions Secretary General Sevensma’s financial report stated that the economic situation of the Federation continued to be good (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 20). At the end of the Session there were elections and Gustav Hofmann, the Director General of the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany, was elected President of IFLA. Hofmann was a successful and highly esteemed champion of German librarianship - then in the throes of renovation and tasks of a supra-regional nature (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 55; Koops, 36, 155; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 112; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 19272002). The Vice Presidents that were elected included Julian Cain, Paris, France; Mr. Dalton, New York City, New York, US; A. van Riemsdijk, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. De Felice-Olivieri, Rome, Italy; L. R. McColvin, London, UK; and Ms. H. Wieckowska, Lodz, Poland (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 59). As IFLA Secretary General Sevensma of The Netherlands retired, the position was then broken into that of a Secretary General and a Treasurer. As part of the elections, Joachim Wieder of Munich, Germany, was appointed Secretary General of IFLA, and Assistant Secretary A. C. Breycha-Vauthier, of Geneva, Switzerland, was appointed Treasurer. The Secretariat was then moved to Munich (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 3, 55, 59). The Session was held at the National Library of Spain. Session activities included a reception at the Institute of Hispanic Culture, a visit to the El Escorial Royal Palace, a tour of the Ruiz Egea Library, and an excursion to Toledo (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 62-63). IFLA had a membership of 64 national associations, representing 42 countries, and 4 international associations (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 18). New members to IFLA this year included the National Library of Bulgaria, the National Library of Monaco, and the Brazilian Library Association (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 18; IFLA Annual 1969, 120, 186, 258; Koops, 35). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXIII (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 59, vol. 13, no. 8-9, 199). IFLA’s permanent archives were housed at the UN Geneva Library, Switzerland, during this period (IFLA, Actes XXIII, 59).

Year 1959

167

52. The 25th Session in Warsaw, Poland, September 14 – 17, 1959

1959 The 25th IFLA Session/Council was held in Warsaw, Poland, September 1417, again in conjunction with the FID meeting, also held in Warsaw, September 21-26 (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 3; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 249; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 60, vol. 14, no. 1, 33). The Session was attended by 113 participants, including 85 delegates representing 34 member associations of 25 countries, three international organizations, and 25 observers (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 3; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 240). The IFLA Secretary General was Joachim Wieder of Munich, Germany (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President was Gustav Hofmann, the Director General of the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany (IFLA Archive). President Hofmann’s initial address gave a short summary of the situation of the Federation and of various fundamental problems and principles of its activities. He stressed the federative principles, the necessity not to be lost in an organization mania and to limit IFLA’s activities, and especially the cooperation with other great international associations, on the basis of practical tasks of actual importance. He ended his speech by saying, “A cultural organization must develop like a human being and this is particularly true for libraries. A well-organized library … is a starting point of our international exchanges” (Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 241; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 249-253).

168 Chronology of Sessions The Session was addressed by Mr. Galinski, the Polish Minister of Arts and Culture, and Mr. Horodyski, the President of the Polish Library Association. In his presentation he reminded the assembly of the terrible fate Poland, Warsaw, and its libraries had undergone in the last war, of that disastrous state of total destruction just 15 years ago, from which the Polish capital and its libraries were now being resurrected from in a remarkable renaissance (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 9, 11; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 240). Session topics included the recent modifications of the Statutes, the recommendations on library statistics that came from the 1958 Vienna, Austria, Symposium of National Libraries, the draft of the Standards of Public Library Service, and the need for A Guide to Union Catalogs and International Loan (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 33; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 132; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 2, 165; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 60, vol. 14, no. 1, 33). A major discussion point at Session was the upcoming 1961 International Cataloging Conference in Paris, France. There was a preliminary meeting held in London, UK, July 19-25, 1959, chaired by Frank Francis, Director of the British Museum, London, UK (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 40-41; LJ 59, 10/15/59, 3096; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 59, vol. 13, no. 11-12, 266; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 60, vol. 14, no. 3, 136). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Committee on Professional Training urging IFLA Council to recommend the exchange of librarians to all member associations; the Rare and Precious Books Committee asking each country that possessed incunabula to prepare a report giving the present state of research work and of publications in this domain; and the Libraries of Theatrical Arts Section which changed its name to the International Section of Theater Libraries and Museums (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 35; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 245, 248; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 60, vol. 14, no. 1, 33). UNESCO Session topics included the recently adopted Convention Concerning the International Exchange of Publications and the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Official Publications and Government Documents between States; the growth of bibliographic groups around the globe; the status of developing nation’s libraries; and that the UNESCO subvention given to IFLA was to increase 100% (at which point everyone applauded) (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 24; IFLA, Libraries in the World, 58; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 241-242). As was typical during the IFLA/FID meetings that were held conjointly, the FID Secretary General addressed the IFLA meeting. President Hofmann commended that joint committees between the groups should be established to further cooperation (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 53-54). Treasurer Breycha-Vauthier presented his first financial report to the Federation (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 20). The Sevensma Prize was divided into two equal parts and awarded to Harry Fairhurt of the UK, for his article The Information Service in the Li-

Year 1959

169

brary, and to Wanda Polaszewska of Poland, for her article The Reference Service of the Library (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 56). The Session was held at the University of Warsaw. After Session events involved a theatrical performance and a Chopin concert in Zelazowa Wola (the composer’s place of birth), receptions held by the Polish Library Association, the Minister of Culture, and the Mayor of Warsaw, and an excursion to Cracow to visit the historical and artistic monuments and the Jaghellonic Library (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 59; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 249). IFLA had a membership of 74 members, of which 15 were associations of institutes or national administrative and bibliographic centers, and 4 international associations, representing 45 countries total (IFLA, Actes XXIV, 18; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 241). New members to IFLA this year included the National Library of Bulgaria in Sofia, the Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers, the German Association of Public Libraries, the Central Council of Czechoslovak Libraries, and the Uruguayan Library Association. Additionally, the Central Council of Libraries in the USSR joined, which ushered in a new period of useful cooperation with Eastern Europe and the socialists countries (IFLA Annual 1969, 148, 202, 260; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 113; Libri 59, vol. 9, no. 3, 241). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXIV (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 60, vol. 14, no. 6, 280).

170 Chronology of Sessions

53. The 26th Session in Lund and Malmö, Sweden, August 8 – 11, 1960

1960 The 26th IFLA Session/Council was held August 14-16 in Lund and Malmö, Sweden (ALA 60, vol. 54, no. 6, 541; IFLA, Actes XXV, 3; IFLA, Actes XXV, 14; Libri 60, vol. 10, no. 3, 255; Special Library Association, Special Libraries 60, vol. 51, no. 8, 449-450). The Session was attended by 154 participants representing 33 member associations of 24 countries and five international organizations (Libri 60, vol. 10, no. 3, 255). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Joachim Wieder of Munich, Germany (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Gustav Hofmann, the Director General of the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Hofmann said, “The rapid growth of IFLA, the question how to finance the increasing administrative tasks as well as the necessity to finance not only the correspondence between its members but also personal contacts compel us to strengthen the economic foundations of IFLA as much as possible” (IFLA, Actes XXV, 14). The Session was addressed by Gösta Ottervik, Director of the Gothenburg University Library (IFLA, Actes XXV, 11). UNESCO Session topics included discussion about IFLA’s desire to have UNESCO fund a full time secretariat for IFLA, UNESCO’s plan to raise IFLA’s annual subvention pending UN General Assembly approval, and discussion about UNESCO’s Seminar on the Exchange of Publications held in Budapest, Hungary (IFLA, Actes XXV, 14, 21; International Library Review 69, vol. 1, no. 4, 449; Libri 60, vol. 10, no. 3, 257). There was no FID presentation at this Session (IFLA, Actes XXV, 14). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences and meetings in the last year, including the US White

Year 1960

171

House Conference on Children and Youth held in Washington, DC, US, in March-April 1960, at the great joint conference of the American and Canadian Library Associations in Montreal, Canada, in June 1960, and the FID Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in July 1960 (IFLA, Actes XXV, 20). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Administrative Libraries Committee’s suggestion to include law libraries, the Publication Exchange Committee’s desire to publish a yearbook of parliamentary and administrative libraries, and the Committee on Hospital Libraries announcement that where hospital libraries did not exist, public libraries should take over their responsibilities (IFLA, Actes XXV, 30, 33, 36). As part of the business discussion at Session, the IFLA Council’s April 2930 planning meeting in Munich, Germany, was discussed, and everyone was given a questionnaire to fill out to update the next IFLA Repertoire. There was additional discussion about the IFLA Sessions, with a decision that they should be held at least alternatively in Europe and in other parts of the world, in any of the countries represented in the Federation. The counter point to this suggestion was two-fold: first, a country outside of Europe had to offer to host IFLA, and second, due to IFLA’s present financial situation, it made having the meeting outside of Europe an impossibility (IFLA, Actes XXV, 16, 54-55; Libri 60, vol. 10, no. 3, 264). During Session the publication of two different publications was announced: A Guide to Union Catalogs and International Loan, prepared by the Committee on Union Catalogs and International Loans, and the Repertoire of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts, prepared by the International Section of Theater Libraries and Museums (IFLA, Actes XXV, 21; IFLA News 4, 4/63, 3; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 273; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 61, vol. 15, no. 1, 42). Discussion and presentations continued at Session about the upcoming International Conference on Cataloging Principles, including the announcement of a second grant of $95,420 ($700,879 in 2010 dollars) to IFLA from the US Council on Library Resources to help meet the cost of the Conference (Libri 60, vol. 10, no. 3, 265; LJ 60, 3/15/60, 1087; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 61, vol. 15, no. 1, 42). Treasurer Breycha-Vauthier’s financial report stated that IFLA was in good standing (IFLA, Actes XXV, 22). The Sevensma Prize was discussed, with two themes decided upon for the next prize: “Reading rooms in national and university libraries” and “Central library storage of books” (IFLA, Actes XXV, 52). This Session ran like most others of this era, consisting of three general meetings: one opening session, a program, and a business meeting. At times there were concurrent meetings of several sections and committees (Special Library Association, Special Libraries 60, vol. 51, no. 8, 449).

172 Chronology of Sessions At the time IFLA was composed of seventeen Sections and Committees (IFLA, Repertoire, 13). The Conference’s first session was held at Lund University and then continued with a second plenary session at the City Library of Malmö. During the second plenary session in Malmö, two speakers presented to the Federation: the Director of the Lund University Library spoke on building questions concerning research libraries and the Director of the Malmö City Library spoke on the same subject, but from a public library point of view. Conference events involved several luncheons and receptions in both the old university town of Lund and the lively seaport of Malmö. There was a reception in Malmöhus Castle, an excursion across Skane country to Ostarp Inn, where a Smörgåsbord and folklore dancers delighted the participants. There were also library tours arranged of eminent Swedish libraries in Gothenburg, Stockholm, and Uppsala (Libri 60, vol. 10, no. 3, 257, 265). The Federation had 81 member associations from 48 countries, and included 4 international organizations. This was a 1/3 increase in members in the last five years, as IFLA only had 60 members in 1955 (IFLA, Actes XXV, 19, 21; IFLA, Repertoire, 13). New members to IFLA this year included 13 new members, including the West African Library Association (headquartered in Nigeria), the Library Association of Venezuela, the American Association of Law Librarians, the International Association of Law Libraries, and the National Library of Luxemburg (IFLA, Actes XXV, 18; IFLA Annual 1969, 106, 186). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXV (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 62, vol. 16, no. 1, 38).

Year 1961

173

54. The 27th Session in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, September 4 – 7, 1961

1961 The 27th IFLA Session/Council was held in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, September 4-7, in conjunction with the FID Conference which was held in London, UK, September 6-16 (IFLA, Actes XXVI, 3, 15; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 62, vol. 16, no. 1, 43). The Session was attended by 140 participants representing 38 member associations of 23 countries and seven international organizations (Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 4, 392). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Joachim Wieder of Munich, Germany (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Gustav Hofmann, the Director General of the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany (IFLA Archive). In President Hofmann’s address he spoke of the continued enormous geographic growth of the Federation, the need for a permanent IFLA Secretariat, the lessening need for another International Congress of Libraries and Documentation Centers (last held in Brussels, Belgium, in 1955), the need for more secretaries to assist the overburdened chairmen of the Sections and Committees, and the need of an IFLA produced bulletin to report specifically on the Federation (IFLA, Actes XXVI, 14; Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 4, 393-394). The Session was addressed by Sir Charles Snow, President of the [UK] Library Association. He said in relation to the current international tension over nuclear tests, “The Federation and its conferences should be an efficient way to help developing countries, to get nations to learn from each other and to provide the best means of understanding by strengthening the forces of good will and thus creating new bonds of loyalty, helpfulness and affection among the members of the human race” (Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 4, 392-393). UNESCO Session topics included that UNESCO had increased its subvention to IFLA to $10,000 ($70,000 in 2010 dollars) and agreed to allow a large

174 Chronology of Sessions proportion of the money to be used to employ a full-time secretary and help toward the coordination of the work of the different IFLA committees, the organization of meetings and geographic expansion. Additionally, the UNESCO representative gave some helpful hints with regard to those IFLA projects that would gain UNESCO’s special interest and assistance: an effective long-term program, an information center for the world, and help for developing countries (DollarTimes; IFLA, Actes XXVI, 27; Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 4, 393-394; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 61, vol. 15, no. 3, 113; Wiegand, 346). The FID Secretary General, Mr. Humblet, made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXVI, 29). During Session, a number of business topics were discussed, including information on the IFLA Working Party Meeting that was held in Paris, France, January 9-11, 1961, that it was an impossibility to establish a second secretariat in Paris (the first being in Munich) because of financial reasons, discussion on the IFLA Long Term Program, and updates on the UNESCO funded IFLA/FID upcoming study on the training and status of research librarians and documentalists (Koops, 39; Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 1, 81-82; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 61, vol. 15, no. 4, 214; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 62, vol. 16, no. 43). Additional discussion centered around two IFLA funded conferences, the Conference of the International Association of Technical University Librarians, in Delft, The Netherlands, and the 5th International Congress of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts in Paris, France, June 23-25, 1961 (Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 273). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Section of Public Libraries which spoke of their short term and long term program; the Committee on Statistics which urged UNESCO to reconsider their postponement of research into library statistics; and the renaming of the Commission for Rare and Precious Books to the Commission for Rare and Precious Books and Documents (IFLA, Actes XXVI, 42; Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 4, 396-397, 400; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 61, vol. 15, no. 1, 1; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 61, vol. 15, no. 6, 341). As part of the business discussion at Session, it was decided that only associations and central institutes who kept up regular contact with IFLA and paid their annual dues could be looked upon as effective members (Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 4, 394). Treasurer Breycha-Vauthier’s financial report stated that IFLA was in good standing (IFLA, Actes XXVI, 25). The Session was held at the new National Library of Scotland, Adam House. Session events involved receptions in the banqueting room of Edinburgh Castle, touring of the Edinburgh Music Festival, a viewing of the Edinburgh Military Tattoo on the castle Esplanade, a whole day excursion to Glasgow to tour the Mitchell Library, an excursion to the Scottish Highlands, a

Year 1961

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boat trip on Loch Katrine, and a farewell tea party (Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 4, 405-406). The Federation had 87 member associations from 51 countries, and included 4 international organizations (Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 4, 394). New members to IFLA this year included the State Library of Pretoria (South Africa Republic), the Canadian Public Library Service of Quebec, the Brazilian Federation of Library Associations, the Library Association of Trinidad and Tobago of the West Indies, the Library Association of Thailand, the Malayan Library Association, and the Hong Kong Library Association (IFLA Annual 1969, 211, 259; Libri 61, vol. 11, no. 4, 394). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXVI (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 62, vol. 16, no. 6, 310). The sixth edition of IFLA Repertoire was published (UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 62, vol. 16, no. 5, 259).

176 Chronology of Sessions

55. The 28th Session in Berne, Switzerland, August 27 – 31, 1962

1962 The 28th IFLA Session/Council was held in Berne, Switzerland, August 27-31 (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 3; IFLA News 2, 10/15/62, 1-2; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by 145 participants representing 38 member associations of 29 countries and 16 international organizations (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 3; Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 3, 241). The IFLA Secretary General position was vacated by Joachim Wieder of Munich, Germany, in early 1962, to then be held on an interim basis by Maria Razumovsky of Vienna, Austria, for six months from June 1962- November 1962, until Anthony Thompson of the UK took over in December 1962, as the first full-time IFLA Secretary General. Thompson, the author of the wellknown Vocabularium Bibliothecarii, was energetic and endowed with extraordinary linguistic skills (he spoke 12 languages), and he combined singleness of purpose with an unselfish idealism. During Session, the first permanent Secretariat was applauded, having been established through support from UNESCO in May 1962. This Session was the first where the fulltime IFLA Secretary General took part in sessions ex officio (IFLA Archive; IFLA News 1, 7/15/62, 1; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 113, 115; IFLA, 68th IFLA Council and General Session, August 18 - August 24, 2002, Glasgow Scotland, UK, Session Program and Proceedings; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002; International Library Review 84, vol. 16, no. 4, 346; Koops, 155; Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 3, 241; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 274; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 63, vol. 17, no. 1, 40; Wedgeworth, 379).

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As part of Jochim Wieder’s farewell address as the IFLA Secretary General 1959-1962, he stated, “IFLA has undergone a series of profound changes, it is in the middle of a crisis in its evolution and in a process of remarkable revival. This state of things is reflected externally in its astounding expansion, and internally in the ever-changing constitutional structure.” He also lauded the new permanent Secretary General position, describing the benefits that would come from a full time employee rather than a half-time volunteer (Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 270, 271). The IFLA President continued to be Gustav Hofmann, the Director General of the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Hofmann spoke of IFLA’s relationship with UNESCO (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 18). The Session was addressed by H. P. Tschudi, Swiss Federal Advisor and Chief of the Federal Department of the Interior (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 9). A major topic of Session discussion was the International Conference on Cataloging Principles, held October 9-18, 1961, in Paris, France. The Conference was convened by UNESCO, in conjunction with IFLA. Delegates from 53 countries and 12 international organizations as well as 104 observers from 20 countries attended. Under the auspices of IFLA, the US Council on Library Resources had already given IFLA a grant of $95,000 ($688,400 in 2010 dollars) to help convene this conference. The aim of the Conference was “to reach agreement on basic principles governing the choice and form of entry in the alphabetical catalog of authors and titles.” At the conference, important agreements were reached, which proved notable steps forward in the field of international unification of cataloging principles (IFLA News 2, 10/15/62, 2; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 112; Koops, 38; Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 1, 61, 73; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 62, vol. 16, no. 2, 53-64). UNESCO Session topics included the important fact that IFLA had been accepted in the first category of consultative status in relations between nongovernmental organizations and UNESCO, and there was discussion of the upcoming three UNESCO seminars for different types of libraries in Latin America, Africa, and the Near East (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 35; Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 3, 243, 244). The FID President-Elect, Mr. Adkinson, made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 38). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Section of National and University Libraries encouraging UNESCO to assist in publishing a guide on legal deposit; the Subcommittee on Library Work with Children announcing the publication of the booklet, Translation of Children’s Books; and the Committee on Uniform Cataloging Rules recommendation that IFLA put on sale the Report of the International Conference on Cataloging Principles and use all proceeds from the sale to fi-

178 Chronology of Sessions nance further activity by IFLA in the field of cataloging (Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 3, 245, 248, 250). Additional IFLA business discussed at Session involved the Executive Board Meeting in Berne, Switzerland, April 6-7, 1962, the introduction of overlapping Vice Presidents terms, the progress of the Long Term Program of Future Planning, and the premiere of the IFLA News Bulletin. The periodical was first edited by Interim Secretary General Maria Razumovsky and then Permanent Secretary General Anthony Thompson. The first two issues appeared only in English, but the publication was eventually issued quarterly in all four of the Federations’ official languages: English, French, German, and Russian (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 32; IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 33; IFLA News 1, 7/15/62, 3; IFLA News 34, 10/70, 14; Koops, 51, 58; Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 2, 160; Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 3, 244, 259). Treasurer Breycha-Vauthier’s financial report stated that IFLA was in good standing (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 32). The Session was held at the National Library of Switzerland. Session events involved a half-day excursion to Oberhofen Castle on Lake Thun, a trip through the country of Gruyères for a luncheon, and then a trip to tour the Geneva Public Library (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 79; Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 3, 260). IFLA had a membership of 88 member associations that included 4 international organizations and 17 national institutions or central organizations, representing the various categories of libraries in 51 countries. According to President Hofmann, “Unsatisfactory membership relations have been cleared up by removing from the list of members those which have shown no signs of life, and by reinstating those which could be persuaded once more to pay their fees” (IFLA, Actes XXVII, 27; Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 3, 243, 267; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 63, vol. 17, no. 1, 40). New members to IFLA this year included the Brazilian Institute of Bibliography and Documentation at Rio de Janeiro, the Association of Greek Librarians of Cyprus at Nicosia, the Austrian Association of Public Libraries, the Association of Librarians of the Argentine Republic, and the Association of Austrian Public Libraries (IFLA Annual 1969, 113, 123; Libri 62, vol. 12, no. 3, 243). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXVII. This volume was 343 pages and cost 30 Swiss francs ($7, or $50 in 2010 dollars). For the first time this volume was edited by the Permanent Secretary (Anthony Thompson of the UK) and was again printed by the Journal de Genève, Switzerland. The content and style of the contents were somewhat changed, as for the first time the main title, and many of the titles of chapters and paragraphs, appeared in English as well as in French; and some of the speeches made in Russian were printed in Russian with translations into English, thus making it more international (Antweiler; DollarTimes; IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 3; Koops,

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154; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 258; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 63, vol. 17, no. 5, 292).

180 Chronology of Sessions

56. The 29th Session in Sofia, Bulgaria, September 1- 6, 1963

1963 The 29th IFLA Session/Council was held in Sofia, Bulgaria, September 1-6 (ALA 63, vol. 57, no. 7, 626; IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 3; Koops, 154). The Session was attended by 160 participants. Even though it was the largest IFLA Session to date, it was regrettable that Asia, Africa, and South American were not able to send any delegates (Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 253; LJ 63, 10/15/63, 3811). The IFLA Secretary General was Anthony Thompson of the UK. The permanent Secretariat of IFLA was transferred from Munich, Germany, to the British Museum, London, UK (IFLA, Actes XXIX, 32; IFLA Archive; IFLA News 4, 4/63, 4; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 268). The IFLA President continued to be Gustav Hofmann, the Director General of the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany, until he completed his term during Session (IFLA Archive; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002). In his final opening remarks in office, President Hofmann commented on the need to update and adjust the managing structure of IFLA, including lessening the number of Vice Presidents to one, shortening the terms of office of the President, Vice President, the members of the Board, and the Secretaries of the Sections and Committees (Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 255-257). The Session was addressed by Petar Vutov, Bulgarian President of the State Committee for Culture and Arts, and Ms. K. Kalaidzieva, Director of the National Library of Bulgaria (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 13, 16). One of the distinguished guests at Session was Verner Clapp of the US Council on Library Resources, which had helped finance IFLA’s International

Year 1963

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Session on Cataloguing Principles in Paris in 1961 (Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 255). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the UNESCO Regional Seminar on the Development of Public Libraries held in Nigeria, September 1962; the 28th FID Conference, held in The Hague, The Netherlands, September 1962; and the UNESCO Regional Seminar on University Libraries in Latin America, held in Argentina, October 1962. This last conference was important, as it reconstituted IFLA’s Ibero-American group into IFLA’s first regional Section, as an efficient active organization with many sections and committees founded to parallel those of IFLA (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 34; IFLA News 2, 10/15/62, 3; IFLA News 3, 12/15/62, 1-2; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 259). UNESCO Session topics included the development of libraries in African and Latin American countries, the publication of the Bibliographical Services throughout the World, 1960-1964, the creation of a section for special libraries; and the continuing work to microfilm manuscripts and documents in the Middle East (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 41; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 259-260; LJ 27, 10/1/27, 969-970). The FID representative made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 44). At Session, a number of announcements were made, including the establishment of two new committees, one for Mechanization and another for Reprography; and the foundation of the International Federation of Record Libraries (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 34; Koops, 44; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 259; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 64, vol. 18, no. 1, 41). A significant meeting was held at Session, with eleven librarians from the US and an equal number from the USSR delegation meeting to explain and debate the advantages and disadvantages of their library systems. This early meeting led to many instances of Soviet and American librarians working closely and, for the most part, amicably together (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 15). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Subcommittee of the Public Libraries Section issuing a Memorandum on Library Work with Children; the Committee on Library Buildings and Equipment resolving to form a working group to study international classification for documents on library buildings and equipment; and the Committee on Periodicals and Serial Publications resolution to ask UNESCO to finance a bibliography of national lists of periodicals (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 94; Feather, 71; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 265). As part of the business discussion at Session, the changes needed for the Statutes were discussed (UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 64, vol. 18, no. 1, 41). Treasurer Breycha-Vauthier’s financial report stated that IFLA was in good standing (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 36-37).

182 Chronology of Sessions At the end of Session, there was an election and Sir Frank Francis of the British Museum, London, UK, was elected President of IFLA. Francis brought to his new office the wealth of experience gained in the course of a brilliant career and his leadership of IFLA benefitted greatly from the valuable contacts he provided as well as from his undisputed authority. Combining high culture with a winning humanity, a talent for diplomatic negotiations and fine oratory, he possessed at the same time a realistic sense of the obtainable (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 112; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 114; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002; Koops, 36, 155). Parts of the Session were simultaneous interpreted into English, French, and Russian (Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 253; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 64, vol. 18, no. 1, 41). The Session was held at the newly rebuilt National Library of Bulgaria, in the Large Reading Room. Session events involved a reception at the Hotel Bulgaria, a dinner at the Restaurant Kopitoto high up on Mount Vitosha, a reception at the Hotel Balkan, a daylong excursion to the mountain resort of Borodetz, a luncheon at the village club at Perushtitsa, a visit to Plovdiv, and a farewell outdoor dinner at the Trimontium Hotel (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 11-12; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 269). IFLA had 88 member associations in over 50 countries in all continents but Australia (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 27; Koops, 39; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 259). New members to IFLA this year included the Belgian Association of Professional Librarians, the US Association of Research Libraries, the Ghana Library Association, the Nigeria Library Association, and the Peruvian Library Association. The Costa Rican Library Association membership ceased as they had not paid their dues (IFLA Annual 1969, 234, 259; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 34, 258). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXVIII. For the first time, an official program was included in the Actes to outline the Session events (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 11; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 64, vol. 18, no. 6, 288). In April 1963 the IFLA Repertoire of Member-Association was updated with a loose-leaf supplement (Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 258). IFLA issued Libraries in the World: A Long-Term Program for IFLA, by Gustav Hofmann, in May 1963. This was an impressive evaluation and action program which became a beacon for the next decade of development. The first sentence of this manifesto read: “Five years ago IFLA was predominately a forum for librarianship in Western Europe, with some support from the US. Now it is an organization of world-wide scope representing libraries in 52 countries, this is something more than growth; it implies a radical change in responsibility and a considerable extension of activities. These, in turn, make an impact on the structure of the organization itself.” Many saw the publication of this

Year 1963

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long-term program as a turning point in IFLA’s history, where the organization began to be truly international and have a dramatic impact of the world stage (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 34; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 113; IFLA, Libraries in the World, v; Koops, 40; Libri 64, vol. 13, no. 3-4, 271; LJ 64, 2/1/64, 608-609; LJ 64, 11/13/64, 4481-4482; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 63, vol. 17, no. 6, 352; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 65, vol. 19, no. 6, 312-316).

184 Chronology of Sessions

57. The 30th Session in Rome, Italy, September 13 – 18, 1964

1964 The 30th IFLA Session/Council was held in Rome, Italy, September 13-18 (ALA 64, vol. 58, no. 4, 264; IFLA, Actes XXIX, 3; IFLA News 10, 10/64, 110). Over 350 participants from over 30 countries and 14 international organizations participated in the Session, making this the largest Session to date in IFLA’s 37 year history. Out of this number, once the representatives of “International Organizations” were omitted from consideration, over ninety-five per cent of those present came from Europe, USSR, and North America. Put another way, over sixty percent of the world’s area and its population was represented by just a dozen persons. Over fifty percent of the participants came from just five countries: the US with 44, Italy with 41, Germany with 31, the USSR with 28, and the UK with 22 (IFLA, Actes XXIX, 3; Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 345, 347; Libri 65, vol. 15, no. 2, 171-172). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Anthony Thompson of the UK. The permanent Secretariat of IFLA was transferred from the British Museum, UK, London to Thompson’s home in Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, where he managed the IFLA office, rent-free, for the next six years (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Sir Frank Francis of the British Museum, London, UK (IFLA Archive). In President Francis’ opening comments he emphasized the urgent current and future fields of action and research in the automation of library functions

Year 1964

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and the responsibility of librarians in the selection and publication of reprints, photocopies, and microcopies (IFLA, Actes XXIX, 26-32; Koops, 43; Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 347; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 65, vol. 19, no. 2, 109). The Session was addressed by Piero Caleffi, an Italian Government representative (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 21). Session topics included the Libraries in the World: Long Term Program and a presentation by the Latin-American Regional Section of IFLA (Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 347, 350). UNESCO Session topics included UNESCO’s request that IFLA establish an African group and that the Asian Federation of Library Associations (established in 1957) should be a part of IFLA (Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 348). The FID President, Mr. Adkinson, made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXIX, 48). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the 3rd International Conference of Bibliophiles, the 1st International Congress on Reprography, the UNESCO Regional Seminar on National Libraries in Asia and the Pacific Area, and the Conference of the European Translations Center (Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 349). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Section of Public Libraries requesting an international survey of young adult work in public libraries; the Committee on Union Catalogs and International Loans requesting a new edition of Brummel’s Union Catalogues from UNESCO; an announcement from the Committee on Uniform Cataloging Rules that over 1,000 copies of the Report of the International Conference on Cataloging Principles had now been sold; and discussion that the first meeting of the Association of International Libraries was held (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 36-37; IFLA News 10, 10/64, 6-9; Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 351, 352, 353; LJ 73, 9/1/73, 2403). Session papers included Herman Liebaers of Belgium speaking on Asian and Pacific Librarianship from a European Angle, and F. L. Kent of Lebanon, on Libraries in the Arab World (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 70; Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 345). As part of the business discussion at Session, the revised Statutes were adopted, which were of lasting importance for the further dynamic development of IFLA, above all during the second half of the sixties. Included in these changes were: a Consultative Committee was formed by the Executive Board and the chairmen and secretaries of all Sections and Committees together with one representative of the regional group; the term of office of the officers was limited to three years with the possibility of one re-election; it was decided that the President and Vice President should represent different geographic regions, library systems, and types of libraries; the General Assembly was renamed the General Council; and a new grade of membership was introduced – Associate

186 Chronology of Sessions Members, which could be libraries, bibliographical institutes, schools of librarianship, etc. These changes aimed to make IFLA’s structure more flexible to cope with its universal tasks, to improve the Board’s executive power by restricting its size, and to promote the direct cooperation in international common tasks on a broad basis by enlarging the Advisory Committee (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 56-61; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 113; IFLA News 9, 7/64, 7; Koops, 41; Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 345, 348; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 65, vol. 19, no. 2, 109). Also as part of the business discussion, it was announced that IFLA News, normally published in only English and French, had since No. 7, January 1964, also been published in Russian (Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 349). The winner of the Sevensma Prize was announced: P. W. Plumb of the UK, for his article Central Library Storage of Books (Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 355). The new Treasurer was Pierre Bourgeois of Switzerland, former IFLA President, 1951-1958. His financial report stated that IFLA was in good standing (IFLA, Actes XXX, 39). Just as President Francis was about to close the final session, a US representative of the Arkansas Library Commission asked permission to speak. She conferred on the President the title of “Arkansas Traveler,” in recognition of the work done by Sir Frank Francis for librarians in many countries. The President thanked her profusely for the award and then declared the session closed (IFLA, Actes XXVIII, 131). The Session was conducted simultaneously in English, French, Italian, and Russian (Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 345). The organization of this Session was criticized on a number of levels, including being crowded with too many independent observers and inactive participants, that papers had not been prepared sufficiently in advance, that discussions were often spoiled by the reading of long unannounced speeches, that there was not enough time for discussion after presentations, and for papers being simply read verbatim (IFLA News 13, 7/65, 2; Libri 65, vol. 15, no. 2, 168-172). The Session was held at Palazzo Barberini. Session events involved a reception at the Castel Sant’Angelo, a soirée at the Valliceliana Library, and a reception at the Villa Madama. After Session events involved trips to Cerveteri and Tarquinia, a visit to Etruscan tombs and two Romanesque churches in Tuscany, a celebration lunch in the gardens of the Villa Lante in Viterbo, and a reception at the Town Hall (IFLA, Actes XXIX, 19; IFLA News 10, 10/64, 2, 10; Libri 64, vol. 14, no. 4, 345, 355). IFLA had a membership of 95 member associations (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 35; IFLA Annual 1969, 154). New members to IFLA this year included the East German Library Association and the Austrian International Board on Books for Young People (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 34; IFLA Annual 1969, 154).

Year 1964

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Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXIX (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 66, vol. 20, no. 1, 38). A cumulative Index of Proceedings 1928-1964 was issued as Actes, Volume XXX in fall 1966 (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 38).

188 Chronology of Sessions

58. The 31st Session in Helsinki, Finland, August 15 – 21, 1965

1965 The 31st IFLA Session/General Council was held in Helsinki, Finland, August 16-21. This was the first time that a Session was titled a ‘General Council’ (ALA 65, vol. 59, no. 7, 601; IFLA, Actes XXXI, 3; IFLA News 14, 10/65, 29; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 66, vol. 20, no. 1, 45). The Session was attended by over 240 participants of 34 member associations from 26 countries and three international member associations and 11 international organizations (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 3). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Anthony Thompson of the UK (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Sir Frank Francis of the British Museum, London, UK (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Francis commented on how internationalism was more feasible today because of the comparative ease of international travel and increase in communication of ideas and news (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 22). The Session was addressed by Jussi Saukkonen, the Finnish Minister of Education, and Heikki Hosia, the President of the Finnish Library Association (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 17, 18). Session papers included D. Foley on Proposals for the Improvement of Bilingualism and the Bicultural Tradition in Canada, R. Edelmann on the Problems of Bilingualism in Connection with a Union Catalog of Judaica and Hebraica, and R. de Courten on the Swiss Union Catalog and Linguistic Problems (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 55- 67; IFLA News 14, 10/65, 5-6). UNESCO Session topics included the announcement that the UN had designated 1965 as International Cooperation Year, discussion about the work

Year 1965

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done under the six 1963-1964 UNESCO funded IFLA contracts, and about IFLA’s 1965-1966 contract requests, including funds to pay for a bibliography of national bibliographies of periodicals and an annotated edition of the findings of the 1961 International Conference of Cataloging Principles (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 26, 33; IFLA News 11, 1/65, 5, 7). The FID representative made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 51). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the FID meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, in September 1964, the Association of Archivists and Librarians of Spain in Palma, Spain, in November 1964, and the UNESCO International Advisory Committee on Bibliography, Documentation, and Terminology in Moscow, USSR, in April 1965 (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 37; IFLA News 11, 1/65, 6). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the announcement from the Section of National and University Libraries of a report on the role of the national library; the Committee on Union Catalogs and International Loans’ new report Manual on the Techniques of Union Catalogs; the Committee on Statistics work on the standardization of library statistics; and the founding of the new Committee on Bibliography and the Committee on Mechanization (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 31-32, 34; IFLA News 14, 10/65, 6-7; International Library Review 69, vol. 1, no. 3, 305; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 66, vol. 20, no. 1, 45). Treasurer Bourgeois’ financial report stated that IFLA was in good standing. The Treasurer, former IFLA President Pierre Bourgeois, Switzerland, announced during Session that he no longer wished to hold the Treasurer position, and would resign effective December 31, 1965 (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 38; IFLA, Actes XXXII, 43). As part of the business discussion at Session, a new membership fee scheme was devised to help fund the Federation more appropriately (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 27). Because of the criticisms of last year’s Session (too many independent observers/ papers had not been prepared sufficiently in advance/discussions were often spoiled by the reading on long unannounced speeches), the Executive Board decided that intending observers should apply through their associations, all papers should be available at the beginning of the meeting, and there should be a limit of 5 minutes for unannounced speeches (IFLA News 13, 7/65, 2; Libri 65, vol. 15, no. 2, 168-172). The Session was held at the University of Helsinki, at Porthania. Session events involved receptions at Kaivohuone, City Hall, and Kalastajatorppa, visits to Finnish libraries, and an excursion to Turku that included lunch at Turku Castle (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 15-16, 130-131).

190 Chronology of Sessions IFLA had a membership of 78 Member Associations, 12 Associate Members and 5 international organization members (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 36). IFLA, whose membership had been open to national and international library associations, added the Associate Membership for libraries, bibliographic institutes, and similar organizations concerned with libraries. The annual Associate Member fee was 150 Swiss francs (just under $40, or $276 in 2010 dollars) and entitled such members to the publications of IFLA (ALA 65, vol. 59, no. 11, 981; DollarTimes). New Associate Members to IFLA included ASLIQ, London, UK; the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany; the US Air Force in Europe’s Headquarters Library in Wiesbaden, Germany; the National Central Library, London, UK; the Oslo State Library, Norway; the University of Brasilia, Brazil; the National Association of the Librarians of French Expression, Belgium; the German Association of Specialized Libraries; and the New Zealand Library Association (IFLA Annual 1969, 116, 153, 261; IFLA News 13, 7/65, 6). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXXI (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 66, vol. 20, no. 6, 315). The Repertoire of Member-Associations loose-leaf sheets were updated, including the new Statutes in English, the Executive Boards, Sections and Committees, and revised information on the members (IFLA, Actes XXXI, 34).

Year 1966

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59. The 32nd Session in Scheveningen, near The Hague, The Netherlands, September 11 – 17, 1966

1966 The 32nd IFLA Session/General Council was held in Scheveningen, near The Hague, The Netherlands, September 11-17, in conjunction with the FID Conference. This was the last IFLA/FID conjoined Session to be held until 1972 (ALA 66, vol. 60, no. 1, 16; IFLA, Actes XXXII, 3, 133; IFLA Annual 1972, 25; IFLA News 17, 7/66, 2; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 67, vol. 21, no. 1, 46). For the first time, an overall theme was adopted for the Session to add cohesion to the proceedings. The theme of the Session was Libraries and Documentation (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134; Koops, 44). The Session was attended by 332 participants, with 34 countries represented. The countries with the largest delegates were the US with 46, the UK with 35, The Netherlands with 30, the Federal Republic of Germany with 25, France with 22, and USSR with 22 (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 3, 33; IFLA News 17, 7/66, 2). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Anthony Thompson of the UK (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Sir Frank Francis of the British Museum, London, UK (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Francis referenced major events of the library world in the last year, including the completion of the publication of the British Museum Catalog, the Library of Congresses’ practical proposal for shared cataloging on a truly international scale, and the use of bibliographic information in machine-readable cataloging (MARC) form for library catalogs

192 Chronology of Sessions and bibliographical lists (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 26-29; IFLA News 17, 7/66, 2; LJ 67, 1/1/67, 81-82; Koops, 43). The Session was addressed by Mr. Vrolijk, the Dutch Minister of Culture (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 19). UNESCO Session topics included applause for UNESCO’s new Department of Documentation, which was created to oversee the activities of libraries, documentation, and archives, but consternation was expressed over the fact that the word ‘libraries’ was not in the name of the Department. Additionally, the four current UNESCO contracts IFLA currently had were discussed: Bibliography of National Bibliographies of Periodicals, A Study of the Need and Desirability of the International Distribution of Printed Catalog Cards, A Descriptive List of Collections of Asian and Pacific Manuscripts and Printed Books in Libraries in Europe and North America, and An Annotated Edition of the Statement of Cataloging Principles (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 37, 66; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 67, vol. 21, no. 1, 46). The FID representative made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 59). Papers presented at Session included Herman Liebaers of Belgium speaking on Libraries and Documentation: The West European Point of View, Foster Mohrhardt of the US on Librarianship and Documentation in the USA, I. P. Kondakow on The Point of View of the Soviet Union and of Eastern Europe, and A. L. C. Vicentini on The Point of View of Latin America (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 62). A special section of Session was devoted to “shared cataloging,” a feature of LC’s plan to fulfill its obligations under Title II-C of the Higher Education Act of 1965 for the acquisition and prompt cataloging of materials of research value published anywhere in the world (ALA 66, vol. 60, no. 11, 1127). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the FID Conference in Washington, DC, US, in October 1965, the UNESCO Seminar on the National Planning of Library Services in Latin America in Quito, Ecuador, in February 1966, and the UNESCO Working Group on Documentation in the Natural Sciences in Paris, France, in June 1966 (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 42-43). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Section of Special Library’s INSPEL journal premiering, and the announcement of the IFLA-International Association of Technological University Libraries (IATUL) published Telecode and Tele-Address Book as IFLA International Manual Number 1, to assist with international loan. The book contained 821 addresses of libraries with teletype equipment, a technology which first appeared in American libraries in 1950 and European libraries in 1955 (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 34, 39; Koops, 44; IFLA News 17, 7/66, 6-10; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 66, vol. 20, no. 4, 172).

