Cross-Channel Relations in the Later Bronze Age, Parts i and ii: Relations between Britain, North-Eastern France and the Low Countries during the Later Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, with particular reference to the metalwork 9781407389493, 9781407389509, 9780860541059, 9781407352657

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Cross-Channel Relations in the Later Bronze Age Relations between Britain, North-Eastern France and the Low Countries during the Later Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, with particular reference to the metalwork Part i

Brendan O'Connor

BAR International Series 9 I (i) 1980

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS

A. R. Hands, B .Sc., �I.A., D.Phil.

D. R. Walker, �I.A.

B. A. R. S91 (I), 1980: "Cross-Channel Relations in the Later Bronze Age" Part I ©Brendan O'Connor, 1980. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389493 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389509 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860541059 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407352657 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541059 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

CONTENTS P ar t i

P age PREFACE I NTRODUCTION

C hapter 1 .

PREV IOUS RESEARCH

P rev ious r esearch i n to r e la t ions b etween B r i ta in a nd 1

t he c on t inen t The c hrono logy o f Br i t ish B ronze Age me ta lwork , ma in ly i n l ow land B r i ta in T he c hrono logy o f t he B r it ish E ar ly I ron A ge C hapter 2 .

5 1 2

RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY

R e la t ive c hrono logy :

M idd le B ronze Age

C en tra l E uropean c hrono logy

1 7

N ordic c hrono logy

1 7

N or th-wes t Ger man c hrono logy

2 0

L aux 's c hrono logy o f t he e ar l ier B ronze Age i n n or th-wes t Ger many

2 0

Dutch a nd B e lg ian c hrono logy

2 6

F rench c hrono logy

2 6

Re la t ive c hrono logy :

L a te B ronze A ge

C en tra l E uropean c hrono logy N ordic c hrono logy

3 0

Du tch a nd B e lg ian c hrono logy F rench c hrono logy Re la t ive c hrono logy :

2 8 , 31 3 1

E ar ly I ron Age

C en tra l E uropean c hrono logy

3 3

N ordic c hrono logy

3 4

Du tch a nd B e lg ian c hrono logy

3 4

F rench c hrono logy

3 4

The H a l lsta t t c e me tery

3 5

C hapter 3 .

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE

Middle B ronze Age 1

3 8

M iddle B ronze Age 2

3 9

P age F langed a xes Arre ton a xes

3 9

H af t-f langed a xes

4 0

C on t inen ta l f l anged a xes i n B r i ta in

4 1

P a lstaves S h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves The d eve lop ment o f MBA p a ls taves :

4 1 e v idence f ro m

n or thern a nd c en tra l E urope The MBA p a ls tave s er ies o f n or thern F rance

4 3 4 4

B re ton p a lstaves

4 5

C en tre-ouest p a ls taves

4 6

N or man p a ls taves

4 7

T he p a ls tave s er ies o f B e lg iu m a nd t he N e ther lands N ordic p a ls taves

4 9 5 1

Bohe m ian p a ls taves

5 1

The MBA p a ls tave s er ies o f s outhern B r i ta in

5 1

Doub lelooped p a ls taves

5 4

P a ls tave d is tr ibu t ion

5 5

Too ls a nd weapons S ocke ted a xes

5 8

S ocke ted h a m mers

6 1

Anv i ls

6 1

K nobbed s ick les

6 2

T rebou l s pearheads

6 3

S idelooped s pearheads

6 3

B asa llooped s pearheads w ith l eaf-shaped b lades

6 4

Og iva l-b laded s pearheads

6 5

N ordic a nd c en tra l E uropean s pearheads

6 5

T rebou l-Sa int-Brandan s words

6 6

P lougrescan t-Om merschans s words

6 8

N ordic a nd c en tra l E uropean s words

6 9

T u mu lus d aggers

7 1

Trapezo ida l-h i lted r ap iers

7 1

Orna men ts The o rna men t h or izon

7 4

D isc-headed p ins

7 4

N a i l-headed p ins

7 5

Ro l l-headed p ins

7 5

Whee l-headed p ins

7 5

P ins w i th l ong r ibbed h eads

7 5

T ru mpe t-headed p ins

7 6

P icardy p ins

7 6

P ins r e la ted t o P icardy p ins

7 6

D isc-headed p ins w i th l ooped o r p erfora ted s tra igh t s haf ts Misce l laneous p ins

7 7 7 8

P ins :

7 8

d iscuss ion

Tw isted n eck-r ings

7 9

Page Decorated bracelets Ribbed bracelets Plain penannular bracelets Twisted bracelets Tumulus bracelets or anklets Spiral belt-hooks Finger-rings Monkswood ornaments Hazers Tweezers MBA: Summary Chapter 4.

80 85 86 87 88 89 89 90

91 91 92

LATE BRONZE AGE 1

Late Bronze Age 1

95

Tools· Palstaves Median-winged axes Socketed axes Ring-socketed sickles Early Urnfield knives

95 96 98 98

Weapons �egged spearheads Straight-based basal-looped spearheads Conical ferrules Tanged arrowheads Socketed arrowheads Sprockhoff Type I swords Nenzingen swords Buchloe/Greffern swords SUttzling swords Rixheim swords Monza swords Grigny swords Pepinville swords Arco swords and Terontola swords Unterhaching swords Early Urnfield solid-hilted swords Hemigkofen swords Erbenheim swords Letten swords Rosno�n swords Appleby solid-hilted swords Ballintober and related swords Miscellaneous swords Swords: discussion Shields

99

100 101 102 102 103 104 104 105 105 106 107 107 107 108 108 108 110 110 110 111 112 113 113 114 115

P age H e l me ts

1 17

G reaves

1 18

C ors le ts

1 19

Orna men ts P oppy-head p ins

1 19

P ins w i th t ru mpe t h eads a nd r ibbed swo l len s haf ts

1 20

C o l lared p ins P ins w i th g lobu lar h eads a nd i nc ised o rnamen t

1 21 1 21

G untersb lu m p ins

1 21

P ins w i th b ands o f i nc ised o rna men t o n t he s haf t

1 21

The p ins f ro m Gw i th ian , C ornwa l l

1 22

E ar lier LBA1 p ins

1 22

The c hrono logy o f t he h oard f ro m V i l le th ierry , Yonne

1 22

Wo l l meshe im p ins

1 23

P ins w i th b icon ica l o r s ub-b icon ica l h eads a nd r adia ting o rnamen t

1 24

S hepherd 's c rook p ins

1 24

P ins w i th s p ind le-whor l h eads

1 24

P ins w i th b road r ibbed b icon ica l h eads

1 25

P ins w i th b road c onvex h eads

1 25

P ins w i th f l a t b icon ica l h eads

1 26

L a ter LBA1 p ins

1 26

B race le ts

1 26

Be l t o rna ments

1 27

B rooches

1 27

LBA1 : C hapter 5 .

S u m mary

1 28

LATE BRONZE AGE 2

L a te B ronze Age 2

1 32

Too ls P a lstaves

1 32

Winged a xes

1 34

S ocke ted a xes

1 36

S ocke ted h a m mers

1 37

S ocke ted g ouges

1 37

C h ise l-b lades

1 37

L ea ther-work ing k n ives

1 37

Doub le-T-h i lted k n ives

1 38

Weapons S pearheads

1 38

T ubu lar f erru les

1 41

L ocras s words

1 42

Ma inz s words

1 42

K lentn ice s words

1 42

A t lan t ic l eaf-shaped s words

1 43

Wi lburton s words

1 45

P age LBA2 s words :

d iscuss ion

L ozenge-sec t ion c hapes Vesse ls C au ldrons

1 46 1 46

1 47

F lesh-hook t er m ina ls H orse-gear C heek-p ieces P ha lerae

1 48

1 49 1 49

B ut tons a nd s tuds M isce l laneous i t e ms o f h orse-gear

1 50 1 50

Whee led v eh ic les

1 50

Horse-gear :

1 52

d iscuss ion

Orna men ts D isc-headed p ins P ins w i th d ecora ted e gg-shaped h eads

1 53 1 53

LBA2 p ins

1 53

B race le ts

1 53

" Bucke t h and les"

1 54

R azors

1 54

LBA2 : C hapter 6 .

S u m mary

1 55

LATE BRONZE AGE 3

L a te B ronze Age 3

1 58

Axes E nd-w inged a xes

1 59

Winged a dzes

1 60

S ocke ted a xes i n s outh-eas tern E ng land

1 61

S ocke ted a xes i n n or thern F rance

1 62

S ocke ted a xes i n B e lg iu m

1 63

S ocke ted a xes i n t he N e ther lands F ace ted a xes

1 64 1 66

S outh We lsh s ocke ted a xes

1 67

Yorksh ire s ocke ted a xes S co t t ish s ocke ted a xes

1 68 1 69

I r ish s ocke ted a xes S ocke ted a xes o f wes tern LBA3 f or m i n c en tra l a nd

1 70

n or thern E urope

1 70

N ordic a xes i n wes tern E urope

1 72

S ocke ted a xes :

1 73

d iscuss ion

T oo ls S ocke ted c h ise ls

1 74

Tanged l ea ther-work ing k n ives

1 75

S ocke ted g ouges

1 75

.

S ocke ted h a m mers

1 76

Anv i ls

1 76

P age S aws

1 77

S ick les

1 77

Doub le-edged s ocke ted k n ives

1 78

Doub le-edged t anged k nives

1 78

C arp 's Tongue k n ives

1 79

S ing le-edged t anged k n ives

1 79

S ing le-edged s ocke ted k n ives

1 80

S ing le-edged s o lid-h i l ted k n ives

1 80

C as t p erfora ted d iscs

1 81

F ish-hooks

1 81

Weapons S pearheads

1 81

T ubu lar f erru les w i th d isc t er m ina ls

1 82

S tockstadt s words

1 83

Mör igen s words

1 83

A uvernier s words

1 83

T ach lov ice s words

1 84

We l tenburg s words

1 84

An tennae-po m me l s words

1 84

S words w i th o va l b ronze p o m me ls

1 85

K le in-Auhe im s words

1 86

P or t-N idau s words

1 86

M isce l laneous l a te U rnf ie ld f l ange-h i lted s words

1 86

C arp 's Tongue s words

1 86

Ewar t P ark s words

1 88

S ocke ted s words

1 89

Bag-shaped c hapes

1 90

Bourge t a rrowheads

1 91

V esse ls B ucke ts

1 91

Bow ls w i th c ruc ifor m h and le-a t tach men ts

1 92

C ast b ronze v esse ls

1 93

Horse-gear C ircu lar s trap-crossings

1 93

B ug le-shaped o b jec ts

1 94

P arc-y- Me irch d oub le r ings

1 95

R a t t le p endan ts

1 95

B ar t ogg les

1 96

G uevaux d iscs

1 97

P ha lerae

1 97

An t ler c heek-p ieces

1 97

C onvex-prof i le b ut tons a nd s tap les

1 98

C onica l l ooped b u t tons

1 99

C onvex-prof i le f l anged b ut tons

1 99

R ibbed b ut tons

1 99

Doub lelooped b u t tons

1 99

Tanged s tuds

1 99

P age Orna men ts R o l l-headed p ins

2 00

N a i l-headed p ins

2 00

Vase-headed p ins

2 00

C up-headed p ins War t-headed p ins

2 01 2 01

C onvex-headed p ins

2 02

B icon ica l-headed p ins

2 02

H o l low g lobu lar-headed p ins

2 03

D isc-headed p ins

2 03

D isc-headed p ins w i th i nse t

2 05

K nobbed d isc-headed p ins

2 05

P ins w i th r ibbed h eads

2 05

P ins w i th sma l l g lobu lar h eads a nd r ibs

2 06

M isce l laneous p ins

2 06

H o mburg b race le ts

2 06

B a lingen b race le ts

2 06

B race le ts w i th t ransverse r ibbed o rnamen t

2 0 7

B race le ts w i th t ransverse l i ne o rna men t

2 07

Wa l lerfangen b race le ts

2 07

D ecora ted b race le ts w i th C -shaped s ec t ion

2 08

Mass ive d ecora ted b race le ts w i th C -shaped s ect ion a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls

2 08

O doorn b race le ts

2 09

N or th Du tch omega b race le ts

2 09

L yze l b race le ts

2 10

C -sec t ion b race le ts w i th l arge e ver ted t er m ina ls

2 10

H o l low-sec t ion b race le ts w i th l arge e ver ted t er m ina ls

2 10

B race le ts w i th d isc t er mina ls

2 11

B race le ts w i th r o l led t er mina ls

2 11

B race le ts w i th r ing t er mina ls

2 11

R ecurved b race le ts

2 12

C ovesea b race le ts

2 12

M isce l laneous b race le ts

2 13

L yze l p endan ts

2 14

U rnf ie ld p endan ts

2 14

P enannu lar g i lded r ings

2 15

B eads

2 16

B e lt o rna men ts

2 16

S p ira ls

2 16

Tw is ted n eck-r ings

2 17

M isce l laneous C arp 's Tongue o b jec ts

2 17

B rooches

2 18

Doub le-edged r azors w i th mu lt ip le-ring h and les

2 19

D utch b if id r azors

2 19

Doub le-edged r anged r azors

2 19

S ing le-edged r azors w i th r ing h and les

2 20

N ordic r azors

2 20

Tweezers

2 21

I r ish t ypes s upposed t o b e o f f ore ign o r ig in

2 22

LBA3 : C hap ter 7 .

S u m mary

2 25

LATE BRONZE AGE 4 AND EARLY I RON AGE 1

L a te B ronze Age 4

2 30

E ar ly I ron A ge 1

2 31

Too ls L inear-face ted a xes

2 31

S o mp t ing a xes

2 34

A r mor ican s ocke ted a xes

2 35

N ordic s ocke ted a xes

2 36

I ron s ocke ted a xes

2 37

S tone s haf t-ho le a xes

2 37

S ocke ted l ea ther-work ing k n ives

2 39

H ee led s ocke ted s ick les

2 39

I ron k n ives

2 39

Weapons I ron s pearheads

2 40

H a l ls ta t t b ronze s words

2 40

H a l ls ta t t i ron s words

2 46

An tennae-po m me l i ron s words

2 48

H a l ls ta t t c hapes

2 48

I ron d aggers

2 49

B ronze a rrowheads

2 50

I ron a rrowheads

2 50

Vesse ls B ucke ts

2 50

R ibbed p a i ls

2 51

Misce l laneous v esse ls

2 52

F lesh-hooks

2 53

H orse-gear H a l ls ta t t p ha lerae

2 53

C heek-p iece o rna men ts

2 54

C heek-p ieces

2 54

Yoke- mounts

2 55

C oncave o va l a t tachments

2 55

M isce l laneous i t e ms o f H a l ls ta t t h orse-gear

2 56

Orna men ts S a in t-V incent p ins

2 56

Swan 's-neck p ins

2 57

R ing-headed p ins

2 57

M isce l laneous E ar ly I ron Age p ins

2 57

H a l ls ta t t b race le ts a nd c o l lars

2 58

Page B race le ts w i th e ver ted t er mina ls

2 60

C on ica l p endan ts ow s l igh t ly s wo l len C urved-bow b rooches , b ow s l igh t ly s wo l len , l ong c a tchC urved-bow b rooches , b 2 61

p la te C urved-bow b rooches , b ow s l igh t ly s o l len , s hor t c a tch-p la te ow s wo l len , l ong c a tch-p la te C urved-bow b rooches , b

2 61 I ? 1

wo l len b ow f or med o f d iscs , C urved-bow b rooches , s d isc-shaped c a tch-p la te

2 62

C urved-bow b rooches , s wo l len l ozenge-shaped b ow , l ong c a tch-p la te

2 62

S erpen t ifor m b rooches

2 62

S p ira l b rooches

2 62

B rooches :

2 63

d iscuss ion

Wies loch r azors

2 63

E r idingen r azors

2 64

F lörshe im r azors

2 64

B ern issar t r azors

2 64

T r iangu lar-b laded r azors

2 64

C ircu lar-b laded r azors

2 65

I ron r azors

2 65

M isce l laneous r azors

2 65

LBA4/EIA1 : C hap ter 8 .

S u m mary

2 66

D ISCUSS ION

C hrono logy C orre la t ion

2 69

Abso lute c hrono logy

2 70

D iscussion :

M idd le Bronze Age

T he EBA/ MBA t rans i t ion

2 73

L a ter MBA

2 76

D iscuss ion :

L a te B ronze Age

E ar l ier LBA

2 78

L a ter LBA

2 81

D iscussion :

L a te B ronze Age/Ear ly I ron Age

E ar l ier H a l ls ta t t

2 86

L a ter H a l lsta t t

2 90

S e t t le ments I n troduc t ion

2 93

H ouse-types

2 93

H i l lfor ts

2 97

T he o rgan iza t ion o f Me ta lwork ing B ronze

2 99

I ron

3 06

P age The d epos it ion o f me ta lwork

3 07

Boa ts

3 09

C hapter 9 . CATALOGUE

CONCLUSIONS

3 11 3 18

PREFACE

These v o lumes o f BAR a re my 1 978 Ox ford Un ivers i ty D . Ph i l . t hes is a nd b ear i t s t i t le a s t heir s ubt i t le .

Ih ave made n o s ign i f ican t c hanges t o t he t ex t

o f t he t hes is , wh ich i ncorpora tes o n ly ma ter ia l wh ich b eca me a va i lab le t o me u p t o S ep te mber 1 977 ; af ew r e ferences wh ich Ic onsu l ted i n p roo f o r t ypescr ip t h ave b een q uo ted i n t he ir p ub l ished f or m .

S ince Is ub m i t ted t he t hes is i n

O c tober 1 978 Ih ave h ad n e i ther t he l e isure , n or t he f aci l i t ies , t o amend o r amp l i fy i t s c on ten ts . I n a dd i t ion t o r e i tera t ing t he a cknow ledge men ts i n t he I n troduct ion , Imus t t hank t he e d i tors o f BAR f or a ccep t ing t h is work f or BAR a nd my e xa m iners , J ay B u t ler a nd Dav id C oo mbs , f or t he ir g enerous e ncourage men t .

Iam v ery

g ra te fu l t o Ka te G ard who h as e xped i ted p ubl ica t ion b y p er for m ing t he l abor ious t ask o f mak ing t he i ndex .

E d inburgh N ove mber 1 979

I NTRODUCT ION

T h is work g rew o u t o f a n u ndergradua te s pecia l-sub ject c ourse o n t he l a ter Bronze Age i n B r i ta in a nd Europe t augh t b y J ef frey May a t t he Un ivers i ty o f N o t t ingham i n 1 972/73 ; h e d irec ted me t o O x ford where Barry C un li f fe , who h ad f os tered my e ar l ier i n teres t i n a rchaeo log y , f ac i l i ta ted my r esearch a t t he I ns t i tu te o f Archaeology.

My i n i t ia l i n teres t h ad b een i n a l l a spec ts o f t he c on-

t acts a nd c on tras ts b e tween Br i ta in a nd t he L ow C oun tr ies a t t he t rans i t ion f ro m t he Bronze Age t o t he I ron Age a nd t he ir e x tens ion b ack t o t he M idd le Bronze Age ' orna men t h or izon ' , b u t c loser i nspect ion o f t he p roble m l ed t o a d ec is ion t o c oncen tra te o n t he meta lwork .

E v idence o f s et t le men ts was d is tr ib-

u ted u neven ly a nd t he Br i t ish p ot tery s equence , o n wh ich o thers were a t work , d id n o t y e t a ppear s u f f ic ien t ly we l l-de f ined t o warran t d e ta i led c o mpar ison w i th w i th t he c on t inen t .

S equences o f me ta lwork were a va i lab le o nb o th s ides o f t he

C hanne l a nd t he d is tr ibu t ion o f me ta lwork , mos t ly f ound o u ts ide s c ien t i f ic e xc ava t ions , was l ess r el ian t o n wha t may b e t er med t he ' d is tr ibu t ion o f a rchaeo log is ts ' , t han c era m ic , b ur ia l , s e t t le men t a nd e nv ironmen ta l e v idence , d ependen t o n e xcava t ion f or i t s r ecovery . As me ta lwork b ecame t he p r inc ipa l s ource o f e v idence i tb ecame c lear t ha t t he a rea o f s tudy h ad t o b e e x tended i n to n or th-eas tern France where workers s uch a s B lanche t , Gaucher , Mohen a nd V erron h ad b egun i n t he l a te s ix t ies s ys te ma t ic e xa m ina t ion o f ma ter ia l l arge ly u n touched s ince t he d ays o f Breu i l , C ou t i l a nd Deche le t te .

S tudy o f r e la t ions b e tween Br i ta in a nd n or th-

e as tern France was a lso d es irab le b ecause i t wou ld c o mp le men t t he work o f Bu t ler , who u sed S prockho f f 's s yn theses o f t he N ord ic Bronze Age t o e xa m ine r ela t ions b e tween Br i ta in a nd n or thern Europe , a nd o f B urgess , who u sed Br iard 's s yn thes is o f t he Bre ton Bronze Age t o e xa m ine r e la t ions b e tween B r i ta in a nd n or th-wes tern France .

Bu t ler h ad n o t t rea ted B e lg ian ma ter ia l i n

d e ta i l , s o B e lg iu m was i nc luded i n t he a rea o f s tudy a nd t he N e ther lands were i nc luded t o a l low i ncorpora t ion o f Bu t ler 's s ubsequen t p ubl ica t ions o n t he Du tch Bronze Age . The a rea o f n or th-eas tern France t o b e s tud ied was t ha t n or th o f t he Marne v a l ley a nd wes t t o t he S e ine v a l ley , d ef ined a s i nc lud ing t he f o ll ow ing d epar te men ts :

A isne , E ure , N ord , O ise , Par is , Pas-de-Ca la is , S e ine-

Mar i t i me , S o m me , a nd t he c o mponen ts o f t he o ld S e ine-e t-O ise :

Essonne ,

Hau ts-de-Se ine , S eine-Sa in t-Den is , Va l-de- Marne , Va l-d 'O ise a nd Yve l ines . The Ardennes d epar te men t a ppears t o b e d evo id o f r e levan t ma ter ia l . The c hrono log ica l r ange g oes d own t o t he e nd o f Ha D f ro m t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he M idd le Bronze Age , t hough s o me a spects o f t he t rans i t ion f ro m t he E ar ly B ronze Age t o t he M idd le B ronze Age a re t rea ted , b u t n o t a l l t ypes c urren t d ur ing t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he M idd le B ronze Age . Ih ave emp loyed t he c onven t iona l c hrono log ica l f ra mework f or t he r e levan t a reas c o mbined i n to a s ing le s equence o f n umbered p hases f ro m MBA1 t o E IAl. Wh i le i ti s c urren t p ract ice t o n a me t he v ar ious p hases o f r eg iona l s equences a f ter impor tan t f inds , emp loy men t o f t hese n ames t o d ef ine d iv is ions c over ing

s evera l a reas w ou ld c rea te c u mberso me c o mpound t i t les o f o bscure s ign i f ic ance .

F or t he s a me r eason , Ih ave emp loyed t he R e inecke t er m ino logy a s

f ar a s p oss ib le f or c en tra l E urope , w i thou t p re jud ice t o l oca l s equences , t o a vo id h av ing t o d e f ine l oca l t er m ino logy f or e ach r eg ion . d e f ined a t t he h ead o f e ach r e levan t c hap ter .

My o wn p hases a re

Ih ave a t te mp ted t o a l ign t he

c hrono log ies o f F rance , c en tra l a nd n or thern E urope i n C hap ter 2 . F or e ach p hase t he p r inc ipa l t ypes o f me ta lwork w i l l b e e xam ined i n t he ir c hrono logy a nd d is tr ibu t ion t o d eter m ine t he e x ten t o f t he ir c on tr ibu t ion t o r el a t ions b e tween B r i ta in , n or th-eas tern F rance a nd t he L ow C oun tr ies .

Wel l-

k nown t ypes may b e d ea l t w i th b a ie f ly o r e ven om i t ted , wh i le t ypes whose c hrono log y i s d eba table o r t he e x ten t o f whose d is tr ibu t ion h as n o t b een f u l ly r ecogn ised a re d iscussed a t g rea ter l eng th .

L i t t le c ons idera t ion i s g iven t o

g o ld i n a n t ic ipa t ion o f t he p ub l ica t ion o f J . J . Taylor 's t hes is .

Where t he d is-

t r ibu t ion o f ap ar t icu lar t ype i n o ne r eg ion h as b een p ub l ished , Ih ave s ough t t o c o mp le men t t h is b y p repar ing my o wn l i s t o f f inds o f t ha t t ype i n o ther r eg ions i n o rder t o map t he o vera l l d is tr ibu t ion ; s o me t i mes i ti s o n ly p oss ible t o s how t he p recise d is tr ibu t ion o f at ype o u ts ide t he r eg ion where i ti s mos t c o m mon .

My l i s ts were p repared b y s earch o f t he l i tera ture a nd o f t he mu-

s eu ms l i s ted b e low .

I nev i tably , h oards h ad t o b e t he c h ief s ource o f i n fcrma t ion .

f or a l l s ing le f inds , e specia l ly o f c o m mon t ypes , c ou ld n ot b e t raced , a nd I d o n o t p re tend t ha t my l i s ts a re e xhaus t ive b u t h ope t ha t t hey p rov ide a n a de qua te p ic ture o f t he v ar ious d is tr ibu t ions . e ven .

C overage o f h oards h as b een u n-

Ih ave s een mos t h oards f ro m s ou th-eas tern Eng land p ubl ished o r

u npub l ished ; R ow lands ( 1 976) p rov ides d eta i ls o f M idd le B ronze Age h oards a nd Ic onsu l ted t he c a ta logue o f C oo mbs ' t hes is ( 1 971 ) f or L a te Bronze Age h oards . J . J . B u t ler k ind ly f urn ished a l i s t o f Du tch h oards a nd Ih ave r e l ied h eav i ly o n h is p ubl ica t ions f or Du tch ma ter ia l . Ih ave t r ied t o i nc lude i n t he c a ta logue a s many Du tch a nd B e lg ian h oards a s p oss ib le .

F or n or th-eas tern

F rance G aucher a nd Mohen ( 1 974 ) p rov ide i n for ma t ion o n h oards f ro m N ord , Pas-de-Ca la is a nd S o m me , wh i le B lanche t 's t hes is ( 1 975 1 3 ) p rov ided d e ta i ls o f h oards f ro m t he O ise a nd J .-P . Mohen k ind ly a l lowed me t o s ee t he n o tes f or h is b ook o n t he B ronze Age i n t he Par is r eg ion .

Ih ave s een s evera l im-

p or tan t h oards f ro m U pper N or mandy b u t f or t h is r eg ion a nd f or t he A isne I h ave h ad t o r e ly more o n modern s um mary a ccoun ts .

Ih ave n o t a t te mp ted

c o mprehens ive i n tegra t ion o f o ld l is ts o f French f inds , s uch a s Df the le t te 's A ppend ice I to v o l . Io f h is Manue l d 'archeo log ie . The c a ta logue i nc ludes a ccoun ts o f t hose h oards wh ich Ih ave e xa m ined a nd d er ived u se fu l i n for ma t ion f ro m , o f h oards whose p ubl ished d iscuss ion c an b e e labora ted , o f h oards whose d ocu men ta t ion o r d iscuss ion c an c onv en ien t ly b e r e lega ted f ro m t he t ex t a nd o f af ew o ther i mpor tan t f inds .

S o me

M idd le B ronze Age h oards f ro m o u ts ide t he a rea o f s tudy h ave b een i ncluded i n t he c a ta logue a nd a f ew French f inds a d jacen t t o t he b order o f t h is a rea , ma in ly f ro m t he impor tan t s i te o f F or t-Harrouard , E ure-e t-Lo ir , h ave b een i nc luded i n t he l i s ts .

The b ase map f or t he d is tr ibu t ions om i ts t he s ou thern-

mos t p ar t o f t he E ssonne dear te men t , b u t t h is a rea h as p roduced n o s ign i f ic an t f inds . A f ter d e ta i led t rea t men t o f t he me ta lwork , t here f o l lows more c ursory d iscuss ion o f t he p o t tery , b ur ia ls a nd s et t le men ts i n t he r e levan t r eg ions . The o rgan isa t ion o f meta lwork ing a nd t he d epos i t ion o f meta lwork a re a lso

c ons idered .

Env ironmen ta l e v idence i s om i t ted .

Ih ave t aken n o a ccoun t o f p ubl ica t ions wh ich b eca me a va i lable t o me a f ter S ep te mber 1 977.

The mos t impor tan t s tudy t o h ave a ppeared s ubsequen t ly i s

J .-P . Mohen 's L 'Age d u B ronze d ans l a r eg ion d e P ar is , b u t Iwas a ble t o i nc orpora te ma ter ia l f ro m Mohen 's n o tes f or t h is b ook .

Barry C un l i f fe a l lowed

me t o s ee p roo fs o f t he s econd e d i t ion o f h is b ook o n I ron Age c o m mun i t ies i n Br i ta in ( 1 978 ) .

R ichard B rad ley l e t me i nc lude ma ter ia l f ro m h is a r t ic le o n

f ie ld-sys te ms ( 1 977-78 ) a nd h is b ook o n p reh is tor ic s e t t le men t i n Br i ta in ( 1 978 ) ; h e a lso k ind ly p rov ided i n for ma t ion a bou t s evera l u npubl ished s i tes .

Mrs . M.

A . Brown a l lowed me t o c onsu l t t he c ard i ndex o f J . D . C owen . O ther u npubl i shed i n for ma t ion was p rov ided b y : J . B arre t t , J .C l . B lanche t , D . B r i t ton , C . B urgess , J . J . B u t ler , T . C ha mp ion , D . C oo mbs , P . W. D ixon , M . Ehrenberg , A . E l l ison , N . Fre id in , C . G inge l l , B . L ambo t , A . J . L awson , D . L ong ley , A . MacCorm ick , S . N eedha m , J . P . N or thover , M. O 'Conne l l , S . M. P earce a nd G . J . Verwers . Many f r iends a nd c o l leagues a t h o me a nd a broad f aci l i ta ted my work b y g i f ts o f t he ir p ub lica t ions a nd N ick Fre id in k ind ly b ough t s o me b ooks i n France o n my b eha lf . Iam mos t g ra te fu l t o a l l t hose men t ioned i n t he p reced ing p ages f or t he ir a ss is tance a nd e ncourage men t . Is hou ld a lso l i ke t o t hank my s uperv isor , Barry Cw a l i f fe ; D enn is B r i t ton , who r ead s o me e ar ly d ra f ts ; R ichard B rad ley , who h as r ead t he e n t ire manuscr ip t a nd p rov ided many s t i mu la t ing i deas ; J ohn Barret t , who r ead a d ra f t o f my s ec t ion o n p o t tery .

I n t he I ns t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy ,

M ike R ou i l lard g ave g enerous a dv ice a nd a ss is tance i n t he p repara t ion o f t he i l lus tra t ions ; B ob Wi lk ins a nd N ick P o l lard d id much p ho tograph ic work ; C hr is L ew is t yped a s ee m ing ly i n ter m inab le manuscr ip t w i th c r i t ica l e f f iciency a nd p a t ien t e quan im i ty . map .

The e d i tors o f BAR p rov ided d up l ica ted c op ies o f t he b ase

Ih ave b een p r iv i leged t o work i n t he A shmo lean L ibrary wh ich h as p ro-

v ided a l l s ave a h and fu l o f t he r eferences i n t he b ibl iography .

Iam a lso g ra te-

f u l f or t he u se o f t he l i brary o f t he S ociety o f An t iquar ies o f L ondon .

F inanc ia l

s uppor t was p rov ided b y a DES Ma jor S ta te S tuden tsh ip a nd a g ran t f ro m t he Ox ford Un ivers i ty Meyers te in Fund .

My g rea tes t d ebt i s e xpressed i n t he

d ed ica t ion . Dur ing my r esearch Iv is i ted t he f o l low ing museu ms t o whose a u thor i t ies Iam g ra te fu l f or t he ir c oopera t ion .

I nc lus ion i n t h is l i s t d oes n o t imp ly t ha t

a l l r e levan t ma ter ia l was e xa m ined o r was a va i lable . D oubts h ave b een e xp ressed a bou t t he i n tegr i ty o f c er ta in c o l lec t ions , e .g . t he Hasse c o l lec t ion i n An twerp Museum ( Des i t tere 1 972a ) .

A bbrev ia t ions emp loyed i n t he work

a re i nc luded where a ppropr ia te . Eng land A lnw ick C as t le Museum . Buck inghamsh ire C oun ty Museu m , A ylesbury . P owe l l-Co t ton Museum , B irch ing ton . Ar t G a l lery a nd Museu m , B r igh ton . Moyses Ha l l Museu m , B ury S t . E d munds . CMAE

Cambr idge U n ivers i ty Muse = o f Archaeo logy a nd E thno log y. R oya l Museum , C an terbury . C ar isbrooke C as t le Museum . C o lches ter a nd E ssex Museu m , C o lches ter .

Dorse t C oun ty Museu m , Dorches ter . E lveden E sta te Museu m . Thurrock L oca l H is tory Museu m , G rays . P ublic L ibrary a nd Museu m , Herne Bay. I pswich Museum . J ewry Wa ll Museu m , L eices ter . C i ty a nd C oun ty Museu m , L inco ln . BM

Br i t ish Museu m , L ondon . Museu m o f L ondon ( i ncorpora t ing t he c ol lect ions o f t he Gu i ldha l l Museu m a nd t he L ondon Museu m ). C as t le Museu m , N orwich . C as t le Museu m , N ot t ingha m .

Ash

Ash mo lean Museu m , Ox ford . C i ty Museu m , P e terborough . S ou thsea Cas t le Museu m , P or ts mou th . S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wi l tsh ire Museu m , S a l isbury. G od 's House Tower Museu m , S ou tha mp ton . Pr i t t lewe l l Pr iory Museu m , S ou thend . C en tra l L ibrary , Wa t ford . C i ty Museu m , Winches ter . Wor th ing Museum .

S co t land Na t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies , E dinburgh . France Musee B oucher d e P er thes , A bbev i l le. Musee d e P icard ie , Am iens . Musee Depar t men ta l d e l 'O ise , B eauva is . Musee V ivenel , C o mpiegne . Musee Mun icipa l , E vreux . Musee Mun icipa l , L ouv iers . Musee d e l 'Ho m me , Par is . Musee Depar t men ta l d es An t iqu i tes d e l a S eine- Mar i t i me , Rouen . MAN

Musee d es An t iqu i tes Na t iona les , S a in t-Ger man-en-Laye .

B e lg iu m Museu m V leeshu is , An twerp . MRAH

Musees R oyaux d 'Ar t e t d 'H is toire , Bruxel les . Un ivers i ty Museu m , G hen t . Musee d u Monde S ou terra in , Han-sur-Lesse. Musee Cur t ius , L iege . Musee Archeolog ique , Na mur .

N e ther lands RMOL

R i jks museum v an Oudheden , L eiden . R i jks museum , G . M. Kam , N i j megen . The C ol lect ions o f t he Prov inciaa l Museu m , L . v an Dren the , Assen , a nd t he G ron inger Museu m v oor S tad e n Lande , G ron ingen , were c losed when Iv is i ted t he m .

CHAPTER 1 PREV IOUS RESEARCH PREVIOUS RESEARCH I NTO RELATIONS BET WEEN BRITA IN AND THE CONTINENT

Mos t g enera l s tud ies o f t he Bronze Age a nd t he I ron Age i n t he Br it ish I s les t ake a ccoun t o f r e la t ions w i th a d jacen t p ar ts o f t he c on t inen t .

The s ig-

n i f icance o f t he " Persona l i ty o f Br i ta in" i n Fox 's i n f luen t ia l work ( 1932) was " i ts i n f luence o n i nhabi tan t a nd i nvader" , o f ten d e fined b y r eference t o Bronze Age meta lwork .

The c hronolog ica l s ys te ms o f t hese g enera l s tud ies a re u sua l ly

d er ived , a t l eas t i n p ar t , f ro m c on t inen ta l r e la t ions s o s o me works r elevan t t o t he p resen t s ect ion w i l l b e men t ioned u nder t he h ead ing o f c hrono logy ( see C hapter 2 ) .

Th is s ect ion w il l b e c oncerned w i th more s peci f ic s tud ies i n t he

c on t inen ta l r ela t ions o f t he Br i t ish Bronze Age a nd Ear ly I ron Age , w i th p art i cu lar r e ference t o n or thern France a nd t he L ow C oun tr ies . The f ore mos t s tudy mus t b e t ha t b y Bu t ler ( 1 963a ) wh ich d ea lt w i th t he r ela t ions b etween t he B r i t ish I s les , t he N ether lands , n or thern G er many a nd S cand inav ia d ur ing t he B ronze Age. e nded a t t he c lose o f Ha B/ MV.

Th is b egan w i th t he e ar l ies t meta l a nd

Wh i le a c er ta in amoun t o f e v idence f ro m n or th-

e rn France a nd B elg iu m was n oted , o r ig ina l r esearch b egan o n t he l ower Rh ine. Mos t impor tan t b ronze t ypes , a nd s o me g o ld , were e xa mined , o f ten i n c ons idera ble d e ta i l ( i bid ., 9 -190 ) ; r ela tions were d iv ided i n to s evera l p hases ( i bid ., 1 91-230 ) wh ich were s e t i n aw ider European c on tex t ( i bid ., 2 31-244 , p l . XX I ). L ike a ny s cho lar d ea l ing w i th t he Bronze Age o f n or thern G er many Bu t ler was p ar t icu lar ly i ndebted t o S prockho ff ( i bid ., 3 ) whose a ccoun t o f t he r e la t ions b etween L ower S axony a nd wes tern Europe ( 1 941) was s em ina l .

F oreshadowed

b y P iggot t ( 1 949 ) , Sm i th ( 1959 , 1 48-164 ) r ecogn ised Nord ic MI I I p ara l lels f or as er ies o f B r i t ish o b jec ts , h i ther to r egarded a s La te Bronze Age , wh ich were r ecogn ised a s Midd le Bronze Age f or t he p ar t icu lar p urpose o f p lacing t he Devere l-R i mbury c u l ture i n t ha t p er iod .

Sm i th a nd Bu t ler r eached t he s a me

c onclus ions i ndependen t ly ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 3 ) .

A l l ied t o t h is , w i th p ar t icu lar

r eference t o t he L ow C oun tr ies , was t he r ecogn i t ion t ha t c er ta in c on t inen ta l f inds o f p o t tery r ese mb l ing Br i t ish f or ms ( Dunn ing 1 936b) b elonged t o ap reUrn f ield g roup whose d isc-barrows a nd H i lversu m u rns were p robably d er ived f ro m s ou thern Br i ta in ( Hawkes a nd G lasbergen 1 953 ; G lasbergen 1 957; Sm ith 1 961 ).

C er ta in r e la ted c on t inen ta l p o ttery h as s ince b een r ecogn ised a s s peci fi-

c a l ly o f C orn ish o r ig in ( ApS i mon a nd G reen f ie ld 1 972 , 3 65 ).

The r ela t ion o f

Br i t ish La te Bronze Age s words t o n or thern Europe h as b een c ons idered b y C owen ( 1952 ).

The L a te Bronze Age was c ons idered more g enera l ly b y Hawkes ,

w i th p ar t icu lar r eference t o g o ld ( Hawkes a nd C larke 1 963 ; Hawkes 1 976c ). I n f luence f ro m n or thern Europe d ur ing t he La te Bronze Age h as o f ten b een i nvoked i n S cot land ( Coles 1 958-59 ; 1 959-60 , 1 7-18 , 2 6 , 4 0-45 , 5 2-53 ) a nd i n I reland ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 83 , 3 17-320 ; 1 974b , 9 3-95 , 9 9-101 ; Her i ty a nd E ogan 1 977, 2 13-214 ).

Thrane 's s um mary o f h is p ro longed s tud ies o f t he f oreign

r e la t ions o f t he Dan ish La te Bronze Age i ncludes a r are c r i tica l a na lys is f ro m t he c on t inen t ( 1 975 , 2 33-235 ) .

L i t t le s peci f ic work h as b een d one o n r ela t ions w i th B e lg iu m d ur ing t he Bronze Age .

Mar ion h as r ecogn ised a f f in i t ies w i th n or thern France a nd

Br i ta in ( 1 952 , 2 68 , a fb.248 ; 1 973a ) a nd D es i t tere h as i den ti f ied n or thern French a nd Br i t ish E ar ly , M idd le a nd L a te B ronze Age t ypes ( 1 973c ; 1 976) . I th as l ong b een r ecogn ised t ha t t he b ronze i ndus tr ies o f B r i ta in a nd n or the rn France were c losely r e la ted .

Evans ' o wn c o l lec t ion made t h is o bv ious t o

h im i n t he n ine teen th c en tury ( 1881 , 4 83 ) a nd t h is was s oon r e in forced b y B reu i l 's s tud ies o f t he S o m me v a l ley ma ter ia l ( 1 900 ; 1 901 ; 1 902 ; 1 903 ; 1 905 ; 1 907 ; 1 918-19 ; C h i lde 1 940 , 1 78 ) .

N or th-eas tern France was c ruc ia l t o t he

i nvas ion wh ich was s a id f or many y ears t o b eg in t he La te B ronze Age i n s ou the rn B r i ta in .

Th is was f irs t e nuncia ted b y C raw ford ( 1 922 ) , who t ook b i f id

r azors , a ssocia ted t he m w i th D evere l-R i mbury p o t tery a nd r ec tangu lar e nc losures o n t he o ne h and , l ea f-shaped s words , w inged a xes , w ing-orna men ted s ocke ted a xes , r ecurved b race lets , b ucke ts , w inged c hapes , L langwy l log b u t tons , b ug le-shaped o b jec ts , t weezers a nd r ings o n t he o ther , a nd , w i th a t er m ina l d a te p rov ided b y t he L lyn Fawr h oard ( 2 18 ) , i n terpre ted t he who le c o mp lex a s a n e igh th-cen tury i nvas ion o f G o ide l ic C e lts f ro m t he wes t-A lp ine L ake V i l lages .

T h is i nvas ion was r e-exa m ined b y E vans ( 1 930 ) , who d a ted i t

t o c . 1 000 B .C . a nd d is t ingu ished i tf ro m t he l a ter Ha l ls ta t t i nvas ion wh ich b egan t he B r i t ish I ron A ge .

H e f ound t he w inged a xe p ar t icu lar ly c haracter-

i s t ic b oth i n s ou thern B r i ta in a nd n or thern F rance , a long w i th t he C arp 's T ongue s word a nd b ug le-shaped o b jec t , a l l o f whose d is tr ibu t ions h e mapped ( i b id ., f igs .1 -3 ) .

C er ta in o b jects , s uch a s t he b ug le , t he h og 's-back k n i fe

a nd t he s ocketed k n i fe were s hown t o b e c o m mon t o s ou thern B r i ta in a nd n or the rn France a nd n o t t o b e L ake V i l lage t ypes .

More e x tens ive e xa m ina t ion o f

t he c on t inen ta l ma ter ia l b y S avory ( 1 948 ) d is t ingu ished t he C arp 's T ongue c o mp lex a s ap heno menon o f n or thern a nd wes tern F rance d is t inc t f ro m t he H a B Lake V i l lage ma ter ia l o f t he s ou th a nd e as t .

The C arp 's T ongue c o mp lex was

s een t o f o l low i n t he t rad i t ion o f t he A t lan t ic p rov ince p rev ious ly r epresen ted b y f langed a xes a nd p a ls taves .

Though t here was s o me o ver lap b e tween C arp 's

Tongue a nd L ake V i l lage ma ter ia l d ur ing Ha B , S avory p laced t he f loru i t o f t he C arp 's T ongue c o mp lex i n Ha C a nd Ha D s ince i t s d is tr ibu t ion was c o mp le ment ary t o t ha t o f Ha l ls ta t t ma ter ia l i n e as tern France . I n Br i ta in t he D evere lR i mbury c u l ture o f Wessex was d is t ingu ished f ro m t he C arp 's T ongue c o mp lex o f s ou th-eas t Eng land a nd t he r azors a nd p a ls taves a ssocia ted w i th D evere lR i mbury were d er ived f ro m t he n or th ' F rench M idd le B ronze Age t rad i t ion . I n h is d iscuss ion o f t he t hree p ins f ound i n ap o t a t Ramsga te ( 2 7) , H awkes ( 1942 ) d e f ined t he sma l l g roup o f P icardy p ins r epresen t ing a r e tarded Tumu lus g roup i n n or th-eas tern France wh ich migra ted t o B r i ta in u nder U rn f ie ld p ressu re a nd whose s et t le men t was r epresen ted a t P lu mp ton P la in .

Th is move men t

i n troduced LBA I i n Br i ta in a nd p receded t he wes t-A lp ine/Carp 's Tongue mig ra t ion a round 7 50 B .C. u nder Ha l ls ta t t p ressure .

Th is l a te U rn f ie ld move-

men t was r epresen ted i n P icardy b y s uch h oards a s Dreu i l ( 1 77 ) a nd P la inseau ( 1 78 ) .

I n Br i ta in i tb egan LBA I I a nd p ushed t he i nd igenous D evere l-R i mbury

p opu la t ion o u t o f s ou th-eas t E ng land t o Wessex .

The Ra msga te u rn r epresen ted

move men t f ro m t he L ow C oun tr ies , r etarded Tu mu lus b arrow-bu i lders u nder U rn f ie ld i n f luence a t a bou t t he s a me t ime a s t he C arp 's Tongue move men t . G lasbergen h ad n o t y e t e s tabl ished t he t rue n a ture o f t he s o-ca l led ' Deverel t u rns o n t he l ower Rh ine , b u t Hawkes r ecogn ised t he ir o ccurrence i n t he s ou thern

2

N e ther lands a nd B elg iu m a nd p ercept ive ly s ugges ted t ha t s uch p o t tery s hou ld h ave b een i n u se i n n or th-eas tern France ( i bid ., 4 4 ). Smi th t ook l i t t le a ccoun t o f t he r ich , b u t l argely i naccess ible , n or th French ma ter ia l i n h er s tudy o f t he Br i t ish M idd le Bronze Age ; s he d ef ined a h ypot het ica l " ec lect ic r eg ion" i n n or th-eas tern France where o rna men ts were c oll ected a nd t hence t rans m it ted t o B r i ta in ( 1 959 , 1 64 ) a pparen t ly o n t he b as is o f t he p ins , b racelets a nd n eckr ing i n t he V i l lers-sur-Au th ie h oard ( 6 7). Dur ing t he 1 960s t he emphas is i n t he f oreign r ela t ions o f t he Br it ish Bronze Age p assed t o B r i t tany.

When S avory d ef ined t he Wi lbur ton c o mp lex i n d e ta i l

h e a cco mpa ined t h is w i th a n a ccoun t o f r e la ted ma ter ia l , mos t ly i n n or th-wes tern France ( 1964-66, 1 83-187).

The mos t s ign i f ican t c on tr ibu t ion was t ha t o f

Burgess ( 1 968a ) who d ef ined Hawkes t s tages o f t he B r i t ish l a ter Bronze Age b y r eference t o t he Bre ton s equence made a va i lable b y Br iard ( 1965 ).

The Midd le

Bronze Age was d ea l t w i th e lsewhere ( 1 968b ; 1 969a ; 1 974 , 2 00-204 ) w i th b r ief r eference t o t he l a ter M idd le Bronze Age i n n or th-eas tern France , c haracteri sed b y t he Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard ( 6 1) ( 1 968b , 1 3 ; 1 969a , 1 51).

O therwise ,

r elevan t ma ter ia l f ro m n or th-eas tern France was r arely c ons idered i n d e ta i l ( 1 968a , 1 3 n .42-43 , 4 5 , f igs .1 , 1 , 6 ; 3 , 3 ; 9 , 4 ; 1 974 , 2 01 n .226 , 2 03 n . 2 40 , 2 45 , 2 47; 2 07 n .281; 2 08 n .286; 1 976a 7 3 ; 1 976b , 9 7 n .67). I n h is s tud ies o f t he Br i t ish M idd le Bronze Age , Rowlands d evoted a s epa ra te a r ticle ( 1 971a ) t o d ecora ted b race lets a nd e xa m ined t heir r ela tionsh ip t o t he French B ignan g roup , d ef ined b y Br iard , c onclud ing t ha t t he Br i t ish b racelets were impor ts .

I n h is t hes is h e d en ied t ha t t he Br i t ish p a ls tave s e-

q uence h ad d eveloped b y t he t h ir teen th c en tury a s Bu t ler h ad s ugges ted ( 1976 , 1 47).

I n h is s ect ion o n r e la t ions b etween s ou thern Br i ta in a nd n or thern France

( i bid ., 1 49-151 ) h e r ecogn ised a u n i ty wh ich c on t inued d ur ing t he La te Bronze Age.

He p ursued t he c oncept o f a n e clect ic r eg ion a nd made much o f t he s im i-

l ar i ty b e tween French a nd Br i t ish p a ls taves .

A l though h e i l lus tra tes s evera l

N or man h oards , s uch a s Baux-Sa in te-Croix ( 43 ) , G isors ( 4 7 ) a nd L ivet ( 48 ) ( i bid ., p ls . 5 2-53 ) , h e d id n ot d ef ine , o r a ppear t o r ecogn ise , t he s peci fic Breton a nd N or man t ypes i n France o r i n Br i ta in .

P oin t ing t o t he l ack o f

P enard ma ter ia l i n S o merset a nd o n t he s ou th c oas t , h e s ugges ted t ha t t he d is t inction b etween t he Taun ton p hase a nd t he P enard p hase was r eg iona l r a ther t han c hrono log ica l . I n h is r ecen t work o n t he Welsh La te Bronze Age a nd Ear ly I ron Age , S avory h as r egu lar ly i ns is ted o n t he impor tance o f i n f luence f ro m c en tra l France t hrough N or mandy t o Wa les a nd t he Marches ( 1971 , 2 2-24 , 2 7-28 ; 1 976a , 1 4 , 1 7-21 , 4 4-47; h i l lfor ts.

1 976b , 2 46-250 , 2 53 ) b r ing ing , among o ther t h ings ,

The f ind ing o f t he Dover h oard ( 108 ) h as s t i mu la ted i n terest i n

r e la t ions w i th n or thern France ( Coo mbs 1 975b , 1 94 ) . The l ower Rh ine a rea a nd n or thern G er many h as l ong b een r egarded a s i n f luen tia l a s t he Ear ly I ron Age i n e as tern Eng land .

Th is v iew may b e t raced

t o t he u se o f Du tch ma ter ia l b y Sm ith t o p rov ide c o mpar ison f or t he p ottery f ro m S carborough ( 1927 , 1 91 , 1 99 f ig . 4 0 ) , r epea ted b y Whee ler ( 1 931 , 3 0-33 , f ig . 2 3 ) w i th b et ter d raw ings , b y Dunn ing . , o f v esse ls wh ich we c an n ow t e l l t o b e h eterogeneous i n d a te a nd c u l ture , i nclud ing M idd le Bronze Age u rns ( i b id ., f ig . 2 3 , 2 -4 , c f . G lasbergen 1 954b , 1 02 , f ig . 5 8 , 1 2 ).

Th is was r e-

i n forced b y Hawkes i n h is s tudy o f t he Fenga te p in ( 1 943 , 1 97-199 ) a nd i n h is

3

f oreword t o t he S tap le H owe r epor t ( Brews ter 1 963 ) , i n wh ich t he p o t tery ( i bid ., 1 08-109 ) a nd r azors ( 1 15-116) were s a id t o r epresen t im m igran ts f ro m a cross t he N or th S ea .

Mar iAn 's p ub l ica t ion o f much Ha C ma ter ia l f ro m

B e lg iu m ( 1 958 ) e nabled o r ig ins t o b e f ound f or mos t B r i t ish Ha C t ypes , h orseg ear i n p ar t icu lar ( Burgess 1 968a , 4 3 ) , a nd p rov ided ab ackground f or t he i n trodutt ion o f Ha C s words i n to B r i ta in a nd f or t he r e f lux o f t he Thames t ype o n to t he c on t inen t ( Cowen 1 967) .

On ly a t t he v ery e nd o f Ha D d id n or th-

e as tern F rance b eco me i n f luen t ia l a ga in ( Jope 1 961 ) .

Hawkes h as r ecen t ly

p rov ided a s uccinct s urvey o f t he c onven t iona l v iew o f B r i ta in 's e as ter ly r el a t ions a t t he e nd o f t he B ronze Age a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he I ron Age ( 1 976c ) . Ar mor ican s ocke ted a xes p rov ide s l igh ter e v idence f or wes ter ly r e la t ions ( Dunn ing 1 959 ;

B urgess 1 968a , 2 8 ) .

C ha mp ion ( 1 975 ) emphas ises t he a f f in i t ies o f s ou thern B r i ta in t o t he L ow C oun tr ies a nd n or th-wes tern G er many w i th r e ference t o s e t t le men t a nd s ubs is tence e v idence .

Th is i s s parse a nd i l l-def ined w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t r i-

a ngu lar c lay l oo m-we igh ts. ( ib id ., 1 33 , f ig . 2 ) ;

c era m ic r e la t ions a re a ssu med

( i b id ., 1 31 ) a nd s o me ma ter ia l f ro m F enga te c o mpared t o p o t tery f ro m G o ir le ( i b id ., 1 36 , f ig . 3 ) .

Th is c o mpar ison a nd t he b ronze c up i n t he We lby h oard

( 158 ) a re u sed t o s ugges t a n o r ig in f or c onven t iona l ly " Iron Age" p o t tery f or ms a s e ar ly a s t he t en th c en tury .

H e s hows c lear ly t he t rans i t ion f ro m b ronze-

work ing t o i ron-work ing d ur ing t he s even th c en tury w i thou t a ny ma jor i ncurs ions f ro m t he c on t inen t ( i bid ., 1 38-141 ) . F or many y ears B r i t ish p reh is tory was v isua l ised a s as uccess ion o f i nvas ions .

A mag is ter ia l r ebuke f ro m C a mbr idge ( C lark 1 966 ;

Hawkes 1 966)

r epresen ts wha t s o me ( Savory 1 976a , 1 4 ) c ons ider a n e x tre me r e ject ion o f f ore ign i n f luence b u t t he p resen t g enera t ion , l i ke t he wr i ter , a pproaches t he l a ter B ronze A ge a nd E ar ly I ron Age w i thou t p reconce ived n o t ions o f i nvas ions o r g rea t d es ire t o d iscern a ny .

Hawkes h as u sed t he c oncep t o f " cumu la t ive

C e l t ic i ty" t o a nswer d oubts a bou t t he e x is tence o f i nvas ions wh i le s t i l l a ccount ing f or t he a ppearance o f C e l t ic-speak ing p eop le i n B r i ta in ( 1 973 ) .

Th is s ees

c hanges i n p res t ige i t e ms , weapons a nd v esse ls , a s r epresen t ing t he " access o f n ew u pper-c lass mas ters" ( i b id ., 6 22 ) , f ro m t he d aggers o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age t o t he c o ins o f t he L a te I ron Age . These i mm igran ts t ended t o s e t t le i n s ou thern B r i ta in a nd t o b e g radua l ly a bsorbed b y t he i nd igenous p opu la t ion .

4

THE CHRONOLOGY OF BR ITISH BRONZE AGE METAL WORK , MA INLY I N LO WLAND BR ITA IN

The f i rs t s ys te ma t ic a ccoun t o f t he b ronze o b jects o f t he B ronze Age i n B r i ta in a nd I reland i s t ha t o f E vans ( 1881 ) .

N ear ly o ne h undred y ears l a ter ,

t here i s s t i l l n o b e t ter c o mprehens ive h andbook d ea l ing w i th t he who le r ange o f k nown t ypes .

E vans i nc luded a l i s t o f h oards , many o f wh ich h ave n o t y et

b een p ub l ished a dequa te ly ( i bid ., 4 64-468 ) .

F ro m a ssocia t ions i n h oards

a nd b ur ia ls h e was a b le t o e nu mera te s evera l d iv is ions .

The e ar l ies t was

r epresen ted b y f la t a nd s l igh t ly f langed a xes w i th t h in k n i fe-daggers .

Th is

was f o l lowed b y a xes w i th d is t inc t f langes , t anged s pearheads a nd t h ick d agg ers .

N ex t a ppeared s top-r idge a xes a nd p a ls taves .

The f ina l d iv is ion was

r epresen ted b y s ocke ted a xes w i th a v ar ie ty o f o ther t oo ls , s ocke ted s pearheads a nd s words . 4 70 ) .

Mos t h oards c on ta ined o b jec ts o f t he l as t d iv is ion ( i bid ., 4 68-

These d iv is ions w ere i ncorpora ted i n to t hree ma in s tages o f t he B r i t ish

B ronze Age .

The f irs t s tage was r epresen ted b y t he f irs t d iv is ion , f inds

ma in ly i nb arrows , s o me t i mes a ssocia ted w i th s tone o b jec ts . The s econd s tage was r epresen ted b y t he s econd d iv is ion , c harac ter ised b y o b jec ts f ro m t he A rreton D own h oard .

The t h ird s tage i nc luded t he l as t t wo d iv is ions , c harac-

t er ised b y f ounders ' h oards ( i bid ., 4 73 ). a s t he f irs t t wo t oge ther .

T h is s tage was c ons idered a s l ong

Th is s che me , s uccinct ly p resen ted , was n o t f or-

ma l ised a f ter t he manner o f E vans ' c on t inen ta l c on te mporar ies , b u t h is d iv is ions were r e f lec ted i n t he w ork o f mos t B r i t ish s cho lars i n t he f i f ty o r s ix ty y ears a f ter h e wro te . A t v ar ious t imes Mon te l ius d ea l t w i th t he B ronze Age c hrono logy o f mos t p ar ts o f E urope . H is t rea t men t o f t he B r i t ish B ronze Age ( 1908 ) was f or ma li sed c o mpared t o E vans ' a pproach , af orma l isa t ion wh ich mos t Br i t ish s cho lars h ave e schewed .

Mon tel ius a rranged t he Br i t ish ma ter ia l i n to f ive p er iods .

P er iod Ii nc luded B eakers , many s tone i mp le men ts a nd f la t a xes a nd t anged d aggers o f c opper ; t h is was e xp l ic i t ly C opper Age ( i bid ., 3 -17 ) . P er iod I was t he f irs t o f t he t rue B ronze Age ;

i t i nc luded t h in-bu t ted a xes a nd l ow-

f langed a xes , r ive ted d aggers , h a lberds a nd b race le ts . f inds i nc luded :

H ove , A ldbourne a nd B ush Barrow ;

a nd Knocknague ( i bid ., 1 7-34 ) .

h oards i ncluded M igda le

P er iod I I i nc luded a v ar ie ty o f d eve loped

f langed a nd s top-r idge a xes w i th p a ls taves , s o me l ooped ; s o me w i th s o l id b u t ts ;

C haracter is t ic b ur ia l

r ive ted d aggers ,

t anged a nd s ocke ted d aggers wh ich we wou ld p ow c a l l

s pearheads ; n eck-r ings , g o ld t orques a nd S ussex l oops . Bur ia ls were r are ; h oards i ncluded : G run ty F en , P ly ms tock , A rre ton Down , Wes t B uck land a nd E d ing ton Bur t le ( i bid ., 3 4-39 ) .

P er iod I V was c haracter ised b y l a te p a ls taves ,

i nden ted s ocke ted a xes , r ap iers , e ar ly f lange-h i l ted s words , l ozenge-sec t ion c hapes , t ubu lar f erru les , s i mp le r azors , s ide-looped a nd b asa llooped s pearh eads .

Af ew b ur ia ls mos t ly c on ta ined r azors .

H oards i nc luded :

Ya t tendon ,

Me ldre th , N et t leha m , S t ibbard , Wa l l ing ton , N o t t ingha m , Taun ton , S togursey , Wor th ing , G u i ls fie ld , Tarves a nd Auch ter tyre ( i b id ., 3 9-46) .

P er iod V c on-

t a ined w inged a xes , s ocke ted a xes , s ocke ted h a m mers , t anged c h ise ls , g ouges , d ouble-edged k n ives , Ha C s words , s o l id-h i l ted s words , Ha C a nd b ag-shaped 5

c hapes , b i f id r azors , s h ie lds , t ru mpe ts , l una te-open ing s pearheads , b ug les haped o b jects , d isc-and c up-headed p ins , g o ld b race le ts , C ovesea b race le ts a nd b ucke ts .

I mpor ts w ere t he Wi tha m s word , t he b race le t a nd a dze i n t he

S hoebury/Grea t Waker ing h oard a nd M idd le B ronze Age d ecora ted b race le ts . There were many h oards :

Wa l l ing ford , Me lbourn , R each F en , H e l i thery

Burn C ave , S hoebury/Grea t Waker ing , B roadward , C u mber low G reen , M ins ter I s le o f Har ty , H oo , Thorndon , W ickha m P ark , B eachy H ead , E bbers ton , R oseberry T opp ing , Da ldu f f , Dudd ings ton L och , G rosvenor C rescen t , B a lmashanner , P o in t o f S lea t a nd D own s ( i b id ., 4 6-58 ) .

The e nd o f P er iod V

was r e la ted t o t he a ppearance o f Ha C i ron s words , b u t t hese were d a ted b y t he e ar l ies t I t a l ian i ron s words t o t he n in th c en tury .

P er iod I was p laced

e ar ly i n t he s econd mi l lenn iu m ( i bid ., 5 8-66) . Mon te l ius c on f la ted l a ter E ar ly B ronze Age ma ter ia l w i th M idd le B ronze Age b u t h e r ecogn ised a d is t inc t p hase c on ta in ing Wi lbur ton ma ter ia l a nd t he impor tance o f a Ha C s words .

H is a bso lu te d a tes f or t he E ar ly B ronze Age ,

wh ich a n t ic ipa ted c a l ibra ted r ad iocarbon d a tes , p ro mp ted Ar thur E vans t o u se f a ience b eads t o r e la te t he B r i t ish c hrono logy t o t ha t o f E gyp t ( 1 907-09 , 1 22-127 ) .

F ur ther c r i ticis m f o l lowed .

I n h is s tudy o f t he C ambr idge r eg ion ,

F ox a t f irs t a t te mp ted t o f o l low t he c hrono logy o f Mon te l ius b u t f ound i tu ns a t is fac tory.

H e r e jec ted P er iod I V b ecause o f i t s p auci ty o f a xes a nd c on-

s idered t ha t a l l f ounders ' h oards s hou ld b e p laced i n P er iod V ;

t h is p er iod

s hou ld i nc lude a l l s ocke ted a xes a nd l ea f-shaped s words wh ich s upp lan ted p a ls taves a nd r ap iers ( 1 923 , 1 6-19 ) . Th is e qua t ion o f t he a ppearance o f s ocke ted a xes a nd l ea f-shaped s words i n f ounders ' h oard w i th t he b eg inn ing o f t he L a te B ronze Age o bscured t he d is t inct ion o f Mon te l ius wh ich we n ow c ons ider v a l id a nd c harac ter is t ic o f t he C a mbr idge a rea .

F ox s u m mar ised

h is s ys te m a s f o l lows ( i b id ., 2 0 ) : F irs t P hase : Trans i t ion P er iod

F la t a xes a nd d aggers , v ery r are .

E ar ly B ronze P er iod

F la t a nd f langed a xes , d aggers .

M idd le B ronze P er iod

P a ls taves , r ap iers .

S econd P hase : L a te B ronze P er iod

S ocke ted a xes , s words .

The Trans i t ion P er iod was a C opper Age , B eaker p hase ( i b id ., 5 3 ) . The t rue B ronze Age was d iv ided i n to t he E ar ly , M idd le a nd La te p hases wh ich were t o b eco me t he c onven t iona l Br i t ish t er m ino logy .

The E ar ly B ronze

P er iod c on ta ined f la t a nd f langed a xes , h a lberds , r iveted d aggers a nd t anged s pearheads ( i bid., 5 3-55 ) .

The M idd le B ronze P er iod c on ta ined s top-r idge

a xes , d eve loped f langed a xes a nd mos t p a ls taves f ro m s h ie ld-pa t tern t o l a te f orms .

Rap iers a nd d irks , c o m mon a round C a mbr idge , a longs ide l ooped

s pearheads were t he weapons o f t h is p hase ( i bid ., 5 5-57 ) . The La te B ronze P er iod c on ta ined t he who le g amu t o f s ocke ted a xes k nown f ro m t he C ambr idge a rea , w inged a xes a nd a f ew p a ls taves , i nclud ing t he l a te f or m .

A l l t ypes

o f l ea f-shaped s word were a lso p laced i n t h is p hase a longs ide c hapes , i nc lud ing Wi lbur ton a nd Ha C f or ms . A l l s pearheads w i thou t l oops , a nd t ubu lar f erru les , were i nc luded w i th s h ie lds , h a m mers , k n ives , c h ise ls , g ouges , r azors , t weezers , b u t tons , b ug le-shaped a nd misce l laneous o b jec ts f ro m h oards ( i bid ., 5 7-62 ).

H oards were l i s ted s epara te ly ( i bid ., 3 23-324 ) .

6

F ox c arr ied t he

La te B ronze P er iod d own t othe b eg inn ing o f La T ene i n h is a bso lu te c hrono logy ( i b id ., 2 0 ) . C h i lde i ncluded b r ie f a ccoun ts o f t he B r i t ish Bronze Age i n h is g enera l s tudy o f 1 930 .

H e u sed t he E ar ly/ M idd le/La te d iv is ion r e la ted t o t he Ünet ice/

Tu mu lus/Urn f ie ld s equence o f c en tra l E urope .

The B r i t ish Ear ly Bronze Age

was c haracter ised b y B eakers a nd F ood Vesse ls w i th t he ir a ssoc ia ted me ta l imp le men ts , f la t a xes a nd h a lberds ( 1 930 , 1 53-167 ).

The M idd le Bronze Age

c on ta ined a v ar iety o f c ineary u rns w i th p a ls taves , o g iva l d aggers , r apiers , l ooped s pearheads , k nobbed a nd s ocke ted s ick les , s o me r azors a nd o rna men ts ( i b id ., 1 86-191 ) .

D ur ing t he La te B ronze Age i n trus ive g roups a ppeared u s ing

D evere l-R i mbury u rns a nd h oards , e specia l ly f ounders ' h oards , b eca me c o mmon .

N ew t ypes were i n troduced :

s words a nd b ug le-shaped o b jec ts .

w inged a nd s ocketed a xes , l ea f-shaped A lso c urren t were g ouges , c h isels , k n ives,

b i f id r azors , c hapes , p egged s pearheads w i th l ea f-shaped b lades a nd l una te o pen ings , s un f lower p ins ,

s h ie lds , t ru mpe ts , b ucke ts a nd c au ldrons .

L a te B ronze Age b egan w i th H a At ypes b u t was s o mewha t r etarded ;

The

i tc on-

t inued t hrough t he H a l ls ta t t p er iod t o b e r eplaced b y t he I ron Age a t t he b eg inn ing o f La T ene . The y ears a round 1 930 were a p er iod o f s yn thes is i n B r i t ish p reh is tory. On t he o ccas ion o f t he F irs t I n terna t iona l C ongress o f P reh is tor ic a nd Protoh is tor ic S ciences i n L ondon i n 1 932 , ah andbook o f B r i t ish Archaeo logy was p ub l ished . The s che me o f B ronze Age C hrono logy u sed i n t h is h andbook r ef l ec ted t he d iv is ions u sed b y F ox ( Handbook 1 932 , 3 0-36 ) . H is t wo p hases a nd f our p er iods were r e ta ined . e qu iva len t t o M I a nd R einecke A ; e qu iva len t t o M I I a nd R e inecke B ;

The Trans i t ion P er iod b eca me E ar ly Bronze E ar ly Bronze b eca me M idd le B ronze A M idd le B ronze b eca me M idd le B ronze B

e qu iva len t t o M I I I a nd p ar t o f M IV , R e inecke C a nd p ar t o f D .

I n t he s econd

p hase , L a te B ronze was e qua ted w i th p ar t o f MIV a nd MV , R e inecke D a nd E , i .e . Ha A .

The L a te B ronze P er iod p ers is ted t o at ime c on te mporary w i th

c on t inen ta l l a te Ha l ls ta t t . I n t he s ame y ear a s t he C ongress N Aa s p ub l ished a more d e ta i led s urvey o f B r i t ish a rchaeo logy ( Kendr ick a nd H awkes 1 932 ) . t o p rev ious a ccoun ts o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age :

K endr ick a dded l i t t le

f la t a nd f langed a xes , t anged

a nd r iveted d aggers , t anged a nd e ar ly s ocke ted s pearheads , a nd t he M idd le B ronze Age : p a ls taves , r ap iers a nd s idelooped s pearheads ( i bid ., 1 16-118 ) . Hawkes ' s urvey o f L a te B ronze Age me ta lwork was more s ubs tan t ia l ( i bid ., 1 19-138 ) . H e b egan b y f o l lowing F ox i n h is r e jec t ion o f t he Mon te l ius c hronol ogy a nd emphas ised t he u n i ty o f t he L a te Bronze Age c haracter ised b y t he a ppearance o f n ew t ypes a nd f ounders ' h oards ( i bid ., 1 19 ) . e numera ted :

These t ypes were

p egged , b asa llooped , b arbed a nd l una te-opeh ing s pearheads ,

s ocke ted a xes , w inged a xes , l a te p a ls taves , l eaf-shaped s words , C arps ' T ongue s words a nd H a Cs words , a ssocia ted c hapes a nd f erru les , g ouges , c h isels , h a m mers , a nv i ls , s ocke ted s ick les , d ouble-edged k n ives , r azors , v ar ious o rnamen ts a nd o b jects o f s hee t b ronze ( i bid ., 1 21-130 ) .

I n h is d is-

c uss ion o f h oards , Hawkes d is t ingu ished t hree ma in g roups i n l owland Br i ta in . The f irs t i nc luded U -type s words , l ozenge-sect ion c hapes , e ar ly s ocke ted a xes , b arbed a nd l una te o pen ing s pearheads .

C harac ter is t ic h oards i nc luded

N et t leham , Wi lbur ton a nd B roadness ( i bid ., 1 30-133 ) .

The s econd i nc luded

C arp 's T ongue s words , w inged a xes , s ocke ted a xes w i th w ing o rna men t ,

7

b ug le-shaped o b jec ts , b ag-shaped c hapes , b u t tons , b race le ts , p ins , k n ives , d oub le-edged , s ing le-edged a nd h og 's-back , t anged s ick les , g ouges , c h ise ls , h a m mers , r azors a nd c au ldrons .

C haracter is t ic h oards i nc luded Mins ter ,

B eachy H ead a nd Add ing ton ( i bid ., 1 33-134 ) . The t h ird c o mpr ised s im i lar h oards w i thou t C arp 's T ongue s words a nd w inged a xes b u t , e specia l ly , w i th Ewar t P ark s words . 1 34-135 ) .

Th is was i l lus tra ted b y t he B ex ley H ea th h oard ( i b id .,

The s econd a nd t h ird g roups were i den ti f ied w i th i nvaders f ro m

t he wes t- A lp ine a rea v ia n or thern France who e s tab l ished t he mse lves i n t he l ow land z one , wh i le o lder t ypes c on t inued i n u se i n t he h igh land z one ( i bid ., 1 35 ) . A t t ha t t ime Ha C ma ter ia l was k nown o n ly i n h oards f ro m s ou th Wa les ( i b id ., 1 37-138 ) a nd t he l ow land b ronze i ndus try was s een a s l as t ing t o t he l a te Ha l ls ta t t p er iod c on te mporary w i th D evere l-R i mbury p o t tery ( i bid ., 1 43-145 ) . The b eg inn ing o f t he S econd Wor ld War a l lowed p ause f or f ur ther s yn thes is a nd C h i lde p roduced h is a ccoun t o f t he ' Preh is tor ic C o m mun i t ies o f t he B r i t ish I s les ' ( 1 940 ) , as ing le s cho lar 's work w i th f ew p eers a nd n o r ecen t s uccessor . He r e ta ined t he c onven t iona l E ar ly , M idd le a nd L a te Bronze Age d iv is ions b u t i n troduced s i x p hases ( i b id ., 1 0 ).

H is f irs t p hase , a ssocia ted w i th Beakers ,

was c haracter ised b y f la t a nd h a m mer-f langed a xes , t r iangu lar d aggers , e ar ly h a lberds a nd s hee t g old ( i b id ., 1 12-118 , 1 63 ) . Ear ly B ronze A ge .

The p hase b e longed t o t he

Phase 2 , M idd le B ronze Age 1 , i nc luded c as t-f langed a xes ,

g rooved , r ibbed a nd o g iva l d aggers a nd t anged s pearheads i n h oards s uch a s Arreton , P ly ms tock , Wes tbury a nd M igda le ( i bid ., 1 63-165 ) . t i c t ypes o f P ha

The c harac ter is-

3 , M idd le B ronze Age 2 , were t he f irs t s ocke ted s pearheads

a nd l ooped s pearheads , s top-r idge a xes a nd p a ls taves , d irks a nd r ap iers ( i bid ., 1 65-168 ) . p hases .

P hase 4 b eg ins t he La te B ronze Age wh ich i s d iv ided i n to t hree The a ppearance o f f ounders ' h oards p ro mp ted C h i lde t o s peak o f a n

" indus tr ia l r evo lu t ion" ( i bid ., 1 68 ) .

I n L a te B ronze Age 1 s ocke ted a xes ,

l ea f-shaped s words a nd p egged s pearheads a ppeared a longs ide d eve loped p a ls taves , l ooped s pearheads a nd r ap iers ( i bid ., 1 68-171 ) . Phase 5 , La te B ronze Age 2 , i s r epresen ted b y C arp 's T ongue s words w i th b ag-shaped c hapes , w inged a xes , s ocke ted a xes w i th w ing o rnamen t , b ug le-shaped o b jects , h og 'sb ack k n ives a nd , p erhaps , b i f id r azors .

These i n trus ive t ypes a re f ound o n ly

i n l ow land B r i ta in , wh i le e ar l ier t rad i t ions p ers is ted i n t he h igh lands ( i bid ., 1 71-172 ) .

The s ix th p hase , La te B ronze Age 3 , i nc luded Ha l ls ta t t t ypes ,

e spec ia l ly s words a nd c hapes ( i bid ., 1 72 ) .

S heet b ronze , av ar iety o f s pe-

c ia l ised t oo ls a nd c lay mou lds a ppeared d ur ing t he L a te Bronze Age ( i bid ., 1 72-176 ) . Af ew more s peci f ic s tud ies may b e men t ioned .

I n 1 938 P iggot t c o l lected

t oge ther E ar ly B ronze Age ma ter ia l f ro m Wessex , i nc lud ing b ronzes f ro m b ur ia ls a nd h oards ( 1 938 ) .

I n t he f irs t o f as er ies o f impor tan t s tud ies ,

C owen i den ti f ied t he f irs t l ea f-shaped f lange-h i l ted b ronze s words t o a ppear i n B r i ta in a nd p laced t he m i n t heir c on t inen ta l c on tex t ( 1 951 ) .

H e t ook t hese

t o r epresen t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Br i t ish L a te B ronze Age ( i bid ., 2 09 ) wh i le p o in t ing o u t t ha t t he c onven t iona l i ndex o f t h is , t he s imu l taneous a ppearance o f s words a nd s ocketed a xes , h ad n o t y e t b een d e mons tra ted . The t ypo logy a nd c hronology o f t he d aggers o f t he Wessex E ar ly B ronze Age were e s tabl i shed b y A pS i mon ( 1 954 ) .

G rea ter s ubs tance was g iven t o t he M idd le B ronze

Age b y Bu t ler a nd I sobe l Sm i th 's s tudy o f r azors ( 1 956) a nd Margaret Sm i th 's more w ide-rang ing s tudy ( 1 959 ) .T he c hrono logy o f s hee t b ronze v esse ls i n t he

8

B r i t ish I s les was e s tabl ished b y Hawkes a nd Margaret Sm i th ( 1 957 ) .

S avory

f irs t d e f ined a d is t inct p hase r epresen ted b y t he c on ten ts o f t he Wi lbur ton h oard ( 1 958a , 2 8-34 ) . I n 1 960 Hawkes p roduced a r ev ised " Sche me f or t he B r i t ish B ronze Age" . T h is i s t he b as is o f mos t s ubsequen t c hrono log ies , a t l eas t f or s ou thern Br i ta in , b u t was n ever p ubl ished , a s h is I ron Age s che me was , a nd i s a va i lable o n ly i n t ypescr ip t . Dur ing a C opper Age c on te mporary w i th t he u se o f B eakers , f irs t t h ickb u t ted a xes a nd t anged f la t d aggers , t hen h a lberds , a nd r ive ted f la t d aggers , were p roduced . b y t h in-bu t ted a xes , h a lberds , a w ls . ,

t hen t h in-bu t ted a xes

E ar ly Bronze 1 was c harac ter ised

r ive ted d aggers a nd a rm le ts , a l l o f

b ronze . I n B r i ta in a nd I re land t h is was t he F irs t Ai ndus try w i th Wessex I a nd Bush B arrow d aggers . E ar ly B ronze 2 was t he B i ndus try w i th Wessex I , o g iva l d aggers , p ins , f langed a xes , t anged , s ocke ted a nd l ooped s pearheads . I n M idd le B ronze 1 t he F irs t Ci ndus try a ppeared w i th b asa llooped s pearheads , d eve loped I r ish s pearheads , d irks a nd f langed a xes . r epresen ted t he F irs t Di ndus try .

The e ar l ies t p a ls taves

M idd le B ronze 2 , D evere l-R i mbury i n

s ou thern B r i ta in , c on t inued t he D i ndus try , S econd D , w i th l a ter p a ls taves , e ar ly s ocke ted a xes , k nobbed s ick les , b i f id r azors a nd a v ar ie ty o f o rnamen ts . The S econd C i ndus try p roduced r ap iers a nd f langed a xes . a ppeared a t t he e nd o f t h is p hase .

The f irs t s words

M idd le B ronze 3 c on t inued i nsu lar p roduct ion

o f r ap iers a nd s pearheads w i th t he Th ird C i ndus try b u t t he s ou thern E i ndus try d eve loped t rans i t iona l p a ls taves , s ocke ted s ick les a nd l ea f-shaped s words . L a te Bronze 1 i n treduced l ead b ronze , c lay mou lds a nd f ounders ' h oards . T he F irs t Fi ndus try p roduced t he t oo ls , weapons a nd o ther e qu ip men t f ound i n t he Wi lbur ton a nd r e la ted h oards . La te B ronze 2 s aw t he i n troduc t ion o f s hee t b ronze v esse ls , S cand inav ian c on tac t w i th I re land a nd i n trus ive C ovesea b race lets .

The S econd F i ndus try p roduced r eg iona l t ypes o f s ocke ted a xes ,

Ewar t Park s words , l a te p a ls taves a nd p la in s pearheads . h oards were Dudd ings ton L och a nd D own s .

L arge h igh land

The l ow land G i ndus try was

c haracter ised b y w ing-ornamen ted a xes , w inged a xes , C arp 's T ongue s words a nd a s im i lar v ar iety o f t oo ls a nd h orse-gear t o t ha t i n t he h igh lands .

The

f ina l La te B ronze 3 p hase s aw a Th ird F i ndus try w i th Ha C t ypes , s words , c hapes , r azors , p ins a nd p ha lerae . L oca l d eve lop men ts g ave B 2 c au ldrons ; S o mpt ing a xes a nd t he f irs t i ron o b jects .

Th is l as t p hase o f b ronze work ing

was s ucceeded b y l a te Ha l ls ta t t i n trus ions , t he F irs t Ac u l tures o f t he B r i t ish I ron Age . S ince 1 960 t he mos t n o tab le e xponen t o f t he c hrono logy o f B r i t ish Bronze Age me ta lwork h as b een B urgess .

The d a ta o f h is r esearches ( 1 968a , n .1 ) ,

wh ich d ocu men t h is n u merous a nd v a luable d is tr ibu t ion maps , a re mos t ly u np ubl ished .

B urgess h as d e f ined h is t er ms o f r eference ( 1 969b ) , r eta in ing

t he t r ipar t i te d iv is ion o f E ar ly , M idd le a nd La te .

The Wessex c u l ture i s

E ar ly B ronze Age w i th f la t a nd f langed a xes , d aggers a nd k n ives , t anged a nd p ar t ia l ly s ocke ted s pearheads .

The Devere l-R i mbury c u l ture i s M idd le B ronze

Age w i th p a ls taves , d irks , r ap iers a nd f u l ly s ocke ted s pearheads .

L ea f-

s haped s words , s ocke ted a xes a nd p egged s pearheads were a l l M idd le B ronze Age i nnova t ions , t hough r egu lar p roducts o n ly i n t he La te B ronze Age .

Th is

was c haracter ised b y t he u se o f l ead b ronze i n t he Wi lbur ton i ndus try o f s out hern Br i ta in .

M idd le B ronze Age t rad i t ions p ers is ted much l onger i n t he

n or th ( i bid ., 2 2-24 ). 9

I n t he s tudy o f meta lwork t he mos t s ubs tan t ia l c on tr ibu t ion t hus f ar b y Burgess i s h is s tudy o f t he Br i t ish La ter B ronze Age a nd i t s c orre la t ion w i th Br iard 's c hrono logy o f t he B ronze Age i n Br i t tany . L is ts o f t ypes a re p rov ided f or n or thern France , Eng land a nd Wa les ( 1 968a , 3 4-44 ) a nd c orre la t ion made w i th S co t land a nd I re land ( i bid ., f ig . 2 0 ).

The P enard p hase h as e ar ly

U rn f ie ld i mpor ts , ma in ly s words , p egged s pearheads , E nf ie ld s pearheads , t rans i t iona l p a ls taves , e ar ly s ocketed a xes o f i nsu lar manu fac ture , s ocke ted s ick les , n o tched r ap iers a nd i nsu lar l ea f-shaped s words w i th f la t o r f langed h i l ts ( i bid ., 3 -9 , 3 4-35 , f igs . 1 -7) .

The Wi lbur ton p hase i nc ludes Wi lbur ton

s words a nd a v ar ie ty o f p egged s pearheads w i th a ssoc ia ted c hapes a nd f erru les l a te p a ls taves , s lender a nd i nden ted s ocke ted a xes a nd t he v ar ie ty o f misce l la neous ma ter ia l p resen t i n t he Wi lbur ton a nd I s leham h oards ( i bid ., 9 -17 , 3 6-37 , f igs . 8 -10 ) .

The C arp 's T ongue c o mplex i nc luded e pony mous s words

w i th b ag-shaped c hapes , h og 's-back k n ives , b ug le-shaped o b jec ts , w inged a xes , s ou th-eas tern a nd f aceted s ocke ted a xes , d oub le-edged k n ives , c h ise ls , g ouges , p egged s pearheads a nd misce l laneous b r ic-ä-brac ( i b id ., 1 7-18 , 3 83 9 , f igs . 1 3-14 ) .

I n n or thern Eng land d i f feren t a xe f or ms were c o m mon a nd

s o me e ar l ier t ypes were s t i l l i n u se .

The Ewar t Park s word was c o m mon t o

t he who le o f B r i ta in a nd I re land ( i b id ., 1 9 , 3 9-40 , f ig . 1 2 ;

1 7 , 1 ) .

I n s ou th

Wa les a nd a d jacen t a reas a l oca l a xe f or m was d om inan t a nd f ro m t h is a rea , t hrough t he Tha mes v a l ley , as epara te g roup o f h oards , c on ta in ing ma in ly weapons , was c haracter ised b y b arbed s pearheads ( i b id ., 2 1 , 4 0-41 , f igs . 1 5-16 ;

Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 ) .

Ha C i nnova t ions were n ew f or ms

o f s word , c hape , r azor a nd h orse-gear w i th a f ew i ron o b jec ts .

L oca l s word

t ypes d eve loped u nder Ha C i n f luence a nd l oca l a xes u nder Ar mor ican i n f luence ( Burgess 1 968a , 2 6-33 , 4 2-44 , f igs . 1 7 , 2 -6 ;

1 8-19 ) .

I n h is 1 974 s yn thes is o f t he B r i t ish B ronze Age B urgess d ea l t w i th e ar l ier p hases o f t he Bronze Age .

I n t he E ar ly Bronze Age h e r ecogn ised a C opper

Age w i th t anged k n ives a nd d aggers , o rna men ts , I r ish f la t a xes a nd h a lberds . Th is i nc luded S tages Ia nd I .

S tage I I was c haracter ised b y t h in-bu t ted f la t

a xes o f b ronze a nd t he a ssoc ia ted k n ives , d aggers , r azors a nd o rnamen ts o f t he M igda le i ndus try a s we l l a s l a ter h a lberds .

I n S tage I V a xes w i th h am mered

f langes a nd d aggers w i th r ibs a nd g rooves a ppeared .

Th is i s t he e ar ly Wessex

B ush Barrow p hase w i th S co t t ish C o l leonard a nd I r ish B a l lyva l ley .

The

Arreton i ndus try , t he f irs t c harac ter is t ic o f s ou thern a nd e as tern Eng land , r epresen ts S tage V w i th c as t-f langed a xes , C a mer ton-Snowsh i l l o g iva l d aggers , t anged a nd s ocke ted s pearheads .

H igh land i ndus tr ies a re r epresen ted b y

E bna l , I nch I s land a nd D erryn igg in ( 1 974 , 1 90-194 ) .

There i s much emphas is

o n ah ia tus i n t rad i t ions o f b ur ia l , t echno logy a nd r i tua l ( i b id, 1 94-198 ) . The e ar ly M idd le Bronze Age i s t he A cton P ark p hase , r epresen ted b y d eve loped f langed a xes a nd s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves f ound ma in ly i n n or th Wa les .

E ar ly

r ap iers a nd l ooped s pearheads a re p resu med t o h ave b een c urren t b u t a ssocia ted f inds a re r are , t hough i sola ted f inds a re c o m mon i n t he Tha mes v a l ley a nd t he Cambr idge F ens ( i b id ., 2 00-202 ) . i s n a med a f ter t he Taun ton h oard .

The s econd M idd le B ronze Age p hase

I ti nc ludes t he o rna men ts a nd p a ls taves

c o m mon i n t he l arge h oards wh ich a ppeared i n s ou thern Eng land , d eve loped r ap iers a nd l ooped s pearheads .

I nnova t ions o n a sma l l s ca le were s ocke ted

a xes , h a m mers , s aws a nd s ick les ( i b id ., 2 03-204 ) . a s i n 1 968 ;

The l a ter s equence was

P enard , Wi lbur ton , Ewar t/Park C arp 's T ongue , Ha C ( i bid ., 2 05-

2 14 ) w i th Wi lbur ton b eg inn ing t he La te B ronze Age a nd Ha C s e t t lers u sher ing i n t he I ron Age . 1 0

The mos t r ecen t mod i f ica t ions d iv ide t he A cton Park p hase i n to t wo p ar ts a nd d o t he s ame t o t he MBA3 P enard p hase , i nb o th c ases t o a cco m moda te l eng thened c hrono log y r e la t ive t o t he c on t i ,n9n tal

s equence .

The Ha C LBA3

p hase i s n amed a f ter L lyn Fawr ( 19761 , Many o ther s tud ies h ave b een p ubl ished s ince 1 960 b u t o n ly t he mos t imp or tan t c an b e men t ioned h ere .

On t he Ear ly Bronze Age , t he imp le men ts

a nd o rnamen ts o f Eng land , S co t land a nd Wa les were d iscussed b y Br i t ton ( 1 963 ) a nd t he d aggers , w i th a ssoc ia ted ma ter ia l a nd t he Wessex c u l ture , b y G er lo f f ( 1 975 ) .

R ow lands ' 1 970 t hes is o n t he M idd le B ronze Age me ta lwork

o f s ou thern Br i ta in was p ubl ished i n 1 976.

Th is p rov ides a c o mprehens ive

s tudy o f t he e v idence b u tt h e e s tab l ishmen t o f f or ma l c hrono logy was n o t i ts ma in a im .

C oo mbs ' 1 971 t hes is o n t he La te B ronze Age me ta lwork o f s ou thern

Br i ta in i s f or thco m ing a s PBF XX/2 ( M i l l ler-Karpe 1 975 , 1 83 ) a nd d e ta i ls o f h oards a re s u m mar ised e lsewhere ( Coo mbs 1 975a ) .

The s tudy o f t he Ha C

p hase i n B r i ta in was p laced o n an ew f oo t ing b y t he p ubl ica t ion o f C owen 's p aper o n Ha l ls ta t t b ronze s words ( 1967 ) . Ou ts ide l ow land B r i ta in , t he We lsh La te Bronze Age h as b een r ev iewed b y S avory ( 1 958a ;

1 975 ;

1 976a , 1 5-25 ;

4 4-47;

1 976b , 2 50-251 ) .

The l a ter

M idd le B ronze Age a nd t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he l a te Bronze Age i n n or thern Eng land h as b een d iscussed b y B urgess ( 1 968c ) . C o les h ad d evo ted t hree s ubs tan t ia l a rt ic les t o t he La te , M idd le a nd •Ear ly p er iods o f S cot t ish Bronze Age me ta lwork ( 1959-60 ;

1 963-64 ;

1 968-69 ) .

Harb ison 's work o n t he e ar l ier I r ish

B ronze Age h as b een s u m mar ised i n a n a r t ic le ( 1 973 ) .

E ogan h as d ea l t w i th

t he La te Bronze Age ( 1964 ) a nd c a ta logued I r ish s words ( 1965 ) a s we l l a s p rov id ing a r ecen t s yn thes is ( Her i ty a nd E ogan 1 977 , 1 14-121 ).

1

THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE BRITISH EARLY IRON AGE A brief summary of the development of the concept of the Iron Age in Britain and of the relevant terminology has been provided by Cunliffe (1974, 1-9). Before the recent spate of books concerning the Iron Age all significant synthesis was based on the work of Hawkes.

The report on excavations at St. Catharine's Hill., Winchester, was the occasion for Hawkes' first essay on the British Early Iron Age (Hawkes, Myres and Stevens 1930, 140-168). This introduced the concept of small groups of Celtic people migrating from the continent to southern Britain during the mid­ dle of the first millennium B. C. at the inception of the British Iron Age. These immigrants could be recognised by the occurrence of pottery "of Hall­ statt character" at Hengistbury Head and All Cannings Cross and "of definitely Hallstatt pottery" at Eastbourne. At Park Brow a sequence of occupation could be recognised: first, Late Bronze Age, Deverel-Rimbury; second, Early Iron Age, Hallstatt; third, Late Iron Age, La T�ne. Other sites which produced large quantities of Hallstatt pottery were Scarborough, Fengate and Old England, Brentford. The bronze hoards from Birchington and Worthing were contained in pottery vessels of Hallstatt character. This Hallstatt pot­ tery comprised coarse wares with finger-tip ornament and angular shoulders, different in form from Deverel-Rimbury coarse wares, fine bowls with hae­ matite coating, jars with inlaid ornament at All Cannings Cross and painted ornament at Eastbourne. While finger-tipped coarse wares were common in Late Bronze Age Deverel-Rimbury assemblages, a distinction in burial rite, marked by the disappearance of the Deverel-Rimbury cremation tradition, set these Early Iron Age Hallstatt groups apart from their predecessors. Hawkes wisely pointed out that the evidence was then insufficient to confirm the existence of the various well-defined invasions which scholars were then fond of elaborating. He accepted the view, then conventional, that Late Bronze Age immigrants from the west-Alpine Lake Villages arrived in Britain around the seventh century bringing distinctive bronzes and finger­ tipped pottery. This was too early for the Hallstatt immigrant groups, which were sought on the lower Rhine. Under pressure from the early Germans, the Celtic people of the lower Rhine, who built barrows and used finger-tipped pottery, were forced to migrate around the sixth century. Many moved south to begin the Urnfields of southern France and Catalonia. Some may have gone directly to Britain, specifically to Scarborough. Others remained in Cham­ pagne, best represented at Les Jogasses, where the combinations• of coarse and fine wares known at All Cannings Cross and Hengistbury were to be found. Cremation was abandoned for inhumation at Les Jogasses, which could be dated to the very end of the Hallstatt period. Hallstatt immigrants were established in southern Britain (ibid., fig. 18) and, "save for four pieces of Marnian pottery, which must be trade imports, 12

l i ke t he c on te mporary f ore ign b rooches" ( i bid ., 1 60 ) , t h is was t he e nd o f c on t inen ta l i n f luence u n t i l t he B elgae . I n h is f amous ' H i l lfor ts ' a r t ic le ( 1 931 ) Hawkes f or ma l ised h is v iews a l i t t le , i n troduced t he t erm ' I ron Age A ' f or t he im m igran t Ha l ls ta t t c u l ture ( i b id ., 6 4 ) a nd a dap ted h is map f ro m t he S t . C a thar ine 's H i l l r epor t t o s how i t s d is tr ibu t ion ( i b id ., f ig . 1 ) . A s uccinct s u m mary , w i thou t ABC t erm ino logy , was i ncluded i n t he 1 932 C ongress Handbook ;

t h is l arge ly r eproduced t he c onc lus ions o f t he S t .

C a thar ine 's H i l l e ssay.

T he s urv iva l o f La te Bronze Age b ronze i mp le men ts

w i th Ha l ls ta t t p o t tery a t S carborough e xe mp l i f ied a n i ncons is tency i n t er m in o logy wh ich h as s t i l l n o t b een e xorc ised .

Any p ot tery a f ter Devere l-R i mbury

i s r eferred t o a s ' Ear ly I ron Age ' , e ven i ff ound o n s i tes w i th ' La te Bronze Age ' me ta lwork .

I ron Age c oarse wares a re d is t ingu ished f ro m t hose o f t he

B ronze Age b y t he ir h igh q ua l i ty a nd t he r es tr ic t ion f ro m t hose o f t he Bronze Age b y t he ir h igh q ua l ity a nd t he r es tr ict ion o f f inger-t ip o rnamen t t o t he f la t r i ms a nd a ngu lar s hou lders o f v esse ls whose f or m im i ta tes t ha t o f ' Ha l ls ta t t b ronze b ucke ts '. I ti s e xp l ic i t ly s ta ted t ha t h i l l for ts were i n troduced b y e ar ly I ron Age im m igran ts ( Handbook 1 932 , 4 2-45 ) .

I n t he v o lu me o n Arch-

a eo logy i n Eng land a nd Wa les , Hawkes u sed t he ABC s che me , b u t r e l ied o n t he s ame b as ic c oncepts a s b e fore . were r are ;

D is t inc t ive me ta l f inds o f I ron Age A

s o me I ron Age me ta l o b jec ts h ad b een r ecogn ised b y Ar thur E vans

( 1 907-09 , 1 28 , f ig . 7 ) . I ron o b jec ts were r are.

O thers were I ta l ic b rooches o f s uspect o r ig in . L a ter I ron Age A t ypes s howed L a Tene i n f luence :

L a T ene b rooches a nd r ing-headed p ins ( Kendr ick a nd Hawkes 1 932 , 1 53-174 ). B y 1 940 , when C h i lde s urveyed t he E ar ly I ron Age , o ne impor tan t c hange h ad t aken p lace . 2 12-227 ) .

H e d evo ted a who le c hap ter t o ' La Tene i nvas ions ' ( 1940 ,

I n trus ive e ar ly L a Tene c u l ture was i den t i f ied i n e as t Yorksh ire

a nd more g enera l ' Marn ian ' i n f luence i n s ou thern Eng land .

Thus , t he p re-

L a T ene p er iod , wh ich c oncerns u s h ere , was b e t ter d e f ined .

There was a n

i mpor tan t n ew p o t tery g roup , f ro m Wes t Har l ing , a nd s wan 's n eck p ins were i den ti f ied a s Ha l ls ta t t t ypes ( i bid ., 1 94-207;

Dunn ing 1 934 ) .

Hawkes f or ma l ly r es ta ted h is ABC s che me i n 1 959 ; b y ab r ie f r ecap i tu la t ion o f e ar l ier work ( 1 959 , 1 70-172 ) .

t h is was p refaced A , Ba nd C were

d ef ined a s c u l tura l g roup ings w i th i n tr ins ic r e la t ive c hrono logy b u t w i th a bsol u te c hrono logy d rawn f ro m e x terna l e v idence .

Eng land a nd Wa les were d i-

v ided i n to g eograph ic a reas a nd t he s ix c en tur ies o f t he I ron Age were d iv ided i n to t hree ma in p er iods , e ach w i th s ub-d iv is ions .

Wi th in t he p lane d ef ined b y

t hese t wo a xes , g eograph ica l a nd c hrono log ica l , were p laced t he c u l tura l d iv is ions w i th r eg iona l a nd o rd ina l p re f ixes .

I ron 1 was l a te Ha l ls ta t t a nd

e ar ly La T bne I ( i b id ., 1 72-176) . P er iod 1 was F irs t A . The e ar l ies t Ha l ls ta t t b ronzes a rr ived d ur ing t he s even th e en tury. The n a t ive b ronze i ndus try c on t inued i n t he h igh land z one b u t was d isp laced i n t he l ow land z one d ur ing t he s ix th c en tury b y t he H a l ls ta t t b ronzes a nd Ar mor ican s ocke ted a xes wh ich n ow s uppl ied l ow land B r i ta in w i th i t s me ta l . t i on , C e l t ic c o lon is ts a rr ived ;

A bou t t he t ime o f t he Ha C /D t rans i-

t heir p o t tery was ma in ly l a te Ha l ls ta t t w i th

a rcha ic f ea tures a t E as tbourne a nd A l l C ann ings Cross , Ha D me ta lwork was r are .

The o r ig ins o f t hese i mm igran ts were i n t he L ow C oun tr ies , i n t he

c ase o f S tap le H owe , a nd i n u nspeci f ied a reas o f n or thern a nd wes tern France .

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Th is F irs t Ac u l ture o f Phase l a was e s tab l ished i nt he s ou th :

H eng is tbury ,

A l l Cann ings C ross , Eas tbourne , H ighdown , D ea l , C o lches ter , Wa l thams tow a nd F enga te , a nd i n t he e as t :

G ra f ton , S carborough , S tap le H owe a nd Wes t

Har l ing , b u t s carce ly i n t he wes t .

Phase l b was r epresen ted b y af ew l a ter

s i tes , s t i l l F irs t A , s uch a L ong Wi t tenha m , a lready w i th La Tene p o t tery , e ar ly La T ene b rooches , Thames d aggers a nd s wan 's n eck p ins .

S econd A

was f u l ly La T ene b u t n o n ew i mm igran ts a rr ived u n t i l t he F irs t B Marn ians o f t he t h ird c en tury ( i bid ., 1 76-179 , f igs . 2 -4 ) . Two a r t ic les i n 1 976 t rea ted a ga in t he b eg inn ings o f t he I ron Age i n s ou thern Eng land .

R eassess ing S t . C a thar ine 's H i l l a nd t he s ou th c oas t a rea , Hawkes

r egards t he e ar l ies t S ussex p o t tery a s o f l a ter Ha l ls ta t t B e lg ian o r ig in , w i thou t q uo t ing c o mpara t ive ma ter ia l .

The Wi l tsh ire a rea , A l l C ann ings C ross w i th

Heng is tbury , n ow h as i ts h ae ma t i te b owls a nd i n la id j ars d er ived f ro m F rench La te B ronze Age t rad i t ion , t hough q u i te h ow i s o bscure ( Hawkes 1 976a , 6 4-68 ). I n t he Tha mes v a l ley t he v ery e ar l ies t d aggers were d er ived f ro m B e lg iu m , c f . L u t tre , b u t b y t he L a T ene t rans i t ion t hey were d er ived f ro m C ha mpagne . Fro m t h is a rea t he Eas tbourne p o t tery was p robab ly d er ived t oo , J ogass ian . O ther l a te Ha l ls ta t t i n f luence i s r epresen ted b y t he u se o f t he ompha los b ase o n p o t tery f ro m L ong Wi t tenha m . h eaded p ins L a T ene .

S wan 's-neck p ins a re s t i l l Ha l ls ta t t , r ing-

The T ha mes v a l ley h as a f ina l H a l ls ta t t/ear ly L a

Tene c u l ture b u t Hawkes warns a gains t i den t i fy ing t h is La T ene c u l ture , d i lu ted a nd p er iphera l , a s e xc lus ive ly C e l t ic ( 1 976b , 1 -11 ) .

There i s n ow n o men t ion

o f ABC . ABC was c r i t icised b y H odson ( 1 960 ) who p o in ted o u t t ha t i tr e l ied o n t he c on t inued a ccep tance o f d is t inc t Ha l ls ta t t , L a T ene a nd B e lg ic i n f luence a nd was b ounded b y g eograph ica l d iv is ions wh ich c ou ld we l l p rove a r t i f ic ia l .

H e

a lso p o in ted o u t t ha t t he d e ta i ls o f t he ABC s che me a s a pp l ied t o i nd iv idua l s i tes a nd t ypes h ad n o t b een p resen ted i n a ny b u t s um mary f or m .

H odson

r e i tera ted h is c r i t icis ms w i th p ar t icu lar r eference t o t he S econd B , La T ene ' Marn ian ' h or izon , t he v a l id i ty o f wh ich h e d oubted ( 1 962 ) .

' I n 1 964 h e p ro-

d uced a s che me b ased o n l oca l c u l tura l a sse mb lages i nc lud ing Ha l ls ta t t a nd La T ene i n f luences where t hese c ou ld b e i den t i f ied .

Ou ts ide s uch a reas t he

Woodbury c u l ture was r ecogn ised , c harac ter ised b y r ound h u ts , b one w eav ingc o mbs a nd r ing h eaded p ins . The E ar ly P re-Ro man I ron Age was d iv ided i n to t wo p ar ts b y t he a ppearance o f t he f irs t L a T ene ma ter ia l b u t t he e x is tence o f ad is t inct Ha l ls ta t t c u l ture w i th l arge-sca le c on t inen ta l i n f luence was d en ied . T he 1 960s s aw a r ev iva l o f i n teres t i n t he s tudy o f t he I ron Age , b o th i n t he f i e ld a nd i n t he museu m .

The p er iod wh ich h ad h i ther to d e f ied d e ta i led

s yn thes is b ecame t he s ub ject o f s evera l s yn the t ic monographs a nd g enera l works were p ub l ished i n 1 974 b y C un l i f fe a nd b y Hard ing .

The f irs t v o lume ,

b orn o f aC a mbr idge t hes is o n t he p o t tery o f s ou thern B r i ta in , i s more c o mp rehens ive .

The s econd , b y ap up i l o f Hawkes , d ea ls i n more d eta i l w i th

s peci f ic p rob le ms a nd i n terpre ta t ions .

Hard ing r epea ted a g ood d ea l o f

ma ter ia l f ro m t he p ub l ica t ion o f h is t hes is o n t he U pper Thames Bas in ( 1 972 ) . C un l i f fe d e f ined v ar ious ' s tyle-zones ' , b ased o n t he e v idence o f p o t tery , s o o n ly a pp l icab le t o l ow land B r i ta in a nd n or th-wes tern S co t land . Wa les , n or thern Eng land , s ou thern a nd e as tern S co t land were d iv ided i n to z ones c harac ter ised b y t he c onven t iona l r eg iona l d iv is ions o f La te B ronze Age meta l-

1 4

work

( 1 974 , 4 9-56).

I n s ou thern Eng land a n U l t i ma te D evere l-R i mbury

c u l ture was f o l lowed b y t he Ear ly A l l C ann ings C ross g roup d ur ing t he e igh th a nd s even th c en tur ies .

S ix th-cen tury g roups , whose o r ig ins were s ubsequen t ly

p laced i n t he s even th c en tury ( 1 978 , 3 4 ) , were more e x tens ive : L a ter A l l C ann ings C ross i n Wessex ; K i m me r idge - C aburn - Wes t Har l ing - S tap le H owe r ound t he c oas t f ro m P or t land B i l l t o n or th Y orksh ire ; i n t he s ou th-eas t M id lands .

I v inghoe - S andy

Da t ing e v idence was n o t a rgued i n d e ta i l a nd

a ppears t o r es t ma in ly o n af ew r ad iocarbon d a tes o f v ary ing v a lue a nd o n s o mewha t u ncr i t ica l u se o f d a tes d er ived f ro m La te B ronze Age me ta lwork . La 1 . ‘ r ie p o t tery f or ms were i n troduced ' t owards t he e nd o f t he f i f th c en tury ' a nd a more d eta i led s er ies o f g roups was d e f ined ( i bid ., 2 9-41 ) . B es ide t h is s tudy o f t he p ot tery , was s e t a n a ccoun t o f c on t inen ta l c on tact b ased o n me ta lwork :

L a te U rn f ie ld a nd Ha C ma ter ia l i n t he s even th a nd s ix th c en tur ies

b r ing ing i ron ( i b id ., 2 67-269 ) ; c en tur ies ;

A r mor ican s ocke ted a xes d ur ing t he s a me

al i t t le Ha D ma ter ia l d ur ing t he s ix th a nd f i f th c en tur ies ( i b id .,

1 29-144 ) . Hard ing b egan h is c hrono log ica l s ec t ion w i th a r ev iew o f s peci f ica l ly L a te B ronze A ge p o t tery a nd t he p rob le m o f t er m ino logy wh ich r enders much p o tt ery ' I ron Age ' , a l though i ti s f ound o n t he s a me s i tes a s L a te B ronze Age me ta lwork ( 1 974 , 1 29-133 ) .

The p re-La ' 1 "r ie p hase i s c a l led t he p r i mary

I ron Age ( i bid ., 1 34-156) , d e f ined l arge ly b y t he a ppearance o f ma ter ia l wh ich c an b e e qua ted w i th t he c on t inen ta l Ha l ls ta t t c u l tures . a ppears t o b e Hawkes ' F irs t At h in ly d isgu ised .

Th is p r i mary I ron Age

D is t inct ive p o t tery i s d is-

c ussed i n d e ta i l w i th f requen t r ecourse t o d er iva t ion f ro m b ronze v esse ls , wh ich w i l l b e d iscussed e lsewhere ( see p .

2 85 )Ha l ls ta t t s et t lers a re r ecogn ised ,

e ar l ier a nd o f wes ter ly o r ig in i n Wessex , l a ter a nd o f e as ter ly o r ig in i n s ou the as t Eng land ( i b id ., 2 29 ) . The a ppearance o f t hese t wo v o lumes h as p rov ided ample s cope f or c t i t ic is m , c ons truc t ive o r o therw ise .

Th is h as , s o f ar , i nc luded o n ly o ne n ew

c hrono log ica l s che me ( Co l l is 1 977 , 6 -7) .

The B r i t ish I ron Age c on te mporary

w i th L a TN ie i s d iv ided i n to e ar ly , midd le a nd l a te , b u t t rea t men t o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he I ron Age e xe mp l i f ies t he c on fus ion wh ich a r ises o u t o f ac o mpar tmen ta l ised t rea t men t o f c onven t iona l d iv is ions .

C ol l is c a l ls t he f irs t p hase

' t he E ar l ies t I ron Age ( or La tes t B ronze Age ) ' , t he t rans i t ion f ro m b ronze t o i ron t echno logy , b road ly c on te mporary w i th t he Ha l ls ta t t p er iod a nd i nclud ing L lyn Fawr , S tap le H owe a nd e ar ly A l l C ann ings C ross . C onven t iona l me thods o f s tudying me ta lwork , t he i nsu lar s equence marked i n p laces b y d a tab le i mpor ts , c an e s tabl ish t he t echno log ica l d iv is ion b etween b ronze a nd i ron w i th in r easonable l im i ts .

Ih ave c a l led t he t wo r e levan t

p hases LBA4 a nd E IA1 a nd e qua ted t he m r ough ly w i th Ha C a nd H a D r espec t ive ly ( s ee p . 2 30-1 ) .

Me ta lwork t ypo logy c an a lso e s tabl ish t he s ubsequen t p hase

o f t he Ear ly I ron Age r epresen ted b y t he f irs t L a U ne o b jec ts .

The c hange

f ro m b ronze t o i ron t echno logy mus t h ave b een s ign i f ican t i n s ocia l t er ms ( see p . 3 06-7 ) ; o ther t rans i t ions i n c onven t iona l t er m ino logy n eed n o t r epr esen t a ny n o table c hanges i n p reh is tor ic s oc ie ty b u t t he ir r ecogn i t ion , o f ten mos t c onven ien t ly d one b y r eference t o c hanges i n c on t inen ta l s equences , i s n ecessary t o e s tabl ish o ur o wn c hrono logy wh ich i s o n ly a means , n o t a n e nd i n i t sel f .

A cciden ts o f c hange i n o ur c onven t iona l c hrono logy , e ssen t ia l ly

t he b ack-da t ing o f D evere l-R i mbury , h ave l e f t ag ap i n t he p o t tery s equence

1 5

c on te mporary w i th t he L a te B ronze Age .

I th as p roved d i f f icu l t t o f i l l t h is

g ap w i th we l l-known p o t tery a sse mb lages b u t r ecen t f inds s hou ld p rove more amenab le ( see p .284-6 ). When t h is h as b een d one , a nd n ew f inds f ro m n or thern France a nd t he L ow C oun tr ies t aken f u l ly i n to a ecoun t , we may s ee whe ther t he r esu l t ing s equence o f p o t tery , w i th a ssoc ia ted s truc tures a nd s e t t le men ts , r e f lects t he s ame c hanges a s t he me ta lwork s equence .

I t may n o t d o s o .

I n a ny c ase n ew t er m ino logy s hou ld b e r equ ired b u t Iam c on ten t t o u se h ere my o wn t er m ino logy , e ssen t ia l ly c onven t iona l , f or t he f ina l p hase o f t he L a te B ronze Age , e qu iva len t t o H a C , a nd t o d is t ingu ish t he f irs t p hase o f t he I ron Age i n s ou thern B r i t ian a s t ha t wh ich i s r ecogn isab ly p re-La ' nne .

1 6

CHAPTER 2 RELAT IVE CHRONOLOGY RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY :

M IDDLE BRONZE AGE

C en tra l E uropean c hrono logy Pau l R e inecke d iv ided t he B ronzeze i t o f Bavar ia i n to f our p hases , A -D , wh ich s t i l l f or m t he b as is o f t he c hrono logy o f t he B ronze Age i n c entra l E urope . The B ronzeze i t was s ucceeded b y t he H a l ls ta t tze i t , a lso d iv ided A -D .

R einecke 's

B ronze D i s n ow i nc luded w i th Ha A a nd H a Bi n t he U rnf ie ld p er iod (M i l lerKarpe 1 959 , 1 44-150 , 1 82-186 ) , t hough i t may s t i l l b e r eferred t o a s t he s p ne B ronzeze i t ( TorbrUgge 1 959a , 1 2 ) . T orbrUgge r efers t o h is B ronze A a s t he f rühe B ronzezei t a nd h is B a nd C a s t he m i t t lere B ronzeze i t ( i bid ., 5 -14 ; G er lof f 1 975 , 1 -2 ) .

B ronze A i s u sua l ly d iv ided i n to t wo p ar ts :

A l , of ten

k nown a s t he S traubing p hase , a nd A 2 , of ten k nown a s t he L anqua id p hase ( TorbrUgge 1 959a , 5 -10 , A bb . 1 ; G er lof f 1 975 , 2 ; Abb . 1 ) .

M t i l ler-Karpe 1 974 , 1 2 ,

The e x is tence o f ap hase t ransi t iona l b e tween B ronze A a nd B ronze

B , ' Reinecke A 3 ' , h as b een s ugges ted ( Ger lof f 1 975 , 4 ) b u t t h is p hase h as n ot y e t b een a ssimi la ted i n to t he c onven t iona l t er mino logy .

I ti s t he mi t t lere

B ronzeze i t , a lso k nown a s t he H Uge lgraberze i t , t he T u mu lus p er iod , wh ich c h ief ly c oncerns u s h ere .

R e inecke d iv ided t h is i n to t hree p ar ts :

B , C l a nd

C 2 , b u t F r iedr ich H o ls te modif ied t h is t o B l , B 2 a nd C w i th B ronze D c ont e mporary w i th p ar t o f C ( i bid ., 2 ; T orbrUgge 1 959a , A bb . 2 , l ef t ) .

T orbrUgge

c orre la ted t hese t wo s che mes , s how ing t ha t , i n e ach s che me , t he t hree p arts o f Ba nd C w ere c on te mporary a nd D a s epara te p hase ( i b id ., 1 0-15 ) b ut t he n u mbering o f t he B a nd C p hase s t i l l c auses c onfus ion a nd s uch t er ms a s B (B1) o r C (C2 ) a re s t i l l t o b e s een .

The f i rs t p hase , Bo r B l , i s u sua l ly k nown

af ter L ochham ; t he s econd , C l o r B 2 , af ter G öggenhofen a nd t he t h ird , C 2 o r C , af ter Asenkofen ( M t t l ler-Karpe 1 974 , A bb . 1 ; J ockenhöve l 1 971 , Abb . 3 ) .

S chauer 1 971 , A bb . 1 -2 ;

The c on ten ts o f t hese p hases h ave b een e nu mera-

t ed b y T orbrUgge ( 1959a , 3 1-44 , 4 8-57 , 6 0-70 , 7 6-78 ) . The mit t lere B ronzeze i t i n n or thern a nd wes tern S w i tzer land h as b een d ea l t w i th r ecen t ly b y O s terwa lder ( 1971 ) , t hough w i thou t ad e tai led c orre la t ion w i th t he B avarian c hrono logy .

The Tu mu lus p er iod i n H esse was t he s ub ject

o f H o ls te 's Marburg t hes is ( 1939 ); t he mos t r ecen t t rea t ment i s t ha t o f K ubach ( 1974 , 3 1-37 ) w i th a t ripart i te d iv is ion s imi lar t o t ha t f or B avaria .

More

w ide-rang ing w orks , t rea ting t he Tu mu lus c u lture t hrough wes tern G er many , i nc luding A lsace , n or th t o t he L t ineburg H ea th , a re t hose o f H o ls te ( 1953b ) a nd Z ieger t ( 1963 ) . N ordic C hrono logy The c hrono logy o f t he B ronze Age i n n or thern E urope i s b ased o n t he work o f O scar Mon te l ius i n Sweden a nd S ophus Mu l ler i n Den mark . s u m mary o f e ar lier w ork b y J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967, 1 5-43 ) .

There i s af i ne

More r ecen t w orks

o n t he e ar lier p ar t o ft he B ronze Age u sua l ly d iv ide t h is a rea i n to s evera l p ar ts f o l low ing K ers ten ( n .d . [ 1935 ], 2 -3 ) , who t rea ted s ou thern Sweden , t he Dan ish

1 7

i s lands a nd n or thern J ut land a s Z one I ; s outhern J u t land , S ch lesw ig- Ho ls te in , t he wes tern s ide o f t he E lbe e s tuary a nd n or th-wes tern P o merania a s Z one I , i nc luding Meck lenburg d ur ing M I T I , a nd a n a rea p er iphera l t o t he n ordischen K re is i n L ower S axony .

B randenburg a nd P o meran ia a s Z one I I .

A no ther

i mpor tan t d iv is ion was t he S öge ler K re is , f i rs t d ef ined b y S prockhof f ( 1927; 1 941 , 3 2-33 ;

H achmann 1 957 , 3 0 ) , wh ich i nc luded s ou thern J u t land a nd

S ch lesw ig-Ho ls te in a nd n or th-wes tern G er many f ro m t he E lbe t o t he Ma in a nd t he I j sse l ( Kubach 1 973b , 4 06;

B ut ler 1 963a , f i g . 4 5 , l ef t ) .

B es ide t he c a ta-

l ogues p roduced s o e f f icien t ly b y N ord ic s cho lars ( Broho lm 1 943; a nd Kers ten 1 973 ;

1 944 ; A ner

1 976; O ldeberg 1 974 ) , t here a re w orks o f s yn thes is c or-

r e la t ing t he Nordic c hrono logy w i th t he c entra l E uropean ; t hese c oncern u s f or t he p urposes o f r e la t ive c hrono logy . The f i rs t o ft hese i s t he s emina l v o lu me b y H ach mann ( 1957 ) . g uished t wo r eg iona l g roups ;

H e d is t in-

t he R ige l a rea a nd , i n n or thern J u t land a nd t he

Dan ish i s lands , t he Mosbaek g roup ( 1957 , 4 5 , Kar te 3 , 5 -6 , 8 ) w i th f our c hrono log ica l h or izons o f i n f luence f ro m c en tral E urope ( i b id ., 1 51-161 , Taf . 2 -3 ) .

H or izon Ii nc luded Ang lo-Irish E ar ly B ronze Age ma ter ia l a nd Ü ne-t i ce

ma ter ia l o f R e inecke A l .

H or izon I i nc luded i nf luence f ro m e as tern H ungary

a nd Transy lvan ia , p ar t icu lar ly Apa swords , a nd f l anged a xes f ro m t he Sw iss E ar ly B ronze Age , R e inecke A 2 a nd ' A3 '; t ime .

S öge l s words d eve loped a t t h is

H or izon I l l i nc luded S ou th G er man L ochham ma ter ia l o f R e inecke B ;

Woh lde swords d eve loped a t t h is t ime .

H orizon I V i nc luded s ou th Ger man

ma ter ia l o f C l/B2 d a te , s uch a s S pa tzenhausen swords , a s wel l a s wes t E uropean p a lstaves ( M i lo j ai 1 960 , 2 29-230 ) .

The S öge l a rea h ad t wo p er iods :

t he f i rs t , c harac terised b y S öge l swords , f ro m R e inecke A2 t o C l/B2 a nd t he s econd , c harac ter ised b y Woh lde swords , f ro m R e inecke C 1/B2 ( Hachmann 1 957 , 3 6-40 , 1 59 , Tabe l le 2 ) . The s econd c orre la t ion i s t ha t o f t he D an ish s cho lar L o mborg ( 1959 ) .

H e

b eg ins w i th a c onven ien t c hrono log ica l t ab le c o mparing t he v ar ious d iv is ions o f t he e ar lier B ronze Age i n t he N ordic a rea ( i b id ., A bb . 1 ) .

Th is s hows o ne

s ign if ican t c hange f ro m t he c hrono logy o f Mon te l ius a nd K ers ten;

Period Ii s

e x tended t o i nc lude t he e ar ly p ar t o f P er iod I , Kers ten 's Ia , l eav ing P er iod Ii nc luding o n ly t he l a ter p ar ts , Kers ten 's I l bc .

Th is e xpanded P eriod I

b eg ins a t t he t ime o ft he t rans i tion f ro m R einecke A 2 t o Ba nd c on t inues i n to R e inecke C l/B2 when t he c on tracted P eriod I b eg ins ; t h is l as ts i n to R einecke D ( i bid ., 1 33-137 ) .

Th is c orre la t ion i s f or t he p r imary N ordic a rea o f

s ou thern S cand inav ia , Z one I .

T urn ing t o t he

R ige la rea , L o mborg d en ied

t ha t H ach mann/s d iv is ion o ft he S öge l a nd Woh lde p er iods was we l l-def ined ( i b id ., 1 37-139 ); t h is c onc lus ion h as b een s uppor ted b y mos t l a ter wri ters ( Jacob-Friesen 1 967 , 2 6 , 3 8;

L aux 1 971, 1 00 ;

K ubach 1 973b , 4 07 ) .

A ccord-

i ng t o L o mborg , t he S öge l- Woh lde c u lture o f H achmann was c on te mporary w i th t he e xpanded M I o f s ou thern S candinav ia a nd n o t l a ter ( i bid ., 1 39-142 ) . L o mborg r e turned t o t he c hrono logy o ft he N ordic E ar ly B ronze Age a d ecade l a ter ( 1968 ) .

H e emphas ised t ha t t he S öge l- Woh lde c u lture e x tended i n to

s ou thern a nd wes tern J u t land , l eav ing o n ly t he n or th a nd e as t t o f or m t he N ordic c u lture w i th t he Dan ish .is lands a nd s outhern Sweden ( i b id ., 9 4-95 , 1 40 , f ig . 1 ) a nd t ha t t he e x ten t o f Z one Ii nto J u t land was l ess t han b y K ers ten 's d ef ini t ion ( i b id ., 9 4 n . 1 5 ) .

O n ly i n MI I d oes t he N ordic a rea e xpand i n to

s ou thern J u t land a nd H o ls tein ( i b id ., 9 5 n . 2 3 ) . 1 8

L o mborg 's e ar ly Per iod I

i s c a l led t he F ardrup h or izon a nd i nc ludes Bag terp s pearheads a nd s o lidh i l ted swords a nd d aggers o f Carpa th ian o rig in o r i nf luence ( i b id ., 9 6-101 , 1 40-141 ) .

B ag terp s pearheads a re d ef ined af ter t he c lassif ica t ion o f B ecker

( 1967 , 2 20-221 ); a ccording t o J acob-Friesen t he o rna men t o n Bag terp s pearh eads was d erived f ro m R e inecke A 2 mode ls ( 1967 , 7 5 ) .

The swords a re t he

mos t i mpor tan t c hrono log ica l i nd ica tors ; t hey a re r e la ted t o swords o f H a jdügämson-Apa t ype p laced b y Mozso l ics i n h er p er iod l i la , c on te mporary w i th R einecke A2 ( 1967 . 4 9-54 , 1 21-123 ) .

H änse l p laces t hese swords i n h is

f r t the d anub ische B ronzeze i t I I , c on temporary w i th A 2 , t hough emphas is ing t ha t t he A pa h oard i s t rans i t iona l t o mi t t lere d anub ische B ronzeze i t I , R einecke B/B1 ( 1968 , 2 5-34 ) .

B öna a lso p refers a l a ter d a te , h is M idd le B ronze Age

3 , R e inecke A 3-B1 ( 1975 , 2 73-276) .

I n f luence f ro m t he s ou th-eas t may n o t

h ave r eached t he N ordic a rea b efore t he t ime o ft he A pa h oard ( Lo mborg 1 968 , 9 9 ) .

Th is a grees w i th t he a ccep ted c orre la t ion o ft he S t ige l p hase w i th t he

L ochham p hase , R e inecke B/B1 , o ver mos t o f i t s e x ten t , whi le a l low ing f or as l igh t ly e ar l ier b eg inn ing ( Jacob-Friesen 1 967 , 6 9-72; 2 9;

K ubach 1 973b , 4 04-407 ) .

S chauer 1 971 , 2 6-

L o mborg 's l a te P er iod Ii s h is V a ls$mag le

h orizon ( 1968 , 1 01-108, 1 41-144 ) .

The swords o ft h is p hase a re r e la ted t o

C arpa th ian Z a jta swords o f Mozso l ics p eriod

l b ( 1967, 5 1-54 , 1 23-126 ) ,

H o ls te 's Au t ype o f H änse l 's mit t lere d anubische B ronzeze i t I ( 1968 , 2 9-31 ) , b road ly c on te mporary w i th t he L ochham p hase .

L o mborg s ees l i t t le e v idence

o f i nf luence f ro m t he s outh G er man S pa tzenhausen t ype o n t he V alsO mag le swords ( 1968 , 1 02 n . 6 0 ) .

There a re t wo Dan ish f i nds o f L ochham L ochha ls-

n ade ln i n t h is p hase ( i bid ., 1 07-108 , f i g . 2 , 7 -8 ) , wh ich a lso i nc ludes s haf th o le a xes ( i b id ., f i g . 2 , 3 ) a nd Va ls y S mag le s pearheads ( i bid ., f i g . 2 , 5 ) . N or th-wes t G er man p a ls taves w i th Y -ornamen t ( i b id ., 1 08, f ig . 2 , 4 ) p rov ide al i nk w i th l a te S tee l f i nds , s uch a s t he I l s moor h oard ( 92 ) w i th i t s s h ie ldp a t tern p a ls taves .

Af ur ther l ink w i th s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves , t he Ger man

f or m w i th i ndis t inc t s top-r idge , i s p rov ided b y t he Hausberge h oard ( 90 ) wh ich c on ta ins a f langed a xe w i th a l ong b u t t , a Va ls On .ag le t ype ( i bid ., 1 04 , f ig . 2 , 6 ) , a nd a L ochha m d agger ( i b id ., 1 08 n . 8 1 , f i g . 5 , 2 ) .

The e ar ly P er iod I

L 0ve h or izon i nc ludes SmSru mrovre s pearheads a nd s hows t he s pread o f N ordic t ypes i n to s ou thern J ut land ( i bid ., 1 09-119 , 1 44-149 , f ig . 9 ) .

During

l a ter P er iod I i mpor ts o f R einecke C/C2 a nd D a ppear ( i bid ., 1 18 n . 1 13 , 1 49 ) .

Th is s equence i s s u m mar ised i n a nother w ork ( Lo mborg 1 973 , 1 47-

1 48 , f i g . 8 7 ) . Two s tudies b y R andsborg e xa m ine t he t rans i t ions b e tween

a nd

MT I I/ IV a nd t he c orre la t ion o ft hese p hases w i th t he c entra l E uropean c hronol ogy ( 1968;

1 972 ) , t hough h is me thodo logy h as b een c r i t icised f or i t s r e l iance

o n o ld r ecords a nd f or c ircu lar a rgu men ts ( Jacob-Friesen 1 975 , 1 21-124 ; S t jernquis t 1 973 ) .

I n s ou thern , wes tern a nd p ar t o fn orth-wes tern J u t land

a nd wes tern S ch lesw ig-Ho ls te in , l a te M E T f orms a re a ssocia ted w i th R e inecke Ci mpor ts a t at ime when t he

e ar l ies t M II I t ypes make t heir a ppearance .

I n

t h is a rea M I I I f or ms a re a ssocia ted w i th R e inecke D i mpor ts a nd Ha A l imp or ts .

I n n or th a nd e as t Z ea land , B ornho lm a nd S can ia many M I I f or ms o ccur

a t t he s ame t ime a s e ar ly M I I I f or ms i n t he wes t , d uring wha t R andsborg c al ls ' Sub-per iod I ' .

R e inecke D a nd H a A l e xpor ts a re a ssocia ted .

I n Meck len-

b urg many 1 V I I I t ypes a re a ssocia ted w i th R e inecke D e xpor ts a nd t here i s n o e v idence f or t he t heory t ha t MI I I b egan e ar lier i n Meck lenburg t han i n J u t land ( 1968, 1 31-133 ) .

N e i ther d oes h e f i nd much e v idence f or t he o ccurrence o f

1 9

R e inecke D f orms i n M I I ( i b id ., 6 0-62 ) t hough mos t wr i ters c la im s o me o verl ap ( Jacob-Friesen 1 967 , 7 8-80 ; v on B runn 1 968 , 1 25-126; T hrane 1 975 , 2 17 ) . I n 1 972 R andsborg e xamined t he c hrono logy o f M II I a nd e ar ly M IV a nd p rov ided ac o mprehens ive c hrono log ica l s che me ( 1972 , f i g . 1 7 ) .

I t was g enera l ly a c-

c ep ted t ha t H a A l was i nc luded i n M I TI a nd H a B 1 i n M IV , b u t t here was d ispu te a bout t he p os i t ion o f H a A 2 , f ro m wh ich l i t t le ma teria l was k nown i n t he n or th ( i b id ., 1 0 ) .

F or Baudou i t was i n l a te M I I I ( 1960 , 1 32-134 ) , f or v on B runn i n

e ar ly M IV ( 1968 , 1 30-133 ) a nd f or Thrane i t was t rans i t iona l ( 1 975 , 2 03 ) . R andsborg c onc ludes t ha t M IV f i rs t d eve loped i n c en tra l s ou thern S cand inav ia , p robab ly i n n or thern Z ea land , wh i le i n o ther a reas M I T I t ypes p ers is ted i n to S ub-per iod I I ; t h is p hase was c on temporary w i th H a A2 .

M IV h ad d eve loped

e verywhere i n t he N ordic a rea b y H a B l; l a te M I T I was e verywhere c on te mp orary w i th Ha A l ( 1968 , 7 1-72 ) .

Thrane a grees t ha t mos t i mpor ted ma teria l

i n M IV i s o f H a B 1 d a te a nd s tresses t ha t t here i s l i t t le H a A 2 ma ter ia l i n t he N ordic a rea ( 1975 , 2 15-219 , 2 60 ) . N or th-wes t G erman c hrono logy Through t he w ork o f S prockhof f ( 1941 ) , Smi th ( 1959 ) a nd B ut ler ( 1963a ) a t ten t ion h as b een f ocussed o n n or th-wes tern G er many a s t he p oss ib le s ource o f much ma ter ia l o f t he B r i t ish M idd le B ronze Age a nd a s ag u ide t o i t s c hronol ogy .

I n 1 971 t here a ppeared t wo w orks o n t he e ar lier B ronze Age i n n or th-

wes tern G er many ( Bergmann 1 970 ;

L aux 1 971; J acob-Fr iesen 1 973 , 5 69n .

1 ) . B erg mann 's w ork was b ased o n e v idence c o l lec ted b efore t he S econd Wor ld War a nd was s ub ject t o many v ic iss i tudes ( 1970 , T ei l A , 9n . 1 ) .

Much ma teri-

a l i s a ssemb led f or t he p urpose o f " e thnic a nd h is tor ica l i n terpre ta t ion" b ut i l lus tra t ions o f a r tefacts a re s o mewha t s che ma t ic ( i b id ., T e i l B , Taf . 1 -14 ) , c hrono log ica l d iscuss ion s u m mary a nd , a ccording t o J acob-Fr iesen ( 1973 , 5 86 ) , u nre l iab le .

The v o lu me b y L aux ( 1971 ) c overs a more r es tric ted a rea

b u t h e p roduces a d e ta i led a nd we l l-docu men ted c hrono logy wh ich i s d iscussed i n d e ta i l i n t he f o l low ing s ec t ion .

T he e ar lier B ronze Age i n Wes tpha lia h as

b een d iscussed b y S udho lz ( 1964 ) . L aux 's c hrono logy o ft he e ar l ier B ronze Age i n n or th-wes tern G er many The mos t r ecen t s ys te ma t ic s tudies o f t he e ar l ier p ar t o f t he B ronze Age i n n or th-wes tern G ermany h ave b een b y L aux .

These a re h is K ie l t hes is o n

t he L Uneburg H ea th r eg ion ( 1971 ) a nd PBF v o lu mes o n b rooches ( 1973 ) a nd p ins ( 1976 ) .

H is f i rs t w ork e s tab l ishes a n ew c hrono log ica l s ys te m f or t he

L uneburg a rea , e xcep t i t s n or th-wes tern marg ins where t he N ordic c hrono logy o f Mon te l ius s t i l l a pp lies ( 1971 , 1 04 ;

1 976 , 1 2 ); t h is n ew c hrono logy i s e x-

t ended o ver mos t o f L ower S axony i n h is PBF v o lu mes ( 1976 , 8 -12 ) .

L aux

d iv ides h is ma ter ia l i n to a S öge l- Woh lde p hase , s ucceeded b y v arious Z ei tg ruppen f or ma le a nd f e ma le b ur ia ls r espect ive ly .

I n 1 971 t hese Z e i tgruppen

a re o ft he ä l tere u nd mi t t lere B ronzeze i t ( 1971 , 1 03 );

i n 1 976 t hey a re

h Uge lgraberze i t lichen ( 1976 , 8 -12 ) , s ucceeded b y t he U rnenfe lderze i t i n N iedersachsen ( i b id ., 1 2-14 ) .

L aux a ppears t o a pp ly t he s outh G er man

Tu mu lus a nd U rnf ie ld d iv is ion t o L ower S axony , a nd t here a re p receden ts f or t h is ( Zieger t 1 963 , 2 1-25 ) , t hough J acob-Fr iesen p refers t he c onven t iona l d iv is ion o f t he N ordic B ronze Age i n to ä l tere a nd j Ungere ( 1973 , 5 70 ) . L aux h as f our Z ei tgruppen , i n 1 976 o n ly t hree . 2 0

I n 1 971

Th is i s ac o mp lica ted s ys te m

( i b id ., 5 77 ) a nd i s n o t e xp l ici t ly c orre la ted w i th e i ther N ordic o r s ou th G er man c hrono logy .

H is ä l tere B ronzeze i t , Z e i tgruppen Ia nd I , s hou ld r e la te t o M I I

a nd h is mi t t lere B ronzeze i t , Z e i tgruppen

I I a nd I V , t o M I I I ( Busch 1 972 , 3 08) .

J acob-Fr iesen c ons idered t ha t Z e i tgruppe I V o f ma le b ur ia ls i n t he I lmenau v a l ley s hou ld b e e xpressed a s I Ib a nd Z e i tgruppe I I o f f e ma le b ur ia ls i n t he S üdhe ide a s H e ( 1973 , 5 79 ) . C orre la t ion o f L aux 's c hrono log ies o f 1 971 a nd 1 976 ( Tab le 2 ) a l lows c larif ica t ion o f h is d iv is ions a nd a n a t temp t a t e s tab lish ing t he ir r e la t ions w i th t he Mon te lius a nd R e inecke c hrono log ies .

Af ter t he S ige l- Woh lde p hase ,

ä l tere H üge lgraberze i t , c o mes Z e i tgruppe I , mi t t lere H üge lgraberze i t ; t h is i s t he B ehringen-Bonstorf p hase f or f e ma le b ur ia ls a nd t he Westendorf p hase f or ma le b uria ls .

H ere c orre la t ion i s s tra igh t forward .

Z ei tgruppe I ,

j üngere H üge lgraberze i t , i s t he Wardböh men- Ko lkhagen p hase f or f e ma le b ur ia ls a nd t he B ons torf p hase f or ma le b uria ls .

S ub-div is ions made f or t he

L üneburg a rea a re n o t d is t inguished o n al arger s ca le . H t ige lgraberze i t , i s more c o mp l ica ted .

Z e i tgruppe I n , s pa te

F or f e ma le b ur ia ls a t ransi t iona l

p hase i n t he I lmenau v a l ley i s f o l lowed b y t he D eu tsch-Evern p hase; i n t he N ord- a nd S üdhe ide t he e ar ly p ar t o f Z e i tgruppe I I , t he F uhrhop p hase , i s f o l lowed b y al a ter p ar t , f ro m wh ich g rave-goods a re a bsen t .

I ti s p resu mab ly

t h is R ihrhop p hase wh ich J acob-Friesen r egards a s Z e i tgruppe H c .

F or ma le

b uria ls t he e ar ly p ar t o f Z e i tgruppe I I i n t he wes tern L t ineburg H ea th , t he B ergen-B leck mar p hase , i s f o l lowed b y ap hase w i thou t g rave-goods ;

i n t he

e as t a n e ar ly , O ldendorf , p hase i s f o l lowed b y al a te , Tangendorf , p hase wh ich i nc ludes b ur ia ls o f 1 971 Z e i tgruppe I V , wh ich a ppears t o h ave b eco me a Z e i tgruppe I Ib a s J acob-Fr iesen s ugges ted .

T he c o mp lex r e la tions b e tween

t he v ar ious Z e i tgruppen o u t lined i n 1 971 ( 122-123 ) a re n o t i nc luded i n 1 976 . Two U rnf ie ld p hases , Z e i tgruppen I V a nd V f o l low t he T u mu lus p hases ( 1976, 1 2-14 ) . De ta i led e xamina t ion o f L aux ' s ma teria l r evea ls s uf f icien t e v idence t o c orr e la te h is p hases w i th t he N ordic a nd s ou th G er man c hrono logy . F or t he S öge l- Woh lde p hase whee l-headed p ins w i th mou lded o rna men t o n b oth s ides o f t he h ead , wh ich h as a c en tra l r ing a nd s ix s pokes ( Laux 1 976 , 2 4-25 ) , i nc lude o ne e xamp le o f L ochha m/Re inecke B o rig in ( i b id ., n o . 8 1; K ubach 1 974 , 3 2 n . 1 9 , Taf . 8 , 3 ) . M idd le R h ine L ochha lsnade ln o ccur i n t he Wes tendorf p hase o f Z ei tgruppe I( Laux 1 976 , 5 7 ) ; t hese b e long t o t he B 2/C1 S chwanhe im p hase i n H esse ( Kubach 1 974 , 3 2 ) b u t h ave a w ide r ange o f d a te ( Kubach 1 977 , 1 15 ) . D oub le-sided whee l-headed p ins w i th a n i nner r ing a nd e i ther e igh t s pokes o r ac ruc ifor m p a t tern o ccur i n t he Wardböhmen- Kolkhagen p hase o f Z e i tg ruppe I ( Laux 1 976, 2 5-26 ); t hese p ins o ccur i n H esse i n t he C/C2 B essunger Wa ld p hase ( Kubach 1 974 , 3 4 , 3 6 , Taf , 1 6A ) .

F ur ther e v idence i s p rov ided b y

b y ab uria l o f t h is p hase f ro m R eckerode , K r . H ersfe ld-Rotenburg , b arrow 4 , wh ich c on ta ins a L üneburg whee l-headed p in , mou lded o n ly o n o ne s ide , a nd aL üneburg b rooch ( i b id ., 3 6-37 , Taf . 1 6B ;

1 977 , 2 44 n o . 5 00 ) .

The p in i s

o f af or m mos t c o m mon i n t he Wardböhmen-Ko lkhagen p hase o f Z e i tgruppe 1 ( Laux 1 976, 3 3 n . 3 4 ) a nd t he b rooch b e longs s a me Z e i tgruppe ( Be tz ler 1 974 , 1 51 n . 2 ) .

