501 Latin Verbs (Barron’s Foreign Language Guides) (Barron’s 501 Latin Verbs) [Paperback ed.] 0764137425, 9780764137426

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LATIN

Verbs ~

SECOND EDITION Fully conjugated in all the tenses in a new easy-to-learn format alphabetically arranged by

Richard E. Prior, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Classics Furman University Greenville, South Carolina

and

Joseph Wohlberg, Ph.D. Formerly Professor of Latin The City College of the City University of New York New York, NY

©Copyright 2008, 1995 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Joseph Wohlberg was the author of 201 Latin Verbs, first edition,© copyright 1964 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc., which was adapted by Richard E. Prior for the first edition of 501 Latin Verbs,© copyright 1995 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

A IL inquiries should be addressed to: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. 250 Wireless Boulevard Hauppauge, New York 11788 www.barronseduc.com Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 2007021333

ISBN-13: 978-0-7641-3742-6 ISBN-IO: 0-7641-3742-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Prior, Richard E. 501 Latin verbs fully conjugated in all the tenses in a new easy-to-learn format alphabetically arranged I by Richard E. Prior. ~ 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-7641-3742-6 ISBN-IO: 0-7641-3742-5 1. Latin language-Verb-Tables. I. Wohlberg, Joseph. II. Title. III. Title: Five hundred one Latin verbs fully conjugated in all the tenses in a new easy-to-learn format, alphabetically arranged. IV. Title: Five hundred and one Latin verbs fully conjugated in all the tenses in a new easy-to-learn format, alphabetically arranged. PA2158.P7 2008 478.2'421-dc22

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

9 8

2007021333

Contents Acknowledgments Preface to 501 Latin Verbs, Second Edition Overview of the Latin Verb System Sample English Verb Conjugation Verb Tense Abbreviations Essential 55 Verb List Alphabetical Listing of 501 Latin Verbs Fully Conjugated in All the Tenses Appendixes Exercises for Review Answer Key to Exercises English-Latin Verb Index Verb Form Locator Latin Verb Index

iv v 1 17 19 19

23 579 581 613

643 655 673

Acknowledgments For my partner Scott, who is my anchor and supreme proofreader, for my boys Tarquin, Numa, and Sherman, who greet me every morning and make my life new daily, and for my deliciously obnoxious neighbors Fred and Sam, who love and support me beyond words. I am truly blessed.

Iv

Preface to 501 Latin Verbs, Second Edition This aim of this book is to be a handy reference guide not only for secondary and post-secondary students just beginning their study of Latin, but also for people striking out on their own to teach themselves the language. Since Latin's verb system can be rather intimidating-a verb can appear in well over one hundred forms!-! have tried to make this book as user-friendly as possible. One way is to maintain clean, uncluttered, easy-to-read pages. By not including rare and archaic forms (e.g. the future imperative) that students in the early stages of their study are highly unlikely to run across, the eye can more easily locate the form being looked for, ·and much potential confusion is therefore avoided. With few exceptions I have also excluded forms that, although theoretically possible, have no evidence of having existed. The verbs in this book have been chosen for several reasons. The main rationale for inclusion is frequency of appearance both in Latin literature and in the most commonly used textbooks. Also included are all Latin' s irregular verbs, which are considerably few compared to most other languages, and defective verbs, which are ones missing forms, such as coepi. Compared to other languages, Latin has a relatively small vocabulary. Many words, verbs especially, are simply combinations of base words with prefixes, suffixes, or other variations. These base verbs, along with others that invite comment, appear in this edition as Essential Verbs and have second pages all their own. Since these base verbs can appear with so many different prefixes not to mention other variations, it is hard to decide where to introduce them; for simplicity, they usually appear early in the book under their first compound in alphabetical order. There is an appendix in the back to guide you. The more common compounds have their own pages. The verbs in the book are organized by the same convention used by glossaries and dictionaries. There are two traditions in listing the principal parts of verbs. One is to include the perfect passive participle for the fourth part (e.g. missus). The other, which is followed in this book, is to use the supine (e.g. missum). If neither of them exists, but there is a future active participle, it appears. At the bottom of each page you will find additional information, including alternate forms, related words, compounds, and a short, simple quote from an ancient author in order to demonstrate the verb in action. Some quotations have been edited to make the usage more clear. Other features of this edition include an overview of the Latin verb system, an uppendix for locating odd verb formations, and exercises for those who would like to test their mastery. f eliciter et tibi! Ri chard E. Prior Furman University

Overview of the Latin Verb System This section provides a quick, simple reference, designed for students in the early stages of their study, when it's easy to get lost in the forest of formal grammatical terminology.

Principal Parts Verbs can appear in many ways. There are verbal nouns (gerunds), verbal adjectives (participles), and, of course, verbs behaving as verbs. All the information you need to create any of the forms that a verb can possibly take is contained in its principal parts. English verbs also have principal parts, such as drink, drank, drunk or lie, lay, lain or go, went, gone. The first part is the simple present, the second is the simple past, and the third is the past participle. Most Latin verbs have four principle parts. Let's use the verb capio, capere, cepi, captum, as our example. The FIRST principal part, capio I take is the first person singular, present indicative active. It is the form traditionally used to refer to a verb and how you look it up in a dictionary. It also tells you whether or not it is an -io verb, which capio clearly is. The SECOND principal part, capere to take is the present infinitive active. Latin verbs are divided into four groups called conjugations based on the ending of this form. It is important to know to which conjugation a verb belongs because it determines how its present, imperfect, and future tense forms are made. first conjugation second conjugation third conjugation fourth conjugation