Year 1966

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As part of the business discussion at Session, it was announced that there had been a separate fund established for publications, and that 1,250 copies of the bibliography Books on the East had been distributed (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 34). The new Treasurer, Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark, reported that the IFLA treasury was transferred from Switzerland to Denmark, and that the Federation’s finances were in good standing (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 43). It was announced that for next year’s Session in Toronto, Canada, IFLA was going to charter a plane from Europe to the Session, leaving August 12 or 13 from a central point in Europe and then flying back out of New York City, New York, US, September 2nd, to return to Europe. The cost of the travel was estimated at $550 ($3,734 in 2010 dollars) (DollarTimes; IFLA News 17, 7/66, 4). In the main hall of the Session, simultaneous interpretation was provided for English, French, German, and Russian (IFLA News 17, 7/66, 2). The Session was held at the Kurhaus Hotel. Session events involved a reception at the Museum MeermannoWestreenianum, a trip to Amsterdam for a reception at the Rijksmuseum, a trip to Delft for a reception at the Town Hall and a tour of the Technological University, and an excursion to the KröllerMüller Museum in De Hoge Veluwe National Park with lunch at Park Sonsbeek in Arnhem (Actes XXXII, 17-18). IFLA had a membership of 80 Member Associations, 40 Associate Members, and 5 international organizations (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 40). New members to IFLA included the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium; the Scarborough Public Library in Canada; Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, US; the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; the Council of Scandinavian Public Librarians; the Association of Icelandic Librarians; and the Tunisian Association of Archivists, Documentalists, and Librarians (IFLA, Actes XXXII, 40-41; IFLA Annual 1969, 108, 176, 237). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXXII (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 67, vol. 21, no. 5, 273).

194 Chronology of Sessions

60. The 33rd Session in Toronto, Canada, August 15 – 20, 1967

1967 The 33rd IFLA Session/General Council was held in Toronto, Canada, August 15-19. This was the first time IFLA had held a large general meeting in North America. The only other time IFLA had met in North America was in 1933, when the IFLA Session was held as a one day meeting as part of the Annual ALA Meeting in Chicago, Illinois, with 46 participants representing 18 countries attending. This was also the first time that the Session was held entirely outside of Europe (ALA 67, vol. 61, no. 7, 796; IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 3, 24; IFLA News 22, 10/67, 2-9; International Library Review 86, vol. 18, no. 2, 148; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 68, vol. 22, no. 1, 48). The Session theme was Library Service for a Nation Covering a Large Geographical Area, which was mainly treated by Canadian, North American, and Soviet experts (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134; Koops, 44). The Session was attended by 312 participants representing 26 countries. The biggest participants were the US with 67, Canada with 64, France with 26, the UK with 26, the Federal Republic of Germany with 24, and the USSR with 22. Countries from outside Europe and North America represented were Australia, Brazil, Israel, and Japan (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 3; IFLA News 22, 10/67, 2). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Anthony Thompson of the UK (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Sir Frank Francis of the British Museum, London, UK (IFLA Archive). As President Francis was taken ill in London, UK, and could not make the Session, Vice President Herman Liebaers presided. President Francis had sent

Year 1967

195

opening remarks which were read to the Federation by Vice President Foster Mohrhardt of the US. In these remarks President Francis stated, “We must recognize the need for re-orientation in our library thinking, work for the development of new concepts and techniques, and aim the efficient adaptation of all our expertise to the circumstances of the great world as it is” (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 21, 24; IFLA News 22, 10/67, 2; Koops, 44). The Session was addressed by Dr. W. Kaye Lamb, Canadian National Librarian and Dominion Archivist, and John H. Archer, President of the Canadian Library Association (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 21). UNESCO Session topics included the renaming of the new UNESCO Department of Documentation to the Department of Documentation and Libraries, and discussion about the upcoming meeting of the International Advisory Committee on Documentation, Librarians, and Archives at UNESCO House in Paris, France (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 29-32; IFLA News 19, 1/67, 8, 10) The FID President, W. Kenneth Lowry, made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 48). Session papers included a report about the damage caused by flooding in Florence, Italy; the shared cataloging project of the US Library of Congress; and reports on library service for countries with a large area from the US, Canadian, and Russian points of view (IFLA News 22, 10/67, 3; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 68, vol. 22, no. 1, 48). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Seminar on the Application of International Library Methods in Delft, The Netherlands, in September 1966, the ALA midwinter meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana, US, in January 1967, and the International Session on Mechanized Information Storage and Retrieval in Urbana, Illinois, US, in June 1967 (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 40). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the creation of the International Association of Metropolitan City Libraries (INTAMEL); the section of Parliamentary and Administrative Libraries resolution to publish a guide of their libraries; and the announcement of the US Council on Library Resources’ grant to IFLA to subsidize the Session of National Ministers of Education in Paris, France, in October 1967 (IFLA News 22, 10/67, 8; LJ 67, 10/1/67, 3358-3360; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 68, vol. 22, no. 1, 48; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 68, vol. 22, no. 2, 105). As part of the business discussion at Session, the 1964 IFLA Statutes were amended (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 107; Koops, 62). Treasurer Kirkegaard’s financial report described the year as one of “quiet progress for IFLA” (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 40). As part of Session, a number of professional UN interpreters from New York City, New York, US, were hired and flown in to translate the proceedings. They proved to be less than effective, not seeming to understand or care about the material they were translating (IFLA Annual 1970, 19).

196 Chronology of Sessions The Session was held at the University of Toronto. Session events involved a dinner at the University of Toronto and one at Waterloo University, a visit to Ottawa to tour the new National Library and the Library of Parliament, a visit to Montreal to tour the National Library of Quebec, a visit to Quebec City to tour the city, to Montreal to visit the World’s Fair Expo 67, and excursions to Niagara Falls, Massachusetts to visit the Boston Public Library, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and then postConference tours of libraries in Washington, DC, and New York City, New York (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 17-19, 109-110; IFLA News 22, 10/67, 2). IFLA had a membership of 86 Member Associations and 89 Associate Members (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 36-40). New members to IFLA this year included the Society of Puerto Rican Librarians, the Association for the Development of Libraries of Madagascar, the Quebec Librarian Association of Montreal, Canada, the Ontario Library Association, and the Catholic Library Association of the US (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 36; IFLA Annual 1969, 241; IFLA News 22, 10/67, 3). Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXXIII (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 68, vol. 22, no. 5, 257). The Repertoire of Member-Associations loose-leaf sheets were updated for a 5th time (IFLA, Actes XXXIII, 34).

Year 1968

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61. The 34th Session in Frankfurt, Germany, August 18 – 24, 1968

1968 The 34th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Frankfurt, Germany, August 18-24 (ALA 68, vol. 62, no. 3, 237; IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 3; IFLA News 26, 10/68, 2; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 69, vol. 23, no. 1, 30-32). The Session theme was Books and Libraries in an Industrial Society (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The Session was attended by 400 participants. This was the largest IFLA Session to date. The countries with the largest attendance were the Federal Republic of Germany with 85, the US with 50, the UK with 38, the USSR with 22, Canada with 19, and France with 17 (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 3; IFLA News 26, 10/68, 2). The Session was almost cut short by a menace of political and ideological nature, caused by the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia, but the Federation was able to weather the crisis. This was the first major ideological controversy that occurred during Session. The meeting continued after the news of the invasion, but at every break groups gathered around transistor radios to listen to the news. In reference to this event, at the beginning of Session, President Francis stated IFLA was “An organization formed without consideration of political beliefs, bias, or prejudice.” A post-Session international library seminar to be held in Slovakia, to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Czechoslovakia, had to be postponed (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 16-17; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 115; International Library Review 69, vol. 1, no. 1, 4). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Anthony Thompson of the UK (IFLA Archive).

198 Chronology of Sessions The IFLA President continued to be Sir Frank Francis of the British Museum, London, UK (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Francis presented a survey of the activities of the past five years, in which he compared the tasks remaining to be taken up as listed in the 1963 Long-Term Program, with those that had already been completed. He stressed that one of the areas that IFLA needed to exert more work was in working closely with FID (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 23-30; Koops, 44; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 69, vol. 23, no. 1, 30). The Session was addressed by Professor Dr. W. Brundert, Lord Mayor of Frankfurt (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 24). UNESCO Session topics included the discussion of the UN’s designation of 1969 as the International Year for Human Rights, and UNESCO’s two main areas of emphasis for the year: encouraging the systematic planning of documentation and library services and that of training personnel for developing documentation, library, and archives services (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 32, 4243). The Vice President of FID made a presentation to the Session (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 47). Session papers included Dr. W. Rueff, the Rector of Frankfurt University, and Dr. J. E. Morpurgo, Director of the National Book League, speaking on Books and Libraries in an Industrial Society, and V. Orlov of the USSR about Technical Libraries in the Nation-Wide System of Scientific and Technical Information (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 21, 48; IFLA News 26, 10/68, 2). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the FID Meeting in Tokyo, Japan, in September 1967, the UNESCO Conference of Ministers of Education on Access to Higher Education in Vienna, Austria, in November 1967, the Statistics Committee of the International Organization for Standardization, Technical Committee 46, in Paris, France, in October 1967, and the ALA MidWinter Meeting in Miami, Florida, US, in January 1968 (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 40; LJ 68, 2/15/68, 725-726;UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 68, vol. 22, no. 2, 109). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the announcement of the publication of the Public Library Section’s Library Service to Young Adults, the publication of IFLA and the International Organization for Standardization’s International Standardization of Library Statistics: A Progress Report and the joining of the International Association of Metropolitan City Libraries (INTAMEL) (which had been founded in 1967), which closely connected itself with the Public Libraries Section (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 33, 56-125; IFLA News 26, 10/68, 3-8; Koops, 4445; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 68, vol. 22, no. 1, 48; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 69, vol. 23, no. 1, 31-32; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 69, vol. 23, no. 2, 98).

Year 1968

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The Sevensma Prize was awarded to Miss M. J. Lewis from NorthWestern Polytechnic, London, UK, for her essay Libraries for the Handicapped (IFLA News 26, 10/68, 10). Treasurer Kirkegaard presented his report, stating “it is with great pleasure that for the 3rd year in succession I am able to present to the General Conference a balance sheet showing a big surplus…” (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 30). For the first time, the Session’s interpretation was carried out not by professional translators but by amateur translators, nearly all of whom were librarians. They were organized by the Secretariat (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 129). The Session was notable for the publications distributed to delegates, although papers were only distributed to delegates as they entered the lecture rooms. This caused some consternation with delegates who were interested in conflicting sessions or excursions and wanted to see the papers in advance in order to decide which to attend (International Library Review 69, vol. 1, no. 1, 4; International Library Review 69, vol. 1, no. 2, 168). IFLA was composed of the following Sections and Sub-Sections: the Section of National and University Libraries, the Sub-Section of University Libraries, the Section of Public Libraries, the Sub-Section on Library Work with Children, the Sub-Section of Libraries in Hospitals, the Section of Special Libraries, the Section of Libraries and Museums of the Theater Arts, and the Section of Parliamentary and Administrative Libraries (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 4-5). IFLA was composed of the following Committees and Subcommittees: the Committee on Uniform Cataloging Rules, the Committee on Union Catalogs and International Loans, the Committee on the Exchange of Publications, the Subcommittee on Exchange of Official Publications, the Committee on Periodicals and Serial Publications, the Committee on Statistics, the Committee on Rare and Precious Books and Documents, the Committee on Library Education, the Committee on Library Buildings, the Committee on Mechanization, and the Committee on Bibliography (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 5-7). The Session was held at the Frankfurt University Library. Session events involved a reception in the Town Hall, library tours in Frankfurt and Heidelberg, a reception at the Goethe House, an excursion to Mainz with a boat trip on the Rhine, a social evening at the Frankfurt Zoo, with an extended trip offered to tour West German libraries in Cologne, Duisburg, and Hannover (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 22-22). IFLA had a membership of 81 Member Associations and 139 Associate Members. This year alone IFLA gained 52 new Associate Members. Associate Membership cost $37 a year ($235 in 2010 US dollars) (DollarTimes; IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 30, 39-40; IFLA News 23, 1/68, 9). New members to IFLA included the Lebanese Library Association, the French Association of National Superior School Libraries, the Jordanian Library Association, and the UN Library, as an Honorary Associate Member (IFLA Annual 1969, 142, 226; IFLA News 26, 10/68, 3).

200 Chronology of Sessions Session proceedings were recorded in Actes, Volume XXXIV (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 69, vol. 23, no. 5, 268). The IFLA Repertoire ceased publication (IFLA, Actes XXXIV, 37; Koops, 51).

Year 1969

201

62. The 35th Session in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 24 – 30, 1969

1969 The 35th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 24-30. This session was originally planned to be hosted in Moscow, USSR, but had to be postponed until the following year (ALA 69, vol. 63, no. 5, 564; IFLA Annual 1969, 15; IFLA News 27, 1/69, insert; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 70, vol. 24, no. 1, 54-55). The Session theme was Library Education and Research in Librarianship (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The Session was attended by 470 participants. To date, this was again the biggest IFLA Session ever held. Countries with the most attendees were the US with 60, the UK with 46, the Federal Republic of Germany with 41; Denmark with 36, the USSR with 30, Canada with 23, and Sweden with 19 (IFLA Annual 1969, 101, 276; IFLA News 30, 10/69, 2; Koops, 42). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Anthony Thompson of the UK (IFLA Archive). It was announced that Margreet Wijnstroom, the extremely competent and capable General Secretary of The Netherlands Central Association of Public Libraries, had begun to work for the Secretariat, to assist Anthony Thompson with external relations. The Secretariat also employed three other assistants and extra typists as necessary (IFLA Annual 1969, 19, 25; IFLA News 30, 10/69, 2). The IFLA President continued to be Sir Frank Francis of the British Museum, London, UK, until he completed his term during Session (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Francis said that IFLA’s biggest accomplishment since his tenure as President began was to put itself in a much

202 Chronology of Sessions stronger position both financially and organizationally than it ever had previously enjoyed. He said IFLA’s large Session attendance had made the organization into a recognized international forum. He went on to discuss the three areas IFLA needed to make its influence felt: in the range of sophisticated library techniques, in the work of developing countries, and in library education (IFLA Annual 1969, 19-22; IFLA News 30, 10/69, 2). UNESCO Session topics included discussion of the current UNESCO/ IFLA contracts, including the publication of the UNESCO contract funded Handbook on Library Statistics by F. L. Schick; the continued development of the UNESCO Department of Documentation, Libraries, and Archives (and its three divisions: Promotion of Research and International Cooperation in Documentation; Development of Documentation, Library and Archives Services; and the UNESCO Library and Documentation Services); discussion about national planning for Library and Documentation services in Latin America; and the rise of audio-visual training for librarians (IFLA Annual 1969, 29, 36, 37, 39; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 69, vol. 23, no. 2, 114125). The Secretary General of FID, F. A. Sviridov, made a presentation to the Session (IFLA Annual 1969, 46). Session papers included Jack Dalton of Columbia University, New York City, New York, US, on Library Education and Research in Librarianship: Some Current Problems and Trends in the US, V. V. Serov of the Central Library Inspectorate, Moscow, USSR, on Library Science and Some Problems of Library Education in the USSR, and Frank Hogg of the College of Librarianship, Aberystwyth, Wales, UK, on Library Education and Research in Librarianship in Great Britain (IFLA Annual 1969, 49; IFLA News 30, 10/69, 3). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the 6th International Congress on Archives in Madrid, Spain, in September 1968, the UNESCO General Conference in Paris, France, in October 1968, and the Asia-Pacific Conference on Libraries and National Development in Seoul, Korea, in May 1969 (IFLA Annual 1969, 34; IFLA News 27, 1/69, 6; IFLA News 30, 10/69, 10). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the International Association of Metropolitan City Libraries (INTAMEL) announcement that it had established a Documentation Center at the Prague Central Library; discussion about the pre-session to this Session which brought together cataloging experts to further discuss the 1961 Paris Principles; the establishment of the International Standard Bibliographic Description program at the International Meeting of Cataloging Experts; the establishment of the Astronomy Libraries subsection within IFLA’s Section of Special Libraries; and the announcement that a number of IFLA Clearinghouses were established, which held complete sets of IFLA Session papers (Actes and now IFLA Annuals), from which photocopies could be obtained at

Year 1969

203

cost plus postage (IFLA Annual 1969, 26, 52-99; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 1, 2; International Library Review 70, vol. 2, no. 3, 387; Koops, 58, 59; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 70, vol. 24, no. 1, 54). As part of the business discussion at Session, a Program Development Group of seven members representing the Consultative Committee was constituted to help and relieve the Executive Board in planning and evaluating professional activities. This group also decided that the Statutes again needed updating (International Library Review 78, vo. 10, no. 3, 218; Koops, 62). Treasurer Kirkegaard’s financial report stated that there was a continuation of the sound development of the Federation (IFLA Annual 1969, 34). At the end of session there was a an election and Herman Liebaers of the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium, was elected President of IFLA. Liebaers was a good match for IFLA at the advent of the 70’s, being an energetic champion of international cooperation (IFLA Archive; IFLA Annual 1969, 100; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 116; IFLA News 30, 10/69, 2; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002; Koops, 155). Also as part of the election, Rudolf Malek of the Prague Public Library, Czechoslovakia, was elected into Mr. Liebaers vacant Vice President position (IFLA Annual 1969, 101; IFLA News 30, 10/69, 3). This Session cost participants from Western countries a fee of $20 ($115 in 2010 US dollars) (DollarTimes; IFLA News 32, 4/70, 2). There was a working group of 22 librarian-interpreters present as part of the Session, organized through the Secretariat (IFLA News 30, 10/69, 2). Session events were held at the Copenhagen Royal School of Librarianship, and included a reception at the Copenhagen Town Hall and a reception in Christianborg, as well as an all day excursion to North Zealand to tour Kronborg Castle (“Hamlet’s Castle”) at Helsingor (“Elsinore”) and Frederiksborg and Fredensborg castles, with a luncheon at the Hotel Marienlyst on the shores of the Oresund, looking across the water to Sweden (IFLA Annual 1969, 16; IFLA News 30, 10/69, 3). IFLA had a membership of 81 Member Associations and 150 Associate Members, up from 12 Associate Members in 1965. This year alone IFLA gained 11 new associate members (IFLA Annual 1969, 32, 33; Koops, 42). New members to IFLA included the Union of Czech and Slovak Associations, the Federation of Slovak Librarians, Bibliographers, and Documentalists, the Malta Library Association, the Library Association of China, and the Israel Society of Special Libraries and Information Centers (IFLA Annual 1969, 210, 220; IFLA News 30, 10/69, 4). Session proceedings were no longer recorded in Actes, rather now in the IFLA Annual. This change aimed at producing a readable and useful international library annual with a modern layout and typography and a handier size, and edited according to more restrictive principles than the Actes. Thus, for instance, the papers and lectures delivered at the various plenary and sectional

204 Chronology of Sessions meetings would from now on appear only in the form of brief abstracts and the annual reports of member associations would be modeled to uniform rules in order to facilitate comparison (IFLA Annual 1969, 289; IFLA Annual 1970, 5; Koops, 51, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 71, vol. 25, no. 1, 44). The publication International Library Review premiered. It dealt “with all aspects of progress and research in international and comparative librarianship, documentation, and information retrieval, in national, public, university, and special libraries” It also covered aspects of IFLA and IFLA topics (International Library Review 83, vol. 15, no. 3, 249).

Year 1970

205

63. The 36th Session in Moscow, USSR, August 29 – September 7, 1970

1970 The 36th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Moscow, USSR (Russia), August 29-September 7 (IFLA Annual 1970, 13-15; IFLA News 34, 10/70, 211; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 71, vol. 25, no. 2, 87). The Session theme was Libraries as a Force of Education, with a plenary session devoted to Lenin and Libraries, as the Session coincided with the centenary of Lenin’s birth (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134; IFLA News 31, 1/70, 2; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 70, vol. 24, no. 1, 55). The Session was attended by 747 participants representing 40 countries. Out of the 747 attendees, 111 were from within the USSR and 636 were from outside the Soviet Union. This was again a record attendance for an IFLA Session (IFLA Annual 1970, 16; IFLA News 34, 10/70, 2). There was a problem with Israeli delegates acquiring visas to attend the Session, and even after President Liebaers’ work and assistance, the Israelis were not able to attend (IFLA Annual 1970, 221; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 17; International Library Review 86, vol. 18, no. 2, 151). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Anthony Thompson of the UK. During Session he announced that as of December 1970 he would leave the position (a post he had held since 1962), partly because of the decision of the Executive Board to move the Secretariat from his home in Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, to the FID offices in The Hague, The Netherlands on January 1, 1971. Another reason for Mr. Thompson’s resignation was the minimal pay of the position: the entire 1970 budget for the Secretariat (including salaries for

206 Chronology of Sessions Mr. Thompson and the part-time employees) was $10,000 ($57,200 in 2010 dollars). Margreet Wijnstroom was then set to be appointed acting Secretary General, January 1, 1971 (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1970, 222; IFLA Archive; IFLA News 34, 10/70, 11-12; IFLA News 35/36, 4/71, 1). The IFLA President was Herman Liebaers of the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Liebaers congratulated the newly formed Program Develop Group on their work on a new Short Term Program (to update the 1963 Long Term Program) and a renewed structure for the organization, the lack of an IFLA regional branch in Asia, and his worry over how UNESCO had not offered IFLA any new contracts this year. President Liebaers also stated “IFLA, like most other international non-governmental organizations started by being European, with early support from the US, and in more recent years, from the East European countries. Though fortunately dwindling away, the West European preponderance is still a fact” (IFLA Annual 1970, 22-24, 30; IFLA News 34, 10/70, 2-3; Libri 70, vol. 20, no. 4, 290; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 71, vol. 25, no. 2, 87). UNESCO Session topics included the UN’s declaration of 1970 as the International Education Year, a $5,000 increase to the IFLA biennium raising it to $25,000 ($143,000 in 2010 US dollars), and the need for more UNESCO Contracts (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1970, 19, 29; IFLA News 34, 10/70, 2; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 71, vol. 25, no. 3, 123). The FID Representative made a presentation to the Session (IFLA Annual 1970, 56). Session papers included Y. V. Grigoriev of the USSR, on V. I. Lenin and Libraries, A. H. Chaplin of the British Museum, London, UK, on Lenin and the British Museum Library, and Foster Mohrhardt of the Council on Library Resources, Washington, DC, US, on V. I. Lenin and Libraries in the US (IFLA Annual 1970, 102-151). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Roundtable on Archives in Bucharest, Romania, in September 1969, the International Steering Committee for UNESCO’s International Book Year 1972 in Bellagio, Italy, in March 1970, and UNESCO’s Meeting of Experts on Arts Education for the General Public in Ottawa, Canada, in February 1970 (IFLA Annual 1970, 45). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Uniform Cataloging Committee now being called the Cataloging Committee, the announcement of the establishment of the SubSection of the Social Science Libraries, and notice that the Rare and Precious Books and Documents Committee passed a resolution recommending the creation of an International Center for the Preservation of Books and Manuscripts (IFLA Annual 1970, 152-210; IFLA News 34, 10/70, 6-10; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 71, vol. 25, no. 2, 88-90).

Year 1970

207

As part of the business discussion at Session, it was announced that a decision had been made that future Session meetings should begin on the last Monday in August; the announcement was made of the changes to the membership categories (Associate Members were now to be known as Institutional Members, and a new category added: Associate Members, for “supporting members”); and the increase to the IFLA membership fee strata was discussed (IFLA Annual 1970, 30, 66; IFLA News 34, 10/70, 4; Koops, 49). Additional discussion occurred on 1972’s UNESCO International Book Year, and the fact that IFLA had hosted a number of preparatory events, including a pre-meeting in Bellagio, Italy, in March 1970, and participation in the consultative meeting at UNESCO House in Paris, France, in March 1970 (IFLA News 35/36, 4/71, 1). Treasurer Kirkegaard’s financial report stated “The economic situation of IFLA has been under control for a few years, due to an improvement of the income from the rising number of Association Members and to the rather rigid supervision of all grants and expenses” (IFLA Annual 1970, 65). Due to unforeseen difficulties, interpretation was offered by a smaller number of librarian-translators than normal (IFLA News 34, 10/70, 2). Session participants each received a kit of printed materials, as they did at every IFLA Conference, but delegates found that no materials in the kit were produced outside the USSR. This was a striking contrast with other IFLA Sessions, where much material was available from many countries. Attempting to discover why copies of Wilson Library Bulletin (which had been sent to Moscow several weeks earlier) were not distributed in the kit, an American delegate ran into an insurmountable bureaucratic wall, and later in a report subtly hinted that Soviet suppression accounted for the absence of international materials, including the Wilson Library Bulletin (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 14). At the end of the Session there were elections to fill four vacant Vice President seats, and the following were elected: Joachim Wieder of Munich, Germany (2nd term of three years), M. I. Rudomino of Moscow, USSR (2nd term of three years), E. Allerselv Jensen of Copenhagen, Denmark (2nd term of three years), and Peter Harvard-Williams of Belfast, Ireland (newly elected) (IFLA Annual 1970, 221). The Session was held at the All-Union State Library of Foreign Literature in Moscow, with the opening plenary session in the baroque hall of the House of Trade Unions. Events involved sightseeing and visits to Moscow libraries, a performance of Gisele at the Bolshoi Theater, and an excursion to Zagorsk. This was followed by two days in Leningrad, which also involved sightseeing and visits to libraries, a trip to the Hermitage, and an excursion to Peterhof (IFLA Annual 1970, 13-15; IFLA News 33, 7/70, 2; IFLA News 34, 10/70, 4). Vice President M. I. Rudomino, the highly qualified Directoress of the Moscow All-Union State Library for Foreign Literature, served as host for this Russian Session (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 116).

208 Chronology of Sessions IFLA had a membership of 257 members. This broke down to 85 member associations and 172 associate members, an increase of 22 since last year (IFLA Annual 1970, 43-44). New members to IFLA this year included the Malta Library Association, the South African Library Association, the Library Association of China (Taiwan), the Federation of Slovak Libraries, Bibliographers and Documentalists, and the Ceylon Library Association (IFLA Annual 1970, 43). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1970 (Koops, 154). The IFLA Directory began to be published, replacing the IFLA Repertoire (IFLA News 33, 7/70, 5; Koops, 51).

Year 1971

209

64. The 37th Session in Liverpool, UK, August 28 – September 4, 1971

1971 The 37th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Liverpool, UK, August 28-September 4 (IFLA Annual 1971, 13-14; IFLA News 38, 11/71, 2-32; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 72, vol. 26, no. 2, 107-108). The Session theme was The Organization of the Library Profession (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The Session was attended by 750 participants representing 65 countries, again the largest IFLA Session to date (IFLA News 38, 11/71, 2). The Session involved two plenary meetings on the topic of Organization of the Library Profession, 48 meetings, and the delivery of 300 papers. A first for the Session was the big International Exhibit of Library Technology and the International Exhibition Relating to Library Associations throughout the World (IFLA News 37, 7/71, 7; IFLA News 38, 11/71, 2, 4; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 72, vol. 26, no. 4, 178). A major first for this Session was the pre-session seminar for colleagues from developing countries on the topic Latest Achievements in Advanced Librarianship. This pre-session was funded by a $14,000 ($75,900 in 2010 US dollars) grant from UNESCO. Thirty participants from 21 developing countries attended, and stayed for the IFLA Session (Chandler, 1-4; DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1971, 22, 33, 45; IFLA Annual 1972, 44; International Library Review 72, vol. 4, no. 3, 347; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 72, vol. 26, no. 2, 69). Acting Secretary General Margreet Wijnstroom, the previous General Secretary of The Netherlands Central Association of Public Libraries, was ap-

210 Chronology of Sessions pointed permanent Secretary General during the February 1971 Executive Board Meeting in Brussels, Belgium. Miss Wijnstroom was the first woman appointed to this position (IFLA News 35/36, 4/71, 1, 16; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002; Koops, 155). The IFLA President continued to be Herman Liebaers of the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Liebaers focused on four topics: the universality of IFLA, Universal Bibliographic Control, UNESCO’s International Book Year 1972, and the organization of the profession. Additionally, he thanked the US Council for Library Resources for their $100,000 ($542,000 in 2010 US dollars) grant to help support and develop IFLA’s activities over the next three years, and for their $54,000 ($292,000 in 2010 US dollars) grant to establish a permanent Cataloging Secretariat in London, UK (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1971, 21, 30, 31; IFLA News 37, 7/71, 3; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 118; IFLA News 38, 11/71, 3; LJ 71, 8/27, 2427). UNESCO Session topics included the five UNESCO contracts for 1971, which included a joint meeting of FID/IFLA officers, the working paper of the Liverpool and Budapest meetings, and revision of the Public Library Manifesto (IFLA Annual 1971, 32). The Deputy Secretary of FID, W. van der Brugghen, made a presentation to Session (IFLA Annual 1971, 47). Session papers included A. H. Chaplin on The Organization of the Library Profession and J. P. Clavel, President of the League of European Library Researchers (LIBER) on LIBER: It’s Origins, Aims, and Prospects (IFLA Annual 1971, 47, 51). A Session topic was the recent idea that IFLA and FID might merge, although FID apparently thought its programs too important to merge with IFLA (International Library Review 84, vol. 16, no. 4, 351). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the International Library Statistics Conference in Prague, Czech Republic, in September 1970, and the IFLA/FID Officers meeting in Brussels, Belgium, in February 1971 (IFLA News 37, 7/71, 13; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 72, vol. 26, no. 3, 173). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Session, including that IFLA had officially adopted the International Standard Bibliographic Description (with the object of providing a standard for the descriptive portion of bibliographic entries prepared by the national bibliographical and cataloging agencies of all countries); that a Publications Committee was set up and made responsible for the development of a coordinated IFLA publishing policy; and working groups for developing countries and UNISIST (UNESCO’s World Scientific Information Program) were established (Carroll, 26; Drake, 1955; IFLA News 38, 11/71, 11; Koops, 58; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 72, vol. 26, no. 2, 107-108).

Year 1971

211

As part of the business discussion at Session, it was announced that IFLA had become officially registered in The Netherlands, as the Secretariat had been moved to The Hague in 1971; a worldwide library service to oversee multilateral arrangements for acquiring and lending published materials was discussed; and there was continued talk on the preparation for next year’s 1972 UNESCO International Book Year (Feather, 233; IFLA News 39, 2/72, 4; LJ 71, 11/15/71, 3711; Wedgeworth, 379). Treasurer Kirkegaard’s financial report stated that expenditure was now exceeding income (IFLA Annual 1971, 34). At the closing session, Alfred D. Burnett from Durham, UK, was awarded the Sevensma Prize (IFLA Annual 1971, 129; IFLA News 38, 11/71, 2, 3). At Session’s end, ALA president for 1965-1966 Robert Vosper was elected as a Vice President of IFLA (AL 71, vol. 2, no. 11, 1181; IFLA Annual 1971, 126). For the first time during Session, simultaneous interpretation was available in three rooms at the same time (IFLA News 38, 11/71, 2). The Session was held at the City Library of Liverpool. Events involved a dance, receptions, and a full day tour of Chester and the Lake District, with a three day tour of London libraries offered after the Session (IFLA News 37, 7/71, 7). IFLA had a membership of 357 members. This broke down to 92 Full Members (library associations) and 265 Associate Members (libraries and library schools). This represented an increase of 93 Associate Members, or a 54% increase in one year (IFLA Annual 1971, 128). New members to IFLA this year included the International Council of Theological Library Associations, the Iranian Library Association, the Canadian Association of Library Schools, the Library Association of the Republic of Korea, the Pakistan Library Association, the Indian Association of Teachers of Library Science, the Vietnamese Library Association (Saigon), and the Australian School Library Association (IFLA Annual 1971, 128). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1971 (Koops, 154). Session papers were published as an IFLA Publication, The Organization of the Library Profession (Koops, 58).

212 Chronology of Sessions

65.The 38th Session in Budapest, Hungary, August 28 – September 2, 1972

1972 The 38th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Budapest, Hungary, August 28-September 2, in conjunction with the FID Conference. The last conjoined IFLA/FID Session was in 1966 in The Netherlands. This was the last conjoined Session IFLA and FID would participate in (AL 73, vol. 4, no. 5, 298; IFLA News 42, 11/72, 1; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 73, vol. 27, no. 2, 119-120; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 73, vol. 27, no. 2, 120). The Session theme was Reading in a Changing World, to correspond to UNESCO’s International Book Year (IFLA Annual 1970, 39; IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The Session was attended by 800 participants representing 51 countries, making it the largest IFLA Session to date (IFLA Annual 1973, 40). The Session consisted of 133 papers presented during more than 70 meetings (IFLA Annual 1973, 40; IFLA News 42, 11/72, 4). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Herman Liebaers of the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium. During Session Liebaers was reelected to a second term (IFLA Archive; IFLA News 42, 11/72, 5).

Year 1972

213

In his opening remarks, President Liebaers announced for UNESCO’s International Book Year, IFLA was publishing the revised Public Library Manifesto and Reading in a Changing World (IFLA Annual 1972, 18; IFLA News 39, 2/72, 1; IFLA News 41, 7/72, 13-24; IFLA News 42, 11/72, 1). UNESCO Session topics included suspension of its consultative status with IFLA for six months, from January-June 1972, over matters of racial discrimination in South Africa. IFLA had enjoyed a consultative status with UNESCO, which meant that UNESCO had to seek IFLA’s advice on all library matters. This status was essential to IFLA, as an international organization in the cultural-scientific field could not be outside of UNESCO. IFLA was one of 41 international non-governmental agencies suspended by UNESCO for failing to prove that their affiliates did not practice racial discrimination or support the apartheid policy. In relation to IFLA’s suspension, the South African Library Association withdrew its membership from IFLA, thus removing the barrier in IFLA’s relationship with UNESCO. UNESCO reviewed this decision, and in June 1972 reestablished their bonds with IFLA, ending the suspension (AL 72, vol. 3, no. 4, 340; AL 72, vol. 3, no. 6, 572; AL 75, vol. 6, no. 2, 74; IFLA Annual 1972, 41; IFLA News 37, 7/71, 5; IFLA News 39, 2/72, 1; IFLA News 40, 5/72, 1; IFLA News 41, 7/72, 1; LJ 71, 10/15/71, 3266; LJ 72, 3/15/72, 959; LJ 72, 5/15/72, 1645, 1757). Additionally, UNESCO announced that its subvention to IFLA for 19721973 would be raised to $30,000 ($158,000 in 2010 US dollars) to provide for its Secretariat, to organize meetings, to coordinate the work of its various committees and to publish IFLA Communications in Libri (DollarTimes; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 73, vol. 27, no. 3, 130). The Vice President of FID, Professor Dr. Helmut Arntz, made a presentation at Session (IFLA Annual 1972, 31). Session papers included Istvan Csury on Place and Role of Libraries in the System of Renewed University Education, G. H. Spinney on Documentary Material in the Social Sciences and Erik Spicer on International Cooperation of Parliamentary Libraries (IFLA Annual 1972, 71, 95, 97). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Conference for the Establishment of a World Science Information System in Paris, France, in October 1971, the European Conference on the International Exchange of Publications in Vienna, Austria, in April 1972, and the Annual International Association of Metropolitan City Libraries (INTAMEL) Meeting in Milan, Italy, in May 1972 (IFLA Annual 1972, 42, 43; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 73, vol. 27, no. 1, 54). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Permanent Secretariat of the Committee on Cataloging’s publication of the Annotated Edition of the Statement of Principles and the International Standard Bibliographic Description, the Section of National and

214 Chronology of Sessions University Libraries recommendation of the establishment of a Working Group of Experts to review the physical deterioration of books and manuscripts, and the Committee on Library Education’s request to be reorganized into the Section of Library Schools (IFLA Annual 1972, 50, 52; IFLA News 39, 2/72, 1, 13; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 73, vol. 27, no. 2, 119-120). As part of the business discussion at Session, the new fee schedule was approved (where each country in which one or more member associations of IFLA existed would pay to IFLA an annual fee amounting to 0.1 percent of that country’s annual contribution to UNESCO according to the UN Assessment Plan), and it was suggested strongly to revise the Statutes as IFLA had again outgrown them (IFLA Annual 1972, 39; IFLA News 39, 2/72, 3; IFLA News 42, 11/72, 5). Treasurer Kirkegaard’s financial report stated there was discussion of a new fee schedule (IFLA Annual 1972, 36). At the end of session, there were elections and Mrs. M. I. Rudomino and J. Letheve were elected Vice Presidents (IFLA Annual 1972, 60; IFLA News 39, 2/72, 3). The Session was held in the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Events involved sightseeing, a reception at the Budapest Historical Museum, a performance of the Hungarian State Folk Ensemble, a river cruise on the Danube, and then an all day excursion to public libraries in Hungarian towns (IFLA News 40, 5/72, 2-10). IFLA had a membership of 423 members in 73 countries. This broke down to 93 Full Members (library associations) and 330 Associate Members (libraries and library schools). This was an increase of 84 Associate Members (IFLA Annual 1972, 47). New members to IFLA this year included the East African Library Association, the Jamaican Library Association, the Manitoba School Library Audio Visual Association, and the Zaire Library Association (IFLA Annual 1972, 47). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1972 (Koops, 154). Session papers were published as an IFLA publication, Reading in A Changing World (Koops, 58). All of the IFLA Clearinghouses situated around the world began receiving copies of all the papers presented at the IFLA Conferences (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 356).

Year 1973

215

66. The 39th Session in Grenoble, France, August 27 – September 1, 1973

1973 The 39th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Grenoble, France, August 27-September 1 (AL 73, vol. 4, no. 3, 158; IFLA Annual 1973, 13-14; IFLA News 44, 5/73, 1; IFLA News 46, 11/73, 3; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 74, vol. 28, no. 2, 113-114). The Session theme was Universal Bibliographic Control (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). A second UNESCO/IFLA pre-session was offered, this one on the topic of Universal Bibliographic Control. The session was offered to participants from French speaking developing countries (IFLA News 43, 3/73, 4; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 74, vol. 28, no. 2, 114). The Session consisted of 143 papers presented at 84 meetings, including 49 open meetings and 24 meetings of Working Groups and Standing Advisory Committees (IFLA Annual 1974, 27; IFLA News 44, 5/73, 2). The Session was attended by 1,000 participants, again making it the largest IFLA Session to date (UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 74, vol. 28, no. 2, 113). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive).

216 Chronology of Sessions The IFLA President continued to be Herman Liebaers of the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium. During this year President Liebaers had been appointed a Consultant to the US Council on Library Resources in Washington, DC, US (IFLA Archive; IFLA News 43, 3/73, 1; IFLA News 45, 8/73, 2). In his opening remarks, President Liebaers spoke of book promotion developments after the official ending of UNESCO’s International Book Year, on the progress made in bibliographic work from the Universal Decimal Classification to Universal Bibliographic Control, and on the new structures of IFLA, including the need to revise the Statutes (IFLA Annual 1973, 24-35; IFLA News 46, 11/73, 3). UNESCO Session topics included the UNESCO book coupon program, and the five current contracts UNESCO had with IFLA, including a study of Universal Bibliographic Control, an article on the International Standard Book Number in libraries, and an article on audiovisual materials in public libraries (IFLA Annual 1973, 41; IFLA News 44, 5/73, 1; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 74, vol. 28, no. 4, 233). The President of FID, Helmut Arntz, made a presentation to the Session (IFLA Annual 1973, 22). Session papers included many on the Session theme of Universal Bibliographic Control, as well as on other topics such as Helmut Rotzch on Problems Concerning the Principles of Acquisitions of a National Library, Francis Laverne Carroll on The Unity of the Profession, and Hans Peter Geh on Current Problems in Library Training with a Proposal for a Curriculum (IFLA Annual 1973, 82, 92, 102). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the ICA Meeting in Moscow, USSR, in August 1972, the FID Conference in Budapest, Hungary, in September 1972, the International Standards Organization TC 46 Meeting in Paris, France, in December 1972 (IFLA Annual 1973, 41-42). During Session it was announced that the Canadian Library Association had presented IFLA with a grant of $27,000 ($137,000 in 2010 US dollars) to help support the Working Group on Developing Countries. This grant was to be used over eighteen months to support professional activities and projects in developing countries which were members of IFLA, as well as the maintenance of a permanent Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (IFLA Annual 1973, 51-52; IFLA News 44, 5/73, 1). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including numerous resolutions from the Roundtable on Universal Bibliographic Control, the launch of the Universal Bibliographic Control Project, and the publication of the Standards for Public Libraries, which echoed UNESCO’s endorsed concept of individualized services for the handicapped (Feather, 644; IFLA Annual 1973, 80-146; IFLA News 46, 11/73, 8; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 74, vol. 28, no. 2, 113-114; Wiegand, 255, 600-601).

Year 1973

217

As part of the business discussion at Session, the upcoming ending of IFLA News (only available to IFLA members since 1962) and the premiere of IFLA Journal (available on subscription) were discussed (IFLA Annual 1973, 38). Treasurer Kirkegaard’s financial report stated “IFLA is in far more critical situation than most of you probably realize. The large grants from outside are temporary and will stop one day” (IFLA Annual 1973, 37). The Session was opened in the Louis Weil Amphitheater on the Grenoble University campus, Saint Martin d’Heres. Events involved receptions, tours of the National Assembly Library in Paris, tours of the University Library and Municipal Library in Lyon, tours to Chamonix, the Great Dams, la Chartreuse, Les Vercors, and Les Grands Cols, as well as a post-Session tour of Provence, and a tour of Parisian libraries (IFLA News 43, 3/73, 4; IFLA News 44, 5/73, 2). IFLA consisted of 24 Sections, Committees, and Working Groups (LJ 73, 11/15/73, 3351). IFLA had a membership of 564 members in 86 countries. This broke down to 103 Full Members (library associations), 13 International Organizations, and 448 Associate Members (libraries and library schools). This was an increase of 84 Associate Members (IFLA Annual 1972, 47; IFLA News 46, 11/73, 22; LJ 73, 11/15/73, 3353). Some of the new members to IFLA this year were the National Library of Brazil, the Commonwealth Library Association, the Association of American Library Schools, the Uganda Library Association, the Welsh Library Association, Oklahoma State University, US, and the League of European Library Researchers (LIBER) (IFLA Annual 1973, 62; IFLA News 43, 3/73, 1; IFLA News 44, 5/73, 9; IFLA News 45, 8/73, 6, 16, 21). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1973 (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 75, vol. 29, no. 4, 221). IFLA Communications ceased to be printed in the international library journal Libri, out of Copenhagen, Denmark (LJ 73, 11/15/73, 3352). Verlag Dokumentation of Munich, Germany, succeeded M. Nijhoff of The Hague, The Netherlands, as the official IFLA publisher (IFLA News 45, 8/73, 3; Koops, 58).