2 1

t o t he B ons torf p hase o f t he

K ubach c orre la tes Z e i tgruppe I I w i th h is R e inecke D Wo lfershe im p hase ( 1977 , 2 46 n . 2 3 ) , a lthough t h is o ver laps w i th t he p receding Tra isbach p hase wh ich i s l i nked t o t he e ar ly p ar t o f Z e i tgruppe I I , t he F uhrhop p hase ( i bid .) . I n many c ases whee l-headed p ins o ft h is T ra isbach p hase , p ar t ly R e inecke C 2 , o ccur i n L ower S axony i n F ihrhop c on tex ts o r i n c on te mporary c on tex ts ( i b id ., 1 64 n . 2 ;

1 70 n . 2 3;

1 80 n . 4 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4-18;

1 71 n . 3 2 , 3 4-35 , 3 7-38 , 4 0-42 , 4 5-47 ,

1 81 n . 4 2 ) .

6 3 , 6 5;

P ins o f Z ei tgruppe I a lso o ccur i n

Tra isbach c on tex ts ( i b id ., 1 99 n . 1 0-16;

1 56 n . 9 , 2 3-24 ;

1 64 n . 1 ) .

The

o ver lap b e tween Z e i tgruppe I a nd Z e i tgruppe I I i s t hus n ot c lear ly d ef inab le i n t er ms o f c en tra l E uropean c hrono logy . L aux i s more e xp lic i t a bou t t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween Z e i tgruppe I I a nd t he N ord ic c hrono logy .

H e w r i tes , Der Anfang d er P eriode I I i s t mi t d er

Z e i ts tufe F uhrhop g le ichzuse tzen , t ha t t he Wardböhmen- Ko lkhagen p hase i s c on te mporary w i th d eve loped 1 V I I I a nd t he e nd o ft h is p hase w i th t he e nd o f MI T ( 1976 , 3 7 , 4 2 ) .

H e p laces t he l a ter p art o f Z e i tgruppe I I , t he Tangendorf

p hase , w i th in M I I I ( i b id ., 7 7 ) .

Ab uria l o f t h is p hase f ro m B uendorf , K r .

L t ineburg , b arrow 1 , i nc ludes a M I T I c hape ( 1971 , 2 12 n o . 2 48A , Tabe l le 1 0 , Taf . 5 0 , 2 ; K ers ten n .d . ( 1935 ) 6 9 , F or m A4 ) . Ab uria l o f t he e ar ly Z e i tg ruppe I I O ldendorf p hase f ro m G o l lern , K r . U e lzen ,con ta ins a f l ange-h i l ted sword o f c en tra l E uropean t ype ( Laux 1 971 , 2 47 n o . 4 78A , Tabe l le 1 0 , Taf . 4 5 , 1 ;

1 976 , 8 3 ) .

L aux r egards t h is a s a n E rbenheim sword b u t S chauer c las-

s if ied i t , w i th t he p rovenance ' Bevensen ' , a s aS tä tz ling sword ( 1971 , 1 45 n . 5 ) . S tä tz ling swords o ccur a t t he 1 V1 1/ 1 V I I I I t rans i t ion a nd i n t he H a A l K isäpa t i p hase ( i b id ., 1 46) .

L ack o f e v idence a ppears t o p rec lude d e ta i led c orre la t ion

o f Z e i tgruppe I I w i th s ou th G er man e ar ly U rnf ie ld c u l tures ( Laux 1 976 , 1 2 ) , b u t t he c orre la t ion s e t o u t i n Tab le 1 d oes n o t c onf l ic t w i th o ther e qua t ions o f t he N ordic a nd C en tra l E uropean c hrono log ies , f or t here i s e v idence o ft he c on t inued a ppearance o f M I T I t ypes a longs ide M TV ( Randsborg 1 972 , 1 9 , 6 2 , 7 0-71 ) a l low ing Z e i tgruppe 1T h t o b e l a ter t han H a A l , t hus c on te mporary w i th e ar ly M IV . Tab le 1 Cen tra l E urope

N . W . G er many

N ordic .A rea

B l/B

S öge l- Woh lde

S öge l- Woh lde

B 2/C1

Z e i tgruppe I

M I I

C/C2

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7 4 4 2 0 o n .

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2 5

Du tch a nd B e lg ian c hrono logy The M idd le B ronze Age i n t he N e ther lands i s c onvent iona l ly d ef ined a s t he p er iod o ft he D rakens te in p hase i n t he s outh a nd t he E lp c u lture i n t he n or th , f o l low ing t he H i lversu m a nd S ige l p hases o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age ( Per iod is ieri ng 1 965-66 , 9 ; B u t ler 1 969 , 4 3-74 ) .

N or thern B e lg iu m s hares t he s ou th

Dutch c hrono logy ; t he M idd le B ronze Age i n B e lg iu m i s b road ly c on te mporary w i th t he c en tra l E uropean T u mu lus c u lture ( de L ae t 1 974 , 2 82-348 ) . F rench c hrono logy The c onven t iona l c hrono logy o ft he F rench B ronze Age i s t ha t o f H a t t ( Gu i la ine 1 976b , 1 9-20 ) .

I ti s B ronze Moyen wh ich c oncerns u s h ere , a s

c lassif ied o n t he b as is o f ma teria l f ro m t he H aguenau F ores t ( Ha t t 1 955 ) .

H e

d is t inguished t hree p hases r e la ted s uccess ive ly t o t he L ochham p hase , t o R e inecke C a nd t o t he i n i t ia l p hase o f t he Urnf ie ld p er iod , t hough Z ieger t p laced a l l t he ma teria l o ft h is l as t p hase w i th in R e inecke C ( 1963 , 1 3-15 , Taf . 6 ) .

I n e astern F rance B ronze Moyen b eg ins d uring t he L ochha m p hase a nd e nds

w i th t he a ppearance o ft he f i rs t U rnf ie ld ma ter ia l o f R e inecke D ( Zu ms te in 1 966 , 3 2-36;

1 976 , 6 38; A be ls 1 972 , 4 4 ) .

Th is e qua t ion o f B ronze Moyen w i th

t he T u mu lus p er iod i s g enera l ly a ccep ted i n n or thern F rance ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 3 3-44 ;

G aucher 1 976, 5 77;

V erron 1 976a , 5 87-590 ) , b ut o n ly

f or B r i t tany h as a d e ta i led t rea t ment o f c hrono logy b een p ub lished ( Briard 1 965 , 7 9-150 , 2 97-299 ) .

Three p hases w ere o rig ina l ly d is t inguished t here :

Bronze Moyen I , t he s econdary s er ies o fb arrow b uria ls , B ronze Moyen I , t he T rebou l p hase , B ronze Moyen I I t he p hase o f t rapezo ida l-h i lted r ap iers a nd l arge p a ls tave h oards . More r ecen t ly , B riard h as b een c aut ious a bou t t he c hrono log ica l p osi t ion o f t he s econdary s er ies b arrows ( 1976a , 5 67 ) wh ich may n o t o ccupy t he d is tinc t c hrono log ica l p hase o r ig ina l ly a l lot ted t o t hem b y G io t ( 1960 , 1 42 ; a nd Wa terbo lk 1 974 , 1 59-160 ) .

c f . B u t ler

The p oss ibi li ty o f al a te d a te f or t he r icher

p rimary s er ies o fb arrows i s r a ised b y t he a ppearance o f a whee l-headed p in i n t he b ur ia l f ro m K ernonen e n P louvorn , F in is tere ( Briard 1 970a , 2 8, f i gs . 9 , 1 2; 9 7) .

1 975 , f i g . 5 , 5 ; B u t ler a nd Wa terbo lk 1 974 , 1 41 , 1 51;

G er lof f 1 975 ,

Th is p in a ppears t o b e long t o K ubach 's S peyer t ype o f e ar ly Tu mu lus

d a te ( 1971 , 3 4 n . 5 ) .

S chauer h as e qua ted T rebou l s words w i th t he L ochham

p hase a nd t he R ige l- Woh lde p eriod; t rapezoida l h i l ted r apiers a re e qua ted w i th R e inecke C ( 1972c , Tabe l le 1 ) . s econdary s er ies o fb arrows .

Th is l eaves l i t t le s pace f or a n i ndependen t

The e nd o f B ronze Moyen i n B r i t tany c an b e

e qua ted w i th t he b eginning o f R e inecke D ( i bid .) . Tab le 3 o u t lines t here la t ive c hrono logy d er ived f ro m t he p reced ing c orr e la t ions .

The h or izon ta l l ines r epresent t he s tages a t wh ich c orre la t ions

may b e made w i th g rea tes t c onf idence .

2 6

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P rimary s eries

3 : 1 ) 0

c n

2 7

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S . S candinav ia

14 . 1

S ub I I/IV

2 1 71 ,

B ronze F ina l Ib

B ronze F ina l Ia

B ronze F ina l I

B ronze Moyen I I

B ronze Moyen I

B ronze Moyen I

Anc ien I I c \ I 0

Z 2 1 E A '

c d

Z e i tgruppe I

S öge l- Woh lde

RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY :

LATE BRONZE AGE

C en tra l E uropean c hrono logy The l a ter B ronze Age o f c en tra l E urope i s c harac ter ised b y i t s p redo mi nan t b ur ia l r i te a s t he p er iod o f t he U rnf ie ld c u l ture .

Th is r i te u sua l ly c on-

s is ted o f t he i n terment o f c rema ted r ema ins w i th in , o r a longs ide , c eram ic u rns i n f l a t g raves g rouped i n to c eme teries .

I ti s t he c hrono logy o f t h is p eriod ,

k nown i n G erman t ermino logy a s t he U rnenfe lderze i t , s ucceeding t he B ronzez ei t a nd p receding t he Ha l ls ta t tze i t , wh ich c oncerns u s h ere . R e inecke e lucida ted t he c hrono logy o f s ou thern B avaria f o l low ing h is B ronzeze i t w i th t he H a l ls ta t tze i t d iv ided i n to f our p hases , A -D .

The f i rs t

t wo o ft hese p hases , H a Aa nd H a B , t oge ther w i th R e inecke 's B ronze D , a re c onven t iona l ly u n i ted t o c o mpr ise t he U rnf ie ld p er iod .

The r e-exa m ina t ion o f

R einecke 's c hrono logy a nd c o mpar ison w i th c on te mporary c hrono logy i n I t a ly a nd b eyond b y H ermann Mü l ler-Karpe ( 1959) i s t he f undamen ta l modern s tudy . A s uccinct E ng lish s u m mary o f t he me thods a nd r esu lts o f Mü l ler-Karpe 's work h as b een g iven b y C owen ( 1961 ) .

Af ter a r ev iew o f R einecke 's d iv is ions

( 1959 , 4 -6 ) a nd o f l a ter w ork , e specia l ly b y h is t eacher , G ero v on Merhar t ( i b id ., 8 -11 ) ,M t i l ler- Karpe p roceeds t o d ef ine s ix d iv is ions o f t he U rnf ie ld p er iod n or th o f t he A lps :

R einecke D , H a A l , H a A 2 , H a B i , Ha B 2 a nd H a B 3 .

The e as t-A lp ine a rea , n or th T yro l , s ou th Bavar ia a nd s outh-wes tern G er many a re e xamined i n t urn a nd a bso lu te c hrono logy e s tab l ished b y r eference t o s ou thwes tern V ene t ia , Emi lia , Umbr ia , s ou thern E trur ia , t he A lban H i l ls o f R o me , C u mae , w es tern Apu l ia a nd s ou th-eas tern S ic i ly a nd o n t o t he Aegean a nd E gyp t .

C orre la t ion o f t hese d iv is ions a l lows Mü l ler-Karpe t o a ss ign e ach o f

h is n or th-A lpine d iv is ions t o ac entury , t h ir teen th t o e igh th B . C . ( i b id ., 1 822 28 , A bb . 6 4 ) .

The meri ts o f t he a bso lute c hrono logy w i l l b e c ons idered

b e low ( see p p . M t i l ler-Karpe 's r e la t ive c hrono logy i s t he b as ic c onven t iona l d iv is ion f or mos t o f c en tra l E urope a nd , b y e x tens ion o r c orre la t ion , f or t he wes t a nd t he n or th .

I ti s n o t a dhered t o r ig id ly i n Sw i tzer land ( Primas 1 971 a nd s ubsequen t

c on tribu t ions t o t h is v o lu me o f t he p reh is tor ic a rchaeo logy o f S w i tzer land ) b u t t he S w iss c hrono logy c anno t b e r adica l ly d if feren t f ro m t ha t o f a d jacen t a reas . We may h ope f or a n i ndependen t r e la t ive c hrono logy f ro m H ungary b u t t he r e levan t p hases , Va nd V I , o f Mozso lics ( 1957, 1 19-120 , 1 56 ) h ave n o t y e t b een t rea ted i n t he d e ta i l o f t he ir p redecessors a nd d irect l i nks b e tween Wes te rn E urope a nd H ungary a re v ery r are . Mü l ler-Karpe r ecogn ises R einecke D a s t he f i rs t p hase o ft he U rnf ie ld c u l ture i n s outhern G ermany , c loser t o H a At han t o R einecke C ( 1959 , 1 411 50 , 1 70-176 , 1 83-186) .

D ur ing H a Af la t g raves r ep laced t he b arrows s t i l l

u sua l d uring R e inecke D i n Bavar ia ( i b id ., 1 51-152 ) ;

ab ipar t i te d iv is ion o f

t he p er iod c an b e o bserved i n c e me ter ies ( i b id . ,1 53-156) a nd i n h oards ( i b id . ,

2 8

1 56 ) .

One o f t he o r ig ina l f ea tures o f Mü l ler-Karpe 's w ork was t he t r ipar t i te

d iv ision o f H a B .

E v idence f or t h is was d rawn f ro m c e me teries , p ar t icu lar ly

Mar ia R as t ( Ruse ) , o n t he R . D rava i n S lovenia , n ear t he A us trian b order , a nd K e lhe im-A l tmüh lfe ld , a t t he c onf luence o f t he A l tmüh l a nd t he Danube i n l ower Bavar ia ( i bid ., 1 15-126;

1 61-164 ) .

H a Bh oards i n t he e as tern A lps a lso

r ef lec t t h is d iv is ion ( i b id . ,1 27-131 ) , B avar ian h oards t oo , t hough f ew a re Ha B 2 ( i b id . ,1 66-168 ) .

There i s l i t t le H a B 2 ma teria l i n s ou th-wes tern

G er many ; mos t h oards b e long t o H a B 1 o r H a B 3 , a nd H a B 2 i s h ere e s tab lished o n t he t ypo logy o f s words , k n ives a nd p ins ( i b id ., 1 76-181 ) .

I n h is s ubsequen t

s tudy o f U rnf ie ld s o l id-h i l ted swords ( 1961 ) , Mü l ler-Karpe r e i tera ted t he c hrono logy wh ich h e h ad p ub l ished e ar l ier . Th is s ys tem h as b een e x tended t o t he Carpa th ian Basin ( von B runn 1 968, 5 6-114 ) a nd T ransy lvan ia ( Rusu 1 963 ;

V u lpe 1 970 , 5 ) ;

J ockenhöve l ( 1974c )

h as r ecen t ly c orre la ted t he v arious d iv is ions o ft he U rnf ie ld c u lture i n Czechos lovak ia w i th more c ri t ica l r eference t o Mü l ler- Karpe 's s cheme .

V on B runn

h as d iv ided c entra l G er man h oards a ccording t o t he s ou th G erman c hrono logy ( 1 68 , 1 14-124 ) .

T o t he w es t , H a t t ( 1961 ) e s tab l ished h is F rench c hrono logy

o n t he b as is o f M i l ler-Karpe .

Mos t r ecent ly , Mü l ler-Karpe h as r eta ined h is

s ix-fo ld d iv is ion o f t he Bavar ian U rnf ie ld c u lture b ut f or c en tra l E urope i n g enera l h e h as f ive d iv is ions :

f r ne 5ä . l tere , mi t t lere , j üngere a nd s pä te , t he

f i rs t a nd l as t o ver lapping w i th l a te T u mu lus a nd e ar ly Ha l ls tat t p hases ( 1974 , A bb . 1 ) . Wha tever t he r eact ion o f s cho lars o f I ta l ian a rchaeo logy t o Mü l ler-Karpe ( Pa l lo t tino 1 960 ) , h is d iv is ion o f t he s ou th G er man ma ter ia l r ema ins f undamen ta l a nd i t s c orre la t ion w i th a reas t o t he w es t a nd n or th mus t b e e xa mined f ur ther .

I n H esse R einecke D a nd H a Ac an b e s epara ted b e t ter b y t ypo logy o f

p ot tery t han o fb ronzes ( Egger t 1 976 , 6 1-69 ) a nd t he f i rs t f l a t U rnf ie lds may n ot a ppear u nt i l H a A ( i bid ., 6 9-77;

K ubach 1 977 , 2 8 ) .

The b ipar t i te d iv is ion

o f H a A i s g enera l ly a ccep ted , t hough E gger t c la ims i ti s more d is t inct i n t he me ta l e v idence t han i n t he c eramic ( 1976 , 7 7-87 ) . The o n ly s er ious d ev ia t ion f ro m Mü l ler-Karpe 's s che me i n t he c on te mpora ry c hrono logy c oncerns t he e x is tence o f Ha B 2 , wh ich i s u sua l ly d en ied o r i gnored .

M t i l ler-Karpe h imse lf h as a d mi t ted t ha t t he d is t inct ion b etween Ha B 1

a nd Ha B 2 i s of ten o bscure ( 1966 , 9 7 ) . s l igh t ( M t i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , Abb . 1 9 ) . o n ly t h ir ty-three b e long t o H a B . f our t ypes a re p laced i n Ha B 2 ;

The e v idence f or H a B 2 a t K e lhe im i s There a re f or ty d a ted b uria ls o f wh ich

E igh t b uria ls d is t inguished b y t wo , t hree o r t wo o ft hese b ur ia ls h ave a s many Ha B 1 t ypes

a s H a B 2 , o ne a s many Ha B 3 t ypes a nd o ne h as more H a B 3 t ypes .

On ly f our

b ur ia ls c on ta in ma ter ia l e xc lus ive ly H a B 2 a nd , i n e ach c ase , t here a re o n ly t wo t ypes .

S pecif ic a t tacks o n t he t r ipart i te d iv ision o f c eme teries h ave b een

made b y R uof f ( 1974 , Anhang I ) a nd E gger t ( 1976, 9 3-106) .

E ven t he e x is tence

o f H a B 2 a s at ypo log ica l d iv is ion i n t he r ich sword ma ter ia l o f B avaria h as b een d ispu ted ( Torbrügge 1 965 , 9 2 , Abb . 1 1-12 ) . Abb . 1 -2 ) n or J ockenhöve l ( 1971 , 2 2-23 ; p hase o f more t han l oca l i mpor tance . o u t i t s i nadequacy .

N e i ther S chauer ( 1971, 1 5 ,

1 974c , 5 7 ) r ecogn ises H a B 2 a s a

J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967 , 6 7-68) a lso p oin ts

I t s e x is tence i s n o t r ecognised i n Sw i tzer land ( Ruof f 1 974 ,

7 2-74 ) , s ou th-wes tern G ermany ( Dehn 1 972 , 5 2-54 ) , F rancon ia ( Henning 1 970 , 3 8, 5 6 ) , o r H esse ( Her mann 1 966, 3 5 , 4 3 n . 1 26;

2 9

E gger t 1 976, 1 20-127;

K ubach 1 974 , 3 7-43;

1 977 , 3 5 ) .

E ven K o l ling , who d iv ides h is Ha B ma ter ia l

f ro m t he S aar i n to t hree p hases , a d mi ts t he d if f icu l ty o f t h is d iv is ion ( 1968, 9 5-96; c f . K ubach 1 977 , 5 16-517 ) .

C owen 's d oub ts a bout t he v a l idi ty o f

M t i l ler-Karpe 's d iv is ions f or s o l id-h i lted swords w h ich s how a g rea t i ncrease i n n u mbers i n H a B 3 ( 1962 , 7 8) may b e a nswered b y c o mpar ing t he d ec l ine i n p opu lar i ty o f f l ange-h i l ted s words i n s ou thern G ermany , A us tria a nd Sw i tzer land ( Schauer 1 971) i n Tab le 4 . Tab le 4 S o lid-h i l ted

F lange-h i lted

8 9

Ha A l

( ma in ly r odtanged )

7 2

H a A 2

5 0

3 7

Ha B 1

2 9

3 0

H a B 2

1 94

H a B 3

8

N ordic c hrono logy The c hrono logy o f t he l a ter B ronze Age i n n or thern E urope i s c urren t ly b ased o n t he w orks o f B audou ( 1960 ) , f or t he N ordic a rea , a nd o f S prockhof f ( 1937;

1 956 ) a nd T ackenberg ( 1971) , f or n or thern G er many .

A ccord ing t o

Baudou ( 1960 , 1 31 ) p er iods I V , Va nd V I f o l low e ach o ther w i thout a ny s ignif ic an t o ver lap ;

ac on tras t w i th t he c hrono logy o f t he e ar l ier B ronze Age .

The

s equence i n n or thern G er many i s l ess e xact ( Tackenberg 1 971 , 2 29-230 ; L aux 1 976 , 1 2-13 ) .

Tackenberg w ou ld l ower t he G erman c hrono logy i n r e la-

t i on t o t he N ord ic ( 1971 , 2 30-231 ) b u t t h is i s n o t a ccep ted b y Thrane ( 1975 , 2 20-221 ) . S evera l s cho lars h ave a t temp ted t o c orre la te t he c hrono log ies o fn orthern a nd c en tra l E urope .

Baudou e qua ted N ordic d iv isions more o r l ess e xact ly

w i th c entra l E uropean ( 1960 , 1 32-138) . c overed H a B 1 a nd H a B 2; a t Ha C .

M I I I l as ted t o t he e nd o f Ha A 2 ;

MV c overed H a B 3 ;

M IV

MW b egan a t t he s ame t ime

J acob-Friesen a greed w i th t h is s cheme , wh i le emphasising t he p os-

s ib i li ty o f as tar t f or M IV b efore t he e nd o f H a A ( 1 967 , 8 1-84 ) . p laced t he b eg inn ing o f M IV a longs ide t he b eg inn ing o f H a A 2 ; R einecke D ;

V on B runn

M I I l as ted i n to

M I I I c overed t he l a ter p ar t o f R e inecke D a nd H a A l;

Ha A 2 a nd H a B 1 ( 1968 , 1 24-138 ) .

M IV c overed

The mos t r ecen t r ev iew i s b y Thrane who

d oes n ot a dop t s uch a r ig id c orre la t ion .

H e emphas ises t ha t t here i s much

Ha B 1 ma ter ia l i n M IV ( 1975 , 2 18 ) a nd much Ha B 3 ma teria l i n MV ( i bid . ,2 20 ) wh i le t here i s l i t t le f ro m H a A 2 o r H a B 2 i n t he n or th . Ha A a nd s o me H a B 2 ma teria l .

MIV i nc ludes s o me

Th is s tudy , c o mb ined w i th t ha t o f R andsborg

( 1972 , 7 1-77 ) , who e qua tes Ha A l w i th M IL E e verywhere i n t he N ordic a rea a nd b eg ins M IV d uring H a A 2 o n ly i n Z ea land , g ives t he f o l low ing r esu l t .

The

o ver lap b e tween M I I a nd M I I I may b e p laced i n R e inecke D ; t he o ver lap b e tween M II I a nd M IV i n H a A 2; t he o ver lap b e tween M IV a nd MV i n H a B 2 ; MV d oes n o t e x tend i n to H a C wh ich i s c on temporary w i th t he e ar lier p ar t o f M W .

3 0

D u tch a nd B e lg ian c hrono logy The L a te B ronze A ge i n t he L ow C oun tr ies i s u sua l ly d ef ined a s t he p eriod c on temporary w i th t he U rnf ie ld p eriod o f c en tra l E urope ( Periodiser ing 1 9656 6 , 9 ;

B u t ler 1 969 , 7 5-86; d e L ae t 1 974 , 3 49-391 ) .

There i s n o t y e t a ny i n-

d ependen t c hrono log ica l s ys tem a nd g roups o f ma teria l a re u sua l ly d a ted b y r eference t o t he c hrono logy o f t he ir c ongeners i n a d jacen t p ar ts o f E urope , n or thern , c en tra l o r wes tern . F rench c hrono logy The c hrono logy o f t he L a te B ronze Age i n F rance , B ronze F ina l , i s b ased o n H a t t 's r ev iew o f Mü l ler-Karpe ( 1961 ) . B ronze F ina l Ii s e qua ted w i th R e inecke D ;

There a re t hree ma in d iv i§ ions . B ronze F ina l Ia w i th H a A l a nd

I l b w i th H a A 2 ( i b id ., f i g . 3 ; c f . M t i l ler- Karpe 1 959 , A bb . 3 5-39 ) ; F ina l I Ia w i th H a B 1 ( Ha t t 1 961 , f i g . 4 ; c f . M t i l ler-Karpe I lb w i th H a B 2 a nd H a B 3 .

B ronze

1 959 , Abb . 4 0-42 );

The c orre la t ion h as b een r ev iewed f or A lsace b y

Z um s tein ( 1966, 3 6-63 ) who i nc ludes b o th Ha A2 a nd H a B 1 i n B ronze F ina l I l b . I ti s t he c hrono logy o f t he b ronzes o fn or thern F rance wh ich c oncerns u s h ere , s o w e mus t p ass o n t o B riard 's s tudy o f t he B ronze i ndus try o f B rit tany ( 1965 ) .

H e r ecogn ises t hree p hases d uring B r cnze F ina l :

R osnoAn g roup ;

B ronze F ina l I , t he

B ronze F ina l I , t he S a in t-Brieuc-des-If fs g roup ;

F ina l I I , t he C arp 's T ongue sword g roup ( i b id ., 1 51-239 ) .

B ronze

Th is d iv ision i s

f o l lowed f or N ormandy ( Verron 1 976a , 5 90-596) a nd f or P icardy ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 4 5-70 ;

B lanche t 1 976a , 3 4-38 ) .

I n t hese a reas i ti s b ased a l-

mos t e xc lus ive ly o n t he s equence o fb ronzes , whereas p o t tery p lays a g rea ter p ar t i n t he s ou thern a rea o f t he P aris B as in ( Gaucher 1 976, 5 77-583 ) . C orre la t ion o f B ronze F ina l Iw i th R e inecke D i s c er ta in ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 70-173 ;

K ubach 1 973a , 3 03;

B lanche t a nd Mohen 1 977 , 4 77-481 ) .

An i mpor-

t an t g roup o f h oards , s uch a s t ha t f ro m Ma lass is , Cher , c on ta in B ronze Moyen ma ter ia l w i th a l i t t le B ronze F ina l I( Br iard , C ord ier a nd G aucher 1 969 , 6 36 7 ) i ndica ting t ha t B ronze F ina l If o l lowed o n t he e nd o f B ronze Moyen w i thou t ah ia tus .

T he C arp 's T ongue a nd P la inseau ma ter ia l o f B ronze F ina l I I c an

b e e qua ted w i th H a B 3 ( Jockenhöve l 1 972 ) . r e la t ion i s more d if f icu l t .

I n b e tween t hese t wo h or izons c or-

Cannes-Ec luse h oard I , S e ine-e t- Marne , c on ta ins

ma ter ia l p redo minan t ly o f B ronze F ina l Ib u t f ragmen ts o f H a A 2 k nives i ndic a te a B ronze F ina l Id a te ( E luere 1 974 , 5 60-561 ;

G aucher 1 976 , 5 81 ) .

There

i s v ery l i t t le e v idence t o s uppor t c orre la t ion o f t he S a in t-Br ieuc g roup w i th c en tra l E urope ( Briard 1 965 , 1 97 ) .

B riard c i tes t wo f ragmen ts o f d ecora ted

b race le ts i n t he h oard f ro m K erguerou e n R edene , F in is tere ,as e v idence f or l inks w i th B ronze F ina l I i n s ou thern F rance ( i b id ., 1 83 , f i g . 6 1 , 9 -10 ) .

The

f i rs t h e c o mpares t o f rag men ts i n t he h oards f ro m C lans a nd N ice , A lpes Mar i t ime , b u t b oth o f t hese h oards b e long t o B ronze F ina l I /Re inecke D ( Lagrand 1 976, 4 55 , f i g . 2 ;

S chauer 1 975a , 4 9 , A bb . 2 , Taf . 2 2 ) .

The

s econd r esemb les b race le ts i n t he B ronze F ina l I/Ha B 1 h oard f ro m L a F arigourf ere , P ourrf eres , Var ( Lagrand 1 976 , 4 55 ; 1 0A , 1 1-14 ) .

S chauer 1 975a , 5 5 , Abb .

The ma in g uide t o t he c hrono logy o ft he B ronze F ina l I i ndus try

i n n or thern F rance i s t he t ypo logy o f i t s swords wh ich s hou ld b e d er ived f ro m c en tra l E uropean f lange-h i l ted s words o fl a ter H a A ( Briard 1 965 , 1 97) . B ronze F ina l I s hou ld b e b road ly c on temporary w i th t he e ar lier p ar t o f H a B ,

3 1

b ut i t s u pper a nd l o wer b oundaries , i n r e la t ion t o c en tra l E uropean c hrono logy , h ave y e t t o b e d ef ined w i th p recis ion . T ab le 5 o u t lines t he r e la t ive c hrono logy d er ived f ro m t he p receding c orr e la t ions .

The h or izon ta l l ines r epresen t t he s tages a t wh ich c orre la t ions

may b e made w i th g rea tes t c onf idence ; t he d iagona l l i nes r epresen t s tages a t wh ich c orre la t ions a re o bscure . Tab le 5

N . F rance B ronze F ina l I

B ronze F ina l I F ina l I I

E .

F rance

S . G er many

N . E urope

R e inecke D

S ub I/ I I I

Ha

H a A l

M I I I

I l b

H a A 2

I l b

H a B l

MD /

I na I lb

( Ha B 2 ) H a B 3

/ MV

B ronze F ina l I

3 2

S ub I I/ IV

-

RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY :

EARLY I RON AGE

C en tra l E uropean c hrono logy The c hrono logy o f t he p re- Ro man I ron Age i n c en tra l E urope i s c onven ie n t ly d iv ided i n to t wo p hases n amed af ter t wo f a mous s i tes , H a l ls ta t t a nd L a T ene .

I ti s t he f i rs t p ar t o f t he I ron Age , t he H a l ls ta t t p er iod , wh ich-c oncerns

u s h ere . Wi th in t he Ha l ls ta t t p er iod t here a re t wo ma jor d iv is ions , e ar lier a nd l a ter ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 974 , A bb . 1 ) , k nown i n R e inecke 's t er mino logy a s H a C a nd H a D .

L ike t he d iv is ions r e la t ing t o e ar l ier p er iods i n t h is s yste m , t hese

d iv is ions w ere o r ig ina l ly d ef ined w i th ma ter ia l f ro m s ou thern Bavar ia ; mos t r ecen t c o mprehens ive s tudy o f t he H a l ls ta t t p er iod i n t h is a rea i s t ha t b y K ossack ( 1959 ) .

The Bavar ian c hrono logy h as b een r e la ted t o t he Medi terran-

e an c hrono logy b y D ehn a nd F rey ( 1962 ) a nd P eron i ( 1973 , 4 8-78, f ig . 2 ) . H a Ci s u sua l ly s ub-d iv ided i n to t wo p hases : 1 959 , 2 3 , 3 1-32 , Ta f . 1 5-16) .

H a C l a nd H a C 2 ( Kossack

The s ub-d iv is ion o f H a Di s more c o mp lex .

Z ürn d ef ined t wo p hases ( 1942 ) , t hen a dded a t h ird wh ich h e c ons idered b road ly c on te mporary w i th t he b eginning o f t he L a T ene p eriod ( 1952 ) . t hree p hases : 6 9 ) .

Thus ,

Ha D 1 , H a D 2 a nd Ha D 3 a re u sua l ly a ccep ted ( Pau l i 1 972 , 6 6-

The ir d ef ini t ion i s l arge ly b ased o n t he s equence o fb rooches ( Mansfe ld

1 973 , 6 4-91 ;

S chaf f 1 971 , 7 4-98 ) .

Wh i le Z ürn s t i l l s tresses t he e x tent o f

o ver lap b e tween l a te Ha l ls ta t t a nd e ar ly L a T ene ( 1970 , 1 07-110 ) , o ther s cho lars s ee H a D 3 a s ad is t inct p hase i n s ou th-wes tern G er many ( Haf fner 1 976, 8 9-90 ;

S chaaf f 1 971 , 9 2 n . 1 09 ) , t hough t here i s l i t t le e v idence f or i t s

e x is tence i n t he R h ine- Ma in a rea ( Po lenz 1 973 , 1 44 , 1 49-179 ) .

S pind ler h as

p oin ted o u t s o me p oss ib le p i tfa l ls i n Z Urn 's c hrono logy o f H a D ( 1975 , 2 23 , 2 39 ) . The s ou th G er man c hrono logy h as b een a pp l ied t o Sw iss ma ter ia l , p art icu lar ly b y Drack i n as er ies o f a r t ic les o n t he Ha l ls ta t t p eriod i n n orthern a nd wes tern Sw i tzer land ( 1977 , 1 03 n . ) . The ma teria l f ro m H a l ls ta t t i t se lf h as r ecen t ly b een s hown n ot t o b e amenab le t o ad e ta i led i n terna l c hrono logy ( see p . 3 5-7). C ons iderab le a t ten t ion h as b een d evoted t o t he s tudy o ft he I ron Age i n t he H unsrück-E ife l a rea where t he L aufe ld g roup o f H a C was s ucceeded b y t he H unsr t ick-E ife l c u lture ( HEK ) ( Haf fner 1 976 , 2 ) .

I n t he Neuwe id b as in

t he L aufe ld g roup f l ourished d uring Ha C a nd l as ted t o t he e ar ly p ar t o f Ha D when t he f i rs t g roup o f t he H unsrück-E ife l c u lture , HEK I , a ppeared ( Joach im 1 968 ) .

T o t he wes t , i n t he Mose l le/Saar a rea , HEK Ib egan e ar l ier t han i n

t he Neu e id b asin a t t he b eginn ing o f H a Da nd i t s l as t p hase , HEK I LB , was c on te mporary w i th H a D 3 ( Haf fner 1 976 , 8 7-93 , Abb . 1 6 ) .

3 3

Nordic c hrono logy MV I i s t he l as t p hase o f t he B ronze Age i n n or thern E urope a nd i s s ucceede d b y p er iod Io f t he I ron Age ( Baudou 1 960 , 1 28-131 ) .

MV I i s u sua l ly e qua ted

w i th H a Ca nd p ar t o f H a D ( i b id ., 1 37; Thrane 1 975 , 2 60 ) , t hough n o r ecen t s tudy o f t h is c orre la t ion i s a va i lab le ( see p p . MV/V I t rans i t ion ) .

f or t he c orre la t ion o f t he

I n L ower S axony , L aux c orre la tes h is Wessens tedt p hase ,

wh ich f o l lows MV ( 1 976 , Taf . 6 3 ) , w i th H a Ca nd H a D ( i b id ., 1 4 ) . Ar ecen t s u m mary o f t he c hrono logy o f t he E ar ly I ron Age i n n or thern Germany h as b een p rov ided b y J acob-Friesen ( 1974 , 3 96-398 , Abb . 3 24 ) .

The

t rans i t ion f ro m t he l as t p hase o f t he B ronze Age , MV I/ Wessenstedt , t o t he f i rs t p hase o f t he I ron Age , J as torf , i s p laced i n H a D .

J as torf a i s c onven-

t i ona l ly e qua ted w i th H a D a nd J as tor f bw i th L a ' T ene A ( Kruger 1 961, 1) b u t t he c o mp lex i ty o f t h is c hrono logy i s d emons tra ted b y H arck ( 1972 , 3 1 , Tab . A ) . H is v orrö mische E isenze i t I a i nc ludes H a D ma ter ia l , b u t t here i s l i t t le e v id ence f or t he c orre la t ion o f l a ter p er iods i n n or th-eas tern L ower S axony ( i bid . , 2 8 , 3 6-37 ) .

O ther s ys te ms a re t hose o f H ings t ( 1959 , 4 7-50 , 1 12-122 ) f or

H o ls te in a nd B ecker ( 1961 ) f or c en tra l a nd s outhern J u t land . Du tch a nd B e lg ian c hrono logy The b eg inn ing o f t he I ron Age i n B e lg iu m a nd t he s ou thern N e ther lands c an b e e qua ted w i th H a Ca nd i n t he n or thern N e ther lands w i th t he a ppearance o f H arps tedt p o t tery ( Per iodiser ing 1 965-66 , 1 0 ; 1 974 , 3 92-437) .

B u t ler 1 969 , 8 6; d e L ae t

F iner i n terna l d iv is ions , s t i l l p rov is iona l i n t he s ou th , a re

b ased l arge ly o n t he p ot tery s equence ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 2 8-42 ;

V erwers 1 972 ,

1 23 ) . F rench c hrono logy The P remier Age d u F er i n F rance i s c onvenien t ly d iv ised i n to t hree p hases :

Ha l ls ta t t a ncien , moyen a nd f i na l ( Ha t t 1 962 ;

G ui la ine 1 976b , 2 0-21 ) .

Ha l ls ta t t F ina l i s d iv ided i n to t hree p hases ( Ha t t 1 962 , 6 66) r e la ted t o t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he V ix b uria l a nd t he Mon t-Lassois o pp idu m ( Jof froy 1 960 ) . Ha l lsta t t F ina l Ii m media te ly p reda tes t hese s i tes , Ir epresen ts t he ir f l orui t , I I i s l oca l s urv iva l c on te mporary w i th e ar ly L a T ene .

Wa mser h as r ecen t ly

s tudied t he E ar ly I ron Age ma teria l i n B urgundy a nd t he F rench J ura ( 1975 ) . S he d e tects t wo H a Cp hases w i th s trong l a te U rnf ie ld i nf luence a nd t wo H a D p hases .

There i s more e v idence o f c on tact w i th t he c en tra l E uropean a rea i n

t he s econd H a Dp hase wh ich i nc ludes H a D3 ma ter ia l i n B urgundy .

There i s

a mixed l a te H a l ls ta t t/ear ly L a Tene p hase i n t he J ura ( i b id ., 9 0-99 ) . E v idence f ro m t he e ar lier p ar t o ft he Ha l ls ta t t p eriod i n e astern F rance i s n ot e x tens ive b u t t here i s more f ro m t he l a ter p ar t ( Sangme is ter 1 969 ) . Ha l ls ta t t ma ter ia l i s a lso s carce i n n or thern F rance ( Duva l a nd B uchenschu tz 1 976 , 7 90-791;

V erron 1 976b , 8 02-806 ) a s i ti s i n C ha mpagne b efore H a l ls ta t t

F ina l ( Theno t 1 976 , 8 26-827 ) wh ich i s b es t r epresented a t L es J ogasses , Marne ( Babes 1 974 ;

H a t t a nd R oua le t 1 976 ) .

The c hrono logy o f C hampagne

h as r ecen t ly b een o ut lined b y ' Ha t t a nd R oua le t ( 1977 ) who d is t ingu ish t wo l a te Ha l ls ta t t p hases a t L es J ogasses ( i b id ., 1 0-11 , p l . I -I I ) ; t hese p recede t he L a Tene p hases a nd a re c on temporary w i th t he f l orui t o f V ix a nd Mon t-Lassois .

3 4

Tab le 6 E . F rance H a l ls ta t t Ancien

HEK

S . G er many

L aufe ld

H a C l

N .W . G er many

N ordic Area

H a C 2

1 2 1 graiJ t - M oyen HEK I A

H a D 1

Wessens ted t

MV I

J as tor

E ar ly I ron A e

H a D 2

H a l ls ta t t F ina l I H a l ls ta t t F ina l I

HEK I B

H a D 3

L a Te ne A ncienne

HEK IA

L a T ene A

/ -

T ab le 6 o u t lines t he r e la t ive c hrono logy d erived f ro m t he p receding c orre lat i ons .

T he h or izon ta l l i nes r epresent t he s tages a t wh ich c orre la t ions may

b e made w i th g rea tes t c onf idence ; t he d iagona l l i nes r epresen t s tages a t wh ich c orre la t ions a re o bscure . The H a l ls ta t t c e me tery The c e me tery e ponymous f or t he f i rs t p art o ft he E uropean I ron Age l ies i n t he S a lzberg ta l , c . 4 50 m a bove t he sma l l t own o f H a l ls ta t t , wh ich i s s i tuat ed o n t he w es t b ank o f t he l ake o f t he s a me n ame , i n t he S a lzka m mergu t , U pper Aus tr ia . Af ew f i nds w ere made b efore t he n ine teenth c entury a nd u nsys te ma t ic e xcava t ions t ook p lace b e tween 1 824 a nd 1 831 .

S ys tema t ic e xcava t ion o f s o me

9 80 g raves b e tween 1 860 a nd 1 863 r ecovered mos t o f t he ma ter ia l wh ich i s n ow p reserved .

An i nspector o f t he a d jacen t s a l t m ines , J ohann G eorg

R a msauer , was r espons ib le . a ss is ted b y a n a rt is t , I s idor E nge l . e xcava t ions t ook p lace s ubsequen t ly u n t i l 1 939 .

V arious

The f i nds w ere o r ig ina l ly

i n tended f or t he r eg iona l museu m i n L inz b u t mos t p assed t o t he N a turh is to r isches S taa tmuseu m i n V ienna , wh i le s o me r e ma ined i n t he museu m a t H a l ls ta t t a nd o thers wen t t o t he O berös terre ich ischen L andes museu m i n L inz . O ther f i nds were d ispersed more w ide ly .

As a n i mpecun ious i mper ia l o f f icia l

w i th t wen ty-four c h i ldren , R amsauer s ough t t he p a tronage o f v arious me mbers o ft he Habsburg a nd r e la ted a r is tocracy . i ngs ;

Many t ook a n i n teres t i n p roceed-

o n 1 9 th S ep tember 1 855 G raves 3 40 a nd 3 41 were o pened i n t he p resence

o f t he Emperor F ranz J oseph Ia nd a l arge s u i te . g iven e xcava ted i t ems .

S uch v is i tors were of ten

I n 1 907 t he Archduchess Mar ia o f Meck lenburg h ad

t wenty-s ix g raves e xcava ted; t he ir c on ten ts e ventua l ly made t heir way t o N ew Y ork .

The s i te was a lso p a tron ised b y t he E ng lish a ris tocracy ;

S ir J ohn

L ubbock , t he f i rs t L ord Avebury , a nd S ir J ohn E vans b o th a cqu ired ma ter ia l wh ich i s n ow i n t he B r i t ish Museu m a nd t he Ashmo lean Museu m . R amsauer r ecorded h is e xcava t ions v ery c arefu l ly .

H is b as ic d ocu men t

was a n e xcava t ion d iary wh ich was s upp le men ted b y E ngePs wa ter-co lour i l lus tra t ions o ft he b uria ls i n s i tu a nd o f t he f i nds af ter e xcava t ion .

E ach

g rave was n u mbered a nd e ach o b jec t h ad a s epara te i nven tory n u mber . 3 5

V ar ious c op ies , more o r l ess a bbrev ia ted , w ere made o f t he d iary a nd a nnua l r epor ts w ere s en t t o t he Akade mie d er Wissenschaf ten i n V ienna .

B e tween

1 888 a nd 1 895 t he f i nds i n V ienna were c a ta logued b y Mor i tz H oernes , p res u mab ly w i th r eference t o t he o r igina l d ocu men ta t ion . The s i te was b y n ow f a mous b u t ac o mp le te p ub l ica t ion o f t he ma teria l i n t he t hree Aus tr ian museu ms h ad t o awa i t 1 959 when K ar l K ro mer 's w e igh ty monograph a ppeared . Museu m r ecords w ere u nre liab le a nd K ro mer b ased mos t o f h is g rave-groups o n E nge l 's i l lus tra t ions a nd f our c op ies o f t he e xcava t ion d iary . The f i rs t , i n R a msauer 's own h and , was r ecogn ised i n V ienna i n 1 932 , t he o ther a re i n V ienna , L inz a nd S a in t-Ger ma in-en-Laye ( Kro mer 1 959;

F i lip 1 966 , 4 56-458) .

K ro mer 's p ub l ica t ion o f t he g rave-groups p rov ided a b asis f or f ur ther s tudy o f t he c eme tery o f Ha l ls ta t t i n t er ms o f r e la t ive c hrono logy a nd s ocia l i mp lica t ions .

P eroni ( 1973 ) h as r ecen t ly p roduced a mos t d e ta i led c hrono logy

o f t he t ypes p resen t a t H a l ls ta t t b ased o n K ro mer 's g rave-groups . I n 1 972 t he I ns t i tut f ür V or- u nd F rühgesch ich te o f Mun ich U n ivers i ty r ece ived a n i l lus tra ted a ccoun t o f t he e xcava t ion o f f ive g raves , n os . 8 72 , 9 09 , 9 10 , 9 11 a nd 9 12 i n 1 861 .

T h is a ppears t o b e ac opy , b y E nge l , o f

R amsauer 's d iary , a cco mpan ied b y E nge l 's own i l lus tra t ions .

I ti s c ons ider-

a b ly more d e ta i led t han a ny o ther s urv iv ing a ccoun t . Th is p rov ided L udw ig P au li ( 1975 ) w i th a n o pportun i ty t o r ev iew t he e v id ence f or t he r e liabi li ty o f K ro mer 's g rave-groups .

F or t he r e levan t g raves

h e c o mpared t he n ew a ccoun t w i th R a msauer 's c opy a nd w i th t he 1 56 1 /32 a nn ua l r epor t t o t he V ienna Akade mie d er W issenschaf ten .

These w ri t ten a ccoun ts

were a lso c ompared w i th E nge l 's i l lus tra t ions a nd a l e t ter t o R a msauer f ro m P rince L eopo ld o f B avaria who , w i th h is e lder b ro ther L udw ig , was p resen t a t t he o pen ing o f g rave 8 72 . The r esu l ts s how t ha t } K ro mer 's g rave-groups a re n o t c o mp le te ly r e l iab le . The d if feren t c on te mporary a ccoun ts s how d iscrepanc ies a nd i ncons is tenc ies wh ich a re a lso p resen t i n t he i l lus tra t ions .

The l et ter i mp lies t ha t R amsauer

g ave t wo b rooches f ro m g rave 8 72 t o t he y oung p rinces a nd t hese a re n ow l os t . Wh i le t he t ypes o f o b jec t i n a ny g iven g rave c an b e e s tab l ished , n e i ther t he i ndiv idua l p iece s urv iv ing i n a modern museu m , n or t he e xact n u mber o f sma l l o b jects , c an b e i dent if ied .

Th is i s i mpor tan t f or t he t ypo logy a nd c hrono logy

o f t ypes , s uch a s r ibbed p a i ls , wh ich a re c o m mon a t H a l ls ta t t b u t a re h o mog eneous i n f or m a nd v ary o n ly i n minor d e ta i ls wh ich a re u nrecogn isab le f ro m t he o ld r ecords . P au l i a ppears t o h ave p roved t ha t s uch s tudies a s P eron i 's h ave a n u nre lia b le f actua l b as is a nd t ha t d e ta i led c hrono log ica l c onc lus ions d rawn p ure ly o r ma in ly f ro m e v idence a t H a l ls tat t mus t b e t rea ted w i th s usp icion .

Wh i le i m-

p or tan t , t hese c onc lus ions a re more d is tress ing t o s tudents o f t he e as tA lpine a rea t han t o u s i n t he wes t .

The c hrono logy o f mos t o ft he H a l ls ta t t

ma ter ia l p resen t i n wes tern E urope i s b ased o n K ossack 's c hrono logy o f Bavar ian f i nds ( 1959 ) wh ich i s l arge ly i n cbpenden t o f H a l ls ta t t . I ti s f or t he c hrono logy o fb ronze v esse ls a nd s pecif ic o b jec ts , l ike t he p ha lera i n t he S o mp t ing h oard , t ha t t hey a re i mpor tan t a nd t he d a ting o f t hese p ieces s hou ld b e r egarded w i th c au t ion .

3 6

T he r ecen t s tudy o fd ocu men ta t ion o f H a l ls ta t t b y B ar th a nd

H odson ( 1976)

t ends t o s uppor t t hese c onc lus ions . Th is s hows t ha t s o me r ecords i n V ienna , t he s o-ca l led Zw ischenka ta log c o mp i led b y F ranz K rauss , c an b e u sed t o e l imina te o b jects wh ich c anno t b e a t tributed t o ap ar t icu lar g rave .

P re limin-

a ry a na lys is o ft he r ev ised a ssocia t ions s hows t ha t t he g raves c on ta in c ons ist en t g roups o f f unc t iona l t ypes b u t t ha t i ti s s t i l l d if f icu lt t o c ons truc t af i ne s equence w i th in i ndiv idua l t ypes s uch a s b ronze v esse ls . O n ly p re l iminary r esu l ts a re a va i lab le o f more r igorous a na lys is o f g rave-groups ( Hodson 1 977 ) .

3 7

CHAPTER 3

M IDDLE BRONZE AGE M IDDLE BRONZE AGE 1

MBA1 i s B urgess ' A cton P ark p hase i n s ou thern B ri ta in ( 1974 , 2 00-202 ) . The N ordic r e la t ions o f t h is i n i t ia l M idd le B ronze Age p hase w ere n amed af ter t he I l smoor h oard ( 92 ) b y B ut ler ( 1963a , 2 12-215 ) , who g ave t he h oards f ro m A cton P ark a nd B ur ley ( 10 ) a s B r i t ish r epresenta t ives , a l though t hQ B ur ley p a ls taves a re n o t o f A c ton P ark t ype .

B urgess ( 1976a , 7 3 ) e qua tes t he

I l smoor h oard w i th R e inecke C l/B2 , whereas i ts hou ld b e c on te mporary w i th B/B1 , wh i le h e r ecognises t ha t t he A c ton P ark p hase s hou ld h ave b egun a t a t ime c on te mporary w i th t he R einecke B 1 a nd S öge l p hases .

Th is l eads h im

t o d iv ide t he A c ton P ark p hase i n to p ar ts ( i b id ., f i g . 4 .9 ) a nd , u sing a c onf used v ers ion o f K ers ten 's N ordic c hrono logy a nd H o ls te 's T u mu lus c hrono logy , t o e qua te l a te 1 V I I , M I IA ( presu mab ly M I Ia i s mean t ) a nd M I lb w i th t he c entra l E uropean p hases o ne l a ter t han t hose w i th wh ich t hey s hou ld b e e qua ted ( f or t he N ordic c hrono logy c f . L o mborg 1 959 , Abb . 1 ; f or t he c orrect c orre la t ion c f . Tab le 3 , L o mborg 1 973 , f i g . 8 7 ) . The b eg inn ing o ft he A c ton P ark p hase s hou ld c er ta in ly b e c orre la ted w i th R einecke B/Ho ls te B i , t he L ochha m p hase , a nd w i th L o mborg l a te M I/Kers ten Ml la ,t he S öge l p hase .

Th is a lso i ndica tes c orre la t ion w i th t he Trebou l p hase

o f n or th-wes tern F rance . MBA1 h as s o f ar b een r epresen ted b y t he A c ton P ark i ndus try , c onf ined l arge ly t o n orth Wa les .

Wha t o f s ou thern a nd e as tern E ng land a t t h is t ime?

G er lof f h as c onc luded t ha t t he l a ter p ar t o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age i n t h is a rea , a s r epresen ted b y Camer ton-Snowsh i l l d agger g raves , f e ma le b ur ia ls o f t he A ldbourne s er ies a nd t he A rre ton b ronze i ndus try , o ver lapped w i th R e inecke Ba nd t he S öge l p hase ( 1975 , 1 15-127 , 1 44-158, 2 32-234 ) a nd s he h as b een s uppor ted b y B urgess ( 1976a , 7 3 ) . p rob lem b e low c orrec t .

E xam ina t ion o f c er ta in a spects o f t h is

( see p . 3 9-40 , 6 8 ) i ndica te t ha t G er lo f fs 's g enera l c onc lus ions a re

Th is c ou ld e xp la in t he d ear th o f Ac ton P ark p roducts i n s ou thern

a nd e as tern E ng land ; d ur ing MBA1 t h is a rea was s t i l l d o mina ted b y l a te Wessex a nd Arre ton i ndus tries . B urgess d oes n o t d ef ine t he c on tent o f t he s econd p ar t o f t he Ac ton P ark p hase ( 1976a , f i g . 4 .9 ) b u t , i n s ou thern a nd e as tern E ng land , s o me t ime s hou ld b e i n terposed b e tween t he Arre ton a nd MBA2 i ndus tr ies .

The s ame

i s t rue i n n or th-eas tern F rance , where t here i s ag ap b e tween t he T rebou l a nd c onte mporary h oards , e .g . F or a d e B ords ( 50 ) , Mu ids ( 51 ) a nd Ba i l leu ls ur-Thera in ( 54 ) , a nd t he p a ls tave h oards o f B ronze Moyen I I ( Verron 1 976a , 5 88-590 ) i n to wh ich f ew h oards , e .g . Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan ( 61 ) , c an b e p laced . Typo logy s ugges ts t ha t s top-r idge a xes a nd d eve loped s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves s hou ld o ccupy t h is l a ter MBA1 p hase i n s ou thern E ng land , r epresen ted b y t he B ur ley h oard ( 10 ) , w i th s ide : looped s pearheads , a lready p resent i n T rebou l h oards , a nd e ar ly r ap iers b u t h oard e v idence o f w eapons i s s can ty f or t he who le Ac ton P ark p hase ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 01) .

3 8

M IDDLE BRONZE AGE 2

MBA /2 i s t he Taun ton p hase i n s ou thern B r i ta in ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 03-204 ) wh ich i nc ludes a l mos t a ll t he M idd le B ronze Age h oards f ro m s outhern a nd e as tern E ng land . I ti nc ludes Smi th 's ' orna men t h or izon ' a nd a ssocia ted ma ter ia l ( 1959 ) wh ich h as f or s o me t ime b een e qua ted w i th 1 V I I I I . The p i tfa l ls o f t h is c orre la t ion , n ow t ha t B urgess ( 1 968a ) h as p laced t he c hrono logy o f t he B ri t ish L a te B ronze Age o n af i rmer f oot ing , a re s hown b y Thrane 's c hronol og ica l t ab le ( 1975 , f i g . 1 23 ) , wh ich i ncorpora tes t he mos t r ecen t c orre la t ion o f t he N ordic a nd c en tra l E uropean c hrono log ies . The u se o f al a te M I I I d a te f or t he ' ornamen t h orizon ' p laces MBA2 c on te mporary w i th Ha A 2 , wh i le t he R osnöen p hase h as t o b e c on f la ted w i th Wi lbur ton c on te mporary w i th H a B 1 ! Th is d emons tra tes t he i mpor tance o f c orre la t ing t he B ri t ish c hrono logy w i th t ha t o f n or thern F rance a nd B urgess ( 1 976a , 7 3-75 ) h as r ecogn ised t ha t t he Taun ton p hase r uns p ara l le l w i th B ronze Moyen I I .

Wh i le t he d a te o f t he b e-

g inn ing o f MBA2 i s r a ther u ncerta in , i t s e nd i s b e t ter d ef ined f or i tc on ta ins n o e ar ly U rnf ie ld R e inecke D ma ter ia l , n o t e ven s uch a s i s i nc luded i n t rans it i ona l B ronze Moyen I I/ B ronze F ina l Ih oards l ike Ma lass is , Cher ( Br iard , C ordier a nd G aucher 1 969 ) . Th is s ugges ts a c onf la t ion o f B u t ler 's Os tenfe ld a nd Taunton p hases ( 1963a , 2 15-223 ) a nd d emands a r eassessmen t o f s upposed N ordic M I I I ma ter ia l i n B r i ta in , af ter wh ich i tw i l l b e s een t ha t l i nks b e tween MBA2 a nd M Il l a re a lmos t n on-ex is ten t . FLANGED AXES A rre ton f lange a xes .

L IST 1 .

MAP 1

The A rre ton t ype o f f l anged a xe was d ef ined b y B r i t ton ( 1963 , 2 86 , 3 05 , f i g . 1 8 , a -b, d ;

P l . XXV I I , i s t a nd 2 nd l ef t ) ;

i ti s d is t inguished b y an arrow

a nd t h in b u t t , u sua l ly c urved , c r ivex f l anges e x tending f ro m b u t t t o b lade , a nd b y ac en tra l b eve l o r r idge , a n i nc ip ien t s top-r idge ; t he e dge i s e xpanded a nd t h is e xpans ion h as of ten b een e xaggera ted b y r esharpening .

Wi th C amer ton-

S nowsh i l l d aggers , t anged a nd s ocke ted s pearheads a nd misce l laneous c h ise ls a nd p unches , A rre ton a xes c ons t i tu te t he Arre ton i ndus try o f t he B r i t ish E ar ly B ronze Age ( i b id ., 2 84-297 ) , B urgess 's S tage V ( 1974 , 1 93-194 ) . The d is tribu t ion o f A rre ton Axes i n B ri ta in a nd I re land i s ma in ly s ou the as ter ly ( Burgess a nd C owen 1 972 , f i g . 6 , 2 ) , w i th c en tres i n Wessex , o n t he s ou th c oas t o f E ng land , t he l ower Thames v a l ley , t he n or thern p ar t o f E as t Ang lia a nd e as t Y orksh ire .

T h is c on tras ts w i th t he d is tr ibu t ion o f c on te mporary

d aggers a nd s pearheads ( i b id ., f i g . 6 , 1 , 3 -4 ); t he s outh c oas t , Tha mes V a l ley a nd E as t Ang lian a reas were a l l t o b e c en tres o f l a ter p a ls tave p roduct ion . Associa ted f i nds l i nk A rre ton a xes w i th Wessex I a nd R e inecke A2/B ( i bid ., 1 79-180 ;

G er lof f 1 975 , 1 27-128 , 1 46-148 ) . 3 9

N ordic c onnec t ions a re

p rov ided b y t wo a xes r ecogn ised b y B u t ler ( 1963a , 4 4 ) , o ne i n t he P lyms tock h oard , Devon , ( I nv . Arch . GB9 , 1 4 ) a nd o ne f ound n ear Amesbury , Wi l ts ., ( Moore a nd R ow lands 1 972 , 5 2 , p l . V I I , 1 0 ) b oth n or th Ger man f langed a xes ( Sudho lz 1 964 , 2 2-23 , 7 5-76, 8 3 , K ar te V I I I ) . t a in s uch a xes :

O n ly t wo G er man h oards c on-

O ldendorf , K r . H a l le , a nd W i ldeshausen , K r . O ldenburg

( i b id . 1 06 , n o . 2 56; 8 7 n o . 4 6 ) .

The Wi ldeshausen h oard a lso c on ta ins R ige l

a xes a nd c an b e d a ted t o t he l a te S e ige l p hase b y i t s b race le t a nd b y i t s whee lh eaded p in , aL ochham f or m ( Laux 1 976 , 2 7 n o . 9 2 ) . O f A rre ton b ronzes , o n ly t he a xes a re w idespread o n t he c on tinen t ( Ger lof f 1 975 , 1 16; Des i t tere 1 973c , 6 8 ) .

S imi lar a xes were p roduced d uring t he

T rebou l p hase i n n or th-wes tern F rance ( Briard a nd V erron 1 976a , 4 5 , f i g . 1 ) ; t hese a xes o f t ype a t lan t ique h ave a more r ec tangu lar b ut t t han t he A rre ton t ype wh ich i s r ecogn ised i n n or th-eas tern F rance ( i bid ., 4 6, f i g . 2 ) .

The

Mu ids h oard ( 51 ) s hows t ha t a xes o f Arre ton f or m ' w ere s t i l l i n u se a longs ide t ypo log ica l ly l a ter h af t-f langed a xes a nd s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves , wh i le t he sword i n t he B o i l leu l-sur-Thera in h oard ( 54 ) c on f ir ms c on te mporane i ty w i th t he T rebou l a nd L ochham p hases .

L ack o f e v idence f or l oca l b ronze-work ing

d ur ing t he l a ter E ar ly B ronze Age i n B e lg iu m s ugges ts t ha t t he B e lg ian f i nds a re o f B r i t ish o rig in .

I n t he N e ther lands r e la ted f l anged a xes o f E kehaar t ype

were d er ived f ro m t he n or th G er man t ype a nd A rre ton a xes a ppear t o b e u nknown . I ft he F rench A rre ton a xes were l oca l p roduc ts , t hey were s trong ly i nf luenced b y t he B ri t ish t radi t ion .

I ti s s ign if ican t t ha t t hey a re t w ice a ssocia ted w i th

s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves , i n t he F or & d e B ords ( 50 ) a nd Mu ids ( 51 ) h oards , wh i le A rre ton a xes a nd s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves a re n o t a ssocia ted i n B ri ta in . The s top-r idge a xes o fn or thern F rance , h aches ä t a lon n a issan t , n o t a lways c lear ly d is t ingu ished f ro m t ypo log ica l ly e ar l ier f orms ( Briard a nd V erron 1 976a , 4 6 ) , a ppear i n T rebou l c on tex ts c on temporary w i th e ar ly s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves ( i b id ., 8 0 );

s h ie ld p a t tern p a ls taves a re n o t f ound a ssocia ted w i th

s uch f l anged a xes i n B r i ta in o u ts ide t he a rea o ft he Ac ton P ark i ndus try o f n or th

Wa les ( Row lands 1 976 , 2 5-30 ) .

H af t-f langed a xes .

L IST 2 .

MAP 2

Axes , w i th o r w i thou t as top-r idge , h av ing f l anges c onf ined t o t he u pper p ar t o f t he b lade , were t rea ted b y Smi th ( 1959 , 1 71-173 ) , who t er med t he t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly f or m w i th l ow f langes t he ' haf t-f langed a xe ' ( i b id ., 1 72 , f ig . 6 , 1 -4 , map 4 a ) .

R ow lands ' C lass 1 /1 h as a s h ie ld-pa t tern r ib p endan t

f ro m t he b o t to m o f t he f l anges ( 1976 , 2 6 , p ls . 2 5 , 2 34-272; C lass

1/2

l acks t h is o rna men t ( i b id . ,p l . 2 5 , 2 12-281 ) .

2 6 ( 84 ) ) ; h is

F or S co t t ish ma teria l

C o les d is t inguished h is C lass I , w i th c onvex f l anges ( 1963-64 , 8 8-94 , f i gs . 2 3 ) , f ro m h is C lass I I , w i th a ng led f l anges ( i b id ., 9 4-100 , f i gs . 5 -6 ) .

B urgess

h as p ro mised a nother s che me f or t he n or thern ma teria l ( Burgess a nd M ike t 1 974 , 2 9 ) . These s hor t-f langed a xes w ere t he d o minant M idd le B ronze Age a xe t ype i n n or thern B r i ta in b u t w ere r are i n t he s ou th ( i bid . ,2 9-30 ) , t hough t here a re sma l l c oncen tra t ions i n n or thern E as t Ang lia a nd t he l o wer Tha mes v a l ley ( Row lands 1 976 , map 1 ) .

Typo log ica l ly , s hor t-f langed a xes s hou ld

s tand b e tween E ar ly B ronze Age f l anged a xes a nd l a ter p a ls taves , b ut B r i t ish h oards p rov ide l i t t le e v idence f or t he d a te o ft he ir a ppearance ( Burgess a nd M ike t 1 974 , 2 9 n . 3 ) .

4 0

The Mu ids h oard ( 51 ) d e mons tra tes a n o ver lap o f h af tf langed a xes w i th t ypo log ica l ly e ar l ier f l anged a xes a nd l a ter s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves a t t he b eg inn ing o f B ronze Moyen ; t h is s ugges ts t ha t B ri t ish h af t-f langed a xes c ou ld h ave a ppeared wh i le A rre ton a xes were s t i l l c urren t a nd b een u sed a t t he s a me t ime a s A c ton P ark p a ls taves .

The a xe f ro m B ray-sur-S o m me ( L is t 2 , 4 )

r ese mb les e xamp les o f R ow lands '

C lass 1 /1 , t here i s as i mi lar a xe f ro m

G ore E nd B ay , n ear B irch ing ton , K en t ( Row lands 1 976 , 2 46 n o . 8 4 , p l . 2 6) , a nd may b e o f B ri t ish o r igin . B r i t ish .

The Du tch a xe ( L is t 2 , 5 ) i s a lso p robab ly

The q ues t ion o f t he o rig in o ft he o ther F rench a xes i s c o mp lica ted

b y t he p resence o f ah af t-f langed a xe o f c entra l E uropean f or m , C ress ier t ype , v ar ian t C , R einecke C l ( Abe ls 1 972 , 5 1-56) , f ro m t he S e ine a t O isse l ,_Se ineMar i t ime ( i b id ., 5 5 n . 1 1; 6 8 , f i g . 3 ) .

V erron 1 971 , 5 1 n o . 1 0 ;

B r iard a nd V erron 1 976a ,

Th is a xe h as a ngu lar l a tera l p ro jec tions l ike t he e xamp le f ro m

F resne l 'Arche 'veque , E ure ( Cou t i l 1 921 , p l . 2 , 1 4 ) , a nd s uch a xes ( Briard a nd V erron 1 976a , 6 8-69 ) may modify c la i ms made b y B urgess f or S öge l i nf l uence t hrough a xes w i th g ekn ick ten R and le is ten o n B r i t ish f langed a nd h af tf langed a xes w i th s uch p ro ject ions ( Burgess a nd C owen 1 972 , 1 69 n . 1 ;

B urgess

a nd M ike t 1 974 , 2 9 ) , f or n o S öge l a xe w i th g ekn ick ten R and leis ten i s k nown i n B r i ta in .

T he s l igh t l a tera l r idges o n t he a xes i n t he A rreton h oards f ro m

Wes tbury-on-Trym , G loucs . ( Megaw a nd H ardy 1 938 , f i g . 1 1 , d ) , a nd P os tl ing ford H a l l , S uf fo lk (Ware 1 846 , 4 97 , r igh t ) , d o n ot a ppear t o j us t ify h is c la im f or S öge l i nf luence ( Burgess 1 974 , 1 93 n . 1 86 ) . C on t inen ta l f l anged a xes i n Br i ta in B eside t he n or th G er man f l anged a xes i n t he Arre ton h oards , af ew o ther e xo t ic f l anged a xes o ccur i n B ri ta in .

T hese h ave b een r eferred t o a s Medoc

a xes ( Row lands 1 976 , 2 6 ) b ut n one b e longs t o t h is t ype a s d ef ined b y B riard a nd V erron ( 1976a , 4 9-52 ) .

The a xe i n t he S id lesha m h oard ( 37 ) b e longs t o

t he n or th F rench A t lan t ic t ype ( i b id ., 4 5 ) a nd t he b u t t f rag men t i n t he LBA3 h oard f ro m L e igh , E ssex ( 150 ) , may b e long t o t he s ame t ype . b ut t o ft he a xe i n D orches ter Museu m ( Ger lof f 1 975 ,

The n otched

1 18 , 1 47 , p l . 5 6F ) r e-

l a tes i tn ot t o F rench b u t t o c entra l E uropean f or ms , t hough i td oes n ot a ppear t o b e long t o a ny c o m mon t ype b u t may b e c o mpared w i th a R e inecke B a xe ( Abe ls 1 972 , 6 3 n o . 4 26 ) . ( Ger lof f 1 975 , 1 47 n . 6 ) .

There i s as i mi lar a xe f ro m B ew try , Y orks The a xe f ro m Wye D own , n ear C anterbury , K en t,

( Row lands 1 976 , 2 82 n o . 2 19 ; R e inecke A

J essup 1 930 , 9 7 p l . V , 1 4 ) r ese mb les t he

N eyruz t ype ( Abe ls 1 972 , 9 -13 ) , t hough i t s b ut t i s more e xpanded .

Ik now o fo n ly t wo Medoc a xes f ro m n or thern F rance :

Desvres h oard , P as-

d e-Ca la is ( 5 6 ) , a nd P ierrefonds , O ise ( Cof fyn 1 969 , 1 09 , f i g . 8 1 ) . PALSTAVES S h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves .

L IST 3 A-B .

MAP 3

P a ls taves w i th a U -shaped r ib , s h ie ld-pa t tern , b e low t he s top-r idge s tand a t t he h ead o f t he t ypo log ica l s equence o fp a ls taves i n B r i ta in a nd n or thern F rance ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 5 1-54 , C lass I A1;

B urgess 1 974 , 2 00 n . 2 10 , f i g . 3 1 ,

1 , G roup I ; R ow lands 1 976 , 2 7-30 , C lass 1 ;

B r iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 8 3-85 ) .

I ndiv idua l e xa mp les h ave b een c onsidered b y B urgess ( 1962b ) a nd Dav ies ( 1968 ) .

4 1

A distinctive form of large shield-pattern palstave is known in the Acton Park complex of north Wales (Burgess 1974, 200-201 n. 225-226) but these Acton Park palstaves (Grimes 1951, fig. 65) appear to be absent from southern and eastern England (Rowlands 1976, 28) and ce�taL---ily do not occur in hoards in these regions. Rowlands considers that shield-pattern pal staves in south­ eastern England developed from haft-flanged axes with U-rib ornament (ibid., 26). His early form of shield-pattern palstave, Class 1/ 1, comprises examples with an angular junction between flanges and shield (ibid., 27, pl. 27, 721684) and more advanced examples with flanges and shield forming a continuous curve (ibid. , pl. 27, 509-699); the flanges usually continue a little below the stop-ridge; in profile, the flanges form a continuous curve with the shield rib. His developed shield-pattern palstaves are characterised in profile 6y an angular junction between flanges and shield rib at the stop-ridge (ibid., 28, pl. 27, 974-406; 28, 407-796). Groups 2-4 are such palstaves distinguished by length; long or short ribs are often combined with the shield (ibid. , 29). Associations and typology set Groups 5 and 6 apart from early shield-pattern palstaves (see p. 54). The chronology of early shield-pattern palstaves is important for they are the first type in the conventional Middle Bronze Age sequence. Neither they, nor the flanged axes from which they are derived, have been found associated with objects of the Arreton tradition of the later Early Bronze Age but there is some evidence for their occurrence at that time. The association of a shield-pattern palstave, Rowlanas 1 1/ 3 (ibid., 304 no. 510), with an amber bead of Early Bronze Age form at Colchester, Essex, led Davies (1968) to argue for the appearance of these palstaves during the Early Bronze Age. Acton Park palstaves are known in Treboul hoards from Brittany (Burgess 1974, 201 no. 225) in the eponymous hoard from Treboul, Finistere (Briard 1956), and in the hoards from Plougerneau, Finistere , (Briard 1965, 84, 311 n. 235, fig. 24, 6-7) and Monterblanc, Monguoro, Morbihan (ibid., 318 no. 425). I have suggested elsewhere that the Treboul phase should be partly con­ temporary with the Arreton phase (see p. 40, 67-8) . A number of shield-pattern palstaves have been found in Nordic hoards, as far north as Htjntj island, BohusH!n, Sweden (Oldeberg 1974, 333 no. 2605), and the date of these hoards is often used as a terminus ante quern for the appearance of shield-pattern palstaves in Britain, since there are no suitable Nordic prototypes (Butler 1963a, 59). Butler's discussion of these hoards (ibid. , 51-62) has not been superseded; some of the hoards are lost and there are now few better illustrations available than when he wrote. I have included in my catalogue all those Nordic hoards which may provide reliable chronological evidence, and the French hoard from Habsheim. The hoards from Hausberge (90), HUvede (91), Ilsmoor (92), Stade (93) and Neuhaldens­ leben (94) all belong to the OOgel or Valss6magle phases of late l\1I and the Pyritz hoard (97) is probably contemporary; the Halle (89) and RUhlow (96) hoards are early l\1II; the Habsheim hoard (88) is Reinecke B, contemporary with the �gel/Valsf6magle hoards� The late MI/ Reinecke B horizon to which these early continental shield-pattern palstaves belong should overlap with the Arreton phase of the Bridsh Early Bronze Age when no shield-pattern palstaves are· known from southern England (see p. 40 ). The unfinished castings in the hoards from Pyritz (97) and Stade (93) show that shield-pattern

42

p a ls taves were b e ing p roduced l oca l ly i n t he N ordic a rea ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 5 9-60 ) . These N ordic s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves a re c lear ly n ot o f s ou th-eas tern E ng l ish o rig in .

A c ton P ark p a ls taves o ccur i n Trebou l h oards i n B ri t tany

a nd t he ir p resence i n t he V oorhou t h oard ( 85 ) h as b een c onf ir med b y t he a na lyses o f Dr . J . P . N or thover .

The l ugged c h ise l i n t he V oorhou t h oard

may b e r e la ted t o B r i t ish E ar ly B ronze Age e xamp les ( Burgess a nd C owen 1 972 , 1 72-174 ) .

P a ls taves o f T rebou l o r A cton P ark t ype o ccur i n t he I ls moor

( 92 ) , N euha ldens leben ( 94 ) a nd R E th low ( 96 ) h oards a nd t he l as t h oard a lso c ont a ins a t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly s ide-f langed p a ls tave o f s i mi lar d a te .

The p a ls tave

f ro m U en lingen , K r . S tenda l , S axony ( S tephan 1 956 , 1 0 , Taf . X , 1 ; B u l ler 1 963a , 7 1 n o . 1 8, f i g . 1 4 ) i s a lso o f T rebou l/Ac ton P ark f orm .

The a rea o f

t he A cton P ark i ndus try was o uts ide t ha t o f t he Arre ton t radi t ion ( Burgess a nd C owen 1 972 , 1 79 ) a nd t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly p a ls taves o ccur , e .g . i n t he t he Moe lfre U chaf h oard , F l in ts .

( Dav ies 1 949 , 4 34-436) .

Th is s ugges ts t ha t

Ac ton P ark p a ls taves may h ave b een d eve loped i n n or th Wa les wh i le t he Arret on t radi t ion was s t i l l c urren t i n s outhern E ng land a nd were e xpor ted t o B ri t tany a nd n or thern G er many a s we l l a s t o t he N e ther lands . Mos t o ft he N ordic s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves d o n o t r ese mb le c lose ly a ny c o m mon B ri t ish f or m b u t h ave v ery l ow f l anges a nd i ndis t inct s top-ridge ;

s uch

p a ls taves o ccur i n t he H ausberge ( 90 ) , H t ivede ( 91 ) , S ee low ( 95 ) , R t ih low ( 96) a nd Pyri tz ( 97) h oards a nd mos t e xamp les f ro m t he s outh Ba lt ic c oas t a re o f t h is f or m ( Kers ten 1 958 , Taf . 1 7 , 2 27; 1 963a , 7 1 n os . 1 2-13 , 1 6-17 ) .

5 5 , 5 74 ;

6 7 , 6 47;

7 0 , 6 85 ;

B u t ler

The p a ls taves i n t he H absheim h oard ( 88 ) a re

s im i lar a nd s uch p a ls taves a lso o ccur i n n or th-eas tern F rance ( L is t 3A ) where t hey a re a ssocia ted w i th f l anged a xes o f A rre ton f or m a nd a h af t-f langed a xe i n t he F or & d e B ords ( 50 ) a nd Mu ids ( 5 1 ) h oards .

I ft hese a ssocia t ions a re

r e liab le t hey d emons tra te c o mb ina t ions u nknown i n s ou thern B ri ta in ( Row lands 1 976 , f i g . 1 1 ) .

O ther F rench e xa mp les a re k nown ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 8 5 ,

8 5 , f i g . 3 ; G ui la ine 1 972 , 1 23 , f i g . 3 4 , 7 ;

C ordier a nd G rue t 1 975 , f i g . 2 8,

4 ) , wh i le s i mi lar B ri t ish e xa mp les a re r are ( Row lands 1 976 , p l . 2 7 , 6 84 ) a nd a bsen t f ro m d a tab le f i nds . Deve loped s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves p resu mab ly a ppeared i n s ou thern Bri ta in o n ly af ter t he l a te M I/Reinecke B/Trebou l h or izon .

The n ature o f t he

t ypo log ica l s uccess ion f ro m A rre ton a xes t o s hor t-f langed a xes t o e ar ly s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves i n s ou thern Br i ta in r e ma ins o bscure f or l ack o f h oard e v idence b e tween A rre ton a xes a nd d eve loped s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves , e .g . B ur ley ( 10 ) , b u t t he more a dvanced a xes were p robab ly i n troduced wh i le t he Arre ton t radi t ion was s t i l l c urrent .

Deve loped s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves o f

B ri t ish o r r e la ted f or m a re f ound i n n or th-eas tern F rance , b u t Ik now o f o n ly o ne e xa mp le f ro m B e lg iu m a nd n one f ro m t he N e ther lands , t he V oorhou t p a ls taves b eing o f A c ton P ark t ype ( L is t 3B , Map 3 ) . The d eve lop men t o f M idd le B ronze Age p a ls taves :

e v idence f ro m n or thern

a nd c en tra l E urope B u t ler ( 1963a , 6 2-65 ) d is t inguished a s econd g roup o f wes tern p a ls taves i n t he N ordic a rea af ter t he f i nds o f s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves .

Mos t i mportan t

a re t he NM h oards f ro m F r f S jk ( 100 ) a nd O s tenfe ld ( 9 8) wh ich s how t ha t l ooped

4 3

p a ls taves , s ide-f langed a nd n arrow-b laded , a ppeared b efore t he e nd o f I n c en tra l E urope , t he Me ik irch h oard ( 101 ) c onf ir ms a p re-Urnf ie ld d a te f or t he d eve lop men t o fu n looped N or man p a ls taves .

T he p a ls tave i n t he Masen-

d orf h oard ( 99 ) may n o t b e w es tern a t a l l a nd t he h oards f ro m P amhu le Mark , Haders lev Am t ( i b id ., 7 3 n o . 1 5 , p l . I Xa ) a nd Aadu m Mose , R ingkSb ing Amt ( i b id ., 7 3 n o . 1 4 , f ig . 1 6 , 4 -5 ) , J u t land , p rov ide l i t t le d a t ing e v idence ( i b id ., 6 3 ) .

The E pe h oard ( 83 ) i s p robab ly t o b e d a ted b y i t s B r i t ish p a ls tave r a ther

t han b y i t s s top-ridge a xe o r s ick le . The M idd le B ronze Age p a ls tave s er ies o fn or thern F rance The M idd le B ronze Age p a ls tave s eries o f n or thern F rance h as b een s u mmar ised b y B r iard a nd V erron ( 1976a , 8 3-104 ) ;

e v idence f ro m B r i t tany h as

b een p resen ted b y B r iard ( 1965 , 8 4-86 , 1 09-122 , 1 55-157 , 1 80 ;

1 966b ) who

a lso c o m men ts o n a d jacen t a reas ; e v idence f ro m t he P ar is a rea h as b een p resen ted b y G aucher ( 1973 ) .

De ta i led p ub l ica t ions o n t he p a ls taves o f U pper

N or mandy a nd P icardy a re l ack ing . I n n or th-eas tern F rance , a bout o ne h undred h oards , c on ta ining n ear ly t wo t housand p a ls taves , h ave b een r ecorded ( i b id . ,t ab le 7 ) a nd f ew a re n o t M idd le B ronze Age .

Abou t s ix ty h oards o f B ronze Moyen I I , c on ta in ing

a bout t wo t housand p a ls taves , a re k nown f ro m B r i t tany ( Briard 1 965 , 1 10 ) . The n u merica l i mpor tance o fp a ls taves i s a lso d e mons tra ted i n An jou ( Dep t . Ma ine-e t-Lo ire ) , where t he n u mber o fp a ls taves e xceeds t he t o ta l n u mber o f a l l o ther B ronze Age a xe t ypes ( Cordier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 2 57 , f i g . 5 5 ) .

S o me

o f t hese h oards a re l os t a nd f ew , e spec ia l ly f ro m N or mandy , h ave b een p ubl ished w i th a dequa te i l lus tra t ion . A longs ide s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves , s o me o f B ri t ish a nd o thers o f l oca l o rig in , t he e ar l ies t p a ls tave t ype i n n or thern F rance i s n a med af ter t he h oard e ponymous f or B ronze Moyen I i n B ri t tany , T rebou l ( Br iard 1 965 , 8 4-86 ; B r iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 8 7-90 ) .

These p a lstaves a re l arge , b road-b laded

a nd u n looped ; t hey may b e u ndecora ted o r b ear s h ie ld-pa t tern midr ib o r Y o rna men t .

They a re n o t n u merous , f or t he f l anged a xe was s t i l l d o minant i n

B rit tany d ur ing t h is p hase . The T rebou l t ype i s e asi ly d ist ingu ishab le f ro m t he n arrow B re ton a nd s hor ter N or man t ypes o f B ronze Moyen I I .

B road-b laded p a ls taves s o me-

t imes o ccur i n h oards w i th B re ton o r N or man p a ls taves :

C ari me l , L anguenan ,

C ö tes-du-Nord ( Br iard 1 966b , f i g . 2 , 3 ) , L a Chape l le ( 46 ) , Mon t-Sa in tA ignan ( 61 ) .

The o rna men t o ft hese p a ls taves i s n o t c harac teris t ic o f t he

T rebou l t ype a nd t he ir f l anges l ack t he d is t inct ly c onvex p rof i le d ec lared , Tar t icu lf ere men t t yp ique t ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 8 7 ) .

L arge b road-

b laded p a ls taves a re c o m mon i n P icardy ( L is t 4 ) , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he S o m me v a l ley where t hey a re p redo minan t i n t he Am iens Museu m ( 65 ) a nd B ernayP on thoi le ( 66 ) h oards .

The l a t ter c on ta ins a Bre ton p a ls tave wh ich c onf ir ms

t he c urrency o ft hese b road-b laded p a ls taves i n B ronze Moyen I I .

Wi thou t

b e ing s pecif ic , B r iard a nd V erron ( i bid . ,9 0 n . 3 ) i mp ly t ha t t hese S o m me p a ls taves b e long t o t he T rebou l t ype , d esp i te t he ir l o wer f langes a nd g rea ter v ar ie ty o f o rna men t .

I nse t o rna men t a nd s ide-f langes r e la te t he m t o N or man

a nd B r i t ish p a ls taves o ft he l a te M idd le B ronze Age . p a ls taves o ccur i n t he D omm iers h oard , A isne , N ord a nd P as-de-Ca la is ( L is t 4 ) . 4 4

O ther b road-b laded

( 4 2 ) a nd e lsewhere i n P icardy ,

Th is S o m me-O ise-A isne g roup a ppears t o b e d is t inct f ro m t he N or man g roup ( see p p . 4 7-8 ) . I t was n o t v ery p roduct ive c o mpared w i th t he a reas f ur ther w es t :

o uts ide h oards , Gaucher a nd Mohen ( 1974 , 1 22 ) l is t t h ir ty-two

p a ls taves , e xc luding e xa mp les o f B re ton t ype , a nd o n ly a bou t s eventy c an b e a dded f ro m h oards , at o ta l o f j us t o ver o ne h undred p a ls taves f ro m S o m me , N ord a nd P as-de-Ca la is ; 4 6-48 ).

o n ly a bou t s ix ty a re k nown f ro m A isne ( Lob jo is 1 973 ,

T he b road b lade o f t he S o m me-O ise-A isne p a ls taves s hows a l ink w i th

t he B ri t ish s er ies a nd c er tain o rnamen ta l mot ifs , s ide-f langes a nd c ordifor m i nse t , c an b e c o mpared t o s pecif ic E ng l ish f or ms .

S o me o ft he b road-b laded

p a ls taves f ro m Be lg ium a nd t he N ether lands may b e r e la ted t o S o m me-O iseA isne , r a ther t han B r i t ish , p a ls taves ( L is t 8 ) .

R esearch i n p rogress b y D r .

J . J . B u t ler f or PBF s hou ld c lar ify t he p osi t ion o f S o m me-O ise-A isne p a ls taves . B re ton p a lstaves .

L IST 5 .

MAP 4

B r iard d evotes a n e n t ire c hap ter o f h is v o lu me o n B reton Bronze Age me ta lwork t o t he t ype o fp a ls tave c urren t t here d uring B ronze Moyen I I ( 1965 , 1 09-122; B r iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 1 01-104 ) .

Th is t ype i s d is tinguished b y

i t s n arrow b lade , s l igh t ly e xpanded a t t he e dge , i t s s hor t s eptu m i n r e la tion t o t he l eng th o ft he b lade , b y i t s s tra igh t s top-r idge , of ten a t ad ist inct r igh t a ng le t o t he f langes , a nd b y t he c onvex p rof i le o f t he f l anges , wh ich of ten d o n ot r each t he b u t t .

A bou t 3 0% o f B re ton p a ls taves a re u ndecora ted; mos t o f

t he r e ma inder h ave al ong midrib o n t he b lade , of ten a cco mpan ied b y s l igh t s ide-f langes ;

o ther o rna men t , t r iden t o r i nse t , i s u sua l ly i nsp ired b y mot ifs

o n N or man p a ls taves .

O n ly a bou t 8% o f B re ton p a ls taves a re l ooped a nd t here

a ppears t o b e n o s uch c onco mi tan t c hange i n f or m a s o ccurs w i th t he N or man t ype . Ana lysis o f B re ton p a ls taves s hows a l ow l ead c on tent s i mi lar t o t ha t o f N or man a nd S o m me p a ls taves ( Briard 1 965 , 1 16; G iot , B ourh is a nd B riard 1 966 , 1 9 , 6 6-68 , Tab leaux 7 -9; a nd E s teou le 1 969 , 7 7-78;

1 970 , 1 8-21 , Tab leaux 4 -5 ;

B ourh is , B r iard

C ordier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 2 65-269 ) .

O u ts ide B ri t tany , t hese p a ls taves a re mos t c o m mon i n L ower N or mandy a nd An jou ( i bid ., 2 5 ) a nd we s hou ld f o l low F rench s cho lars i n c a l ling t he m ' Bre ton ' , r a ther t han ' Por tr ieux ' p a ls taves ( Burgess 1 969a , 1 49 ) af ter a n o bscure h oard ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 1 01 ) . Wh i le a ssocia t ions w i th e ar lier ( i b id ., 1 03-104 ) a nd l a ter ( Br iard , C ordier a nd Gaucher 1 969 , 6 3 ) ma teria l a re k nown , B ronze Moyen I I was t he f l oru i t o f B re ton p a ls taves .

I n n or th-eas tern F rance , B re ton p a ls taves a re a ssocia ted

w i th N or man p a ls taves i n t he V i l le-d 'Avray ( 52 ) , R ou mare F ores t ( 5 8) , H euquev i l le ( 60 ) a nd V erneu il ( 64 ) h oards , a nd w i th S o m me p a ls taves i n t he BernayP on tho i le h oard ( 6 6 ) .

There i s ap oss ib le a ssoc ia t ion w i th a Medoc f langed

a xe i n t he D esvres h oard ( 56) . B re ton p a ls taves i n B r i ta in h ave b een d iscussed b r ief ly b y Burgess ( 1969a ) a nd Moore ( 1976 ) , wh i le o ther e xa mp les c an b e i den t if ied f ro m R ow lands ' c orpus ( 1976 ) .

B urgess a t tr ibutes B re ton p a ls taves t o t hree h oards :

( 1 ) , P ear T ree G reen ( 15 ) a nd S id lesha m ( 37 ) .

4 5

Wan tage

S id lesha m i s o fl i t t le c hrono log ica l

u se a nd Ic anno t i den t ify a B re ton p a ls tave i n t he P ear Tree G reen h oard , t hough Burgess may b e r eferr ing t o o ne o f t he p a ls taves l os t f ro m t h is h oard . There a re a ddi t iona l e xamp les i n t he G rays ( 9 ) a nd G ospor t ( 1 1 ) h oards . The G rays a ssocia t ion i s n ot c er ta in a nd t he Wan tage h oard c on ta ins p redo mi nan t ly a l ien p a ls taves ; o n ly t he G ospor t h oard p roves t he c urrency o f B re ton p a ls taves d ur ing t he l a ter M idd le B ronze Age i n s ou thern B r i ta in .

A bout a

s core o f B re ton p a ls taves a re k nown f ro m B r i ta in , c ons iderab ly f ewer t han N or man p a ls taves . Mos t a re f ro m s ou th-eas t E ng land a nd B urgess r emarks t ha t , " the d is tr ibu t ion i s n ot a t a l l wha t o ne w ou ld e xpect f or ma ter ia l b e ing b rough t f ro m B ri t tany" ( 1969a , 1 51 ) . Th is i s p robab ly t o b e e xp la ined b y r e-expor t f ro m n or th-eas tern F rance , r a ther t han d irect e xpor t f ro m B ri t tany . B re ton p a ls taves a ppear t o h ave h ad l i t t le i nf luence o n t he B ri t ish s er ies , l ooped N or man p a ls taves b eing more i mpor tan t f or t he d eve lop men t o f t he ' t rans i t iona l ' f or m ( see p . 9 5 ) . Mos t o ft he u n looped n arrow-b laded p a ls taves l i s ted b y R ow lands ( 1 976 , 3 6-38 , map 9 ) a ppear t o b e B reton . H e c ons iders t ha t t hey were a , " separa te f unc t iona l c a tegory... a f unc t iona l ly d is t inc t a xe f orm"; t h is a ppears t o i mp ly t ha t a l l n arrow-b laded p a ls taves i n B r i t tany w ere u sed f or d if ferent p urposes t han a l l b road-b laded p a ls taves i n B ri ta in . Th is s eems u n like ly , f or i ts ugges ts t ha t a l l r eg iona l p references f or d if f eren t c on temporary a xe t ypes , e .g . w inged a xes a nd s ocke ted a xes , r ef lec t s uch d if feren t u ses a nd t here i s n o e xperimen ta l e v idence t ha t a ny a xe t ype was l ess p rac t ica l t han a nother . F ew B re ton p a ls taves h ave b een r ecognised o u ts ide Br i ta in a nd F rance . There a re s o me i so la ted f i nds f ro m Be lg ium a nd t he s ou thern Ne ther lands . B riard c o m men ts o n n arrow-b laded p a ls taves f rom n or th-wes tern G ermany ( 1965 , 1 21 ) b ut t hese a ppear t o b e long t o t he G erman n arrow-b laded p a ls tave g roup ( Sprockhof f 1 941 , T of . 2 2 , 3 -4 ) a nd t he p a ls tave i n t he Windsbach h oard , F rancon ia , i s p robab ly a l a ter f orm ( M t i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 47, T of . 1 55A , 4 ) .

The p a ls tave f ro m Dah lenburg , K r . L f ineburg , L ower S axony

( Laux 1 971 , 2 13 n o . 2 50 , Ta f . 7 4 , 6 ) a ppears t o b e B re ton . C en tre-oues t p a ls taves .

L IST 6 .

MAP 9

I n wes t-cen tra l F rance , b e tween t he L oire a nd t he Garonne i s f ound a c harac ter is t ic l oca l p a ls tave t ype ( Briard a nd V erron 1 976a , 9 7-99 ) .

U sua l ly

u n looped , t hese c en tre-oues t p a ls taves a re t rapezo ida l i n f orm w i th n o d is t inct j unc t ion b e tween f l anges a nd b lade .

The s ides o f t he b lade may b e s tra igh t o r

c onvex ; midr ib o rnamen t i s u sua l o n t he f ace .

O n s o me e xamp les t he s top-

r idge p rotrudes b eyond t he f l anges ( i bid ., f i gs . 1 ; 3 ) . H oard a ssocia t ions p lace t he c entre-oues t t ype i n B ronze Moyen I I w i th B re ton a nd N or man p a ls taves .

I n t he h oard f rom T e i l le t-Argen ty , A l lier

( Abauz i t 1 967 , 3 42-345 , f i gs . 2 ; 3A ) , c en tre-oues t p a ls taves o ccur a longs ide Bre ton a nd N or man p a ls taves a nd a Medoc f l anged a xe ( Briard a nd V erron 1 976a , 9 8-99 , 1 04 ); f our p a ls taves were f ound t oge ther i n t he Tu mu lus d es Bagne t tes , E breui l , A l l ier ( Abauzi t 1 967, 3 39-342 , f i g . 1 ) , o ne c en tre-oues t , o ne B re ton , o ne l ooped N or man a nd o ne H aguenau ( Briard a nd V erron 1 976a , 9 9 ) .

Af ragmen t o f ac entre-oues t p a ls tave o ccurs i n t he t ransi t iona l B ronze

Moyen/Bronze F ina l h oard f rom Ma lassis , Cher ( Briard , C ordier a nd

4 6

Gaucher 1 969 , f i g . 8 , 2 7 ) w i th N or man , B re ton a nd Haguenau p a ls taves ( i b id ., 6 3-64 ). There a re a f ew e xamp les o f c en tre-oues t p a ls taves f ro m An jou ( Cordier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 2 57 , f i gs . 1 2 , 4 ;

4 4 , 3 ;

n or th-eas tern F rance ( L is t 6 , 2 ) .

The p resence o f ac en tre-oues t p a ls tave

5 3 , 1 -2 ); Ik now o f o n ly o ne f ro m

i n t he Gab le H ead h oard , H an ts . ( 12 ) g ives a nother l ink b e tween B ronze Moyen I I a nd MBA2 i n s outhern B r i ta in . N orman p a ls taves .

L IST 7 A-B .

MAP 5

I n h is d iscuss ion o f B re ton p a ls taves B r iard ( 1965 , 1 18-119 ) n o ted t ha t t he p a ls tave t ype c harac ter is t ic o f N or mandy was d if feren t f ro m t ha t c haract eris t ic o f B ri t tany ;

a more e x tens ive t rea t men t h as b een p rov ided b y B riard

a nd Verron ( 1976a , 9 1-95 ) . v ar ie ty o f o rna men t . men ts :

The N or man t ype h as a b roader b lade a nd g rea ter

The d is t inct ion c an b e made b y c o mparing t wo measure-

t he w idth o f t he b lade a t o ne-th ird o ft he l eng th o f t he p a ls tave a nd

t he maximu m w id th o ft he s ep tu m .

O n t he N or man t ype t he b lade measure men t

e xceeds t he s eptu m measure men t ; o n t he B re ton t ype t he s eptu m measure men t e xceeds t he b lade measure men t ( Gaucher 1 973 , 2 30 ) . N or man p a ls taves may b e u n looped o r l ooped , o n ly a bou t 2 0% a re l ooped ( i b id ., 2 28 , Tabe l le 7 ) . t i ons .

The t wo g roups a re d is t inct i n f or m w i th f ew e xcep-

O n u n looped N or man p a ls taves t he s top-r idge i s s tra igh t b ut merges i n to

t he f l anges i n ac urve ; t he f langes a re l ow , s tra igh t o r v ery s l igh t ly c onvex i n f or m , merg ing i n to t he b u t t , wh ich of ten t apers i n p rof i le .

Th is i s d is t inct

f ro m t he p rof i les o f B re ton p a ls taves , a nd o f S o m me p a ls taves , wh ich a re more c onvex .

There i s of ten a d is t inc t n arrow ing b e low t he s top-ridge ;

f ro m t h is

p oin t t he s ides s p lay o u t t o f or m a t rapezo ida l b lade , u sua l ly w i th s tra igh t s ides . s ep tu m .

There i s of ten a c as t ing f law a t t he j unc t ion o f t he s top-r idge a nd t he U ndecora ted e xa mp les a re r are , a bou t 1 0% i n h oards f ro m t he P aris

b as in ( i b id . ,2 28 , Tabe l le 6 ) .

A bou t o ne-th ird o f N or man p a ls taves b ear

s i mp le t r ident o r r e la ted o rnamen t ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 9 3 ) . mo t if i s a lso v ery c o m mon o n u n looped e xa mp les .

The i nse t

Th is may b e c ordifor m ,

t riangu lar , s em i-circu lar o r mu l t ip le ; p la in o r f l anked b y U - o r V -r ibs ; d iv ided b y al ong o r s hor t midrib ; c on tain ing o ne o r more p e l le ts .

S ing le a nd

mu l tip le r ib o rnamen t , v er t ica l , s p layed o r V -shaped , i s a lso k nown . G rooved o rna men t o ccurs o ccas iona l ly ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , f i g . 2 ) . Af ew l ooped p a ls taves a re mere ly t he u n looped f or m w i th a l oop a dded ( i b id ., 9 4 , f i g . 3 , r igh t ) b u t t he l ooped N or man p a ls tave i s u sua l ly a mos t d is t inc t ive a xe ( i b id . ,f i g . 3 , l ef t ) .

Th is h as a r ound s top-r idge f or ming a

c on t inuous c urve w i th t he f l anges wh ich of ten s top we l l b e low t he b u t t .

T he

b lade r e ta ins i t s s tra igh t-s ided t rapezo ida l f or m b u t i s n arrower t han t he u n looped b lade .

R ibbed o rna men t i s d o minan t , as ing le midr ib , at r iden t ,

Y - o r V - mo tif o r a more c o mp lica ted c o mbina t ion . a nd c o mp lete ly p lain b lades a re a l l r are .

G rooved o r i nse t o rna men t

The l oop i s of ten miscas t .

L ooped

N or man p a ls taves a re c lose t o l ooped B re ton p a ls taves i n b lade s hape a nd o rnamen t b u t d is t inc t i n t he f or m o ft he f l anges a nd s top-ridge .

The a ppearance

o fl ooped N or man p a ls taves i n l a ter h oards ( i bid ., 9 2 ) may h ave b een i nf luenced b y t he B re ton t ype .

4 7

F ew N or man p a ls taves h ave b een a na lysed b u t a va i lab le r esu l ts s how a l ow l ead c on ten t s im i lar t o t ha t o f B reton a nd S o m me p a ls taves ( G io t , B ourh is a nd B r iard 1 970 , 1 8-21 , Tab leaux 4 -5 , 1 3 , 1 5 n o . 6 02; B ourh is , B r iard a nd E s teou le 1 969 , 7 7-78; 2 67 ) .

E de ine 1 964 ;

V erron 1 975 , 5 7;

C ordier a nd G rue t 1 975 ,

One e xcept ion i s al ooped p a ls tave i n t he L a Chape l le h oard ( 46) wh ich

c on ta ins 3 . 5% l ead . The d is tribut ion o f N or man p a ls taves i s c oncen tra ted i n U pper N or mandy o n t he l o wer S eine v a l ley a nd i s more s ca t tered o ver t he r es t o f t he P ar is b as in . I n E ure a nd S e ine- Mar i t ime a lone , o ver 1 ,600 p a ls taves a re k nown f ro m s even ty-f ive f i nd s po ts , i nc lud ing a bou t f if ty h oards ( Gaucher 1 973 , 2 28-229 , Tabe l le 7 , f i g . 9 ;

Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 9 5 ;

o f t hese p a ls taves s hou ld b e N or man .

V erron 1 976a , 5 88) .

Mos t

P a ls taves a re much s carcer i n t he r es t

o fn or th-eas tern F rance , t hough s o me a ddi t ions ( B lanche t 1 976a , 3 2 ) c an b e made t o G aucher 's l is t o f t h ir teen p a ls tave h oards ( 1973 , Tabe l le 7 ) a nd h is f igure f or O ise ( i b id .) i s a lso t oo l ow ( B lanche t a nd L ambot 1 975 ) .

Mos t o f

t he p a ls taves i n t he P ar is a rea h oards ( Gaucher 1 973 , Tab leau 4 , f ig . 8 ) a re N or man , a nd t he e xcep t ions B re ton :

V i l le-d 'Avray ( 52 ) , F ayles-Ne mours

( 63 ) , V erneu i l ( 64 ) , S ucy-en-Brie ( 6 8 ) , A ubergenv i l le ( 69 ) , B laru ( 70 ) , Chambourcy ( 71 ) , L a Q ueue1es Yve lines ( 72 ) .

The p a ls taves i n t he S o m me

v a l ley h oards a re c er ta in ly n o t N or man ( see p . 4 4-5 ) : Bernay-Pon thoi le ( 66 ) .

Amiens Museums ( 65 ) ,

The p resence o f ab ronze mou ld f or l ooped N or man

p a ls taves a t V ron , S o m me ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 9 7 , 1 19 , V ron 1 , i l l . 5 5 ) , s hou ld b e n o ted b u t s uch p a ls taves a re s t i l l r are i n t h is a rea .

The o n ly h oard

f ro m P icardy wh ich s eems t o me t o c on ta in t rue N or man p a ls taves i s L a H ere l le ( 55 ).

There i s ap oss ib le N or man p a ls tave r es idual i n t he Cambra i

a rea h oard ( 53 ) .

Al ooped N or man p a ls tave c o mes f ro m V ine ly , Pas-de-

Ca la is ( Mohen 1 972 , 4 47 , f i g . 2 , 2 ; Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 19 , V inely ) . The D o m miers h oard ( 42 ) c on ta ins t wo b road-b laded p a ls taves wh ich a re c er ta in ly n o t N or man ; t he o thers a re s im i lar t o t he N or man t ype i n f or m a nd o rna men t b u t d o n o t a ppear t o b e t rue N or man p a ls taves a nd t hey a re r e mo te f ro m t he ma in c oncen tra t ion o f f i nds o n t he l ower S e ine .

More d e ta i ls o f

A isne p a ls taves a re r equ ired b efore t hey c an b e c er ta in ly a t tr ibu ted t o a ny p ar t icu lar t ype .

Many o ft he p a ls taves l is ted b y Gaucher a nd Mohen ( i b id .,

1 22 ) a s N or man b e long t o t he S o m me-O ise-A isne g roup a nd Iw ou ld d ispu te t he c la im t ha t N or man p a ls taves , ' garden t u n r ö le e ssen t ie l e n P icardie , d ans l a N ord d e l a F rance ' ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 9 5 ) . I n B r i t tany N or man p a ls taves a re f ound i n t he B ronze Moyen I I h oards f ro m C ar ime l , Cö tes-du- N ord , a nd L a J ossa is , L oire-A t lan t ique ( Br iard 1 966b , f igs . 2 , 1 4;

5 , 2 ) , a nd i n t he T ei l le t-Argen ty a nd E breu i l f i nds w i th c en tre-

o ues t , B re ton , H aguenau a nd Medoc a xes ( see p .46) .

N or man p a lstaves a re

a ssoc ia ted w i th B ignan b race le ts i n t he h oards f ro m Ma lass is , Cher ( Br iard C ordier a nd G aucher 1 969 , 6 3-64 ) , Anzyle-Duc , S aöne-e t-Loire ( i b id ., 6 6 ) , a nd i n t he f i rs t h oard f ro m L a Varenne , S er mize l les , Y onne ( Jo ly 1 959 , 1 07 , f ig . 1 9 ) .

The h oards d e mons tra te t ha t N or man p a ls taves were s t i l l c urren t

a t t he t rans i t ion f ro m B ronze Moyen I I t o B ronze F ina l Ia nd t here a re t ypol og ica l ly l a te N or man p a ls taves i n t he B ronze F ina l Ih oard f ro m ChoisyleR oi ( 120 ) .

The Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard ( 61 ) , w i th i t s s o lid-h i lted r ap ier ,

i ndica tes t ha t u n looped N or man p a ls taves a ppeared e ar ly i n B ronze Moyen ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 9 5 ;

V erron 1 976a , 5 88 , 5 90 ) . 4 8

Associa t ions w i th

B ignan b race le ts a t L ongcha mps ( 49 ) a nd L e Hanouard ( 59 ) a nd w i th p ins a t Baux-Sa in te-Croix ( 43 ) c onf ir m a B ronze Moyen I I d a te f or t he f l oru i t o f Nor man p a ls taves ( Verron 1 976a , 5 90 ) . There a re f ew N or man p a ls taves f ro m An jou , where t he B re ton t ype was d o minan t ; mos t o ft he N or man e xa mp les a re l ooped ( Cordier a nd Grue t 1 975 , 2 57-258) .

Two e xamp les c o me f ro m t he D oubs a t V erdun , S a6ne-e t-Loire ,

( Bonnamour 1 969 , 1 1-12 , p l . I I , 7 -8) a nd a no ther p robab ly f ro m t he s a me a rea ( i b id ., 1 2 , p l . I I , 1 0 ) .

I n s ou th-eas tern F rance , N or man p a ls taves

o ccur a t Chä teauroux-sur-Durance , H autes-A lpes ( Cour tois 1 960 , f i g . 1 9 , 1 ) Mon t moro t , P resi l ly , C lucy a nd Nance , J ura ( M i l lot te a nd V ignard 1 960 , 1 4 , p l . I , 2 0-23 ) .

There a re a f ew f ro m L anguedoc ( Gui la ine 1 972 , 1 23-124 , 2 07 ,

f igs . 3 4 , 2 -3 , 1 1;

7 7 , 2 ;

R oudi l 1 972 , 1 50 , f i g . 8 1 , 6 ) .

N or man o r r e la ted

p a ls taves a re k nown f ro m O l t ingen , Base l land ,and C on they , V a la is , Sw i tzerl and ( Os terwa lder 1 971 , Ta f . 2 5 , 3 -5 ) a nd t he l a te T u mu lus d a te o f t he Me ikirch h oard ( 101 ) s uppor ts t he F rench c hrono logy .

The n arrow-b laded p a ls tave i n

t he Os tenfe ld h oard ( 9 8 ) s ugges ts t ha t l ooped N or man p a ls taves a ppeared b efore t he e nd o f AM .

O ther p oss ib le N ordic e xamp les o f N or man p a ls taves a re i n

t he h oard f ro m Pamhu le Mark , H aders lev Am t , J u t land , w i th a n u nd iagnos t ic p a ls tave ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 6 3 , 7 3 n o . 1 5 , p l . 1 ) (a , l ef t ); T rue , R anders Am t , J u t land ( i bid ., 7 2 n o . 4 0 , p l .

2 ) ;

Dragsho lm , H o lbaek Am t , Z ea land ,

( Aner a nd K ers ten 1 976 , 4 5 n o . 7 86 I , Ta f . 3 2 , b ot to m l ef t ) a nd b e tween Bars löv a nd V ä l luv , S cania ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 7 2 n o . 3 8; 1 03 ) .

O ldeberg 1 974 , 1 9 n o .

Ik now o f o n ly o ne c erta in e xamp le o f aN or man p a ls tave f ro m Be lg iu m

( L is t 7A , 7 ) ; t he p a ls tave i n N i j megen Museu m may b e N or man ( L is t 8 , 7 ) . There a re more t han f or ty N or man p a ls taves f ro m h oards i n s ou thern B ri ta in , t hough t hey h ave n ever b een r ecogn ised a s s uch .

Many o f R owlands '

l ooped n arrow-b laded p a ls taves a re Nor man , wh i le o thers a re B re ton o r t ransi t iona l ( 1976 , 3 6-38 , map 9 ) ; u n looped N orman p a ls taves a re i nc luded i n h is C lass 3 /2 ( see p .53 ) .

S even teen o r e igh teen u n looped N or man p a ls taves

a re k nown f ro m f i ve o r s ix h oards i n H a mpsh ire , S ussex a nd D orse t : ( 6 ) , Gab le H ead ( 12 ) , P ear T ree Green ( 15 ) ,

Dew lish

?Leav ing ton H ouse ( 20 ) , Marsha l l

E s ta te ( 32 ) , B lackrock ( 34 ); t wenty-six l ooped N or man p a ls taves a re k nown f ro m e leven h oards i n H ampsh ire , S ussex , D orse t , Devon , B erksh ire a nd Cambridgesh ire :

Wan tage ( 1 ) , G run ty F en ( 103 ) , C redi ton ( 5 ) , D ew lish ( 6 ) ,

G ri ms tone ( 8 ) , G ospor t ( 11) , G ab le H ead ( 12 ) , P ear Tree G reen ( 15 ) , Swanw ick ( 1 6) , L eav ing ton H ouse ( 20 ) , Marsha l l E sta te ( 32 ) .

S outh c oas t f inds

p redo mina te ( Map 5 ) a nd N or man p a ls taves o ccur mos t of ten i n t he l arge MBA2 h oards o f e as t Hampsh ire a nd wes t S ussex . f i nds b ut t hese a ppear t o b e s carce .

Ih ave n o t s ough t i so la ted

One i mpor tan t e xa mp le i s t he f rag men tary

l ooped p a ls tave f ro m t he b ot to m o f t he Ang le D i tch e nc losure o n Hand ley D own , Dorse t ( P i t t R ivers 1 898 , 1 06-107 , p l . 2 73 , 1 ; Museu m P i t t R ivers C o l lec t ion 2 C 41 3;

Smi th 1 959 , 1 85 n . 1 ;

S a lisbury

F ig . 2 7 , 8 ) ; t h is p a ls tave was a l mos t

c er ta in ly u sed i n d igg ing t he e nc losure d i tch .

The f rag men tary s ta te o ft he

p a ls tave r enders p recise i den t if ica t ion a l i t t le u ncerta in b u t , i fn o t N or man , i t i s v ery l i t t le l a ter . The p a ls tave s eries o f B e lg iu m a nd t he Ne ther lands Ou ts ide t he V oorhou t h oard ( 85 ) , s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves a re r are i n Be lg iu m a nd t he Ne ther lands ( L is t 3A , 1 1-12 ; 4 9

3B , 9 -10 ) .

Deve loped f langed

a xes w ere p robab ly more c o m mon d uring t he e ar ly M idd le B ronze Age i n t he Nether lands a nd , p erhaps , l a ter ; t here a re i den t ica l e xa mp les i n t he V oorhout a nd V eenenburg ( 125 ) h oards .

S top-ridge a xes o f V lag twede t ype a re f ound

ma in ly i n t he n or th-eas tern N e ther lands a nd p robab ly f orm t he wes tern margn o f aN ordic d is tribut ion ( Bu t ler 1 963b , 1 96-198 , 2 10 , f i g . 9 ) ; t he o n ly a ssociat ed f i nd , E pe ( 83 ) , s hows t ha t t hey were p robab ly s t i l l i n u se l a te i n t he M idd le Bronze Age . The l oca l p a ls tave s er ies o f t he Ne ther lands h as b een d escr ibed b y B u t ler . I n t he n or th t hree t ypes a re r ecogn ised :

p la in , s ide-f langed a nd O ldenburg

( 1963b , 2 00-203 , 2 10-212 , f i gs . 1 1-14 ) a l l v arian ts o f S prockhof f 's ' s lender p a ls tave t ype ' ( 1941 , Abb . 3 5a ;

S udho lz 1 964 , 3 1-33 ) .

The d istr ibu t ion o f

t hese p a ls taves i s c oncen tra ted i n t he n or th-eas tern p rov inces o ft he Ne therl ands , w i th a s ing le s ide-f langed p a lstave f ro m t he R h ine a t N i j megen .

F ro m

n or th-wes t G ermany , B ergmann l is ts p la in a nd s idef langed p a ls taves t o wh ich t he Dutch t ypes a re r e la ted ( 1970 , T e i l B , 4 1 , L is te 1 06-107 , Ta f . 6 , 1 -2 , Kar te 4 6) .

U se o ft he t er m Wes teuropä isches ' t o d escr ibe t hese Ger man

p a ls taves ( i b id .; L aux 1 971 , 8 3-84 ) i s mis leading ; n e i ther t hey , n or B erg man 's 'Wes teuropä isches A bsa tzbe i len ' ( 1970 , T e i l B , 4 1 , L is te 1 05 , T of . 5 , 2 0 , Kar te 4 6 ), s how s ign if ican t i nf luence f ro m t he B r i t ish o r F rench s er ies , o n ly ac lose s i mi lar i ty w i th t he Du tch a nd B e lg ian s er ies . Among t he sma l l n u mber o fp a ls taves k nown f ro m t he s ou th-eas tern Ne ther lands B u t ler d ist ingu ishes s evera l t ypes ( 1973b , 3 21-329 , Abb . 1 -5 ) : l arge a nd sma l l , p la in a nd r ibbed , n arrow a nd t apering , l ooped a nd u n looped . A f ragmen t o f ab ronze mou ld was f ound i n t he Meuse a t B uggene m , L i mburg , The d is tr ibu t ion o f t hese l ower Meuse p a ls taves i n t he N e ther lands i s c oncent ra ted i n t he s outh-eas t w i th o ut l iers t o t he n or th a nd wes t ( i bid . ,Abb . 6 ) ; Be lg ian f i nds c onf ir m t he l ower Meuse c oncen tra t ion ( Map 7 ) .

The p reh is tor ic

d is tribut ion o verrides modern p o l i t ica l b oundar ies wh ich d is tor t t he t rue p ict ure , f or l ower Meuse p a ls taves o ccur i n a d jacen t p ar ts o f G er many .

S udholz

h as d ea l t w i th t hose f ound e as t o ft he R h ine ( 1964 , Ta f . 3 4 , 3 -4 , sma l l , l ooped ;

3 9 , 3 , l arge , l ooped;

l ooped;

3 8, 3 ; 3 9 , 1 , sma l l , u n looped ) a nd t here i s ab ronze mou ld f or a

2 4 , 4 ;

3 1 , 4 , r ibbed;

3 8 , 1 -2 , 4 , l arge , u n-

l arge , l ooped e xamp le f ro m t he R . L ippe a t Werne , K r . L t idinghausen ( i b id ., Ta f . 3 7 ) .

A n a ddi t iona l l ower Meuse p a ls tave f ro m L ower S axony c o mes f ro m

O tersen , K r . V erden ( Schune mann 1 975 , 6 5 , Abb . 1 0 ) .

On t he r igh t b ank o f

t he R h ine t here a re e xa mp les f ro m D t isse ldorf , l ooped , a nd P orz , u n looped ( Marscha l l , Narr a nd v on U s lar 1 954 , 6 3 , 1 02 , A bb . 1 8 ) .

Wes t o f t he R h ine

t hree a re k nown f ro m K r . G e ldern , a t Wanku m a nd We t ten ( Geschwendt 1 960 , Ta t . 1 5 , 1 -3 ) a nd t hree more f ro m K r . K re mpen -Krefe ld , a t H insbeck , B rach t a nd K re mpen ( Loewe 1 971 , T af . 2 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 ) .

L ower Meuse p a ls taves

a re a bsen t f ro m h oards a nd a re o n ly d a ted b y t heir t ypo logica l r ese mb lance t o n or th-wes t G er man p a ls taves o f M I I ( Bu t ler 1 973b , 3 29 ) . N ordic p a ls taves o f

There a re f our

R ige l o r M E I d a te f ro m t he N e ther lands ( L is t 1 0 ,

4 -7).

O ft he p a lstaves o fp robab le B ri t ish o r n or th-eas tern F rench o r ig in ( L is t 8 , 6 -8 , 1 1-12 ) a l l b u t t he e xamp le f ro m N org , Dren the , c ou ld b e p ar t o f t he s a me d is tr ibut ion p a t tern a s t he f inds f ro m B e lg iu m . N o s ys te ma t ic w ork h as b een p ub lished o n B e lg ian p a ls taves a nd n one i s a ssured ly k nown t o b e long t o ah oard ( i b id ., 3 29 , n . 1 3 ) .

S h ie ld-pa t tern ,

B re ton a nd N or man p a ls taves a re s carce ; l o wer Meuse p a ls taves may h ave 5 0

b een p roduced i n n or th-eas tern B e lg iu m .

O ther p a ls taves h ave b een l is ted

b y Des it tere ( 1976 , 8 9-90 ); mos t a ppear t o b e o f B ri t ish o r S o m me-O iseA isne o r igin ( L ist 8 , 1 -5 , 9 -10 ) .

The d eve loped f langed a xes k nown i n a d-

j acen t a reas a ppear t o b e a bsen t f ro m B e lgiu m . Ne i ther i n B e lg iu m , n or i n t he N e ther la nds , d o l oca l p a ls tave t ypes a ppear t o h ave b een p roduced af ter t he M idd le B ronze A ge . N ordic p a ls taves .

L IST 1 0 .

MAP 9

The e ar l ies t N ordic p a ls tave f ro m B r i ta in o r t he Ne ther lands i s t he e xamp le f ro m Emmerco mpascuu m , D ren the ( L is t 1 0 , 4 ) , ac oup le o fk i lome tres f ro m t he G er man b order .

T h is p a ls tave , w i th Y -ornamen t , b e longs

t o t he S öge l-Va ls g Smog le h or izon o f l a te M I ( Lo mborg 1 968, 1 08 , f i g . 2 , 4 ) a nd i s p robab ly a n o u t lier o f t he n or th-wes t G er man d is tr ibut ion ( Berg mann 1 970 , 1 970 , Te i l B , 2 7 , L is te 4 6 , Ta f . 3 , 7 , Kar te 1 6) .

I ti s s tr ik ing t ha t t hese

d is t inc t ive p a ls taves a ssocia ted w i th s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves i n N ordic h oards , e .g . I l s moor ( 92 ) s hou ld b e a bsen t f ro m wes tern E urope . The D r if f ie ld p a ls tave ( L is t 1 0 , 3 ) b e longs t o t he ' co m mon n orth E uropean t ype ' o f M I I ( I bid ., 3 7, L is te 8 6 , Ta f . 5 , 1 , Kar te 3 5 ;

S udholz 1 964 , 2 9-30 ,

L is te 4 , Kar te X ) , w idespread i n n or th-wes t G er many a nd Wes tpha lia , a nd t he M i tcham p a ls tave ( L is t 1 0 , 2 ) b e longs t o av arian t o ft h is t ype w i th a n arrow midr ib ( Bergmann 1 970 , T ei l B , 3 7 , L is te 8 8 , Ta f . 5 , 3 ) .

L aux d a tes t h is

g roup o f P a ls taves t o l a te 1 V I I I a nd e ar ly M IT I i n t he L uneburg a rea ( 1971 , 8 1 , T of . 7 4 , 1 -5 ) .

The E pe p a ls tave ( L is t 1 0 , 6 ) i s a lso M I T , aN ord ic f or m r are

s o f ar wes t ( Laux 1 971 , 8 3 ;

S udho lz 1 964 , 3 5-36, Kar te I X ) .

The o r ig in o f t he

We l ling ton p a ls tave i s e ven more r emote ( L is t 1 0 , 1 ) ; i ta ppears t o b e aG rea t P o lish t ype o f 1 V I I I I d a te , o therw ise u nknown wes t o f t he E lbe ( Kos trzewsk i 1 963 ; v on M i lner 1 973 ) .

The p a ls tave f ro m t he b arrow a t Den B urg , Texe l

( L is t 1 0 , 7 ) , i s p robab ly M I T . R ow lands c la ims t ha t ap a ls tave f ro m t he Thames n ear L ondon ( 1976 , 3 19 , n o . 7 08 ) , n ow i n t he P i t t R ivers Museu m , Oxford , i s N ordic b u t i tb e longs t o n o r egu lar N ord ic t ype . B ohe m ian p a lstaves .

L IST 1 1 .

MAP 9

The e v idence o ft he N euha ldens leben h oard ( 94 ) s ugges ts t ha t t he t wo B ohe mian p a ls taves f ro m E x i ta in c ou ld h ave r eached t here a s e ar ly a s t he b eg inn ing o ft he M idd le B ronze Age .

The I l sing ton p a lstave ( L is t 1 1 , 2 ) was

f ound w i th in a n a ncien t f i e ld s yste m , i n a n a rea r ich i n B ronze Age o ccupa t ion , a nd i ts eems u n l ike ly t ha t i t was n ot a n a ncient i mpor t .

T here a re o n ly t wo

B ohe mian p a ls taves f ro m F rance ( Briard a nd V erron 1 976a , 1 22 ) a nd Ik now o f n one f ro m B e lg ium o r t he N e ther lands . The M idd le B ronze A ge p a ls tave s er ies o f s ou thern Br i ta in The o n ly c o mprehensive s urvey o f t he M idd le B ronze Age p a ls tave s er ies o f s ou thern B ri ta in i s t ha t o f R ow lands ( 1976 , 2 7-40 ) , whose c lass if ica t ion w i l l b e c ons idered b e low .

I ti s b ased o n t ha t o f B u t ler ( 1963a , 4 8-59 ) , whose

ma in p urpose was c o mparison w i th c on t inenta l t ypes , e specia l ly i n t he Nordic a rea .

I n h er r eappra isa l o f t he B ri t ish M idd le B ronze Age , Sm i th ( 1959 ,

5 1

1 64-168 , 1 76-177 , A ppendices1 2 ) p roposed a s imp le c lassif ica t ion o f M idd le B ronze A ge p a ls taves wh ich s he d is t inguished f rom L a te B ronze Age f orms . B urgess ( 1974 , f i g . 3 1 ) i l lustra tes t he A ng lo- We lsh p a ls tave s eries , t hough a l l h is e xamp les s ave o ne c o me f ro m Wa les a nd t he Marches . My p urpose i s n o t t o p ropose a nother c lass if ica t ion o ft he B r i t ish p a ls tave s er ies , b ut t o c o mpare w i th c on t inenta l s er ies , p ar t icu lar ly t ha t o fn or thern F rance . F rance was n o t B ut ler 's p r imary c oncern , t hough h e of ten r efers t o B reu iPs a r t ic le o f 1 905 ; B urgess c o m men ts b r ief ly o n t he F rench ma teria l ( 1 969a ; 1 974 , 2 03 n . 2 45-247 ) ; R ow lands i s al i t t le more e xp l ici t ( 1 976 , 2 8, 3 0 , 3 2-33 , 3 6-37, 1 49-152 , p ls . 5 2-53 ) . s outhern B r i ta in a nd n cr thern France ,

T he f u l l e x ten t o f r e la t ions b e tween a s e xe mp l if ied b y p a ls taves , h as r i ot

b een r ecogn ised . T he l as t t hree g roups o f R ow lands ' s h ie ld-pa t tern c lass ( 1976 , 2 9-30 ) a re b es t d ea lt w i th s epara te ly f ro m e ar ly s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves . C lass 1/5a i s c harac ter ised b y f u l l l ea f-shaped f l anges , c rino l ine b lade a nd i ndis t inct s h ie ld-pa t tern ; af ew e xa mp les a re l ooped .

These p a ls taves a re mos t c o m mon

i n H ampsh ire ( i b id ., map 3 ) a nd t hey o ccur i n a l l t he l arges t s ou th c oas t h oards : G ospor t ( 1 1 ) , G ab le H ead ( 12 ) , N ewpor t-Fa ir le igh ( 1 8 ) , P ear T ree G reen ( 15 ) , Marsha l l E s ta te ( 32 ) ,f i g . 1 1 ) . Th is i ndica tes t ha t t hey were mos t c o mmon d ur ing MBA2 .

I n o n ly t wo h oards a re t hey f ound w i th t ypo log ica l ly

e ar l ier s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves : B ur ley ( 10 ) a nd P ri t t lewe l l , E ssex ( i b id . , 2 35 n o . 4 4 , p l . 4 ; t he l ooped p a ls tave i s c lear ly 1 /4 , n o t 2 /4 ) . I n b o th c ases t he h oard c on ta ins o n ly a s imp le e ar ly p a ls tave . 1/5b p a ls taves h ave a c rinol i ne b lade , u sua l ly b earing p s i-ornamen t ; t hey a re of ten l ooped a nd c an h ave r ibs i n t he s eptu m .

They a re s e t a par t f ro m o ther s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves

b y t he ir s ide-f langed b lades ( i b id . ,p l . 2 8 , 5 17-561 ) . These p a ls taves a re f ound p rincipa l ly i n H ampsh ire a nd t he l ower Thames v a l ley ( i b id ., map 3 ) . A l l h oard a ssoc ia t ions a re MBA2 ( i b id ., f i g . 1 1 ) , 1 /5b p a ls taves a re n ever f ound w i th t ypo log ica l ly e ar l ier f or ms . t o

1/5a a nd

8 31 ) .

1/5b w i th

1/ 6

i s a sma l l g roup s imi lar i n f or m

i nset o rnament d iv ided b y al ong midr ib ( i b id ., p l . 2 8 ,

Th is g roup i s c oncen tra ted i n E ssex a nd t here i s n o e v idence f or i t s

a ppearance b efore MBA 2 . R ow lands ' c omparison o f 1/5 a nd 1/6 p a lstaves t o t he N or man t ype ( i b id . ,3 0 ) i s q u i te u nconv incing ; s ize , f orm a nd o rnamen t a re a l l d if feren t . R ow lands a ppears t o p lace t oo much emphas is o n t he s h ie ld-pa t tern mot if a s ac r i terion f or c lass if ica t ion .

1/5b p a lstaves

s hou ld s ure ly b e g rouped w i th

s ide-f langed p a lstaves ; t here s eems t o me t o b e n o r eason why , e .g . t he t wo l ooped s ide-f langed p a ls taves i n t he P ear T ree G reen h oard ( i b id ., 2 41 n o . 6 6 , p l . 6 (66) 7 -8 ) ; F ig . 8A , 1 2-13 ) s hou ld b e s epara ted b e tween 1/5b a nd 2 /2 . Associa t ions a nd o rnament s e t 1/6 p a ls taves a par t f ro m s h ie ld-pa t tern p a lst aves .

O n ly

1/5

a ppears t o i nc lude s o me g enuine s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves ,

e .g . i n t he T i tchf ie ld h oard ( i b id ., 2 43 n o . 7 2 , p l . 5 ) . S ide-f langed p a ls taves , e xcep t ing ( i b id ., 3 0-32 , map 4 ) .

1/5b ,

c ons t i tu te R ow lands ' C lass 2

The t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly f orm , 2 /1 , r e ta ins t he c on-

t i nuous p rof i le o f s top-r idge a xes w i th t h icker b lade , h igher s top-r idge a nd , u sua l ly , a midr ib ( i b id . ,p l . 2 9 , 7 31-525 , c f .

P l .

2 6, 2 52-238 ) .

T h is f orm

o ccurs i n t he Thames v a l ley a nd s ou thern E ng land , b u t i s a bsen t f rom h oards i n t h is a rea .

A ssocia ted f i nds f ro m o ther a reas s uggest t ha t i t was p resen t 5 2

i n MBA1

B urgess "ear ly r ibbed p a lstaves ' , s ide-f langed w i th p rotruding

s top-ridge a nd a ngu lar j unct ion i n p rof i le b e tween f langes a nd b lade , a ppeared i n t he A c ton P ark c omp lex ( 1964 1 20 n . 1 5-16;

G rimes 1 951 , f ig . 6 5 , 6 ) .

On

t he c ont inen t , f orms t rans i t iona l t o t rue p a ls taves , w i th h igh s top-r idge a nd midrib , o ccurred i n T rebou l h oards ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 8 0-81 ) a nd i n e ar ly M I I h oards , e .g . R ah low ( 9 6 ) ;

r e la ted a xes a re k nown i n t he P ar is a rea ,

e .g . w i th l ow s top-r idge , i n t he e ar ly B ronze Moyen h oard f ro m P la isir , Y vel i nes ( Gaucher 1 973 , 2 18-219 , f i g . 6A ) . Deve loped s ide-f langed p a ls taves h ave a p ro truding s top-r idge w i th a n a ngu lar j unc t ion i n p rof i le b e tween f l anges a nd b lade .

2 /2 p a ls taves h ave a

w idespread d is tribut ion , b ut a re c haracter is t ic o f t he u pper Thames v a l ley ( i b id ., p l . 2 9 , 8 38-(121 ) , map 2 ) .

H oard a ssoc ia t ions ( i b id . ,f i g . 1 11) a re

o verwhe lming ly o f MBA 2 , t hough t he h oard f ro m Wragby , L incs . ( i bid . ,2 49 n o . 9 2 ;

Davey 1 973 , 1 18 , f i gs . 2 36-238 ) , i nc ludes a d eve loped s h ie ld-pa t tern

p a ls tave w i th t wo s ide-f langed p a lstaves a nd t he Near C an terbury h oard ( 24 ) c on ta ins a s imi lar p a lstave a longs ide t hree s ide-f langed p a ls taves . Wragby f i nd may h ave b een p ar t o f al arger h oard ( i b id ., 9 4 ) .

The

R ow lands a t tr i-

b utes t he s ide-f langed a xes i n t he R t i l i low ( 9 6) a nd F r0 jk ( 100 ) h oards t o 2 /2 , t hough t he R t ih low a xe i s s ure ly a n e ar lier f orm , wh ich r emoves h is d oub ts a bout t he f eas ib i l i ty o f s uch d a t ing ( i bid ., 3 1 ) .

2 /3 p a ls taves a re l arger t han

2 /2 , a lways w i th a c r ino line b lade a nd n ever l ooped ( i b id ., p l . 2 9 , 5 29-678 ) . Th is i s p redo minan t ly a s ou th c oast t ype ( i bid . ,map 4 ) , o ccurring e xc lus ive ly i n MBA 2 h oards .

2 /2 p a ls taves n orma l ly b ear midr ib o rnament wh i le 2 /3 h ave

ag roup o f s hor t r ibs b e low t he s top-ridge a nd a midr ib o r r idge o n t he l ower p ar t o f t he b lade .

I ti s p resu mab ly t h is mot if wh ich l ed R ow lands ( i b id . ,3 2 )

t o a t tr ibu te t he b road-b laded p a ls taves i n t he Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard ( 61 ) t o 2 /3 , t hough Ic anno t f i nd c lose ly c o mparab le B r i t ish e xamp les .

The s ide-

f l anged p a ls tave i n t he L a C hape l le h oard ( 46) 1 6 , p robab ly b e longs t o 2 /2 . H igh-f langed p a ls taves , u sua l ly l ooped w i th midr ib o rnamen t , c onst i tu te 2 /4 , a sma l l g roup w i th w es ter ly d is tr ibu t ion ( i b id . ,map 4 ) . R ow lands ( i b id ., 3 2-33 , map 5 ) h as n amed h is t h ird c lass o fp a ls taves af ter t he B irch ing ton h oard ( 23 ) .

T hese p a ls taves a re u n looped w i th l ow f l anges ,

c r ino l ine o r t r iangu lar b lades , u sua l ly w i th i nse t o rnament . ab road b lade , c r ino line o r t r iangu lar ; Mos t 3 /2 p a lstaves a re N orman .

3 /1 p a lstaves h ave

3 /2 h ave a n arrower t r iangu lar b lade .

C lass 3 p a lstaves a re t h in ly s pread o ver s outh-

e as t E ng land w i th c oncen tra t ions o n t he H ampsh ire a nd S ussex c oas t a nd i n e as t K ent .

H oard a ssocia t ions a re MBA2 ,

t hough t here i s as h ie ld-pa t tern

p a ls tave i n t he N ear C an terbury h oard ( 24 ) ( i b id ., f i g . 1 1 ) .

The p a ls tave i n

t he E pe h oard p robab ly b e longs t o 3 /1 , a s d o t he b road-b laded p a lstaves w i th i nse t o rnament f ound b e tween t he A isne a nd t he R h ine ( L ists 4 , 1 4-19 ;

8 , 9 -

1 2 ) a nd t he p a ls tave w i th t r iangu lar o rnamen t i n t he G isors h oard ( 47 ) 1 . P a ls taves o f R ow lands ' C lass 4 /1 a re d is t ingu ished b y a n i l l-def ined s topr idge , f langes j oin ing t o f or m a c urved- o r s h ie ld-shaped mot if a nd a b road b lade , of ten w i th a med ium r idge ( i b id ., 3 3-34 ) .

There i s ap art icu lar ly f i ne

e xamp le f rom B i l lingham , I s le o f Wigh t ( Car isbrooke C as t le Museu m ; 2 8, 3 ) .

F ig .

The ma jor i ty o f t hese p a lstaves h ave b een f ound o n t he I s le o f Wigh t ,

where t hey p redo mina te i n most h oards ;

mos t o ther e xamp les a re f ro m a d-

j acent a reas o f t he ma in land ( i bid . ,map 6 ) .

5 3

S ince t hese p a ls taves a ppear t o

h ave b een p roduced ma in ly o n t he I s le o f W igh t , i ts ee ms more a ppropr ia te t o r efer t o t hem a s ' I s le o f Wigh t p a ls taves ' , r a ther t han ' Werrar p a ls taves ' af ter a sma l l h oard f ro m a n o bscure p lace n o t r eadi ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he i s land . The B r i t ish d is tribut ion o f I s le o f W igh t p a ls taves h as b een e xam ined u s ing r egress ion a na lys is ( Hodder 1 974 , 1 76-177, 1 82 , f i g . 1 9 , 1 0 ) .

T he c onc lus ion

r eached was t ha t t he d is tr ibut ion c overs a l oca l ised a rea a nd i s s imi lar t o t ha t o f , ' co m moner a nd c oarser p roducts s uch a s t i les a nd c oarse p ot tery ' .

Th is

s eems t o s ugges t t ha t I s le o f W igh t p a ls taves w ere a c o m mon t oo l p roduced f or d is tr ibu t ion w i th in a c er ta in r eg ion a nd r are ly f ound o uts ide t ha t r eg ion . R ow lands c ompares I r ish a nd S co t t ish a xes a nd B ohemian p a ls taves w i th I s le o f Wigh t p a ls taves ( i b id . ,3 4 ) b ut F rench p ara l le ls a re more r e levan t .

W ith in

t he g roup o f e ar ly F rench p a ls taves ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 8 3 , f i g . 1 ) a re e xamp les wh ich r ese mb le t he I s le o f W igh t t ype ( L is t 1 2 ) .

These F rench

p a ls taves s hou ld b e r e la ted t o l oca l s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves w i th i ndist inc t s top-r idge o f e ar ly B ronze Moyen ( L is t 3A ) , wh i le a ssocia ted f i nds o f I s le o f Wigh t p a ls taves , e .g . Gab le H ead ( 12 ) , P ear Tree G reen ( 15 ) , Swanw ick ( 1 6) , i nd ica te a MBA2 d a te .

A F rench o r igin f or I s le o f Wigh t p a lstaves c annot b e

e xc luded . I n c onnec t ion w i th I s le o f W igh t p a lstaves , R ow lands ' s ugges t ion ( 1976 , 1 30 ) t ha t t he i s land was s t i l l j oined t o t he ma in land d ur ing t he B ronze Age i s i mp lausib le ;

i tw ou ld h ave b een c u t o f f d uring t he Meso l i th ic p er iod ( Oak ley 1 943 ) .

C lass 4 /2 p a ls taves h ave a n i rregu lar s top-r idge a nd a n arrow midr ib , s o me t imes s l igh t ly r ecessed .

Th is t ype a ppears t o b e c onf ined t o s ou thern

Hampsh ire ( Row lands 1 976 , 3 4 ) , o ccurr ing i n t he G ospor t ( 11 ) a nd P ear T ree G reen ( 15 ) h oards a nd a t t he C ha l ton s e t t lement ( F ig . 2 6 , 6 ) . L arge , l ooped p a ls taves w i th b road b lades f or m R ow lands ' C lass 5 ( i b id ., 3 4-36 ) .

5 /1 p a lstaves h ave l ow f l anges a nd t h ick midr ib o r t riden t o rnament ;

5 /2 h ave h igh f l anges .

The f or mer a re s pread t h in ly o ver s ou thern , e as tern

a nd mid land E ng land , whereas t he l a t ter a re l arge ly c onf ined t o t he s outhe as t ( i bid . ,map 7 ) .

5 /1 p a ls taves o ccur i n s evera l MBA2 h oards ( i b id . ,f i g .

1 1 ) b u t t he more mass ive f or ms w i th t h ick midr ib ( i b id ., p ls . 2 3 , 6 ; o ccur i n LBA1 ( s ee p . 9 5 ).

3 1 , 4 48 )

5 /2 p a ls taves , l i ke u n looped h ighf langed p a l-

s taves o f C lass 6 ( i bid ., 3 6 , map 8 ) , o ccur i n MBA2 h oards i n s ou th-wes tern E ng land . D oub le-looped p a ls taves .

L IST 1 3

Af ew p a ls taves f ro m t he B r i t ish I s les h ave a l oop o n e i ther s ide o ft he b lade .

Mos t c o me f ro m s ou th-west E ng land , p ar t icu lar ly S o merse t .

There

i s o ne r e l iab le a ssocia ted f i nd , t he Wes t B uck land h oard ( 30 ) , a nd o ne l ess r e liab le f rom c en tra l Wa les ( L is t 1 3 , 1 3 ) . These p a ls taves a re mass ive i n f orm w i th c o mpara t ive ly n arrow b lades i n p roport ion t o b road s ep ta .

T he

b lades i nvar iab ly b ear a r ib , of ten o fb road c on ica l f or m . S evera l s tudies o fd oub lelooped p a ls taves h ave b een made ( Craw ford 1 911-12;

G ray 1 905 ;

1 937;

C h i lde 1 939 ) wh ich r e la ted t hem t o t he d oub le-

l ooped p a lstaves o f t he I ber ian p eninsu la .

S avory h as s ubsequent ly s hown

t ha t t he p eninsu lar p a ls taves a re d if feren t i n f orm f ro m t he i nsu lar o nes , b e ing u sua l ly l onger w i th l arger l oops a nd h exagona l o r s ide-f langed b lade

5 4

s ec t ions; t he c on ica l r ib i s a bsen t ( 1958b ;

1 966-68 ) .

On t he r a ther s lender

e v idence o ft he p resence i n t he A rgani l h oard , B e ira , P ortuga l , o f af ragmen t o f ar ing-socke ted s ick le o f B ri t ish f orm a longs ide a d oub le-looped p a ls tave ( de Cas tro N unes 1 957 ) , h e s ugges ted t ha t t he I ber ian p a lstaves may h ave b een d er ived f ro m t he B r i t ish . The B r i t ish d istr ibut ion o f d oub lelooped p a ls taves ( Row lands 1 976 , map 1 0 ) , i ndica tes t ha t t he ir o r igin s hou ld b e i n s ou th-wes t E ng land .