amare manere capere sentire

These first two principal parts also provide the information you need to form the imperative, the present active participle, the future passive participle (gerundive), and the gerund. The last two principal parts are for all the other possible forms. The THIRD principal part, cepi I took is the first person singular, perfect indicative active. It provides the stem needed for the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses, and the perfect infinitive, active voice only. The FOURTH principal part, captum take is the supine. From its base the per1" ·t passive and future active participles are made. The perfect passive participle N ~specially important since it is used with the verb sum to create all the passive voi c forms in the perfect system. There are two traditions for listing the fourth principal part of Latin verbs. One to supply the supine as this book does. The other tradition is to provide the perr· ·t passive participle, and if no perfect passive participle exists for a verb, the l'utur ·active participle is used instead. e.g. sum, esse, fui, futurus to be. It is _111ponant to note that some verbs, such as timeo, timere, timui to fear, have no 1'011rth principal al all.

~••·-·•• ..••• ..... iii...... I .... • I - • 1-.-1... C.,........,...._,..

·1

Most Latin verb forms can be described in terms of person, number, tense, mood, and voice. Here is a breakdown of each of these terms. PERSON refers to the speaker's point of reference. The FIRST person is the speaker: ego / . The SECOND person is the person being spoken to: tu you. The THIRD person is anyone or anything else. NUMBER refers to quantity, singular or plural. The plural of ego I is nos we, of tu you it's vos you. Since the endings for these persons are distinct, the nominative case forms of these pronouns aren't necessary. They are only used to express emphasis . For the third person however, the subject isn't clear unless the reference is obvious, so watch for a noun or pronoun in the nominative. Ordinarily the subject of a third person verb will remain the same until another nominative appears. VOICE refers to the relationship of the subject to the verb. ACTIVE voice shows the subject performing the action. Ianuam aperiebam.

I was opening the door.

PASSIVE voice shows the subject receiving the action. Ianua aperiebatur.

The door was being opened.

MIDDLE voice suggests that the subject is performing the action either to itself, for its own benefit, or has a deep personal interest in an action. Ianua aperiebatur.

The door was opening.

In the present system tenses (i.e., the present, imperfect, and future), Latin uses special sets of personal endings, one to signify active voice, and another to show passive and middle voice. ACTIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

MIDDLE VOICE

-o/-m -s -t

-or/-r -ris/-re -tur

-or/-r -ris -tur

-mus -tis -nt

-mur -mini -ntur

-mur -mini -ntur

As you can see, the forms for middle voice are identical to those for passive voice, which can pose a point of confusion since middle voice reads with an active sense. Occasionally you will find a regular verb used in middle voice, but for the most part Latin has restricted a certain group of verbs called deponents to middle voice in form and meaning, which is why deponents look like they only have passive forms but always have active meanings. In the perfect system tenses (i.e., the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect), Latin splits ways to express them. For active voice there are special personal endings. They are attached to the third principal part of a ':'erb minus the final -i.

2

Oververto, pervertere, perverti, perversum to overturn

reverto, revertere, reverti, reversum to turn back

subverto, subvertere, subverti, subversum to overturn

USAGE NOTES: passive voice forms can be used in middle voice sense ALTERNATE FORMS: vorsum = versum vortere = vertere vorti = verti vortier = verti vorto = verto MODEL SENTENCE: Sinit hie violentis omnia verti Turbinibus. -Lucretius

vescor

vescor, vescl

eat

ACTIVE INDICATIVE Pres. vescor vesceris (-re) vescitur

vescimur vescimini vescuntur

lmpf

vescebar vescebaris (-re) vescebatur

vescebamur vescebamini vescebantur

Fut.

vescar vesceris (-re) vescetur

vescemur vescemini vescentur

Perf. Plup. Fut. Perf.

SUBJUNCTIVE Pres.

vescar vescaris (-re) vescatur

vescamur vescamini vescantur

lmpf

vescerer vescereris (-re) vesceretur

vesceremur vesceremini vescerentur

Perf. Plup.

IMPERATIVE Pres.

vescere

vescimini

INFINITIVE Pres. Perf. Fut.

vesci

PARTICIPLE Pres. Perf. Fut.

Active vescens, (-ntis)

Passive

vescendus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE)

GERUND vescendi, -6, -um, -6

SUPINE

Usage notes: generally used with the ablative Compounds and related words: esca, -ae, f. food; escarius, -a, -um relating to food; esculentus, -a, -um edible; vescus, -a, -um consuming, wasted Model sentence: Dii nee cibis nee potionibus veseuntur. -Cicero

veto

veto, vetare, vetul, vetitum

forbid

PASSIVE

ACTIVE INDICATIVE Pres.

vetO vetas vetat

vetamus vetatis vetant

vetor vetaris (-re) vetatur

vetamur vetamini vetantur

/mpf

vetabam vetabas vetabat vetabo vetabis vetabit

vetabamus vetabatis vetabant vetabimus vetabitis vetabunt

vetabar vetabaris (-re) vetabatur vetabor vetaberis (-re) vetabitur

vetabamur vetabamini vetabantur

Perf.

vetui vetuisti vetuit

vetuimus vetuistis vetuerunt (-ere)

vetiti sumus (-ae, -a) estis sunt

Plup.