218 Chronology of Sessions

67. The 40th Session in Washington, DC, US, November 16 – 23, 1974

1974 The 40th IFLA Session/General Council was held in Washington DC, US, November 16-23 (AL 73, vol. 4, no. 5, 298; AL 75, vol. 6, no. 2, 74; IFLA Annual 1974, 15-16; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 2, 119-137; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 75, vol. 29, no. 3, 167-168). The Session theme was National and International Library Planning (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The third IFLA/UNESCO pre-session was themed Library Planning for the Spanish Speaking. In attendance were 21 Spanish speaking librarians from 13 developing countries in Latin American and the Caribbean (IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 2, 134; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 75, vol. 29, no. 3, 168). Also before the Session, the First Meeting of Directors of National Libraries was held in Ottawa, Canada, November 13-14 (International Library Review 76, vol. 8, no. 3, 233). The Session was attended by 975 participants representing 75 countries (IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 2, 119). The Session involved 85 professional meetings, with sometimes as many as eight at a time going on. There were 93 papers presented, with many of those appearing in multiple languages. There was also an exhibition which contained more than 120 booths of publications, library equipment, and services (IFLA Annual 1975, 31; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 2, 119).

Year 1974

219

The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Herman Liebaers of the Royal Library of Brussels, Belgium, until he completed his term during Session (AL 75, vol. 6, no. 2, 77; IFLA Archive; IFLA News 47, 1/74, 2; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 2, 121; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 118; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 19272002; Koops, 50). In his opening remarks, his fifth and final in the role, President Liebaers first thanked the US Council on Library Resources for helping fund this meeting, and then spoke on “What is IFLA and What Might it be Tomorrow,” as well as summarizing his time with IFLA since 1969 (IFLA Annual 1974, 1719). UNESCO Session topics included the current UNESCO contracts on topics such as Universal Bibliographic Control, an international library survey on standards for libraries, and a study of existing systems and current proposals for cataloging-in-publication (IFLA Annual 1974, 31-32). There was no presentation by a FID representative at this Session (IFLA Annual 1974, 5). Session papers included keynote speaker Fredrick Burkhardt, Chairman of the US National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, on An Analysis of the Methodology of Planning within a Complex Federal Structure, Involving the Coordination of Private, National, and State Efforts and Funding (IFLA News 49, 8/74, 8). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including UNESCO’s Florence Agreement (Agreement on the Importation of Education, Scientific, and Cultural Materials) Meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, in November-December 1973, the first Advanced Training Course on International Documentation in Geneva, Switzerland, in early 1974, the IFLA Executive Board Meeting which met outside of Europe or North America for the first time, at the National Diet Library, Japan, in May 1974, and the Intergovernmental Conference in Paris, France, in September 1974, (IFLA Annual 1974, 31; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 2, 120; IFLA News 47, 1/74, 12, 15). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the announcement of the establishment of the International Office for Universal Bibliographic Control in London, UK, in July 1974, the Committee on Bibliography’s continued work on Universal Bibliographic Control, and the Committee on Mechanization’s continued work with the ISO/TC 46 Committee (IFLA Annual 1974, 23, 28, 29, 37-47; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 75, vol. 29, no. 3, 167). During Session it was announced that a number of organizations had donated to IFLA this year, including the US Council on Library Resources which had continued their grant to IFLA by $45,000 ($228,600 2010 US dollars) to

220 Chronology of Sessions carry on strengthening the Secretariat and a $70,000 grant ($327,000 in 2010 US dollars) for the support of the Universal Bibliographic Control project; that the Dutch had continued to give extra monies to IFLA; and that the German Research Council donated $12,000 ($56,000 in 2010 US dollars) for Universal Bibliographic Control (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 2, 125-131; IFLA News 47, 1/74, 3, 9). As part of the business discussion at Session, the Program Development Group’s Medium Term Program 1975-1980 was announced; the renewed relationship with UNESCO was discussed; the fact that membership for Associate Members in developed countries had risen to almost $750 ($3,500 in 2010 US dollars) and $450 ($2,000 in 2010 US dollars) for Associate Members in developing countries was talked about; and the formalization of IFLA’s professional activities into seven main Divisions was covered (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1974, 23; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 121; IFLA News 47, 1/74, 3, 9). The new Treasurer, Gunther Pflug of Germany, presented the Federation’s financial report at Session. His report stated that because of the new scale adopted for membership in 1973, income to IFLA increased substantially, although the income from membership still only covered 40% of IFLA’s expenses (as compared to 23% in 1972) (IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 2, 123). At the end of Session there was an election and Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark’s Royal School of Librarianship was elected President. Kirkegaard had been Treasurer for IFLA since 1966 and was the first IFLA President with a public library background (AL 75, vol. 6, no. 2, 77; IFLA Archive; IFLA News 47, 1/74, 2; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 2, 121; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 118; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002; Koops, 50). The Session was held as the Washington Hilton Hotel. Session events involved a reception at the Library of Congress, tea at the Folger Shakespeare Library, a reception at the Smithsonian Institution National Gallery of Art, a tour of the White House, a reception at the Department of State, a concert at the Library of Congress, and a final day excursion to either Mount Vernon (George Washington’s home), Charlottesville, Virginia (Thomas Jefferson’s home), Shenandoah National Park, or the Pennsylvania Dutch (Amish) country. Additionally, pre-session tours were also set-up to the Boston, Massachusetts, New York City, New York, or San Francisco, Californian, areas. A posttour of Virginia and the city of Williamsburg was also offered (IFLA News 47, 1/74, 2, 8; IFLA News 49, 8/74, 15). IFLA had a membership of 604 members in 94 countries, with the nonvoting members outweighing the voting members by 5-to-1. At this Washington, DC, meeting, only 10% of the delegates were eligible to vote. This imbalance prompted discussion of reevaluating and restructuring the organization to adapt to the demands of the modern international library world (AL 75, vol. 6, no. 2, 74, 76; IFLA Annual 1974, 23).

Year 1974

221

New members to IFLA this year included Nepal’s Tribhuvan University Library, the Portuguese Association of Libraries, Archivists, and Documentalists, and the Art Libraries Society of North America (IFLA News 49, 8/74, 7). In 1972-1974, under strong influence of UNESCO, IFLA began dropping members that were viewed as troublesome for the entire international community. The first to go were the South African members because of apartheid, and then the library associations of the Republic of China (Taiwan) (although not the memberships of individual libraries), to which President Liebaers retorted that the action on IFLA’s part “opened the door to the dangers of political acts” (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 17). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1974 (Koops, 154). The journal IFLA News (1962-1974) was replaced by the IFLA Journal (IFLA Annual 1975, 33-34; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 1, 1; IFLA News 49, 8/74, 2; Koops, 51; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 75, vol. 29, no. 2, 96). Session papers were published as an IFLA publication, National and International Library Planning (Koops, 58).

222 Chronology of Sessions

68. The 41st Session in Oslo, Norway, August 11 – 16, 1975

1975 The 41st IFLA Session/General Council was held in Oslo, Norway, August 11-16 (IFLA Annual 1975, 13-14; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 1, 85; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 3, 232-236; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 4, 292-299; Koops, 154). The Session theme was The Future of International Library Cooperation (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The pre-session was themed School Library Services as a Component in National Library Systems. The session was for librarians from developing countries, and was again funded by UNESCO (IFLA Annual 1975, 19; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 3, 236; IFLA Directory 1975, 116). During Session, the Second Meeting of the Directors of National Libraries was held, August 12-13 (International Library Review 76, vol. 8, no. 3, 233). The Session was attended by 500 participants, representing 50 countries, with nearly one quarter of the attendees coming from developing countries. This was the least attended IFLA Session since the 1969 Copenhagen, Denmark, Session (IFLA Annual 1969, 101, 276; IFLA Annual 1975, 14; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 4, 292). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive).

Year 1975

223

The IFLA President was Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark’s Royal School of Librarianship (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard stated that the major point of discussion before the Federation was membership and voting questions, and discussion about the new draft Medium Term Program, whose purpose was to provide guidance to the Board and the other organs of IFLA in planning the work of the Federation in the period until 1980 (IFLA Annual 1975, 15-16, 22; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 4, 292; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 1, 87). UNESCO Session topics included their sponsorship of the Universal Bibliographic Control Program and how it was accepted by the Intergovernmental Conference in cooperation with FID, IFLA, and ICA, in September 1974, and endorsed by the 18th Session of UNESCO’s General Council as a major policy objective for the Organization within the National Information Systems (NATIS) program (IFLA Annual 1975, 20; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 30, no. 2, 66). For a second year in a row, there was not a presentation by a FID representative at Session (IFLA Annual 1975, 5). Session papers included IFLA Treasurer Gunther Pflug on the Effects of Automation on Library Administration, Franz Georg Kaltwasser on The New German “Rules for Alphabetic Cataloging (RAK)” and Their Position in the International Framework, Peter Harvard-Williams on Education for Library, Information, and Archives Studies and Maurice Line on Functions of an IFLA Office for International Lending (IFLA Annual 1975, 95; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 4, 267, 276; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 3, 137). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the UNESCO Meeting of Experts to Design a Plan of Action for Universal Bibliographic Control in Paris, France, in May 1975, the Subcommittee of the Executive Committee of the Berne Union in Washington, DC, US, in June 1975, and the ALA Meeting in San Francisco, California, US, in July 1975 (IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 3, 239; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 4, 327). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Sub-Section on Library Work with Children announcing they would focus their future programs on handicapped children; the SubSection of Libraries in Hospitals announced that they were going to pursue a possible revision of their Standards for Hospital Libraries; the Section of National and University Libraries held a meeting on automation and its effects on the management of research libraries; the announcement of the establishment of the IFLA Office for International Lending in Boston Spa, UK; and the announcement of the founding of the Regional Working Group for Asia (IFLA Annual 1975, 28-29, 57-123; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 4, 293-294; IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 1, 88).

224 Chronology of Sessions As part of the business discussion at Session, much discussion and voting occurred on the issues of resolutions to the Statutes (IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 4, 296-297). During this period, IFLA had four operational units: the headquarters Secretariat at The Hague, The Netherlands, the International Office for Universal Bibliographic Control at London, UK, the Secretariat for the Working Group for Developing Countries at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and the IFLA Office for International Lending at Boston Spa, UK (IFLA Annual 1975, 35). The Sevensma Prize was awarded to J. S. Parker of Halifax, Yorkshire, UK, for his paper Regional Cooperation in Library Services: An Opportunity for Developing Countries (IFLA Annual 1975, 43; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 4, 298; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 1, 1-33). Treasurer Pflug’s financial report stated that for the first time in a year period, the IFLA budget exceeded half a million Dutch guilders ($1.3 million, or $5.5 million in 2010 US dollars) (Antweiler; DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1975, 25). It was noted that in this time period the majority of IFLA committees were still strongly oriented toward continental European membership (International Library Review 75, vol. 7, no. 3, 386). The Session was held at the University Congress Center, University of Blindern. Session events involved a reception by the Norwegian Library Association, a reception by the City of Oslo, and excursions to tour the local fjords (IFLA Annual 1975, 13; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 3, 232-236). IFLA had a membership of 636 members in 98 countries. This broke down to 135 Member-Associations and 501 Member-Libraries and Institutions (IFLA Annual 1975, 34). New members to IFLA this year included the Bangladesh Library Association, the Saudi Arabian King Abdul-Aziz University Library, the Sudan Library Association, the Association of Caribbean University and Research Libraries (ACURIL) and the Music Library Association (IFLA Annual 1975, 34; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 3, 237; IFLA Journal 75, vol. 1, no. 4, 305). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1975 (Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 31, no. 2, 109).

Year 1976

225

69. The 42nd Session in Lausanne, Switzerland, August 23 – 28, 1976

1976 The 42nd IFLA Session/General Council was held in Lausanne, Switzerland, August 23-28 (IFLA Annual 1976, 13; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 243; Koops, 154; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 30, no. 1, 116; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 31, no. 1, 52). The Session theme was IFLA (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The Session was attended by 450 participants. The number of participants to this General Council meeting had been restricted to about 500 by the IFLA Executive Board because the principal topic was to be the reorganization of IFLA. Thirty-nine delegates from developing countries attended the Session, but they only constituted 8% of the total attendance; and of some 350 positions on IFLA boards and committees, only 22 were held by librarians from developing countries (IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 243; Koops, 145; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 30, no. 2, 116). There was a pre-session planned on the theme The Role of the National Library, but the Iranian grant that was to fund it was not delivered, so the event had to be cancelled (IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 1, 101). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark’s Royal School of Librarianship (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard said the major issues before the Federation were the Medium-Term Program 1976-1980, the revised Stat-

226 Chronology of Sessions utes, and the new Constitution (IFLA Annual 1976, 15; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 248). UNESCO Session topics included the fact that their Division of Documentation, Libraries, Archives, and Book Promotion had recently just added the words ‘Book Promotion” to the title of the organization (IFLA Annual 1976, 22; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 247). The President of FID, Helmut Arntz, made a presentation to the Session. This was the last FID presentation at an IFLA Session until 1980 (IFLA Annual 1976, 25; IFLA Annual 1980, 71). Session papers included Stanley McElderry on Alternatives to the Conventional Card Catalog from the User Point of View and Alphonse Trezza on The US National Inventory of Library Needs, 1975 (IFLA Annual 1976, 114; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 232-236). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the South East Asian Librarians Conference in Jakarta, Indonesia, in December 1975, the International Cataloging, Coding, and Statistics of Audiovisual Materials Conference in Strasbourg, France, in January 1976, the Working Group for the International Standard Bibliographic Description in London, UK, in March 1976, and the ALA Annual Conference in Chicago, US, in July 1976, celebrating the centennial of that organization (IFLA Annual 1976, 39, 42; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 2, 110; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 3, 174; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 272; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 1, 32). A major topic of conversation at Session was the seminar IFLA hosted in Seoul, Korea, May 31-June 5, in the Walker Hill Hotel. This was the first seminar ever organized by IFLA in Asia, with 416 delegates from 28 countries (251 from Korea) attending. The theme of the Session was Library Resources and National Development: Use and Control of Eastern Publications by East and West (IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 1, 49; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 3, 155-167; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 30, no. 3,175; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 31, no. 1, 53). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the founding of the International Association of Metropolitan City Libraries (INTAMEL) Round Table; the founding of the School Libraries Section; the Working Group on Content Designators completed work on the format for the international exchange of universal machine readable cataloging (UNIMARC) bibliographic records; and the Working Group for Developing Countries became the Division of Regional Activities after a review by the IFLA Executive Board (IFLA Annual 1976, 50; Beaujean, 14; Carroll, 27; Koops, 122; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 30, no. 2, 116; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 31, no. 1, 52; Wedgeworth, 746). Treasurer Pflug’s financial report stated that IFLA was undertaking an expanded “professional activities” program with the support of a new three-year

Year 1976

227

grant of $174,000 ($677,000 in 2010 US dollars) from the US Council on Library Resources (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 1, 101). As part of the business discussion at Session, IFLA General Council unanimously adopted a completely new Constitution and structure for the work and inner coherence of the organization, with a defined new purpose, “to promote international understanding, cooperation, discussion, research, and development in all fields of library activity, including bibliography, information services, and the education of personnel, and to provide a body through which librarianship could be represented in matters of international interests.” The name of the organization also changed from “International Federation of Library Associations” to “International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions.” Even with this change, it was decided that the familiar acronym IFLA would continue to be used, while the French acronym FIAB was abolished. Also as part of this revision, the former Sections and Committees were replaced by two new categories of Sections: type of library and type of activity sections. Also the Consultative Committee and Program Development Group were replaced by the Professional Board (IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 224, 243; Koops, 7, 63, 64; Wedgeworth, 379). Another business topic for Session included discussion on the preparations for the 50th anniversary IFLA Session and Fourth World Congress of Librarians in Brussels, Belgium, in 1977 (IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 1, 99; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 253). The Session was held in the Swiss Institute of Technology. Session events involved a “Mix In” cocktail party at the Museum of Decorative Arts, a boat trip with a buffet dinner to Chillon Castle, a special evening concert, and then excursions to Geneva to tour the UN Library (IFLA Annual 1976, 13; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 1, 47). IFLA had a membership of more than 640 members in over a hundred countries (IFLA Annual 1976, 33). New members to IFLA this year included the European University Institute, the Association of Parliamentary Libraries in Canada, the Ethiopian National Library and Archives, and the Library of the Grand National Assembly in Turkey (IFLA Annual 1976, 33; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 1, 102-103; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 259). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1976 (Koops, 154).

228 Chronology of Sessions

1977 The 43rd IFLA Session/Council Meeting was held in Brussels, Belgium, September 3-5, in conjunction with the September 5-10 Fourth World Congress of Librarians. The 50th anniversary of the Federation (September 30th) was also celebrated during this Session. This was the first time that Sessions went from ‘General Council’ to ‘Council Meeting’ (IFLA Annual 1977, 13-15, 42; IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 339, 349; Koops, 154; Library of Congress Information Bulletin 77, vol. 36, no. 44, 749; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 78, vol. 32, no. 3, 200; Wedgeworth, 379). The Congress involved more than 100 professional meetings (IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 339). There was a pre-session in Antwerp, Belgium, August 30-September 2, on Resource Sharing in Developing Countries (IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 339; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 76, vol. 30, no. 6, 360). The Congress was attended by 1,700 participants representing 100 countries (IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 339). The Congress was addressed by Mrs. V. Teresjkova (the female cosmonaut from the USSR) and Amadou-Mahtar M’Bow, Director General of UNESCO, who conveyed an international welcome to the delegates (IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 1, 47). The IFLA Congress motto was Libraries Meet with their Users and Colleagues. The theme for the celebration of IFLA’s 50th anniversary was Libraries for All: One World of Information, Culture, and Learning (IFLA Annual 1977, 39; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 2, 172; IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark’s Royal School of Librarianship (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard stated that this was the first “New IFLA” Session, as it was being held under the new Constitution and the updated Statutes which dictated a different voting pattern (IFLA Annual 1977, 17, 42) As part of the formal proceedings for the 50th anniversary of IFLA, His Majesty King Baudouin of Belgium honored President Kirkegaard by appointing him the Commander of the Order of the Crown and offering him the jewel of this decoration. Additionally, IFLA honored 26 IFLA personalities with Tabula Gratulatoria awards in recognition for services rendered in the course of five decades (IFLA Annual 1977, 32-33; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 78, vol. 32, no. 3, 200). In honor of IFLA’s 50th a number of donations were made to the organization, including scholarships, payment for a developing country to join for a year, and donations for specific programs (IFLA Annual 1977, 33-34).

Year 1977

229

UNESCO Session topics included Amadou-Mahtar M’Bow, the Director General of UNESCO, congratulating IFLA on reaching its 50th birthday, and discussion of the upcoming IFLA/UNESCO International Congress on National Bibliographies (IFLA Annual 1977, 24; IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 349). Session papers included US Librarian of Congress Daniel Boorstin on A Historian to the Librarians, P. J. van Swigchem on From Chicago to Brussels: The Public Libraries in IFLA, 1932-1977, Gerhard Pomassl on Ten Years: IFLA Committee on Bibliography 1966-1976, Mathilde V. Rovelstad on Half a Century of IFLA Concern for Library Education, and Frances Laverne Carroll on History of the Section for School Libraries of IFLA (IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 312, 319, 327, 347, 372). For the first time, a program for newcomers to IFLA was organized as part of Conference. This meeting gave attendees an opportunity to get better acquainted with IFLA and the main items of its current Long Term Program: Universal Bibliographic Control and Universal Availability of Publications (IFLA Annual 1976, 27). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the International Standard Bibliographic Description (General) Working Group Meeting in London, UK, in December 1976, and the Dakar Conference on Library Legislation in Dakar, Senegal, in June 1977 (IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 2, 160, 164). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the establishment of the Division of Education and Research; the establishment of a Standing Group on Library History within IFLA’s Standing Committee of the Section on Library Theory and Research; the creation of the Section of School Libraries (previously the Planning Group for School Libraries); and that the Universal Machine Readable Cataloging (UNIMARC) format had been established by the IFLA Permanent UNIMARC Committee (Bowden, vii; IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 370; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 3, 249; Tedd, 91; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 78, vol. 32, no. 2, 200; Wertheimer, 72). As part of the business discussion at Session, it was announced that IFLA Headquarters had moved into larger premises within The Netherlands Congress Building in The Hague; there was discussion about the newly created Professional Board; and it was announced that a letter had been received from the ALA urging IFLA to obtain US adherence to the Florence Agreement (IFLA Annual 1977, 56-57; IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 357; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 2, 179). The Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant was offered to IFLA on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of Martinus Nijhoff, Publishers and Booksellers of The Hague, The Netherlands. The grant was made available for a ten year period (1978-1987) (IFLA Annual 1983, 75).

230 Chronology of Sessions In Secretary General Wijnstroom’s progress report in honor of IFLA’s 50th anniversary, she stated: “In spite of its age no signs of passivity and no acceptance of the status quo may be perceived. Quite the contrary! The international community as united in IFLA has never before been so engaged in intensifying existing cooperative programs and in launching new plans” (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 105). Treasurer Pflug’s financial report stated that the US Council on Library Resources had donated $150,000 ($557,000 in 2010 US dollars) to IFLA to continue the work of IFLA’s International Office for Universal Bibliographic Control. This was the third grant from the US Council on Library Resources for the Office for Universal Bibliographic Control, for a total of $364,200 in donations ($1,3500,000 in 2010 US dollars) (IFLA Annual 1977, 45; IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 375). The interpreters for Session were again young librarians, as IFLA still could not afford professional translators (IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 2, 173). Trip packages were offered by the ALA for eight days in Brussels, Belgium, for the Congress for $429 ($1,600 in 2010 US dollars) (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 1, 75). An American reported after the Session, “In spite of my reservations about the direction IFLA is taking, the somewhat disappointing content of meetings, and the problems of papers and interpreters, I would rate my week in Brussels as a success. I came back with a broader perspective and a more realistic understanding of libraries and librarianship around the world, and a whole list of new-found colleagues. Would I go again? You bet!” (IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 2, 173). The Congress was held at Palais des Beaux-Arts. The Session was held at Communal Credit of Belgium. The Congress/Session events involved receptions at three exhibits, one in the Royal Library (Treasures of the Royal Library), one in the Public Bank (The Image of the World in Belgian Collections), and one in the main Conference Hall (The History of IFLA). Additional events involved a visit to the Royal Palace and a Breughelian night at Sablon Square (which involved 30 beer-barrels of specially brewed IFLAMBIC), a ballet performance by Maurice Bejart’s ballet du XXième siècle, and art and literature nights in local pubs. There was also a post-session tour offered to Antwerp to see the Rubens commemorative exhibition (IFLA Annual 1976, 27; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 2, no. 4, 253; IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 1, 72-73; IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 2, 212; Library of Congress Information Bulletin 77, vol. 36, no. 44, 749). At this time, IFLA was composed of eleven Sections by library type and fifteen by type of activity section, including Sections on Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean (Koops. 64).

Year 1977

231

IFLA had a membership of 806 members in 102 countries. This broke down to 152 Association Members, 583 Institutional Members, 15 Institutional Affiliates, and 56 Personal Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1977, 53). New members to IFLA this year included the International Association of Music Libraries, the International Association of Orientalist Librarians, the Albania Council of Libraries, the Library Association of Slovenia, the Croatian Library Association, and the Malawi Library Association (IFLA Annual 1977, 53-54). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1977 (Koops, 154). In honor of IFLA’s 50th anniversary, IFLA’s First Fifty Years was published. Edited by W. R. H. Koops and J. Wieder, the commemorative book presented a number of essays on the history as well as the future of the organization (IFLA Journal 77, vol. 3, no. 4, 393).

232 Chronology of Sessions

1978 The 44th IFLA Session/Council Meeting was held in Strbske Pleso, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (now Slovakia), August 26-September 1 (IFLA Annual 1978, 11-13; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 1, no. 4, 75; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 78, vol. 32, no. 2, 119; UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration 79, vol. 1, no. 2, 156). The Session theme was Universal Availability of Publications (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). There was a pre-session in Potsdam, German Democratic Republic, August 21-26, with the theme Basic Problems of Development, Management, and Planning of National Library Systems in Developing Countries (IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 1, 52; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 1, 54; UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 78, vol. 32, no. 3, 206). The Session involved 68 papers presented in 134 professional meetings by 35 groups (IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 361, 370). The Session was attended by 783 participants representing 53 countries. Out of this number, 518 were delegates, 114 were visiting Slovak librarians, and over 151 were assistants of the organizing committee (IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 361, 370). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark’s Royal School of Librarianship, but during Session he announced that it would be impossible for him to continue for another term as President after next Session, in August 1979 (IFLA Annual 1978, 11-13; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 363). In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard stressed the need for international library cooperation in a time of global economic regression, in order to meet the problems of the rising book production and the ever growing demand for service to the library public. Additionally, he said that effects of IFLA’s increased internationally accepted role included increased communication and huge administration problems, which called for a strengthening of IFLA headquarters (IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 362). UNESCO Session topics included a recap of the last 30 years of IFLA/ UNESCO cooperation and discussion of recently completed IFLA/UNESCO contracts, including the proposed revisions of the UNESCO Recommendation Concerning the 1977 International Standardization of Library Statistics and the Guidelines for the Planning and Organization of School Libraries (IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 2, 195; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 362). Session papers included D. J. Urquhart on Universal Availability of Publications: What Can We Do About It?, J. McRee Elrod on Universal Availability

Year 1978

233

of Bibliographic Records, and J. Cherns on Government Publishing: An Overview (IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 338, 347, 351). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the UNESCO Advisory Committee for the General Information Program in Paris, France, in October 1977, the First Pan-Hellenic Congress of Librarians Athens, Greece, in October 1977, and the UNESCO/IFLA International Congress on National Bibliographies in Paris, France, in September 1977, which set the scene for future national bibliographical developments with a set of wide ranging recommendations (Gorman, 1; IFLA Journal 76, vol. 4, no. 1, 10, 58). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the resolution that UNESCO and IFLA should convene an International Governmental Conference on Universal Availability of Publications; the announcement of the new Science and Technology Libraries Section; the new Biological and Medical Sciences Libraries Section; the new Conference of National Librarians; the new Round Table of Editors of Library Journals; and during its first meeting, the new Working Group on Library History recommending that library history should be an important component in library education (IFLA Annual 1978, 31, 56; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 1, 50; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 365, 367; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 2, 114; UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration 79, vol. 1, no. 2, 156). As part of the business discussion at Session, the Executive Board was enlarged, the recently established Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant Jury met, and the new Consultative Status for members (introduced in the revised 1976 Statutes ) was discussed (IFLA Annual 1978, 31, 53; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 362). As the new Treasurer, Jean-Pierre Clavel of Switzerland, was suddenly taken ill, First Vice President Harry Campbell presented the financial report. The report stated that by 1980 it would be necessary to have a change in contributions, and how some developing countries were behind on their dues, but that the Executive Board was reluctant to expel any member for this reason (IFLA Annual 1978, 23; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 363). The Session was held at the Hotel FIS, with the opening session in the Sports Hall. Session events involved two exhibitions (one of photographs of library publications of Czechoslovak libraries, and another on the Biennial of Children’s Books), a tour of the National Library of Slovakia in Martin, a cocktail party hosted by Verlag Dokumentation, a fashion show, a visit to a clothing factory, and a closing night Tatra party (IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 1, 52-53; IFLA Journal 78, vol. 4, no. 4, 368-369). IFLA had a membership of 842 members. This broke down to 153 Association Members and 616 Institutional Member and Affiliates, and 73 Personal

234 Chronology of Sessions Affiliates in 106 countries. This was a 15.3% increase in members in the last two years, since 1976 (IFLA Annual 1978, 29). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1978 (IFLA Annual 1978, 1).

Year 1979

235

1979 The 45th IFLA Session/Council Meeting was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 27-September 1 (IFLA Annual 1979, 13-16; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 4, 301). The Session theme was Library Legislation (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The Session involved 180 professional meetings (IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 2, 301). The Session was attended by 1,021 participants representing 61 countries (IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 4, 301). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Preben Kirkegaard of Denmark’s Royal School of Librarianship, until he completed his term his term during Session (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Kirkegaard spoke of the importance of library legislation and the positive example the Danish libraries offered the world (IFLA Annual 1979, 27-29). UNESCO Session topics included the announcement that this year was the UN’s International Year of the Child, as well as the announcement of the completion of a number of UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including an IFLA Braille production study, and a Manual on Public Library Systems: Its Organization and Maintenance within the National Information System (NATIS) Concept (IFLA Annual 1979, 39, 43; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 4, 316-317). Session papers included S. C. Nwoye on The Consequences of Extending a Country’s Library Legislation to the Inclusion of Academic Libraries, with Special Reference to Nigeria, V. V. Serov on Library Legislation in the Socialist Countries, and Hendrik Edelman on Information, University Libraries, and Copyright (IFLA Annual 1979, 98-100; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 2, 91). At Session it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Worldwide Conference on Special Libraries in Honolulu, Hawaii, US, in June 1979, and the UNISIST II (UNESCO’s World Scientific Information Program) Intergovernmental Conference in Paris, France, in May-June 1979 (IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 1, 41, 67; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 2, 184; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 4, 301, 328). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Session, including the Section on Interlending urging UNESCO to commission an objective study of the implications of copyright legislation for interlending and photocopying between libraries, and the Section on Statistics recommended holding a pre-session to consider an extension of the Recommendation Concerning the International Standardization of Statistics Relating to Book

236 Chronology of Sessions Production and Periodicals to include audio, visual, and microform materials (IFLA Annual 1979, 78; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 4, 311, 313, 315). As part of the business discussion at Session, the Executive Board was increased from 5 to 7 members; the first representative of a developing country was elected to the Executive Board (Joseph S. Soosai of Malaysia); there was discussion about the IFLA Clearinghouses being reorganized into Information Centers; the increase in membership dues was approved; the creation of the Program Management Committee was discussed; and Robert Nartey from Ghana was announced as the first recipient of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant (IFLA Annual 1979, 67; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 2, 203-204; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 2, 123; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 3, 255; International Library Review 84, vol. 16, no. 4, 347). Treasurer Clavel’s financial report stated that the US Council on Library Resources had awarded IFLA a new grant of $75,000 ($239,200 in 2010 dollars) to enable the organization to further develop its professional programs (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 3, 263). At the end of session there was an election and Else Granheim, Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Public and School Libraries in Oslo, Norway, was elected President of IFLA. She was the first woman to hold this post (IFLA Archive; IFLA, Newsletter of the Section for Latin America and the Caribbean; Koops, 50). The Session was held at Amager University and the Royal School of Librarianship. Session events involved an opening session at the Tivoli Concert Hall in Tivoli Gardens with Queen Margrethe II of Denmark in attendance, a reception at Christiansborg Palace, a reception at Radhus, tours of North Zealand and Mid Zealand, and a dinner with a performance by the Royal Ballet (IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 1, 39; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 2, 151, 152; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 4, 301; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 2, 123). IFLA was composed of eight Divisions, 28 Sections, and 12 Round Tables (IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 2, 131). IFLA had a membership of 906 members in 108 countries. This broke down to 153 Association Members, 671 Institutional Members and Affiliates, and 82 Personal Affiliates. This was an 8% increase over last year (1978), even with the loss of some countries through non-payment of dues and resignation (IFLA Annual 1979, 31; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 2, 106). New members to IFLA this year included the World Council for the Blind, the International Institute for Communications, and the Mauritius Library Association (IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 1, 37). Session proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1979 (IFLA Annual 1979, 1). The UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries was replaced by the quarterly UNESCO Journal for Librarianship, Information Science, and Archives Administration. The character of this new journal altered considerably, with its aim changing

Year 1979

237

from news pieces to high quality research articles (IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 1, 61).

238 Chronology of Sessions

1980 The 46th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Manila, the Philippines, August 16-23. This was the first IFLA Conference to be held outside of Europe and North America, also its first Session in a developing country, and it’s first in a country under martial law. From 1980-1999, the Sessions were either titled ‘General Conference’ or ‘Council and General Conference,’ as the Councils were only held every other year. This was the first time a Session was officially titled a ‘Conference’ (AL 80, vol. 11, no. 9, 523; IFLA Annual 1980, 13-15; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 4, 381; McCook, 8; UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration 79, vol. 2, no. 2, 143). The Conference theme was Development of Libraries and Information Systems: Global Information Exchange for Greater International Understanding (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The Conference involved over 100 program meetings of the IFLA Divisions, Sections, and Round Tables (IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 4, 388). The Conference was attended by 1,237 participants representing 52 countries, again the largest Session to date (IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 4, 381). For the first time, each morning of the Conference there was a full-fledged IFLA newsletter available for all Conference participants. Additionally, for the first time, a commemorative IFLA stamp was issued to celebrate the Session. The stamp was issued by the Philippine Postal Bureau (IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 4, 392). A preconference was held August 11-15 in Manila on the topic of Library Education Programs in Developing Countries, with Special Reference to Asia. The event was attended by 38 participants from 23 countries (IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 2, 126, 141; UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration 79, vol. 2, no. 3, 216). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President was Else Granheim, Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Public and School Libraries in Oslo, Norway (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Granheim spoke of the continued importance of Universal Bibliographic Control and Universal Availability of Publications, and how there was no Council meeting this year due to the new Statutes which stated that the Council would only meet every other year, starting this year (IFLA Annual 1980, 18). UNESCO Conference topics comprised discussion of UNESCO/IFLA contracts that included a study into the Availability of Publications of Individual Countries, a Study into the Methodology of UN Publications, and one on the Study of International Standard Bibliography Descriptions to NonRoman Scripts such as Chinese, Indian Languages, Hebrew, Japanese, and

Year 1980

239

Thai (IFLA Annual 1980, 23, 50; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 4, 405; UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration 81, vol. 3, no. 3, 178). A representative of FID made a presentation to the Conference. This was the first time FID had made a presentation at an IFLA Session since 1976, and the last until 1987 (IFLA Annual 1976, 25; IFLA Annual 1980, 71). Conference papers included the keynote address by Professor A. Neelameghan of the Institute of Library Science, University of the Philippines, on Some Issues on Information Transfer: A Third World Development Perspective, N. S. Kartashov, Director of the Lenin State Library of the USSR, Moscow, on Librarianship in a Multinational State, with Particular Reference to Conditions in Soviet Central Asia and Kazakhstan, and Joseph S. Soosai on A Decade of International Library Cooperation through IFLA; the Third World Perspective (IFLA Annual 1980, 82; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 4, 389). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the White House Conference on Library and Information Services in Washington, DC, US, in November 1979, the FID/ICA/IFLA Policy Meeting in Bellagio, Italy, in May 1980 (made possible by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation), and the World Symposium on International Documentation in Brussels, Belgium, in June 1980 (IFLA Annual 1980, 54; IFLA Journal 79, vol. 5, no. 1, 44; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 1, 66; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 2, 143; UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration 79, vol. 2, no. 3, 269). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the announcement of the creation of the Round Table of Audio Visual Media, the Round Table on Mobile Libraries, and the Round Table of Libraries for the Blind (IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 1, 42; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 4, 383). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the importance of member countries to sign the Florence Agreement was discussed, work was done on the upcoming Medium Term Program 1981-1985, and Mr. Haris Raj Choptra of India was announced as the recipient of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant (IFLA Annual 1980, 18, 70, 81; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 1, 64). Treasury topics discussed at Conference included the announcement that the US Council on Library Resources had given IFLA a $70,000 grant ($197,000 in 2010 US dollars) to be used to investigate access to bibliographic records, copyright issues, and preservation and conservation of paper (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 2, 187; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 3, 307). The Conference was held at the Philippines International Convention Center. His Excellency Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Republic, and First Lady Imelda Marcos, attended and spoke at the opening ceremonies. Confer-

240 Chronology of Sessions ence events involved library tours, tours of the countryside, visits to Manila museums and the National Arts Center, and a visit to Tagaytay City to attend the Barrio Festival. Additionally, there were post-Conference trips offered to China, Thailand, and Singapore (IFLA Annual 1980, 17, 25; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 2, 152; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 4, 392; UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration 79, vol. 2, no. 2, 143). IFLA had a membership of 966 members in 110 countries. This broke down to 152 Association Members, 722 Institutional Members and Affiliates, 79 Personal Affiliates, and 13 Bodies with Consultative Status. This was the first year since Headquarters moved to The Hague, The Netherlands, that membership did not greatly increase; there was only an increase of 24 members (IFLA Annual 1980, 36). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1980 (IFLA Annual 1980, 1).

Year 1981

241

1981 The 47th IFLA Session/Council Meeting was held in Leipzig, German Democratic Republic, August 17-22 (IFLA Annual 1981, 13; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 4, 369). The Conference theme was The Role of National Centers in National Library Development and in International Library Cooperation (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 134). The Conference involved 229 professional meetings with 147 papers presented (IFLA Annual 1981, 29; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 4, 369). The Conference was attended by 946 participants from 70 countries (IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 4, 369-370). There was a preconference on the theme Library Work for Children and Young Adults. This event involved 38 participants (27 from developing countries), lasted four days, and had the participants live together in the same house to intensify working relationships (IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 2, 181; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 4, 360). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Else Granheim, Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Public and School Libraries in Oslo, Norway (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Granheim spoke of the UN’s 1981 International Year of the Disabled Persons and stressed the great significance of book preservation for the disabled (IFLA Annual 1981, 19-23; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 4, 370). UNESCO Conference topics included discussion of the UNESCO/IFLA contracts, which included a number of studies on cataloging-in-publication programs in developing countries (IFLA Annual 1981, 41; IFLA Journal 80, vol. 6, no. 2, 171; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 4, 399). Conference papers included Gotthard Ruckl on Role and Activities of the Library Association of the German Democratic Republic in View of the National Development of the Library Service and International Cooperation, Lucila Martinez de Jimenez on National and Regional Cooperation Regarding Libraries in Latin America, and Dieter Oertel on Library Planning and Centralized Library Services in the Federal Republic of Germany (IFLA Annual 1981, 111-112). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the ICA Congress in London, UK, in September 1980, and the Automation of National Bibliographies Meeting in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in October 1980 (IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 2, 154-155). A number of announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the notice of IFLA’s 29th Section: the Section on Classifica-

242 Chronology of Sessions tion and Subject Cataloging (which previously had been a Round Table), and the reorganization of INSPEL, the International Journal of Special Libraries, published by the IFLA Division of Special Libraries (IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 1, 54, 58; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 4, 373, 385). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the IFLA Medium Term Program 1981-1985 was discussed, as well as the International MARC program and the winner of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant was announced: Morayo Ibironke Atinmo of Nigeria (IFLA Annual 1981, 88; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 4, 373, 374; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 131). The new Treasurer, Marie-Louise Bossuat of France, presented her financial report, which stated that IFLA’s accounts were in deficit for a number of reasons including dubious debtors and increase in publication costs. In addition, due to the recent increase in dues, some organizations had to drop their membership, including the Medical Library Association and the Music Library Association (IFLA Annual 1981, 68; AL 81, vol. 12, no. 2, 65). The Conference was held at Karl Marx University, with the Opening Session and Council Meetings at the Leipzig Opera House. Conference events involved a number of book exhibitions, a reception by the Ministry of Culture, a synagogue concert at Old Town Hall, an organ concert in the Thomas Church, a gala concert of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, and a final day trip to either Dresden, Potsdam, or Weimar, to enjoy cultural sites and libraries (IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 1, 40-41; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 4, 371-372). IFLA had a membership of 1,005 members in 111 countries. This broke down to 166 Association Members, 748 Institutional Members and Affiliates, and 91 Personal Affiliates. The 1,000th member was the University Library in Bratislava, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, which joined in early December 1980. Since 1975, IFLA’s membership had increased 58% (IFLA Annual 1981, 26; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 2, 140; International Library Review 84, vol. 16, no. 4, 346). New members to IFLA this year included the Gaborone Library Association of Botswana, the Cuban Library Association, the Lima Library Association of Peru, and the China Society of Library Science, Beijing. A significant change occurred in the work of IFLA once The People’s Republic of China joined the Federation. The People’s Republic of China had only agreed to join IFLA on the condition that the memberships of the library associations of the Republic of China (Taiwan) were suspended. IFLA agreed to this in 1974 and suspended the memberships of the Taiwanese associations, but did not suspend the memberships of individual Taiwanese libraries (Carroll, 24; IFLA Journal 81, vol. 7, no. 3, 287; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 2, 196; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 119). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1981 (IFLA Annual 1981, 13).