Th is i s t he

a rea o f t he S o merse t M idd le B ronze Age o rnament h oards t o wh ich Wes t B uck land b e longs .

F our p a lstaves i n t he Taun ton h oard h ave t he b road V -

g roove mot if p resent o n t he West B uck land p a ls tave ( I nv . Arch . GB43 , 2 3-26 ). Broad midr ibs a re a lso k nown o n h igh-f langed p a lstaves ( i b id ., 2 8; I nv . -A rch . GB45 ,

2 ;

E g leshan i Meadow h oard ( 7 ) )a nd o n b road-b laded p a ls taves o f LBA1

( s ee p . 5 4 , 9 5 ).

T he ' cen tra l Wa les ' a ssoc ia t ion , w i th a g old t ore , a lso s ug-

g es ts a M idd le B ronze Age o r igin f or d oub lelooped p a ls taves ( Eogan 1 967, 1 60-161 ) . Ad ozen d oub lelooped p a ls taves a re k nown f ro m F rance ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 1 09-112 ; C ordier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 2 59-260 , f i g . 5 8) . The more n or ther ly e xamp les a re p robab ly d oub le-looped v ers ions o fl oca l p a ls taves ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 1 09 ) wh i le t he o thers a re p robab ly o f I ber ian o r igin o r i nsp ira t ion .

A ssocia ted f i nds a re o f B ronze F ina l Io r I l d a te ( i b id . ,1 10 ) .

The p ropor t ions o f t he D einze p a ls tave a re t hose o f a n I ber ian e xa mp le a nd t he s ide-f lange w i th midr ib s ect ion c an d egenera te i n to t wo g rooves , e .g . t he e xamp le f rom P rov . C oru l ia , n or th-wes tern S pa in ( Mon teagudo 1 965 , 3 1 n o . 5 7 , l am . 2 ) , g iven a m id-n in th-cen tury d a te . F ur ther n or th , t here i s a n u ndecora ted e xamp le , a lso o f I ber ian p roport ions , f rom W i ldeshausen , K r . O ldenburg , 6 0 , Abb . 5 2 ;

S udho lz 1 964 , 3 3 ) .

L ower S axony ( Sprockhof f 1 941 ,

O ne o f t he F rench d oub lelooped p a ls taves ,

f ro m Tarbes , Hau tes-Pyrenees , i s s imi lar ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 1 09 , f ig . 3 , 3 ) .

There i s a no ther u ndecora ted e xamp le f ro m S vansha ls , O s tergo t land ,

Sweden ( O ldeberg 1 974 , 2 95 n o . 2 307 ) . Pa ls tave d is tribut ion The d is tribu t ion o f M idd le B ronze Age p a ls taves i n t hose p ar ts o f E urope b order ing o n t he Channe l a nd t he N or th S ea s hows s evera l d ist inct r eg iona l d iv isions .

I n t he wes t , B re ton p a ls taves s carce ly p ene tra te L ower N or mandy .

Nor man p a ls taves a re mos t n u merous i n t he l o wer v a l ley o ft he S eine b u t o ccur i n s o me q uant i ty a s f ar s ou th a s P ar is .

The S o m me-O ise-A isne g roup i s

i s more h e terogeneous b ut a ppears t o b e d is t inc t f ro m t he N orman a rea . L ower Meuse p a ls taves a re f ound i n t he s ou th-eas tern N ether lands a nd i n n or thern a nd n or th-eas tern B e lg iu m .

N or th D u tch p a lstaves a re ma in ly c on-

f i ned t o t he e as tern p rov inces o f t he N e ther lands .

The w es tern N e ther lands ,

wes tern a nd s ou thern B e lg iu m a nd t he a d jacent p ar ts o f F rance :

Nord , P as-

d e-Ca la is a nd A rdennes , a ppear t o b e d evoid o fl oca l p a ls tave t ypes a nd t h is a rea f orms a b oundary b e tween t he N ordic p rov ince , o f wh ich t he N orth Du tch a nd L ower Meuse p a lstaves .represent t he wes tern marg in , a nd t he A t lan t ic p rov ince , r epresented b y B ri t ish a nd F rench t ypes .

5 5

I n B r i ta in , t he mos t d is t inct r eg iona l g roup c omprises t he h igh-f langed p a ls taves o f s outh-wes tern E ng land c oncen tra ted i n S omerse t , Devon a nd C ornwa l l . Two ma in c oncen tra t ions o fp a lstave h oards a re k nown i n s outhe as tern E ng land , o n t he e as t H ampsh ire-wes t S ussex c oas t , a nd a long t he v a l ley a nd e s tuary o f t he T hames . N o tw i ths tanding r ecen t f i nds , Sm i th 's maps ( 1959 , 1 69 ) s t i l l g ive a n a ccura te p ic ture o ft he d is tr ibut ion o f M idd le Bronze Age p a ls tave h oards i n s ou thern E ng land . c ognised .

O ther g roups c an b e r e-

D oub lelooped p a ls taves s upp lemen t t he s ou th-western g roup .

I n

t he s ou th c oas t g roup , I s le o f W igh t p a lstaves a re c om mon i n t he wes t a nd s idef l anged p a ls taves i n t he e as t . T here i s l i t t le e v idence f or c on t inenta l i nf luence i n t he s ou th-wes tern g roup ; s ix teen h oards c on ta in s outh-western p a ls taves ( Row lands 1 976 , f i g . 1 1 ) b u t t hese h oards c on ta in o n ly a s ing le c on t inenta l p a ls tave , t he l ooped N orman e xamp le f ro m C redi ton ( 5 ) ;

s outh-eas tern p a lstaves a re a lso r are

( f or wha t f o l lows , s ee T ab les 7 -8 ) : H oards

S outh-wes tern

1 6

O ther B r i t ish

I mported

4

1

3 9

=4 4

More t han 1 0% o f o ther p a ls taves i n h oards r ecorded b y R ow lands ( i b id .) a re i mpor ts : H oards 7 0

B r i t ish 4 31

Impor ted 5 1

F our s ou th c oas t h oards :

Marsha l l E sta te ( 3 2 ) , P ear T ree G reen ( 15 ) , N ew-

=4 82

p or t-Fa ir le igh ( 1 8 ) , G ab le H ead ( 12 ) , t oge ther c on ta in o ne h undred a nd s ix ty p a ls taves , a bou t 3 0% o ft he t o ta l n u mber o fp a ls taves i n h oards r ecorded b y R ow lands .

Three o ft hese h oards :

Marsha l l E s ta te , P ear T ree G reen , G ab le

H ead , t ogether c onta in t wenty-n ine i mpor ted p a lstaves , C . 5 6% o f t he t o ta l f ro m B ri t ish h oards .

O uts ide t he H ampsh ire-Sussex c oasta l a rea o n ly f our

h oards f ro m s ou thern E ng land c er ta in ly c onta ined t en o r more M idd le B ronze Age p a ls taves :

B urnham ( 2 ) e igh teen , B irch ing ton ( 23 ) f our teen , Taun ton ( I nv .

Arch . GB 5 ) t we lve , L eopo ld S tree t , O xford ( I nv . A rch . GB 4 3 ) t en .

T he

S t ibbard h oard , N orfo lk , i s r ecorded a s h av ing c on ta ined a bou t s eventy ' ce lts ' ( I nv . A rch . GB 5 0 ) b u t t he p a ls taves , l i ke t he s pearheads i n t h is h oard , a re min ia tures c . 1 0 cm a nd c . 1 7-18 cm l ong r espect ive ly . F rench h oards a ppear t o h ave c on ta ined f ar more p a lstaves t han t he ir B r i t ish c oun terpar ts : H oards S outhern E ng land N or th-eas tern F rance B r i t tany ( see p . 4 5 , 4 8 , a bove ).

P a lstaves

8 6

5 26

c . 1 00 _ c . 6 0 _

_ . 2 ,0 00 . c .. 2 ,000

T he l arges t B r i t ish p a ls tave h oards c on ta in t he h ighes t n u mbers o f i mp or ted p a lstaves , p redo minan t ly N orman ; b oth t hese f ac tors i ndica te i nf luence f ro m F rance s pec if ica l ly f ro m U pper N ormandy .

There i s l i t t le e v idence

f ro m N orman p a ls tave h oards f or r eciproca l i nf luence ; 5 6

Ic an i den t ify o n ly

t wo p a ls taves o f p robab le B r i t ish o r ig in i n N orman h oards , t he s ide-f langed p a ls tave i n t he L a Chape l le h oard ( 46) 1 6 a nd t he p a ls tave w i th t r iangu lar i nse t i n t he G isors h oard ( 4 7) 1 , a nd n e i ther f orm i s p ar t icu lar ly c harac teris t ic o f t he s ou th c oas t h oards . N orman h oards .

I s le o f Wigh t p a ls taves a ppear t o b e a bsent f ro m

Me ta l a na lys is s hou ld p rov ide f ur ther e v idence a nd N orthover

( 1977 , 6 6; p ers . c om m . )h as s ugges ted t ha t t he h igh n icke l c on ten t o f s o me p a ls taves f rom t he I s le o f Wigh t may b e ac ont inenta l f ea ture , b u t f ew a na lyses o f N orman p a ls taves a re y e t a va i lab le .

The q uan t i ty o fb ronzes i n N or mandy

s ugges ts t ha t t here was n o s hortage o f me ta l t here a nd t he p resence o f N or man p a ls taves i n s outhern E ng land w i th t he r ar i ty o f E ng lish p a ls taves i n N or mandy s ugges ts t ha t b ronze was b e ing a cqu ired f ro m N ormandy .

I n r e turn , B ri t ish

t in c ou ld b e i nvoked , b ut a lso n on- me ta l l ic ma teria l o f wh ich we h ave l i t t le e v idence . P a ls taves o f B r i t ish f or m , o r a ctua l e xpor ts , o ccur i n t he S o m me-O iseA isne g roup i n t he B ernay-Pon tho i le ( 6 6 ) , Amiens Museu m ( 65 ) a nd Do m miers ( 42 ) h oards . The c o mparanda f or t hese s ide-f langed, i nse t a nd p s i-orna men ted p a ls taves a re ma in ly i n h oards f ro m K ent a nd S ussex ; i so la ted f i nds i n Be lg iu m a nd t he s ou thern N e ther lands ( L is t 8 , 1 -2 , 6 , 9 -12 ) p robab ly r epresent a c ont i nua t ion o ft he s ame d is tr ibu t ion .

There i s l i t t le o ver lap b e tween t he d is tribu-

t i on o f t hese p a lstaves a nd t he L ower Meuse a nd N or th D u tch t ypes . Wh i le t he p a ls tave was t he d o minan t t oo l o ft he l a ter M idd le B ronze Age i n s ou thern B r i ta in , t h is was n ot t he c ase i n t he n or th .

P a lstaves o f M idd le

B ronze Age d a te a re r are i n t he s ix n or thern c oun t ies o f E ng land b eyond t he H u mber- Mersey l i ne ;

a s i n S cot land , s hor t-f langed a xes were d o minan t

( Burgess a nd M ike t 1 974 , 2 9-30 ) .

P a lstaves o ccur i n o n ly o ne h oard o f t he

n or thern M idd le B ronze Age , H o tham Carr , Y orks . f i g . 3 , 2 , 6 -7 ) , a nd o ne o f t hese i s p robab ly I rish .

( Burgess 1 968b , 3 -5 , I so la ted e xa mp les o f

I r ish a nd Ang lo- We lsh p a ls taves a re a lso k nown ( i b id ., f i g . 2 , 1 -4 , 8 ) . C oles ( 1963-64 , 1 32-141 ) l i s ts f if ty-one M idd le B ronze Age p a ls taves f ro m S cot land , t hough s o me o f h is f l anged a xes c ou ld b e c lassed a s p a ls taves B urgess a nd M ike t 1 974 , 2 8-29 n . 2 ) . B ronze Age h oards :

,9 2 , 1 02 ;

Pa ls taves o ccur i n f our S cot t ish M idd le

G reyfr iars C hurch , Du mfr ies ( Co les 1 963-64 , 1 51 , f i g .

1 8 , 1 -3 ) , C ra ig-a-Bhoda ich , S uther land ( i bid ., 1 55 , f i g . 1 8 , 7 -8 ) , K ir to my , S uther land ( i b id . ,1 55 , f i g . 1 7 , 1 0-11 ) , Caddonsh i ll , Wig townsh ire ( i bid . ,1 56, f i g . 1 7 , 5 -9 ) .

B o th I r ish a nd A ng lo- We lsh p a ls taves a re k nown , b ut n one o f

c on t inenta l t ype , r ef lect ing t he l ack o f c on t inenta l a ssocia t ions o fn or thern s hor t-f langed a xes ( Burgess a nd M ike t 1 974 , 2 9 ) . The p a ls tave s eries o f Wa les h as b een s tud ied b y B urgess , b u t l i t t le ma ter ia l h as b een p ub l ished ( 1962b ;

1 964 ;

1 974 , 2 03 n . 2 39 ) .

E ar ly p a ls tave

p roduct ion i n n or th Wa les was i mpor tan t e nough f or h im t o u se t he Acton P ark h oard a s t he e ponym f or h is f i rs t p hase o ft he B ri t ish M idd le B ronze Age . S h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves were e specia l ly c o m mon i n n or th Wa les , s ide-f langed p a ls taves i n t he s ou th ( 1974 , 2 00-202 ) .

Th is o rig ina l i ty was s ubsequen t ly l os t

a nd s ou thern E ng l ish f orms a ppeared ( i bid ., 2 03 n . 2 39; 1 87 ) .

Smi th 1 959 , 1 86-

There a ppear t o b e n o c on t inen ta l p a ls taves i n We lsh M idd le B ronze

Age h oards . P a ls taves a ppeared i n I re land d ur ing t he M idd le B ronze Age ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 70-271 ) o r , i n H arb ison 's t ermino logy , P hase 4 o f t he E ar l ier B ronze Age

5 7

( 1973 , 1 22 ) . T he I r ish s er ies i s d is t ingu ished b y t he sma l l s ize o f i t s i mp lements ( Burgess 1 974 , f i g . 3 2 ) . A ng lo- We lsh p a ls taves a re r are ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 70 ) a nd l arge p a lstave h oards a ppear t o b e u nknown .

Iam n o t aware o f a ny

c on t inenta l p a ls tave f ro m I re land . C en tra l M id land E ng land , n or th o f t he Thames v a l ley , a ppears t o h ave b een o uts ide t he p roduc t ion a reas t o t he s ou th , e as t a nd wes t ( Smi th 1 959 , map 3 ; Tab le 2 ) .

More r ecen t s urveys t han t ha t o f R ow lands s how t ha t o n ly

e igh t p a ls taves a re k nown f ro m Warw icksh ire ( Tho mas 1 974 ) a nd e igh teen f rom S taf fordsh ire , t hough s even o f t hese a re l ooped a nd may b e l a te B ronze Age ( Guns tone 1 964 ;

1 971-72;

R obinson 1 974 ) .

There a re f ive M idd le Bronze

Age p a ls taves f ro m C hesh ire a nd f if teen f ro m L ancash ire ( Davey a nd F orster 1 975 ) .

M idd le B ronze Age p a ls tave h oards a re u nknown i n t hese c oun t ies .

T here i s as tr iking c on tras t b e tween t he p ropor t ions o fp a lstaves i n h oards t o i so la ted f i nds f ro m t he c oun t ies o f s outhern a nd e as tern E ng land .

H oard

f i nds p redo mina te i n H ampsh ire , S ussex a nd t he I s le o f Wigh t , wh i le i so la ted f i nds a re a l mos t e xc lus ive i n Cambr idgesh ire , N orfo lk a nd S uf fo lk ( Tab le 8 ) . S outhern a nd e as tern E ng land h ad more i n c o m mon w i th t he c on t inen t t han w i th n orthern E ng land , S cot land a nd I re land i n t er ms o f l a te M idd le B ronze Age a xe t ypes .

C on t inen ta l i mports a nd t he s ize o f l oca l h oards r e la te t he

Hampsh ire-Sussex c oas t e spec ia l ly t o U pper N or mandy ;

s ou th-eastern E ng land

h ad more c on tac t w i th P icardy a nd t he a reas t o t he l ower R h ine .

P a 's taves

were c o m mon i n E as t A ng l ia b u t h oards a nd i mpor ts a re r arer t han f ur ther s ou th .

T he s ou thern p a ls tave t radi t ion s ee ms t o h ave b een d o minan t t o t he

H u mber a nd n or th Wa les b ut n ot f ur ther n or th , where s hor t-f langed a xes were d o minan t .

I re land a lso h ad a s epara te t radi t ion ;

R ow lands l i s ts s ix f i nds o f

I rish p a ls taves f ro m s ou thern E ng land ( 1976 , 3 00-336 n os . 4 55 , 5 24 , 5 53 , 8 36, 9 46 , 9 48 ) , b u t many f i nds o f s upposed I r ish o rig in i n s ou thern E ng land a re s uspect ( M iss M . E hrenberg ) .

TOOLS AND WEAPONS S ocke ted a xes .

L IST 1 4 .

MAP 1 0

I t was o nce a x io ma t ic t ha t t he a ppearance o f s ocke ted a xes marked t he b eg inn ing o ft he L a te B ronze Age i n B r i ta in b ut i ti s n ow r ecogn ised t ha t t hey were p roduced d uring t he l a ter M idd le B ronze Age ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 03 , n . 2 44 ; 1 962a ;

R ow lands 1 976 , 4 1-44 ;

B u t ler 1 963a , 7 4-81 ) .

T he e ar l ies t s ocke ted a xe i n B r i tain , f ro m Wangford , C a mbs . ( Br iscoe 1 954 ) , i s ab ronze s keu morph o f af langed a xe w i th i t s b ind ing .

I ti s a lmos t

i den t ica l w i th a n a xe f ro m K t it ten-Drob i tz , S aa lkre is , Anha l t ( von B runn 1 959 , 6 1 , Taf . 5 7 , 2 ) , a nd i s p robab ly a n i mpor t f ro m c entra l G er many ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 7 4 ) .

G er lof f ( 1975 , 1 54-155 ) c ons iders t ha t t he Wangford a xe i s c on-

t emporary w i th t he Arre ton i ndus try o ft he l a te E ar ly B ronze Age . S keu morph ic f langed a xes a nd p a ls taves w i th s ockets a ppeared d ur ing M I i n t he N ord ic a rea b ut were more c o m mon d ur ing MI I i n D enmark a nd s outhern Sweden ( Aner 1 962 , 1 67-178) .

There a re F rench e xamp les f ro m L ignf eres , I ndre-e t - L o ire ,

( Ho ls te 1 941 ) a nd t he S e ine a t L a G rande P aroisse ,

S eine-e t- Marne ( J o f froy

1 975 ) ; t he L a G rande P aro isse a xe b ears o rnamen t i n N ordic s ty le .

5 8

Tab le 7

Hoards f ro m s outhern a nd e as tern E ng land c on ta in ing i mported M iddle Bronze Age p a ls taves U n looped

L ooped

N or man

Nor man

Cen treBre ton

Quest

T ota l

Wan tage ( 1 )

-

1

2

-

3

Credi ton ( 5 )

-

1

-

-

1

Dew lish ( 6 )

2

2

-

-

4

G rims tone ( 8 )

-

1

-

-

1

G rays ( 9 )

-

-

1

-

_1

G ospor t ( 11 )

-

1

1

-

2

Gab le Head ( 12 )

4

8

-

1

1 3

P ear Tree G reen ( 15 )

4

6

-

-

1 0

Swanw ick ( 1 6)

-

1

-

-

1

L eav ing ton ( 20 1

1 ?

1

-

-

2 ?

Marsha l l E s ta te ( 32 )

4

2

-

-

6

B lackrock ( 34 )

3

-

-

-

3

S id le s ha m ( 3 7)

-

-

3

-

3

G runty F en ( 103 )

-

2

-

-

2

2 6=44 Nor man

7

1

1 8

1 4 h oards

Tab le 8

M iddle B ronze Age p a ls taves b y c oun ty a nd c ontex t . ( 1976 1, s o i nc lud ing a f ew LBA1 p a lstaves ;

5 2

Af ter R ow lands

e stima tes o f t he n u mbers

i n s o me h oards a re , o fn ecessi ty , a rb i trary C ounty Beds . Berks . Bucks . Ca mbs .

I so la ted

H oard

4

S e t t le ment

Tota l 4

-

2 3 6

9

3 2

2 1

2 4

1 11

6

C ornwa l l

1 9

7

Devon

1 5

1 2

Dorse t

2 4

1 3

3 7

E ssex

2 2

1 4

3 6

G loucs .

6

-

H an ts .

3 7

1 22

I s le o f Wigh t

1 1

4 5

Herefords .

7

3

Her ts .

7

1

1 17 2 6 1

2 8

6 1

1 60 5 6 1 0 8

H un ts .

1 4

-

1 4

Kent

4 4

3 4

7 8

L eics .

6

-

6

L incs .

2 1

4

2 5

L ondon

5 6

1 3

6 9

Norfo lk

7 4

5 (+ 7 0

7 9

m in iature )

5 9

( contd .)

Tab le 8 ( contd .) I so la ted Nor than ts . Oxon .

1 0 1 6

H oard

S e t t lement

T ota l

-

1 0 2 7

1 1 ( + 1 0 m in ia ture )

R u t land

1

-

-

1

S a lop

2 0

S o merse t

4 2

S taf fs .

1 0

S uf fo lk

6 3

S urrey

2 0

-

-

2 0

S ussex

2 4

1 42

-

1 66

-

_

Warw icks .

3 3

Worcs .

1 2

-

3 3

4 0

-

8 2

2

7

Wi l ts .

1 3

9 -

7 62

5 26(+80 )

_

1 0

-

6 5

7

-

4 2

-

1 2

2

1 ,290

There a re s ocke ted a xes i n M idd le Bronze Age a ssocia t ions f ro m T aun ton ; L eopo ld S t . ,O xford; 3 -8 ) .

S teep le L angford ;

H ighwor th ;

a nd B ishops land ( L is t 1 4 ,

The a xe i n t he O xford h oard i s l arge , 1 5 .2 cm l ong , l ooped w i th r ibbed

o rnamen t o n t he mou th ; t he o thers a re s lender w i th p la in c o l lar , t he H ighwor th a xe u n looped , a nd a re n ot h eavy-du ty t oo ls ( Row lands 1 976 , 4 1 ) , b u t t he l oops p resuppose h af t ing l ike a n a xe .

These s lender a xes w ere r ecogn ised a s a l ien

t o t he B r i t ish L a te B ronze Age f or m ( Hodges 1 956 , 3 3 ;

Sm i th 1 959 , 1 50 ) a nd

Bu t ler c hr is tened t he m t he ' Taun ton-Hademarschen ' t ype ( 1963a , 7 5-81 ) .

Th is

f orma lised t he c o mpar ison b e tween t he B r i t ish a xes a nd a sma l l g roup o fn or th Ger man a xes r ecogn ised b y S prockhof f ( 1941 , 1 12 , Abb . 8 6 ) .

These a xes a re

l arge ly c onf ined t o Meck lenburg a nd P o meran ia ( Schubar t 1 972 , 5 0 ); t he e ponymous f i nd i s aM II I b uria l i n H o ls te in ( S truve 1 971 , Taf . 2 8 , 9 ) .

R ow lands

( 1976 , 4 1 ) d oub ts t he l oca l o r ig in o ft hese N ordic a xes b ut t h is h as b een d emonst ra ted b y Aner ( 1962 ) .

A s eries o f s ocke ted a xes r e la ted t o c onte mporary

Nordic p a ls taves a ppeared d uring l a ter M I I ; t h is s er ies d eve loped t he c hara cteris t ics o f Taun ton-Hade marschen a xes , a ngu lar s ect ion , s lender p rof i le , h igh l oop ( i b id . ,1 82 , Abb . 6 , 3 ) .

Mos t o ft hese a xes h ave a r ibbed c o l lar ,

l ike t hose a xes d er ived f ro m t he n or th G er man w ork p a ls tave ( i bid ., 1 87-192 , Abb . 9 -12 ) , t hough s o me e xamp les h ave p la in c o l lars ( i b id ., 1 92-194 , Abb . 1 3-14 ) .

The d oub le V -ornamen t o n t he B r it ish a xe f ro m Barr ing ton c an b e

ma tched o n t wo u nprovenanced a xes i n Dan ish museu ms ( i b id ., 1 94-196, A bb . 1 5 , 2 -3 ) .

Mos t o ft he e ar ly s lender N ord ic a xes h ave a r ound mouth r a ther

t han t he r ec tangu lar mou th c haracter is t ic o f Taun ton-Hademarschen a xes ( i b id ., 2 01-204 , A bb . 1 8 ) , t hough s o me h ave a s ub-rectangu lar mou th ( i b id ., Abb . 1 5 , 2 ) .

A ner 's s lender a xes b e long t o t he M I I/ M I I I t rans i t ion .

The L eopo ld S tree t a xe may b e c o mpared t o t he l a te Mi l e xa mp le f ro m J aegerspr is , F rederiksborg Amt , Z ea land ( i bid ., A bb . 6 , 3 ) , r a ther t han sma l ler T aun ton-Hade marschen a xes ;

i ti s l arger t han a ny o f t he s ocke ted

6 0

a xes i n t he I s leham h oard a nd c anno t b e c lose ly r e la ted t o t hese Wi lbur ton a xes , a s R ow lands h as c la imed ( 1976 , 4 3 ) .

R ibbed mou th o rnament a lso o c-

c urs o n t he a xe i n t he B ishops land h oard . The H o l terberg a xe i s v ery s i mi lar t o t he P e terborough a nd Barring ton a xes a nd i s p robab ly a B ri t ish e xpor t o f M idd le B ronze Age d a te .

These a xes

a re l is ted a s MBA2 , b ecause o f t he ir s lender p rof i le , a longs ide a xes i n M idd le B ronze Age h oards ;

a l l o ther a xes a re l i s ted a s LBA1 t hough p recise d a t ing

i s d if f icu l t . S ocke ted h am mers .

L IST 1 5

The Taun ton a nd B ishops land h oards b oth c on ta in s lender s ocke ted h am mers t ypo log ica l ly r e la ted t o t he a xes i n t he s ame h oards ( L is t 1 5 , 2 , 4 ) . There i s a mass ive h am mer i n t he M idd le B ronze Age h oard f ro m B urgess 's Meadow , Oxford , t hough i t s a t tr ibut ion t o t he h oard h as b een d oub ted b ecause o f i t s h igh l ead c on ten t ( L ist 1 5 , 1 ;

R ow lands 1 976 , 4 5 ;

B urgess 1 968a , 3 4 n . 5 ;

B rown

a nd B lin-S toy le 1 959 , 2 01 n r . 1 7 ) a nd a h am mer i n t he S cot t ish M idd le B ronze Age h oard f ro m I nsoch Wood , Na irn ( L ist 1 5 , 3 ) . Mass ive s ocke ted h am mers a re k nown f ro m t he N ordic a rea ; t here i s a n e xamp le i n t he M I T b uria l f ro m P u ls , K r . R endsburg , H o ls te in ( Kers ten n .d . [ 1 935 ], 9 1 , 1 52 , T af . I X , 7 ; S truve 1 971 , 5 3 , Taf . 1 7 , 1 2 ) . I n F rance , s ocke ted h am mers a re k nown i n s evera l B ronze Moyen h oards .

A s ubs tan t ia l

f ragmen t w i th o va l s ect ion c o mes f ro m t he P orc ieu-Amb lagn ieu h oard , I sere , p ossib ly a s e ar ly a s R e inecke B ( N ico lardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 9 , f ig . 2 ) a nd f rag ments o f s ocke ted h am mers a ppear i n t wo c on te mporary T rebou l h oards : Duau l t , C ötes-du-Nord , a nd K er mengoues , F in is tere ( Br iard a nd Mohen 1 976 , 3 1 , 3 4 , f i g . 4 , 1 6 ) .

An e ar ly o r igin f or s ocke ted h am mers i n F rance i s

c o mpa t ib le w i th t he a ppearance o f b ronze a nv i ls . Anv i ls .

L IST 1 6

The e ar l ies t F rench h oard wh ich c on ta ins a n a nv i l i s f ro m P orc ieuAmb lagn ieu , I sere , p robab ly e ar ly B ronze Moyen ( N ico lardo t a nd Gaucher 1 975 , 3 1-32 ) a nd a nv i ls o ccur i n t he l a te M idd le B ronze Age h oards f ro m I nsoch Wood , N a irn , a nd B ishops land , C o . R osco m mon ( L is t 1 6, 3 -4 ) .

The

I rish a nv i l , w i th t wo t enons o pposed b y t wo p ro ject ing f aces , may b e c o mpared t o t he F rench G ray t ype ( N ico lardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 3 3-34 ) , wh i le t he S cot t ish e xamp le h as t he s quare b ody o f t he P orcieu-Amb lagn ieu f or m ( i b id . , 3 1-32 ) .

The A ngerv i l le a nv i l b e longs t o t he l at ter t ype a nd t he C u iry mou ld ,

a ssocia ted w i th p o t tery o f B ronze Moyen , may b e f or s uch a n a nv i l ( L is t 1 6 , 5 -6 ) . T he p ossib le M idd le B ronze Age a ssocia t ions o f t he S t . L eonards a nd F lax B our ton a nv i ls ( L is t 1 6, 1 -2 ) a re b o th d oub tfu l ; b u t i ts eems l ike ly t ha t b ronze a nv i ls were emp loyed i n s ou thern B r i ta in d ur ing t he M idd le B ronze Age i n c on junc t ion w i th s ocke ted h am mers .

C o les ( 1963-64 , 1 8) a nd E ogan

( 1964 , 2 76 ) b oth r ecogn ised t ha t a nv i ls o fb ronze were n o t c harac ter is t ic N ordic t ypes , c i t ing t he o nly d iagnos t ic e xa mp le f ro m Vadsby , KSbenhavns Am t , Z ea land , o r ig ina l ly c o mpared b y S ophus Mü l ler ( 1920 , 1 01 n . 1 , f i g . 9 ) t o t he e xamp le i n t he P orcieu-Amb lagn ieu h oard a nd r ecogn ised a s a n i mpor t . The c o mbined e v idence f or b ronze h a mmers a nd a nv i ls s ugges ts t ha t t hey 6 1

were i n troduced f ro m n or thern F rance i n to B r i ta in d ur ing t he M idd le B ronze Age . K nobbed s ick les .

L IST 1 7

K nobbed b ronze s ick les b ecame c o m mon d ur ing t he c en tra l E uropean M idd le B ronze Age .

They f i rs t o ccurred i n q uan t i ty i n t he Carpa th ian B asin

d ur ing Mozso lics ' B ronze IN D K osz iderpad läs h orizon ( 1967 , 6 6-68 , T ypus C ) i n h oards s uch a s K osziderpad läs I a nd U zd , i n wh ich s ick les w i th r ound , e long a ted a nd d oub le k nobs a re

( i bid ., Ta f . 4 9 ;

a ssocia ted

5 4-55 ) .

T o t he wes t s ic-

k les a re k nown f ro m t he b road ly c on te mporary R e inecke B p er iod . T he t rans it iona l R e inecke A 2/B h oard f ro m B uh l , K r . N ordl ingen , B avar ia ( Dehn 1 952; Abe ls 1 972 , 6 2 ) ,con ta ins f ragments o f s ick les w i th o ne o r t wo k nobs a nd o ne o r t wo r ibs .

T he f i nd f ro m H o mberg-Ackenbach , L ndkr . U ber lingen , Baden

( K im mig 1 955 ) , a lso c on ta ins f rag ments w i th d oub le a nd s ing le k nobs w i th R e inecke B a xes , b ut t he o r ig ina l c onten ts o f t h is h oard a re u ncer ta in ( Abe ls 1 972 , 6 2 ) .

I n S w i tzer land , t he h oard f ro m V ouvry , V a la is , c onta ins s ing le-

k nobbed s ick les w i th o ne a nd t wo r ibs a longs ide a C ress ier a xe o f R e inecke B ( i b id ., 5 2 n r . 3 54 , 5 5 , Taf . 6 7A ) .

S ick les o f t he l a ter Sw iss M idd le B ronze

Age u sua l ly h ave t wo r ibs a nd a re more c urved t han e ar lier e xa mp les ( Os terwa lder 1 971 , 3 6 ) .

K nobs a re u sua l ly s ing le , c f . t he e xamp le i n t he Me ik irch

h oard ( 101 ) . K nobbed s ick les a re of ten s a id t o a ppear i n s ou th-eas tern F rance o n ly a t t he e nd o f B ronze Moyen ( M i l lot te 1 963 , 1 38; 9 4 ) .

N ico lardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 ,

The h oard f ro m P orc ieu-Amb lagn ieu , I sere , c on ta ins t hree s ick les w i th

e longa ted k nobs a nd d oub le r ibs a nd a f our th w i th a s ing le r ound k nob a nd s ing le r ib ( Audouze a nd C our to is 1 970 , p l . 2 8 , 1 3-16 ) .

Th is h oard h as of ten

b een d a ted t o t he e nd o f B ronze Moyen ( K im mig 1 951 , 8 1 ; B ocque t 1 969 , 1 60 , 3 01-303 n o . 8 6 , f i g . 7 8;

1 976 , 4 85 ;

S andars 1 957 , 1 14 ; Os terwa lder 1 971 ,

3 6) b u t J ockenhöve l ( 1971 , 3 5 ) a nd Abe ls ( 1972 , 5 6 ) h ave p laced i ti n R e inecke C l a nd A be ls ' s tudy o f t he a xes s ugges ts t ha t t h is e ar ly d a te i s more l ike ly . F ur ther n or th i n F rance , s ick les a ppear t o b e u nknown b efore t he t rans i t iona l B ronze Moyen I I/Bronze F ina l Ih oards s uch a s Ma lass is , C her ( Br iard , C ordier a nd Gaucher 1 969 , 5 1 , f i g . 1 1 , 8 1-90 ) , w i th s ing le k nob , r ound o r e longa ted , a nd o ne , t wo o r t hree r ibs .

S o me s ick les w i th e longa ted k nobs

h ave b een f ound w i th H aguenau p a ls taves o f l a te Bronze Moyen ( N ico lardot a nd Gaucher 1 975 , 9 4 ) . K nobbed s ick les a ppeared i n n or thern E urope d ur ing M n.

Af ind f ro m

E rfur t , Thur ing ia , c onta ins a s ick le w i th a s l igh t ly c urved p rof i le , d oub le r ib a nd a n e longa ted k nob ( von B runn 1 968 , 2 6-27 , 3 18 n o . 6 1 , Taf . 6 4 , 1 ) . I n n or th-wes tern G er many , B ergmann ( 1970 , T e i l B , 4 7 , L is te 1 56, Taf . 7 , 2 2-24 , K ar te 6 3 ) d is t inguishes t hree g roups o fk nobbed s ick les , a l l s ing lek nobbed :

a ) s l igh t ly c urved , w i th s ing le o r d oub le r ib , b ) more c urved , w i th

s ing le o r d oub le r ib o r n o r ib , c ) s trong ly c urved , w i th d oub le r ib ; d a ted t o M I I .

a l l a re

K nobbed s ick les were more c o m mon i n s outhern S candinav ia

d ur ing M I T t han d uring M I I I ( Kers ten n .d . [ 1 935 ],

9 1 ) ; t hey were a lso k nown

d ur ing M IV a nd MV ( Baudou 1 960 , 4 5 ) . B r i t ish M idd le B ronze Age f i nds o f k nobbed s ick les a re c oncentra ted i n S o merse t h oards ( L is t 1 7, 1 -4 ); mos t e xamp les h ave d oub le o r e longa ted

6 2

k nobs .

D oub le-knobbed s ick les a re r are e lsewhere af ter t he e ar ly T u mu lus

p er iod ; t h is may b e c ons idered a s aB r i t ish t ype w i th t he D utch e xamp les ( L is t 1 7 , 6 , 8 )p robab ly B r i t ish e xpor ts .

S ick les w i th e lon g a ted k nobs i n

B r i ta in a nd I re land c ou ld h ave b een d erived f ro m t he F rench e xa mp les , a ss u ming t ha t t hese were i n c o m mon u se i n n or thern F rance b efore t he e nd o f B ronze Moyen .

The n or th G er man f i nds a ppear t o h ave c hrono log ica l p r iori ty

b ut s ick les w i th e longa ted k nobs a ppear t o b e a bsen t .

I ti s t hus d if f icu l t t o

e stab l ish a s pec if ic c on t inen ta l o r ig in f or B r i t ish b ronze s ick les . The s ing le-knobbed s ick les i n t he LBA1 V eenenburg h oard ( L is t 1 7 , 7 1 s hou ld b e o f c on t inen ta l o r ig in . T rebou l s pearheads .

L IST 1 8 .

MAP 1 1

The s pearheads o ft he T rebou l p hase i n B r i t tany h ave l eaf-shaped b lades , of ten o rnamen ted , p eg-ho les a nd many a re c haracterised b y t he t er mina t ion o f t he s ocke t s o me d is tance s hor t o f t he p oin t o ft he b lade .

The e pony mous

h oard c on ta ins a bout t wen ty s pearheads ( Briard 1 965 , 8 6 , f i g . 2 5 ) .

T rebou l

s pearheads a re f ound t hrough n or th-eas tern F rance a nd Be lg iu m t o t he n or thern N e ther lands ( L is t 1 8 ) , r ef lect ing t he s i mi lar d is tribu t ion o f c on temporary T rebou l-Sa in t-Brandan a nd P lougrescant-O m merschans swords ( Bu t ler a nd S arfa t i j 1 970-71 , 3 08;

L ists 2 3-24 ) .

T rebou l s pearheads a ppear t o b e a bsent f ro m t he B ri t ish I s les .

Cer ta in

s ocke tlooped s pearheads w i th k i te-shaped b lades f ro m B ri ta in a nd I re land h ave s ocke ts e nding l ow d own t he b lade a nd o u t lined b y c onvergen t r ibs ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 68 , f i g . 1 , 1 ; H arb ison 1 973 , 1 20 , f i g . 1 3 , 1 ; f i g . 9 , 5 , 1 1-12 ;

C o les 1 963 ,64 , 1 04 ,

R ow lands 1 976 , 5 0-51 , p l . 3 7 , 1 412 , 1 409 ) .

s ocke t a nd o rnamen t may b e r e la ted t o t he T rebou l f or m .

The s hor t

S hor t s ockets a lso

o ccur o n s o me B r i t ish s ocke tlooped s pearheads w i th l eaf-shaped b lades ( i b id ., p l . 3 7, 1 321 , 1 314 , 1 291 ) .

The p egged s pearhead f ro m C ookha m ,

B erks . ( Ehrenberg 1 977, 1 4 , 3 4 n o . 3 4 , f i g . 2 2 ) , h as a s hor t s ocke t b ut i t s b road l eaf-shaped b lade i s n o t c haracter is t ic o ft he T rebou l f or m . S ide-looped s pearheads .

L IST 1 9 .

MAP 1 2

S pearheads o f t he B r i t ish M idd le B ronze Age h ave l oops o n t he s ocke t o r a t t he b ase o f t he b lade ; 1 974 , 2 01 n . 2 27, 2 03 ; E hrenberg 1 977 , 6 -12 ) .

h oard a ssocia t ions e x is t o n ly f or MBA 2 ( Burgess Smi th 1 959 , 1 78-180 ;

R ow lands 1 976, 4 9-63;

The ' endlooped ' s pearheads o ft he E ar ly B ronze

Age w ere c o m mon o n ly i n t he h igh land z one ( Burgess a nd C owen 1 972 , 1 72 , f i g . 6 , 4 ) a nd t he b asa llooped s pearhead w i th s tra igh t-based b lade d id n o t a ppear u n ti l LBA1 ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 5 n . 8 ) . S evera l a uthors h ave d iscussed B r i t ish l ooped s pearheads f ro m t he c ont inent :

B ut ler ( 1963a , 9 8-105 ) f or n or thern E urope ;

( 1965 ) a nd B lanche t ( 1973 , 4 9-50 ) f or F rance ;

B riard ( 1963 ) , C ordier

c lass if ica t ion a nd e xtens ive

l is ts a re i nc luded b y J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967 , 2 03-219 ) . T he o n ly s idelooped s pearhead f ro m n or thern E urope was f ound a t S cowarcz ( Schonwar l ing ) , P rov . G dansk , P o land ;

a ssocia t ion w i th f l anged

a xes h as b een c la i med b u t t h is i s d oub tfu l ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 03-104 ; J acobF r iesen 1 967 , 2 16 ) .

The d is tribu t ion o f s idelooped s pearheads i n F rance

6 3

i s e xc lus ive ly n or thern ( B lanche t 1 973 , 4 8 , f i g . 4 ) w i th a c oncen tra t ion a round P ar is ( L is t 1 9 , 6 -8) .

N one o f t he e xa mp les f ro m n or th-eas tern F rance i s

f ro m a n a ssocia ted f i nd b u t t here i s as ocke t f ragmen t i n t he T rebou l h oard f ro m D uau l t , C ö tes-du-Nord ( Br iard a nd Mohen 1 976 , 3 1 , 3 4 , f i g . 4 , 8 ) , a nd t he s pearhead f ro m Caen , C a lvados , may h ave b e longed t o ac ontemporary h oard ( Ede ine 1 961 , 6 77;

V erron 1 976a , 5 88;

B r iard 1 965 , 1 04 ) .

Th is s ug-

g es ts t ha t s idelooped s pearheads w ere k nown i n B r i ta in d ur ing MBAL The d is tr ibu t ion o f s idelooped s pearheads i n B ri ta in i s c oncentra ted i n t he t he Thames v a l ley w i th sma l ler c en tres i n Wessex a nd E as t Ang lia ( Map 1 2 ) . There i s l i t t le d is t inct ion i n d is tr ibut ion b e tween R ow lands ' t wo g roups ( 1976 , 5 2-54 ) .

Mos t c on t inen ta l e xa mp les wh ich c an b e p laced i n o ne o ft hese g roups

b e long t o G roup 1 , w i th f la t o va l o r l ozenge l oops .

The B r i t ish d a t ing i s e v i-

d ence i s e xc lus ive ly f or G roup 2 s pearheads ( i b id ., 5 4-55 ) , s o t he a ppearance o f aG roup 1 s pearhead i n t he D uau l t h oard s ee ms t o c onf ir m R ow lands ' s ugg es t ion t ha t t h is g roup was e ar lier ( i b id . ,5 5 ) . Basa llooped s pearheads w i th l eaf-shaped b lades .

L IST 2 0 .

MAP 1 3

Basa llooped s pearheads w i th l eaf-shaped b lades a re o n ly a t tes ted i n MBA2 h oards f ro m s outhern Br i ta in ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 01 , n . 2 27; 1 976 , 5 9 ;

E hrenberg 1 977, 1 0 ) .

R ow lands

C on t inen ta l f i nds a re more w idespread a nd

n u merous t han t hose o f s idelooped s pearheads .

T here a re s evera l d a tab le

f i nds , t he e ar l ies t o f wh ich i s f rom L iesbü t te l , K r . R endsburg , H o ls te in ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 9 8 , p l . XT I Ic ; J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 3 31 n r . 7 41 ) , d a ted b y a M I I sword ( O t ten jann 1 969 , 3 5 , 8 7 n o . 9 2 , Taf . 1 4 ;

7 4 ) .

There i s ab urn t

a nd f rag men tary b asa l-looped s pearhead i n aR e inecke D b ur ia l f ro m W ies loch , Kr . H e ide lberg , B aden- Wür t temberg ( Schauer 1 971 , 6 2 n o . 1 89 , 7 2 , Taf . 1 31C) , b u t Iw onder h ow c er ta in i s t he i dent if ica t ion o ft h is s pearhead a s l eaf-shaped r a ther t han s tra igh t-based .

Al eaf-shaped s pearhead w i th i t s p oin t b roken

o f f i s i n t he h oard f ro m G ram mond , L o ire ( Cord ier 1 965 , f i g . 5 , 2 4 ; J acobF i iesen 1 967 , 3 78 n o . 1 703 ); t h is h oard h as n o t b een p ub lished i n d e ta i l ( M i l lo t te 1 959 , 1 46, f i g . 3 ) b u t a ppears t o b e long t o B ronze Moyen ( Daugas 1 976 , 5 09 ) .

The s pearhead i n t he L a te B ronze Age h oard f ro m t he R . S i l a t

S an E s teban , O rense , n or th-wes tern S pain ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 3 75 n o . 1 646; I nv . A rch . E 3 , 4 ;

S avory 1 968 , 2 25 , f i g . 7 4 , I )h as p oin ti l l eo rnament o n t he

b lade a nd g rooves a t t he b ase o ft he s ocke t .

N one o ft hese c ont inenta l f i nds

s ugges t t ha t l eaf-shaped b asa l-looped s pearheads n eed h ave a ppeared i n Br i ta in b efore MBA 2 . I so la ted f i nds a re k nown o n t he c on t inent f ro m :

AasbUt te l , K r . R endsburg ,

H o ls te in ( Jacob-Friesen 1 967 , 3 30 n r . 7 28 ) , Obergrünhagen ,

K r .

F a l lingbos te l ,

L ower S axony ( i b id ., 3 38 n o . 8 71 ) , P innac le R oc , J ersey ( i bid ., 3 75 n o . 1 647 ) , ' Ca lvados ' ( i b id ., 3 76 n o . 1 665 ) , Mäcon , S aöne-et-Lo ire ( i b id ., 3 78 n o . 1 701 ) , Bernage-en-Sa in t-Vaury , C reuse ( i b id ., 3 78 n o . 1 702 ) , H e im isw i l , Bern ( i b id ., 3 81 n o . 1 753 ) . The c on t inen ta l d istr ibut ion i s c oncentra ted i n t he l ower S e ine v a l ley ( Map 1 3 ) a nd i ti s p oss ib le t ha t l eaf-shaped b asa llooped s pearheads were p roduced i n t h is a rea , t hough p os i t ive i den t if ica t ion o f t he G onfrev i l le1' Orcher mou ld ( L ist 2 0 , 1 5 ) wou ld b e n eeded t o c onf ir m t h is .

The B r i t ish

d is tr ibut ion o ft hese s pearheads r ese mb les t ha t o f s idelooped s pearheads , c oncen tra ted i n t he Thames v a l ley , w i th o ther c entres i n Wessex a nd E as t Ang l ia ( Map 1 3 ) . 6 4

Og iva l-b laded s pearheads .

L IST 2 1 .

MAP 1 4

Two h oards o f B ronze Moyen I I i n n or th-eas tern F rance c on ta in p egged s pearheads w i th o g iva l-b lades : 2 , 8 ) .

Baux-Sa in te-Croix a nd S ucy-en-Brie ( L ist 2 1 ,

Th is f orm a ppears i n t he R osnoen h oard o f B ronze F ina l I( Briard 1 965 ,

1 57 , 1 71 , f i g . 5 1 ) b u t t hese t wo h oards s hou ld i ndica te a n e ar l ier o r igin . S pearheads w i th o g iva l b lades a nd r ibbed s ocke ts o ccur among t he Va lsSmag le t ype o f l a te M I ( Jacob-Friesen 1 967, 1 16-136;

L o mborg 1 968, 1 04-105 , f i g . 2 ,

5 ) a nd o g iva l-b laded s pearheads a re a lso k nown f ro m t he l a ter p ar t o f t he L a te B ronze Age ( Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 , 2 15; H eerde h oard ( 206 ) ) . Og iva l-b laded s pearheads a re c o m mon i n n or th-eas tern F rance a nd i n Be lg iu m , e specia l ly i n t he l ower S che ld t v a l ley ( Map 1 4 ) . B lanche t a nd L ambo t ( 1975 , 3 7 ) d a ted t he t wo O ise e xamp les ( L is t 2 1 , 3 -4 ) t o B ronze F ina l Ib ecause o ft he ir l ong s ocke ts .

J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967, 1 34 )

r egarded t he E kse l s pearhead ( L ist 2 1 , 1 6 ) a s L a te B ronze Age when c o mpari ng i tw i th t he V a lsSmag le s pearhead f ro m De Z i lk ( L ist 2 2 , 3 ) .

Tackenberg

d a tes b o th e xamp les t o t he L a te B ronze Age ( 1974 , 1 02-103 ) w i thou t c i t ing a ny s pecif ic d a t ing e v idence .

Des i t tere a nd We issenborn ( 1977 , 2 9 ) c o mpare

t he Wiche len a nd Armancourt e xamp les ( L is t 2 1 , 3 , 1 4 ) t o t he H eerde s pearhead a nd t he T ourna i , V urs te , T e mse , G eraardsbergen , E kse l a nd C o mp iegne e xa mp les ( L is t 2 1 , 4 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 6 ) t o De Z i lk a nd o ther N ordic e xa mp les ( i b id ., 3 0 ) .

They a ppear t o h ave c onfused t he l ong s pearhead f ro m Ar mancour t

w i th t he s hort e xamp le f ro m C o mpiegne ( i b id ., 2 9 n . 1 7, 3 0 n . 1 8 ) . The more s lender e xamp les :

Baux-Sa in te-Croix , A r mancour t , S ucy-en-

B r ie , O rse t t ( L is t 2 1 , 2 -3 , 8 , 1 7 ) s hou ld b e o f B ronze Moyen I I o rig in b ecause o ft he F rench h oards ; t h is d oes n ot c on tradict t he e ar ly LBA1 d a te f or t he Orse t t h oard .

The C o mp iegne e xamp le , w i th i t s b lade more l ozenge-shaped

( L ist 2 1 , 4 ) c ou ld b e a s l a te a s t he H eerde h oard b u t c ou ld c er ta in ly b e a s e ar ly a s B ronze F ina l Ia nd b e o f R osnoen o r ig in . more c urved b lades :

The e xamp les w i th b roader ,

Morsang-Sa in try , Chaussoy , Temse , E kse l ( L ist 2 1 , 1 ,

7 , 1 1 , 1 6 ) may b e c o mpared w i th t he s pearhead f ro m C he l les , S e ine-et- Marne ( Mohen 1 968, 7 91 , B 82 , p ls . WI , I X ) .

Th is h as t he s ame c urved b lade a nd

b road s ocke t mou th b u t a lso b ears o rnament ; t wo b ands o f z ig zags s eparat ed b y ab and o f l i nes o n t he s ocke t a nd l ines o fp o in t i l le f l ank ing t he s ocke t o n t he b lade .

S imi lar mo t ifs a ppear o n N ordic Bag terp s pearheads ( Jacob-

F r iesen 1 967 , 9 2 , Taf . 1 , 1 -5 ) p robab ly d er ived f ro m R e inecke A s ou th G er man o rnament ( i b id . ,8 5 , Taf . 2 3 , 5 ) s o aM idd le , o r e ven E ar ly , B ronze Age d a te c anno t b e e xc luded f or t he C he l les s pearhead .

I t s eems p robab le

t ha t p egged o g iva l-b laded s pearheads w ere b e ing p roduced i n n or th-eas tern F rance a nd i n B e lg iu m d ur ing t he M idd le B ronze Age . N ord ic a nd c en tra l E uropean s pearheads .

L IST 2 2.

MAP 1 4

Bag terp s pearheads s tand a t t he h ead o f t he Nordic s equence ( JacobF r iesen 1 967 , 8 9-104 ) .

Th is i s ah e terogeneous t ype a nd s ub-div isions h ave

b een made b y B ecker ( 1967) .

The p la in s pearhead f ro m B lerick ( L is t 2 2 , 1 )

p robab ly b e longs t o t he S tubdrup v arian t o f t he B ag terp t ype , t ha t i s w i thout r ibs o n t he s ocke t ( i b id . ,2 21 ) .

The d ecora ted e xamp le i n t he Over loon h oard

( L is t 2 2 , 2 ) p robab ly b e longs t o t he N ordborg v ar ian t o f Becker 's Tors ted t ype , l onger t han h is Bag terp t ype ( i bid ., 2 21-222 ) .

The l a te M I d a te o f t hese

s pearheads ( i b id ., 2 22 ) i s i n a ccordance w i th t he d a te o ft he Over loon h oard . 6 5

The N ordic s equence c on t inues w i th Va ls mag le s pearheads o f l a te M I a nd Sm0ru movre s pearheads o f e ar ly MI I ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967, 1 17-136; 1 968, 1 04-105 , f i g . 2 , 5 , 1 12-113 , f i g . 7 , 5 ) .

L o mborg

There i s as ing le e xamp le o f

e ach f ro m t he N ether lands , D e Z i lk a nd N i j megen ( L is t 2 2 , 3 -4 ) .

These a re

S candinav ian r a ther t han n or th-wes t G er man t ypes ( Jacob-Friesen 1 967, Kar te 1 -2 ) . The n or th-wes t G er man s pearhead i n t he O ver loon h oard ( L is t 2 2 , 8 ) i s p robab ly f rom a p ar t o f G ermany a d jacent t o t he N e ther lands .

The H u l ters tad

a nd L Uneburg s pearheads ( L is t 2 2 , 5 -7) a re f ro m f ur ther e as t i n t he I lmenau a rea ( i b id . ,K ar te 6 , 8 ) .

The H u l ters tad s pearhead f ro m t he Weerd inger Veen

i s a n u ncharac ter is t ic e xamp le ( i bid . ,1 59 );

i ta ppears t o b e long t o L aux 's

Beverdeck-Tangendorf f orm o f t he l a ter p ar t o f h is Z e i tgruppe I I ( 1971 , 8 78 8) .

The L uneburg Type I b e longs ma in ly t o M I I I a ccord ing t o J acob-Fr iesen

( 1967 , 1 84-190 ) ;

L aux p laces mos t e xamp les i n h is Z e i tgruppe I I ( 1971 , 8 6) .

The e ar l ies t s pearheads o f c entra l E uropean o r ig in a re t hose f rom De Z i lk a nd Da le ( L is t 2 2 , 1 0-11 ) o f R einecke A 2 o r B ( Bu t ler 1 963c , 2 45 ; J acobF r iesen 1 967 , 1 08) .

B u t ler c ons iders t ha t t he A ge ler B roek s pearhead ( L ist

2 2 , 1 2 ) i s c on temporary ( I nv . A rch . L a te B ronze Age d a te ( 1967 , 2 64 ;

NL13 ) t hough J acob-Fr iesen g ives i ta

s ee p . 1 40.

B lanche t a nd L a mbo t ( 1975 ,

3 6 ) p lace t he Ja nv i l le e xa mp le e ar ly i n B ronze F ina l b y v ir tue o f i t s o rnamen t t hough J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967, 1 14 n . 5 5 , 1 25 n . 3 3 ) c o mpares i ta nd a s pearh ead f ro m D ep t . Meuse ( i b id ., 3 77 n o . 1 688 , Ta f . 2 2 , 5 ) t o a sma l l g roup o f s ou th G erman d ecora ted s pearheads o f R einecke B o r C l . The N e ther lands s ee m t o r epresent t he w es tern marg in o f t he d is tr ibut ion o f N ordic s pearheads o f t he e ar lier B ronze Age ( Map 1 4 ) .

The e ar l ier N ordic

s pearheads s hou ld b e b road ly c on temporary w i th D utch f i nds o f T rebou l s pearh eads a nd t he l a ter t ypes c ons idered h ere c on temporary w i th b asa llooped s pearheads . Trebou l-Sa in t- Brandan swords .

L IST 2 3

T rebou l-Sa in t-Br a ndan swords h ave b een d iscussed b y B r iard ( 1965 , 8 8-91 , 9 1 , f i g . 3 4 );

Gaucher a nd Mohen ( 1972 , 2 11 ) a nd S chauer ( 1972c ) .

ment ions s o me r e la ted B r i t ish f i nds .

R ow lands

Trebou l-Sa in t-Brandan weapons h ave a

b road b ut t w i th a s many a s s ix r ive t-ho les u sua l ly f l anked b y t wo n otches . b lade t apers a brup t ly b e low t he h i lt . b y mu l t ip le g rooves ;

The

The n arrow b lade h as a midrib f l anked

a bou t t wo-th irds o ft he way d own t he b lade t he g rooves

c onverge a nd t he midr ib n arrows a brup t ly , c on t inu ing t o t he t i p o f t he b lade . S o lid h i lts o ccur of ten , w i th d rooping s hou lders a nd a c entra l n otch i n t he b ase ; t here a re t hree o r f our h o les o r f a lse r ive ts i n t he g r ip ; t he p o m me l i s e xpanded .

Where n o h i l t s urv ives a h i l t- mark s hows i t s c haracter is t ic

f orm . These s words a re mos t c om mon i n B r i t tany w here t hey a re c harac ter ist ic o f t he T rebou l p hase ( Schauer 1 972c , A bb . 3 ) .

O n ly t wo o ther e xamp les

a ppear t o b e k nown i n F rance , o ne f ro m t he R höne a t L yon , R höne ( Schauer 1 972c , 2 0 n o . 1 6;

H o ls te 1 942 , A bb . 3 ;

B riard 1 965 , f i g . 3 3 , 2 ) , t he o ther

f ro m V i l leneuve-Sa int-Georges ( L is t 2 3 , 1 ) .

F ro m t he L ow C oun tries a re

t he e xamp les f ro m Meche len a nd t he R . Waa l ( L is t 2 3 , 2 -3 ) .

6 6

There i s o ne

G erman f i nd f rom t he Ma in a t F rankfur t -Höchs t ( Schauer 1 972c , 1 6 , Abb . 1 , 1 ) a nd a much-corroded b lade f ro m ( i b id ., 2 0 n o . 2 4 ;

e t e r h o v e d

Mose , R ingk 9 5bing Amt , J u t land

B roho lm 1 935 , 2 57-258 , f i g . 1 ) .

S chauer ( 1972c , 2 0 n os . 1 8-19 ) c i tes t wo E ng l ish e xamp les b u t b oth a ppear t o b e l oca l d aggers :

Ba t t legore , Wi l li ton , S o merse t ( Ger lof f 1 975 , 1 07 n o .

1 97 ) , Camer ton t ype ,and Me thwo ld , N orfo lk ( i b id ., 8 1 n o . 1 49 ) , R oke D own t ype .

The s ame a pp l ies t o t he I r ish f i nd , u nprovenanced ( Schauer 1 972c , 2 0

n o . 2 0 ) , ad agger o f H i l l o f A l len t ype ( Harb ison 1 969 , 1 4 n o . 7 8) .

O f S chauer 's

r e la ted w eapons , t he e xamp le i n t he h oard f ro m G len troo l , K irkcudbrigh t . ( 1972c , 2 0 n o . 3 3 ; C o les 1 963-64 , f i g . 1 6 ) , i s v ery c orroded; o n e xamina t ion i n t he Na t iona l Museu m o f A n t iqui t ies , E d inburgh , i n F ebruary 1 976 , i ts A 7 a .s i mposs ib le t o a ss ign i tw i th c onf idence t o a ny s pecif ic t ype . S chauer d a tes t he a ppearance o f B ( 1972c , 2 9 ) .

T rebou l-Sa in t-Brandan swords t o R e inecke

Weapons o f s imi lar f or m , h is B roc t ype , were k nown i n c en tra l

E urope d ur ing R einecke A 2 ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 9-20 ) .

S o lid b ronze h i l ts o ccurred

o n R e inecke A 2 d aggers i n wes t c en tra l E urope , e .g . Gaub icke lhe im , K r . Worms-A lzey , H esse ( Hundt 1 971 , A bb . 1 , 1 -3 , Taf . 1 , 1 ; Abb . 2 ) ; t hese h ad s tra igh t h i l ts a nd t r iangu lar b lades .

S chauer 1 971 ,

The t r ip le U -shaped

h i l t a ppeared i n R e inecke B ( Hund t 1 962 , 5 1; G er lof f 1 975 , 1 54 ) i n t he u pper R h ine v a l ley a nd e as tern F rance ( Hundt 1 962 , 5 7 ) , a nd s o lid-h i l ted swords w i th d rooping s hou lders a nd t r ip le U -shaped h i l ts were k nown a t t h is t ime ( Ho ls te 1 942 ;

1 953a , 2 -3;

MU l ler-Karpe 1 955 , 2 6 ) .

X -ray e xam ina t ion s hows

t ha t s ome o f t hese swords h ad t rapezoida l h i l ts ( Hundt 1 962 , 5 2-54 , Abb . 4 , 1 -4 ) wh i le l a ter s words o f R e inecke C/D h ad t anged h i l ts ( i b id ., A bb . 2 , 2 -5 ) . The g rooved o g iva l b lade o f T rebou l-Sa in t-Brandan swords s hou ld , l ike t ha t o f S öge l s words , b e d er ived f ro m t he H a jdüsämson-Apa g roup ( Schauer 1 972c , 2 5 ;

H undt 1 962 , 4 1-50 ) . The a ppearance o f o g iva l b lades i n B r i t tany s hou ld b e b road ly c onte mpor-

a ry w i th t he a ppearance o f o g iva l d agger b lades , t he Camer ton-Snowsh i l l t ype , i n B ri ta in ( Ger lof f 1 975 , 1 15-118 ) .

A sma l l n u mber o f B ri t ish d aggers , t he

R oke D own g roup , i s c lose ly r e la ted t o Trebou l-Sa in t-Brandan swords ( i b id ., 1 975 , 8 1-82 ) . The e xamp le f ro m Me thwo ld , N orfolk ( i b id ., n o . 1 49 ; s ee p . a bove ) , a ppears t o b e a sma l l v ers ion o f t he F rench t ype w i th a b road b u t t b eari ng f our l arge r ive t h o les f l anked b y t wo n otches a nd a b road , t aper ing midr ib f l anked b y c onverg ing g rooves .

The e pony mous e xamp le ( i b id ., n o . 1 52 )

h ad a n o rgan ic h i l t o f t r ip le U -shape w i th d roop ing s hou lders .

S uch d aggers

a re r are i n B ri t tany a nd a bsen t f ro m p r imary s eries b arrows b u t t hey o ccur i n s econdary s er ies b arrows , e .g . K ersa in t-P labennec , F inis tere ( Briard 1 976a , 5 67;

G er lof f 1 975 , 8 4 , 2 49 n o . 3 9 ) , a nd a re p robab ly i n ter media te

b e tween A r mor ico-Br i t ish A a nd B d aggers a nd Trebou l swords ( i bid . ,8 8 ) . The R oke D own g roup n eed b e n o e ar lier t han t he Trebou l swords .

T rebou l

i nf luence h as a lso b een i nvoked f or t he I rish H i l l o f A l len t ype ( Harb ison 1 969 , 2 6 ) wh ich i nc ludes t he e xa mp le i den t if ied a s Trebou l-Sa in t-Brandan b y S chauer , The h oard f ro m L a V ico mte-sur- Rance , C ö tes-du-Nord , c on ta ins a Woh lde sword a s w e l l a s a Trebou l sword ( Schauer 1 972c , 2 3; f ig . 2 6 , 9 ) .

B r iard 1 965 ,

Th is c orre la tes T rebou l swords w i th l a te M I a nd c onf ir ms t he ir

R e inecke B d a te .

B ut ler a ccep ts a R e inecke B d a te f or t he a ppearance o f

6 7

T rebou l swords b ut q ues t ions S chauer s a ssump t ion t ha t t he ir p roduct ion e nded d ur ing R einecke C l ( Bu t ler a nd S arfa t i j 1 970-71 , 3 09 n . 1 ) . T he sword i n t he B a i l leu l-sur-Thera in h oard ( 54 ) i s r e la ted t o t he Trebou lS a in t-Brandan t ype b y i t s b lade a nd t he t hree f a lse r ive ts i n i t s g rip ( B lanche t a nd L ambot 1 975 , 5 7 ) .

T he d agger f ro m L a F o l ie , P ierrefonds , O ise , h as a

s o l id h i l t o f s imi lar c onf igura t ion ( i b id . ,5 7 , f i g . 6 0 ) a nd i t s d ecora ted b lade may b e c o mpared t o ad agger f ro m H a mmersmi th ( Ger lof f 1 975 , 1 32 n o . 2 15 ) . Th is d agger b e longs t o t he H am mersmi th t ype wh ich i nc ludes t he o n ly k nown B r i t ish d agger w i th a s o l id b ronze h i lt , f ro m t he Thames ( i b id ., n o . 2 18 ) . The Ham mers mi th t ype s hou ld b e c on temporary w i th t he Ba i l leu l a nd P ierref onds weapons ; t he B a i l leu l h oard ( 54 ) i nc ludes f l anged a xes c lose ly r e la ted -t o t he A rre ton t ype ( L is t 1 , 4 ) a nd t he H a m mersmi th t ype b e longs t o t he A rre ton s er ies o fd aggers ( i b id ., 1 28-130 ) .

G er lof f h as s ugges ted t ha t t he c ast ing

t echnique o f A rre ton s ocke ted s pearheads was d er ived f ro m t ha t o f R e inecke B s o l id-h i l ted swords ; t he s pearheads a re a lso r e la ted t o t hese swords b y t he mock r ive ts wh ich b oth t ypes s hare a nd wh ich o ccur o n t he Ba i l leu l s word ( i b id . ,1 52-154 ) . Th is a l l s ugges ts t ha t t he Arre ton p hase o f t he B r i t ish E ar ly B ronze Age was , a t l eas t i n p art , c on temporary w i th e ar ly B ronze Moyen i n n or thern F rance a nd , t hus , w i th R einecke B a nd l a te M I . V ar ious d eriva t ives o f T rebou l-Sa in t-Brandan s words a re k nown i n F rance , e .g . S eine a t O isse l , S eine- Mar i t ime ( Cout i l 1 928 , p l . Da , u pper l ef t ; S chauer 1 972c , 2 0 n o . 3 0 ;

B r iard 1 965 , 1 03 ) ,and i n s ou thern E ng land , e .g .

N or ton F i tzwarren , S o merse t ( Tru mp 1 962 , 8 1 , 9 8 n o . 2 33 , f i g . 2 , 2 ;

R ow-

l ands 1 976, 4 17 n o . 1 884 , p l . 4 3 ) , a nd Thames a t S urb i ton , S urrey ( Tru mp 1 962 , 9 9 n o . 2 57 , 1 02 ;

R ow lands 1 976 , 1 97 , 4 12 n o . 1 816, p l . 4 4 ) .

More

d e ta i ls o f t he F rench d er iva t ives a re n eeded t o d ecide whe ther t he E ng lish f i nds a re i mpor ts o r n ot .

B urgess ( 1968c , 8 , n . 2 0 ;

R ow lands 1 976 , 1 97)

r efers t o t wo u nprovenanced d aggers f ro m t he L ayton c o l lec t ion a s T i • aou l weapons .

O ne i s i nc luded b y G er lof f i n h er R oke D own g roup ( 1975 , 8 1 n o .

1 50 ) a nd t he o ther i s a n A r mor ico-Bri t ish C d agger o f h er Win terbourne Ca me v ar ian t ( i b id . ,8 0 n o . 1 46 ) . P lougrescant-O m merschans swords .

L IST 2 4

Ag roup o fu nusua l weapons h as b een n amed t he P lougrescan t-Om merschans t ype ( But ler a nd B akker 1 961 ;

B u t ler a nd S arfa t i j 1 970-71 ) .

h ave a b road , t rapezo ida l h i lt w i th a c urved t op ;

T hese s words

r ive t h o les a re a lways a bsen t .

T he b lade i s o g iva l w i th b eve l led e dges wh ich r ise a bove t he i nse t f ace o f t he b lade ;

ab road midr ib t apers t o ap o in t al i t t le more t han h a lfway d own t he

b lade ; t he midr ib i s f l anked b y b road , f la t , we l l-def ined r ibs wh ich f o l low t he c urves o f t he e dges f ro m t he s ides o f h i l t a nd c onverge i m media te ly b e low t he p oint o f t he midr ib .

F ro m t he t i p o f t he c onvergen t r ibs t o t he p oin t o f

t he b lade r uns a n arrow midr ib .

The swords a ppear t o h ave b een d es igned t o

c ons is ten t o r r e la ted measurements a nd e xecu ted w i th g rea t c are b u t t heir e dges a ppear t o b e u nsharpened .

Th is , c o mbined w i th t he l ack o f r ive t h o les ,

s ugges ts t ha t P lougrescan t-OM merschans swords were n on-funct iona l , as upp os i t ion c onf irmed b y t he ir q u i te u nw ie ldy d imensions , e .g . t he e xamp le f ro m Beaune , C ö te-d 'Or ( B M WG 2 257;

F ig . 3 0 , 1 ) .

6 8

Ap ecu l iar f ea ture o f t he B eaune sword a nd t he e xa mp le f ro m K i mber ley ( L is t 2 4 , 1 ) i s t he p resence o f ar icasso ( Bu t ler a nd Bakker 1 961 , 2 04 ) , a f ea ture a pparen t ly a bsen t b efore R einecke D ( Schauer 1 971 , 7 0 n . 2 ) .

O ther-

w ise , t he f ea tures o f P lougrescan t-Om merschans swords c an a l l b e d er ived f ro m T rebou l-Sa in t-Brandan s words ( Bu t ler a nd S arfa t i j 1 970-71 , 3 08; 1 972c , 2 9 ) .

S chauer

Thus , t he ir c hrono logy c ou ld s pan t he p er iod f ro m t he T rebou l/

R e inecke B p hase t o R e inecke D ; t he o n ly a ssoc ia ted f i nd , t he Om merschans h oard ( 86 ) , i s n ot v ery i nfor ma t ive . The swords f ro m Om merschans a nd P lougrescan t , C ö tes-du-Nord , a re a l mos t i dent ica l ( Bu t ler a nd Bakker 1 961 , 2 01 , f i g . 5 ) , a nd o f s i mi lar d i mensi ons t o t he B eaune sword .

The J utphaas sword ( L is t 2 4 , 3 ) i s sma l ler b ut

d es igned a pprox i ma te ly i n p roport ion t o t he P lougrescan t a nd Om merschans swords ( But ler a nd S arfa t i j 1 970-71 , 3 08 ) . l ack ing t he f l a t r ibs o n t he f ace .

The K i mber ley sword i s s i mp ler ,

The d is tr ibut ion o f P lougrescan t-O m mers-

c hans swords r ef lects t he s ame l i nk b e tween B r i t tany a nd t he N e ther lands a s Trebou l swords a nd s pearheads .

I fa n Armorican o rig in i s a ccep ted ( i bid .) ,

t he K imber ley sword s hou ld r epresent a n i mport i n to B r i ta in u nusua l f or t he T rebou l p hase , b u t l ess s o i ft he r icasso i ndica tes a l a ter d a te . N ordic a nd c en tra l E uropean swords .

L ISTS 2 5-26 .

MAP 1 5

Charac ter is t ic weapons o f t he n or th-wes t G er man E ar ly B ronze Age were S öge l a nd Woh lde swords .

T he S öge l t ype h as f our r ivet-ho les i n ar ounded

b ut t a nd a n o g iva l b lade , of ten d ecora ted ( Sprockhof f 1 927 ); t he Woh lde t ype h as a more t rapezo ida l b ut t a nd a s tra igh t b lade , i t s f our r ive ts , s o-ca l led Pf loc lm ie te , u sua l ly h ave l arge h eads( Inv . A rch . D 153 ) .

The S öge l f or m was

d erived f ro m t he M idd le Danube a nd t he Woh lde f orm f ro m t he s ou th Ger man e ar ly T umu lus r eg ion ( Hachmann 1 957 , 8 1-111 , 1 53-154 ; 1 07 );

K ubach 1 973b , 1 06-

mos t w r i ters c ons ider t ha t t he t wo t ypes were b road ly c on te mporary i n

n or th-wes tern G er many ( Lo mborg 1 959 , 1 37-139 ;

c on temporary i n n or th-

wes tern G ermany n or th-wes tern Ger many ( Lo mborg 1 959 , 1 37-139; J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 6-27; L aux 1 971 , 9 9-101;

K ubach 1 973b , 4 07 ) a nd d id n ot r epresent t wo s epara te

h or izons a s Hachmann p roposed ( 1957, 3 6-39 ) .

R ige l a nd Woh lde swords o ccur

i n J ut land , S ch lesw ig-Ho ls te in , L ower S axony a nd s ou th t o t he Ma in ( Hachmann 1 957, K ar te 1 -2;

L o mborg 1 968 , 1 32-133 , f i g . 1 ; B ergmann 1 970 , Te i l B ,

L is te 1 8 , 2 2 , Taf . 2 , 1 , 4 , K ar te 8 -9; Abb . 4 ) .

L aux 1 971 , K ar te 1 5 ;

K ubach 1 973b ,

Woh lde swords a ppear t o b e a bsen t f ro m wes tern L ower S axony

( Bergmann 1 970 , T e i l B , Kar te 9 ) , s o i ti s s o mewha t s trange t ha t Woh lde swords a re more c o m mon t han S öge l i n t he N e ther lands a nd Be lg ium (Map 1 6 ) . Two swords f ro m B re ton T rebou l h oards h ave of ten b een i den t if ied a s Woh lde swords :

L a V ico mte-sur-Rance ( Br iard 1 965 , 9 4 , f i g . 2 6, 9 ) a nd Duau l t

( Briard a nd Mohen 1 976 , 3 1 , f i g . 3 , 1 5 ) , C ö tes-du-Nord , b u t S chauer p oin ts o ut t ha t t hese swords c ou ld b e d er ived d irec ly f ro m c en tra l E urope ( 1972c , 2 3 n . 3 1 ) a nd t he s ame may a pp ly t o s o me o f t he ' Woh lde ' swords f ro m t he L ow C ountt ies . Two swords f ro m t he P ar is Basin a re p robab ly r e la ted t o t he S a in t-Tr iphon t ype o f R e inecke B ( Schauer 1 971 , 3 3-35 ) :

C annes-tc luse , S e ine-e t- Marne

( Bont i l lo t a nd Mordant 1 972 , 2 5-27, f ig . 2 , 1 ) , a nd R . Y onne a t P on t Baudot , S ens , Y onne ( N ico las , Duva l , E ld ere , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 , 1 48 , f i g . 3 , 1 8 );

as econd sword f ro m t he Y onne , P assage d es P echeurs , S ens ( i bid ., 1 47 , 6 9

f ig , 3 , 1 7) , may h ave s i mi lar c entra l E uropean o r igins .

L ess d is t inct ive

swords w i th r ounded b u t ts o ccur i n n or th-eas tern F rance ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 2 1 ) e .g .B ou logne , P as-de-Ca la is ( Mohen 1 972 , 4 49 , f i g .3 , 6 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 11 , B ou logne-sur- Mer 1 2 ) , a nd S chou lbrouck , C la ir mara is , Pas-de-Ca la is ( Mohen 1 972 , 4 49 , f i g . 2 , 1 ; C la irmara is ) .

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 12 ,

The h a lberd f ro m Montreui l-sur- Mer , P as-de-Ca la is ( Gaucher

a nd Mohen 1 974 , 2 9 , i l l . 1 2a ) , p rev ious ly p ub lished a s ar ound-bu t ted sword ( Mohen 1 972 , 4 51 , f i g . 3 , 5 ) , may b e men t ioned h ere .

S imi lar c onfus ion h as

a t tended t he r e la ted o b ject i n aR e inecke A 2 h oard f ro m R ied i m Oberinn ta l , T iro l , A ustr ia ( Ö 'R iordä in 1 936 , 2 23 ) , p ub lished b y S chauer a s aS chwertstab ( 1971 , 6 0-61 ) .

B o th t he R ied a nd Mon treu i l h a lberds a ppear t o b e o u t l iers _

o f an or th G er man-wes t P o l ish g roup o f h a lberds w i th l arge c on ica l r ivets ( Me ier-Arendt 1 969 , Abb . 4 ) a nd t he F rench e xamp le may b e c o mpared t o t he u nprovenanced e xamp le i n C o logne ( i bid ., 5 3 , A bb . 1 -2 , Taf . 1 1-12 ) . Weapons w i th r ounded b u t ts a re r are i n B r i ta in .

T ru mp ( 1962 , 8 0-82 )

d iscussed t hem a nd , r a ther u nconv incing ly , c o mpared t he ' d irk ' f ro m t he Thames a t D i t ton , S urrey ( i b id ., 9 6 n o . 9 0 , f i g . 1 , 1 ;

R ow lands 1 976, 4 08

n o . 1 749 ) , t o aS a in t-Tr iphon sword f ro m Amberg , B avar ia ( Schauer 1 971 , 3 3 n o . 4 8 ) . 8 ;

B urgess a t tr ibu ted a r ounded b ut t t o T rebou l i nf luence ( 1968c ,

s ee p . 1 26-30 ) .

R ow lands ( 1976 , 1 98-200 , p ls . 4 2-43 ) h as l is ted a nd

i l lustra ted b lades wh ich h e c ons iders o f c on t inenta l o r ig in o r i nspira t ion . S prockhof f ( 1941 , 4 1 ) c ons idered t ha t t he r ap ier f ro m t he Tha mes a t Cha tha m Dockyard h ad R ige l c harac ter is t ics b ut i tl acks b oth d ecora t ion a nd a c ons tricted u pper b lade .

N or c an a ny o ther o f t hese r ap iers b e ma tched among t he N ordic

s er ies a s i l lus tra ted b y Hachmann ( 1957 ) , most h ave b u t ts t oo b road a nd f la t . N one a ppears t o b e o f c en tra l E uropean o r ig in ( Schauer 1 971 ) . f luence a ppears more p robab le .

T rebou l i n-

The r ema in ing r apiers men t ioned a s R ige l

o r Woh lde d er iva t ives b y B ut ler ( 1963a , 2 14 n .1 ) a re p laced i n i nsu lar g roups b y R ow lands ( 1976, 4 02 n o . 1 683 ;

4 08 n o . 1 749;

4 20 n o . 1 919;

4 21 n os .

1 925 , 1 933 ) . There i s aD u tch e xamp le o ft h is r a ther u ndiagnos t ic g roup o f r ound-bu t ted weapons f ro m Zwaagdi jk , N . H o l land ( Bu t ler 1 964a ) . al ozenge b lade s ect ion w i th ofse t e dges .

Th is h as s ix r ive ts a nd

Th is r ese mb les a n e xamp le f ro m

Barrow 1 0 , Wo lfhagen-S tad twa ld , H esse ( Schauer 1 971 , 5 9 n o . 1 74 ) , n o t i nc luded i n a ny o f S chauer 's t ypes b ut l is ted a s an or th-wes t G erman M II f or m b y B ergmann ( 1970 , T e i l B , 3 5 , L is te 6 9 , 1 1 , T af . 4 3 , Kar te 2 8 ) . Two f i nds o fg enuine ly N ord ic o b jects i n n or th-eas tern F rance may b e n oted .

There i s as o lid-h i l ted sword f ro m t he S eine a t V ernon , E ure ( Cout i l

1 921 , p l . 5 , t op ;

V erron 1 976a , 5 90 ) .

L ack o fd e ta i l p revents a c er ta in

a t tr ibu t ion , b u t t he V ernon sword h as s ix r ive ts , a n u nusua l n u mber , i n i t s omega-shaped h i l t . ( 1969 , Ta f . 3 9 , 3 03 ;

S evera l swords o f O t ten jann 's Type M h ave s ix r ive ts 4 0 , 3 08 , 3 10 , 3 11 ) a nd t he e xa mp le most s i mi lar t o t he

F rench sword c o mes f ro m a b uria l a t S erup , Th is ted Amt , J u t land ( i b id ,. 9 9 n o . 3 03 , Taf . 3 9; 5 5-58 ) .

6 0 ) .

Th is g roup o f N ordic swords i s d a ted t o MI I ( i b id .,

The V ernon sword i s c o mp le men ted b y aN ordic c hape f ro m F or t-

Harrouard , E ure-e t-Loir ( Ph i l lippe 1 936, f i g . 2 8, 8 ) . t o F orm 1 o f K ers ten 's b ossed c hapes ( n .d .

Th is a ppears t o b e long

( 1935 ) , 7 0 , 1 39 , Taf . XXXV I , 3 5 ) .

These a re f ound i n Den mark a nd n or th-wes tern G er many d uring M II ( Laux 1 971 , 7 7) ;

t he mos t d iagnos t ic f i nd i s i n t he U l lers lev h oard , S vendborg Am t , F yn

( Jacob-Friesen 1 967 , 1 43 , 3 16 n o . 4 58 , Taf . 6 9 , 5 ) . 7 0

T u mu lus d aggers .

L IST 2 7 .

MAP 1 5 .

A sma l l g roup o f d aggers k nown i n n or th-eastern F rance ( L is t 2 7, 9 -16 ) p robab ly o r ig ina tes f ro m t he wes tern T u mu lus a rea ( Sandars 1 957 , 1 01 , 1 13 ) . S uch d aggers a re e specia l ly c o m mon i n t he Haguenau F ores t ( Schaef fer 1 926 , f i gs . 6 6-67 ) . The Abbev i l le d agger ( L is t 2 7 , 1 1 ) f i nds a p ara l le l i n b arrow 1 2 , K ön igsbruck , n r . S ouf f lenhe im , Bas-Rh in ( i b id ., f i g . 3 6, f ) ; t o Z e iger t 's Z e i tgruppe 5 , R e inecke C 2 ( 1963 , Taf . 6 ) .

t h is b e longs

The l onger b lade f ro m

t he S e ine a t P ar is ( L is t 2 7 , 1 0 ) a lso a ppears t o b e o f H aguenau o rig in , c f . t he e xamp le f ro m b arrow 2 , S che l menho fs tad t , Bas-Rh in ( S chae ffer 1 926 , 1, f igs . 3 , m; 6 7c ) . I ti s i n teres t ing t o s ee s o many o f t hese d aggers a t F or tHarrouard , t oge ther w i th p ins o f H aguenau o r ig in ( see p . 7 5-6 ). O ft he B ri t ish d aggers , t he e xamp le f ro m Wroxe ter i s o f s ou th G er man R e inecke B o rig in ( L is t 2 7 , 2 ) .

The S ussex d agger ( L is t 2 7 , 3 ) b e longs t o t he

P esch iera t ype , u sua l ly s a id t o b e long t o R e inecke D a nd H a A l ( Peroni 1 956, 7 5 ;

M t i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 44 , Abb . 2 3 , 2 2 ;

1 970 , 1 91 );

v on B runn 1 968, 3 4 ;

R andsborg

t h is d agger a ppears c losest t o t he V erona t ype o f P eron i 's G roup

C ( 1956, 7 1 n o . 1 0 , T af . 1 , 3 ) .

Ad agger o f G roup C was f ound i n b arrow 1 ,

Donauber , H aguenau ( i b id ., 7 5 , 8 5 n o . 8 5 ;

S chaef fer 1 926 , f i g . 3 0 , A ) , d a ted

t o Z e i tgruppe 5 , R e inecke C , b y Z ieger t ( 1963 , 1 4 , Taf .6 ) a nd M t i l ler- Karpe h as s ugges ted t ha t t he P esch iera h or izon may e x tend b ack i n to t he T u mu lus p er iod ( 1959 , 1 50 ) .

The L agore d agger ( L is t 2 7 , 8 ) i s r e la ted t o e ar ly U rn-

f i e ld d aggers , b ut a lso t o l a te T u mu lus r azors .

T here i s as imi lar d agger i n

ab uria l a t F ahrenkrug , K r . S egeberg , H o ls te in ( Randsborg 1 968 , Abb . 2 ) , f or wh ich E ogan q uo tes a l a te MU d a te ( 1966a , 1 52 ) , wh i le R andsborg p refers a s l igh t ly e ar lier d a te ( 1968 , 1 0 ) .

The C ypr io t o r igin o f t he Win terbourne

Basse t d agger r enders modern i mpor t p robab le ( L is t 2 7 , 4 ; Wa tk ins 1 976 ) . The p rec ise o r igins o f t he o ther B r i t ish d aggers a re u ncerta in . The Be lg ian e xamp le ( L is t 2 7, 1 7 ) i s p robab ly o f western T u mu lus o r igin ;

o ther e xamp les

f ro m t he L ow C oun tr ies p robab ly awa i t i den t if ica t ion . Trapezoida l-h i l ted r ap iers .

L ISTS 2 8-29 .

MAP 1 6 .

The s o-ca l led ' rapiers ' o ft he B ri t ish M idd le B ronze Age h ave more o r l ess t rapezoida l h i l ts w i th t wo r ivet h o les ;

b e low t he h i l t t he b lade n arrows

a brup t ly a nd e i ther h as p ara l le l s ides f or mos t o f i t s l eng th o r s ides wh ich c onverge g radua l ly t o i t s t i p . w ide ly a ccep ted;

The t ypo logy o f T rump ( 1962 ) h as n ot b een

t he c lass if ica t ion o f B urgess ( 1968c ) , b ased o n b lade s ect ion ,

i s u sua l ly emp loyed .

The c hrono logy a nd t ypo logy o f B r i tish r ap iers h as a lso

b een d iscussed b y R ow lands ( 1 976, 6 8-74 ) a nd b y C o les ( 1963-64 , 1 11-114 ) . B urgess h as i den t if ied f our g roups o fb lade s ect ions : a nd g rooved ;

G roup I , l ozenge s ect ion , s l igh t ly c oncave , w i th o r w i thout

b eve l led e dges ; 1 ) .

G roup I , r ibbed

G roup I I , t rip le r idge ;

G roup I V , b road midr ib ( 1968c , f i g .

Weapons o f G roup I V c an h ave n otched b u t ts ; t h is i s c haracteris t ic o f

LBA1 ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 05 n . 2 61 ) i n B r i ta in a nd B ronze F ina l 1i n n or thern F rance ( B lanche t a nd Mohen 1 977 , 4 77-478 ) .

The h oard f ro m Grset t , E ssex

( 105 1 , s hows t he v ar ie ty o f r ap iers a va i lab le a t t he MBA2/LBA1 t ransi t ion . I t s hou ld b e n oted t ha t t he mou ld f rom K n igh ton D own , D evon ( L ist 4 2 , 2 ) , c ont a ins ma tr ices wh ich a re p robab ly f or r ibbed b race le ts i n a ddi t ion t o ma tr ices f or G roup I r ap iers ( Burgess 1 968c , 1 1 , 2 6 n o . 4 ) . d a te f or t hese r ap iers . 7 1

Th is s uppor ts a MBA2

T rapezo ida l-h i l ted r ap iers a re c o m mon o n t he c on t inent ( Map 1 6 ) e specia l ly i n n or thern F rance ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 2 2 ) t hough t here i s n o c lass if ica t ion o f F rench r ap iers s uch a s t ha t o f B urgess .

F rench r ap iers a re

g enera l ly c ons idered t o b e c haracter is t ic o f l a ter B ronze Moyen , i n s uccess ion t o T rebou l s words ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 98 , c hronolog ica l t able ;

S chauer 1 972c , 2 9 ,

Tabe l le 1 ) . G roup Ir ap iers a re r e la ted t ypo log ica l ly t o T rebou l swords a nd d eve loped E ar ly B ronze Age d aggers ( Burgess 1 968c , 7 -10 ); t here i s ad ear th o fu sefu l h oard a ssocia t ions a nd f ur ther d e ta i led s tudy w i l l b e n ecessary t o u nrave l t he c o mp lex r e la t ions b e tween t hese t hree g roups o f w eapons . w i th B urgess ' MBA1 d a te ( i b id . ,1 0 ) .

We may a gree

Ik now o fn o c er ta in e xamp le o f aG roup

Ir ap ier f rom n or th-eas tern F rance o r t he L ow C oun tr ies , b ut t here i s a n e xamp le f ro m Wes terwanna , K r . Hade ln , L ower S axony ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 13 , f i g . 3 2 , 1 ) . L ozenge-sect ion r ap iers o f G roup I o ccur i n T rebou l h oards a t L a V ico mte-sur-Rance , C ö tes-du-Nord ( Br iard 1 965 , f i g . 2 6 , 1 ) , a nd Duau l t , C ö tes-du-Nord ( Br iard a nd Mohen 1 976 , 3 1 , f i g . 3 , 1 ) .

The l ozenge-sect ion

weapon i n t he C ascina R anza h oard , M i lano ( B ianco P eroni 1 970 , 1 4 n o . 1 2 ) , i s u sua l ly i dent if ied a s at rapezo ida l-h i lted r ap ier ( Burgess 1 968c , 1 1-12 ; S chauer 1 974b , 2 7 ) .

The o ther t rapezoida l-h i l ted w eapon f ro m I t a ly , P ogr i le

d i Mon t ice l l i , P arma ( B ianco P eron i 1 970 , 1 4 n o . 1 1 ) , i s ac en tra l E uropean G amprin sword o f R e inecke B ( Schauer 1 974b , 2 7 n . 1 1 ) .

T he Cascina R anza

r ap ier i s i n p oor c ond i t ion a nd , i fi ti s r ea l ly o f A t lan t ic o r ig in , i to n ly i ndica tes a midd le T umu lus d a te l a ter t han t he R einecke B -Trebou l p hase ( s ee ( 89 ) ). B urgess i nvokes Woh lde i nf luence f or t he f orm o f g roup I b lades a s w e l l a s f or t he t rapezoida l h i l t , b u t b oth f ea tures c ou ld b e d er ived f ro m c entra l E urop ean L ochha rn weapons v ia T rebou l h oards i ft he L a V ico mte-sur-Rance ' Woh lde ' sword were r ea l ly c en tra l E uropean ( Schauer 1 972c , 2 3 n . 3 1 ) .

Two

r ap iers f ro m n or th-eas tern F rance may b e a ss igned t o G roup I ( L ist 2 8 , 6 , 1 3 ) b u t t hese may b e r e la ted t o t he s imi lar r ap iers i n Trebou l h oards . G roup I I r ap iers r epresen t t he z enith o f B ri t ish a nd I r ish r ap ier manuf acture .

The i den t if ica t ion o f t he l ooped p a ls tave i n t he C redi ton h oard ( 5 ) a s

N orman r e moves B urgess ' d oubts a bou t t he d a te o ft h is h oard ; MBA2 ( 1968c , 1 3 ) .

i ti s s ecure ly

T he t wo r ap iers i n t he Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard ( 61 ) h ave

l ozenge s ect ions w i th o f fse t e dges , n ot t r ip le a rr is s ect ions a s B urgess c la ims ( i b id .) .

Tr ip le a rr is b lades o ccur i n t he Ma lass is h oard , C her ( Briard , C ord ier

a nd G aucher 1 969 , f i g . 1 0 , 4 4-45 , t ab leau I ) , i n at rans i t iona l B ronze Moyen/ Bronze F ina l c ontex t .

S evera l G roup I I r ap iers a re k nown f ro m n or th-eas tern

F rance ( L is t 2 8 , 3 0 , 3 2 ) .

There a re e xamp les f ro m O l ixdorf , K r . S te inburg ,

S ch lesw ig ( But ler 1 963a , f i g . 3 2 , 3 ) , a nd Wese l , K r . R ees , R h ine land ( Anke l 1 974 , 4 6-47 , Taf . I , 1 , Abb . 1 , 3 -4 ) . The a ppearance o f G roup I V weapons w i th e nc losed r ive t-ho les d ur ing MBA2 i s i ndica ted b y t he C redi ton h oard ( 5 ) a s we l l a s b y t he r ap ier h oards f ro m B eddge ler t , C aerns . ,S waf fham , N orfo lk , a nd Ta la ton , D evon ( Burgess 1 968c , 1 4 , 2 4 n os . 2 , 5 , 6 ; p l . 2 4 ) .

R ow lands 1 976 , 2 30 n o . 2 7 , p l . 2 2 ;

2 52 n o . 9 9 ,

O ne e xamp le i n t he Ma lass is h oard may b e long t o t h is f or m ( Br iard ,

C ordier a nd G aucher 1 969 , f i g . 1 0 , 4 3 ) .

There a re e xamp les f ro m n or th-

e astern F rance ( L ist 2 8 , 4 , 7 , 9 -10 , 1 4-15 , 1 7 ) , R uschwede l , K r . S tade , 7 2

L ower S axony ( But ler 1 963a , f i g . 3 2 , 2 ) a nd , w i th q ues t ionab le p rovenance , f rom t he Mur tensee , V aud/Fribourg , S w i tzer land ( Schauer 1 971 , 5 9 n o . 1 78) . O ne f orm f ound o n t he c on t inent wh ich d oes n o t a ppear t o f a l l i n to a ny o f B urgess ' g roups i s t he b lade w i th a n arrow midrib a nd b eve l led e dges ( L is t 2 8 , 2 , 1 9 , 3 1 ); t h is d oes n ot a ppear t o b e ac haracter is t ic B ri t ish f or m .

The

l ozenge s ec t ion w i th o f fse t o r b eve l led e dges a ppears t o h ave b een i ncorpora ted i n to G roup I I .

As S chauer h as p oin ted o u t i n c onnect ion w i th t he Mon t-Sa in t-

A ignan h oard ( 1972c , 2 4 n . 3 7 ) t h is f or m i s c o m mon o n e ar ly a nd midd le T umu lus swords

( see p . 3 38 ) .

T he r ap ier w i th t rapezo ida l h i l t f ro m

H aHens ley , H o lbaek Amt , Z ea land ( Aner a nd K ers ten 1 976, 2 6 n o . 6 73 , Taf . 1 5 ) ,has a l ozenge s ec t ion w i th b eve l led e dges .

More d e ta i led p ub l ica t ion o f

B urgess ' s che me s hou ld r eso lve t hese p rob lems . B urgess ( 1974 , 2 01 n . 2 21 ) c la ims t ha t t he weapon i n t he M II b uria l f ro m Orsdorf , K r . R endsburg , H o ls te in ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967, 1 32 , 2 23 , 3 32 n o . 7 48 , Taf . 4 9 , 9 ) , i s at rapezo ida l-h i l ted r ap ier .

Th is h as a d amaged h i lt

w i th t wo r ive ts a nd t wo d is t inc t n otches a nd a l ozenge-sect ion b lade w i th b eve l led e dges a nd a B r i t ish o r igin i s n ot c er ta in .

I n a ny c ase , t he 1 V I I c on-

t ex t d oes n o t s uppor t t he MBA1 c orre la t ion wh ich h e c la ims . The r ap ier f ro m A n twerp wh ich Marion d escribes a s I r ish ( 1952 , a lb . 1 78 , 2 ) h as f our r ive ts a nd a n arrow midr ib w i th b eve l led e dges . o f r ive ts a nd t he b lade s ect ion d eny t h is i den t if ica t ion .

B oth t he n u mber

The weapon f ro m

D ö l l inghausen , K r . B ersenbr t ick , L ower S axony ( Sprockhof f 1 941 , Ta f . 3 3 , 5 ) , h as a s imi lar b lade a nd t he n u mber o f r ive ts i s c er ta in ly a c on t inenta l f eature . S o lid me ta l h i l ts o ccur o n af ew t rapezoida l-h i l ted r ap iers ( L ist 2 9 ) .

The

e xamp le r es idua l i n t he B ronze F ina l I I h oard f ro m S a in t-Genouph , I ndre-e tL oire ( Hundt 1 962 , 3 4-35 , Abb . 4 , 4 -8 ) , h as f our r ive ts b u t X -ray p ho tographs s how t ha t t he sma l ler o u ter p a ir d o n ot p erfora te t he h i l t o f t he r ap ier , wh ich a ppears t o b e long t o G roup I I .

The s o l id-h i l ted r ap ier i n t he Mon t-Sa in t-A ig ,nan

h oard ( L is t 2 9 , 3 ) h as t he s ame p a t tern o f r ivets b u t i t s b lade s ec t ion , l ozenge w i th o f fse t e dges , i ndica tes o r igin p oss ib ly a s e ar ly a s R e inecke B , t hough i t s hou ld b e t ypo logica l ly l a ter t han T rebou l swords ( Schauer 1 972c , 2 4 n . 3 7) . The K anturk r ap ier h as t he s ame p a t tern o f r ive ts a nd s hou ld b e b roadly c ont e mporary ( L is t 2 9 , 2 ) .

The A bbev i l le h i lt h as j us t t wo r ive ts ;

f orm i s u ncer ta in ( L is t 2 9 , 4 ) . r ive ts ( L is t 2 9 , 1 ) .

i t s b lade

The Amb les ide r ap ier i s r epresented w i th t wo

The Mont-Sa in t-A ig ,nan r ap iers s ugges t t ha t l ozenge-

s ec t ion b lades were a dap ted i n n orthern F rance f ro m c en tra l E uropean f or ms o f R einecke B o r C l a nd t he S a in t G enouph h i lt s hou ld b e e qua l ly e ar ly b ecause o f i t s r esemb lance t o e ar ly T umu lus s o lid-h i l ts ( Hund t 1 962 , 5 2 , Abb . 4 , 1 -4 ) . T rapezoida l-h i l ted r ap iers a re e specia l ly c o m mon i n t he l ower Thames v a l ley a nd i n n or thern E as t Ang l ia , o n t he s ou th-wes tern marg ins o f t he F ens , ( Row lands 1 976 , 7 0 ;

Tru mp 1 968 , 2 21-222;

t ra t ion i s r e f lected i n t he l ower S e ine v a l ley .

Map 1 6) a nd t he Thames c oncenThese r ap iers w ere t he d o min-

a n t M idd le B ronze Age weapon i n n orth-eas tern F rance a s we l l a s i n Br i ta in a nd t he t ypo log ica l v aria t ions n oted a bove i ndica te manufacture i n F rance , a lbe i t i n ac o m mon t radi t ion .

R ap iers a re n o t u nco m mon o n t he l ower Rh ine ,

a s we l l a s f ur ther n or th , b ut more d e ta i ls o f t he D utch e xamp les ( L ist 2 8, 3 4-38 ) a re n eeded b efore t hese c an b e c onf ident ly a t tr ibu ted t o t he western t rad ' i iion r a ther t han t he n or th German t radi t ion , a s y e t i l l-def ined ( Bergmann 1 970 , Te i l B , 3 5 , L iste 6 7 ) . 7 3

ORNA MENTS The o rnament h or izon Smi th 's s emina l s tudy o f t he M idd le B ronze Age i n s outhern B ri ta in b egan w i th a d iscuss ion o f ag roup o f o rnamen ts f ound i n s evera l h oards . o f t hese :

F or mos t

t w is ted n eck-r ings , t w is ted b race le ts , c oi led f i nger-r ings , l ozenge-

s ect ion b race le ts , r ibbed b race le ts a nd Monkswood o rnamen ts , aN ordic o r ig in was s ugges ted , a s f or s ocke ted a xes a nd k nobbed s ick les ( 1959 , 1 48-151 ) . The d a te o f t h is ' ornamen t h or izon ' was r es tr icted t o M I I I ( i b id . ,1 59-162 ) .

E schew-

i ng t he i dea o f migra t ion f ro m n or thern E urope , s he p roposed t ha t t he o rnaments were d er ived f ro m , ' an e c lect ic r eg ion i n N or th-east F rance ' , whence P icardy p ins w ere c er ta in ly d er ived , a nd c ons idered b r ief ly t ha t d oub le-knobbed s ick les , r ibbed b race le ts a nd l ozenge-sect ion b race le ts c ou ld , i n p ar t , h ave b een t rans mi t ted f ro m s ou thern G ermany t hrough t h is r eg ion ( i b id . ,1 62-164 ) . B u t ler n amed t he p eriod o fn or thern i n f luence t he ' Taun ton p hase ' , a nd a dded d isc-headed p ins w i th l ooped o r p erfora ted s haf ts t o t he l is t o f r e levan t o rnaments ( 1963a , 2 18-223 ) .

The o rnament h or izon a nd t he a ssocia ted t oo ls h ave

b eco me f undamen ta l f or t he c hrono logy o f t he B r i t ish M idd le B ronze Age a nd t he D evera l-R imbury c u lture ( Sm i th 1 959 , 1 55-159 , 1 81-185 ) . I n t he ir s tudies o f t he N ordic ma ter ia l , b oth Smi th a nd B u t ler h ad t o r e ly ma in ly o n t he w orks o f K ers ten ( n .d . [ 1935 ]) f or s ou thern S candinav ia a nd S prockhof f ( 1937;

1 941 ) f or n or th-western G er many .

I t was s o me y ears b efore

t hese p ub l ica t ions o fp re-war r esearch were s uperseded; 1 941 t hes is was p ub l ished o n ly i n 1 970 . w ork , b y Randsborg ( 1968;

i ndeed B ergmann 's

Over t he p as t d ecade we h ave n ew

1 972 ) f or s ou thern S candinav ia , b y L aux ( 1971 )

f or t he I lmenau r eg ion a nd b y S chubar t ( 1972 ) f or Meck lenburg .

I ti s c lear

t ha t t he c orre la t ion o f t he N ordic w i th t he c en tra l E uropean c hrono logy e s tabl ished b y t hese r esearches w i l l n o t a l low B r i t ish MBA2 t o l ast t o t he b eg inning o f M IV , n o e ar l ier t han H aA2 ( see p . 3 0 ). H aA2 r epresen ts t he e nd o f t he s ubsequen t LBAl/Penard p hase whose b eg inn ing mus t b e p laced i n R einecke D a nd M I I I o n ly b eg ins a t t he s ame t ime a s R e inecke D .

There i s t hus s er ious

c hrono log ica l r eason f or u nder tak ing t he f ur ther s tudy o f t he ' t r iangu lar ... c onnect ion ' b e tween B ri ta in , n or th-eas tern F rance a nd n or th-wes tern G er many , c a l led f or b y B urgess ( 1974 , 3 15 n . 2 40 ) . S uch s tudy h as a lso b een c arried o ut b y A . J . L awson ( B .A . R . 6 7 , 1 979 ) a nd B urgess h as i ncorpora ted p rov is iona l r esu l ts i n h is l a tes t c hrono logy ( 1976c , 7 3-75 , f ig . 4 .9 ) . D isc-headed p ins .

L IST 3 0 .

MAP 1 7

B oth o f t he Z u id laren p ins ( L is t 3 0 , 4 ) s hou ld b e o f R einecke B d a te a nd t he p in f ro m Merendree ( L is t 3 0 , 2 ) , wh ich s hares a n o rna men ted s inuous s haf t w i th t he s econd Z u id laren p in s hou ld b e b road ly c on te mporary .

C o mpar-

a b le p ins f rom s ou thern a nd wes tern G er many u sua l ly h ave p erfora ted s haf ts ( Torbr t igge 1 959a , 3 5-37 , A bb . 9 , 1 0 , 1 6 , 1 8;

K ubach 1 977 , 9 1-96 n os . 5 9-

6 1 ) b u t t he a ngu lar o r c ruc iform o rnamen ted s haf ts a re c haracter is t ic o f t he L ochham p hase . G er lof f ( 1975 , 1 22 ) c la ims a c on temporary d a te f or t he S hrew ton p in ( L is t 3 0 , 1 ) , b ut t he r ound-sect ion , u ndecora ted s haf t i s n ot a c harac ter is t ic T u mu lus f ea ture .

Th is p in was f ound i n t he d i tch o f abvrow a nd i s d if f icu l t

7 4

t o d a te p rec ise ly .

K ubach g roups a s i mi lar p in ( 1977 , 3 95 n o . 9 63 ) w i th e ar ly

U rnf ie ld e xamp les ( i b id ., 3 97-398 ) . The a f f ini t ies o f t he N oordw i jkerhout p in ( L ist 3 0 , 5 ) a re u ncer ta in ; B ut ler r efers t o i ta s M idd le B ronze Age ( 1963c , 2 44 ) .

I tc ou ld b e e ar ly , l ike

t he Z uid laren p ins , o r l a te , l ike t he E lp p in ( L is t 3 0 , 3 ) . Na i l-headed p ins .

L IST 3 1 .

MAP 1 7

The Weerdinge b ur ia l i nd ica tes a M I I/ I I I d a te f or i t s n a i l-headed p in ( L is t 3 1 , 4 ) .

O ne o f t he N i j lande p ins c o me f rom t he c en tra l b ur ia l i n ab arrow

s urrounded b y aw ide ly-spaced p os t c irc le a nd t he o ther f ro m a s econdary b ur ia l ; t h is i s t he s ame p er iphera l s tructure a s a t Weerdinge . b arrow l acked p er iphera l s tructure ( L is t 3 1 , 3 , 5 ) . i s p robab ly a n or th-wes t G er man t ype o f M I I .

The Emst

T he E lp p in ( L is t 3 1 , 2 )

The V ors tenbosch p in b ears

o rnamen t s imi lar t o t ha t o f t he Weerdinge p in ( L is t 3 1 , 1 ) a nd was p robab ly a ssoc ia ted w ith a H i lversum u rn . R o l l-headed p ins .

L IST 3 2 .

MAP 1 7

The r o l l-headed p ins w i th t w is ted s haf ts c ou ld b e a s e ar ly a s R e inecke B/ R ige l ( L is t 3 2 , 1 -2 ) t hough l a ter o ccurrences a re k nown ( Audouze a nd C our to is 1 970 , 3 6-73 ;

K ubach 1 977 , 5 43 n . 4 7) .

b ur ia l b e longs t o

The r o l l-headed p in i n t he Weerdinge

( L ist 3 2 ,3 ) .

G er lof f ( 1975 , 1 22 ) c o mpares c erta in t w is ted p in s haf ts f ro m Wessex b ur ia ls t o e ar ly T umu lus r o l l-headed p ins w i th t w is ted s haf ts b ut n one o f t hese i s c er ta in ly k nown f ro m Br i ta in . Whee l-headed p ins .

L IST 3 3 .

MAP 1 7

The whee l-headed p ins o f t he f or m p resent i n t he Weerdinge b ur ia l ( L ist 3 3 , 2 ) d eve loped i n c entra l E urope d ur ing R e inecke C l ; S axony b e long t o Z e i tgruppe I I , t ha t i s s o mewha t l a ter .

f i nds f ro m L ower The N i j megen p in

( L ist 3 3 , 3 ) i s ar are f orm w i th o n ly a s ing le d a tab le p ara l le l , f rom Wixhausen , K r . Dar ms tadt , H esse ( Kubach 1 977 , 2 22 n o . 4 29 ) , d a ted t o R e inecke C 2 .

I t

i s p oss ib le t ha t a l l t he D utch p ins a re o f M idd le R h ine o r igin . The p in i n I psw ich Museu m ( L is t 3 3 , 1 ) i s o f af orm w i th a w ide c hronol og ica l r ange a nd c o m mon i n e as tern L ower S axony ( Laux 1 976 , 2 7-33 , Taf . 4 5 ,B ;

B ergmann 1 970 , T e i l B , 5 6, L is te 1 98 , Taf . 1 0 , 5 , Kar te 7 7 ) .

I t

s eems p robab le t ha t i ti s a modern i mpor t . P ins w i th l ong r ibbed h eads .

L IST 3 4 .

MAP 1 8

P ins w i th l ong r ibbed h eads a re c o m mon i n t he H aguenau F ores t ( Schaef fer 1 926 , f i gs . 6 9 , D , G , R -S ; 7 0 , D ) .

Z ieger t i nc ludes t he t ype i n h is Z e i tgruppe

5 , R e inecke C 2 ( 1963 , 1 4 , Taf . 6 ) a nd H a t t u ses i tt o e xemp lify h is Bronze Moyen I I ( 1955 , f i g . C , 3 ;

Z u rns te in 1 976 , 6 38 , p l . I , 6 ) .

I to ccurs i n t he

h oard o f B ronze Moyen a nd B ronze F ina l Ip ins a t V ers , Gard ( Schauer 1 975a ,

7 5

5 0 , Abb . 4A , 3 1 ,and i s a lso k nown i n s ou thern G ermany ( Torbr t igge 1 959b , 7 1 , Taf . 3 , 8 ;

2 5 , 1 0 ;

5 9 , 6 ) .

K ubach i nc ludes t he A rry p in ( L is t 3 4 , 5 ) among

t he c o mparanda f or ag roup o fp ins w i th t h ickened h eads f ro m H esse ( 1977 , 3 09 n .12 ) o f R e inecke C 2 d a te , p robab ly d er ived f ro m t he H aguenau t ype ; p ins w i th l ong r ibbed h eads a re r are i n H esse ( i b id ., 3 16-319 n os . 7 62-765 ) . The n or thern F rench e xamp les a re p robab ly o f H aguenau o rig in ( Audouze a nd C our tois 1 970 , 1 1 ) .

The Baux-Sa in te-Croix h oard ( L is t 3 4 , 2 ) c onf ir ms

t he B ronze Moyen I I d a te . T ru mpe t-headed p ins .

L IST 3 5

These p ins w i th t rumpe t-shaped h eads a re p robab ly r e la ted t o l a te T u mu lus f orms w i th more e labora te ly o rnamented s haf ts . There a re c o mparab le p ins f ro m Bavaria , S chwa ighauser F ors t , L dkr . R egensburg ( Torgr t igge 1 959b , 1 92 n o . 2 66 , Taf . 6 0 , 5 ) , f ro m S w i tzer land , E stavayer-le-Lac , F ribourg ( Os terwa lder 1 971 , Taf . 2 2 , 1 3 ) , a nd f ro m t he H aguenau F ores t , K ön igsbr t ick , b arrow 1 3 , b ur ia l 4 , B as-Rh in ( Schaef fer 1 926 , f i g . 3 6, X ) . P icardy p ins . I n

L IST 3 6 .

MAP 1 8

af undamenta l a r t ic le , H awkes ( 1942 ) r e la ted t he p ins f ro m Amiens ,

Ca ix a nd V i l lers-sur-Au th ie ( L is t 3 6 , 7 -9 ) t o t he B r i t ish p ins f ro m S t . Margare t 's-a t-C lif fe , R amsga te a nd Wandswor th ( L is t 3 6 , 1 -2 , 4 ) .

H e c o m-

p ared t hese P icardy p ins w i th o rnamented swo l len s haf ts , a l l b ut o ne l ooped, t o T u mu lus L ochha lsnade ln b u t c la imed a r e tarded o r igin t o a l low f or t he L a te B ronze Age d a te t hen c urren t f or t he Devere l u rn a ssocia ted a t R amsga te ( 27 ) a nd i ndica ted b y t he ( res idua l ) e xamp le i n t he Ca ix h oard ( 140 ) .

I ti s n ow

r ecogn ised t ha t P icardy p ins a re M idd le B ronze Age , a s s hown b y t he V i l lerss ur-Au th ie h oard ( Smi th 1 959 , 1 61-162 ) . P icardy p ins d if fer f ro m c entra l E uropean T u mu lus p ins i n t he f orm o f t he h ead ( Hawkes 1 942 , 3 4-35 ) .

The n eares t T u mu lus p ins a re t hose o f t he

Haguenau F ores t ( Schaef fer 1 926 , f i g . 6 8 , D -0 ;

Z ieger t 1 963 , Taf . 6 ;

t e in 1 976 , p l . I , 2 -3 ) a nd t he M idd le R h ine ( Zieger t 1 963 , Taf . 9 ;

Z u ms-

K ubach

1 977 , 9 6-123 ) wh ich b e long t o B ronze Moyen I ( Ha t t 1 955 , f i g . A , 2 -3 ; Z u ms te in 1 976, 6 38 ) a nd R e inecke B /C1 ( Zieger t 1 963 , 2 9 ;

K ubach 1 977 , 1 03 , 1 07 , 1 12 ) .

These p ins h ave t h ickened , r ounded o r b icon ica l h eads .

Th is s ugges ts t ha t t he

F or t-Harrouard p in may b e o f Haguenau o r ig in ( L is t 3 6, 5 ) , wh i le t he o thers , w i th t h ick d isc-heads , a re l oca lv ersions .

P ins o f B ronze Moyen I i n t he

Haguenau F ores t w i th s wo l len , u nperfora ted s haf ts a nd t ru mpe t-heads , b eari ng o rnamen t o n b o th s haf t a nd h ead ( Schaef fer 1 926, f ig . 6 8 , 1 955 , f i g . B , 2 ;

Q -

Z , a -f ;

H a t t

Z u ms te in 1 976, 6 38 , p l . I 4 ) a ppear t o b e a bsent f ro m

n or thern F rance . P icardy p ins s how a t radi t ion o f o rnamen t c o m mon b e tween n or th-eas tern F rance a nd s ou th-eas tern E ng land d ur ing t he l a ter M idd le B ronze Age , more s pecif ica l ly b e tween t he S o m me v a l ley a nd t he Thames a nd Channe l c oas t . P ins r e la ted t o P icardy p ins . •L IST 3 7 Mos t o f t hese p ins a re p robab ly d eriva t ives o ft he P icardy p in t ype , l inked b y t he s ing le l ooped e xamp le i n t he V i l lers-sur-A i th ie h oard ( L is t 3 6,

7 6

9 ) .

The e xamp les f ro m t he Amiens a rea a nd t he P la inseau h oard ( L ist 3 7 ,

1 2-13 ) b oth h ave t h ick d isc-heads l i ke P icardy p ins , wh i le t he S eine p in ( L ist 3 7, 1 1 ) h as t he t h in d isc h ead more c o m mon o n s tra igh t s haf ted l ooped p ins ( L is t 3 8 ) . The T redarvah a nd P la i tford a ssocia t ions i ndica te MBA2 d a tes f or t he ir l ooped o rnamen ted p ins ( L ist 3 7, 2 -3 ) .

The F owey p in ( L is t 3 7, 1 ) i s v ery

s imi lar t o t he P la i tford e xamp le a nd s hou ld b e c on te mporary . Her i ty ( 1969 , 1 6-17 ) c o mpared t he C orn ish p in t o t he e xamp le i n t he Smedrovä h oard , B oh emia ; b oth o f t he p ho tographs wh ich h e c i tes ( i bid . ,1 7 n . 2 -3 ) i l lustra te t h is s ame p in .

B u t ler h ad d iscussed t h is a s ap ara l le l f or t he H aams tede p in

( L is t 3 9 , 6 ) a nd t hese a re c lear ly e ar lier t han t he F owey p in .

The a ssocia t ion

o f amber w i th a c onven t iona l ly M idd le B ronze Age o b jec t r ecurs a t C o lches ter ( Dav ies 1 968 ) .

The S outh C adbury p in ( L is t 3 7, 6 ) , t hough s tra igh t a nd u n-

l ooped , i s r e la ted t o t he P icardy t ype b y i t s o rnament a nd t he f or m o f i t s h ead . The S outh W i ltsh ire a nd C orran p ins b oth h ave d oub le swe l l ings w i th i nc ised o rnamen t a nd t he l a t ter i s l ooped ( L ist 3 7 , 7 -8) .

The d oub le swe l ling i s

c harac ter is t ic o f e ar ly U rnf ie ld L t ider m t ind p ins ( Hachmann 1 956 , 6 4-65 ; K ubach 1 977 , 3 21-323 ;

L aux 1 976 , 8 5 ); t here i s a n e xamp le i n t he B ronze

F ina l Ih oard f ro m V erna ison , R höne ( S chauer 1 975a , 4 9-50 ) . R ecessed h eads , a s o n t he S ou th Wi l tsh ire p in , a ppeared a l i t t le e ar l ier ( Randsborg 1 968 , 4 4 n . 1 30 ) .

The C orran p in i s p robab ly d erived f rom t he P icardy t ype ( Eogan

1 964 , 2 82 ) a nd t he d oub le swe l lings o n t hese i nsu lar p ins may n ot owe a ny th ing t o c on t inenta l i nf luence .

The p in i n t he H uns tan ton h oard h as a l oop a nd b ands

o f i ncised l i nes t o r e la te i tt o t he F owey , T redarvah a nd P la i tford p ins ( L is t 3 7 , 5 ) ; 9 ) .

i t s r ibs r e la te i tt o t he p in i n t he Baux-Sa in te-Croix h oard ( L is t 3 7 ,

The p ins i n b o th o f t hese h oards a re p robab ly o fp re-Urnf ie ld d a te , t hough

r e la ted t o e ar ly U rnf ie ld r ibbed p ins , a nd t he p resence o f al oop o n t he Thh .mes p in ( L is t 3 7 , 4 ) s ugges ts a MBA2 d a te . D isc-headed p ins w i th l ooped o r p erfora ted s tra igh t s haf ts .

L IST 3 8 .

MAP 1 8

The B r i t ish p ins o f t h is t ype f orm a h o mogeneous , t hough w idespread , g roup .

T he Han ley C ross Barrow f i nd ( L is t 3 8 , 3 ) i ndica tes a d a te i n MBA2 .

The s uggest ion o f B urgess ( 1976b , 9 0 ) t ha t t he l arge o rnamen ted l ozenge p la te c ou ld b e d er ived f ro m t he b ow o f a n U rnf ie ld S p ira lp la t tenf ibe l a ppears u nl ike ly ; t here i s o n ly o ne B ri t ish f i nd o f s uch a b rooch a nd t ha t h as a d ub ious p rovenance ( see p .127 ) . The l ooped o r p erfora ted s haf ts o f t hese E ng l ish p ins s ugges t s o me r e la t ionsh ip w i th P icardy p ins .

The s a me d er iva t ion i s

p oss ib le f or t he F rench e xamp les ( L is t 3 8 , 8 -9 ) , t houghthese h ave b een d a ted t o B ronze F ina l Ib y a na logy w i th e ar ly U rnf ie ld d isc-headed p ins ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 5 1 ) . The u ndecora ted p in f ro m S co t land i s d a ted t o t he l a te M idd le B ronze Age b y i t s a ssoc ia t ions i n t he G lentroo l h oard ( L ist 3 8, 6 ) ; u sua l ly a ssu med t o b e r e la ted .

t he t wo I r ish p ins a re

Th is sma l l i nsu lar g roup h as b een d erived

f ro m a n e qua l ly sma l l c entra l G er man g roup ( Co les 1 963-64 , 1 22 ; 1 48 ) :

Marzhane , K r .

Abb . 5 ) ;

B u t ler 1 963a ,

Wes t -Have l land , B randenburg ( Janssen 1 935 , 2 12-214 ,

A rneburg , K r .

S tenda l , A ltmark ( i b id ., 2 14 , Abb . 7 e ) ;

K r . S a lzwede l , A ltmark ( i b id ., 2 14 ) .

Z e th lingen ,

The f i rs t f i nd i s d a ted t o M I I , t he o thers

7 7

t o M I I I , i ndeed t he A rneburg b ur ia l c on ta ins a n e ar ly U rnf ie ld h ook-tanged k nife o f H aA2 ( von B runn 1 968 , 1 53 n . 4 ) .

Thus , o n ly t he Marzhane f i nd i s

s uf f icien t ly e ar ly t o h ave i nf luenced t he G len troo l p in u n less we a l low f or r et arda t ion o ft he S cot t ish M idd le B ronze Age .

Wh i le t h is i s p ossib le , Is hou ld

b e l ess r eady t han C o les ( 1963-64 , 1 22 ) t o d is miss t he p oss ib i l i ty o fd er ivat ion f ro m t he E ng lish p ins . B u t ler ( 1963a , 1 50 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t t he c en tra l k nob o n t he h ead o f t he H an ley C ross p in i s r e la ted t o c en tra l E uropean S p inde lnade ln , a s i s t he p in f ro m E lp ( L ist 3 0 , 3 ) . Wh i le t h is i s p oss ib le , t he k nob c ou ld more e cono mic a l ly b e d er ived f ro m P icardy p ins . M isce l laneous p ins .

L IST 3 9

The e ar l ies t o f t hese misce l laneous p ins i s t he e xamp le f ro m Haa ms tede ( L ist 3 9 , 6 ) wh ich b e longs t o a sma l l g roup w i th b icon ica l h eads a nd s haf ts e i ther l ooped o r w i th a p erfora ted a ssym me tr ica l swe l ling .

T h is g roup i s o f

Carpa th ian o r ig in , ap recursor o f t he L ochham p ins w i th p erfora ted s wo llen n ecks ( Kubach 1 977 , 8 7-88;

H änse l 1 968, 8 4-85 , L is te 7 6) .

Af ew e xamp les

o ccur i n n or th-wes tern E urope ; t he o n ly d a tab le f i nd i s i n al a te R ige l b ur ia l f ro m Baven , K r . C e l le , L ower S axony ( Laux 1 976 , 5 0 n o . 2 36) .

The D u tch

p in may b e p ar t o f t h is n or th G er man g roup ( i b id ., 5 0 n . 1 6 ) b u t t here i s a p oss ib le e xamp le i n aR e inecke B b ur ia l f ro m G röfhausen , K r . Dar ms tadt , H esse ( Kubach 1 977 , 8 7 n o . 5 7 , 9 0 ) .

A L ochham/Söge l d a te i s p robab le f or

t he H aa ms tede p in , b road ly c on temporary w i th t he p erfora ted p in i n t he Overl oon h oard ( L is t 3 9 , 5 ) , aS ige l t ype . T he p in i n I psw ich Museu m b e longs t o t he M II/ear ly M I I I Wes tendorf t ype f ound i n L ower S axony ( Laux 1 976 , 5 9-60 ) .

L ike t he whee l-headed p in i n t he

s ame c o l lec t ion ( L is t 3 3 , 1 ) , t h is i s p robab ly a modern i mpor t . G roups o f s paced r ibs o ccur o n af ew Tu mu lus p ins ( Torbr t igge 1 959b , 7 1 , Taf . 4 0 , 6 ;

7 9 , 9 -10 ) p robab ly o f R einecke C ( Kubach 1 977 , 2 94 , n os . 6 77-

6 78 , 2 95-296 ) .

The Am iens p in ( L is t 3 9 , 4 ) s hou ld b e r e la ted t o t h is g roup .

Al a te T u mu lus d a te i s a lso p robab le f or t he p in w i th i ncised o rnamen t f ro m t he Abbev i l le a rea ( L ist 3 9 , 3 ; S chaef fer 1 926 , f igs . 3 6, W ;

K ubach 1 977 , 2 95 n o . 6 86, 2 97, n . 2 7;

6 8, h , b ) .

The p recise f or m o f t he F or t-Harrouard p in i s u ncer ta in ( L is t 3 9 , 2 ) , b ut t he l ooped s haf t s hou ld i ndica te a M idd le B ronze A ge d a te . P ins :

d iscussion

The c on t inenta l a f f in i t ies o ft he p ins f ro m t he Camer ton-Snowsh i l l d agger g raves o f t he l a ter p ar t o f t he B r i t ish E ar ly Bronze Age h ave b een d iscussed r ecent ly b y G er lof f ( 1975 , 1 18-123 ) who c onc ludes t ha t , wh i le mos t a re r el a ted t o p ins o f t he c entra l E uropean E ar ly B ronze Age , R e inecke A , s ome o f t hese t ypes were s t i l l c urrent d ur ing t he M idd le B ronze Age T u mu lus p hase , R e inecke B a nd C .

The f or m o f t he b u lb-headed p in i n t he C amer ton b ur ia l

( i b id ., 1 04 n o . 1 75 , p l . 4 8F, 3 ) c an b e ma tched a t Arbon -B le iche , Thurgau ( F ischer 1 971 , Taf . 4 , 6 -9 ) , i n at rans i t iona l R e inecke A/B c ontex t ( Os terwa lder 1 971 , 1 6 ) .

These p ins a ppear t o h ave t he u sua l more s o lid , p erfora ted

h ead , n ot t he more h o l low h ead o f t he C amer ton p in ( pace G er lof f 1 975 , 1 19 ) . 7 8

The b ronze r ing-headed p in f ro m b arrow G .24 , Amesbury , Wi l ts . ( i bid ., 1 05 , n o . 1 79 ,

1 10-111 , 1 20-121 , p l . 4 8G , 1 ) , c an b es t b e c o mpared t o t he e xamp les

i n t he b ur ia l f ro m K ernonen e n P louvorn , F in i d ere ( Briard 1 970a , 2 8 , f ig . 1 0 , 4 ;

1 975 , f i g . 5 , 3 -5 ) , d a ted e qu iva len t t o R e inecke B b y i t s e ar ly whee l-headed

p in ( Kubach 1 971 , 3 4 n . 5 ; G er lof f 1 975 , 9 7) , b u t t he c en tra l E uropean R e inecke Br ing-headed p ins c i ted b y G er lof f ( i b id ., 1 21 ) h ave p erfora ted s haf ts a nd i t i s o n ly t h is f orm wh ich p ers is ts i n to t he M idd le B ronze Age o f c en tra l E urope ( Kubach 1 977 , 7 3 n . 5 4 ) .

The d isc-headed p in f ro m S hrew ton ( L is t 3 0 , 1 ) i s

n ot c er ta in ly o f e ar ly T u mu lus o r ig in , n or a re t he f ragments o ft w is ted s haf ts f rom Wessex ( see p . 7 5 ) . The d is tribut ion o f c en tra l E uropean e ar ly T u mu lus p in t ypes a ppears t o b e c onf ined t o t he c on t inent :

t he d isc-headed p ins f ro m

Z u id laren a nd Merendree ( L is t 3 0 , 2 , 4 ) , t he r o l l-headed p ins w i th t w is ted s haf ts f rom F or t-Harrouard a nd H i jken ( L is t 3 2 , 1 -2 ) a nd t he p ins w i th p erf ora ted s haf ts f ro m F or t-Harrouard ( L ist 3 6, 5 ) a nd H aams tede ( L is t 3 9 , 6 ) . The O ver loon p in ( L is t 3 9 , 5 ) i s ac on temporary n orth-wes t G erman t ype . P icardy p ins c ou ld h ave d eve loped d ur ing t he e ar l ier p ar t o f B ronze Moyen ( L is t 3 6) b u t t he f i rs t h oard f i nds , b e long t o t he l a ter M idd le B ronze Age . The d isc-headed p in f ro m E lp i s o f l a te T umu lus o r ig in ( L is t 3 0 , 3 ) .

The p ins

w i th l ong r ibbed h eads a re a lso l a te T u mu lus f or ms wh ich a ppear i n H aguenau b ur ia ls o f B ronze Moyen I I d a te ( L ist 3 4 ) .

The t ru mpe t-headed p ins ( L ist 3 5 )

a nd t he p ins f ro m t he Abbev i l le a nd Amiens a reas ( L is t 3 9 , 3 -4 ) a re a lso o f l a te T umu lus o r ig in .

The whee l-headed p ins f ro m Weerdinge a nd N i j megen

( L is t 3 3 , 2 -3 ) a re a lso l a te T u mu lus f or ms , p oss ib ly a l l o f midd le R h ine o rigin . The Weerdinge b ur ia l s ugges ts t ha t n a i l-headed a nd r o l l-headed p ins were s t i l l c urren t a t t h is t ime ( L is ts 3 1 , 4 ;

3 2 , 3 ) .

The g roup o f p ins r e la ted t o o r

d er ived f ro m t he P icardy t ype ( L ists 3 7-38 ) o ccur i n B r i ta in a nd n or the as tern F rance ;

h oard e v idence s ugges ts a MBA2 d a te , b u t s o me c ou ld b e

l a ter , a nd t he r ibbed p ins ( L is t 3 7, 4 -5 , 9 ) a re t rans i t iona l t o LBA 1 f or ms . Tw is ted n eck-r ings .

L IST 4 0

B e tween f or ty a nd f if ty b ronze t w is ted n eck-r ings h ave b een f ound i n B r i ta in a nd I re land , mos t i n Wessex a nd s o me i n E as t Ang l ia ( Row lands 1 976 , map 2 2 );

h oard f i nds a re c o m mon .

On ly t he n eck-r ing i n t he H o l l ingbury

h oard ( L is t 4 0 , 2 7 ) i s a ssured ly k nown t o h ave t aper ing t ermina ls ; e xamp les p robab ly h ad h ooked t ermina ls .

a l l t he o ther

Wh i le t w is ted n eck-rings o ccur i n

af ew B ronze F ina l I I h oards i n n or th-eas tern F rance ( L ist 2 15 ) t here i s o ne e xamp le w i th h ooked t ermina ls i n t he B ronze Moyen h oard f ro m V i l lers-surA uth ie ( L ist 4 0 , 3 3 ) . 4 0 , 3 4-35 ) .

A l l t he B e lg ian n eck-r ings h ave t apering t ermina ls ( L is t

N o c omprehens ive s tudy h as y e t b een u nder taken t o a scerta in

whe ther t hese n eck-rings were c as t i n t he ir t w is ted f or m o r t w is ted f ro m a r od ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 38 ) . The d er iva t ion o ft w is ted n eck-rings f ro m t he N ordic a rea i s u sua l ly a ccep ted ( Smi th 1 959 , 1 49 ; E ogan 1 964 ,

B u t ler 1 963a , 1 37-141 ;

C o les 1 963-64 , 1 24 ;

2 73 ; R ow lands 1 976 , 8 8-90 ) a nd M I I I q uo ted a s t he f l orui t o f t he

t ype , f o l low ing K ers ten ( n .d . ( 1935 ) , 3 7-38) .

We may n ow e xamine more

r ecen t a ccounts o ft w is ted n eck-r ings i n n or thern E urope .

F ro m Meck lenburg ,

S chubar t ( 1972 , 2 6-28 , 1 91-192 , L is te 8 ) r ecords e igh ty-f ive n eck-rings w i th u ndecora ted t ermina ls , mos t ly h ooked , f ro m f or ty-n ine f i nds , a nd t h ir ty-four

7 9

n eck-rings w i th i ndis tinct t ermina ls f ro m t wenty-e igh t f i nds . f i nds b e long t o M I I I .

Most o f t hese

F ro m n or th-wes tern G er many , B ergmann ( 1970 , T e i l

B , 5 2-53 , 1 48-149 , L is te 1 84 , Taf . 9 , 3 , Karte 6 7 ) r ecords t wen ty-two n eckr ings w i th h ooked t ermina ls f ro m f our teen f i nds , t en n eck-r ings w i th t apering t ermina ls f ro m n ine f i nds a nd t wenty-one f i nds o f n eck-r ings w i th i ndis t inc t t er mina ls .

O n ly o ne f i nd i s d a ted t o M I T I , t he r es t a re M IL

I n t he L uneburg

a rea t here a re f i ve n eck-rings w i th p la in t ermina ls f ro m f our f i nds a nd e igh t w i th h ooked t ermina ls f ro m s even f i nds ( Laux 1 971 , 4 4 ) ; a nd e ar ly M I I I .

t he f i nds a re l a te M I I

Tw is ted n eck-rings w i th t aper ing t ermina ls w ere c ons idered

b y S prockhof f t o b e c urrent f ro m M I I I t o MV i n n or thern G er many , b ut mos t c o mmon d ur ing M IV ( 1937 , 4 4-45 );

h is l i s t h as b een amp lif ied b y v on B runn

( 1968 , 1 27-138 , 1 68 ) who h as s hown t ha t t hey w ere c o m mon i n c en tra l G er many f ro m H aA1 t o H aB1 , i .e , l a te M I I I a nd M IV .

F ro m s ou thern S candinav ia ,

Kers ten l i sted f if teen p rovenanced Dan ish f i nds o ft w is ted n eck-r ings w i th h ooked t ermina ls a longs ide t h ir teen f i nds f ro m S ch lesw ig-Ho ls tein ( n .d . ( 1935 ) , 3 7-38 , 1 20 , B e i lage 6 , F or m 2 ) ; s o me f i nds a re M I I , more NM I . R andsborg i nc ludes s evera l f i nds c on ta in ing s uch n eck-rings i n h is S ub-Per iod I I ( 1972 , Appendices 4 3 , 9 -10 , 9 3 ;

4 4 , 1 1; p ls . V I I , 1 ; XT I I B ,2 ; XX ,2 ) .

T he t w is ted

n eck-ring w i th s o l id s ect ion i s n ot a c haracteris t ic M IV t ype a ccording t o Baudou ( 1 960 , 5 4 ) , b u t T hrane ( 1960 , 2 7 ) h as s hown t ha t e xamp les w i th h ooked t er mina ls o ccur i n h oards o f M TV , e .g . J ernhy t , H aders lev Am t , J u t land ( i b id ., A bb . 1 , 8 ) , a nd o f MV , e .g . S tade , S om ( Amt , Z ea land ( Broho lm 1 946, 2 15 , M130 ) .

Tw is ted n eck-rings c anno t b e r es tr ic ted t o M I T I a nd a l a te M I T

o rig in f i ts b e t ter i n to t he r e la t ive c hrono logy . B r i t ish f i nds a re c ons isten t ly o f MBA2 , e xcep t f or t he f ragment i n t he LBA3 h oard f ro m G reen E nd R oad ( L is t 4 0 , 2 ) .

A l l t he e xamp les a na lysed :

Bar ton B end ish , H o l l ingbury , G reen E nd R oad , Monkswood a nd Taun ton ( Brown a nd B lin-S toy le 1 959 , A ppendix n os . 2 0 , 1 55 , 3 00 , 3 43 , 4 14 , 4 19 ) b e long t o G roup Iw i th l ow l ead c on tent , s o t he G reen E nd R oad f rag men t i s c lear ly r es idua l . N or th-wes t G er man n eck-rings w i th p la in t er mina ls c an b e o f M I T d a te s o t he H o l l ingbury e xamp le n eed n ot d o v io lence t o i t s MBA2 a ssoc ia t ion ( L is t 4 0 , 2 7 ) .

T he S cot t ish a nd I r ish a ssocia t ions a re a lso l a te

M iddle B ronze Age ( L is t 4 0 , 3 1-32 ) a nd t w is ted n eck-rings were i m i ta ted i n I rish g o ld ( Eogan 1 967 , 1 30-131 ) . The d a te o f t he B e lg ian n eck-rings ( L ist 4 0 , 3 4-35 ) i s n ot c er ta in .

T hese

a l l h ave t aper ing t ermina ls , s o i ti s p ossib le t ha t t hey were n o t d er ived f ro m t he B r i t ish g roup ( de L ae t 1 974 , 3 52 ) a nd t here i s o n ly a s ing le D u tch f i nd r epor ted ( L ist 4 0 , 3 6 ) t o l i nk t hem w i th t he N ord ic n eck-rings , s o t hey may b e r e la ted t o t he c en tra l G er man g roup a nd b e o f l a ter LBA1 d a te . Decora ted b race le ts .

L IST 4 1 .

MAP 1 9

Mass ive b race le ts , a nnu lar a nd p enannu lar , w i th c o mp lex i ncised d ecorat i on a re c o m mon i n F rance d uring B ronze Moyen I I a nd a t t he b eginning o f B ronze F ina l . They a re k nown a s B ignan b race lets a nd a re mos t c harac teri s t ic o f B ronze Moyen I I i n B r i t tany ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 23-125 ;

B riard a nd

L ecerf 1 975 , 1 12-113 , f i g . 4 ) ; * s imi lar b race le ts a re k nown i n s outhern E ng land d ur ing MBA2 ( Row lands 1 971a ;

L is t 4 1 , 1 -15 ) a nd a s ing le Be lg ian

b race le t p robab ly b e longs t o t h is t ype ( L is t 4 1 , 3 2 ) .

8 0

D ecora ted b race le ts a nd a nk le ts a re a lso c o m mon n or th-wes tern Ger many a nd i th as b een s ugges ted t ha t t he o rnamen t o n t he F rench a nd Br i t ish b race le ts was d erived f ro m t h is a rea ( Row lands 1 971a , 1 92-193 ;

Smi th 1 959 , 1 60 ) .

B ergmann ( 1970 , T e i l B , 6 5-66, L is te 2 36-239 , Taf . 1 4 , 3 -6, Kar te 1 01-107 ) p rov ides o n ly s chema t ic i l lus tra t ions a nd L aux 's s tudy o f t he b race le ts o ft he I lmenau a rea ( 1971 , 6 2-66) , where t hey a re mos t c o m mon , i s more u sefu l . B o th b race le ts a nd a nk le ts a re of ten f ound i n p a irs w i th i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls ; t he d earth o f s uch b ur ia ls i n E ng land a nd F rance p reven ts s uch a d is t inct ion b e ing made .

The p enannu lar f orm i s u sua l;

o va l , f la t tened o r D -shaped ;

o r h o l low :

s ec t ions c an b e mass ive :

C -shaped .

r ound ,

Ornamen t i s d iv ided i n to

t ransverse b ands , wh ich c an c over t he who le o u ter f ace w i th a lterna t ing mot ifs , o r i n to s epara te z ones o f l ong i tudina l o r p o in ted o va l o rnament .

T h is

L Uneburg s ty le o f o rnament l eaves l ess s pace u ndecora ted t han t he western s ty le a nd a lso d isp lays a more r estr icted r eper to ire o f mot ifs , l arge ly c onf i ned t o t ransverse l i nes , h a tched l ines , h err ing-bone a nd p oin ted o va l .

The

h erring-bone mot if i s r are i n F rance a nd E ng land , t hough i to ccurs o n b oth b race le ts f ro m L iss ( L is t 4 1 , 7 ;

Tab le 9 , V ) .

P oint i l le o rnamen t , c o m mon

i n t he wes t , a ppears t o b e a bsent f ro m t he L Uneburg s ty le , wh ich a lso l acks h a tched t r iang le , c r iss-cross , mu lt ip le z ig-zag a nd V - mot ifs .

The western

c raf ts men u sed a more e x tens ive r ange o f mo t ifs t o p roduce a g rea ter v ar ie ty o f o rnamen t .

T he a rea o f o rigin o f t he L uneburg mot ifs a ppears t o b e e as t-

c en tra l ( von B runn 1 968 , 1 25-126 , 1 87 , 2 45 ) a nd J acob-Friesen ( 1967, 1 74 ; 1 973 , 5 74 ) h as n o ted t he l ack o f c lose r esemb lance b e tween n or th Ger man a nd west E uropean o rnamen t .