vetueram vetueras vetuerat

vetueramus vetueratis vetuerant

vetiti eramus (-ae, -a) eratis erant

Fut. Perf.

vetuero vetueris vetuerit

vetuerimus vetueritis vetuerint

vetitus sum (-a, -um) es est vetitus eram (-a, -um) eras erat vetitus ero (-a, -um) eris erit

Pres.

vetem vetes vetet

vetemus vetetis vetent

veter veteris (-re) vetetur

vetemur vetemini vetentur

/mpf

vetarem vetares vetaret

vetaremus vetaretis vetarent

vetarer vetareris (-re) vetaretur

vetaremur vetaremini vetarentur

Perf.

vetuerim vetueris vetuerit

vetuerimus vetueritis vetuerint

vetitus sim (-a, -um) sis sit

vetiti simus (-ae, -a) sitis sint

/>[up.

vetuissem vetuisses vetuisset

vetuissemus vetuissetis vetuissent

vetitus essem (-a, -um) esses esset

vetiti essemus (-ae, -a) essetis essent

Pres.

veta

vetate

Fut.

vetabimur vetabimini vetabuntur

vetiti erimus (-ae, -a) eritis erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE

IMPERATIVE

I INFINITIVE

Pres. Perf

F111.

vetare vetuisse vetitiirus (-a, -um) esse

vetan vetitus (-a, -um) esse vetitum iri

PARTICIPLE Pres. Perf

vetans, (-ntis)

I•111.

vetitiirus (-a, -um) GERUND vetandi, -o, -um, -o

vetitus (-a, -um) vetandus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE) SUPINE vetitum, -ii

Al1ernate forms: vetati sunt = vetiti sunt; vetavi = vetuit; votes= vetes; votitus = vetitus; voto =veto Model sentence: Ab ope re legatos Caesar discedere vetuerat. -Caesar

D

video

video, videre, vidi, visum

see, seem ACTIVE

PASSIVE INDICATIVE

Pres.

video vi des videt

videmus videtis vident

videor videris (-re) videtur

vi demur vi de mini videntur

lmpf

videbam vi de bas videbat

videbamus videbatis videbant

vi debar videbaris (-re) videbatur

videbamur videbamini videbantur

Fut.

videbo videbis videbit

videbimus videbitis videbunt

videbor videberis (-re) videbitur

videbimur videbimini videbuntur

Perf

vi di vidisti vidit

vidimus vidistis viderunt (-ere)

visus sum (-a, -um) es est

visi sumus (-ae, -a) es tis sunt

Plup.

vi de ram videras viderat

videramus videratis viderant

vis us eram (-a, -um) eras erat

visl eramus (-ae, -a) eratis erant

Fut. Perf

videro vlderis vlderit

viderimus vlderitis viderint

vis us ero (-a, -um) eris erit

visl erimus (-ae, -a) eritis erunt

Pres.

videam videas videat

videiimus videatis videant

vi dear videiiris (-re) videatur

videiimur videamini videantur

lmpf

viderem vi deres videret

videremus videretis viderent

viderer videreris (-re) videretur

videremur videremini viderentur

Perf

viderim videris viderit

viderimus vlderitis vlderint

vis us sim (-a, -um) sis sit

vlsi simus (-ae, -a) Silis sint

Plup.

vldissem vidisses vldisset

vidissemus vidissetis vi dissent

visus essem (-a, -um) esses es set

vlsi essemus (-ae, -a) essetis essent

Pres.

vide

videte

SUBJUNCTIVE

IMPERATIVE

I INFINITIVE

Pres. Perf Fut.

videre vldisse vlsiirus (-a, -um) esse

Pres. Perf Fut.

videos, (-ntis)

vi den vlsus (-a, -um) esse vlsum lrl

PARTICIPLE vlsus (-a, -um) videndus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE)

visiirus (-a, -um) GERUND videndi, -o, -um, -o

liN ESSl~N'l'IL\I"

lTJ~llll

SUPINE visum, -ii

11

Nr I~ ss1r~.r'l'l· .d l . 1'..I

.L~l

... ~ L ,

J

55 lrJ~llll IMR•t•DFE

video

UAZii:.Ta.~

Related Words improvisus, improvisa, improvisum unexpected invidia, invidiae, f. hatred invidus, invida, invidum envious providentia, providentiae, f. foresight prudens, prudentis wise prudentia, prudentiae, f. discretion

This verb is essential because it and its related words are common. In passive voice this verb has the idea to seem. The compounds beginning with in- are negative because they reflect the Romans' belief in the "evil eye." You can see the cultural persistence of this fear in The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe. ALTERNATE FORMS: viden = videsne viderier = videri

reviso, revisare to come back to visito, visitare to see often viso, visare to look at

COMPOUNDS : invideo, invidere, invidi, invisum to hate provideo, providere, providi, provisum to foresee MODEL SENTENCE: Senes mori sic videntur ut sua sponte nulla adhibita vi consumptus ignis exstinguitur. -Cicero

l'igeii

vigeo, vigere, vigul

thrive

ACTIVE INDICATIVE Pres.

vige5 viges vi get

vigemus vigetis vigent

lmpf

vigebam vigebas vigebat

vigebamus vigebatis vigebant

Fut.

vigeb5 vigebis vigebit

vigebimus vigebitis vigebunt

Perf.

vigul viguistl viguit

viguimus viguistis viguerunt

Plup.

vigueram vigueras viguerat

Fut. Perf.