Year 1982

243

1982 The 48th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Montreal, Canada, August 22-28 (IFLA Annual 1982, 13; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 4, 397). The Conference theme was Networks (IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 4, 397). The Conference involved 277 professional meetings where 170 papers were presented (IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 4, 397). The Conference was attended by 1,915 participants, the largest IFLA Conference to date by more than 700 attendees (IFLA Annual 1977, 13-15; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 4, 397). The preconference was themed Education for Research, Research for Education. There was also a preconference workshop on Establishment and Management of National Centers for Publications Acquisitions and Exchange (IFLA Annual 1982, 137; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 1, 85-86; UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration 82, vol. 4, no. 2, 137). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Else Granheim, Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Public and School Libraries in Oslo, Norway (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Granheim stressed the importance of holding IFLA General Conference and Council Meetings alternatively on different continents and in different countries, and spoke of the new Universal Availability of Publications Program in the British Library’s Document Supply Center in Boston Spa, UK (IFLA Annual 1982, 27; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 4, 398; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 119). UNESCO Conference topics included a discussion of some of the recent UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including the Guidelines for the Completion of Union Lists of Serials, the development of a set of instructions to obtain measures of public library use, and the availability and use of official publications in libraries (IFLA Annual 1982, 20; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 1, 96-97). Conference papers included Celine Cartier on The Importance of Networks in the Present Context of the World of Information, Basil Stuart-Stubbs on Library Networks: The Canadian Experience, and Gunther Pflug on The Role of Libraries in the Information Network (IFLA Annual 1982, 79; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 2, 173). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the UNESCO/IFLA International Congress on Universal Availability of Publications in Paris, France, in May 1982 and UNESCO’s World Congress on Books in London, UK, in June 1982 (IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 3, 339, 342).

244 Chronology of Sessions A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Conference, including the announcement of two new IFLA Round Tables: the Round Table of Art Librarians and the Round Table for the Management of Library Associations (IFLA Annual 1982, 43; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 1, 107; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 4, 432). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the recently established Regional Library Development Fund (to assist in securing aid for developing countries) was discussed, as were changes to the guidelines to the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant, and the current winner of the Study Grant was announced: Rasu Ramachandran of Singapore (IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 4, 401, 402; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 131). Treasury topics discussed at Conference included the announcement that the British Library, London, UK, provided contributions to continue the IFLA Offices for Universal Availability of Publications and Universal Bibliographic Control (IFLA Annual 1982, 66). The Conference was held at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel, with the opening session at the Salle Wilfrid Pelletier Arts Place. Conference events involved a cocktail party and an organ concert in Note Dame Church followed by a reception offered by the Government of Quebec (IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 1, 8586). Before the Canadian Conference, the article “Libraries and Librarianship in Canada” was published in the IFLA Journal. This article promoted the Canadian conference, in part, by stating “While we enjoy a standard of living comparable to that of the United States, we have managed to escape the backlash of violence and corruption, neurosis and insecurity, all too much a part of American life.” After publication and complaints by colleagues, IFLA and the Canadian Organizing Committee apologized for the statement’s inclusion in the article (IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 1, 11; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 2, 140). IFLA had a membership of 1,026 members in 115 countries. This broke down to 167 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 758 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 101 Personal Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1982, 50). New members to IFLA this year included the Javerianos Library Association of Bogota, Colombia, and the Nicaraguan Association of Library Professionals (IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 4, 414). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1982 (IFLA Annual 1982, 13).

Year 1983

245

1983 The 49th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Munich, Germany, August 21-27 (IFLA Annual 1983, 1; IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 4, 335; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 2, 193-194). The Conference theme was Libraries in a Technical World (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 263 professional meetings, where 189 papers were presented (IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 4, 336, 340). The Conference was attended by 1,296 participants representing 75 countries (IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 4, 336). The preconference for participants from developing countries was themed University Libraries in Developing Countries, and was again funded by an UNESCO/IFLA grant (IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 3, 243; IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 4, 341). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Else Granheim, Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Public and School Libraries in Oslo, Norway (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Granheim stated “the importance of technological developments for libraries today is indisputable …” and spoke of the growth of the organization (IFLA Annual 1983, 25-27). UNESCO Conference topics included the announcement of the 1983 UN World Communications Year, and discussion about the recent UNESCO/IFLA contacts, including Guidelines for National Libraries, and A Study on the Tools to Improve the Availability of Materials for the Blind (IFLA Annual 1983, 23; IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 2, 179; IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 4, 356). Conference papers included N. S. Kartashov on Activities of Libraries in Developed Socialist Society in Meeting Reader’s Needs in Condition of Scientific and Technical Progress and T. Galvin on The Significance of Information Science for the Theory and Practice of Librarianship (IFLA Annual 1983, 2930). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the FID Annual Conference in Hong Kong, China, in September 1982, and the Instructional Seminar on Universal Availability of Publications in Boston Spa, UK, in February 1983 (IFLA Annual 1983, 46; IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 3, 355; IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 2, 136, 247). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Conference, including the adopting of a general resolution on human rights, the announcement of the Round Table of Libraries for the Blind being con-

246 Chronology of Sessions verted into the Section of Libraries for the Blind, and the announcement of the new publication, UAP Newsletter (IFLA Annual 1983, 39, 80, 86; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 1, 85). As part of the business discussion at Conference there was talk of the new IFLA Headquarters in the Royal Library in The Hague, The Netherlands, there was discussion of the recently established Task Force to evaluate IFLA’s program and structure and the establishment of the International MARC Program Office by the German National Library in Frankfurt, and the winner of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant was announced: Gloria Gasperini of Uruguay (IFLA Annual 1983, 39; IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 1, 45; IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 4, 353; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 131). In a vote of 254 to 99, the IFLA Council decided to intervene in specific cases where librarians were being “persecuted for their opinions” (AL 83, vol. 14, no. 9, 584-585). Treasurer Bossuat’s report stated that the budget for this year was reasonably balanced, with 50% of the annual IFLA expenditure going to Universal Availability of Publications and Universal Bibliographic Control (IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 2, 147; International Library Review 84, vol. 16, no. 4, 346). The Conference was held at Ludwig-Maximilians University, with the Opening Session at the Herkulessaal of the Residenz Palace. Conference events involved official receptions in the Antiquarium of the Residenz Palace and the Bavarian National Museum, an exhibition at the Bavarian State Library, an evening in the Hirschgarten (hosted by IFLA publisher Klaus Saur), a concert in the Cuvillie Theater, and tours of the Bavarian landscape (IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 4, 336). IFLA had a membership of 1,101 members in 119 countries. This broke down to 176 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 802 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 123 Personal Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1983, 43; IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 2, 133). New members to IFLA this year included the Zambia Library Association, the Japan School Library Association, the Japanese National Council of Public Libraries, and the Antillean Public Library Association (IFLA Journal 83, vol. 9, no. 1, 52). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1983 (IFLA Annual 1983, 1). IFLA began publishing an annual bibliography of all papers and reports presented at the meetings and seminars held or sponsored by the Federation (IFLA Communications, i).

Year 1984

247

1984 The 50th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Nairobi, Kenya, Africa, August 19-25. This was the first IFLA Conference to be held on African soil (IFLA Annual 1984, 1; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 4, 393; Josey, 14). The Conference theme was The Basis of Information Services for National Development (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 253 professional meetings where 148 papers were delivered (IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 2, 149). The Conference was attended by over 1,000 participants representing 71 countries (IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 2, 149). The Black Caucus of ALA and the Kenya Library Association sponsored a joint preconference titled Education and Training for Library Service at the Grassroots Level (IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 2, 150; Josey, 14). A special meeting for African medical librarians was organized by the World Health Organization the day following the close of the Conference (IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 2, 241). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Else Granheim, Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Public and School Libraries in Oslo (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Granheim stressed that the realization of the theme of the Conference depended upon an effective exchange of experience and ideas with their host country. She warned that too often a non-critical acceptance of new technology might cause a neglect of local culture and traditions which must be described in writing to safeguard them for posterity (IFLA Annual 1984, 17; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 4, 394). UNESCO Conference topics included their efforts to eliminate the barriers obstructing the free flow of information, and how they continued to promote the preparation of tools and techniques for the diffusion of information on the national as well as the international level (IFLA Annual 1984, 47; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 4, 394). Conference papers included Peter Kinyanjui of the University of Nairobi on Promotion of Reading Habits and Adult Education in Kenya, Henry Chakava representing the International Reading Association on Reading In Africa-Some Obstacles, and Edward Ulzen, Executive Director of the African Association for Literacy and Adult Education representing the International Council for Adult Education, on Promotion of the Reading Habit and Adult Literacy (IFLA Annual 1984, 27; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 4, 397, 398). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the International Federation for Information Processing in Paris, France, in September 1983,

248 Chronology of Sessions and the FID Congress in Tokyo, Japan, in May 1984 (IFLA Annual 1984, 55; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 2, 225; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 3, 321). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Conference, including the Nairobi Manifesto (which stressed the importance of oral histories and rural programs), and the announcement of the establishment of IFLA’s Advancement of Librarianship Program (ALP) in Developing Countries Program, and the establishment of the Universal Dataflow and Telecommunications Core Program at the National Library of Canada (IFLA Annual 1984, 30; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 4, 400; Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 3, 375; Wedgeworth, 386). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the 17 IFLA clearinghouses were discussed, and the winners of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant were announced: Zeineb Guehiss of Tunisia and N. U. Yapa of Sri Lanka (IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 1, 65; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 131). Treasury topics discussed at Conference included the announcement that the US Council on Library Resources had granted IFLA $114,000 ($243,000 in 2010 US Dollars) for the planning of new core programs and the establishment of the management structure, and that the British Library had been asked to cover the very considerable deficit of the Universal Availability of Publications and Universal Bibliographic Control Offices (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1984, 53; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 1, 68; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 4, 408). The Conference was held at Kenyatta International Conference Center, where His Excellency, the Honorable Mwai Kibaki, Vice President of Kenya, presided over the opening ceremony. Conference events involved a reception in the gardens of the House of Parliament, tours of libraries, plantations, and game parks, and an evening at the Bomas of Kenya (IFLA Annual 1984, 17; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 4, 393, 394). IFLA had a membership of 1,132 members in 120 countries. This broke down to 179 Association Members, 806 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 147 Personal Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1984, 50). New members to IFLA this year included the National Library of Kiribati (accepted as Association Member because there was not yet a library association member of IFLA from Kiribati), the Ethiopian Library Association, and the Swaziland Library Association (IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 2, 198; IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 4, 409). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1984 (IFLA Annual 1984, 1).

Year 1985

249

1985 The 51st IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Chicago, Illinois, US, August 18-24 (AL 84, vol. 15, no. 9, 691; IFLA Annual 1985, 1; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 325). The Conference theme was Libraries and the Universal Availability of Information (IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 2, 158). The Conference involved 270 professional meetings and 523 exhibitors (IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 325, 332; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 113). The Conference was attended by 1,600 participants representing 84 countries (IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 325). The preconference was titled Public Library Service for All: How to Serve Rural Areas, and was sponsored by UNESCO (IFLA Annual 1985, 335; International Library Review 86, vol. 18, no. 2, 158). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Else Granheim, Director of the Norwegian Directorate for Public and School Libraries in Oslo, Norway, until she completed her term during Conference (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Granheim traced her route “from Copenhagen to Chicago,” over her time as President, and spoke of women’s evolving roles in present society. In her closing remarks, her last in the position, President Granheim said, “I also want to stress that such positive cooperation can only be achieved if we are, all of us, willing to consider critically our own basic principles, not in order to compromise our consciences but to make an effort to understand the point of view of others. Let us search for ways enabling us to work together to reach the common goal of our professional organization: better libraries as a means to ensure that our fellow citizens are better informed. Thus, we can indirectly build a better world” (IFLA Annual 1985, 23; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 328, 332). The Conference was addressed by Robert Wedgeworth the co-chairman of the Organizing Committee, who welcomed the delegates to the US (IFLA Annual 1985, 19). UNESCO Conference topics included their Major Program VII (General Information Program) and some discussion on the new UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including the Guide for the Organization of Meetings on Universal Availability of Publications, Guidelines for Cataloging-in-Publication, and a third revised edition of World Guide to Library Schools and Training Courses in Documentation. An additional topic was the US’ withdrawal from UNESCO in fall 1984 (IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 1, 58; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 2, 185; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 328; International Library Review 86, vol. 18, no. 2, 153).

250 Chronology of Sessions This year the Conference’s Open Forum covered all six Core Programs of IFLA: Universal Bibliographic Control, International MARC, Universal Availability of Publications, Preservation and Conservation, Transborder Data Flow, and Advancement of Librarianship in the Third World (IFLA Annual 1985, 50; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 332). Conference papers included the US Librarian of Congress Daniel J. Boorstin on the Indivisible World: Libraries and the Myth of Cultural Exchange, and John Brademas, President of New York University, on Remarks at the 51st General Conference of the IFLA (IFLA Annual 1985, 74). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the FID Congress in The Hague, The Netherlands, in September 1984, and the European Cooperation in Social Science Information and Documentation fourth General Conference in Athens, Greece, in October 1984 (IFLA Journal 84, vol. 10, no. 2, 235; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 1, 68; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 2, 150). A number of report recommendations came from committee work during Conference, including the announcement of the new Round Table on Research in Reading, and the announcement that the University Libraries and other General Research Libraries Section issued the publication Standards for University Libraries (IFLA Annual 1985, 87; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 1, 59; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 335; Wedgeworth, 8). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the adoption of the Medium Term Program, 1986-1991 was discussed, as well as modifications to the IFLA Statutes and Rules of Procedure relating to membership fees. In addition, the winners of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant were announced: Jusni Djatin of Indonesia and Namtrip Wipawin of Thailand (IFLA Annual 1985, 30; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 1, 55; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 329; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 131). Treasurer Bossuat’s report stated that a number of member countries had not paid their dues; some for two years now even with reminder letters having been sent out to them. Membership decided to exclude these countries from membership if they did not pay by January 1, 1986 (IFLA Annual 1985, 31; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 329). The US and Canada began to take a more influential role in IFLA, as more of their members began to serve on the Executive Board (McCook, 7). Besides the four official IFLA languages (English, French, German, and Russian), the Conference was also translated into Spanish (IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 113). During this Conference the ideological conflicts between the Americans and the USSR became more pronounced, with poignant papers delivered by former ALA President E. J. Josey, and Librarian of Congress Daniel J. Boorstin. After this Conference, an American wrote in regards to the Cold War, “Many Americans were uneasy with the overt way ‘we’ pursued political goals

Year 1985

251

at IFLA. While much lip service is given to the notion that ‘there are no national delegations to IFLA,’ the reality is that the delegates from most nations vote en bloc and there is substantial politicking. Though the clashes and disagreements between the two primary sides would not escalate to the severity of the conflicts in the world theater, there were conflicts nonetheless” (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 15, 18). At the end of the Conference there was an election and Hans-Peter Geh of the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, Germany, was elected President of IFLA (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 4, 329; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002; Lester, 258). In President Geh’s introductory remarks as President, he listed his “10 Points” that were crucial to his presidency, including Membership, Third World, Questions of Structure, Professional Work, Core Programs, Publications, Collaborations with UNESCO, IFLA Secretariat, Prospects, and Members (IFLA Annual 1985, 93-98). The Conference was held at the Palmer House. Conference events involved a concert at the Opening Session in the Auditorium Theater, a block party, a reception hosted by the State of Illinois, a reception hosted by the City of Chicago, social events, library visits, and post-Conference trips around the US (IFLA Annual 1985, 19). IFLA had a membership of 1,182 members in 121 countries (IFLA Annual 1985, 40). IFLA only had representatives from a quarter of the world’s nations holding seats on standing committees and 12 nations occupied 79% of the committee placements (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 16). A new member to IFLA this year was the Library Association of Antigua and Barbuda (IFLA Annual 1986, 58; IFLA Journal 85, vol. 11, no. 2, 155). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1985 (IFLA Annual 1985, 1).

252 Chronology of Sessions

1986 The 52nd IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Tokyo, Japan, August 24-29 (IFLA Annual 1986, 13-16; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 359). The Conference theme was New Horizons of Librarianship Towards the 21st Century (IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 1, 44). The registration fee for the Conference was Yen 42,000 per person ($249, or $492 in 2010 US dollars), with hotel accommodations running from Yen 7,000 ($42, or $83 in 2010 US dollars) to Yen 25,000 ($148, or $292 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (Antweiler; DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 1, 44). The Conference involved 250 professional meetings, with 219 papers presented - an IFLA record to date - with more than half of them being translated into Japanese (IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 123; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 359). The Conference was attended by more than 1,900 participants representing 61 countries, with the host country leading the list with 1,292 participants, followed by the US with 199 and Korea with 51 (IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 359). The preconference, Industrial, Scientific, and Technological Information for Development – the Role of Special Libraries for National Development, was held at the Kanazawa Institute of Technology Library Center, August 1823 (IFLA Annual 1986, 38). Another meeting held before the Conference was the fourth Annual Expert Meeting of the Section of Libraries for the Blind, which attracted 110 participants from 16 countries (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 1, 70). A post-Conference meeting in Beijing, China, September 1-6, was held on the topic: Education and Research in Library and Information Science in the Information Age: Means of Modern Technology and Management. Twelve foreign visitors from ten countries and 31 Chinese experts attended (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 1, 72). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Hans-Peter Geh of the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, Germany (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Geh surveyed the development process of libraries using new technologies, expanding from their present role as information collectors and providers of information to becoming producers of information and information processors (IFLA Annual 1986, 18; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 365). Conference topics included the destruction of libraries in the September 1985 Mexican earthquake, and the relief efforts that had occurred since (IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 1, 41).

Year 1986

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UNESCO Conference topics included the two most important library related issues for UNESCO (international cooperation and assistance to developing countries in areas of UNESCO expertise), and talk on the recent UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including one to administer the UNESCO contribution for nine participants from developing countries to attend the International Conference on the Preservation of Library Materials in Vienna, Austria, in April 1986, and a draft International Standard Bibliographic Description for machine-readable data files (IFLA Annual 1986, 21; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 128-129; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 368). Conference papers included H. Anuar on The Library and Information Dimensions of the North-South Dialogue: Some thoughts of the Threshold of the 21st Century, Hiroshi Inose on Science Information System - A Challenge Towards an Integrated Information Utility, and Yu Huangyuan on The Library and the Times (IFLA Annual 1986, 32-33). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the FID/ICA/IFLA Expert Meeting in Veldhoven, The Netherlands, in October 1985, and the International Conference on Preservation of Library Materials in Vienna, Austria, in April 1986 (IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 1, 46; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 115; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 3, 240). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the Working Group on Library Service to Ethnic and Linguistic Minorities becoming the official IFLA Section of Library Services to Multicultural Populations; the Section of Classification and Subject Cataloging became the Section on Classification and Indexing; the Working Group on Continuing Education was founded; and the Preservation and Conservation (PAC) Core Program was established in Washington, DC, US (IFLA Annual 1986, 35; AL 86, vol. 17, no. 9, 725; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 1, 50; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 370; Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 3, 227; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 119; Wedgeworth, 496). As part of the business discussion at Conference, it was announced that preconferences would only be held every other year, in the years where the Council was held, and the winners of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant were announced: Matarage Sarath Upali Amarasiri of Sri Lanka, and Graciela Dacosta Meirelles of Uruguay (IFLA Annual 1986, 42; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 1, 50; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 369). Treasury topics discussed at Conference included the announcement that a travel fund for developing countries had been established (IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 1, 50). Besides the four official IFLA languages (English, French, German, and Russian), the Conference was also translated into Japanese (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 146).

254 Chronology of Sessions The Conference was held at Aoyama Gakuin University. Their Imperial Highnesses, the Crown Prince and Princess of Japan, honored IFLA with their presence both at the official opening at the National Theater of Japan, and the Governor of Tokyo’s reception later that evening where they mingled freely with the IFLA guests. Conference events involved receptions, a Japanese cultural night, and professional tours (IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 1, 44; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 359). IFLA had a membership of 1,150 members in 123 countries. This broke down to 171 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 823 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 156 Personal Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1986, 49). New members to IFLA this year included the Finnish Association of Library and Information Science, the Mauritania Association of Libraries, Archivists, and Documentalists, and the Junior College Library Association of Japan (IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 119). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1986 (IFLA Annual 1986, 1).

Year 1987

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1987 The 53th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Brighton, UK, August 14-21 (IFLA Annual 1987, 11-14; AL 87, vol. 18, no. 9, 727; Wedgeworth, 381). The Conference theme was Libraries and Information Services in a Changing World (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved more than 200 professional meetings and one of the largest exhibitions to date (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 161; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 168). The Conference was attended by 2,143 participants representing 84 countries, again the largest IFLA Conference to date, and the largest since the 1982 Montreal, Canada, Conference (IFLA Journal 82, vol. 8, no. 4, 397; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 4, 365, 370). The registration fee was £167 pounds ($274, or $535 in 2010 US dollars), and hotel accommodations were £9 ($15, or $29 in 2010 US dollars) to £36 ($59, or $115 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room. The British academic publisher Mindada Limited offered free return flights to US and Canadian librarians, as long as they purchased at least $4,000 of reference microfilm titles from the company (Antweiler; DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 375; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 193). The UNESCO/IFLA/FID/ICA preconference, International Colloquium on the Harmonization of Education and Training Programs for Library, Information, and Archival Personnel was hosted by the [UK] Library Association on its premises in London, UK, August 9-15. In attendance were 50 participants from 20 countries (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 168). There were a number of other preconferences offered in London, UK, including Official Publications: An Undervalued Library Resource; Preparing for the Planning and Design of a Library Building; and Open Systems Interconnection and its Impact on Libraries in its Next Decade (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 183; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 169). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Margreet Wijnstroom of The Netherlands, until she announced her retirement at Conference. She had held the position since 1971. Paul Nauta, Director of the Frederik Muller Academy Library School in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, was then appointed Secretary General of IFLA (AL 87, vol. 18, no. 3, 166; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 1, 55). The IFLA President continued to be Hans-Peter Geh of the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, Germany (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Geh celebrated IFLA’s 60th anniversary and spoke of the organization’s history and how it was uniquely bound to international library cooperation in the UK (IFLA Annual 1987, 19; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 4, 370).

256 Chronology of Sessions UNESCO Conference topics included UNESCO’s new third Medium Term Plan 1990-1995, and discussion on some of the recent UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including Measuring the Performance of Public Libraries and Measuring the Performance of Document Delivery Services (IFLA Annual 1987, 30; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 165). A representative of FID addressed the Conference, for the first time since 1980 (IFLA Annual 1987, 31). Conference papers included Alexander Wilson, President of the [UK] Library Association, on Preservation Is Justified by Access, and Kokou Mathem Eli Aithnard, Director General of the Togo Branch of the Nouvelles Editions Africaines Publishing House, on Libraries: the Source of Information in Developing Countries (IFLA Annual 1987, 27-28). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the International Book Committee Meeting in Barcelona, Spain, in September 1986, and the National Meeting on Universal Accessibility of Publications in Berlin, German Democratic Republic, in November 1986 (IFLA Annual 1987, 42; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 1, 75; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 186). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including a resolution to continue to harmonize the work of IFLA, FID, and ICA; a resolution to host a seminar of experts to study curriculum needs and structure as well as textbooks/reader teaching methods; and a resolution recognizing the concept that professionalism should permeate the practice of all information professionals (IFLA Annual 1987, 75-78; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 4, 378). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the adoption of Spanish as an official IFLA language was discussed, the new Professional Board Working Group tasked with studying ways and means to enhance the professional value of the Conferences was discussed, the new dues increase was approved, and the winners of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant were announced: Augstin Sindayigaya of Burundi and Yunzeng Li of Beijing, China (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 1, 57; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no.4, 370, 373). The new Treasurer, Tony Evans of the UK, presented his financial report, which stated that the US Government through the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science had granted IFLA $25,000 ($49,000 in 2010 US dollars) as a voluntary contribution in support of shared interests in strengthening the Latin American regional work of IFLA (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1987, 5, 34; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 1, 61). The Conference was held at the Brighton Metropole Hotel, with the Opening Session at the Brighton Center. Conference events involved an opening Gala Evening, a concert by the London Mozart Players, receptions by the national and local government and by the exhibitors, and a visit to libraries in London by special train. A post-Conference tour of The Netherlands was of-

Year 1987

257

fered to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the Dutch Library Association, with tours of The Hague (to tour the Royal Library and IFLA Headquarters), Leiden and Groningen, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam (to tour Elsevier Publishers) (IFLA Annual 1987, 15; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 4, 375; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 193). IFLA had a membership of 1,224 members in 122 countries. This broke down to 177 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 859 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 188 Personal Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1987, 38; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 1, 58). New members to IFLA this year included the Buenos Aires School of Librarianship in Argentina and the Assad National Library in Syria (IFLA Annual 1987, 43). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1987 (IFLA Annual 1987, 1).

258 Chronology of Sessions

1988 The 54th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Sydney, Australia, August 28-September 3, in conjunction with the Library Association of Australia Annual Conference, and the Bicentennial of Australia. This was one of the largest and most complex conferences ever held in Australia to date (IFLA Annual 1988, 11-15; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 361; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 369; Wedgeworth, 381). The Conference theme was Living Together: People, Libraries, Information (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved over 100 speakers (IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 361). The Conference was attended by over 1,500 participants, with over 1,000 Australian colleagues attending (IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 361). There were a number of preconferences held including Library Services to the Aged in a Multicultural Society; Internationalism in Art; and Beyond 2000: The Future for Parliamentary Libraries (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 2, 143144). For the first time the Conference held a poster session, a session for contributed papers, and offered workshops (IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 361). The registration fee was A$400 ($314, or $588 in 2010 US dollars), and hotel accommodations were A$62 ($49, or $92 in 2010 US dollars) to A$185 ($146, or $273 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 4, 386). The IFLA Secretary General was Paul Nauta, Director of the Frederik Muller Academy Library School in Amsterdam, The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Hans-Peter Geh of the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, Germany (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Geh spoke of the history of libraries and the plan to rebuild the Great Library of Alexandria in Egypt (IFLA Annual 1988, 18). UNESCO Conference topics included discussion of the fire that struck the Library of the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad, USSR, as well as discussion of the most recent UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including the Rural Community Information Services in Developing Countries and Guidelines for the Management of Professional Associations in the Fields of Archives, Library, and Information Work (IFLA Annual 1988, 23; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 2, 181). A representative of FID addressed the Conference, as well as a representative of ICA (IFLA Annual 1988, 5). Conference papers included the keynote address by Warren Horton, National Librarian of Australia, on IFLA in the Antipodes: A Regional Perspective (IFLA Annual 1988, 31; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 362).

Year 1988

259

At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the first European Conference on Information Technology for Organizational Systems in Athens, Greece, in May 1988, and the Seminar on Preservation and Conservation of Library Materials, in Leipzig, German Democratic Republic, in May 1988 (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 1, 99; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 2, 181; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 3, 281). As part of the business discussion at Conference, IFLA officially adopted Spanish as one of its official languages, (bringing the total to five, along with English, French, German, and Russian), and the winner of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant was announced: Cheryl Robinson of Jamaica (AL 88, vol. 19, no. 10, 849; IFLA Annual 1988, 47; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 2, 212; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 368). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including that all Core Programs now issued newsletters and plans were in the works to have them all translated into all five of the official IFLA languages (IFLA Annual 1988, 45; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 363, 369). Treasury discussion included the donation by the US National Commission on Library and Information Systems of $20,000 ($37,400 in 2010 US dollars) to IFLA’s Preservation and Conservation program, to develop an international database on preservation and conservation at the Library of Congress (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 1, 75). At the end of Conference Robert Wedgeworth, a US member of IFLA’s Executive Board and a member of the Board of Trustees of the W. H. Wilson Foundation, announced that the Foundation had offered a grant to IFLA to fund the travel of IFLA’s team of interpreters to the next four IFLA Conferences, to Paris, France, in 1989; Stockholm, Sweden, in 1990; Moscow, USSR, in 1991; and New Delhi, India in 1992 (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 2, 139). The Conference was held at the University of New South Wales, with the opening ceremonies in the Sydney Opera House. His Excellency, the Right Honorable Sir Ninian Stephen, Governor-General of Australia, presided over the opening ceremonies. Conference events involved receptions with a postConference trip to New Zealand offered (IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 1, 99; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 362, 386). IFLA had a membership of 1,213 members in 123 countries. This broke down to 178 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 861 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 174 Personal Affiliates. This was a drop of 11 members since last year (IFLA Annual 1988, 49; IFLA Journal 87, vol. 13, no. 2, 163). New members to IFLA this year included the Society of Nordic (Scandinavian) Art Libraries and the Burundi Association of Librarians, Archivists, and Documentalists (IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 373).

260 Chronology of Sessions Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1988 (IFLA Annual 1988, 1). An unknown part of the IFLA archives were discovered to be housed at the UN Library in Geneva, Switzerland. These documents were transported and deposited in the IFLA headquarters in The Hague, The Netherlands (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 361).

Year 1989

261

1989 The 55th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Paris, France, August 19-26, in conjunction with the Bicentennial of the French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (IFLA Annual 1989, 11; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 371; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 335; Wedgeworth, 381). This was the first Conference to be held in continental Europe in five years, since the Munich, Germany, Conference in 1983 (International Library Review 86, vol. 18, no. 2, 152). The Conference theme was Libraries and Information in the Economy Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 232 professional meetings where 162 papers were presented (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 335). A number of preconferences were offered, including the UNESCO/IFLA seminar on Interlending and Document Delivery (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 346). The conference budget had reached FRF 13,000,000 ($2,037,585 or $3,651,572 in 2010 US dollars), an expenditure of FRF 6,500 ($1,019, or $1,826 in 2010 US dollars) per paid participant (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1989, 15). The Conference was attended by over 3,000 participants representing 84 countries, including 450 from France, 256 from the US, 147 from the UK, 101 from Canada, 71 from The Netherlands, and 164 from the Scandinavian counties, 129 from Spain, 56 from Japan, 43 from Australia, 38 from Korea, and 28 from Iran. This was, again, IFLA’s largest Conference to date (IFLA Annual 1989, 27; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 336). During Conference the Open Forum was extended to include orientation on IFLA to introduce newcomers to IFLA, and a training seminar was held for new officers, under the title What is Expected of the Officers (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 1, 59). The registration fee was FRF 1800 ($282, or $505 in 2010 US dollars), and hotel accommodations were FRF 290 ($45, or $80 in 2010 US dollars) to FRF 1300 ($204, or $366 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (Antweiler; DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 371). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Paul Nauta of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Hans-Peter Geh of the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, Germany. During Conference, Council unanimously reelected President Geh for a final two year term (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 2, 247). In his opening remarks, President Geh reflected on the ideals of the French Revolution as he spoke on how IFLA tried to achieve Liberty, Equality, and

262 Chronology of Sessions Fraternity for its members, emphasizing that IFLA was working to reduce the growing gap and disparity among nations through many of its programs (IFLA Annual 1989, 29; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 336). UNESCO Conference topics included discussion about some of the recent UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including one to ensure participation of 12-15 experts in the IFLA preconference Seminar on Access to Documents and Interlending, and another To Prepare a Manual on the Application of the International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions (IFLA Annual 1989, 34; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 3, 253). Representatives of FID and ICA addressed the Conference (IFLA Annual 1989, 5). Contributed Conference papers included Yale M. Braustein on Library Funding and Economics: A Framework for Research, Sheila E. Webber on Priced Business Information Services from the Public Sector: Will they Succeed?, and John Davis on Can We Run Libraries without Books and Journals? (IFLA Annual 1989, 85). Posters Session entries included Continuing Library Education Network and Exchange; Building Without Bookstacks: A Different Approach to Library Services on University Campuses; and Marketing and Planning: A New Mandate for Libraries (IFLA Annual 1989, 87). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Invitational Meeting of Experts on Descriptive Standards in Ottawa, Canada, in October 1988, the IFLA/ICA/International Council of Literary Museums Joint Meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, in November 1988, the Interlending and Document Supply International Conference in London, UK, in November 1988, and the International Conference on Preservation and Conservation at the Library of Congress, in Washington, DC, US, in May 1989 (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 1, 70; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 2, 170, 171; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 129). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including an announcement of the newest Round Table: the Round Table on Newspapers (IFLA Annual 1989, 104; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 1, 67). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works was discussed; Council approved a recommendation for the revision of membership dues as of January 1990; the transfer of the British Library’s Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC Program to the German National Library in Frankfurt, Germany, in April 1990, was discussed; and the winner of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant was announced: He Min of China (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 1, 83; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 341, 342, 380).

Year 1989

263

Treasurer Evans’ financial report stated that the US Council on Library Resources gifted IFLA with a grant to establish a Robert Vosper IFLA Fellows Program, in honor of Mr. Vosper, an honorary Fellow of IFLA and an outstanding international library leader. The grant afforded $10,000 ($17,000 in 2010 US dollars) to three or four young professionals a year for 1989, 1990, and 1991, who had a potential for leadership and international involvement to work on an activity linked with developments in the sphere of IFLA’s Core Programs (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1989, 42, 48; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 1, 83; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 3, 254). The IFLA Express, the daily newspaper of the IFLA Conference, was available every morning of the Conference, in both French and English (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 3, 335). The Conference was held at The Congressional Palace at the Porte Maillot. Conference events involved a reception offered by the Minister of Culture and the Minister of Education in the pyramid of the Louvre, a gala evening at the Paris Opera House, a reception at the National Library, and Saturday excursions around Paris (IFLA Journal 88, vol. 14, no. 4, 371; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 335). IFLA had a membership of 1,265 members in 123 countries. This broke down to 180 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 903 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 182 Personal Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1989, 53; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 2, 139). New members to IFLA this year included the Gabon Association of Documentalists (IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 1, 58) Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1989 (IFLA Annual 1989, 1).

264 Chronology of Sessions

1990 The 56th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Stockholm, Sweden, August 18-24 (IFLA Annual 1990, 11-14; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 463; Wedgeworth, 381). The Conference theme was Libraries: Information for Knowledge (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 200 presented papers and 170 exhibits from 20 different countries (IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 463). A number of workshops were offered in conjunction with the Conference, including Will the Chain Break? Differential Pricing as Part of a New Pricing Structure for Research Literature and its Consequences for the Future of Academic Communication; Computerization and Possibilities of Sharing Information; and Library Security (IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 1, 148). The Conference was attended by almost 5,000 participants representing 95 countries, making it IFLA’s largest Conference to date by almost 2,000 attendees. The number of participants included 1,810 delegates with 117 accompanying persons, 300 volunteers, 510 exhibitors, and 2,000 visitors to the exhibits. The host country had the largest number of delegates with 345, followed by the US with 280 delegates (IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 463; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 2, 150). The registration fee was SEK 1,900 ($321, or $550 in 2010 US dollars), and hotel accommodations were SEK 300 ($51, or $87 in 2010 US dollars) to SEK 1,450 ($245, or $420 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (Antweiler; DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 380). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Paul Nauta of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Hans-Peter Geh of the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, Germany (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Geh praised the high standard of libraries and librarianship in Sweden and their generous contributions to developing countries. He also stressed the leading role libraries played in the information sector and their responsibilities to facilitate the free and impartial distribution of information throughout the community (IFLA Annual 1990, 21; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 469). A Conference topic was the recent destruction of the University of Bucharest Library, Romania, during the latest political turmoil in the country (IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 469). UNESCO Conference topics included discussion of current UNESCO/ IFLA contracts, including The Role of National Libraries in the New Information Environment and Training Models on Interlending and Document Supply (IFLA Annual 1990, 24; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 3, 365).

Year 1990

265

Representatives of FID and ICA addressed the Conference (IFLA Annual 1990, 5). Conference papers/topics included keynote speaker Bengt Goransson, Swedish Minister of Education and Culture, on Libraries and Social Structure, Martina Sircelj on How Does a National Library with a Triple Function Operate? And N. G. Naidu on The Threat of Illiteracy in Developing Countries: Challenges and Reality (IFLA Annual 1990, 27, 35). Poster Session entries included Standards for Bibliographic Control: A History of Activities in Thailand; CD-ROM and the Third World; and A Classic Approach to Collection Evaluation (IFLA Annual 1990, 39). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Seminar on Documentation and Library Cooperation with Third World Countries in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, in September 1989, the ICA Conference in Madrid, Spain, in October 1989, and the ICA Committee on Archive Buildings and Equipment in Vienna, Austria, in June 1990 (IFLA Annual 1990, 63, 64; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 487). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the IFLA Working Group on South Africa preparing a report calling for the establishment of policy statements about apartheid that could lead to the revoking of IFLA membership for South African libraries (AL 90, vol. 21, no. 6, 483; IFLA Annual 1990, 48; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 472). As part of the business discussion at Conference, Winston Roberts of New Zealand was introduced as the latest appointed Professional Coordinator for IFLA; the section on Rare and Precious Books and Documents changed its name to the Section for Rare Books and Manuscripts; and the winner of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant was announced: Agnes Chitambo of Zambia (IFLA Annual 1990, 52; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 1, 145, 155; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 2, 286; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 471). Two groups of protesters greeted attendees at the Stockholm IFLA conference site. One group was protesting the attendance of South African librarians who had not renounced apartheid. A second group protested the presence of the Iranian delegation. Later, an unidentified group entered the exhibits and attacked the government sponsored Iranian booth. The booth reopened the following day but armed police remained a presence for the duration of the Conference (AL 90, vol. 21, no. 9, 915). The Conference was held at Stockholm International Fairs. The Opening Session was presided over by Their Majesties the King and Queen of Sweden, with King Carl XVI Gustaf giving the official opening address. Conference events involved a city reception at Stockholm City Hall, a reception at Stockholm Globe Arena, and a visit to the House of Culture (IFLA Annual 1990, 15; IFLA Journal 89, vol. 15, no. 4, 380; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 1, 146).

266 Chronology of Sessions IFLA had a membership of 1,243 members in 129 countries. This broke down to 178 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 911 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 154 Personal Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1990, 55; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 2, 243). There was not a published list of new members to IFLA this year (IFLA Annual 1990, 5). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1990 (IFLA Annual 1990, 1).

Year 1991

267

1991 The 57th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Moscow, Russia, August 18-24 (AL 91, vol. 22, no. 4, 329; AL 91, vol. 22, no. 9, 830; IFLA Annual 1991, 5-8; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 402; Wedgeworth, 381; McCook, 8). The Conference theme was Libraries and Culture: Their Relationship (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). During the conference, there was an unsuccessful military coup d'état by Communist hard liners attempting to overturn President Gorbachev’s glasnost initiatives, with soldiers and tanks rolling into Red Square on August 19. This left the Conference somewhat disrupted for almost three days, with delegates having to make their way past road blocks, soldiers, and tanks, to reach the Conference center each morning. By August 21 it was clear the coup had failed (AL 91, vol. 22, no. 4, 329; AL 91, vol. 22, no. 9, 830; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 401, 402; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 19; McCook, 8; Wedgeworth, 381). The Conference involved four satellite meetings, 12 workshops, several poster sessions, three Division Open Forums, 42 open sessions, and well over 225 presented papers (included translations) (IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 418). The Conference was attended by 1,492 participants representing 74 countries, including 527 Soviet delegates (IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 402). The IFLA/UNESCO preconference was titled Seminar on the Role and Objectives of National Libraries in the New Information Environment. The Seminar was attended by 22 librarians from 19 developing countries (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 3, 274). A number of workshops were presented along with the Conference, including National Collection Building: Relations Between all Collections of National and International Material in a Country Adding up to the National Collection Potential; Library and Information Services to Parliamentarians on both the USSR and the Republic Levels; and Contributions of Maps to Society (IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 1, 76). The registration fee was $300 ($484 in 2010 US dollars) (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 476). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Paul Nauta of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Hans-Peter Geh of the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, Germany, until he completed his term during the Conference (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 414). In his opening remarks, President Geh assured the assembled participants that, having discussed the present coup situation with a number of organizing members, that the Conference would indeed go on. The audience greeted this

268 Chronology of Sessions news with warm applause (IFLA Annual 1991, 21; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 403). UNESCO Conference topics included the UN’s World Decade for Cultural Development, and discussion on recent UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including Feasibility Study of A Voucher System to Pay for International Interlibrary Transactions; Organization of Pre-Session Seminar, Moscow; and International Seminar on Research and Development in Preservation of Library and Archival Materials (IFLA Annual 1991, 24; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 2, 164; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 404). Representatives of FID and ICA addressed the Conference (IFLA Annual 1991, 5). Conference papers included keynote speaker N. N. Gubenko on Libraries and Culture, and contributed papers by E. N. O. Adimorah on Rural Community Information Systems and Culture in Africa and Vojtech Balik on The Role of the International Exchange of Publications in the National Library in Prague, Yesterday and Tomorrow (IFLA Annual 1991, 33, 93). Poster session entries included Celebrating National Library Week in an Academic Library: A Research Library’s Experiences; Performance Measurements: Examples to Demonstrate How Far Some Theoretical Concepts of Performance Measures Stand the Test of Practical Application; and Access to Library Catalogs Worldwide at the IFLA General Conference, Moscow (IFLA Annual 1991, 97). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the first European Serials Conference in Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, in September 1990, the FID Conference in Havana, Cuba, in September 1990, and the Meeting on Retrospective Conversion in Munich, Germany, in November 1990 (IFLA Annual 1991, 58-59). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including a recommendation on an IFLA Policy on South Africa, and a recommendation that Advancement of Librarianship Program (ALP) continue to be a Core Program and that it be managed by the Executive Board with its professional activities directed by the Professional Board (IFLA Annual 1991, 100; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 413, 416). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the recently adopted Long Term Program was discussed; the restructuring of the organization was discussed; and the winner of the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant was announced: Eduardo Villanueva Mansilla of Peru (IFLA Annual 1991, 47, 49; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 2, 200; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 404). The new Treasurer, Marcelle Beaudiquez of France, presented his financial report, which stated the financial situation of IFLA was both healthy and delicate (IFLA Annual 1991, 43).