S o me o f t he n orth Ger man b race le ts b e long

t o l a te M I T b ut t he c haracter is t ic L uneburg f or m b e longs t o Laux 's Z e i tgruppe I I e ar ly M I T I ( Laux 1 971 , 6 4-65 ) . S prockhof f ( 1941 , 8 2 ) c ons idered t ha t t he d ecora ted b race le ts f ro m Ramsga te ( L is t 4 1 , 9 ) were o f I lmenau o rigin .

Wh i le t here a re mot ifs i n c o m-

mon , L aux i l lus tra tes n o i den t ica l L uneburg e xamp le , t he b race le t f ro m Bergen , K r . C e l le ( 1971 , Taf . 1 2 , 7 ) , b e ing t he most s i mi lar .

The amoun t

o fu ndecora ted s pace o n t he Ramsga te b race le ts s ee ms a l ien t o t he L Uneburg s ty le .

The Ramsga te b race le ts c an b e ma tched b y t he K ent p a ir ( L ist 4 1 , 1 0 )

a nd a l l f our s eem t o b e n o more t han r a ther s i mp le e xamp les o f t he B ri t ish o rnamen ta l s ty le a nd n eed n ot b e o f G erman o rigin . Ab ur ia l f ro m S teenode , o n t he n or th

F r is ian i s land o f Amru m , c on ta ins

t wo d ecora ted b race le ts ( Kers ten a nd L a B au me 1 958 , 6 0 , 1 48 , Taf . 8 0 , 2 12 2 ) .

O ne i s a nnu lar , t he o ther p enannu lar , a nd b oth b ear p oin t i l le o rnamen t

a nd o pposed c urves , wh i le o ne h as c riss-cross p ane ls .

These f ea tures a re

c loser t o t he o rnamen t o n F rench a nd B r i t ish b race le ts , e specia l ly t he M i lton a nd Gab le H ead e xa mp les ( L is t 4 1 , 7 -8 ) , t han t o t he L Uneburg s ty le ; b race le ts a re u nusua l i n n or th-western Ger many .

a nnu lar

S prockhof fl is ted t h is

b ur ia l a s M IV ( 1937 , 2 0 ) a nd i nc luded p oin t i l le o rnament a s c haracteris t ic o f s o me o f h is M IV b race le t t ypes ( i bid . ,4 5-47 ) . s o much

The S teenode b race le ts a re

l ike w es tern e xamp les t ha t t hey c ou ld b e i mpor ts ;

aM IV d a te d oes

n ot s eem n ecessary , f or t he a ssocia ted t w is ted n eck-ring w i th t aper ing t er m ina ls c ou ld b e a s e ar ly a s ME ( see p . 8 0 )a nd , i n F rance a t l eas t , d ecora ted b race le ts a re f ound w i th e ar ly U rnf ie ld ma ter ia l ( Br iard, C ordier a nd G aucher 1 969 , 6 4 ) , s o a n e ar ly M I I I d a te i s n ot i mposs ib le .

Brace le ts

s im i lar t o t he S teenodde e xamp les were u sed t o d a te a h oard f ro m S ch lesw ig

8 1

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' f rühes tens am E nde d er P er iode

( Kers ten 1 952 , 1 0 , 1 4 , Abb . 1 ) , t hough

t he a ssocia ted d ecora ted d iscs a re n orma l ly r egarded a s 1 V H I ( i b id . ,1 4 ; B ergmann 1 970 , T e i l B , 5 5 ; L aux 1 971 , 4 5 ) . These b race lets c ould a lso b e o f w es tern M idd le B ronze Age o r ig in i n aN ordic 1 \ E I f i nd . There i s t hus l i t t le e v idence t o s uppor t ad er iva t ion o f t he s ty le o f B ri t ish a nd F rench d ecora ted b race le ts f rom M I T I I lmenau o rnament , e i ther i n t erms o f s ty le o r o f c hrono logy . R ow lands c orrect ly r e la tes t he d ecora ted b race le ts o f s ou thern E ng land t o t hose o fn or th-eas tern F rance a nd t he n u mer ica l s uper ior i ty o f F rench b race le ts , c f . t he l arge n u mber i n t he Ma lassis h oard , C her ( Br iard , C ordier a nd Gaucher 1 969 , 5 1-61 , f i gs . 1 2-15 , t ab leau V ) , s ugges ts a F rench o r ig in b ut i td oes n ot s eem n ecessary t o r egard a l l t he B r i t ish b race le ts a s i mports , a s h e d oes ( 1971a , 1 92-193 ) . Among t he E ng lish b race le ts , o rnamen t s hows r eg iona l g roupings . T he t wo p a irs f rom R amsga te a nd K en t ( L is t 4 1 , 9 -10 ) h ave s im i lar s imp le p a t terns o fl ong i tudina l h a tched l i nes d iv ided b y b ands o f t ransv erse l i nes .

T he a nnu lar b race le ts f rom t he Gab le H ead a nd M i l ton h oards ,

e i ther s ide o f L angs tone Harbour , s hare t ransverse h a tched b ands , c riss-cross p ane ls , p oin ted o va l l i ne a nd p oin t i l le , b ands o f z ig-zag , p oin ti l le a nd h a tched l i nes .

The b race le ts i n t he C ambr idge a rea h oard ( L ist 4 1 , 1 ) s hare a c o mmon

r ange o f mot ifs .

T he N or ton F i tzwarren b race le ts ( L ist 4 1 , 1 4 ) a re n o t i n-

c luded i n Tab le 9 p ending d ef ini t ive r econs truct ion o ft he ir mot ifs ; t he a rrangemen t o ft he mot ifs o n t hese b race le ts i s most ly p ecu l iar t o t h is h oard , t hough t he p at tern o n t he t ermina ls o ft he p enannu lar p a ir r esemb les t ha t o n t he t er m ina ls o f t he T hames b race le t ( L is t 4 1 , 1 2 ) . A ddi t iona l mot ifs t o t hose o n R ow lands ' t ab le ( 1 971a , f i g . 5 ) , o n b race le ts f ro m n or th-eastern F rance , a re a bsen t f ro m B r i t ish b race le ts ( Tab le 9 , X -Y , a -g , i j ) a nd a ddi t iona l B r i t ish mo t ifs , o n t he C ambr idge a rea b race le ts ( L is t 4 1 , 1 ) , a re a bsen t f rom F rench b race le ts ( Tab le 9 , Z , h ) .

F a lse t ermina ls o ccur o n s evera l F rench b race le ts

( L ist 4 1 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 4-25 ) b u t o n ly o nce i n B ri ta in ( L is t 4 1 , 1 3 ) .

Th is s uggests

l oca l manufacture o n e i ther s ide o ft he Channe l . We mus t n ow e xamine t he q ues t ion o ft he t echnique emp loyed t o d ecora te t hese b race le ts .

R ow lands c onc ludes t ha t t he o rnamen t o n B ri t ish b race le ts

was a pp lied a f ter c as t ing .

" There i s n o s ign [ on t he L iss b race le ts ] o f ' s t i tch-

i ng ' o r u nequa l c u t t ing d ep ths wh ich w ou ld i ndica te t he u se o f a n i ndirec t t racer t echn ique ; a nd t ha t t he

f ro m w h ich i t may b e c onc luded t ha t t he t oo l was h e ld i n t he h and i nd iv idua l l i nes w ere p roduced w i th a s ing le s troke" , ( 1 971a ,

1 87 ) . A ccording t o B r iard a nd L ecerf ( 1975 , 1 11 ) t he b race le ts w ere f or med f rom c as t r ods , b ent , h ammered a nd p o lished b efore , " le t rava i l a u b ur in e t a u c ise le t", t o p roduce t he o rnamen t .

H owever , c o mpe ten t me ta l lurg is ts h ave

d enied t ha t ab ronze t oo l c an b e u sed t o d ecora te b ronze , o r e ven c opper o r g o ld ( Maryon 1 949 , 1 18;

L owery , S avage a nd Wi lk ins 1 971 , 1 70 ) ,and t here i s

a n o bv ious d ichotomy b e tween t he ir p ronouncemen ts a nd t he o bserva t ions o f t he a rchaeo log ists . I ti s o n ly b y u se o f at racer , at oo l h am mered i n to t he me ta l a t s uccessive p oin ts t o p roduce a c hased l i ne , t ha t b ronze may b e w orked w i th b ronze ( i b id . ,1 73 , 1 81 ) .

L i t t le ma ter ia l h as b een e xam ined ,

t hough t raced o rnamen t h as b een i den t if ied o n aR o man ian d isc-bu tted s haf th o le a xe o f mid-second mi l lenniu m d a te ( Lowery , S avage a nd Wi lk ins 1 972 ) . Ano ther r e levan t t echnique i s t he h ea t ing o f ab ronze o b ject t o a l low i mpress ion o r e xc ision b y as harp t oo l ; t h is was emp loyed o n t he p ins i n t he L a te B ronze 8 3

Age V i l le th ierry h oard ( Mordant a nd P rampart 1 976, 1 39-153 , 2 20-221 ) . More s uch work i s n eeded t o a scer ta in t he t echn iques u sed t o d ecora te B ronze Age me ta lwork b ut t he p oss ib i l i ty o ft he u se o f i ron t oo ls may b e c onsidered .

A t B argeroos terve ld , D renthe , a n i ron p oin t h as b een f ound o n

ac auseway w i th C 14 d a tes o f :

1 195±55 b .c . G rN 4 342 a nd 1 170±50 b .c .

G rN 4 149 . F ro m a n a is led l onghouse i n t he a d jacent s e t t lemen t c o mes i ron s lag i n ap i t f ro m wh ich c harcoa l h as p roduced a d a te o f : 1 140±60 b .c . G rN 5 775 ( van d er Waa ls a nd B u t ler 1 976 ) . F inds o f i ron i n E uropean B ronze A ge c ontex ts h ave b een d iscussed b y K im mig ( 1964 , 2 74-281 ) , S t jernquis t ( 1961 , 7 8-84 ) a nd P owe l l ( 1976 , 3 -5 ) . The e ar l ies t o ccurrence i n n or thern E urope a ppears t o b e ar ing i n aS ige l i nhu ma t ion f ro m V orwoh lde , K r . S u l ingen , L ower S axony ( Sprockhof f 1 930b , 1 97-199 , 2 36 , Abb . 6 b ;

B ergmann 1 970 , T e i l A , 6 6 n o . 2 00 ) .

There i s a n

i ron k n ife i n a MI I I b ur ia l f rom G r0deby , B ornho lm ( Mon te lius 1 913 , 3 16; S t jernquis t 1 961 , 7 9 ,83;

K im mig 1 964 , 2 74 ) .

I n c en tra l E urope , a n i ron

d agger b lade h as b een f ound i n ap i t o ft he O to mani c u lture , R e inecke A 2/B1 , a t G änovce , P oprad , S lovak ia ( V 1C-e k a nd H ä jek 1 963 ) , b u t t h is may b e a n i mpor t f ro m t he N ear E as t ( V ladär 1 973 , 2 94 ) .

O ther e xa mp les o f i ron p oin ts

a ppear i n HaB o r MV c on tex ts ( K im mig 1 964 , 2 80-281 n os . 9 , 2 0-22 ) .

The

u se o f sma l l i ron t oo ls , u ndis t inguished o b jects w i th p oor r a tes o f s urv iva l a nd d iscovery , s hou ld n o t b e d iscoun ted d ur ing t he B ronze Age . B r iard was n on-co m mi t ta l a bou t t he o rig in o fd ecora ted b race le ts ( 1965 , 1 35 ) a nd h as s ubsequen t ly s ugges ted a T u mu lus o r ig in ( Briard a nd L ecerf 1 975 , 1 13 ) .

Mass ive b race le ts w i th i nc ised o rnament a re k nown f ro m t he e ar ly

T u mu lus p er iod o n t he M idd le R h ine ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 19-120 ) , s ou thern Ger many ( Torbr t Igge 1 959a , 3 8 , Abb . 9 , 4 ;

1 2 , 7 ) a nd i n t he midd le Tu mu lus

p hase i n Sw i tzer land ( Os terwa lder 1 971 , 2 5 , Taf . 4 , 4 ; 4 -6 , 1 3-15 ) .

5 , 1 0-11 ;

8 , 1 -2 ,

S imi lar b race le ts a re k nown i n t he H aguenau F ores t ( Schaef fer

1 926 , f i g . 7 2 ) f ro m B ronze Moyen I( Zu ms te in 1 976 , P l . I , 2 ) .

Mos t o ft hese

b race le ts b ear s i mp le mot ifs o f t ransverse l i nes , p la in o r h a tched , t hough t he s i mp le p oin ted o va l d oes o ccur ( Schaef fer 1 926 , f i g . 4 9 , L ) .

E labora te

i nc ised o rnamen t o ccurs o n T rebou l s pearheads i n B r i t tany ( Br iard 1 965 , 8 6 , f ig . 2 5 ;

B r iard a nd Onnee 1 971 , 2 7-28 , f i g . 3B ) .

O rnamen ts a re v ery r are

i n t he T rebou l p hase ( Br iard 1 965 , 9 4 ) , wh ich s ugges ts t ha t B ignan b race le ts were i n trus ive .

I ncised a nd p oin t i l le o rnament was n o t a l ien t o B ri ta in ;

i t

o ccurs o n E ar ly B ronze Age a xes ( Megaw a nd H ardy 1 938 ) a nd d aggers ( Ger lof f 1 975 , 4 9 ) , a s we l l a s s hee t a nd c as t b ronze b race le ts ( Br i t ton 1 963 , 2 78-281 ) , a nd t he u se o f l i near o rnament o n s hee t g o ld c ont inued i n to t he M idd le B ronze Age ( Hawkes 1 961a ;

1 962 ) .

R ow lands h as p oin ted o u t t ha t

i ncised d ecora t ion was n ot c o m mon o n o ther MBA2 t ypes i n s ou thern B r i ta in ( 1971a , 1 96-198 ) , t hough P icardy p ins ( see p . 7 6 ) , a lso d er ived f ro m France , a lso b ear i nc ised o rnamen t . T he a pp l ica t ion o f d ecora t ion a f ter c as t ing i mp lies t ha t e ach i ndiv idua l b race le t o r p a ir was d ecora ted a s as epara te j ob , p robab ly p erformed i n l oca l a reas .

T he o vera l l h o mogene i ty o f mo t ifs s uggests v ery c lose c on tact b e tween

c raf ts men o n b oth s ides o f t he Channe l a lso r ef lected f or o rnamen ts b y P icardy

8 4

p ins , t hough f i nds o f d ecora ted b race le ts i n n or th-eas tern F rance a re c o m mon i n t he l o wer S e ine v a l ley r a ther t han i n P icardy (Map 1 9 ) , a nd t he ir a ppeara nce i n B ri ta in may b e r e la ted t o t ha t o f N or man p a ls taves . A M idd le B ronze A ge d a te i s p oss ib le f or t he H e ls ton b race le ts ( 41 ) , f or o n ly a t t h is t ime were b ronze b race le ts w i th c o mp lex d ecora t ion c o m mon , b ut t he C ornish b race le ts d if fer i n f orm a nd o rnament f ro m t he b race le ts d isc ussed h ere a nd c ou ld w e l l b e L a te B ronze Age . R ibbed b race le ts .

L IST 4 2 .

MAP 2 0

P enannu lar b race le ts w i th l ong i tudina l r ibs o ccur i n s evera l B ri t ish h oards o f MBA2 a nd o n s e t t le men t s i tes a ssu med t o b e c on temporary ( Row lands 1 976, 9 1-92 ;

Smi th 1 959 , 1 46 , 1 56 , 1 58 ) a nd a re u sua l ly t hough t t o h ave b een

d er ived f ro m N ordic M I I I f or ms ( Sm i th 1 959 , 1 49-150 ;

B ut ler 1 963a , 1 55-

1 57 ) , t hough F rench a nd T umu lus e lemen ts h ave b een r ecognised ( Sm i th 1 959 , 1 64 ;

R ow lands 1 976 , 9 2 ) . The B ri t ish b race le ts a re u nsoph is t ica ted , w i th s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly t aper-

i ng s ides a nd , u sua l ly , p la in t er mina ls ; men t .

s o me e xamp les b ear n otched o rna-

On ly t he Me thwo ld b race le t ( L is t 4 2 , 4 ) , i s c er ta in ly o f N ordic o rig in ;

i tb e longs t o t he M I I f orm w i th o va l b ody a nd e xpanded t er mina ls ( Berg mann 1 970 , Te i l B , 5 4-55 , Ta f . 9 , 8 -17 , Kar te 7 1-72; n .d . ( 1935 ) , 4 9 f or m B i , 5 1 f or m C la ) ,

L aux 1 971 , 5 9-60 ;

K ers ten

These b race le ts were d erived f ro m

M I t ypes o f t i nj t ice o rigin ( Berg mann 1 970 , Te i l B , 2 1 ) . B race le ts w i th p ara l le l s ides a nd s tra igh t t er mina ls a ppeared i n n or thwes tern G ermany d ur ing M I T I ( i b id ., 6 6-67 , L is te 2 41 , Taf . 1 4 , 8 -10 , Kar te 1 08;

L aux 1 971 , 6 0 ) .

These b race le ts h ave b e tween t hree a nd t we lve r ibs ;

t hose f ro m t he I lmenau a rea u sua l ly h ave more t han e igh t .

N otches a re c o m-

mon o n t he r ibs wh ich a re u sua l ly u nequa l i n s ize ; t ransverse o rnamen t i s c o m mon o n t he t ermina ls .

K ers ten 's c lassif ica t ion o f M I I I r ibbed b race le ts

f ro m s ou thern S cand inav ia ( n .d . ( 1935 ) , 5 0-52 ) h as b een e labora ted b y R ands b org , who d is tinguishes t hree v ar iants among t he b race le ts , mos t o f wh ich c o me f ro m n or th-wes t J ut land ( 1968 , A bb . 3 1 ) :

I , . p la in r ibs o f e qua l s ize

( i b id . ,6 2-63 n . 2 04 ) ; I , t h icker p eriphera l r ibs ( i bid . ,6 3 n . 2 05-206) ;

I I ,

a ngu lar p er iphera l r ibs , n otched o rnamen t ( i b id ., 6 3-65 n . 2 07 ) . S o me o f t hese b race le ts were l a ter a ssigned t o S ub-Per iod I I ( Randsborg 1 972 , 5 5-56 , a ppend ices 3 0-31 ) .

The B r i t ish b race le ts l ack t he r ibbed t er mina ls o ft he

N ordic e xamp les , t he r ecurved t er mina ls o ft he Durnford b race le t ( L is t 4 2 , 9 ) a re n o t aN ordic f ea ture , a nd t he n o tched o rnamen t o n Br i t ish b race le ts i s e xecu ted l ess c arefu l ly t han o n N ord ic b race le ts .

The e xpanded t er m ina ls

o f t he Me thwo ld a nd B a l looerve ld b race le ts ( L is t 4 2 , 4 , 1 3 ) a re a bsen t f ro m B r i t ish b race le ts .

I ft he f or mer i s r egarded a s a modern i mpor t , t hen t he

l a t ter f i nd r epresents t he mos t wes ter ly e x ten t o ft rue N ordic r ibbed b racel e ts .

The M I I I d a te o f N ordic r ibbed b race le ts w i th s tra igh t s ides i s n ot r e-

f lec ted b y t he MBA2 c on tex ts o f t he B r i t ish f i nds . F rench r ibbed b race le ts may b e more r e levan t .

E xamp les f ro m t he

Haguenau F ores t h ave s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly t aper ing s ides a nd t he ir t er mina ls a re u sua l ly p la in ( Schaef fer 1 926, 1 78-179 , f i g . 7 1 , L -0 ) .

There a re t wo

s uch b race le ts i n aB ronze Moyen I I f i nd f ro m Bers te t t , Bas-Rh in ( Zu ms tein

8 5

1 976, 6 38 , P l . I , 6 ) .

A B ronze Moyen Ih oard f ro m P ierre C ou , Cha lonnes-

s ur-Loire , Ma ine-e t-Loire , c on ta ins t wo b race le ts w i th l ongi tud ina l r ibs ( Cordier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 1 71-174 , 2 64 , f i g . 1 1 , 1 -8 ) .

P erhaps mos t l i ke

t he Br i t ish b race le ts a re t he f ragmen ts i n t he B ronze Moyen I I/Bronze F ina l Ih oard f ro m Ma lass is , Cher ( Br iard , C ordier a nd Gaucher 1 969 , 6 1 , f i g . 2 0 , 1 86-188 ) , w i th s tra igh t s ides a nd n o tched r ibs l i ke t he B oves b race le t ( L ist 4 2 , 1 2 ) .

More r e mo te a re e xamp les f ro m t he G ro t te d es B u issr eres , Meyrannes ,

G ard ( Roudi l 1 972 , 1 07 , f i g . 3 7 , 6 ) , a nd t he L arnaud h oard , J ura ( Chan tre 1 875 , p l . XL 1X , 6 ) . I ti s i n terest ing t o n ote t ha t b race le ts w i th l ong i tudina l r ibs o ccur i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age h oard f ro m M igda le , S u ther land ( I nv . Arch . GB26 , 3 -4 ) , r e mote i n s pace a nd t ime f ro m t he MBA2 b race le ts o f s outhern E ng land .

The

F rench b race le ts o f B ronze Moyen a ppear t o b e more p robab le s ources f or t he B r i t ish b race le ts t han d o N ordic M I I I f orms , t hough a l l p robab ly h ark b ack t o t o t he s ame t J ne-t i ce o r ig ins .

Ap oss ib le N ordic M I T c on tribu t ion i s t he c o l lar

f ro m Wor lebury C a mp , Wes ton-super- Mare , S o merse t ( Lawson 1 976 ); t h is h as n otched r ibs a nd i s aL uneburg f orm o f l a te M I I d a te ( Berg mann 1 970 , Te i l B , 5 2 , L is te 1 80 , Taf . 8 , 1 5 , Kar te 6 6; d er ived f ro m T u mu lus c o l lars o f H esse .

L aux 1 971 , 4 0 , Taf . 2 3 , 1 )

I fi ti s a n a ncien t i mpor t i ti s ar are

e xa mp le o f ac haracter is t ic n orth-wes t G er man t ype i n B ri ta in a nd i t s S o merse t p rovenance may b e s ign if ican t f or i t s p rox i mi ty t o t he ' ornamen t h or izon ' h oards .

H owever , b ronze c o l lars were n ever a dop ted a s p ar t o ft he i nsu lar

r eper toire a nd g o ld c o l lars , g orge ts , a re a n I r ish L a te B ronze Age t ype ( Powe l l 1 973-74 ) .

I n t he S o merse t h oards f ro m N orton F i tzwarren a nd Wes t

Buck land ( L is t 4 2 , 7 -8 ) a re r ibbed b race le ts w i th a c entra l l ine o f b osses . Th is i s p resu mab ly a l oca l f orm . P la in p enannu lar b race le ts .

L IST 4 3

P la in p enannu lar b race le ts a re c o m mon i n MBA2 h oards o f s outhern E ng land , e spec ia l ly i n H a mpsh ire , Wi l tsh ire , D orse t a nd S o merse t 1 976 , 9 3-94 , map 2 3 ) .

( Row lands

The l ozenge-shaped s ec t ion i s mos t c o m mon ( L is t 4 3 ,

2 , 4 -5 , 8 , 1 2-13 , 1 5 , 1 7-18 ) a nd t hese p lain b race lets a re u sua l ly t h inner t han t he more mass ive d ecora ted b race le ts .

Smi th c o mpared t he l ozenge-sec t ion

b race le ts t o N ordic M I T I f or ms d erived f ro m t he T u mu lus c u lture ( 1959 , 1 49 , 1 63 ) . B ergman ( 1970 , Te i l B , 4 5-46 , L is te 1 32-140 , Taf . 7 , 1 , Kar te 5 4-57 ) s hows t he v ar ie ty o f s ec t ions , i nc luding l ozenge , c urrent o n p enannu lar b racel e ts i n n orth-wes tern Ger many ;

mos t f i nds b e long t o M I I .

The s ame v arie ty

i s p resen t i n t he L Uneburg a rea ( Laux 1 971 , 6 2-63 ) ; mos t l ozenge-sec t ion b race le ts a re M I I ( i b id . ,6 1 ) .

These b race le ts were n ot c o m mon i n s ou thern

S candinav ia b efore M I T I ( Kers ten n .d . ( 1935 ) , 4 5-48 ) .

The most wes ter ly

N ordic f i nd a ppears t o b e Ba l looerve ld ( L is t 4 3 , 2 1 ) w i th l ozenge-sect ion b race le ts a longside M I T/ I I I r ibbed b race le ts .

T o t he s outh , whence t he N ordic

b race le ts were p robab ly d er ived ( Laux 1 971 , 6 1 ) , t he l ozenge s ec t ion i s l ess c o m mon t han t he more r ounded s ec t ion i n H esse , where i to ccurs o ver a w ide r ange o ft ime d uring t he T u mu lus a nd U rnf ie ld p er iods ( R ich ter 1 970 , 7 7-78) . P la in l ozenge-sec t ion b race le ts a re n o t c o m mon i n t he Haguenau F ores t ( Schaef fer 1 926 , f i g . 6 2 ) a nd f i nds a re r are f ur ther w es t , e .g . among t he p la in

8 6

p enannu lar b race le ts i n t he Ma lass is h oard , Cher ( Briard , C ordier a nd Gaucher 1 969 , f ig . 2 4 , t ab leau V ) .

I n n or th-eastern F rance , t he p la in b race-

l e ts i n t he V i l lers-sur-Au th ie h oard ( L ist 4 3 , 1 9 ) d o n o t h ave l ozenge s ect ions . L ike t he ir d ecora ted a nd r ibbed c oun terpar ts , p la in p enannu lar b race lets a ppear t o h ave b een f ash ionab le i n c en tra l , w es tern a nd n or thern E urope d uring t he l a ter M idd le B ronze Age .

I ft he l ozenge-sect ion f or m i s r egarded a s i n-

t rus ive , t hen a N ordic o rigin d oes s ee m p robab le , b u t h ard ly r es tr icted t o MI T I , f or t he B r i t ish MBA2 a ssocia t ions r ender a M I I o rigin f ro m n or th-western G er many more l i ke ly . T o p rov ide a t er minus a n te q ue rn f or t he ' ornamen t h or izon ' , Sm i th ( 1959 , 1 60 ) q uoted n or th-wes t G er man c o mpar isons f or t he p a ir o fp la in b race lets w i th c on t iguous e xpanded t er m ina ls i n t he B lackrock h oard ( L is t 4 3 , 1 6) , wh ich s he i n terpre ted a s t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly e xamp les o f N ierenr inge , c o mparing a b race le t i n t he h oard f ro m R e thw isch , K r . V ech ta , L ower S axony ( Sprockhof f 1 937 , Ta f . 1 8 , 5 ) .

F or S prockhof ft h is h oard was M TV , b u t Tackenberg h as

d a ted i tt o MV ( 1971 , 2 06 , 2 15 ) .

I n a ny c ase , t he r esemb lance b e tween t he

B lackrock b race le ts a nd t he ir s upposed G er man c oun terpar ts d oes n o t a ppear t o b e s uf f icien t ly g rea t t o a l low t he p recise d a t ing p roposed b y Smi th a nd a F rench B ronze Moyen o rig in s ee ms more l ike ly . L ike t he V i l lers-sur-Au th ie e xamp les , t he p la in p enannu lar b race le ts i n t he LBA1 h oards f ro m B o is-de-Lessines a nd V eenenburg ( L is t 4 3 , 2 0 , u ndiagnos t ic .

2 3 ) a re

I ft he f rag ments o f l ozenge-sect ion b race le t i n t he I s leham

h oard ( L is t 4 3 , 2 ) r epresent r es idua l M idd le B ronze Age o rnamen ts ( Br i t ton 1 960 , 2 81 ) , t hey a re r e mote f ro m t he ir ma in a rea o f d is tribut ion . Mos t o f t he o ther s ect ions f ound o n B r i t ish s lender b race le ts c an b e ma tched i n n or th-wes tern G er many , t hough o f ten o n massive b race le ts :

r ound

( L is t 4 3 , 1 , 3 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 8 ) , s ub-rec tangu lar ( L is t 4 3 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 8 ) , o va l ( L is t 4 3 , 1 0 ) a nd t riangu lar ( L is t 4 3 , 1 3 ) .

B ergmann ( 1970 , Tei l B , 4 5-46 , L iste

1 32 , 1 34 , 1 38 , 1 39 , Taf . 7 , a , c , g , h ) d a tes mos t f i nds t o M I T , L aux ( 1971 , 6 1-63 ) t o M I T a nd e ar ly M M .

The f la t s ec t ion ( L is t 4 3 , 1 2 , 1 7 ) a ppears t o b e

a bsen t f ro m n or th-wes tern G er many .

The more mass ive B ri t ish b race lets

( L is t 4 3 , 7 , 9 , 1 4 , 1 8 ) c ou ld b e r e la ted t o d ecora ted b race le ts ; t he more s lender e xamp les , e xcep t f or t he l ozenge-sec t ion f or m , c annot r eadi ly b e ma tched o n t he c on t inent . Tw isted b race le ts .

L IST 4 4

Three MBA2 h oards f ro m s ou thern B r i ta in ( L is t 4 4 , 1 -3 ) c on ta in t w is ted b race le ts o f r od o r w ire a nd t here i s ap oss ib le f rag men t f ro m t he d i tch o f a b arrow o n C ranborne Chase ( L is t 4 4 , 4 ) .

Sm i th r egarded t w is ted b race le ts

a s r e la ted t o N ordic M I T I e xamp les , wh i le a d mi t t ing t ha t t hey a lso o ccurred i n T u mu lus a nd e ar ly U rnf ie ld c on tex ts ( 1959 , 1 49 ) .

The mass ive b race le ts

o f t w is ted r od a re p robab ly r eused f rag men ts o ft w isted n eck-r ings ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 43 ;

R ow lands 1 976 , 9 3 ); t he s ame c onc lus ion was r eached b y B erg-

man ( 1970 , Te i l B , 4 6) f or t he t w is ted b race le ts o fn orth-wes tern Ger many . Mass ive t w is ted b race le ts a re n ot c o m mon i n n or th-wes tern G er many ; e xa mp les a re k nown ma in ly f ro m M I I a nd e ar ly M I T I ( i b id . ,4 5-46 , L is t 1 44 , Ta f . 7 , 5 , Kar te 5 8;

L aux 1 971 , 6 4 ) .

8 7

The t ype i s n ot r ecorded f ro m

Meck lenburg ( Schubar t 1 972 ) .

D ur ing M I T I t w is ted b race le ts a re k nown f ro m

s ou thern S candinav ia i n b ronze ( Aner a nd K ers ten 1 973 , 1 3 n o . 4 6 , Taf . 8 ; 1 40 n o . 3 83 , Taf . 8 1 ;

B roho lm 1 943 , 1 97, G ray 2 364 ) a nd i n g o ld ( Aner a nd

Kers ten 1 973 , 6 2 n o . 2 15 , Ta f . 3 6) . Tw isted b race lets a re k nown f ro m t he Tu mu lus c u lture i n H esse ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 29 ) a nd t here i s a n e xamp le i n t he Bronze Moyen Ih oard f ro m P iere C ou , Cha lonnes-sur-Lo ire , Ma ine-e t-Loire ( Cord ier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 1 71-174 , f i g . 1 1 , 4 ) , b u t t w is ted b race le ts a re n ot c o m mon i n F rance b efore t he b eg inn ing o f Bronze F ina l I( N ico las , D uva l , E ld ere , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 , 1 59 ) ;

t hey a re c onsp icuous ly a bsent f ro m

t he Ma lass is h oard , C her ( Br iard , C ordier a nd G aucher 1 969 ) .

The B o is-de-

L ess ines t w isted b race le t ( L is t 4 4 , 7 ) i s p robab ly o f e ar ly U rnf ie ld d a te a nd t h is may a lso a pp ly t o t he c o mp le te b race let w i th t apering t er m ina ls f ro m F or t-Harrouard ( L is t 4 4 , 5 ) ; t he c hrono logy o ft he o ther f ragmen ts f ro m F or t-Harrouard i s u ncer ta in , a s i s t he Denterghe m f ragmen t ( L is t 4 4 , 6 ) . The mass ive t w is ted b race le ts i n t he B r i t ish h oards n eed h ave n o s pecif ic c ont inenta l r e la t ions . There a re t w is ted w ire b race le ts i n t he Bar ton B endish , Monkswood a nd S leenerz a nd f i nds ( L is t 4 4 , 1 -2 , 8 ) a nd t he B erw ick S t . J ohn f ragmen t may b e r e la ted ( L is t 4 4 , 4 ) .

R ow lands h as d is t inguished t he B r i t ish e xa mp les a s

b race le ts a par t f ro m t he more mass ive ' ar m-r ings ';

h e c ons iders t ha t t he

w ire b race le ts a re sma l ler v ers ions o ft he t w is ted r od o rnamen ts .

T he c on-

t inenta l c o mpar ison o f t he r ecurved w ire b race le t i n t he B ar ton B end ish h oard h ave b een c onsidered b y B u t ler ( 1963a , 1 43-144 ) . The o n ly N ordic e xamp le i s i n t he S teenode h oard ( Kers tenand L a B au me 1 958 , 6 0 , 1 48 , Ta f . 8 0 , 1 9; s ee p . 8 1-3 ) wh ich a lso c on ta ins a t w is ted n eck-ring w i th t wo d ecora ted b racel e ts p robab ly o f wes tern o r igin .

I n c en tra l E urope , r ecurved b race le ts w i th

p la in t er mina ls , R ich ter 's K ne i ting t ype , a ppeared i n R e inecke C 2 ( 1 970 , 1 291 31 ) , wh i le t he S peyer t ype , w i th r o l led t er mina ls , a ppeared o n ly d ur ing HaA ( i b id ., 1 31-132 ) . o r igin .

The Bar ton B endish r ecurved b race le t may b e o f i nsu lar

T he S leenerzand b ur ia l i s p robab ly o f M IT d a te .

T u mu lus b race lets o r a nk le ts .

L IST 4 5

B oth o f t he s p ira l o rnamen ts a re o fl a ter Tu mu lus d a te .

T he e xamp le i n

L aon ( L is t 4 5 , 1 ) i s p robab ly a Haguenau t ype ( Schaef fer 1 926 , f i g . 3 4 , T ) , p laced b y Z iegert i n h is Z e i tgruppe 3 , R e inecke C l ( 1963 , 1 3 ) .

R o l led t er m-

i na ls a re a bsen t f ro m s p ira l b race le ts i n H esse ( R ich ter 1 970 , Taf . 1 -11 ) t hough r ecurved t er mina ls o ccur .

D -sec t ion s p ira l b race le ts l ike t he ? Limburg

e xamp le ( L is t 4 5 , 3 ) a re c o m mon i n H esse d uring R e inecke C ( i b id ., 2 3-35 ) a nd a lso o ccur i n t he Haguenau F ores t ( Schaef fer 1 926 , f i g . 7 1 , C -E ) . The B ou logne b race le t c an b e ma tched i n s evera l Tu mu lus c ontex ts i n s ou th-wes tern Ger many ( Torbr t igge 1 959a , 4 3 , A bb . 1 2 , 8 -9 ; mos t f i nds b e long t o R e inecke C 2 .

1 959b , 7 6-77) ;

Mohen ( 1972 , 4 51 ) c la i ms t ha t f our

e xamp les were a ssoc ia ted w i th a p oppy-head p in i n ab arrow i n t he S chwa igg auser F ors t , L dkr . R egensburg , Bavaria ( Torbrügge 1 959b , Taf . 6 0 , 3 4-38 ) , b ut t he p in i s a n i so la ted f i nd f ro m o ne b arrow ( i b id . ,1 93 n o . 2 68A ) , wh i le t he b race le ts c o me f ro m t wo o ther s epara te b arrows ( i b id ., 1 91 n o . 2 64 , 1 93 n o . 2 67 ) .

The B ou logne f i nd i s r emote f ro m t he ma in a rea o fd is tr ibu t ion

o fb race le ts w i th d oub le s p ira l t er mina ls wh ich i s a round t he u pper Danube ( Ho ls te 1 953b , K ar te 1 0 ) . 8 8

O ne o b ject w i th d oub le s p ira l t er m ina ls i s k nown f ro m B ri ta in ; t h is i s t he sma l l b ronze r ing f ro m t he p lough s o i l i n t he d i tch o f t he l ong b arrow a t S kend leb y , L incs . ( Ph i l l ips 1 935 , 6 9 , f i g . 1 3 ) .

Th is i s p robab ly n ot r e la ted t o t he

B ou logne b race le t a nd p ara l le ls a re d if f icu l t t o f i nd .

F rag ments o f ab ronze

r ing f ro m t he h i l lfor t a t R ainsborough , N or than ts . ( Avery , S ut ton a nd Banks 1 967 , 2 86-288 , f i g . 3 1 , 1 58 ) , h ave b een r econs truc ted t o r ese mb le t he S kend leby r ing .

The R a insborough r ing s hou ld b e E ar ly I ron Age a nd may b e

c o mpared t o ar ing i n al a te H a Db uria l f ro m C ha teau d es E ve 'ques , L azer , Hau tes-A lpes ( von E les 1 967-68 , 1 33 , 1 55 , f i g . 2 9 , 6 ;

C our to is 1 976 , 7 16 ,

f i g . 2 C , 4 ) . The b race le t o r a nk le t f ro m Em mer D ennen , b arrow 6 ( L is t 4 5 , 4 ) , i s p robab ly r e la ted t o T u mu lus e xa mp les ( R ich ter 1 970 , 5 0-52;

E luere 1 974 ,

5 46-549 ) b ut i th as sma l ler t er minals ; n orth-west G er man e xamp les h ave n arrower b odies ( Laux 1 971 , 6 6) . S pira l b e lt-hooks .

L IST 4 5

B e lt-hooks o f r ound-sect ion w ire w i th s p ira l t er mina ls o ccur i n l a te T u mu lus c on tex ts i n s outh-wes tern G er many ( Ziegert 1 963 , 1 0 , Taf . 2 ) a nd i n t he H aguenau F ores t ( Audouze 1 974 , 2 32-234 , f i g . 3 , 1 -2 , 4 ) .

The F or t-

Harrouard e xamp le i s p robab ly o f H aguenau o r ig in ( L ist 4 6, 1 ) wh i le t he E lp e xamp le a ppears t o b e s outh G er man ( L is t 4 6 , 2 ) . F inger-r ings .

L IST 4 7 .

MAP 2 1

F inger-r ings o ccur i n B r i t ish MBA 2 h oards main ly i n Wessex a nd S ussex , b ut a lso i n E as t A ng l ia .

R ow lands h as d is t ingu ished t hree f or ms :

c oi led a nd r ibbed ( 1976, 9 6-97 ) .

s i mp le ,

The d ecora ted c oi led r ing i n t he B lackrock

h oard ( L is t 4 7 , 1 0 ) was c o mpared t o M I I I e xamp les f ro m Meck lenburg b y P iggo t t ( 1949 , 1 16-117 ) a nd l a ter i nc luded b y Sm i th a s p art o f h er ' orna men t h or izon ' ( 1959 , 1 49 , 1 59-160 ) . S o me o ft he B ri t ish r ings a re r eused f rag men ts .

The t w is ted , r ibbon

a nd r ectangu lar-sect ion c oi led r ings i n t he Woo l mer F ores t a nd E ding ton Bur t le h oards ( L is t 4 7 , 6 , 8 ) a re p robab ly f rag men ts o fb race le ts o r n eckr ings ; o ne o f t he Woo l mer F ores t r ings i ncorpora tes t he t er m ina l o f a t w is ted n eck-ring .

The r ibbed f i nger-rings ( L is t 4 7 , 2 , 8 -9 ) c ou ld b e sma l l

e xamp les o f r ibbed b race le ts ; t wo a nnu lar r ibbed f i nger-rings , b oth u nda ted , a re k nown f ro m n or th-wes tern G er many ( Berg mann 1 970 , Te i l B , 4 6, L is te 1 50 , T af . 7 , 9 , Kar te 5 9 ) . B erg mann r egards a nnu lar r ings a s f i nger-rings a nd p enannu lar r ings a s e ar-r ings ; a l l d a ted e xa mp les a re M I I ( i b id ., 4 6, L is te 1 46-149 , Taf . 7 , 8 , Kar te 5 9 ) .

L aux p laces f i nger-rings , c oi led , a nnu lar o r p enannu lar , i n e ar ly

MI I ( 1971 , 6 6-67 ) .

These r ings may b e o fb ronze o r g o ld , w i th a v ar ie ty o f

s ect ions , b u t u sua l ly w i thout o rnament ( i b id ., 6 7 n . 1 55 ) .

There a re t wo

c oi led r ings o fg o ld i n t he M IT S leenerzand b uria l ( 79 ) a nd g o ld w ire o rnament o ccurs i n s evera l S ege l b ur ia ls ( Kubach 1 973b , 4 07-408 n . 3 2 ) .

The a nnu lar

r ing i n t he Weerdinge b uria l ( L is te 4 5 , 1 6 ) i s M I I/ M [ I I a nd t he a nnu lar r ings i n t he V eenenburg h oard ( L is t 4 5 , 1 7) a re a l i t t le l a ter .

F inger-r ings a re more

n u merous i n Meck lenburg t han i n n orth-wes tern G er many , g o ld i n a pprox i ma te ly e qua l n u mbers t o b ronze ( Schubar t 1 972 , 3 1 , 1 93 , L is te 1 0 ) . 8 9

C oi led r ings

appear in :MII but most are :MIII; decoration is rare. Of the rings cited by Piggott (1949, 117) only the example from Slate, Kr. Parchim, barrow I, grave 2, is coiled and that ;. has transverse notched ornament (Schubart 1972, Taf. 65, Bl) unlike that on the Blackrock ring (List 47, 10). Annular rings from Mecklenburg are more often decorated, they usually have a flat section; simple penannular rings appear to be unknown. The origin and chronology proposed by Piggott and accepted by Smith for the Blackrock ring appear to be unjustified. In southern Scandinavia coiled rings are common, annular and penannular rings are rare (Kersten n.d. (1935), 55-57, Beilage 12). As in Mecklenberg, coiled rings may be of thin wire, a form uncharacteristic of Britain. The coiled ring does not appear to have been predominant in north­ western Germany. Some Nordic influence may have encouraged the use of coiled rings in Britain but this should have been :MII rather than :MIII in date. Coiled rings appear to have been rare in France, though there is an example in the Bronze Mayen III burial from Le Comb Bernard, Magny-Lambert, Cote­ d'Or (Sandars 1957, 89). The simple penannular rings in the Villers-sur­ Authie hoard (List 47, 15) could be a result of British influence but too much importance should not be attached to such simple objects. It should be noted that some so-called 'finger-rings', e. g. the example from Maiden Castle (List 47, 3),are too large to be worn on the finger without discomfort and, for their proposed use as finger ornaments, they are large in relation to contemporary arm ornaments. Perhaps some were hair-rings? Monkswood ornaments The single sheet bronze cone from the Monkswood hoard, Somerset (Inv. Arch. GB42, 16) has been compared to examples from a MIII burial at Lttbz, Kr. Lttbz, Mecklenburg (Smith 1959, 150). Schubart has republished this burial (1972, 123-124, Taf. 110) and discussed these cones, which he calls Htttchen (ibid., 35-36, Liste 15). These Hutchen are ornaments for clothing; they appear in l\1II but are most common in :MIII. They have two lateral perfora­ tions, unlike the Monkswood ornament which has a single perforation at its apex. Hutchen with double perforations also occur in the Lttneburg area, but they are not closely datable (Laux 1971, 44-45); the conical form is derived from Hesse (Holste 1939, 78), where they occur in burials of Reinecke C date: Molzbach, Kr. HUnefeld (Richter 1970, 21, Taf. 81), Darmstadt-Arheiligen (ibid. , 56, Taf. 76A). Such ornaments are not common France, though Burgess (1974, 315 n. 240) has pointed out the occurrence of an unperforated example in the Malassis hoard, Cher (Briard, Cordier and Gaucher 1969, 62, fig. 20, 196). It should be noted that sheet bronze cones occur in the Early Bronze Age hoard from Migdale, Sutherland (Inv. Arch. GB26, 55-59; Britton 1963, 272, 275). There is a more elaborate sheet bronze clothing ornament from the Middle Bronze Age settlement site at Chalton, Rants (Cunliffe 1971, 11, fig. 5, 5); this should be related to the Monkswood orna­ ments and certainly not to Urnfield phalerae, as suggested by Rowlands (1976, 160). The cast bronze terminals in the Monkswood hoard appear to be unique (Inv. Arch. GB42, 17-18). Tall cones of sheet bronze occur in the MII hoard from Priepert, Kr. Neustrelitz, Mecklenburg (Schubart 1972, 66, 139, Taf. 52, 90

D 5-12 ) , a nd t here i s a no ther i n t he Ma lass is h oard ( Briard , C ordier a nd G aucher 1 969 , 6 2 , f i g . 2 0 , 1 93 ) . The Monkswood c ones a ppear t o b e n o c loser t o t he Meck lenburg c ones t han t o t he T u mu lus c ones o f H esse o r t he c ones o fn orth-wes tern G er many . The C ha lton o rnamen t a nd t he Monkswood c as t t er mina ls s how i nsu lar o rig ina l i ty wh ich migh t a ccoun t f or t he c ones a lso . R azors .

L IST 4 8

B u t ler h as d iscussed c on t inenta l f i nds o f t anged r azors r e la ted t o B ri t ish E ar ly o r M idd le B ronze Age f or ms ( 1963a , 1 15-117 ) .

There a re t wo D utch

f i nds , o ne f ro m t he S öge l b ur ia l a t D rouwen , a nd t he o ther f ro m Z e i jen ( L ist 4 8 , 3 , 5 ) .

The Drouwen r azor s hou ld b e r e la ted t o P iggot t 's C lass I( 1946,

1 22-126) a nd t he Z e i jen r azor , l i ke t he F ort-Harrouard e xamp les ( L ist 4 8 , 1 ) , t o h er c lass I ( i b id ., 1 26-128 ) .

There a re r azors r e la ted t o C lass If ro m

g rave I I , b arrow 1 94 , ' I ng J ongbunburg ' , N ebe l , o n t he n or th F r isian i s land o f Amru m ( Kersten a nd L a B au me 1 958, 1 31 , Taf . 8 5 , 1 9 ) , a nd a l a te M I T c of f in b ur ia l i n ab arrow a t N im , S kanderborg Am t , J ut land ( Sy lves t 1 957; B u t ler 1 963a , f i g . 3 3 , 2 ; p l . X I I Ia ) .

A n e ar ly M I T b uria l a t E hes torf , K r .

E remervördc , L ower S axony ( Nowo thn ig 1 958 , Abb . 1 , 6 ; T e i l A , 6 9 n o . 2 2 ;

B ergmann 1 970 ,

L aux 1 971 , 6 8 , 1 64 n o . 4 , Ta f . 6 , 6 ) , c on ta ins ab if id

r azor : t he p a ls tave i n t h is b ur ia l b e longs t o Z e i tgruppe I ( i b id . ,8 1 , Ta f . 6 , 3 ) b ut t he s pearhead , b e lt-hook , b ronze d agger a nd f l int d agger a re a l l R ige l t ypes ( i b id ., 6 8 , 7 6 , 8 8 , 9 1 , T af . 6 , 1 -5 ) . J ockenhöve l ( 1 971 , 3 7, T af . 4 1A ) h as p oin ted o ut t ha t t hese n or thern f i nds a re n earer t o t he B r i t ish r azors t han t o c entra l E urope a nd B r i t ish r azors a re more n u merous t han s im i lar n or thern o r c en tra l E uropean f or ms ( i b id . ,3 2-33 ; B u t ler 1 963a , 1 17 ) .

I ti s p lausib le t o a ccep t B r i t ish o rig in o r i nf luence f or

t he c on t inenta l r azors c onsidered a bove . R azors o f c en tra l E uropean f or m a re k nown f ro m Paris a nd O pheusden ( L is t 4 8, 2 , 4 ) .

The Par is r azor b e longs t o t he O nst me t t ingen t ype , t anged

w i th a l ea f-shaped b lade b ear ing g rooved o r i nc ised o rnamen t ( Jockenhöve l 1 971 , 3 2-42 , Ta f . 4 1A ) .

F inds a re d is tr ibu ted s parse ly f ro m t he S e ine a nd

Rhöne t o t he midd le Danube a nd a l l d a tab le f i nds b e long t o R e inecke B .

The

Opheusden r azor b e longs t o t he O ber menz ing t ype , n otched , w i th a n o va l o penwork h and le h av ing a r ing t er mina l ( i b id ., 5 4-64 , Taf . 4 2A ) . Du tch e xamp le , mos t h ave v ery w orn b lades .

L ike t he

I n B ohemia a nd e as tern Bavar ia

t he t ype b e longs t o R einecke C , wh i le i n s ou th-wes tern G er many a nd o n t he M iddle R h ine i ti s R e inecke D .

There i s ar e la ted g roup o f e ar ly U rnf ie ld

r azors f ro m e as tern F rance ( i b id . ,6 2 n . 5 ) .

The Opheusden r azor may b e a

l a te T u mu lus i mport i n to t he N e ther lands , l ike t he Weerdinge whee l-headed p ins ( L is t 3 3 , 2 ; J ockenhgve l 1 971 , 6 3 ) , t hough a n e ar ly U rnf ie ld d a te c annot b e e xc luded .

B r i t ish M idd le B ronze Age r azors a ppear t o h ave b een more

i nf luen t ia l i n western a nd n or thern E urope t han c on temporary c en tra l E uropean r azors . Tweezers .

L IST 4 9

Two D utch b ur ia ls c on ta in b ronze t weezers ( L ist 4 9 , 2 -3 ) , b u t n e i ther c an b e d a ted w i th g rea t p rec is ion .

I n n or th-wes tern G er many , t he s carce f i nds 9 1

b e long t o M I I I ( Bergmann 1 970 , T ei l B , 6 3 , L is te 2 31 , Taf . 1 3 , 1 1 , K ar te 9 7 ) , wh i le i n s ou thern S candinav ia t he b road f or m i s 1 V L I I a nd t he n arrow f orm I V I I I ( Kers ten n .d . ( 1935 ) , 5 8-59 , Taf . XV I I , 6 ; XX , 4 ) .

The N ordic t weezers a re

p robab ly d er ived f ro m c en tra l E urope , where t hey s ee m t o h ave a ppeared d ur ing R e inecke C l ( Hachmann 1 957 , 1 45 ; 8 ;

G er lof f 1 975 , 1 26 ) .

T orbr t igge 1 959a , 4 0 , Abb . 1 1 , 3 ,

Al a te M idd le B ronze A ge d a te s eems l ike ly f or t he

Du tch f i nds , t hough t hey may b e more r ecen t .

The t weezers f ro m F or t-

Harrouard s hou ld b e d a ted t o l a ter B ronze Moyen b y t he a ssoc ia ted d ecora ted b race le t ( L is t 4 9 , 1 ) . MBA :

SU M MARY

A rre ton f l anged a xes , c harac ter is t ic o f t he l a ter E ar ly B ronze Age i n s ou thern B r i ta in , a re a lso k nown f ro m n or thern F rance a nd B e lg iu m .

I n

F rance t hese a xes o ccur i n c ontex ts o f e ar ly B ronze Moyen , t oge ther w i th h af t-f langed a xes a nd s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves .

The u se o f Arre ton a xes c an

a lso b e e qua ted w i th t he S e ige l a nd L ochham p hases o f n or thern a nd c en tra l E urope .

R e la ted D utch a xes o f E kehaar t ype were p robab ly d er ived f ro m

n or th G er man f or ms .

A rre ton a xes a ppear t o h ave b een c urrent i n s ou thern

B r i ta in wh i le e ar ly s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves were i n u se i n T rebou l , L ochha m a nd R ige l c on tex ts , a s we l l a s i n t he Ac ton P ark c o mp lex o fn orth Wa les ; l oca l p roduc t ion i s l i ke ly i n a l l t hese a reas , t hough Ac ton P ark p a ls taves were e xpor ted t o t he N e ther lands .

C on te mporary N ordic p a ls taves a re f ound

o n ly a s f ar wes t a s t he D utch b order . T he p a ls taves d iscussed a bove b e long t o MBAl; d uring MBA2 p a ls taves were p roduced i n l arge q uant i t ies i n n orthern F rance a nd s outhern B r i ta in . About s ix ty h oards i n B r i t tany c on ta in p redo m inan t ly p a ls taves o f B re ton t ype ; i n n or th-eas tern F rance a bou t o ne h undred h oards a re k nown , mos t i n t he l ower S e ine v a l ley c on ta ining p a ls taves o f N orman t ype .

The f ew p a ls tave

h oards f ro m P icardy c on ta in ma in ly b road-b laded p a ls taves r e la ted t o B r i t ish f orms .

S o me B re ton p a ls taves o ccur i n n or th-eas tern F rance , B e lg iu m a nd t he

t he s outhern N e ther lands ; h oards .

B r i t ish f i nds r are ly o ccur i n c harac ter ist ic MBA2

N or man p a ls taves a re a lso s ca t tered t hrough n orth-eas tern F rance

a nd B e lg iu m ;

i n B ri ta in t hey a re c o m mon i n t he l arge MBA2 h oards o n t he

s outh c oas t , e spec ia l ly Ha mpsh ire a nd S ussex o ppos i te U pper N or mandy . B road-b laded p a ls taves , l ike t hose o f P icardy a nd s ou thern B r i ta in , o ccur i n B e lg iu m a nd t he s outhern N e ther lands .

L oca l t ypes i n t hese a reas , r e la ted t o

n or th-wes t G er man f or ms ,occur i n t he l ower Meuse a rea a nd i n t he n or the as tern N e ther lands .

The p a lstave was t he d o minan t t oo l-type o f

s o u thern

Br i ta in d ur ing MBA2; t here i s ad is t inc t r eg iona l g roup i n s ou th-wes t E ng land a nd a l arger , more h e terogeneous , g roup i n s ou th-eas t E ng land .

About

s even ty h oards a re k nown i n t h is s ou th-eas tern g roup a nd a bou t 3 0% o f t he p a ls taves i n t hese h oards o ccur i n o n ly f our h oards o n t he s ou th c oas t . 1 0% o ft he p a ls taves i n t hese h oards a re i mpor ts , mos t ly N or man .

About

Apart f ro m

t he c en tra l s ou th c oas t , t he o ther c entre o fp a ls tave d is tr ibut ion i s o n t he s ou the as tern marg ins o ft he F ens , b u t h oards a re r are i n t h is a rea . c an b e i dent if ied , e .g . t he I s le o f Wigh t t ype .

L oca l f or ms

I nf luence f ro m U pper N or mandy o n t he s ou th c oas t mus t h ave b een s trong a nd i td oes n o t a ppear t o h ave b een r ec iproca ted , f or B r i t ish p a lstaves a re

9 2

r are i n N orman h oards .

B r i t ish p a lstaves , e spec ia l ly f orms c o mmon i n K en t

a nd S ussex o ccur i n P icardy , B e lg ium a nd t he s ou thern N ether lands . P a ls taves were s uperseded b y s hort-f langed a xes i n n or thern B r i ta in . We lsh p a ls taves o f MBA2 r ef lec ted s outhern B r i t ish f orms .

M idd le B ronze

Age a xes o f a ny f or m a re n o t c o mmon i n c en tra l mid land E ng land . S outhern a nd e astern E ng land h ad more i n c o m mon w i th t he c on tinen t t han w i th o ther p ar ts o f B r i ta in a nd I re land . L ooped s ocke ted a xes a ppeared i n B r i ta in d uring MBA2 , d erived f ro m n or thern G er many ; o ne e xamp le was e xported t o t he N e ther lands .

The c on-

t e mporary a ppearance o f s ocke ted h am mers a nd a nv i ls was p robab ly o f F rench i nsp ira t ion . K nobbed s ick les , aS o merse t t ype i n B r i ta in , c ou ld h ave b een d er ived f ro m n or thern G er many , b u t aF rench o rig in i s a lso p ossib le . L ooped s pearheads were c harac te r is t ic o f B r i ta in d uring t he M idd le B ronze A ge .

The s idelooped t ype , k nown a lready d uring t he E ar ly B ronze

Age , o ccurs i n T rebou l c on tex ts a nd was p resu mab ly c urren t d uring MBA1 i n s ou thern B r i ta in a s w e l l a s MBA2 . S idelooped s pearheads a re c o mmon i n n or th-eas tern F rance a nd a re a lso k nown i n B e lg iu m a nd t he N e ther lands . T rebou l s pearheads a re f ound e as t o f B ri t tany a s f ar a s t he n orthern Ne therl ands b ut a re a bsent f ro m B r i ta in . B asa llooped s pearheads w i th l eaf-shaped b lades a re n ot a t tes ted b efore MBA2; t he ir c on t inenta l d is tribut ion i s s imi lar t o t ha t o f s ide-looped s pearheads a nd i ti s p oss ib le t ha t b asa llooped s pearh eads were p roduced i n t he l ower S eine v a l ley .

P egged s pearheads a re k nown

i n MBA2 h oards i n n or th-eas tern F rance a nd a re a lso f ound i n B e lg iu m; t he o n ly B ri t ish e xamp le i s i n t he LBA1 O rset t h oard . D u tch f i nds r epresen t t he wes tern e dge o ft he d istr ibu t ion o f s pearheads o f t he N ordic e ar lier B ronze Age .

There a re a f ew c entra l E uropean s pearheads c on temporary w i th MBA

f ro m t he N e ther lands a nd n or th-eas tern F rance . The l a test d aggers o ft he B r i t ish E ar ly B ronze A ge w ere i nf luenced b y T rebou l-Sa in t-Brandan swords a nd t he f i rs t i nsu lar r apiers were a lso p roduced d ur ing MBA1 c on temporary w i th S ige l a nd Woh lde swords a nd t he L ochham p hase .

T rebou l s words o ccur i nn or th-eastern F rance , B e lgium a nd t he

Ne ther lands , wh i le S öge l a nd Woh lde swords a re a bsen t f rom B ri tain .

T he

a ppearance o fb ronze t r ip le U -shaped h i l ts d uring MBA1 p robab ly r ef lec ts c entra l E uropean i nf luence .

D er ived f ro m T rebou l s words , P lougrescan t-

Om merschans s words r ef lec t t he s ame l i nk b etween B r it tany a nd t he Ne therl ands a s T rebou l s words a nd s pearheads , t hough t hey may b e l a ter t han MBA1; t here i s as ing le E ng lish e xamp le .

There a re a f ew T umu lus swords a nd

d aggers f ro m wes tern E urope , e spec ia l ly n or th-eastern F rance . There i s a N ordic 1 V I I I sword a nd a c on temporary c hape f ro m n or th-eas tern F rance . T rapezoida l-h i l ted r ap iers a re c harac terist ic o f n orthern F rance a nd B ri ta in a nd a re a lso f ound i n B e lg iu m a nd t he N e ther lands ; t hey were p robab ly most c o m mon d ur ing MBA2 . S o me o ft he p ins f ro m C amer ton-Snowsh i l l b ur ia ls o f l a ter E ar ly B ronze Age i n s ou thern B r i ta in a ppear t o b e c on temporary w i th t he e ar ly T u mu lus L ochham p hase b u t e ar ly T u mu lus p ins o f c en tra l E uropean o r igin a ppear t o b e c onf ined t o t he c on t inen t . P icardy p ins w ere i nf luenced b y e ar ly T u mu lus f or ms b u t a ssoc ia ted f i nds a re u nknown b efore MBA2; P icardy p ins a nd t heir

9 3

derivatives are common in north-eastern France and southern Britain. Pins with long ribbed heads found in north-eastern France are derived from a Haguenau type; there are miscellaneous late Tumulus pins from north-eastern France. Dutch finds of wheel-headed pins are of contemporary date, probably of middle Rhine origin. Nail-headed pins and roll-headed pins were probably still current in the Netherlands at this time. Disc-headed pins with looped or perforated straight shafts occur in Britain and north-eastern France. Twisted neck-rings are a characteristic MBA 2 type in southern Britain, probably derived from Nordic MII forms; there is a single example from north-eastern France, while Belgian examples are probably of LBAl date. Bracelets with complex incised decoration are characteristic of northern France and common southern England during MBA2. The insular finds were probably local products. There is one decorated bracelet from Belgium. British finds of bracelets with longitudinal ribs are probably related to French, rather than Nordic, forms. None of the other types of bracelet current in Britain during MBA2 need have been derived from the Nordic area. There are a few late Tumulus bracelets from north-eastern France, Belgium and the Netherlands and Tumulus belt-hooks are known ip north-eastern France and the Netherlands. There are razors of British origin in western and northern Europe and Tumulus razors from north-eastern France and the Netherlands. Bronze tweezers, derived from Tumulus models, occur in the same areas as Tumulus razors. The dominant theme of the Middle Bronze Age is the strength of relations between north-eastern France and south-eastern Britain demonstrated by tools, weapons, ornaments and hoards. Rela tions with the Nordic area were not as extensive as has previously been supposed, especially relations repre­ sented by ornaments. The western edge of the distribution of Nordic types is usually represented by the eastern Netherlands and only twisted neck-rings and socketed axes can certainly be identified as British types inspired by Nordic models.

94

CHAPTER 4 LATE BRONZE AGE 1 LATE BRONZE AGE 1 LBA1 i s t he P enard p hase o f Burgess ( 1 974 , 2 05-207) , MBA3 i n Hawkes ' c hrono logy ( 1 960 , 5 ) .

Hawkes ' s hor t p hase ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 ) c an n ow b e

s een t o c over t hree p hases o f c en tra l European c hrono logy:

Reinecke D , Ha

A l a nd Ha A 2 ( Burgess 1 976a , 7 2-73 ; J ockenhöve l 1 975 ) a nd a d is tinct ion c an b e made b etween ma ter ia l wh ich n eed b e n o l a ter t han Reinecke D , e .g . t he Dover h oard ( 108 ) , a nd t ypes wh ich s hou ld b e Ha A 2 , e .g . l ea f-shaped f langeh i l ted s words ( see p . 1 30-1). B urgess h as p oin ted o u t t he c lose r ela t ions b etween t he P enard p hase a nd Br iard 's B ronze F ina l IRosnoen p hase i n Br i t tany ( 1 968a , 3 -9 ) a nd i ta ppears t ha t t h is p hase l as ted t o Ha A 2 i n n or thern a nd wes tern France , a s i n Br i ta in ( see p .

3 1

) . Large p a ls tave h oards were n o l onger d epos i ted d ur ing LBA1

a nd , o n b oth s ides o f t he Channe l , MBA2 i ndus tr ies d isappeared .

These a brupt

c hanges e ncourage me t o a dopt t he t er m ' La te Bronze Age ' f or t h is p hase i n s ou thern Br i ta in , t o a void t he d iscrepancy i n t er minology , r e marked o n b y J ockenhöve l ( 1975 , 1 47) , b e tween Bronze F ina l Ia nd Midd le Bronze Age 3 . I t s hou ld a lso b e n oted t ha t t he P enard h oard ( 107) , w i th i t s l ea f-shaped s words , p robably b e longs t o t he l a ter p ar t o f LBA1; t he Dover h oard ( 108 ) i s ab et ter r epresen ta t ive o f e ar ly LBA1 i n s ou thern Br i ta in . TOOLS Pa ls taves .

L IST 5 0.

MAP 2 3

When s he d ef ined t he p a ls tave t ype t rans i t iona l b etween Midd le Bronze Age a nd La te Bronze Age i n s ou thern Br i ta in , Sm i th i ns tanced t he e xa mp les f ro m t he C red i ton ( 5 ) a nd G run ty Fen ( 103 ) h oards ( 1959 , f ig . 7 , 2 -3 ).

Ih ave s hown

t ha t t he C red i ton p a ls tave a nd t wo o f t he G run ty Fen p a ls taves a re N or man MBA2 t ypes , t hough t he G run ty Fen e xamp les a re l ess c haracter is t ic a nd t heir f el low ( 103 , 3 ) , w i th midrib r a ther t han t r iden t o rna men t , i s p robably a n i nsul ar t ype .

More d eta i led s tudy w i l l b e n ecessary t o s epara te ' t rans i t iona l ' p a l-

s taves ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 16 , f ig . 3 1, 5 ; Row lands 1 976 , 3 7-38 ) f ro m MBA2 t ypes , e specia l ly l ooped N or man p a ls taves . A par t f ro m G run ty Fen , s evera l LBA1 h oards c on ta in p a ls taves , s o me o f wh ich a re i ncluded b y Rowlands i n h is C lass 5 /1, b road-bladed l ooped p a ls taves ( 1976, 3 4-35 , p ls . 3 0 , 3 94-595 ; 3 1 , 4 48-688 ). r ib o rna men t o ccur i n t he h oards f ro m :

Pa ls taves w i th l oops a nd mid-

F fynhonnau ( 102 ) , Orset t ( 105 ) , S ou th-

c hurch ( 1 06) , Downham ( 1 10 ) a nd Ambleside ( 1 12 ) , a s wel l a s t he h oard f ro m Burr ingham ( ' Is le o f Axehol me ' ) ( Davey 1 973 , 9 4 , p l . X I I ). b e a n impor t :

None o f t hese n eeds

a l l i n t he Dover h oard ( 108 ) c ou ld b e o f c on t inen ta l o r ig in .

S uch

' t rans i t iona l ' p a ls taves a re a lso c o m mon i n h oards o f t he Wa l ling ton p hase i n n or thern Eng land ( Burgess 1 968b , 7 -14 ).

Reassess men t o f t he s ocketed a xe

i n t he Carr Moors ide h oard , Yorks . ( i bid ., 6 0 n o . 9 , f ig . 8 , 4 ; 1 976a , 6 9-71) s ugges ts t ha t t h is p hase may n ot b e c on f ined t o LBA2.

The l ooped p a ls tave w i th

more o r l ess b road b lade a nd t aper ing midr ib a ppears t o h ave b een c urren t t hroughou t LBA1 i n s ou thern Br i ta in b u t i n much sma l ler n u mbers t han t he p a ls taves o f MBA2. 9 5

I n n or thern France , e spec ia l ly i n Br i t tany , p a ls tave d eve lop men t was n ot d iss i mi lar .

Br iard r ecogn ised t he Rosnoen p a ls tave t ype , c haracter is t ic

o f Bronze F ina l I , t hough c on t inu ing i n to Bronze F ina l I ( 1 965 , 1 55-157, f ig . 5 0 , 1 -4 ; Br iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 1 05-108 ; Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 4 , 1 0 ). These p a ls taves a re l ooped , mass ive , w i th s tra ight o r s l igh t ly e xpanded s ides , s tra igh t s topr idges a nd u sua l ly b ear ing a t h ick midr ib.

Their max i mu m l eng th ,

1 9 cm , i s we l l i n e xcess o f t ha t o f Bronze Moyen p a ls taves .

Wh i le l ess n u mer-

o us t han p reced ing p a ls taves , Rosnoen p a ls taves were t he d om inan t Bronze F ina l Ia xe t ype i n Br i t tany a nd An jou ( Cord ier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 2 59 ). Rosnoen p a ls taves a re n ot c o m mon e lsewhere t hough t wo l arge g roups c ou ld o ccur a t Dover ( 108 ) a nd La Vaquer ie ( 1 17). a nd s ou th-eastern France:

Af ew a re k nown i n c en tra l

L onguev i l le h oard , S e ine-e t- Marne ( La marre 1 945 ,

1 05-107, f ig . 4 , 1 2 ) ; Mercurey , S aone-e t-Lo ire ( Bonna mour 1 969 , 1 5 n o. 2 0 , p l . V ) ; t he S aone ( i bid ., 1 4 n os . 1 7 , 1 9 , p l . I V ) ; L ons-le-Saun ier h oard , J ura ( M i l lo t te 1 963 , 3 10 n o . 2 73 , p l . X I I , 2 4-25 ).

The Reinecke D h oard f ro m

Windsbach , Ldkr . Ansbach , Francon ia , c on ta ins wha t i s p robably a R osnoen p a ls tave ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , Ta f . 1 55 , 4 ).

Pa ls taves were s uperseded b y

med ian-winged a xes i n e as tern France ( see b e low ) ;

n ei ther o f -t he h oards f ro m

Cannes-Ecluse , S e ine-e t- Marne , c on ta ins a p a ls tave ( Gaucher a nd R ober t 1 967).

The s a me may h ave b een t rue i n B e lg ium a nd t he s ou thern N e ther lands ,

t hough t he t er m ina l d a te o f L ower Meuse p a ls taves i s u nknown .

I ti s u n for tu-

n a te -t ha t t ypolog ica l d eta i ls o f t he p a ls taves i n t he Dover h oard ( Lis t 5 0 , 1 ) h ave n ot b een p reserved b u t t he s ize o f many e xa mp les s ugges ts t ha t aR osnoen o r ig in i s p ossible .

N ever theless , Ik now o f n o o ther c er ta in e xa mple o f a

R osnoen p a ls tave i n Br i ta in . Med ian-winged a xes .

L IST 5 1.

MAP 2 4.

The med ian-winged a xes o f France h ave b een s tud ied b y M i l lo t te , C ordier a nd A bauzi t ( 1968 ; Br iard a nd V erron 1 976b , 1 3-16).

T hese a xes a re u sua l ly

mass ive , w i th s tra igh t s ides , s hor t w ings a nd a n otched b u t t .

The ir d is tr i-

b u t ion i n France i s p redo m inan t ly wes t-A lpine w i th e x tens ions n or th i n to L orra ine a nd n or th-wes t i n to t he S e ine a nd S o m me v a l leys ; t here a re a f ew e xa mp les f ro m c en tra l France , b u t f inds i n t he n or th-wes t , wes t a nd s ou th a re r are ( Mi l lo t te , C ord ier a nd A bauzi t 1 968 , f ig . 2 ) .

There i s a mou ld f ro m

c en tra l France a t S a in t-A ignan , L o ir-et-Cher ( i bid ., 4 2 , n o. 8 1). Med ian-winged a xes a ppeared i n c en tra l Europe d ur ing t he l a te Tu mu lus p er iod ( Jockenhöve l 1 975 , 1 36-137) a nd i n e as t c en tra l Europe d ur ing Reinecke C , b eco m ing c o m mon i n Reinecke D a nd Ha A l, s urv iv ing i n to Ha B ( von Brunn 1 968 , 8 0-82 , A bb. 8 -9) .

These a xes a re n ot o f t he s a me f or m a s t he wes tern

t ype ; t he mass ive s tra ight-s ided e xa mp les i l lus tra ted b y v on Brunn ( i bid ., A bb. 8 , 1 3 , 1 5 ) a re wes tern e xa mp les f ro m O berku lm a nd S tockhe im n o t iced b elow ( p . 9 7

) . Von Brunn 's c la im t ha t t he a xe f ro m S aben ice , n or thern

Bohe m ia ( i bid ., 8 0 , A bb. 8 , 1 1 ) , i s a wes tern t ype i s n ot c onv incing .

Fur ther

e as t , med ian-w inged a xes f ro m S lovak ia a nd Ro man ia d o n o t b e long t o t he wes tern t ype ( Novo tnä 1 970a , n os . 2 67-323 ; Vu lpe 1 975 , n os . 3 75-439 ). N ei ther a re t he median-winged .axes f ro m G reece a nd I ta ly o f wes tern f or m ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , A bb. 9 , Ta f . 1 3 , 1 2 ; 1 03 , 3 4-40 ).

9 6

I n t he e as tern A lps a nd Bavar ia , med ian-winged a xes a re c haracter is tic o f R einecke D ( i bid ., 1 08 , A bb . 2 2 , 1 9 ; 1 49 , A bb. 2 3 , 3 2-33 ) b u t o n ly n or th o f t he Danube d o mass ive a xes w i th s tra igh t s ides o ccur .

Two h oards f ro m

Francon ia c on tain s uch a xes w i th wes tern t ypes a nd e ar ly Urn f ield t ypes : Windsbach , Ldkr . Ansbach ( i bid ., 1 47, Ta f . 1 55A , 4 , 7 , 8 , 1 8 ) , a nd S tockhei m , Ldkr . G unzenhausen ( i bid ., 1 47 , Ta f . 1 57, 5 9-61 , 6 4-67 , 7 4-76; K ubach 1 977 , 4 20 n . 7 0 ).

The t rans i t iona l Reinecke D/Ha A l h oard f ro m t he

Rh ine a t Ma inz c on ta ins median-winged a xes among a s im i lar mix ture o f wes t a nd c en tra l European t ypes ( Kubach 1 973a , A bb. 1 , 1 -3 , 2 4-26; S chauer 1 971 , 7 1).

The wes t-A lpine d is tr ibu t ion o f med ian-winged a xes r eaches i n to Swi tzer-

l and ( M i l lot te , C ordier a nd A bouzi t 1 968 , f ig . 2 ) .

Axes o f wes tern f or m a ppear

i n e ar ly U rn f ield h oards f ro m O berku lm , Aargau ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 76, Ta f . 1 62B , 3 ) ,and A esch , Base l land ( Pr i mas 1 971 , 6 2-63 , A bb. 1 1 , 1 -2 ) , b u t o ther f or ms o f med ian-winged a xe a re a lso k nown ( Frei 1 971 , 8 9 , A bb. 4 , 2 -3 ). I n France , median-winged a xes o ccur i n Bronze F ina l Ia nd I c on tex ts ( M i l lot te , C ord ier a nd A bauzi t 1 968 , 1 7-19 ; Br iard a nd V erron 1 976b , 1 5 ). They o ccur f ro m t he Bronze F ina l I /Reinecke D p hase i n t he A lps ( Bocquet 1 976 , 4 87 ) a nd i n Bronze F ina l Ih oards i n t he Par is Bas in ( Gaucher 1 976, 5 80 ).

A s ing le b u t t f ragmen t i n t he Ma lass is h oard , C her , i ndica tes t heir

a ppearance i n c en tra l France a t t he b eg inn ing o f Bronze F ina l I( Br iard , C ord ier a nd G aucher 1 969 , 4 8 , f ig . 8 , 2 4 ).

Af ew e xa mp les a re f ound i n

Bronze F ina l Ih oards i n Br i t tany , where t he Rosnoen p a ls tave was t he d o min an t a xe t ype ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 57, f ig . 5 0 , 5 -7).

The p resence o f Wol l meshei m

p ins w i th med ian-winged a xes i n t he h oards f ro m C hampber trand , Yonne ( N icolas , Duva l , E luere , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 , 1 77-185 , f igs . 1 5-16, 1 15 ) , a nd La R iv iere-Drugeon , Doubs ( M i l lo t te , C ord ier a nd A bauzi t 1 968 , 3 2 n os . 3 9-41 ) , i nd ica tes a d a te e ar ly i n Ha A ( Kubach 1 977, 4 20 , 4 41 , 4 43 , 4 49 ). K ubach 's r e luctance t o d a te t hese h oards l a te i s b el ied b y t he f ac t t ha t med ianw inged a xes o ccur w i th Ha A 2 k n ives i n t he h oards f ro m L onguev i l le ( La marre 1 945 , 1 07, f ig . 2 , 1 3-15 ) a nd Cannes-Ecluse I ( Gaucher a nd R ober t 1 967, 1 73-175 , f igs . 5 -10 ) ( see p . 9 9-100 ). e as tern France :

None o f t he a ssocia t ions f ro m n or th-

S a in t-Cheron , Anzin , S a in t-Jus t , S a in t-Leonard a nd Erondel le

( Lis t 5 1 , 7 , 9 , 1 2 , 1 7, 2 2 ) n eed b e l a ter t han Bronze F ina l 1 /Re inecke D a nd t h is d a te s hou ld a lso a pply t o t he Dover h oard ( Lis t 5 1 , 1 ) . S ince med ian-winged a xes a re n ot c o m mon b eyond t he S eine , t hough o ne h as b een f ound a s f ar away a s s ou th-eas tern S pa in a t Arroy mol inos , J atn ( Men dez P ida l 1 947 , f ig . 6 20 ) , i t s ee ms p robable t ha t t he e xa mp les i n t he Dover h oard , a nd t he a xes f ro m Thames D i t ton a nd Hu l l ( L is t 5 1 , 2 -3) , were impor ted f ro m n or th-eas tern France .

The med ian-winged a xe f ro m S ket ty ,

G la morgan ( W i l liams 1 937 , f ig . 1 ; Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 4 , 5 ) , i s made o f a modern a l loy ( J . P . N or thover ) , t hough p resu mably c opied f ro m a n a ncien t a xe . Desi t tere h as l i s ted f inds o f med ian-winged a xes i n Be lg iu m , t he s ou thern N e ther lands , L uxe mburg a nd t he a d jacen t p ar ts o f G er many ( 1974a , L iste 2 , c ar te 2 ) . s ides .

Mos t e xa mples a ppear t o c on for m t o t he French t ype w i th s tra igh t

The d is tr ibu t ion i s ma in ly c on f ined t o t he v a l leys o f t he Mosel le , Meuse

a nd Rh ine .

On ly t wo Be lg ian a xes w i th r el iable p rovenances ( Lis t 5 1 , 2 4-25 )

o ccur wes t o f t he Meuse v a l ley.

Bu t ler c ons iders t ha t t he Du tch f inds were

p roblbly i mpor ts ( 1973b , 3 30 ).

There a re mu l tip le f inds i n t he l ower Meuse 9 7

v a l ley a t N eeroeteren ( 1 22 ) a nd S wa l men ( 126).

Du tch e xa mp les a ppear t o b e

a bsen t n or th o f t he Rh ine v a l ley ( Bu t ler 1 973b , 3 30 ) a nd f inds a re s parse i n n or th-wes tern G er many ( Tackenberg 1 971 , 7 -12 , Kar te 2 ) a nd i n Denmark ( Thrane 1 972a , 7 9-83 ).

These N ord ic e xa mples d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een o f

wes tern o r ig in , u n like t he Du tch a nd Be lg ian a xes ; t hese may h ave b een d er ived f ro m t he e as tern p ar t o f t he French d is tr ibu t ion v ia t he Mose l le a nd Rh ine ( Des i t tere 1 974a , L is te 2 , c ar te 2 ) . S ocketed a xes .

L ISTS 5 2-53.

MAP 2 5 .

T he s ocke ted a xe i n t he P enard h oard ( Lis t 5 2 , 2 0 ) b e longs t o Burgess ' P enard-Traws fynydd t ype ( 1962a , 2 1-23 ; 1 968a , 3 5 ) , d er ived f ro m t he Taun tonHade marschen t ype a nd c loser t o i tt han t o t he r are s ocketed a xes i n Wi lbur ton h oards ( see p . 1 34).

The P enard h oard b e longs t o t he l a ter p ar t o f LBA1;

s ocketed a xes o ccur i n t he e ar ly LBA1 h oards f ro m Dover a nd Orse t t ( L is t 5 2 , 5 , 8 ) . L ooped s ocke ted a xes , s o me o f wh ich may b elong t o MBA2 r a ther t han LBA1 , a re mos t c o m mon i n Br i ta in i n Eas t Ang l ia ( Map 2 5 ). r are o n t he c on t inen t ( L is t 5 2 , 2 5-27).

S uch a xes a re

The Bras les a xe a ppears t o b e u n ique .

T he F landers a xe may b e c o mpared t o t he C a mbr idge a rea a xe ( Lis t 5 2 , 2 ) a nd i s p robably a Br i t ish e xpor t .

The a xe i n Rouen h as n o c ol lar mou ld ing ;

i t s p ropor t ions a re s i mi lar t o t hose o f t he l ooped a xe i n t he Dover h oard ( L is t 5 2 , 8 ) a nd t he K ingoldru m a xe ( L is t 5 2 , 2 4 ) .

The a ppearance o f al ooped a xe

i n t he Dover h oard , a longs ide s o many o b jects o f p robable c on t inen ta l o r ig in , i s p uzzl ing i n v iew o f t he p reponderance o f l ooped a xes i n Br i ta in . Un looped s ocketed a xes , o r c h ise ls , a ppeared i n Br i ta in d ur ing MBA2 i n t he H ighwor th h oard ( 38 ).

They o ccur i n Br i t tany i n t he Bronze F ina l Ih oards

f ro m K ergof f e n N oya l-Pon t ivy , Morbihan ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 57, f ig . 5 2 , 4 ; N icolardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 1 23 , f ig . 2 0 ) , a nd C ond -sur-Noireau , C a lvados ( Verron 1 976a , f igs . 3 , 9 ) .

The P on taver t a xe c ou ld b e o f t h is p hase o r e ven

e ar l ier ( see p . 2 77-8 ). R ing-socketed s ick les .

L IST 5 4.

These s ick les f orm p ar t o f G roup Io f F ox 's c lassi f ica t ion o f Br i tish s ocketed b ronze s ick les ( 1939 , 2 23 ) ; t hey a re h a f ted b y means o f ac yl inder , u sua l ly o pen , s o met i mes c losed a t o ne e nd , f ro m wh ich t he b lade s pr ings l a tera l ly.

F ive e xa mp les a re k nown f ro m Br i ta in ( L is t 5 4 , 1 -5 ) a nd f ive f ro m

I reland ( Lis t 5 4 , 6 -10 ).

The e ar l ies t Br i t ish a ssoc ia t ion i s t he LBA1 h oard ,

p robably e ar ly b ecause o f t he s tra igh t-bladed r apier , f ro m Downha m Marke t ( 110 ) ; t he o ther a ssoc ia ted f ind i s i n t he LBA2 I s leha m h oard ( 127).

The

c hrono logy o f I r ish r ing-socketed s ick les i s u ncer ta in ( Her i ty a nd Eagan 1 977 , 1 83 , f ig . 7 6 , p resu mably C lass I a ) , t hough Burgess s ee ms t o s ugges t t ha t t hey a ppeared a s e ar ly t here a s i n Br i ta in ( 1968a , 4 ). T he o n ly French e xa mp le o f ar ing-socketed s ick le k nown t o me i s i n t he P la inseau h oard ( Lis t 5 4 , 1 1) ; t h is i s d is tingu ished f ro m Br i t ish s ick les b y i ts a ssy m metr ica l b lade a nd l ooped s ocket ( N icolardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 , 9 91 00 , f ig . 1 ) .

Burgess h as s ugges ted ( 1974 , 2 05 n . 2 66) t ha t Cannes-Ec luse

h oard I , S e ine-e t- Marne , c on ta ins f ragmen ts o f r ing-socketed s ick les ( Gaucher a nd Rober t 1 967 , 2 00-202 , f ig . 4 1 , 3 , 1 2 ).

9 8

The f irs t i s ah exagona l s ocke t

w i th a n e xpanded l a tera l p ro ject ion a nd t he s econd a r ound s ocket w i th t wo l a tera l s ha f ts , o ne h ooked ; b oth a re p robably f l esh-hooks ( Jockenhövel 1 974a , 3 29 n . 2 ).

The o n ly l i kely e xa mp le o f a Br i tish r ing-socke ted s ick le o n t he

c on t inen t i s i n t he h oard f ro m Argon i l , P or tuga l ( de Cas tro Nunes 1 957 , 1 381 42 , f igs . 5 -6; s ee p . 5 5 ). Ear ly Urn f ield k n ives .

L IST 5 5 .

MAP 2 6.

N icolardot a nd G aucher h ave p rovided a v a luable s tudy o f Urn f ie ld k n ives i n France ( 1 975 , 4 9-87). e as tern France :

S evera l e ar ly Urn f ield t ypes a re a bsen t f ro m n or th-

t he R iegsee t ype ( i bid ., 5 3-54 ) , s ocke ted k n ives w i th s epara te

meta l t er m ina ls ( i bid ., 6 3-64 ) a nd C our tavan t k n ives ( i bid ., 7 3-74 ).

There

i s n o Urn f ield k n i fe c er ta in ly o f Reinecke D/Bronze F ina l Id a te f ro m n or the as tern France , t he L ow C oun tr ies o r Br i ta in .

There a re , h owever , s evera l

k n ives o f Ha A d a te f ro m t hese a reas , i .e . l a ter LBAl; t hese n or ma l ly o ccur i n Bronze F ina l I c on tex ts i n France .

Kn ives f ro m t he s ucceed ing Ha B 1/

Bronze F ina l I b p hase w i l l a lso b e c ons idered h ere ; t hese b elong t o LBA2 b u t a re v ery c lose i n f or m t o k nives o f t he p reced ing p hase a nd i ti s n ot a lways p oss ible t o d is t ingu ish t he c hronology o f i sola ted f inds . Tanged k n ives w i th a c onvex b ack , a pex n ear t he c en tre , a ppear i n c en tra l Europe i n Ha A l ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , A bb. 3 0 , 9 -10 ; 3 8 , 1 ; 3 9 , 8 -9 ) a nd a re a lso c haracter is t ic o f Ha A 2 ( i bid ., A bb. 3 7 , 1 2-13 ).

Per fora ted t angs

a re k nown i n Ha A l ( i bid ., 1 53 , Ta f . 1 82A , 3 ; 1 82B , 5 ; 1 82D , 5 ) , wh i le h ooked t angs d o n ot o ccur u n t i l Ha A 2 ( i bid ., 1 53 , Ta f . 1 84F , 1 ) .

Orna men ta l moti fs

s o meti mes o ccur o n t he b ack o f t he b lade a t t he j unc t ion w i th t he t ang ( i bid ., Ta f . 1 82E , 1 ) .

S im i lar k n ives o ccur d ur ing Ha A i n H esse ( Her mann 1 966,

3 0 , Abb. 5 , 9 -10 , 1 7-18 ); a ga in , t he h ooked t ang a ppears t o b e a bsen t f ro m Ha A l.

I n t he S aar- Mosel le r eg ion t he p er fora ted t ang i s k nown f ro m Reinecke

D ( Ko l l ing 1 968 , 8 6, Ta f . 3 3 , 5 ) , t hough t h is g roup o f o b jects f ro m K leinbl i tt ersdor f , Kr . S aarbrücken , may n o t b e ac losed f ind ( Kubach 1 977 , 4 24 n . 1 8 , 4 41 ) , a nd f ro m Ha A l ( Kol l ing 1 968 , 8 7, Ta f . 3 2 , 8 ) .

Ha A 2 k n ives a re more

s lender , w i th f la t ter b acks a nd p la in t angs ( i bid ., 8 7 , T af . 1 2 , 9 ; 3 9 , 1 1). A l l t hese k n ives a re =decora ted .

A s tone mou ld f ro m P reis t , Kr . B i tburg

( i bid ., 7 9-80 , T af . 6 5 ) c on ta ins a ma tr ix f or s uch a k n i fe w i th o ne f or a Ha A2 r azor ( Jockenhöve l 1 971 , 1 31 ).

Ha A 2 k n ives w i th p er fora ted a nd h ooked

t angs o ccur i n t he N euwe id b as in ( Doh le 1 970 , 1 20 , Ta f . 1 8 , 9 -12 ; 2 5 , 3 ) , e .g . Hei mbach- M i t telweg , Kr . N euwe id ( i bid ., 2 56 n o . 1 97; Des i t tere 1 968 , 1 2 , f igs . 9 , 1 1; I , 7 ; J ockenhövel 1 971 , 1 06-107 n o. 1 55 , 1 10 ).

Ear ly Urn-

f ie ld k n ives a re r are i n n or th-wes tern G er many ( Tackenberg 1 971 , 1 05-107, Kar te 1 9-20 ). S lender t anged k n ives a ppear i n A lsace o n ly d ur ing Bronze F ina l Ib ( Zu ms tein 1 966 , 5 0-52 , f ig . 8 , 6 5 , 1 66; 1 976, 6 39 , p l . I I ) ; b oth h ooked a nd p er fora ted t angs a re k nown . I n Cha mpagne t here a re t wo t anged k n ives w i th o rna men ted b acks f ro m g raves 1 a nd 2 , G roup Z , c e metery 1 , Au lnay-auxP lanches , Marne , o ne w ith a h ooked t ang a nd o ne w i th a p erfora ted t ang ( Br isson a nd Ha t t 1 953 , 2 05 , f ig , . 4 3 , 1 , 7 ; N icolardo t a nd Gaucher 1 975 , 6 1, f ig . 2 ; C her t ier 1 976 , 1 44 , . f ig . 3 5 , 9 -10 ).

Mü l ler-Karpe d a ted b oth t hese

k n ives t o Ha A2 ( 1 959 , 1 75 n . 1 ) .

N ico lardot a nd G aucher p lace b oth f or ms

i n Bronze F ina l I ( 1975 , 5 9 , 6 1).

Cannes-Ecluse h oard I , S eine-et- Marne ,

c on ta ins t wo f ragmen ts o f s im i lar t anged k n ives ( Gaucher a nd Robert 1 967,

9 9

1 85-187 , f igs . 2 1-22 , 2 3 , 1 -2 ) , t he f irst w i th a s ing le p er fora t ion a nd o rnamen ted b ack , t he s econd w i th d ouble p er fora t ion a nd o ranmen ted b lade f aces . The f irs t k n i fe i s s im i lar t o t he k n i fe w i th a p er fora ted t ang f ro m Au lnay-auxP lanches .

T he b lade o rna men t o n t he s econd C annes-Ecluse k n i fe c an b e

ma tched o n Ha A2 k n ives f ro m S wi tzer land ( Ruof f 1 974 , 2 7, T al . 3 5 , 2 -6). J ockenhöve l ( 1971 , 9 1 n . 1 ) h as i den t i f ied i n t he C annes-Ecluse Ih oard t he h and le o f a Ha A l r azor o f Morzg t ype ( Gaucher a nd Rober t 1 967 , f ig . 2 6, 9 ) . The Cannes-Ecluse h oard was o r ig ina l ly d a ted ' au d ebu t d u Bronze F ina l ' ( i bid ., 2 12 ) b u t i ti s c lear ly l a ter ( Elu n -e 1 974 , 5 60 ; R ich ter 1 970 , 1 06 n . 1 5 ; Re im 1 974a , 4 7-48 n . 1 ; J ockenhöve l 1 971 , 9 4-95 ; S chauer 1 971 , 7 3 n . 7 ; K ubach 1 977, 4 03 n . 3 4 , 4 46 n . 1 86).

B lade f ragmen ts wh ich c ou ld b e long t o

Ha A k n ives a lso o ccur a longs ide Bronze F ina l It ypes i n t he h oard f ro m L onguev i l le , S e ine-e t- Marne ( La marre 1 945 , 1 08 , f ig . 4 , 2 3-25 ; E lu n -e 1 974 , 5 60 ). I n n or th-eastern France t here a re Ha A k n ives w i th p er fora ted t angs f ro m Essonne , S e ine n ear Par is a nd C hev i l ly-Larue ( L is t 5 5 , 8 , 1 1 , 1 3 ) , whi le t he f irs t k n ife f ro m Wichelen p robably h ad a p erfora ted t ang ( Lis t 5 5 , 1 6).

The

f or m o f t he Han k n ife ( L is t 5 5 , 2 0 ) c an b e ma tched i n Ha A 2 ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , A bb . 3 7, 1 3 ) a nd a s i mi lar c ol lar o ccurs o n ak n i fe w i th a h ooked t ang f ro m N ieder-Rosbach , Kr . Fr iedburg , H esse ( Her mann 1 966, 1 23 n o. 3 73 , Ta f . 1 15C , 1 ) .

On ly t he ? L ondon k n i fe ( L is t 5 5 , 2 ) h as a h ooked t ang , t hough

t he t ang o f t he F fynhonnau k n ife was p robably h ooked r a ther t han p er fora ted ( L is t 5 5 , 1 ) .

T he f irs t k n i fe f ro m Mel le l acks i t s t ang ( L is t 5 5 , 1 4 ) b u t s hou ld

b e c on te mporary w i th t he p reced ing e xa mp les .

A l l t hese k n ives s hou ld b e o f

Ha A d a te , p robably Ha A 2 r a ther t han Ha A l. There a re k n ives w i th p la in t angs f ro m :

Bras les , B ou t igny h oards Ia nd

I , C orbei l , Morsang-Sa in try , C o mbon , Par is , Me l le , Wichelen , Bargeroos terv eld 1 899 a nd 1 900 h oards a nd Odoornerveen ( L is t 5 5 , 3 -7 , 9 -10 , 1 5 , 1 7, 2 02 2 ).

The d ecora ted e xa mp les f ro m Bras les , B ou t igny I a nd Morsang-Sa in try

( L is t 5 5 , 3 , 5 , 7 ) p robably b elong w i th t he Ha A g roup d iscussed a bove . The p la in e xa mp les a re more d i f f icu l t t o d a te ; French e xa mp les o ccur i n Bronze F ina l I a nd I I ( N icolardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 5 1 , 5 5 ) a nd may b e r ela ted t o t he h eterogeneous S t i ll fr ied t ype o f Ha A 2 a nd Ha B 1 ( R ihovsk3 71 972 , 5 5-58 ). Mü l ler-Karpe p laces p la in t anged k n ives i n Ha B 1 ( 1959 , 1 65 , A bb. 4 1, 1 1; 4 2 , 1 5-16 ). H oard f inds f ro m Bou t igny , C o mbon a nd Bargeroos terve ld s ugges t d a tes l a ter t han LBA L There r e ma in t he f lange-h i l ted k n ives f ro m Par is a nd Tourna i ( Lis t 5 5 , 1 2 , 1 8 ).

I n c en tra l Europe f lange-h i l ted k n ives o ccur f ro m t he e ar ly U rn f ie ld

p er iod t o Ha B 1 ( R ihovsk S 7 1 972 , 2 3-41) , t hose w i thou t ar ing t er m ina l b e long ma in ly t o Ha B l a nd MIV ( Thrane 1 972b , 1 98-208 , 2 25-226 , Fund lis te 2 ). Our e xa mp les a re p robably r e la ted t o t he misce l laneous French g roup o f Bronze F ina l I/ I I I ( N ico lardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 6 9 ). WEAPONS Pegged s pearheads Pegged s pearheads were k nown i n t he Br i t ish Ear ly Bronze Age ( Burgess 1 974 , 1 93 ) b u t a re a bsen t f ro m M idd le Bronze Age c on tex ts , r eappear ing i n t he Penard p hase ( i bid ., 2 05 ; 1 968a , 3 4 n . 6 ).

1 00

Recen t f inds t hrow n ew l igh t o n t he a ppearance o f p egged s pearheads i n Br i ta in d ur ing LBA1.

The Orset t h oard ( 105 ) c on ta ins a n o g iva l-bladed

s pearhead ( L is t 2 1 , 1 7) p robably o f French Bronze Moyen o r ig in . h oard ( 108 ) c on ta ins t wo s pearheads ;

The Dover

t he more c o mple te e xa mp le h as t he

l ong s ocke t c haracter is t ic o f R osnoen s pearheads o f Bronze F ina l I( Br iard 1 965 , 1 57 , f ig . 5 1) .

Both o f t hese h oards b elong e ar ly i n LBA1.

Ano ther

l i nk w i th France i s p rovided b y t he p egged s pearhead w i th r idged b lade i n t he t he Rosnoen h oard ( Br iard a nd G io t 1 958 , p l . I , 6 ).

Ehrenberg ( 1977 , 9 )

s hows t ha t r idged b lades o ccur o n MBA l ea f-shaped b asa l-looped s pearh eads , b u t a lso f ound i n t he Eg lwyseg h oard ( 104 ) o n ap egged s pearhead . These f inds s ugges t French i n f luence f or p egged s pearheads a nd o ccasiona l im i ta t ion o f t he b lade f or m o f l ooped s pearheads .

There a re p la in s pearheads

w i thou t l oops i n t he h oards f ro m P enard ( 107) , A ppleby ( 109) a nd Wor th , Devon ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 3 , 7 b-c ) ;

t he e xa mples f ro m P enard a nd A ppleby

a nd t he sma l ler s pearhead f ro m Wor th a l l h ave s im i lar p ropor tions a nd l eng ths , c . 2 0 cm.

The P enard a nd Wor th h oards b elong t o l a ter LBA1 b ecause o f

t heir Ba l l in tober s words . I n n or th-eas tern France t here a re p egged s pearheads i n t he S a in t-Jus te nChaussee h oard(115 ) , b lade f ragmen ts i n t he C hoisy-le-Roi

h oard ( 120 )

a nd p egged s pearheads f ro m t he La Vaquer ie f ind ( 1 17) , a l l o f Bronze F ina l I .

These a re u sua lly r egarded a s Rosnoen s pearheads .

I so la ted f inds o f

s pearheads w i th l ong s ockets , a t tr ibu ted t o Bronze F ina l I , i nclude :

S eine

b etween Morsang a nd S a in try, Essone ( Tou louze 1 891 , f igs . 2 5 , 2 7) , F or tHarrouard , Eure-et-Loir ( Ph i l l ippe 1 936 , f ig . 5 0 , 3 1 ) , O ise a t C o mpi gne ( B lanche t a nd La mbo t 1 975 , 3 7 n o . 1 6, f ig . 1 5 ) a nd S eine a t P on t-Sa in tMichel , Par is ( Mohen 1 968 , 7 96 B 78a , p ls . V I , V I I ). Few Rosnoen s pearheads h ave b een i den ti f ied i n t he L ow C oun tr ies a nd i t s hou ld b e n oted t ha t l ong s ockets a re a lso h haracter is t ic o f Nord ic s pearh eads o f L i lneburg t ype Io f ML II a nd MIV ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 1 77-183 , Ta f . 9 2-93 ).

A s pearhead f ro m Dren the ( i bid., 3 79 n o. 1 726, Ta f . 12 , 8 ) h as

ar idged b lade l i ke t he Rosnoen a nd Eg lwyseg e xa mples men t ioned a bove . A s pearhead f ro m D enderwindeke , E . F landers , w i th a l ong s ocket l ack ing r ive t-holes ( Desi t tere a nd Weissenborn 1 977 , 3 0 n o . 3 1, f ig . 1 6) h as b een c o mpared w i th S axo-Thur ing ian MIV s pearheads wh ich s o me t i mes h ave n o p eg-holes ( i bid., 2 9 ;

Tackenberg 1 971, 6 6-69 , L is te 4 1c ).

S tra igh t-based b asa l-looped s pearheads .

L IST 5 6.

MAP 2 7

Ac hronolog ica l d is t inct ion b etween b asa l-looped s pearheads w i th l ea fs haped b lades a nd t hose w i th s tra igh t-based , more o r l ess t r iangu lar , b lades h as b een made b y Burgess ( 1968a , 3 5 n .8 ).

The f or mer a re Midd le Bronze

Age wh i le t he l a t ter a ppear o n ly i n t he Penard p hase . ( Rowlands 1 976 , 5 8-60 , p 1 .40 , 1 513-1585 , map 1 7; v ary c ons iderably i n s ize .

These s pearheads Ehrenberg 1 977, 1 1-12 )

S chauer ( 1973 ) h as u sed Burgess ' i l lus tra t ions

( 1968a , f ig . 5 , 1 , 3 ) a s e pony ms f or t he l arge En f ie ld t ype a nd t he sma l l Kergous tance v ar ian t . LBA1 a ssocia t ions o f s tra igh t-based b asa l -looped s pearheads i n Br i ta in a re t he h oards f ro m Appleby ( 109 ) , Amb les ide ( 112 ) , Burr ingha m , L incs . ( Davey 1 973 , 9 4 p l .X I I ) , a nd Maen twrog , Mer ioneth ( I nv . Arch . GB10 , 4 ) ; b oth o f t he l a t ter h oards a l so c on ta in n o tched r apiers ( Burgess 1 968c , 2 5 n os . 1 7-18 ) a nd p robably b elong t o e ar ly LBA1. 1 01

S uch a d a te i s a lso i nd ica ted

b y t he s pearhead i n t he Bronze F ina l Ih oard f ro m Kergous tance , F in is t re ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 57 , F ig . 5 1 , 4 ) , a nd b y t he p oss ible a ssocia t ion w i th a Buch loeG ref fern s word o f Reinecke D a t G ref fern , Lkr . Ras ta t t , Baden- Wür t te mberg ( Schauer 1 974a ).

There i s a more d oubtfu l a ssocia t ion a t La C haussee-

T irancour t ( L is t 5 6, 9 ) w i th a P einv i l le s word , a lso o f Re inecke D . The c on t inen ta l d is tr ibu t ion o f s tra ight-based s pearheads i s w idespread ( Schauer 1 973 , A bb. 2 ) b u t i s c oncen tra ted i n t he S e ine v a l ley w i th o ther c en tres i n t he v a l leys o f t he S o m me , S che ldt a nd l ower R h ine ( Map 2 7) o u tweigh ing t he d is tr ibu t ion i n wes tern France .

The s ou thern Br i t ish d is tr ibu t ion

o f t hese s pearheads i s ma in ly c on f ined t o t he T ha mes v a l ley , t he C a mbr idge Fens a nd t he e as t Mid lands ( Rowlands 1 976, map 1 7). C on ica l f erru les .

L IST 5 7.

C on ica l f erru les h ave b een r ecogn ised a s c on t inen ta l i n o r ig in b y C oles ( 1959-60 , 2 4 n .6) a nd Bu t ler ( 1963a , 1 33 ).

S prockhof f d a ted t he m t o M IV

i n c en tra l G er many where t hey c ons t i tu ted a Le i tfor m o f h is Ku l turprov inz a n d er Mi t te le lbe ( 1937 , 3 0-31 , A bb. 2 1 , 1 0 ) a nd o ccurred mos t c o m mon ly i nb ur ia ls i n t he l ower S aa le a rea ( von Brunn 1 954 , 3 5 ).

More r ecen ty , v on

Brunn h as emphas ised t h is r es tr icted d is tr ibu t ion a nd c r i t icised t he ir u se a s t ype-foss i ls , f ür e ine g rosse Ku l turprov inz im E lbegebei t, C on ica l f erru les f ro m t h is r eg ion a re o f Ha A 2 d a te : ( von Brunn 1 954 , Ta f . 9 ; Ta f . 2 ;

( 1968 , 2 27).

Kolno , Kr . S chonebeck

1 968 , 2 99 ) , Köthen , Kr . K öthen , g rave 1 ( 1954 ,

1 968 , 3 06) , t hough e ar l ier f inds a re k nown f ro m e as t c en tra l Europe

a t Lho tka , Pres tav lky a nd S v inärky i n Bohe m ia ( Jockenhövel 1 975 , 1 42 n .90 ; R ich lY 1 893 , Ta f . 1 7 , 3 3 ) , Reinecke D o r Ha A l ( von Brunn 1 968 , 3 01-302 ). C on ica l f erru les a re a ssocia ted w i th p egged s pearheads i n c en tra l G er many ( von Brunn 1 954 , Ta f . 9 , 1 , 5 ) , b u t t here i s n o e v idence f or a ny c onnec t ion w i th t he a ppearance o f p egged s pearheads i n Br i ta in . I ft he d er iva t ion o f c on ica l f erru les f ro m c en tra l G er mnay i s a ccep ted , Br i tish h oards wh ich c on ta in t he m s hou ld b e o f l a te LBA1 d a te .

Th is i s a s-

s ured f or t he F fynhonnau h oard ( L is t 5 7 , 4 ) a nd n ot e xcluded f or t he Ambles ide h oard ( Lis t 5 7 , 8 ) .

An e ar lier d a te wou ld a ppear t o d e mand d irect c on tact

b etween Br i ta in a nd B ohe m ia ;

a Ha A2 d a te wou ld b e f ol lowed d irect ly b y Ha

B 1 p ha lerae f ro m t he s a me a rea ( see p . 1 49 ). Tanged a rrowheads .

L IST 5 8 .

MAP 2 8 .

Bronze t anged a rrowheads , u sua l ly b arbed , a re more c o m mon i n n or thwes tern Europe t han Mercer 's s urvey ( 1970 , 1 90-194 , 2 06-208 , f ig . 5 ) s ugg es ts .

H e om i ts t he S öge l f inds ( Lis t 5 8 , 2 0-21) , l i s t ing t he S leenerzand

a rrowheads a s s ocketed ( 1970 , 2 09 n o. 1 03 ). There a re n umerous t anged a rrowheads f ro m F or t-Harrouard a nd Han ( Lis t 5 8 , 7 , 1 9 ) a nd s evera l e xa mp les f ro m t he S che ld t ( Lis t 5 8 , 1 6-17) b u t t hese f inds c anno t b e d a ted c losely.

The p a ir f ro m Mois la ins ( L is t 5 8 , 1 5 )

were s a id t o b e f ound i n a Merov ing ian b ur ia l , b u t Meroving ian a rrowheads were n or ma l ly made o f i ron a nd f ew a re k nown f ro m G au l ( Todd 1 972 , 1 18 ; Böh me 1 974 , 1 10 ).

The P enard h oard ( L is t 5 8 , 2 ) s hou ld b elong t o l a ter

LBAl.

1 02

Tanged a rrowheads were c o m mon i n s ou th G er man Tumu lus b ur ia ls ( Mercer 1 970 , 1 93 ) i n R einecke B c on tex ts : ( Torbrügge 1 959a , 6 4 n o. 5 8 ;

Un terbuch feld , Ldkr . N eu mark t

1 959b , 1 40 n o. 1 09 , Ta f . 2 7 , 4 ) , Man t lach

b arrow 2 , Ldkr . Parsberg ( I bid ., 9 5 , 1 67 n o. 1 94B , Ta f . 4 3 , 5 1-52 ).

There

a re a lso e xa mples f ro m t he Re inecke C l b ur ia l a t P onholz b arrow 1 , Ldkr . R egensburg ( i bid., 1 95-196 , n o. 2 80 , Ta f . 5 7 , 2 0 ;

S chauer 1 971 , 4 3 ).

S purred a rrowheads , t o wh ich t hose f ro m H i jken ( Lis t 5 8 , 2 0 ) may b e r e la ted , o ccur i n t he e pony mous Reinecke B g roup a t L ochha m , b ur ia l 1 , b arrow X , Ldkr . München ( I nv . Arch . D 14 , 4 ;

Torbrügge 1 959a , 6 3 n o. 4 8 ;

Mercer

1 970 , 1 88 ). Fur ther wes t , f inds o f t anged a rrowheads a ppear t o b e o f e ar ly Urn f ie ld d a te :

Wangen a n d er Aare , B ern , Reinecke D ( Schauer 1 971 , 7 9 n o . 2 62 ,

8 0 , Ta f . 1 34D , 2 1 ) ;

Har t a n d er A lz , Ldkr . A ltöt t ing , Bavar ia ( Mü l ler-

Karpe 1 959 , 1 56 n .4 ) , Wol l meshei m , Kr . Landau , Rhe in land-Pfa lz ( Krahe 1 960 , A bb. 6 , 7 -10 ) , Ha A 2 ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 70 ) ;

H ennef-Ge is tingen ,

S iegkreis , Rh ineland ( Cowen 1 955 , A bb. 8 , 7 ) , Ha B1 ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 72 ). There i s l ess d a t ing e vidence f or a rrowheads i n a d jacen t p ar ts o f France ( Mercer 1 970 , 1 92 ) , t hough t here i s ab arbed a nd t anged a rrowhead i n a Bronze Moyen I I b ur ia l f ro m Egu ishei m , Bas-Rh in ( Zums te in 1 976, p l .I , 5 ) . I n v iew o f t he l a ter LBA1 d a te o f t he Penard h oard , t he Wol l meshe im a ssoc ia t ion o f t anged a rrowheads w i th a Ha A 2 Erbenhei m s word ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 68 n o . 5 09 ) , a lso a t ype wh ich r eached Br i ta in ( see p . 1 10 ) ,

i nd ica tes t ha t

a Ha A 2 Rh ineland o r ig in may t en ta t ively b e s ugges ted f or t he Penard a rrowh ead ( Lis t 5 8 , 2 ) . There a re t wo t anged b ronze a rrowheads f ro m Eng land i n a dd i t ion t o t he t wo men t ioned b y Mercer ( 1 970 , 1 92 , 2 13 n o. s 2 67 , 2 69 ).

One i s f ro m

Er iswel l ( Lis t 5 8 , 3 ) a nd t he o ther i s f ro m t he d i tch o f B oker ly Dyke ( Lis t 5 8 , 1 ) ;

H . C . B owen k ind ly wr i tes t ha t h e c ons iders t ha t t he e ar l ies t p hase o f

t h is e ar thwork c ou ld b e o f B ronze Age d a te . S ocke ted a rrowheads .

L IST 5 9.

MAP 2 8 .

Barbed s ocke ted a rrowheads o f b ronze a re a bsen t f ro m Br ita in a nd t he N ether lands ;

t hey o ccur i n n or th-eas tern France a nd i n B e lg ium , t hough i n

sma l ler n u mbers t han t anged a rrowheads . There a re mu l tiple f inds f ro m F or t-Harrouard a nd Han ( L is t 5 9 , 1 , 7 ) a nd a p ossible a ssocia ted f ind i n t he Bronze F ina l I I h oard f ro m S a in t -Roch ( Lis t 5 9 , 4 ).

The d is tr ibu t ion o f s ocketed a rrowheads i s more e as ter ly t han

t ha t o f t anged a rrowheads ( Mercer 1 970 , 1 73-185 , 2 08-210 , f ig . 1 ) .

S ocketed

a rrowheads o ccur i n Reinecke B b ur ia ls i n s ou thern G er many , e .g . Man t lach , Ldkr . Parsberg ( Torbrügge 1 959b , 9 5 , 1 67 n o. 1 94B , Ta f . 4 3 , 4 6-47, 4 9 ) a nd l a ter Tu mu lus f inds a re n nown ( Mercer 1 970 , 1 75-177).

Ear ly Urn f ie ld

f inds a re k nown f ur ther wes t ( i bid ., 1 80-182 ) , e .g . Me m melsdorf , Kr . Ba mberg , Bavar ia ( Torbrugge 1 959a , 7 1 n o. 1 12 , A bb. 1 4 .4 ; 1 41 ) , Reinecke D ;

S chauer 1 971 ,

Ocks tad t , Kr . Fr ibdberg , H esse , Ha A l ( Mü l ler-Karpe

1 961 , 4 4 , Ta f . 1 6, 6 ;

2 8B ) ;

Wol l meshei m , Kr . Landau , Rhein land-Pfa lz ,

Ha A 2 ( Krahe 1 960 , A bb. 6 , 4 -6 ). r e l iable a ssocia t ions :

Two French f inds d o n ot a ppear t o b e

C haux-sur-Cres i l le , C lucy , J ura ( Sandars 1 957, 9 2 ) ;

G uyans-Vennes , Vercel , Doubs ( M i l lo t te 1 963 , 2 99-300 n o. 2 26 , p l . XX IV , 1 -6 ).

The l a t ter f ind may b e o f Bronze Moyen I I d a te ( i bid ., 1 01 , 3 00 ).

1 03

S ocke ted a rrowheads , p la in o r s purred , p robably a ppeared i n n or the as tern F rance a nd B elg iu m d ur ing t he e ar ly U rn f ie ld p er iod .

F inds o f

s ocke ted a nd t anged a rrowheads o n t he s a me s i tes , e .g . F or t-Harrouard a nd Han , may r e f lect a ssoc ia t ion i n e ar ly U rn f ie ld b ur ia ls , e .g . Wol l meshe im ; ac o m mon o r ig in w i th t anged a rrowheads w ou ld s uppor t a n e ar ly U rn f ie ld d a te f or t he a ppearance o f s ocke ted b arbed a rrowheads . S prockhof f T ype Is words .

L IST 6 0 .

MAP 2 9.

T he e ar l ies t f lange-h i l ted s words o f n or thern Europe were d ef ined b y S prockhof f ( 1 931 , 1 -12 ) ; C owen s tud ied t he ir d is trubt ion i n c en tra l Europe ( 1 955 , 5 6-63 ).

S prockhof f 's b ipar t i te d iv is ion o f t hese s tra igh t-b laded s words

was b ased p r i mar i ly o n t he f orm o f t he g r ip : s ided , T ype I b .

s wo l len , T ype I a , s tra igh t-

S chauer r e ta ined t h is b as ic d iv is ion b u t e labora ted many

t ypes a nd v ar ian ts f or t he n or th A lpine ma ter ia l ( 1 971 , 1 05-131 ) .

F or

C zechos lovak s words , N ovak ( 1975 , 1 4-19 ) r e ta ined S prockho f f 's t er m ino logy , w i th t he a dd i t ion o f t he Smo len ice g roup , d is t ingu ished b y C owen ( 1966 , 1 983 01 ) f ro m T ype I b . The s word f ro m La B ou i l le ( L is t 6 0 , 1 ) was c o mpared w i th t he Smo len ice f orm b y V erron ( 1 973 , 3 87) , b u t Smo len ice s words h ave s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly c oncave s hou lders ( Novak 1 975 , n os . 4 6-54 ) .

The h i l t o f t he French s word ,

w i th c onvex s hou lders a nd t wo p a irs o f r ive t-ho les , c an b e ma tched b y al b s word f ro m N ov6 Mes to , S lovak ia ( i bid ., n o . 7 2 ) , wh ich i s more s im i lar t o t he L a B ou i l le s word t han a ny e xa mp le i l lus tra ted b y S chauer ( 1 971 ).

T he

N ov* Mes to s word i s o f Reinecke C 2 d a te ( Novak 1 975 , 1 9 ). T he B osser fe ld s word ( L is t 6 0 , 2 ) was p laced i n T ype I a b y C owen ( 1955 , 1 22 n o . 2 8 ) ;

S chauer h as r e la ted i tt o t he A nnenhe im t ype ( 1971 , 1 27 1 .52 ) .

Annenhe im s words , wh i le w idespread i n c en tra l Europe , a re mos t c o m mon i n t he N ord ic a rea ( i bid ., 1 28-129 , Ta f . 1 18B ) ; a ny o ther e xamp le .

t he Du tch f ind i s r e mo te f ro m

C en tra l European f inds b e long t o Re inecke C 2 a nd Re inecke

D , Nord ic f inds t o t he MI I/ I I I t rans i t ion ( i bid ., 1 28 ).

The l a ter e xamp les

may h ave b lade-sect ions d er ived f ro m e ar ly U rn f ie ld t ypes ;

t he p recise f or m

o f t he B osser fe ld s word i s u ncer ta in . Nenzingen s words .

L IST 6 1.

MAP 2 9.

T h is t ype s tands a t t he h ead o f t he e ar ly U rn f ie ld s er ies o f f lange-h i l ted s words .

I t r e ta ins t he s tra igh t b lade o f e ar l ier t ypes , b u t t he h i l t h as n ar-

r ower s hou lders a nd more r ive t h o les i n t he g r ip , more l ike s words w i th l ea fs haped b lades ( Cowen 1 951 , 2 04-206; 1 955 , 6 3-71 ). S chauer i nc ludes mos t o f C owen 's N enzingen s words among h is R eu t l ingen t ype a nd i ts v ar ian ts ( 1971 , 1 32-148 ) , b u t h e d oes n o t men t ion a ny wes t European e xa mp les a nd Ih ave , t herefore , r e ta ined C owen 's t er m ino logy . N enzingen s words a nd t heir v ar ian ts o ccur d ur ing Re inecke D a nd Ha A l ( Cowen 1 955 , 6 4-68 ;

S chauer 1 971 , 1 34-144 ).

The ir d is tr ibu t ion i s w idespread

t hroughou t c en tra l a nd n or thern Europe , r each ing t he midd le Rh ine a nd e as tern France , a s we l l a s t he L ow C oun tr ies ( Cowen 1 955 , Kar te B ;

L is t 6 1 , 2 -6 ).

The f lange-h i l ted s word i n t he RosnoAn h oard ( Br iard a nd G io t 1 958 , 2 4 n o . 2 9 , p l . X ) h as o f ten b een a t tr ibu ted t o t he N enz l ingen t ype ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 55 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 5 11-512 ;

J ockenh 'öve l 1 975 , 1 41 ) t hough C owen

1 04

( cardindex ) c ons idered t ha t t he h i l t was o f H e migko fen f or m. s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ive t-ho les ; w i th t hree r ive t-ho les ;

The h i l t h as

t he g r ip h as s tra igh t s ides

t he f langes p ro ject a nd s p lay a t t he b u t t .

h as ab road midr ib whose o f fse ts e nd a brupt ly b e low a r icasso .

The b lade The h i l t

s ee ms c loses t t o t he Reu t l ingen t ype ( S chauer 1 971 , 1 32 ) t hough t he s ame a rrange men t o f r ivet-ho les a lso o ccurs o n t he U f fhofen v ar ian t o f t he H e mig kofen t ype ( S chauer 1 971 n o . 4 69 ). o f t he Rosnoen t ype ( see p .111 ) .

The f or m o f t he b lade i s c haracter is t ic

The V ic-sur-A isne s word a lso h as a b road

midr ib w i th t er m ina t ing o f fse ts ( L is t 6 1 , 1 ) a nd i s p robably a no ther R osnoen/ N enzingen h ybr id .

T he Bronze F ina l Id a te o f t he R osnoen h oard a ccords

w i th t he a ppearance o f N enzingen s words d ur ing Re inecke D , t hough t he La B ou i l le s word ( L is t 6 0 , 1 ) s ugges ts t ha t t he f langed h i l t h ad a lready r eached n or thern France . Buch loe/Gre f fern s words .

L IST 6 2.

MAP 2 9.

Th is g roup o f s words i s c haracter ised b y af langed h i l t w i th s tra igh t s ides l ack ing p ronounced s hou lders ;

t here i s ar icasso a nd a s tra igh t b lade ,

u sua l ly w i th s o me f ormof midr ib , a nd b eve l led e dges . may b e o f R ixhe im f or m ;

The b lade-sec t ion

t h is s ugges ts a Re inecke D d a te .

Associa ted f inds

p lace Buch loe/Gre f fern s words i n Re inecke D a nd S ub-Per iod I ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 50-154 ).

T he ir d is tr ibu t ion i s ma in ly n or th-A lpine , w i th Nord ic o u t l iers

( i bid ., 1 54-155 , Ta f . 1 20A ). The S a in t-Jus t-en-Chauss6 "e h oard p rov ides a B ronze F ina l Id a te ( L is t 6 2 , 1 ) a nd t he p ossib le a ssoc ia t ion w i th a s tra igh t-based b asa l-looped s pearh ead o f o ne o f t he e pony mous s words ( Schauer 1 974a ; i nd ica tes c orre la t ion w i th LBAl. ( Evans 1 881 , f ig . 3 48 ;

s ee p .

1 02

)a lso

The h i l t o f t he s word f ro m C oveney , Cambs .

F ox 1 923 , 5 9 , p l . I X , 4 ) , may r ef lec t Buch loe/Gre f fern

i n f luence , t hough i t s b lade i s p la in .

T he a ppearance o f a Buch loe/Gref fern

s word i n n or th-eas tern France i s p robab ly r e la ted t o t he o ccurrence t here o f c on te mporary r odtanged s words . S tä tzl ing s words .

L IST 6 3 .

MAP 2 9 .

S chauer ( 1971 , 1 44-147 ) h as d e f ined a g roup o f s tra igh t-bladed s words w i th s l igh t ly s wo l len g r ips , c on ta in ing s evera l r ive t-ho les , a nd p o m me l-tangs . Three o f t hese s words , f ro m ' Rouen ' ( i bid ., 1 45 n . 1 5 ) , S tä tzl ing ( i bid ., 1 45 n o. 4 35 ) , were i nc luded b y C owen i n h is l i s t o f L e t ten s words ( 1955 , 1 32-133 ) , b u t t he L et ten t ype h as a l ea f-shaped b lade ( see p .110-1 ) . Da ted f inds o f S tä tzl ing s words b e long t o Ha A l a nd e ar ly MI I I ( i bid ., 1 46 ). T ypolog ica l ly , t he s tra igh t b lade r e la tes S tä tzl ing s words t o t he N enzingen t ype , wh i le t he h i l t f or m r ese mbles t ha t o f L e t ten a nd E rbenhe im s words ( see p .110-1 ) .

The d is tr ibu t ion o f S tä tzl ing s words i s w ide ly s ca t tered

( Schauer 1 971 , 1 46-147 , Ta f . 1 20A ) ; A egean .

t here a re s evera l e xa mp les f ro m t he

T he I ssy-les- Mou l ineaux s word ( L is t 6 3 , I ) i s p robably o f n or th-

e as t-A lp ine o r ig in .

S tä tzl ing s words a re a bsen t f ro m t he wes tern A lps a nd

t he midd le R h ine where l ea f-shaped f lange-h i l ted s words a re c oncen tra ted , s o i t s a ppearance i s p robably n o t t o b e l i nked w i th t he a ppearance o f t hese l eaf-shaped s words .

1 05

R ixhe im s words .

L IST 6 4

R ixhe im s words a re d is t ingu ished b y at aper ing h i l t , n arrower t han t he b lade , u sua l ly c on ta in ing t hree r ive t-ho les ; med ia te ly b e low t he h i l t .

ar icasso i s o f ten p resen t im-

T he b lade i s s tra igh t-s ided , t aper ing t owards t he

p o in t , g iv ing t he e n t ire s word a l ong p o in ted-ova l o u t l ine .

B lade s ec t ions

v ary i n d e ta i l , b u t u sua l ly h ave a midr ib f lanked b y g rooves a nd , o f ten b eve l led e dges .

Be low t he h i l t , t he g rooves d iverge t o f or m a v ar ie ty o f o rnamen ta l

mo t i fs . Th is we l l-known t ype h as b een d iscussed r ecen t ly b y S chauer ( 1971 , 6 17 5 ) , f or wes t c en tra l Europe , a nd b y R e im ( 1 974a , 9 -23 , 3 2-38 , 4 3-45 , 4 95 0 ) , f or e as tern France , a nd R e im 's t ypo logy w i l l b y emp loyed h ere . T he ? S e ine s word ( L is t 6 4 , 2 ) b e longs t o R e im 's v ar ian t A ( 1 974a , 9 -10 ) ; i th as a r icasso b u t l acks o rnamen t .

T he d is tr ibu t ion o f v ar ian t Ai s ma in ly

n or th-A lpine ( i bid ., Ta t ' . 1 1A ) a nd l oca l workshops a re p os tu la ted .

T he mo t i fs

o n t he d ecora ted s words b e long t o g roup 1 ( i bid ., 3 8 , A bb . 2 ) o f e ar ly R einecke D ( i bid ., 4 3-44 ;

1 974b , A bb. 4 ).

T he l ack o f o rna men t a nd t he b road midr ib

o f t he ? S e ine s word may s ugges t R osnoen i n f luence . T he s words f ro m A bbev i l le Museu m a nd H uy ( L is t 6 4 , 1 , 3 ) b o th b e long t o v ar ian t C ( Re im 1 974a , 1 1-14 ) l i ke t he o n ly R ixhe im s word f ro m n or thwes tern France : R ennes , I l le-e t-V i la ine ( i bid ., 1 1 n o . 1 7 ). T he d is tr ibu t ion o f v ar ian t Ci s ma in ly n or th-A lp ine ( i b id ., Ta f . 1 2A ) , b u t r eaches n or thern I ta ly a nd e as tern S lovak ia , a s we l l a s Br i t tany a nd B e lg ium ; p os tu la tes l oca l workshops ( i b id ., 1 4 ). t he ma in d is tr ibu t ion :

Re im a ga in

A ssocia ted f inds a re p er iphera l t o

C a t tabrega d i C rescenzago , M i lano , c re ma t ion o f t he

e ta d e l b ronzo r ecen te , b road ly e qu iva len t t o Re inecke D ( B ianco P eron i 1 970 2 2 n o . 3 4 ) , b u t a lso t o t he e ar ly p ar t o f H a A l ( i bid ., 7 ) ;

R i mayskä S obo ta

h oard , S lovak ia , which c on ta ins ma ter ia l p redo m inan t ly o f R e inecke D ( Nov5 .k 1 975 , 1 0-11 n o . 3 2 ). T he mo ti f bo n s words o f v ar ian t Cb e long t o g roup 1 ( Re im 1 974a , 3 8 , A bb. 2 ) , t hough mot i f 6a lso o ccurs i n g roup 2 ( i b id .). Th is s ugges ts a n e ar ly/ m idd le R e inecke D d a te f or v ar ian t C ( i bid ., 4 3-45 ; Re im 1 974b , A bb. 4 ). The S tevensweer t s word d oes n o t b e long t o as peci f ic v ar ian t ( L is t 6 4 , 4 ) , b u t b ears o rna men t o f mo ti f 9( Re im 1 974a , 3 7 n .7 ) wh ich b e longs t o g roup 2 ( i b id ., 3 8 , A bb. 2 ) o f midd le a nd l a te R einecke D ( i bid ., 4 4-45 ). T he R ixhe i m/ Rosnoen h ybr id s word i n t he S a in t- J us t-en-Chauss6e h oard ( L is t 6 4 , 5 ) i s r e la ted t o R e im 's v ar ian t G ( 1 974a , 2 0-21 ). The s ing le d ecora ted e xa mp le b ears o rnamen t o f mo t i f 2( i bid ., 3 3 ) , g roup 1 ( i bid ., 3 8 , A bb . 2 ) , e ar ly Re inecke D ( i bid ., 4 3-44 ;

1 974b , A bb . 4 ).

f or t he Bronze F ina l Id a te o f t he h oard .

The Mon t i res s word ( L is t 6 4 , 6 )

Th is i s a ccep tab le

i s p robably c on te mporary. Wh i le t he o vera l l d is tr ibu t ion o f R ixhe im s words ( Re im 1 974a , Ta f . 1 1A1 4A ) i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f r odtanged s words ( Re im 1 974b , Ta f . 3 , 2 ) , f inds o n n or th-eas tern France a re l ess c o m mon ( c f . Map 3 0 ) a nd t here i s n o s uch e v idence f or t he p roduc t ion o f R ixhe im s words i n t he Par is b as in a s t here i s f or r odtanged s words . Br i ta in .

There i s n o c er ta in e xa mp le o f aR ixhe im s word i n

Men t ion h as o ccas iona l ly b een made o f as word h i l t f ro m S ussex w i th

at r iangu lar s e t t ing o f r ivet-ho les ( Trump 1 962 , 9 3 , 9 9 n o . 2 60 , 1 02 ; 1 06

E ogan

1 965 , 7 ;

Sm i th 1 959 , 1 82 n .5 ;

Burgess 1 976b , 9 0 n o . 2 4 ) , b u t t h is f ind

h as n o t b een a u then t ica ted . Monza s words .

L IST 6 5 .

MAP 3 0 .

Monza s words h ave t h in r odtangs a nd t aper ing b lades r ela ted i n f or m a nd o rnamen t t o R ixhe im b lades ;

R e im d is t ingu ishes t hree v ar ian ts a ccord ing

t o t he f or m o f t he h i l t ( 1 974a , 2 6-29 ;

1 974b , 1 7 , A bb. 1 , 1 -3 ).

T he t ypo lo-

g ica l r e la t ionsh ip w i th R ixhe im s words s ugges ts a R einecke D d a te a nd t he f inds f ro m t he Monza c e me tery a re b road ly c on te mporary ( Re im 1 974a , 4 6 ; 1 974b , 1 8 ;

B ianco P eron i 1 970 , 3 1 , Ta f . 7 5D ).

The d is tr ibu t ion o f Monza

s words s tre tches f ro m t he A l to-Ad ige t o P ar is ( Rei m 1 974b , Ta f . 3 , 2 ; d e Mar in is 1 970 ).

Var ian t B was p robably p roduced i n n or thern I ta ly a nd

v ar ian t Cf ar ther n or th ( Re im 1 974b , 1 7). B o th o f t he s words f ro m n or th-eas tern F rance b e long t o v ar ian t C ( Lis t 6 4 , 1 -2 ) .

Ih ave a rgued t ha t t he Monza s word f ro m P ar is ( L is t 6 4 , 1 ) s hou ld

b e a n e ar ly e xa mp le o f v ar ian t Cw i th a t rans i t iona l e ar ly/ m idd le R einecke D d a te ( O 'Connor 1 976a ).

The I l e-Sa in t-Ouen s word d oes n o t a ppear t o b e a

c haracter is t ic Monza t ype ;

i t b ears o rna men t o f Re im 's mo ti f 9( 1 974a , 3 7

n .8 ) wh ich b e longs t o h is g roup 2 ( i bid ., 3 8 , A bb. 2 ) o f midd le a nd l a te Re inecke D ( i bid ., 4 4-45 ). G r igny s words .

L IST 6 6.

MAP 3 0 .

G r igny s words h ave s hor t , t h ick r odtangs o f ten w i th o ne o r more r ive th o les i n t he t er m ina l ; a nd s tra igh t .

t here a re n o r ive t h o les i n t he h i l ts ;

R e im d is t ingu ishes t wo v ar ian ts :

a nd B , w i th S -shaped s hou lders .

b lades a re b road

A , w i th c urved s hou lders ,

B lades o f v ar ian t A may b ear o rnamen t l i ke

t ha t o n R ixhe im s words ( 1 974a , 2 9-31 ; al a te Re inecke D d a te ( 1 974a , 4 6).

1 974b , 1 7 , A bb. 1 , 5 -6) wh ich s ugges ts

The b u t t o f aG r igny s word o f v ar ian t B

( i bid ., 3 0 n o . 4 8 ) o ccurs i n C annes-Ec luse h oard I , S e ine-e t- Marne , s ugges t ing aH a Ad a te ( i bid ., 4 7-48 ;

s ee p . 9 9-100 ) .

G r ingy s words a re o n ly f ound n or th

o f t he A lps , f ro m s ou th-wes tern Bohe m ia t o t he S eine ( Rei m 1 974b , T al . 2 , 2 ) . The G r ingy s word f ro m La Vaquer ie ( L is t 6 6 , 3 ) h as a n o rna men ted b lade , p oss ib ly r e la ted t o R e im 's mo t i f 1 0 o f g roup 2 ( 1974a , 3 8 ) , b u t a lso s im i lar t o mo t i fs 1 1 a nd 1 2 ( i bid , A bb. 1 ) o f l a te R e inecke D ( i bid ., 4 0 , 4 6 ).

T he e xa m-

p les f ro m ? Bardouv i l le , C ho isyle-Ro i a nd G eraardsbergen h ave b road midr ibs w i thou t o rna men t ( L is t 6 6 , 2 , 4 -5 ) .

T he Bardouv i l le s word h as o f fse t

e dges e nd ing b e low t he h i l t , af ea ture o f R osnoen s words ( see p .

)a nd may

b e r egarded a s aR osnoen h ybr id , c f . t he Rosnoen s word w i th t he r e ma ins o f at ang f ro m Bardouv i l le ( L is t 7 3 , 1 4 ).

The p resence o f t he h i l t o f aG r igny

s word i n t he t rans i t iona l Bronze Moyen I I/Bronze F ina l Ih oard f ro m C hoisyl e-Ro i

( 1 20 ) s ugges ts a n o r ig in f or t hese s words e ar l ier t han t ha t p roposed

b y R e im a nd t he u ndecora ted G r ingy s words may b e Rosnoen h ybr ids . P ep inv i l le s words .

L IST 6 7.

MAP 3 0 .

The P ep inv i l le t ype i s c harac ter ised b y ar odtang w i th a h ooked t er m ina l a nd ab e l l-shaped h i l t .

Var ian t Ah as a s tra igh t-s ided b lade ;

al e g-shaped b lade w i th t wo r ive t-ho les o r n o tches ; s haped b lade w i thou t r ivet-ho les ;

v ar ian t B h as

v ar ian t Ch as a l ea f-

v ar ian t Di s i den t ica l t o Ce xcep t f or a r ib

a t t he j unct ion o f t he t ang a nd t he h i l t ( Re im 1 974b , 1 7-18 , A bb . 2 , 1 -4 ).

1 07

Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f o ne e xa mp le f ro m L orra ine ( i bid ., L is te 2 , 1 2 ) , P tpinv i l le s words w i th l ea f-shaped b lades a ppear t o b e c on f ined t o t he A lp ine a rea a nd n or thern I ta ly ( i bid ., 1 8 , Ta f . 2 , 2 ) . S tra igh t-bladed e xa mp les a re f ound o n ly i n n or thern France ( i bid ., L is te 2 , 1 0-11; L is t 6 7 , 1 -2 ) . R e im d a tes t he e pony mous P 6p inv i l le b ur ia l t o t he R einecke D/Ha A l t rans i t ion ( 1974a , 4 7 ) , t hough K ubach p laces i ti n Re inecke D ( 1977 , 4 20 n .69 ).

There i s at ang

f ro m a P tp inv i l le s word i n t he h oard f ro m C lans , A lpes -Mar i t i me ( Re im 1 974a , 4 7 ) , wh ich c an b e e qua ted w i th R e inecke D ( S chauer 1 975a , 4 9 , Ta f . 2 2 ). T ypo logy s ugges ts t ha t t he s tra igh t-bladed P 6p inv i l le s words were r es tr icted t o R einecke D ( Rei m 1 974b , 2 2 ).

T he p oss ible a ssoc ia t ion o f t he T irancour t

s word ( L is t 6 7 , 2 ) w i th a s tra igh t-based b asa llooped s pearhead a nd t he p rov enance o f t he s word f ro m C hamp lay , Yonne ( Re im 1 974b , L is te 2 , 1 0 ) , f ro m t he a rea o f t he Bronze F ina l Ic e metery o f L a C o lo mbine ( Mordan t 1 975 , 4 244 27 ) s hou ld s uppor t t h is c hrono logy.

T hese s tra igh t-bladed P 6p inv i l le s words

were p robab ly l oca l p roduc ts o f n or thern France . Arco s words a nd T eron to la s words .

L IST 6 8 .

MAP 3 0 .

T hese r odtanged s words h ave s tra igh t t angs , u sua l ly t er m ina ls , a nd l ea f-shaped b lades .

w i th t h ickened

Wh i le R e im ( 1 974b , 1 8 , A bb. 2 , 5 -6;

3

1 -4 ) r ecogn ises s evera l v ar ian ts , t here i s l i t t le d is t inc t ion e xcep t i n t he f or m o f t he s hou lders i n t he b e l l-shaped h i l t ; T eron to la s words h ave n one . s haped s words ( i bid ., 2 2 ).

Arco s words h ave t wo r ive t-ho les ,

T ypo logy s ugges ts a Ha A l d a te f or t hese l ea fThere i s a n Arco s word i n ah oard f ro m N o6a j-

S a las , Vo jvod ina ( Popov ió 1 964 , Ta f . V I I I , 1 ) .

T h is J ugos lav a u thor d a tes

t he h oard t o Ha A 2 ( i bid ., 2 1 ) a nd K osor i6 g ives a s im i lar d a te ( 1972 , 8 , 1 1-14 ) , b u t G arasan in ( 1 973 , 6 39 ) a nd S chauer ( 1974b , 2 9 ) b o th p re fer Ha A l. The d is tr ibu t ion o f A rco a nd Teron to la s words i s c oncen tra ted i n n or thern I ta ly ( de Mar in is 1 972 , 9 8 ;

R e im 1 974b , 1 8 , Ta f . 3 , 1 ) .

The h a l f-dozen

e xamp les f ro m t he P ar is a rea f or m a s ubs tan t ia l g roup a nd t he p oss ibi l i ty o f l oca l p roduct ion c anno t b e e xc luded .

T he Arco s word f ro m L ondon ( L is t

6 8 , 1 ) p resu mab ly h ad t he s a me o r ig in a s t he Par is g roup ; i ti s t he o n ly c ert a in e xa mp le o f ar od-tanged s word s o f ar k nown f ro m Br i ta in . T he T eron ta la s word f ro m S ta t te ( L is t 6 8 , 8 ) i s p resu mably o f A lp ine o r ig in . Un terhach ing s words .

L IST 6 9 .

MAP 3 0 .

U n terhach ing s words h ave a p la in r od-tang a nd a l eaf-shaped b lade w i th ad is t inc t midr ib.

R ive t-ho les a re n o t u sua l ly p resen t , b u t s evera l e xa mp les

h ave a r icasso ( Re im 1 974b , 1 8 , A bb. 3 , 5 -6;

S chauer 1 971 , 8 3-85 ) .

Un l ike

o ther f or ms o f r od-tanged s word , t he U n terhach ing t ype i s c o m mon i n G er many , e spec ia l ly o n t he Midd le R h ine ( Re im 1 974b , T af . 3 , 1 ) a nd t he Par is e xa mple ( L is t 6 9 , 1 ) a ppears t o b e t he o n ly o u t l ier .

Un terhach ing s words were p ro-

d uced d ur ing H a A l a nd may h ave p ers is ted i n to H a A 2 ( Schauer 1 971, 8 5 ; Re im 1 974b , 2 2 ). Ear ly U rn f ie ld s o l id-h i l ted s words . T here i s as ing le e xa mp le o f a n e ar ly U rn f ie ld s o l id-h i l ted s word f ro m n or th-eas tern F rance ;

i ti s f ro m t he O ise b e low t he b r idge a t B oran , O ise

( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 4 21 , f ig . 1 ; 1 0 ;

Mus e V ivene l , C o mp iegne H .860 ;

1 08

B lanche t a nd La mbo t 1 975 , 3 3-34 n o . F ig . 4 0 , 1 ) .

The t apering b lade h as

as l igh t ly c oncave l ozenge s ec t ion a nd a l ong n o tched r icasso .

X -ray e xa m i-

n a t ion s hows a l ong t ang ( B lanche t a nd L ambo t 1 975 , f ig . 1 1 ).