viguer5 vigueris viguerit

vigueramus vigueratis viguerant viguerimus vigueriti"s viguerint

SUBJUNCTIVE Pres.

vigeam vigeas vigeat

lmpf

vigerem vigeres vigeret

vigeamus vigeatis vigeant vigeremus vigeretis vigerent

Perf.

viguerim vigueris viguerit

viguerimus vigueritis viguerint

Plup.

viguissem viguisses viguisset

viguissemus viguissetis viguissent

IMPERATIVE Pres.

vige

vigete

INFINITIVE Pres. Perf. Fut.

vigere viguisse

PARTICIPLE Pres. Perf. Fut.

vigens, (-ntis) vigendus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE)

GERUND vigendl, -5, -um, -5

SUPINE

Compounds and related words: vigesco (3) to thrive; vigil, -is awake; vigilantia, -ae, f'. watchfulness; vigilarium, -i, n. watch-house; vigilax, -acis watchful; vigilia, -ae, f. watch ; vigor, -is, m. vi gor Model sentence: Audacia, largitio, avaritia vigebant. -Sallust

Yigilo

vigito, vigilare, vigilMi, vigilatum

keep awake, watch

ACTIVE

PASSIVE INDICATIVE

Pres.

vigil5 vigilas vigilat

vigilamus vigilatis vigilant

vigilor vigilaris (-re) vigilatur

vigilamur vigilamini vigilantur

lmpf

vigilabam vigilabas vigilabat

vigilabamus vigilabatis vigilabant

vigilabar vigilabaris (-re) vigilabatur

vigilabamur vigilabamini vigilabantur

Fut.

vigilab5 vigilabis vigilabit

vigilabimus vigilabitis vigilabunt

vigilabor vigilaberis (-re) vigilabitur

vigilabimur vigilabimini vigilabuntur

Perf.

vigilavi vigilavisti vigilavit

vigilavimus vigilavistis vigilaverunt (-ere)

vigilatus sum (-a, -um) es est

vigilati sum us (-ae, -a) estis sunt

Plup.

vigilaveram vigilaveras vigilaverat

vigilaveramus vigilaveratis vigilaverant

vigilatus eram (-a, -um) eras erat

vigilati eramus (-ae, -a) eratis erant

Fut. Perf.

vigilaver5 vigilaveris vigilaverit

vigilaverimus vigilaveritis vigilaverint

vigilatus er5 (-a, -um) eris erit

vigilati erimus (-ae, -a) eritis erunt

Pres.

vigilem vigiles vigilet

vigilemus vigiletis vigilent

vigiler vigileris (-re) vigiletur

vigilemur vigilemini vigilentur

lmpf

vigilarem vigilares vigilaret

vigilaremus vigilaretis vigilarent

vigilarer vigilareris (-re) vigilaretur

vigilaremur vigilaremini vigilarentur

Perf.

vigilaverim vigilaveris vigilaverit

vigilaverimus vigilaveritis vigilaverint

vigilatus sim (-a, -um) sis sit

vigilati simus (-ae, -a) Silis sint

Plup.

vigilavissem vigilavisses vigilavisset

vigilavissemus vigilavissetis vigi Iavissent

vigilatus essem (-a, -um) esses es set

vigilati essemus (-ae, -a) essetis es sent

Pres.

vigila

vigil ate

SUBJUNCTIVE

IMPERATIVE

I INFINITIVE

Pres. Perf /1

vigilare vigilavisse vigilatiirus (-a, -um) esse

Pres.

vigilans, (-ntis)

111.

vigilan vigilatus (-a, -um) esse vigilatum iri

PARTICIPLE A'1f

I•111.

vigilatiirus (-a, -um) GERUND vigilandi, -5, -um, -5

vigilatus (-a, -um) vigilandus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE) SUPINE vigi latum, -ii

ompounds and related words: evigilo (1) to be wide awake; vigil, -is awake; vigila ntia, -ae, f. watchfulness; vigilarium, -i, n. watch-house; vigilax, -acis watchfu l; vigilia, -ae, f. watch Model sentence: Vigilandum est semper: multae insidiae sunt bonis. -Attius

l!J

vinciO

vincio, vinclre, vinxl, vinctum

bind, compress

PASSIVE

ACTIVE INDICATIVE Pres.

vinci6 vincis vincit

vincimus vincitis vinciunt

vincior vinciris (-re) vincitur

vincimur vincimini vinciuntur

lmpf

vinciebam vinciebas vinciebat

vinciebamus vinciebatis vinciebant

vinciebar vinciebaris (-re) vinciebatur

vinciebamur vinciebamini vinciebantur

Fut.

vinciam vincies vinciet

vinciemus vincietis vincient

vinciar vincieris (-re) vincietur

vinciemur vinciemini vincientur

Perf.

vinxi vinxisti vinxit

vinximus vinxistis vinxerunt (-ere)

vinctus sum (-a, -um) es est

vincti sumus (-ae, -a) es tis sunt

Plup.

vinxeram vinxeras vinxerat ·vinxer6 vinxeris vinxerit

vinxeramus vinxeratis vinxerant vinxerimus vinxeritis vinxerint

vinctus eram (-a, -um) eras erat vinctus er6 (-a, -um) eris erit

vincti eramus (-ae, -a) eratis erant vincti erimus (-ae, -a) eritis erunt

vinciam vincias vinciat vincirem vincires vinciret

vinciamus vinciatis vinciant

vinciar vinciaris (-re) vinciatur

vinciamur vinciamini vinciantur

vinciremus vinciretis vincirent

vincirer vincireris (-re) vinciretur

vinciremur vinciremini vincirentur

Perf.

vinxerim vinxeris vinxerit

vinxerimus vinxeritis vinxerint

vinctus sim (-a, -um) sis sit

vincti simus (-ae, -a) Silis sint

Plup.

vinxissem vinxisses vinxisset

vinxissemus vinxissetis vinxissent

vinctus essem (-a, -um) esses esset

vincti essemus (-ae, -a) essetis essent

Pres.

vinci

vincite

Fut. Perf.