Year 1991

269

In his final words as President, outgoing President Geh said, “The main goals of our organization are international understanding and to bring about and promote worldwide unhindered access to information which in today’s society is critical and important, so that every individual, wherever he or she may live, may be given the chance to acquire knowledge through reading, thus developing to his or her full potential” (IFLA Annual 1991, 109). At the end of the Conference there was an election and Robert Wedgeworth, Dean of the School of Library Service, Columbia University in New York City, New York, US, and Executive Director of the ALA from 19721985, became President of IFLA. He was the first librarian of African American descent to be elected president of IFLA (ALA Robert Wedgeworth’s Biography; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 414). In his statement as incoming President, President Wedgeworth joked “The first non-European IFLA president in 60 years was elected and the next day the host country’s government fell” (AL 91, vol. 22, no. 9, 851; ALA Robert Wedgeworth’s Biography; IFLA Annual 1991, 110; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 422; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002; Josey, 16). The Conference was held at the Congress Center of the Center for International Trade and Scientific and Technical Cooperation with Foreign Countries. The opening session took place in the Rossiya Concert Hall, close to Red Square. Conference events involved a visit to the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts with a reception on behalf of the USSR Minister of Culture, a performance of the ballet Romeo and Juliet at the Rossiya Concert Hall, a reception at the All-Union Library of Foreign Literature, a reception at the Lenin State Library, a banquet sponsored by K. G. Saur Verlag, a performance in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses followed by a reception on behalf of the USSR Government, which coincided with the fall of the coup, as President Gorbachev returned to the Kremlin (IFLA Journal 90, vol. 16, no. 4, 476; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 1, 74; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 4, 402-403, 412). IFLA had a membership of 1,305 members in 132 countries. This broke down to 182 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 941 Institutional Members/Affiliates, and 178 Personal Affiliates, and 4 Sustaining Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1991, 51; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 2, 147). New members to IFLA this year included the Association of Public Libraries of Romania; the Romanian Association of Librarians in the Field of Education, University Libraries, Polytechnic Libraries and School Libraries; and the Afghan Librarians and Publishers Association (IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 1, 78; IFLA Journal 91, vol. 17, no. 3, 328). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1991 (IFLA Annual 1991, 1).

270 Chronology of Sessions

1992 The 58th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in New Delhi, India, August 30-September 5, in conjunction with the centenary of influential Indian librarian S. R. Ranganathan, 1892-1972 (AL 92, vol. 23, no. 2, 188; IFLA Annual 1992, 11; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 365; Wedgeworth, 381). The Conference theme was Library and Information Policy Perspectives (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 86 contributed papers (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 366). The preconference was The Status, Reputation, and Image of the Library and Information Professional. It was attended by 29 librarians from 24 countries (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 371). Another preconference held was the American/South Asian Library Educators Discuss Library and Information Science Education, which was attended by over 100 participants, and was known as the first American/South Asian Librarians Conference (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 387). Workshops associated with the Conference included Performance Measures in Academic Libraries; Library and Information Services to the Sansad; and Collection Development and Acquisition of Art Materials with Special Reference to South and South East Asia (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 1, 62). The Conference was attended by 1,173 participants representing 80 countries, with 410 Indian nationals attending and 763 participants coming from abroad (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 365). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Paul Nauta of The Netherlands, until he retired on October 1, 1992. Leo Voogt of The Netherlands was then appointed as Secretary General of IFLA (AL 87, vol. 18, no. 3, 166; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 1, 140; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 19272002). The IFLA President was Robert Wedgeworth, Dean of the School of Library Service, Columbia University in New York City, New York, US (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth spoke of the “new beginnings” within IFLA and in the library world in general. In reference to challenges ahead, he said librarians needed to decide “whether we wish to manage service stations on the superhighways of information, or become traffic engineers managing information flows to address priority needs of our respective societies.” He also paid honor to the great Indian librarian S. R. Ranganathan (IFLA Annual 1992, 27; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 369). Conference topics included the variety of IFLA grants, funds, and fellowships now available, including the Guust van Wesemael Literacy Prize, the Hans-Peter Geh Grant for Conference Participation, the Gustav Hofmann Study Grant (which succeeded the Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant), the Robert

Year 1992

271

Vosper IFLA Fellows Program, the Margreet Wijnstroom Fund for Regional Library Development, and the Dr. Shawky Salem Training Grant (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 1, 59-60; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 371). UNESCO Conference topics included discussion of the recent UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including Guidelines for Conducting National Surveys on School Libraries and their Needs (IFLA Annual 1992, 20; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 3, 292). Representatives of FID and ICA addressed the Conference (IFLA Annual 1992, 5). Conference papers included Eric De Grolier’s keynote address on Library and Information Policy Perspectives and Ranganathan’s Heritage, and contributed papers, including Lukman Ibraheem Diso on Information Policies and Government Guidance in Nigeria: What Hope for the Rural Communities and Marc Keylard on CD-ROM Implementation in Developing Countries: Impacts for Improving Services (IFLA Annual 1992, 35, 48, 49). Poster session entries included The Program of Applied Research of the Cuban Public Library System; The Role of Language Planning in a Library and Information Policy for a New Nation; and Sister Library Concepts as Applied Between University Libraries in Different Countries (IFLA Annual 1992, 51). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Group on Electronic Documents Interchange Seminar in Paris, France, in September 1991, and the African Library Science Journals Workshop in Kano, Nigeria, in January 1992 (IFLA Annual 1992, 84; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 2, 172, 174). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including a resolution to survey the status of women in the profession and within IFLA and other professional groups (IFLA Annual 1992, 59; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 375). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the acceptance of the Medium Term Program 1992-1997 was discussed (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 1, 67). Black leather IFLA Conference bags were distributed to participants, with many particularly impressed delegates stating that they were the nicest bags ever presented at Conference (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 366-367). There was a considerable interest in the local press in the Conference, and in developments in the library world in general, with several lengthy articles appearing in the Indian newspapers (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 366). The Conference was held at the Taj Palace Intercontinental Hotel, with the exhibition located in the converted car park underneath the hotel. The Opening Reception was held in the Siri Fort Auditorium, with Shri Arjun Singh, Indian Minister of Human Resources Development, presiding over the event. He spoke and then lit a special lamp to signify the beginning of the Conference.

272 Chronology of Sessions Conference events involved an evening of handicrafts, a night of Indian classical dance, an evening shopping for arts and crafts, and a presentation of an Indian ballet. There were also visits arranged to the Delhi University Library, the Indira Ghandi National Center for Art, the Indian Institute of Technology, and the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 1, 60; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 366, 367, 368). IFLA had a membership of 1,284 members in 135 countries. This broke down to 169 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 951 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 161 Personal Affiliates, and 3 Sustaining Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1992, 74; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 2, 141). New members to IFLA this year included the Lithuanian Library Association, the Estonian Library Association, the Library Association of Latvia, and the Seychelles Library Association (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 1, 65; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 3, 282). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1992. For the first time, photos of speakers accompanied their abstracts in the IFLA Annual (IFLA Annual 1992, 1). After many years of work, IFLA produced an International Directory of Experts in Library History (Kaegbein, 6).

Year 1993

273

1993 The 59th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Barcelona, Spain, August 22-28. This was the first IFLA Conference in a Spanishspeaking country since Spanish became an official IFLA language in 1987 (AL 93, vol. 24, no. 10, 916; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 4, 427; IFLA, 59st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 22-28, 1993, Barcelona, Spain, Conference Program and Proceedings; McCook, 8; Wedgeworth, 381). The Conference theme was The Universal Library: Libraries as Centers for the Global Availability of Information (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 93 open program sessions, 17 workshops, and five satellite meetings, with 209 papers presented, and 295 translations, as well as of 90 booths in the Exhibition Hall occupied by more than 200 exhibitors (IFLA Annual 1993, 17; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 4, 427, 428). Workshops offered at Conference included Library and Information Services to the Parliaments of the Autonomous Regions of the Iberian Peninsula; Integrating Services to the Disadvantaged into Library School Curricula: Educators and Practicing Librarians Face the Problem; and New Ways of Information Delivery and Their Impact on Libraries: Problems Solved or Problems Magnified? (IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 1, 91). The Conference was attended by 3,039 participants representing 91 countries (IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 4, 428; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 1, 55). The registration fee was ESP 35,000 ($275, or $418 in 2010 US dollars), and hotel accommodations were ESP 6,500 ($51, or $77 in 2010 US dollars) to ESP 30,000 ($236, or $359 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (Antweiler; DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 399). The IFLA Secretary General was Leo Voogt of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Robert Wedgeworth, Dean of the School of Library Service, Columbia University in New York City, New York, US (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth spoke of the ‘Universal Library,’ and how it is stocked not with terminals but with books, the most widely available medium for libraries and their patrons around the world (IFLA Annual 1993, 32; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 4, 429). Conference topics included discussion about the IFLA Fact Finding Team investigation of South Africa to ascertain to what extent library services in the institutions visited were open to all population groups in the community, employ representatives from all these groups, and offer relevant materials and services to all sectors of the population (IFLA Annual 1993, 63; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 3, 333).

274 Chronology of Sessions UNESCO Conference topics included discussion about UNESCO’s Memory of the World program, which was created in 1992 and was having is first meeting in September 1993 (IFLA Annual 1993, 21; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 3, 350-351). Representatives of FID and ICA addressed the Conference (IFLA Annual 1993, 5). A new Guest Lecture series was introduced to Conference this year by Secretary General Leo Voogt. This series crossed the traditional lines of IFLA’s organizational structure, presenting two sessions which featured outstanding speakers addressing timely topics (IFLA Annual 1993, 74). Conference papers included Salvador Giner’s keynote address on The Universal Library, guest lecturers Patricia Battin on From Preservation to Access: Paradigm for the Nineties, and Juan F. Rada on The Information Gap Between the North and South, and contributed papers from Joseph A. Boisse on Serving Multicultural and Multilingual Populations in the University of California Libraries and Viola Batonyi on New Management in Central-Eastern Europe: The Effects of Political, Social, and Economic Changes in Libraries (IFLA Annual 1993, 36, 74, 76-77). Poster session entries included On the Way from Free of Charge Socialism to Fee-based Democracy; Problem-Oriented Databases and CD-ROM Service in the Russian National Public Library; and Providing Information to Users Now (IFLA Annual 1993, 80). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Workshop on Universal Accessibility of Publications for Arab-Speaking Countries in Cairo, Egypt, in January 1993, the Latin American and Caribbean Seminar on Library Services for the Blind in Developing Countries in Havana, Cuba, in February 1993, and the Seminar on Universal Bibliographic Control in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in March 1993 (IFLA Annual 1993, 116; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 2, 239; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 3, 340, 342). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including a resolution on the destruction of libraries in Croatia and Bosnia Herzegovina, and the announcement of two new Round Tables: the Round Table on User Education and the Round Table on Women’s Interests in Librarianship (IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 4, 436, 448, 462). As part of the business discussion at Conference, proposed changes to the Rules of Procedures were discussed; a new category of membership – Sponsor - was created and approved; the need to strengthen the IFLA Regional Offices in Dakar, Senegal, São Paolo, Brazil, and Bangkok, Thailand was debated; and it was announced that IFLA headquarters was now equipped for e-mail messaging (IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 4, 433; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 1, 65).

Year 1993

275

Treasurer Beaudiquez’s financial report stated that the Federation’s financial condition was “worrying and required appropriate measures,” with more income needed to keep the organization running at its current level. It was also announced that credit cards could now be used to pay for membership dues, for publication payments, and for preconference registration (IFLA Annual 1993, 45; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 1, 87; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 4, 432). One of the only negative aspects of the Conference was the high rate of street level crime delegates encountered in Barcelona, to the extent that IFLA Secretary General Leo Voogt broke his wrist and heel as he chased after a purse snatcher. President Robert Wedgeworth contacted the Barcelona police, resulting in extra security measures by the city (IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 4, 427, 428). Besides the five official languages of IFLA (English, French, German, Russian, and Spanish), translation was also offered in Catalan (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 399). The Conference was held at the Congressional Palace of Barcelona. Conference events involved an outdoor reception at the Poble Espanyol which ended with a fireworks show, and a reception offered by the Government of Catalonia which had a laser light show projected on the National Museum of Catalonian Art. There were 20 different libraries to visit, including art libraries, educational science libraries, medical libraries, the National Library, the Library of Catalonian parliamentary libraries, children’s libraries, university libraries, and map libraries (IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 399; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 1, 88-89; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 4, 428). IFLA had a membership of 1,310 members in 140 countries. This broke down to 170 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 962 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 176 Personal Affiliates, and 2 Sustaining Affiliates (IFLA Annual 1993, 109; IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 2, 185). A new member to IFLA this year was the Association of Research and Science and Technology Libraries of the CIS (IFLA Journal 93, vol. 19, no. 1, 95). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1993 and, after 1994, on the IFLA website (IFLA Annual 1993, 1; IFLA, 59st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 22-28, 1993, Barcelona, Spain, Conference Program and Proceedings).

276 Chronology of Sessions

1994 The 60th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Havana, Cuba, August 21-27. This was the first IFLA Conference ever held in Latin America and the Caribbean (AL 94, vol. 25, no. 9, 818; IFLA Annual 1994, 11-14; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 489, 490; IFLA, 60st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 21-27, 1994, Havana, Cuba, Conference Program and Proceedings; McCook, 8; Wedgeworth, 381). The Conference theme was Libraries and Social Development (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 57 open sessions, where 187 papers were presented, as well as 16 workshops, and 37 poster sessions. For the first time, papers were available on floppy disk for participants to take home (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 489, 491). The preconference was themed Libraries for Literacy in Socially and Geographically Isolated Communities. There were 28 participants from 17 different countries (IFLA Annual 1994, 17; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 491). Workshops offered at the Conference included Libraries as a Bridge between Artist and Society; Map Collections for Social Development; and the second Latin American and Caribbean Seminar on Government Information and Official Publications (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 1, 62). The Conference was attended by over 1,500 participants representing 80 countries. This number included 938 delegates, 433 Cubans, 71 accompanying persons, and 65 exhibitors. The US delegation again headed the list of foreign participants with 116, followed by Spain with 63, and Russia with 62 (IFLA Annual 1994, 15; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 490). During Conference, newspaper headlines announced that thousands of Cuban immigrants had fled the country by raft and boat (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 489). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Leo Voogt of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Robert Wedgeworth, Dean of the School of Library Service, Columbia University in New York City, New York, US (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth highlighted Cuba’s great successes in raising the general education level of its people and wiping out illiteracy throughout its own region. He also announced the establishment of IFLA’s website, IFLANET, which he said “will transform IFLA into a worldwide communications network for libraries and librarianship that will transcend the barriers of time, place, and level of development that separate us today” (Drake, 1416; IFLA Annual 1994, 16, 23; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 490-491; Josey, 625; McCook, 8).

Year 1994

277

Conference topics included discussion of some of IFLA’s recent projects including US National Commission for Library and Information Science funded meetings, and the US Council on Library Resources funded Robert Vosper IFLA Fellows Program (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 2, 185, 195). UNESCO Conference topics included their support, along with the Council of Directors of National Libraries, of the rehabilitation of the Russian State Library (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 1, 86). Representatives of FID and ICA addressed the Conference (IFLA Annual 1994, 5). Conference papers included Cintio Vitier’s keynote address on The Writer and the Library, and contributed papers included Sueli Angelica do Amaral on Library Service for Social Development: Some Considerations, and Evgeny Kuzmin on Russian Libraries in the Context of Social, Economic, and Political Reforms (IFLA Annual 1994, 28, 36). Poster session entries included Journal Coverage of the European Community: A Bibliometric Study; Can a Public Library Satisfy Information Hunger of the Population?; and Online Real Time Weather Resources for the Librarian on the Internet (IFLA Annual 1994, 37-39). The staff of the Automation Department at the Jose Marti National Library of Cuba created the first IFLA LISTSERV for the Conference, providing the delegates information before the Conference and providing opportunities with colleagues at the Conference. At Conference, a Commission was founded to encourage donations to Cuba to help overcome the difficult economic situation in that country that directly affected the national library system. The Commission used the LISTSERV to send an e-mail out all over the world encouraging donations of medical supplies, computer equipment, and other needed materials to help Cuba (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 489). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the IFLA Workshop on the Preservation of Maps and Other Spatial Information in Moscow, Russia, in September-October 1993 and the First International Conference on Grey Literature in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in December 1993 (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 2, 228; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 3, 382). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including discussion of the Africa Regional Section’s Medium Term Program 1992-1997 (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 3, 360; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 501). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the changes to the Opening Session of Conference and the increased use of the internet by IFLA Headquarters were discussed (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 3, 368, 369). IFLA’s financial news included that for the first time in three years, the Federation’s balance was positive (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 1, 55).

278 Chronology of Sessions A number of IFLA new Patron Sponsors assisted with the Conference expenses, including Apple Company Incorporated, H. W. Wilson Foundation, B. H. Blackwell, K. G. Saur, and Information Management & Engineering Limited. The Caribbean Paper Company out of Sweden provided one million sheets of paper to help provide documentation for the Conference (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 1, 65; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 490). As the recently utilized team of IFLA interpreters was now disbanded, the staff of the Conventions Palace organized and provided translators for the Conference (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 491). The Conference was held at the Conventions Palace, in the Cuban International Conference Center. The Conference events involved a cocktail party in the Exhibition Hall, a reception at the Salon de Protocolo “El Laguito” offered by the Cuban Government, a reception at the Jose Marti National Library offered by the Cuban Librarian Association, a Cultural Gala at the National Theater, a reception and dance at El Capitolito offered by the government of the City of Havana, and post-Conference excursions around the island (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 1, 58, 60; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 2, 177; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 491). IFLA had a membership of 1,272 members in 126 countries. This broke down to 152 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 907 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 189 Personal Affiliates, and 24 Sponsors (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 2, 180). IFLA did not publish lists of new members this year (IFLA Annual 1994, 5). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1994 and on the IFLA website (IFLA Annual 1994, 1; IFLA, 60st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 21-27, 1994, Havana, Cuba, Conference Program and Proceedings). A significant publication of IFLA this year was the third version of the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto (first published in 1949). This document rapidly became recognized as an important statement of the fundamental principles of public library service (IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 1, 66; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 299; IFLA Archive).

Year 1995

279

1995 The 61st IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Istanbul, Turkey, August 20-25 (AL 95, vol. 26, no. 1, 118; Drake, 1410; IFLA, 61st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 20-25, 1995, Istanbul, Turkey, Conference Program and Proceedings IFLA Annual 1995, 11-15; IFLA Council Report 1995-1997; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 303; McCook, 8; Wedgeworth, 381). The Conference theme was Libraries of the Future (IFLA Annual 1995, 17). The Conference involved 56 open sessions, 17 workshops, and 2 satellite meetings, where 200 papers were presented. More than one-third of the papers at Conference were available via the internet prior to the Conference on the IFLA website (IFLA Annual 1995, 17; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 303, 304). The preconference was Influencing the Decision-Makers in Developing Counties, held in Ankara, Turkey, August 14-18. There were 40 participants from 22 countries. This preconference was supported by a grant of $21,000 ($30,293 in 2010 US dollars) from the US National Commission for Library and Information Sciences (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1995, 18; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 503; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 303). Other preconferences included the Workshop on Orientalist Libraries and Orientalism and the Expert Meeting of the Section of Libraries for the Blind (IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 319-320). Workshops at Conference included East-West-East Re-creating Procedures and Resources for Collection Development from Eastern European Countries; Influence of Islam on Delivery of Health Care in Libraries; and Imaging Rare Books and Manuscripts: The Use of Digitizing Technology (IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 1, 57). The Conference was attended by 2,639 participants representing 104 countries. Delegates from the host country numbered over 500, the US was second with 236, followed by France with 119, and the UK with 82. For the first time IFLA welcomed participants from Mongolia (20 total) and the largest number of delegates to date from the former Soviet Union, with more than 200. The Turkish Organizing Committee had sponsored five persons from each of the five Turkish republics (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) to attend the Conference, and offered free registration and other assistance to many participants from developing countries (IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 303). The registration fee was $350 ($504 in 2010 US dollars), and hotel accommodations were $25 ($36 in 2010 US dollars) to $95 ($137 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 503). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Leo Voogt of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive).

280 Chronology of Sessions The IFLA President continued to be Robert Wedgeworth, Dean of the School of Library Service, Columbia University in New York City, New York, US. As there was no opposition candidate, President Wedgewood was reelected for a final term of two years, 1995-1997 (IFLA Annual 1995, 61; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 304; IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth said “perhaps the most dramatic change our library communities face is the rapid pace of technological change stimulated by telecommunications and the existence of international computer networks” (IFLA Annual 1995, 18, 24; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 304). UNESCO Conference topics included the ending of the $30,000 ($43,276 in 2010 US dollars) a year UNESCO subvention to IFLA at the end of 1995, and the announcement of 1995 as the UN Year of Tolerance (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual 1995, 21, 58; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 2, 150). Representatives of FID and ICA addressed the Conference (IFLA Annual 1995, 5). Conference papers included Talat S. Halman, Professor and Chair in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Literature at New York University, and in 1971 Turkey’s first Minister of Culture (who also established the Ministry), delivered the key note address, From Babylon to Librespace. This was the first plenary speech in more than 25 years to attract a standing ovation. As part of the Guest Lecture Series, Frances D’Souza spoke on IFLA: A Force for Free Expression: Defending Free Expression Is Everyone’s Business. As part of the Contributed Papers, Paul Wasserman spoke on Developing New Information Products: A Revised Role for Librarianship in Advanced and Developing Countries, Margaret Kinnell on Quality Management and Library and Information Services: Competitive Advantage for the Information Revolution, and Buhle Mbambo on Virtual Libraries in Africa: A Dream or a Knight in Shining Armor? (IFLA Annual 1995, 19, 30, 71, 77-79; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 304). Poster session entries included Professional Communication for A Greater Public Value of Librarianship; The Work of IFLA Regional Offices; and A Spoonful of Words: Experiences from Projects of Cooperation Between Public Libraries and Children’s Health Control Centers (IFLA Annual 1995, 80). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including FID’s 100th Anniversary Conference in Tokyo, Japan, in October 1994, the Library and Information Services in Developing South Africa Conference in Durban, South Africa, in January 2005, and the Copyright in the Global Information Infrastructure Meeting in Mexico City, Mexico, in May 1995 (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 521; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 2, 148; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 3, 213).

Year 1995

281

A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including A Resolution for a World Information for Democracy Day and a Resolution on the National Library of Chechnya, a committee to study IFLA’s role in relation to Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) was established, and the announcement of the creation of the new IFLA Section on Reading (Byrne, 23; IFLA Annual 1995, 62; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 311-312, 317; McKee, 3). As part of the business discussion at Conference, it was announced that IFLA Headquarters had moved to new offices in the National Library of The Netherlands in The Hague; that the IFLA website was moved to SilverPlatter servers in the US; and that because of Turkey’s human rights issues, and the IFLA Internet Discussion Group held its inaugural meeting (AL 95, vol. 26, no. 1, 118; Drake, 1410; IFLA Annual 1995, 19; IFLA Council Report 19951997, 7; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 1, 55; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 3, 222; IFLA, 61st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 20-25, 1995, Istanbul, Turkey, Conference Program and Proceedings; McCook, 8; Wedgeworth, 381). As new Treasurer Warren Horton of Australia was unable to attend the Conference, Secretary General Leo Voogt presented the financial report. The report stated a dues increase was necessary in 1996 to offset the withdrawal of the UNESCO subvention (IFLA Annual 1995, 44; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 305). Besides the five official languages of IFLA (English, French, German, Russian, and Spanish), translation at Conference was also offered in Turkish (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 503). The Conference was held at the Swissôtel The Bosphorus. The Opening Session was held at the Ataturk Cultural Center. Conference events involved a reception at the Chiragan Palace Kempinski Hotel hosted by the President of the Republic of Turkey, H. E. Suleymanm, a reception in Yildiz Palace, a concert by the Istanbul State Modern Music Ensemble, and a picnic dinner and concert sponsored by the Mayor of Istanbul at the Open Air Theater. Library visits included tours of the Istanbul Archaeological Museum Library, the Topkapi Palace Library, the Beyazit University Library, the Suleymaniye Library, the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce Documentation Department, the Women’s Library Documentation and Information Center, and the Galatasaray High School Library (IFLA Annual 1995, 18; IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 4, 503; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 303). IFLA had a membership of 1,324 members in 137 countries. This broke down to 142 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 941 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 214 Personal Affiliates, and 27 Sponsors (IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 2, 125).

282 Chronology of Sessions New members to IFLA this year included 155 New Members, Affiliates and Sponsors in the first 6 months of 1995. New Associate Members included the Canadian Association of Research Libraries, the Association of Danish Public Library Managers, the Russian Library Association, and the Library Assembly of Euroasia (Feather, 563; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 3, 223). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual 1995 and on the IFLA website. This was the last issue of IFLA Annual. A survey showed that the IFLA Journal was the most popular and widely read of the IFLA publications, so the Executive Board had agreed to discontinue IFLA Annual beginning in 1997 (i.e., the last Conference covered would be Istanbul in 1995) and replace it with more coverage in the IFLA Journal and on the IFLA website, and produce a traditional biennial Council Report. The 1995 IFLA Annual did not have a list of participants included in its contents (IFLA Annual 1995, 7, 9; IFLA Council Report 1995-1997, 1; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 1, 8; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 3, 226; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 4, 305; IFLA, 61st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 20-25, 1995, Istanbul, Turkey, Conference Program and Proceedings).

Year 1996

283

1996 The 62nd IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Beijing, China, August 25-31, in conjunction with the ICA Conference, which was held directly after the IFLA Conference (AL 96, vol. 27, no. 9, 24; Drake, 1410; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 1, 60; IFLA, 62nd IFLA General Conference, August 25-31, 1996, Beijing, China, Conference Program and Proceedings; Wedgeworth, 381). The Conference theme was The Challenge of Change (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 68 open sessions, where 150 papers were delivered. There were also 20 workshops, 14 poster sessions, nine contributed papers, and 284 exhibitors (IFLA Annual Report 1996; IFLA Council Report 1995-1997, 32; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 310). The preconference was Copyright and Libraries, held in Tianjin, China. There were 55 participants, which included 25 foreign representatives and 30 delegates from China (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 311, 312). Workshops at Conference included Pay or Profit: Fee or Free?, From Reading AV Media to Watching Books, Towards Multimedia, and Dewey Decimal Classification: Edition 21 and International Perspectives (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 1, 52). The Conference was attended by 2,384 participants representing 91 countries. The top ten participating countries was China with 800, the US with 234, Japan with 135, the Russian Federation with 117, France with 98, Republic of Korea with 84, Denmark with 75, The Netherlands with 56, the UK with 50, Norway with 47, and Malaysia with 46 (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 310). The registration fee was $350 ($504 in 2010 US dollars) (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 3, 224). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Leo Voogt of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Robert Wedgeworth, Dean of the School of Library Service, Columbia University in New York City, New York, US (IFLA Archive). In his opening remarks, President Wedgeworth thanked the Chinese Organizing Committee, and commented that this was IFLA’s first Conference in China even though China was one of the founding members of IFLA in 1927. He also announced that thanks to the collaborative efforts of one of IFLA’s Patron Sponsors, SilverPlatter, and the National Library of Canada, the IFLANET Unplugged CD-ROM containing an image of IFLA’s website “frozen” on June 18, 1996, would be available free of charge to all IFLA Conference delegates (IFLA Annual Report 1996; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 306). The Conference featured the First China-US Library Conference, held at the National Library of China, with the theme Global Information Access:

284 Chronology of Sessions Challenges and Opportunities, and a joint IFLA/ICA Meeting (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 312, 318; IFLA, 62nd IFLA General Conference, August 2531, 1996, Beijing, China, IFLA Express #1). UNESCO Conference topics included the current UNESCO/IFLA contracts, discussion of the newly created International Committee of the Blue Shield, and the UNESCO World Book and Copyright Day on April 23 (IFLA, IFLA Annual Report 1996; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 2, 161; IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 1, 205). Representatives of FID and ICA addressed the Conference. This was the last time between 1996-2012 that FID and ICA representatives made official presentations at the IFLA Conferences (IFLA Annual 1996). Conference papers included keynote speaker Dr. Fei Xiaotong on Libraries Oriented to the New Plurastic and Integrated World, and other open forum and contributed papers including Memory of the World Preserving our Documentary Heritage; The Internet and Society: Just Another Dream?; and Public Libraries and Economic Development in China (IFLA, 62nd IFLA General Conference, August 25-31, 1996, Beijing, China, IFLA Express #1). Poster session entries included Project of Establishing an International Information Resource Centre; Research Work of the UAP Core Program and Twinning Project for Libraries Worldwide; and A Prototype Interactive Information Literacy Module Accessible Through the World Wide Web (IFLA, 62nd IFLA General Conference, August 25-31, 1996, Beijing, China, Conference, Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the International Seminar on Authority Files, in St. Petersburg, Russia, in October 1995, Workshop of Parliamentary Librarians and Documentalists, in Estonia, in February 1996, and Libraries and Reading in Times of Cultural Changes in Vologda, Russia, in June 1996 (IFLA Council Report 1995-1997, 8; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 2, 165; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 322). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including discussion of the new IFLA Voucher Scheme; the name change of the Section of Acquisition and Exchange to the Section on Acquisition and Collection Development; the name change of the Round Table on Audiovisual Media to the Round Table on Audiovisual and Multimedia; and the announcement of the creation of the IFLA Working Group on Minimal Level Authority Record and International Standard Authority Data Number at the British Library, London, UK (IFLA Council Report 1995-1997, 24; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 1, 57). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the Medium-Term Program 1998-2001 was debated and the growth of the IFLA website was discussed (IFLA Council Report 1995-1997, 13; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 2, 253).

Year 1996

285

Treasury topics discussed included the increase in membership dues per the removal of the UNESCO subvention, how membership could be paid with UNESCO Coupons, and how a new line had been added to the budget to accommodate the IFLA website (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 1, 60; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 2, 142). IFLA’s newest Patron Sponsor, OCLC, contributed the conference bags (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 304, 324). Besides the five official languages of IFLA (English, French, German, Russian, and Spanish), translation was also offered in Chinese (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 1, 51). The Conference was covered heavily by Chinese media, including television and news broadcast. Delegates were met at the airport by television reporters with microphones and cameras asking “Are you a delegate?”, “What are your expectations of the IFLA Conference?”, and “Is this your first time in China?” (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 303). At the close of the Conference, Mr. Alain Peyrefitte, member of French Parliament and also a Senator and Mayor of the City of Provins, France, delivered a Guest Lecture designed to “bridge” the close of the IFLA Conference with the opening of the ICA Conference (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 310). The Conference was held at Beijing International Conference Center. Conference events involved a reception by the China Organizing Committee at the International Convention Center, a gala performance arranged by the Ministry of Culture, and a reception by Beijing City Government at the Great Hall of the People. Library tours were given of the National Library of China, Peking University Library, and the Department of Library and Information Science at Peking University. Full-day sight-seeing trips were offered to Tiananmen Square, the Summer Palace, the Great Wall, and other local sights (IFLA Journal 95, vol. 21, no. 3, 224; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 1, 51; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 4, 306; IFLA, 62nd IFLA General Conference, August 25-31, 1996, Beijing, China, IFLA Express #1; IFLA, 62nd IFLA General Conference, August 25-31, 1996, Beijing, China, IFLA Express #2). IFLA had a membership of 1,432 members in 138 countries. This broke down to 161 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,023 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 222 Personal Affiliates, and 26 Sponsors (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 2, 141). New members to IFLA this year included 18 organizations, six individuals, and one Basic Sponsor. Included in this were the Bulgarian Central Technological Library, the Social Management and Information Center of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Georgia, and Harrassowitz Booksellers and Subscription Agents in Germany (IFLA Annual Report 1996; IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 2, 147). Conference proceedings were recorded in IFLA Annual Report 1996, the IFLA Council Report 1995-1997, and on the IFLA website (IFLA Annual Re-

286 Chronology of Sessions port 1996; IFLA, 62nd IFLA General Conference, August 25-31, 1996, Beijing, China, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Executive Board decided to begin issuing the IFLA Journal six times a year beginning in 1997, up from four times a year (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 2, 142).

Year 1997

287

1997 The 63rd IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 31-September 5, with Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II serving as the Protector of the Conference (AL 97, vol. 28, no. 9, 26; Drake, 1410; IFLA, 63rd IFLA General Conference, August 31-September 5, 1997, Copenhagen, Denmark, Conference Program and Proceedings; IFLA Council Report 1997-1999, 48; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 1, 62; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 383). The Conference theme was Libraries and Information for Human Development (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 72 open sessions and 22 workshops, where 170 professional papers were presented. There were also 20 poster sessions offered and 185 booths in the Exhibits Area (IFLA Annual Report 1997; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 384, 387). The preconference was Bridging the Gap-Implementation of Information Technology in Developing Countries, held at the Royal School of Librarianship in Aalborg, Denmark. The event was attended by 34 participants (IFLA Annual Report 1997). Workshops offered at the Conference included Preservation of Audiovisual and Multimedia Documents; Resource Sharing in Medical Libraries: Informatics and Human Aspects; and Adapting Marketing to the Library and Information Environment (IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 1, 65). The Conference was attended by 2,976 participants representing 141 countries (IFLA Annual Report 1997). Through a DANIDA Travel Grant, the Danish Government invited 141 delegates from 81 developing countries to the IFLA Conference, supporting librarians who had never attended an IFLA Conference before (IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 385; Josey, 615). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Leo Voogt of The Netherlands (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Robert Wedgeworth, Dean of the School of Library Service, Columbia University in New York City, New York, US, until he completed his term during the Conference. There was an election and Christine Deschamps, Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes), Paris, France, became the President of IFLA (ALA, Robert Wedgeworth’s Biography; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 387; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002). In his last opening remarks as President, President Wedgeworth spoke of today’s “legal barriers and political pressures which are very real threats to the concept of service that libraries and librarians offered” (IFLA Annual Report 1997).

288 Chronology of Sessions The second official IFLA meeting of Chief Executive Officers and Presidents of National Libraries with IFLA’s Executive Board was held at Conference (IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 391). IFLA announced that it had mounted its first mirror website hosted by the Institute of Science and Technology (INIST) in Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. The site was a replica of IFLANET, IFLA’s website, which was hosted at the National Library of Canada, Ottawa, Canada (AL 97, vol. 28, no. 5, 31; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 2, 145). UNESCO Conference topics included the acceptance of the UNESCO Resolution on Permanent Paper, as well as the progress of the recent UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including an Internet Awareness Seminar in Pretoria, South Africa, to promote the potential for use of telematics by libraries in Africa (IFLA Annual Report 1997). Conference papers included guest lecturers Sir Roger Elliott on The Impact of Electronic Publishing on the Scientific Information Chain, Ursula Owen on Gateways to Freedom: Libraries and the Next Millennium, and Ester Sibanyoni on A Library for Community Development in Soshanguve (IFLA Annual Report 1997). Poster session entries included Worldwide Library Framework: Concept Overview; The Pacific Islands Association of Libraries and Archives: a Model for Library Associations in Developing Countries; and The Role of Libraries in Social Reforms in Russia (IFLA, 63rd IFLA General Conference, August 31September 5, 1997, Copenhagen, Denmark, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Conference on the Future of Communication Formats in Ottawa, Canada, in October 1996, and the 48th FID Conference in Graz, Austria, in October 1996 (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 3, 260; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 1, 74). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the passing of two major Council Resolutions: one to formally establish IFLA’s Committee on Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE), and the second formally establishing IFLA’s Committee on Copyright and other Legal Matters (CLM). There was also the announcement of six new Discussion Groups (including Performance Measurement in Academic Libraries, Reference Work, and Social Responsibilities), and the name change of the Advancement of Librarianship Program for the Third World to the Advancement of Librarianship Program (ALP) (Ershova, 39; IFLA Annual Report 1997; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 389; McCook, 9). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the finalized Medium Term Program 1998-2001 was discussed (IFLA Annual Report 1997).

Year 1997

289

The new Treasurer Derek Law of the UK presented his financial report. The report stated that this was the 5th year in succession that there had been a positive outcome in the treasury. The result was in part due to the great success of this Copenhagen Conference, which contributed more than twice the amount of any other Conference host to IFLA’s income. The support of the US National Commission for Library and Information Science on a feasibility study for a survey of documents on ethnic groups in Central America and Universal Availability of Publications seminar in Latin America were also discussed (IFLA Annual Report 1997; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 383, 394). IFLA Express, the daily newspaper of the IFLA Conference, was offered in French and English, and had been completely revamped to include a wide variety of topical news, “on the spot” interviews, and “feedback” about delegate’s Conference experiences (IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 386; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 287). All delegates were again given a CD-ROM which contained a ‘frozen’ snapshot of the IFLA website in their Conference bag (IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 387). The Conference ended with a ‘Grand Finale Hat Trick,’ in honor of Robert Wedgeworth’s completion of his term as President (IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 387, 389). The Conference was held at the Bella Center Congress Center. Conference events involved a reception at City Hall, a gala reception at the Oksnehallen hosted by the Danish Minister of Culture, and a reception at Folketing. There were 35 different library tours offered, including the Danish National Library for the Blind, the Danish Central Library for Immigrant Literature, and Roskilde University Library. After the Conference tours were arranged to famous castles and sights in the Danish countryside (IFLA Journal 94, vol. 20, no. 1, 67; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 1, 63; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 384). At this time, IFLA consisted of 45 Sections and Round Tables (IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 383). IFLA had a membership of 1,566 members in 146 countries. This broke down to 169 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,078 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 284 Personal Affiliates, and 35 Sponsors (IFLA Annual Report 1997; IFLA Council Report 1995-1997, 41-45; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 400). New members to IFLA this year included the Library and Information Association of South Africa, the Stichting Cultureel Centrum Suriname, the People’s Assembly of Republic of Albania, the Art Museum of San Francisco, and the US 3M Library Systems as a Sponsor. Over 50 delegates registered for IFLA membership during the Conference, an unprecedented number for any IFLA Conference (IFLA Annual Report 1997; IFLA Council Report 1997-

290 Chronology of Sessions 1999; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 1, 67; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 2, 145; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 3, 218; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 387). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 1997, in the IFLA Council Report 1995-1997, and on the IFLA website. This was the first IFLA Council Report to be published, and it not only replaced the IFLA Annual, but also added new layers of information in an attractive layout (IFLA Annual Report 1997; IFLA Council Report 1995-1997, 3; IFLA Council Report 1997-1999; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 3, 211; IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 3, 185; IFLA, 63rd IFLA General Conference, August 31-September 5, 1997, Copenhagen, Denmark, Conference Program and Proceedings). The first edition of the IFLA Officers Handbook was published, which gave detailed instruction to assist officers with all types of activities, both administrative and programmatic, ranging from detailing the responsibilities of Standing Committees members, to how to plan meetings and workshops at IFLA conferences, and how to budget for professional activities (IFLA Annual Report 1997).

Year 1998

291

1998 The 64th IFLA Session/General Conference was held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 15-21 (AL 98, vol. 29, no. 3, 6; Drake, 1410; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 3, 177; IFLA Council Report 1997-1999, 50; IFLA, 64th IFLA General Conference, August 16 - August 21, 1998, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was On Crossroads of Information and Culture (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 72 open sessions and 22 workshops, with 192 presented papers, as well as 495 exhibitors at 101 booths in the Exhibit Hall (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 336, 337; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 3, 179). Workshops held at Conference included Use of the Internet to Access Government Documents; The Disabled Reader’s Special Needs and Experiences of Library Services; and New Initiatives in Curating Rare Books and Manuscripts (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 1, 59). One of the preconferences was Convergence in the Digital Age: Challenges for Libraries, Museums and Archives, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 13-14 (IFLA, 64th IFLA General Conference, August 16- August 21, 1998, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference was attended by 3,300 participants representing 120 countries. The largest delegation was from the US with 275, then The Netherlands with 235, the UK with 146, the Russian Federation with 127, and France with 123 (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 331). The Netherlands Ministry of Development Aid and The Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science provided grants for delegates from developing countries and Eastern Europe. In addition, the Foundation and Resource Center of The Netherlands funded 25 participants with an emphasis on librarianship for the visually impaired, to attend the Conference (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 331-332). The registration fee was NLG 750 ($387, or $518 in 2010 US dollars) and hotel accommodations were NLG 120 ($62, or $83 in 2010 US dollars) to NLG 450 ($323, or $432 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (DollarTimes; Federal Reserve Statistical Release; IFLA Journal 92, vol. 18, no. 4, 399; IFLA Journal 97, vol. 23, no. 5/6, 402). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Leo Voogt of The Netherlands. During Conference he announced his upcoming retirement for January 1, 1999 (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 339). The IFLA President was Christine Deschamps, Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes), Paris, France (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Deschamps stated the three priorities of her presidential term: Education, Freedom of Expression, and Standardization (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 331).