T he s ol id h i l t

i s a t tached b y t wo r ive ts i n c onvex s hou lders wh ich f or m ab road c oncave b ase t o t he h i l t . The g r ip i s s l igh t ly c onvex , n arrower t owards t he p o m mel , a nd h as a n o c tagona l s ec t ion . The p o m mel i s r ough ly o va l i n f or m w i th a c en tra l k nob a nd a s ing le p er fora t ion . S o l id-h i l ted s words w i th o ctagona lsec t ion g r ips ( Ach tkan tschwer ter ) a re c haracter is t ic o f R e inecke C i n c en tra l Europe ;

mos t e xamp les h ave d ecora ted

h i l ts w i th omega-shaped b ases a nd b lades w i th b road midr ibs ( Ho ls te 1 953a , 1 6-25 , Ta f . 9 -12 , K ar te 4 , Ta f . 1 8 ) .

Many e xamp les a re f ound i n t he N ord ic

a rea , e spec ia l ly D enmark , d ur ing M I I ( Randsborg 1 968 , 5 4-55 ).

A ch tkan t-

s chwer ter were s ucceeded i n c en tra l Europe b y R iegsee s words o f R e inecke D d a te ( Ho ls te 1 953a , 2 6-30 , Ta f . 1 3-14 , K ar te 5 ) ; n or thern Europe ( Randsborg 1 968 , 5 5 ) .

R iegsee s words a re r are i n

R iegsee s words a re o f ten o rna men ted ,

t hough t he mot i fs a re d i f feren t f ro m t hose o n A ch tkan tschwer ter ; r e ta in a n o c tagona l s ect ion , b u t o thers a re more r ounded ; h i l t c an b e r ep laced b y ab road c onvex f or m ;

s o me g r ips

t he omega-shaped

b lades u sua l ly r e ta in ab road

midr ib , b u t ar icasso i s o f ten p resen t . Ho ls te ( 1953a , F und l is te 7 , n o . 3 , Ta f . 1 4 , 5 ) i l lus tra tes o ne R iegsee s word wh ich p rov ides a p ara l le l f or t he Boran s word ;

t h is i s f ro m K iss ing ,

L dkr . Fr iedberg , Bavar ia , a nd ma tches t he B oran s word i n a l l r espec ts . T he K iss ing s word h as b een d iscussed b y Mü l ler-Karpe ( 1961 , 1 2 ) .

T he f orm

o f t he h i l t r e la tes i tt o R iegsee s words , wh i le t he o ctagona l-sec t ion g r ip r el a tes i tt o A ch tkan tschwer ter ;

t he p er fora t ion i n t he p o m me l a nd t he l ozenge-

s ec t ion b lade r e la te i tt o D reiwu ls tschwer ter o f Ha A l.

Re igsee s words f ro m

s ou thern G ermany t ended t o r e ta in t he o c tangona l g r ip , wh i le t hose f ur ther e as t h ad a more r ounded s ec t ion .

Mü l ler-Karpe s ugges ts t ha t t he b lade was

ar ep lace men t i n a n e ar l ier h i l t wh ich h ad a h o le d r i l led t hourgh i t s p o m me l a t t he s a me t ime .

T he e xp lana t ion may b e p laus ible f or a s ing le s word b u t

h ard ly f or a p a ir .

T hese a re t rans i t iona l e xa mp les wh ich c ons t i tu te a sma l l

g roup w i th a t h ird s word f ro m ab ur ia l a t H er lhe im , L dkr . S chwe in fur t , F rancon ia ( Abe ls 1 975 ) . The H er lhe im s word i s s im i lar t o t he B oran a nd K iss ing s words i n a l l r espects e xcep t i t s q uadr i la ter ia l g r ip ( i bid ., A bb . 2 , 1 ) .

T he a cco mpanying o b jec ts a re a l l o f R einecke D d a te ( i bid ., 3 3 ) wh ich

s uppor ts t ypolog ica l c ons idera t ions o f ad a te a t t he e nd o f R einecke D f or t hese s words .

At ypo log ica l ly e ar l ier s word c o mes f ro m t he Danube a t Barbing ,

Ldkr . R egensburg , B avar ia ( Torbrügge 1 959b , 2 00 n o . 2 97 , Ta l . 7 1 , 5 ) ; t h is h as a d ecora ted R iegsee h i l t o n a Dreiwu ls tschwer t b lade . The B oran s word a ppears t o b e o f s ou th G er man o r ig in a nd Reinecke D/Ha A l t rans i t iona l d a te , e ar l ier t han t he H a A l Dre iwu ls tschwer ter f ro m t he S aone a t I l e d e Ray , Ray-sur-Sa5ne , Hau te-Saöne ( M i l lo t te 1 965b , 9 0 , f ig . 1 , 3 ) , p robably o f E r lach t ype ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 961 , 8 ) , a nd Angers , Ma ine-e t-Loire ( Cord ier a nd G ruet 1 975 , 2 32 , f ig . 4 5 ). The Angers s word i s u nusua l f or h av ing f our r ibs o n t he g r ip ; t h is f ea ture o ccurs o n t wo s words o f S chwa ig t ype ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 961 , 1 5 n .1 , Ta f . 9 , 4 ; s words ( i bid ., 4 6 , T al . 7 , 1 -4 ).

1 0 , 6 ) a nd o n f our u nd iagnos tic

T hese s words a re a l l o f Ha A l d a te a nd t he

Angers s words a lso r ese mbles e xa mp les o f t he Ha A l E r lach t ype ( i bid ., 7 -13 ).

1 09

H ein igko fen s words .

L IST 7 0 .

MAP 3 1.

The H em igko fen t ype was f irs t d ef ined b y C owen ( 1951 , 1 86-198 ; 7 9-85 ) ;

1 955 ,

i th as a s hor t , l ea f-shaped b lade w i th l ozenge s ect ion , s tra igh t

s hou lders a nd a s l igh t ly s wo l len g r ip , u sua l ly w i th t he f langes p ro jec t ing a t t he p o m mel .

S chauer ( 1 971 , 1 57-165 ) h as r ecogn ised t wo v ar ian ts , a pparen t ly

o n t he b as is o f t he n u mber o f r ive t-ho les i n t he s hou lders ;

t he t rue H em igko fen

s word u sua l ly h as s ix o r e igh t , wh i le t he E lsen fe ld v ar ian t h as t wo a nd t he U f fhofen v ar ian t f our .

T he E lsen fe ld v ar ian t t ends t o h ave a n arrower p rof i le

a nd l arger b lade . H em igko fen s words o ccur n or th o f t he A lps f ro m t he mou th o f t he L o ire t o t he M idd le E lbe ; t hey a re mos t c o m mon i n t he r eg ion o f t he u pper a nd midd le R h ine ( i bid ., Ta f . 1 20B ). S chauer p roposes t he e x is tence o f l oca l manu factur ing c en tres , i nc lud ing o ne o n t he l ower T hames ( i bid ., 1 59 ) . A ssocia ted f inds a re u nco m mon ( i bid ., 1 59 n .11 ).

S o me H em igko fen s words

h ave s tra igh ter b lades r e la ted t o t hose o f Reu t l ingen s words ( i b id ., n os . 4 60 , 4 62 , 4 63 ) , wh ich s ugges ts a Ha A l d a te , a nd t here i s o ne e xamp le f ro m a Ha A l b ur ia l b u t mos t H em igko fen s words a re p robab ly o f Ha A 2 d a te ( i bid ., 1 59 ). T here i s o ne e ar ly 1 V I IV f ind a nd a f ragmen tary e xa mp le f ro m a b ur ia l o f Bronze F ina l I b a t Egu ishe im , Hau t-Rh in ( Zu ms te in 1 966 , 5 0 , 1 08 , f ig . 3 5 , 1 87-190 ;

1 976 , 6 39 n o . 5 ) .

U ffho fen s words a re ä lso mos t c o m mon o n t he

Rh ine b u t t he ir d is trubu t ion r eaches t o t he wes t r a ther t han t he e as t ( i bid ., T al . 1 20B ) ;

t here a re d a table f inds o f Ha A l a nd H a A 2 ( i bid ., 1 62 ).

s words h ave a more e as ter ly d is tr ibu t ion ( i bid ., T al . 1 20B ) ;

E lsen fe ld

d a table f inds

a re Ha A 2 a nd l a ter MIV b u t t wo e xamp les ( i bid ., n os . 4 83 , 4 86 ) h ave s tra ig h ter b lades wh ich may i nd ica te a n e ar l ier o r ig in ( i bid ., 1 64-165 ) .

L ea f-

s haped f lange-h i l ted s words o f s ou th-wes t G erman i nsp ira t ion were p robably p roduced i n t he Par is a rea , t he l ower T hames , a nd p erhaps t he S che ld t a rea , b y Ha A 2 , l a ter LBAl. Erbenhe im s words .

L IST 7 1.

MAP 3 1.

E rbenhe im s words h ave a l ong , l ea f-shaped b lade , o f ten w i th a d eep r icasso , b road , s tra igh t s hou lders , as wol len g r ip a nd a p o m mel-tang ( Cowen 1 951 , 1 98-200 ;

1 955 , 7 3-76).

The n a me i s r e ta ined b y S chauer ( 1971 , 1 67-

1 71 ) . Erbenhe im s words a re d a ted t o Ha A 2 ( i bid ., 1 70 ).

There a re t hree

c en tres o f d is tr ibu t ion : o n t he midd le Rh ine , t he l ower R h ine a nd t he l ower T hames , a nd S chauer s ugges ts t ha t t he l a t ter r epresen ts a workshop a rea . The Du tch s words ( L is t 7 1 , 6 -8 ) b e long t o t he l ower R h ine c en tre , wh i le t he French s word c ou ld b e long t o t h is o r t o t he Br i t ish c en tre ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 701 71 , T al . 1 21A ) . The s word f ro m Br ixwor th ( L is t 7 1 , 4 ) a ppears t o b e long t o t he E rbenhei m t ype ;

i t s f orm a nd d i mens ions may b e c o mpared t o t he e xa mp le f ro m t he

Nahe a t B ingen , Rhe in land-P fa lz ( i bid ., 1 68 , n o . 4 99 ). L e t ten s words .

L IST 7 2 .

MAP 3 1.

C owen d e f ined L e t ten s words a s h ybr ids b e tween t he H em igko fen a nd Erbenhe im t ypes ;

t hey h ave t he s hor t b lade o f t he f or mer a nd t he p o m me l

t ang o f t he l a t ter ;

t he ir s hou lders h ave f our r ive t-holes l i ke t he U f fhofen

10

v ar ian t , a nd t he ir g r ips r ese mble t he H e migkofen r a ther t han Erbenhei m s word ( 1951 , 2 00-204 ;

1 955 , 7 8-79 ).

S chauer d oub ts whe ther Erbenhei m s words

were t ypolog ica l ly e arl ier t han Le t ten s words f or t he p o m mel t ang was a lready k nown o n s tra igh t-bladed S tä tzling s words , ag roup u nrecogn ised b y C owen ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 67). The o n ly d a table f ind o f aL et ten s word b e longs t o Ha A 2 ( i bid ., 1 67 ). Exa mples a re n o t n u merous .

G aucher a nd Mohen ( 1972 , 5 21-522 ) c la im

s evera l s words f or t he L et ten t ype which S chauer i ncludes u nder o ther t ypes : t he S tä tzl ing s word f ro m I ssy-les Mou l ineaux ( L is t 6 3 , 1 ) a nd t he Erbenhei m s word ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 69 n .11) f ro m t he L egeur a t P lou lec th , C o tes-du-Nord ( G iot 1 967 , 3 36, f ig . 6 , c en tre ).

There i s a lso a s word f ro m t he G rot te d e

Roucadour , The mines , Lo t ( Arna l , C ouchard a nd L orblanche t 1 969 , 6 7-69 , f ig . 4 ).

The l eng th o f t he P lou lec 'h s word ,

5 9.5 cm , a nd i t s f our r ivet-holes

i n t he s hou lder , s ugges t t ha t i ti s aL et ten s word ( c f . S chauer 1 971 , 1 66-167) ; t he Roucadour s word , 6 2.0 cm l ong , p robably w i th f our r ivet-holes i n t he s hou lders a lso a ppears c loser t o t he Le t ten t ype . These f inds , w i th t he e xa mp les f ro m n or th-eas tern France ( Lis t 7 2 , 1 -4 ) s ugges t t ha t Le t ten s words were mos t n u merous i n France a nd t ha t t he c onc en tra t ion i n t he Par is a rea i s a s l arge a s t ha t o n t he u pper Rh ine ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 67, Ta f . 1 21A ).

T he i den ti fica t ion o f t he s word f ro m Amiens ( L is t

7 2 , 4 ) , wh ich l acks i t s p o m mel , s ee ms u ncer ta in . Rosnoen s words .

L IST 7 3.

MAP 3 2.

Rosnoen s words h ave a s tra igh t b lade w i th a b road midr ib ;

t he h i l t i s

u sua l ly more o r l ess t raptzoida l w i th r ivet-ho les o r n o tches , u sua l ly f our , s o me ti mes t wo o r s ix .

The t rans i tion f ro m b lade t o h i l t i s n or ma l ly smooth ,

t hough s l igh t ly a ngu lar s hou lders a re s o met i mes p resen t . b ear a n o tched r icasso ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 53-155 ; 3 12 ).

S o me e xa mples

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 972 ,

The Rosnoen b lade f or m i s c lear ly r e la ted t o g roup I V r apiers ( Burgess

1 968c , 1 5 ).

H i lts s how c en tra l European i n f luence :

r od-tanged ( see p .107 , L is t 7 3 , 1 4 ) ; 1 973 , 3 97;

R ixhei m ( see p .

1 06) ;

Haguenau t ype w i th t wo n o tches ( Verron

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 3 11;

L is t 7 3 , 1 6).

The d is tr ibu t ion

o f Rosnoen s words i s c oncen tra ted i n Br i t tany ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 5 6) , where t hey a re c haracter is t ic o f Bronze F ina l I , a nd t hey a re c o m mon i n n or thern France a s f ar e as t a s t he S o m me a nd t he O ise ( Map 3 2 ) , b u t r are f ur ther s ou th . Rosnoen s words o ccur i n s evera l c en tra l European h oards :

Windsbach ,

L dkr . Ansbach , Francon ia ( M i l l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 47 , Ta f . 1 55A , 8 , 1 8 ; S chauer 1 971 , 8 2 n o . 2 73 ) , Reinecke D ;

S tockhei m , Ldkr . G unzenhausen ,

Francon ia ( M i l l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 47, Ta f . 1 56, 7 4 ) , Rh ine a t Ma inz ( Kubach 1 973a , A bb. 2 , 1 -3 ;

S chauer 1 971 , 8 1 n o. 2 72 ) , Rydec , B ohe m ia ( Novak 1 975 ,

1 1 n os . 3 3-36) , Re inecke D/Ha A l ( Kubach 1 977, 3 91 , 4 20 n .70 , 4 55 ; Brunn 1 968 , 3 02 ).

v on

There a re i sola ted f inds f ro m ? R . Ma in a nd G eneva

( Schauer 1 971 , 8 1 n os . 2 70-271 ). RosnoUn s words a re c haracter is t ic o f LBA1 i n Br i ta in , where t hey h ave b een r eferred t o a s ' Lambeth ' s words ( Burgess 1 968a , 5 , 3 5 , f ig . 3 , 1 -2 ; 1 968c , 1 5-16;

1 974 , 2 05 ;

Rowlands 1 976, 7 8 , p l . 5 0 , 1 964-1969).

1 11

There

a re f our i so la ted f inds i n t he l ower T hames v a l ley ( Map 3 2 ) a nd h oard f inds f ro m : P enard ( 107 ) , Burgess 1 968b , f ig . 5 , 1 ) , D over ( 108 ) , A pp leby ( 109 ) a nd Ambles ide ( 1 12 ) , i nd ica t ing c urrency t hroughou t LBA1. T he Dover h oard may c on ta in a s many R osnoen s words a s t he o ther f inds t oge ther a nd i ti s u nf or tuna te t ha t t he p oor c ond i t ion o f t he p ieces i n t h is h oard h as r obbed u s o f f ind t ypo log ica l d e ta i ls . T he p reponderance o f a l ien o b jects i n t he D over h oard s uppor ts t he c onc lus ion t ha t Br i t ish f inds o f R osnoen s words a re i mpor ts f ro m F rance a nd t he g eograph ica l p os i t ion o f t he h oard s uppor ts t he c onc lus ion t ha t mos t c ame f ro m n or th-eas tern France r a ther t han Br i t tany. T he a ppearance o f s evera l Rosnoen s words i n t he L ow C oun tr ies ( L is t 7 3 , 2 3-28 ) i s n o t s urpr is ing i n v iew o f t he c en tra l E uropean f inds .

Rosnoen

i n f luence h as b een s ugges ted f or a sma l l g roup o f s words f ro m Languedoc a nd C a ta lon ia ( Harr ison , Mar t i J us me t a nd G irö 1 974 , 1 01-103 ;

G u i la ine

1 972 , 2 17-219 , f ig . 7 3 ) , t hough t he C a ta lan s word ( Harr ison , Mar t i J us me t a nd G irö 1 974 , f ig . 7 ) a ppears t o b e al ea f-shaped r odtanged s word b ear ing o rna men t o f Re im 's mo ti f 1 1 ( 1974a , A bb. 1 ) , a nd t h is s ou thern g roup s hou ld p robably b e r e la ted t o r od-tanged s words r a ther t han t o Rosnoen s words . J ockenhöve l h as s ugges ted t ha t Man toche ( Re im 1 974a , 2 4-26) a nd R ixhe im v ar ian t G ( i bid ., 2 0-21 ) s words were t he p redecessors o f n o tched R osnoen s words , imp lying t ha t t hese a ppeared o n ly i n l a ter R e inecke D ( 1975 , 1 41 ) , f o l low ing Br iard 's v iew o f R ixhe im p recedence ( 1 965 , 1 73 ) , b u t Rosnoen s words c an s ure ly b e d er ived f ro m r ap iers a nd t here a ppears t o b e n o c hrono log ica l e v idence t o p lace t he h ybr ids e ar l ier . A pp leby s ol id-h i l ted s words .

L IST 7 4 .

Th is sma l l g roup o f s words i s c harac ter ised b y as tra igh t b lade , l ozenge o r o va l i n s ec t ion , a nd a p la in s ol id b u t t , s hou lders t aper ing t o as tra igh ts ided g r ip w i th a n e xpanded p o m me l . I t may b e c a l led a f ter t he A pp leby h oard wh ich , l i ke t he Ambles ide h oard ( L is t 7 4 , 3 -4 ) g ives a LBA 1d a te. C o les ( 1961 ) h as d iscussed t he C u mbr ian e xamp les ( L is t 7 4 , 1 -2 ) a nd s ugges ted l oca l manu fac ture , p erhaps w i th I r ish i n f luence , b u t Nord ic i nsp ir a t ion . N ord ic s o l id h i l ted s words o f M I I a nd M I I I were f ar more e labora te t han t he A pp leby s words ( O t ten jann 1 969 ) ;

mos t h i l ts h ad omega-shaped b ases

a nd e xcep t ions w i th s tra igh t b ases a re r are ( i bid ., Ta f . 4 , 2 0 ; 6 2 ;

2 0 , 1 44 ).

7 , 3 9 ;

1 0 ,

T he a ngu lar b ases o f t he C u mber land a nd ? Bardouv i l le s words

( L is t 7 4 , 2 , 5 ) c annot b e ma tched i n t he N ord ic a rea .

A l l N ord ic s words h ad

h i l t a nd b lade c as t s epara te ly ; a l l t he A pp leby s words a ppear t o b e c as t i n o ne . N ord ic b lades h ave a midr ib f lanked b y g rooves a nd t he l ozenge o r o va l f or m o f t he A pp leby s ec t ions a ppear t o b e a bsen t .

N e i ther N ord ic n or c en tra l

European ( Hols te 1 953a ; M t i l ler-Karpe 1 961 ) mode ls a ppear t o h ave b een t he i nsp ira t ion f or A pp leby s words . S ol id b ronze h i l ts were o ccas iona l ly emp loyed o n r ap iers ( see p . 7 3 ). a nd t here i s o ne w i th t he A ppleby s word i n t he Amb les ide h oard ( L is t 2 9 , 1 ) . T he s o l id-h i l ted weapon f ro m B e l leek , C o . Fermanagh ( Evans 1 881 , 2 34 , f ig . 2 92 ) , h as a b lade w i th ab road midr ib a nd s hou ld b e b road ly c on te mporary w i th t he A pp leby s words . The l ozenge s ec t ions o f t hree A pp leby s words ( L is t 7 4 , 2 -3 , 5 ) c an b e ma tched o n t he s word f ro m N o t t ingham ( L is t 7 6 , 3 ) a nd t he o va l s ec t ion ( L is t 7 4 , 1 ) o n t he s word i n t he E r iswe l l h oard ( 1 11 ) . t wo weapons , t he A pp leby s words were p robab ly e xper i men ta l . 12

L ike t hese

T he A pp leby s word f ro m ? Bardouv i l le ( L is t 7 4 , 5 ) i s c lear ly a Br i t ish e xpor t . Ba l l in tober a nd r e la ted s words .

L IST 7 5 , MAP 3 3.

T he s words c ons idered h ere h ave l ea f-shaped b lades a nd f la t t angs , u sua l ly w i th f our r ive t-ho les o r n o tches .

T he Ba l l in tober t ype was f irs t d e f ined b y

H odges ( 1 956 , 3 7) , wh i le B urgess h as d is t ingu ished C he lsea s words , w i th a f la t b lade s ec t ion ( 1 968a , 3 5 , f ig . 3 , 4 ;

1 968c , 1 6 , f ig . 3 , 5 ) , f ro m Ba l l in tober

s words w i th a l ozenge s ec t ion ( 1968a , 3 5 , f ig . 3 , 6 -7a ;

1 968c , 1 6 , f ig . 3 , 6 ).

These s words h ave a ngu lar s hou lders , o f ten b road , a nd C he lsea s words h ave ar idged b u t t , af ea ture i n c o m mon w i th R osnoen s words ( i bid ., 1 6) .

C he lsea

s words a re much l ess n umerous t han Ba l l in tober s words ( i bid .; 1 968a , f ig . 7 ). Ba l l in tober s words a re w idespread t hroughou t n or thern a nd c en tra l I re land a nd s ou thern a nd e as tern Eng land , where t hey a re f ound p r inc ipa l ly i n t he Thames v a l ley ( i bid . 2 0 ).

; R ow lands 1 976 , 7 8-80 , p l . 5 0 , 1 948 ;

There i s as ing le We lsh f ind , t he P enard h oard ( 107) .

p l . 5 1 , map O ther a ssocia ted

f inds a re S ou thchurch ( 106 ) a nd Wor th , D evon ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 3 , 7 a-c ) ; a l l a re LBAl.

T he n u mber o f f ind-spo ts o f B a l l in tober a nd r e la ted s words

i n n or th-eas tern F rance ( L is t 7 5 ) i s a pprox i ma te ly e qua l t o t ha t o f R osnoen f ind-spo ts i n Br i ta in ( see p .111-2 ) .

Ba l l in tober s words h ave a lso b een f ound

i n Br i t tany ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 64 ) a nd o ne e xa mp le ( i bid ., f ig . 5 5 , 3 ) b ears o n i t s b lade o u t l ine o rnamen t d er ived f ro m l ea f-shaped f lange-h i l ted s words ( Jockenhöve l 1 975 , 1 46). Al ozenge s ec t ion i s u sua l o n t he e ar l ies t c on t inen ta l s words w i th l ea fs haped b lades , whe ther r odtanged ( S chauer 1 971 , Ta f . 4 1-44 ) o r f langeh i l ted ( i bid ., Ta f . 6 7-76 ).

T he L ondon A rco s word o f H a A l d a te ( L is t 6 8 , 1 )

i s p robably t he e ar l ies t c on t inen ta l l ea f-shaped s word t o a ppear i n B r i ta in ; t he f lange-h i l ted s words w i th l ea f-shaped b lades a re ma in ly o f Ha A 2 d a te ( see p .

10-1

) .

B urgess ( 1 974 , 2 05 n .270 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t Ba l l in tober

s words d eve loped u nder r odtanged i n f luence a nd d id s o a s e ar ly a s R osnoen s words .

S o l ong a s t he l ea f-shaped b lade i s a ccep ted a s af ore ign i nnova t ion

( Cowen 1 951 , 1 95 ) , B a l l in tober s words c an , i n t he p resen t s ta te o f k now ledge , h ave d eve loped o n ly a f ter t he a ppearance o f t he L ondon A rco s word i n H a A l a nd may n o t h ave b eco me c o m mon u n t i l Ha A 2 .

T he s a me c hrono logy s hou ld

a pp ly t o r ap iers a nd d irks w i th l eaf-shaped b lades , t he C u t ts t ype ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 06 n .275 , f ig . 3 5 , b ) , c f . t he e xa mp le i n t he Penard h oard ( 107 ) w i th aH a A 2 k n i fe .

R osnoen s words c lear ly a ppeared d ur ing R einecke D ( see

p .1 1

2 ) .a nd J ockenhöve l h as d is t ingu ished b e tween t he p er iod o f t he ir p redo m inance , t he Z e i ts tu fe d er S chwer ter m i t s ch i l fbla t t for m iger K l inge , a nd t he s ucceed ing Z e i ts tu fe d er ä l tes ten S chwer ter mi t we idenbla t t for m iger K l inge ( 1975 , 1 401 47 ). M isce l laneous s words .

L IST 7 6

A sma l l g roup o f misce l laneous LBA1 s words may b e c ons idered h ere . I ft he s imp le weapon f ro m C ha tham ( L is t 7 6 , 1 ) h as a ny c on t inen ta l r e lat i ons , t hese migh t b e w i th

t h e Haguenau t ype ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 3 11 ) ,

r e la ted i n t urn t o t he l a te Tumu lus Verna ison t ype ( Re im 1 974a , 6 -7, 4 5 ).

1 13

T he Me thwo ld s word ( L is t 7 6 , 2 ) h as b een d escr ibed a s a me mber o f t he R ixhe i m- Monza g roup ( Row lands 1 976 , 7 6;

Trump 1 968 , 2 21 ).

Wh i le i ti s

n o t ar odtanged s word , i t s b lade s ec t ion i s c loser t o t he R ixhe im f or m ( Re im 1 974a , 5 4 n o . 2 , A bb. 3 , 2 ) t han t ha t o f a ny o ther e xper i men ta l Br i t ish weapon . The h i l t o f t he Me thwo ld s word h as n o R ixhe im c haracter is t ics .

Ag enera l

s im i lar i ty t o R ixhe i m-Rosno a h ybr ids may b e i nvoked b u t , l i ke t he s word f ro m E r iswe l l ( 1 11 ) ,on ly 1 5 km a way , t he Me thwo ld s word s hou ld b e o n e xper imen ta l Br i t ish p roduc t .

R ow lands ( 1976 , 7 6 ) a nd Trump ( 1968 , 2 21) b o th s ug-

g es t t ha t i t was a French p roduc t , b u t t here a re n o p ara l le ls t o s uppor t t h is c onc lus ion , a nd t he manu facture o f t he Me thwo ld s word s hou ld n o t h ave b een b eyond t he c apabi l i ty o f aF en land b ronze-worker . T he s word f ro m t he T ren t ( L is t 7 6 , 3 ) h as n o th ing i n c o m mon w i th t he R ixhe i m- Monza g roup a nd a lso l acks c on t inen ta l p ara l le ls ( Row lands 1 976 , 7 6 ).

T he f or m a nd s ec t ion o f i t s b lade c an b es t b e ma tched o n s o l id-h i l ted

s words o f A pp leby t ype ( see p . 12 ) .

T he a rrangmen t o f f our r ive ts o n t he

h i l t s hou ld b e r e la ted t o t he R osnoen a nd Ba l l in tober t ypes .

T he a ppearance

o f o rnamen t o n as word w i th a s tra igh t , l ozenge-sec t ion b lade c an b e ma tched o n t he e xa mp le f ro m t he S e ine a t P on t S a in t- M iche l ( L is t 7 6 , 5 ) , av ar ian t o f t he H aguenau t ype a ccord ing t o G aucher a nd Mohen ( 1972 , 3 11 ). T he s word f ro m D ender monde ( L is t 7 6 , 6 ) i s ar e-used b lade ; s ides a nd n o tches s ugges t a LBA1 d a te . t o R ei m 's f or m 8 ( 1974a , 5 4 , A bb . 3 , 8 ;

S chauer 1 971 , T al . 3 2 , 2 29 ) .

T he H eumen weapon ( L is t 7 6, 7 ) i s ap la in t anged s word ; s ugges ts a d a te n o t b e fore R e inecke D .

t he s tra igh t

T he b lade s ec t ion may b e r e la ted

t he r icasso

T he G r igny t ype ( see p .107 )wou ld

b e t he c loses t r odtanged t ype . F ina l ly , t he b lade f ro m K ings ton ( L is t 7 6, 4 ) h as t he a ppearance o f ar odt anged r ap ier .

Bu t ler ( 1963a , 2 13 ) s ugges ts N ord ic i n f luence b u t t he r e levan t

t ypes a re o f MIV a nd MV d a te a nd h ave l ess c o mp lex b lade s ec t ions ( Baudou 1 960 , 1 0-11). B urgess ;

There i s ar odtanged r ap ier f ro m C u t ts , C o . D erry ( C.B.

T rump 1 962 , 1 00 n o . 3 50 ) , b u t t he f or m o f t he K ings ton b lade , w i th

i t s e xpand ing midr ib l ack ing p er iphera l g rooves , i s n o t f u l ly c haracter is t ic o f t he Br i t ish r ap ier s er ies . S words :

d iscuss ion .

Dur ing t he e ar l ier p ar t o f LBA1 R osnoen s words ( L is t 7 3 ) were d om inan t i n n or th-eas tern F rance , wh i le n o tched r ap iers o f g roup I V were p robab ly t he mos t c o m mon weapon i n s ou thern Br i ta in a t t h is t ime .

S tra igh t-bladed

f lange-h i l ted s words ( Lis ts 6 0-63 ) o f R e inecke C 2 t o HA A l d a te were k nown i n n or th-eas tern F rance , B e lg ium a nd t he N e ther lands b u t were a bsen t f ro m B r i ta in .

R ixhe im s words ( L is t 6 4 ) o ccurred i n t he s a me a reas a s t hese f lange-

h i l ted s words , b u t were l ess n u merous .

R osnoen h ybr ids w i th b o th f lange-

h i l ted a nd R ixhe im s words were p roduced i n n or thern F rance .

F lange-h i l ted

a nd R ixhe im s words were d er ived f ro m wes t c en tra l Europe , e xpecia l ly t he M idd le Rh ine a rea , wh i le mos t t ypes o f r od-tanged s words were d er ived f ro m n or thern I ta ly a nd t he wes t A lp ine a rea .

S tra igh t-bladed Monza , G r igny a nd

P 6pinv i l le s words ( L is ts 6 5-67 ) o f R e inecke D d a te a re f ound i n n or th-eas tern France a nd i n B e lg ium ;

s o me G r igny s words s how R osnoen i n f luence .

R od-

t anged s words w i th l ea f-shaped b lades , Ha A l , a re more c haracter is t ic o f t he

1 14

Par is a rea a nd r each s ou thern B r i ta in a nd B e lg iu m .

The Arco a nd Teron to la

( L is t 6 8 ) s words w ere o f I t a l ian i nsp ira t ion , w i th l oca l p roduc t ion i n t he Par is a rea p oss ib le wh i le t he s ing le Un terhach ing s word ( L is t 6 9 ) was o f midd le Rh ine o r ig in .

The e ar ly U rn f ie ld s o l id-h i l ted s word f ro m Boran i s o f s ou th

G er man o r ig in a nd R e inecke D/Ha A l d a te ( see p . 1 08-9 ). Af ew e xper i men ta l s words were p roduced i n Br i ta in b efore t he g enera l a dop t ion o f t he l ea f-shaped s words . A pp leby s o l id-h i l ted s words ( L is t 7 4 ) r epresen t s sma l l b u t h o mogeneous t ype w i th o ne e xa mp le e xpor ted t o n or thern France ;

t he s word f ro m t he Tren t n ear N o t t ingha m ( L is t 7 6 , 3 ) i s r ela ted t o

t h is t ype .

A par t f ro m t he L ondon A rco s word ( L is t 6 8 , 1 ) , t here i s n o r od-

t anged s word f ro m B r i ta in . al i t t le R ixhe im i n f luence ; s lash ing s word .

T he s word f ro m Methwo ld ( L is t 7 6 , 2 ) , e xh ibi ts t he E r iswe l l s word ( 1 11 ) i s a n e xper i men ta l

The Ba l l in tober a nd C he lsea t ypes , w i th l ea f-shaped b lades

a nd f la t h i l ts , s hou ld n o t h ave b een p roduced b efore Ha A l , t he l a ter p ar t o f LBAl ; s evera l were e xpor ted t o n or th-eas tern F rance ( L is t 7 5 ). L ea f-shaped f lange-h i l ted s words a ppeared i n wes t c en tra l E urope d ur ing Ha A l b u t d id n o t b eco me c o m mon u n t i l H a A 2.

The e ar l ies t t ype , H em igko fen a nd i t s

v ar ian ts ( L is t 7 0 ) i s f ound i n n or th-eas tern France , B e lg ium , t he N e ther lands , Br i ta in a nd I reland ;

l oca l p roduc t ion i n s o me o f t hese a reas i s p robab le .

Erbenhei m s words ( L is t 7 1 ) may a lso h ave b een p roduced i n Br i ta in , a s we l l a s i n t he s ou thern N e ther lands .

L et ten s words ( L is t 7 2 ) d id n o t r each Br i ta in

o r t he N e ther lands b u t o ne o f t he ir l arges t c oncen tra t ions was i n t he P ar is a rea .

T hese f lange-h i l ted s words o f l a te LBA1 were i m i ta ted i n B r i ta in

( Burgess 1 968a , 3 5 , f ig . 1 , 4 -5 ;

1 974 , 2 05 n .271-272 ) ,

l ower Thames v a l ley ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 6 ) .

p r incipa l ly i n t he

Burgess h as s ugges ted t he

e x is tence o f s im i lar t rans i t iona l s words i n France ( i bid ., 3 6, f ig . 1 , 6 ) , t hough French s cholars h ave n o t y e t made s uch a d is t inc t ion a nd h is i l lus tra ted e xamp le a ppears t o b e a n A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s word o f Bronze F ina l I ( L is t 1 11 , 5 3 ). S h ie lds .

L IST 7 7.

Af ine s er ies o f b ronze s h ie lds i s k nown f ro m Br i ta in a nd I re land , t hough n o s h ie lds h ave b een f ound i n F rance , B e lg iu m o r t he N e ther lands .

C oles

c ha l lenged t he t rad i t iona l v iew o f a n e ar ly U rn f ie ld o r ig in f or b ronze s h ie lds i n f avour o f al a te U rn f ie ld e igh th c en tury d a te ( 1962 , 1 62-163 , 1 74 ) , d enying t he a ssoc ia t ion o f as h ie ld f ro m P lzen-J ika lka , B ohe mia , w i th a n a d jacen t g roup o f o b jec ts o f R e inecke D d a te ( Coles 1 967a ).

S ince C oles wro te , s ign i-

f i can t f inds h ave b een made i n Hungary a nd i n Eng land . B ouzek ( 1 968 ) r epea ted t he c la im f or t he v a l id i ty o f t he P lzen a ssocia t ion a nd p o in ted o u t t ha t b ronze h e l me ts , c ors le ts a nd g reaves a l l h ad e ar ly Urn f ie ld •a ssoc ia t ions .

I n t he s ame v olume o f G er man ia Pa tay r eso lved t he p roble m

f or c er ta in g roups o f s h ie lds b y p ubl ish ing f ragmen ts o f s hee t b ronze s h ie lds w i th b ossed o rna men t i n e ar ly U rn f ie ld a ssocia t ions f ro m : N y ir tura , R e inecke D/Ha A l ( 1 968 , T a f . 3 1 ; A bb. 2 ) ; B odrogkeresztür , Ha A l ( i b id ., A bb. 1 , 1 ) ;

K eszöh idegkü t , H a A 2 ( i bid ., A bb. 1 , 2 -3 ) , a l l Hungary ;

H a A l ( i bid ., 2 45 , n .11 ) , C roa t ia .

a nd O tok-Pr iv laka ,

T he N y ir tura s h ie ld may b e p laus ib ly r e-

c ons tructed w i th o rnamen t a l mos t i den t ica l t o t ha t o n a Dan ish s hie ld f ro m L o m me lev , Fa ls ter ( Co les 1 962 , p l . XXX , b elow ).

On t he s ame Dan ish i s land ,

t wo s h ie lds were f ound t oge ther a t S 9 Srup ( Broho lm 1 946 , 1 81 M .24 ;

1 15

C o les

1 962 , p l . XXX I ) .

The f irs t b ears o rna men t i n c oncen tr ic c ircles , a l terna te ly

ar ib a nd a c irc le o f b osses ;

t he s econd b ears more c o mp lex o rna men t o f

t h in r ibs a nd b osses o f d i f feren t s izes .

T he f irs t

S irup

s h ie ld i s s im i lar i n

o rnamen t a nd d i mens ions t o as h ie ld f ro m L ough G ur , C o. L i mer ick ( i bid ., p l . XX IX , b e low ).

The Punk tbucke l o rnamen t o n t he s econd

s ugges ts a Ha B l/ MIV d a te ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 30 ; l e f t ) .

s h ie ld

S irup

Thrane 1 975 , 8 0 , f ig . 4 0 ,

An u nprovenanced Dan ish s h ie ld w i th Punk tbucke l a nd b ird-boa t d eco-

r a t ion a nd t h in r ibs i s a lso a ss igned t o t h is p er iod b y T hrane ( i bid .; 1 962 , p l . XXX , a bove ) . o r ig in a nd t he f i rs t

C o les

The L o m me lev s h ie ld i s p resu mab ly o f Danubian s h ie ld a B r i t ish e xpor t ( Thrane 1 975 , 8 1 ).

S irup

T hrane

s ugges ts t ha t t he L o m me lev s h ie ld was d epos i ted l a ter t han i t s Danubian c oun terpar ts a nd t ha t t he L ough G ur s h ie ld was c on te mporary ( i bid .).

H owever ,

t he S g frup a ssoc ia t ion s ugges ts t ha t Br i t ish p roduc t ion h ad b egun b y Ha B 1/ M IV .

The mos t n u merous g roup o f B r i t ish s h ie lds , t he Ye tho lm t ype ( Co les

1 962 , 1 65-169 , 1 87-189 ) i nc ludes t he L ough G ur s h ie ld ( i bid ., 1 88 n o . 3 2 ) a nd s hou ld a lso i nc lude t he f irs t S f Srup s h ie ld ;

t h is t ype s hou ld h ave a ppared

d ur ing l a te LBA1 , s o me t i me b efore Ha B 1. Aga ins t t h is b ackground may b e c ons idered t he t wo N ipperweise s h ie lds f ro m t he T hames v a l ley ( L is t 7 7 ).

N ipperwe ise s h ie lds h ave h i ther to b een

f ound o n ly i n n or thern a nd wes tern G er many a nd i n a d jacen t P o land , f or t he e pony mous f ind-spo t , o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he O der , i s n ow i n P o land where i ti s k nown a s Ogn ica ( Sprockho f f 1 930a , 1 -2 , T al . 1 ; 1 87 , p l . XXV I I , r igh t ) .

C o les 1 962 , 1 62-163 ,

The N ipperwe ise s h ie ld wh ich i s o f ten g iven t he p ro-

v enance S pa l t , Ldkr . S chwabach , Francon ia ( Henn ig 1 970 , 1 42 n o . 1 65 , T al . 8 6-87 ) , may b e o ne o f t he s h ie lds f ro m t he R . R edn i tz a t Ba mberg-Gaus tad t , Francon ia ( i bid ., 6 0 n o . 4 ; was o va l b u t i ti s n ow l os t .

R einecke 1 956) .

T he o ther s h ie ld f ro m Bamberg

N ipperwe ise s h ie lds , o f t h ick b ronze w i th s paced c oncen tr ic r ibs , a re r e la ted i n t echn ique a nd o rnamen t t o t he s h ie ld f ro m P lzen-J ika lka ( S prockhof f 1 930a , 2 , 1 8-20 , Ta f . 4 ;

C o les 1 962 , 1 63 , p l . XXV I I , l e f t ) f ound s o me 5 0 cm

a way f ro m a h oard e pony mous f or t he t rans i t iona l l a te Tu mu lus/ear ly U rn f ie ld h or izon i n B ohe m ia ( Kyt l icovä 1 964 ; h övel 1 974c , 6 1-62 , A bb. 1 ) .

v on Brunn 1 968 , 1 10 n .1 , 3 01 ;

A ssocia t ion o f t he s h ie ld w i th t he h oard c anno t

b e p roved ( Kyt l icovä 1 964 , 5 55 n .5 ;

C oles 1 967 , 1 52-153 ) b u t G er man s cho lars

t rea t t he s h ie ld a s o f e ar ly Urn f ie ld d a te ( Sprockho f f 1 954 , 7 3-74 ; K arpe 1 962 , 2 77; U -shaped n o tch ;

J ocken-

S chauer 1 975b , 3 07).

Mü l ler-

The P lzen s h ie ld h as i n i t s b oss a

t h is f ea ture r e la tes i tt o as er ies o f s hee t b ronze s h ie lds

s o me t i mes k nown a l ter a f ind f ro m H erz s prung , Kr . Os tpr ingn i tz , Brandenburg ( Co les 1 962 , 1 57;

S prockhof f 1 930a , 6 -8 , Ta f . 5 ) f ound ma in ly i n s ou thern

S cand inav ia ( Co les 1 962 , 1 86, f ig . 1 ) .

C o les i ns is ted t ha t t hese U -no tched

s h ie lds s hou ld b e d er ived f ro m e igh th c en tury A egean s h ie lds ( i bid ., 1 58 , 1 71 ; 1 967 ) a nd h e h as b een f o l lowed b y G rä .s lund ( 1967 ) a nd Thrane ( 1975 , 7 4-75 ) , wh i le B ouzek h as s ugges ted t ha t t he n o tch c ou ld h ave b een c op ied f ro m e ar l ier l ea ther s h ie lds ( 1968 , 3 16). C o les c o mpares N ipperwe ise s h ie lds t o c er ta in p ha lerae ( 1962 , 1 63 n .2 ) , l a te U rn f ield L ake V i l lage f or ms ( von Merhar t 1 956 , A bb . 5 , 2 ; 7 , 6 ) a nd t he ä l tere mi t te ldeu tsche g roup ( i b id ., 1 04 ).

Rese mblance t o t he f or mer i s

s uper f icia l b u t a ny r ela t ionsh ip w i th t he l a t ter wou ld , a s Thrane h as p o in ted

16

o u t ( 1 975 , 7 7 ) , imply a d a te a round Ha B 1 f or N ipperwe ise s h ie lds ( see p . 1 49 ) •

S ince t he A egean p r ior i ty a ssumed b y C o les c an n o l onger b e a ccep ted ,

s uch a d a te f or t he a ppearance o f N ipperwe ise s h ie lds may b e e n ter ta ined . T o s uppor t a n e ar ly U rn f ield d a te f or N ipperwe ise s h ie lds , Bouzek ( 1968 ) q uo ted c ircums tan t ia l e v idence f or e ar ly Urn f ie ld r e la t ions b e tween n or thern Europe a nd t he A egean a nd t he e ar ly U rn f ie ld d a te o f o ther c lasses o f s hee t b ronze a r mour i n c en tra l Europe . A sma l l g roup o f Br i t ish s h ie lds c o mpr ises e xa mp les o f s im i lar d i mens ions t o t he N ipperwiese g roup , b u t d ecora ted w i th l arge b osses .

Th is i s t he

E ynsham t ype ( Co les 1 962 , 1 70-171 , 1 90 ) a nd t wo o f t he f our e xamp les : E ynsham , Oxon ., a nd L i t t le Wi t tenham , Berks ., were f ound w i th in 1 6 km o f t he N ipperweise s h ie ld f ro m L ong Wi t tenham ( L is t 7 7, 1 ) . I t s ee ms p oss ible t ha t t he E ynsham s h ie lds were d er ived f ro m t he L ong Wi t tenha m i mpor t . C o les p roposed a l a te U rn f ie ld d a te f or E ynsham s h ie lds o n t he b as is o f r es e mblance t o Lake V i l lage p ha lerae ( 1 962 , 1 71 n .4-5 ; A bb . 2 , 2 ;

v on Merhar t 1 956 ,

5 , 6 ) b u t t h is r ese mb lance i s s uper f icia l a nd E ynsham s h ields

s hou ld b e e ar l ier . The Danubian s h ie lds d iscussed a bove b ear b ossed o rnamen t wh ich a lso o ccurs o n t he wooden s h ie ld i n t he H a A 2 b ur ia l f ro m Wol l meshe im , Kr . L andau , Rhe in land-P fa lz ( Coles 1 962 , 1 71 ; 1 971 , 1 68 n o . 5 09 ;

1 69 ).

Krahe 1 960 , A bb. 6 , 2 3 ;

S chauer

Th is b ur ia l a lso c on ta ined a n E rbenhei m s word a nd

i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he d i f fus ion o f N ipperwe ise s h ie lds t o Eng land was c onnec ted w i th t he d i f fus ion o f l ea f-shape f lange-h i l ted s words i n Ha A 2 .

I t may b e

s ign if ican t t ha t t hree N ipperwe ise s h ields c o me f ro m t he Rh ine- Ma in a rea ( Co les 1 962 , f ig . 1 ) where t hese s words a re mos t c o m mon ( Schauer 1 971 , Ta f . 1 20B-121A ). Two s ources h ave b een e s thbl ished f or Br i t ish b ronze s h ie lds .

The f irs t

i s e as t c en tra l Europe , v ia Denmark , f or t he Ye tho lm t ype a nd t he s econd i s t he midd le R h ine f or t he E ynsha m t ype .

The c hrono logy o f t hese i n f luences

i s u ncer ta in , b u t l a ter LBA1 i s p oss ib le f or b o th . C o les d is t ingu ished t hree o ther t ypes o f Br i t ish s h ie ld .

Har lech s h ie lds

( 1962 , 1 69 , 1 89-190 , p l . XXX I I , b e low ) h ave s paced c oncen tr ic r ibs w i thou t b osses ;

h e c la i med t ha t t hey were t he i nsu lar t ype c loses t t o t he c on t inen ta l

s er ies a nd c o mpared t he m t o t he N ipperwe ise t ype , b u t t he ir d iame ters a re c ons is ten t ly l arger t han t hose o f N ipperwe ise s h ie lds .

S ize l inks H ar lech

s h ie lds w i th t he Ye tho lm t ype a nd d ecora t ion w i th t he N ipperwe ise t ype .

Tren t

s h ie lds ( i bid ., 1 69 , 1 90 , p ls . XXX I I I , b e low ; XXX IV , u pper r igh t ) , w i th c oncen tr ic c orruga t ions , a re p robably d er ived f ro m Har lech s h ields . C oveney s h ie lds ( i bid ., 1 69-170 , 1 90 , p ls . XXX I I , a bove ;

XXX IV , l ower l e f t ) h ave

meander ing r ibs wh ich may b e d is tan t i m i ta t ions o f t he c on t inen ta l b ird mo ti f . S h ie lds w i th V-shaped n o tches a re d iscussed e lsewhere ( see p . 2 24 ). H e l me ts .

L IST 7 8 .

T h is b r ie f a ccoun t i s b ased o n H encken 's r ecen t s tudy o f t he b ronze h e l me ts o f t he European B ronze Age .( 1971 ). S evera l c res ted h e l me ts ( i b id ., 5 6-74 ) h ave b eenfound i n France , n or th a l mos t t o t he C hanne l c oas t ( i b id ., f ig . 3 0 ). T he e xa mples f ro m Mon t macq a nd Par is ( L is t 7 8 , 2 -4 ) p robably b e long t o a workshop g roup r epresen ted i n 1 17

France a nd G er many ( i bid ., 5 6) ;

t here a re t wo a dd i t iona l e xa mp les f ro m

B iebeshe im , Kr . G ross-Gerau , H esse ( Jorns 1 972 ).

The Ar mancour t h e l me t

i s r e la ted t o t he h oard o f n ine f ro m Bern i res d 'A i l ly , Ca lvados ( i bid ., 6 6-72 , f igs . 4 0-46) , a nd p robably b e longs t o a nother workshop g roup c en tred i n n ort hern France ( i bid ., 5 7 ).

Da table a ssocia t ions o f c res ted h el me ts a re s carce ;

t ypolog ica l r e la t ionsh ip w i th V i l lanovan h el mets l eads Hencken t o p ropose t ha t t he t ransa lpine e xa mples h ad a ppared b y t he t en th c en tury B . C. ( i bid ., 5 7). The Pass Lueg f ind h as b een d a ted a s e ar ly a s Reinecke D ( i bid ., 5 8 ) ;

t he Le

Th iel h el met , i fa n a ssocia t a f ind , h as b een d a ted e qua l ly e ar ly ( i bid ., 6 2 ). Fragmen ts o f c res ted h e l me ts o ccur i n t he h oards f ro m Huelva , Larnaud a nd Vena t wh ich c ou ld b e a s l a te a s t he b eg inn ing o f Ha C ( i bid ., 5 7).

B lanche t

a nd La mbot p refer a l a te U rn f ield d a te f or t he O ise h e l mets ( 1975 , 4 6).

The

LBA3 h oard f ro m No t tingha m H i l l , G loucs ., c on ta ins f our c on ica l r ivets ( Ha l l a nd G ingel l 1 974 , 3 08 , f ig . 4 , 1 0-13 ) ;

wh i le t hese migh t b e f ro m h el me ts ,

c on ica l r ivets a re k nown o n Br i tish a nd I r ish c au ldrons ( Leeds 1 930 , p l .V I , f igs . 2 -3 ;

Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957 , 1 86).

The c ap h e l mets ( Hencken 1 971 , 1 24-144 ) f ro m Man tes a nd S choonaarde ( Lis t 7 8 , 5 -6) a re p ar t o f a more s ca t tered g roup t han c res ted h el mets ( i bid ., f ig . 9 4 ).

T he r idge o n t he Man tes h e l me t r ela tes i tt o t he c res ted g roup , s o

i t may b e al oca l p roduct . f ie ld p er iod ( i bid., 1 24 ) ;

C ap h e l me ts p robably l as ted t hroughou t t he U rnt he Wonshei m h oard ( i bid ., 1 30 , f ig . 1 00 ) h as b een

d a ted t o Ha B 3 ( Her mann 1 966, 2 04 n o. 4 3 ). There i s ar ecord o f ah e l me t f ound w i th a l a te Urn f ie ld s ol id-h i l ted s word a t P icqu igny , S o m me ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 8 0 , 1 17, P icqu igny 1 ) . Hencken d oubts t he i den t if ica t ion o f t he s hee t b ronze f ragmen ts i n Bou t igny h oard ( 132 ) a s p ar ts o f h e l me ts ( 1971 , 1 83 ). The d is tr ibu t ion o f c res ted h e l mets s uggests t ha t t hey were p roduced i n n or thern France ;

t he c hronology o f t h is p roduct ion i s u ncer ta in , b u t i tc ou ld

h ave b egun a s e ar ly a s LBAl. G reaves .

L IST 7 9 .

L ike many o ther s heet b ronze a r te facts o f t he La te Bronze Age , g reaves h ave b een t he s ub jec t o f as tudy b y v on Merhar t ( 1 956-57 ). The f rag men t f ro m S a in t-P ierre-en-Chas tre ( L is t 7 9 , 1 ) i s om m i tted f ro m t h is s tudy ( i bid., 9 2-94 , . Abb. 1 ) , a s f ro m t hose o f G aucher a nd Rober t ( 1967, f ig . 5 1) a nd S chauer ( 1975b , 3 11).

Von Merhar t 's e ar ly d a ting o f s o me I ta l ian g reaves h as b een

c r i t icised b y S nodgrass ( 1964 , 8 6) , who s tressed Mycenaean p r ior i ty , a s s hown b y t he f ind f ro m Dendra . Da table f inds i n c en tra l Europe s how t ha t g reaves a ppaared t here d ur ing t he e ar ly U rn f ie ld p er iod .

The h oard f ro m R inyaszen tk irä ly , Hungary , i s o f

Ha A l d a te ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 962 , 2 75 ;

v on Brunn 1 968 , 2 91) a nd t he Ha B 1

h oard f ro m Beuron , Wür t te mberg , c on ta ins f ragmen ts wh ich p robably b e long t o g reaves ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 67, Ta f . 1 63A , 1 , 3 , 1 0-13 ; n .61).

1 962 , 2 75

Fragmen ts c o mpr is ing a l mos t h a lf o f ag reave a ppear i n Cannes-

E cluse h oard I , S eine-et- Marne ( Gaucher a nd R ober t 1 967 , 2 05-210 , f igs . 4 6-48 ).

None o f t he o ther o b jec ts i n t h is h oard n eed b e l a ter t han Bronze F ina l

I /Reinecke D ( Gaucher 1 976 , 5 80 ) b u t mos t o ccur w i th Ha A 2 o b jects i n t he a d jacen t h oard I ( see p . 9 9-100 ).

The d a te o f t he S a in t-P ierre-en-Chas tre

18

g reave i s u ncer ta in ;

mos t o f t he f inds f ro m t h is s i te a re o f l a te Urn f ield d a te.

The Cannes-Ec luse h oard d e mons tra tes t ha t b ron ze g reaves were k nown i n n or thern France d ur ing LBAl. C orsle ts . C ors lets a re i ncluded h ere t o c o mple te t he d iscuss ion o f b ronze a r mour . L ike g reaves a nd h e l mets , c ors le ts h ave b een t he s ub ject o f as tudy b y v on Merhar t ( 1 954 ).

H e d ef ined a wes t-A lpine g roup ( i bid ., 3 8 ) , b ased o n ma ter ia l

p ubl ished b y Deonna ( 1934 , 9 3-120 ).

More r ecen t s tudy h as b een c oncen tra ted

o n a n impor tan t g roup o f f inds f ro m S lovak ia a nd Hungary ( Pau lfk 1 968 ; 1 970b , 5 6).

Da tab le f inds b e long t o Ha A l:

N ovotnä

C aka ( von Brunn 1 968 , 2 98 ) a nd

Ducov6 ( Novotnä 1 970b , 5 6) , S lovak ia , a nd K6r ( von Brunn 1 968 , 2 91 ) , Hungary. The f ind f ro m C ierna n ad T isou , S lovak ia , i s r egarded a s c on te mporary w i th t hese e ar ly U rn f ie ld f inds b y Pau lik ( 1968 , 5 3 ) , i n c on tras t t o Novo tr4 ( 1966, 3 0-31 ) a nd S nodgrass ( 1971 , 3 9 ) who c ons ider i tt o b e o f l a te U rn f ield d a te. Th is e ar ly d a t ing a l lows Pau lik ( 1968 , 4 9 , 5 3 ) t o s ugges t t ha t t he s i mi lar c ors le t f ro m t he S aone a t S a in t-Ger ma in-du-P la in , S aöne-e t-Loire ( Deonna 1 934 , 1 17-120 , f igs . 2 6-28 ) i s o f e ar ly U rn f ield d a te a nd S lovak o r ig in .

The

o ther wes t A lpine c ors le ts a re p robably o f l a te U rn f ie ld d a te ( Pau l& 1 968 , 6 1; S nodgrass 1 971 , 3 8-39 ) , t hough Mü l ler-Karpe ( 1962 , 2 79 ) h as p roposed a Ha Ad a te f or t he e xa mp le f ro m G renoble , I s re ( Deonna 1 934 , 1 12-113 , f ig . 2 2 ). Pau lrk 's c hrono log y i s s u m mar ised i n h is t able ( 1968 , T abel le I ) . A l l o f t he t ypes o f b ronze a r mour k nown i n e as t c en tra l Europe d uring t he e ar ly Urn f ie ld p er iod ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 962 , A bb. 9 ;

S chauer 1 975b , Bei lage

4 8 , 3 ) were p robably a lso k nown i n wes tern Europe a t t his t ime .

He l mets

a nd g reaves a re k nown f ro m n or thern France a nd s h ields f ro m Br i ta in a nd I reland .

S chauer ( i bid ., Bei lage 5 0 , 3 ) c o mbines ma ter ia l f ro m t hese t wo

a reas a nd i n troduces t he Caka c ors let wh ich h e a lso u ses t o i l lus tra te e ar ly U rn f ield a r mour i n e as t a nd wes t c en tra l Europe ( i bid ., Bei lage 4 8 , 3 ; 2 -3 ).

4 9 ,

On ly h e l me ts a nd s h ields were manu factured i n wes tern Europe.

ORNA MENTS P oppy-head p ins .

L IST 8 0 .

MAP 3 4.

For many y ears , p oppy-head p ins h ave b een r egarded a s c haracter is tic o f t he e ar l iest Urn f ie lds i n t he wes t A lpine a rea ( K imm ig 1 941-47, 1 51-154 , Kar te ;

G ersbach 1 962 , 1 5 n .30 ).

I n s ou thern G er many t hey b elong t o Reinecke

D ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 03 , 1 44 , 1 71 ) a nd i n S wi tzer land t o t he c on te mporary S tu fe 1 o f Pr i mas ( 1971 , 5 6-58 , a bb. 1 2 ).

I n A lsace ( Zu ms te in 1 966, 4 0 ) ,

t he J ura ( M i l lot te 1 963 , 1 20 , 1 42 ) a nd f ur ther wes t ( K i m mig 1 951 , 7 7;

S andars

1 957, 1 16, 1 19-124 , map V I I ) , p oppy-head p ins a ppear i n t he e ar l ies t Urn f ields o f Bronze F ina l I .

P oppy-head p ins a re l ess c o m mon o n t he Midd le Rh ine ,

where s o me e xa mp les a re o f Ha A d a te ( Kuhach 1 977, 3 84 ; 3 0 , A bb. 5 , 4 ;

Doh le 1 970 , 1 29 , 2 52 n o . 1 8 , Ta r . 2 1A , 8 ) ;

H er mann 1 966 , t hey a lso o ccur

i n n or thern I ta ly ( Carancin i 1 975 , 4 9-51 ) a nd s ou th-eas tern France ( Audouze a nd C our tois 1 970 , 2 2-24 ).

S o me o f t hese p er iphera l e xa mples may b e l oca l

c opies o f Ha A d a te ( Kubach 1 977, 3 85 ).

1 19

Dur ing Bronze F ina l Ip oppy-head p ins r eached a s f ar a s t he s ou thern marg ins o f t he Par is Basin , e .g . J onches , Yonne ( Sandars 1 957 , 1 23 , p l . V I , 8 -9 ; N ico las , Duva l , E lu re , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 , 1 75 ) , a nd t he t wo e xamp les f ro m t he Par is a rea migh t b e e qua l ly e ar ly ( L is t 8 0 , 1 -2 ).

The l a ter

d a te p oss ible f or Midd le Rh ine p oppy-head p ins s ugges ts t ha t t he e xa mp le f ro m S choonaarde ( L is t 8 0 , 3 ) c ou ld b e o f Ha A d a te.

These t hree p ins h ave mou lded

o rna men t o n t he h ead a nd s hou ld p robably b e r egarded a s t rue p oppy-head p ins , b u t l ack o f a we l l-i l lus tra ted c orpus p reven ts c loser a t tr ibu t ion . The d er iva t ive p ins d i f fer f ro m t rue p oppy-head p ins i n f or m o r o rna ment a l t echn ique .

The F or t-Harrouard p in ( L is t 8 0 , 5 ) h as a p la in h ead , b u t i t s

f or m a nd t he r ibs o n t he s haf t s hou ld r e la te i tt o t he p oppy-head g roup .

The

S choonaarde p in ( L is t 8 0 , 6 ) r ese mbles t he p oppy-head p in w i th t he s a me p rove nance ( L is t 8 0 , 3 ) b u t h as i ncised o rnamen t o n i t s h ead .

The Wiche len p in

( L is t 8 0 , 7 ) r ese mbles s o me o f t he sma l l p oppy-head p ins f ro m n or thern I t a ly ( Carancin i 1 975 , 5 0 n os . 1 717-1732 ). r a ther r e mote d er iva t ive .

The H o ming ton p in ( L is t 8 0 , 4 ) i s a

The c hrono logy o f t hese d er iva t ives i s u ncer ta in ,

b u t a l l p robably b e long t o LBA1. S andars ( 1957 , 1 24 ) r egards t he p in w i th a f la t b icon ica l h ead f ro m t he S e ine a t P ar is ( L is t 9 3 , 3 ) a s ap oppy-head d er iva t ive . P ins w i th t rumpet h eads a nd r ibbed s wo l len s ha f ts .

L IST 8 1.

MAP 3 4.

P ins o f t h is t ype a ppear t o b e c haracter is t ic o f n or th-eas tern France a nd a d jacen t a reas .

G raue h er h as n amed t he more s wol len f or m t he C our tavan t

t ype a nd t he more s lender f or m t he S a in t -Gerva is t ype ( 1976 , 5 79 , f ig . 3 , 2 -3 ). The p resence o f l oops o n t he e xa mp le f ro m Ba t tel ( L is t 8 1 , 1 0 ) s ugges ts a r e la tionsh ip w i th P icardy p ins a nd Midd le Bronze Age r ibbed p ins , s uch a s t hose i n t he Huns tan ton a nd Baux-Sa in te-Croix h oards ( L is t 3 7, 5 , 9 ) . The S a in t-Ch k.o n a nd B o is-de-Lessines a ssoc ia tions ( L is t 8 1 , 6 , 1 2 ) i nd ica te LBA1 d a tes ; t here a re s im i lar p ins i n t he Re inecke D h oard f ro m E i t lbrunn , L dkr . Regensburg , Bavar ia ( M i l l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 47, 2 86, Ta f . 1 51C , 1 ; Kubach 1 977 , 3 29 n . 5 1) , i n ac on te mporary g rave f ro m S teinhei m , Kr . O f fenbach , H esse ( i bid ., 3 26 n o . 7 72 , 3 28-329 ) , a nd i n a Bronze F ina l I b uria l f ro m O ber fe ld , Egu ishe im , Hau t-Rh in ( Zu ms tein 1 966 , 1 06 , f ig . 3 3 , 1 79 ).

The G er man p ins h ave n arrow r ibs o f c oncave p rof i le r e la ted t o c o l lared

p ins ( Hund t 1 956, 5 2-53 ; Kubach 1 977 , 3 27) .

Kubach i ncluded t he Baux-Sa in te-

C roix p in ( L is t 3 7 , 9 ) a nd t he c ol lared p in f ro m V i l leneuve-Sa in t- Georges ( Lis t 8 2 , 3 ) among h is l i s t o f p ins w i th t ru mpe t h eads a nd r ibbed s wol len s haf ts ( 1977 , 3 28 n . 3 3 , 3 6) , r ecogn is ing t he c o l lared p in a f f in i t ies o f t he l a t ter . d a ted mos t e xa mp les t o Reinecke D ( i bid ., 3 28-329 ).

He

Rowlands h as a lso r e la ted

t he t wo Eng l ish e xa mp les ( L is t 8 1 , 1 -2 ) t o c ol lared p ins ( 1976, 2 02 ) ; b o th h ave a ngu lar r ibs , b u t t h is f ea ture h ad a ppeared o n t he Hunstan ton p in ( L is t 3 7 , 5 ) . The c ruci for m o rna men t o n t he h ead o f t he Amiens p in ( L is t 8 1 , 8 ) may b e r e la ted t o t ha t o n t he l a ter LBA1 p ins w i th b icon ica l o r s ub-bicon ica l h eads a nd r ad ia t ing o rna men t ( see p ..237). The p in w i th a s wol len s ha f t f ro m t he Dover h oard t h is t ype .

1 20

1 . 08 ) may b e long t o

C o l lared p ins .

L IST 8 2.

MAP 3 4.

C o l lared p ins o ccur i n t he n or th A lpine a rea a nd i n e as tern France ( Zi m mer mann 1 969-70 ; G a l lay a nd Huber 1 972 , 3 01-311; C our to is 1 957 , 2 66, f ig . 2 , c ar te C ; Audouze a nd C our to is 1 970 , 1 2-15 ) .

Mos t e xa mples b elong

t o Reinecke D a nd t he f ragmen t i n t he Ma lass is h oard , C her ( Br iard , C ord ier a nd G aucher 1 969 , 6 2 , f ig . 2 0 , 1 92 ) , wh ich c ons is ts ma in ly o f Bronze Moyen t ypes , s hou ld b elong t o t he b eg inn ing o f Bronze F ina l I .

O ther French e xa mp les

may b e l a ter ( Audouze a nd C our tois 1 970 , 1 5 ). The c ol lared p in i n t he S a in t-Jus t h oard ( L is t 8 2 , 2 ) s hou ld b e o f Bronze F ina l Id a te a nd o f e ast o r c en tra l French o r ig in ( i bid ., 1 4 ).

The Morsang-

S a in try p in i s s im i lar t o t he e xa mp le i n t he Bronze F ina l Ib ur ia l f ro m t he Faubourg S a in t -Gerva is , Auxerre , Yonne ( N icolas , Duva l , E lu re , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 , 1 52 , f ig . 6 , 2 ) , p resu mably e pony mous f or G aucher is S a in tG erva is t ype ( 1 976 , 5 79 , f ig . 3 , 3 ) .

The V i l leneuve-Sa in t- Georges p in ( L is t

8 2 , 3 ) may b e c o mpared t o t he e xa mp les i n t he Bronze F ina l Ih oard f ro m La P oype , R even t in-Vaugr is , I stre ( Audouze a nd C our tois 1 970 , 1 2 n os . 3 3-34 ; K ubach 1 977 , 3 29 ).

Thus , t he t hree c ol lared p ins f ro m n or th-eas tern France

s hou ld a l l b e o f French o r ig in a nd e ar ly LBA1 d a te. P ins w i th g lobu lar h eads a nd i ncised o rna men t .

L IST 8 3 .

MAP 3 4.

The t wo p ins f ro m t he Par is a rea ( Lis t 8 3 , 1 -2 ) may b e c o mpared t o a n e xa mp le f ro m t he Doubs a t P on toux , S aone-et-Loire ( Bonna mour 1 969 , 7 9 n o. 8 4 , p l . XVI I I ) a nd a no ther i n t he Bronze F ina l Ih oard f ro m La Poype , Reven t inVaugr is , I sn 'e ( Audouze a nd C our to is 1 970 , 2 2 n o . 1 15 ) , wh ich i s r ela ted t o s o me o f Kubach 's Urberach p ins o f Reinecke D ( 1977, 3 45 n . 4 4 , 3 49-352 ). G un tersblu m p ins .

L IST 8 4.

MAP 3 4 .

Th is t ype o f p in i s o f ten k nown a s t he Ma inz t ype .

G un tersblu m p ins a re

d is t ingu ished b y ab road h ead d iv ided i n to t hree s tages b y h or izon ta l g rooves a nd c ol lars o f s im i lar f or m o n t he n eck .

Th is i s ac o m mon middle Rh ine t ype

o f Reinecke D a nd t he t rans i t ion t o Ha A ( Kubach 1 977, 3 70-381).

There i s a

s ing le Be lg ian e xamp le f ro m Han . P ins w i th b ands o f i nc ised o rna men t o n t he s ha f t .

L IST 8 5 .

MAP 3 4.

Bu t ler ( 1969 , 4 8 ) d a tes t he Laren p in t o t he t wel f th c en tury , e ar ly Urn f ie ld/ MI I I , a nd h is c ap t ion s ta tes t ha t i t s o rna men t i s i n n or th-east G er man s tyle ( i bid ., 5 4 ; L is t 8 5 , 1 ) .

S uch b ands o f i ncised o rna men t , l i nes , h a tching a nd

z ig-zag , a ppear t o b e r are o n p ins f ro m Meck lenburg a nd P o meran ia , t hough t here a re s i mi lar mot i fs o n ap in f ro m b arrow I I , Fr iedr ichsruhe , Kr . Parch im , Meck lenburg ( Schubar t 1 972 , 9 7 , Ta f . 1 6, d a te .

G 3 ) , p robably o f MI I I

Bands o f i ncised o rna men t a re c o m mon o n t he s ha f ts o f MI I p ins f ro m

S i lesia ( von R ich tofen 1 926, Ta f . 1 9-20 ; Kos trzewsk i 1 970 , Ryc. 4 1; I nv . Arch . PL142 , 1 ; 1 45 , 1 ) .

The Laren p in c o mes f ro m t he s et t le men t e pony mous

f or t he f ina l p hase o f t he H i lversum c u l ture i n t he s ou thern N ether lands ( see p . 2 80 ). The Veenenburg h oard d oes n ot p rov ide g ood d a t ing e v idence f or t he p ins wh ich i tc on ta ins ( Lis t 8 5 , 2 ).

These may b e c o mpared t o e ar ly MI I I p ins f ro m

L ower S axony , ad a te c ons isten t w i th t ha t p roposed b y Bu t ler f or t he Laren p in . 1 21

The p ins f ro m Gw i th ian , C ornwa l l . T he s et t le men t s i te a t Gw i th ian , C ornwa l l h as p roduced f ragmen ts o f t wo p ins o f p robable e ar ly LBA1 d a te ( Row lands 1 976 , 2 03-204 , p l . 1 9 , 1 66 ; Megaw 1 976 , A ppend ix I ) .

F ro m s i te I X , h ouse 1 , l ayer 3 , c ame t wo h eads

o nb roken s ha f ts . T he f irs t h as a p yram ida l h ead d iv ided i n to f our s tepped r ibs , e ach n o tched ; t he s ha f t b ears t wo p anels o f o bl ique l i nes , s epara ted b y d ouble r ibs .

T he s econd h as ab icon ica l h ead w i th s ix s tepped r ibs , a l l b u t

t he l owes t n o tched ; t he s ha f t b ears b ands o f o b l ique n o tches s epara ted f ro m a p ane l o f h a tched l i nes b y t r ip le a nd q uadrup le r ibs . T he f or ms o f t he h eads o f t hese p ins c an b e ma tched i n R e inecke D b ur ia ls f ro m T ha lhe im , Z ur ich ( Pr i mas 1 971 , 5 6, A bb . 1 ) ,and B ennw ihr , H au t-Rh in , b ur ia l 1( Zums te in 1 966 , 4 0-41 , 7 5-77 , f ig . 1 6 , 3 4-35 ).

T hese f or ms a re n o t

e spec ia l ly c o m mon ; t he b icon ica l f or m i s r e la ted t o t he p oppy-head t ype . These c on t inen ta l p ins h ave mu l t ip le g rooved o rnamen t o n t he ir s ha f ts ; t he p anels a nd r ibs o n t he Gwi th ian p ins may b e c o mpared t o t he o rnamen t o n t he p in i n t he MBA2 h oard f ro m P la i t ford ( L is t 3 7, 3 ) . Ear l ier LBA1 p ins . T he o n ly l oca l p in t ype p roduced i n n or th-eas tern France d ur ing e ar l ier LBA1 was t he t ype w i th t ru mpe t h ead a nd r ibbed s wo l len s ha f t ( L is t 8 1 ) ; t here a re a lso e xa mp les f ro m B e lg ium a nd Eng land . The e ar ly U rn f ie ld p ins o f B ronze F ina l Ii n e as tern a nd c en tra l France a re n o t c o m mon f ur ther n or th .

T here a re p oppy-head p ins a nd c ol lared p ins

( L is ts 8 0 , 8 2 ) f ro m n or th-eas tern France ; p oppy-head p ins a nd d er iva t ives a lso o ccur i n B e lg iu m a nd t here i s o ne r e mo te d er iva t ive f ro m Eng land . T he p ins w i th g lobu lar h eads f ro m n or th-eas tern F rance ( L is t 8 3 ) may a lso b e o f s ou th-eas tern F rench o r ig in . I n B e lg ium t here i s as ing le G un tersblu m p in o f midd le Rh ine o r ig in ( L is t 8 4 ) , t hough B e lg ian p oppy-head p ins may h ave b een d er ived f ro m t h is a rea . O rna men ted p ins , p erhaps o f n or th-wes t G er man o r ig in , o ccur i n t he s ou thern N e ther lands . The Gw i th ian p ins a ppear t o b e d er ived f ro m e ar ly U rn f ie ld f or ms , t hough t he ir s ha f ts s how i nsu lar M idd le Bronze Age i n f luence , a s d o t he a ngu lar r ibs o n t he Eng l ish t rumpe t-head p ins ( L is t 8 1 , 1 -2 ). T he c hrono logy o f t he h oard f ro m V i l le th ierry , Yonne . N ow f undamen ta l f or t he s tudy o f p ins o f t he e ar l ier p ar t o f t he L a te Bronze Age i s t he h oard f ro m V i l le th ierry , Yonne ( Mordan t a nd P rampar t 1 976) .

Th is h oard c on ta ins 4 88 p ins , v ar ious o ther o rnamen ts a nd a f ew f rag-

men ts o f t oo ls , weapons a nd r aw me ta l ( i bid ., T ableau 3 ) . f or ms o f p in a re r epresen ted :

T he f o l low ing

d iscoida l p ins w i th a ngu lar p ro f i le , c yl indr ica l

p ro f i le o r f la t w i th a c en tra l k nob ; s ub-bicon ica l-headed p ins w i th s y m me tr ica l o r a ssy m me tr ica l p rof i le ; p ins w i th t runca ted s ub-bicon ica l h eads w i th c onvex o r s tra igh t-s ided p rof i le ; p ins w i th f la t tened c onvex h eads w i th d ouble c ol lar ; s hepherd 's c rook p ins ; r ol l-headed p ins ( i bid ., f ig . 1 2 ) . Mordan t a nd P ra mp ar t d a te t he a ppearance o f d isco ida l-headed p ins t o Bronze F ina l I ; s hepherd 's c rook p ins a nd p ins w i th f la t tened c onvex h eads , a longs ide w i l lowlea f b rooches

1 22

a re d a ted t o Bronze F ina l Ha , wh i le p ins w i th s ub-bicon ica l a nd r ol led h eads a re d a ted t o Bronze F ina l H b ( i bid ., 2 00 ).

Th is Bronze F ina l Hb a ppears t o

a l low a d a te a s l a te a s Ha B 1 o r LBA2 f or t he V i l lethierry h oard a nd e v idence f or t he d a te o f t he d epos i t ion o f t he h oard i n t er ms o f t he s ou th G er man c hrono logy i s e xa m ined b elow . Kubach , r elying o n a n i n ter im p ubl ica t ion ( Joly 1 970 , 4 52-458 ) , c ons iders t ha t t he V i l le th ierry h oard i s c on te mporary w i th t he Reinecke D/Ha A l h oard f ro m t he Rh ine a t Ma inz ( 1 973a , 3 02 ; 1 977, 3 91 , 4 03 , 4 05 , 4 49 ; Betzler 1 974 , 4 6).

H e p laces t he p ins w i th f la ttened c onvex h eads i n h is Escherhei m v ar ian t

o f t he Wol l meshe im t ype ( 1977 , 4 26 n . 2 4 ) , b u t t he d e f in i t ive p ubl ica t ion o f t he V i l leth ierry h oard i nd ica tes t ha t t hey a re c loser t o h is Eschol lbrücken v ar ian t ( Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976, f ig . 8 9 ; Kubach 1 977, 4 22-423 , Ta f . 6 7, 9 951 002 ) o f i l l-def ined R einecke D a nd Ha A d a te ( i bid ., 4 39-440 ).

Wi l low-lea f

b rooches p robably a ppeared d ur ing Re inecke D ; t hey were c er ta in ly c urren t i n Ha A l a nd may h ave l as ted l onger ( Betzler 1 974 , 4 5-46).

Mordan t a nd

Pra mpar t c i te G er man e v idence o f a Ha A 2 d a te f or t he V i l le th ierry d iscoida lh eaded p ins ( 1976 , 1 56):

E schborn , Ma in-Tanus-Kr ., H esse ( Kubach 1 977,

4 52 n o . 1 100 ) , a nd Wol l meshei m , Kr . Landau , Rhein land-P fa lz ( Krahe 1 960 , A bb. 6 , 3 ; S chauer 1 971 , 1 70 ) , b u t t hese a re d i fferen t f ro m t he V i l lethierry p ins , b icon ica l w i thou t t he c onvex p rof i le o f t he u pper p ar t o f t he V i l leth ierry p ins .

C o mpar ison w i th t he l arge b icon ica l h eaded p ins f ro m V i l le th ierry

( Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976, f igs . 6 5-76) d oes n ot a ppear t o b e p recise .

The

V i l leth ierry p ins w i th s ub-bicon ica l h eads a re a lso c o mpared t o Ha A 2 p ins ( i bid ., 1 58 ) f ro m S tu t tgar t-Bad C ans ta t t , Wür t te mberg ( Dehn 1 972 , Ta f . 5 D , 3 ) , a nd G ern linden , L dkr . Fürs ten feldbruck , Bavar ia ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , Ta f . 1 89B , 3 ) .

The S tu t tgar t p in a ppears t o h ave a t rumpe t-shaped , n ot s ub-

b icon ica l , h ead ; t he G ern l inden p in i s more r elevan t , a ssocia ted w i th a Ha A 2 k n i fe l i ke t hose i n h oard If ro m Cannes-Ec luse , n ear V i l le th ierry ( Gaucher a nd Rober t 1 967, f igs . 2 1; 2 3 , 1 ) .

The Ha A 2 c o mpar isons f or t he V i l leth ierry

p ins w i th f la t tened c onvex h eads a re n ot c onv incing ( Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976, 1 60 ; Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , A bb. 3 9 , 2 -3 ; Her mann 1 966, A bb. 5 , 2 7). The Ha A 2 p ins w i th s pind le-whor l h eads f ro m H esse ( i bid ., A bb. 5 , 1 5-16; K ubach 1 977 , 3 64 n os . 8 92-895 ; Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976, 1 59 ) h ave b road b icon ica l h eads w i th s tra igh t-s ided p rof i le d is tinc t f ro m a ny V i l leth ierry f or m . C o mpar ison w i th G er man e v idence emphas ises t he Reinecke D a nd Ha A l c on ten t o f t he V i l le th ierry h oard a nd min im ises Ha A 2 e le men ts .

V i l le th ierry

r epresen ts a l oca l t rad i t ion o f Bronze F ina l H b , b u t t h is s hou ld c er ta in ly b e d a ted e ar l ier t han t he b eg inn ing o f Ha B , l ike Cannes-Ec luse h oard I ( see p . 9 9-100 ) c on te mporary w i th t he l a ter p ar t o f LBAl. Wol l meshei m p ins .

L ISTS 8 6-87.

MAP 3 5 .

Ah eterogeneous g roup o f e ar ly Urn f ie ld p ins h av ing b road c onvex h eads w i th c ol lars b elow h as o f ten b een t rea ted u nder t he g enera l t i t le o f ' Binn ingen ' o r ' Urn f ie ld t p ins ( Kubach 1 977, 4 07).

A more d e ta i led t ypo logy h as b een

e labora ted b y Kubach ; t he B inn ingen t ype i s r es tr ic ted t o p ins w i th c onvex , mushroo m-shaped h eads a nd t hree t o f ive b road , wel l-def ined c o l lars s epara ted b y d is t inc t z ones ( i bid ., 4 15-422 ).

B inn ingen p ins a re f ound ma in ly i n

t he n or th A lpine a rea , w i th a f ew e xa mp les f ro m t he midd le Rh ine ( i bid ., Taf . 1 04A ).

The p in f ro m Te mse-Ve ld molenwi jk ( L is t 8 7 , 2 ) i s i ncluded i n a

1 23

g roup o f r ela ted p ins w i th a s ing le r ib ( i bid ., 4 16 n . 7 ) a nd t he S choonaarde p in s hou ld b e long t o t he s a me g roup ( L is t 8 7 , 1 ) .

B inn ingen p ins a re mos t ly

o f Reinecke D/Ha A d a te , t hough s o me may b e l a ter ( i bid ., 4 19-421). Wol lmeshei m p ins h ave h eads l arger t han B inn ingen p ins , c onvex , s ubb icon ica l , mushroo m-shaped o r o n ion-shaped , w i th o ne t o s ix c ol lars , a ngu lar o r c onvex , s o met i mes i l l-def ined ( i bid ., 4 22 ).

Kubach h as d ef ined s evera l

v ar ian ts a nd t he O pheusden p in ( Lis t 8 6, 4 ) i s p laced i n t he K leinbli t tersdorf v ar ian t ( i bid ., 4 24 n . 2 1 ) which a ppeared i n Re inecke D ( i bid ., 4 41).

The

A le m p in h as t he s a me a ssy m metr ica l c o l lar p rof i le a s t he K leinbl i t tersdorf v ar ian t ( L ist 8 6, 3 ) a nd t h is f ea ture a lso c haracter ises t he Wo l l meshe im p ins i n t he V i l leth ierry h oard ( Mordan t a nd Prampar t 1 976, 1 10 , f igs . 8 8-89 ) , t hough t hese p ins p robably b e long t o t he Escho l lbrücken v ar ian t ( see p . 2 35 ) . Wol l meshe im p ins a re p redo m inan t ly a midd le R h ine t ype w i th a s parse d is tr ibu t ion wes t t o t he Par is Bas in , where o n ly t hree e xa mp les o ccur i n t he V i l leth ierry h oard , a nd a s ca t ter o n t he l ower Rh ine a nd S cheld t ( Map 3 5 ; Kubach 1 977, 4 46-450 , Ta f . 1 03 , 1 04B-105 ).

S o me e xa mp les h ave a Re inecke

D d a te b u t mos t a re Ha A ( i bid ., 4 46). P ins w i th b icon ica l o r s ub-bicon ica l h eads a nd r ad ia t ing o rna men t .

L IST 8 8.

MAP 3 5 . T hese p ins , d iscussed b y Audouze ( 1971) , b elong t o t he t ype wh ich i s t he mos t n u merous i n t he V i lle th ierry h oard ( Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976, 7 3-103 ). Rad ia t ing o rna men t i s u sua l o n t he f irs t v ar ian t o f p ins w i th s ub-bicon ica l h eads i n t he h oard , t hose w i th a n a ssy m me tr ica l p rof i le ( i bid ., f igs . 6 1-66) , o f wh ich t here a re f or ty-f ive e xa mp les .

T his t ype i s f ound t hroughou t t he Par is Bas in

( i bid ., f ig . 1 74 ) a nd v ar ious c on tex ts , i nclud ing F or t-Harrouard ( Lis t 8 8 , 2 ) , g ive a Bronze F ina l I b d a te ( i bid ., 1 58-159 ) wh ich V i l leth ierry s hou ld p lace w i th in Ha A . S hepherd 's c rook p ins .

L IST 8 9.

MAP 3 5 .

S hepherd 's c rook p ins a re c o m mon i n France , e spec ia l ly i n t he Par is Bas in where f i f ty-six e xa mples o ccur i n t he V i l le th ierry h oard ( Cord ier 1 972 , 8 6-88 ; Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976 , 1 22-127 , f ig . 1 75 ; Kubach 1 977 , 3 94 n . 4 0 ) ; t he f orm o r ig in ia ted i n S axony a nd a d jacen t a reas ( Coblenz 1 952 , 8 99 6 , Kar te 8 ) , where i ta ppeared a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he U rn f ield p er iod a nd l as ted t o Ha B 1 ( von Brunn 1 968 , 1 99 ).

I n s ou th-wes tern G er many s hepherd 's

c rook p ins were k nown d ur ing Reinecke D ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 71) a nd i n H esse ( Kubach 1 977, 3 91-392 ) a nd t he N euwe id Bas in ( Joach im 1 973a , 1 911 92 , A bb. 1 ) d ur ing Ha A .

Kubach h as c la i med t ha t s o me French f inds a re

o f Reinecke D d a te ( 1 977, 3 75 ) b u t Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t p lace n one b e fore t he b eg inn ing o f Bronze F ina l I ( 1976 , 1 62 ). The s hepherd 's c rook p in f ro m D inorben ( L is t 8 9 , 1 ) i s p resu mably o f French o r ig in , n o t e ar l ier t han Bronze F ina l I/Ha A . P ins w i th s p ind le-whor l h eads .

L IST 9 0 .

MAP 3 3.

These p ins h ave b icon ica l h eads , s o me t i mes t runca ted , w i th s tra igh ts ided p rof i les , o f ten b ear ing h or izon ta l o rna men t ; t hey f or m a h e trogeneous , w idespread g roup o f e ar ly Urn f ie ld d a te.

Exa mples f ro m P esch iera ( Carancin i

1 975 , 4 4 n os . 1 565-1571 , 1 573-1574 ) were u sed b y Mü l ler-Karpe t o d a te 1 24

Bavar ian e xamp les t o Re inecke D ( 1959 , 1 45 , 1 49 , Ta f . 1 04 , 9 -10 ; 1 88A , 1 ) . A s ing le e xa mple f ro m C or ta i l lod , N eucha te l , i s i l lus tra ted b y Ruof f ( 1974 , 5 0 , A bb. 1 9 , s econd r ight ) among many o ther p in t ypes o f Ha A 2 ( i bid ., 2 7, A bb. 1 9-20 ; Ta f . 3 0 , 3 1-32 ).

Mos t s i mple e xa mples f ro m Hesse a lso b elong

t o Ha A2 ( Her mann 1 966, 3 0 , A bb. 5 , 7 ; Kubach 1 977, 3 63-368 ).

French

e xa mp les d o n ot a ppear b efore Bronze F ina l I a nd s o me a re l a ter ( Audouze a nd C our tois 1 970 , 1 9 ; Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976 , 1 59-160 ).

The f inds o f

p ins w i th s pind le-whor l h eads f ro m n or thern France ( i bid ., f ig . 1 74 ; L is t 9 0 ) s hou ld b e r e la ted t o t he e ight e xa mp les i n t he V i l leth ierry h oard ( i bid ., 1 10 , f igs . 8 6-87) a nd b e o f l a te r LBA1 d a te. P ins w i th b road r ibbed b icon ica l h eads .

L IST 9 1.

MAP 3 5.

Desp i te t he ir g enera l r ese mblance t o p ins i n t he V i l leth ierry h oard , t he t wo p ins w i th b road r ibbed b icon ica l h eads f ro m Par is ( Lis t 9 1 , 2 -3 ) a re d i ff icu l t t o ma tch .

The f irs t i s c lose t o as ing le V i l le th ierry p in ( Mordan t a nd

Pra mpar t 1 976, 1 03 , 1 60 , f igs . 8 3-84 ) a nd t he s econd t o a n u nprovenanced p in i n Auxerre Museu m ( N ico las , Duva l . , E lu re , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 , 1 90 n o . 1 23 ).

Probably r ela ted i s t he S chwabsburg f or m f ound o n t he midd le

Rh ine ( Kubach 1 977, 4 52-454 ) a nd t he Ha A 2 d a te o f t h is f or m a ccords w i th t he d a te o f t he V i l le th ierry h oard .

There i s ap in s im i lar t o t he l arger Par is

e xa mp le ( Lis t 9 1 , 2 ) i n ab ur ia l f ro m H e i mbach- M i t telweg , Kr . N euweid , Rh ine land ( von U s lar 1 939 , 1 3-14 , A bb. 2 , 2 ; Doh le 1 970 , 1 29-130 , 2 56 n o . 1 97, Ta f . 1 9 , 9 ) , p robably o f Ha A 2 d a te ( Des i t tere 1 968 , 1 2; J ockenhöve l 1 971 , 1 10 ). The p in f ro m C a mbr idge ( L is t 9 1 , 1 ) i s p robably c on te mporary w i th t he p ins d iscussed a bove a nd may b e c o mpared t o a sma l l g roup o f Ha A 2 p ins o n t he midd le a nd u pper Rh ine ( Kubach 1 977, 4 73 ) , e specia l ly t o t he e xa mp le f ro m P fungs tad t , Kr . Dar ms tad t , H esse ( i bid ., 4 71 n o . 1 180 ).

Two s im i lar p ins

f ro m An jou h ave b roader h eads ( Cord ier a nd G ruet 1 975 , f ig . 4 7, 1 -2 ). P ins w i th b road c onvex h eads .

L IST 9 2.

MAP 3 5 .

P ins w i th b road h eads , c onvex a bove a nd c on ica l b e low a n a ngu lar p rof i le , a re c o m mon i n t he V i lle th ierry h oard ; t here a re t wo v ar ian ts , o n t he f irs t t he j unc tion b etween t he h ead a nd t he s ha f t i s marked b y s teps , o n t he s econd i ti s smooth ( Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976, 2 3-47, f igs . 1 7-32 , 3 4-43 , 4 6-55 ). Th is f or m p erhaps a ppeared d ur ing Bronze F ina l Ia nd was s t i l l c urren t l a te i n Bronze F ina l I ( i bid ., 1 54-156).

There a re s im i lar p ins i n t he Reinecke D/

Ha A l h oards f ro m t he Rh ine a t Ma inz ( Kubach 1 977 , 3 99 n o. 9 72 ) a nd S tockhei m , L dkr . G unzenhausen , F rancon ia ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , Ta l . 1 56, 4 ; K ubach 1 977, 4 04 ). The t wo e xa mples f ro m n or th-eas tern France ( L is t 9 2 , 1 -2 ) s hou ld b e d er ived f ro m f ur ther s ou th .

The p in f ro m G asteren ( L is t9 2, 3 ) i s f ro m t he

s i te e pony mous f or a n impor tan t g roup o f c e meter ies o f t he La te Bronze Age i n t he n or thern Ne ther lands ( Bu t ler 1 969 , 8 2 ; Wa terbolk 1 962 , 1 5-18 , A bb. 5 -9 ).

Bu t ler h as p roposed a .s ou th G er man o r ig in a nd a Ha B 1 d a te f or t he

G as teren p in ( 1 969 , 8 2 , a fb. 3 2 ; Wa terbolk 1 962 , 1 8 n . 3 1 ).

The o rna men t

o n t he G asteren p in i s v ery s im i lar t o t ha t o n s o me p ins f ro m V i l le th ierry ( Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976, f igs . 5 3-54 , 9 2 ) a nd a French o r ig in a nd Bronze F ina l I/Ha A d a te s hou ld b e s ubst i tu ted . G as teren u rn f ields i n to Ha A . 1 25

Th is c ou ld r a ise t he i n i tia l d a te o f

P ins w i th f la t b icon ica l h eads .

L IST 9 3 .

MAP 3 5 .

P ins w i th f la t o r t runca ted h eads w i th b icon ica l p rof i le o ccur i n n or thern I ta ly where t hey a re k nown a s t he Tragno t ype ( Carancin i 1 975 , 4 9 n os . 1 698-1707 ).

E xa mp les w i th r ibbed , a s o pposed t o i nc ised , o rnamen t o n t he

h ead b e long t o Ha A l i n Bavar ia ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 53 , T al . 1 84D , 5 ) . S i mp ler e xa mp les a re k nown f ro m t he s ame p er iod i n s ou th-wes tern G er many ( i bid ., 1 72 , T al . 2 05B , 1 3 ) .

S uch p ins o ccur t hroughou t Ha A i n H esse

( Kubach 1 977 , 4 60-465 ) . The o rnamen t o n t he P ar is p in i n t he A sh mo lean Museum ( L is t 9 3 , 3 ) b ears s l igh t r ese mblance t o t ha t o n s o me p oppy-head p ins a nd t h is l ed S andars ( 1957 , 1 24 ) t o r egard i ta s ad er iva t ive p oppy-head p in .

Whe ther i ta nd t he

o ther e xa mp le f ro m Par is ( L is t 9 3 , 4 ) were s o d er ived o r r e la ted t o s ou th G er man P la t tenkop fnade ln ,

al a ter LBA1 d a te s ee ms l i ke ly .

T he t wo p ins

f ro m t he Tha mes ( L is t 9 3 , 1 -2 ) h ave a n otched r ib a round t he h ead ;

t h is

s hou ld r e la te t he m t o a sma l l g roup o f p ins f ro m H esse ( Kubach 1 977 , 4 61 n os . 1 128-1133 ) d a ted t o H a A ( i bid ., 4 63-465 ) . La ter LBA1 p ins . T he f o l low ing f or ms s hou ld b e o f B ronze F ina l I/Ha A d a te , t ha t i s l a ter LBA1 :

Wo l l meshe im a nd r e la ted p ins ( L is ts 8 6-87 ) ;

a nd r ad ia t ing o rna men t ( L is t 8 8 ) ; s pind le-whor l h eads ( L is t 9 0 ) ;

p ins w i th b icon ica l h eads

s hepherd 's c rook p ins ( L is t 8 9 ) ;

p ins w i th

p ins w i th b road c onvex h eads ( L is t 9 2 ) ;

w i th f la t b icon ica l h eads ( L is t 9 3 ) .

p ins

T he Ha A 2 Landau p in i n t he I s leham h oard

( 127 ) was d epos i ted d ur ing LBA2 . The Wo l l meshe im a nd r e la ted p ins o f u pper a nd m idd le Rh ine o r ig in o ccur i n t he l ower R h ine a rea , n o t i n n or th-eas tern France . The L andau p in f ro m I s leham i s o f midd le Rh ine o r ig in a nd t he p ins w i th f la t b icon ica l h eads f ro m Par is a nd L ondon c ou ld c o me f ro m t he s ame a rea .

T he o ther p ins f ro m

n or th-eas tern F rance c an a l l b e c o mpared t o e xamp les i n t he V i l le th ierry h oard a nd p ins w i th b icon ica l h eads a nd r ad ia t ing o rna men t , s hepherd 's c rook p ins , p ins w i th s p ind le-whor l h eads a nd p ins w i th b road c onvex h eads c ou ld a l l b e l oca l Par is Bas in t ypes .

P ins w i th b road r ibbed b icon ica l h eads r e-

s e mble midd le Rh ine t ypes a s we l l a s p ins f ro m V i l le th ierry ; f or m f ro m C a mbr idge s hou ld b e a midd le Rh ine t ype .

t he p in o f t h is

On ly t he s hepherd 's

c rook p in f ro m D inorben o f t he Br i t ish l a ter LBA1 p ins a ppears c er ta in ly t o b e o f French o r ig in . A lso o f French o r ig in i s t he p in w i th ab road c onvex h ead f ro m G as teren i n t he n or thern N e ther lands . Brace le ts .

L IST 9 4 .

Brace le ts , c haracter is t ic o rna men ts o f MBA2 , a re r are i n LBA1 c on tex ts . T he t wis ted b race le t i n t he B o is-de-Less ines h oard ( L is t 4 4 , 7 ) i s p robab ly o f e ar ly LBA1 d a te . T he d ecora ted b racele t i n t he s a me h oard ( L is t 9 4 , 3 ) a nd t he p a ir i n t he Aniin h oard ( L is t 9 4 , 1 ) a re p robably c on te mporary , r el a ted t o t he N ieder-Flörshe im t ype o f R e inecke D ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 07-111) . On ly a s ing le i so la ted f ind o f ab racele t c an t en ta t ive ly b e a ss igned t o LBA1 , t hough a Bronze F ina l fda te h as b een c la i med f or t he b race le t f ro m B ou logne ( L is t 4 5 , 2 ;

s ee p . 8 8 ) .

P ennannu lar b race le ts w i th t r iangu lar

s ect ions a nd g eo me tr ic i nc ised o rnamen t a ppear t o h ave b een c urren t t hrough-

1 26

o u t t he La te Bronze Age i n France ( N ico las , Duva l , E luere , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 , 1 69-171 , f ig . 1 2 , 7 2-74 ) b u t t hey a ppeared d ur ing Bronze F ina l I , e .g . i n b ur ia l 1 01 a t La C olo mbine , C ha mplay , Yonne ( Lacro ix 1 957 , 5 8-60 , f igs . 3 6-39 ;

E luere 1 974 , 5 59 ).

There i s p oin t i l l6 o rna men t o n a

b racelet i n t he Bronze F ina l Ih oard f ro m Car lipa , Aude ( Gu i la ine 1 972 , 2 42 , n o . 1 5 , f ig . 8 4 , 8 ) .

The b racele t f ro m Lacro ix-Sa in t-Ouen may b e LBA1 ,

t hough i tc ou ld b e l a ter ( B lanche t a nd La mbot 1 975 , 3 8 ). B el t o rna men ts .

L IST 9 5.

The e xa mp le f ro m Morsang-Sa in try b e longs t o s ub-type 4 i n t he t ypo logy o f Audouze ( 1974 , 2 38-239 ).

The o n ly o ther e xa mple o f t h is s ub-type i s i n

a Bronze F ina l Ib ur ia l f ro m C re m ieu , I sere ( i bid ., 2 57 n o . 3 3 , f ig . 4 , 1 3 ; S chauer 1 975a , 5 0 , A bb. 5A , 5 ) , b u t t he p recise d a te o f t he Morsang-Sa in try p iece i s u ncer ta in ( Audouze 1 974 , 2 46).

The ma in d is tr ibu t ion o f s uch mou l-

d ed b e l t o rna men ts i s i n e as tern c en tra l France ( i bid ., c ar te 1 ) . Razors . Burgess ( 1974 , 2 05 ) c i tes b i f id r azors a s at ype c o m mon t o Br i ta in a nd n or thern France d ur ing t he P enard p hase .

The Rosnoen h oard c on ta ins a

r azor w i th a sma l l c ircu lar n o tch ( Br iard a nd G io t 1 958 , 2 4 , p l . I , 2 ; Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 4 , 7 ) a nd o ther r azors o f t h is f or m a re k nown f ro m Br i t tany ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 60 , f ig . 5 3 ) a nd f ro m Br i ta in ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 4 , 9 ) .

Burgess a ppears t o s ugges t t ha t b i f id r azors ( P iggot t 1 946, 1 26-128 )

a ppeared o n ly i n t h is p hase ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 4 , f ig . 4 , 7 -9 ) , t o wh ich h e a ss igned t he r azor f ro m S ou th L odge Ca mp , Berwick S t . J ohn , Wi l ts . f ig . 4 , 8 ) .

( i bid .,

B if id r azors a re n ot c o m mon i n n or th-eas tern France , t hough

t hree o ccur a t For t-Harrouard ( L is t 4 8 , 1 ) ; c ou ld b e Midd le Bronze Age ( see p .

t hese h ave b road n otches a nd

9 1 ) .

There i s a n e ar ly Urn f ield r azor f ro m t he S e ine a t Par is ( Ash 1 927.1043 ; F ig . 3 8 , 2 6 ) wh ich J ockenhöva l ( 1971 , 1 32 n .1 ) h as a ssigned t o h is Neckarm i lh lbach v ar ian t .

T hese r azors h ave ap enannu lar b lade a nd a n o penwork

h and le w i th a r ing t er m ina l ;

t hey b e long t o Ha A 2 a nd a re t he mos t wes ter ly

o f aw idespread c en tra l European g roup ( i bid ., 1 30-132 , Ta f . 4 5B ).

The

s tone mou ld f or Neckar müh lbach r azors f ro m Pr ies t , Kr . B i tburg , Rhe inl and-P fa lz ( i bid ., 1 31 n o . 2 21) , a lso b ears a ma tr ix f or Ha A2 k n ives , a no ther c en tra l European f or m wh ich r eached t he Par is Bas in ( see p . 9 9 ) . Brooches Fro m I xwor th , S u f fo lk , t here i s af ragmen t o f ab rooch o f c en tra l Europ ean f or m , w i th a s pira l f oot a nd p ar t o f a n o va l b ow w i th l inear o rna men t ( R idgeway a nd Smi th 1 905-07, 1 08-109 , f ig . 1 2 ; Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 47-148 ). f ro m Br i ta in ( 1 952 , 3 16).

Harden 1 952 , f ig . 2 , 4 ;

Harden l i s ts i ta s t he o n ly f ind o f a' Ger man ' b rooch One o f t he c o mpara t ive e xa mp les i l lus tra ted b y

R idgeway a nd Sm i th ( 1905-07) ,1 09 , f ig . 1 3 ) r epresen ts t he t ype t o wh ich i t b e longs ;

t h is i s o ne o f t wo s im i lar b rooches f ro m He ideshei m Kr . Franken tha l ,

Rhe in land-Pfa lz ( Betzler 1 974 , 5 4 n os . 1 14-115 ) , e pony mous f or t he t ype , wh ich i s n o t ac o m mon o ne.. The o ther e xa mples c o me f ro m Brandenburg ( Sprockhof f 1 938 , Tal . 8 3 , 4 , 1 6; D - Ha A ( Be tzler 1 974 , 5 5 ).

8 4 , 2 0 ) a nd t he t ype i s d a ted t o MI I I/Reinecke

S evera l more e xot ic f inds a re s a id t o h ave b een

f ound a t I xwor th ( R idgeway a nd Sm i th 1 905-07, 1 06-108 ; p rovenance d oes n ot i nsp ire c on f idence. 1 27

s ee p .263 )a nd t he

LBA1:

S U M MARY

T he p a ls tave was s t i l l t he d om inan t t oo l t ype i n s ou thern Br i ta in d ur ing LBA1 ;

p a ls taves o ccur i n many Br i t ish h oards o f t h is p hase , b u t n ever i n

s uch l arge n umbers a s i n MBA2 h oards e xcep t a t D over , where a l l t he p a ls taves c ou ld b e impor ts . O ther p a ls taves f ro m s ou thern Br i ta in a re d er ived f ro m MBA2 f or ms a nd i mpor ts c anno t c er ta in ly b e i den t i f ied .

Rosnoen

p a ls taves were p redo m inan t i n n or th-wes tern France wh i le t he med ian-w inged a xe , o f wes t-A lp ine o r ig in , was t he mos t c o m mon t oo l t ype i n n or th-eas tern France a nd o n t he l ower Rh ine a nd Meuse v a l leys .

On ly i n t he D over h oard

d o med ian-w inged a xes o ccur i n q uan t i ty i n Br i ta in .

Product ion o n a sma l l

s ca le o f s ocke ted a xes c on t inued f ro m MBA2 t hroughou t LBA1 i n s ou thern Br i ta in ;

o n ly r are e xa mp les o f u n looped a xes i n n or thern France c an b e

a t tr ibu ted t o LBA1. E ar ly U rn f ie ld t anged k n ives , mos t p robably o f Ha A 2 d a te , o ccur i n n or th-eas tern France , B e lg iu m a nd s ou thern Br i ta in . P egged s pearheads r e-appeared i n Br i ta in e ar ly i n LBA1 , p robab ly u nder French i n f luence ;

t he c on te mporary p egged s pearheads o f n or th-eas tern

France a re p robably r e la ted t o R osno8n s pearheads o f Br i t tany.

Basa l-looped

s pearheads w i th s tra igh t-based b lades a re a c harac ter is t ic Br i t ish t ype o f LBA1 ; c on t inen ta l f inds a re w idespread , b u t mos t a re f ound i n t he a rea f ro m t he S e ine t o t he S che ld t . F inds o f c on ica l f erru les i n Br i ta in p robably r epr esen t i n f luence f ro m c en tra l G ermany t owards t he e nd o f LBA1. B ronze a rrowheads c ou ld h ave a ppeared i n n or th-eas tern France , B e lg iu m a nd s ou thern B r i ta in d ur ing LBA1 a s ar esu l t o f U rn f ie ld i n f luence . S words p rov ide more e x tens ive e v idence t han a ny o ther LBA1 t ype . Rap iers c on t inued t o b e p roduced i n Br i ta in b u t were r are e lsewhere . R osnoen s words were d om inan t i n n or th-eas tern France d ur ing e ar ly LBA1 wh i le s tra igh t-b lade r ap iers were d om inan t i n Br i ta in , where Rosnoen s words a re s carce .

Af ew s tra igh t-bladed f l ange-h i l ted s words a nd R ixhei m s words o f

wes t c en tra l European o r ig in r eached n or th-eas tern France , Be lg ium a nd t he N e ther lands wh i le s tra igh t-bladed r od-tanged s words i n t hese a reas were d er ived f ro m n or thern I ta ly a nd t he wes t-A lp ine a rea . Var ious l oca l h ybr ids were p roduced o n t he c on t inen t . S o me o f t hese f ore ign t ypes may h ave r eached Br i ta in i n t he Dover h oard b u t , a par t f ro m Rosnoen s words , u ndoub ted i mpor ts o f Bronze F ina l I /Re inecke D d a te a re u nknown .

Rodtanged s words w i th l ea f-

s haped b lades a ppeared d ur ing H a A l a nd were p robably p roduced i n t he P ar is a rea , whence o ne was e xpor ted t o L ondon . These s words were o f n or th I ta l ian a nd wes t-A lp ine i nsp ira t ion ;

t here i s as ing le e ar ly Urn f ie ld s o l id-h i l ted s word

f ro m n or th-eas tern France a nd o ne r odtanged s word o f Un terhach ing t ype i s a lso o f G er man o r ig in . Var ious e xper i men ta l s words were p roduced i n Br i ta in , r ef lec t ing c on t inen ta l d eve lop men ts , b u t l ea f-shaped s words a nd r ap iers s hou ld n o t h ave a ppeared b e fore Ha A l , Ba l l in tober , C he lsea a nd C u t ts t ypes .

S ev-

e ra l o f t hese s words h ave b een f ound o n t he c on t inen t , a nd o ne s tra igh t-bladed

1 28

s ol id-h i l ted s word o f A ppleby t ype .

F lange-h i l ted s words w i th l eaf-shaped

b lades d id n o t b eco me c o m mon u n t i l H a A 2 .

T he H em igko fen t ype a nd i t s

v ar ian ts r eached n or th-eas tern France , B e lg iu m , t he N e ther lands , Br i ta in a nd I re land a nd E rbenhe im s words h ave b een f ound i n mos t o f t hese a reas ; L et ten s words , e specia l ly c o m mon i n t he Par is a rea , a re a bsen t f ro m Br i ta in a nd t he N ether lands .

A l l t hese t ypes o f f lange-h i l ted s word

s ee m t o h ave

b een i nsp ired f ro m t he midd le Rh ine a nd a v ar ie ty o f l oca l im i ta t ions was e ncouraged i n B r i ta in .

T he l eaf-shaped f lange-h i l ted s word was e s tabl ished

b y t he e nd o f LBA1 a s t he d om inan t f orm o f s word t hroughou t t he r es t o f t he La te Bronze Age i n B r i ta in a nd n or thern F rance . T he a ppearance o f b ronze a r mour i n wes tern Europe c an b e p laced i n LBA1 t hough g reaves a nd c ors le ts were i mpor ted f ro m c en tra l Europe a nd r eached o n ly a s f ar a s F rance wh i le s h ie lds were manu factured i n B r i ta in a nd h e l me ts i n F rance .

Two N ipperwe ise s h ie lds were i mpor ted t o t he Tha mes

v a l ley , p robab ly f ro m t he midd le Rh ine i n H a A 2 .

S hee t b ronze s h ie lds w i th

b ossed o rna men t p robab ly r eached B r i ta in f ro m t he C arpa th ian a rea , .v ia Denmark , b e fore t he s tar t o f Ha B .

Bronze h e l me ts were p roduced i n n or-

t hern F rance p oss ibly a s e ar ly a s LBA1. L oca l p roduc t ion o f p ins i n n or th-eas tern F rance c on t inued f ro m MBA2 w i th e ar ly LBA1 p ins w i th t rumpe t h ead a nd r ibbed s wo l len s ha f t , wh ich a lso o ccur i n Eng land a nd B e lg iu m .

Ear ly U rn f ie ld p oppy-head p ins a nd c o l lared

p ins r eached n or th-eas tern France a nd p oppy-head p ins a lso o ccur i n Be lg ium , where t here i s as ing le G un tersblum p in o f M idd le Rh ine o r ig in .

Decora ted

p ins w i th n or th-wes t G er man r ela t ions o ccur i n t he s ou thern N ether lands . T here i s n o e ar l ier LBA1 p in o f t rue e ar ly U rn f ie ld o r ig in i n Br i ta in ; Gw i th ian a nd H om ing ton p ins a re d er iva t ives .

t he

I n l a ter LBA1 t here i s t he

L andau p in o f midd le Rh ine o r ig in f ro m t he LBA2 I s leha m h oard , w i th t he L ondon a nd C a mbr idge p ins p erhaps f ro m t he s a me a rea , a nd t he D inorben s hepherd 's c rook p in o f French o r ig in .

Wo l l meshe im a nd r e la ted p ins o f

midd le Rh ine o r ig in o ccur o n t he l ower Rh ine .

Mos t p ins o f l a ter LBA1 i n

n or th-eas tern France a re p robab ly l oca l p roduc ts ; t he n or thern N e ther lands .

o ne r eached G as teren i n

A par t f ro m p ins , o rna men ts o f LBA1 d a te a re

v ery r are . H oards o f LBA1 d a te ( Map 3 6) a re much r arer t han MBA h oards ( Map 2 2 ) a nd t he l arge h oards o f t oo ls s o c harac ter is t ic o f MBA2 h ave a l mos t d isappeared . T he s ou th c oas t o f Eng land a nd t he l ower v a l ley o f t he S e ine , a reas r ich i n MBA2 h oards , a re d evo id o f LBA1 h oards .

F inds o f i so la ted o b jec ts a re

c oncen tra ted i n t wo a reas o f s ou thern Br i ta in , t he l ower T ha mes v a l ley a nd t he s ou th-eas tern marg ins o f t he F ens ( e .g . Map 2 7 ).

I n n or th-eas tern

F rance l arge h oards a ppear o n ly o n t he Marne i n t he s ame a rea a s t he mos t n or ther ly U rn f ield b ur ia ls .

T h is i s G aucher 's S a in t -Gerva is g roup ( 1976,

5 77-580 ) r epresen t ing U rn f ie ld i n f luence i n t he e as t o f t he P ar is Bas in a nd h e s tresses t he p robabi l i ty o f s urv iva ls f ro m t he M idd le B ronze Age .

Bronze

h oards a ppeared i n B elg ium f or t he f irs t t ime d ur ing LBA1 b u t ma ter ia l o f t h is p hase f ro m t he N e ther lands i s v ery s carce . Ana lys is o f b ronzes s hows a c ons is ten t c on ten t o ver a w ide a rea o f B r i ta in a nd n or thern F rance d ur ing LBA1 , t hough n ew c o mpos i t ions were i n troduced b y l ea f-shaped f lange-h i l ted s words ( J . P . N or thover ). 1 29

T he d iv is ion o f LBA1 i n to a n e ar l ier a nd a l a ter p hase i n Br i ta in , r ecogn ised b y Burgess ( 1976a , 7 2-75 , f ig . 4 , 9 ) a nd J ockenhave l ( 1975 , 1 40-149 ) , may b e e labora ted o n t he b as is o f t he p reced ing d iscuss ion ( Table 1 0 ).

T ypes

wh ich s hou ld n o t h ave r eached Br i ta in b e fore Ha A 2 may b e s epara ted f ro m t ypes wh ich s hou ld h ave b een c urren t d ur ing R e inecke D a nd h oards d iv ided i n to t wo g roups a ccord ing t o t he ir c on ten ts .

T he t ypo logy o f t he s word i n

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1 30

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1 3 1

CHAPTER 5 LATE BRONZE AGE 2

LATE BRONZE AGE 2 LBA2 i s t he p hase o f t he La te Bronze Age i n s ou thern Br i ta in c haracter ised b y t he c on ten ts o f t he Wi lbur ton h oard ( 129 ) ; i ti s u sua l ly k nown a s t he Wi lbur ton p hase ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 07-209 ) , a l though t he h oard f ro m I s leha m ( 127) c on ta ins a much g rea ter q uan t i ty o f ma ter ia l t han t he h oard f ro m Wi lbur ton .

The f irs t

modern d ef in i t ion o f t h is p hase was t ha t o f S avory ( 1958a , 2 8-32 ) , t hough Mon tel ius h ad i ncluded much Wi lbur ton ma ter ia l i n P er iod I V o f h is c lass if ic a t ion ( 1908 , 3 9-46).

T he s parse n or thern c on tac ts o f LBA2 were Bu t ler 's

Bargeroosterve ld p hase ( 1963a , 2 23-226).

The c on t inen ta l r e la t ions o f t he

Wi lbur ton c o mp lex h ave a lso b een d iscussed b y S avory ( 1964-66 , 1 82-187 ) a nd b y Burgess ( 1968a , 9 -13 ) , who e qua ted i tw i th Bronze F ina l I i n Br i t tany , Br iard 's S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs p hase ( 1965 , 1 75-198 ) .

Throughou t n or thern

France , Bronze F ina l Ih oards c on ta in many t ypes c o m mon t o t he Wi lbur ton p hase , a nd n or thern Bronze F ina l I i s c on te mporary w i th o n ly t he l a ter p ar t o f Bronze F ina l I i n c en tra l a nd e as tern France ( see p . 3 1-32 ). The p resence o f Wi lbur ton ma ter ia l h as b een u sed t o d ef ine c on te mporary p hases i n n or thern Eng land ( Burgess 1 968b , 2 9-34 ) , S cot land ( Coles 1 959-60 , 2 2-26 ) a nd I re land ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 88-293 ) a nd LBA2 ma ter ia l f ro m France o r Br i ta in f ound i n t he s ou th o f t he L ow C oun tr ies h as b een c ol lected b y Des i ttere ( 1976, 8 0-81 , L is te 2 , f ig . 2 ) . Ev idence f or t he r e la t ive c hrono logy o f LBA2 i s s parse , w i th impor ts o r e xpor ts r are .

The t ypology o f LBA2 f lange-h i l ted s words i s t he p r incipa l

i nd ica tor o f c hrono logy; t hese s words s hou ld n o t h ave a ppeared u n t i l a f ter t he LBA1 f lange-h i l ted s words o f Ha A 2 o r ig in .

S words , a nd k idney-shaped b race-

l e ts , s ugges t a Ha B 1 c orre la t ion f or LBA2 , t hough t he c hronology o f t he e nd o f t h is p hase i s o bscure ( see p . 3 1-32 , 1 57). Ana lys is o f o b jec ts i n t he LBA2 h oards f ro m B lack moor , N et t leha m a nd Wi lbur ton s howed t ha t a l mos t a l l t hese o b jects b e longed t o t he g roup w i th more t han 1% l ead c on ten t ( Brown a nd B l in-S toyle 1 959 , a ppend ix n os . 1 12-124 , 2 002 06 , 2 53-281) a nd a f ew o b jects f ro m Wi lbur ton c on ta ined more t han 1 5% l ead ( i bid ., n os . 4 53-461 ).

Th is t echno log ica l c r i ter ion h as s ubsequen t ly b een

u sed t o d e f ine t he b eg inn ing o f t he La te Bronze Age i n s ou thern Br i ta in ( i bid ., 1 95 ; Burgess 1 968a , 9 ; 1 974 , 2 07-208 ) , t hough Ih ave f ound i t more s u i table t o b eg in t he La te Bronze Age i n t he p hase p reced ing Wi lbur ton f or my p urposes o f c o mpar ison w i th t he c on t inen t ( see p . 9 5 ). TOOLS Pa lstaves .

L IST 9 6.

MAP 3 7.

I n h er f unda men ta l s tudy o f Br i t ish p a ls tave t ypo logy Sm i th d e f ined t he f or m c haracter is t ic o f t he l a ter Bronze Age i n Eng land a nd Wa les ( 1959 , 1 761 77 , f ig . 7 , 4 ).

I nvar iably l ooped , i ti s s hor t a nd n arrow c o mpared w i th

e ar l ier Br i tish f or ms ; e specia l ly d is t inct ive a re t he f langes , v ery l ow ,

1 32

s tra igh t o r s l ight ly c oncave , e x tend ing o n ly a s hor t way u p t he b u t t , a nd t he s top-r idge , wh ich o f ten p ro jects b eyond t he f langes .

These p a ls taves may b e

u ndecora ted o r may h ave v er t ica l r ibs o r g rooves o n t he b lade a nd , s o met i mes , i n t he s ep tu m . Th is f or m i s k nown a s t he ' l a te t ype '. S avory h ad a lready p lot ted i ts d is tr ibu t ion i n Wa les a nd s hown t ha t i t was mos t c o m mon i n t he n or th-wes t , where t he u ndecora ted f or m was d om inan t ( 1958a , 3 3 , f ig . 1 3 ) ; t he s a me a u thor l a ter p rov ided a more c o mprehens ive d is tr ibu t ion map ( 1964-66 , 1 851 86 , f ig . 9 ) s howing t ha t t he u ndecora ted f or m a lso o ccurred o n t he s ou th c oas t o f Eng land a nd t he d ecora ted f or m i n Eas t Ang l ia , Wessex a nd a long t he Br is tol Channe l .

C on t inen ta l e xa mp les were ma in ly f ro m wes tern a nd c en tra l

France ( i bid .) ; Bu tler h ad i den t i f ied a f ew e xa mp les f ro m n or thern Europe ( 1963a , 6 9-70 ) . La te p a ls taves a ppeared d ur ing t he Wi lbur ton p hase b u t o ccur a lso d ur ing LBA3 i n s ou thern Eng land a nd Wa les ( Dav ies 1 967, 9 8 ; Burgess 1 968a , 9 -10 , 3 6; 1 974 , 2 08 , f ig . 3 1, 6 ; Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 , f ig . 3 ) , wh i le i n n or thern Eng land t hey a ppeared d ur ing t he LBA2 Wa l l ing ton p hase b u t were more c o m mon d ur ing LBA3 ( Burgess 1 968a , 4 0 ; 1 968b , 1 4 , 3 1). i s t ic LBA2 h oards c on ta in ing l a te p a ls taves a re:

Character-

Wi lbur ton ( 129 ) , I s leha m

( 127 ) , G u i ls f ie ld ( 131) a nd N e t t leha m , L incs . ( Davey 1 973 , 9 6 , f ig . 2 9 ) ; LBA3 h oards w i th l a te p a ls taves i nclude :

For ty A cre Br ick f ield , Wor th ing , S ussex

( I nv . Arch . GB37) , S togursey , S o merset ( McNei l 1 973 ) , a nd S tun tney Fen , Ca mbs . ( C lark a nd G odw in 1 940 ). The p a ls taves o f Bronze F ina l I i n Br i t tany were more mass ive t han t he Br i t ish l a te t ype a nd u sua l ly d ecora ted w i th a t h ick midr ib ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 6 0 , 1 -6) , d er ived f ro m t he Rosnoen t ype ( i bid ., 1 80 ; s ee p . 9 6 ) .

The Br i tish

l a te t ype i s d is t inct f ro m t he Bronze F ina l It ype c o m mon i n n or th-wes tern France ( Burgess 1 968a , 9 ; Br iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 1 05-107).

Where i ti s

p ossible f or me t o d is t ingu ish , mos t p a ls taves i n Bronze F ina l I h oards f ro m n or th-eas tern France a lso a ppear t o b e massive French f or ms ( L is t 9 6, 3 , 6 , 8 ) a nd t he e xa mp le i n t he C o mbon h oard ( Lis t 9 6, 2 ) i s p robably a lso o f t h is f or m .

B r i t ish f or ms a ppear i n t he Can te leu h oard ( L is t 9 6, 6 ; F ig . 4 9C , 1 -

2 ) a nd a re a lso r epresen ted b y i sola ted e xa mp les ( L is t 9 6 , 4 , 7 , 9 ) ; s o me i so la ted f inds o f R osnoen p a ls taves ( L is t 5 0 ) c ou ld b e o f LBA2 d a te .

There

a re t wo e xa mp les o f B r i t ish l a te p a ls taves f ro m Belg ium ( L is t 9 6, 1 0-11) a nd t wo more i n t he Bargeroos terve ld 1 900 h oard ( Lis t 9 6, 1 2 ) wh ich c ou ld b e o f LBA3 d a te. There i s a Br i tish l a te p a ls tave i n af ind f ro m Barr ien-Bu l ten , Kr . G ra fscha f t H oya , L ower S axony ( Nowothn ig 1 962 ) , a ssocia ted w i th a d ouble-Th i l ted k n i fe ( see p . 1 38 i b le .

)t h is f ind c ou ld b e LBA2 t hough a l a ter d a te i s p oss-

The p a ls taves f ro m n or thern S pa in c i ted b y S avory ( 1964-66, 1 86 n . 5 )

d o n ot a ppear t o b e c haracter is t ic Br i tish l a te f or ms . S avory h as d iscussed t he o r ig ins o f Br i t ish l a te p a ls taves .

A t f irs t h e

i ncl ined t owards a We lsh o r ig in ( 1964-66, 1 86) , b u t h e h as s ubsequen t ly p ost u la ted c en tra l France a s t he ir a rea o f o r ig in (1975 , 1 12-114 ).

He c i tes t he

l ooped p a ls taves i n t he Middle Bronze Age h oard f ro m Te i l le t-Argen ty, A l l ier ( see p .46 ) , a nd t he sma l l l ooped p a ls tave i n t he Bronze F ina l Ih oard f ro m

1 33

Kergous tance , F in is tbre ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 5 0 , 4 ).

Th is s ee ms t o imply t ha t

u ndecora ted Br i t ish l a te p a ls taves a re sma l l v ers ions o f Rosnoen p a ls taves o r c opies o f t he r are sma l l , u ndecora ted p a ls taves o f t ha t p hase .

Th is a rgu men t

a ppears t o f ounder o n t he d ear th o f R osnoen p a ls taves f ro m Br i ta in o u ts ide t he Dover h oard ( 108 ).

La te p a ls taves c an s urely b e s een a s at ypolog ica l d evel-

o p men t f ro m Br i t ish LBA1 p a ls taves d e mons tra ted i n t he Wa l l ing ton p hase h oards f ro m S hel f a nd Roundhay , Yorks . ( Burgess 1 968b , 1 4 , f igs . 6 , 1 0 ; 7 , i f ).

I t s ee ms u nnecessary t o d er ive t he l a te p a ls taves o f n or th Wa les f ro m

wes tern France a s S avory h as d one ( 1975 , 1 13-114 ). Winged Axes .

L IST 9 7.

MAP 2 8 .

Dur ing Bronze F ina l Iw inged a xes were u sed a longs ide p a ls taves i n n or thern France ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 80 , f ig . 6 0 , 7 -8 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 5 4; Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 2 3 ).

The f or m o f t hese w inged a xes i s i n ter-

med ia te b etween t he mass ive med ian-winged a xes o f Bronze F ina l Ia nd t he s lender e nd-winged a xes o f Bronze F ina l I I ( Br iard a nd Onn6e 1 972 , 3 2 ). The C aix h oard ( L is t 9 7 , 1 1) i ncludes t wo v ar ian ts , t he s hor t l ooped med ianw inged a xe , sma l ler t han i ts Bronze F ina l Ip redecessors , a nd t he l arger u nl ooped a xe w i th l onger w ings s et h igher u p t he a xe ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l . 3 3 ).

These v ar ian ts h ave b een d es igna ted a s ' deve loped med ian-winged

a xes ' a nd ' pr im it ive e nd-winged a xes ' b y Burgess ( 1968a , 3 6).

Axes w i th

h igh-set w ings were c urren t i n Bavar ia a nd s ou th-wes tern G er many d ur ing Ha B 1 ( M t i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 67, A bb. 4 1 , 5 ; 1 78 , A bb. 4 2 , 1 3 ). Bronze F ina l Iw inged a xes o ccur i n mos t h oards o f t h is p hase i n n or the as tern France ( L is t 9 7, 1 -4 , 8 -9 , 1 1 ) a nd a f ew i sola ted e xa mp les a re k nown ( L is t 9 7 , 5 , 7 , 1 0 ).

Winged a xes a re a bsen t f ro m Br i t ish h oards o f LBA2

a nd n o i so la ted e xa mp les o f Bronze F ina l If or m a re k nown t o me .

The w inged

a xes i n t he Berg-en-Terbl i jt h oard ( 209 ) may b e o f LBA2 o r ig in . S ocke ted a xes .

L ISTS 9 8-100.

MAP 3 9.

S ocke ted a xes w i thou t i nden ta t ion o ccur i n t he Br i t ish LBA2 h oards f ro m I s leham ( 127 ) , Wi lbur ton ( 129 ) , Gu i lsf ield ( 131) a nd U l leskel f , Yorks . ( Burgess 1 968b , f ig . 2 1 , 4 ) ; t hese a xes h ave s quare mou ths w i th mu l t iple c ol lar mou ldi ngs .

These f ea tures c an b e d er ived f ro m LBA1 a nd MBA2 a xes , c f . t he a xe

i n t he L eopold S treet , Oxford , h oard ( L is t 1 4 , 3 ) w i th mu l t ip le c ol lar mou lding . Axes s im i lar t o t hose i n t he LBA2 h oards a re f ound i n n or thern Eng land ( Burgess 1 968b , 1 4-15 , 3 1) t hough Burgess r egards o n ly t he e xa mp le i n t he L ow thorpe h oard , Yorks ., a s a Wi lbur ton t ype ( i bid ., 2 9-31 , f ig . 2 1 , 3 ) , t hough t he t r ip le mou ld ing o n t he a xe f ro m K irksta l l Road , Leeds , Yorks . ( i bid ., f ig . 1 1 , 3 ) , c an b e ma tched o n t he a xe i n t he I s leha m h oard ( Fig . 4 4 , 1 9 ).

There i s a n i sola ted f ind o f a LBA2 a xe w i th mu l t iple c ol lar mou ld ing

f ro m Und ley , S u f fo lk ( C MAE 9 5 .57; F ig . 5 1 , 3 ) .

An a xe i n t he Gu i ls f ie ld

h oard ( 131) h as c ord- mou ld ing o n i t s c o l lar . There a re s ocke ted a xes w i th p la in c o l lars i n t he LBA2 h oard f ro m Wa l ling ton , N or thu mber land ( Burgess 1 968b , 1 5 , f ig . 9 , 1 2-15 ) , a nd s i mi lar a xes o ccur i n I reland ( i bid ., f ig . 1 2 , 3 -6 ) where E ogan h as p laced t he m i n h is LBA2 Rosco m mon p hase ( 1964 , 2 90 , f ig . 1 1 , 3 ) . f ro m LBA1 f or ms ( see p . 9 8

These a xes a re d er ived

)a nd , wh i le t hey a re u nknown f ro m LBA2 c on-

t ex ts i n s ou thern Br i ta in , s o me o f t he e xa mp les l i s ted a s LBA1 . ( L is t 5 2 ) c ou ld b e l a ter . 1 34

The f or m o f t he a xe w i th a s hou ldered b lade f ro m S wa f fham ( L is t 9 8 , 1 ) s ugges ts t ha t i ti s a LBA2 t ype a nd t h is f or m may b e r e la ted t o t ha t o f i nden ted a xes f ro m ? Norw ich , N or folk ( Norw ich 1 966, 2 0 , f ig . 4 9 ) , a nd t he U l leskel f h oard , Yorks . ( Burgess 1 968b , f ig . 2 1 , 4 ) , wh ich b o th h ave s hou ldered p rof i les .

S hou ldered a xes a re n o t c o m mon i n Br i ta in , t hough s hou ldered a dzes

a re k nown ( see p .136-7); 1 1 , 6 ).

s hou ldered a xes o ccur i n I reland ( Eogan 1 964 , f ig .

French e xa mples ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 7 5-76) i nclude e xa mples

w i th s quare mou ths i n t he P on tpo in t h oard ( Lis t 9 8 , 2 ) a nd f ro m Am iens ( Lis t 9 8 , 3 ) a nd t hese s hou ld b e o f LBA2 d a te . A lso c o m mon t o Br i ta in a nd France a re s ocketed a xes w i th c oncave i ndent a t ions i n t he ir s ides .

On ly a bou t t en Br i t ish f inds a re k nown ( Burgess 1 968a ,

f ig . 8 ) , b u t t here a re e xa mp les i n t he LBA2 h oards f ro m I s leha m ( 127) , Wi lb ur ton ( 129) , Net t leha m , L incs . ( Davey 1 973 , 9 6 , f ig . 2 9 , 2 67-268 ) , a nd U l leskel f , Yorks . ( Burgess 1 968b , f ig . 2 1, 4 ).

The t wo e xa mp les s a id t o b e

f ro m t he R . R ibble ( i bid ., 2 9 , 6 4 , f ig . 2 1 , 2 ) may n o t b e f ro m a h oard ( Davey a nd Fors ter 1 975 n os . 1 60-161 ) t hough b oth o f t he R ibble a xes h ave t he mu lt ip le c ol lar mou ld ings c haracter is t ic o f t he LBA2 a ssocia ted f inds o f i nden ted a xes . I nden ted s ocketed a xes a re a lso k nown f ro m France ( Savory 1 964-66, 1 85 ; Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 7 3-74 ) where t hey o ccur i n h oards o f Bronze F ina l I , e .g . Bou t igny I ( L is t 9 9 , I ) , a nd Bronze F ina l I I , e .g . I D‘ T i l le ( L is t 9 9 , 3 ) .

They a ppear t o b e a bsen t f ro m Br i t tany b u t o ccur t hroughou t t he r es t o f

France .

S avory f avoured s ou thern France f or t he o r ig in o f i nden ted a xes b u t

mos t o f t hese a xes a re u n looped w i th p la in c o l lars a nd r ounded mou ths a nd t hey a lso l ack t he r ibs wh ich o u t l ine t he i nden ta tions o f mos t Br i t ish a xes : I s leha m , Wi lbur ton , U l leskel f , o ne o f t he N et t leha m a xes a nd t wo u nprovenanced e xa mp les ( C MAE RC.2.3.80 ; F ig . 5 1 , 8 ; E vans 1 881 , f ig . 1 56).

The c hron-

o logy o f t he s ou thern French a xes i s ma in ly Bronze F ina l I I ( Gu i la ine 1 972 , 1 75-277, f ig . 1 03 ).

S chauer h as d a ted t he h oard f ro m R ibiers , Hau tes A lpes ,

t o Ha B 1 ( 1975a , 5 6) b u t t he i nden ted a xe i n t h is h oard ( Chan tre 1 875 , p l . XXV , 1 ) b ears l i t t le r ese mb lance t o Br i t ish i nden ted a xes .

The Larnaud h oard ,

J ura , w i th i nden ted a xes ( i bid ., p ls . XL , 1 ; XL b is , 1 ; Mi l lo tte 1 963 , p l . XL , 2 ) a nd a n i nden ted a dze ( Chan tre 1 875 , p l . XL b is , 3 ) c on ta ins Bronze F ina l I I t ypes ( Schauer I 975a , 5 6).

I nden ted a xes o ccur i n t he Bronze F ina l I

S a in t-Den is-de-P i le g roup i n Aqui ta ine , b u t t hese h ave r ound mou ths l i ke t he a xes f ro m s ou thern France ( Cof fyn 1 976, 5 38 ). Br i ta in a nd France s hared i nden ted s ocketed a xes d ur ing LBA2 a nd n ei ther a rea c an e as i ly b e g iven c hronolog ica l p r ior i ty.

Br i t ish a nd French f or ms

a re d is t inct , t hough t he e xamp le f ro m Amiens ( L is t 9 9 , 5 ) i s p robably o f Br i t ish o r ig in .

There i s as ing le i nden ted a xe f ro m t he s ou thern Ne ther lands ( Lis t

9 9 , 7 ) , whe ther o f Br it ish o r French o r ig in i s u ncer ta in . The a rea o f n or th-wes tern Eas t Ang l ia wh ich h as p roduced s o many e ar ly s ocketed a xes h as a lso p roduced t ypolog ica l ly e ar ly f aceted a xes w i th s quare mou ths , d eep c ol lars a nd o ctagona l b od ies , e .g . L i t t lepor t , Ca mbs . ( C MAE 3 8 .386; F ig . 5 1 , 6 ) , a nd Lakenhea th , S uf folk ( Moyses Ha l l Museu m , Bury S t Ed munds ; f ig . 5 1, 7 ) .

These may b e p laced i n t he s a me LBA2 p hase a s

t he o ther s quare- mou thed a xes d iscussed a bove.

For o ctagona l f aceted a xes

t here e x is ts a p a ir o f e xa mp les wh ich r ef lec ts t he Wang ford a nd Kü t ten-Drobi tz

1 35

f inds o f e ar l ier a xes .

This i s t he p a ir i l lus tra ted b y S prockhof f ( 1941, 8 9 ,

A bb. 7 3 ) f ro m t he Tha mes a t Wandswor th a nd Ra t ibor , S i les ia ( Racibörz , Prov . O po le , P o land ).

I ti s p oss ible t ha t t he S i les ian a xe r epresen ts a p roto-

t ype f or Br i t ish f ace ted a xes ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 8 9 ) ; t hese a xes c annot b e d a ted p rec isely ( i bid ., 8 7) . Af ew miscel laneous a xes o f e xot ic o r ig in ( L is t 1 00 ) may b e p laced w i thin LBA2.

The f irs t i s t he Nordic a xe f ro m C arse L och ( L is t 1 00 , 1 ) .

This i s a

MIV t ype f ound ma in ly o n Z ea land a nd i n s ou thern S weden , a lso i n t he r e ma ind er o f Denmark , S ch leswig-Ho ls te in , n or thern a nd c en tra l G er many a nd s ou thern Norway ( Baudou 1 960 , 1 7-18 , 1 68-170 , T al . I V ,

V I IA l a , Kar te 8 ) .

Bu t ler ( 1963a , 9 1) c i tes t he a xe f ro m H y l jby , K 9 Sbenhavn Am t ( Baudou 1 960 , 1 69 , n o . 3 8 ) , a s ap ara l lel f or t he C arse L och a xe a nd s ugges ts a p oss ible r el a t ionsh ip b etween t hese a xes a nd S ou th Welsh s ocketed a xes .

More r ecen t

work o n t he o r ig in o f S ou th We lsh a xes may p rec lude t h is d er iva t ion ( Burgess 1 976a , 6 9-72 ) ; f or Br it ish s ocke ted a xes w i th g rooved o rna men t , s ee S avory ( 1975 , 1 14-115 ) . The o ther e xo t ic a xes a re o f e as tern European o r ig in ; af ew s uch a xes a re k nown f ro m t he Nord ic a rea d ur ing MIV ( Thrane 1 975 , 1 11) when i n f luence f ro m e as t-cen tra l Europe was s tronger t han d ur ing MV ( i bid ., 2 29-230 ) a nd t h is may b e r ef lec ted i n t he wes tern f inds d iscussed h ere .

I ft hese a xes were

a ncien t impor ts , t he d a te o f t heir d epos i t ion i s u ncer ta in ; a l l a re t rea ted h ere f or c onven ience , t hough s o me c ou ld e qua l ly b e p laced i n LBA1, a s c ou ld t he C arse Loch a xe .

Both o f t he L ondon a xes a ppear t o b e o f Ha A l d a te.

T he

f irs t ( L is t 1 00 , 2 ) c anno t b e ma tched p recisely b u t H o ls te 's s ke tches i l lus tra te many s im i lar a xes i n h oards f ro m Croa t ia :

B izovac ( 1951 , T al . 3 , 1 -4 ) ,

Pockav l je iBrod ( i bid .. , Taf . 7 , 1 -2 ) , B ingu la-D ivos ( i bid ., Ta f . 1 1 , 1 -5 ) a nd T en ja ( i bid ., Ta f . 1 3 , 1 -2 ) , a nd i n t he C zabapuszta h oard , s ou th-wes tern Hungary ( i bid ., Ta f . 3 6 , 8 -9 ).

Von Brunn p laces a l l t hese h oards i n t he Ha

A l K isapä t i p hase ( 1968 , 2 90-291; S chauer 1 974c , 1 17-118 ).

The s econd

Tha mes a xe ( Lis t 1 00 , 3 ) a ppears t o b e a sma l l e xa mp le o f a Transylvan ian f or m a lso f ound i n n or thern Hungary , b u t r are f ur ther wes t ; t his f or m i s o f Ha A l d a te ( Novotnä 1 970a , 9 7-98 ; Rusu 1 966, 2 5-26 , 3 8-39 , f ig . 2 , 8 5 ). The f irs t a xe f ro m Par is a nd t he Du tch a xe ( L is t 1 00 , 4 , 7 ) b oth h ave t he c onc ave mou th o f t he Eas t C arpa th ian ' spou t ' t ype wh ich a ppeared i n Transylvan ia d ur ing t he R einecke D Ur iu p hase a nd s pread wes twards d ur ing t he K isapä t i a nd Rohod p hases , Ha A a nd Ha B1 ( Novotnä 1 970a , 7 3-79 ).

Br iard a nd

Verron 's d escr ipt ion o f t he Par is a xe a s ' Bohe mian ' ( 1976b , 3 4 ) i s mis lead ing , f or i t s o r ig in was p robably more e as ter ly.

The s econd Par is a xe ( L is t 1 00 ,

5 ) b e longs t o af or m f ound f ro m Transylvan ia t o e as tern Aus tr ia a nd Croa t ia ; i ta ppeared a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Urn f ie ld p er iod b u t t he o f fse t b lade o f t he Par is a xe i s at ypolog ica l ly l a te f ea ture o f t he Rohod p hase , Ha B 1 ( Novotnä 1 970a , 8 3-87).

The Be lg ian a xe ( Lis t 1 00 , 6 ) b e longs t o t he s a me f or m a nd

c an b e ma tched b y a n a xe i n t he Ha B 1 h oard f ro m N i tra , S lovak ia ( Novo tnä 1 970a , 5 1 , 8 4 n o. 6 07). S ocketed a dzes .

L IST 1 01.

S ocke ted a dzes a ppeared i n France d ur ing Bronze F ina l I i n t he S a in tDen is-de-P i le g roup o f A qu i ta ine ; t hey c o m mon ly h ad i nden ted o r s hou ldered p rof i les ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 8 5-86).

1 36

There i s as hou ldered a dze i n t he

P on tpoin t h oard ( Lis t 1 01 , 5 ) wh ich may b e LBA2.