SUBJUNCTIVE Pres.

lmpf

IMPERATIVE

I INFINITIVE

Pres. Perf. Fut.

vincire vinxisse vincturus (-a, -um) esse

Pres. Perf. Fut.

vinciens, (-ntis)

vinciri vinctus (-a, -um) esse vinctum iri

PARTICIPLE vincitilrus (-a, -um) GERUND vinciendi, -6, -um, -6

vinctus (-a, -um) vinciendus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE) SUPINE vinctum, -il

Compounds and related words: devincio (4) to bind; evincio (4) to bind; revincio (4) to tie back; vinculum, -i, n. bond Model sentence: Facinus est vincire civem Romanum. -Cicero

vinoo

vinco, vincere, vlcl, victum

conquer

ACTIVE

PASSIVE INDICATIVE

Pres.

vinc5 vincis vincit

vincimus vincitis vincunt

vincor vinceris (-re) vincitur

vincimur vincimini vincuntur

lmpf

vincebam vincebas vincebat

vincebamus vincebatis vincebant

vincebar vincebaris (-re) vincebatur

vincebamur vincebamini vincebantur

Fut.

vincam vinces vincet

vincemus vincetis vincent

vincar vinceris (-re) vincetur

vincemur vincemini vincentur

Perf.

Vici vicisti vicit

vicimus vicistis vicerunt (-ere)

victus sum (-a, -um) es est

victi sum us (-ae, -a) estis sunt

Plup.

viceram viceras vicerat

viceramus viceratis vicerant

victus eram (-a, -um) eras erat

victi eramus (-ae, -a) eratis erant

Fut. Perf.

vicer5 viceris vicerit

vicerimus viceritis vicerint

victus er5 (-a, -um) eris erit

victi erimus (-ae, -a) eritis erunt

Pres.

vincam vincas vincat

vincamus vincatis vincant

vincar vincaris (-re) vincatur

vincamur vincamini vincantur

lmpf

vincerem vinceres vinceret

vinceremus vinceretis vincerent

vincerer vincereris (-re) vinceretur

vinceremur vinceremini vincerentur

Perf.

vicerim viceris vicerit

vicerimus viceritis vicerint

victus sim (-a, -um) sis sit

victi simus (-ae, -a) sitis sint

Plup.

vicissem vicisses vicisset

vicissemus vicissetis vicissent

victus essem (-a, -um) esses es set

victi essemus (-ae, -a) essetis es sent

Pres.

vince

vincite

SUBJUNCTIVE

IMPERATIVE

I INFINITIVE

Pres. Perf Fut.

vincere vicisse victiirus (-a, -um) esse

vinci victus (-a, -um) esse victum iri

Pres. l'erf

vincens, (-ntis)

I

Fut.

victiirus (-a, -um)

I

PARTICIPLE

GERUND vincendi, -5, -um, -5

victus (-a, -um) vincendus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE) SUPINE victum, -u

ompounds and related words: convinco (3) to refute; devinco (3) to defeat; invictus, -a, -um unconquerable; victor, -is, m. victor; victoria, -ae, f. victory; victrix, -tricis, f. victor (female) Model sentence: !us est belli ut qui vicissent iis quos vicissent quemadmodum vellent imperarent. -Caesar

11!1

viroo

vireo, virere, virul

flourish, be green

ACTIVE INDICATIVE Pres.

vireo vires viret

viremus viretis vi rent

lmpf

virebam vi re bas virebat

virebamus virebatis virebant

Fut.

virebo virebis virebit

virebimus virebitis virebunt

Pelf.

virui viruisti viruit

viruimus viruistis viruerunt (-ere)

Plup.

virueram virueras viruerat

virueramus virueratis viruerant

Fut. Pelf.

viruero virueris viruerit

viruerimus virueritis viruerint

SUBJUNCTIVE Pres.

viream vireas vireat

vireamus vireatis vireant

lmpf

virerem vireres vireret

vireremus vireretis virerent

Pelf.

viruerim virueris viruerit

viruerimus virueritis viruerint

Plup.

viruissem viruisses viruisset

viruissemus viruissetis viruissent

IMPERATIVE Pres.

vi re

virete

INFINITIVE Pres. Pelf. Fut.

virere viruisse

PARTICIPLE Pres. Peif. Fut.

virens, (-ntis) virendus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE)

GERUND virendi, -o, -um, -o

SUPINE

Compounds and related words: ver, -is, n. spring; viresco (3) to tum green; viridans, -ntis green; viridis, -e green; viriditas, -tatis, f. greenness; Model sentence: Virent lacrimis roscida prata me is. -Martial

vivo

vivo, v!vere, vixl, victum

live, be alive

ACTIVE

PASSIVE INDICATIVE

Pres.

vivo vi vis vivit

vivimus vi vi tis vivunt

vivitur (lmpers.)

lmpf

vivebam vivebas vivebat

vivebamus vivebatis vivebant

vivebatur (lmpers.)