292 Chronology of Sessions UNESCO Conference topics included discussion of the recent UNESCO/ IFLA contracts (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 3, 180). Conference papers included past President Herman Liebaers on IFLA 30 Years Ago-The Dramatic 34th Council and General Conference in Frankfurt am Main in 1968, and Algerian Journalist Ahmed Ancer who delivered the Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Guest Lecture on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information in the Conflict Situation in Algeria (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 336). As part of past President Herman Liebaers’ presentation, an “IFLA Old Timers” luncheon reunion was held, hosted by Margreet Wijnstroom, IFLA Secretary General from 1971-1987. More than 50 of the invited “old timers” accepted the invitation and attended the Conference event (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 336). Poster session entries included Library Service to Dyslexic People; Library Network of the Asian Part of Russia: Readiness for Cooperation; and Facing the Millennium: Ethical Concerns of Information Professionals (IFLA, 64th IFLA General Conference, August 16 - August 21, 1998, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Rights, Limitations, and Exceptions Conference in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in October 1997, the Regional Conference on Public Libraries in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in November 1997, the IFLA-ALP Funded Workshop on Library Advocacy in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, in November 1997, and the Expert Meeting for Schools of Library and Information Sciences in Africa, Dakar, Senegal, May 1998 (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 1, 68-69; IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 2, 128; IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 351). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including a Resolution on the Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Case of Armed Conflict and a Resolution on Permanent Paper (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 337). As part of the business discussion at Conference, there was discussion of how IFLA’s website was being integrated into the regular activities of IFLA, and of the new Working Group on IFLA’s Statutes and Rules of Procedures (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 4, 264; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 3, 177). The Conference was held at Amsterdam RAI Conference Center. The Opening Ceremony involved actors performing a live version of Rembrandt’s Night Watch painting, and balls of colored yarn were tossed through the audience to “weave everyone into the Web.” There was an evening reception in the RAI with slap-stick actors, a Dutch bluegrass band, salsa music, and a French can-can troupe; a reception at the Maritime Museum; and another reception at the New Metropolis Museum. There were visits to libraries in Belgium, The Hague, and Rotterdam, and a tour of the National Library of The Netherlands,

Year 1998

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which was celebrating its 200th anniversary. The Conference was ended with a disco night at the Paradiso Club (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 331, 337). IFLA had a membership of 1,654 members in 153 countries. This broke down to 173 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,121 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 322 Personal Affiliates, and 38 Sponsors (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 3, 177). New members to IFLA this year included the Myanmar Library Association and Hans Neschen A. G. as a Sustaining Sponsor (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 1, 61; IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 4, 276). For the first time, each Conference bag had an evaluation form in it, for the participants to fill out for the use of improving future conferences (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 337). All delegates were again given a CD-ROM in their Conference bag which contained a ‘frozen’ snapshot of the IFLA website (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 337). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 1998, in the IFLA Council Report 1997-1999, and on the IFLA website (IFLA Council Report 1997-1999; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 3, 117, 177-183; IFLA, 64th IFLA General Conference, August 16 -August 21, 1998, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Conference Program and Proceedings).

294 Chronology of Sessions

1999 The 65th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Bangkok, Thailand, August 20-28. Although an IFLA Session had previously been held in a developing country (in Manila, the Philippines in 1980), this was the first IFLA Council held in a developing country, as an IFLA Council Meeting was not held along with the 1980 Session (AL 99, vol. 30, no. 3, 6; Drake, 1410; IFLA Conference Proceedings; IFLA Council Report 1997-1999; 52; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 283; IFLA, 65th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 20-August 28, 1999, Bangkok, Thailand, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was On the Threshold of the 21st Century: Libraries as Gateways to an Enlightened World (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 218 professional meetings, where 159 professional papers were presented. There were also 23 workshops, 20 poster sessions and 109 booths in the Exhibit Hall (IFLA Annual Report 1999; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 283, 284, 285). A number of workshops were offered at Conference, including Uniform Resource Identifiers and the Library Community; Lifelong Learning in an Electronic Environment; and Management of Library Associations in Developing Countries. Pre-registration for workshops was discontinued for this Conference (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 1, 54; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 288). The preconference was Collecting and Safeguarding the Oral Heritage, held August 15-19, and was attended by 68 participants from 36 countries representing six continents (IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 1, 63; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 287, 310). The Conference was attended by 1,980 participants representing 117 countries, with the top delegations from the US with 310 delegates, Thailand with 305, China with 162, the Russian Federation with 112, and France with 102 delegates (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 283). A number of associations provided grants for participants to attend the Conference. The Danish DANIDA Travel Grant supported 40 colleagues from 35 development countries, the Open Society Institute (Soros Foundation) supported 40 colleagues from Russia and other republics of the former Soviet Union, and the French IFLA Committee brought 39 French-speaking colleagues from France and other French-speaking developing countries (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 285). The registration fee was $350 ($461 in 2010 US dollars) and hotel accommodations were $15 ($20 in 2010 US dollars) to $90 ($119 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 98, vol. 24, no. 1, 256). The new IFLA Secretary General was Ross Shimmon who had been at the [UK] Library Association for 15 years and had been Chief Executive since 1992. He was appointed to the Secretary General position in April 1999 (AL

Year 1999

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99, vol. 30, no. 3, 27; Bowker 00, 230; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 1, 47; IFLA, 75 Years of IFLA, 1927-2002). The IFLA President continued to be Christine Deschamps, Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes), Paris, France (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Deschamps stated “IFLA as an institution has been in existence for a very long time. As with any institution of this type, it is necessary from time to time to stand back and analyze the adequacy of existing structures to reflect economic and technological developments and the evolution of the library profession” (65th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference, August 20-August 28, 1999, Bangkok, Thailand, Presidential Address). UNESCO Conference topics included recent UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including a Worldwide Survey of Digitized Collections in Major Cultural Institutions and another to prepare Guidelines for Legal Deposit Legislation (IFLA Annual Report 1999; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 2, 113). Conference papers included Steve Cisler, US Association for Community Networking, on Telecenters: Libraries as Gateways to Networks, Basil Fernando, Asian Human Rights Commission, on Right to Life: Intellectual Freedom and the Need for Deep Dialogue between East and West, and Anad Panyarachun, former Prime Minister of Thailand, on Reaching the Information Gateways: An Unfinished Task. The Contributed Paper Session was discontinued as of this Conference (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 288). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the International Seminar on Universal Bibliographic Control in Mexico City, Mexico, in September 1998, the International Conference on National Bibliographic Services, in Copenhagen, Denmark, in November 1998, the First International Conference of Repository Libraries, in Kuopio, Finland, in May 1999, and the Preservation Management: Between Policy and Practice Conference in The Hague, The Netherlands, April 1999 (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 1, 60; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 2, 113, 118; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 4, 248). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including one to recognize separately elected treasurers as IFLA Officers in their own right, one to amend nomination procedures for standing committee members, and another to protect and safeguard oral traditions (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 290-291). As part of the business discussion at Conference, there was talk of the proposed changes to the Statutes and Rules of Procedures recommended by the Working Group (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 286). Treasurer Law’s financial report stated the Federation again had a small surplus after all the receipts were paid, but that there was a need for an increase

296 Chronology of Sessions in dues, which the Executive Board approved (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 286, 294-295). A new feature to the Conference this year was the sales of IFLA memorabilia at the IFLA Booth in the Exhibit Hall (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 285). This Conference premiered an Internet Café, an area in the Conference Center with internet accessible computers available for the use of delegates (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 285). For the first time, IFLA Express was offered in Spanish, as well as English and French (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 287). For the first time, a new system for paper distribution was utilized for this Conference. Since 1987, all participants had been given a complete set of preprinted booklets of all the papers in their Conference bag. The recent Conference survey found that participants would be fine accessing the papers online, so for this year only half of the normal amount of Conference papers were printed, with the bulk of the materials added to the IFLA website. Also, the booklets from the Divisions did not go into the bags this year. For a fifth year, SilverPlatter provided the IFLANET Unplugged CD-ROM snapshot of the IFLA website in the Conference bags (IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 283284, 288; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 57). The Conference was held at the Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Center. Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, serving as the patron of the Thai Library Association, delivered the keynote address, visited the exhibit, and granted IFLA’s Executive Board and chief executive officers an audience at Sala Dusidalai in Chitralada Palace. Conference events included a reception at Centre Hall, a gala dinner, and library tours ranging from visiting the National Library of Thailand to a floating library (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 1, 54; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 283). IFLA had a membership of 1,623 members in 144 countries. This broke down to 171 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,094 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 324 Personal Affiliates, and 34 Sponsors. In the past four years, 1995-1999, membership had risen 18% (IFLA Annual Report 1999; IFLA Council Report 1997-1999, 30). New members to IFLA this year included the Bolivian Association of Librarians of Oruro and the Georgian Association of Information Specialists (IFLA Annual Report 1999). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 1999, in the IFLA Council Report 1997-1999, and on the IFLA website (IFLA Annual Report 1999; IFLA Council Report 1997-1999, 52; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 3, 215; IFLA, 65th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 20– August 28, 1999, Bangkok, Thailand, Conference Program and Proceedings). The IFLA Council Report 1997-1999 was mailed to all IFLA members in November 1999 (IFLA Annual Report 1999).

Year 2000

297

2000 The 66th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Jerusalem, Israel, August 13-18. As IFLA went back to hosting a Council every year, the title of the Sessions standardized to ‘Council and General Conference’ between 2000-2007 (AL 00, vol. 31, no. 9, 30; Drake, 1410; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 363; IFLA, 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 13 - August 18, 2000, Jerusalem, Israel, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Information for Cooperation: Creating the Global Library of the Future (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 244 professional meetings where 179 Conference papers were presented. There were also 30 poster sessions, 36 workshops, and 62 exhibitors (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 363). Workshops at Conference included Subject Retrieval in a Multiscript, Multilingual Environment; Library and Research Services for Parliaments; and Historical Threads of Judaica and Hebraica Librarianship (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 60). Three satellite meetings were held in conjunction with the Conference: Marketing and Communication for Libraries, held in Haifa, Israel; Preservation of Newspapers, held in Paris, France; and the 16th annual Expert Meeting of the Section of Library and Research Services for Parliaments, held in Athens, Greece (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 366). The Conference was attended by more than 1,800 participants representing 93 countries. The largest delegations were the Israelis with 400, the US with 265, the Russian Federation with 107, France with 88, and the UK with 85 (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 363). There was an almost total boycott of the Conference by IFLA’s Islamic members. In President Deschamps closing speech she stated that the decision to hold the Conference in Israel was made years ago, and was not decided to make a political statement about the present Middle East situation. In protest, the Arab Federation for Libraries and Information (AFLI) hosted its Conference in competition of the IFLA Conference, on August 12-17, in Cairo, Egypt (AL 00, vol. 31, no. 9, 30; Drake, 1410; IFLA Annual Report 2000, 9; IFLA Conference Proceedings; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 367-368, 369-370). The registration fee was $375 ($481 in 2010 US dollars) and hotel accommodations were $78 ($100 in 2010 US dollars) to $90 ($115 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 58). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Ross Shimmon of the UK (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Christine Deschamps, Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes), Paris, France (IFLA Archive).

298 Chronology of Sessions In her opening remarks, President Deschamps outlined her current duties and announced that the recent budget surplus allowed for a decrease in membership fees for institutional members in the least developed countries (IFLA Annual Report 2000, 5; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 337). There was discussion about the Committee on Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression’s (FAIFE) sharply worded open letter to Cuban President Fidel Castro, calling for an end to the harassment of the country’s independent libraries (AL 99, vol. 30, no. 10, 27; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 61). For the first time, the IFLA Prize for Best Newsletter was given out. It was awarded to the Newsletter of the Section of Libraries for the Blind (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 365). UNESCO Conference topics included discussion of UNESCO’s ratification of the IFLA School Library Manifesto (IFLA Annual Report 2000, 10; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 68). Conference papers included G. Y. Baklanov on The Role of Word and Book in Covering History, Steve Shrybman on Information, Commodification, and the World Trade Organization, and Arne Ruth on the Outsiders as Insider: Speaking Earnest about the Rushdie Case (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 366). Poster session entries included Lifelong Learning in an Increasingly Globalized World of Information: An Information Literacy Project for K-12 Community; The Management of the Scientific Information Environment: the Role of Research Library Web Site; and Multicultural Exchange and Partnership among Feminists NGOs as a Fundamental Motivation for Creating Women's Network in Croatian Librarianship (IFLA, 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 13 - August 18, 2000, Jerusalem, Israel, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Universal Bibliographic Control and UNIMARC Conference in Tbilisi, Georgia, in October 1999, Towards A South Asia Knowledge Network (TASKNET) Conference in New Delhi, India, in November 1999, and the Networking for Library Development in the Arab States Conference, held in Beirut, Lebanon, in March 2000 (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 71; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 2, 143; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 376). A number of announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the Reference Work Discussion Group becoming the Reference Work Section (IFLA Annual Report 2000, 7). As part of Conference Business, the revised Statutes and Rules of Procedures were discussed and adopted. These were the first major changes to the Statutes since 1976. Some of these changes included having a Council Meeting every year (under the previous Rules, Council only met every other year),

Year 2000

299

shortening the President’s term to two years, the introduction of a two-year President-Elect position, and that the President-Elect and members of the Governing Board would be elected by postal ballot. IFLA made these changes in its Statutes to enable its members to meet the challenges of the future. The objective of this change was to make the electoral and governing processes of IFLA more democratic in nature and facilitate participation of its members in each of the world’s regions in its affairs (Bowker 00, 230; Carroll, 35; Feather, 234; IFLA Annual Report 2000, 5, 6; IFLA Journal 99, vol. 25, no. 5/6, 286; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 2, 133). Other business at Conference included a discussion of the Executive Board’s decision to cancel the official preconferences held in odd years before the Conference, and in their place from time to time sponsor a satellite meeting on a topic proposed by the organizing committee in cooperation with the Professional Board. The decision of the Executive Board to route some funds to conservation work in Prishtina, Kosovo, in conjunction with work with the International Committee of the Blue Shield was also discussed. It was also announced that the Medium Term Programs would no longer be published after 2001, rather professional units were to be requested to draft two-year Strategic Plans, starting with the 2002-2003 term (IFLA Annual Report 2000, 7; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 57, 58; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 133). Treasurer Law’s financial report stated the budget was positive and thus allowed the lowering of some of the membership fees and the introduction of a Student Affiliate Membership. The continuation of the Danish DANIDA Travel Grant was also discussed (IFLA Annual Report 2000, 5; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 64; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 365). The Conference was held at the International Convention Center, which was the largest conference center in the Middle East. Shimon Peres, former Prime Minister of Israel and Nobel Prize Winner, was to speak at the Opening, but was called away on a diplomatic mission just before the Conference convened. Conference events involved a reception with a folklore performance, a Cultural Evening at the Israel Museum, and post-Conference tours to Masada and the Dead Sea (IFLA Journal 96, vol. 22, no. 1, 54; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 1, 59; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 363). IFLA had a membership of 1,696 members in 152 countries. This broke down to 170 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,125 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 365 Personal Affiliates, and 36 Corporate Partners (IFLA Annual Report 2000, 12). New members to IFLA this year were not listed by the IFLA Membership Office (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 1, 42). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2000 and on the IFLA website (IFLA Annual Report 2000; IFLA, 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 13 - August 18, 2000, Jerusalem, Israel, Conference Program and Proceedings).

300 Chronology of Sessions As the change in the IFLA Statutes stated that the Council Meeting again was to be held every year, instead of every other year as it had been since 1980, the bi-annual Council Reports were set to be replaced by IFLA Annual Reports (IFLA Annual Report 2000, 6).

Year 2001

301

2001 The 67th IFLA Session/Council and General Conference was held in Boston, Massachusetts, US, August 16-25 (IFLA Annual Report 2001; IFLA, 67th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 16 - August 25, 2001, Boston, Massachusetts, US, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Libraries and Librarians: Making a Difference in the Knowledge Age (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 70 Open Sessions where 160 papers were presented. There were also 100 business meetings, 60 poster sessions, 25 workshops, four industry updates, and 11 satellite meetings that took place around North America (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 348-349). The preconference was themed Library Consortia, and was held August 16-17 at Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts, US. It was attended by over 150 people from 25 nations (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 351). The Conference was attended by 5,300 participants - nearly 300 more than any previous Conference - representing 150 countries. This was the largest IFLA Conference to date in its first 85 year history, with more countries represented than ever. The largest delegation was the US with 1,300, then China with 166, the Russian Federation with 145, the UK with 132, France with 115, and Canada with 108 (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 348). More than 150 delegates were able to attend because of the grants from the US National Organizing Committee (supporting 91 delegates), the Danish DANIDA Travel Grant (30), the French IFLA Committee (26), the [UK] Library Association (3) and the Norwegian Library Association (3) (IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 373; IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 348). The registration fee was $350 ($434 in 2010 US dollars) and hotel accommodations were $155 ($192 in 2010 US dollars) to $200 ($248 in 2010 US dollars) for a single room (DollarTimes; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 372). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Ross Shimmon of the UK (IFLA Archive). Kay Raseroka, Director of Library Services at the University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, was elected IFLA President-Elect by postal ballot, as well as a number of Board Members. As the President-Elect automatically became President after two years of service, this was the first time an IFLA President was elected by general postal ballot, under the new Statutes adopted at the 2000 Jerusalem, Israel, Conference (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 4, 273). The IFLA President continued to be Christine Deschamps, Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes), Paris, France. As her first term was up, and she ran unopposed, she was elected to another two year term, lasting until August 2003 (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 3, 178).

302 Chronology of Sessions In her opening remarks, President Deschamps said “IFLA is developing well and perhaps thanks to the important decisions made or implemented over the course of the year” (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 297). At Conference, President Deschamps and the ALA President John Berry launched a joint Campaign for the World’s Libraries (IFLA Annual Report 2001, 5). Conference topics included the new Public Library Guidelines, the new Licensing Principles, and the new Principles and Guidelines for International Lending and Document Delivery (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 3, 185, 187; IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 349). UNESCO Conference topics included their decision to renew ‘formal associate relations’ status with IFLA for the period 2002-2007, which was the highest level of relationship accorded to non-governmental organizations by UNESCO (IFLA Annual Report 2001, 10). Conference papers included keynote speaker Jonathan Kozol, James Billington on Humanizing the Information Revolution, Beverly Lynch on Leadership in Libraries: Theory and Practice, and Laurence Prusak on What is Knowledge Management and Why is it Important? (IFLA, 67th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 16 - August 25, 2001, Boston, Massachusetts, US, Conference Program and Proceedings). Poster session entries included The Science and Technology Information Network of the Philippines (ScINET-PHIL) Experience; Development of a Cooperative Resource Sharing Agreement in the Country of Lebanon; and MINERVA: The Web Preservation Project of the Library of Congress (IFLA, 67th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 16 - August 25, 2001, Boston, Massachusetts, US, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including Global 2000-The Information Age: Challenges & Opportunities: A Worldwide Conference on Special Librarianship in Brighton, UK, in October 2000, and the UNESCO Infoethics Conference in Paris, France, in November 2000 (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 1, 48, 49). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including a resolution about the US embargo against Cuba (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 350). As part of the business discussion at Conference, there was talk about the December 2000 announcement out of the National Library of Canada, Ottawa, that it could no longer support the Universal Dataflow and Telecommunications Core Activity, which included IFLA’s website (IFLA Annual Report 2000, 8). Additional business discussion at Conference centered around the first meeting of the new Governing Board and of the two adopted measures of the Council that created new membership categories (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 350).

Year 2001

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Treasurer Law’s financial report stated IFLA was in a healthy financial situation. Further Treasury discussion centered around the changing of the European currencies to the Euro on January 1, 2002, with the Executive Board agreeing to conversion to the Euro at the same time (IFLA Annual Report 2001, 5; IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 1, 41). The Conference was held at the John B. Hynes Veterans Memorial Convention Center. Conference events involved a reception at the Boston Public Library, a Cultural Reception at the Museum of Science, and receptions and Cultural Performances at the Boston State House, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Mayor of Boston declared Monday August 20, 2001 to be IFLA Day in the city (IFLA Annual Report 2001, 9; IFLA Journal 00, vol. 26, no. 5/6, 372-373). The IFLA Express was offered every morning of the Conference, in English, French, Spanish, and for the first time, Russian (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 349). The Conference Bag contained a CD-ROM of papers provided by Ovid Technologies (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 349). The Royal School of Library and Information Science in Copenhagen, Denmark, conducted the conference evaluation again, as they had done the last four Conferences (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 349). IFLA had a membership of 1,781 members in 155 countries. This broke down to 172 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,154 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 419 Personal Affiliates, and 16 Corporate Partners (IFLA Annual Report 2001, 12). New members to IFLA this year included the Azerbaijan Library Development Association, the Papua New Guinea Library Association, the Pacific Islands Association of Libraries and Archives of Guam, and the Tanzania Library Association (IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 1, 42; IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 2, 107; IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 3, 180; IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 4, 274; IFLA Journal 01, vol. 27, no. 5/6, 353). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2001 and on the IFLA website (IFLA, 67th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 16 - August 25, 2001, Boston, Massachusetts, US, Conference Program and Proceedings; IFLA Annual Report 2001). Other significant publications for the year included the Public Library Service: IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines for Development and the IFLA/FAIFE World Report on Libraries and Intellectual Freedom (IFLA Annual Report 2001, 5).

304 Chronology of Sessions

2002 The 68th IFLA General Conference and Council was held in Glasgow, Scotland, UK, August 18-24. The Conference was held in Scotland in celebration of IFLA’s 75th anniversary, as IFLA was ‘born’ at the 50th anniversary of the [UK] Library Association meeting in Edinburgh in 1927. The Conference also corresponded with the 125th anniversary of the [UK] Library Association. This was the first time that a Session title featured the word ‘Conference’ before the ‘Council’ (IFLA Annual Report 2002; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 1, 9, 41; IFLA, 68th IFLA General Conference and Council, August 18 - August 24, 2002, Glasgow, Scotland, UK, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Libraries for Life: Democracy, Diversity, Delivery (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 220 professional meetings where 166 papers were delivered. There were also 58 poster sessions, 25 workshops, 6 satellite meetings, and 126 exhibitors (IFLA Annual Report 2002, 9, 10; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 233). The Conference was attended by 4,300 participants representing 131 countries. The UK delegation was the largest with 1,443, with over 500 from the US, 158 from the Russian Federation, 145 from France, 140 from The Netherlands, and over 100 from China (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 233). More than 85 delegates were able to attend because of the US Fellowship Program, the French IFLA Committee, and other various national library associations’ donations. Because of changes in government policy, the Danish DANIDA Travel Grants were not able to be offered this year (IFLA Annual Report 2002, 9; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 234). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Ross Shimmon of the UK (IFLA Archive). The IFLA President continued to be Christine Deschamps, Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes), Paris, France (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Deschamps spoke of IFLA’s relations with other international organizations, including UNESCO, the World Trade Organization, the International Standardization Organization, and the International Committee of the Blue Shield (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 243244). President-Elect Kay Raseroka, Director of Library Services at the University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, hosted a brainstorming session at Conference on the topic Bridging the Digital Divide. Nearly 200 participants attended the discussion (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 339). Conference topics included Council’s adoption of the new IFLA Internet Manifesto in response to the September 11, 2001 events in the US; the transfer of the responsibility of the IFLA website from the National Library of Canada

Year 2002

305

to IFLA Headquarters with the server site being the Institute of Science and Technology (INIST) in Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France, with mirror sites in the National Library of Singapore, and the Queens Borough Public Library in New York City, New York, US; and the possible fate of the Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC (UBCIM) programs (IFLA Annual Report 2002, 5, 7; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 2, 81, 85; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 129, 201). UNESCO Conference topics included UNESCO/IFLA contracts, including Guidelines for Digitization of Materials Held in Libraries and Archives (jointly with ICA) and the preparation for new editions of existing IFLA/UNESCO publications (IFLA Annual Report 2002, 11). The dissolution of FID (1895-2002) was also discussed at Conference (Buckland). Conference papers included the keynote speaker, Nobel Prize-winning poet Seamus Heaney on Stiles and Stacks, UK Children’s Laureate Anne Fine on Losing Sight of the Library Child and Martin Nakata on Indigenous Knowledge and the Cultural Interface: Underlying Issues at the Intersection of Knowledge and Information Systems (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 233). Poster session entries included The Italian Research Library Service and its Users; BAILER - British Association for Information and Library Education and Research; and Content Access and Preservation in Algeria: CERIST Approach and Initiatives (IFLA, 68th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 18 - August 24, 2002, Glasgow Scotland, UK, Conference Program and Proceedings). One of the features of the Conference was a Mobilemeet, where 39 bookmobiles from around Europe were on display (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 233). Another special feature to this Conference, was the first Fun Run to be held in conjunction with an IFLA Conference (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 233). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Electronic Library Workshop in New Delhi, India, in January 2002 (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 2, 88). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the Glasgow Declaration on Libraries, Information Services, and Intellectual Freedom and the Statement on Libraries and Sustainable Development (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 335). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the ten IFLA Round Tables were dissolved, with eight reformed and continued as IFLA Sections; the Governing Board decided to adopt the title “World Library and Information Congress” for future IFLA annual Conferences (with the existing title being

306 Chronology of Sessions retained as a sub- title); and Congrex Holland was appointed conference organizer for the 2005-2011 conferences (IFLA Annual Report 2002, 5; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 343). Treasurer Law’s financial report stated IFLA had made the transfer to the Euro system at the beginning of 2002, and detailed the severe lack of funding for the Core Activities programs (IFLA Annual Report 2002, 7, 8). The conference bags given to the delegates contained two pamphlets which offered a historical overview of the organization for the 75th anniversary, A Brief History of IFLA 1927-2002, and IFLA 75th Anniversary (Henry, 1; IFLA Annual Report 2002, 9). For a fifth year in a row, the Royal School of Library and Information Science in Copenhagen, Denmark, conducted the conference evaluation. They again published the findings, such as: the average age of an IFLA delegate for the Glasgow Conference was 48 (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 329). The Conference was held at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Center. During the Opening Ceremony, delegates sang “Happy Birthday” to IFLA, to honor its 75th anniversary. Conference events involved a reception at the newly opened Science Center and a day trip to Edinburgh for a reception at the Museum of Scotland and a performance of the Military Tattoo on Edinburg Castle’s Esplanade. After the Conference, trips to tour the Highlands were offered (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 1, 41; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 233). IFLA had a membership of 1,711 members in 151 countries. This broke down to 165 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,099 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 414 Personal/Student Affiliates, and 33 Corporate Partners (IFLA Annual Report 2002, 12). New members to IFLA this year included the US International Children’s Literacy Corps, the Library and Information Association of Eritrea, the Library Association of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and Corporate Partners Instant Library Limited from the UK and Ebrary from the US (IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 1, 42; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 2, 86; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 3, 154; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 4, 204; IFLA Journal 02, vol. 28, no. 5/6, 347). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2002 and on the IFLA website (IFLA, IFLA Annual Report 2002; IFLA, 68th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 18 - August 24, 2002, Glasgow Scotland, UK, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference, a new set of contracts between IFLA and K. G. Saur Publishers were signed, regulating the publication of the IFLA Publications monograph series and the IFLA Journal (IFLA Annual Report 2002, 10).

Year 2003

307

2003 The 69th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Berlin, Germany, August 1-9. From 2002008, the Sessions were titled ‘World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council’ (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 5; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 246; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 1- August 9, 2003, Berlin, Germany, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Access Point Library-Information-Culture (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 135). The Conference involved 234 professional meetings, where 197 papers were presented. There were also 80 poster sessions, 12 Satellite Meetings either before or after the Conference, and 159 exhibitors (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 11). The Conference was attended by 4,500 participants representing 133 countries. The largest delegation was from the host country with 972, then the US with 495, the UK with 227, The Netherlands with 170, China with 151, and France with 148 (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 11; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 203). More than 80 participants were able to attend this Conference because of donations from a variety of sponsors (IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 203). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Ross Shimmon of the UK. This was his last full year to serve as he announced his retirement for spring 2004 (IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 255). The IFLA President-Elect election was held and Alex Byrne, University Librarian, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, was voted into the position (IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 258). The IFLA President continued to be Christine Deschamps, Director of the Library of the University Paris V (René Descartes), Paris, France until she completed her term at the Conference and Kay Raseroka, Director of Library Services at the University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, took her place as President. President Raseroka was IFLA's first President from Africa, and also the first from a non-American and non-European country. President Raseroka’s Presidential theme for the next two years was: Libraries for Lifelong Literacy (IFLA Annual Report 2001, 5; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 203, 246). In her opening remarks, President Deschamps stated that many new countries were being represented on the Governing Board, which showed IFLA’s “fierce determination to bring together librarians of all countries, including the least privileged.” She also spoke of the many achievements that had been made during her tenure as President, the most important of which she felt were the new 2000 Statutes (IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 203, 246).

308 Chronology of Sessions Conference topics included the International Committee of the Blue Shield’s Statements on Afghanistan, the Middle East, and Iraq (IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 2, 165-166). UNESCO Conference topics included UNESCO/IFLA projects, such as the new IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines, and preparation of new editions of existing IFLA/UNESCO publications (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 13). Conference papers included keynote speaker publisher Klaus G. Saur, Adama Samassekou on the upcoming World Summit on the Information Society, and Jean-Pierre Arnoult on Update Session on Iraq, where he spoke on the destruction and looting of libraries in Iraq (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 11; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 246, 251-252). Poster session entries included Assessment: A Key Element of a Successful Information Literacy Program; ESSPER- WP: All the Colors of Italian Grey Literature in Economics and Social Science; and The Development of a Database of Educational Web Sites to Promote Scientific Literacy Among People of all Ages (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 1- August 9, 2003, Berlin, Germany, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Conference on Knowledge Management and the Digital Age in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in March 2003, the Workshop on Bridging the Digital Divide in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in March 2003, and the first IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloging Code in Frankfurt, Germany, in July 2003 (IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 2, 170-171; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 4, 400). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including three resolutions which implied statutory changes of certain voting, election, and representation procedures, and discussion on the World Summit on the Information Society, National Security Legislation, Libraries in Iraq, and Women’s Issues (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 7). The first IFLA Medals were awarded to Hans-Jürgen Schubert, Derek Law, and Georg Rupelt. The Medals were awarded by the Governing Board to persons who had made a distinguished contribution either to IFLA or to international librarianship (IFLA, IFLA Medal). Treasurer Law’s financial report stated that for the first time, the Core Activities budgets appeared fully integrated into IFLA’s Annual Financial Statement (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 7). The Conference was held at the International Congress Centre. Conference events included an Opening Party at the Palais am Funkturm, a Cultural Evening at the Scharoun Building of the Berlin State Library-Prussian Cultural Heritage Center, library visits, and then tours of the local countryside (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 11).

Year 2003

309

IFLA had a membership of 1,707 members in 154 countries. This broke down to 177 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,091 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 406 Personal/Student Affiliates, and 30 Corporate Partners (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 14). New members to IFLA this year included The Gambia Library and Information Services Association, the Gabon Association of Documentalists, the Indonesian Library Association, and the Israel Librarians and Information Specialists Association (IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 2, 172; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 261; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 4, 395). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2003 and the IFLA website, and in the annual reports of each of the Core Activities (IFLA Annual Report 2003; IFLA Annual Report 2004, 8; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 1-August 9, 2003, Berlin, Germany, Conference Program and Proceedings). The IFLA Journal went from 6 issues a year back to 4 issues annually, while keeping the same amount of editorial pages per year (360-400) (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 8).

310 Chronology of Sessions

2004 The 70th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 22-27. This was IFLA’s first Conference in South America (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 276). The Conference theme was Libraries: Tools for Education and Development (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 136). The Conference involved 222 professional meetings, where 189 papers were presented. There were also 80 poster sessions, and 96 exhibitors (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 10). There were a number of satellite meetings held in conjunction with the Conference, including Improving Virtual Customer-Relationships in the Information Environment by the Management and Marketing Section in São Paolo, Brazil, attended by almost 150 participants from 26 countries; and a meeting held in the University of San Andres, Buenos Aires, where 45 participants from 20 countries met to advance the IFLA International Cataloging Principles to replace the 1961 Paris Principles (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 11; IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 276). The Conference was attended by almost 4,000 participants representing 121 countries. As typical, the host country had the largest delegation with 618, the US had 355, Brazil had 117, China had 110, Chile had 109, and the Russian Federation had 102 (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 10). Nearly 450 delegates were able to attend the Conference because of support from various donors (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 11). This Conference hosted the largest Spanish-speaking contingency of any IFLA Conference to date (35%), as well as the largest South American delegation to date (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 6; IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 275). The IFLA Secretary General was Ross Shimmon of the UK, until he retired March 2004, ending his five-year stay. Rasu Ramachandran, Director of the National Library and Deputy Chief Executive of the National Library of Singapore and Secretary General of the Congress of Southeast Asian Librarians, and winner of the 1982 Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant, was appointed to the position starting April 1, 2004. He served until the beginning of December 2004, but had to resign for personal reasons. IFLA Professional Coordinator Sjoerd Koopman then took over as Acting Secretary General until spring 2005 (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 7; IFLA Archive; IFLA Journal 86, vol. 12, no. 2, 131; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 4, 394). The IFLA President-Elect continued to be Alex Byrne, University Librarian, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. He chose as his upcoming Presidential theme for 2005-2007: Partnership (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 7).

Year 2004

311

The IFLA President continued to be Kay Raseroka, Director of Library Services at the University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, President Raseroka praised the rich history of South American libraries, as this was IFLA’s first Conference in South America (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 272). Conference topics included IFLA’s stance against the US Government’s regulations limiting the exchange of information materials, and IFLA and the International Publishers Association joint statement Publishers and Librarians Promote Freedom of Expression on the Internet (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 11; IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 3, 247). UNESCO Conference topics included the IFLA developed Guidelines for the Use of Internet through Libraries (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 13). Conference papers included keynote speaker Argentine novelist Tomas Eloy Martinez on The Book in Times of Globalization, Argentine Nobel Peace Prize winner Adolfo Perez Esquivel on The Walls of Information and Freedom, and Ismail Serageldin, Director of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 275, 277, 284). Poster session entries included Digital Reference Guidelines: Paving the Way for Collaborative Reference; Library Service for the Blind in Argentina; and Multiculturalism in Action: An International Survey of Library Associations (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 70th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 22- August 27, 2004, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Conference Program and Proceedings). This was the first Conference where many of the newly formed Sections, previously Round Tables, had the opportunity to meet for the first time (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 275). The new Core Activity, the Council of Directors of National Libraries/IFLA Alliance for Bibliographic Standards (ICABS), presented its program and informed the delegates of its activities for the first time (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 275). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Libraries @ the Heart of the Information Society at UN Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in November 2003, and the World Summit on the Information Society, Phase 1 in Geneva, Switzerland, in December 2003 (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 1, 71; IFLA Annual Report 2003, 9). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the former Serial Publications Section being renamed the Serials and Other Continuing Resources Section, and the Advancement of Librarianship Program (ALP) became the Action for Development through Libraries Program (ALP) (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 1, 64; IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 2 , 179).

312 Chronology of Sessions As part of Conference, there was discussion about the first formal internal and external review of a Core Activity (Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression-FAIFE) that had been conducted recently, as well as the review all of the Sections were having. Additionally the new membership category ‘Other Associations’ was discussed (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 5, 6). After much discussion, a new model for IFLA’s leading concept for the years to come was approved: IFLA’s Three Pillars: Society, Members, and Profession (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 7). The new Treasurer, Ingrid Parent of Canada, presented her financial report. The report stated that the financial situation of the Federation gave reasons for concern due to unexpected expenses during 2004 which principally related to the replacement of the Secretary General, taxation advice, and the advocacy efforts of the World Summit on the Information Society. It was also noted that The Netherlands Federation of Library, Archives, and Documentation (FOBID) had given €50,000 ($60,500 or $68,650 in 2010 US dollars) to the IFLA Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Core Activity, and the Library of Alexandrina had provided funds for IFLA to host a preconference to the World Summit on the Information Society in November 2005 (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual Report 2004, 6, 8; IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 1, 62). A new feature to Conference was a raffle, with donations offered by participants who brought gifts from their own countries. These gifts were raffled off to raise funds to pay for delegates from the developing world to attend future IFLA conferences (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 276). At Conference, a record number of sessions had simultaneous interpretation (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 276). IFLA’s website continued to be the Federation’s main communication tool, with a number of improvements to the site discussed at Conference, including the refurbishing of the appearance of the site and the implementation of a large number of additional discussion lists (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 8). IFLA was composed of 47 Sections, grouped under 8 Divisions (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 8). The Conference was held at the Hilton Hotel and Conference Center Buenos Aires. The Opening Session was held at the Colon Opera House. Conference events involved a large opening party at Parque Norte and a Cultural Evening, including folklore and tango music, dancing and singing, at the Opera Theater. Tours were also offered to a number of libraries, including the Argentine National Library, the Argentine Catholic University, and the Supreme Court Main Library. Post-Conference tours of local sights were also offered (IFLA Annual Report 2004, 11; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 70th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 22- August 27, 2004, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Conference Program and Proceedings).

Year 2004

313

IFLA had a membership of 1,670 members in 146 countries. This broke down to 171 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,085 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 383 Personal/Student Affiliates, and 31 Corporate Partners (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 14). New members to IFLA this year included the Georgian Library Association and Corporate Partner the US’ Annual Reviews (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 1, 62; IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 323). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2004, the IFLA website, and in the annual reports of each of the Core Activities and Sections (IFLA Annual Report 2004; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 70th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 22- August 27, 2004, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Conference Program and Proceedings). IFLA Journal switched publishers from K. G. Saur Publishers, who had produced the title for the last 30 years, to the UK’s Sage Publications (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 4, 269).

314 Chronology of Sessions

2005 The 71st IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Oslo, Norway, August 14-18 (IFLA Annual Report 2005; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 71st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 14- August 18, 2005, Oslo, Norway, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Libraries - A Voyage of Discovery (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 136). The Conference involved 216 professional meetings, where approximately 200 papers were presented. Additionally, there were 17 satellite meetings organized immediately prior to, or directly following the Conference, and there were 94 exhibitors (IFLA Annual Report 2005, 11, 12). The Conference was attended by almost 3,000 participants representing 133 countries. The host country had the largest delegation with 383, then the US with 382, Sweden with 227, China with 162, the UK with 161, and Korea with 128 (IFLA Annual Report 2005, 11). Some 75 delegates were able to attend the Conference thanks to support from various donors (IFLA Annual Report 2005, 12). Peter Johan Lor, Professor in the Department of Information Science at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, was appointed Secretary General of IFLA beginning February 15, 2005, taking over from IFLA Professional Coordinator Sjoerd Koopman who had served as Acting Secretary General since December 2004 (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 1, 96). The IFLA President-Elect postal election was held and Claudia Lux, Director General of the Central and Regional Library, Berlin, Germany, was voted into the position, with her Presidential term slated for 2007-2009 (IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 258). The IFLA President continued to be Kay Raseroka, Director of Library Services at the University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, until she completed her term during Conference. President-Elect Alex Byrne, University Librarian, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, then assumed the position of IFLA President (IFLA Archive). In her opening remarks, her last as President, President Raseroka said the main focus of her presidency had been to facilitate transition and change of IFLA, based on the outcome of consultations with members, leading to advocacy, partnerships and alliances, and continued professional development (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 4, 350). Conference topics included discussion of the devastation of the December 26, 2004, tsunami in the Indian Ocean (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 1, 5, 93). UNESCO Conference topics included the Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization, as well as a number of projects that had been initiated and executed with the support of UNESCO

Year 2005

315

funding, including two in the area of information literacy (IFLA Annual Report 2005, 13; IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 1, 103). Conference papers included keynote speaker Norwegian history professor Francis Seiersted on Freedom of Information in a Modern Society, Sri Lankan National Librarian Upali Amarasiri on Development of Tsunami Affected Libraries in Sri Lanka, and Norwegian professor Ole Henrik Magga on Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IFLA, IFLA Annual Report 2005, 11). Poster session entries included Bibliographic Description of the Karamanlidika (Karamanli) Collection: Bibliographic Analysis Through WorldCat; E-LIS E-prints in Library and Information Science; and The Library and Education Assistance Foundation for Vietnam (LEAF-VN: The Success Story of a Small Non-Profit Library Foundation (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 71st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 14- August 18, 2005,Oslo, Norway, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including Censorship and Access to Information: History and the Present International Conference, in St. Petersburg, Russia, in March 2005, and the Freedom and Information Conference in Burleigh Court, UK, in June 2005 (IFLA Journal 04, vol. 30, no. 3, 248). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including IFLA’s protests over closure of libraries and violation of human rights in Turkmenistan, IFLA’s call on the Chinese Government to end censorship of internet access and allow freedom of expression online, and IFLA’s position on internet governance (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 3, 271, 273; IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 4, 371). As part of Conference, there was discussion about the management and organization of the conferences by Congrex, which put far less burden on the host country’s local library association, and thus opened IFLA up to meet in countries in which the local profession had thus far hesitated because the enormous commitment a Congress entailed (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 4, 360). The first successful peer evaluation of the office of Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE), in Copenhagen, Denmark, was also discussed (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 4, 361). The continued expansion of the IFLA website was discussed. It had 20,000 subscribers to the 45 different discussion lists, with all Conference papers from 1994 to date available online (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 4, 362). Treasurer Parent’s financial report stated that 2005 had been difficult, in part as the membership of IFLA had not grown since 2000. Also a first step towards future additional financial sources was made by the establishment of an IFLA Fund during the Conference. Good news was that the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) had donated €2.4 million ($3.5 million

316 Chronology of Sessions in 2010 US dollars) for the period 2005-2009, to fund the Action for Development through Libraries Program (ALP) and Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) (DollarTimes; IFLA Annual Report 2005, 6, 7; IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 4, 360; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 364; XE). The Conference was held at Oslo Spektrum Conference Center and in the Conference hotel, the Hotel Radisson Plaza. The Opening Session was attended by His Majesty King Harald of Norway. Social events included an Opening Party at the Spektrum Conference Center, a Cultural Evening at the Open Air Norwegian Folk Museum in Bygdoy, an opening party at the new National Library and receptions in various locations hosted by the Mayor of Oslo (IFLA Annual Report 2005, 11, 12). At the time, IFLA staff numbered less than 20 full-time employees (IFLA Annual Report 2005, 5). IFLA had a membership of 1,643 members in 145 countries. This broke down to 171 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,096 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 351 Personal/Student Affiliates, and 25 Corporate Partners (IFLA Annual Report 2003, 14). New members to IFLA this year included the Moroccan National Association of Informationists, and Corporate Partner the UK’s ProQuest Information and Learning (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 1, 97; IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 3, 275; IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 4, 372). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2005, on the IFLA website, and in the annual reports of each of the Core Activities and Sections (IFLA Annual Report 2005; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 71st IFLA Council and General Conference, August 14- August 18, 2005, Oslo, Norway, Conference Program and Proceedings).