The i nden ted a dze f ro m

Oxwick a nd Pa t tes ley ( L is t 1 01 , 2 ) s hou ld b e LBA2 a nd t he s quare mou ths a nd p la in c ol lars o f t he Br i t ish s hou ldered a dzes s ugges t at ypolog ica l ly e ar ly d a te wh ich c ou ld b e w i th in LBA2 , i fn ot e ar l ier . S ocke ted h a m mers . The o n ly LBA2 a ssocia t ion o f s ocketed h a m mers i n Br i ta in i s i n t he I s leh am h oard ( 127 ) where a s hor t , b road f or m ( Fig . 4 4 , 2 3 ) a nd a l onger , more s lender f or m ( Fig . 4 4 , 2 4 ) a re r epresen ted .

The s hor t f or m o ccurs i n

Br i ttany d ur ing Bronze F ina l I i n t he h oards f ro m S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs , I l lee t-V i la ine , a nd Moranda is e n N oya l , C otes-du-Nord ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 80 ; Br iard a nd Onn e 1 972 , 1 2 , p l . XL I , 8 9 ; N ico lardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 1 0 ) .

Ha m mers

a re a lso k nown i n t he c on te mporary S a in t-Den is-de-P i le g roup o f A qu i ta ine ( Cof fyn 1 976, 5 38 ) .

The s lender f or m a t I s leha m r eca l ls t he s ocketed h a m mer

i n t he 1 V IBA2 h oard f ro m Taun ton Un ion Workhouse ( L is t 1 5 , 2 ) . S ocke ted g ouges . S ocke ted g ouges a ppear i n t hree Br i t ish h oards o f LBA2:

I s leha m ( 127 ) ,

G u i ls f ield ( 131 ) a nd B lack moor , Han ts ( Dav ies 1 967, 1 04 ; Burgess 1 968a , 3 7). T here a re s ocketed g ouges i n French B ronze F ina l I h oards f ro m S a in t-Br ieucd es-I ffs ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 83 ; B r iard a nd Onn6e 1 972 , 1 0-11 p l . X I , 7 4-78 ) a nd Bou tigny I ( 133 ) a nd i n t he c on te mporary S a in t-Den is-de-P i le g roup ( Cof fyn 1 976 , 5 38 ). The I s leham a nd G u i ls f ield g ouges h ave mu l t ip le mou th mou ld ings whi le t he S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs g ouges h ave p la in c ol lars .

These t oo ls e xh ibi t l i tt le

t ypo log ica l c hange a nd i t s ee ms d i fficu l t t o g ive c hronolog ica l we igh t t o a ny t ypo log ica l d iv ision ( Bur ley 1 955-56 , 1 48 ; E ogan 1 964 , 2 96).

The o r ig in o f

t he s ocke ted g ouge h as b een t raced b y E ogan ( 1966b ) ; i ta ppeared i n Transylv an ia , p robably f i rs t i n t he h oard f ro m Augus t in ( Roska 1 942 , 2 9 , f ig . 2 3 , 4 ; v on Brunn 1 968 , 2 89 ; Mozsol ics 1 973 , 4 1 , 1 16) , c on te mporary w i th Reinecke D ( Rusu 1 963 , 2 05 n o . 3 ) , a nd l a ter i n t he h uge h oard f ro m U ioara d e S us ( Roska 1 942 , 9 1 , f ig . 1 15 , 2 ; v on Brunn 1 968 , 2 91) , c on te mporary w i th Ha A l ( Rusu 1 963 , 2 08 n o . 6 6).

The t ype h ad r eached Br i t tany b y Bronze F ina l I

a nd was c o m mon t o n or thern France a nd s ou thern Br i ta in d ur ing LBA2. C h ise l b lades . The I s leha m h oard ( 127 ) c on ta ins t he t i p o f ac h isel b lade w i th p ara l lel s ides ( Fig . 4 4 , 2 8 ).

S evera l c o mparable t oo ls a re k nown f ro m France , t he

c iseaux s i mp les o f N ico lardot a nd G aucher ( 1975 , 1 18-119 ). G ourdan , Hau te-Garronne ( i bid ., f ig . 4 ) , h as a n a n t ler h a f t .

An e xa mple f ro m These c h ise ls

a re i nc luded i n Bronze F ina l I h oards f ro m Ca ix ( 140 ) a nd K erguerou e n R kdenb , F in is t re ( i bid ., f ig . 5 ; Br iard 1 965 , 1 83 , f ig . 6 1, 8 ) . L ea ther-work ing k n ives . A r ecen t r eassess men t o f t he t ools k nown t o Br i t ish a rchaeolog is ts a s ' t anged c h ise ls ' h as s ugges ted a nother i n terpre ta t ion .

Roth h as c o mpared

t hese t ools t o r epresen ta tions o n f i f th c en tury B . C. G reek v ases a nd c oncluded t ha t t he t ools were ' Leder messer ' ( 1974 , 4 0 , Ta f . 6 ).

The t rapezo ida l b lades ,

o f ten w i th r ecurved e dges , may h ave b een p ractica l f or wood-work ing , b u t wou ld n o t h ave f u l fi l led s o me o f t he f unct ions d e manded o f ac h isel , e specia l ly mor tis ing . 1 37

T he mos t r ecen t d iscuss ion o f Br i t ish l ea ther-work ing kn ives i s b y Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies ( 1972 , 2 17-218 ).

The f irs t e xa mp les w i th t he

b lade d is t inct f ro m t he t ang-Ro th 's L eder messer -appeared i n LBA2 h oards f ro m Wi lbur ton ( 129) a nd D oncas ter , Yorks . ( Burgess 1 968b , f ig . 7 , 2 ) . L ea ther-work ing k n ives o ccur i n c on te mporary h oards f ro m n or thern France ( N icolardot a nd G aucher 1 97 1 11 ) a t C ha mpcue i l ( 134 ) a nd S a in t-Br ieuc-desI f fs , I l le-e t-V i la ine ( Br iard a nd Onn e 1 972 , 1 1 , p l . X I I , 8 7).

The French

e xa mp les b elong r espect ively t o R o th 's T ype Ia nd T ype I I ( 1974 , 4 7) , wh i le t he Wi lbur ton p iece s hou ld b elong t o h is T ype I ( i bid ., 3 8 ) , s o a l l f or ms o f t anged l ea ther-work ing k n ives a ppear t o h ave b een r epresen ted d ur ing LBA2 . The t ype was c o m mon d ur ing LBA3 ( see p . 1 75 ) . A s wel l a s Br i tish , I r ish a nd French f inds , t here i s a n e xa mp le f ro m Francon ia ( Roth 1 974 , 3 7 , A bb . 1 ) , a no ther f ro m t he l ower E lbe ( Tackenberg 1 975 ) a nd a nother i n t he Museo A rqueol6g ico Naciona l , Madr id ( Men& Idez P ida l 1 947, f ig . 6 18 ). Double-T-h i l ted k n ives .

L IST 1 02.

I n n orthern Europe t here i s a sma l l g roup o f s ol id-h i l ted s ing le-edged k n ives wh ich h ave a c haracter is t ic f or m o f h i l t ; t he g r ip i s f lanked b y t wo t ransverse p ro ject ions a nd s epara ted f ro m t he b lade b y a Zw ischens tück . The Du tch h ave u sed t he t er m o f fer mes t o d escr ibe t hese k n ives , b u t Ih ave a dopted S prockhoff 's more o b jec t ive d eno mina t ion , Messer mit d oppe l t T f ör m ige m G ri f f ( 1937, 2 7). T hese k n ives h ave r ecen t ly b een d iscussed b y Tackenberg ( 1971 , 1 23-126, 2 33 , L is te 6 0 , Tal . 2 9-30 ) , Thrane ( 1972b , 1 86-189 ) a nd b y Bu t ler ( 1973a ) , who p ubl ished a n ew f ind ( L is t 1 02 , 3 ) .

There a re f our e xa mp les f ro m t he

e as tern Nether lands , t hree f ro m n or th-wes tern G er many a nd a n o u t l ier f ro m n or thern Z ea land ( Bu t ler 1 973a , f ig . 3 ) .

They h ave c onven t iona l ly b een d a ted

t o MIV , b u t Tackenberg h as l owered t h is d a te ; a par t f ro m h is p rede l ict ion f or t h is c hange , h e c ons iders t ha t t he a ppearance o f t he Zwischens tück mer i ts a MV d a te , t ha t t he Appelscha k n i fe ( L is t 1 02 , 2 ) b ears MV o rna men t o n i t s b lade , t ha t t he t weezers f ound w i th t he Dan ish k n i fe a t Ve jby c ou ld b e MV a s we l l a s MIV ( 1971, L is te 6 0 , 7 ) a nd t ha t t h is Dan ish f ind was a n i nhu ma t ion , t hus n o e ar l ier t han MVI .

Bu t ler a grees t ha t t he d ouble-T-h i l ted k n ives were

o f U rn f ield Ha B 1 i nspira t ion a nd c oncludes t ha t t hey a ppeared a round 8 00 ( 1 973a , 2 3-24 ) , i .e . a round t he MIV/ MV t rans i t ion . MIV/Ha B 1 o r ig in ( 1972b , 1 89 ) .

Thrane a lso c la i ms a

The G er man k n i fe f ro m Barr ien-Bu l ten , Kr .

G ra fscha f t H oya , L ower S axony ( Tackenberg 1 971, L is te 6 0 , 5 ) , was a ssoc ia ted w i th a Br i tish l a te p a ls tave , b u t t h is c ou ld b e LBA3 o r LBA2. Wha tever t he e xact d a te o f k n ives w i th d oub le-T-h i l ts , t hey d e mons tra te ac o m mon d is tr ibu tion o ver n or th-wes tern G er many a nd t he e as tern N ether lands . WEAP ONS S pearheads .

L ISTS 1 03-106.

MAP 4 0.

A r ich v ar iety o f s pearhead f or ms was p resen t i n Br i t ish LBA2 h oards , e spec ia l ly i n t he h oards f ro m Wi lbur ton ( 129 ) a nd I s leham ( 127).

The mos t

t horough r ecen t a na lys is i s b y C oo mbs ( 1975a , 5 8-61 ) , c f . a lso E hrenberg

1 38

( 1977, 1 4 ) , Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies ( 1972 , 2 13-215 ) a nd Burgess ( 1968a , 3 6).

P egged s pearheads w ith s o l id l ea f-shaped b lades b eca me c o m mon a nd

n ew f or ms a ppeared ; s pearheads w i th h o llow b lades , s tepped b lades , p er fora ted b lades , f i l le t-def ined midr ibs a nd v ar ious c o mbina tions o f t hese f ea tures . Orna men t o ccurs c hief ly o n t he s ocke t , b ands o f l i nes w i th t r iangu lar o r s e mic ircu lar mo t ifs ( Coombs 1 975a , 6 0 , f ig . 8 ) . S pearheads i n Bronze F ina l Ih oards f ro m Br i t tany a re o f ten f rag men tary a nd u nd iagnos t ic , p la in p egged s pearheads a re t he r u le ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 80 ) a nd t he more e labora te Bri t ish f or ms a re a bsen t .

S pearheads a re c o m mon i n

Bronze F ina l I h oards f ro m n or th-eas tern France ( L is t 1 03 , 1 -2 , 6 , 8 , 1 2-13 ) b u t t he p la in t ype i s a lso d o minan t i n t h is r eg ion .

On ly t he C o mbon h oard c on-

t a ins a d ecora ted s pearhead ( Lis t 1 04 , 3 ) a longside p la in s pearheads ( L is t 1 03 , 4 ) wh ich may b e o f B ronze F ina l I o r ig in .

I so la ted f inds o f p la in s pearheads

w i th s hor t s ockets a re o f ten a t tr ibu ted t o Bronze F ina l Ib y French wr i ters ( Lis t 1 03 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 -11).

The g roup o f s pearheads f ro m Pu l le ( L is t 1 03 , 1 4 )

c ou ld b e c on te mporary a nd a f ew i sola ted f inds f ro m t he L ow C oun tr ies may b e LBA2 ( Lis t 1 03 , 1 5-18 ) , b u t t h is i s u ncer ta in . Three s pearheads w i th p er fora ted b lades f ound i n n or th-eas tern France s hou ld b e o f Br i t ish LBA2 o r ig in .

The e xa mp le f ro m N a mpon t ( L is t 1 06, 2 )

h as l una te o pen ings , ac haracter is t ic Wi lbur ton f or m , p ossibly l a ter i n h ighl and Br i ta in a nd I reland ( Coo mbs 1 975a , 5 8 ).

There a re t hree o ther s pearheads

w i th s i mp le l una te o pen ings f ro m France ( Br iard 1 963 , 5 76 n os . 6 , 2 3 , 2 4 ). A s pearhead f ro m Denhead , Angus , c o mbines l una te o pen ings w i th c ircu lar p erfora t ions ( Evans 1 881 , 3 36-337, f ig . 4 21; C o les 1 959-60 , 7 6, Angus 4 ) a s d oes a s ing le s pearhead i n t he Huelva h oard , s ou th-wes tern S pa in ( I nv . Arch . E l , 1 40 ).

T he t wo s pearheads f ro m Par is ( L is t 1 06, 1 ) c o mbine c ircu-

l ar p er fora t ions w i th s lots a nd h ave a ngu lar s ocke ts .

These f ea tures r ecur

o n as pearhead f ro m t he More l C o l lec t ion i n t he Br i t ish Museu m , p robably f ro m C hampagne o r t he l ower Rhone v a l ley ( Sm i th 1 920 , 1 29 , f ig . 1 36) a nd o n as pearhead f ro m t he Tha mes a t Bray , B erks . ( Ehrenberg 1 977, 3 2 n o . 2 0 , f ig . 2 3 ).

There i s a nother e xa mp le w i th s lots a nd c ircles f ro m Bray

3 1 , n o . 1 7, f ig . 2 3 ) a nd a no ther f ro m t he b ank o f t he T yne n ear Ov ing ton , N th ld . ( Burgess 1 968b , 3 1 , f ig . 2 2 , 8 ) .

S chü le l i s ts o ther f inds o f l una te-

o pen ing s pearheads , mos t ly f ro m e as tern Europe ( 1969 , 8 5-86, 1 78-180 , Kar te 4 ).

Bu t ler ( 1963a , 1 07 , f ig . 3 1 , 2 ) c la i med t ha t t he o rna men t o n as pear-

h ead f ro m S kurup , S can ia , imi ta ted l una te o pen ings , b u t J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967, 2 33 ) h as s hown t ha t t he r ese mblance i s o n ly s uper f icia l . S pearheads w i th f i l let-def ined midr ibs a ppear t o b e a l mos t a bsen t f ro m France a nd t he L ow C oun tr ies , t hough J acob-Fr iesen h as i den t i f ied o ne e xa mp le , p resumably a Br i tish e xpor t , f ro m S ch leswig-Ho ls tein ( 1 967, 2 54 , 3 35 n o . 8 20 , Taf . 1 56 , 5 ) .

Th is f or m was n o t s o e xclus ive ly i nsu lar a s Burgess , C oo mbs

a nd Davies h ave s ugges ted ( 1972 , 2 13 ).

S pearheads w ith f i l lets o n b lade a nd

s ocket were c o m mon i n Hungary d ur ing Moszo l ics i Bronze I V , e qu iva len t t o t he l a te Tu mu lus a nd e ar ly Urn f ie ld p er iods ( 1973 , 3 3-34 ) a nd t hey a re f ound l a ter i n t he Z su jta h oard , d a ted t o Ha A 2 ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 961 , Ta f . 2 8A , 9 -12 ; J acob-Fr iesen 1 967, 1 98 , 2 00 , 2 33 , 3 72 n o. 1 570 , Ta f . 1 07 , 2 ; v on Brunn 1 968 , 2 92 ).

S pearheads w i th f i l le ts were w idespread i n e as t-cen tra l a nd e as t-

e rn Europe d ur ing Ha A a nd e ar ly Ha B ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 00 ; G arasan in

1 39

1 956).

These e as tern f or ms r eached S axony i n t he Ha B1 h oard 2 f ro m Dresden-

Laubegas t ( von Brunn 1 968 , 1 40 , 3 15-316 n o. 5 0 , Ta f . 4 4 , 4 ) a nd t he Nord ic a rea ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 76).

The s pearhead f ro m C hf ty-sur- Marne ( Lis t

1 04 , 2 ) c o mbines f i l le ts w i th g eo metr ic o rna men t wh ich c ou ld b e o f e ar ly Ha B/LBA2 d a te ( see b e low ).

J acob-Fr iesen a lso p oin ts t o f i l le ts o n s pearheads

w i th l a te Urn f ie ld r ibbed s ocke ts ( 1967 , 2 76, Ta f . 1 83 , 1 , 5 ) b u t t hese l a te Urn f ie ld f or ms s hou ld n o t h ave b een s u f f icien t ly e ar ly t o i n f luence t he a ppeara nce o f Br i t ish s pearheads w i th f i l let-def ined midr ibs a s h e a ppears t o s ugges t ( i bid., 2 76 n . 1 1). I n t he N ord ic a rea h ol low-bladed s pearheads ' zu d en L e i tfor men d er Per iode I V g ehoren ' ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 25 ) wh ich h as e ncouraged Bu t ler ( 1963a , 1 07) a nd C oo mbs ( 1 975a , 6 0 ) t o s ugges t t ha t Br i t ish h o l low-bladed s pearheads o f LBA2 were d er ived f ro m t he N ord ic f or m .

The r e la t ionsh ip

d oes n o t a ppear t o b e c lose a nd J acob-Fr iesen r e jects t h is N ord ic d er iva t ion ( 1967 , 2 32-233 ) .

Ik now o f n o h ol low-bladed s pearhead w i th a l ea f-shaped

b lade f ro m France o r t he L ow C oun tr ies , t hough t here i s af ragmen tary e xamp le i n t he h oard f ro m t he R io S i l , Orense , n or th-wes tern S pa in ( I nv . Arch . E3 , 3 ) , a longs ide a b asa l-looped s pearhead ( see p . 6 4 ). C on t inen ta l s pearheads d ecora ted w i th s e micircu lar a nd meander moti fs a re c ons idered t o b e d er ived f ro m wes t-A lpine s pearheads o f Ha B 1 a nd Ha B2 d a te ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 62-263 ; M i l l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 67, A bb. 4 1 , 6 -7) t hough t hese mot ifs a lso o ccur d ur ing Ha B3 ( M i l l ler-Karpe 1 961 , 5 0 n . 3 ) . A l arge g roup o f d ecora ted s pearheads , s o me w i th s em ic ircu lar mo ti fs , was d redged f ro m t he Marne a t Bras les ( L is t 1 04 , 1 ) w ith s words o f e ar ly Ha B d a te ( see p . 1 43 ) .

The c ordi for m moti f o n t he Eure s pearhead ( Lis t 1 04 , 4 )

c an b e f ound i n t he wes tern Urn f ie ld a rea a nd i n t he N ord ic a rea ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967, 2 68 ) t hough i ts p recise d a te i s u ncer ta in .

The t r iangu lar mot ifs o n t he

C o mbon a nd S eine s pearheads ( L is t 1 04 , 3 , 6 ) c an b e ma tched o n s pearheads i n Br i t ish LBA2 h oards ( Coo mbs 1 975a , 6 0 , f ig . 8 , 9 ) .

S em icircu lar moti fs

a re k nown i n Br i ta in o n ly i n t he B lack moor h oard , Han ts ( i bid ., f ig . 8 , 1 -3) , a nd t hese may r ef lect c on t inen ta l i n f luence. There a re t wo s i mi lar d ecora ted s pearheads i n An twerp Museum ( L is t 1 04 , 8 -9 ) a nd t hese may b e c o mpared t o as pearhead f rom Toddin , Kr . Hagenow , Meck lenburg ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 35-236, 3 62 n o . 1 365 , Ta f . 1 23 , 6 ).

S uch s pearheads , w i th f ace ted s ockets a nd t r iangu lar o rna men ta l mot i fs

a re u nusua l a nd J acob-Fr iesen s ugges ts a n I ta l ian o r ig in .

Ha tched t r iang les

o ccur o n t he b lades o f af ew s pearheads i n t he Br i t ish Broadward c o mplex ( Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 , 2 15 ). The c hronology o f t he d ecora ted s pearheads f ro m t he N e ther lands i s p roble ma t ica l .

The e xa mple f ro m Boerakker ( L is t 1 04 , 1 0 ) i s i ncluded b y

J acob-Fr iesen among a g roup o f n or th European s pearheads w i th r ibbed mou ths i n l oca l s tyle b u t i ncised o rna men t d er ived f ro m t he wes tern Urn f ie ld a rea ; t h is g roup i s g iven a d a te o f Ha A/B , MI I I/ IV ( 1 967 , 2 65-267).

Tackenberg

p oin ts o u t t ha t t he t r iangu lar moti f o n t he Boerakker s pearhead i s l ess c o m mon t han t he s e micircu lar mot i f a nd h e s ugges ts a l a ter d a te o f MV/ MV I ( 1 971, 8 18 2 ).

The s pearhead f ro m Age ler Broek ( Lis t 2 2 , 1 2 ) , d a ted t o t he Midd le

Bronze Age b y Bu t ler ( I nv . Arch. NL13 ) , i s c o mpared t o e ar ly Ha B e xa mp les b y J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967 , 2 64 ).

S evera l s pearheads w i th f ace ts o n t he u pper

1 40

p ar t o f t he s ocke t , r e la ted t o s o-ca l led i n t he Ne ther lands ( L is t 1 05 ).

‚S axo-Thur ing ian '

s pearheads , o ccur

The e xa mp les f ro m N i j megen a nd S tokku m

( L is t 1 05 , 4 -5 ) a re o therwise p la in , t ha t f ro m Hu inen ( L is t 1 05 , 3 ) h as i ncised o rna men t o n t he s ocket ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967, 2 37).

The e xa mp les f ro m Er ica

a nd Weerdinger Veen ( L is t 1 05 , 1 -2 ) h ave r ibbed s ockets ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967, 2 49 ).

These s pearheads b elong t o ah eterogeneous g roup ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967,

2 35-249 ; S prockhof f 1 937, 2 5-27). Faceted s ockets h ad a lready a ppeared o n MI I I Hu l ters tad s pearheads ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967, 2 37, Ta f . 9 1 , 1 0-12) a nd a MIV d a te i s p oss ible f or N i j megen , S tokku m a nd Hu inen e xa mp les ( i bid ., 2 372 45 ).

The d a te o f t he r ibbed e xa mp les c ou ld b e a s l a te a s MV ( i bid ., 2 45-248 ;

v on Brunn 1 968 , 1 42-143 ).

Tackenberg h as s hown t ha t s o-ca l led ' Saxo-Thur-

i ng ian ' s pearheads a re n ot c oncen tra ted i n S axony o r Thur ing ia ( 1971 , 6 7-68 , Kar te 1 6) t hough t he o r ig in o f t he Er ica a nd Weerd inger Veen s pearheads s hou ld s t i l l b e c en tra l o r n or th G er man .

H e s ugges ts a MV d a te f or Var ian t

2 , i nc lud ing t he Er ica s pearhead ( i bid ., 6 7, 6 9 , L is te 4 1b ) a nd a MIV d a te f or t he a ppearance o f Var ian t 4 , i nclud ing t he Weerd inger Veen s pearhead ( i b id ., 6 7-69 , L is te 4 1d ). T ubu lar f erru les .

L IST 1 07.

MAP 4 1.

Tubes w i th s l igh t ly t aper ing p rof i les , s o met i mes a l i t t le c oncave , a nd p la in o r s l ight ly e xpanded t er mina ls a re u sua l ly i n terpreted a s t he f erru les o f s pear-sha f ts .

The t er m ina l i s o f ten s o lid f or a s hor t d is tance , p resu mably

t o p rov ide a c oun terweigh t t o t he h ead ( Savory 1 964-66, f ig . 4 , 6 -9 , 1 3). These f erru les a re n o t o ften f ound c o mple te , b u t t hey c an measure a s much a s 4 3.75 cm i n l eng th ( i bid ., 1 94 n o . 5 , f ig . 4 , 7 ) . L ong t ubu lar f erru les w i th p la in o r s l igh t ly e xpanded t er m ina ls a ppeared i n Br i ta in d ur ing t he Wi lbur ton p hase a nd i n n or thern France d ur ing Bronze F ina l I ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 6, f ig . 9 ; C oo mbs 1 975a , 6 1; Br iard 1 965 , 1 80 , 1 93 , f igs . 5 9 , 1 -7; 6 5 , 6 6, 5 ) .

Br i t ish e xa mp les were c on f ined l argely t o

s ou thern a nd e as tern Eng land d ur ing LBA2 ; d ur ing LBA3 t hey r ecurred i n t he s a me r eg ion i n Broadward h oards a nd were a lso k nown i n o ther p ar ts o f Br it a in ( Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 , 2 16, 2 33 , f ig . 3 ) ; I r ish f inds a re r are ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 90 , f ig . 1 , 8 ) . T ubu lar f erru les d o n ot a ppear t o b e c o m mon i n France o u ts ide t he n or th ; t he t hree e xa mp les f ro m t he S cheld t ( Lis t 1 07, 8 ) a re p resu mably o f wes tern o r ig in , l i ke t he Du tch f ind ( L is t 1 07 , 9 ) i fi td id n o t o r ig ina l ly h ave a d isc t ermina l .

The t er m ina ls o f t he t ubu lar f erru les i n t he Hue lva h oard , s ou th-wes tern

S pa in ( I nv . Arch . E l , 1 49-187) a l l a ppear t o b e more o r l ess e xpanded a nd n ot r ela ted t o t he LBA2 f or m .

A n u mber o f t ubu lar f erru les i s k nown i n t he

N ord ic a rea ( Sprockhof f 1 956, 8 4 ; Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 33 ) b u t o n ly o ne a ppears t o b e a wes tern t ype a nd t h is i s i n a MV h oard f ro m Kronshagen , Kr . Rendsburg , H o ls te in ( Sprockhoff 1 941 , 9 6-97, A bb. 7 8 ; 1 956, 4 0 , Ta f . 3 , 1 0 ; Baudou 1 960 , 3 22 ; Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 33 ). Tubu lar f erru les c ons t i tu te o ne o f t he mos t d is tinct ive t ypes c o m mon t o s ou thern Br i ta in a nd n or thern France d ur ing LBA2 ; wh i le t hey a re f ound t hroughou t n or thern France , .t hey a re r are i n s ou th-wes tern Br i ta in a nd i sol a ted f inds a re c oncen tra ted i n t he l ower Tha mes v a l ley.

1 41

L ocras s words .

L IST 1 08 .

MAP 4 2.

L ocras s words h ave ab road l ea f-shaped b lade o f l ozenge s ec t ion w i th a l ong o rna men ted r icasso ; s tra ight s hou lders c on ta in t wo o r f our r ive t-ho les , t he s wol len g r ip h as t wo o r t hree r ivet-holes , t he f langes c an b e n otched o n t he s we l ling a nd t he s ides o f t he h i l t c an b e o rna men ted ; t he f ish-ta i l p o m me l c an h ave a c en tra l p ro ject ion ( Schauer 1 971, 1 76 ). The d is tr ibu t ion o f L ocras s words i s c en tred i n wes tern Sw i tzer land , e x tend ing t o n or th-eas tern France , L i mburg , c en tra l G er many a nd B ohe m ia ( i bid ., 1 79 , Ta f . 1 22A ) . Av ar ian t i n t he Ha A 2 b ur ia l f ro m G a m mer tingen , Kr . S igmar ingen Baden- Wür t te mberg , g ives a d a te f or t he a ppearance o f L ocras s words , mos t o f wh ich s hou ld b e long i n t he s ucceed ing p hase ( i bid ., 1 79 ).

The Maas tr ich t

s word ( List 1 08 , 2 ) i s a lso a v ar ian t a nd might b e long t o t he e nd o f LBA1 r a ther t han t o LBA2. Ma inz s words .

L IST 1 09.

MAP 4 2.

Ma inz s words h ave a b road l ea f-shaped b lade w i th a n o va l s ec t ion o r a midr ib , u sua l ly w i th mu l tip le o u t l ines ; t here i s al ong r icasso ; s hou lders a re s tra igh t o r s l ight ly c oncave w i th f our r ivet-ho les ; t he s wo l len g r ip h as t wo o r t hree r ive t-holes a nd t here i s af ish-ta i l p o m mel ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 71).

The

s word f ro m Precy-sur-O ise ( L is t 1 09 , 1 ) i s r e la ted t o t he Ma inz t ype a nd t o t he more e labora te F ore l t ype ( Schauer 1 971, 1 80-181). Forel s words b elong t o Ha B 1 ( i bid ., 1 72 , 1 81).

B o th Ma inz a nd

S chauer r ecogn ises n o

Ma inz s word o u ts ide s ou thern a nd wes tern G er many ( i bid ., 1 72-173 , Ta f . 1 21B ) wh i le Forel s words a re more c o m mon f ur ther wes t ( i bid ., 1 81 , Ta f . 1 22A ). S chauer d oes n o t men t ion t he s word f ro m t he S e ine a t La Roche t te , S einee t- Marne ( Cabrol a nd Pauron 1 937, 4 88 , f ig . 1 0 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 5 33 , f ig . l b) , wh ich C owen l i s ted a s a Ma inz s word ( 1955 , 1 45 n o. 5 ) .

Th is

s word h as a n o rna men ted r icasso ; i ts l eng th , 6 8 .8 cm , s ugges ts t ha t i ti s r ela ted t o t he L ocras t ype r a ther t han t o t he l onger O t ters tad t g roup ( S chauer 1 971 , 1 79-180 ). There a ppears t o b e a sma l l g roup o f d ecora ted f lange-h i l ted s words o f e ar ly Ha B d a te f ro m e astern France s epara te f ro m t he Midd le Rh ine g roup . Ad ecora ted b lade f rag men t i n B ou t igny h oard I ( 133 ) c ou ld b elong t o t h is g roup . K len tn ice s words .

L IST 1 10.

MAP 4 2.

K len tn ice s words a re f lange-h i l ted s words w i th s epara te a n tennae p o mmels ; t hey a re r ela ted t o s o l id-h i lted a n tennae-po m mel s words o f L ipovka t ype ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 961 , 5 3-54 ) , Ha B 2.

The e pony mous K len tn ice s word

c o mes f ro m a Morav ian c re ma t ion b ur ia l ( Novak 1 975 , 2 6 n o. 1 22 ; R ihovs lq 1 972 , Ta f . 4 3A ) o f t he e ar l ier P odol l p hase o f t he midd le Danube U rn f ie ld c u l ture , Ha B 1 a nd p ar t o f Ha B 2 a ccord ing t o R ihovs l« 7 ( 1966, 5 34 ) , H a B 1 a ccord ing t o P odbors 14 ( 1970 , 1 91 , Ta f . 2 5 , A bb. 1 ) .

B oth S chauer ( 1971 ,

1 75-176) a nd Thrane ( 1968 , 1 75 ) d a te K len tn ice s words t o Ha B i.

1 42

The d is tr ibu t ion o f K len tn ice s words i s w idespread , t he Bras les p o m me ls ( L is t 1 10 , 1 ) b eing t he o n ly f inds wes t o f t he Rh ine ; S chauer s ugges ts t he r eg ion b e tween t he e as tern A lps a nd t he C arpa th ians f or t he o r ig in o f K len tn ice s words ( 1971 , 1 76 , T a f . 1 21B ). A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words .

L IST 1 11.

MAP 4 3 .

The f lange-h i l ted s words w i th l ea f-shaped b lades , c o m mon i n n or thwes tern France a nd u sua l ly k nown a s ' A t lan t ic ' s words , h ave b een d iscussed b y Br iard ( 1 965 , 1 77 , 1 87-192 ) a nd h is c lass if ica t ion h as b een s u m mar ised b y G aucher a nd Mohen ( 1 972 , 5 5 ). A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words f ound i n h oards a re o f ten f ragmen tary a nd t he d e ta i led t ypology i s b ased o n i so la ted e xa mp les , e spec ia l ly f ro m Nan tes , L o ire-A t lan t ique .

B lades h ave a l ozenge s ec t ion w i th a d is t inc t midr ib , u n-

d ecora ted o r w i th o u t l ines .

S hou lders a re s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly c onvex ; f our

r ive t-holes a re u sua l , e xcep t ions r are .

G r ips h ave s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly c on-

v ex s ides w i th t hree r ive t-holes o r as lo t .

P o m me ls h ave a f i sh-ta i l f or m ,

more o r l ess wel l d ef ined . B r iard d ef ined t hree f or ms ( 1965 , 1 87-192 , f igs . 6 3-64 ). s ha l low r icasso o r , r are ly , n o r icasso a t a l l .

F or m a h as a

F or m b h as a d eep r icasso a nd

t he u pper p ar ts o f mu l t ip le o u t l ines c an b e marked b y p oin t i l l6 o rna men t . F or m c i s t he S a in t-Naza ire t ype o f C owen ( 1956; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 5 5 , f ig . 2 ) ; C owen h ad d ef ined t h is w i th e spec ia l r eference t o t he a ppearance o f p o in t i l l6 o rna men t b y t he d eep r icasso , b u t Br iard p refers t he n arrower b lade w i th more n ear ly p ara l le l s ides a s t he p r inc ipa l t ypolog ica l i nd ica tor . A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words a re d a ted t o B ronze F ina l It hroughou t n or the rn a nd wes tern F rance ( i bid ., 5 5 ; B r iard 1 965 , 1 92-195 ; C o f fyn 1 976 , 5 38 ; V erron 1 976a , 5 92 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 5 4 ) .

A t lan t ic l eaf-shaped

s words were d er ived f ro m c en tra l European l ea f-shaped f lange-h i l ted s words ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 85 ) a nd t he f irs t e xa mp les may h ave a ppeared a t at ime c on te mp orary w i th l a ter Ha A ( see p . 1 15 )a nd Burgess ( 1968a , 1 3 ) h as c la i med t ha t t he t ypolog ica l ly e ar ly f or m w i th c onvex s hou lders was more c o m mon i n F rance t han i n Br i ta in .

There i s n o c orpus u pon wh ich t o f ound a d e ta i led

t ypo log y; i t may b e a ssumed t ha t t he f irs t A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words were p roduced i n n or thern France d ur ing l a ter LBA1 b u t Ik now o f n o h oard a ssoc ia t ion e ar l ier t han LBA2.

I t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he c onven t iona l d a t ing o f

H em igko fen s words t o Bronze F ina l I ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 85 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 5 23 ) , wh i le s a t is factory f or t he c orre la t ion o f t he e ar ly p ar t o f Bronze F ina l Iw i th Ha A i n e as tern France ( see p . 3 1-32 ) , i s l ess s o i n n or thern F rance , where h oards c on ta in ing ma ter ia l p redo m inan t ly o f Bronze F ina l I were d epos i ted c on te mporary w i th Ha A 2 , e .g . C annes-Ecluse Ia nd L onguev i l le ( see p . 9 9-100). He m igko fen s words s hou ld h ave o ccurred i n n or thern France d ur ing l a ter Bronze F ina l I , s ince o n ly t he ir l oca l A t lan t ic im i ta t ions were i ncorpora ted i n to h oards o f Bronze F ina l I . A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words a re c on f ined ma in ly t o t he n or th a nd wes t o f France ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 92-193 ) w i th l arge c oncen tra t ions o n t he l ower L o ire ( i bid ., 1 92 , f ig . 6 5 ) a nd i n t he S eine v a l ley ( Map 4 3 ) ; t hey a re c o m mon i n t he v a l leys o f t he O ise a nd t he S o m me , b u t r are b eyond .

1 43

There a re a f ew f inds f ro m c en tra l E urope b u t o n ly o ne g ives u se fu l i ndep enden t d a t ing e v idence .

T h is i s t he h i l t i n t he h oard f ro m Maskov ice ,

Bohe m ia ( Noväk 1 975 , 2 7 n o . 1 26 ) ; t h is h oard a lso c on ta ins a R osnoen p a ls tave ( R ich lS 7 1 893 , Tab. X IX , 3 ) . Von Brunn h as d a ted t he Maskov ice h oard t o Ha B 1 ( 1968 , 2 55 n . 2 , 3 04 , Tabe l le 2 ) .

There a re a lso a h i l t f ragmen t a nd t wo

b lade f ragmen ts i n ah oard s upposed ly f ro m K o lbens te inberg , L dkr . G unzenh ausen , B avar ia ( Cowen 1 955 , 1 52-153 ; S chauer 1 971 , 1 88 n o . 5 66 ; Wi l lerKarpe 1 958 , 1 8-19 , A bb. 8 ) .

The c on ten ts o f t h is h oard c an a l mos t a l l b e

ma tched i n French Bronze F ina l I h oards :

i nden ted s ocketed a xe , w inged a xe

f ragmen t , l ozenge-sec t ion c hape , s p ira l a nd c onvex p ha lera .

The s tepped

p ha lera c an b e ma tched i n Br i ta in ( see p . 1 49 ) . Mü l ler-Karpe s ugges ted t ha t t he h oard was f ound i n F rance a nd b rough t t o G ermany ( i bid ., 1 9 ) a nd i ti s n ow c lear t ha t t h is h appened t o t he J uv incour t h oard ( 163 ) . There i s af ragmen t o f a n A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s word i n ab ur ia l f ro m S äck ingen-Flühwa ldchen , L dkr . S äck ingen , Baden- Wür t te mberg ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 88 n o . 5 71; G ersbach 1 968-69 , 4 7 n o . 3 3 , 1 88 n o . 2 9 , Ta f . 7 6 , 4 ) , b u t t h is f ind i s n ot c lose ly d a tab le . There a re i sola ted f inds f ro m t he Rh ine land a nd S wi tzer land ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 87-188 n os . 5 57, 5 58 , 5 60 , 5 61 , 5 64 , 5 68 , 5 70 ).

The s word f ro m Badegow ,

Kr . S chwer in , Meck lenburg ( Cowen 1 952 , 1 44 n o . 2 , p l . XV , 1 ) , i s p robab ly aB r i t ish s word o f Burgess ' G roup I I ( 1 968a , 3 5 , f ig . 1 , 5 ) . A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words o ccur i n s ou th-wes tern France i n t he S a in tDen is-de-P i le g roup o n t he G ironde ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 93-195 ; C of fyn 1 976 , 5 38 , f ig . 3 , 1 4 , 1 7) a nd s im i lar s words o ccur i n t he I ber ian p en insu la ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 96-197; S avory 1 964-66 , 1 84 , f ig . 8 ; 1 968 , 2 25 ) .

A s er ies o f I ber ian l ea f-

s haped f lange-h i l ted s words h as b een i l lus tra ted b y A l magro ( 1940 , f ig . 1 7 , l äm . V I ) .

Mos t o f t hese h ave t hree s lo ts l ike I ber ian C arp 's Tongue s words

( i b id ., f ig . 1 9 , l äm . I ) .

T he t hree-s lo t t ype i s r are i n n or thern France ( see

p .143 )a nd t he I ber ian e xa mp les a re p robably l oca l , c f . t he e xa mp les w i th b road s hou lders f ro m E vora , P or tuga l ( S chubar t 1 975 , 8 7, 2 68 n os . 4 67-468 , Ta l . 5 3 ) .

T here i s at hree-s lo t s word i n t he R io S i t h oard , Orense , n or th-

wes tern S pa in , w i th ab asa llooped s pearhead a nd a h o l low-bladed s pearhead ( I nv . A rch . E 3 ) .

E ven i n s ou th-wes tern France , t hree-s lo t s words a re n o t

c o m mon ( Co f fyn 1 967 , 7 93 , f igs . 1 , 2 ; 2 , 3 ) , a nd t he I ber ian t hree-s lo t s words a re p robab ly n o t o f French o r ig in . S o me I ber ian s words may b e o f French o r Br i t ish o r ig in .

The e xa mp le

f ro m A lha ma d e A ragön , Z aragoza , n or thern S pa in ( A l magro 1 940 , f ig . 1 7, 4 , l am . V I , 4 ) , h as mu l t ip le o u t l ines , c onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ive t-ho les a nd a s lo t ted g r ip ; i t was f ound w i th a l ozenge-sec t ion c hape .

Th is f ind s hou ld

h ave b een d er ived f ro m t he n or th , b u t n o t n ecessar i ly a ny f ur ther n or th t han t he G ironde .

A s word f ro m V i lar Ma ior , S abuga l , G uarda , P or tuga l , h as

c onvex s hou lders w i th s ix r ive t-holes a nd a s lo t ted g r ip ( de C as tro Nunes a nd Vasco R odr igues 1 957 , 2 79-284 , f ig . 1 A ) .

I ti s r are f or French A t lan t ic

s words t o h ave s ix r ive t-ho les ( see p .143 )a nd t he V i lar Ma ior s wotd may b e c o mpared t o B r i t ish s words o f B urgess ' G roup I I ( 1968a , 3 5 , f ig . 1 , 5 ) . A s word f ro m S a in t-Br ice , C haren te , h as s ix r ive t-ho les i n i t s s hou lders , b u t a lso h as r ive t-ho les i n i t s g r ip ( Cof fyn a nd G o mez 1 971 , 2 48-251 , f ig . 3 ) . The d roop ing s hou lders o f t he t hree-s lo t s word f ro m S obre fox , Ponga , As tur ias ( A l magro 1 940 , f ig . 1 7 , 2 ,

l äm .V I , 2 ) , may b e c o mpared t o t he

s hou lders o f t he t hree-s lo t s word f ro m t he G aronne n ear L a R6 D le , G ironde ( Cof fyn 1 967 , 7 85-786 , f igs . 1 , 2 ; 2 , 3 ) . 1 44

I ta ppears t ha t o n ly t hese t wo o r t hree l ea f-shaped f lange-h i l ted s words n eed h ave b een impor ted i n to I ber ia f ro m t he n or th a nd o n ly t he V i lar Ma jor s word n eed h ave c o me f ur ther t han f ro m A qu i ta ine . S avory ( 1964-66 , 1 84 ) a nd Hawkes ( 1969 , 1 88-190 ) a ppear t o h ave e xaggera ted t he s peci f ic c on tr ib u t ion o f n or thern F rance a nd Br i ta in . Wi lbur ton s words .

MAP 4 3 .

I t was C owen ( 1 933 , 1 97-198 ) who f irs t s ugges ted t ha t t he s word f ragmen ts i n t he Wi lbur ton h oard were c haracter is t ic o f al arge g roup o f s words .

Three

LBA2 h oards f ro m B r i ta in c on ta in a l arge n umber o f s word f ragmen ts : Wi lb ur ton ( 129 ) , I s leham ( 127 ) a nd B lackmoor , H an ts ( Coo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 5 ) . N one o f t hese h oards h as y e t b een f u l ly p ubl ished . The s words i n t he Wi lbur ton h oard h ave s lo t ted g r ips , s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders w i th t wo o r f our r ive t-ho les a nd b lades w i th b road midr ibs , b eve l led e dges a nd r icass i . o ra t ion a ppears t o b e a bsen t . I s leham .

S o me e xamp les h ave e n larged r ive t-ho les .

Dec-

There i s more v ar ie ty i n t he l arge h oard f ro m

S lo t ted g r ips a re u sua l , t hough s o me e xamp les h ave r ive t-ho les .

S hou lders a re s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly c onvex w i th t wo , f our o r s ix r ive t-holes , o r t wo s lo ts .

B lades c an h ave o va l s ec t ions o r midr ibs ; b eve l led e dges a nd

r icass i a re u sua l . o n s o me b lades .

Mu l t ip le o u t l ines , s o me t i mes w i th p o in t i l l6 a re p resen t There i s as im i lar v ar ie ty o f d e ta i ls i n t he B lack moor h oard

( Haver f ie ld 1 900 , 3 38 , f ig . 3 1 ) . I sola ted f inds s how a s im i lar c o mbina t ion o f f ea tures .

Tha mes a t S ion

R each , M idd lesex ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 9 , 2 ) , s lo t ted g r ip , s tra igh t s hou lders w i th f our r ivet-ho les , l ozenge-sect ion b lade w i th b eve l led e dges a nd r icasso ; A ldre th , Haddenham , C a mbs . ( Fox 1 923 , 5 9 , p l . I X , 1 ; CMAE 9 3 .160 ; F ig . 5 4 , 1 ) , s lo t ted g r ip , s tra igh t s hou lders w i th f our r ivet-ho les , b road midr ib a nd r icasso o nb lade ; Tha mes a t T edd ing ton , S urrey ( Museu m o f L ondon , e x G u i ldha l l Museum 1 1.022 ; F ig . 5 4 , 2 ) , s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ive t-holes , n arrow midr ib a nd r icasso o nb lade ; Mor t lake , S urrey ( Brewis 1 922-23 , p l . XLV I , 4 3 ) , t hree r ive t-ho les i n g r ip , c onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ive t-ho les , midr ib a nd r icasso o nb lade ; We ther ingse t t , S u f fo lk ( Norw ich 1 966 , 2 2 , f ig . 4 4 ) , s lo t ted g r ip , s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders w i th t wo r ive t-ho les , b road midr ib o nb lade , t h is s word may h ave b een f ound w i th b ones ( Burgess 1 976b , 8 9 n o . 2 1 ) ; T ha mes a t Ba t tersea , S urrey ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 9 , 3 ) , t hree-s lo t s word w i th s tra igh t s hou lders .

Three-s lo t s words d o n o t a ppear

t o b e c o m mon . C oo mbs ( 1975a , 6 2 ) a ppears t o i nclude a l l s words w i th p o in t i lM o rna men t i n t he S a in t-Naza ire t ype b u t t h is f ea ture i s n o t d iagnos t ic a nd d oes n o t a ppear o n t he e pony mous s word ( see p . 1 43 ) . T he f or m o f t he b lade o f t he l onges t s word i n t he I s leham h oard ( Fig . 4 2 , 3 ) , w i th i t s b roades t p oin t s e t l ow d own , c on for ms t o t he French d ef in i t ion o f S a in t-Naza ire s words , a nd i t s h a f t ing a rrange men t , s lo t ted g r ip a nd f our r ive t-ho les i n t he s hou lders , wou ld n o t b e o u t o f p lace o n a French s word .

A s word f ro m t he Thames w i th p o in t i l l6 o rna-

men t ( Brewis 1 922-23 , p l . XLV I I , 4 7 ) h as s ix r ive t-holes i n i ts s hou lders , whereas French s words u sua l ly h ave f our ( see p .143 ) . The h af t ing a rrangemen t o f t he h i l t w i th p o in t i l lg o rna men t i n t he Wicken F en h oard ( 128 ) d oes c on for m t o t he French p a t tern b u t t he r idged h i l t- mark may b e al oca l f ea ture .

1 45

T he t ypo log ica l p os i t ion o f Wi lbur ton s words i s c lear ; t hey c o me a f ter i nsu lar v ers ions o f e ar ly U rn f ie ld f lange-h i l ted s words , Burgess ' G roup I I , a nd b efore Ewar t Park s words , Burgess ' G roup V . t u te Burgess ' G roup I V .

W i lbur ton s words c ons t i-

T hey s hou ld n o t h ave a ppeared b e fore a t ime c on te m-

p orary w i th l a ter Ha A 2 a nd were n o t d epos i ted i n h oards b efore LBA2 .

A

f ew Wi lbur ton s words , e .g . T hames a t S ta ines , Midd lesex ( Museu m o f L ondon A .10948 ) , h ave a d is t inct ive s wol len g r ip wh ich c an b e ma tched o n Ha B 1 s words o f L ocras , Ma inz a nd F ore l t ypes . The d is tr ibu t ion o f Wi lbur ton s words i n B r i ta in i s more e x tens ive t han t ha t o f a ny e ar l ier s word t ype , t hough mos t e xa mp les c o me f ro m s ou thern a nd e as tern Eng land .

There a re p ar t icu lar c oncen tra t ions i n t he s ou th-eas tern

marg ins o f t he F ens , where h oard f inds p redo m ina te , a nd i n t he l ower T hames v a l ley , where s ing le f inds p redo m ina te . LBA2 s words : d iscuss ion B r i t ish Wi lbur ton s words a nd French A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words b e long t o t he s ame t rad i t ion , d er ived f ro m e ar ly U rn f ie ld models , a nd a re c haracteri s t ic o f LBA2 o n e i ther s ide o f t he C hanne l . i den t ica l .

H owever , t he t wo g roups a re n ot

Mos t F rench s words h ave f our r ive t-ho les i n t he s hou lders , whereas

Br i t ish s words may h ave t wo , f our o r s ix .

The p ropor t ions o f French s words

w i th s lo ts a nd w i th r ive t-ho les i n t he ir g r ips a ppear t o b e r ough ly e qua l , whereas s lo t ted g r ips a ppear t o b e more c o m mon i n B r i ta in .

Three-s lo t

s words a re n o t c o m mon o n e i ther s ide o f t he C hanne l . On ly t he p ubl ica t ion o f c o mp le te c orpora w i l l a l low more d e ta i led d is t inct ions t o b e made b u t s o me c onc lus ions may b e b ased o n o vera l l d is tr ibu t ion ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 6 5 ; Map 4 3 ) .

A t lan t ic l eaf-shaped s words a ppear t o b e a t

l eas t a s c o m mon i n t he n or th-eas t o f France a s i n t he n or th-wes t , wh i le mos t Wi lbur ton s words a re f ound i n s ou th-eas tern Br i ta in a nd t hey a re c onsp icuous ly a bsen t f ro m t he s ou th-wes t . A t lan t ic s words a re a lso r are b eyond t he S o m me v a l ley . LBA2 s words d e mons tra te v ery we l l ad is tr ibu t ion c o m mon t o s ou the as tern Eng land a nd n or th-eas tern France , w i th e spec ia l emphas is o n t he v a l leys o f t he T hames , S eine , S o m me a nd O ise .

C en tra l European s words

a re a l mos t a bsen t f ro m t hese a reas , r each ing o n ly a s f ar a s t he Marne a nd t he O ise ( Map 4 2 ) . L ozenge-sec t ion c hapes .

L IST 1 12 .

MAP 4 4 .

L ozenge-sec t ion c hapes a re c haracter is t ic o f LBA2 o nb o th s ides o f t he C hanne l ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 77-180 ; Burgess 1 968a , 3 6 ). C lassi f ica t ions o f l ozenges ec t ion c hapes b y E ogan ( 1965 , 1 68-171 ) a nd Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies ( 1 972 , 2 18-219 ) a re b ased o n l eng th . Sma l l l ozenge-sec t ion c hapes o ccur a f ter LBA2.

T he o n ly c o mp le te c hape i n t he I s leha m h oard i s 1 3.0 cm l ong

( F ig . 4 3 , 4 ) a nd t he s hor tes t c hape i n t he G u i ls f ie ld h oard i s 1 3 .25 cm l ong ( Savory 1 964-66 , 1 95 n o . 1 6) .

The f rag men tary c hapes i n t he S a in t-Br ieuc-

d es-I f fs h oard ( Br iard a nd Onn6e 1 972 , p ls . I X-X ) s ee m o r ig ina l ly t o h ave b een n o s hor ter t han t hose i n t he Br i t ish h oards .

T he o n ly c o mp le te c hape

i n t he Wi lbur ton h oard measures 3 3.12 cm i n l eng th ( Fig . 4 7 , 6 ) a nd t he l arges t i n t he G u i ls f ie ld h oard 2 7.5 cm ( Savory 1 964-66 , 1 95 n o. 5 ) .

A l l t he

c on t inen ta l c hapes l i s ted h ere ( L is t 1 12 ) a ppear t o f a l l w i th in t h is r ange , t ha t i s t ypes a a nd b o f Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies ( 1972 , 2 19 ).

1 46

Ang les a re

o f ten d ef ined b y r ibs a nd t he t i p may b e mou lded , b u t o ther o rna men t i s r are. T he G en tbrugge c hape ( L is t 1 12 , 1 5 ) h as z igzag o rna men t b e low t he mou th a nd o ne c hape i n t he G u i ls f ie ld h oard i s d ecora ted ( Savory 1 964-66, f ig . 6 , 2 ) . I n France l ozenge-sect ion c hapes o ccur ma in ly i n t he n or th a nd wes t ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 76-180 , 1 93-195 , f igs . 5 8 , 6 5 ; C o f fyn 1 976 , 5 38 , f ig . 3 , 2 2 ; Map 4 4 ) .

Mos t French c hapes a ppear t o h ave s tra igh t mou ths ; t he d eep ly c on-

c ave f or m k nown i n B r i ta in , c f . t he c hapes i n t he G u i ls f ie ld h oard ( 131) ( Coo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 9 , 1 5 ) , d oes n o t a ppear t o b e c o m mon i n France .

L ozenge-

s ec t ion c hapes a re r are e lsewhere i n F rance ; t here i s af ragmen t w i th t ransv erse c ordons i n t he L arnaud h oard , J ura ( Chan tre 1 875 , p l . XLV I , 2 ) . T here i s o ne S pan ish f ind a ssoc ia ted w i th a s word a t A lhama d e A ragön ( see p .144 ) . The d is tr ibu t ion o f LBA2 l ozenge-sec t ion c hapes i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f c on te mporary s words i n B r i ta in a nd o n t he c on t inen t ( Maps 4 3-44 ). T he l onges t l ozenge-sec t ion c hapes wou ld h ave p ro jec ted a bou t 1 5 .0 cm b eyond t he e nd o f t he s cabbard . These were p resu mably d es igned a s p res t ige o r d isp lay i t e ms .

T he a dd i t iona l l eng th migh t h ave i nconven ienced a f oo t-

s o ld ier a nd may h ave b een more p rac t icable f or a moun ted warr ior . VESSELS C au ldrons The b ronze c au ldrons o f t he B r i t ish B ronze Age h ave b een t he s ub jec t o f t wo c lass ic s tud ies .

I n 1 930 L eeds p ub l ished a n e xa mp le f ro m t he R . C herwe l l

a t S h ip ton-on-Cherwe l l , Oxon ., e s tabl ished a t ypology f or c au ldrons a nd s ugges ted a Med i terranean o r ig in ( Leeds 1 930 ) .

I n 1 957 Hawkes a nd Sm i th

( 1 60-190 ) a ddressed t he mse lves t o t he p roble ms o f t he o r ig in a nd c hrono logy o f t hese c au ldrons , wh ich t hey n a med ' A t lan t ic ' ( i bid ., 1 60 ) .

They c oncluded

t ha t Med i terranean c au ldrons were d er ived f ro m Urar tu d ur ing t he l a ter e igh th c en tury ( i bid , ., 1 75 ) a nd s ugges ted t ha t A t lan t ic c au ldrons r eached Br i ta in v ia s ou thern a nd wes tern France ( i bid ., 1 81 , 1 89 ) . a bou t t he i den t i f ica t ion o f t h is r ou te

They were s o mewha t c au t ious

1 80 ) a nd Hawkes h as more r ecen t ly

p roposed a mar i t i me r ou te a round I ber ia ( 1969 , 1 91 ; 1 976a , 6 6 ) . T he d is tr ibu t ion o f A t lan t ic c au ldrons i s c oncen tra ted i n I re land a nd s ou the rn Eng land w i th t hree f inds f ro m S cot land ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957, 1 82 ). C au ldrons o f t he e ar l ies t t ypo log ica l C lass , A l , o ccur i n a l l t hese a reas a nd i n t he I s leha m h oard ( 1 27) .

T here i s ac au ldron o f C lass A 3 f ro m A bi ldho l t ,

R ingkjbing Am t , J u t land , p resumably a B r i t ish o r I r ish e xpor t ( i bid ., 1 83 ; Thrane 1 975 , 1 52-153 , 2 33 ) .

Th is i s t he o n ly A t lan t ic c au ldron f ound e as t o f

t he Br i t ish I s les ; t here a re t hree f ro m t he A t lan t ic c oas t o f c on t inen ta l Europe . Two o ccur i n C arp 's T ongue h oards f ro m P ra ir ie d e Mauves , Nan tes , L oireA t lan t ique , a nd H io , P on tevedra , a nd t he t h ird i s a n i so la ted e xa mp le f ro m C abärceno , S an tander .

T hese c au ldrons f ro m France a nd S pa in a l l b e long t o

t he l a ter t ypo log ica l C lass , B ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957 , 1 84-185 , f ig . 1 0 ) ; t he s tap le i n t he Bronze F ina l I I D 6v i l le h oard ( 1 73 ) p robab ly b e longs t o aC lass Ac au ldron .

A par t f ro m I s leha m , a l l t he h oards wh ich c on ta in c au ldrons a re

o f LBA3 o r l a ter d a te ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 10 ) ; I s leha m ( 127) i s LBA2 a nd , i ft he f lesh-hook f ro m E r iswe l l were p ar t o f t he LBA1 h oard ( 1 11 ) , t he s im i lar h ook f ound w i th t he C lass A l c au ldron a t F e l twe l l F en , N or fo lk , c ou ld a lso i nd ica te a n e ar ly d a te ( Norwich 1 977 , 2 9-30 , f igs . 8 7 , 1 08 ; J ockenhöve l 1 974a , 3 31-333 ). 1 47

C au ldrons s hou ld h ave a ppeared i n B r i ta in e ar l ier t han t he e igh th-cen tury d a te p roposed b y Hawkes a nd Sm i th a nd t he t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly c au ldrons a pp ear w i thou t a ny i n ter med ia te f inds b etween B r i ta in a nd t he s upposed r eg ion o f o r ig in i n t he Med i terranean . I n v iew o f t hese d i f f icu l t ies o f c hrono logy a nd d is tr ibu t ion , an or th-European o r ig in h as b een s ugges ted f or A t lan t ic c au ldrons ( Eogan 1 974a , 3 22 n . 1 8 ; E ogan a nd H er i ty 1 977, 2 04 ) a nd t h is s ugges t ion may b e r endered more p lausi b le i ft he i n troduct ion o f s hee t b ronze s h ie lds i n to Br i ta in f ro m Denmark i s a ccep ted ( see p . 15-7). T hrane h as p ubl ished d e ta i ls o f t he r e levan t b ronze v esse ls f ro m D en mark ( 1 962a ) ; t hese o ccur a longs ide more f am i l iar t ypes o f c en tra l European b ronze c ups .

T he e ar ly MI I I v esse l f ro m G y ldensgard , Os ter mar ie , B ornho lm , d ia-

me ter c . 2 5 cm , h e igh t a t l eas t 1 5 cm , h as a c onvex b ody w i th a n e ver ted r im a nd a c as t b ronze r ing-hand le a t tached t o t he b ody b y a n X -shaped c as t l oop ( i b id ., 1 12-116 , f igs . 6 , 7 a ).

The M I I I whee led c au ldron f ro m S ka l lerup ,

Praes to Am t , Z ea land , d iame ter C . 3 7.5 cm , h e igh t c . 2 1.0 cm , h as a c onv ex b ody i n t wo p ar ts j o ined b y f la t-headed r ive ts a nd a f la t e ver ted r i m whose e dge i s r o l led r ound a b ronze r e in forcing w ire ( i bid ., 1 54 , f igs . 2 5-26 ; Aner a nd K ers ten 1 976, 1 77-178 n o . 1 269 , Ta f . 1 42-143 ) .

These t wo v esse ls s how

a l l t he t echn iques n ecessary t o p roduce A t lan t ic c au ldrons . T here a re d i f f icu l t ies w i th t h is i n terpre ta t ion . d rons a re t w ice a s b ig a s t he S ka l lerup v esse l .

One i s s ize ; A t lan t ic c au l-

Ano ther i s c hrono log y; t he

MI I I d a te o f t he Dan ish v esse ls s ugges ts a n o r ig in w i th in LBA1 f or t he B r i t ish c au ldrons .

H owever , i ft he a ppearance o f c au ldrons i s t o b e r e la ted t o t he

a ppearance o f s h ie lds , a nd e spec ia l ly i ft he E r iswe l l f l esh-hook i s a ccep ted a s c on te mporary w i th in t he LBA1 h oard a nd u sed t o d a te t he F e l twe l l c au ldron , a LBA1 d a te wou ld b e p laus ib le .

T hese d i f f icu l t ies a ppear t o b e l ess s er ious

t han t hose i nvo lved i n a ccep t ing t he H awkes a nd Sm i th c hrono logy wh ich wou ld n o t a l low t he a ppearance o f A t lan t ic c au ldrons b efore t he e nd o f t he e igh th c ent ury ( 1957 , 1 75 ) ; o n c urren t c hrono logy t h is wou ld p lace t he I s leha m h oard l a te i n LBA3 a nd C lass B c au ldrons , wh ich o ccur i n s evera l LBA3 h oards , c ou ld n o t h ave a ppeared b e fore t he mid-seven th c en tury ( i bid ., 1 76 ) , i .e . d ur ing LBA4 .

U n less a r eassess men t o f t he Med i terranean o r ig in f or A t lan t ic

c au ldrons c an p rov ide a h igher c hrono logy f or t he s upposed p ro to types , I s hou ld p re fer a n or thern o r ig in . F lesh-hook t er m ina ls Br i t ish a nd I r ish e xa mp les o f s o-ca l led ' f lesh-hooks ' a nd t he ir t er m ina ls h ave r ecen t ly b een l i s ted a nd d iscussed b y J ockenhöve l ( 1974a ).

T he Wi lbur ton

a nd I s leham h oards c on ta in c harac ter is t ic t er m ina ls w i th k nobbed e nds a nd b ands o f r ibbed o rnamen t ( L is t 1 13 , 1 -2 ) a nd t here a re c o mparable French e xa mp les f ro m B ou t igny h oard I a nd V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges ( L is t 1 13 , 3 4 ).

T hese e xamp les may b e c o mpared t o t he t ermina ls o f more c o mp le te ly

p reserved f l esh-hooks ( Jockenhöve l 1 974a , A bb. 1 , 1 1-14 ) .

T he h a m mer-

h ead t er m ina ls i n t he I s leham h oard c anno t b e ma tched o n c o mp le te f lesh-hooks b u t a re s im i lar i n d i mens ions t o t he t ermina ls w i th k nobbed e nds . t hese LBA2 h oards c on ta ins a ny h ooks .

1 48

N one o f

F lesh-hook t er m ina ls a ppear t o b e u nknown i n LBA2 h oards f ro m n or thwes tern France , s o t he t wo e xamp les f ro m n or th-eas tern France may b e r eg arded a s impor ts f ro m B r i ta in . HORSE- GEAR C heek-p ieces I n t he h oards f ro m I s leham ( 127 ) a nd Wi lbur ton ( 129 ) c on ta in t wo g roups o f o b jec ts wh ich a ppear a s i ft hey c ou ld h ave b een u sed a s c heek-p ieces .

The

f irs t g roup i s c ons t i tu ted b y t hree f ragmen ts i n t he I s leham h oard ( Fig . 4 5 , 4 6-48 ) ; t hese a re c urved b ars w i th a c en tra l l oop f lanked b y s lots , t hey a re h o l low c as t a nd t he s ing le r e ma in ing t er m ina l i s k nobbed . Two o f t he f ragmen ts c ou ld b e f ro m a ma tch ing p a ir .

These o b jects h ave f ac i l i t ies f or t he t r ip le

a t tach men t wh ich c haracter ises r econs truct ions o f l a ter p reh is tor ic c heekp ieces ( Kossack 1 954a , A bb . 1 ; Mar ien 1 958 , f ig . 4 6) .

The s a me a pp l ies t o

t he s econd g roup o f o b jec ts , h o l low C -shaped p ieces w i th o pen t er m ina ls ; t he b es t p reserved e xamp le , i n t he Wi lbur ton h oard ( Fig . 4 8 , 2 4 ) , h as a s lo t i n i t s a pex .

T here i s as im i lar t er m ina l i n t he I s leha m h oard ( Coo mbs 1 975a ,

f ig . 1 0 , 1 1 ) a nd a more e labora te u n f in ished c as t ing ( F ig . 4 5 , 5 1 ) may b e long t o t h is g roup . B o th g roups o f LBA2 c heek-p ieces a ppear t o h ave b een s y m metr ica l ; i n t h is t hey d i f fer f ro m t he c heek-pieces i n e ar ly Urn f ie ld a nd c on te mporary f inds o n t he c on t inen t wh ich were n or ma l ly a ssy m me tr ica l ( Ba lkw i l l 1 973 , 4 47 , L is t 1 ; Thrane 1 963 ) .

S y m metr ica l c heek-pieces a re k nown f ro m Ha B

a t Mör igen , Bern ( Kossack 1 954a , 1 31 , A bb . 7 ) , a nd i n t he H a B 3 h oard f ro m Wa l ler fangen , Kr . S aar lou is , S aar land ( Ko l l ing 1 968 , Ta f . 4 6 , 4 ).

The La

Quen ique t ype o f c heek-p iece o f Ha C d a te i s s y m me tr ica l ( see p . 2 55 ) . B ronze c heek-pieces a ppeared i n c en tra l Europe d ur ing R einecke D ( Thrane 1 963 , 8 6) a nd i n n or thern Europe d ur ing M IV ( i bid ., 5 7, 6 3 , 9 9 ) b u t n o p ar t icul ar p ro to types f or t he Br i t ish c heek-pieces c an b e f ound .

Bronze b i ts a ppeared

i n c en tra l Europe b y Ha A l ( Ba lkw i l l 1 973 , 4 37-439 ) b u t d o n o t s ee m t o h ave a ppeared i n n or thern Europe u n t i l MV ( Thrane 1 963 , 9 1 n . 2 14 ) ; b ronze b i ts a re u nknown i n Br i ta in . pha lerae Ih ave d iscussed t he o r ig ins o f t he I s leha m p ha lerae ( L is t 1 14 , 1 ) a nd c onc luded t ha t t hey , l i ke t he T hames p ha lera ( L is t 1 14 , 2 ) , were p robably i nsu lar v ers ions o f c en tra l G er man p ha lerae o f H a B l/ M IV d a te ( O 'Connor 1 975 , 2 22 ). These c on t inen ta l f inds may n o t h ave b een i t e ms o f h orse-gear ( von Brunn 1 968 , 1 98 ) t hough t he Br i t ish e xa mp les c ou ld h ave b een u sed t o d ecora te h orseh arness .

T he B e lg ian p ha lerae ( L is t 1 14 , 3 ) may b e c o mpared t o e xa mp les

i n t he S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs h oard ( Br iard a nd Onnbe 1 972 , 1 5 , p ls . XV , 1 221 27 ; XV I , 1 28-129 ) a nd t o t he e xamp le i n t he h oard o f s im i lar c haracter s a id t o b e f ro m Ka lbens te inberg , L dkr . G unzenhausen , Bavar ia ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 958 , A bb . 8 , 8 ) .

T he Wiche len-Sche l lebel le p ha lerae c ou ld b e o f LBA2 d a te ,

t hough t hey may b e r e la ted t o t he p ha lerae f ro m H an a nd S ins in wh ich c ou ld b e l a ter ( see p . 1 97).

1 49

L ooped d iscs wh ich may b e r e la ted t o t hese c onvex p ha lerae a ppear i n e ar ly Urn f ie ld b ur ia ls w i th h orse- a nd wagon-gear .

The Mengen 1 905 b ur ia l ,

L dkr . S au lgau , Wür t te mberg , c on ta ins c onvex d iscs w i th d ouble l oops ( I nv . Arch . D 130 , 1 0 ) a nd l arger d iscs w i th p er iphera l s teps a nd s ing le l oops ( i b id ., 1 2 ) ; t he f ind f ro m Hader , L dkr . G r iesbach , Bavar ia , c on ta ins s ing le- a nd d ouble-looped d iscs ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 956 , A bb . 8 , 8 -10 , 1 5 ) .

Doublelooped

d iscs o ccur i n t he c on te mporary S w iss f inds f ro m S a in t-Sup l ice , Vaud , a nd Ka is ten , Aargau ( Drack 1 960-61 , 7 4 , A bb. 1 A , 3 ; 1 B , 3 ) . Large l ooped d iscs a re a lso k nown f ur ther n or th , e .g . E i l ingswa ld , Münzenberg , Kr . Fr iedberg , H esse ( Her mann 1 966 , 3 2 , 1 22 n o . 3 68 , Ta f . 1 14A , 3 ) . Bu t tons a nd s tuds The I s leham h oard ( 127 ) c on ta ins v ar ious t anged s tuds a nd l ooped b u t tons wh ich h ave b een i n terpre ted a s i t e ms o f h orse-gear .

Tanged s tuds o ccur i n

t he e ar ly Urn f ie ld f inds w i th h orse- a nd wagon-gear f ro m Har t a n d er A lz , Ldkr . A l tot t ing , Bavar ia ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 956, 6 6 , A bb. 5 , 2 ) ; Mengen 1 905 ( I nv . A rch . D 130 , 2 ) ; S taudach , U pper Aus tr ia ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 956 , A bb . 1 0 , 7 ) , a nd Kressbronn , Kr . T e t tnang , S wabia ( Wocher 1 965 , 1 9 , A bb. 4 , 1 2-13a ). There a re l ooped s tuds i n t he Mengen 1 955 b ur ia l ( I nv . Arch . D 129 , 6 ) , a no ther e ar ly U rn f ie ld f ind w i th h orse- a nd wagon-gear .

Sma l l b u t tons , l ooped

a nd t anged , o ccur i n t he S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs h oard ( Br iard a nd Onn6e 1 972 , 1 4-15 , p ls . X IV , 1 17-118 ; XV , 1 20-121) a nd t here a re s ix c onvex l ooped b u tt ons i n t he c on te mporary h oard f ro m C ha mpcue i l ( 134 ). Miscel laneous i t e ms o f h orse-gear The d ouble l oops i n t he I s leha m h oard may b e t erre ts ( Fig . 4 5 , 5 4 ) a nd t h is i n terpre ta t ion may a pp ly t o t he D -shaped o b jec t i n t he s a me h oard ( Fig . 4 5 , 5 3 ) .

Two p ieces i n t he Mengen 1 905 b ur ia l a re i n terpre ted a s t erre ts ;

t hese a re r ings w i th t ransverse s ocke ts a t tached ( I nv . Arch . D 130 , 1 1 ).

T he

I s leha m d oub le l oops may b e c o mpared t o ap iece i n t he Ha C f ind f ro m G ern l inden , L dkr . Fürs ten feldbruck , Bavar ia ( Kossack 1 954a , A bb . 1 9B , 8 ) . T he s trap-cross ings a nd t he a nnu lar r ings w i th l oops i n t he I s leha m ( 127) a nd Wi lbur ton ( 129 ) h oards c an b e ma tched i n l a ter Br i t ish h oards i n c on tex ts wh ich s ugges t h orse-gear . F or o ther p oss ible i t e ms o f h orse-gear i n LBA2 h oards s ee p . 3 68-9 . Whee led v eh ic les T here a re ' hub-caps ' o f s im i lar f or m i n t he h oards f ro m Wi lbur ton ( 1 29 ) , I s leha m ( 127 ) a nd C an te leu ( 139 ) a nd t he s ocke t w i th s tepped t op i n t he L uz a rches h oard ( 141 ) may b e r e la ted .

T he d i mens ions o f t he t er m ina l o f t he r od i n t he

I s leha m h oard ma tches t he d ia meters o f t he s ocke ts o f t he ' hub-caps ' ( see

p .3 68

)s ugges t ing t ha t t hese p ieces were s o mehow a ssoc ia ted .

These p ieces may b e c o mpared t o t wo g roups o f whee led v eh icles .

T he

f irs t g roup c o mpr ises t he e ar ly U rn f ie ld f inds f ro m s ou thern G er many a nd S wi tzer land a lready men t ioned i n t he c on tex t o f h orse-gear . Bronze r ods wh ich migh t h ave f or med t he f ra mework o r c hass is o f a whee led v eh ic le o ccur i n t he Mengen 1 955 ( I nv . Arch . D 129 , 2 2 ) , Hader ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 956 , A bb . 8 , 1 6-19 ) a nd B ern-K irchen fe ld , B ern ( Sch iek 1 955-56, A bb . 1 , 1 -7) , f inds .

1 50

R e ma ins o f whee ls a re p resen t o n ly i n t he Har t a n d er A lz b ur ia l (W i l lerKarpe 1 956 , A bb. 6 -7) where t he h o l low b ronze f i t t ings s ugges t t ha t t he f ramework o f t he v eh ic le was o f wood ( i bid ., A bb. 5 ) . Mü l ler-Karpe 's r econs truct i on o f t he H ar t whee l a ppears t o f oreshadow t he l a te Urn f ie ld whee ls o f S tade t ype w i th b ronze h ub , s pokes a nd f e l loe c as t i n o ne ( Kossack 1 971 , 1 47 n . 1 4 , f ig . 3 0 , 1 -1a ) .

T he s econd g roup c ons is ts o f K esse lwagen , b ronze c au ldrons

moun ted o n f rames w i th f our whee ls .

A l l e xa mp les h ave whee ls o f s ol id

b ronze w i th f our s pokes ; t he whee ls r evolve o nb ronze a x les .

The e xa mp les

f ro m t he MI I I b ur ia l a t S ka l lerup , Praes to Am t , Z ea land , a nd f ro m t he Ha A 2/ B 1 b ur ia l a t A cho lshaussen , L dkr . O chsen fur t , F rancon ia , h ave s tra igh t a x les ; t he e xa mp les f ro m M i lavce , B ohe m ia , i n ab ur ia l o f R e inecke D o r Ha A , P ecka te l , Kr . N eus trel i tz , Meck lenburg , i n ab ur ia l o f M I I I , a nd Ys tad , S can ia , a l l h ave t he ir a x les r a ised ( Thrane 1 962a , 1 52-155 , f igs . 2 5-26, 3 2 ; Aner a nd K ers ten 1 976, 1 77-178 n o . 1 269 , Ta f . 1 42-143 ; P escheck 1 972 , 3 0 n o . 1 , 5 0-52 , A bb . 2 -3 , Ta f . 3 -5 ; O ldeberg 1 974 , 1 40 n o . 9 49 ; R ich lS 7 1 893 , 1 90 n o . 1 2 , Tab. L I, 1 4 ; S prockho f f 1 930a , 1 24-127).

These whee led c au ldrons

c ou ld h ave b een c u l t o b jects ( Pe scheck 1 972 , 5 2-56) ; mos t c o me f ro m r ich b ur ia ls a nd s o me may h ave b een u sed a s c re ma t ion u rns ( Ch i lde 1 951 , 1 88 ). T he ir d i mens ions a re sma l ler t han t hose o f a ny v eh ic le r epresen ted a t Har t o r I s leha m , t he ir c o mp lete whee ls l i t t le b igger t han t he h ub-caps f ro m t hese t wo f inds .

Mt i l ler-Karpe r econs truc ts t he Har t wheels a s c . 8 0 .0 cm i n d ia-

me ter ( 1956, A bb . 7 ) .

T he H ar t h ub-caps h ave a n i n terna l f lange , t he e x terna l

f lange o n t he LBA2 ' hub-caps ' p resupposes a c o l lar f ixed b y t he l inch p in t o a l low t he h ub t o r ota te f ree ly o n t he a x le .

The f or m o f t he LBA2 ' hub-caps '

c an b e ma tched b y e xa mp les f ro m t he S wiss Lake V i l lage o f Mon te l ier , Fr ieb urg ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 969 , 1 53 , A bb. 1 1 , 1 -2 ) , wh ich h ave d eeper s ocke ts a nd more e xaggera ted f langes . I ti s p oss ible t ha t t here may b e h ub-caps a nd f ragmen ts o f v eh icle f ra mework o r a x les f ro m LBA2 h oards b u t t he e v idence i s n o t s u f f ic ien t f or a ny d e ta i led r econs truct ion .

A s w i th t he h orse-gear i n LBA2 h oards , t he c loses t

c o mpar isons f or t he wagon-gear a re i n t he e ar ly U rn f ie ld b ur ia ls o f s ou thern G er many a nd S w i tzer land b u t t here i s l i t t le e v idence f or d irec t c onnec t ion , wh ich s hou ld h ave i nvo lved t he a ppearance o f t he h orse- a nd wagon-gear i n h oards o f LBA1. S ince t hese LBA2 f inds c ou ld r epresen t t he f irs t a ppearance o f whee led v eh ic les i n Br i ta in , ab r ief s urvey o f t he e v idence f or e ar ly whee led v eh icles may b e p resen ted . The f irs t e v idence f or v eh ic les w i th d isc whee ls c o mes f ro m Mesopo ta m ia a t t he e nd o f t he f our th mi l lenn ium B .C. ( P iggo t t 1 968 , 2 71-274 ). The f irs t p oss ib le e v idence f or s poked whee ls i s at housand y ears l a ter f ro m n or thern S yr ia o r e as tern Turkey ( Moorey 1 968 ) b u t many o f t hese whee ls a ppear t o h ave c ross-bars r a ther t han r ad ia l s pokes ( L i t tauer a nd C rouwe l 1 977) .

D isc

whee ls h ad r eached t he N e ther lands b efore t he e nd o f t he t h ird mi l lenn ium ( van d er Waa ls 1 964 , 5 1-54 ; P iggo t t 1 968 , T ab le I ) ; t hese whee ls were o f o ne p iece , d isc whee ls o f t wo o r t hree p ieces were s t i l l i n u se i n t he N e therl ands d ur ing t he C hr is t ian e ra ( van d er Waa ls 1 964 , 6 9-74 ) a nd f irs t a ppeared i n I re land a round 4 00 B .C. ( Lucas 1 972 , 1 9 , 2 9-30 ) , where t hey c ons t i tu te t he e ar l ies t e v idence f or whee led v eh icles .

1 51

Af ina l p iece o f e v idence o f wooden

whee ls p reserved i s ac arbon ised f ragmen t a ssoc ia ted w i th ma ter ia l o f t he e nd o f Bronze F ina l I I f ro m Ouroux- Mornay , S aane-e t-Loire ( Bonnamour 1 976 , 1 25 , Ta f . 3 3 , 1 ) . S poked whee ls a ppear o n d ep ic t ions i n Mycenaean s ha f t-graves a nd a re f irs t f ound i n t he Midd le Danube d ur ing t he Hungar ian Midd le Bronze Age ( Böna 1 960 , 1 02-105 ) , a pprox i ma te ly t he f i f teen th c en tury B . C., c on te mporary w i th R einecke A/B ( B6na 1 975 , 2 6-27 ) .

There a re f ouz r epresen ta t ions o f a

v eh icle w i th t wo s poked whee ls o n ap o t i n ab ur ia l o f R e inecke B/C d a te f ro m Ve l 'ké Raskovce , S lovak ia ( V izda l 1 972 ) .

S uch v eh ic les may h ave d er ived

f ro m t he r eg ion n or th o f t he C aucasus r a ther t han f ro m t he A egean ( S . P iggo t t ). The f a mous mode l f ro m Trundho lm , H o lbaek Am t , Z ea land , s hows whee ls w i th f our s pokes o n af our-whee led v eh ic le p u l led b y ah orse ; t h is f ind i s o f M I I d a te ( Broho lm 1 943 , 2 15 , M20 ; T hrane 1 962b , f ig . 1 8 ; Aner a nd K ers ten 1 976 , 6 3-64 n o . 8 67 , Ta f . 1 38-140 ).

Al a te MI I b ur ia l f ro m T ob A , R ibe Am t ,

J u t land , c on ta ins f ragmen ts o f ab ronze whee l w i th f our s pokes ( Thrane 1 962b , 8 7-89 , 1 06 , f igs . 1 1-14 ) .

R ock-carv ings i n ab ur ia l c ha mber a t K iv ik , S can ia ,

p robably o f MI I I d a te , s how a v eh ic le w i th t wo whee ls ( A l th in 1 945 , 6 0-71 , Ta f . 7 7; T hrane 1 962b , 1 08 ). B y t he t ime o f t he M idd le B ronze Age i n wes tern Europe s poked whee ls were k nown i n S cand inav ia , t hough d isc whee ls h ad l ong b een u sed i n t he N e ther lands .

The S cand inav ian e v idence a lso s ugges ts t ha t h orses were b e ing

u sed f or t ract ion a t t h is t ime . H orse-gear :

d iscuss ion

T here i s e v idence o f h orse-gear a nd whee led v eh ic les , o f ten f ound t ogether , f ro m c en tra l E urope d ur ing t he e ar ly U rn f ie ld p er iod .

S cand inav ian e v idence

f or h orse-drawn v eh icles i s al i t t le e ar l ier , t hough b ronze h orse-gear d id n ot a ppear u n t i l MIV .

T he B r i t ish e v idence s ugges ts t ha t h orse-gear was c urren t

d ur ing LBA2 , p oss ibly a cco mpan ied b y whee led v eh icles .

Wi th t he e xcep t ion

o f t he s tepped p ha lerae , p erhaps n o t s pec i f ica l ly i t e ms o f h orse-gear , i ti s d i f f icu l t t o i den t i fy a ny o f t he LBA2 i t e ms a s i mpor ts f ro m s pec i f ic a reas o f t he c on t inen t . Dur ing LBA2 , f or t he f irs t t ime i n Br i ta in , h orses were b edecked w i th b ronze t rapp ings a nd were p robably a t tached t o v eh icles .

Whe ther p eace-

f u l o r n o t , t h is was s ure ly a p res t ige a c t iv i ty , r e f lec t ing t o s o me e x ten t p ract ice i n c en tra l Europe a nd i n S cand inav ia . T here i s s can t e v idence f or t he p resence o f t he d o mes t ica ted h orse i n Br i ta in a t t h is t ime.

I th as b een s ugges ted t ha t t he h orse was d o mes t ica ted i n

wes tern Europe b y t he u sers o f B eaker p o t tery ( van Wi jngaarden-Bakker 1 975 ) b u t t h is i s d i f f icu l t t o p rove c onclus ive ly ( Ha m i l ton 1 976 , 5 9-60 ) .

There i s

i nsu f f ic ien t e v idence t o c onclude t ha t t he d o mes t ica ted h orse was p resen t i n Br i ta in d ur ing t he Ear ly o r Midd le B ronze Age , e xcep t i n v ery sma l l n umbers ( i b id ., 8 7-88 ) , a nd e v idence f or t he La te Bronze Age i s a lso s l igh t ( i bid ., 1 011 03 ) . O n ly o n I ron Age s i tes a re t he b ones o f d o mes t ica ted h orses c o m mon ly f ound .

1 52

ORNA MENTS D isc-headed p ins .

L IST 1 15 .

MAP 4 5 .

The p ins w i th b road d ecora ted d isc-heads i n t he B ou t igny Ia nd C a ix h oards ( L is t 1 15 ) s hou ld b e o f LBA2 d a te .

Th is i s ah e terogeneous g roup o f

p ins , n o t e asy t o d a te ( Audouze a nd C our tois 1 970 , 3 1-32 ) ; i t s d is tr ibu t ion a ppears t o b e p redo m inan t ly F rench , t hough t here a re t wo e xa mp les f ro m Ca ta lon ia i n t he h oard f ro m t he F on t Ma jor , E sp lugas d e Francol i , Tarragona ( I nv . Arch . E 5 , 2 -3 ) . P ins w i th d ecora ted e gg-shaped h eads .

L IST 1 16.

MAP 4 5 .

T hese p ins h ave h or izon ta l b ands o f o rna men t w i th c urv i l inear o r d iagona l mo t i fs ; t hey a re w idespread i n wes t c en tra l Europe a nd mos t e xa mples b e long t o t he e ar l ier p ar t o f Ha B ( Kubach 1 977, 4 90-502 ). T he B e lg ian e xa mp les ( L is t 1 16 , 2 -3 ) may b e d er ived f ro m t he midd le Rh ine ( i bid ., 5 00 ) , t hough t he o r ig in o f t he S a in t-P ierre-en-Chas tre p in ( L is t 1 16 , 1 ) i s u ncer ta in . K ubach s ugges ts ( 1977 , 5 00 n . 8 1 ) t ha t ap in f ro m t he S a in t-Vincen t c e met ery ( L is t 1 83 , 9 ) b e longs t o t h is g roup b u t t he Ear ly I ron Age c on tex t o f t he p in r enders t h is u n l ikely. LBA2 p ins . P ins a re v ery r are i n LBA2 c on tex ts ; t he P icardy p in i n t he Ca ix h oard ( L is t 3 6, 8 ) a nd t he Landau p in i n t he I s leham h oard ( seep . 3 69 ) a re b o th r es idua l a nd G aucher a nd Mohen ( 1 974 , 5 3 ) c ons ider t ha t t he d isc-headed p in i n t he Ca ix h oard ( L is t 1 15 , 2 ) i s a lso r es idua l .

I nd iv idua l p ins i n t he LBA2 h oards

f ro m I s leha m a nd F enny B en t ley , D erbys ., a re d iscussed e lsewhere ( see p . 2 01, 2 05 ). I sola ted f inds o f s o me c o m mon p in t ypes may b e long t o LBA2 , e .g . r o l lh eaded p ins , wh ich were c er ta in ly c urren t d ur ing LBA1 a nd LBA3 ; more p ins f ro m l arge c o l lec t ions a t S a in t-P ierre-en-Chas tre , F or t-Harrouard a nd Han may b e long t o LBA2.

I ta ppears , n ever theless , t ha t p in t ypes c haracter is t ic

o f LBA2 a re l ess n umerous t han t hose c harac ter is t ic o f LBA1 o r LBA3 a nd t h is r e f lec ts t he g enera l d ear th o f LBA2 o rna men ts , whe ther l oca l o r impor ted . Brace le ts .

L IST 1 17.

T he o n ly f or m o f b race le t c o m mon d ur ing LBA2 i s t he k idney-shaped b race le t ( L is t 1 17 ) ; t hese b race le ts may b e a nnu lar o r p enannu lar w i th t ransv erse r ibbed o rna men t ; t hey a re u sua l ly mass ive w i th e labora te o rna men t ( Eluere 1 975 ; R ich ter 1 970 , 1 43-154 ).

The k idney-shaped b race le ts i n t he

F or t-Harrouard a nd P on tpo in t h oards ( L is t 1 17 , 3 -4 ) a re t he e ar l ies t e xa mp les , r e la ted t o Ha A 2 b race le ts o f Hass loch t ype , p enannu lar w i th s lender r ound s ec t ion a nd r ibs t owards t he t er m ina ls , wh ich a re f ound o n t he midd le Rh ine ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 42-143 ) .

The e labora tely-orna men ted b race le t i n t he B ou t igny

Ih oard ( L is t 1 17 , 1 ) i s r e la ted t o t he H a B 1 P feddershe im t ype , a lso f ound ma in ly o n t he midd le Rh ine ( i bid ., 1 46-149 ; Ta f . 7 2 ). b race lets f ro m France :

There a re t wo s im i lar

C ha mp igny , A ube , a nd C ourde manges , Marne ( Eluere

1 975 , 2 7-28 , f ig . 1 , 4 -5 ) , a nd t he B ou t igny b race le t i s a n e x tens ion o f t h is d is tr ibu t ion ( i bid ., f ig . 5 ) .

The W zi l lon b race le t ( L is t 1 17 , 2 ) i s p robably

o f e as tern F rench o r ig in ; i t s c loses t r e la t ive i s i n t he h oard f ro m V i l lar-d 'Arene ,

1 53

Hau tes-A lpes .

E lubre d a tes t h is h oard t o B ronze F ina l 1T h ( i bid ., 2 9 ) b u t

S chauer h as e qua ted i tw i th Ha B 1 ( 1975a , 5 6) .

H o l low s ec t ion a nd t he p os i t ion

o f t he r ibs r e la te t he Huy b race le t ( L is t 1 17 , 5 ) t o t he Ha B 3 Ha i mberg t ype ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 53 n . 7 ) a nd t h is Be lg ian b race le t s hou ld b e o f LBA3 d a te . K idney-shaped b race le ts p rov ide a r are c hrono log ica l l ink b e tween c en tra l Europe a nd n or thern France a nd d e mons tra te t he p resence o f Ha A 2 a nd Ha B 1 t ypes i n LBA2 h oards . Brace le ts a re o therwise r are i n LBA2 c on tex ts .

The I s leha m h oard c on-

t a ins a f ragmen t o f ar ibbed b race le t ( L is t 4 2 , 1 ) wh ich c ou ld b e r es idua l f ro m t he Midd le B ronze Age , t hough r ibbed b race le ts d o o ccur i n La te Bronze Age h oards i n France ( see p . 8 6 ) . Ano ther f ragmen t i n t he I s leham h oard may b e f ro m a N ord ic MV Ar mr ing m i t k re is for m iger Erwe i terung ( see p . 3 69 ). T he o ther f ragmen ts o f b race le ts i n t he I s leham h oard ( F ig . 4 6A , 6 0-62 ) a re u nd iagnos t ic .

The b race le ts i n t he C o mbon h oard ( L is ts 1 93 , 2 ;

1 94 , 2 ) .

a re LBA3 t ypes . ' Bucket h and les '.

L IST 1 18

T he o b ject f ro m Ro tsea ( L is t 1 18 , 2 ) may b e c o mpared t o t wo p ieces i n t he MIV h oard f ro m We isd in , Kr . N eus tre l i tz , Meck lenburg ( Sprockhof f 1 937 , 2 2 , Ta f . 2 0 , 2 ; H und t 1 944-50 , Ta f . 2 8 , 9 ) , wh ich S prockho f f d escr ibes a s h enke lar t ige Büge l .

Bo th b ear o rnamen t s im i lar t o t ha t o n t he R o tsea p iece ,

g roups o f t ransverse l ines ; o ne h as a r ound s ect ion , t he o ther i s f la t .

The

G er man e xa mp les a re s o mewha t sma l ler t han t he Y orksh ire p iece . T hese Büge l may b e i n t he f or m o f ab ucke t h and le b u t t he ir r o l led t er m ina ls r ender t he m impract ica l a s h and les f or a ny t ype o f E uropean Bronze Age v esse l o f wh ich Iam a ware ; h and les h ad more s ubs tan t ia l h ooked t er m ina ls ( von Merhar t 1 952 , Ta f . 1 -6, 2 1-22 ).

The We isd in p ieces may b e b race le ts

o r sma l l n eck-r ings i nco mp le te ly c urved .

T he Ro tsea p iece s hou ld b e a n

impor t o f LBA2 ; t he n a ture o f t he Barrow p iece ( L is t 1 18 , 1 ) i s u ncer ta in . Razors .

L IST 1 19 .

Bu t ler 's d a t ing o f t he r azors f ro m t he Bargeroos terve ld 1 899 h oard a nd Weerd inger Weg ( L is t 1 19 , 2 , 4 ) s hou ld p lace t he m i n LBA2.

Bu t ler ( 1963a ,

1 17-118 ) g ives t he G as teren r azor ( L is t 1 19 , 3 ) as im i lar d a te o n a ccoun t o f i t s l ugs , wh ich h e c o mpares w i th t hose o n N ord ic MIV Hornerknau f messer ( Baudou 1 960 , 2 7 ). The c onven t iona l d a te f or G as teren u rn f ie lds i s a lso LBA2 ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 1 5-18 ) t hough t he d a te o f t he p in f ro m G as teren ( L is t 9 2 , 3 ) s hou ld r a ise t he i n i t ia l d a te t o l a ter LBA1 ( see p . 1 25 ) .

Though t heir

p recise d a te i s al i t t le u ncer ta in , t hese Du tch r azors a re s im i lar i n f or m a nd p robab ly c on te mporary.

T he n o tched r azor q uo ted b y Bu t ler ( 1 963a , 1 18 ;

N owo thn ig 1 958 , 1 66 , T al . 1 , 1 ) f ro m ab ur ia l a t H el msdor f-Rud lof fsp lan , S axony , i s o f R einecke D d a te ( von Brunn 1 968 , 6 9 n .3 ) a nd may n o t b e r e la ted . A par t f ro m t he t wo e xa mp les i n B ou t igny h oard I ( L is t 1 19 , 1 ) , r azors a ppear t o b e u nknown i n LBA2 c on tex ts i n n or th-eas tern France o r Br i ta in a nd r are i n Br i t tany ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 83 ) , where s o me r azors a re f ragmen ts o f s ing le-edged k n ives ( i bid ., f ig . 6 1 , 6 -7) .

1 54

LBA2 :

S U M MARY

The d om inan t t ypes o f LBA2 a re weapons ; t oo ls a re c o mpara t ive ly r are . T ypo log ica l ly l a te p a ls taves o ccur o nb oth s ides o f t he C hanne l , t hose i n s ou thern Br i ta in r epresen t an ew t ype , wh i le t hose i n F rance a re l i t t le d i f feren t f ro m t he R osnoAn p a ls taves o f LBA1 ;

af ew p a ls taves o f B r i t ish

o r ig in c an b e i den t i f ied i n n or thern F rance , B e lg iu m a nd t he N e ther lands . Br i t ish l a te p a ls taves a re p robably o f i nsu lar o r ig in , p erhaps d er ived f ro m LBA1 f orms i n n or thern Eng land .

LBA2 w inged a xes , i n ter med ia te i n f or m

b etween LBA1 a xes a nd LBA3 a xes , a re c o m mon i n n or thern France b u t c er ta in ly a bsen t f rom B r i ta in a nd p oss ibly f ro m B e lg ium a nd t he N e ther lands . P la in s ocke ted a xes , d er ived f ro m LBA1 f or ms , o ccur i n s evera l Br i t ish LBA2 h oards b u t i nden ted s ocke ted a xes a re t he a xe t ype mos t c haracter is t ic o f t h is p hase .

I nden ted a xes a lso o ccur i n F rance a nd t here i s o ne Du tch

e xa mp le , b u t t he c on t inen ta l a xes c anno t b e g iven c hrono log ica l p r ior i ty. Af ew .s hou ldered a xes , a s we l l a s s hou ldered o r i nden ted a dzes , s hou ld b e long t o LBA2.

Many o f t he Br i t ish a xes o f t h is p hase h ave b een f ound i n Eas t

Ang l iawhere t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly f ace ted a xes a lso o ccur .

Af ew misce l laneous

t ools a ppear i n LBA2 h oards o nb o th s ides o f t he C hannel :

s ocke ted h a m mers ,

s ocke ted g ouges , c h isel b lades a nd l ea ther-work ing k n ives .

A sma l l g roup

o f k n ives w i th d oub le-T-shaped h i l ts i s k nown f ro m t he N e ther lands ;

t h is i s

an or thern t ype wh ich may b e d a ted t o LBA2. Weapons , s pearheads , s words a nd t he ir a ccessor ies , c haracter ise LBA2 h oards i n Br i ta in a nd i n F rance.

The d ivers i ty o f s pearhead f or ms f ound i n

Br i ta in i s u nknown o n t he c on t inen t where o n ly a f ew B r i t ish e xpor ts c an b e i den ti f ied ;

sma l l , p la in p egged s pearheads were t he r u le i n n or thern France .

Af ew d ecora ted s pearheads f ound o n t he c on t inen t p robably b e long t o LBA2 ; s o me a re o f c en tra l E uropean o r ig in a nd N ord ic s pearheads o ccur i n t he N e ther lands .

T ubu lar f erru les a re c haracter is t ic o f LBA2 i n B r i ta in a nd

n or thern France ;

r are e xa mp les o ccur i n B e lg ium a nd t he N e ther lands .

S words o f c en tra l European o r ig in a re r are ly f ound i n wes tern Europe d ur ing LBA2 a nd mos t e xamp les r epresen t t he n or th-wes tward e x ten t o f a n e as tern F rench g roup t o t he Marne a nd t he O ise .

T he l ea f-shaped f lange-

h i l ted s word b eca me t he d om inan t weapon i n wes tern Europe d ur ing LBA2 a nd many a re k nown t hroughou t Br i ta in a nd n or thern France .

Whi le i ti s

p oss ible t o d is t ingu ish s o me c haracter is t ics p ecu l iar t o Br i t ish a nd t o French s words , i ti s n o t y et p oss ible t o i so la te p oss ib le i mpor ts w i th c er ta in ty. S o me o f t hese s words a re k nown f ro m B e lg ium a nd t he N e ther lands b u t c ent ra l European f inds a re r are ; I ber ian f inds a re p robably t o b e d er ived f ro m t he s ou th-wes tern French d is tr ibu t ion .

LBA2 s words d e mons tra te a d is tr i-

b u t ion c o m mon t o s ou th-eas tern Eng land , e specia l ly t he Tha mes v a l ley a nd t he s ou th-eas tern F en marg ins , a nd n or th-eas tern France , e specia l ly t he v a l leys o f t he S eine , S o m me a nd O ise ; r es t o f Br i ta in a nd i n I re land .

t hey a re c o mpara t ive ly r are i n t he

T he d is tr ibu t ion o f l ong l ozenge-sec t ion

c hapes c overs t he s a me r eg ions a s t ha t o f t he a ssoc ia ted s words . 1 55

S heet b ronze c au ldrons s ee m t o h ave a ppeared i n B r i ta in d ur ing LBA2 a nd a Nord ic o r ig in f or t hese v esse ls may b e p roposed a s a n a l terna t ive t o t he c onven t iona l Med i terranean o r ig in . men ted t hese c au ldrons .

F lesh-hooks a ppear t o h ave c o mple-

A lso i n Br i ta in , b ronze h orse-gear makes i t s f irs t

a ppearance d ur ing LBA2 , p erhaps w i th s o me e v idence f or whee led v eh ic les ; f ew s uch i t e ms a re k nown i n F rance a nd t he L ow C oun tr ies . Wi th t he e xcept ion o f s tepped p ha lerae , d er ived f ro m c en tra l G er many , t h is h orse-gear d oes n o t a ppear t o h ave b een i nsp ired d irec t ly f ro m t he c on t inen t , t hough i tc an b e f i t ted i n to a g enera l European p a t tern o f t he a dop t ion o f b ronze h orse-gear a nd t he a ppearance o f whee led v eh ic les . P ersona l o rnamen ts a re v ery r are i n LBA2 h oards t hough a f ew s i mp le p in t ypes were p robab ly i n u se t hroughou t t he p er iod .

Decora ted d isc-headed

p ins , p robab ly o f French o r ig in , o ccur i n n or thern France a nd a midd le Rh ine f or m w i th e gg-shaped h eads i s k nown i n B e lg ium a nd n or th-eas tern F rance ; c en tra l European p ins a re o therwise a l mos t u nknown i n wes tern Europe d ur ing LBA2 .

Af ew k idney-shaped b race le ts , a lso o f m idd le Rh ine o r ig in , o ccur i n

LBA2 h oards f ro m n or thern F rance.

R azors a re k nown i n n or thern France

a nd t he N e ther lands b u t a ppear t o b e a bsen t f ro m LBA2 h oards i n Br i ta in . H oards o f LBA2 d a te a re n o t c o m mon ; t here a re sma l l c oncen tra t ions i n t he We lsh Marches , t he s ou th-eas tern F en marg ins , n or thern Ha mpsh ire a nd t he s ou thern P ar is r eg ion ( Map 4 6) .

T he Wi lbur ton ma ter ia l c haracter is t ic

o f s ou th-eas tern Eng land a nd t he We lsh Marches i s r are i n n or thern Eng land ( Burgess 1 968b , f ig . 8 ) , S co t land ( Co les 1 959-60 , 2 2-26) a nd I re land ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 88-293 ). I n F rance s im i lar ' A t lan t ic ' ma ter ia l r eaches t o t he Par is r eg ion a nd t he S o m me v a l ley b u t d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave b een c o m mon o n t he Marne .

G aucher i nc ludes S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs ma ter ia l w i th L onguev i l le

a nd C annes-Ec luse h oard Ii n h is L onguev i l le c u l ture o f Bronze F ina l I , t hough t he A r mor ican ma ter ia l s hou ld b e l a ter t han t he Marne h oards ( 1 976, 5 80-581 ) .

B eyond t he S o m me v a l ley A t lan t ic LBA2 ma ter ia l i s s carce .

S ou th-eas tern Eng land a ppears t o h ave h ad c loser r e la t ions w i th n or th-eas tern France t han w i th a ny o ther r eg ion d ur ing LBA2 .

Al i t t le c en tra l European

ma ter ia l , ma in ly f ro m t he Midd le R h ine , r eached n or th-eas tern France , b u t t here i ; n o s ign i f ican t c en tra l European ma ter ia l f ro m Br i ta in , where t here i s al i t t le e v idence o f i n f luence f ro m c en tra l G er many a nd t he N ord ic a rea .

D ecora ted s pearheads a nd d oub le-T-h i l ted k n ives r epresen t n or thern

t ypes i n t he N e ther lands . Burgess h as c la i med t ha t ' l ead b ronze i s c o m mon i n t he S a in t-Br ieuc-desI f fs t rad i t ion ' ( 1 968a , 9 ) . Ana lys is o f o b jec ts f ro m t he S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs h oard h as s hown t ha t o n ly f our o u t o f f i f teen h ave a l ead c on ten t o f 1 % o r h igher ( Br iard a nd Onn6e 1 972 , 2 2-24 ) , t hough o n ly t hree o u t o f s ix teen o b jec ts i n t he c on te mporary S a in t-Den is-de-P i le g roup o f s ou th-wes tern France h ave a l ead c on ten t o f l ess t han 1 % a nd a p iece o f me ta l c ake i n t he e pony mous h oard c ont a ins 4 8 .5% l ead ( G io t , B ourh is a nd Br iard 1 970 , 3 1 , t ableau 1 4 n os . 5 85-600 ). A Bronze F ina l I s word a nd p a ls tave f ro m Br i t tany c on ta in 1 .5% a nd 1 2% l ead r espec t ive ly ( G io t , B ourh is a nd Br iärd 1 966 , 2 1 ) . More a na lyses s ee m t o b e n ecessary t o e luc ida te t he t echno log ica l d i f ferences a nd s im i lar i t ies a cross t he C hanne l d ur ing LBA2 .

T he l arge-sca le u se o f l ead b ronze was p ract ised

d ur ing MBA1 i n n or th Wa les ( Burgess 1 976a , 7 5 ).

1 56

Ana lyses b y J . P . N or thover s how t ha t Br i t ish Wi lbur ton ma ter ia l h as al ow t in c on ten t , ah igh l eve l o f d i lu t ion w i th l ead a nd v ar ious impur i t ies , a l ien t o t he Br i t ish t rad i t ion , b u t a pparen t ly p resen t i n French Bronze F ina l I meta l .

T h is may s ugges t t ha t s ou thern Br i ta in h ad t o emp loy b ronze im-

p or ted f ro m n or thern F rance a nd may h ave b een c u t o f f f ro m i nsu lar s ources o f c opper a nd t in , t hough n o t o f l ead ( J . P . N or thover ). S evera l Br i t ish LBA2 h oards h ave b een d es igna ted a s l a te b y Burgess ( 1968a , 1 3 , 3 6-37 ) , p r incipa l ly o n t he b as is o f t he c hrono logy o f s o me p ieces f ro m t he I s leham h oard ( 1 27).

T he i den t i f ica t ion o f af ragmen t o f aC arp 's

T ongue s word i s i ncorrec t a nd t he ' ree l-shaped o b jec t ' i s n o t p ar t o f ac haract er is t ic LBA3 b ug le-shaped o b jec t .

S ocke ted g ouges o ccur i n o ther LBA2

c on tex ts a nd n one o f t he l ozenge-sec t ion c hapes a ppears t o b e a l ien t o t h is p hase .

T he c onven t iona l c hrono logy o f c au ldrons c ou ld b e t oo l a te .

The

t anged a nd s ocke ted k n ives c anno t b e ma tched i n o ther LBA2 h oards b u t may mark t he e ar l ies t a ppearance o f t hese t ypes .

The a ccu mu la t ion o f t he c on-

t en ts o f t he I s leham h oard mus t h ave t aken a c ons iderable t ime ;

e ven s o , a

l a te e igh th-cen tury d a te f or d epos i t ion i s s carce ly a ccep table i n t he c onven t iona l c hrono log y.

S ocketed g ouges a nd t anged l ea ther-work ing k n ives n eed n ot

make t he S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs h oard l a te a nd t he s ocke ted a xes i n t he G u i ls f ie ld a nd C o . R osco m mon h oards c ou ld a lso b e a ccep ted a s LBA2 t ypes . There a re t rans i t iona l h oards , C o mbon ( 1 64 ) i n F rance , a nd t he B lack moor , H an ts ,

a nd Fu lbourn C o m mon , C ambs ., t he f irs t w i th LBA3 b race le ts a nd

t he s econd a nd t h ird w i th Ewar t Park s words ( i bid ., 3 7 n .27-28 ).

1 57

CHAPTER 6 LATE BRONZE AGE 3

LATE BRONZE AGE 3 LBA3 i s t he Br i t ish Ewar t Park p hase a nd t he c lose l i nks b e tween s ou thern Br i ta in a nd n or thern France a t t h is t ime a re e xe mp l if ied b y t he l ong l i s t o f t ypes wh ich b e long t o t he Carp 's Tongue c o mp lex a nd a re c o m mon t o b oth r eg ions ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 8-39 ).

These t ypes c orre la te t he Ewar t Park

p hase w i th Bronze F ina l I I i n n or thern France ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 99-239 ; Verron 1 976a , 5 94-596; 5 8-70 ;

G aucher 1 976 , 5 83 ;

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 ,

B lanche t 1 976a , 3 6-40 ) a nd s o me o ccur a lso i n B e lg iu m a nd t he

s ou thern N ether lands ( Des i t tere 1 976 , 8 1-82 , 9 0-92 , f ig . 3 ) .

S u f f icien t

wes tern ma ter ia l r eached t he n or thern N ether lands a nd t he N ord ic a rea t o a l low Bu t ler t o d ef ine a Carp 's Tongue- Mon te l ius V p hase ( 1963a , 2 26-230 ) , t hough h e i nc luded t he l a ter Wi lbur ton i ndus try i n t h is p hase . LBA3 c an b e c orre la ted w i th t he e ar ly p ar t o f t he Down s p hase i n I re land ( Eogan 1 964 , 3 21-323 ;

H er i ty a nd E ogan 1 977 , 2 12-216).

S co t tish c hrono logy i s more c o mp l ica ted ;

The

LBA3 c an b e c orre la ted w i th t he

Duddings ton p hase ( Co les 1 959-60 , 3 1 , 5 4 ) b u t t he C ovesea p hase ( i bid ., 3 9-44 , 5 4-55 ) i s a lso r e levan t ( see p . 2 12-3).

Reg iona l a xe t ypes , e specia l ly

t he S ou th We lsh t ype i n Wa les a nd t he wes t ( see p .167-8 )a nd t he Yorksh ire t ype i n n or thern Eng land a nd b eyond LBA3 i n o ther p ar ts o f Br i ta in .

( see p . 1 68-9 ) , a re c haracter is t ic o f

L ike Ewar t Park s words , t he b arbed s pear-

h eads o f t he Broadward c o mp lex a ppear i n LBA3 a ssocia t ions o ver mos t o f Br i ta in ( Burgess ,

C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 , 2 33-235 ).

A s impor ts a nd e xpor ts o f LBA2 a re r are ,

s o t hey a re c o m mon i n LBA3 ,

a nd p rov ide a bundan t e v idence f or r e la t ive c hrono logy.

Bu t ler ( 1963a , 2 26-

2 30 ) h as i nd ica ted t he g enera l c orre la t ion o f LBA3 w i th MV ; h oard s ugges ts p ossible c orre la t ion w i th MIV ( see p .

1 72 ).

o n ly t he Ljvska l C onnect ions

w i th c en tra l Europe a re o verwhe lm ing ly o f Ha B 3 d a te ( Jockenhövel 1 972 ). The i ndiv idua l t ypes wh ich p rov ide t he e v idence f or t hese c orre la t ions w i l l b e e numera ted i n t he f o l lowing p ages . I ft he g rea ter p ar t o f LBA3 i s c er ta in ly c on te mporary w i th Ha B3 a nd MV i t s b eg inn ing a nd e nd may b e more p rob le ma t ic .

The p rec ise d a te o f t he s tar t

o f LBA3 i s r endered s o mewha t o bscure b y t he d ear th o f e v idence f or t he r e lat ive c hronology o f LBA2 ( see p . 1 32

)a s we l l a s b y t he u ncer ta in ty o f t he

s ta tus o f Ha B 2 o u ts ide Bavar ia ( see p . 2 9-30 ) .

LBA3 s hou ld b e s ucceeded b y

LBA4 , b road ly c on te mporary w i th Ha C , a nd t h is s uccess ion a ppears s i mple e nough ( see p .270 ) .

However , i f Tha mes s words c on t inue t o b e r egarded

a s t he d er iva t ives o f Ha l ls ta t t s words , r a ther t han t he ir p redecessors , t hen a ssoc ia ted LBA3 t ypes i n t he B ex ley H ea th h oard s hou ld s t i l l h ave b een c urr en t a t a n a dvanced s tage o f Ha C a nd t he imp l ica t ion o f t h is l a te d a t ing f or t he c onven t iona l c hrono log ica l s uccess ion h ave s t i l l t o b e worked o u t , d esp i te C owen 's r ecogn i t ion o f t he p räble ms i nvo lved ( 1967 , 4 16). o f t he r e levan t e v idence b e longs i n t he n ex t c hap ter .

1 58

De ta i led d iscussion

AXES End-winged a xes .

L IST 1 20.

Dur ing LBA3 e nd-winged a xes , n or ma l ly l ooped , were u sed i n s ou thern Br i ta in a nd n or thern France ;

t hey c ons t i tu ted t he d o minan t a xe t ype i n

Br i t tany , b u t s ocketed a xes were more c o m mon i n n or th-eas tern France a nd s ou thern Br ita in ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 11-213 , f ig . 7 3 , 5 -11 ; Verron 1 976b , 1 8 ;

Burgess 1 968a , 3 9 , f ig . 1 3 , 4 ).

Br iard a nd

These w inged a xes a re

sma l l a nd s lender , u sua l ly w i th a t aper ing b u t t a nd a l oop s et j us t b e low t he t op o f t he w ings : b elow ;

t he w ings a re u sua l ly a ssy m me tr ica l , b roader a bove t han

t here i s o f ten a s l igh t c ons tr ict ion b elow t he w ings , f or ming a n S -

p rof i le , b u t t he w ings c an b e s tra igh t-s ided .

Eng l ish t er m inology r efers t o

t hese a s " end-w inged" a xes , t hough t he b u t t i s r are ly a bsen t ;

t o Br iard a nd

Verron t hese a re a xes a a i lerons s ubter m inaux ( 1976b , 1 7-19 ). Mou lds f or e nd-w inged a xes a re k nown f ro m Br i t tany ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 13 ) a nd f ro m n or th-eas tern France ( L is t 1 20 , 3 , 5 , 7 ) b u t H odges r ecords n one f ro m Br i ta in ( 1960 ) . The d is tr ibu t ion o f e nd-winged a xes i n Br i ta in , a s mapped b y Burgess ( 1968a , f ig . 1 4 ) , i s e xclus ive ly s ou th-eas tern , f ro m Purbeck t o t he Wash , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f o ne C orn ish f ind i n t he h oard f ro m Ken id jack , S t . J us t ( Hencken 1 932 , 8 7-89 ).

The a bsence o f w inged a xes f ro m Br i t ish LBA2

h oards s ugges ts t ha t t he e nd-w inged a xes i n LBA3 h oards were d er ived f ro m France , whe ther b y impor t o r l oca l im i ta t ion , a nd t he Br i t ish d is tr ibu t ion s ugges ts t ha t t hey were d er ived f ro m n or th-eas tern France r a ther t han f ro m Br i t tany. End-winged a xes f ro m Be lg ium a nd t he Ne ther lands h ave b een l i s ted b y Des it tere ( 1974a , 1 18-120 , c ar te 3 ) .

Hoard f inds a re s carce :

t he w inged

a xe i n t he E prave h oard ( Lis t 1 20 , 1 3 ) a ppears t o b e a wes tern LBA3 t ype , wh i le t he t wo u n looped a xes i n t he Berg-en-Terbl i jt h oard ( L is t 1 20 , 1 4 ) a re t ypo log ica lly e ar l ier a nd c ou ld b e LBA2 ;

Ih ave n o i n for ma t ion a bou t t he

w inged a xe i n t he Pe tershei m h oard ( Lis t 1 20 , 1 2 ) .

End-w inged a xes a re

c on f ined l arge ly t o t he s ou th-eas t o f t he Low C oun tr ies , i n o r b eyond t he Meuse v a l ley , w i th o n ly a s ing le f ind n or th o f t he Rh ine .

Th is a grees w i th

Tackenberg 's map ( 1971 , Kar te 4 a ) which s hows f ew f ro m n or th-wes tern G er many.

Des i t tere i s r ight ly c au t ious a bou t t he o r ig ins o f t he Du tch a nd

Be lg ian w inged a xes ( 1974a , 1 16). I n s ou thern a nd wes tern G er many t he e nd-winged a xe was t he d om inan t t ool o f t he l a te Urn f ield p er iod .

These a re u sua l ly d is t inct f ro m wes tern

a xes w i th n o r a ised b u t t o r as lender b u t t , t he l oop o f ten s e t a t t he v ery t op o f t he w ings a nd t he c ons tr ict ion b e low t he w ings more marked .

S uch a xes

o ccur i n Ha B 3 h oards i n s ou thern Bavar ia ( Mt i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 68 , A bb. 6 1 , 1 0 , Ta f . 1 72 , 1 -11;

1 95 , 6 7-81) a nd i n s ou th-wes tern G er many ( i bid.,

1 79 , A bb. 6 2 , 1 3 , Ta f . 1 74A , 2 -3 ;

1 74B , 1 -3 ;

1 76A , 2 -3 ;

1 77D , 3 ) .

They a re more n u merous i n H esse , o n t he Midd le Rh ine a nd o n t he Mosel le ( Tackenberg 1 971 , Kar te 4 a ;

Her mann 1 966 , 2 04:

n o . 1 5 , Ta f . 1 80 , 8 -13 ,

1 81-182 ; n o . 1 6 , Ta f . 1 92C , 1 -2 ; n o. 2 0 , Ta f . 1 76C , 2 -3 ; n o . 2 2 , Ta f . 1 77 , 1 -4 ; n o. 2 3 , Ta f . 1 78 , 9 ; n o . 2 5 , Ta f . 1 94 , 1 -3 ; n o . 2 9 , Ta f . 1 91B ,

1 59

2 -3 ;

n o . 3 0 , c f . S chauer 1 972a , A bb. 1 , 1 -3 ;

Ta f . 5 2 , 1 7-19 ;

n o. 3 5 , Ta f . 1 96 , 5 -12 ;

n o . 3 8 , Ta f . 1 92A , 2 -3 ; n o. 4 1 , Ta f . 1 93 , 1 -4 ; mou ld ;

n o . 3 1 , c f . Ko l l ing 1 968 ,

1 97 , 1 -4 ;

n o . 3 7 , Ta f . 2 00 , 4 -9 ;

n o . 3 9 , Ta f . 2 02A , 1 -2 , i ncluding ab ronze mou ld ; Ko l ling 1 968 , Ta f . 4 3 , 4 -8 , 1 0-11 , i nc lud ing ab ronze

Ta f . 4 5 , 3 -4 , i ncluding a b ronze mou ld , c f . R ich ter 1 970 , 1 69 ;

Ta f . 4 9 , 2 -6 , 1 0-11 , c f . R ich ter 1 970 , 1 72 ; 1 53 , Ta f . 9 5 , 1 2-13;

i b id ., 1 64 , Ta f . 9 3C , 8 -10 ;

P escheck 1 971 , A bb. 2 , 2 5-31 ;

Kubach 1 977 , 5 15 , n .16).

A bb. 3 , 4 0-42 , 4 4-53 ;

One o f t he a xes i n t he Ka iser lau ten h oard , P fa lz ,

may b e wes tern b ecause o f i t s b road b u t t a nd b lade ( Kol l ing 1 968 ; 1 8 ).

Ta f . 5 2 ,

A t l eas t o ne o f t he w inged a xes i n t he Minn is Bay h oard ( 156) 2 8 , a ppears

t o b e o f wes t-Ger man o r ig in . End-winged a xes a re a lso k nown i n n or thern G er many ( Tackenberg 1 971 , 1 3-23 ) a nd i n s ou thern S candinav ia ( Thrane 1 972a ).

Two Dan ish h oards c on-

t a in a xes wh ich h ave b een c o mpared t o c en tra l European Ha B3 f or ms : Orbaek lunde , Odense Am t , F yn , a nd J els , Haders lev Am t , J u t land ( I nv . Arch . DK4 , 1 1-12 ;

8 , 3 ;

Thrane 1 972a , 8 3 n .4 , 1 27-128 ) , b u t t hese mass ive a xes

r ese mble wes tern f or ms o f LBA2 r a ther t han LBA3 ( see p . 1 34 b e e xpec ted f ro m t heir MIV c on tex ts ( Baudou 1 960 , 1 34 ).

)a s wou ld

MIV h oards f ro m

n or thern G er many wh ich c on ta in a xes s im i lar t o wes tern LBA2 f or ms a re : H ohenpr i tz , Kr . Wis mar , Meck lenburg ( Hund t 1 955 , 1 25 , A bb. 4 , 2 9-31 ) ; S chnega , Kr . Lüchow , Lower S axony ( Tackenberg 1 971 , Ta f . 2 , 3 ) ;

a nd

Fre is t-Re idewi tz , Kr . Het ts tedt , Anha l t ( von Brunn 1 968 , 3 19 n o . 6 7 , Ta f . 7 2 , 1 -4) .

I ti s d if f icu l t t o i den ti fy w inged a xes o f wes tern LBA3 o r ig in i n

N ord ic h oards ;

t he mos t l i ke ly c and ida te i s t he f ragmen t i n t he h oard f ro m

L , e (vska l , V iborg Am t , J u t land ( I nv . Arch . DK6 , 1 ;

Thrane 1 972a , 9 6 , 1 29 ) ,

f ound w i th t wo s ocketed a xes o f wes tern o r ig in ( see p . Winged Adzes .

L IST 1 21.

1 72

) .

MAP 4 7.

Three LBA3 h oards f ro m t he Thames e s tuary c on ta in w inged a dzes a nd t here i s a n a dd i t iona l e xa mp le f ro m t he S o m me E s tuary.

Un looped w inged

a dzes o ccurred i n t he e as t-A lp ine a rea d ur ing Ha B 1 ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 28 , A bb. 4 0 , 3 ) b u t t hey a re more c haracter is t ic o f Ha B3.

Lake V i l lage

f inds a re k nown ( Gross 1 883 , p l . X I I I , 5 ) a nd h oard f inds i nclude :

Mos t ,

Bohe m ia ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 961 , 8 1-83 , Ta f . 6 8 , 3 ) , E t t l ingen , Ldkr . Kar lsruhe , Baden ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 2 95 , Ta f . 1 74C , 7 ;

R ich ter 1 970 , 1 72 ) , Reupe ls-

d or f , Ldkr . G ero lzho fen , Francon ia ( Pescheck 1 971 , A bb. 3 , 3 2 ) , a nd H ochs tad t , Kr . Hanau , H esse ( Schauer 1 972a , 2 62 , A bb . 1 , 6 ).

There i s as ing le

e xa mp le i n t he MV h oard f ro m Lerskov , A benra Am t , J u t land ( I nv . Arch . DK35 , 8 ) , a nd Thrane 's map s hows t he c en tra l-European d is tr ibu t ion o f w inged a dzes ( 1972a , f ig . 3 0 ).

I n wes tern France w inged a xes o ccur i n Bronze

F ina l I I h oards f ro m Menez-Tos ta e n G ouesnach , F in is t re ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 13 , f ig . 7 3 , 6 ) , S a in t-Genouph , I ndre-e t-Lo ire ( Cord ier , Mi l lot te a nd R ique t 1 960 , 1 26 , f ig . 9 , 2 ) , a nd V6na t ,

C haren te ( I nv . Arch . F 6 , 6 ).

The French w inged a xes a re u sua lly l ooped , w i th ab road ,

s qua t p rof i le

( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 8 1-82 ) , whereas t he c en tra l European f inds a re u sua l ly u n looped a nd more s lender .

Thus , t he a dze i n t he S hoebury/Grea t

Waker ing h oard ( L is t 1 21 , 2 ) s hou ld b e o f French o r ig in , wh ile t he a dze i n t he S hoebury h oard ( L is t 1 21 , 1 ) i s p robably c en tra l European .

1 60

S ocke ted a xes i n s ou th-eas tern Eng land .

L IST 1 22.

LBA3 h oards i n s ou th-eas tern Eng land a re u sua l ly r ich i n s ocke ted a xes a nd t he mos t c o m mon f or m i s t ha t wh ich Bu t ler n a med t he " sou th-eas tern" t ype ( 1963a , 8 2-84 ;

Burgess 1 968a , 1 7 , 3 9 , f ig . 1 3 , 5 -7 ).

as ub-square mou th a nd a s ub-rec tangu lar s ec t ion ; c onvex a nd s y m me tr ica l ;

These a xes h ave

t he c o l lar i s we l l-def ined ,

b e low t he c o l lar i s as ing le r ib , o ccas iona l ly a s

d ouble r ib , o n u nworn e xa mp les t he s ides o f t he b lade a re n ear ly p ara l lel . T hese a xes a re o f ten p la in ;

when t hey a re d ecora ted , t he mos t c o m mon

mo t i fs a re r ibbed w ings , p e l le ts a nd s hor t v er t ica l r ibs , s o me t i mes c o mbined . P las t ic w ing o rnamen t i s r are ( L is t 1 22 ).

The d is tr ibu t ion o f s ou th-eas tern

a xes w i th w ings o r p e l le ts i s c oncen tra ted a long t he S ussex c oas t , a round t he T ha mes e s tuary a nd u p t he l ower Tha mes v a l ley , i n n or th-wes t E ssex , i n s ou th-eas t S u f fo lk a nd i n n or thern H er t fordsh ire a nd s ou thern C a mbr idgesh ire ; e lsewhere , o n ly i so la ted f inds o ccur ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 1 4 ). a rea , c er ta in v ar ian ts o ccur .

W i th in t h is

The I s le o f Har ty h oard , K en t , c on ta ins a

mou ld f or , a nd s evera l e xa mp les o f , a xes w i th n o c o l lar ,

ma l t ip le mou th-

mou ld ings a nd r ibbed w ing o rna men t s e t l ow d own b e low t he l oop ( I nv . Arch . GB18 , 3 , 9 -13 ) ;

s im i lar a xes o ccur i nthe h oards f ro m Wor th ing , S ussex

( I nv . A rch . GB37 , 3 ) , a nd F ou lsha m , N or fo lk ( Norw ich 1 966 , 2 7 , f ig . 5 1 ). The M inn is Bay h oard ( 156) i ncludes v ar ious o ther f or ms n o t s tr ic t ly o f s ou th-eas tern t ype a nd t he Wa t ford h oard ( 154 ) c on ta ins s evera l s ou th-eas tern a xes , b u t r ibbed a xes a re d om inan t . I n t he n or thern p ar t o f Eas t Ang l ia many h oards c on ta in a xes w i th f lared a ssy m me tr ica l c o l lars a nd v er t ica l r ib o rnamen t o nb lades w i th d iverg ing s ides , e .g . Me ldre th , Cambs ,

( I nv . A rch . GB , 1 3-20 , c f . 2 1-29 ) ;

Reach

F en , C ambs . ( I nv . Arch . GB17 , 7 -9 ) , w i th a p la in a xe o f s im i lar f or m ( i bid ., 1 3 ) ;

F e l twe l l F en , N or fo lk ( I nv . A rch . GB35 , 2 ) ;

( Norw ich 1 966 , 2 5 , p l . V I , A 3 ) ; 6 3 );

C ar le ton R ode , Nor fo lk

Ea ton , Norw ich , N or fo lk ( i bid ., 2 8 , f ig .

N or th E l mham , N or fo lk , p la in a xes ( C lough a nd Wade- Mar t ins 1 970-73 ,

f ig . 2 , 1 -9 ) . A xes w i th v er t ica l r ibs , u sua l ly t hree , a re c haracter is t ic o f h oards i n t he e as t Mid lands . Davey 's s urvey s hows e xa mp les i n L inco lnsh ire h oards f ro m K eadby , B rans ton , R oxby , Wes t Ha l ton , S ou th K y me a nd Bagmoor ( 1973 , f igs , 3 1 , 2 91-293 ;

3 2 , 2 95-304 ;

3 3-35 ;

f inds a re n u merous ( i bid ., f igs . 9 , 9 0-95 ;

3 6 , 3 47-348 ; 1 0-11 ).

4 1-43 ) a nd i so la ted

F ro m N o t t inghamsh ire ,

s im i lar a xes a re k nown f ro m t he N ewark ( I nv . Arch . GB36 , 6 -8 ) a nd N o t t ingha m ( I nv . A rch . GB22 , 1 -4 ) , h oards , w i th p la in a xes o f s i mi lar f or m ( i b id ., 5 -6 ) , a nd t here a re t hree e xamp les i n t he We lby h oard ( 158 ) . I n t erms o f c hrono logy , o ne h oard may b e n o ted .

Th is was f ound a t

S ou tha l l , M idd lesex , a nd c on ta ined f our M idd le Bronze Age p a ls taves , a mass ive a nnu lar b race le t , p robab ly c on te mporary , ab ronze mou ld f or LBA3 s ocke ted a xes ( I nv . A rch . GB51 ) , a s we l l a s af ragmen t o f t he b u t t o f a no ther p a ls tave a nd misce l laneous p ieces o f me ta l ( Read 1 895-97 , 3 28-330 ).

F inds

o f s uch mixed c hrono log ica l c on ten t a re n o t u n ique ( Row lands 1 976 , 2 13-215 ) , t hough t he p ropor t ion o f e ar ly ma ter ia l i s u nusua l ly l arge . The " copper c akes" , d iscarded b y t he f inders ( Read 1 895-97 , 3 28 ) , i f r ea l ly f ragmen ts o f LBA3 p iano-convex i ngo ts , wou ld r edress t he b a lance .

1 61

S ocke ted a xes i n n or thern France . Ac on tras t may b e o bserved b e tween t he a xe t ypes p referred i n Br i t tany a nd i n n or th-eas tern France d ur ing Bronze F ina l I I .

Winged a xes o u tnu mber

s ocke ted a xes b y a bou t t wo t o o ne i n Br i t tany ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 11-216) , t hough mou lds f or b o th t ypes o ccur .

S ocke ted a xes a re p redo m inan t i n n or th-eas tern

France ; G aucher a nd Mohen ( 1974 , i l l . 4 0 ) l i s t o ne h undred a nd e igh ty-three s ocketed a xes f ro m s ix h oards wh ich , t oge ther , c on ta in o n ly e igh t w inged a xes , a nd t hese o ccur i n o n ly t wo h oards ( L is t 1 20 ,

8 -9 ).

The G rav i l le h oard ( 174 )

c on ta ins c o mple te o r f rag men tary e xa mp les o f a bou t f or ty s ocketed a xes , p lus a mou ld , b u t n o more t han t hree w inged a xes ( L is t 1 20 , 6 ) .

I t may a lso b e

n oted t ha t p a ls taves a re r are i n Bronze F ina l I I c on tex ts i n n or thern France a nd o f ten r es idua l ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 11 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 6 8 ) , whereas t he p roduct ion o f l a te p a ls taves c on t inued i n p ar ts o f s ou thern Eng land ( Burgess 1 968a , 1 7 , 3 9 ). When Bu tler d ef ined t he s ou th-eas tern t ype , h e c ons idered t ha t i t was c haracter is t ic o f h oards f rom n or th-eas tern France a nd f ro m Be lg ium ( 1963a , 8 4 ) , b u t t he French P la inseau t ype , b ien p ar t icu l i re , h as r ecen t ly b een i sol a ted ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 6 2 ; Br iard a nd V erron 1 976b , 3 5-36 ). a xes h ave a r ound mou th a nd ab lade o f c oncave p rof i le .

q uadrangu lar mou th a nd s tra igh ter p rof i le u sua l o n s ou th-eas tern a xes . f ea tures a re d is t inct ive :

These

i n c on trast t o t he O ther

ar ib a t t he t op o f t he c ol lar ( Gaucher a nd Mohen

1 974 , i l l . 4 1) , ad oub le r ib b e low t he c o l lar , a more a ngu lar b lade s ec t ion . P la inseau a xes may b e p la in , o r b ear o rna men t o f p e l le ts , v er t ica l r ibs o r w ing o rna men t , r ibbed , g rooved o r p las t ic. Mos t P la inseau a xes a re f ound i n t he S o m me v a l ley b u t t hey a re a lso k nown i n Br i t tany. Ih ave b een a ble t o i den ti fy c on f iden t ly o n ly a s ing le e xa mp le i n a Br i t ish h oard , Minn is Bay ( 156) 2 4.

B elg ian f inds f ro m Me lse le a nd H eppeneer t a nd t he Du tch f ind f ro m Breda

( Lis t 1 23 , 1 1 , 2 2 , 2 9 ) may b e P la inseau a xes . f ro m P les t l in , Ka iser lau ten ,

Fur ther a f ie ld , a xes i n h oards

C harpigny a nd Kerzers c ou ld a lso b e o f P la inseau

t ype ( see p .170-2 ) , b u t t hese i den ti f ica tions a re p rov is iona l .

I n t he G rav i l le

h oard ( 174 ) a xes w ith r ound mou ths a re f ew a nd mos t h ave q uadrangu lar mou ths , t he French t ype a t lan t ique ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 6 1) .

L oca l

c on tras ts a re i l lus tra ted b y t wo p a irs o f a xes i n t he Ash mo lean Museu m .

The

f irs t i s f ro m Amiens , S o m me ; b o th a xes h ave r ound mou ths b u t t he f irs t ( 1927.2173 ; F ig . 6 8 , 1 ) h as t wo r ibs a nd p las t ic w ing o rnamen t , s lender p rof i le a nd a ngu lar s ect ion , i ndica t ing t ha t i tb elongs t o t he P la inseau t ype , wh i le t he s econd ( 1927.2174 ; F ig . 6 8 , 2 ) h as p e l let o rna men t a nd ab roader s tra igh ter b lade o f more r ounded s ec t ion , a nd p robably b elongs t o t he s ou th-eas tern o r a t lan t ique t ype .

-

The s econd p a ir i s f ro m t he S eine a t Par is a nd , wh i le u ndec-

o ra ted , t he a xes d e mons tra te a s i mi lar c on tras t i n t heir f or ms ( 1927.2176-77; F ig . 6 8 , 3 -4 ). On P la inseau a nd a t lan t ique a xes t he mos t c o m mon mo ti f i s r ibbed w ings , t hough p las t ic w ings , p e l le ts a nd v er t ica l r ibs a re k nown ; o ther mo ti fs a re r are ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 3 6 , 6 1). I n n or th-eas tern France mou lds f or s ocke ted a xes o ccur i n t he h oards f ro m Dev i l le ( 1 73 ) ,

G rav i l le ( 174 ) , Amiens a rea ( 176 ) a nd Th ia is ( 182).

1 62

H oards o f Bronze F ina l I I i n n or th-wes tern France c on ta in a s im i lar v ar iety o f a xes a s t hose i n t he n or th-eas t ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 13 , f ig . 7 4 ).

P la in-

s eau a xes may b e i den t i f ied i n t he h oards f ro m P ra ir ie d e Mauves , Nan tes , L o ire-A t lan t ique ( Br iard 1 966a , p l . 4 9 , 4 93 ) ; Menez-Tos ta , F in is tere ( Br iard a nd G iot 1 958 , p l . V , 1 2 ) , a nd A zayle-R ideau , I ndre-et-Loire ( Cord ier , Mi l lot te a nd R iquet 1 959 , p l . 1 , 1 6) , a s wel l a s i n o ther h oards ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976b , 3 6).

O ther a xes w i th r ound o r q uadrangu lar mou ths a re p resen t .

There a re mou lds f ro m , e .g . A zay-le-Rideau ( Cord ier , Mi l lo t te a nd R ique t 1 959 , p l . 2 ) , K erbu l ic e n P lo meur , F in is tere , a nd Kernaour e n Mel lac , Morbihan ( Le Roux a nd Br iard 1 970 , 4 5-48 , f ig . 3 , 4 ). The h oard f ro m J ardin d e P lan tes , Nan tes ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 7 4 , 1 0 ) , w i th f ace ts o n t he f aces a nd a s ing le r ib b e low t he c o l lar , p robably b elongs t o ah e terogeneous N ord ic MV t ype ( Baudou 1 960 , 2 3 , Ta f . V , V I IC 1b , Kar te 1 2 ; Tackenberg 1 971 , 2 9 , L is te 6 , Kar te 6 ; c f . S prockhof f 1 941 , Ta f . 4 8 , 1 ) . The h oard f ro m C ha l lans , V endbe , c on ta ins a n a xe w i th f i ve s hor t r ibs e nding i n p el le ts ( Eygun 1 957 , p l . 4 , 1 1 ) wh ich i s p robably o f Eas t Ang l ian o r ig in ( c f . I nv . Arch . GB13 , 1 9; 1 7 , 7 ; 3 5 , 2 ; N orwich 1 966 , p l . V I , A 3 , f ig . 6 3 ). A longs ide t hese v ar iet ies o f a xes t here a re f ace ted a xes ( see p .166-7) , S ou th We lsh a xes ( see p .167-8 ) a nd o ther f or ms o f r ibbed a xes d is t inct f ro m t he P la inseau t ype ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 6 4-65 ) . S ocke ted a xes i n B e lg iu m .

L ISTS 1 23-124.

MAP 4 8 .

S ocke ted a xes i n mos t B elg ian h oards a ppear t o f or m a sma l l g roup d ist inc t f ro m P la inseau a nd s ou th-eas tern a xes o n t he o ne h and a nd f ro m Lower Meuse a xes o n t he o ther .

These a re a xes i n t he h oards f ro m Hoogs tra ten

( 185 ) , Z andbergen ( 188 ) , E prave ( 193 ) , J e meppe ( 195 ) a nd a xes f ro m Han ( 194 ). They h ave q uadrangu lar mou ths b u t s p layed b lades , u sua l ly o f c oncave p rof i le , a nd a n o verhang ing c o l lar i s d is tinct ive : J e meppe , 3 .

Z andbergen ; E prave , c en tre l e f t ;

R ib , w ing a nd p e l le t mo t i fs a re k nown , b u t p las t ic w ing o rna men t

i s c o m mon i n r ela t ion t o t he t o ta l n umber o f a xes : t re l e f t ; Han ; J e meppe .

Z andbergen ; Eprave , c en-

A s inuous d ouble r ib mo ti f w i th a p e l let a ppears t o

b e c haracter is t ic a t Han ( Mar i n a nd Vanhaeke 1 965 , p l . 2 ) a nd c an b e ma tched b y t he a xe f ro m Wi jk b i j Durs tede ( Lis t 1 23 , 4 2 ).

O ther i so la ted f inds a re

f ro m L iege a nd S ol ieres ( L is t 1 23 , 1 7-18 ) a nd more e xa mp les mus t r e ma in t o b e i den ti f ied . A sma l l g roup o f a xes f ro m t he l ower S che ld t v a l ley i s d is t ingu ished b y o rna men t o f f our o r f ive l ong v er t ica l r ibs , u sua l ly e nd ing i n p e l le ts .

These

a xes a re l arge , u p t o 1 3 cm l ong , w i th d eep c o l lars a nd b road b lades ( L is t 1 24 ) . p .

S ize a nd o rna men t may r e la te t h is g roup t o S o mpt ing a xes o f LBA4 ( see

2 34

)b u t t here a re n o l oca l a ssocia ted f inds .

A s im i lar a xe a ppears i n

t he MV h oard f ro m Her ingsdor f , U sedo m i s land , P o meran ia , n oted a s a n imp or t b y S prockho f f ( 1956 , I , 2 5 n o . 1 7 , Taf . 8 , 6 ). At ype c haracter is t ic o f e as tern Be lg ium h as b een d ef ined b y Bu t ler ( 1973b , 3 39-341). ap la in ,

Th is i s t he G eis t ingen t ype , l ong a nd s lender , made o f t h in me ta l ;

s l igh t ly c on ica l c ol lar r ises f ro m a n a ngu lar s hou lder b elow wh ich

t here i s a sma l l l oop ; t he c oncave-prof i le b lade e xpands t o ab road e dge . Du tch a nd Be lg ian f inds c lus ter a long t he l ower Meuse a nd t he l ower Rh ine ( i bid ., 3 43 n . 2 5 ) a nd G er man f inds f ol low t he Rh ine u p t o t he Ma in ( Tackenberg

1 63

1 971 , 5 0-51 , L is te 3 0 ).

T he e pony mous f ind i s ah oard ( 190 ) b u t G e is t ingen

a xes h ave n o t b een f ound w i th d a table t ypes , s o t he ir c hrono logy i s u ncer ta in . S o me e xa mp les h ave a c urve o n t he s ide o ppos i te t he l oop ( Tackenberg , 1 971 , T al . 1 9 , 2 -3 ; 2 0 , 1 -2 ) a nd t h is c an b e c o mpared w i th t he o rnamen t o n c er ta in a xes o f LBA3 f or m ( i bid ., 5 1-52 , Ta f . 2 0 , 3 -4 ) i nc lud ing Be lg ian e xa mp les ( i b id ., 5 2 n . 1 85 ) . T he d is tr ibu t ion o f G e is t ingen a xes c overs a n a rea a lso o ccup ied b y L ower Meuse a xes ( see b e low ; Map 4 9 ) wh ich may s ugges t a c hrono log ica l d is t inc t ion .

P erhaps G e is t ingen a xes a re l a ter .

S ocke ted a xes i n t he N e ther lands .

L ISTS 1 23 , 1 25-126.

MAP 4 9 .