Fut.

vivam vives vi vet

vivemus vivetis vi vent

vivetur (lmpers.)

Perf.

vixi vixisti vixit

viximus vixistis vixerunt (-ere)

victum est (lmpers.)

Plup.

vixeram vixeras vixerat

vixeramus vixeratis vixerant vixerimus vixeritis vixerint

Fut. Perf.

vixero vixeris vixerit

victum erat (lmpers.)

victum erit (lmpers.)

SUBJUNCTIVE Pres.

/mpf

l'erf

l'lup.

vivam vivas vi vat viverem viveres viveret

vivamus vivatis vivant

vivatur (lmpers.)

viveremus viveretis viverent

viveretur (lmpers.)

vixerim vixeris vixerit

vixerimus vixeritis vixerint

victum sit (lmpers.)

vixissem vixisses vixisset

vixissemus vixissetis vixissent

victum esset (lmpers.)

IMPERATIVE Pres.

vive

vivite

I INFINITIVE

l'res. l 1erf 1'11/.

vivere vixisse victiirus (-a, -um) esse

vi vi victus (-a, -um) esse victum iri

PARTICIPLE 11res. I' rf

vivens, (-ntis)

''"'·

victiirus (-a, -um)

victus (-a, -um) vivendus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE) GERUND vivendi, -o, -um, -o

SUPINE victum, -u

A.It ·rnate forms: vixet = vixisset I 'Ompounds and related words: convictus, -us, m. party; conviva, -ae, m. guest; convivium, -i, n. party; vlctus, -us, m. livelihood; vivus, -a, -um alive M del sentence: Vu:ere fortes ante Agamemnona. -Horace

VocO

voco, vociire, vociivl, vociitum

call

ACTIVE

PASSIVE INDICATIVE

vocas vocat

vocamus vocatis vocant

vocor vocaris (-re) vocatur

vocamur vocamini vocantur

Impf

vocabam vocabas vocabat

vocabamus vocabati s vocabant

vocabar vocabaris (-re) vocabatur

vocabamur vocabamini vocabantur

Fut.

vocabo vocabis vocabit

vocabimus vocabitis vocabunt

vocabor vocaberis (-re) vocabitur

vocabimur vocabimini vocabuntur

Perf.

vocavi vocavisti vocavit

vocavimus vocavistis vocaverunt (-ere)

vocatus sum (-a, -um) es est

vocati sumus (-ae, -a) es tis sunt

Plup.

vocaveram vocaveras vocaverat vocavero vocaveris vocaverit

vocaveramus vocaveratis vocaverant vocaverimus vocaveritis vocaveri nt

vocatus eram (-a, -um) eras erat vocatus ero (-a, -um) eris erit

vocati eramus (-ae, -a) era tis erant vocati erimus (-ae, -a) eritis erunt

Pres.

vocem voces vocet

vocemus vocetis vocent

vocer voceris (-re) vocetur

vocemur vocemini vocentur

Impf

vocarem vocares vocaret

vocaremus voe are tis vocarent

vocarer vocareris (-re) vocaretur

vocaremur vocaremini vocarentur

Perf.

vocaverim vocaveris vocaverit

vocaverimus vocaveritis vocaverint

vocatus si m (-a, -um) sis sit

vocati simus (-ae, -a) sitis sint

Plup.

vocavissem vocavisses vocavisset

vocavissemus vocavissetis vocavissent

vocatus essem (-a, -um) esses es set

vocati essemus (-ae, -a) essetis essent

Pres.

voca

vocate

Pres.

Fut. Perf.

VOCO

SUBJUNCTIVE

IMPERATIVE

I INFINITIVE

Pres. Perf. Fut.

vocare vocavisse vocatiirus (-a, -um) esse

Pres. Perf. Fut.

vocans, (-ntis)

voe an vocatus (-a, -um) esse vocatum iri

PARTICIPLE vocatiirus (-a, -um) GERUND vocandi, -o, -um, -o

vocatus (-a, -um) vocandus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE) SUPINE vocatum, -ii

Alternate forms: vocarier = vocari Compounds and related words: advoco (1) summon; convoco (1) summon; evoco (1) summon; invoco (1) summon; provoco (1) challenge; revoco (1) call back; vocabulum, -i, n. name; vocalis, -e pertai ning to the voice; vociferor (1) shout; vocito (1 ) shout; vox, vocis, f. vo ice Model sentence: Mirabar quare nunquam me, Cotta, vocasses: iam scio me nudum displicuisse tibi. - Martial

volO

volo, voliire, voliivi, voliitum

fly

ACTIVE INDICATIVE Pres.

vol5 vol as volat

volamus volatis vol ant

lmpf

volabam volabas volabat

volabamus volabatis volabant

Fut.

volab5 volabis volabit

volamus volabitis volabunt

Perf.

volavi volavisn volavit

volavimus volavistis volaverunt (-ere)

Plup.

volaveram volaveras volaverat

volaveramus volaveratis volaverant

Fut. Perf.

volavero volaveris volaverit

volaverimus volaveritis volaverint

SUBJUNCTIVE Pres.

volem voles volet

volemus voletis volent

lmpf

volarem volares volaret

volaremus volaretis volarent

Perf.

volaverim volaveris volaverit

volaverimus volaveritis volaverint

Plup.

volavissem volavisses volavisset

volavissemus volavissetis volavissent

IMPERATIVE Pres.