Year 2006

317

2006 The 72nd IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Seoul, South Korea, August 20-24 (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 1; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 72nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 20- August 24, 2005, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Libraries: Dynamic Engines for the Knowledge and Information Society (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 136). The Conference involved 215 professional meetings, where 380 papers (including translations) were presented. In addition, there were 85 poster sessions, 89 exhibitors, and seven satellite meetings immediately prior to the Conference (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 11, 12). A preconference titled Management and Marketing in a Multicultural Worlds was held in Shanghai, China, August 16-17 (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 4, 379). The Conference was attended by more than 4,000 participants representing 124 countries. This number included 2,891 full participants, 447 day visitors, 522 separate exhibition registrations, and 522 accompanying persons. The largest delegation was from Korea with 1,367 participants, then the US with 366, China with 233, and Japan with 228 (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 7, 11; IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 4, 275). Some 35 delegates were able to attend the conference because of donations of various donors, including the government of South Korea (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 12). The IFLA Secretary General was Peter Johan Lor of South Africa (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 7). The IFLA President-Elect continued to be Claudia Lux, Director General of the Central and Regional Library, Berlin, Germany (IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 258). The IFLA President was Alex Byrne, University Librarian, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia (IFLA, IFLA Annual Report 2006, 2). In his opening Remarks, President Byrne cautioned, “Events over the past month have forcibly reminded us that we continue to live in uncertain times; in times in which the desire for peace and justice is too often subsumed by the rages of hatred and violence, often fuelled by ignorance and envy…We cannot permit ourselves to be intimidated and to become complicit in the processes which set peoples against each other. As information professionals, we are committed to facilitating access to information for all. We are committed to enabling unrestricted access to information by the peoples of the world, to the unbiased provision of information through our libraries and information services” (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 72nd IFLA Council

318 Chronology of Sessions and General Conference, August 20- August 24, 2006, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Program and Proceedings, Opening Address). For the first time, the Council meeting was held completely at the beginning of the Conference, instead of being divided in two parts, at both the beginning and the end (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 6). President-Elect Claudia Lux held a brainstorming session on her upcoming Presidential Theme, Libraries on the Agenda! In attendance were 80 participants who met in a workshop format to discuss the theoretical and practical challenges provoked by her theme (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 7; IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 4, 368). UNESCO Conference topics included a joint announcement at Conference that UNESCO and IFLA intended to establish a strategic alliance to implement the Plan for Action of the World Summit on the Information Society (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 13). Conference papers included keynote speaker former President of the Republic of Korea, Dr. Dae-Jung Kim on Libraries: Prime Movers for the Age of Knowledge and Information; President of the Korean Library Association, Dr. Dang-Wan Han, on NGO-Government Partnerships for the Dynamic Development of Korean Libraries and the Promotion of Reading; and former Minister of Information and Communication, Dr. Daeje Chin, on The Current Status of the Korea ICT Industry: New Growth Engines for the Korea Economy (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 7; IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 4, 275, 278). Poster session entries included School Librarians’ Views on Aiding Children with Special Educational Needs in the School Library: Cooperating and Consulting with School Staff; In Search of Marketing Excellence!; and The Effective Librarian: Born or Bred (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 72nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 20-August 24, 2005, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the High Level Colloquium on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning in Alexandria, Egypt, in November 2005; the Pre-Summit Conference on Libraries - The Information Society in Action, in Alexandria, Egypt, in November 2005; the Second Phase of the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis, Tunisia, in November 2005 (where IFLA President Alex Byrne spoke); an Advocacy Workshop in The Hague, The Netherlands, in March 2006, just before the Governing Board Meeting; and a Post-World Summit on the Information Society Workshop in Geneva, Switzerland, in June 2006 (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 9; IFLA Annual Report 2005, 9; IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 1, 64, 69; IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 3, 251). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including discussion about the Blue

Year 2006

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Shield Statement on the August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and the southern coast of the US (IFLA Journal 05, vol. 31, no. 4, 387). As part of Conference, there was discussion about the new transparency of the process of Conference site selection, and the move of the IFLA Regional Office for Asia and Oceania from Bangkok, Thailand, to Singapore (IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 2, 153). Also as part of Conference, there was discussion of the recent report on the externally facilitated business process review which suggested improving efficiency, and developing the capacity for advocacy, as well as the Information Technology study which focused on the modernizing of IFLA’s website (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 5). As the Governing Board had decided to add Arabic and Chinese to the list of five official IFLA languages (English, French, German, Russian, and Spanish), some of the sessions at Conference were translated into Chinese (IFLA, IFLA Annual Report 2006, 7). The new Treasurer, Gunnar Sahlin of Sweden, presented the financial report, stating that this year was better than last year, with a small surplus of funds produced (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 7, 17). IFLA was composed of 45 Sections, grouped under 8 Divisions (IFLA, IFLA Annual Report 2006, 8). The Conference was held at COEX Convention and Exhibition Center. At the Opening Session, First Lady of the Republic of Korea, Yang-Suk Kwon, presented a welcome address. Conference events included an Exhibition Opening Party, a Gala Dinner offered by the Minister of Culture and Tourism, a Cultural Evening at the Sejong Center, and a reception hosted by the Mayor of Seoul (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 12; IFLA Annual Report 2006, 12). IFLA had a membership of 1,784 members in 149 countries. This broke down to 173 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,221 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 364 Personal/Student Affiliates, and 26 Corporate Partners. This was the largest number of members to date to be part of IFLA in its first 85 year history. Past this point, the number of members began to decrease (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 15). New members to IFLA this year included the US International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists, the Association of Greek Librarians and Information Scientists, the Union of Bulgarian Librarians and Information Services Office, and the Ghana Library Association (IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 1, 70; IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 2, 154; IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 3, 253; IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 4, 375). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2006, on the IFLA website, and in the annual reports of each of the Core Activities and Sections (Annual Report 2006; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 72nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 20-August 24, 2005, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Conference Program and Proceedings).

320 Chronology of Sessions

2007 The 73rd IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Durban, South Africa, August 19-23 (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 1; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 73nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 19-August 23, 2007, Durban, South Africa, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Libraries for the Future: Progress, Development and Partnerships (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 136). The Conference involved 215 professional meetings, where 390 papers (including translations) were delivered. Additionally, there were 80 poster sessions, 102 exhibitors, and 15 satellite meetings organized immediately prior to the Conference (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 10). The Conference was attended by 4,000 participants representing 118 countries. There were 1,463 delegates from Africa, (including 1,212 from South Africa), then the US with 488, the UK with 231, and China with 122 (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 10; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 4, 351). Thanks to generous donations, 202 grantees were able to attend the Conference (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 10). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Peter Johan Lor of South Africa (IFLA Annual Report 2006, 7). Ellen Tise, Senior Director, Library and Information Services at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, was elected President-Elect by postal ballot, with her Presidential term slated for 2009-2011 (IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 3, 276). The IFLA President continued to be Alex Byrne, University Librarian, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, until he completed his term during the Conference. Then IFLA President-Elect, Claudia Lux, Director General of the Central and Federal State Library, Berlin, Germany, became President (IFLA Annual Report 2005, 8; IFLA Journal 03, vol. 29, no. 3, 258). In his opening remarks, his last as President, President Byrne welcomed everyone to Africa, for the 80th anniversary of the Federation and stated, “Standing together with our colleagues to promote and defend our values is a profound responsibility which expresses our solidarity throughout the profession and across the globe….We must not lose sight of the distinct identity of our profession but nor should we be complacent about it. We must continue to reconsider and reinvent our profession in response to changing circumstances and needs while always remembering our higher goals (IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 1, 258; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 73nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 19- August 23, 2007, Durban, South Africa, Program and Proceedings, Opening Address). In her acceptance speech, President Lux spoke of one of the innovations she planned to implement: a new President’s Letter to be sent out on the

Year 2007

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IFLA-L e-mail list, to highlight Federation activities (IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 4, 301). Conference topics included the Joint Statement of IFLA and the ICA on the Security of the Iraq National Library and Archives (IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 4, 374). UNESCO Conference topics included IFLA’s role on the jury of UNESCO’s selection committee for the annual World Book Capital (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 14). Conference papers included the keynote speaker Justice Albie Sachs, Ida Priyanto on Directing Students of LIS to the Wider World of Librarianship, and Clemence Petit-Perrot on South Africa Liberation Struggle: Living Archive Collection (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 73nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 19- August 23, 2006, Durban, South Africa, Conference Program and Proceedings). Poster session entries included Information Technology (IT) and its Role in Information Management: A Case Study of the Public Sector Reform in Ghana; Digital Preservation: The Rare and Unique's Longevity; and The Model of the University Library Authority, a New Organizational Structure of Contemporary Academic Libraries (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 73nd

IFLA Council and General Conference, August 19- August 23, 2007, Durban, South Africa, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the First International IFLA Presidential Meeting in Berlin, Germany, in January 2007; the IFLA-Working Group on Digital Library Guidelines in Washington, DC, US, in May 2007; and the Information Documentation Professional Competencies meeting in Paris, France, in June 2007 (IFLA Journal 06, vol. 32, no. 4, 376; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 3, 277, 286). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the announcement of the new IFLA Regional Office for Africa, established at the University of South Africa in Pretoria, and the announcement of the new IFLA Language Centers to assist in publication and translation of key documents at the Russian State Library, Moscow, Russia (for Russian); the Bibliotheca Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt, (for Arabic); and the Central Library of Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar, Senegal (for French speaking Africa) (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 2). As part of business topics at Conference there was discussion on the recent IFLA Code of Ethics for the Members of the Governing Board and Officers, the 2006-2009 IFLA Strategic Plan, the move of the Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Office to IFLA Headquarters at The Hague, The Netherlands, hearings held to propose a new professional structure and of the new strategic plan comprised of 12 strategic directions and 45 strategic actions (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 2; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33,

322 Chronology of Sessions no. 1, 59, 61; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 2, 179; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 363). During the Conference it was announced that IFLA was to receive a $1 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Global Libraries Initiative. The funding was to support IFLA’s work to strengthen awareness of the important role libraries play in developing the information society by providing public access to technology and the internet through libraries (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 2; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 4, 384). Treasurer Sahlin’s financial report stated that this year showed an overall negative result which was caused by technical difficulties and were related to the timing of the receipt and expenditure of donor funds. He went on to say the problem was under control and a surplus was expected for next year. Additionally, there was discussion about how the Core Activity requires donations, mainly from the national libraries that were IFLA members (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 4; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 3, 277). Instead of a paper survey, this year’s Conference had a web-based postConference evaluation questionnaire (IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 366). The Conference was held at the International Convention Center. The Opening Ceremonies were moderated by Gcina Mhlophe, famous South African storyteller, also known as the ‘Mother of Books.’ Conference events involved a party after the opening of the exhibition, a Metro Beach party at New Beach, and a Cultural Gala at the City Hall and Church Walk (IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 4, 355; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 73nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 19- August 23, 2006, Durban, South Africa, Conference Program and Proceedings). IFLA had a membership of 1,666 members in 145 countries. This broke down to 166 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,139 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 339 Personal/Student Affiliates, and 22 Corporate Partners (IFLA Annual Report 2007, 15). New members to IFLA this year included the Bangladesh National Library, the Georgia Library Association, the National Library of Tunis, and the National Library of Armenia (IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 1, 65; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 1, 181; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 3, 278; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 4, 384). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2007, on the IFLA website, and in the annual reports of each of the Core Activities and Sections (IFLA Annual Report 2007; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 73nd IFLA Council and General Conference, August 19- August 23, 2007, Durban, South Africa, Conference Program and Proceedings). A significant publication during the year was The Politics of Promoting Freedom of Information and Expression in International Librarianship, by previous IFLA President Alex Byrne. This book presented a scholarly history of aspects of IFLA’s development (Byrne)

Year 2008

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2008 The 74th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council was held in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, August 10-14 (IFLA Annual Report 2008; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 10- August 24, 2008,Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Libraries without Borders: Navigating towards Global Understanding (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 136). The Conference involved 224 professional meetings (102 sessions and 122 business meetings), where 245 papers were presented. Additionally, there were 137 poster sessions, 15 satellite meetings, and 120 exhibitors (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 10; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 10- August 24, 2008, Quebec City, Canada, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference was attended by approximately 3,000 participants representing 118 countries (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 9). There was a problem for some 40 pre-registered participants, mainly from developing countries, in receiving visas to enter Canada, so they could not attend. This was planned to be the first IFLA Congress with simultaneous interpretation into Arabic, but at the last minute the three Arabic speaking participants who would have served as voluntary interpreters and translators were denied visa to enter the country. There was thus only Arabic translation at the Conference through the work of the National Committee and Library and Archives of Canada, who generously helped by providing interpreters for the Opening Session (IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 365, 388). The Conference won two major Canadian awards: the Quebec Chamber of Commerce recognized the Conference as the most important conference being held in Quebec in 2008, as it generated €5.3 million ($7 million in 2010 US dollars), and the Quebec Tourism Board awarded it the Grand Prize for Tourism for 2008 (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 1, 10; XE). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Peter Johan Lor of South Africa, until he retired post-Conference, in September 2008. He was replaced by Jennefer Nicholson, Executive Director of the Australian Library and Information Association, September 2008. She had joined IFLA Headquarters in June 2008, to make the transition easier (IFLA, Governing Board; IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 4, 375; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 1, 101). The President-Elect continued to be Ellen Tise, Senior Director, Library and Information Services at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa (IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 3, 276). The IFLA President was Claudia Lux, Director General of the Central and Regional Library of Berlin, Germany (IFLA, President).

324 Chronology of Sessions In her opening remarks, President Lux said “As librarians we cannot change the world, but we can be more visible by distinctly demonstrating many of the good values represented by libraries and librarians for all to see and by putting them into action” (IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 336). At Conference, as the new Statutes and rules were accepted, the new professional structure for the organization was ushered in. As part of this, the concept of Discussion Groups came to an end. In their place Special Interest Groups (SIGs) came into being, with the Professional Committee ratifying eleven of them, including the Library History, New Professionals, and Elearning SIGs (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 1). Conference topics included the IFLA Multicultural Library Manifesto and the IFLA Manifesto on Transparency, Good Governance and Freedom from Corruption (IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 2, 204; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 324). UNESCO Conference topics included a conjoined program at Conference by UNESCO and IFLA concerning the Information Society, the IFLA President’s Theme Libraries on the Agenda, and collaboration between the two organizations under the Information For All Program (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 15). Conference papers included keynote speaker writer Danny Laferriere, artist and philosopher Hervé Fischer on the Future of Public Libraries and James Bartleman, a member of the Mnijkaming First Nation (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 9; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 387). Poster session entries included A New Standard for Conservation: CEN/TC 346: “CONSERVATION Cultural Property;” Doing Authority Work the Smart Way!; and Building International Sister Libraries Partnerships (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 10- August 24, 2008, Quebec City, Canada, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the International IFLA Interlending and Document Supply Conference in Singapore, in October 2007 (IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 2, 183). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the announcement of the establishment of the Africa Regional Office based in the University of South Africa Library in Pretoria, South Africa (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 2). As part of the business topics at Conference, the upcoming revised and improved IFLA website was discussed, a project that began in January 2008 (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 4; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 364). Treasurer Sahlin’s financial report stated IFLA was again on solid ground, with receipts from Core Activities and publications better than budgeted. The income from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was to be used to fund a

Year 2008

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Senior Advocacy Policy Advisor position and pay for the updates to the IFLA website (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 1; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 2, 206; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 363). For a second year, instead of a paper survey, this year’s Conference had a web-based post-Conference evaluation questionnaire. This year the evaluation was distributed in all seven IFLA languages. Also for the first time, participants in satellite meetings were asked to complete a separate web-based questionnaire about their experiences, and how the event they attended related to the Conference itself (IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 366). For the first time, Conference blogs and tweets were tracked and archived on the IFLA website (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA General Conference and Council, August 10 - August 14 2008, Québec, Canada, Looking Back on the Congress). The Conference was held at Quebec City Convention Center. Conference events involved an Exhibition Reception with a Cultural Show, and then a ‘Fun Night’ cocktail party with video jockey. There were numerous library tours available, including visits to the National Library and Archives of Quebec, the University of Quebec Library, and the National Assembly of Quebec Library. Sightseeing tours were also offered to Montreal, Ottawa, Niagara Falls, and a boat ride for whale watching (IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 388; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 10- August 24, 2008, Quebec City, Canada, Conference Program and Proceedings). At this time, IFLA was composed of 45 Sections, grouped under 8 Divisions (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 3). IFLA had a membership of 1,630 members in 147 countries. This broke down to 162 Association Members/Bodies with Consultative Status, 1,123 Institutional Members/Affiliates, 322 Personal/Student Affiliates, and 23 Corporate Partners (IFLA Annual Report 2008, 19). New members to IFLA this year included the Afghanistan National Assembly Library, the State Library of Western Australia, the National Library of Belarus, the National Association of Public Libraries and Librarians in Romania, and the Canadian British Columbia Library Association (IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 1,102; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 2, 207; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 3, 302; IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 384). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2008, on the IFLA website, and in the annual reports of each of the Core Activities and Sections (IFLA Annual Report 2008; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 10- August 24, 2008, Quebec City, Canada, Conference Program and Proceedings).

326 Chronology of Sessions

2009 The 75th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly was held in Milan, Italy, August 23-27. This was the first time for the title ‘World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly,’ with no mention of ‘Council.’ This was the 75th IFLA Conference to be held since the founding of the Federation in 1927 (IFLA Annual Report 2000; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 23-August 27, 2009, Milan, Italy, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Libraries Create Futures: Building on Cultural Heritage (IFLA Directory 2007-2009, 136). The Conference involved 219 professional meetings where over 200 papers were presented. There were 103 Poster Sessions entries and 18 satellite meetings (IFLA Annual Report 2009, 17; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 4, 299; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 23- August 27, 2009, Milan, Italy, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference was attended by some 4,500 participants representing 127 countries. Italy ranked first in number of delegates with 426, then the US with 313, Finland with 136, China with 126, and the UK with 125. It was estimated that the combined budgetary purchasing power of all the delegates was at more than 2 billion dollars (IFLA Annual Report 2009, 17; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 4, 299; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 4, 365-366). The IFLA Secretary General continued to be Jennefer Nicholson of Australia (IFLA Governing Board). Ingrid Parent, University Librarian of the University of British Columbia, Irving K. Barber Learning Centre, Vancouver, Canada, was elected to serve as President-Elect by postal election for the term 2009–2011 and to serve as President for the 2011–2013 term (IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 3, 274 ). The IFLA President continued to be Claudia Lux, Director General of the Central and Regional Library of Berlin, Germany, until she completed her term during the Conference. Then President-Elect Ellen Tise, Senior Director, Library and Information Services at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, became IFLA President (IFLA Journal 07, vol. 33, no. 3, 276). In her last speech as President, President Lux spoke of the challenges and successes of her two-year term, including the creation of the new professional structure, the strengthening of relationships with strategic partners, and the development of an advocacy policy (IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 4, 361). In her acceptance speech, President Tise spoke of her Presidential theme, Libraries Driving Access to Knowledge, and said “I truly believe one of the most important ways of achieving this human right is for libraries and librari-

Year 2009

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ans to become fully engaged in their communities and societies” (IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 4, 301, 302). Conference topics included the World Economic Crisis, including the Great Recession in the US, and its effect on libraries and librarians internationally. Because of the financial repercussion of this crisis, it was necessary for the Governing Board to cancel the 2010 IFLA Conference in Brisbane, Australia, as there was a lack of sponsorship, restrictions on travels, and no better outlook for the financial future (IFLA Annual Report 2009, 3; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 1, 7; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 3, 214, 274). UNESCO Conference topics included presentations on the UNESCO World Digital Library and the Memory of the World projects (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 23- August 27, 2009, Milan, Italy, Conference Program and Proceedings). Conference papers included keynote speaker Nicoletta Maraschio, the first female president of the Accademia della Crusca (established 1583), Barbara Jones on “Librarians Hushed No More:” The USA Patriot Act, the ‘Connecticut Four’ and Professional Ethics, and James G. Neal on the Google Book Settlement: Love it or Leave It (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 23- August 27, 2009, Milan, Italy, Conference Program and Proceedings). Poster session entries included The Action for Development through Libraries Program (ALP) Experience in Asia and Oceania; Library Buildings from the Classical Times through the 21st Century; and The IFLA Multicultural Library Manifesto-A Tool for Creating Global Understanding (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 23- August 27, 2009, Milan, Italy, Conference Program and Proceedings). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the International Conference on the Development of Subject Librarianship and Personal Librarianship, in Beijing, China, in October 2008; the International Conference of Asian Special Libraries, New Delhi, India, in November 2008; and the first Non-Governmental Organizations Meeting on Convergence in Paris, France, in November 2008, where IFLA and its sister organizations for archives (ICA), the International Council of Museums (ICOM), the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), and the Coordinating Council for Audiovisual Archives (CCAAA) planned to intensify cooperation in areas such as copyright and other legal matters, protection and preservation of cultural heritage (Blue Shield), global digital libraries, political lobby and standardization (IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 3, 308; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 1,187 ). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including the announcement of the recent

328 Chronology of Sessions Action for Development through Libraries Program (ALP) grants and the notice of completion of the third edition of the UNIMARC Manual: Authorities Format (IFLA Annual Report 2009, 11). As part of the business discussion at Conference, there was conversation on the fact that this Conference was the first to be held with the new professional structure and General Assembly; and the announcement that the Action for Development through Libraries Program (ALP) would be moving from the University Library of Uppsala, Sweden, to IFLA Headquarters when the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) grant funding ended in 2010 (IFLA Annual Report 2009, 3, 6). The new treasurer, Barbara Schleihagen of Germany was appointed for 2009-2011 (IFLA Directory2009-2011, 27). The Treasury Report discussion involved the hardship caused by the World Economic Crisis, but also highlighted the number of institutions that provided grants to IFLA over the year (IFLA Annual Report 2009, 16, 19- 20). For the second time, Conference blogs and tweets were tracked and archived on the IFLA website (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA Council and General Conference, August 23- August 27, 2009, Milan, Italy, IFLA Community in Milan). The Milan Conference held the first Intentional Football Tournament, with some 50 delegates and other library employees gathered at the Centro Sportivo Fenaroli, the football pitch of the Catholic University of Milan. There were four teams: one from Italy, one from the Catholic University of Milan, one from the Bavarian State Library, Germany, and one team made up of IFLA delegates from different countries (IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 4, 366). The Conference was held at the Fiera Milano Convention Center. Conference events involved an opening reception at La Scala Opera House, with a formal concert and opera presentation, and a Social Evening in the heart of the city, where the Milanese restaurants and museums opened to the delegates. A number of library tours were given, including the Ambrosiana Library, the Roman Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, and the Queriniana Library. A post-Conference trip to Genoa to tour the Berio Library was also offered. Nearly half of the delegates from outside Italy extended their visit for tourism purposes and spent an estimated combined total of more than 4,600 holiday days in Italy. It was estimated that the total expenditure in Italy of all nonItalian delegates was more than $4.8 million (IFLA Annual Report 2009, 3; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 23- August 27, 2009, Milan, Italy, Conference Program and Proceedings). IFLA had a membership of 1,467 members in 144 countries. There was a decline in Personal Members, especially in the US, which may have been due to the global financial crisis (IFLA Annual Report 2009, 15).

Year 2009

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New members to IFLA this year included the Library and Information Association of Eritrea, the Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees, the Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers, the Nepal Community Library Association, the Azerbaijan Presidential Library, the Botswana Examinations Council, and the Russian School Libraries Association (IFLA Journal 08, vol. 34, no. 4, 366; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 1, 63; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 2, 188; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 3, 276; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 4, 365). Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2009, on the IFLA website, and in the annual reports of each of the Core Activities and Sections (IFLA Annual Report 2009; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 23- August 27, 2009, Milan, Italy, Conference Program and Proceedings).

330 Chronology of Sessions

2010 The 76th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly was held in Gothenburg, Sweden, August 10-15. The Conference venue was originally slated for Brisbane, Australia, but had to be cancelled and moved because of economic problems. The Session in Gothenburg, with its guarantee of local funding to support the Congress budget, excellent facilities, community support, and more central location for a majority of the IFLA members, reduced the risk for IFLA in what was anticipated a difficult year financially due to the impact of the World Economic Crisis (American Libraries, IFLA in Gothenburg, Day 2: Opening Event; IFLA Journal 09, vol. 35, no. 3, pg. 214, 274-276; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 10- August 15, 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Conference theme was Open Access to Knowledge - Promoting Sustainable Progress (IFLA Directory 2009-2011, 100). The Conference involved 160 professional meetings, 150 poster sessions, 14 satellite meetings, 30 library tours, and 80 exhibits (IFLA, Presidential Newsletter 4, September 2010). The Conference was attended by 3,300 participants representing 121 countries. IFLA was able to assist more than 40 colleagues from Asia/Oceania, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean to attend the Session with the help of its sponsors, who together provided over €100,000 ($130,000) (IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, no. 4, pg. 341; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August10- August 15, 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden, Conference Program and Proceedings; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 10- August 15, 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden, IFLA 2010 Conference Grantees’ Reports). The IFLA Secretary General was Jennefer Nicholson of Australia (IFLA Directory, 2009-2011, 20). The President Elect 2009-2011 was Ingrid Parent, University Librarian of the University of British Columbia, Irving K. Barber Learning Center, Canada (IFLA Directory, 2009-2011, 28). The IFLA President for 2009-2011 was Ellen Tise, Senior Director, Library and Information Services at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa (IFLA Directory, 2009-2011, 28). In her opening remarks, President Tise said “there are some who view knowledge as being even more valuable than precious metals such as gold, diamonds and platinum. Knowledge has become quantifiable in terms of its economic worth. Knowledge is the one commodity that increases in value with use – there are no diminishing returns when knowledge is used. In fact the use of knowledge, unlike other commodities which once used lose some value,

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such use often leads to new knowledge thereby enhancing the inherent value of this commodity” (IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, no. 4, pg. 285-287). The Session was addressed by Keynote Speaker Jan Eliasson, former president of the 60th session of the UN Assembly. His speech, “The Power of the Word – Communication and Access to Information in a Globalized World,” was a passionate address based on his experience, setting the scene and purpose to the attendees’ work and lives. Eliasson also observed that the rapid pace of change in his lifetime has created an enormous gap between rich and poor, stating “There are more computers in New York than in all of Africa” (American Libraries, IFLA in Gothenburg, Day 2: Opening Event; IFLA Blogs, Report from the IFLA Conference in Gothenburg by Patrick Ryan). Conference topics included discussion on the World Economic Crisis and its effects on libraries and the destruction from the January 2010 Haitian earthquake (IFLA, Presidential Newsletter 6 March 2011). UNESCO Conference topics included information on their work in Haiti after the earthquake (IFLA, Latest on the Earthquake in Haiti). Conference papers included Sustaining Learning for LIS through use of a Virtual World by Sheila Webber and Diane Nahl; Usability and Compatibility of E-Book Readers in an Academic Environment: A Collaborative Study by Maria Aaltonen, Petri Mannonen, Saija Nieminen and Marko Nieminen; and Keeping the Information Profession up to Date: Are Compulsory Schemes the Answers? By Judith Broady-Preston and Amanda Cossham (IFLA Journal 11, vol. 37, no. 1, pg. 3). Poster session entries included African Water Information and Documentation System (African WIS);World Scientific Production on Vector Control and Dengue: A Bibliometric Analysis 1981-2006; and Reaching the Community Through Social Networking (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 10- August 15, 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden, Poster Sessions). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the Special Library Association Arabian Gulf Chapter Conference in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, in February-March 2010; the International Conference on Digital Libraries: Shaping the Information Paradigm, in New Delhi, India, in February 2010; and the IFLA International Newspaper Conference in New Delhi, India, in February 2010 (IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, No. 2, pg. 109, 184; IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, no. 4, pg. 337). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including discussion on the IFLA Strategic Plan 2010-2015, the launch of the IFLA World Report 2010, the Building Strong Library Associations (BSLA), and the announcement that the Library of Alexandria in Egypt signed an agreement officially continuing the library IFLA’s Arabic Language Center (American Libraries, IFLA in Gothenburg,

332 Chronology of Sessions Day 3; IFLA, Presidential Newsletter 4, September 2010; IFLA, Presidential Newsletter 6, March 2011; IFLA, Strategic Plan 2010-2015; IFLA, World Report Series). As part of the business discussion at Conference, numerous topics were deliberated including the launch of the IFLA Online Learning Platform, IFLA’s position on the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, IFLA and International Committee of the Blue Shield’s response to the January 2010 Haitian earthquake, and the increase in membership fees (IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, no. 2, pg. 187, 191; IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, no. 3, pg. 213; IFLA Journal 11, vol. 37, no. 1, pg. 80; IFLA, Presidential Newsletter 4, September 2010). Treasurer Schleihagen’s financial report stated the Federation was in good standing (IFLA Annual Report 2010, 20-21). The Conference was held at the Swedish Exhibition and Congress Centre, where WiFi was free to all delegates. Simultaneous interpretation services were available in all seven official languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, German, Russian, and Spanish. Every evening during the conference week, there was an IFLA meeting place in Gothenburg city center where the National Committee arranged an “IFLA Night Spot.” Also during the Conference, the Gothenburg Culture Festival was held, with more than 800 associated events hosted around the city (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 10- August 15, 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden, Conference Program and Proceedings). During the Session, IFLA Express was disseminated in all seven of the official IFLA languages (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 10- August 15, 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden, Conference Program and Proceedings). A new feature to this Session was this year’s move to five conference threads to help attendees find programs geared to their professional interests (American Libraries, IFLA in Gothenburg, Day 1). The Gothenburg conference marked a sea change in the Federation’s use of technology and social media, which could be seen on the IFLA website, where photos and stories from the conference were posted daily on the “Follow the Conference as It Happens!” pages. Wireless access at the convention center had to be upgraded because of the extraordinary demand even before the Congress was completely under way. There were also over 50 registered bloggers recording the events of the Session online as they occurred (American Libraries, IFLA in Gothenburg, Day 1; IFLA, Presidential Newsletter 4, September 2010). IFLA had a membership of 1,479 members in 150 countries. IFLA managed to sustain its membership base in 2010 despite the severe global economic downturn from 2009 (IFLA Annual Report 2010, 16). New members to IFLA this year included the Association of Libraries of Czech Universities in the Czech Republic; the Shenzhen Library of China; the

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Lesotho Library Association; the Serbian Academic Library Association; the Library Association of Samoa; the University of Djibouti; the University of the West Indies on the Open Campus Library in Trinidad and Tobago; the Supreme Council of Crimea in the Ukraine; Helsinki University Library in Finland; the National Library of Peru; and the Rockefeller Foundation of the US (IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, No. 2, pg. 190; IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, No. 3, pg. 262; IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, no. 4, pg. 341; IFLA Journal 11, vol. 37, no. 1, pg. 80). Conference proceedings were recorded on the IFLA website and the IFLA Annual Report 2010 (IFLA Annual Report 2010; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 10August 15, 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden, Conference Program and Proceedings). The Emerald Group Publishing Limited and IFLA formalized their longstanding relationship by signing a partnership agreement which provided the IFLA community with substantially more publishing opportunities (IFLA Journal 10, vol. 36, no. 3, pg. 269)

334 Chronology of Sessions

2011 The 77th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly was held August 13-18 in San Juan, Puerto Rico, US. This was only the second time that IFLA convened in the Caribbean, the first time being in Cuba in 1994 (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13-August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, About the Congress; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Opening Address by IFLA President Ellen Tise). The Conference theme was Libraries beyond Libraries: Integration, Innovation and Information for all (IFLA Directory 2009-2011, 100). The Conference involved numerous professional meetings, over 150 poster sessions, and 15 satellite meetings (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, About the Congress). The Conference was attended by 2,418 participants representing 116 countries. This number included 47 grantees and 492 first timers. This was the least attended IFLA Conference since the 2000 Session in Jerusalem, Israel (American Libraries, Global Reach: IFLA Opens with Tears, Text, and a Lot of Puerto Rican Heart; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Home). The IFLA Secretary General was Jennefer Nicholson of Australia (IFLA Directory, 2009-2011, 20). Sinikka Sipilä, Secretary General of the Finnish Library Association, was elected to serve as President-Elect by postal election for the 2011–2013 term and to serve as President for the 2013–2015 term (IFLA, President-Elect 20112013). The President Elect 2009-2011 was Ingrid Parent, University Librarian of the University of British Columbia, Irving K. Barber Learning Center, Canada (IFLA Directory, 2009-2011, 28). The IFLA President for 2009-2011 was Ellen Tise, Senior Director, Library and Information Services at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa (IFLA Directory, 2009-2011, 28). In her opening remarks, President Tise said, “IFLA has at its core the provision of quality library and information services for all. Changes in technology, the exponential growth of information, reasons for needing information, how information is used, and how knowledge is created have all dramatically impacted on our profession in many ways in recent years…Whatever the thrusts, developments and advances, the importance of providing access to information which in turn changes lives and creates new knowledge remains un-

Year 2011

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changed and steadfast” (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Opening Address by IFLA President Ellen Tise). Conference topics included the damage done to libraries in the New Zealand earthquake of February 2011, the Chilean earthquake of February 2011, the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011, and the International Committee of the Blue Shield statements on the Arab Spring movements in Egypt and Libya (American Libraries, Global Reach: DisasterStricken Libraries Suffer Painful Loss, Fight for Recovery; IFLA Journal 11, vol. 37, no. 2, 175-176). UNESCO Conference topics included discussion of the Memory of the World, the World Digital Library and work on the decisions from the World Summit on the Information Society (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, IFLA Express 5, Thursday August 18, 2011, 2). Conference papers/topics included Keynote Speaker Dr. Fernando Pico, Puerto Rican professor, humanist and historian on The Afterlife of Texts: When Paradise is an Internet Site; Winston Tabb on IFLA and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): Facing our Common Challenges to Promote Knowledge and Culture; and Puerto Rican writer Mayra Santos Febres on libraries and reading in Puerto Rico (American Libraries, Global Reach: Mayra Santos-Febres Dissects Fear and Awe of Literature; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Full Program). Poster session entries included Developing a Blending Learning Model for an Online Degree Program in Library and Information; Electronic Resources Management in Academic Libraries; and Online Learning Communities: Enhancing the Acquisition of Information Skills by Undergraduate Students of the University of Puerto Rico at Carolina (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Poster Sessions). At Conference it was announced that IFLA had been represented at a number of different conferences in the past year, including the World Book Summit in Ljubljana, Slovenia, in March-April 2011; IFLA Newspaper Conference in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in April 2011; and the Next Library Conference in Aarhus, Denmark, in June 2011 (IFLA Journal 11, vol. 37, no. 1, 80). A number of report recommendations and announcements came from committee work during Conference, including discussion on the Building Strong Library Associations (BSLA) program, current copyright challenges, and the future challenges for libraries in light of the new internet technologies (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Confer-

336 Chronology of Sessions ence and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, IFLA Express 2, Monday August 15, 2011, 1, 3; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, IFLA Express 5, Thursday August 18, 2011, 1). As part of the business discussion at Conference, the IFLA Online Learning Platform was discussed, a fond farewell was given to Sjoerd Koopman after 13 years of dedicated service to IFLA Headquarters, and it was reported that Jennefer Nicholson had been reappointed Secretary General for the 20112014 term (American Libraries, Global Reach: IFLA Finale: A Party, Followed by Serious Business; IFLA Journal 11, vol. 37, no. 1, 80; IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, IFLA Express 2, Monday August 18, 2011, 2). Treasurer Schleihagen’s report stated, that in view of the World Economic Crisis, IFLA had sound reserves and was not nearly as hard-hit as many other cultural organizations. Schleihagen said that the good news was that membership numbers were up; the bad news was that because new members were in lower-priced categories, membership revenue was down. Registration for the Puerto Rico conference was also down; projections anticipated that about 700 more people would attend. Nevertheless, Schleihagen said, IFLA finances were “sound and stable.” (American Libraries, Global Reach: IFLA Finale: A Party, Followed by Serious Business). Donna Scheeder of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC, US, was elected as the incoming Treasurer, 2011- 2013 (IFLA, Presidential Newsletter, September 2011). The Conference was held at the San Juan Convention Center, the largest convention center in the Caribbean. Conference Events included the opening of the Session with a parade of musical performers, and the Cultural Evening held in the Convention Center, complete with performances by local musicians and dancers. Tours were offered of many libraries including the Supreme Court Library and the Legislative Library (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Congress Information). IFLA had a membership of over 1,500 members in 151 countries (IFLA for: Members) New members to IFLA this year included the University of Brunei Darussalam Library; the York University Library, Canada; the National and University Library of Strasbourg, France; the University of The Gambia Library; the University of Balamand Library, Lebanon; Auckland Libraries, New Zealand; and the Office of Scientific and Technical Information US Department of Energy, US (IFLA Journal 11, vol. 37, no. 2, 172).

Year 2011

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Conference proceedings were recorded in the IFLA Annual Report 2011 and on the IFLA website (IFLA Annual Report 2011). At Conference it was announced that De Gruyter Saur celebrated their 40 year relationship with IFLA by making 16 IFLA Publications Series volumes available in open electronic access (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, IFLA Express 2, Monday August 15, 2011).

338 Chronology of Sessions

2012 The 78th IFLA Session/World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly was held in Helsinki, Finland, August 11-17 (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 78th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 11-August 17, 2012, Helsinki, Finland. Final Announcement). The Conference theme was Libraries Now! – Inspiring, Surprising, Empowering (IFLA Directory 2009-2011, 100). The IFLA Secretary General was Jennefer Nicholson of Australia (IFLA Journal 11, vol. 37, no. 1, 80). The President Elect for 2011-2013 was Sinikka Sipilä, Secretary General of the Finnish Library Association (IFLA, President-Elect 2011-2013). The IFLA President for 2011-2013 was Ingrid Parent, University Librarian of the University of British Columbia, Irving K. Barber Learning Center, Canada. Her Presidential theme was Libraries – A Force for Change. The Conference was held at The Helsinki Exhibition and Convention Center, with trips to Tallinn, Estonia, and St. Petersburg Russia offered (IFLA, World Library and Information Congress: 78th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 11-August 17, 2012, Helsinki, Finland. Final Announcement). As this book was compiled before the 2012 Helsinki, Finland, Session there was nothing more available at time of publication.

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International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, About the Congress. http://conference.ifla.org/ifla77 (accessed 9/19/11). International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Congress Information. http://conference.ifla.org/ifla77/congress-information (accessed 9/19/11). International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Full Program. http://conference.ifla.org/ifla77/programme-and-proceedings-full-printable (accessed 9/ 19/11). International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 13-August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Home. http://conference.ifla.org/past/ifla77/ifla77.htm (accessed 10/12/11). International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August13- August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, IFLA Express 2, Monday August 15, 2011. Handout at 2011 San Juan, Puerto Rico Conference. International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August13-August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, IFLA Express 5, Thursday August 18, 2011. Handout at 2011 San Juan, Puerto Rico Conference. International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August13-August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Opening Address by IFLA President Ellen Tise http://express.ifla.org/node/2769 (accessed 9/19/11). International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August13-August 18, 2011, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Poster Sessions. http://conference.ifla.org/ifla77/poster-sessions (accessed 9/19/11). International Federation of Library Associations, World Library and Information Congress: 78th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, August 11 August 17, 2012, Helsinki, Finland. Final Announcement. http://conference.ifla.org/sites/default/files/files/wlic2012/final-announcement.pdf (accessed 9/19/11). International Federation of Library Associations, World Report Series. http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/iflafaife-world-report-series (accessed 9/19/11). International Library Review, International Library Review. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1969-1991. Josey, E. J. and Marva L. DeLoach, eds., Handbook of Black Librarianship. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2000. Kaegbein, Paul, ed., International Directory of Experts in Library History. The Hague, The Netherlands: IFLA Headquarters, 1992. Koops, Willem R. H. and Joachim Wieder, IFLA’s First Fifty Years. Munich, Germany: Verlag Dokumentation, 1977.