T h is s ec t ion i s b ased o n t he work o f Bu t ler o n l oca l ( 1961b ; 1 973b , 3 303 39 ) a nd wes tern ( 1963a , 8 5 ) t ypes . LBA3 s ocke ted a xes o f wes tern o r ig in a re c on f ined ma in ly t o t he s ou thern N e ther lands ( L is t 1 23 , 2 9-42 ; Map 4 8 ). A lso c harac ter is t ic o f t he s ou th , b u t w i th a more e as ter ly d is tr ibu t ion , i s t he L ower Meuse t ype ( Bu t ler 1 973b , 3 30-339 ; Map 4 9 ) .

-

T hese a xes a re b road w i th p la in c o l lars a nd l arge l oops ,

w i th r ounded o r q uadrangu lar mou ths a nd s ub-rec tangu lar s ect ion w i th n arrow s ides .

P las t ic w ing o rna men t i s c o m mon ( i bid ., A bb. 9 -11 ) .

O thers h ave a

d eeper c o l lar , more r ounded s ec t ion a nd v er t ica l g rooves ( i bid ., A bb. 1 2 ) . I n An twerp Museum ( 2331) t here i s o ne v a lve o f al arge mou ld f or s ocke ted a xes w i th c on ica l c o l lar , l arge l oop , l ong p las t ic w ing a nd p e l le t o rna men t o n at rapezo ida l b lade ( i bid ., A bb . 1 5 ; F ig . 6 8 , 1 1 ) .

Bu t ler g ives t he p rovenance

a s Maas tr ich t , t hough Ir ecorded i ta s Roer mond .

The p roduc t o f t h is mou ld

d oes n o t a ppear t o b e ac harac ter is t ic L ower Meuse a xe a nd c an b es t b e ma tched i n t he P la inseau h oard ( Fig . 6 5B , 6 ) .

T he o n ly a ssoc ia ted f ind o f a

L ower Meuse a xe i s i n t he B erg-en-Terb l i jt h oard ( 209 ) whose c hrono logy i s u ncer ta in ; t he P la inseau h oard i nd ica tes t ha t t he mou ld men t ioned a bove i s o f LBA3 d a te . Bu t ler r egards L ower Meuse a xes a s t ypo log ica l ly e ar l ier t han n or th Du tch a xes ( i bid ., 3 38 ) . H e c o mpares t hree a xes w i th p las t ic w ing o rna men t i n t he h oard f ro m Overboe Mark , B as land , Randers Am t , J u t land ( I nv . Arch . DK5 , 2 -4 ) , b u t t he d a te o f t h is h oard i s u ncer ta in ( Thrane 1 972a , 9 8 ; 1 975 , 1 15 ; Bu t ler 1 973b , 3 38 ) .

S prockho f f ( 1956, 9 4 n . 8 ) a nd Tackenberg ( 1971 ,

2 2 ) b o th d a te t he Bas land s ocke ted a xes t o MV a nd T hrane ( 1975 , 1 06 ) d oes n ot g ive a p rec ise d a te .

T he o ther h oards q uoted b y Bu t ler a re o f MV/Ha B 3

d a te ( 1 973b , 3 39 ) : Ka t tenbüh l , Kr . Münden , L ower S axony ( Sprockho f f 1 956 , 3 5 ; T ackenberg 1 971 , 3 6 ) ; A f ferde , Kr . H a me ln , L ower S axony ( Sprockho f f 1 956, 7 ; R ich ter 1 970 , 1 72 ; T ackenberg 1 971 , 3 6) ; Dossenhe im , Kr . H eide lb erg , Baden ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 72 n . 7 ; Kubach 1 977, 5 16 n . 1 7 ). L ower Meuse a xes a re t rea ted h ere a s LBA3 , n o tw i ths tand ing t he p oss ibi l i ty o f e ar l ier o r ig in ( see p . a bove ) . N or th Du tch a xes ( Bu t ler 1 961b ) h ave a d eep , o f ten a ngu lar , c o l lar w i th al arge l oop ; ab e l l-shaped f ace t i s c o m mon o n e ach b lade f ace a nd t he s ides a re o f ten d ecora ted w i th h a m mered g rooves .

There a re t hree ma in f or ms :

f irs t , t ha t w i th mu l t ip le h or izon ta l -r ibs b e low t he c o l lar , r e la ted t o n or th G er man a xes mi t p ro f i l ier te m . Tü l lenmund ( i bid ., f ig . 1 6 ) ; s econd , t ha t w i th w ing o rna men t , r arely r ibbed ( i bid ., f ig . 1 8 ) , u sua l ly p las t ic ( i bid ., f ig . 1 9 ) ; t h ird , t ha t w i th d ogtoo th o rna men t o n t he c o l lar , c o mbined w i th mu l t ip le r ibs ( i bid ., f ig . 1 4 ) o r w i th p las t ic w ing o rna men t ( i bid ., f ig . 2 0 ). 1 64

N or th Du tch

a xes a re mos t c o m mon o n t he H ondsrug o f t he n or th-eastern N ether lands b u t e x tend s ou th t o t he Rh ine ( i bid ., f ig . 2 2 ).

There i s a n e xa mp le w i th mu l t ip le

h or izon ta l r ibs i n t he Minn is Bay h oard ( Lis t 1 25 , 2 ) a nd a f ragmen t wh ich c ou ld b e f ro m a s im i lar a xe i n t he S ou thchurch h oard ( L ist 1 25 , 1 ) .

Many

h oard f inds i nd ica te t ha t n or th Du tch a xes a re o f LBA3 d a te. Tackenberg 's r ecen t d iscuss ion o f La te Bronze Age s ocketed a xes i n n or th-wes tern G er many ( 1971 , 2 3-60 ) i ncludes many Du tch f inds a s we l l a s c o mpara t ive G er man ma ter ia l . The h a tched t r iang les o n t he c ol lar o f a n a xe f ro m Hannover , L ower S axony , s ugges ts t ha t t h is p iece may b e o f n or th Du tch o r ig in ( i bid ., 2 5 , L is te 6 , 8 , Ta f . 7 , 2 ) .

Axes w i th p las t ic w ing o rnamen t a re g rouped i n to f ive v ar i-

a n ts d epend ing o n t he f or m o f t he o rna men t ( i bid., 3 4 , L is te 1 0-14 ) ; w i th t he e xcep tion o f af ew f inds f ro m Meck lenburg , mos t o f t hese a xes a re f ound i n wes tern L ower S axony , t he e as tern N ether lands a nd t he midd le Rh ine v a l ley ( i bid ., 3 5 , Kar te 9 ) .

Axes f ro m t he S choonebeek ( 204 ) a nd E lzener Veen ( 212)

h oards , w i th a xes f ro m Uddeler V een a nd E pe ( Bu t ler 1 961b , 2 32-233 n os . 2 7, 3 2 ) , a re i ncluded i n h is v ar ian t 1 , w i th f aceted b lade a nd s em ic ircu lar w ings ( Tackenberg 1 971 , L is te 1 0 , 1 -4 ).

An a xe f ro m t he Have l te h oard ( 202 ) a nd

a n a xe f ro m Onstwedde ( Bu t ler 1 961b , 2 32 n o . 2 2 ) a re i n v ar ian t 2 , w i th l ong o va l w ings ( Tackenberg 1 971 , L is t 1 1 , 1 -2 ).

Th is a ppears t o b e ah o mogeneous

g roup ; mos t o f t he o ther a xes a lso b ear h a m mered g rooves ( i bid ., Ta f . 1 1 , 1 -2; 1 2 , 2 , 4 ; S prockho ff 1 956 , Ta f . 8 , 1 ) .

No n or th Du tch a xe i s i ncluded

i n v ar ian t 3 , w i th p la in b lade a nd s em i-circu lar w ings ( Tackenberg 1 971 , L is te 1 2 ) ; t h is i s a more w idespread g roup a nd i nc ludes t he a xes i n t he A f ferde a nd Bas land h oards ( i bid ., L is te 1 2 , 7 , 1 4 ) wh ich r ese mble L ower Meuse a xes ( see p . 1 64 ) . Var ian t 4 , w i th p la in b lade a nd o va l w ings ( i bid ., L is te 1 3 , 1 -2 ) i ncludes a xes f ro m Bakkeveen a nd Vasse ( Bu t ler 1 961b , 2 32-233 n os . 2 5 , 3 1 ).

T here a re n o Du tch a xes i n t he f i f th v ar ian t ( Tackenberg 1 971 , L is te 1 4 ). Axes w i th r ibbed w ings a re l i kewise g rouped i n to f ive v ar ian ts ( i bid ., 3 6-

3 7 , L is te 1 5-19 ) b u t o n ly o ne n or th Du tch a xe i s i ncluded ( i bid .,

L is te 1 8 , 1 ) ,

a n a xe i n t he S choonebeek h oard ( 204 ) w i th w ings f or med o f h a m mered g rooves ( Bu t ler 1 961b , 2 32 n o . 1 7).

Var ian t 1( Tackenberg 1 971 , L is te 1 5 , 1 , 9 )

i ncludes t he s ou th-eastern a xes f ro m B orgeroos terve ld a nd He l mond ( L is t 1 23 , 3 1 , 3 6 ) , w i th t he a xe f ro m K l in t b ei H ich thausen , Kr . Land Hade ln , Lower S axony ( i bid ., L is te 1 5 , 4 ) , l i s ted a s s ou th-eas tern b y Bu t ler ( 1963a , 8 5 n o. 5 ) , a nd t he a xe f ro m Forst Has te , Kr . G ra fscha f t S chau mburg , Wes tpha l ia ( Tackenberg 1 971 , L is te 1 5 , 5 , Ta f . 1 3 , 6 ) , a lso a ppears t o b e a wes tern t ype . I n wes tern G er many t he d is tr ibu t ion o f a xes w i th r ibbed w ing o rnamen t i s more s ou ther ly t han t ha t o f a xes w i th p las t ic w ing o rna men t ( i bid ., Kar te 9 1 0) . Tackenberg i l lus tra tes a n a xe f ro m t he h oard f ro m Mer fe ld , Kr . C oesfeld , Wes tpha lia ( i bid ., L is te 1, 4 ,

T a f .

1 2 , 4 ) , wh ich may b e c o mpared t o t he

L ower Meuse a xes f ro m E ch t ( Bu tler 1 973b , A bb. 1 2 , 1 -2 ). h oard i s p robably o f MV d a te ( Tackenberg 1 971 , 5 4 ).

The Mer fe ld

There i s a more s ou ther ly

g roup o f a xes o f s i mi lar f or m ( i bid ., L is te 3 3 , Ta f . 2 1) ; t he E ch t a xes may b e o f G er man o r ig in .

1 65

Nor th-wes t G er man a xes w i th v er t ica l r ib o rna men t a re r e la ted t o wes te rn r a ther t han N ord ic f or ms b y Tackenberg ( i bid ., 3 9-40 , L is te 2 0 ) , t hough mos t d o n ot s ee m t o b e o f wes tern o r ig in .

Poss ible e xcep t ions a re e xa mples

f ro m G eseke , Kr . L ipps tadt , Wes tpha l ia , a nd t he h oard f ro m B ergen , Rügen i s land ( i bid ., L is te 2 0 , 2 , 8 , Ta f . 1 6 , 1 ; S prockhoff 1 941 , Ta f . 5 3 , 1 0 ). The n or th Du tch a xe i n t he Ons twedder Hol te h oard ( 207 ) a ppears i n a h eterogeneous g roup o f a xes w i th c urved r ibs o n t he s ides , j oin ing t o f or m a n a pex u nder t he c o l lar ( Tackenberg 1 971 , 5 1-53 , L is te 3 1 , 4 ) .

The o n ly a xe

i n t h is g roup wh ich i s c losely s im i lar t o t he Ons twedder Ho l te e xa mp le i s t ha t f ro m Reepshol t , Kr . Wi t t mund , Lower S axony ( i bid ., L is te 3 1 , 5 , T al . 7 , 3 ) . Wh i le n or th Du tch a xes s how s o me l oca l f ea tures , t hey a ppear t o c ons t i tu te t he western p ar t o f ad is tr ibu t ion wh ich s tre tches e as t t o t he Weser a nd s ou th t o t he Ruhr ( i bid., Kar te 9 ) .

L ower Meuse a xes a ppear t o f or m a g roup i n ter-

med ia te b etween t hese N ord ic a xes a nd wes tern a xes , t hough t he E ch t a xes s hou ld o r ig ina te f ro m t he G er man Rh ine land .

G e is t ingen a xes o ccupy a s im i lar

p os i t ion i n t he v a l leys o f t he Rh ine a nd Meuse a nd may b e l a ter . Faceted a xes .

L IST 1 27.

The f ace ted a xe i s ac harac ter is t ic i nsu lar t ype d iscussed b y H odges ( 1956, 2 9-31) , Bu t ler ( 1963a , 8 6-87 ) a nd , mos t r ecen t ly , b y Burgess a nd Miket ( 1976 , 3 -5 ).

These l as t a u thors h ave n a med t he mos t c o m mon f or m

t he Meldreth t ype , s lender , u sua l ly w i th a d eep p la in c o l lar d e marca ted b y a r ib a nd a n o ctagona l b lade s ect ion ( i bid ., 3 ) .

Faceted a xes o f Me ldre th t ype

o ccur i n LBA3 c on tex ts t hroughou t Br i ta in a nd I reland , t hough i n I reland most f ace ted a xes h ave t he c haracter is tic s qua t I r ish f or m ( i bid ., 4 ; Eogan 1 964 , 2 93 , f ig . 1 1 , 1 -2) .

There a re b ronze mou lds f or f aceted a xes , e .g . f ro m t he

Quan tock H i l ls , S o merse t ( Bra i ls ford 1 953 , 3 4 , f ig . 1 2 , 5 ) , a nd a c lay mou ld f ro m J ar lshof , S he t land ( Burgess a nd Miket 1 976, 4 ).

Wh i le t he h oard e v idence

f ro m s ou thern Br i ta in s ugges ts a LBA3 d a te , t ypo log ica l e v idence r a ises t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t f aceted a xes may h ave a ppeared i n Eas t Ang lia d ur ing LBA2 ( see p . 1 35-6). Face ted a xes a re l ess n u merous i n n or thern France t han i n Br i ta in ( i bid ., 3 ) b u t French e xamp les ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 3 7-38 ) o ccur i n Bronze F ina l I I h oards i n n or th-eastern France ( L ist 1 27 , 1 -4 ) a nd i n Br i t tany , Pe na r-Pra t , Le Fo lgoet , F in is tere , a nd E tables , C o tes-du-Nord ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 7 4 , 7 , 1 2 ).

There i s af ace ted a xe w i th t en-s ided s ect ion i n t he Ha B3

h oard f ro m Ocks tadt , Kr . Fr iedberg , H esse ( Her mann 1 966 , 2 04 n o. 3 5 , Ta l . 1 96, 4 ; Kubach 1 977 , 5 07).

T he o n ly e xa mple o f af ace ted a xe o f wes tern

f or m f ound i n t he Nordic a rea a ppears t o b e t he e xa mp le i n t he MV h oard f ro m Gurk i , Kr . Kon i tz , W. Pruss ia ( G6rk i , P rov . B ydgoszcz ) ,

( La Baume 1 934 ,

2 6, B i ld 1 1 , a l; S prockhoff 1 956, 2 4 ; Tackenberg 1 971 , 4 2 n . 1 60 ).

These

f inds c on f ir m t he LBA3 d a te o f f aceted a xes . T he c onvex c o llar o f t he p roducts o f t he Have l te mou ld(Lis t 1 27 , 6 ) s e t t he m a par t f ro m c haracter is t ic Br i t ish f aceted a xes . The Waas muns ter a xe ( Lis t 1 27 , 5 ) i s o f s i mi lar f or m t o t he p roducts o f t he Du tch mou ld .

Tacken-

b erg h as d iscussed f aceted a xes f ro m n or thern G er many ( 1971 , 4 1-43 , L is te 2 2 , Kar te 1 2 ) , i nc lud ing t he G urk i a xe a nd t he Have l te mou ld . H e men t ions t wo o ther mou lds , o ne f ro m K ölp in , Kr . Kolberg-Kör l in ,

1 66

( see p . 2 32 ) , t he

o ther f ro m Erkra th , Kr . D t isseldor f- Met t mann , Rh ineland ( i bid ., 4 2, L is te 2 2 , 2 , 5 9 ).

The E rkra th mou ld h as a c onvex c o l lar a nd a ppears t o h ave p ro-

d uced l inear-faceted a xes ( Marscha l l , Narr a nd v on Us lar 1 954 , 4 6, A bb. 1 9 , 7 ) .

The Havel te a nd Waas muns ter f inds may b e r ela ted t o Wes t G er man l inear-

f ace ted a xes ( see p .232-3 )a nd t hus p erhaps b e o f LBA4 d a te.

Tackenberg

( 1971 , 4 2 ) c la i ms t ha t t he a xe f ro m L obenhausen , Kr . Melsungen , Hesse , i s o f wes tern o r ig in ( S prockho ff 1 941 , A bb. 7 2 , 1 ) b u t Br i t ish a xes w i th a s ha l low c ol lar u sua l ly r eta in a l ow-set l oop ( Norwich 1 966, f ig . 6 2 ; Davey 1 973 , f ig . 3 7 , 3 55 ) .

N ordic a xes w ith f ace ts r each ing t o t he c o l lar may b e d is t ingu ished

f ro m Br i t ish a xes b y t heir s hor t , b road b lades a nd s ing le c o l lar mou ld ing ( Baudou 1 960 , Ta f . I V-V I ). S ou th Welsh s ocketed a xes .

L IST 1 28 .

MAP 5 0 .

Evans ( 1881 , 1 19-120 , f igs . 1 26-127) f irs t r ecogn ised a d is t inc tive t ype o f s ocketed a xe w i th a p la in , c rude c ol lar f ro m wh ich a l arge l oop s pr ings , a b road , s l igh t ly t rapezoida l , b lade o f h exagona l s ec t ion b ear ing t hree l ong r ibs , o f ten c onvergen t .

These a xes h ave f or s o me t ime b een r ecogn ised a s mos t

c haracter is t ic o f s ou th-eas t Wa les ( Fox a nd H yde 1 939 , 3 90 , p l . LXXX I ; S avory 1 958a , 3 7) , b u t t he h oard c on ta in ing t he l arges t n u mber o f s ou th Welsh a xes ( Savory 1 975 , f ig . 2 ) i s f ro m S togursey , S o merset , a cross t he Br is to l C hanne l ( McNei l 1 973 ).

These h oards h ave b een t er med t he L lan twi t-S togursey

g roup ( Burgess 1 968a , 1 9-21).

S ou th Welsh a xes a re r are i n n or th Wa les

( i bid., 4 1) ; f inds f ro m s ou thern Eng land a re more c o m mon , i n t he wes t ( McNei l 1 973 , f ig . 9 ) a nd i n t he e as t ( Lis t 1 28 , 1 -15 ).

The S togursey h oard l inks s ou th

Welsh a xes w i th t he Broadward c o mplex ( McNe i l 1 973 , 5 1 ) a nd t he h oards f ro m s ou th-eas tern Eng land ( Lis t 1 28 , 2 -4 , 8 -9 ) a lso i ndica te a LBA3 d a te. Th is i s c on f ir med b y t he a ppearance o f s ou th We lsh a xes i n Bronze F ina l I I h oards i n n orth-eas tern France ( L is t 1 28 , 1 6-18 ).

I n France , s ou th Welsh

a xes a re mos t c o m mon i n t he wes t ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 6 3-64) where t hey o ccur i n Bronze F ina l I I h oards ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 968 , 2 65-266) , s uch a s Menez-Tos ta e n G ouesnach , F in is t re ( Br iard a nd G iot 1 958 , p ls . I I , 1 3 ; V , 1 7) , L e Folgoe t , F in is t re ( Burgess 1 968a , 2 1 n . 8 3 ) , Auvers , Manche ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 968 , A bb. 2 , 4 ) , P on t-er-V i l , Locq mar iaquer , Morbihan ( Burgess 1 968a , 2 1 n . 8 3 ) , No tre-Da me-d 'Or , V ienne ( M i l lot te a nd R iquet 1 959 , p l . 1 , 1 ) , a nd C ha l lans , Vend e ( Eygun 1 957, p l . 4 , 1 3 ).

There i s a

p ossible e xa mp le i n t he V6na t h oard , Charen te ( I nv . Arch . F 6, 1 1 ) , a nd t wo i n t he h oard f ro m S t . Lawrence Va l ley ,

J ersey

( Hawkes n .d . ( 1937) , 1 06 ,

p l . V I II , b ot to m , s econd l e f t ) ; b oth t hese h oards a re p redo minan t ly Bronze F ina l I I , b u t c on ta in l a ter t ypes , s uch a s Ar mor ican s ocketed a xes . S ou th Welsh a xes may b e p resu med t o h ave b een t he d om inan t a xe t ype o f s ou th Wa les d ur ing LBA3.

S avory 's maps d e mons tra te t h is , s howing o n ly o ne

s ou th-eas tern a xe f ro m t h is a rea ( 1975 , f igs . 2 -3 ).

Most e xpor ts were t o t he

s ou th a nd e ast ; i n n or th Wa les l a te p a ls taves a nd a v ar ie ty o f o ther s ocketed a xe t ypes a ppear t o h ave b een d o minan t d ur ing LBA3 ( i bid ., f ig . 2 ; Burgess 1 968a , 4 1-42 ).

Whi le t he mou lds f ro m Wi l tsh ire ( L is t 1 28 , 1 4-15 ) may b e a

p er iphera l p ar t o f t he ma in d is tr ibu t ion , t he mou ld f ro m Egha m ( L is t 1 28 , 1 2 ) s uggests p roduct ion o utside t h is a rea ; i n d efau l t o f ad eta i led t ypolog ica l s tudy o f s ou th We lsh a xes a nd o f t he r ibbed a xes o f s ou th-eas tern Eng land , d ef in i te c onclus ions c annot y et b e d rawn .

1 67

The o r ig in o f t he s ou th We lsh t ype h as r ece ived more d eta i led a t ten t ion s ince Bu t ler ( 1963a , 9 1-93 ) s ugges ted t ha t i t was d er ived f ro m t he Nord ic a rea v ia t he C arse L och a xe ( see p . 1 36 ) .

Burgess ( 1 976a ) b eg ins w i th t he f rag men-

t ary s tone mou ld f ro m Gwi th ian , C ornwa l l , f ound i n l ayer 3 o n S i te X ; t he LBA1 p ins were f ound i n t he s a me l ayer o n S i te I X ( i bid ., 6 9 ; s ee p . 1 22 ). Th is mou ld i s f or a xes o f s im i lar f or m t o t he c haracter is t ic s ou th Welsh t ype , b u t more s lender ( i bid ., 7 1 , f ig . 4 .8 , c , hi ).

Axes o f t h is Gwi th ian f or m

o ccur i n t wo h oards : C o lden C o m mon , Han ts ( L is t 1 28 , 6 ) , a nd Carr Moors ide , Huns let , Yorks . ( Burgess 1 976a , f ig . 4 .8 , j ) .

Burgess ( i bid ., 7 1 ) i s c on f iden t

t ha t t he C o lden C o m mon f ind i s ah oard o f MBA2 b u t Row lands ( 1976, 2 39 ) i s l ess c er ta in ; t he C arr Moors ide h oard b e longs t o t he LBA1 Wa l l ing ton p hase ( Burgess 1 968b , 1 7 , 6 0 n o . 9 , f ig . 8 ) .

Burgess g oes o n t o c o mpare Gwi th ian

a xes w i th c er ta in Taun ton-Hade marschen a xes b ear ing V -orna men t ( 1976a , 7 1 , f ig . 4 .8 , f -g ) t o s uppor t a n e ar ly o r ig in f or Gwi th ian a xes a nd t o d er ive t he Gwi th ian f or m f ro m c en tra l European a xes w i th V-ornamen t ( i bid ., 7 2 ; M i l l ler-Karpe 1 959 , Ta f . 1 29 ; 1 31; 1 34 ).

These c en tra l European a xes a re

c o m mon o n t he midd le Danube a nd a re d a ted t o Ha A a nd Ha B 1 i n S lovak ia ( Novo tnä 1 970a , 8 3-87) , b u t a re r are i n wes tern Europe ( see p . t hey a re a bsen t f ro m a ssocia ted f inds .

1 36

) , where

Is ee l i t t le e v idence f or t h is d er iva t ion ,

t hough N ovotnä d oes i l lustra te o ne , a typ ica l , a xe wh ich r ese mbles t he Gwi th ian f or m ( i bid ., 9 9 n o . 8 01 ). Ad egree o f c on t inu i ty b e tween LBA1 s ocketed a xes a nd LBA3 s ou th We lsh a xes i n wes tern Br i ta in i s p oss ible a nd t he Gwi th ian f or m c ou ld b e r ough ly e qu iva len t t o t he LBA2 a xes o f Eas t Ang l ia ( see p .135 )b u t f inds o f Gwi thian a xes a re s ca t tered a nd a p roven LBA2 a ssocia t ion wou ld b e h elp fu l t o c on f ir m t he c hronology. S evera l Nord ic M IV a xe f or ms r ese mble t he Gwi th ian f or m ( Baudou 1 960 , 1 7-18 , Ta f . I V , VL IA l a ) b u t N ord ic d er iva t ion p laces g rea t weigh t o n t he s ing le impor t f ro m Carse L och a nd n one o f t hese s upposed c on t inen ta l a n teceden ts e xp la in why t he Gwi th ian f or m was a dap ted a s t he p r inc ipa l a xe t ype i n s uch a r es tr icted a rea . Yorksh ire s ocketed a xes . Yorksh ire a xes a re s hor t w i th a c o mpara t ive ly b road b lade , af lared c ol lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib f ro m wh ich t he c ol lar s pr ings ; t hey a re c haract er ised b y t he ir t hree s hor t v er t ica l r ibs , o ne c en tra l , t he o thers p er iphera l , o f ten f ol lowing t he d ivergen t o u t l ine o f t he s ides ( Evans 1 881 , 1 18 ; Fox 1 9323 4 , 1 58 , p l . I X , f ig . 1 0B ; Burgess 1 968a , 1 9 , 3 9 , f ig . 1 8 , 2 ; Burgess a nd Miket 1 976, 5 ) .

There i s a n a ssocia ted f or m , i den t ica l s ave f or a bsence o f

t he v er t ica l r ibs , k nown a s t he Ever thorpe t ype ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 9 n . 5 0 , f ig . 1 8 , 1 ; Burgess a nd Mike t 1 976, 7 ) . The d is tr ibu t ion o f r ibbed Yorksh ire a xes s hows t ha t f inds a re c oncen tra ted i n Yorksh ire , t o e i ther s ide o f t he Va le o f York , w i th t he e as tern d is tr ibu t ion s pread ing i n to L inco lnsh ire ; o ther c oncen tra t ions a re i n N or thu mbr ia , n or th Lancash ire a nd t he n or thern p ar t o f Eas t Ang l ia ; t o t he s ou th f inds r each t he Thames a nd S o merse t , t he n or thern d is tr ibu t ion s preads i n to S cot land ; t he o n ly p rovenanced I r ish f inds a re n or th-eas ter ly ( i bid ., f ig . 2 ).

1 68

T here a re many a ssocia ted f inds , p redo m inan t ly w i th o ther a xes , l ike t hose L inco lnsh ire h oards n o ted b y Burgess a nd l i shed b y Davey ( 1 973 , f igs . 3 3 ;

3 4-35 ;

3 7 ;

M ike t ( i bid ., 7)a nd p ub-

4 4 , 4 28-429 ) , b u t more v ar iety

i s p rov ided b y t he l arger h oard f ro m Bur ton u pon S ta ther , L incs . ( i bid ., f igs . 4 0-42 ).

There a re Yorksh ire a xes i n Eas t Ang l ian h oards f ro m N or th

E l mham , ( C lough a nd Wade- Mar t ins 1 970-73 , 1 5 , f ig . 3 , 1 6-24 ) a nd Ea ton ( Norw ich 1 966, 2 8 , f ig . 6 0 ) , N or fo lk , among o thers ;

i n t he h oard f ro m

Cumber low G reen , Rushden , H er ts . ( C lark a nd G odw in 1 940 , p l . V I I , s econd r igh t ) ;

t wo e xa mp les h ave b een c la i med i n t he S togursey h oard , S o merse t

( NcNe i l 1 973 , 4 9 , f ig . 3 , 1 7 , 2 7 ) ;

L ancash ire f inds i nc lude o ne e xa mp le i n

t he P or t f ie ld h oard , Wha l ley ( Davey a nd Fors ter 1 975 , n o . 1 48 ).

T hese h oards

i nd ica te a LBA3 d a te f or Yorksh ire s ocke ted a xes ( Burgess a nd M ike t 1 976, 7) . S prockhof f c o mpared Yorksh ire a xes w i th N ord ic r ibbed a xes ( 1941 , 1 22 , A bb. 9 0 ) t o s uppor t h is n ot ion o f a move men t o f p opu la t ion a cross t he N or th S ea ( i bid ., 1 23 ) b u t t he r ese mblance b e tween t hese t ypes i s s uper f icia l ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 9 3 ) .

Ik now o f n o f ind o f a Yorksh ire a xe o n t he c on t inen t .

S co t t ish s ocketed a xes . S ocke ted a xes w i th t hree v er t ica l r ibs , o f Yorksh ire t ype a nd r e la ted , a re c o m mon i n s ou thern a nd Eas tern S co t land , b u t r are i n t he n or th a nd wes t ( Co les 1 959 ,60 , Map 3 , f ig . 4 , 2 ;

Burgess a nd Mike t 1 976, f ig . 2 ) .

Axes

w i th r ectangu lar s ect ion a nd c onvex c o l lar w i th s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a lso h ave as ou thern a nd e as tern d is tr ibu t ion ;

C o les r e la tes s o me t o Eng l ish f or ms ,

p resumably t he p la in Yorksh ire t ype ( 1 959-60 , 3 1 , Map 4 , f ig . 4 , 1 ) .

O c ta-

g ona l s ec t ion f ace ted a xes w i th d eep , f lared c o l lar h ave t he s a me d is tr ibu t ion a nd p robable o r ig in ( i bid ., 3 2 , Map 4 , f ig . 4 , 3 ) .

O ther f ace ted a xes , w i th

mou th mou ld ing r a ther t han d eep c ol lar , a re c la i med a s l oca l , b u t f ew d e ta i ls a re p rov ided ( i bid ., 3 3 ). B es ide t hese f or ms o f Eng l ish o r ig in t here a re s ocke ted a xes o f p robable I r ish o r ig in .

B ag-shaped a xes w i th b road , r ecurved b lades a nd s qua t a xes

c an b es t b e ma tched i n I re land a nd t he s ou th-eas ter ly d is tr ibu t ion o f t hese f or ms i s l ess marked t han t ha t o f t he f or ms men t ioned i n t he p reced ing p arag raph ( i bid ., 3 3 , Map 5 , f ig . 4 , 4 -5 ) .

A sma l l g roup o f S cot t ish a xes i s

c o mpared w i th I r ish a xes , c a l led b y C o les t he ' Dung iven t t ype , a nd t o N ord ic a xes mi t p rof i l ier te m Tü l lenmund ( i bid ., 4 4-45 , Map 9 ) , b u t n o d e ta i led i l lus tra t ions a re p rov ided .

Dung iven i s b e t ter k nown a s t he d eno m ina t ion o f

af or m o f s ocke ted k n i fe ( Hodges 1 956, 3 8 ) . C o les d e f ined a Me ldrum t ype o f a xe w i th mu l t ip le h or izon ta l r ibs . Th is t ype i s f ound i n e as tern S co t land ( 1959-60 , 4 5 , Map 9 ) . There i s ap oss ible e xa mp le f ro m C on is ton , Lancs .

( Davey a nd F ors ter 1 975 n o . 9 6) .

C oles

h as c la i med t ha t a n e xamp le f ro m B irse , A berdeensh ire ( 1959-60 , f ig . 4 , 9 ) , i s aN ord ic i mpor t ;

t h is a xe h as a p la in mou th , al ow-se t l oop w i th h or izon ta l

r ibs a t t he s a me l eve l a nd a f aceted b lade .

He c o mpares a n a xe f ro m Ba ls myr

Mose , B ornho lm ( Broho lm . 1 953 , 3 5 , 7 9 n o . 2 17) ,

p erhaps f ro m a MV I h oard

( Broho lm 1 946 , 2 44 , M217) , b u t t h is may n ot b e ac losed f ind ( Me inander , 1 954 , 2 9-30 ) .

T he Ba ls myr a xe b e longs t o t he c en tra l S wed ish f or m o f t he

Mä lar t ype , p ar t o f al arge g roup o f a xes w i th l ong n eck , p la in mou th a nd

l ow-se t l oop ( Baudou 1 960 , 1 9-21 , Ta f . I V , V I IB1a , Kar te 1 0 ; Me inander 1 954 , 2 4-39 ) . Th is c en tra l S wed ish f or m i s f ound i n c en tra l a nd s ou thern S weden , o n B ornho lm , i n s ou thern F in land a nd e as tern N orway;

r e la ted

f or ms a re f ound f ro m t he Ba l t ic R epubl ics e as t t o t he midd le Vo lga ( Ta l lgren 1 937, 3 0-40 ;

N er man 1 954 ;

An ton iew icz 1 955 ) , a n i n teres t ing mirror o f

wes tward e xpor ts f ro m S cand inavia . a ssoc ia t ions ;

T here a re many f inds b u t f ew d a table

Baudou p re fers a M IV-V d a te t o MV-V I ( 1960 , 2 0 ) .

C o les '

Me ldrum a xes c anno t b e c lose ly d a ted a nd t hey d o n o t a ppear t o b e o bv ious ly o f a l ien i nsp ira t ion . R eg iona l v ar ia t ions o f d is tr ibu t ion o f s ocke ted a xes i n S co t land a re n o t v ery c lear , t hough e x tens ions o f n or thern Eng l ish a nd I r ish d is tr ibu t ions c an b e r ecogn ised . I r ish s ocke ted a xes . S ocke ted a xes b ecame c o m mon i n I re land o n ly d ur ing t he LBA3 Down s p hase ( Eogan 1 974a , 3 20 ) ; s evera l ma jor t ypes c an b e i den t i f ied ( Hodges 1 956, 2 9-33 ; E ogan 1 964 , 2 93-295 ; H er i ty a nd E ogan 1 977 , 1 93 ). The mos t c o m mon t ype i s t he b ag-shaped f or m w i th o va l s ec t ion , mou th r ound o r o va l a nd u sua l ly p la in ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 94-295 , f ig . 1 1 , 5 ) .

T he ir d is tr ibu t ion

( Hodges 1 956 , f ig . 7 ) s hows a n or thern a nd e as tern b ias wh ich may b e c o mp ared w i th t ha t o f o ther t oo ls ( Eogan 1 974a , A bb. 6 ) a nd s o me o rna men ts ( i bid ., A bb. 2A ) wh ich a re r are i n t he s ou th-wes t a nd c on tras ted w i th t he d is tr ibu t ion o f o ther o rna men ts wh ich f avour t he s ou th-wes t ( i bid ., Ta f . 8 0 , A ).

_

B r i t ish f inds a re s ca t tered , b u t t here i s a wes tern b ias i n Eng land a nd

Wa les ( Hodges 1 956, 5 4 , f ig . 7 ) a nd b ag-shaped a xes may h ave b een import an t i n n or th Wa les ( Burgess 1 968a , 4 2 ) ;

t hey a re a lso k nown f ro m S co t land

( see p .169 ). Bag-shaped a xes a ppeared i n t he LBA2 C o . R osco m mon h oard ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 94 , 3 46 , n o . 6 4 ) b u t t hey h ave b een s a id t o b e d er ived f ro m N ord ic MV a xes mi t p ro f i l ier te m Tü l lenmund ( i bid ., 2 94 ; 1 12 ;

Bu t ler 1 960a , 1 11-

1 963a , 9 0-91 ) a f ter S prockhof f 's c o mpar ison o f t he b ag-shaped a xe w i th

r ibbed mou th f ro m Dung iven , C o . Derry ( 1941 , 8 5-86, A bb. 6 8 ) . a re r are i n Br i ta in , w i th t wo f inds f ro m t he

Axes m-p-T.

Tha mes e s tuary ( L is t 1 25 ) .

Face ted a xes a re k nown ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 93 , f ig . 1 1 , 1 -2 ) many o f c haract er is t ic s qua t I r ish f or m ( Burgess a nd M ike t 1 976 , 4 ).

R ibbed a xes r ela ted

t o t he Yorksh ire t ype o ccur i n t he n or th-eas t ( see p .168 )a nd o ther r ibbed a xes a re k nown ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 94 , f ig . 1 1 , 7 -8 ). N o s ocke ted a xe o f I r ish o r ig in i s k n o wn w i th a c er ta in French p rovena nce ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976b , 3 4 ). S ocke ted a xes o f wes tern LBA3 f or m i n c en tra l a nd n or thern Europe . N ord ic f inds o f wes tern LBA3 a xes , ma in ly i n MV c on tex ts h ave b een r ecogn ised f or s o me t ime ( Sprockho f f 1 941 , 8 6-92 , A bb. 9 5 ; 8 2-86 ) .

Bu t ler 1 963a ,

Tackenberg i nc ludes s evera l i n h is s econd g roup o f a xes w i th

q uadrangu lar s ect ion ( 1971 , 4 8 , L is te 2 8 ) , w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib .

The f irs t i s f ro m H eppeneer t , B e lg ian L i mburg ( L is t 1 23 , 2 2 ) , a nd

o thers f ro m Hesepe , K r . B ersenbrück , L ower S axony , t he P les t l in h oard , Kr . D emm in , Meck lenburg ,

a nd t he T e mpe lburg h oard , Kr . Danziger H öhe , 1 70

Pruss ia ( Krzyzowin ik i , Prov . G dar isk ) ( L is te 2 8 , 1 , 5 , 1 0 , 1 2; Bu t ler 1 963a , 8 5 n os . 6 -9 ). e as tern :

Mos t o f t he o ther a xes l i s ted b y Tackenberg c ou ld b e s ou th-

Krefe ld-L inn , Rhein land-Pfa lz ( Tackenberg 1 971 , Ta f . 1 9 , 1 ) ;

Eschwege h oard , H esse ( Uenze 1 960 , T al . 1 13 , 5 ) ; Hochs tad t h oard , Kr . Hanau , H esse ( Schauer 1 972a , A bb. 1 , 4 -5 ) , t he s econd a xe i n t he Hochs tad t h oard i s a pparen t ly f aceted ( Tackenberg 1 971 , L is te 3 2 , 2 ) ; E ibingen b ei Rüdeshei m h oard , Rhe ingaukreis , H esse ( Her mann 1 966, Ta f . 1 92 , 4 ) .

The

P les t lin h oard a lso c on ta ins a n a xe w i th X-orna men t l i ke t ha t o n t he a xe f ro m Melsele ( Lis t 1 23 , 1 1). The P les t l in h oard i s o f MV d a te ( Sprockhof f 1 956, 5 1; Tackenberg 1 971, 2 9 ) a nd c on ta ins many a xes o f MV c o m mon i n n or thern G er many ( i bid ., L is ten 5 , 9 ; 6 , 1 4 ; 1 0 , 1 1; 1 2 , 1 1; 1 3 , 6 ; 1 4 , 7 ; 1 6, 7 ; 1 7 , 4 ; 1 8 , 5 ; 1 9 , 2 ; S prockh of f 1 941 , Ta f . 4 2-46).

The Te mpelburg/Krzyzowin ik i h oard i s t he mos t

e as ter ly f ind o f a wes tern LBA3 a xe ; t h is h oard h as b een d a ted t o MV ( Sprockh of f 1 956, 6 4-65 ) , t hough i ti ncludes a l arge u n looped e nd-winged a xe o f e as tA lpine f or m ( i bid ., 1 00 , Ta f . 1 0 , 9 ) wh ich Tackenberg c la i ms a s Ha C , d a ting t he h oard t o MVI ( 1971, 2 2 , 4 8 ) , b u t Mü l ler-Karpe p laces s uch a xes i n Ha B3 ( 1959 , 1 27 n . 1 , A bb. 5 9 , 1 8 ) , c f . t he h oard f ro m S chönberg , S tyr ia ( Sch m id 1 940 ) .

The Eschwege h oard c on ta ins a p la in p enannu lar b racele t o f af or m

k nown i n s evera l Ha B 3 h oards f ro m H esse ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 64 n o . 1 027).

The

Hochs tad t ( Jockenhövel 1 972 , 1 05 ; S chauer 1 972a , 2 62 ; R ich ter 1 970 , 1 59 , 1 68 ) a nd E ibingen ( Her mann 1 966, 2 04 n o . 3 8 ; R ich ter 1 970 , 1 68 ) h oards a re b oth Ha B 3. The t hree a xes wh ich s urv ive f ro m t he Amelsbüren h oard , Kr . Müns ter , Wes tpha lia ( Tackenberg 1 97 , L is te 2 9 , 7 , Ta f . 1 8 , 4 -6) a re c er ta in ly n o t Ar mor ican b u t wes tern LBA3 a xes . The Ha B 3 h oard f ro m Hangen- Weishei m , Kr . A lzey , H esse , c on ta ins a n a xe w i th t wo v ert ica l r ibs ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 64 , Ta f . 9 30 , 7 ) a nd t here i s a s im i lar moti f o n a n a xe f ro m G eseke , Kr . L ipps tad t , Wes tpha lia ( Tackenberg 1 971, L is te 2 0 , 2 , Ta f . 1 6, 1 ) .

These t wo a xes may b e r e la ted t o wes tern

LBA3 r ibbed a xes . There i s ap la in a xe o f wes tern f or m i n ah oard f ro m t he r eg ion o f Wiesb aden , H esse ( Her mann 1 966, Ta f . 1 93 , 6 ) .

Th is h oard b elongs t o t he Ha B3

( i bid ., 2 04 n o. 4 1; R ich ter 1 970 , 1 66) a nd a lso c on ta ins a h o l low b racelet w i th a l arge e ver ted t er m ina l ( i bid ., 1 66 n o . 1 046) , ap redo minan t ly Belg ian f or m ( see p . 2 10) a sma l l o b ject l i ke a p er fora ted d ru m , a French t ype ( Jockenh övel 1 972 , 1 08 n . 1 8 , A bb . 2 , 1 3 ) , a nd b ar t ogg les ( Her mann 1 966, Ta f . 1 93 , 9 -10 ) wh ich c an b e ma tched a t Han ( see p .196 ). Ah oard f ro m K onz , K r . S aarburg , S aar land , c on ta ins t wo a xes wh ich a ppear t o b e western ( Ko l l ing 1 968 , Ta f . 4 3 , 3 -4 ) b u t e xa mina t ion o f t he o r igi na l i l lus tra t ions i nd ica tes t ha t t hey a re n ot ( S teiner 1 930 , Ta f . I I , 9 -10 ). Both a re l i s ted b y Tackenberg a s G er man t ypes ( 1971 , L is te 3 2 , 1 ; 3 5 , 5 ) . An a xe i n t he h oard f ro m Ka iser lau ten , P fa lz , h as a c ol lar , t wo h or izont a l r ibs , w ing o rna men t a nd c oncave p rof i le ; t h is may b e aP la inseau a xe ( Ko l ling 1 968 , Ta f . 5 2 , 2 0 ).

The Ka iser lau ten h oard s hou ld b e d a ted t o Ha B3

( Kubach 1 977 , 5 15-516 n . 1 7).

1 71

Two S wiss h oards o f Ha B 3 a ppear t o c on ta in wes tern a xes :

C harp igny ,

0 1 lon , Vaud , w i th c o l lar , t wo r ibs a nd w ing o rna men t , p erhaps P la inseau ( Bocksberger 1 964 , 8 7 , f ig . 2 8 , 2 3 ) , a nd K erzers , Fr ieburg , a lso p erhaps P la inseau ( Vog t 1 942 , Ta f . 8 1 , 2 0 ).

L ess d is t inc t ive i s a n a xe i n t he E cha l lans

h oard , Vaud ( M t i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 2 96 , T a f . 1 78E , 1 ) . T he h oards men t ioned a bove a l l i nd ica te t ha t LBA3 a xes o f s ou th-eas tern Eng l ish o r n or th-eas tern French o r ig in were c urren t d ur ing Ha B3 a nd MV b u t o ne Dan ish h oard may p rov ide a n e ar l ier d a te .

Bu t ler r ecogn ised t wo

f ragmen tary s ou th-eas tern a xes i n t he h oard f ro m L0vska l , V iborg Am t , J u tl and ( 1 963a , 8 5 n o . 1 , 8 6 , 2 23-224 , p l . X I I Ib ).

T he L0vska l h oard h ad b een

d a ted t o M IV b y B roho lm ( 1946 , 2 02 M84 ) a nd T hrane ( I nv . Arch . DK6 ).

A par t

f ro m t hese t wo s ocke ted a xes ( i bid ., 4 -5 ) , t he h oard c on ta ins p ar t o f al ooped e nd-w inged a xe , wh ich i s p robably a lso o f wes tern o r ig in ( see p . 1 60) , a nd p ar t o f a more mass ive u n looped w inged a xe , wh ich i s l ess d iagnos t ic ( i bid ., 1 -2 ).

A lso u nd iagnos t ic i s ap la in p egged s pearhead ( i bid ., 6 ).

Th is l eaves

t wo d a table N ord ic p roducts , as ocketed a xe w i th r ound mou th , c o l lar , t wo s ha l low h or izon ta l r ibs , al arge l oop a nd b e l l-shaped f ace ts o n ab lade o f h exagona l s ect ion , a nd a p enannu lar b race le t w i th r idged s ect ion , s ing le p eri phera l r ibs , t r ip le c en tra l r ib , a nd s tra igh t t erm ina ls w i th a t r ip le r ib a nd t r iangu lar p er fora t ion ( i bid ., 3 , 7 ) .

The a xe i s aM IV t ype wh ich was p robably

s t i l l c urren t i n MV ( Baudou 1 960 , 2 3 , 1 78 n o . 8 , T al . V . V I I C la ).

The b race-

l e t b e longs t o t he c u f f-shaped t ype c urren t d ur ing M W ( i bid ., 6 1 , T al . X I I I , XV I I I A Z ).

Thus , o n ly a s ing le o b ject i n t h is h oard i s c er ta in ly o f MIV d a te .

Bu t ler c onc luded t ha t t he s ou th-eas tern s ocke ted a xes , f ound i n a n M IV c on tex t , mus t h ave b een Wi lbur ton p roduc ts ( 1963a , 2 24 , 2 39 ) , b u t n ie ther t hese a xes n or t he l ooped e nd-w inged a xe o ccur i n LBA2 c on tex ts .

The L0vska l h oard

c anno t b e u sed d irec t ly t o d a te t he Wi lbur ton i ndus try , a s Thrane h as d one ( I nv . Arch . DK6) , b u t r a ther t o d a te t he b eg inn ing o f LBA3. O ther N ord ic c on tex ts f or t he s ou th-eas tern a xes a re MV a nd t he N ord ic a xe c ou ld b e MV ; w i th t he MIV b race le t t he L0vska l h oard c ou ld b e d a ted t o t he M IV/ MV t rans i t ion . O ther Dan ish f inds o f wes tern s ocke ted a xes o f LBA3 t ype l ack a ssocia t ions ( Thrane 1 975 , 1 05-107 , f igs . 6 0 , a -b ; 6 1a ) . Bu t ler s ugges ts t he p resence o f a wes tern a xe i n t he Ha B 3 h oard f ro m Tamachov , B ohe m ia ( 1963a , 8 6) , b u t t he r e levan t a xe ( M t i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 29 , 2 83 , T al . 1 43B , 3 ) h as t wo c o l lar mou ld ings o f e qua l s ize , a n u nusua l f ea ture o n LBA3 a xes . N ord ic a xes i n wes tern Europe .

L IST 1 29.

B y c o mpar ison w i th t he n umber o f wes tern LBA3 a xes f ound i n n or thern Europe , c on te mporary N ord ic f inds i n t he wes t a ppear t o b e s carce .

The

K oppenow a xe f ro m B ra in tree ( L is t 1 29 , 1 ) i s at ype mos t c o m mon d ur ing MV a nd i ti s p robably o f n or th G er man/Po l ish r a ther t han S cand inav ian o r ig in ( O 'Connor 1 976b ) .

T he a xe f ro m G hen t ( L is t 1 29 , 5 ) a ppears t o b e r e la ted t o

af or m s im i lar t o t he K oppenow t ype ( Sprockhof f 1 956 , I , 8 8 n o . l a , A bb. 1 7 , 7 ; I , 1 6 , K ar te 5 ; Tackenberg 1 971 , 5 6 , L is te 3 6) a nd o f c on te mporary d a te b u t w i th a more wes ter ly d is tr ibu t ion .

T he t r ip le c o l lar mou ld ing i s u nusua l ,

b u t c an b e ma tched o n s o me Dan ish a xes o f u ncer ta in d a te ( Aner 1 962 , 2 142 15 , A bb . 2 4 , 1 , 3 ) .

1 72

The o n ly N ord ic a xe f ro m a d a table wes tern c on tex t i s t he MV a xe w i th f ace ts o n t he b lade f aces a nd a s ing le h or izon ta l r ib i n t he Bronze F ina l I I h oard f ro m Nan tes ( s ee p .

1 63 ) . T o t h is a xe may b e r e la ted t he sma l l g roup

o f a xes w i th f ace ted f aces men t ioned b y Bu t ler ( 1963a , 9 4 ).

T here a re f our

e xamp les , o ne Du tch , o ne Eng l ish a nd t wo I r ish f inds w i thou t e xac t p rovenances ( L is t 1 29 , 2 -4 , 6 ) . Bu t ler c o mpares a n a xe i n t he MV h oard f ro m Mag leby , S or q ‘ Am t , Z ea land ( Broho lm 1 953 , 2 8 n o . 1 34 ; 1 946 , 2 14 , M129 ) , wh ich b el ongs t o t he s a me g enera l t ype a s t he a xe i n t he Nan tes h oard ( Baudou 1 960 , 2 3 , 1 79 n o . 2 , Ta f . V , V I I C 1b ) b u t b e longs t o t he more c o m mon sma l l S cand inav ian f or m r a ther t han t he l arger G er man f or m t o wh ich t he French a xe may b e c o mpared ( Tackenberg 1 971 , T a f . 7 , 3 -5 ) .

O f t he a xes men t ioned

b y B u t ler , o n ly o ne h as b een a ccess ibly i l lus tra ted ( L is t 1 29 , 4 ) ; t h is h as t he f or m o f a n I r ish b ag-shaped a xe , s ave f or t he f ace ts , a nd r ope- mou ld ing , a nd a ppears t o b e a n i nsu lar p roduct , i f ac opy o f a n i mpor ted a xe ( Hodges 1 954 , 7 4 F ina l ly , B u t ler men t ions a n u nprovenanced I r ish b ag-shaped a xe w i th d ogt ooth o rna men t c o mparable t o t ha t o n n or th Du tch a xes ( 1963a , 9 5 ; s ee p . Any c la im t o d er ive wes tern LBA3 s ocke ted a xes f ro m Nord ic p ro to types r es ts o n av ery sma l l n umber o f p oss ible impor ts , mos t ly u nprovenanced o r i so la ted f inds ( i bid ., 9 4-95 ). The n or th Du tch a xes ( L is t 1 25 ) s ee m t o h ave h ad n o e f fec t o n t he a xe s er ies o f s ou th-eas tern Eng land .

The o r ig ins o f

f ace ted a xes ( see p .166-7 ) , s ou th We lsh a xes ( see p .167-8 )a nd I r ish b ags haped a xes ( see p .170 )a ppear t o b e i n LBA2 a nd Ic an d iscern n o s ign i f ican t N ord ic i n f luence o n wes tern a xe t ypes d ur ing LBA3 . S ocke ted a xes :

d iscuss ion

The s ocke ted a xe

a s t he d om inan t a xe t ype o f LBA3 t hroughou t Br i ta in ,

I re land , n or th-eas tern F rance , B elg ium a nd t he N e ther lands a nd d is t inc t r eg iona l g roups c an b e r ecogn ised , l i ke t hose o f MBA2 p a ls taves . I n Eng land t he d is tr ibu t ion o f t he s ou th-eas tern t ype i s d is t inc t ive , t hough i tc overs t he d is tr ibu t ion o f l ess c o m mon t ypes o f s ocke ted a xe , o f e nd-w inged a xes a nd i nc ludes s o me h oards wh ich a re c o mposed p redo m inan t ly o f l a te p a ls taves ( e .g . I nv . A rch . GB37) .

The o ther ma jor r eg iona l d is tr ibu t ion i n Eng-

l and i s t ha t o f Y orksh ire a xes , d om inan t i n Yorksh ire a nd v ery n umerous i n L inco lnsh ire .

B e tween t hese t wo ma jor d is tr ibu t ions a re minor r eg iona l t ypes

i n t he e as t M id lands a nd t he n or thern p ar t o f E as t Ang l ia .

To t he wes t i s t he

c oncen tra t ion o f s ou th We lsh a xes i n t he s ou th-eas tern p ar t o f Wa les a nd a cross t he B r is to l C hanne l . t he P enn ines .

Yorksh ire a xes s pread n or th i n to S co t land a nd wes t a cross

The d o minan t I r ish f or m , t he b ag-shaped a xe i s f ound i n B r i ta in ,

where i t may b e e specia l ly impor tan t i n n or th Wa les a nd n or thern S co t land . Ac ur ious e xcep t ion t o t hese r eg iona l d is tr ibu t ions i s t he f ace ted t ype , f ound t hroughou t B r i ta in a nd I re land i n g rea ter o r l esser n umbers . N or th-eas tern F rance i s d is t ingu ished f ro m t he n or th-wes t b y ap reference f or s ocke ted a xes o ver w inged a xes b y more t han t wen ty t o o ne i n h oards , whereas w inged a xes o u tnumber s ocke ted a xes b y t wo t o o ne i n B r i t tany.

Many

s ocke ted a xes i n n or th-eas tern France c anno t r ead i ly b e d is t ingu ished f ro m t he Eng l ish s ou th-eas tern t ype , b u t al oca l p roduc t , e spec ia l ly c o m mon i n t he S o m me v a l ley , i s t he P la inseau t ype .

1 73

Al oca l B e lg ian t ype a ppears t o b e p resen t i n an u mber o f h oards a nd a t Han ; t here i s as ing le a xe o f t h is f orm f ro m t he s ou th-wes tern N e ther lands . When t he c o mbined d is tr ibu t ion o f s ou th-eas tern , P la inseau a nd B e lg ian a xes i n t he L ow C oun tr ies i s e xa m ined ( Map 4 8 ) i ta ppears t ha t mos t e xa mp les a re f ound t o t he wes t a nd s ou th o f t he Meuse .

C o mpar ison may t hen b e made w i th

t he d is tr ibu t ion o f l ower Meuse a xes a nd n or th Du tch a xes ( Map 4 9 ) ; t h is r ev ea ls t ha t t he w es tern t ypes a re d om inan t i n t he S che ld t v a l ley , where l ower Meuse a xes a re a bsen t , t ha t wes tern a xes a re r a ther more n u merous t han L ower Meuse a xes o ver t he r es t o f B e lg iu m a nd t he s ou thern N e ther lands , wh i le L ower Meuse a xes a re more c o m mon i n t he Rh ine- Meuse r eg ion .

T o

t he n or th o f t he Rh ine b eg ins t he d is tr ibu t ion o f n or th Du tch a xes , wh ich a re c oncen tra ted i n e as tern Dren the .

T he t wo wes tern a xes i n t he n or thern Ne ther-

l ands a re b a lanced b y t he t wo n or th Du tch a xes f ro m t he Thames E s tuary. N or th Du tch a xes c on t inue a n or th-wes t G er man d is tr ibu t ion a nd i ti s s ign i f ic an t t ha t t he wes tern e dge o f t he ir d is tr ibu t ion marches w i th t he e as tern e dge o f t he d is tr ibu t ion o f s ou th-eas tern , B e lg ian a nd P la inseau a xes .

T he p os i t ion

o f L ower Meuse t ype i s u ncer ta in , b u t s o me a re c er ta in ly o f G er man o r ig in . A sma l l g roup o f r ibbed a xes f ro m t he S che ld t a rea may b e LBA4 a nd t he s ame a pp l ies t o G e is t ingen a xes , f ound i n t he s a me g enera l a rea a s L ower Meuse a xes . The s im i lar i ty b e tween s ou th-eas tern a xes a nd many a xes f ro m n or the as tern F rance s ugges ts t ha t s ou th-eas tern Eng land was i n c loser c on tac t w i th t he a d jacen t p ar ts o f t he c on t inen t t han w i th n or thern Br i ta in ; Yorksh ire a xes a re r are s ou th o f t he F ens a nd n or thern E as t A ng l ia a nd a bsen t s ou th o f t he Tha mes .

S ou th We lsh a xes o ccur s porad ica l ly i n s ou thern a nd e as tern Eng land

a nd i n France , e spec ia l ly i n t he wes t , b u t n o t i n n or thern Br i ta in . TOOLS S ocke ted c h ise ls .

L IST 1 30 .

S ocke ted c h ise ls w i th n arrow s o l id s tra igh t-s ided b lades a nd r ound mou ths a ppeared i n n or th-wes tern F rance d ur ing Bronze F ina l Ii n t he S a in t-Br ieucd es-I f fs h oard ( Br iard a nd Onn e 1 972 , 1 1 , p l . X I I , 8 5-86) a nd c on t inued i n u se d ur ing B ronze F ina l I I ( N ico lardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 , 1 23 ) t hough n ever av ery c o m mon t ype .

The C ho isyle-Ro i h oard ( L is t 1 30 , 3 ) i s B ronze F ina l

I I ; t he i sola ted f ind f ro m S a in t-P ierre-en-Por t ( L is t 1 30 , 2 ) c ou ld b e c on te mp orary o r e ar l ier .

T he V i l lers-sur-Coudon c h ise l ( L is t 1 30 , 1 ) i s a n u nusua l

f or m w i th a h o l low b lade , c f . aN ord ic f or m ( Baudou 1 960 , Ta f . V I I , I X , l e f t ) . On ly d ur ing LBA3 d id t he s ocke ted c h ise l a ppear i n Eng land ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 9-40 ) , c f . t he e xamp le i n t he h oard o f t oo ls f ro m C ar le ton R ode , N or fo lk ( Norwich 1 966 , p l . V I I , 1 7 ) , a longs ide t wo e xa mp les o f t he s ocke ted t oo l ( i bid ., p l . V I I , 1 1 , 1 8 ) wh ich i s p resu mab ly t ha t r e ferred t o b y Burgess ( 1968a , 4 0 ) a s t he " fu l ly s ocke ted" t ype o f s ocke ted c h ise l . Th is i s as epara te t ype , p redo m inan t ly i nsu lar a nd o f LBA3 d a te ; mos t f inds a re f ro m s ou the as tern Eng land ( Tho mas 1 966-67 ) t hough r e la ted o b jec ts o ccur i n I re land d uri ng t he Down s p hase ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 98 , f ig . 1 2 , 1 2 ) .

A par t f ro m t he e xa mp le

i n t he L ongy h oard , A lderney . ( Tho mas 1 966-67 , 3 9 n o . 1 7) , Ik now o f o n ly t wo e xa mp les f ound a cross t he C hanne l , i n t he Mar lers h oard ( 180 ) , a nd i n t he D eurne h oard ( 196 ) , p resumab ly Br i t ish e xpor ts .

S ocke ted c h ise ls w i th s o l id

b lades were u sed d ur ing LBA3 i n I re land ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 96-298 , f ig . 1 2 , 1 0 ) ; C o les r ecords o n ly o ne S co t t ish e xa mp le ( 1959-60 , 8 8 ). 1 74

S ocke ted c h ise ls w i th s ol id b lades a ppeared d ur ing t he Ear ly Bronze Age i n t he midd le Danube a rea ( Schuber t 1 973 , 8 9 , Ta f . 3 4 , 9 ; Mozo lics 1 967 , 6 3 ) a nd were k nown i n t h is a rea d ur ing t he K osziderpad läs h or izon , e qu iva len t t o t he e ar ly Tu mu lus p er iod ( i bid ., Mozol ics 1 973 , 4 1 ; Novotnä 1 970a , 7 0 ). F or ms w i th we l l-d i f feren t ia ted b lade a nd s ocke t a ppeared b y t he b eg inn ing o f t he U rn f ie ld p er iod ( Eogan 1 966b , 1 00 ; N ovotnä 1 970a , 7 0 ; v on Brunn 1 968 , 1 48-149 ) a nd l asted t o t he e nd o f t he U rn f ie ld p er iod , ac haracter is t ic c en tra l European t ype ( Jockenhövel 1 972 , 1 08 n . 1 4 ).

I n t he Nord ic a rea s ocke ted

c h isels were k nown f ro m M II t o MV ( Baudou 1 960 , 2 6-27, Ta f . V I I , I X ) b u t t he f or m w i th a we l l-di fferen t ia ted b lade i s n ot c o m mon ( Sprockhoff 1 956, 1 011 02 , Ta f . 1 1 , 1 3-14 ).

The h o l low-bladed f or m w i th a s quare mou th k nown a t

H ea thery Burn Cave , C o. Durha m ( I nv . Arch . GB55 , 8 8 ) , c an b e ma tched i n N ord ic MV c on tex ts ( Sprockhof f 1 956 , 1 01 , Ta f . 1 1 , 8 ) . Br i t ish s ocke ted c h isels were p resu mably d er ived o r ig ina l ly f ro m n or the rn France a nd d epos ited i n h oards o n ly d ur ing LBA3.

The o r ig in o f t he Du tch

a nd Be lg ian f inds i s u ncer ta in ( L is t 1 30 , 4 -6) , t hough t he g ouge a nd b roadb laded s ocke ted t ool i n t he Deurne h oard c ou ld b o th b e o f Br i t ish o r ig in . Tanged l ea ther-work ing k n ives .

L IST 1 31.

MAP 5 1.

Tanged l ea ther-work ing k n ives a ppeared d ur ing LBA2 ( see p .137-8 )b u t mos t h oard f inds b elong t o LBA3 , whe ther i n Eng land ( Lis t 1 31 , 1 , 3 , 5 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 7, 2 0-22 , 2 4 , 2 9 ) , I reland ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 98 , f ig . 1 2 , 1 3-15 ; Ro th 1 974 , 4 4-45 , I , 5 -8 ; I , 1 ) , n or th-eas tern France ( L is t 1 31 , 3 8-40 ) o r n or thwes tern France ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 19 ; N ico lardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 , 1 11; R oth 1 974 , 4 7 , I , 1 -2 , 6 , 8 -12 ) , s o i so la ted f inds a re l i s ted h ere . S evera l Eng l ish f inds c o me f ro m s et tle men t s i tes ( Lis t 1 31 , 2 , 8 -9 , 1 8 , 2 6, 3 1-32 , 3 4-35 ) a s d oes t he S co t t ish e xa mp le f ro m Trapra in Law ( Ro th 1 974 , 4 6 , I , 1 6) a nd t he French f ro m La Torche e n P lo meur , F in is t re ( i bid., 4 7, I , 7 ) ; mos t o f t hese s i tes c ou ld h ave b een o ccup ied d ur ing LBA3. N o a t te mp t h as b een made h ere t o employ a ny t ypo log ica l d is t inction among t hese t oo ls b u t i t may b e n oted t ha t s o me , e .g . C ar le ton Rode ( L is t 1 31, 2 0 ) , h ave v ery n arrow b lades , a l mos t s tra igh t s ided , wh ich c ou ld h ave b een u sed f or wood-work ing .

Roth 's t ype I a ppears t o b e c haracter is t ic o f s ou thern

Br i ta in a nd n or thern France ( i bid ., A bb. 4 ) . S ocke ted g ouges .

L IST 1 32.

S ocke ted g ouges a ppeared o nb o th s ides o f t he C hannel d ur ing LBA2 ( see p .

1 37

)b u t t hey a re more c o m mon d ur ing LBA3 , s o i so la ted f inds f ro m t he

c on t inen t a re l i s ted h ere .

They were c urren t d ur ing LBA3 t hroughou t Eng land

( Burgess 1 968a , 3 9-40 ) , i n S co t land ( Coles 1 959-60 , 8 7) a nd i n I reland ( Eogan 1 964 , 2 96, f ig . 1 2 , 8 -9 ; 1 974a , A bb. 6 ) .

C on te mporary f inds o ccur i n n orth-

e as tern France ( L is t 1 32 , 1 -3 , 5 -6 , 8 -11) a nd t hey a re a bundan t i n t he n or thwes t ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 19 ). J ockenhövel ( 1972 , 1 07-108 , A bb. 2 , 3 -9 ) h as n oted t ha t s ocketed g ouges o ccur i n s evera l Ha B 3 h oards i n s ou th-wes tern G er many , a lso i n S wiss Lake V i l lages a nd a Bohe m ian h oard .

I n G er man t er m inology s ocke ted g ouges a re

i ncluded w i th s ocketed c hisels u nder t he h ead ing T öl len meisse l a nd J ockenhöve l p oin ts o u t ( i bid ., 1 08 ) t ha t , wh i le t he g ouge i s more c o m mon i n wes tern Europe , t he c h isel i s d om inan t i n c en tra l Europe , c f . t he S lovak ma ter ia l c ol la ted b y N ovotnä ( 1970a , 6 9-71). 1 75

S ocke ted g ouges a re r are i n n or thern Europe a nd a bsen t f ro m h oards ( Sprockho f f 1 956, 1 02 ).

There a re e xa mp les f ro m S edd in , Kr . Wes tpr ingn i tz ,

Meck lenburg ( Sprockhof f 1 941 , Ta f . 5 2 , 6 ) , Z uhzow , Rügen i s land ( i bid ., Ta f . 5 2 , 8 ) , H jerup , Odense Am t , F yn ( Broho lm 1 953 , 5 2 n o . 4 21a ) , a nd f ro m t he G revener S trasse c e metery , Müns ter , Wes tpha l ia ( Asche meyer 1 966, 1 2-13 , T al . 3 4 , 4 ) , wh ich h as p roduced s evera l MV b ronzes , b u t t he g ouge c annot b e c losely d a ted ( Tackenberg 1 971 , 6 1-62 ).

These n or thern f inds a re p robably

o f wes tern LBA3 o r ig in l i ke t he Be lg ian a nd Du tch f inds ( L is t 1 32 , 1 2-15 ). Fro m S a in t-P ierre-en-Chas tre

( 171) t here i s at anged g ouge ; t h is i s a

r are t ype wh ich a lso o ccurs i n t he Car le ton Rode h oard , Nor folk ( Evans 1 881 , 1 73 , f ig . 2 03 ; N orwich 1 966, 2 6 , p l . V I I , 1 4 ). S ocke ted h a m mers .

L IST 1 33 .

The s ocketed h am mers i n t he P la inseau a nd Mar lers h oards ( L is t 1 33 , 4 -5 ) s hare q uadrangu lar s ect ion a nd p la in c ol lar w i th h am mers i n Eng l ish h oards o f LBA3 , e .g . Minn is Bay ( 156) , I s le o f Har ty , K en t ( I nv . Arch . GB18 , 2 2 ) , a nd Thorndon , S u f fo lk ( I nv . Arch . GB11, 4 ).

The Beaudrev i l le h a m mer

( L is t 1 33 , 2 ) i s o rnamen ted w i th p el lets o n t he f aces l i ke t he h am mer i n t he J uv incour t h oard ( L is t 1 33 , 1 ) a nd may b e a t tr ibu ted t o LBA3.

The Be lg ian

h a m mer a nd t he t wo l arger e xa mp les f ro m For t-Harrouard ( L is t 1 33 , 3 , 7 ) a ppear t o h ave q uadrangu lar s ect ion a nd c ol lar . Anv ils .

L IST 1 34.

The a nv i ls i n t he Bronze F ina l I I h oards f ro m G rav i l le a nd P la inseau ( L is t 1 34 , 1 0-11) b elong t o t he s a me s i mp le t ype a s t he Pon t d u F landres a nv i l ( L is t 1 34 , 7 ) ( N ico lardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 , 2 1-24 ) a nd t he e xa mp le i n t he IMv i l le h oard ( Lis t 1 34 , 9 ) i s c on te mporary.

T he Bardouv i l le a nv i l ( L is t

1 34 , 8 ) i s s im i lar t o t he a nv i l i n t he Fresnb-la-D are h oard , Ca lvados ( i bid ., E ogan 1 967, 1 58-160 , f ig . 8 , 8 ) ; t h is h oard h as b een d a ted t o Bronze F ina l I ( Verron 1 976a , 5 92) t hough i t s k n i fe w i th a c urved , d ouble-edged b lade ( Eogan 1 967, f ig . 8 , 4 ) c an b e ma tched i n l a ter c on tex ts i n S co t land ( Coles 1 959-60 , 4 6).

The C orbei l a nv i l ( L is t 1 34 , 5 ) b elongs t o t he T our d e Lang in t ype , p rob-

a bly o f Bronze F ina l d a te ( N icolardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 2 5-27).

Iam u ncer-

t a in whether o r n o t t he P on tpoin t a nv i l ( L is t 1 34 , 6 ) b e longs t o t he LBA2 h oard ( 137

• The T -shaped a nv i ls f ro m Wes t Row a nd t he Lus magh h oard ( L is t 1 34 , 1 ,

3 ) s hou ld b e d a ted t o LBA3 b y t he I r ish f ind ( Eogan 1 964 , 3 45 ) a nd mos t o f t he o b jects f ro m t he Bog o f C u l len ( L is t 1 34 , 4 ) a re c on te mporary ( i bid ., 3 47). The S cot t ish a nv i l ( L is t 1 34 , 2 ) may b e r ela ted t o t he Bardouv i l le a nd Fresn l a- M re e xa mp les . Bronze a nv i ls a nd h a m mers mus t h ave b een i n u se t hroughou t t he La te Bronze Age o nb o th s ides o f t he C hannel w i th l i t t le t ypo log ica l c hange .

These

o b jects a re n ot c o m mon a nd may h ave b een r eserved f or s pec ia l ised u ses . The n ecessary s harpen ing o f e dges f resh f ro m a mou ld a nd r esharpen ing o f worn e dges o f e very e dged o b ject was p robably c arr ied o u t w i th o ther imp le men ts .

1 76

S aws .

L IST 1 35.

S aws i n Bronze Age h oards a re u sua l ly l ong a nd r ec tangu lar , p er fora ted a t o ne e nd , w i th t ee th o n o ne e dge o n ly , s o me t i mes f i led bu t n ever s e t .

Br i t-

i sh a nd I r ish e xa mples a re k nown f ro m t he Midd le Bronze Age o nwards ( Rowl ands 1 976, 4 6 ).

There i s ad agger b lade r eused a s as aw i n t he P orcieu-

Amblagn ieu h oard , I sbre , b u t mos t French a ssocia t ions a re Bronze F ina l I I ( N icolardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 3 9-41 ). These s aws were p robably u sed f or f ine work ; w i thou t s et t ee th t hey c ou ld n ot h ave b een v ery e f f ic ien t .

L ike h a m mers a nd a nv i ls t hey were u sed

f ro m t he Midd le Bronze Age t hroughou t t he La te Bronze Age o nb o th s ides o f t he Channel . S ick les .

L IST 1 36.

MAP 5 2.

S ick les a re c o m mon i n Ha B3 h oards f ro m H esse a nd a d jacen t r eg ions . These s ick les u sua lly h ave a t ang w i th a c en tra l p erfora t ion a nd t wo p er iphera l r ibs wh ich c on t inue a round t he c urved b lade ( Her mann 1 966, 2 04 n os . 1 5 , 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 3 5 ; Ta f . 1 75 , 5 -15 , 1 76A ; 1 77, 1 5-18 ; 1 78 , 1 -8 , 1 2-15 ; 1 82 , 1 0-16 , 1 83 , 1 -4 , 8 -12 ; 1 97

5 -18 , 1 98 , 1 -2 , 4 ; K o l l ing 1 968 , Ta f . 5 0 , 1 , 5 -7 , 1 0 ,

1 5-17; 5 3 , 4 , 8 , 1 4

1 6-21; S chauer 1 972a , A bb. 1 , 1 7-19 ; Pescheck 1 971 ,

A bb. 2 , 1 1-12 , 1 4 , 1 6-23 ; 3 , 3 8-39 ).

Th is f or m o ccurs i n French Bronze

F ina l I I h oards , e .g . Br iod , J ura ( M i l lo t te 1 963 , 2 75-276; Mi l lot te a nd V ignard 1 960 , 4 3-44 , p l . XXL L I , 4 08-420 ; N ico lardot a nd Gaucher 1 975 , 9 79 8 ).

There i s a lso a n e xa mple i n t he Bas land h oard , Randers Amt , J u t land

( I nv . Arch . DK5 , 9 . Thrane 1 975 , 1 15 , f ig . 7 1 , a ) , bu t t he d a te o f t h is h oard i s d eba table ( see

P .

1 64 ) .

Another N ord ic f ind may p erhaps b e af rag men t i n

t he h oard f ro m Bäk , Kr . Herzog tu m Lauenburg , Hols tein ( Hund t 1 951, Ta f . V , 1 4 ) , d a ted t o MIV ( i bid ., 4 6; Thrane 1 975 , 1 16) , b u t p oss ibly l a ter ( Tackenb erg 1 971 , 4 7-48 ).

I n n or thern G er many t hese s ick les a ppear i n MV h oards

( Sprockhof f 1 956, 1 31 , T al . 2 0 , 1 0 , 1 3 ).

They may h ave a ppeared a t a n e ar l ier

d a te i n e as t-cen tra l Europe ( von Brunn 1 968 , 8 6, A bb. 1 3 , 4 9).

The c on tex ts

o f t hese U rn f ield t anged s ick les i n n or th-eas tern France i s LBA3 ( L is t 1 36, 1 3-15 ) a nd Br i t ish e xa mp les ( L is t 1 36, 1 , 3 , 6 , 9 , 1 1) were r ecogn ised a s i n trus ive b y F ox ( 1941, 1 46-147).

The Han s ick le p robably b elongs t o t his

t ype ( Lis t 1 36, 1 9 ). Another f or m o f s ick le o ccurs i n s o me o f t he l a te Urn f ie ld h oards ment i oned a bove ( Her mann 1 966 , Ta f . 1 84 , 5 -7 , 1 3-14 ; 1 98 , 3 , 5 -6; Mi l lot te a nd V ignard 1 960 , p l . XXI I I , 4 21-429 ) , a lso i n Ha B 3 h oards f ro m Hei mbach , Kr . Fu lda , a nd Eschwege , Kr . Eschwege , H esse ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 64 , 1 72 , T al . 9 2B , 3 -4; 9 5 , 9 -10 ).

These s ick les l ack a t ang a nd h ave b lades l ess

c onvex t han t he t anged s ick les , b u t h ave a k nob a nd r ibs , u sua l ly t hree , s o met imes t wo .

Th is i s al ong-l ived f or m i n c en tra l Europe ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 23 ) ,

t hough i ti s k nown f ro m MV c on tex ts ( Sprockhof f 1 956, 1 30-131, Tal . 2 0 , 8 ) . Th is Urn f ie ld v ar ian t o ccurs i n n or th-eas tern France a t Mon t-Sa in t-Quen tin ( Lis t 1 36, 1 6 ) , a t N y a nd G rands Ma lades i n B elg iu m ( L is t 1 36, 1 7-18 ) , a nd i n t he Berg-en-Terbl i jt h oard ( Lis t 1 36, 2 1 ).

There i s n o r el iable l oca l d a ting

e v idence b u t t hese s ick les c ou ld b e o f Ha B 3 wes t G er man o r ig in .

1 77

A c haracter is t ic f or m o f k nobbed s ick le o ccurs i n s evera l LBA3 h oards i n s ou th-eas tern Eng land ( L is t 1 36 , 2 -5 , 7 -8 , 1 0 ) a nd may b e n amed a f ter Minn is Bay wh ich c on ta ins t wo e xa mp les .

Th is f or m h as a s tra igh t o r v ery

s l igh t ly c onvex b lade w i th a sma l l k nob i n t he c en tre o f a n a ngu lar b u t t a nd a b road t ip .

Wi th t he e xcept ion o f t he Marden h oard , a l l Eng l ish f inds a re f ro m

t he l ower Tha mes r eg ion ( Map 5 2 ).

The LBA3 c hronology i s c on f ir med b y

French f inds i n t he Mar lers ( L is t 1 36 , 1 5 ) a nd Pra ir ie d e Mauves ( Br iard 1 966a , p l . 2 1 , 2 57 ) h oards . LBA3 s ick les d e mons tra te c on tact b etween t he midd le Rh ine a rea a nd t he Tha mes e s tuary v ia n or th-eas tern France a nd t he e xpor t o f l ower Tha mes p roducts t o n or thern France . The p recise d a te o f t he H e i loo f ind ( L is t 1 36, 2 0 ) i s u ncer ta in , b u t i t d e monstra tes t ha t s tone t oo ls were b eing u sed a longs ide b ronze d ur ing t he Du tch La te Bronze Age . Double-edged s ocketed k n ives .

L IST 1 37.

MAP 5 3 .

Double-edged s ocketed k n ives a re a c haracter is t ic LBA3 t ype i n Br i tain a nd I reland ( Hodges 1 956 , 3 8 ; Burgess 1 968a , 3 9 ) t hough t here i s a LBA2 f ind i n t he I s leha m h oard ( 127) ; t hese k n ives a re a lso c o m mon i n Bronze F ina l I I c on tex ts i n n or th-wes tern France ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 08 ).

Hoard f inds f ro m n or th-

e as tern France a re c on te mporary ( L is t 1 37 , 1 , 4 , 6 -9 ) a nd t he i sola ted f inds s hou ld a lso b e LBA3 ( L is t 1 37 , 2 -3 , 5 , 1 0 ).

Mos t o f t hese k n ives a ppear t o

b e long t o t he T horndon t ype ( I nv . Arch . GB11 , 2 ) mos t c o m mon i n s ou the as tern Eng land ( Hodges 1 956 , 3 8 , f ig . 4 ) , t hough o ne o f t he k n ives i n t he J uv incour t h oard ( Jockenhöve l a nd Smo l la 1 975 , f ig . 3 , 1 9 ) r ese mbles t he I r ish Ke i ls t ype w i th s hou ldered b lade ( Hodges 1 956, 3 8 ; Eogan 1 964 , 2 96, f ig . 1 2 , 3 ) .

The P la inseau a nd C haren ton k n ives ( L is t 1 37 , 7 , 1 0 ) s hare l ozenge-sect ion

b lade a nd t r ip le-r ibbed s ocket , p erhaps a l oca l f or m . Double-edged s ocke ted k n ives a re a bsen t f ro m t he L ow C oun tr ies ( Des i t tere 1 976, 8 1 n . 4 ).

T he o n ly c en tra l European a ssocia t ion i s i n t he Ha B3 h oard

f ro m Ka iser lau ten , P fa lz ( Jockenhövel 1 972 , 1 05 , A bb. 2 , 1 0 ). t wo Nord ic f inds :

There a re

Tosted t , Kr . Harburg , L ower S axony a nd t he MV Böck

h oard , Kr . Randow , P o meran ia ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 15 ; S prockhof f 1 956, 7 7, A bb. 4 , 1 -2 ). Double-edged t anged k n ives .

L IST 1 38 .

Burgess ( 1968a , 3 9 , f ig . 1 3 , 1 5 ) i nc ludes d ouble-edged k n ives w i th r iveted t angs i n h is l i s t o f Carp 's T ongue t ypes a nd i l lus tra tes a n u nprovenanced e xamp le w i th a b road midr ib a nd n arrow t ang .

Th is i s t he f or m mos t c o m mon

i n Bre ton h oards ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 08 , f ig . 7 2 , 5 ) a nd i to ccurs a t S a in t-P ierree n-Chastre , Dev ine , Dreu i l , Mar lers a nd G h l in ( L is t 1 38 , 1 -3 , 5 , 7 ) .

Kn ives

w i th r ibbed t angs o ccur i n Br i ta in f irs t i n t he I s leha m h oard ( 127 ) , a lso i n t he h oards f ro m G rays T hurrock ( 148 ) , Broadness , Ken t ( Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 , f ig . 1 4 , 4 5 ) , i n t he Hea thery Burn C ave , C o. Durha m ( I nv . Arch . GB55 , 9 4 ) , a t H ighdown , S ussex ( Curwen 1 954 , f ig . 6 1 , 4 ) , a nd i n I re land ( Hodges 1 956, 3 9 ; Eogan 1 964 , 2 96, f ig . 1 2 , 4 ).

The e xa mp les f ro m

S a in t-Pierre-en-Chas tre a nd Dreu i l ( L is t 1 38 , 1 , 3 ) may b e o f Br i t ish o r ig in .

1 78

Kn ives w i th f langed t angs a re r arer ; t here i s o ne i n t he G rays Thurrock h oard ( 148 ) a nd o ne f ro m S a in t-P ierre-en-Chas tre ( L is t 1 38 , 1 ) . The B elg ian k n ives w i th b road , u nper fora ted t angs f ro m Wiche len a nd C iney ( L is t 1 38 , 6 , 8 ) may b e r e la ted . C arp 's T ongue k n ives .

L IST 1 39 .

MAP 5 4 .

Av ar ie ty o f k n ives , r acloirs , s ub-rec tangu lar o r t r iangu lar i n s hape , i s c urren t i n Bre ton Carp 's T ongue h oards ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 19 ; N ico lardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 1 01-103 ). T he mos t c haracter is t ic f or m i s k nown t o Br i t ish a rchaeo log is ts a s t he ' hog 's-back k n i fe ' ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 8 , f ig . 1 3 , 1 0 ) . B r i t ish f inds o f C arp 's Tongue k n ives a ppear t o b e c on f ined t o s ou th-eas tern Eng land i n LBA3 h oards ( L is t 1 39 , 1 -8 ) ; t here a re c on te mporary f inds i n n or th-eas tern France ( L is t 1 39 , 9 -10 ) b u t f ewer t han i n Br i ta in .

T hese k n ives

a re among t he C arp 's T ongue t ypes a bsen t f ro m t he L ow C oun tr ies ( Des i t tere 1 976 , 8 1 n . 4 ) a nd Ik now o f n o f ind f ro m c en tra l o r n or thern Europe . S ing le-edged t anged k n ives .

L IST 1 40 .

MAP 5 5 .

S ing le-edged t anged k n ives a re a bsen t f ro m LBA2 h oards s o a l l l a te U rnf ie ld t anged k n ives a re d iscussed h ere .

Mos t s cho lars d iv ide t he s ing le-edged

t anged k n ives o f H a B i n to t wo c hrono log ica l g roups .

On mos t k n ives t he b lade

i s c onvex t owards t he t ang ; t he e ar l ier g roup h as a c urved b lade a nd t he l a ter g roup a s tra igh t b lade ( RfhovskS 7 1 972 , 6 1-71 ).

S wiss Lake V i l lages h ave p ro-

d uced many Ha B k n ives ( Ruof f 1 974 , 4 0-41 ) ; e ar ly k n ives h ave b lades d ecora ted , o f ten w i th c oncen tr ic s em i-circ les ( i b id ., 2 7 , 4 1-42 , Ta f . 3 5 , 6 -9 ; 3 6 , 1 -4 ) , wh i le k n ives o f l a te Ha B h ave l i t t le o r n o o rnamen t o n t he ir s tra igh tb acked b lades ( i bid ., 2 7 , 4 2-44 , Ta f . 3 6 , 5 -9 ). w i th B ronze F ina l Ma a nd I lb ( 1976 , 4 2-43 ) .

Rychner e qua tes t h is s equence

I n Mü l ler-Karpe 's s che me

k n ives w i th a pprox i ma te ly s y mme tr ica l b lade o u t l ines a re c haracter is t ic o f Ha B i ( 1 959 , A bb . 4 0 , 9 ; 4 2 , 1 4-16 ) , wh i le k n ives w i th t he b lade c onvex t owards t he t ang a re d a ted t o Ha B 2 a nd Ha B 3 ; Ha B 2 k n ives a re u sua l ly d ecora ted ( i b id ., A bb. 5 0 , 7 -8 ; 5 2 ,1-2 , 1 3 ; 5 3 , 1 ) , wh i le Ha B 3 k n ives u sua l ly h ave u ndecora ted b lades ( i bid ., A bb . 5 99 ; 6 0 , 1 0 , 1 2 ; 6 2 , 1 4 ).

Ha B 3 h oards

i n H esse c on ta in t anged k n ives w i th u ndecora ted b lades w i th s tra igh t b acks a nd s tops o n t he t angs ( Her mann 1 966 , 2 04 n os . 1 5 , 2 5 , Ta f . 1 85 , 3 -8 ; 1 95 , 1 -2 ). La te U rn f ie ld t anged k n i ves a re c o m mon i n n or thern G er many a nd a d e ta i led t ypo logy h as b een s e t o u t b y S prockho f f ( 1956 , 1 06-108 , A bb. 2 2 , 2 -7) .

Mos t b e long t o MV b u t s o me a re c la i med a s MIV :

K r . S a lzwede l , S axony ( i bid ., 1 06 , A bb . 2 2 , 2 ; 8 ;

H ohenböddens ted t ,

v on Brunn 1 953 , 1 7 , A bb. 1 ,

Tackenberg 1 971 , 1 16 , L is te 5 5 , 4 ) , w i th p la in t ang , s tra igh t b ack a nd

s em i-c ircu lar o rnamen t , a nd Haasse l , K r . U e lzen , L ower S axony (S prockhof f 1 937 , Ta f . 3 , 1 4 ;

1 956 , 1 07;

Tackenberg 1 971 , 1 10 , L is te 5 3 , 8 ) , w i th

s topped t ang , s l igh t ly c urved d ecora ted b lade .

Tackenberg h as d iscussed

k n ives t rans i t iona l t o l a te U rn f ie ld/MV f or ms ( i bid ., 1 08-110 , L is te 5 3-54 , Kar te 2 1 ) a nd S prockhof f 's MV t ypo logy ( i bid ., 1 14-119 , L is te 5 5-58 , Kar te 2 2 ) .

H e c ons iders t ha t t he p la in t ang a ppeared i n M IV ( i bid ., 1 16) , e ar l ier

t han t he s topped t ang o f Ha B 2/B3 a nd MV ( i bid ., 1 17-119 ) , a nd d a tes t he H ohenböddens ted t a nd Haasse l k n ives t o MV ( i b id ., 1 10 , 1 16 ; 1 94 ).

1 79

Thrane 1 972b ,

N icolardot a nd G aucher a l low b o th Bronze F ina l I a nd I I d a tes f or French f inds o f l a te Urn f ie ld t anged k n ives .

The a ssoci t ions o f G irau mon t a nd

C hoisy-le-Roi ( Lis t 1 40 , 3 , 6 ) i nd ica te Bronze F ina l I I l ike L yzel ( L is t 1 40 , 5 ) t hough t h is k n i fe i s n o t ac haracter is t ic l a te Urn f ield f or m .

The k n ives

f ro m Han a nd S ins in ( Lis t 1 40 , 9 . 1 1) w i th c urved d ecora ted b acks c ou ld b e o f e ar ly Ha B d a te ( Des i ttere 1 972b , 1 60 ;

Mari n 1 974 , 2 27) , p oss ibly LBA2.

The k n ives w i th s em i-c ircu lar o rna men t f ro m S a in t-P ierre-en-Chas tre , Moh iv i l le a nd Prov . Namur ( Lis t 1 40 , 4 , 1 0 , 1 2 ) a ppear t o o ccupy a n i n termed ia te p os i tion .

The u ndecora ted e xa mp les w i th s tra igh t b lades a nd s topped

o r r ibbed t angs s hou ld b e Ha B 3 f or ms ( Lis t 1 40 , 1 -2 , 7 -8 ) a nd t he G rays Thurroc l h oard c on f ir ms a LBA3 d a te . S ing le-edged s ocke ted k n ives .

L IST 1 41.

MAP 5 5 .

S ing le-edged s ocke ted k n ives a re u sua l ly d a ted t o HA B 3 , t hough a f ew f inds may b e e ar l ier ( Thrane 1 972b , 2 08-210 , 2 26, 2 27, Fund l is te 3 ) .

S uch

k n ives o f Ha B3 d a te o ccur i n s ou th-wes tern G er mnay ( 1959 , 1 79 , A bb. 6 2 , 1 5 ) a nd Hesse ( Her mann 1 966 , 2 04 n os . 1 5 , 2 5 , 3 0 , Ta f . 1 85 , 2 ;

1 95 , 2 ;

S chauer 1 972a , A bb. 1 , 3 5-36) , w i th p la in o r r ibbed s ocke ts a nd s tra igh t o r c urved b lades , u ndecora ted .

Mos t S wiss s ocke ted k n ives h ave t he s tra igh t

b lade c haracter is t ic o f l a te Ha B ( Ruo ff 1 974 , 9 3 , Kar te I I ) , t hough Rychner p laces a n e xa mple w i th a c urved b lade i n Bronze F ina l I I B ( 1976 , 4 3 ). French f inds a re d a ted t o Bronze F ina l I I , t hough s o me b lades a re c urved o r d ecora ted ( N icolardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 6 5 , f igs . 1 -3 ) .

The J uv incour t ,

P la inseau a nd C hoisy-le-Ro i a ssocia t ions a re Bronze F ina l I I ( L is t 1 41 , 3 , 5 -6).

There a re c on te mporary f inds i n wes tern France i n t he h oards f ro m

P on t-er-V i l e n L oc mar iaquer , Morbihan ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 08 ) , a nd W na t , C haren te ( N ico lardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 , 6 5 ;

I nv . Arch . F 6, 3 1-33) .

The

o ther f inds f ro m Br i ta in a nd n or th-eas tern France a re p robably a lso o f LBA3 ( Lis t 1 41 , 1 -2 , 4 , 7 ) . Both S prockhof f ( 1956, 1 05-106) a nd Tackenberg ( 1971 , 1 19-123 , L is te 5 9 ) r egard t he n u merous n or th G er man f inds o f s ing le-edged s ocketed k n ives a s MV.

These h ave a more wes ter ly d is tr ibu t ion t han c on te mporary t anged

k n ives ( i bid ., Kar te 2 2-23 ) a nd t h is d is tr ibu tion c on t inues i n to t he N ether lands ( Bu t ler 1 968-69 , 2 08-216) , where t welve f inds a re k nown ( i bid ., 2 23 ; 5 5 ) , a nd a l l t he h oard f inds s hou ld b e LBA3:

Map

Havel te ( 202 ) , Oud-Schoonebeek

( 204 ) , Bruggelen ( 205 ) a nd E lzener Veen ( 212 ).

La te Urn f ie ld t anged k n ives

a re u nknown i n t he N e ther lands a s a re LBA3 d ouble-edged k n ives o f wes tern f or m .

Whe ther t hese Du tch k n ives a re i mpor ts o r l oca l c opies , t hey a ppear

t o r epresen t t he wes ter ly e x ten t o f an or th G er man d is tr ibu t ion . S ing le-edged s ol id-h i l ted k n ives .

L IST 1 42.

MAP 5 . 5 .

Af ew l a te Urn f ie ld s ing le-edged k n ives h ave a s ol id h i l t w i th a nnu lar o r b if id t er m ina l ;

t hey h ave r ecen t ly b een d iscussed b y J ockenhöve l a nd Smol la

( 1975 , 2 04-205 , 2 10 , f igs . 6 -8 ).

A l l d a ted e xa mples b elong t o Ha B3/ MV ,

i nc lud ing t he LBA3 f inds f ro m J uv incour t a nd Dreu i l ( Lis t 1 42 ).

The ir d is-

t r ibu t ion i s p redo m inan t ly A lpine , ma in ly wes ter ly , w i th a nother c oncen tra t ion i n c en tra l a nd n or thern G er many , r each ing G o t land i n t he n or th a nd Dreu i l i n t he n or th-wes t .

T he J uv incour t a nd Dreu i l k n ives , w i th b i f id t er m ina ls ,

a re p robably o f wes t A lpine o r ig in .

Kn ives w i th a nnu lar t er m ina ls were p ro-

b ab ly p roduced f ur ther e as t i n t he A lps . 1 80

Cas t p er fora ted d iscs .

L IST 1 43 .

T hese e n igma t ic o b jec ts a re r ough ly c ircu lar w i th a c en tra l c ircu lar p er fora t ion s urrounded b y abw f lange o n t he u pper s ur face .

S o me a re u n-

f in ished a nd h ave b een d escr ibed a s r isers f ro m t he c as t ing o f s ocke ted t oo ls ( L is t 1 43 , 2 ) , wh i le E vans l ong a go n oted t ha t t he Ya t tendon e xa mp le was f in ished ( 1881 , 4 03 ) ;

t h is d isc was t oo c orroded f or a na lys is b y C ogh lan

( 1970 ). The d i mens ions o f t hese d iscs s how n o g rea t v ar ia t ion .

A l l t he Br i t ish

f inds a re f ro m LBA3 h oards ( L is t 1 43 , 1 -4 , 6 ) , e xcep t t ha t f ro m t he H ea throw s i te wh ich h as p roduced Ear ly I ron Age p ot tery. LBA3 ( L is t 1 43 , 8 ) ;

The B e lg ian f ind i s a lso

wh i le t he C a ix h oard i s LBA2 ( L is t 1 43 , 7 ) , t here i s a

f ragmen t o f ac as t p er fora ted d isc i n t he Bronze F ina l I I h oard f ro m C rapon e n P languenoua l , C o tes-du-Nord ( Br iard , L e R oux a nd Onnee 1 973 , 4 5 , f ig . 5 , 7 1). F ish-hooks .

L IST 1 44 .

B ronze f ish-hooks , o f t he s ame f or m a s t he modern imple men ts a re c o m mon f inds o n Lake V i l lage s i tes ( van Muyden a nd C o lob m 1 896, p l . XXX I I ;

C lark 1 948 , 7 0-72 ;

Wyss 1 971 , 1 41-142 , A bb . 2 2 ) a nd t here i s l i t t le

e v idence f or t he u se o f b ronze h ooks a f ter t he Bronze Age ( Des i t tere a nd ; We issenborn 1 977, 4 3-44 ) .

H oard f inds c on f ir m t he c urrency o f b ronze h ooks

d ur irg t he F rench La te Bronze Age :

Larnaud , J ura ( Chan tre 1 875 , p l .

XLI I I , 7 -10 ) , a nd Vena t , C haren te ( George a nd C hauve t 1 895 , 1 65-166; I nv . A rch . F 6, 1 06) .

I ft he ir p rovenances a re r e l iable , t hese f ish-hooks

( L is t 1 44 ) p robab ly r epresen t L ake V i l lage i n f luence , t hough t hey c an o n ly b e a sma l l p ar t o f t he e v idence f or f ish ing u r ing t he La te Bronze Age . WEAPONS S pearheads .

L IST 1 45-146.

The s pearheads i n LBA3 h oards i n s ou thern Br i ta in a nd n or thern France a re u sua l ly p egged w i th e l l ip t ica l o r l ea f-shaped b lades . a re r are ( see b e low ) ;

Large s pearheads

mos t a re b e tween 1 0 cm a nd 3 0 cm l ong .

The v ar ie ty

o f f or ms k nown d ur ing t he Wi lbur ton p hase h as d isappeared , t hough a n ove l f or m i s t he c ur ious b arbed s pearhead o f t he Broadward c o mp lex ( see p . 1 82). T he c o m mon p egged s pearheads o f ten h ave o rna men t o n t he s ocke t mou th ; t h is u sua l ly c ons is ts o f b ands o f l ines , s o met i mes o f d o ts o r n o tches ( I nv . Arch . GB11 , 1 ; ( 148 ) 2 ;

1 7, 6 , 4 8 ;

2 3 , 4 , 8 ;

M inn is Bay ( 156) 1 3 ).

( 154 ) a re d ecora ted .

3 5 , 5 , 6 ;

5 3 , 2 ;

G rays Thurrock

Mos t o f t he s pearheads i n t he Wa t ford h oard

T h is r ange o f f or m a nd o rna men t o ccurs i n s ou thern

B r i ta in a nd Br i t tany ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 9 , f ig . 1 3 , 1 8-19 ;

Br iard 1 965 , 2 16) .

I n n or th-eas tern F rance d ecora ted s ocke ts o ccur o n s pearheads i n t he J uv incour t ( 1 63 ) , C o mbon ( 1 64 ) , P la inseau ( 1 78 ) , B onnev i l le ( 183 ) h oards .

?S a in t -Roch ( 1 79 ) a nd

Mar i n ( 1973a , 1 28 , f ig . 3 ) h as i so la ted a g roup o f s pearheads f ro m t he b as in o f t he S cheld t , e xe mp li f ied b y a n e xa mp le f ro m Han ( i bid ., f ig . 1 , 1 ) . These p egged s pearheads h ave l ong b lades a nd s hor t s ocke ts ;

t here i s a

f ragmen t i n t he Berg-en-Terb l i jt h oard ( L is t 1 45 , 7 ) , n or th-eas tern French 1 81

f inds ( L is t 1 45 , 3 -6) i nc lude o ne i n t he G irau mon t h oard a nd a c oup le o f i nsu lar f inds may b e n o ted ( L is t 1 45 , 1 -2 ).

Wh i le c urren t d ur ing LBA3 ,

t hese s pearheads c ou ld h ave a ppeared e ar l ier . T he c o m mon N ord ic MV s pearhead i s k nown a s t he Wes t Ba l t ic t ype , a l arge g roup c harac ter ised b y s o l id c onvex b lade a nd b ands o f i ncised l ines o n t he s ocke t , r ive t h o les a re u sua l ly a bsen t .

T hese s pearheads o ccur ma in ly

i n s ou thern S cand inav ia a nd n or thern G ermany a nd a re c ons idered t o b e d er ived f ro m l a te U rn f ie ld s pearheads o f Lake V i l lage o r ig in ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 50-261 , Kar te 1 6;

T ackenberg 1 971 , 8 2-84 ).

T here i s o ne Du tch f ind f ro m

E indhoven ( L is t 1 46 , 1 ) a nd t he s pearhead f ro m H er icke c ou ld b e Wes t Ba l t ic o r l a te U rn f ie ld ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 56 , 2 59 ; Thrane 1 975 , 2 76 ) . 4 ).

Tackenberg 1 971 , 8 2-84 ;

There i s a n U rn f ie ld s pearhead f ro m Meer lo ( L is t 1 46 ,

T hrane h as p rov ided a c o mpos i te map o f Wes t Ba l t ic a nd U rn f ie ld s pear-

h eads ( 1975 , 5 9-61 , 2 76 , f ig . 3 0 ) . More d e ta i led s tudy wou ld b e n ecessary t o d is t ingu ish c er ta in e xa mp les o f c en tra l o r n or th E uropean s pearheads among t he d ecora ted s pearheads o f s ou thern B r i ta in a nd n or thern France d ur ing LBA3 , b u t i ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t ha t o n ly i n t h is p hase d id o rnamen ta l s ocke ts b eco me c o m mon i n wes tern Europe , a t at ime when t h is was a r egu lar f ea ture i n c en tra l a nd n or thern Europe .

Th is f ash ion may b e r e f lec ted i n t he g o ld-orna men ted s pearheads

o f LBA3 i n n or thern Br i ta in a nd I re land ( Co les , C ou t ts a nd R yder 1 964 , 1 911 93 ;

C o les 1 971a ) . J acob-Fr iesen h as i sola ted a sma l l g roup o f s pearheads i n O ldenburg

a nd t he e as tern N e ther lands ;

t hese a re p la in p egged s pearheads o f t h in

b ronze , w i th r e la t ive ly l ong s ocke ts , p robably o f MV d a te ( 1967 , 2 75-276). T here a re t wo e xa mp les f ro m t he n or thern N e ther lands ( L is t 1 46 , 2 -3 ) .

T he

s pearhead i n t he D e De l len h oard ( 206 ) may a lso h ave N ord ic r e la t ions . A s w i th e ar l ier s pearhead t ypes , t he Du tch f inds o f LBA3 r epresent t he wes tern e x ten t o f N ord ic a nd n or th-wes t G er man d is tr ibu t ions . B es ide t he p egged s pearheads , p la in o r d ecora ted , i n Br i t ish LBA3 h oards o f C arp 's T ongue c haracter t here a re t he b arbed s pearheads o f t he c on te mp orary Broadward c o mp lex ( Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 ;

C oo mbs

1 974b ). These s pearheads a re s ca t tered t hroughou t s ou thern Br i ta in b u t mos t e xa mp les o ccur i n t he T ha mes v a l ley ( Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 , f ig . l b ) a nd t he d is tr ibu t ion o f Broadward h oards ( i bid ., f ig . 1 c ) i s more wes ter ly t han t ha t o f ' Carp 's T ongue ' h oards ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 1 4 ) .

There

i s n o c o mp le te e xa mp le o f ab arbed s pearhead f ro m t he c on t inen t t hough t here a re f ragmen ts i n t he Bronze F ina l I I h oards f ro m L ongy , A lderney ( Kendr ick 1 928 , 6 3 , f ig . 3 0 , v i , p l . V I I ) , a nd C rapon e n P languenoua l , C o tes-du-Nord ( Br iard , L e R oux a nd Onnge 1 973 , 4 5 , f ig . 5 , 6 2 ) .

A s pearhead i n t he

Broadness h oard , K en t , h as a n e l l ip t ica l b lade o u t l ined b y g rooves ( Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 , f ig . 1 3 , 2 4 ) , af ea ture wh ich c an b e ma tched o n a n e xamp le f ro m t he S e ine a bove V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Va l-de- Marne ( de Mor t i l le t 1 903 , p l . LXXXV I I I , . 1 097 ) . T ubu lar f erru les w i th d isc t erm ina ls .

L IST 1 47.

Fro m Han a nd D e D el len ( L is t 1 47) c o me t wo l ong t ubu lar f erru les w i th r ibs a bove . sma l l d isc t er m ina ls .

T he Han f erru les may h ave b een a ssoc ia ted 1 82

with the large spearhead (Marrnn 1973a, 127), which suggests a LBA3 date and the presence of an iron rivet in this ferrule also suggests a developed Late Bronze Age date. The De Dellen hoard should also be LBA3. As Marrnn has pointed out (ibid., 128) these ferrules represent a continuation of a western LBA2 tradition and both finds are alien to their local contexts: the ? Bruggelen ferrule (List 107, 9) may also belong to this group but its ter­ minal is missing. These ferrules were probably produced in the Low Countries, for they cannot be matched in British or French LBA2 contexts. Long tubular ferrules were still employed in Britain during LBA3 (Burgess, Coombs and Davies 1972, 216, figs. 14, 34-42; 22, 3, 4, 7; 26, 3) but these have plain terminals and disc terminals occur only on short ferrules (ibid., 216). Stockstadt swords. LIST 148. MAP 56. Most of this small group of solid-hilted swords are Schalenknaufschwerter, richly decorated with three ribs on the grip, convex shoulders and decoration outlining the ricasso (Mtlller-Karpe 1961, 49-51). None has been found in a datable context; Mdller-Karpe places Stockstadt swords in Ha Bl and Ha B2 on typological grounds. The French sword (List 148, 1) with its oval pommel is a precursor of the MlSrigen type, dated to Ha B2 (ibid., 50). The westerly distribution of Stockstadt swords complements the more easterly distribution of Schalenknaufschwerter of Konigsdorf type (ibid., Taf. 96). MlSrigen swords. LIST 149. MAP 56. These solid-hilted swords have broad shallow shoulders with straight bases and a V-notch; the swollen grip usually has three transverse bands of ornament and expands to an oval pommel, slightly concave. Mdller-Karpe (1961, 73-78) recognises three variants: the first with three multiple ribs on the grip; the second with three multiple ribs and false rivets; the third with the central rib replaced by another motif or absent altogether. The blade is usually outlined by ribs. Marigen swords belong to Ha B3. The Deville hoard of LBA3 is the only associated find of a MlSrigen sword in western Europe (List 149, 2); this hilt and both Dutch swords (List 149, 4-5) belong to variant I, absent from the Lake Villages, most common east of the Rhine from the Alps to the Baltic, with a concentration on the lower Main (ibid., Taf. 99). Swords of variant II are most common in the western Alps, but absent from northern France (ibid.). Variant III is a small group which includes the sword from Ghent (List 149, 3). Our MlSrigen swords are probably of middle Rhine origin like other LBA3 types of Urnfield origin. Auvernier swords. LIST 150. · MAP 56. Auvernier swords resemble· MlSrigen swords in the form of their shoul­ ders but the grip is broader with an inset for inlay; the pommel is oval and convex with an organic element. The blade usually has the ribs characteristic also of MlSrigen swords. While developed from earlier forms (Thrane 1968, 202 n.240) Auvernier swords are dated to Ha B3 and MV (Mdller-Karpe 1961, 79-80). 183

The only western association, the- Wickham Park hoard (List 150, 1), is LBA3, though the fragment in this hoard could be from a Tachlovice sword.; The distribution of Auvernier swords stretches from the Western Alps to Sweden (ibid., Taf. 100); additional Nordic finds have been listed by Thrane (1968, 217, Fundliste 4, fig. 28; 1975, 283, Fundliste 17, fig. 120). Com­ pared with Tachlovice swords, Auvernier swords are rare in France (Vuaillat 1969). None of the three possible Auvernier swords from the Somme valley (List 150, 2-4) is preserved. The comparatively homogeneous forms of the complicated Auvernier hilt leads Muller-Karpe to suggest that all examples were produced in southern Germany and Switzerland (1961, 80). There is an Auvernier sword in a Ha C context in barrow IX, Chaveria, Jura (Vuaillat 1977, 54-67, 121, 128-129). Tachlovice swords.

LIST 151.

MAP 56.

Tachlovice swords resemble Auvernier swords in all respects except the pommel which is concave. They are dated to Ha B3 though continuation into Ha C is possible (Mtlller-Karpe 1961, 81-82). The main distribution of Tachlovice swords is more easterly than that of Auvernier swords (ibid., Taf. 100; Thrane 197 5, fig. 120), though Tachlovice swords appear to be more common in eastern France (Vuaillat 1969, figs. 4-5). Mtlller-Karpe suggests that Tachlovice swords were produced in Bohemia and the eastern Alps and the French finds probably originated in this area (ibid., 287; Mtlller-Karpe 1961, 82). Weltenburg swords.

LIST 152.

MAP 56.

Antennae-pommel swords of Weltenburg type appear during Ha B3 but continue into Ha C (Mtlller-Karpe 1961, 59-62); they are found from northern Italy to the Baltic with a concentration around Lake Geneva (ibid., Taf. 98; Thrane 1968, 216-217, Fundliste 3, fig. 21). The Thiant sword (List 152, 1) appears to have a ricasso, which suggests that it is of south-west German or Swiss origin (Mtlller-Karpe 196i, 61); this is the only antennae-pommel sword from the Atlantic area which can be attributed confidently to a central European type. Thrane's map (1975, fig. 119) places a Weltenburg sword at the mouth of the Somme, but I can find no documentation for this; he may have mapped the Reilly sword (List 153, 3) after Sprockhoff (1934, Taf. 40). Antennae-pommel swords.

LIST 153.

MAP 56.

The earliest antennae-pommel swords were the Lipovka type, often with flanged-hilts (Milller-Karpe 1961, 52-54). These appeared in Ha B2 according to Mtlller-Karpe, like antennae-pommel swords of FllSrsheim (ibid., 55-56), Ztlrich (ibid., 57-58) and Tarquinia t hey were c om mon d ur ing LBA3 ; t he c hrono logy o f s o me o ft he s i mp ler p in t ypes i s p robab ly n ot r es tric ted t o LBA3 b u t e x tends e ar l ier a nd l a ter . t hese c o m mon ,s i mp le t ypes .

R o l l-head a nd n a i l-head p ins a re among

Vase-headed p ins r epresen t af or m o f l a te

U rnf ie ld o rig in b u t s o me e xamp les , e spec ia l ly i n B ri ta in , may b e l oca l v ersions . C up-headed p ins a re c harac terist ic o f I re la nd a nd a bsen t f ro m n orth-eas tern F rance a nd B e lg iu m . T he wart-headed p in f ro m B rentford i s aN ord ic e xport . C onvex-headed p ins a re a h e terogeneous g roup b u t b ic on ica l-headed p ins a ppear t o b e c harac terist ic o fl ower Rh ine U rnf ie ld . P ins w i th h o l low g lobu lar h eads a re o f U rnf ie ld o rigin ; t he F rench f i nds a re p roba b ly o f L ake V i l lage o rig in , t he B e lg ian a nd Du tch f i nds d erived f ro m t he midd le R hine .

D isc-headed p ins a re c o m mon o n ly i n I re land a nd n or thern

B ri ta in ; t h is t ype i s p robab ly o f N ordic o rigin a nd t he f or ms w i th s tra igh t a nd b ent s haf t s hou ld b oth h ave a ppeared d uring LBA3 . D isc-headed p ins w i th ' mobs o ccur i n B e lg iu m .

The c on t inen ta l s et t lemen t s i tes o f S a in t-P ierre-en-

C hastre , H an a nd F ort-Harrouard h ave p roduced many p ins o f av arie ty o f t ypes , many o f wh ich s hou ld b e LBA3 . Midd le Rh ine b race le ts o f H o mburg a nd Ba l ingen t ype r eached n orthe as tern F rance a nd s ou thern B ri ta in a nd i nsp ired v arious f or ms w i th t ransv erse r ib a nd l i ne o rnament i n n orth-eastern F rance .

A lso o f midd le Rh ine

o rig in was t he Wa l lerfangen t ype wh ich r eached n orth-eas tern F rance a nd s ou thern .E ng land , wh i le C -sec t ion b race le ts i n t hese a reas a re o f west2 27

A lp ine o rigin .

Two f or ms o fb race le t a ppeared i n t he Ne ther lands , t he O doorn

t ype , w i th mass ive s ec t ion , a nd t he n orth D u tch omega t ype , w i th f l a t o r s l igh t ly c onvex s ec t ion , O doorn b race le ts may b e r e la ted t o aN ordic f or m b ut omega b race le ts a re d erived f ro m t he west A lp ine b race le ts .

I n n orth-

e as tern F rance a nd B e lg iu m s evera l f or ms o f b race le t w i th l arge e verted t er m ina ls a ppeared . The L yze l t ype , w i th s o lid s ec t ion , was more c haract er ist ic o fn orth-eas tern F rance , wh i le t he h o l low-sec t ion f or m was more c harac teris t ic o f B e lg iu m .

The C -sec t ion f or m was F rench .

H o l low-cas t

b race le ts w i th p la in t er mina ls were p robab ly a v ers ion o f t he B e lg ian f or m w i th l arge e verted t er mina ls . B race le ts w i th d isc , r o l led a nd r ing t er m ina ls f or m a sma l l g roup c harac terist ic o f n orth-eas tern F rance a nd r each ing B ri ta in . Recurved b race le ts i n B ri ta in a nd n orth-eas tern F rance may b e o f L ake V i l lage o r ig in . S cot t ish C ovesea b race le ts were p robab ly s imp le v ers ions o f I r ish g o ld b race le ts ; t hey d o n ot a ppear t o r ef lec t c on t inen ta l i n f luence a nd c erta in ly d o n ot r epresen t p opu la t ion movemen t a cross t he N orth S ea . L yze l p endan ts were p robab ly p roduc ts o f t he s ame w orkshops i n n orthe as tern F rance a s l oca l b race le ts w i th l arge e verted t er mina ls . S evera l U rnf ie ld p endan ts r eached n orth-eas tern F rance , B e lg iu m , t he s outhern N e ther lands a nd s outhern E ng land . P enannu lar g i lded r ings o ccur i n s evera l U rnf ie ld b uria ls i n B e lg iu m a nd t he s ou thern Ne ther lands; t h is t ype o f I r ish o rig in p robab ly r eached t he l ower Rh ine v ia s outhern E ng land .

B ronze b eads o ccur i n s o me o f t hese b uria ls b u t

a lso i n s evera l h oards f ro m t h is a rea a nd n orth-eas tern F rance . The b e l t o rnaments f ound i n n orth-eastern F rance a nd s ou thern E ng land a re p robab ly o f west-A lp ine o rig in ; t he s ame i s p oss ib le f or t w is ted n eckr ings . t ype .

S p ira ls i n n orth-eas tern F rance a nd t he L ow C ountr ies may b e al oca l

S evera l C arp 's T ongue o rnamen ts o f wes tern F rench o rigin o ccur i n n orth-eas tern F rance o r B ri ta in : l ozenge-shaped mounts , s em i-c ircu lar moun ts , r idged f i t t ings , t oothed p la tes ; p la tes w i th i nc ised a nd p erfora ted o rna men ts a ppear t o b e l ess c o m mon i n w es tern F rance a nd p la in s l ides s ee m t o b e as outhern E ng l ish/north-eas tern F rench t ype . Af ew b rooches , p rinc ipa l ly e lbow b rooches , f ro m n orth-eas tern F rance , t he Ne therlands a nd E ng land , may b e o f LBA3 d a te . Razors r ef lec t r eg iona l d if ferences .

The d oub le-edged f or m w i th mu lt ip le-

r ing h and les i s p redo m inan t ly c on t inen ta l , wh i le t he d oub le-edged t anged f or m i s p redo m inant ly B ri t ish . D u tch b if id r azors , f ro m t he s ou th , a re p robab ly o f F rench o rig in ;

N ordic r azors a re p redo m inan t i n t he n orthern Ne ther lands .

Af ew wes t-A lp ine s ing le-edged r azors o ccur i n B e lg iu m , t he N e ther lands a nd E ng land .

The N ordic r azors i n t he N e ther lands a re a cco mpan ied b y t weezers

o fn orth-eas t G er man o rig in ; t weezers a nd r azors a re u sua l ly a ssoc ia ted i n B ri ta in a nd B e lg iu m . O ne p a ir o f S candinav ian t weezers r eached n orthe astern F rance . The i mportance o f I r ish c on tac ts w i th S candinav ia d uring LBA3 may h ave b een e xaggera ted; F rance .

s o me o ft he r e levan t t ypes may h ave b een d erived f ro m

2 28

LBA3 h oards a re n u merous a nd w idespread ( Map 7 5 ) .

They a re e spec ia l ly

c o m mon i n s ou th-eas tern E ng land a long t he s ou th c oas t , i n t he l ower T ha mes v a l ley a nd n orth t o E ast Ang lia . t ra ted i n r iver v a l leys .

F inds i n n orth-eastern F rance a re c oncen-

There i s a n e ven d istribut ion t hrough most o f B e lg iu m

a nd t he Ne ther lands , w i th D utch h oards ma in ly e as ter ly . The B ri t ish meta l o f LBA3 d isp lays a u n ifor m c on ten t o ver a w ide a rea ( J . P . N orthover) .

Th is i s c ons istent w i th t he w idespread r e la t ions a nd t he

l arge n u mber o f h oards . L oca l i ndustries i n s ou th-eas tern E ng land , n orth-eastern F rance , B e lg iu m , t he l ower Meuse a rea a nd t he n or thern Ne ther lands a re d e mons tra ted b y t he d is tribut ion o f s ocke ted a xes a nd o rna ments s uch a s b race le ts .

N ordic a nd

n orth-wes t G er man i nf luence was p redo m inan t i n t he n orthern Ne therlands , wh i le midd le Rh ine a nd wes t-A lp ine i nf luence was s trong i n B e lg iu m a nd n orth-eas tern F rance whence s o me was t rans m i t ted t o B ri ta in .

Many t ypes

o f B ri t ish o r n orthern F rench o rig in o ccur i n midd le Rh ine h oards o r i n L ake V i l lages .

S ou th-eas tern E ng land a nd n orth-eas tern F rance s hared s ocke ted

a nd w inged a xes , s ocke ted c h ise ls a nd g ouges , t anged l ea ther-working k nives , s ocke ted h a m mers a nd d oub le-edged k n ives .

S ick les s how f or ms more c o m-

mon o n o ne s ide o ft he c hanne l t han t he o ther , t anged s ick les a nd Minnis B ay s ick les , l ike s words , C arp 's T ongue a nd Ewart P ark , w i th sma l l b ag-shaped c hapes .

LBA3 s pearheads a re a lso c o m mon t o b oth s ides o f t he c hanne l .

One-p iece b ug le-shaped o b jec ts a lso u n i te n orthern F rance a nd s ou thern E ng land a s d o mos t C arp 's T ongue o rnamen ts a nd p la in s l ides .

Razors w i th

mu l t ip le-ring h and les more c o m mon i n F rance r eached s ou thern E ng land . The o rnaments o fn orth-eastern F rance , b race le ts a nd p endan ts , were n ot a dop ted i n s outhern E ng land b ut a f ew i mports o ccur , e spec ia l ly i n t he Minnis Bay h oard ( 156 ) wh ich i s t he b es t r epresen ta t ive o ft he w idespread c ontac ts o f LBA3 .

S o me l a te U rnf ie ld t ypes :

swords , s ing le-edged k n ives , b e lt o rna-

ments , b race le ts a re more n umerous i n n or th-eas tern France t han s ou thern B ri ta in where o n ly i so la ted e xa mp les o ccur , c f . t he L ake V i l lage c hape a nd s phere i n t he Dev ine h oard ( 1 73 ) .

2 29

CHAPTER 7 LATE BRONZE AGE 4 AND EARLY I RON AGE 1

LATE BRONZE AGE 4 LBA 4 i s t he f ina l p hase o f t he La te Bronze Age i n s ou thern Br i ta in ;

a t

t h is t ime b ronze was s t i l l t he u sua l ma ter ia l f or t ools a nd weapons b u t n o s ubs equen t p hase o f d o minan t b ronze-work ing c an b e i den t i f ied .

Ha C a nd l oca l

t ypes wh ich a re c on te mporary , b u t u nknown i n LBA3 c on tex ts , d ef ine LBA4 ( Burgess 1 968a , 2 6-33 , 4 2-44 ; 1 1974 , 2 11-2 14 ) , wh ich Burgess h as r ecen t ly n amed a f ter t he L lyn Fawr h oard ( 2 18 ) , t hough t h is p hase i s LBA3 i n h is t er m ino logy ( 1976a , f ig . 4 .9 ). Ha l lsta t t b ronze s words a l low c orre la t ion t hrough mos t o f Europe a nd i t ems o f h orse-gear c an b e l inked t o t he Ha C p hase o f c en tra l Europe t hrough t he Belg ian f inds p ublished b y Mar ien ( 19 58 ).

Character is t ic r azors p rov ide

c orre la t ion w i th Ha C i n e as tern France a nd wes t-cen tra l Europe ( see p . 2 63-5 ) a nd Ar mor ican s ocketed a xes w i th t he f ina l p hase o f b ronze-work ing i n n or thwes tern France ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 41-282 ).

Ar morican s ocketed a xes a re t he

mos t c haracter is tic t ype i n n or th-eas tern France a t t he s ame t ime a s LBA4 ( Verron 1 976a , 5 99 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 7 0 ) b u t c on te mporary l oca l

p roducts , whether o f b ronze o r i ron , a re d if f icu l t t o i den ti fy.

I ti s b ur ia ls

r a ther t han h oards wh ich c on ta in Ha C ma ter ia l i n Be lg ium ( Mar ien 1 958 ) a nd t he s ou thern N ether lands ( de Lae t 1 974 , 3 94-405 ).

The s parse e v idence f or

c orre la t ion w i th n or thern Europe i s i n tractable ( see p . 2 57-8 ). ( Her i ty a nd E ogan 1 977 , 2 19-221;

I n I re land

Ra f tery 1 976a , 1 90 ) a nd S cot land ( Co les

1 959-60 , 4 7-52 , 5 5 ) t he l oca l b ronze i ndus tr ies a ppear t o h ave c on t inued c ont e mporary w i th Ha C , t hough l ess S cot t ish ma ter ia l n eed b e s o l a te a s C o les s ugges ted ( see p . 2 04 , Ada lbrock h oard ). The r ela t ionsh ip b etween LBA3 a nd LBA4 d epends o n t he i n terpreta t ion o f t he o r ig in o f Ha l lsta t t b ronze s words ( see p . 2 43-6). The e v idence f or t he t ransit ion o f E IA1 i s s o mewha t n ega t ive ; t he d isa ppearance o f b ronze t oo ls a nd weapons a nd t he a bsence o f a ny Ha D ma teria l f ro m LBA4 c ontex ts .

Af ew i ron o b jec ts , imports a nd l oca l p roduc ts , a ppeared

i n s outhern B ri ta in d uring LBA4 ;

e v idence o fa ny s ort f ro m n orth-eastern

F rance i s s parse b ut i ron was i n c o m mon u se a t t h is t ime i n B e lg iu m a nd t he s outhern Ne ther lands .

I ti s u ncerta in whe ther LBA3 b ronze p roduct ion i n t he

n orthern Netherlands was p ro longed o r n ot .

2 30

EARLY I RON AGE 1 The f i rs t p hase o f i ron-us ing i n s outhern B rita in i s marked more b y t he a bsence o f b ronze t oo ls a nd weapons t han b y t he p resence o f i ron .

S o me

A r morican s ocke ted a xes may b e c on te mporary w i th t h is p hase b ut a ssoc ia ted f i nds a re l ack ing i n B rita in .

Thames d aggers ( see p . 2 49 ) i nd ica te i nsu lar

i ron-work ing c on temporary w i th H a Da nd E IA1 may b e c harac terised b y p reL a Tene i mports .

The l a te H a l ls ta t t/Ear ly L a Tene d iv is ion a ppears t o h ave

b een a s ign if icant o ne o n t he Marne ( Ha t t a nd R oua le t 1 977, 1 0-11) a nd may h ave b een s o i n B ri ta in ( Harding 1 974 , 1 57-176;

H awkes 1 976a ;

1 976b ) ;

i t

r e ma ins a c onven ien t p oint a t wh ich f i na l ly t o e xorc ise t he B ronze Age o f s outhern B ri ta in ( Co l lis 1 977, 6 ) a nd a t wh ich t o c onc lude t he p resent work . I ron was n ow p resu mab ly d om inant i n n orth-eastern F rance a nd t hroughou t t he L ow C oun tries .

Though b ronze-work ing may h ave p ers isted i n I re land

( Eogan 1 964 , 3 23 ) a nd i n S cot land ( Co les 1 959-60 , 5 2-53 ) , r ecent I rish wri ters s ugges t t ha t i ron-work ing c ou ld h ave d eve loped i n o r s oon af ter Ha C ( Raf tery 1 976;

H eri ty a nd E ogan 1 977, 2 46) a nd S cot land 's l a te H a l ls ta t t a nd

e ar ly L a Tene c ontac ts may b e l ess d iagnost ic t han p rev ious ly s upposed ( Spra t ling 1 974 ;

s ee p p .

B ecause o f t he u ncerta in c hrono logy o f s o me t ypes wh ich may b e long t o E IA1 a nd t he d ear th o f we l l-da ted t ypes c harac teris t ic o f t h is p hase E IA1 ma teria l i s c ons idered a longs ide LBA4 .

TOOLS L inear-face ted a xes .

L IST 2 27.

MAP 7 6

Th is d is t inc t ive g roup o f s ocke ted a xes h as f ace ts b ounded b y r ibs ;

t hese

f ace ts may b e we l l-def ined , f l a t o r g rooved , o r mere ly b e r epresen ted b y t he r ibs o n t he a ng les o f t he a xe .

L inear-face ted a xes o ccur i n B ri ta in a nd

i n a d jacen t p arts o f t he c ont inent ; b rief d iscuss ions h ave b een p rov ided b y B u t ler ( 1963a , 8 7-88 ) a nd Moore a nd R ow lands ( 1972 , 3 0 ) . T he o rig in o f li near-face ted a xes i s d e mons tra ted b y a xes i n t he LBA3 h oards f ro m Me ldre th a nd B ut ley ( L ist 2 27 , 3 , 2 5 ) wh ich a re o c tagona l-sec t ion f ace ted a xes w i th r ibs o n t he a ng les ; s im i lar a xes o ccur i n t he LBA3 S a in tR och ( L is t 2 27 , 3 7) a nd Menez-Tos ta , F in is tere , h oards ( Briard a nd G iot 1 958 , p l . I I , 1 1) .

L inear-rib o rna men t was a pp l ied t o a xes o f s outheas tern/

t ype a t lan t ique f or m o n b oth s ides o f t he C hanne l : ( L ist 2 27 , 1 8 , 3 5 ) .

P as ton a nd C o mp iegne

The G ran tha m a xe ( L ist 2 26, 1 1) a lso a ppears t o b e t ypo-

l og ica l ly e ar ly .

2 31

Two r eg iona l f or ms o f l i near-face ted a xe a re a pparen t i n B ri ta in ( Map 7 6) ;

t he l arger i n n orthern E as t A ng lia a nd t he sma l ler i n D orse t .

The E ast

Ang l ian a xes ( L is t 2 27 , 1 -2 , 4 -5 , 1 3-21, 2 6-27) h ave a r ound mouth w i th c o l lar a nd i ndis t inc t h orizonta l r ib ; t he b lade i s t rapezo ida l w i th a b road e dge a nd b ears g rooved f ace ts u sua l ly marked b y t r ip le o r q uadrup le r ibs . t he b lades v ary f ro m s quare t o o va l .

I n s ec t ion

Among t he mos t c harac teris t ic e xa mp les

a re t hose i n t he Wa t ton h oard ( L is t 2 26 , 1 9) .

The D orse t f or m ( L is t 2 26, 6 -9 )

i s c lear ly r e la ted b u t t hese a xes a re made o f v ery t h in me ta l , p erhaps u nder • t he i nf luence o f A r morican s ocke ted a xes , a nd h ave a more marked ly t rapez oida l b lade .

T hese l i near-face ted a xes a re c lear ly d is t inc t f ro m LBA3 s outh-

e as tern a nd E ast A ng l ian t ypes a nd a re a bsent f ro m LBA3 h oards i n s outhern B ri ta in ;

t he p resence o f t wo l i near-faceted a xes i n t he S o mpt ing h oard ( L ist

2 27 . 2 8) s hows t ha t t hey were c urren t d uring LBA4 .

L ong r ibs e nding i n

p e l le ts a nd t he o ccas iona l p resence o f r ing-and-dot mot ifs s how a t ypo log ica l r e la t ionsh ip w i th S o mpt ing a xes o f LBA4 ( Burgess 1 967-70 , 2 69 ) a nd t he C a ine a xe ( L ist 2 27 , 2 9) h as t he ' back-to-f ron t ' mouth c harac teris t ic o f t he S o mp t ing t ype a nd t he A r morican t ype ( i b id .) .

The l i near-face ted a xe i n t he C laugh ton

h oard ( L ist 2 27 , 1 0 ) , w i th i t s s hort c entra l r ib , may b e r e la ted t o t he Y orksh ire t ype a nd c ou ld b e o f LBA3 d a te . The p roduc t ion o f l i near-face ted a xes o n t he c ont inen t i s i ndica ted b y a mou ld f ro m E rkra th , L dkr . D üsse ldorf- Me t t mann , Rh ine land ( Marscha l l , Narr a nd v on U s lar 1 954 , 4 6, Abb . 1 9 , 7 ) , f or a xes w i th a d eep c o l lar a nd s ing le f ace ts marked b y ar ib o n t he i nner a ng le .

T ackenberg ( 1971, 4 2-43 , L is te

2 2 , 1 -2 , 5 9 ) g roups t he E rkra th mou ld w i th t he D u tch mou ld f or f ace ted a xes f ro m H ave l te ( L ist 1 27 , 6 ) a nd a mou ld i n aMV I h oard f ro m K ö lp in , K r . K o lberg-Kör lin , P o meran ia ( K ie lpina , P rov . K osza lin ) .

F ace ted a xes a re

c o m mon i n t he N ordic a rea ( i b id ., 4 1-45 , L is te 2 2-25 , K arte 1 2-13 ) a nd s o me b ear l i near o rnament , e .g . B öse l , K r . L uchow , L ower S axony ( i b id ., L is te 2 3 , 6 ;

S prockhof f 1 941, Taf . 4 0 , 2 ) , b ut t hese may n o t b e d irec t ly r e la ted t o

B ri t ish l i near-face ted a xes . The l i near-face ted a xes f ro m Wach tu m , N i j megen , Ter Wisch a nd R oer mond ( L is t 2 27, 4 2-44 , 4 7) may b e d erived f ro m t he f or m r epresen ted b y t he Have lte mou ld wh ich i s n ot a c harac teris t ic B ri t ish f or m ( see p p . 1 66-7

) , t hey h ave a d eep c o l lar , u sua l ly w i th a n arrow h orizonta l

r ib , a nd a t rapezoida l b lade w i th b road f ace ts a nd d oub le r ibs .

The R oer mand

a xe i s u n looped l ike t he a xes f ro m P rov . Na mur a nd Maastr ich t ( L is t 2 27, 4 1, 4 6) a nd a n a xe i n t he h oard f ro m L everkusen- Manfort , Rhe in -Wupper K re is , Rh ine land ( Marscha l l , Narr a nd v on U s lar 1 954 , 8 4 , Abb . 9 6; Tackenberg 1 971, L iste 2 5 , 2 , Taf . 1 7 , 5 ) .

Tackenberg d a tes t he L everkusen h oard t o MV I

b ecause o f i t s mass ive h o l low b race le t ( i b id . ,2 19-220 ) .

There i s a sma l l

g roup o fl ooped a xes w i th f ace ts d ef ined b y ar ib o n t he i nner a ng le f ro m t he Rh ine land ( i b id ., 4 5 , L is te 2 6 , Ta f . 1 7 , 4 ;

1 8 , 1 -3 ) wh ich i ncludes t he s econd

a xe f ro m t he L everkusen h oard a nd s hou ld b e r e la ted t o t he E rkra th mou ld . These l i near-face ted a xes f ro m t he e as tern N e ther lands a nd t he G er man Rh ine land a ppear t o c ons t i tu te a n i ndependen t , i fh e terogeneous g roup .

On ly

t he a xe f ro m Mons ter , o n t he west c oas t o f H o l land ( L is t 2 27 . 4 5 ) , a ppears t o b e a n i mport f ro m B ri ta in , c f . t he e xa mp les f ro m Mi ldenha l l a nd De lv ine ( L is t 2 27 , 2 6, 3 2 ) .

2 32

Another c ont inenta l g roup o f l i near-face ted a xes i nc ludes t he e xa mp les f ro m P aris , C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne a nd Wiche len ( L ist 2 27 , 3 6, 3 8-39 ) ; t hey a re d is t ingu ished f ro m t he D utch a nd Rh ine land a xes b y an arrower b lade w i th b e tter-def ined r ibs a nd a more c ircu lar mouth w i th s ha l lower c o l lar . Wi th t hese a xes may b e g rouped t he e xa mp le f ro m L and S targard , Meck lenb urg ( Sprockhof f 1 937, 3 0 , Taf . 5 , 1 7) , a nd , p erhaps , t wo p ara l le ls wh ich S prockhof f c i tes f ro m Thuring ia ( i b id ., 3 0 ) : S ondershausen .

L ossa , K r . E ckartsberga , a nd

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne b arrow 3 p rov ides a l a te H a Cd a te .

Another c on t inenta l f i nd o f al inear-face ted a xes i s i n t he d epos i t f ro m F ors th aus S chor lenberg , A lsenborn , K r . Ka iser lauten , 1 968, 1 45 n o . 1 , Taf . 5 4-55 ) .

P fa lz ( Spra ter 1 939; K o l ling

Th is a xe h as a p la in c o l lar a nd s quare s ec t ion

w i th b road d oub le f ace ts d ef ined b y r ibs wh ich mee t t o f or m a c entra l r ib ( Spra ter 1 939 , Abb . 1 , 1 0 ) .

The A lsenborn h oard p robab ly r epresen ts a

v ot ive d epos i t ( Kubach 1 977, 5 78;

S chauer 1 971, 2 02-205;

K o l ling 1 968, 1 13 ) .

I t c on ta ins most ly f rag mentary o b jec ts o f b ronze a nd i ron ; t he most d iagnost ic a re f rag ments o f aH a Cb ronze sword o f G ünd lingen ( Cowen 1 967 , 3 82 n . 3 , 4 31 n o . 5 0 )/S te ink irchen ( Schauer 1 971, 1 99 n o . 6 28) t ype . O ther b ronzes i nc lude :

t hree s ocke ted g ouges ( Spra ter 1 939 , A bb . 1 , 3 4 , 4 9 , 5 4 ) , as pear-

h ead ( i b id . ,Abb . 1 , 4 8) , t wo omega-shaped h and le-a t tach ments , o ne r e ta in ing t he r ecurved t er m ina l o f ah and le ( i b id ., Abb . 1 , 3 5-36) , f rag men ts o f u nd ecora ted s ocke ted a xes ( i b id ., Abb . 1 , 1 1-20 ) a nd s hee t b ronze ( i b id ., Abb . 1 , 2 1-33 ) , wh i le i ron o b jec ts i nc lude :

p art o f t he b lade o f al ong sword w i th

l ozenge s ec t ion ( i b id . ,Abb . 1 , 1 ) , as pearhead ( i b id . ,A bb . 1 , 4 ) , t wo s ing lee dged t anged k n ives ( i b id ., Abb . 1 , 5 -6) , af l esh-hook t er m ina l ( i b id ., Abb . 1 , 7 ) a nd a h and le ( i b id ., A bb . 1 , 8 ) .

S chauer ( 1971, 2 02 n .8) s tresses t he

l a te U rnf ie ld o rig in o f t he b ronze a xe; g ouges a nd s pearhead a nd c ons iders t ha t t he b ronze h and le-a t tach ments b e long t o b ucke ts o f H a juböszörmeny o r K urd t ype , wh i le t he

i ron h and le i s a n i m ita t ion o f b ronze h and les o n b ow ls

o f S t i l lfried/Hosto m ice a nd r e la ted t ypes .

The i ron k n ives , s pearhead a nd

f l esh-hook a re a lso d erived f ro m l a te U rnf ie ld b ronze f or ms ; t he i ron s pearh ead a nd s word a re b oth c o mpared t o G reek Geo me tric a nd P roto-Geo metric f or ms . S een f ro m wes tern E urope t he c on ten ts o f t he A lsenborn h oard a re l ess s trange .

B ronze s ocke ted g ouges a re a ssoc ia ted w i th l inear-face ted a xes i n

t he B landford ( 2 14 ) a nd S ixpenny H and ley ( 2 16) h oards a nd a lso o ccur a t L lyn F awr ( 2 18) w i th a l ong sword a nd a s pearhead o f i ron; b arrow 3 a t C ourtS a in t-Et ienne ( 228) c onta ins a l i near-face ted a xe w i th a n i ron s pearhead a nd f le sh- h ook . L inear-face ted a xes d e mons tra te t he c on t inued e x is tence o f r eg iona l p roduc t ion o f b ronze a xes d uring LBA4 i n E as t Ang lia , D orse t a nd t he e as tern N ether lands a nd s how t ha t b ronze was s t i l l u sed a t t h is t ime i n t hese a reas a s we l l a s n orth-wes tern G er many , B e lg iu m a nd n orth-eastern F rance . Wh i le t he C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne a xe ( L ist 2 27 , 3 8) a ppears t o b e a weapon b y i t s c on tex t , t he B ri t ish a xes c on t inued t o b e d epos i ted i n h oards a nd p robab ly r et a ined t he ir f unc t ion a s ac o m mon t oo l , n o tw i ths tanding p oss ib le emp loymen t a s weapons .

2 33

S o mp t ing a xes B urgess ( 1967-70 ) h as d ef ined t he t ype o f s ocke ted a xe wh ich s tands a t t he e nd o f t he i nsu lar s equence i n s outhern B ri ta in ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 14 ) . These a xes a re mass ive w i th n arrow mou th , d eep c o l lar a nd t rapezo ida l b lade w i th b road e dge .

The mou th i s s quare o r s ub-rec tangu lar w ith t he l ong a x is

a t r igh t a ng les t o t he e dge , af ea ture a lso c harac teris t ic o f A r morican s ocke ted a xes .

U p t o f our h orizon ta l r ibs may b e p resen t b e low t he c o l lar; p la in a xes

a re k nown b u t c o mp lex o rna ment i s c o m mon , u sua l ly c o mpris ing v ert ica l r ibs w i th p e l le ts a nd r ing-and-do t mot ifs .

The t ype i s k nown a f ter t he S o mpt ing

h oard ( 223 ) wh ich c onta ins a f u l l r ange o f f or ms ( Burgess 1 967-70 , 2 68) a s we l l a s t wo l i near-face ted a xes; r ib a nd p e l le t o rna ment i s c o m mon o n l i nearf ace ted a xes ( see p . 2 32 )a nd r e la tes t he m t o S o mp t ing a xes .

O rna men t a s

we l l a s f or m c an r e la te S o mp t ing a xes t o A r morican s ocke ted a xes ( i b id ., 2 69 , n . 4 7) .