vola

volate

INFINITIVE Pres. Perf. Fut.

volare volavisse volatUrus (-a, -um) esse

PARTICIPLE Active

Passive

Pres. Perf. Fut.

volatus (-a, -um) volandus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE)

volans, (-ntis) volatiirus (-a, -um)

GERUND volandi, -5, -um, -5

SUPINE volatum, -u

I ompounds and related words: evolo (1) to fly out; pervolo (1) to fly over; velocitas, -tatis, f. speed; velox, -ocis swift; volito (1) to fly around; volucer, -eris, -ere winged Model sentence: Verba volant, scripta manent. -proverb

volO

volo, velle, volul

wish

ACTIVE INDICATIVE Pres. volO vis vult volebam lmpf volebas volebat Fut. volam voles volet Perf. vo lui voluisti voluit volueram Plup. volueras voluerat voluero Fut. volueris Perf. voluerit SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. velim velis velit lmpf veil em veil es vellet voluerim Perf. volueris voluerit Plup. voluissem voluisses voluisset IMPERATIVE

volumus vultis volunt volebamus volebatis volebant volemus voletis volent voluimu s voluistis voluerunt (-ere) volueramus volueratis voluerant voluerimu s volueritis voluerint velimus velitis veli nt vellemus velletis vellent voluerimu s volueritis voluerint voluissemus voluissetis voluissent

Pres.

INFINITIVE velle Pres. voluisse Perf. Fut.

PARTICIPLE volens, (-ntis) Pres. Perf. Fut.

GERUND

1\N

l~SSEN'l'IL\.l.i

\T J~llll

SUPINE

ilM?..

P'S'

1\N l~SSl~N'l1 l1\.I" 55 •••·lTJ~llll ·1•--•www Related Words benevolentia, benevolentiae, f. kindness quamvis however quivis any voluntas, voluntatis, f. willingness voluptas, voluptatis, f. pleasure

volo This verb is among the most essential in the entire language. Its basic idea is to be willing. Although it can be translated as to want, it actually has little to do with desire. Consider the English word volunteer. It expresses willingness, not necessarily desire. There are two other irregular verbs which are contractions with volo. They are nolo to be unwilling, which is non+ volo, and malo to prefer, magis + volo. Each has its own page in this book. ALTERNATE FORMS: veis =vis vin = visne volim, etc. = velim, etc. volimus = volumus sis= si vis sultis = si vultis voliturus (future active participle) MODEL SENTENCE: homines id quad volunt credunt. -Caesar Libente~

volvii

volvo, volvere, volvl, vo/Utum

roll, unroll, ponder

ACTIVE

PASSIVE INDICATIVE

Pres.

volv5 vol vis volvit

vol vi mus vol vi tis volvunt

volvor volveris (-re) volvitur

volvimur volviminl volvuntur

lmpf

volvebam volvebas volvebat

volvebar volvebaris (-re) volvebiitur

volvebamur volvebaminl volvebantur

Fut.

volvam volves vol vet

volvebamus volvebatis volvebant volvemus volvetis vol vent

vol var volveris (-re) · volvetur

volvemur volveminl volventur

Perf.

volvl volvisti volvit

vol vi mus volvistis volverunt (-ere)

voliiti sumus (-ae, -a) estis sunt

Plup.

volveram volveras volverat volver5 volveris volverit

volveramus volveratis volverant volverimus volveritis volverint

voliitus sum (-a, -um) es est voliitus eram (-a, -um) eras erat voliitus er5 (-a, -um) eris erit

Pres.

volvam volviis vol vat

volviimus volvatis volvant

volviimur volvaminl volvantur

lmpf

volverem volveres volveret

volveremus volveretis volverent

vol var volviiris (-re) volvatur volverer volvereris (-re) volveretur

Perf.

volverim volveris volverit

volverimus volveritis volverint

voliitus

(-a, -um) sis

voliiti slmus (-ae, -a) sltis sint

Plup.

volvissem volvisses volvisset

volvissemus volvissetis volvissent

voliitus essem (-a, -um) esses esset

Pres.

volve

volvite

Fut. Perf.

voliiti eramus (-ae, -a) eratis erant voliiti erimus (-ae, -a) eritis erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE

sim sit

volveremur volvereminl volverentur

voliiti essemus (-ae, -a) essetis essent

IMPERATIVE

I INFINITIVE

Pres. Perf.

Fut.

volvl voliitus (-a, -um) esse voliitum lrl

volvere volvisse voliitiirus (-a, -um) esse

PARTICIPLE Pres. Perf.

volvens, (-ntis)

Fut.

voliitiirus (-a, -um) GERUND volvendl, -5, -um, -5

voliitus (-a, -um) volvendus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE) SUPINE voliitum, -ii

Usage notes: passive forms often with middle sense Alternate forms: volvier = volvi Compounds and related words: advolvo (3) to roll to; convolvo (3) to roll together; devolvo (3) to rol I down; evolvo (3) to unroll; involvo (3) to envelop; pervolvo (3) to roll around; provolvo (3) to roll forward; revolvo (3) to roll backwards, unroll; volumen, -minis, n. roll; voluto (I) to ro ll over Model sentence: Volvit sub undis grandia saxa. - Lucretius

voveo, vovere, vov!, votum

VOVeO

vow, consecrate

ACTIVE

PASSIVE INDICATIVE

Pres.