346 Bibliography Lester, June, ed., Libraries and Information Services Today, the Yearly Chronicle, 1991 Edition. Chicago, IL: ALA, 1991. Library of Congress, Library of Congress Information Bulletin. Washington, DC: GPO, 1972-. Library Quarterly. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1931-. Libri. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard, 1950-. McCook, Kathleen de la Pena, ed., Libraries: Global Reach, Local Touch. Chicago, IL: ALA, 1998. McKee, Bob, The Activities of IFLA FAIFE, Berlin, January 19, 2007. http://ifla-deutschland.de/de/downloads/bob_mckee_activities_ifla_faife.pdf (accessed 11/17/10). Special Library Association, Special Libraries, New York, New York: Special Libraries Association, 1910-. Tedd, Lucy A. and Andrew Lange, Digital Libraries: Principles and Practice in a Global Environment. Munich, Germany: Saur, 2005. UNESCO, UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries. Vaduz, Lichtenstein: Kraus Reprint Limited, 1947-1978. UNESCO, UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration. Paris, France: UNESCO, 1979-1983. Wedgeworth, Robert, ed., World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services, third edition. Chicago, IL: ALA, 1993. Wertheimer, Andrew B. and Donald G. Davis, Jr., Library History Research in America: Essays Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Library History Round Table. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2000. Wiegand, Wayne A. and Donald G. Davis, Jr., Encyclopedia of Library History. New York, NY: Garland Publishers, 1994. World Libraries, The Pioneers: Wilhelm and Gerhard Munthe. http://www.worlib.org/vol12no2/koren_v12n2.shtml (accessed 7/16/09). XE.COM Incorporated, XE: The World’s Favorite Currency Site. http://www.xe.com/ (accessed 4/21/10).

Appendix 1 Changing of the Session Names Throughout the first 85 years of IFLA’s history, the IFLA Sessions had a variety of names, often indicative of what was being focused on at the time. The following is a list of the Session dates and the corresponding title: 1927-1952 1953-1964 1965-1976 1977-1979 1980-1999 2000-2001 2002 2003-2008 2009-2012

Session IFLA Council IFLA General Council IFLA Council Meeting IFLA General Conference or IFLA Council and General Conference IFLA Council and General Conference IFLA General Conference and Council IFLA World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Council IFLA World Library and Information Congress: General Conference and Assembly

Appendix 2 Core IFLA Research Sources and Dates of Coverage in Chronological Order 1927-1968 1931-1968 1947-1978 1953-1974 1962-1974 1969-1995 1971-Present 1975-Present 1979-1983

IFLA Actes IFLA Repertoire UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries LIBRI “IFLA Communications” IFLA News IFLA Annual IFLA Directory (replaced IFLA Repertoire) IFLA Journal (replaced IFLA News) UNESCO Journal of Information Science, Librarianship, and Archives Administration

348 Appendices

Appendix 3 Chart of Sessions The following table lists all Sessions by year and Session number, with estimated attendance number. Year

Session #

Place

Attendance

1928

1

Rome, Italy

15?

1929

2

Rome, Italy 1st World Congress

1,500/18*

1930

3

Stockholm, Sweden

20

1931

4

Cheltenham, UK

20

1932

5

Berne, Switzerland

27

1933

6

Chicago, Illinois, US / Avignon, France

45/16

1934

7

Madrid, Spain

25

1935

8

Madrid & Barcelona, Spain 2nd World Congress

550/65*

1936

9

Warsaw, Poland

34

1937

10

Paris, France

60 +

1938

11

Brussels, Belgium

49

1939

12

The Hague, The Netherlands

46

1940-1946

--

No Sessions, per WWII

--

1947

13

Oslo, Norway

55

1948

14

London, UK

66

1949

15

Basel, Switzerland

45

1950

16

London, UK

58

1951

17

Rome, Italy

60

1952

18

Copenhagen, Denmark

60

1953

19

Vienna, Austria

70

1954

20

Zagreb, Yugoslavia

55

1955

21

Brussels, Belgium 3rd World Congress

1,200/103*

Munich, Germany

62

1956

22

Appendices 1957

23

Paris, France

151

1958

24

Madrid, Spain

52

1959

25

Warsaw, Poland

85

1960

26

Lund and Malmö, Sweden

154

1961

27

Edinburgh, UK

140

1962

28

Berne, Switzerland

145

1963

29

Sofia, Bulgaria

160

1964

30

Rome, Italy

350

1965

31

Helsinki, Finland

240

1966

32

Hague, The Netherlands

332

1967

33

Toronto, Canada

312

1968

34

Frankfurt, Germany

400

1969

35

Copenhagen, Denmark

470

1970

36

Moscow, USSR

747

1971

37

Liverpool, UK

750

1972

38

Budapest, Hungary

800

1973

39

Grenoble, France

1,000

1974

40

Washington, DC, US

975

1975

41

Oslo, Norway

500

1976

42

Lausanne, Switzerland

450

1977

43

Brussels, Belgium IFLA’s 50th/ 4th World Congress

1,700/?

1978

44

Strbske Pleso, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

783

1979

45

Copenhagen, Denmark

1,021

1980

46

Manila, the Philippines

1,237

1981

47

Leipzig, German Democratic Republic

946

1982

48

Montreal, Canada

1,915

1983

49

Munich, Germany

1,296

1984

50

Nairobi, Kenya

1,000

1985

51

Chicago, Illinois, US

1,600

1986

52

Tokyo, Japan

1,900

349

350 Appendices 1987

53

Brighton, UK

2,143

1988

54

Sydney, Australia

1,500

1989

55

Paris, France

3,000

1990

56

Stockholm, Sweden

5,000

1991

57

Moscow, Russia

1,492

1992

58

New Delhi, India

1,173

1993

59

Barcelona, Spain

3,039

1994

60

Havana, Cuba

1,500

1995

61

Istanbul, Turkey

2,639

1996

62

Beijing, China

2,384

1997

63

Copenhagen, Denmark

2,976

1998

64

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

3,300

1999

65

Bangkok, Thailand

1,980

2000

66

Jerusalem, Israel

1,800

2001

67

Boston, Massachusetts, US

5,300

2002

68

Glasgow, Scotland, UK IFLA’s 75th

4,300

2003

69

Berlin, Germany

4,500

2004

70

Buenos Aires, Argentina

4,000

2005

71

Oslo, Norway

3,000

2006

72

Seoul, South Korea

4,000

2007

73

Durban, South Africa

4,000

2008

74

Quebec, Canada

3,000

2009

75

Milan, Italy

4,500

2010

76

Gothenburg, Sweden

3,300

2011

77

San Juan, Puerto Rico, US

2,418

2012

78

Helsinki, Finland IFLA’s 85th

**

* = first number is attendance at Congress/second number attendance at IFLA Session during Congress ** = As this book was compiled before the 2012 Helsinki, Finland, Session there was no attendance number available at time of publication.

Name Index A Access to Books 146 Afghanistan 83, 162, 308, 325 ALA 21, 26, 27, 30, 36, 37, 47, 48, 58, 72, 93, 98, 99, 101, 104, 107, 109, 110, 120, 132, 137, 142, 147, 159, 162, 170, 180, 184, 188, 190-192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 201, 211, 223, 226, 229, 230, 247, 250, 269, 287, 302 Albania 62, 74, 231, 289 Algeria 103, 292, 305 American Association of Law Librarians 54, 172 American Librarianship from a European Angle 19, 40, 131 Antigua and Barbuda 68, 251 Antilles 68, 246 Apartheid 25 Arab Federation for Libraries and Information 297 Arab Spring 335 Argentina 13, 14, 68, 84, 86, 181, 257, 310313, 350 Armenia 83, 322 Art Libraries Society of North America 62, 221 Asian Federation of Library Association 185 ASLIQ 55, 190 Association of American Library Schools 62, 217 Association of Caribbean University and Research Libraries (ACURIL) 62, 224 Association of International Libraries 185 Association of Libraries of Judaica and Hebraica in Europe 46, 156, 163 Association of Research and Science and Technology Libraries of the CIS 74, 275 Australia 11, 12, 25, 34, 69, 71, 72, 78, 83, 87, 121, 182, 194, 258, 259, 261, 281, 307, 310, 314, 317, 320, 325, 326, 327, 330, 334, 338, 350 Austria 8, 27, 29, 30, 34, 49, 52, 93, 95, 98, 102, 103, 107, 123, 146, 148, 150, 151,

165, 168, 176, 198, 213, 253, 265, 288, 348 Azerbaijan 83, 279, 303, 329 B Bangladesh 62, 83, 224, 322 Beaudiquez, Marcelle 72, 268, 275 Belarus 83, 325 Belgium 8, 19, 24, 27, 29, 30, 34, 38, 41, 49, 51, 55, 59, 60, 63, 65, 70, 93, 95, 98, 102, 122, 132, 154, 156, 165, 173, 185, 190, 192, 193, 203, 206, 210, 212, 216, 219, 227, 228, 230, 239, 292, 348, 349 Berne Convention 262 Bibliotheca Bibliographica 101 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 322, 324 Bishop, William Warner 7, 31, 32, 36, 37, 95, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115-118 Bolivia 74, 296 Books for All 84, 152 Bosnia Herzegovina 274 Bossuat, Marie-Louise 67, 242, 246, 250 Botswana 68, 78, 83, 242, 301, 304, 307, 311, 314, 329 Bourgeois, Pierre 7, 24, 43-45, 49, 50, 53, 137, 140, 143, 145, 148-151, 155, 158, 161, 164, 165, 186, 189 Brazil 55, 62, 152, 171, 190, 194, 217, 274, 310 Breycha-Vauthier, A.C. 39, 44, 53, 110, 128, 166, 168, 171, 174, 178, 181 Brief History of IFLA 84, 306 British Museum 51, 53, 104, 123, 145, 168, 180, 182, 184, 188, 191, 194, 198, 201, 206 Bulgaria 8, 47, 57, 166, 169, 180, 182, 349 Burundi 68, 256, 259 Byrne, Alex 7, 12, 78, 79, 86, 87, 281, 307, 310, 314, 317, 318, 320, 322 C Cain, Julian 146, 162, 165, 166 California (US) 55, 193, 223, 274

352 Name Index Campaign for the World’s Libraries 302 Canada 9, 13, 27, 29, 30, 55, 57, 58, 62, 70, 71, 80, 81, 83, 87, 93, 95, 98, 163, 171, 188, 193, 194, 196, 197, 201, 206, 218, 227, 243, 244, 248, 250, 255, 261, 262, 283, 288, 301, 302, 304, 312, 323-326, 330, 334, 336, 338, 349, 350 Canadian Association of Research Libraries 74, 282 Carnegie Corporation 109, 115 Carroll, Frances Laverne 13, 14, 210, 216, 226, 229, 242, 299 Carter, Edward 131, 149 Catalog of Printed Books 107 Catholic Library Association 55, 196 Chile 310 China 25, 27, 34, 55, 62, 68, 75, 77, 83, 93, 102, 116-118, 127, 203, 208, 221, 240, 242, 245, 252, 256, 262, 283-286, 294, 301, 304, 307, 310, 314, 317, 320, 326, 327, 332, 350 Chronology of Librarianship, 1960-2000 14, 16, 364 Clavel, Jean-Pierre 60, 67, 210, 233, 236 Cold War 12, 250 Collijn, Isak G. A. 7, 23, 27-31, 36, 37, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101-104, 106, 110, 120, 137 Columbia 21, 72, 80, 83, 162, 202, 269, 270, 273, 276, 280, 283, 287, 325, 326, 330, 334, 338 Commonwealth Library Association 62, 217 Congrex 84, 306, 315 Coordinating Council for Audiovisual Archives 327 Costa Rica 182 Croatia 49, 151, 274 Cuba 19, 75, 77, 268, 274, 276-278, 302, 334, 350 Cyprus 55, 178 Czech Republic 83, 210, 332 Czechoslovakia 12, 27, 29, 30, 34, 42, 57, 93, 95, 98, 102, 197, 203, 241 D DANIDA 75, 287, 294, 299, 301, 304 Davis, Donald G., Jr. 15, 16, 262 De Gruyter Saur 14, 337 de Vries, Johanna 15, 89, 90, 93-96, 98-104, 106, 108, 110-119, 121-127

Denmark 8, 9, 20, 27, 30, 31, 34, 45-49, 53, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 72, 77, 93, 96, 98, 100, 102, 118, 141, 145, 149, 150, 153, 193, 201, 207, 217, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228, 232, 235, 236, 283, 287, 288, 290, 295, 303, 306, 315, 335, 348, 349, 350 Deschamps, Christine 7, 72, 78, 85, 86, 287, 291, 295, 297, 298, 301, 302, 304, 307 Development of Public Library Service 159 Directors of National Libraries 218, 222, 277, 311 Djibouti 83, 333 E Ecuador 192 Egypt 34, 71, 127, 258, 274, 297, 318, 321, 331, 335 Elsevier Publishers 257 Emerald Group Publishing Limited 333 Eritrea 83, 306, 329 Estonia 31, 34, 100, 102, 284, 338 Ethiopia 62, 68, 227, 248 European University Institute 62, 227 Evans, Tony 67, 140, 256, 263 F FID (International Federation for Documentation) 15, 17, 21, 24, 35, 42, 43, 47-51, 56-60, 64, 75, 118, 123, 130, 134, 137, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 152, 154, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 181, 185, 189, 191, 192, 195, 198, 202, 205, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216, 219, 223, 226, 239, 245, 248, 250, 253, 255, 256, 258, 262, 265, 268, 271, 274, 277, 280, 284, 288, 305 Finland 9, 11, 26, 29, 30, 34, 56, 58, 80, 83, 84, 88, 95, 98, 102, 188, 295, 326, 333, 338, 349, 350 Florence Agreement 219, 229, 239 France 8, 9, 27, 30, 34, 37, 38, 45, 48, 50, 55, 64, 67, 69, 71, 72, 75, 78, 83, 93, 98, 102, 109, 110, 114, 117, 120, 123, 131, 134, 136, 137, 143, 146, 149, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 174, 177, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 198, 202, 207, 213, 215, 216, 219, 223, 226, 233, 235, 242, 243, 247, 259, 261, 268, 271, 279, 283, 285, 287, 288, 291, 294, 295, 297, 301,

Name Index 302, 304, 305, 307, 321, 327, 336, 348, 349, 350 Francis, Sir Frank 7, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 168, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191, 194, 197, 198, 201, 216, 315 Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Committee IFLA General Assembly 12, 26, 281, 288, 292, 298, 303, 312, 315, 316, 321 French Library Association 23, 27, 119, 120, 121, 131, 136, 159 G Gabon 68, 83, 263, 309 Gambia, The 83, 309, 336 Geh, Hans-Peter 7, 66, 67, 71-73, 76, 216, 251, 252, 255, 258, 261, 264, 267, 269, 270 Georgia 74, 83, 285, 298, 322 Germany 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17-19, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 38, 39, 42, 44, 50-53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 66, 70-72, 74, 79, 81, 85, 93, 95, 98, 102, 116, 117, 123, 125, 126, 133, 146, 149, 158, 166, 167, 170, 171, 173, 176, 177, 180, 184, 190, 191, 194, 197, 201, 207, 217, 220, 241, 245, 251, 252, 255, 258, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268, 285, 307, 308, 309, 314, 317, 320, 321, 323, 326, 328, 348, 349, 350 Gesamtkatalog 107, 110 Ghana 55, 83, 182, 236, 319, 321 Godet, Marcel 7, 12, 20, 29, 32, 33, 37, 3840, 42, 43, 95, 96, 104, 110-112, 117, 118, 120, 122, 125, 128, 130, 131, 143 Granheim, Else 7, 59, 60, 66, 69, 70, 236, 238, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249 Great Recession 20, 327 Greece 34, 111, 233, 250, 259, 297 Guam 83, 303 Guide to Union Catalogs and International Loan 168, 171 H Haiti 331 Harvard-Williams, Peter 15, 207, 223 Henriot, Gabriel 27 Hofmann, Gustav 7, 25, 44, 51, 56, 57, 73, 149, 166, 167, 168, 170, 173, 177, 178, 180, 182, 270 Honduras 46, 156 Hong Kong 54, 175, 245

353

Horrocks, Norman 13 Horton, Warren 72, 258, 281 Hungary 9, 46, 64, 160, 170, 212, 216, 349 I ICA (International Council of Archives) 47, 49, 75, 77, 134, 143, 145, 149, 216, 223, 239, 241, 253, 255, 256, 258, 262, 265, 268, 271, 274, 277, 280, 283-285, 305, 321, 327 Iceland 55, 193 IFLA 75th Anniversary 84, 306 IFLA Actes 8, 9, 16, 20, 24, 28, 35-37, 8991, 93-104, 106-128, 130-150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 158-178, 180-200, 202, 203, 347 IFLA Action for Development through Libraries Program (ALP) 12, 311, 316, 327, 328 IFLA Activities 68, 306, 308, 309, 313, 316, 319, 322, 324, 325, 329 IFLA Advancement of Librarianship Program (ALP) 25, 68, 248, 250, 268, 288, 311 IFLA Annual 9, 13, 16-18, 20, 91, 94, 100, 102, 104, 107, 108, 113, 119, 121, 124, 129, 132, 135, 138, 140, 147, 150, 153, 156, 160, 163, 166, 169, 172, 175, 178, 182, 186, 190, 191, 193, 195, 196, 199, 201-203, 205-236, 238-285, 287-290, 293-329, 332, 333, 337, 347 IFLA Clearinghouse 202, 214, 236 IFLA Committees 11, 12, 14, 23, 26-31, 3335, 37, 38, 45, 50, 54, 61, 75, 77, 82, 84, 85, 93-104, 107, 109, 111, 118, 120, 123, 146, 149, 152, 156, 158, 159, 162, 165, 168, 171, 174, 177, 180, 181, 185, 186, 189, 195, 198, 199, 203, 206, 210, 213, 219, 223, 227, 229, 233, 236, 244, 249, 256, 265, 279, 283-285, 288, 294, 298, 299, 301, 304, 308, 323, 324, 332, 335 IFLA Communications 47, 63, 150, 152, 163, 213, 217, 246, 347 IFLA Constitution 25, 61, 63, 65, 134, 226, 227, 228 IFLA Consultative Committee 53, 61, 185, 203, 227 IFLA Core Programs 66, 68, 73, 248, 250, 251, 253, 259, 263, 268, 284

354 Name Index IFLA Council 17, 45, 49, 78, 91, 92, 146, 148, 168, 171, 176, 246, 273, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281, 282-285, 287, 289-291, 293, 294, 296, 297-299, 301, 302, 303, 305-309, 311-325, 327, 328, 347 IFLA Council Report 279, 281-285, 287, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 296 IFLA Directory 16, 19, 25, 191, 194, 197, 201, 205, 208, 209, 212, 215, 218, 222, 225, 228, 232, 235, 238, 241, 247, 255, 258, 261, 264, 267, 270, 273, 276, 283, 287, 291, 294, 297, 301, 304, 307, 310, 314, 317, 320, 323, 326, 328, 330, 334, 338, 347 IFLA Divisions 76, 149, 226, 229, 242, 267 IFLA Enlargement Board 45, 165 IFLA Executive Board 24, 35, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 50, 53, 56, 60, 61, 65, 66, 82, 102, 107, 110, 117, 119, 123, 128, 136, 139, 140, 143, 146, 149, 159, 162, 163, 165, 178, 185, 189, 190, 203, 205, 210, 219, 225, 226, 233, 236, 250, 259, 268, 282, 286, 288, 296, 299, 303 IFLA Executive Committee 29, 31, 35, 50, 95, 99, 102, 158, 223 IFLA Express 69, 75, 84, 263, 284, 285, 289, 296, 303, 332, 335, 336, 337 IFLA Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Committee 12, 288 IFLA General Assembly 54, 170, 185, 328 IFLA General Council 54, 58, 59, 61, 64, 65, 185, 188, 191, 194, 197, 201, 205, 209, 212, 215, 218, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 347 IFLA Governing Board 82, 84, 86, 299, 302, 305, 307, 308, 318, 319, 321, 323, 326, 327 IFLA History Corner 14, 15 IFLA International Library Committee 31, 34, 45, 99, 107, 146 IFLA Internet Manifesto 304 IFLA Journal 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 25, 63, 8995, 99, 104, 117, 118, 120, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 134, 143, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183, 186, 197, 203, 205, 207, 210, 214, 217-233, 235-299, 301-333, 335, 336, 338, 347 IFLA Language Centers 321 IFLA Long Term Program 174

IFLA Manifesto on Transparency, Good Governance and Freedom from Corruption 324 IFLA Medals 308 IFLA Medium Term Program 242 IFLA Multicultural Library Manifesto 324, 327 IFLA News Bulletin 56, 178 IFLA Officers Handbook 290 IFLA Office for International Lending 61, 223, 224 IFLA Online Learning Platform 82, 332, 336 IFLA President’s Letter 320 IFLA Professional Board 13, 61, 82, 227, 229, 256, 268, 299 IFLA Program Development Group 61, 64, 203, 220, 227 IFLA Publications Series 14, 337 IFLA Repertoire 16, 34, 63, 105, 116, 124, 135, 141, 157, 171, 175, 182, 200, 208, 347 IFLA Roundtables 206, 216 IFLA Rules of Procedures 82, 274, 292, 295, 298 IFLA Secretariat/Headquarters 25, 44, 53, 55, 60, 61, 66, 73, 80, 165, 166, 173, 176, 180, 184, 190, 199, 201, 203, 205, 210, 211, 213, 216, 220, 224, 229, 240, 246, 251, 257, 277, 281, 305, 311, 321, 323, 328, 336 IFLA Section of Libraries and Collections of the Performing Arts 50, 161 IFLA Sections 13, 27, 48, 50, 54, 93, 150, 161, 168, 171, 174, 177, 181, 185, 189, 192, 198, 199, 202, 206, 213, 223, 226, 229, 233, 235, 236, 241, 246, 250, 252, 253, 265, 277, 279, 281, 284, 297, 298, 310, 311 IFLA Short Term Program 64, 206 IFLA Special Interest Groups 82, 324 IFLA Statutes 45, 146, 150, 195, 250, 300 IFLA Strategic Plan 321, 331 IFLA Subcommittees 33, 54, 103, 107, 111, 123, 137, 146, 155, 162, 177, 181, 199, 223 IFLA Unplugged 75 IFLA Voucher Scheme 284 IFLA Website (IFLANET) 25, 73, 77, 276, 283, 288, 296 IFLA World Report 331

Name Index IFLA’s First Fifty Years 15, 63, 231 IFLA’s Three Pillars 82, 312 Illinois (US) 8, 37, 58, 70, 104, 107, 109, 159, 194, 195, 249, 251, 348, 349 Index Bibliographicus 101 India 34, 76, 115, 116, 117, 127, 137, 149, 152, 159, 239, 259, 270, 298, 305, 327, 331, 350 Indonesia 152, 226, 250 INSPEL 192, 242 International Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists 46, 156, 163 International Association of Hospital Libraries 119 International Association of Law Libraries 54, 172 International Association of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts 46, 152, 156 International Association of Metropolitan City Libraries (INTAMEL) 195, 198, 202, 213, 226 International Association of Music Librarians 47, 143, 156 International Association of Orientalist Librarians 62, 231 International Association of Technical University Libraries 159 International Association of Theological Libraries 46, 156, 163 International Bureau of Weights and Measures 11 International Committee of Agriculture Libraries 35, 118 International Committee of the Blue Shield 85, 284, 299, 304, 308, 332, 335 International Conference on Cataloging Principles 25, 55, 162, 171, 177, 185 International Conference on the Preservation of Library Materials 253 International Congress for Medical Librarianship 149 International Congress of Librarians and Booklovers 27, 93 International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography/Documentation Centers/World Congress 7, 23, 29, 30, 31, 37, 48, 95, 97, 99, 112, 113, 139, 140, 147, 149

355

International Congress of Music Libraries 137, 156 International Congress on Documentation 123 International Congress on National Bibliographies 229, 233 International Council of Museums 327 International Council of Theological Library Associations 62, 211 International Council on Monuments and Sites 327 International Directory of Experts in Library History 272 International Institute for Communications 62, 236 International Institute of Bibliography 26 International Institute of Documentation 35, 118, 123 International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation 35, 101, 102, 110, 115, 128 International Library Review 89, 121, 155, 156, 170, 176, 189, 194, 197, 199, 203, 204, 205, 209, 210, 218, 222, 224, 242, 246, 249, 261 International Organization for Standardization 49, 145, 149, 198 International Standard Bibliographic Description 202, 210, 213, 226, 229, 253, 262 International Standard Book Number 216 International Standardization Organization 85, 304 International Summer School for Librarians 42, 133, 137 Iran 152, 261 Iraq 152, 308, 321 Israel 47, 55, 78, 83, 85, 163, 194, 203, 297299, 301, 309, 334, 350 Italy 7, 8, 9, 14, 17, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 34, 43, 47, 48, 58, 87, 93, 95, 97-99, 102, 110, 137, 139, 140, 142, 166, 184, 195, 206, 207, 213, 239, 326-329, 348, 349, 350 J Jamaica 259 Japan 20, 30, 34, 41, 46, 47, 68, 71, 98, 102, 103, 107, 127, 132, 147, 152, 194, 198, 219, 246, 248, 252, 254, 261, 280, 283, 317, 335, 349 Jordan 162

356 Name Index K Kazakhstan 83, 239, 279, 306 Kenya 19, 70, 247, 248, 349 Kiribati 68, 248 Kirkegaard, Preben 7, 53, 59, 60, 65, 66, 145, 193, 195, 199, 203, 207, 211, 214, 217, 220, 223, 225, 228, 232, 235 Koopman, Sjoerd 80, 310, 314, 336 Koops, Willem R. H. 15, 63, 89-91, 93-128, 130-136, 138, 139, 141-148, 150-154, 156-167, 169, 172-178, 180-183, 185187, 190-196, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204, 205, 207-212, 214, 215, 217-222, 224228, 230, 231, 236 Korea, South 63, 317, 350 Kosovo 299 Kyrgyzstan 279 L La Fontaine, Henri 26 Latvia (Lettland) 30, 31, 34, 74, 98, 100, 102, 103, 272 Law, Derek 54, 72, 81, 137, 172, 289, 295, 299, 303, 306, 308 League of European Library Researchers (LIBER) 62, 210, 217 League of Nations 23, 27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 39, 98, 102, 103, 104, 106, 110, 111, 118, 122, 128 Lebanon 83, 185, 298, 302, 336 Lesotho 83, 333 Libraries 159, 174 Libraries in China 118 Libraries in the World: A Long-Term Program for IFLA 25, 56, 182 Library Assembly of Euroasia 74, 282 Library Journal 16, 21, 233 Library of Alexandria 71, 258, 331 Library Quarterly 15, 16, 89, 90, 95, 97, 98, 99, 121, 125, 128, 131, 153, 162 Libri 16, 47, 63, 89, 90, 126, 134, 141, 146, 148-153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161-163, 167-186, 189, 206, 213, 217 Libya 335 Liebaers, Herman 7, 51, 52, 58, 59, 64, 65, 185, 192, 194, 203, 205, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216, 219, 221, 292 Lithuania 74, 272 Lor, Peter 7, 80, 81, 314, 317, 320, 323

Lux, Claudia 7, 79, 87, 314, 317, 318, 320, 323, 324, 326 Luxemburg 54, 172 M Madagascar 55, 196 Malawi 62, 231 Malaysia 61, 66, 216, 224, 236, 283, 292, 335 Malta 55, 62, 203, 208 Manchuria 12, 38, 122 MARC (machine-readable cataloging) 21, 58, 68, 191, 242, 246, 250, 262, 305 Marcos, President Ferdinand and First Lady Imelda of the Philippines 20, 239 Martinus Nijhoff Study Grant 73, 229, 233, 236, 239, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 253, 256, 259, 262, 265, 268, 270, 310 Massachusetts (US) 13, 19, 84, 85, 131, 149, 196, 220, 301, 302, 303, 350 Mauritius 62, 236 Mexico 34, 101, 107, 127, 134, 280, 295 Michigan (US) 31, 104, 106, 109, 112, 115, 117 Micronesia 292 Milam, Carl 14, 16, 27, 30, 93, 96, 98, 99, 116 Millennium 26, 78, 81, 82, 288, 292 Monaco 47, 166 Mongolia 279 Morocco 83, 316 Munthe, Wilhelm 7, 12, 19, 32, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48, 125, 130, 131, 133, 136, 138, 139, 142 Music Library Association 62, 224, 242 Mussolini, Benito 19, 97 Myanmar 74, 293 N Nairobi Manifesto 248 National and International Library Planning 65, 218, 221 Nauta, Paul 7, 67, 72, 255, 258, 261, 264, 267, 270 Nazism 12, 32, 125 Nepal 62, 83, 221, 329 Netherlands 8, 9, 16, 25, 27-31, 33, 34, 38, 40, 44, 53, 58, 60, 61, 64, 67, 72, 73, 77, 93-95, 98, 100-103, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115, 117, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 130, 133, 136, 139, 142, 145, 146, 148, 151, 155, 158, 161, 164, 166, 174, 181,

Name Index 189, 191, 195, 201, 205, 209, 211, 212, 215, 217, 219, 222, 224, 225, 228, 229, 232, 235, 238, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252, 253, 255, 256, 258, 260-262, 264, 267, 268, 270, 273, 276, 277, 279, 281, 283, 287, 291, 292, 293, 295, 304, 307, 312, 318, 321, 348-350 New Guinea 83, 303 New Jersey (US) 27, 93 New York (US) 40, 72, 99, 128, 166, 193, 195, 196, 202, 220, 250, 269, 270, 273, 276, 280, 283, 287, 305, 331 New Zealand 46, 55, 84, 147, 190, 259, 265, 335, 336 Nicaragua 68, 244 Nicholson, Jennefer 7, 80, 81, 323, 326, 330, 334, 336, 338 Nigeria 54, 55, 172, 181, 182, 235, 242, 271 Nijhoff, Martinus 16, 36, 73, 111, 217, 229, 233, 236, 239, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 253, 256, 259, 262, 265, 268, 270, 310 Norway 8, 9, 12, 20, 24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 40, 42, 43, 55, 59, 65, 66, 86, 93, 95, 98, 102, 103, 125, 130, 131, 133, 136, 139, 142, 149, 190, 222, 236, 238, 241, 243, 245, 249, 283, 314-316, 348, 349, 350 O OCLC 21, 285 Oklahoma (US) 13, 14, 62, 217, 364 Open Society Institute (Soros Foundation) 75, 294 Organization of the Library Profession 64, 209, 210, 211 Otlet, Paul 26 P Pakistan 47, 62, 163, 211 Palestine 34, 127 Parent, Ingrid 7, 80, 81, 312, 315, 326, 330, 334, 338 Peru 68, 83, 242, 268, 333 Pflug, Gunter 60, 220, 223, 224, 226, 230, 243 Philadelphia (US) 27, 93 Philippines 20, 34, 69, 102, 127, 238, 239, 294, 302, 349 Planning Group for School Library Work 13 Poland 8, 30, 34, 38, 51, 98, 102, 104, 117, 165-169, 348, 349

357

Politics of Promoting Freedom of Information and Expression in International Librarianship 322 Pope Pius XI 8, 19, 97 Portugal 46, 150, 160 Public Library Manifesto 64, 137, 210, 213, 278 Puerto Rico, US 11, 14, 88, 92, 334, 335, 336, 337, 350 Q Quebec (Canada) 54, 55, 87, 175, 196, 244, 323, 324, 325, 350 R Ramachandran, Rasu 7, 80, 81, 244, 310 Ranganathan, S. R. 47, 76, 115, 152, 159, 270, 271 Raseroka, Kay 7, 78, 79, 86, 301, 304, 307, 311, 314 Razumovsky, Maria 52, 56, 176, 178 Reading in a Changing World 64, 212, 213 Red Cross 11, 39, 128 Regulation on International Loans 124 Report of Hospital Libraries 126 Road to Books 152 Rockefeller Foundation 40, 83, 109, 115, 128, 130, 132, 134, 239, 333 Romania 74, 83, 206, 264, 269, 325 Roosevelt, Franklin 110 Rules for International Interlibrary Loan 152 Russia 64, 72, 74-76, 205, 267, 276, 277, 284, 288, 292, 294, 315, 321, 338, 350 S Sahlin, Gunnar 81, 319, 322, 324 Salem, Shawky 73, 271 Samoa 83, 333 São Paulo 46, 153 Saudi Arabia 62, 224 Saur Publishers 306, 313 Saur, Klaus G. 14, 246, 269, 278, 306, 308, 313, 337 Scheeder, Donna 81, 336 Schleihagen, Barbara 81, 328, 332, 336 School Library Manifesto 298 Scotland (UK) 8, 13, 15, 23, 26, 27, 29, 55, 57, 84, 85, 93, 95, 96, 173, 174, 176, 193, 304, 305, 306, 350

358 Name Index Senegal 229, 274, 292, 321 Serbia 49, 151 Sevensma Prize 35, 41, 126, 134, 146, 156, 159, 168, 171, 186, 199, 211, 224 Sevensma, Tietse Pieter 7, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40-42, 44, 45, 49-51, 95, 98, 101, 103, 104, 106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116-118, 120-123, 125, 126, 130, 132134, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 163, 164, 166, 168, 171, 186, 199, 211, 224 Seychelles 74, 272 Shimmon, Ross 7, 72, 73, 80, 294, 297, 301, 304, 307, 310 SilverPlatter 73, 281, 283, 296 Singapore 80, 240, 244, 305, 310, 319, 324 Sipilä, Sinikka 80, 334, 338 Slovakia 66, 197, 232, 233 Slovenia 62, 231, 335 Soosai, Joseph S. 61, 66, 236, 239 South Africa 25, 54, 62, 63, 74, 79, 80, 87, 92, 175, 208, 213, 221, 265, 268, 273, 280, 288, 289, 314, 317, 320-324, 326, 330, 334, 350 Spain 8, 37, 44, 45, 50, 76, 110, 112-114, 116, 118, 139, 163, 164, 165, 166, 189, 202, 256, 261, 265, 273, 275, 276, 348, 349, 350 Spanish Civil War 12, 38, 107, 116, 122 Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 248, 253, 308, 315 Sudan 62, 224 Suriname 74, 289 Swaziland 68, 248 Sweden 8, 20, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 41, 57, 74, 75, 81, 87, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100-103, 106, 128, 134, 137, 149, 170, 201, 203, 259, 264, 265, 278, 314, 319, 328, 330-333, 348, 349, 350 Swedish International Development Agency 315 Switzerland 8, 9, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 53, 57, 60, 65, 67, 93, 95, 98, 99, 102, 104, 106, 107, 117, 120, 122, 125, 127, 128, 130, 134, 136, 143, 145, 148, 151, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 164, 165, 166, 176, 178, 186, 189, 193, 219, 225, 233, 260, 311, 318, 348, 349

Symposium of National Libraries in Europe 165 Syria 68, 257 T Taiwan 62, 208, 221, 242 Tajikistan 279 Tanzania 83, 303 Thailand 20, 26, 54, 75, 78, 91, 175, 240, 250, 265, 274, 294, 295, 296, 308, 319, 350 Thompson, Anthony 7, 52, 53, 56, 60, 176, 178, 180, 184, 188, 191, 194, 197, 201, 205 Tise, Ellen 7, 79, 80, 88, 92, 320, 323, 326, 330, 334 Togo 256 Trinidad and Tobago 54, 83, 175, 333 Tunisia 248, 318 Turkey 62, 77, 227, 279, 280, 281, 282, 350 Turkmenistan 279, 315 U Uganda 62, 217 Uhlendahl, Heinrich 7, 29, 95 UK 8, 9, 13, 15, 21, 23, 26-30, 34, 36, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 51-53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 70-72, 81, 83-85, 93, 94, 96, 98, 102, 103, 104, 115, 123, 131, 133, 134, 139, 140, 143, 145, 149, 156, 165, 166, 168, 173, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 197-199, 201, 202, 205, 206, 209-211, 219, 223, 224, 226, 229, 241, 243, 244, 245, 255, 256, 261, 262, 279, 283, 284, 289, 291, 294, 297, 301, 302, 304-307, 310, 313, 314, 315, 316, 320, 326, 348-350 Ukraine 83, 333 UN Library 40, 55, 128, 199, 227, 260 UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries 15, 16, 41, 90, 91, 116, 118, 126, 130-135, 137, 139, 141-152, 154-157, 159-163, 165169, 171-179, 181-183, 185-198, 200206, 209, 210, 212-214, 215-219, 221, 223-226, 228, 229, 232, 236, 347 UNESCO Department of Documentation/ and Libraries/ and Archives/ and Book Promotion 192, 195, 202 UNESCO International Book Year 207, 211

Name Index UNESCO Journal for Librarianship, Information Science, and Archives Administration 236 UNESCO Memory of the World 274, 284, 327, 335 UNESCO World Digital Library 327 UNIMARC (international machine-readable cataloging) 226, 229, 298, 328 United Arab Emirates 331 Universal Availability of Publications 25, 66, 68, 69, 70, 229, 232, 233, 238, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250, 289 Universal Bibliographic Control 61, 64, 68, 69, 210, 215, 216, 219, 220, 223, 224, 229, 230, 238, 244, 246, 248, 250, 262, 274, 295, 298, 305 Uruguay 246, 253 US 9, 13, 18, 19, 21, 27, 29-31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40-42, 47, 48, 50, 55, 56, 58, 62, 64, 65, 70, 72, 73, 74, 81, 83-85, 88, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112-117, 126-128, 130-134, 137, 139, 140, 146, 149, 152, 155, 159, 162, 164, 166, 170, 171, 177, 180-182, 184, 186, 190-199, 201-203, 206, 209, 210, 213, 216-220, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 230, 235, 236, 239, 248-253, 255, 256, 258, 259, 261, 262-264, 267, 269, 270, 273, 276, 277, 279, 280, 281, 283, 287, 289, 291, 294, 295, 297, 301-304, 306, 307, 310-314, 316, 317, 319-321, 323, 326-328, 333, 334, 336, 348-350, 364 US Air Force in Europe’s Headquarters Library 55, 190 US Association of Research Libraries 55, 182 US International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists 83, 319 US Medical Library Association 34, 113 US National Commission on Libraries and Information Science 219 US Special Libraries Association 41, 132 USSR (Soviet Union) 9, 21, 47, 58, 64, 169, 181, 184, 189, 191, 194, 197, 198, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, 216, 228, 239, 250, 258, 259, 267, 269, 349

Verlag Dokumentation 17, 217, 233 Victory Book Campaign 39, 128 Vietnam 315 Voogt, Leo 7, 72, 73, 75, 270, 273, 274, 275, 276, 279, 281, 283, 287, 291 Vosper, Robert 73, 211, 263, 271, 277 W Washington, DC (US) 9, 42, 50, 65, 81, 133, 164, 171, 192, 196, 206, 216, 218, 220, 223, 239, 253, 262, 321, 336, 349 Wedgeworth, Robert 7, 16, 19, 72, 76, 77, 176, 211, 226-228, 248-250, 253, 255, 258, 259, 261, 264, 267, 269, 270, 273, 275, 276, 279, 280, 281, 283, 287, 289 Welsh Library Association 62, 217 West African Library Association 172 Wieder, Joachim 7, 15, 44, 52, 63, 166, 167, 170, 173, 176, 177, 207, 231 Wijnstroom, Margreet 7, 53, 60, 66, 67, 73, 201, 206, 209, 212, 215, 219, 222, 225, 228, 230, 232, 235, 238, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 252, 255, 271, 292 World Bank 11 World Congress of Librarians 63, 65, 70, 227, 228 World Congress on Books 243 World Council for the Blind 62, 236 World Economic Crisis 327, 328, 330, 331, 336 World Health Organization 247 World Intellectual Property Organization 314, 335 World List of Scientific Periodicals 115 World Summit on the Information Society 12, 308, 311, 312, 318, 335 World Trade Organization 85, 298, 304 World War I 23, 26, 39, 41, 47, 49, 127, 128, 134, 152 World War II 23, 39, 41, 47, 49, 127, 128, 134, 152 Y Young Men’s Christian Organization 39, 128 Yugoslavia 8, 49, 146, 151, 152, 265, 348

V Van Wesemael, Guust 73, 270 Vatican 19, 34, 95, 96, 98, 107, 110, 119, 144 Venezuela 54, 172

359

Z Zaire 62, 214 Zambia 68, 246, 265

About the Author Jeffrey M. Wilhite is an Associate Professor of Bibliography, Government Documents Reference Librarian for the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, US. He has held his current position since 1995 and was tenured in June 2001. He manages a collection of 2.9 million US Federal, State of Oklahoma, and international documents. The University of Oklahoma documents collection was established in 1893 and is one of the oldest and largest government depository libraries in the state of Oklahoma. He has served as an Adjunct Professor in the University of Oklahoma School of Library and Information Studies, teaching the Government Publications class. Mr. Wilhite’s publication record includes A Chronology of IFLA Sessions, 1927-2009 (IFLA: 2011), A Chronology of Librarianship, 1960-2000 (Scarecrow Press: 2009), a division editorship for International Librarianship: Cooperation and Collaboration (Scarecrow Press: 2001), in which he also wrote a chapter on European Union depository libraries in the US, and the lead editorship of The International Biographical Directory of National Archivists, Documentalists, and Librarians, second edition (Scarecrow Press: 2000). His three-part study on the establishment of service standards for the US Federal depository libraries in Oklahoma can be read in the Journal of Government Information (vol. 25, 1998, pp. 285-297; vol. 27, 2000, pp. 47-64; and vol. 28, 2001, pp. 285-295). Mr. Wilhite also served as the editor for the International Issues section of the journal Against the Grain, 1997-1998, in which he had a bimonthly column on international library activities. Mr. Wilhite has served as the Chair of the Oklahoma Library Association’s Government Documents Round Table, 1997-1998, and served on the Oklahoma Publications Clearinghouse Advisory Council, 1996-2006. He is also active in MetroDocs, the Oklahoma City metropolitan area government documents organization. Mr. Wilhite may be contacted at Bizzell Memorial Library, University of Oklahoma, 401 West Brooks, Norman, OK 73019, US. He may be e-mailed at: [email protected].