voveo voves vovet

vovemus vovetis vovent

voveor voveris (-re) vovetur

vovemur vovemini voventur

lmpf

vovebam vovebas vovebat

vovebamus vovebatis vovebant

vovebar vovebaris (-re) vovebatur

vovebamur vovebamini vovebantur

Fut.

vovebo vovebis vovebit

vovebimus vovebitis vovebunt

vovebor voveberis (-re) vovebitur

vovebimur vovebimini vovebuntur

Perf.

vovi vovisti vovit

vovimus vovistis voverunt (-ere)

votus sum (-a, -um) es est

von sumus (-ae, -a) estis sunt

Plup.

voveram voveras voverat

voveramus voveratis voverant

votus eram (-a, -um) eras erat

voti eramus (-ae, -a) eratis erant

Fut. Perf.

vovero voveris voverit

voverimus voveritis voverint

votus ero (-a, -um) eris erit

voti erimus (-ae, -a) eritis erunt

Pres.

voveam voveas voveat

voveamus voveatis voveant

vovear vovearis (-re) voveatur

voveamur voveamini voveantur

lmpf

voverem voveres voveret

voveremus voveretis voverent

voverer vovereris (-re) voveretur

voveremur voveremini voverentur

Perf.

voverim voveris voverit

voverimus voveritis voverint

votus sim (-a, -um) sis sit

von simus (-ae, -a) sit is sint

Plup.

vovissem vovisses vovisset

vovissemus vovissetis vovissent

votus essem (-a, -um) esses esset

voti essemus (-ae, -a) essetis essent

Pres.

vove

vovete

SUBJUNCTIVE

IMPERATIVE

I INFINITIVE

Pres. Perf. Fut.

vovere vovisse votiirus (-a, -um) esse

Pres.

vovens, (-ntis)

voveri votus (-a, -um) esse votum iri

PARTICIPLE Per:f

F111.

votus (-a, -um) vovendus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE)

votiirus (-a, -um) GERUND vovendi, -o, -um, -o

SUPINE votum, -U

ompounds and related words: devoveo (2) to consecrate; votivus, -a, -um relating to a vow; votum, -i, n. vow Model sentence: Tullus in re trepida decem vovit Salios fanaque Pallori ac Pavori. -Livy

l!J

vulnerii

vulnero, vulnerare, vulnerav!, vulneratum

wound

ACTIVE

PASSIVE INDICATIVE

Pres.

vulner5 vulneras vulnerat

vulneramus vulneratis vulnerant

vulneror vulneraris (-re) vulneratur

vulneramur vulneramini vulnerantur

lmpf

vulnerabam vulnerabas vulnerabat

vulnerabamus vulnerabatis vulnerabant

vulnerabar vulnerabaris (-re) vulnerabatur

vulnerabamur vulnerabamini vulnerabantur

Fut.

vulnerab5 vulnerabis vulnerabit

vulnerabimus vulnerabitis vulnerabunt

vulnerabor vulneraberis (-re) vulnerabitur

vulnerabimur vulnerabimini vulnerabuntur

Perf.

vulneravi vulneravisti vulneravit

vulneravimus vulneravistis vulneraverunt (-ere)

vulneratus sum (-a, -um) es est

vulnerati sumus (-ae, -a) es tis sunt

Plup.

vulneraveram vulneraveras vu lneraverat

vulneraveramus vulneraveratis vulneraverant

vulneratus eram (-a, -um) eras erat

vulnerati eramus (-ae, -a) eratis erant

Fut. Perf.

vulneraver5 vulneraveris vulneraverit

vulneraverimus vulneraveritis vulneraverint

vulneratus er5 (-a, -um) eris erit

vulnerati erimus (-ae, -a) eritis erunt

Pres.

vulnerem vulneres vulneret

vulneremus vulneretis vulnerent

vulnerer vulnereris (-re) vulneretur

vulneremur vulneremini vulnerentur

lmpf

vulnerarem vulnerares vulneraret

vulneraremus vulneraretis vulnerarent

vulnerarer vulnerareris (-re) vulneraretur

~ulneraremur vulneraremini vulnerarentur

Perf.

vulneraverim vulneraveris vulneraverit

vulneraverimus vu lneraveritis vulneraverint

vulneratus sim (-a, -um) sis sit

vulnerati simus (-ae, -a) Si tis sint

Plup.

vulneravissem vulneravisses vulneravisset

vulneravissemus vulneravissetis vulneravissent

vulneratus essem (-a, -um) esses esset

vulnerati essemus (-ae, -a) essetis essent

Pres.

vulnera

vulnera,te

SUBJUNCTIVE

IMPERATIVE

I INFINITIVE

Pres. Perf. Fut.

vulnerare vulneravisse vulneratilrus (-a, -um) esse

Pres. Perf. Fut.

vtilnerans, (-ntis)

vulneriiri vulneratus (-a, -um) esse vulneratum iri

PARTICIPLE vulneratilrus (-a, -um) GERUND vulnerandi, -5, -um, -5

vulneratus (-a, -um) vulnerandus (-a, -um) (GERUNDIVE) SUPINE vulneratum, -u

Alternate forms: volnero, volnerare, etc.= vulnero, vulnerare, etc. Compounds and related words: convulnero (1) to wound severely; vulnerabilis, -e wounding; vulneratio, -onis, f. wound; vulnerator, -is, m . wounder; vulnus, -eris, n. wound Model sentence: Cotta legatus in adversum osfunda vulneratur. -Caesar