9 ;

B riard 1 965 , 2 47 , f i gs . 8 9;

9 3 , 9 -13;

B riard a nd V erron 1 976b ,

The h oard f ro m T i lshead , F ighe ldean D own , Wi lts . ( Sa lisbury a nd S outh

Wi ltsh ire Museu m , S a l isbury , A nnua l Report , 1 971-72 , 1 6 , p l . 1 ) , c on ta ins a xes c lose i n f or m t o A r morican a xes b ut p robab ly Wessex p roduc ts , c f . t he Wessex c oncen tra t ion o f A r morican s ocke ted a xes i n B r i ta in ( see p .236) . C erta in d ecora t ive mot ifs o n S o mp t ing a xes a re s pec if ic t o c erta in a reas o f B ri ta in ( Burgess 1 967-70 , 2 71, f i g . 2 ) . The o rig in o f S o mp t ing a xes may h ave b een i n E as t Ang l ia ( i b id ., 2 69 , n . 1 3 ) where r ib a nd p e l le t o rna men t o ccurs o n LBA3 a xes . S o mp t ing a nd r e la ted a xes a re f ound t hrough most o f B ri ta in a nd i n I re land b ut t he ir d ist ribut ion i s p redo minan t ly s ou th-eas tern w i th t he ma in c oncentra t ions i n t he l o wer Thames v a l ley a nd i n E ast Ang l ia ( i b id . ,f i g . 2 ) .

Typo log ica l e v idence

s ugges ts a LBA4 d a te f or d eve loped S o mp t ing a xes a nd t h is i s c onf ir med b y f i nds i n t he C ardif f ( 2 17) , L lyn F awr ( 2 18) a nd S o mpt ing ( 223 ) h oards . B urgess h as c la imed t o i den t ify s evera l S o mp t ing a xes a s e xports ( i b id . , 2 70 ) .

The f i rs t a re i n t he MV h oard f ro m B ergen , R t igen i s land , Meck lenburg

( Sprockhof f 1 941, Taf . 5 3 , 9 -10 ) ;

B ut ler a lso r egards o ne o f t he a xes i n t h is

h oard a s wes tern ( 1963a , 9 4 ) a nd a t l east o ne may b e r e la ted t o t he S o mpt ing t ype ( see p . 1 66 ) . T he a xe i n t he C ha l lans h oard , V endee ( Eygun 1 957 , p l . 4 , 1 1) i s p robab ly o f E as t Ang l ian o rig in ( see

P .

1 63 )a nd may b e long t o t he LBA3

f or m wh ich i nf luenced S o mp t ing a xes . B riard a nd V erron ( 1976b , 3 9 ) h ave d ef ined a F rench t ype t rapezo ida l wh ich may b e r e la ted t o t he S o mp t ing t ype , t he i l lustra ted e xa mp le i s f ro m a B ronze F ina l I I h oard wh ich a lso i nc ludes a n A r mor ican s ocke ted a xe .

I n B e lg iu m l arge a xes w i th l ong r ibs e nding i n

p e l le ts f ound i n t he S che ldt v a l ley may b e r e lated t o t he S o mpt ing t ype a nd b e o f LBA4 d a te ( see p p . S o mp t ing a xes d e mons tra te t he c on t inua t ion o f a xe p roduc t ion i n s ou thern B ri ta in d uring LBA4 w i th r eg iona l v ariants .

2 34

A r mor ican s ocke ted a xes .

L IST 2 28 . MAP 7 7

A r morican s ocke ted a xes a re c o m mon i n museu ms i n n orth-wes tern E urope a nd o f ten l ack r e liab le p rovenance .

These a xes a re i nvariab ly l ooped

a nd a re b e tween 5 .0 a nd 1 2 . 0 cm l ong w i th a n arrow b lade , s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly e xpanded s ides a nd r ec tangu lar s ec t ion .

The mouth i s s quare o r

r ec tangu lar w i th t he l ong a x is a t r igh t a ng les t o t he e dge o ft he b lade ;

a l l

b ut t he sma l les t f or ms h ave a s ha l low c o l lar , s o me t i mes w i th o ne o r more h or izonta l r ibs b e low . p resen t .

O rna men t o f v ert ica l r ibs , p e l le ts a nd r ings may b e

A r morican a xes a re made o f t h in me ta l;

c o m mon r e ten t ion o f t he

c lay c ore , l ack o f f i n ish ing , i n terna l e x tens ion o f t he s ocke t t o t he v ery e dge o f t he b lade a nd h igh l ead c on ten t i n s o me e xa mp les a l l s ugges t t ha t t hey were n on-func t iona l .

S evera l t ypo log ica l g roups h ave b een e s tab l ished ( Briard

1 965 , 2 47-271;

B riard a nd V erron 1 976b , 4 1-44 , 4 7-60 ) wh ich i ti s u nneces-

s ary t o e nu mera te h ere . Though B r i t ish w ri ters h ave of ten r eferred t o t hese a xes a s ' Bre ton ' ( Burgess 1 967-70 , 2 69 n . 9 ) , t he t er m ' Ar morican ' i s c orrec t f or t hese a xes o ccur i n l arge n u mbers i n l ower N or mandy a s we l l a s i n B ri t tany ( Briard 1 965 , 2 41-242 ;

V erron 1 976a , 5 96) .

F ro m B ri t tany more t han 2 20 h oards

h ave p roduced o ver 2 2 ,500 a xes ( Briard 1 976 , 5 71) a nd t he N or man d epartement o f Manche h as p roduced 9 7 h oards c onta in ing more t han 1 4 ,000 a xes ( Verron 1 976a , 5 96) ; t he o ther t wo d eparte men ts o f l ower N or mandy , C a lvados a nd O rne , h ave p roduced 5 17 a xes , 4 69 f ro m h oards ( i b id .) .

O uts ide A r morica

f inds a re c o mpara t ive ly v ery r are . A ssoc ia t ions w i th o ther o b jec ts a re r are f or h oards u sua l ly c onta in A r moric an a xes e xc lus ive ly a nd o thers may c onta in r es idua l o b jec ts .

The p resence

o f sma l l n u mbers o f A r morican a xes i n C arp 's T ongue h oards s ugges ts t ha t t hey a ppeared d uring B ronze F ina l n l ( Briard 1 965 , 2 75 ;

V erron 1 976a , 5 94 ) ;

n ot a l l t hese f i nds a re c onv inc ing , e .g . t he O rg landes h oard , Manche ( N ico las , Duva l , E luere , Mohen a nd Mordant 1 975 , 1 99 , f i g . 2 2 ) i s p reserved o n ly i n p art , b ut t here i s as ing le A r morican a xe i n t he l arge LBA3 h oard f ro m L 3ngy , A lderney ( K endrick 1 928 , 6 2 , p l . V I I ) , a nd t he sma l ler h oard f ro m Ma in lands , S t . L awrence , J ersey , c onta ins f ive A r morican a xes a longs ide a ma jori ty o f LBA3 t ypes ( Hawkes n .d . ( 1 937) 1 06 , p l . V I I I ) . ( 226) may b e t rans i t iona l f ro m LBA3 .

The L i l le Museu m h oard

The a pparen t i ndependence o f A r mori-

c an s ocke ted a xes s uggests t ha t t hey a re c harac terist ic o f ap hase s ubsequen t t o B ronze F ina l I I i n n orth-western F rance ( Briard 1 965 , 2 82 , 2 98-299; 1 976, 5 74 ) .

The l arge h oard f ro m S a in t-Bugan e n L ou c leac ,

0 51es-du-Nord

( Briard 1 965 , 3 05 n o . 5 2 ) , a lso c on ta ined a f rag men t o f ab ossed b race let o f Ha l ls ta t t d a te ( i bid ., 2 75 , f i g . 1 04 , 3 ) a nd o ther h oards i nc lude c on te mporary b race le ts w i th i nc ised o rnament ( i b id . ,2 71-275 , f i g . 1 04 , 1 -2 ) .

C onf ir ma t ion

t ha t A r morican a xes were c urren t d uring LBA4 i s p rov ided b y t he n ew h oard f ro m Danebury , H ants . ( Cun l if fe a nd O 'Connor 1 979 ) , wh ich c on ta ins a f ragmen t p robab ly o f T rehou t ype w i th t wo H a Cr azors ( L ists 2 64 , 2 ; S o mpt ing a xes .

2 68, 1 ) a nd

The h oard f ro m Ker leone t e n S peze t , F inisf ere ( Briard 1 965 ,

3 12 n o . 2 71) , was c on ta ined i n t wo s hee t b ronze v esse ls , o ne o f wh ich h as b een r econs truc ted t o r ese mb le a s i tu la o f Meppen-G ladbach f or m ( i b id ., 2 452 47 , f i g . 8 7 , 3 ;

K imm ig 1 962-63 , 3 8 n o . 1 7 , 4 8 , Taf . 2 6) wh ich s hou ld b e o f

e ar ly L a Tene d a te ( i b id ., 4 4 ) , t hough K im m ig h as s ugges ted t ha t t h is v esse l

2 35

may h ave b een a b ucke t o f K urd o r I r ish-Bri t ish t ype ( i b id ., 6 3 n . 5 2 ) .

C har-

c oa l f ro m a f oyer a d jacen t t o t he S a int-Bugan h oard g ave a C 14 d a te o f 5 70 ± 1 10 b c Gsy 4 2 ( Coursage t a nd L e Run 1 966, 1 36) ; as l igh t ly d if feren t d a te .

B riard ( 1965 , 2 75 ) q uotes

Re l iab le e v idence f or t he l a ter c urrency o f A r mori-

c an s ocke ted a xes i s t hus l ack ing b u t i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he ir u se was p ro longed i nto t he L a f ene p eriod . The d is tribut ion o f A r morican s ocke ted a xes o uts ide n orth-western F rance i s w idespread b ut s parse ( i b id ., 2 75-282 , f i gs . 1 06-107) ; many i so la ted f i nds a re o f d ub ious p rovenance a nd d e ta i ls o f h oards may b e s can ty .

L is t 2 28 c an-

n ot b e a n e xhaus t ive c a ta logue b ut o n ly a s u m mary o fp ub lished s urveys .

I n

n orth-eas tern F rance t here a re sma l l c oncen tra t ions o f A r morican a xes i n t he l ower S e ine a nd S o m me v a l leys ( i b id ., f i g . 1 06 ); n orth a s N ord b ut t here i s n one f ro m t he P aris a rea .

h oards a re f ound a s f ar Im media te ly t o t he s ou th-

e ast o f t he ma in p roduc t ion a rea , i n An jou , a bout f orty A r mor ican a xes a re k nown ( Cordier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 2 60 ) , ap roport iona l d ec line s im i lar t o t ha t o bserved t o t he e as t . Nether lands .

Af ew e xa mp les a re k nown f ro m B e lg iu m a nd t he s ou thern

Tackenberg h as l i s ted f i nds f ro m n orth-western G er many ( 1971,

4 8-50 , L iste 2 9 ) b ut h is i dent if ica t ions a re n ot a lways r e l iab le ( i b id ., L iste 2 9 , 7 , Taf . 1 8 , 4 -6;

s ee p .171 ) .

F urther e as t A r morican a xes a ppear t o

h ave b een f ound a s f ar away a s P o land ( Briard 1 965 , 2 80-282 , f i g . 1 07; K os trzewsk i 1 915 ) i n t he C hrzypsko h oard , P rov . P oznan ' . B ri t ish f i nds a re most c o m mon i n t he s outh-eas t ( Dunn ing 1 959) b u t h oard f i nds a re c oncentra ted i n Wessex wh ich may r ef lec t ar ou te f ro m B ri t tany o r t he C otent in p eninsu la .

F inds o n t wo E ar ly I ron Age s et t le men t s i tes may b e

s ign if ican t , e spec ia l ly t he t wo e xa mp les f ro m t he c oasta l p ort o f t rade o n H eng istbury H ead , H ants . ( Bushe-Fox 1 915 , 6 2 , p l . XXX , 1 2;

B . W .

C un l if fe ) ,

a lso t he e xamp le f ro m A l l C annings C ross , Wi lts . ( Cunn ing ton 1 923 , 1 19 , p l . 1 8, 3 ) . N on-func t iona l , u n like most o ther B ronze Age t oo ls , A r morican a xes may h ave b een made f or t he v a lue o f t heir me ta l c on ten t a nd t he h ypothes is t ha t t he d if ferent t ypes r epresen ted d eno m ina t ions o f we igh t o r v a lue i s a t trac ti ve , i fu nproven ( Briard 1 965 , 2 70-271) .

H owever , a l l

b ronze o b jec ts w ou ld

s ure ly h ave r e ta ined t he v a lue o f t he ir me ta l c on tent a nd t he t i ny p ercen tage o f A r morican a xes f ound o u ts ide A r morica d oes n o t s ugges t t ha t t he ir v a lue was r egarded h igh ly o uts ide t he ir a rea o f o rig in o r t ha t t hey were " an emerg ency me ta l s upp ly" t o B ri ta in i n f ace o f H a l lsta t t p ressure ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 13 ) .

A r morican s ocke ted a xes were c erta in ly c urren t d uring LBA4 a nd t he

p resence o f h oards i n n orth-eas tern F rance a nd s outhern E ng land i s a nother i ndex o f t he c on t inued u se o f b ronze a t t h is t ime . N ordic s ocke ted a xes There a ppears t o b e n o c erta in e xamp le o f aN ordic s ocke ted a xe f ro m wes tern E urope w i th a d a te l a ter t han MV .

C o les ( 1959-60 , 5 2 , 6 7 n o . 1 7 ,

f i g . 4 , 1 0 ) i l lus tra tes a n a xe , i n Montrose Museu m , wh ich may h ave a S cot t ish p rovenance .

Th is a xe p robab ly b e longs t o B audou 's wes t N ordic f or m o f sma l l

u n looped a xes w i th p la in c o l lar a nd b e l l-shaped f ace ts o n t he f aces o f t he b lade ; t h is i s aw idespread N ordic t ype w i th f ew a ssoc ia t ions wh ich p robab ly b e longs t o MV a nd M V I ( 1960 , 2 4 , Taf . V I , WI C 2b , K arte 1 4 ) .

2 36

Af ew e xa mp les

are known from north-western Germany (Tackenberg 1971, 26-27, Liste 8, Karte 8) and one said to be from Kent is in the Museum ftlr VlHkerkunde, Berlin (Baudou 1960, 24). Iron socketed axes Apart from the example in the Oss burial (231), iron socketed axes are absent from s·ecurely-dated Early Iron Age contexts in Britain, north-eastern France and the Low C,ountries. A hoard from Lower Saxony indicates produc­ tion during MVI; this find from Barsinghausen, Ldkr. Hannover (Jacob­ Friesen 1974, 424-426, Abb.425-434), contains six socketed axes, three bronze and three iron, five Wendelringe, four bronze and one iron, and one bronze bracelet. British examples of iron socketed axes have been reviewed by Manning and Saunders (1972); stratified finds are rare and may be as late as the first century A.D. (ibid. , 281), but several examples come from sites which have produced Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age material: C,old Kitchen Hill, Wilts., and Traprain Law, E. Lothian (ibid., nos. 4, 11, figs. 3-4), or from stretches of river rich in finds of these periods: Thames at Sion Reach, Brentford, Middlesex, and Bann at Toome Bar Ford, C-0, Antrim (ibid., nos. 8, 15, figs. 405). The unlooped axe from the Rath of Feerwore, Turoe, Co. Galway (ibid., no. 20, fig. 5), is unlooped and similar in form to the axes from Oss and Barsinghausen. Other unlooped examples are from the Seine at Paris (ibid., 279, fig. 5, c). Scheldt at Schoonaarde, E. Flanders (Desittere and Weissenborn 1977) 57-59 no. 125, fig. 63), and Appels, E. Flanders (ibid., 58 n. 66).. This type is known at Vix, C-Ote-d'Or, in the oppidum of Mont- Lassois and in the burial at La Butte, Sainte- Colombe (Joffroy 1960, 99-100, pl. 32, 12). I ron socketed axes were current through­ out the Iron Age (Jacobi 1974, 32); the Oss example must be one of the earliest in western Europe and some of the other unlooped examples may be of Hallstatt date. Stone shaft-hole axes. LIST 229. MAP 78 While stone shaft-hole axes do not appear to have been common in Britain after the Early Bronze Age (Roe 1966, 228), they are known during the Late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in central and northern Europe (Baudou 196 0 47-54, Taf. IX-X; Hoof 1970, 104-107; Brandt 1973; Tackenberg 1974; 1976; Eggert 1976, 52). There are several typological classifications for these continental axes but none is comprehensive. The most characteristic form is that with a recurved butt known as nackengebogene Axte (Aberg 1916; Brandt 1973; Tackenberg 1974, 13-30, Liste 1-4, Karte 104). Dutch finds are known after an example from Baexem, Limburg (Bursch 1940; Modderman 1964b, 69; Butler 1969, 85, afb. 39; de Laet 1974, 289), and their distribution (Map 78) is taken from details kindly supplied by S. H. Achterop of Assen. Baexem axes are broadly equi­ valent to variant lb of Brandt (1973, 6-11, Abb. 1, 4, 6-8; 2-3; 4, 1, 4; Karte 2) and variant 1 of Tackenberg (1974, 13-16, Liste 1, Karte 1). The most characteristic feature of these axes is a well-defined collar around the shaft-hole; the axes are curved in profile with an asymmetrical butt and parallel-sided blade, usually with an expanded edge. Outside the eastern

237

Netherlands these axes are found west of the Weser and north of the Ruhr in western Lower Saxony and Westphalia. There is one example from the lower Scheidt and one from the lower Thames (List 229). Brandt includes seven Dutch axes in his form le (1973, 11, Abb. 4, 2, 5, 6-10, Karte 3), straighter than lb and more nearly sym.m.etrical in profile; there is a total of nineteen Dutch finds _(S. H. Achterop). This form is also most common in Lower Saxony and Westphalia. Axes of Brandt's form 2a have the shaft-hole projecting only on the convex side of the axe (ibid., 40 no. 166 though this is really a Baexem axe (S. H. Achterop) ), while Tacken­ berg includes two in his equivalent variant 2 (1974, 16-18, Liste 2, 1-2, Karte 2). This form is most common in Lower Saxony and rare west of the Ems. Brandt's forms 2b and 3 have a more easterly distribution and are absent from the Netherlands (1973, 16-17, Abb. 7, Karte 5). There is a total of four Dutch finds of form 2a and 2b (S. H. Achterop). Rare associated finds give dates from MIV to MVI, Ha B to early La Tene, for nackengebogene Axte (Brandt 1973, 26-28; Tackenberg 1974, 25-16; 1976, 36-42); two examples, one the Baexem axe, have remains of bronze in the shaft-hole (Brandt 1973, 26-29; Tackenberg 1974, 15). The second characteristic Dutch type of stone shaft-hole axe is the Muntendam type (Achterop 1961; Butler 1969, 85; de Laet 1974, 289), short, with rectangular blade and tapering butt, not strictly nackengebogene Axte (Brandt 1973, 30 n. 40), but closely related. Muntendam axes are common in eastern Drenthe and Groningen (Achterop 1961, fig. 2) and there is a re­ lated example from the Scheidt at Schoonaarde, E. Flanders (Lecomte 1975, 165, Abb. 3). Tackenberg includes Muntendam axes in his variants 3 and 4 (1974, 18-25, Liste 3, 1-15; 4, 1-6, Karte 3-4) widespread between the Elbe and the Rhine and the Dutch example constitute an extension of the north-west . German distribution (ibid., 29; Brandt 1973, 30 n. 40). The eponymous Muntendam axe was found near Late Bronze Age /Early Iron Age pottery (Achterop 1961, 132-133). Another form of shaft-hole axe, with a domed butt, occurs in western Lower Saxony and in the Netherlands (Tackenberg 1974, 26-27, Liste 6, Karte 7). The axe from a cist in the Pentlands, Midlothian (Roe 1966, 229, 242 no. 399, fig. 8, C), may be related to a form most common in eastern Lower Saxony (Tackenberg 1974, 32-34, Liste 8, Karte 8). Two Dutch shaft-hole axes bear traces of iron (Hodderman 1964b, afb. 1; 3). The distribution of these late stone axes shows that north-western Germany and the eastern Netherlands shared types absent from the Nordic area (Brandt 1973, 30-31). Tackenberg interprets these stone axes as the common wood­ working tool in areas poor in bronze implements (1974, 48-49). This may explain the absence of ground stone axes from contemporary contexts in Britain and northern France, though it should be noted that fragments of three perfora­ ted axe-hammers were found in the crannog at Barmston, Yorks., which has produced Cl4 dates of: 1010 ± 150 be BM-122 and 940 ± 150 be BM-123 (Varley 1968, 14, 24) and a sherd resembling Wessex furrowed bowls (ibid., 24, fig. 11; Harding 1974, 130).

238

Socketed leather-working lmives. LIST 230 . Socketed leather-working knives constitute Roth's type IV (1974, 38). The Cardiff hoard (List _230, 1) shows that they were current during LBA4; these four examples have the socket differentiated from the blade, like the knives from staffordshire and Mildenhall (List 230, 2-3) and the example in the Bronze Final III Prairie de Mauves hoard, Nantes, Loire-Atlantique (Briard 196 6 a, 21 no. 110, pl. 12; Roth 1974, 47). The other lmives of type IV quoted by Roth (ibid., 46 , IV 3-4; Smith 1920, fig. 50, a-b) have no differentiation between blade and socket and the second appears to be a "fully-socketed chisel" (see p. 174). The Prairie de Mauves hoard suggests that socketed leather-working knives appeared during LBA3 but they were current in Britain during LBA4 like socketed gouges, which occur in the hoards from Blandford (214), Six­ penny Handley (216 ) and Llyn F aw r (218) in southern B ritain, as well as Ada­ brock (222) in the north. Heeled socketed sickles. LIST 231 The oomplete sickles in the two Welsh LBA4 hoards (List 231, 1-2) are all of the same form; they have a socket from the top of which springs later­ ally the midrib of the blade and the outer edge of the blade oontinues across the top of the socket to form a 'heel' (Fox 1939, 225). At Llyn Fawr this bronze form is imitated in iron; chronology, typology and technology all in­ dicate that this form is the final development of the Bronze Age sickle in Britain and Ireland. The Soottish and Irish examples (List 231, 3-5) should be oontemporary and the French find (List 231, 6 ) a British LBA4 export suggesting continued use of bronze in north-eastern France at this time. Other forms of developed socketed sickle may be LBA4 (ibid. , 225-226, fig. 9, nos. 14-16 , 25, 37, 41) but the developed form was current during LBA3 in the Longy hoard, Alderney (ibid., pl. XXV, 63). Iron lmives. LIST 232 Single-edged iron knives occurred in central Europe during Ha C; most have curved backs, but straight forms are known (Rieth 1942, 31-33). These early knives may imitate late Urnfield bronze lmives (Schauer 1971, 202 n.8) and a few iron blades are known from later Urnfield and MV contexts (Kimmig 196 4, 277-278). Iron knives are more massive during Ha D, up to 45 cm long (Rieth 1942, 58-59). Straight-backed examples are known during. Ha C and Ha D in Switzerland (Drack 1972-73, 126 -127, Abb. 29-30). The Oss burial indicates a Ha C date (List 232, 1); no other finds survive from barrow 2 at Court-Saint-Etienne (List 232, 2), while Marrnn suggests a Ha D date (1958, 108), Ha C may be possible.

239

WEAPONS Iron spearheads. LIST 233 A few iron spearheads are known from later Urnfield and MV contexts (Kimmig 1964, 276-277) but they became common only during later Ha C and Ha D (Kossack 1959, 94; Drack 1972-73, 125). A late Ha C date is most suitable for Court-Saint-Etienne barrow 3 (List 233, 2), though all the other exotic material in the Llyn Fawr hoard (List 233, 1) could be Ha Cl. It may be possible that the Welsh spearhead is a local iron copy like the sickle so its precise date is uncertain, cf. the Melksham hoard (224). Jope (1961, 321) has suggested that some iron spearheads from the Thames are of Hallstatt date, but this appears difficult to prove; the apparent absence of swords between the sixth and fourth centuries may have enhanced the im­ portance of the spear (ibid., 324), as the spear appears to have been the dominant weapon in late Hallstatt central Europe (Kossack 1959, 96-99; Schauer 1971, 202 n. 8). The same chronological difficulties attend the sug­ gestion that iron spearheads of Ha C date were used in northern Britain (Ritchie 1970, 53). Hallstatt bronze swords The fundamental modern study of Hallstatt bronze swords is by Cowen (1967), who reviewed previous work, established a Ha C date (ibid., 377-384) and divided his material into two principal types and three derivative groups. The first principal type, the long Mindelheim sword, is absent from north­ western Europe except in iron versions (ibid., 384-391, 424-427; Schauer 1971, 192-198; see p. 246-8). For the second principal ty·pe Co'Yen retained Reinecke's denomination, Gtlndlingen (1967, 377). The GUndlingen type is distinguished by a pommel-piece, a flat or dished tang, swollen lower down with one to three rivet-holes placed in the swelling; the shoulders are broad and angular with two, four or six rivet-holes. The rivets are slender, their heads sometimes clenched with a dtstinctive punch. The leaf-shaped blade has an oval section with its edges demarcated by a rib or beading. A narrow pointed rib projects from the top of the blade to the lowest rivet-hole on the tang. A ricasso is usually present. Most examples measure between 70 and 80 cm in length (ibid., 391-395). Cowen's typological subdivision is based on the shape of the pommel-piece (ibid., 401-409, fig. 10). The GUndlingen type is much more numerous and widespread than the Mindelheim type; Cowe n recorded two hundred and forty provenanced examples with hoard finds rare, burial finds common in central Europe and water finds in northern Europe and Britain (ibid. , 395-401 ). The distribution of Gtlndlingen swords stretches from the foothills of the Pyrenees to Finland, from western Slovakia to the Atlantic coast of Ireland, from the.Mediterranean coast of France almost to the Arctic Circle (ibid., Map B). Class al, with a square pommel-tang, is known mainly from southern Germany and Bohemia with a few finds from eastern France; class a2, pommel-tang with slightly converging sides is most common in southern France but spreads through central Europe and north-east as far as Finland and north to the Loire and the Thames (ibid. , Map C). Class b, with a low pommel-piece, is the most widespread class; 240

o f a l l a reas where Ha l ls ta t t b ronze swords o ccur i ti s a bsen t o n ly f ro m F inl and , I re land a nd wes tern F rance ; i ti s t he o n ly c lass c o m mon i n t he L ow C ountries , n orthern G er many a nd S cand inav ia ( i b id ., Map D ) .

C lasses c a nd

d , w i th c lef t p o m me l-p ieces , a re c onf ined t o B rita in a nd I re land w i th o n ly t wo e xcep t ions ( i b id ., Map E ) . A sma l l n u mber o f amend men ts a nd a ddi t ions may b e made t o C owen 's ma teria l .

H is t enta t ive i den t if ica t ion o f a Ha l ls ta t t sword f ro m t he O ise a t

P on t-Sa int- Maxence , O ise ( i b id ., 4 38 n o . 1 22 ) , i s c onf ir med a s as word a pparent ly o f c lass b ( B lanche t a nd L ambot 1 975 , 4 7 n o .3 6; a nd D urv in 1 976 , 4 3 , f i g . 3 9 , 4 ) .

B lanche t , J ouve

The e ntry r eferring t o a sword i n ah oard

f ro m R oya l lieu , C o mp iegne , O ise ( Cowen 1 967 , 4 38 n o . 1 23 ) , r efers t o t he a ntennae-po m me l h i lt i n t he P ort V arin h oard ( 1 69 ) .

The sword f ro m E ron-

d e l le , S o m me ( i b id ., n o . 1 25 ) , was a ssoc ia ted w i th t wo mass ive p enannu lar b race le ts ( L ist 2 52 , 1 4 ) a nd may h ave c o me f ro m a b uria l ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 13 , E ronde l le 1 ; J . -C l . B lanche t ) .

I n a ddi t ion t o t he t wo s words f ro m

P aris ( Cowen 1 967 , 4 38 n os . 1 18-119; Mohen 1 968 , 8 05-907, B 64 , B 66, p ls . X I I-X IV ) , Mohen men t ions t ha t a t l eas t t wo more c o me f ro m P aris ( i b id ., 8 07) ; o ne i s f ro m t he S e ine a bove V i l leneuve-Sa int-Georges , V a l-de- Marne ( J . -P . Mohen ) .

There i s an ew e xa mp le o f c lass b f ro m t he S e ine a t B ardouv i l le ,

S e ine- Mari t i me ( Dastugue 1 971, 3 38 , f i g . 1 9 , 1 ) .

N . F re id in k ind ly i nfor ms

me o f a sma l l , 3 9 .2 cm , H a l ls ta t t sword f ro m Am iens i n t he Mus e d e P icard ie , Amiens ( MP 6 623 n o . 5 ) , t o a dd t o t he t wo l is ted b y C owen ( 1967 , 4 38 n os . 1 24 ,126 ) a nd Gaucher a nd Mohen ( 1974 , 1 08, Am iens e nv irons 9 , i l l . 4 5 ;

1 17 , P icqu igny 2 ) .

I dent if ica t ions o f u ncerta in a uthen t ic i ty h ave b een

made o f swords f ro m Pas ly , A isne ( Duva l a nd B uchenschutz 1 976, 7 92 ) , a nd P on tpoin t- Moru , O ise ( Pa t te 1 975 , 1 1) .

B ronze H a l lsta t t swords f ro m B e lg iu m

h ave b een l i sted b y Marion ( 1975 ) w i thout a ddi t ions t o C owen 's l is t ( 1967, 4 384 39 ) , t hough t he f ragmen ts i n b arrow 7 8 o n t he P ot te lberg , F lobecq , Ha inau t , may b e long t o aH a l ls ta t t sword ( Marion 1 958 , 2 35 ) .

B urgess ( 1974 , f i g . 3 6)

h as p rov ided a d istribut ion map o f G t ind lingen swords i n B ri ta in a nd I re land wh ich i nc ludes s o me E ng l ish f i nds n ot o n C owen 's map ( 1967 , Map B ) b ut t hese a re n o t i den t if ied . Mos t G ünd lingen swords f ro m n orth-eas tern F rance c o me f ro m t he v a l leys o f t he S e ine o r S o m me . D i j le a nd H a ine v a l leys .

Most B e lgian f i nds c o me f ro m t he c e me teries o f t he Du tch e xa mp les , u sua l ly r iver f i nds , a re c oncentra-

t ed i n t he Rh ine- Meuse a rea .

The B ri t ish d istribut ion i s c oncentra ted i n t he

l ower Thames v a l ley w i th mos t e xa mp les f ro m t he r iver; a re ma in ly e as ter ly w i th f ew f ro m wes tern B ri ta in .

a ddi t iona l f i nds

I r ish f i nds a re ma in ly

f ro m t he c en tre a nd n or th-eas t . T he f i rs t d eriva t ive g roup i s aN ordic v arian t f i rst r ecogn ised b y S prockh of f ; t hese swords h ave h i lts o f G t ind lingen f or m b ut t he ir r ibbed b lades r ese mb le t hose o f l a te U rnf ie ld s o lid-h i lted swords , e spec ia l ly o f Mörigen t ype ( i b id ., 4 09-410 , 4 48 ) .

F ive E ng lish swords f ro m t he l o wer Tha mes

v a l ley a nd e s tuary w i th o ne D utch s word c o mb ine H a l lsta t t h i lts w i th Ewart P ark b lades ( i b id ., 4 10-412 , 4 49 ) .

The t h ird d eriva t ive g roup i s t he Tha mes

t ype wh ich C owen r egards a s ad evo lved Ewart P ark f or m i ncorpora t ing e lemen ts o f Ha l ls ta t t swords , e spec ia l ly t he p o m me l-p iece .

O uts ide B ri ta in ,

where mos t f i nds c o me f ro m t he l o wer Tha mes v a l ley , t h is t ype r eaches t he

2 41

S a6ne , B randenburg a nd F yn , w i th a p oss ib le f i nd f ro m I re land ( i b id ., 4 124 16, 4 49-452 , Map F ) . There a re t wo Tha mes swords f ro m t he l ower S e ine .

O ne B e lg ian e xa mp le

c o mes f ro m t he S che ldt b ut t hree importan t a dd i t iona l f i nds h ave b een made a t Han ( Marion 1 975 , 1 4-17 , HSL 1 -3 , f i gs . 1 -2 ) .

Apar t f ro m t he D utch f i nd

f ro m N i j megen , t wo swords f ro m Mi l lingen , G e lder land ( Hu 1st 1 970 , XXX I IXXX I I I , f i g . 1 1 , a -b ) , a ppear t o b e long t o t he Tha mes t ype ; b oth swords h ave as p layed n otched p o m me l a nd a s wo l len t ang w i th t he w ides t p oin t b e low t he c en tre a nd t he ir l eng ths , 5 6.8 a nd 5 6 .4 , cm a ppear t o b e c ons is tent w i th c ont inenta l f i nds o f Tha mes swords .

V erron ( 1976a , f ig . 4 , 1 6) i l lus tra tes f ro m

t he G rav i l le h oard ( 174 ) ab lade f ragment w i th o va l s ec t ion a nd p eriphera l r idges .

Wh i le t hese a re a f ea ture o f G t ind lingen swords , p eriphera l r ibs

a ppear o n t hree o ft he f our Tha mes swords f ro m B e lg iu m ( Marien 1 975 , 3 7 , HSL 2 -3 , GB , f i gs . 1 ;

5 ;

1 0 , D3 b ) , a nd o n i nsu lar s words o f Ewart P ark

f or m ( Davey 1 973 , 9 6 , f i g . 4 3 , 4 20-421;

c f . B urgess 1 974 , 2 13 n . 3 14 ) .

S ta ted b rief ly , C owen 's i n terpre ta t ion o f H a l ls ta t t b ronze s words i s t ha t t hey a ppeared i n e as t-centra l E urope u nder Thraco-C im merian i nf luence . The d if feren t c lasses o f

G t ind lingen s words r epresen t as pread t o t he wes t

a nd n orth wh ich r esu lted i n t he a ppearance o f h ybrids , c o mpos i tes , t he n or thern v arian t a nd t he Tha mes t ype .

The Minde lhe im sword was a p res t ige

weapon f or more importan t moun ted warriors , wh i le t he G t ind lingen sword was f or warriors o f l ess importance o n h orseback o r o n f oot ( i b id ., 4 16-422 ) . The Ha l ls ta t t b ronze swords o f s ou thern Ger many a nd B ohe m ia , C owen 's K erngebe i t , h ave b een t rea ted i n t wo PBF v o lumes ( Schauer 1 971, 1 92-215 ; N ovak 1 975 , 2 9-31) a nd S chauer h as e labora ted a n ew t ypo logy o f C owen 's G ünd lingen t ype wh ich h as b een f o l lowed b y N ovak .

S chauer 's mos t n umerous

t ype i s n a med S te ink irchen a nd i nc ludes t he G t ind lingen sword ( 1971, 1 99 n o . 6 24 ) ; t hese swords u sua l ly h ave t wo r ive ts i n t he g rip a nd f our i n t he s hou lders . Many h ave p o m me l-p ieces o f C owen 's c lass b a nd t he d is tribut ion o f S te ink irchen swords i s s i mi lar t o t ha t o f c lass b swords e xcep t f or t he p resence o f I r ish a nd t he a bsence o f S candinav ian f i nds ( i b id ., 1 98-205 , Taf . 1 23A ) .

The Mus-

c henhe im t ype h as a s ing le r ive t i n t he t ang a nd t wo i n t he s hou lders .

I ti n-

c ludes e xa mp les o f C owen 's c lasses a l , a 2 a nd b ; a nd i t s d istribut ion , ma in ly c en tra l E uropean w i th s outhern F rench a nd S candinav ian e xa mp les , r ese mb les t ha t o f c lass a 2 ( i b id ., 2 05-209 , Taf . 1 23B ) . r ive ts i n t he g rip a nd t wo i n t he s hou lders ; i n e qua l n u mbers .

The L engenfe ld t ype h as t wo

i ti nc ludes a l , a 2 a nd b swords

Most L engenfe ld swords a re f ro m c en tra l E urope w i th

t wo f ro m S candinav ia , o ne f ro m e as tern F rance a nd t wo f ro m I re land ( i b id ., 2 09-211, Taf . 1 23B ) .

The o n ly I r ish s words c lass if ied b y C owen b e long t o t he

i nsu lar c lasses c a nd d ; t he f i rs t I r ish s word o f L engenfe ld t ype ( i b id ., 2 10 n . 6 ;

C owen 1 967 , 4 48 n o . 2 34 ) i s k nown o n ly f ro m a d raw ing b y G overnor

P owno l l ( 1786 , p l . X IX , a bove ) a nd t he s econd ( Schauer 1 971, 2 10 n .7; C owen 1 967 , 4 46 n o . 2 11) h as a b roken t ang .

T he We ichering t ype h as t wo

o r t hree r ive ts i n t he g rip a nd s ix i n t he s hou lders a nd i nc ludes a l, a 2 a nd b swords .

Most e xa mp les a re f ro m c entra l E urope b ut f i nds a re a lso k nown

f ro m n orth-eas tern F rance , t he Ne ther lands , E ng land a nd S co t land ( i bid ., 2 12 n . 3 -7) .

S chauer c ons iders a s outh G er man o rig in p robab le ( i b id ., 2 11-

2 12 , Taf . 1 22B ) .

H e d oes n ot s pec ify a p oss ib le a rea f or t he o rig in o ft he

S te ink irchen t ype; t he d is tribut ion o f Muschenhe im s words may d e monstra te 2 42

a link between southern France and southern Germany/Bohemia (ibid., 209). Schauer identifies only eight swords from north-eastern France, the Low Countries, Britain and Ireland and being of Muschenheim, Lengenfeld or Weich­ ering type and certain central European origin (ibid., 207 n. 14; 210 n. 6-7; 212 n. 3-7). Correlation of Cowen's classes, which are based on the form of the pommel-piece, and Schauer's types, which appear to be based on the configura­ tion of rivet-holes (Table 11), shows that neither system is defintive but that both produce a similar distribution pattern, cf. Cowen's Map C and Schauer's Taf. 123B, Cowen's Map D and Schauer's Taf. 123A. The pattern should be confirmed, it is its interpretation which is open to question. Table 11

Steinkirchen Muschenheim Lengenfeld Weichering

al

a2

b

2

14 8 2 1

27 6 2 2

5 2 1

Cowen presented no detailed arguments about the typological origin of the Hallstatt swords beyond their membership of the great family of flange-hilted swords (1967, 391, 409). He remarked that the ribbing on the blades of Mindelheim swords was a feature only introduced during Ha B and he was more explicit in his derivation_ from late Urnfield solid-hilted swords of this feature on the northern variant (ibid., 410). The basis of his interpretation is the assumption that the Mindelheim sword was a cavalry weapon; both form and recurrent associations with horse gear justify this. To Cowen, the origin of horse-riding should be reflected in the origin of Hallstatt swords. While horse-gear for draught animals had been known since the early Urnfield period (see p. 149-52), the conventional opinion is that horse-riding did not appear until Ha C. The practice is supposed to have been introduced by "pre­ Scythian people" in the Carpathian basin who represent part of that shadowy phenomenon, the 'Thraco-Cimmerians'. Long swords are absent from the equipment of these people; Cowen assumes that the warriors of central Europe took their traditional weapon with them when they adopted horse-riding (ibid. , 417-418). There can be no doubt of the occurrence of horse-gear and swords in central Europe during Ha C and little of the interpretation that this represents mounted warriors. Cowen himself says that Hungarian scholars do not admit a significant pre-Scythian invasion or population movement (ibid., 418 n. 2). This evidence has been recapitulated by Powell (1976, 5-13) and we should remain sceptical about Cowen's �nclusions. When Schauer came to examine the Hallstatt swords of central Europe he, too, could find no conventional explanation of their origin satisfactory. His new proposals (1971, 213-215; 1972a) reverse Cowen's sequence and derive GUndlingen swords from the Thames type with the northern variant also 243

standing at the head of the seqeunce. Written in German, these notes have received comparatively little attention from British prehistorians, though such eminent scholars as Marrnn have adopted them (1975) and the idea had been foreshadowed by Briard (1965, 205-208). There is still no extensive discussion of Schauer' s hypothesis in print. Finding no predecessors for Hallstatt swords in central Europe, Schauer turned to the west and the Ewart Park series. He listed hoard finds to es­ tablish a Carp's Tongue/Ha B3 date (1972a, 261-268), but the important finds are those containing Thames type swords and northern variants. The only British association of a Thames sword recorded by C-Owen is in the hoard from Bexley Heath, Kent (Cowen 1967, 414, 450 n. 12; Inv. Arch. GB53), which was long regarded as characteristic of LBA3 and contains no other object of certain Ha C date. The other hoard he lists which contains a Thames sword is from Kirke s,Jby, Odense Arnt, Fyn (Cowen 1967, 452 no. 30; Jensen 1966, 27-28; Broholm 1946, 222, Ml57). The associated objects are a spearhead and a chisel, both decorated. A MV date is indicated by the spearhead (Jacob-Friesen 1967, 258; Jensen 1966, 30) and the later dates proposed are based on that of the sword, following Cowen (1952, 136-137). Most re­ cently, the MV date has been confirmed by Thrane (1975, 51-52 n.7). One sword of the northern variant comes from a hoard: Langsjon, Uppland, Sweden (C-Owen 1967, 410, 448 no. 3; Jensen 1966, 40-41). This hoard con­ tained an antennae-pommel sword, a slender tanged sword and a spearhead, but the association of this moor-find is not certain (stjernquist 1967, 188 no. 21, 189). The antennae-pommel sword is a MV type and only the presence of the northern variant sword caused Sprockhoff to propose a MVI date (1934, 33, Taf. 18, 5; Jensen 1966, 46 n. 48). The tanged sword is also MV (Baudou 1960, 11, 155 no. 27), though he also dates the hoard to MVI (ibid., 326 no. 173). The spearhead is a richly decorated example of the west Baltic type, again MV (Jacob-Friesen 1967, 257-258, Taf. 162, 4), similar to that in the Kirke �y hoard (ibid., Taf. 162, 1). To the three Nordic finds of northern variant swords Schauer has added a Swiss find from the R. Zihl (1971, 216 no. 672) and has suggested that the northern variant is really of west European origin (1971, 214). This seems unlikely, for the ribbed blade is not a feature of western swords. It is clear that, if a Ha C date for the swords discussed above is removed, their associated finds point to Ha B3 and MV. We know that Hallstatt bronze swords are confined to Ha C in central Europe and there are no other hoards finds in Britain. What of the Scandinavian evidence? This has been collected by Jensen (1966) and Stjernquist (1967, 181-190). There is an interesting sword from Vag, Nordland, Norway (Cowen 1967, no. 160; Jensen 1966, 38 no. 11, fig. 6; stjernquist 1967, 188 n. 25). 441 This has three pairs of rivets on its tang, unusual but not unique, ana bears curvilinear ornament of MV style.. This is preserved in a layer of moor­ patina, not on remains of a leather scabbard (Jensen 1966, 44). Schauer uses this sword to confirm the· appearance of GUndlingen swords during MV (1971, 214; 1972a, 268); it belongs to Cowen's class b and he declares it provincial (1967, 441, 452); Schauer does not include it in any of his central 244

E uropean t ypes .

Th is i s t he mos t n orther ly f i nd-spot k nown f or a H a l ls ta t t

sword ( S t jernquis t 1 967 , A bb . 2 2 ) , b e ing om i t ted f ro m many d istribu t ion maps . B oth t he s words f ro m Rasunda , U pp land ( Cowen 1 967 , 4 42 n o . 1 66; J ensen 1 966 , 4 0 n o . 1 7; S t jernquis t 1 967 , 1 88 n o . 1 9 ) ,a nd S töndar , A ngerman land , Sweden ( Cowen 1 967 , 4 42 n o . 1 67; J ensen 1 966, 4 0 n o . 2 0 ; S t jernquis t 1 967 , 1 88 n o . 2 2 ) , were f ound w i th MV t anged d aggers ( Jensen 1 966, 4 5 ;

B audou 1 960 , 1 3 ) .

The f i rs t a ssoc ia t ion i s a moor-f ind a nd

S t jernquis t ( 1 967, 1 89 ) p laces l i t t le we igh t o n e i ther .

Ne i ther sword a ppears

t o b e o f c en tra l E uropean o rig in . N orth G er man a nd P o l ish f i nds o f G ünd lingen swords a re , when d a tab le , MV I o r l a ter ( Jensen 1 966 , 4 5 ) ; s o a re t he S candi nav ian f i nds o f Minde lhe i m swords ( Jensen 1 966 , 3 0 , 4 3 ; 1 89-190 ;

S t jernquis t 1 967 ,

C owen 1 967 , 3 88-389 ) .

S chauer u ses a l l t h is e v idence t o r everse C owen 's i n terpre ta t ion .

F or

h im t he Thames t ype d eve loped d uring t he LBA3 a nd was e xported t o c entra l a nd n orthern E urope .

Ar e la ted f or m o f h i lt was u sed o n b lades o f s o lid-

h i lted o rig in t o f or m t he n orthern v ariant .

T hese i mpressed c on t inenta l

c ra f ts men who p roduced t he G ünd lingen t ype a s as uccessor t o t he l a te U rnf i e ld s o lid-h i lted s eries a nd , of ten u sing i ron , t he Minde lhe im t ype a s a s uccessor t o l a te U rnf ie ld l ong swords .

The p lace o f t he t ypo logy o f G ünd-

l ingen swords w i th in t h is s che me h as n ot y e t b een d iscussed b y S chauer . We h ave t he w idespread c lass b /S te ink irchen g roup , t he c en tra l E uropean c lass a /Muschenhe im-Lengenfe ld- We ichering g roup a nd t he i nsu lar c lass c a nd d g roup .

E i ther c lass a may h ave b een d erived f ro m t he Tha mes t ype t o b e

f o l lowed b y c lasses b , ca nd d i n C owen 's s equence , o r c lass b may h ave b een d erived f ro m t he T hames t ype t o b e f o l lowed b y c lass a i n c en tra l E urope a nd c lasses c a nd d i n t he B r it ish I s les .

O ur c hrono log ica l e v idence i s n ot s uf-

f ic ien t ly r ef ined t o a nswer t he q uest ion a nd p resu mp t ive c onc lusions must b e i n troduced ( Cowen 1 967 , 4 09 ) . H owever , i fc lass a i s t o b e g iven p riori ty much we igh t i s p laced o n t he t wo T hames s words p resen t i n s outhern Ger many ( i b id ., 4 52 n os . 2 5-26 , Map F ;

S chauer 1 971 , 2 15-216 n os . 6 66 , 6 70 ).

S ince S chauer w rote , a n i mportan t p iece o f e v idence i n s upport o f h is h ypothes is h as b een p resen ted b y Marion . H e h as p ub lished t hree Tha mes swords f ro m H an ( 1975 , 1 4-17 , f i gs . 1 -2 , HSL 1 -3 ) . H e a lso i l lustra tes f our sma l l b ag-shaped c hapes f ro m H an ( L ist 1 61 , 1 8) ; wh i le t hese were n ot f ound i n d irec t a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he T hames swords , t here i s n o o ther ma teria l o f p oss ib le H a Cd a te p resent a t H an t o my k now ledge a nd Marien h as n o h es i tat i on i n d a t ing t he swords t o H a B 3 a nd a ssoc ia t ing t hem w i th t he c hapes ( i b id ., 3 3) . The n otched p o m me l o ft he c o mp le te Ewart P ark sword i n t he Wa tford h oard ( 154 ) i s ac harac teris t ic o ft he Thames t ype a nd t he b lade f ragment i n t he G rav i l le h oard ( see p .242 )i s a' Ha l ls ta t t ' f eature i n a LBA 3 h oard . These f i nds , t oge ther w i th t he B ex ley H ea th h oard ( see p . 2 44 ) , s ugges t t ha t t he Tha mes t ype h ad a ppeared d uring LBA3 a s a n i ndependent i nsu lar i nvent i on . Wha t e v idence c an b e s e t a ga ins t S chauer 's h ypothes is?

S tudy o f B ri t ish

a nd I r ish Ewart P ark s words i s c erta in ly n ot c o mp le te ( Burgess 1 968a , 2 8 n 96 , 4 3; 1 974 , 2 13 n . 3 14 ) .

B urgess ( i b id .) d oub ts whe ther H a l ls ta t t swords

o f c lasses c a nd d c ou ld h ave b een p roduced i n B ri ta in b y n a t ives , " s ince t hey a re a bsent f ro m i ndigenous c ontex ts" .

2 45

The c on tex ts a re p resu mab ly h oards ,

n ot n u merous d uring LBA4 i n B r i ta in a nd most ly c on ta in ing a xes a nd o ther t oo ls . T here i s n o r eg ion o n t he c on t inent where c lass c a nd d swords a re c o m mon , t hey a re s ure ly i nsu lar t ypes . I ft hey were p roduced b y i mm igran ts , why d id t hese im m igran ts n ot r eproduce i n l arge q uan t i ty a ny o ther me ta l i t em o ft he ir ma teria l c u lture?

Me ta l a na lys is a nd d e ta i led t ypo log ica l s tudy

may p rov ide a nswers t o t hese p rob lems . Re la t ive c hrono logy may b e t rea ted h ere . C owen of ten s t resses t he e x istence o f a n o ver lap b e tween MV a nd H a C wh ich i s n ecessary t o a ccommoda te t he K irke S Oby h oard ( 1952 , 1 37; 3 98 , 4 10 , 4 14 ) .

1 967 ,

I ft he e nd o f MV c an b e s hown t o h ave o ccurred b y t he b eg in-

n ing o f H a Cc ons iderab le s upport w ou ld b e l ent t o S chauer ' sh ypo thes is ; t h is was B audou 's c onc lus ion ( 1 960 , 1 37) a nd J acob-Friesen ( 1 967 , 8 5 ) o n ly a dm its t he e xcep t ions c la i med b y C owen . Mos t r ecent ly , T hrane h as d en ied a ny s ignif ican t o ver lap b e tween MV a nd H a C( 1975 , 5 2 , 2 20 , 2 60 ) . T hus , t he K irke S 5 iby sword may b e r e moved f ro m H a Ca nd p riori ty c onf ir med f or t he Tha mes t ype ; t he s ame c an b e a pp lied t o t he n orthern v ariant . T h is p resents n o p rob le ms , b ut G ünd lingen swords s hou ld r ea l ly b e long t o MV I . T he a ssoc ia t ions f ro m Rasunda a nd S töndar may b e r egarded a s u ncerta in o r t he ir s ing le a sooc ia ted f i nds a s r es idua l . The Vag s word r ema ins a no ma lous u n less N ordic p roduc t ion o f c lass b s words d uring MV i s t o b e a l lowed .

N ord ic p ro-

d uc t ion o f c lass b s words may b e p resu med a nd l oca l w orkshops p robab ly made t hem o ver a w ide a rea .

The Vag s word may b e r egarded a s at rans i t iona l

p iece . Iam i nc lined t o a ccep t S chauer 's h ypo thesis .

T here i s n o o bv ious o rig in

f or Günd lingen swords i n c en tra l E urope , wh i le t he ir p ossib le p redecessors c an b e f ound i n wes tern E urope i n c on tex ts i m media te ly p receding H a Ci n d a te . Wr i ters who emp loy a mode l wh ich a ssu mes Ha C i mm igra t ion o r i nvas ion i n to B ri ta in may f i nd g round f or i ntroducing H a l lsta t t swords i n l arge n u mbers , b ut i ft h is a ssu mp t ion i s q ues t ioned a nd t he swords b ecame i so la ted a s p oss ib le i ndices o f a l ien c u lture .

A s C owen r ecogn ised ( 1 967 , 4 16) t he a ccep tance o f

t he Tha mes t ype a s ap roduc t o f H a Ci nf luence w ou ld n ecess i ta te a r e-work ing o ft he c hrono logy o ft he e nd o ft he B ri t ish B ronze A ge wh ich w ou ld b ring s o me LBA3 ma teria l i n to l i ne w i th a d eve loped p hase o f H a Ca nd d epress t he s ucc eeding LBA4 p hase t o l a te H a C .

The r e-work ing h as n ot b een -done a nd my

own s urvey i nd ica tes t ha t LBA3 was c ontemporary w i th H a B 3 , n ot s ign if ican t ly l a ter i n s outhern E ng land , wh i le LBA4 was c on temporary w i th Ha C ( see p . 2 70 ).

H a l ls ta t t i ron s words .

L IST 2 34. MAP 7 9

I ron swords a re c harac teris t ic o ft he b eg inn ing o f t he I ron Age i n c en tra l E urope t hough i ron b lades h ad a ppeared o n s o me l a te U rnf ie ld s o lid-h i lted swords ( K imm ig 1 964 , 2 75-276) . The f or m o f H a l ls ta t t i ron swords i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f c on te mporary b ronze swords : l ong , s l igh t ly l eaf-shaped b lade , p ron ounced s hou lders , swo l len g rip w i th o rganic h i lt-p la tes a t tached b y r ive ts , s o me t i mes a n e labora te p o m me l . Recent s tudies o f b ronze swords h ave o vers hadowed t he i ron t ype wh ich r e l ies o n t he w ork o f R ie th ( 1942 , 2 3-31, 1 63-169) f or c entra l E urope a nd o f Mari n ( 1958, 2 55-256 ) f or t he L ow C ountries .

C owen

c ounted n ear ly 3 00 b ronze swords a nd " we l l o ver 1 00" i ron ( 1967 , 3 80 n . 6 ) . There i s n o d ef in i t ive c lass if ica t ion o f H a l ls ta t t i ron s words; t he l a test a t temp t , b y . Marien ( 1 958, 2 55-256) , r e la ted i ron s words t o h is own t ypo logy 2 46

o fb ronze swords ( i b id ., 2 53-255 ) , wh ich was c rit ic ised b y C owen f or p lac ing emphas is o n l eng th r a ther t han f or m ( 1 967 , 3 80-381) . The c orroded s ta te o f mos t i ron s words p rec ludes a d e ta i led t ypo logy b ased o n f or m a nd f ew e xamp les a re c o mp le te e nough t o a l low a c o mprehens ive c lass if ica t ion b ased o n l eng th .

Where c o mparison w i th b ronze swords o f s pec if ic t ypes c an b e made

t h is a ppears t o b e t he b es t a pproach .

Thus , C owen d escribes t he l ong i ron

sword a s a" version o f t he Minde lhe im t ype" ( i b id ., 3 80 ) a nd , l ess d ist inc t ive , t here a re p oss ib le v ersions o ft he G ünd lingen t ype ( i b id ., n . 5 ) .

The f or mer ,

a s a t O ss a nd L lyn F awr ( L ist 2 34 , 1 , 1 3 ) , a re e as i ly r ecognisab le b y t he ir d i mens ions , b lade s ec t ion o r p o mme l a nd t he l ong swords f ro m C ourt-Sa in tE t ienne b arrow 1 , Morimoine a nd S o meren ( L is t 2 34 , 3 , 1 0 , 1 4 ) s hou ld a lso b e long t o t h is t ype .

The t wo s hort i ron s words f ro m C ourt-Sa int-Et ienne

( L is t 2 34 , 9 ) h ave t he b road , a ngu lar s hou lders o f H a l ls ta t t swords a nd t he t wo s hort swords f ro m Meer ( L is t 2 34 , 2 ) s hou ld a lso b e long t o t he s hort i ron t ype . The a t tribu t ion o ft he f ragmen tary i ron s words i s l ess c erta in . Marion ( 1958 , 2 8) s ugges ts t ha t t he f rag men ts f ro m C ourt-Sa int-Et ienne b arrow A ( L is t 2 34 , 4 ) b e long t o al ong s word a nd t he d i mens ions o f t he f ragments f ro m b arrows L a nd M ( L is t 2 34 , 5 -6) s ugges t t ha t t hey a re a lso f ro m swords c . 9 0 cm l ong .

A t l east t wo more l ong i ron s words s ee m t o h ave b een f ound a t

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne ( L ist 2 34 , 8 ) . I ron swords a t C ourt-Sa int-E t ienne a nd p robab ly i n o ther H a Cb uria ls i n t he L ow C ountries a ppear t o h ave b een p red om inant ly v ers ions o ft he Minde lhe im t ype . L ong H a l ls ta t t swords o f i ron o r b ronze h ave t rad i t iona l ly b een r egarded a s c harac terist ic o f H a Cn ot o f H a D ( R ie th 1 942 , 5 5-57 ) a nd s ubsequent s tudies h ave t ended t o c onf ir m t h is ( Cowen 1 967 , 3 82 ) , t hough b ronze Minde lh e im swords may b e d a ted l a ter t han Ha C i n S cand inav ia ( Schauer 1 971, 1 971 98 ) .

K ossack d a tes t he a ppearance o f i ron s words t o H a C l a nd t hey c on-

t i nued i n to H a C 2 ( 1 959 , 1 7 , 2 3-24 , 3 8 , 4 8; 1 970 , 1 13 ) , t hough h e s ugges ts t ha t o ne i ron Minde lhe i m sword was p resent i n al a ter c on tex t a t E t t ing , L c ikr . We i lhe im , B avaria ,

where b arrow 8 i n ac eme tery o therw ise o f Ha D d a te

p roduced a n i ron s word ( 1 959 , 1 8 , 2 34-235 , Taf . 1 01 , 1 ) .

P eroni p laces

i ron swords i n Ha C l a nd H a C 2 a t H a l lsta t t ( 1 973 , 3 4 , f i g . 2 , 1 ) . I ron swords a re more c o m mon t han b ronze i n B avarian b uria ls w i th h orseg ear , K ossack 's g roup A 13 ( 1 959 , 1 7 ) . Minde lhe im swords a re k nown i n b ronze a nd i ron i n a pprox i ma te ly e qua l n u mbers , whereas G ünd lingen swords must b e much more n u merous i n b ronze t han i n i ron . Warr iors b uried i n r icher g raves s ee m more l ike ly t o h ave h ad a s word o f t he n ew ma teria l t han t he ir p oorer c o mrades a nd t he p rest ige weapon , t he Minde lhe i m sword , was more of ten made o fi ron t han t he s tandard weapon , t he G ünd lingen sword ( Schauer 1 972a , 2 70 ) . Wh i le t he d is tribut ion o fb ronze Minde lhe im s words i s c onf ined t o c entra l E urope a nd S candinav ia w i th a s ing le F rench f i nd ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 98, Taf .122B ) , i ron M inde lhe i m swords o ccur i n c entra l E urope a nd i n e as tern a nd s ou thern F rance ( R ie th 1 942 , 1 63-169 , Karte ; Ward-Perkins 1 940 , 4 7-48, f i g . 5 ) , t hough n ot i n n orthern F rance ( Duva l a nd B uchenschutz 1 976 , 7 90 ) .

I n B e lg iu m

i ron was a s c o m mon a s b ronze f or t he manufac ture o f swords d uring Ha C ( L is t 2 34 , 2 -12;

C owen 1 967 , 4 38-439 ) , wh i le b ronze was p redo m inant i n t he

Ne therlands , n orth-eas tern F rance a nd B ri ta in .

2 47

A t Morimo ine , Oss a nd

Meerlo ( L is t 2 34 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 5 ) warriors w i th l ong i ron swords a lso h ad i ron h orse-harness .

Th is emphas ises t he importance o f B e lg iu m ,espec ia l ly

B raban t , wh ich i nc ludes Oss , d uring Ha C .

There may b e a n i ron s word a t

Wi jchen ( 232 ) . The Ha l lsta t t i ron swords o f e as tern F rance h ave r ecen t ly b een d isc ussed b y Wa mser; t hey o utnu mber Ha l ls ta t t b ronze swords b y more t han s ix t o o ne i n b uria l f i nds ( 1975 , 2 5 , 1 62 , Tabe l le 1 ) a nd , s ave o ne p eriphera l e xa mp le , e xc lude t he m c o mp le te ly f ro m B urgundy ( i b id ., 6 8) .

Where l eng th

c an b e e s tab lished , mos t o ft hese B urgundian swords a re l ong , 9 5 t o 1 05 cm , t he s horter e xamp les p robab ly b e ing imports f ro m t he J ura ( i b id ., 6 8-69) . Wa mser s ugges ts t ha t t he s hort i ron sword f ro m b arrow 1 , Ner m ier , J ura , i s o f l a te U rnf ie ld d a te b ecause o f i t s a ssoc ia t ion w i th Ha B2 /3 p ot tery ( i b id ., 2 6-27 , 1 46 n o . 6 09 , Taf . 2 , 3 -5 , 7 ;

3 , 2 ) ;

s o me G t ind lingen swords a re

f ound i n t rans i t iona l l a te U rnf ie ld/early H a l ls ta t t c on tex ts a nd s o me may b e o f l a te U rnf ie ld d a te ( i b id ., 1 00 ) .

L ong i ron swords a re d a ted t o Ha C 2 ( i b id .,

6 1, 8 6 , 8 8-89 , 9 1 , T abe l le 1 2 ) . Antennae-po m me l i ron swords .

L IST 2 35

R ie th d a ted a n tennae-po m me l i ron swords t o H a D ( 1 942 , 5 5 , Abb . 4 0 ) . Th is t ype i s w idespread i n c en tra l a nd s ou th-wes tern E urope , w i th b lades o f v ary ing l eng th .

D iscussing t he s ou th-wes tern f i nds , S ch t i le h as s tressed t ha t

i ta ppears d uring H a C ( 1960 , 1 9 ) .

The b uria l

f ro m S esto C a lende , C o mo , i s

o f s even th-century d a te ( Frey 1 969 , 4 7-50 ) a nd s hort a n tennae-po m me l s words p robab ly a ppeared d uring H a C 2 a t H a l ls ta t t ( i b id ., A bb . 2 7; 3 6 , f ig . 5 , 2 -3 ) .

P eron i 1 973 ,

A H a C 2 d a te i s p robab le f or t he C ourt-Sa int-E t ienne sword

( L is t 2 34 , 2 ) a nd t h is s hou ld a lso a pp ly t o t he L ondon s word ( L ist 2 35 , I ) , s ure ly a n import f ro m c en tra l E urope o r e as tern F rance ( c f . D rack 1 972-73 , 1 21 , Abb . 2 ; Wa mser 1 975 , 3 0 , Ta f . 3 , 3 ) .

The F rench d istribut ion o f i ron

a ntennae-po m me l swords i s s outher ly , l ike t ha t o fl ong i ron swords , b u t w i th more f inds i n t he s ou th-wes t ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 , 4 2 , f i g . 3 ) .

The s ing le

a ntennae-po m me l i ron s word f ro m E ng land s ee ms u n like ly t o h ave b een t he p recursor o f s ocke ted swords a s Moore a nd R ow lands ( 1972 , 3 2 n . 4 7) c la im o n t he b as is o ft he Wh it t ingha m sword ( see p . 1 89 ) . The L ondon a n tennaep o m me l sword i s ad ist inc t ive import b ut d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave i nf luenced i nsu lar p roduc t ion ; i ts hou ld h ave b een i mported t owards t he e nd o f LBA4 . Ha l lsta t t c hapes .

L IST 2 36

Av arie ty o f d ist inc t ive c hapes h as b een f ound a ssoc ia ted w i th Ha C swords a nd h orse-gear ( Kossack 1 959 , 1 7-18;

S chauer 1 971, 2 25 ); t hey a re

d is t inguished b y w ings , swep t-back , s tra igh t o r r ecurved a nd t he ir t ypo logy i s b ased o n t ha t o f K ossack ( 1959 , 2 85-286 , Ta f . 1 51) .

De ta i ls h ave b een

p rov ided b y Marien ( 1958, 4 4 , 5 0 , 1 84 ) o f f i nds f ro m t he L ow C ountries , b y E ogan ( 1965 , 1 68-176) o f I r ish f i nds a nd b y C owen ( 1967 , 4 53 ) o f B ri t ish f i nds . S chauer h as l i s ted e xa mp les f ro m s outhern G er many a nd r ecap i tu la ted e v id ence f ro m e lsewhere ( 1971 , 2 17-225 ) . The d is tribut ion o f Ha l lsta t t c hapes r ef lec ts t ha t o f H a l lsta t t b ronze swords ; i ti s c oncen tra ted i n c en tra l E urope w i th o ther g roups i n s ou thern F rance , t he L ow C ountries , B ri ta in a nd I re land a nd t he N ordic a rea .

2 48

The mos t w idespread f or ms a re t he c hapes w ith swep t-back w ings o f P r t il lsb irk ig a nd B t ichenbach t ypes ( i b id ., 2 17-219 ) wh i le t he f or ms w i th r ecurved w ings , w ings , t he B era tzhausen , O berwa ldbehrungen a nd F re ihausen t ypes ( i b id ., 2 21-224 ) a re l arge ly c onf ined t o c entra l E urope ( i b id ., T af . 1 27A-B ) . There i s n o s pec if ica l ly i nsu lar f or m ; t he most c o m mon f or m i n E ng land , B e lg iu m a nd t he N e ther lands ( L is t 2 35 , 1 -4 , 7 , 1 3-16) i s t he P r t i l lsb irk ig t ype , wh i le t he most c o m mon I r ish f or m i s t he B Uchenbach t ype ( L is t 2 36 , 1 0-11) .

I t

wou ld b e u nw ise t o a ssu me t ha t as ing le p roduc t ion c en tre e x is ted ( i b id ., 2 18); S chauer s ugges ts a s outh G er man p roduc t ion c entre f or mos t t ypes w i th a p oss ib le i nsu lar c entre f or t he N euhaus t ype ( i b id ., 2 21) . T he p ossib le t ypo log ica l c onnec t ion b e tween sma l l b ag-shaped c hapes o f LBA3 a nd H a l ls ta t t c hapes s hou ld b e n oted . T he c oncave mouth d ef ined b y ar ib a nd t he b ead d ef in ing t he b ase a re s hared b y b ag-shaped c hapes a nd mos t Ha C c hapes a nd t here a re f or ms i n ter media te b e tween b ag-shaped c hapes a nd t he N euhaus t ype a t C ourtS a in t-Et ienne a nd L ough G ur ( see p . 1 90 ). I ron d aggers .

L IST 2 37

D aggers r ep laced swords a s a ma jor weapon t ype i n c entra l E urope d uring Ha D ( R ie th 1 942 , 3 9-54 ) t hough d aggers were much l ess n u merous t han swords h ad b een d uring H a Ca nd t hey were f ound a longs ide s ing le-edged k n ives i n s o me c ases ( Kossack 1 959 , 9 4 ) .

These d aggers c an b e d iv ided i n to t wo t ypes

b y t he c onstruc t ion o ft he ir s hea ths : w ire-bound s hea ths b e long t o H a D 1 a nd s hea ths w i th s pher ica l c hapes b e long t o H a D 2 ( i b id ., 9 5 ) . A sma l l b ut d is t inc t ive g roup o fr e la ted d aggers f ro m t he l ower Thames v a l ley h as b een s tudied b y J ope ( 1 961) . The e ar ly me mbers o ft h is g roup , wh ich i s c harac terised b y t w inloop s uspension , h ave w ooden s hea ths s ecured w i th l a tera l b ronze b ands . O n o n ly o ne e xamp le i s t he h i lt p reserved ; Mort lake 1 ( L is t 2 37 , 3 ) h as a s tra igh t p o m me l a nd h i l t-guard l ike a s eries o f s ou th G er man H a Dd aggers ( R ie th 1 942 , A bb . 3 4 ) a nd a swo l len g rip l ike t he H aps d agger ( L is t 2 37, 8 ) . B a t tersea 1 ( L is t 2 37 , 1 ) p robab ly h ad a c hape o f c rescent- o r a nchor-shape l i ke t he e xamp le f ro m N iederraunau , I , dkr . K ru mbach , B avaria ( Kossack 1 959 , Taf . 1 8, 1 0 ) w h ich i s d a ted t o t he b eg inn ing o f H a D 1 ( i b id ., 2 2 ) . The H aps d agger ( L is t 2 37, 8 ) w i th i t s g lobu lar c hape s hou ld b e o f H a D 2 d a te ( Verwers 1 972 , 6 2 ) a nd t h is l a te Ha D d a te h as b een f o l lowed b y D rack ( 1 972-73 , 1 22 , Abb . 3 , 1 ; 1 0 ) f or a f i ne e xamp le f ound i n 1 962 b e tween E s tavayerle-Lac a nd F on t , F ribourg , t hough J ope ( 1 961, 2 11) h as s ugges ted t ha t t he d agger w i th a g lobu lar c hape i n b arrow 2 a t E t t ing , L dkr , We i lhe im , B avaria ( Kossack 1 959 , Taf . 1 02 , 1 -2 ) , may b e o f o f H a C l d a te . ( i b id ., 9 5 ) .

D aggers w i th g lobu lar c hapes a re mos t c o mmon i n W t irt temberg

The c onstruc t ion o ft he s hea th o f t he L ut tre d agger ( L is t 2 37 , 7 )

i ndica tes t ha t i t was made i n t he l ower T hames v a l ley . These T ha mes d aggers s ee m t o h ave b een d erived f ro m s outhern G er many ( J ope 1 961, 3 09) p erhaps e ar ly i n H a D , t hough i n ter media te f i nds a re s carce . I n F rance c o mparab le d aggers r eached o n ly a s f ar n orth a s t he Marne ( R ie th 1 942 , 1 75 ; J ope 1 961 , 3 12 , f i g . 2 , r igh t ) a t t he v ery e nd o ft he Ha l lsta t t p eriod ( Hat t a nd R oua le t 1 977 , 1 0 , p l . V , 2 2-24 ) , b ut s lender d agg ers d erived f ro m f or ms o ft he Ha l ls ta t t/La ' I l ene t ransi t ion were s ubsequen t ly p roduced i n t he l ower T hames v a l ley ( J ope 1 961 , 3 12-316) , s o t he e ar ly Thames d aggers ( L is t 2 37 , 1 -7) may b e r egarded a s E IA1 p roduc ts . 2 49

B ronze a rrowheads .

L IST 2 38

A s eries o f b ronze a rrowheads , o f ten k nown a s " Scy th ian" i n c en tra l a nd wes tern E urope , i s s pread f ro m t he S teppes t o t he A t lant ic a nd f ro m t he Mediterranean t o t he Ba lt ic . t ri loba te .

The mos t c harac teris t ic f or m i s s ocke ted a nd

The a rrowheads f ro m B ures , S a in t-Den isle-Fer ment , t wo f ro m

Turnhout a nd mos t i n L aon Museu m ( L is t 2 38 , 2 -3 , 6 ) a re t riangu lar i n p rof i le , wh i le t hose f ro m Mount B at ten a nd S chaerbeek ( L is t 2 38, 1 , 7 ) a re b ic on ica l .

The Meru a rrowhead ( L is t 2 38 , 4 ) i s b arbed a nd t anged w i th l ozenge-

s ec t ion b lade a nd r ound-sec t ion t ang .

The b icon ica l t ri loba te f or m i s k nown

i n al a te Ha l lsta t t b ur ia l a t C ha te l-Gerard , Y onne ( K lee mann 1 954 , 1 22 , Abb . 2 , e ) .

T r i loba te a rrowheads o ccur i n G reece b e tween t he s eventh a nd f if th

c en turies ( Snodgrass 1 964 , 1 48-154 , f i g . 1 0 , 2B3 , 3B5 , 3C2 ) ; t he b arbed a nd t anged f or m ( i b id ., 1 47 , f i g . 9 , d l) a nd t he q uadri loba te f or m ( i b id ., 1 54 ) , k nown f ro m T urnhout ( L ist 2 38, 6 ) , b o th h ave w ider d a te r anges . S u li m irsk i ( 1961 , 7 96) h as p roposed t ha t a l l s uch a rrowheads f ound i n wes tern E urope a re t he r esu lt o fr a ids b y t he S cy th ians o r a l l ied p eop les; h e d a tes t he t ri loba te b icon ica l a rrowheads t o t he l a te s ix th c entury a nd t he t anged a rrowheads t o t he f ourth a nd f if th c enturies .

T ri loba te a rrowheads

were i n u se i n t he Russ ian S teppes f ro m t he s even th c en tury o nwards b u t t he f or ms i l lustra ted b y Sm irnov a nd P e trenko ( 1963 , p ls . 1 2-13 ) a nd Me lyukova ( 1964 , p ls . 6 -9 ) h ave b u l le t-shaped p rof i les u n l ike a ny f or ms o f t ri loba te a rrowhead f ound i n n orth-wes tern E urope .

Th is b u l le t-shaped p rof i le i s a lso

d om inant among t he S cy th ian f i nds i n T ransy lvan ia a nd t he C arpa th ian B as in ( Parducz 1 973 , 5 9-60 ) b ut p robab ly a ppeared i n t hese a reas n o e ar l ier t han c . 5 60 B . C . ( i b id ., 4 4 n .58 , 5 2 ) .

The western e xamp les may b e r e la ted t o

G reek r a ther t han s tr ic t ly ' Scy th ian ' f or ms .

The d istribut ion o f ' Graeco-

E uras ia t ic ' a rrowheads i n E urope s hows t wo g roups ( K i m mig a nd Gersbach 1 971, Abb . 1 2 ) :

t he f i rs t , e as tern , c en tred o n t he C arpa th ians , a nd t he

s econd , wes tern , c en tred o n t he Rhone v a l ley .

The G reeks , w i th c o lon ies o n

t he B lack S ea a nd a t Mass i lia , were p robab ly r espons ib le f or t he i n troduc t ion o f t hese a rrowheads i nto wes tern E urope ( i b id ., 5 2 ) .

The d a te o f i so la ted

f i nds i s u ncerta in ; ar ecent d a ted f i nd f ro m t he Heuneburg i s H a D2 ( i b id ., 4 9 ) a nd s uch a d a te i s a cceptab le f or f i nds f urther n orth . I ron a rrowheads .

L IST 2 39

I ron a rrowheads a ppear t o h ave b een l ess c o m mon t han b ronze d uring t he E ar ly I ron Age , t hough a v ar ie ty o f f or ms i s k nown , t anged , s ocke ted a nd p ka in .

The d a te o ft hese a rrowheads a ppears t o b e p redo minan t ly H a D

( R ie th 1 942 , 6 3-64 ; D rack 1 972-73 , 1 26) a nd t he t wo Du tch f i nds a gree w i th t h is c hrono logy :

H aps b uria l 1 90 ( L ist 2 39 , 1 ) s hou ld b e Ha D2 b ecause o f i t s

d agger a nd t he Have lterberg b uria l ( L is t 2 39 , 2 ) i s d a ted t o Ha D b y i t s Ruinen- Wo m me ls Ip ot ( Verwers 1 972 , 6 0 ) . VESSELS B ucke ts .

L IST 2 40 .

MAP 8 0

Two K urd b ucke ts o f H a Cd a te a re k nown f ro m t he Ne ther lands .

The

f i rs t i s f ro m t he Oss b uria l ( L is t 2 40 , 1 ) a nd t he s econd f ro m Baar lo ( L ist

2 50

2 40 , 3 ) , a lso f ro m a b ur ia l .

The f or m o ft he B aar lo b ucke t a nd t he o rna ment

o f i t s s trap-hand les c onf ir ms i t s H a Cd a te ( v on Merhart 1 952 , 3 3; K im m ig 1 962-63 , 8 6-87 ) . The E de b ucke t ( L is t 2 40 , 2 ) a lso c on ta ined a c re ma t ion b uria l . The f or m o f i t s s hou lder s ugges ts a H a l ls ta t t d a te a nd t he l ooped h and le-a t tachmen t r e la tes i tt o v on Merhart 's g roup o f s i tu lae w i th r ibbed s hou lders ( 1952 , 3 5-38, 7 0-71 , Taf . 2 1, 6 -11; 6 3 , 8 7;

2 2 ) ; t h is f or m i s c o m mon a t H a l lsta t t ( K imm ig 1 962-

P eron i 1 973 , 2 8, f i g . 3 , 2 9 ) t hough r ibs a re r are ly p resen t o n t he

s hou lder ( Kro mer 1 959 , Taf . 1 15 , 4 ) . The b es t c o mparison a ppears t o b e a v esse l i n aB y lany c u lture b uria l f ro m B ohe m ia , b uria l 2a t Rven ice ( P le inerova . 1 973 , 2 96-298 , Abb . 6 ) ; a part f ro m i t s l arger s ize , t h is v esse l a ppears t o d if fer f ro m t he E de b ucke t o n ly i n h av ing a t wo-p iece b ody .

The b uria l i s

d a ted t o t he Ha C /D t rans i t ion . A s im i lar v esse l f ro m D ob i%ny , B ohe m ia , h as t he t ypo log ica l ly l a ter f o lded b ase-p la te ( i b id ., 2 97, Abb . 1 5 ) . The E de b ucke t was p robab ly a p roduc t o f B ohem ia , c f . t he e as t H a l lsta t t s i tu la w i th d ecora ted b ody a nd f o lded b ase-p la te f ro m t he Rh ine a t K ö ln-R ieh l , Rh ine land ( K im m ig 1 962-63 , 8 7 , Taf . 4 8 ) . The u se o fb ronze v esse ls i n c re ma t ion b uria ls i n t he N e ther lands may r epresen t ac on t inua t ion o ft he t radi t ion a lready e s tab lished b y t he u se o f MV v esse ls ( see ( 201) ) . Ha l ls ta t t a nd e ar ly L a Tene s i tu lae c onta ined c re ma t ion b uria ls i n n orthern E urope , t he midd le Rh ine a rea a nd F rance ( i b id ., 9 5-96, Abb . 1 3 ) a s f ar wes t a s B ri t tany ( i b id ., 6 1-63;

S chwappach 1 969 , 2 48-251) .

Two c re ma t ion b ur ia ls o f e ar ly L a T ene d a te i n t he Ne ther lands may b e n o ted . T he f i rs t , i n t he s ame r eg ion a s t he Ha l ls ta t t b uria ls w i th b ucke t , i s f ro m Overasse lt , G e lder land , where t he v esse l i s o f c on ica l p rof i le , o ne-piece b ody , a ngu lar s hou lder w i th r im r o l led o ver a n i ron r ing ; t wo p a irs o fb ronze b ands s o ldered o n to t he n eck a re t he r ema ins o f l ooped h and le-at tache mnts ; t he b ase-p la te i s s o ldered o n to t he b ody ( den B oes terd 1 956 , 3 8 n o . 1 11, p l . V ; K im m ig 1 962-63 , 5 7 , Abb . 7 ; d e L ae t 1 974 , 4 02 ) . T h is v esse l c on ta ined b urnt b ones , r ema ins o f h orse-gear a nd a sma l l b ronze c up a nd i s s imi lar t o e ar ly L a Tene s i tu lae c on ta in ing c rema t ion b uria ls i n n orth-west G er many ( K im m ig 1 962-63 , 5 6 , Taf . 4 3-44 ) .

The s econd v esse l c on ta ined a c rema t ion

i n t he c en tre o f ar ing-di tch a t Meppen , D ren the ( van G if fen 1 938a ) . O n ly t he u pper p art o ft he v esse l s urv ived , i n f ragmen tary c ondi t ion ; i th as a h igh a ngu lar s hou lder w i th s hort , i n turned n eck , t h ickened , w i th a s l igh t b ead a t t he r im ; o ft he h and le-a t tachmen ts t here r ema in o n ly t wo p a irs o f i ron r ive ts wh ich a ppear t o h ave h e ld o va l p la tes ( K im m ig 1 962-63 , 4 8-49 , Taf . 2 9 1 ; 3 8 , 2 ) .

T he Meppen s i tu la a ppears s im i lar t o av esse l f ro m G ladbach ,

K r . N euwe id , Rh ine land ( i b id ., 3 8 n o . 1 7 , 4 7-48, Ta f . 2 6, 2 , Abb . 3 ) , wh ich a lso c onta ined a c re ma t ion b uria l .

The c onstruc t ion o f t he Meppen s i tu la ,

s eam less f ro m a s ing le s hee t , r e la tes i tt o l a te H a l ls tat t c au ldrons b ut t he h and le-a t tachment i s c harac teris t ic o f Rhen ish s i tu lae a nd i ron r ive ts were u sed o n ly o n L aT bne v esse ls .

T he Meppen s i tu la was p robab ly a p roduc t

o ft he s ame w orkshop o n t he midd le Rh ine . R ibbed p a i ls .

L IST 2 41.

MAP 8 0

The Weybridge p a i l ( L ist 2 41, 1 ) b e longs t o S t jernqu is t 's s tandard t ype w i th i n terna l ly r o l led r im a nd a s ing le b road r ib o n t he b ase wh ich h as n arrow r ibs a round a c en tra l p un t ; i t s v o lu me a nd p roport ions p lace i ti n a smal l 2 51

g roup , t he H a l lsta t t v arian t ( S t jernqu is t 1 967 , 7 0-71) . o f t h is v arian t a re f ro m G o m mev i l le , C ö te-d 'Or;

T he o ther e xamp les

Ha l lsta t t , b uria ls 7 69 a nd

9 10 , a nd N ocera d e i P agan i , C a mpania ; p a i ls o ft he s tandard t ype w i th i nt erna l ly r o l led r im a re c oncen tra ted i n H ungary a nd t he e as tern A lps ( i b id ., Abb . 1 2 ) .

The s tandard t ype i s d a ted a l mos t e xc lus ive ly t o Ha D ( i b id ., 7 2-74 ) ;

H a l lsta t t b uria l 9 10 i s o f Ha C d a te b ut r ibbed p a i ls a re among t he t ypes whose a t tribu t ion t o s pec if ic b uria ls may b e u ncerta in ( see p . 3 6). The f rag ments i n t he Wi jchen b uria l ( L is t 2 41 , 2 ) r epresent a p a i l o f a f or m o therw ise c onf ined t o t he u pper A dria t ic c oas t a nd d a ted f ro m H a B 3 t o Ha D b ut p robab ly e ar lier t han t he Weybridge p a i l .

The r ecogn i t ion o ft he

r ibbed p a i l i n t he Wi jchen b uria l means t ha t i ti sn o l onger j us t if iab le t o u se t he p a i l i n t he e ar ly L a Tene b uria l f ro m E igenb i lzen , B e lg ian L imburg ( I nv . Arch . B 6;

S t jernquis t 1 967 , I , 9 0-83 , I , 3 2 n o . 5 2 , Ta f . X I I , 3 ) , t o s ugges t

a n e ar ly L a Tene d a te f or t he Weybridge v esse l ( Harb ison a nd L a ing 1 974 , 1 0-11) a nd t he Wi jchen f i nd a lso s ugges ts t ha t t he Weybridge p a i l was a g enuine a nc ien t import . Misce l laneous v esse ls .

L IST 2 42

The L ondon c au ldron ( L is t 2 42 , 2 ) i s aH a Dt ype c o m mon i n wes t-cen tra l E urope w i th a f ew e xa mp les o n t he midd le Rh ine a nd i n I ta ly ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957, f i g . 1 2 ; K ossack 1 959 , 2 94 , Taf . 1 55C ) .

There i s ac o mparab le

e xa mp le i n t he H och m iche le , b ur ia l V I , K r . S au lgau , Wt trt te mberg ( R iek 1 962 , 1 73-174 , Taf . 8 , 1 46 ) .

I ft h is was a n a nc ien t import , ar ou te v ia t he

l o wer Rh ine s ee ms l ike ly ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957, 1 94 ) .

Th is v esse l i s

u sua l ly a ccep ted a s a n a nc ien t i mport b ecause o f i t s p rovenance a nd , p erhaps , b ecause o f t he a u thori ty o f i t s p ub l ica t ion ( Cun l if fe 1 974 , 1 42 ; 1 41) , b ut more d oubt a t taches t o t he o ther v esse ls .

H arding 1 974 ,

The Mins ter f rag men t

( L is t 2 42 , 1 ) i s f ro m a s o-ca l led ' Rhodian ' f lagon , r ea l ly E truscan , at ype f ound i n Ha D 1 c on tex ts o n t he midd le Rh ine ( Frey 1 964 ) , b u t w i th n o a u then t ic a ted f inds f urther n orth .

T he N orthamp ton o enochoe ( L ist 2 42 , 3 ) i s a lso a n

E truscan t ype c o m mon n orth o f t he A lps ( Frey 1 969 , 1 14-117;

B ou lou m ie

1 973; H arb ison a nd L a ing 1 974 , 2 1 n . 7 9 ) a nd t he a ssoc ia t ion o f s uch a v esse l w i th a Ha D c au ldron a t Ha t ten , B as-Rh in ( Frey 1 957 , Abb . 1 -2) , i ndica tes p re-La Tene e xport ; t he more n orther ly e xa mp le f ro m E igenb i lzen ( I nv . A rch . B 6 , 2 ) i s L a Tene .

The r ecent f i nd o f af ragmen t o f a mou ld f or t he h and le

o f a n o enochoe o f E truscan t ype a t t he H euneburg , u ns tra t if ied t hough p oss ib ly o f H a Dd a te , s ugges ts p roduc t ion n orth o f t he A lps ( K imm ig a nd v on V acano 1 973 ) . The I xworth f ragmen t ( L is t 2 42 , 4 ) h as b een i n terpre ted a s p art o f a Ha l lsta t t v esse l ( R idgeway a nd Sm i th 1 905-07 , 1 08;

H awkes a nd Sm i th 1 957 ,

1 97 ) , p resu mab ly a s ha l low f l anged b ow l o f t he t ype , c o mmon a t Ha l lsta t t ( Peron i 1 973 , 3 0 , f igs . 1 , 3 2 ; 6 , 2 2 ; B ri t tany ( Dehn 1 971) .

7 , 1 8-20 ) , wh ich s pread a s f ar a s

I xworth i s as uspec t p rovenance a nd t he N ortha mpton

a nd Minster v esse ls a re n ot s o r e l iab ly r ecorded a s t he Weybridge p a i l a nd t he L ondon c au ldron b u t e ach o f t hese v esse ls c ou ld h ave b een a Ha l ls ta t t import .

I nsu lar c au ldrons were s t i l l i n u se d uring LBA4 , a s s hown b y t he

L lyn F awr ( 2 18) a nd S o mp t ing ( 223 ) h oards , a nd t he L ondon c au ldron may r epresen t ac on tinua t ion o ft h is t radi t ion d uring E IA1 .

2 52

F lesh-hooks .

L IST 2 43

The i ron t r ident i n b arrow 3 a t C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne ( L is t 2 43 , 2 ) i s u sua l ly i n terpre ted a s af l esh-hook , t hough i th as b een s ugges ted t ha t i t migh t b e ag oad , b u t t h is b uria l p rov ides n o e v idence f or a v eh ic le . The Wi jchen t er m ina l ( L is t 2 43 , 3 ) r esemb les i nsu lar k nobbed f l esh-hook t er m ina ls b ut t h is i n terpre ta t ion i s n o t c erta in ; ag oad migh t b e a ppropria te i n a wagonb ur ia l o r t he t er m ina l may b e j us t av eh ic le-f it t ing . The c on t inued u se o fb ronze c au ldrons i n B ri ta in d uring LBA4 s ugges ts t ha t f l esh-hooks w ou ld s t i l l h ave b een i n u se .

Wh i le f l esh-hooks a re a bsen t

f ro m LBA4 h oards , t he Dunaverny h ook ( L is t 2 43 , 1 ) h as b een i n terpre ted a s aH a Ci mport ( Megaw 1 970 , 5 1-52; S cot t a nd P owe l l 1 969 , 1 25 n . 3 ) b ecause o f i t s o rna men t , wh ich p robab ly r epresen ts o ne p a ir o f c rows o r r avens a nd o ne p a ir o f s wans w i th t he ir c ygne ts .

J ockenhöve l ( 1 974a ) men t ions n o c ont in-

e nta l a f f in i t ies a nd t he f or ms o f h ook a nd t er mina l a re i nsu lar a nd u n like a ny c on t inenta l f or m ( Hundt 1 953; 1 954 ) .

The c o mparab le i nsu lar f l esh-hooks

a re f ro m t he E a ton h oard , N orw ich , N orfo lk ( J ockenhöve l 1 974a , 3 30 n o . 1 0 , Abb . 1 0 ) , t he L u lworth h oard , D orse t ( i b id ., n o . 1 2 ) , a nd K i l leonan , K intyre , A rgy le , ( I b id ., n o . 1 3; C o les 1 959-60 , 2 5 , f i g . 3 ; S cot t a nd P owe l l 1 969 , 1 25 n . 3 ) . A l l h ave d oub le h ooks s pring ing f ro m a t ransverse b ar , t he Ea ton a nd L u lworth h ooks h ave t he s ame T -shaped f or m a s Dunaverny , t he K i l leonan p iece h as p endan t r ings .

The i nsu lar t rad it ion o f f l esh-hooks i s l ong a nd c har-

a cteris t ic ; b oth t he E aton a nd L u lworth h ooks a re i n LBA3 h oards . The f or m o ft he Dunaverny h ook a ppears e n t ire ly i nsu lar , e ven i fi t s o rna ment i s a l ien .

B ird mode ls were k nown b efore H a Ci n c en tra l a nd n orthern E urope

( Kossack 1 954b , 1 7 , Ta f . 6 , 1 2 , 1 7 , 1 9 ; 3 2 , T af . 6 , 1 1 , 2 5 ; 3 4-35 , Taf . 6 , 2 , 1 0 , 1 5-16;

5 0 , Ta f . 6 , 1 , 2 3 ) , t hough l a ter G reek mode ls c i ted b y P owe l l

( Sco t t a nd P owe l l 1 969 n . 3 ; Wi l le msen 1 957 , Taf . 4 0 , B r 7 872; 6 1 , B1 946; 6 6 B1 946 ) a re c loser s ty list ica l ly t o t he mode ls o n t he D unaverny h ook wh ich n eed b e n o l a ter t han LBA3; p erhaps t he b irds a re s econdary a ddi t ions , t hough d eta i led e xa m ina t ion w ou ld b e n ecessary t o a scerta in t h is . HORSE-GEAR H a l lsta t tp ha lerae .

L IST 2 44

Ih ave d iscussed e lsewhere t he Ha C p ha lerae f ound i n B ri ta in a nd B e lg iu m ( O 'Connor 1 975 ) . The e xa mp les f ro m L lyn F awr a nd L ondon ( L is t 2 44 , 1 -3) a re o ft he t ype c o mmon i n B avaria a nd a l l t he l oops f ro m C ourt-Sa int-E t ienne ( L is t 2 44 , 5 -8) c ou ld b e long t o s im i lar t ypes . These s ou th G er man p ha lerae a re r egu lar ly a ssoc ia ted w i th h orse-harness a nd t he t ype w i th f la t tened d o me may c onf ident ly b e r egarded a s i t ems o f h orse-gear t hough t he ir e xac t p os it i on i s u ncerta in ( Snodgrass 1 973 , 4 3 ) . The S o mpt ing p ha lera

( L is t 2 44 , 4 ) b e longs t o ac harac teris t ic f or m

a l mos t e xc lus ive t o H a l lsta t t , d a ted t here t o Ha C 2 , Ik now o fn o g eograph ica l ly i n ter media te e xa mp le . H orse-gear i s r are a t H a l ls ta t t where o n ly f our g raves c onta in b i ts ( Peron i1973 , 1 5 , f i g . 1 2 , 8 ) .

Ger man s cho lars p refer

t he h orse-gear i n terpre ta t ion b u t t he t wo-s tage Ha l ls ta t t f orm r ese mbles t ha t o f A egean o b jec ts r egarded a s s h ie ld-bosses b y S nodgrass ( 1973 , 4 7-48 ) .

The

S o mpt ing p ha lera i s ar are e xa mp le o f e as tern Ha l lsta t t i nf luence i n western E urope . . 2 53

C heek-piece o rnamen ts .

L IST 2 45

Th is sma l l g roup o f c on ica l o b jec ts h as b een c ons idered u nder t he h ead ing o f ' pha lerae ' ( O 'Connor 1 975 , 2 20 , 2 23 ) b ut a more s pec if ic f unc t ion may b e s ugges ted .

Davey ( 1973 , 8 6) c o mpared t he O sgodby p iece ( L ist 2 45 , 1 ) w i th

c on ica l o b jec ts f ro m a b uria l i n t he Hungarian H a Cc e me tery a t D oba ( Ga l lus a nd H orvä . th 1 939 , 4 7 , p l . LX I , 2 -3 ) where a p a ir o f c heek-p ieces o f Kossack 's t ype l b e ach h ad a b rid le-ring a nd a b r id le-hook ( Kossack 1 954a , 1 56 , Karte 2A , 4 ; 1 57, Karte 2 E , 3 ) a nd a c on ica l o b jec t was a t tached t o e ach b rid leh ook .

The O sgodby a nd C ourt-Sa in t-E t ienne o b jec ts , a l l w i th b ar a t tach men ts

( L is t 2 45 , 1 , 3 ) , may h ave p erfor med a s im i lar f unc t ion .

K ossack i nc ludes

t he B e lg ian p ieces i n h is l i st o f t u tu l i ( 1954a ,161, K ar te 3 , D 7 ) , t hough t he Ger man e xa mp les o f t h is g roup h ave c urved b ars .

Mar ion r econs truc ts t he

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne p ieces a s c . 1 0 cm i n d ia me ter , wh i le K ossack 's t utu li a re c . 4 cm ; t he O sgodby a nd D oba c ones a re c . 1 0 cm . The Newark d iscs ( L ist 2 45 , 2 ) , 8 .2 cm i n d ia me ter , h ave c en tra l p erf ora t ions b u t t he ir c on ica l f or m r e la tes t he m t o t he Ha C o b jec ts d iscussed a bove .

The a xes i n t he Newark h oard ( I nv . A rch . GB36, 6 -8) a re c harac ter-

i st ic LBA3 f or ms w i th t hree r ibs a nd t he s pearheads ( i b id ., 3 -4 , 9 -11) most ly h ave a wa is ted midrib , ac o m mon LBA3 f or m ( Burgess 1 976b , 8 6) .

I ft he

Newark d iscs a re o f Ha C d a te , a nd Ik now o f n o e xac t p ara l le ls , t hey w ou ld p rov ide a r are i ns tance o f H a Co b jec ts i n a LBA3 c on tex t . C heek-p ieces .

L IST 2 46

f ron c heek-p ieces o f c entra l E uropean f or m o ccur i n f our b uria ls i n B e lg iu m a nd t he s outhern N e ther lands ( L is t 2 46 , 1 -4 ) a nd t he d oub lelink b ronze b i t i n t he Wi jchen b uria l ( 232 ) p robab ly b e longed t o as i mi lar b rid le . T he w ork o f K ossack ( 1954a ) i s s t i l l f unda menta l t o t he s tudy o f s uch h orseg ear . C heek-p ieces o f t ype l b o ccur t hroughou t c en tra l E urope f ro m H ungary t o t he Rh ine a nd n orth t o G ot land; t he e as ter ly e xamp les were u sua l ly o f i ron , b ronze was a lso u sed i n s ou thern G er many , B ohe m ia a nd n orthern E urope ( i b id ., 1 19-120 , 1 56 , Karte 2 , A , Abb . 2 3 , 1 ; Marien 1 958 , 1 23 ) . There i s af rag ment o f a n i ron c heek-p iece , p robab ly o f t h is t ype , f ro m a l a te Ha C b uria l i n b arrow J a t l bos , H au tes-Pyrenees ( Mohen 1 975 , 3 6 , f i g . 5 , 4 ) .

T ype l b a ppeared d uring H a C l i n s ou thern Bavaria a s p art o f K ossack 's

g roup A l l 1 -2 ( 1959 , 1 8, 2 3 , Taf . 2 5 , 3 -6 ) a nd c on t inued d uring H a C 2 ( i b id ., 2 65 n o . 3 90 , Taf . 1 39 , 6 -7 ) a nd was a c harac teris t ic Ha C f or m ( i bid ., Taf . 1 3 , 6 ) . f ron was p referred t o b ronze i n t he L ow C oun tries ( L ist 2 46 , 1 -3 ) , p erhaps r ef lec t ing t he p opu lar i ty o f i ron l ong s words . C heek-p ieces w i th f l a t tened , e xpanded l ower e nds , t ype I c , a re r arer t han t ype l b ( Kossack 1 954a , 1 20 , Karte 2 , B ) .

The Meerlo e xa mp les ( L is t

2 46, 4 ) a re o f i ron wh i le t he o ther f i nds , f ro m A us tria a nd B randenburg , a re o fb ronze .

Assoc ia ted b rid le-hooks h ave a w ider d is tribu t ion ( i b id ., 1 57 ,

Karte 2 , E )more l ike t ha t o f l b c heek-p ieces a nd a re o f ten o f i ron .

I c c heek-

p ieces a re o f H a Cd a te l ike t he b rid le-hooks ( Kossack 1 970 , 1 13 n .55 , Taf . 5 4 , 4 a ; 4 3 , 7 a ; Gabrovec 1 960 , 6 2 , Abb . 3 ) .

2 54

Marien ( 1958, 3 5-36 ) i n terpre ted t he w inged o b jec ts f ro m C ourt-Sa intE t ienne ( L is t 2 46, 6 -7) a s c heek-p ieces b y a na logy w i th t he e xa mp les i n t he H a Cb uria l 2a t L engenfe ld , L dk r . P arsberg , Oberpfa lz ( Kossack 1 954a , Abb . 2 4B , 3 -4 ) , a nd t h is i n terpre ta t ion was s upported b y e xa m ina t ion o f t he s e t f ro m L lyn F awr ( L is t 2 46, 5 ) b y A lcock ( 1 961) .

These c heek-p ieces a re a l l w i th in

t he l a te U rnf ie ld/ear ly H a l lsta t t t rad i t ion o f s y m me trica l c heek-p ieces ( Ba lkw i l l 1 973 , 4 47 , L is t 2 ) a nd t he We lsh a nd B e lgian e xa mp les , t he L a Quen ique t ype , a re c lose ly r e la ted b y t he ir c ons truc t ion , e spec ia l ly t he s lot ted w ings . S avory ( 1976a , 4 7) h as emphasised t he d if ferences i n d e ta i l b e tween t he L lyn F awr a nd C ourt-Sa in t-E t ienne c heek-p ieces b ut t here i s l i t t le e v idence t o s upport h is imp l ica t ion t ha t t he We lsh e xamp les w ere p roduc ts o f western F rance where c heek-p ieces a re c onf ined t o t he n orthern P yrenees ( Joussau me , Mohen a nd Tardy 1 969 , 4 68, f i g . 8 ; Mohen 1 975 ,

4 0-41) .

S ym me trica l c heek-p ieces were k nown i n B ri ta in d uring LBA2 ( see p . 1 49;

c f . B ri tne l l 1 976 , f ig . 3B ) a nd t he o rna menta l d iscs o n t he L lyn F awr

c heek-p ieces may b e c o mpared w i th t he mot if o n L langwy l log b u t tons ( D . L ang ley ;

s ee p .199 )wh ich s ugges ts t ha t t he L lyn F awr c heek-pieces may

h ave b een i nsu lar p roduc ts wh ich p oss ib ly i nf luenced t he C ourt-Sa int-E t ienne c heek-p ieces . The n a ture o ft he i ron h orse-harness i n t he H a D Have lterberg b uria l ( G . J . V erwers ; V erwers 1 972 , 6 0 ) i s u nknown t o me .

There a re p oss ib le

B ri t ish e xa mp les o f E ar ly I ron Age h orse h arness f ro m K ing 's Weston H i l l , b arrow 2 , S o merse t ( Tratman 1 922-25 , 2 39 , f i g . 2 ; 1 4 ) , a nd Wy tham , B erks .

B a lkw i l l 1 973 , 4 48 n o .

( Harding 1 972 , 1 72 , p l . 7 6 , A -B ;

B a lkw i l l 1 973 ,

4 46, 4 50 ) , b u t t hese f i nds a re o f u ncerta in d a te . Y oke- moun ts .

L IST 2 47

These o b jec ts , J ochschna l len , a re r ec tangu lar o penwork p la tes o f c ast b ronze , o f ten made u p o f sma l l c ups .

L oops may b e p resen t a long o ne s ide

o n ly ( Kossack 1 954a , Abb . 1 9A , 4 5; 1 9B , 1 8; 2 2-24 ;

2 6D , 1 2;

2 1C , 2 2-22;

2 2B , 1 6-18;

2 5 ,

2 7 , 1 6-19 ) , a s a t L lyn F awr ( L is t 2 47, 1 ) , o r s o me f or m

o f a t tachmen t may b e p resent a long b oth s ides , a s a t C ourt-Sa int-Et ienne a nd Wi jchen ( L ist 2 47 , 3 -4 ) .

The S tap le H owe f rag ment ( L ist 2 47 , 2 ) a ppears

t o b e ac up r a ther l ike t hose o n t he C ourt-Sa int-Et ienne mount . F inds i n s i tu i ndica te t ha t t hese moun ts were a t tached t o y okes ( Dvo ak 1 938, o br . 2 0-21; Marion 1 958, 3 1-32 , f i g . 5 5A ) .

The ir d istribu t ion i s p re-

d om inant ly c entra l E uropean ( i b id ., 2 9-31; K ossack 1 954a , 1 24-129 , 1 61 , Karte 4 , A ) a nd t he f or m t o wh ich t he e xa mp les l is ted h ere b e long i s d a ted t o H a C l ( Kossack 1 970 , 1 11 n . 5 0 ) .

The L lyn F awr moun t h as o rna men ta l d iscs

w i th c oncentric r ibs l ike t hose o n t he c heek-p ieces i n t he s a me h oard ( L ist 2 46, 5 ) a nd L langwy l log b ut tons ( see p . 3 83 ) wh ich may s ugges t i nsu lar p roduc t ion .

O n ly a t Wi jchen i s t here o ther e v idence o f av eh ic le t o c o mp le-

men t t he y oke . C oncave o va l a t tachmen ts .

. L IST 2 48

C oncave o va l a t tachments , u sua l ly w i th a c en tra l p erfora t ion , o ccur i n B ohe m ia a nd s outhern G er many d uring Ha C ( Kossack 1 954a , 1 62 , Karte 4 , B ) ; when f ound i n s i tu t hey a re y oke o rna men ts k nown a s J ochrose t ten 2 55

( Dvo ak 1 938 , o br . 2 0-21; Marion 1 958 , f i g . 5 5 , A-B ) .

B avarian f i nds a re

Ha C l ( Kossack 1 959 , 1 8 , Taf . 6 0 , 1 0 , T abe l le 1 ) . Misce l laneous i t e ms o f H a l ls ta t t h orse-gear O ther c harac teris t ic i t e ms o f H a l ls ta t t h orse-gear o ccur a s i so la ted f i nds a t C ourt-Sa int-Et ienne .

Ab ar t ogg le ( Marion 1 958 , 3 7-38

i s o fl a te U rnf ie ld t radi t ion ( see p . 1 96 G 16;

n o . 1 16 , f i g . 4 )

;K ossack 1 954a , 1 57-158 , Karte 2 ,

1 959 , Abb . 1 4 , 5 ) b u t t he f or m a lso o ccurs i n H a C( i b id ., 1 15 , Abb . . 2 4B,

9 ) .

F rag ments o f moun ted o penwork a re r econstruc ted a s h eads ta l l-orna men ts

( Marion 1 958 , 6 3-65 n o . 1 28 , f i gs . 9 , 5 2 ) aw idespread t ype ( Kossack 1 954a , 1 58 , K arte 2 , H ) c harac teris t ic o f H a Ci n B avaria ( Kossack 1 959 , T af . 1 3 , 7 ) . The s e t o f i ron p endan ts i n b arrow 4 ( 229 ) may r epresen t l a te U rnf ie ld t rad it ion ( see p . 2 14 )b u t t he u se o f i ron s ugges ts a H a l lsta t t d a te ;

s im i lar t r i-

a ngu lar i ron p endan ts o ccur o n r ings p endant f ro m l inch-pins a t H raden in , B ohe m ia , Ha C ( Dvor-a k 1 938 , o br . 1 3 , 4 ) . ORNAMENTS S a int-V incent p ins .

L IST 2 49

The S a in t-V incent c e me tery h as p roduced t wo i ron p ins w i th b en t s haf ts a nd h o l low , o va l , t wo-p iece h eads ( L is t 2 49 , 1 ) ;

t wo p ins o f s im i lar f or m ,

b ut w i th i ron s haf ts a nd b ronze h eads , o ccur a t Oss ( L is t 2 49 , 2 ) . Marion ( 1964 , 1 55-156) c i ted N ord ic p ins a s c o mparisons .

These p ins

h ave s tra igh t i ron s haf ts a nd b ronze h eads , i ron h eads a re e xcep t iona l ( Kr t iger 1 961 , 4 2 n . 1 70 ) , a nd a re k nown a s B o mbenkopfnade ln , n ot t o b e c onfused w i th t he l a te U rnf ie ld b ronze p ins o f t h is n a me ( see p .203 ) . They a re c harac teris t ic o ft he E ar ly I ron Age i n n orthern G er many a nd n orthern P o land :

i n t he wes t t hey b e long t o p hases a a nd b o f t he J as torf c u lture ( i b id . ,

4 2-43 ) ;

i n t he e as t t hey b e long t o K e i ling 's p hase I c , e quiva len t t o J astorf b

( 1969 , 1 6, 4 7-48 , Abb . 1 , T af . 7 0 ) ;

i n H o ls te in t hey o ccur i n H ings t 's

p hases l b2 a nd I d l( 1959 , 1 13 , A bb . 1 7a , 4 2-43 ) .

Th is r epresents a c hrono-

l og ica l r ange f ro m t he e nd o f H a D i n to L a I l ene C ( Jacob-Friesen 1 974 , Abb . 3 74 ) .

The o rig in o f t hese p ins l i es i n c entra l E urope d uring l a te Ha D ( H ings t

1 974 , 7 0 ;

S angme is ter 1 969 , 1 57 , a 3 n o . 3 0 , 1 65 , 1 68, 1 77 , A bb . 3 -5;

Aufder mauer 1 964 , 4 2-43 ) . These c o mparisons a re n ot s a t isfac tory ;

a l l t he N ordic p ins h ave s tra igh t

s haf ts , u n l ike t he S a in t-V incent p ins , a nd t he l a te Ha D -La Tene c hrono logy i s t oo l a te , c erta in ly f or O ss a nd p robab ly f or S a in t-V incen t ( Marion 1 964 , 1 62 ) .

B ent s haf ts a ppear i n e arl ier c ontex ts .

A t G rosse ibs tad t , L dkr . K önigs-

h ofen , F rancon ia , b uria l 1 , ar ich wagon-buria l o f H a C l c on ta ined f ive h o l low , t wo-p iece h eads o f i ron o n i ron s haf ts ( Kossack 1 970 , 5 5 , 1 17 , 1 21, Taf . 3 2 , 3 a-e ) .

B arrow 1 0 a t Wi ls tedt , K r . S tor marn , H o lste in , c on ta ined

as i mi lar o b jec t ( H ings t 1 959 , 4 8 , 4 96 , Taf . 9 1 , 1 1) , d a ted t o t he t rans i t ion b e tween MV a nd t he a l tere v örro m ischen E isenze i t ( i b id ., A bb . 1 7a ) .

These

t wo f i nds c o mpare w i th t he e ar ly Ha C d a te f or S a in t-V incent p ins p rov ided b y t he Oss b uria l .

I ron p ins w i th swan 's-neck s haf ts a nd h o l low , t wo-p iece

h eads o ccur i n p hase I a o f H arck 's p re-Ro man I ron Age ( 1972 , 2 5 , Tabe l le 1 ) b ut t h is i s e quiva len t t o H a D ( i b id ., 2 8) .

2 56

Swan 's-neck p ins .

L IST 2 50

I n B ri ta in o n ly t he p ins f ro m I s l ip , B righ ton a nd A l l C annings C ross ( L is t 2 50 , 1 -3 ) h ave t he d oub le c urve o f at rue swan 's-neck p in; h as p ointed o u t h ow r are t h is f or m i s .

H odson ( 1964 , 1 05 )

B ronze swan 's-neck p ins o ccur i n

c entra l E urope d uring H a Ca nd Ha D ( Kossack 1 959 , 3 2 , 2 88-289 , Taf . 1 53A , 2 ) 2 ) a nd a t t he s ame t ime i n L ower S axony ( Laux 1 976 , 1 28-132 ) where i ron e xa mp les a ppeared d uring H a Di n H arck 's p hase I a o f t he p re-Ro man I ron Age ( 1972 , 2 4-25 , 2 8 ) .

During s ubsequen t p hases o f t he n orth Ger man f ron

Age t he swan 's-neck f or m was r ep laced b y t he s i mp le b en t f or m ( i b id ., 3 1-32 , Taf . A -B ) . The b ronze p in f ro m b arrow 9 , Dehnsen , K r . L üneburg , p laced i n J as tor fa b y K r t iger ( 1961 , 4 4 , Ta f . 2 3 , 1 5b ) , i s g iven a Wessens ted t , i .e . , H a l lsta t t , d a te b y L aux ( 1976, 1 32 n o . 8 09 ) .

I n H o lste in t he l a tes t sw an 's-

n eck p ins o ccur i n H ings t 's p hase I a o ft he p re-Ro man I ron Age , i .e . MV I ( 1959 , 1 13 , Abb . 1 7a , 1 ) .

Swan 's-neck p ins o ccur o n ly d uring t he f i rst h a lf

o f MV I i n Meck lenburg ( Ke i ling 1 969 , 4 6) . N one o ft he B ri t ish e xamp les a ppears t o b e long t o ad iagnost ic c ont inen ta l t ype ; t he b ronze p ins f ro m I s l ip a nd B righ ton c ou ld b e o f LBA4 o r E IA1 d a te wh i le t he i ron p in f ro m A l l C annings C ross s hou ld b e E IA1 . R ing-headed p ins P ins w i th a r ing-head a nd c urved s haf t a re c o m mon d uring t he B ri t ish f ron Age ( Dunning 1 934 , 2 72-287;

K irk 1 949 , 1 5 ;

o n ly t he ir o rig in i s r e levan t h ere . i ron .

H arding 1 972 , p l . 7 3 ) b ut

R ing-headed p ins o ccur sin b oth b ronze a nd

E labora te b ronze e xa mp les c o me f ro m t he e ar ly L a Tene b uria ls i n

e as t Y orksh ire ( S tead 1 965 , f i g . 3 2 , 3 -4 ) a nd S tead s ugges ts t ha t t hese s tand a t t he h ead o f t he B ri t ish s equence , b e ing d erived f ro m F rench f or ms a nd p ossib ly i nf luenced b y swan 's-neck a nd r e la ted p ins ( i b id ., 5 8 n . 7 ) . The B ri t ish f or m o fr ing-headed p in a ppears t o b e d ist inc t f ro m a ny c on t inenta l f or m .

The n u merous e xa mp les o f t he e ar ly p re-Ro man I ron Age

i n n orthern G er many a nd J ut land a re d ist ingu ished b y as em i-c ircu lar c urve l ow d own t he s haf t ( Krüger 1 961, 4 5-46; Ke i ling 1 969 , 4 8; 3 4-35 ) .

B ecker 1 961 , 2 52 , p l . 9 3 , 5 2 ;

Harck 1 972 , 3 1, Taf . A , 1 5; H ings t 1 959 , 1 13 , Abb . 1 7a ,

T rue r ing-headed p ins a ppear t o b e u nknown i n E ar ly I ron Age c on-

t ex ts i n n orthern F rance .

The i nsu lar r ing-headed p in c ou ld b e at ypo log ica l

d eve lop men t f ro m t he s wan 's-neck p in , c f . t he p resence o fb oth f or ms i n b ronze a t I s l ip ;

( Harding 1 974 , f i g . 3 4 , C , E ) a nd i n i ron a t A l l C annings

C ross ( Cunn ing ton 1 923 , p l . 2 1, 1 -4 ) , b ut t he swan 's-neck f or m i s much r arer a nd a t horough s tudy o f t he a ssoc ia t ions o f r ing-headed p ins w ou ld b e n ecessary t o e s tab l ish t he ir c hrono logy . A t G oir le , N . Braban t ,

t here i s a n i ron p in w i th a t w isted s haf t a nd a

s epara te r ing-head i n a n u rn o f l a te H a Co r Ha D S -shaped p rof i le ( Verwers 1 966a , 4 2 , 4 7 , f i g . 6 , 3 6 a -b ; Des i t tere 1 968, 1 22 , f i g . 4 8, 7 -8) b u t t h is d oes n ot a ppear t o b e r e levant t o t he B ri t ish p in . Misce l laneous E ar ly f ron Age p ins .

L IST 2 51

The I s l ip p in ( L ist 2 51 , 5 ) r ese mb les a n orth G er man f or m , t he S pa tenk opfnade l , wh ich a ppeared d uring J astorf a i n t he wes t b u t i s d a ted ma in ly t o

2 57

J as torf b a nd c , midd le a nd l a te L a Tene ( Kr t iger 1 961 , 4 3 ) .

Th is l a te d a te

a lso a pp l ies t o e xamp les f ro m Meck lenburg ( Ke i ling 1 969 , 4 8, Taf . 1 6, w-x ) . These n orthern p ins a re u sua l ly o f i ron l ike t he S pa tenkopfnade ln o f t he H uns r ückE ife l c u l ture ( Haf fner 1 976, 1 7, B e i lage 1 ) where a HEK I A2 d a te r epres en ts l a ter H a D ( i b id ., 8 9 , 9 9 , Abb . 1 6) .

S ou th-wes t G er man e xa mp les a re

a lso H a D ( Kossack 1 959 , Abb . 1 2B , 1 3; Mansfe ld 1 971, 1 09 , 1 16 , L is te 1 0-11, Abb . 5 ) a nd b ronze a ppears t o b e c harac teris t ic o f f e ma le r a ther t han ma le b uria ls .

The I s lip p in c ou ld b e o f E IA1 d a te a nd c en tra l E uropean o rigin .

I ron p ins w i th c urved n ecks a nd p la in u prigh t h eads a re c o m mon d uring t he J astorf p hase i n n orthern G er many ( Kr t tger 1 961, 4 5 ; Abb . 1 7a , 5 2 , Ke i ling 1 969 , 4 9;

H ingst 1 959 , 1 13 ,

Harck 1 972 , 3 2 , Taf . B , 5 1) .

The p la in

h ead a ppears t o b e r are i n HEK Ic ontex ts ( Haf fner 1 976 , 1 7 ) a nd d uring H a D i n c en tra l E urope ( Mansfe ld 1 971 , 1 05 ) , t hough t he Haps p in ( L is t 2 51, 1 0 ) s hou ld b e o ft h is d a te .

The b ronze p in f ro m Ha m H i l l ( L ist 2 51 , 7 ) d oes n ot

a ppear t o h ave s ecure c ont inenta l r e la t ions . The r o l l-headed p in f ro m H a m mers m i th ( L ist 2 51 , 3 ) may b e c o mpared w ith e xa mp les f ro m n orthern G er many wh ich a re d a ted a s e ar ly a s H a Cb y H arck ( 1972 , 2 4 ) b ut f ro m H a Dt o midd le L a ' I l ene b y K r t iger ( 1961, 4 5 , Taf . 1 4 , 1 7 ) ; t h is l a ter d a te i s a lso a l lowed b y H arck a nd H ings t ( 1972 , 3 3 , Taf . B , 8 3; 1 959 , 1 13 , Abb . 1 7a , 1 9 ) .

R o l l-headed p ins a re a lso k nown d uring

p eriod Io f t he I ron Age i n c en tra l a nd s ou thern J u t land ( Becker 1 961 , 2 522 53 , e .g .

P l .

9 4 , 6 5 c -d ) .

Many o f t hese c ont inen ta l p ins h ave a b road h ead ,

a pparen t ly u n l ike t he Ha m mers m i th p in . The p ins w i th s i mp le c urved s ha f ts f ro m Ken t 's C avern , J ordan H i l l , S udbrook , S ou th C adbury a nd P orts lade ( L is t 2 51, 1 -2 , 6 , 8 -9 ) may b e r el a ted t o d isc-headed p ins w i th c urved s haf ts ( see p . 2 03-5 ) b u t d o n o t a ppear t o b e o f much c hrono log ica l v a lue . C ons iderab le c hrono log ica l s ign if icance h as b een p laced o n t he F enga te p in ( L is t 2 51, 4 ) s ince Hawkes j udged i tt o b e o f e as t G er man/Po lish o rig in a nd l a te H a l lsta t t o r e ar ly L a Tene d a te ( 1 943 , 1 99 ) a nd o n ly r ecent ly h as S pra t ling ( 1974 ) p o in ted o u t t ha t al a ter d a te i s p oss ib le .

D isc-headed p ins o ccur i n n orthern G er many ( Kr t tger 1 961, 5 0 ;

Ke i ling 1 969 , 4 8; Harck 1 972 , 3 2 ) b ut Ic an f i nd n o e xa mp le w i th t he s ame c urved i ron s haf t a nd f la t b ronze d isc-head a s t he F enga te p in ;

Hawkes v en-

t ured f urther e ast ( c f . D unning 1 934 , f i g . 1 , 6 ; P e tersen 1 929 , T af . XXX , 6 ) b ut t hese p ins h ave c oncave h eads .

The e ar l ier o rigin o f d isc-headed p ins i n

B ri tain a nd I re land ( see p . 2 04-5 )a nd t he p resence a t O ss o fp ins w i th b en t i ron s haf ts a nd h o l low b ronze h eads ( L ist 2 49 , 2 ) s ee ms t o mi l i ta te a ga ins t a n e as tern o rig in a nd t he l ack o fp rec ise p ara l le ls r enders t he d a te o f t he F eng a te p in u ncerta in . H a l lsta t t b race le ts a nd c o l lars .

L IST 2 52

Various Ha l ls ta t t b race le ts a nd a c o l lar h ave b een i den t if ied i n B ri ta in a nd I re land; n o d iscuss ion h as b een more t han s u m mary ( Cun lif fe 1 974 , 1 43 , f i g . 1 0 :12 ; Harb ison a nd L a ing 1 974 , 2 3; J ope 1 958) a nd J ope h as p rov ided t he most c o mp le te l is t ( i b id ., . 1 3 n . 1 0-11) . The b race le ts f ro m S carborough , f ound n ear t he o ccupa t ion s i te o n C ast le H i l l ( Sm i th 1 927) , t he Tha mes a nd Antri m ( L is t 2 52 , 3 -5 ) b e long t o t he s a me g enera l f or m . The b ossed o rna ment i s p robab ly d erived f ro m l a te U rnf ie ld 2 58

b race le ts .

These b race le ts a re k nown d uring Ha C i n Bavaria ( Kossack 1 959 ,

3 2 , Taf . 1 3 , 1 4-15 ) , d uring Ha D i n Sw i tzer land ( Drack 1 970 , 4 4-45 , Abb . 5 5 ) a nd d uring H a Di n t he Hunsr t ick-Eife l c u lture ( Haf fner 1 976, 1 3 , Taf . 2 0 , 1 0 ; 1 14 , 1 6; Dehn 1 941, I , 1 02 , Abb . 6 2; I , 1 49 , L is te 8 ) .

T he B ri t ish e xa mp les

s hou ld b e o f c en tra l E uropean o rigin . The b es t c o mparisons f or t he C o ld K i tchen H i l l b race le t ( L is t 2 52 , 2 ) a ppear t o b e t he e xa mp les f ro m t he l a te H a l ls ta t t b arrow c e me tery a t L e R ocher , L e B ono , Morb ihan ( Mars i l le 1 921, 9 6 n o . 1 575 ; G iot 1 976, 7 82 , f i g . 1 , 2 ) , c f . t he b race le ts f ro m t he Ha l lsta t t c e me tery a t L a C a mbe , C a lvados ( Verron 1 976b , 8 05 , f i g . 1 , 2 2 ) .

Th is b race le t s hou ld b e o f n orth-western F rench

o rig in , p robab ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he i mport o f A r morican s ocke ted a xes . S avory ( 1976a , 2 6) h as d a ted t he C lynnog c o l lar ( L is t 2 52 , 1 ) t o t he e ar ly L a Tene p er iod; i t s l ink me thod o f a t tach ment was c onf ined ma in ly t o t he l a te Ha l lsta t t p eriod i n t he Marne ( Bre tz- Mah ler 1 971, 5 8) b ut i s o therw ise p resent i n B ri ta in o n ly o n b race le ts f ro m e ar ly La T tne c on tex ts i n e as t Yorksh ire ( S tead 1 965 , 4 9-50 ) .

The c o l lec t ion o fr ibbed a nd b ossed b race le ts f ro m Moun t

Ba t ten , P lymou th , Devon ( C larke 1 971 , 1 47, f i g . 3 , 5 -7 , p l . I , 2 1-23 ) , h as n ot b een s tudied i n d e ta i l b ut i s p robab ly c on te mporary w i th t h is e as t Y orksh ire g roup . B race le ts w i th l arge g lobu lar t er m ina ls o ccur d iring Ha D i n e astern F rance , e spec ia l ly t he H agenau F ores t ( Schaef fer 1 930 , 2 39 , f i g . 1 75 , 1 5-24 ; Degen 1 968) , a lso i n L anguedoc ( Gu i la ine 1 972 , 3 57 , f i g . 1 32 , 4 ) a nd i n s outhwes tern F rance d uring Ha C ( Ward-Perk ins 1 940 , 4 2 , 8 3 , f i g . 4 ; Mohen a nd C of fyn 1 970 , 1 11, p l . XX , 6 ) .

I n b ronze t h is f or m a ppears t o b e a bsent f ro m

B ri ta in , t hough t here i s ap a ir o fg o ld b race lets w i th sma l l g lobu lar t er m ina ls f ro m N ow ton , B ury S t . E d munds , S uf fo lk ( Longworth 1 970-72 ) .

I ft he K i l murry

b race le t , f ro m s outh-wes tern I re land , were r e la ted t o t he F rench b race le ts i tw ou ld p rov ide a r are a ssoc ia t ion o f ac ont inen ta l Ha l ls tat t o b jec t w i th n a t ive I rish t ypes o f D ow ns t radi t ion ( Eogan 1 964 , 3 20 ) .

The Derry b race le t ( L ist

2 52 , 7 ) i s more e xot ic , o f I ta lian o rig in a nd s ix th- o r s even th-cen tury d a te , a nd i s s o i so la ted t ha t i t s p rovenance a s a n a nc ient import mus t b e d ub ious ; t he c losest e xa mp les a ppear t o b e f ro m s ou th-eastern F rance ( Bocque t 1 969 , 2 80 , f i g . 7 3 , 8 ) . The c hrono logy o f t he E ronde l le b race le ts ( L is t 2 52 , 1 4 ) s hou ld b e i ndicat ed b y t he a ssoc ia ted Ha C sword .

Mass ive p enannu lar b race le ts w i th o b l ique

a nd h erring-bone o rna ment l ike t he d ecora ted e xa mp le a re k nown a t H a l lsta t t ( Peron i 1 973 , 2 2 , f i g . 1 3 , 3 -4 , 6 ) . H o l low b ronze o rna men ts a re c o m mon i n S w itzer land d uring l a te Ha D ( Drack 1 970 , 4 6-48 , A bb . 6 1-69 ) a nd a lso i n t he H agenau F orest ( Schaef fer 1 930 , 2 42 , f i g . 1 75 , 3 5-38 ) . H o l low b race le ts o ccur i n Ha D b uria ls a t L es J ogasses , C hou i l ly , Marne ( Babes 1 974 , 1 5 , Taf . 3 , 1 ; Ha t t a nd Roua le t 1 976, 4 41 , p ls . 4 4 , 1 114-1115 ; 4 5 , 1 119-1120 ) ; i n n orth-wes tern Ger many t hey a re c o m mon MV I t ypes ( Sprockhof f 1 959 , 1 52-153 , Taf . 3 0 , 2 3;

3 2-33;

J acob-Friesen 1 974 , 4 48-459 ) a nd d ecora ted e xamp les a re n u merous i n P o meran ia d uring H a C ( K lee mann 1 976, 1 16-119 ) .

The h o l low b race le ts f ro m

H uest a nd J ouy-sur-Eure ( L is t 2 52 , 9 -10 ) r ese mb le H a Dt ypes .

2 59

The L ongeu i l-Sa in te- Marie b race le t ( L is t 2 52 , 1 2 ) c o mes f ro m a H a D s i te ( B lanche t a nd S a made t 1 975 , 1 9 ) a nd s im i lar Sw iss H a D 1 b race le ts a re k nown ( Drack 1 970 , 3 9 , Abb . 3 5 , 1 ) .

B race lets l ike t he Marc i l ly-sur-Eure

e xa mp le ( L ist 2 52 , 1 1) w i th r ound s ec t ion a nd o ver lapp ing t er m ina ls o ccur i n Sw iss Ha l ls ta t t c on tex ts b u t a re n ot c lose ly d a tab le ( i b id ., 4 0 , Abb . 3 9 ) . S i mp le b race le ts l ike t he f i rst t wo f ro m V i lleneuves Sa in t-George ( L ist 2 52 , 1 5 ) a re f ound a t L es J ogasses ( Babes 1 974 , 1 5 , Taf . 3 , 2 , 6 ) b ut a re o fu nc erta in d a te l ike t he t h ird V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges b race le t wh ich E luere ( 1972 , 1 05 ) c o mpares w i th more e labora te b race le ts w i th g lobu lar t er m ina ls . The V i l lers-sur-Coudun a nd B reuvanne b race lets ( L is t 2 52 , 1 3 , 1 8 ) a re p robab ly r e la ted t o f or ms p resen t a t L es J ogasses ( Babes 1 974 , 1 6, Taf . 4 , 1 -6) a nd i n Sw i tzer land d uring H a D 1 ( Drack 1 970 , 3 9 , A bb . 3 5 ) . p ot tery i s c on te mporary w i th t he l a ter p ot tery f ro m S a in t-V incen t , Ha D a nd e ar ly L a Tene ( Marion 1 964 , 1 65 ) .

The B reuvanne L uxe mbourg ,

The n u mber o f f i nds o f f rag mentary

b race le ts f ro m B e lg ian U rnf ie lds s ugges ts t ha t t hey were more p opu lar d uring t he E ar ly I ron Age t han c o mp le te f i nds migh t imp ly ( de L ae t a nd Marion 1 950 , 3 27, f i g . 1 0 ; Marion 1 964 , 1 52; v an I mpe , B eex a nd Roosens 1 973 , 1 9-20 ) . The B e lg ian n eck-rings ( L is t 2 52 , 1 6-17) a re p robab ly o f Ha D d a te ( de L ae t a nd Marion 1 950 , 3 25 ) .

The H aps Wende lring ( L is t 2 52 , 1 9 ) i s p robab ly

o f middle Rh ine r a ther t hen N ordic o rigin a nd o f H a Dd a te ( Verwers 1 972 , 5 4-55 ;

Haf fner 1 976 , 1 0 ) .

B race le ts w i th e verted t er m ina ls .

L IST 2 53

B race le ts w i th e verted t er mina ls were c o m mon d uring LBA3 b ut s o me e xa mp les f ro m c e me teries o n t he l ower Rh ine may b e l a ter .

Mos t o f t he

b uria ls a t L o m me l-Ka t tenbosch ( L ist 2 53 , 1 ) a re o f H a l lsta t t o r L a Tene d a te ( Des i t tere 1 968 , 1 36 ) a nd t he u rn a ssoc ia ted w i th t he De Hamert b race le t ( L ist 2 53 , 2 ) i s aH a C /D f or m ( Verwers 1 972 , 1 30 ) . p roduced ma teria l

Weert ( L is t 2 53 , 3 ) h as

o f H a Ba nd H a C ( Des i t tere 1 968 , 1 32 ) a nd t hese b race lets

d o n ot a ppear t o b e c harac ter ist ic LBA3 f or ms .

B race le ts w i th e verted

t er m ina ls o ccur a t Rhe inberg , K r . Moers , Rh ine land ( S ta mpfuss 1 939 , 4 2 , Abb . 3 3 , 3 -8) , most ly i n b uria l 9 4 ( i b id ., Taf . 1 1, 1 -7) w i th a Ha C /D S chrägrandurn ( i b id ., 4 1-42 ; C on ica l p endan ts .

Verwers 1 972 , 1 25-127 ) .

L IST 2 54

C on ica l b ronze p endan ts o ccur i n s evera l E ar ly I ron Age b uria ls f ro m n orthern B e lg iu m a nd t he s outhern N e ther lands ; t he b et ter-preserved f i nds i ndica te t ha t s e ts o f s uch p endan ts c ons t itu ted n eck laces f or y oung w o men . Two o f t he b uria ls a t De R oosen ( L is t 2 54 , 2 -3) a lso c on ta ined u rns w i th r oughened s urfaces o f H a C /D d a te ( van Impe , B eex a nd Roosens 1 973 , 1 3-17 , 1 8-19 ;

V erwers 1 972 , 1 41) a nd t he p endan t f ro m B es t ( L ist 2 54 , 6 ) was w i th

ac onte mporary u rn ( i b id ., 1 40-141) .

The p endan ts f ro m Ache l ( L is t 2 54 , 1 )

a re d a ted t o Ha D b y t he a ssoc ia ted e gg-beaker ( i b id ., 1 28-129 , 1 41) .

F inds

o f c on ica l p endants f ro m t he G er man Rh ine land c onf ir m t h is Ha C /D c hronology ( i b id . ,1 41) .

2 60

C urved-bow b rooches , b ow s l igh t ly swo l len .

L IST 2 55

B rooches o f t h is f or m were c urren t i n I t a ly d uring t he n in th t o s eventh c enturies ( Duva l , E ld ere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 3 ) .

A h oard f ro m Mu lhouse ,

Haut-Rh in , c onta ins t wo e xa mp les ( i b id ., f i g . 5 , 2 , 4 ) w i th e igh t o ther I ta lian b rooches , ag lobu lar-headed p in , as pearhead s ocket a nd a sma l l b ronze r ing ( i b id ., 5 6; Mi l lot te 1 963 , 1 37-138 , 3 21, p l . L I , 1 9-32 ) .

The l oca l b ronzes

a re u ndiagnost ic b ut t h is f i nd s ugges ts t ha t t hese I t a l ian b rooches r eached e as tern F rance b efore t he e nd o f t he L a te B ronze Age .

F urther west , ah oard

f ro m A rgen tonle-Creuse , I ndre , c onta ined a b rooch o ft h is t ype ( Duva l , E ld ere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 5 2-53 , f i g . 5 , 6 ) w i th f our o ther I ta lian b rooches . B oth t hese h oards a re d a ted t o t he e igh th c entury ( i b id ., 1 3 ) b u t t here a re s usp ic ions a bout t he a u then t ic i ty o f t he A rgen ton h oard ( N . F re id in ) . The Am iens b rooch ( L ist 2 55 , 7 ) i s ap re-Certosa t ype o f Adria t ic o rig in a nd s ix th- o r f if th-cen tury d a te ( Peron i 1 973 . 6 8, f ig . 2 1 , 5 ) . C urved-bow b rooches , b ow s l igh t ly s wo l len , l ong c a tch-p la te .

L IST 2 56

Th is i s ar are f or m , t he l ong c a tch-p la te i s o n ly c o m mon o n b rooches w i th a more swo l len b ow . C o mpara t ive e xa mp les a re r are ( Sundwa l l 1 943 , Abb . 3 30 ) , b ut t he l ong c a tch-p la te o f t he F ores t o fC o mp ibgne b rooch ( L is t 2 56, 1 ) p robab ly i ndica tes a s even th-century d a te ( i b id ., 5 6) . C urved-bow b rooches , b ow swo l len , s hor t c a tch-p la te .

L IST 2 57

Sma l l e xa mp les o f t h is f or m a re d a ted t o t he n in th a nd e igh th c enturies ( Duva l , E ld ere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 5-17) ; t here a re t wo e xa mp les i n t he Mu lh ouse h oard .

L arge e xa mp les a re o f e igh th- a nd s eventh-century d a te ( i b id .,

1 7-21) ; t here i s o ne e xa mp le , f ound w i th a nother b rooch n ow l os t , i n ab arrow a t F lagey , D oubs ( i b id ., 5 1; Mi l lot te 1 963 , 2 94-295 ) , wh ich i s p robab ly o f Ha C d a te .

T here a re e xa mp les i n F rench h oards f ro m Mu lhouse , C arcassonne ,

A ude ( Duva l , E ld ere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 4 9;

G u i la ine 1 972 , 3 47-350 ) , a' Launac ian '

h oard c on ta in ing B ronze F ina l I I a nd H a C ma teria l , a nd N otre-Da me-deL ivoye , Manche ( Duva l , E ld ere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 5 4 ;

Verron 1 976b , 8 05 ;

B riard 1 965 , 2 28-229 ) , p erhaps c on te mporary . The K ingham b rooch ( L is t 2 57 , 2 ) b e longs t o a sma l l g roup o f I ta lian b rooches ( Sundwa l l 1 943 , 2 58-259 , Abb . 4 40 ) a nd i t s s hort c a tch-p la te p roba b ly i ndica tes a l a te e igh th- o r e ar ly s eventh-cen tury d a te ( i b id ., 6 3) . The n a ture o f t he I wuy f i nd ( L is t 2 57 , 6 ) i s n o t c erta in;

i ta ppears t o b e

ab uria l w i th a b race le t a nd s o me f or m o f H a l ls ta t t b rooch w i th a swo l len b ow . C urved-bow b rooches , b ow swo l len , l ong c a tch-p la te .

L IST 2 58

These b rooches a re o f e igh th- a nd s even th-cen tury d a te i n I ta ly ( Duva l , E ld ere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 2 4 , 2 6) a nd F rench f i nds c onf ir m t h is c hrono logy . There i s a n e xamp le i n t he Mu lhouse h oard ( i b id ., f i g . 1 2 , 1 1) a nd a sma l l e xamp le i n t he B ronze F ina l I I h oard f ro m Ray-sur-Saöne , S aöne ( i b id ., 5 6 , f i g . 1 2 , 6 ; Mi l lo t te 1 963 , 1 37 . ,3 32 p l . XL I I ) .

The f i nds f ro m t he H agenau

F ores t a re p robab ly H a C( Duva l , E ld ere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 5 6, f ig . 1 2 , 1 -2 ; S chaef fer 1 930 , 5 8-59 , 6 8 , 2 05 , f i gs . 5 3-54 , 1 79) .

2 61

C urved-bow b rooches , swo l len b ow f or med o f d iscs , d isc-shaped c a tch-p la te . L IST 2 59 Th is f or m i s o f I t a l ian o rig in a nd l a te e igh th- t o e ar ly s ix th-century d a te ( Sundv va l l 1 943 , 3 8-39 , 1 18-119 , Abb . 1 52 ; 1 08 ) .

Harb ison a nd L a ing 1 974 , 2 3 n .

N one o ft he F rench b rooches w i th d isc-shaped c a tch-p la te ( Duva l ,

E l ti ere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 3 ) h as t he s ame f or m o fb ow a s t he A lton b rooch ( L is t 2 59 , 1 ) . C urved-bow b rooches , swo l len l ozenge-shaped b ow , l ong c a tch-p la te .

L IST 2 60

These b rooches a re d a ted t o t he s even th a nd e arly s ixth c enturies i n I t aly ( Duva l , E l if ere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 2 8-30 ) .

T here i s a n e xamp le i n t he

N otre-Da me-de-L ivoye h oard , Manche ( i b id ., 5 4 ,f i g . 1 5 , 4 ) , p oss ib ly o f B ronze F ina l I I/Ha C d a te ( see S erpent ifor m b rooches .

L IST 2 61

B rooches o f t h is f or m a ppeared a t t he e nd o f t he e igh th c entury a nd l asted i nto t he s ixth ( Duva l , E luere a nd Mohen 1 974 , 3 7-38) a nd t wo F rench e xa mp les h ave b een f ound i n Ha C b arrows ( i b id . ,f i g . 2 2 , 9 -1 0 ) .

S erpent ifor m b rooches

l ike t he C iry-Sa lsogne e xa mp le ( L is t 2 61, 8 ) u sua l ly h ave o rna ment o n t he t er m ina l o f t he c a tch-p la te ( Mansfe ld 1 973 , 6 -7 , Abb . 2 -3 , S 4d ) .

I n i ron t h is

f or m i s f ound i n t he T ic ino v a l ley a nd i n n orthern I t a ly ( i b id . ,1 2 , F und l is te 3 6, 3 9 ) a nd s im i lar b ronze b rooches a re d a ted t o t he Ha C /D t rans i t ion ( i b id ., 8 6) .

The o ccurrence o f a n i ron e xamp le i n t he s econd warrior-buria l a t

S es to C a lende , C o mo , i ndica tes a s im i lar d a te ( Frey 1 969 , 5 0 ) .

Ano ther i ron

b rooch f ro m C iry-Sa lsogne may b e o f H a l ls ta t t d a te ( Moreau 1 891, p l . 1 27 , 8 ) . The B erkha ms tead b rooch ( L is t 2 61, 2 ) c ou ld b e a s e ar ly a s t he t enth c entury ( M t i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 4 4 , 4 6 , A bb . 3 3 , 5 ) . S pira l b rooches .

L IST 2 62

B rooches w i th s p ira l b ows f a l l i n to t wo g roups : s o-ca l led ' spec tac le ' b rooches;

f i rs t , d oub le- s p ira l ,

s econd , q uadrup le-spira l b rooches .

D oub le-

s pira l b rooches a re more c o m mon ; t he d istribu t ion o f s pira l b rooches i s w idespread i n c entra l a nd Medi terranean E urope . D oub le-sp ira l b rooches a re c o m mon a t H a l ls ta t t a nd , wh i le o ther v arian ts o ccur i n c en tra l E urope ( Be tz ler 1 974 , 1 34-143 ) , t he e xamp les f ro m C o lchester a nd N i j megen ( L ist 2 62 , 1 , 5 ) a ppear t o b e long t o t he H as lau-Rege lsbrunn t ype o f wh ich mos t e xa mp les c o me f ro m H a l lsta t t ( i b id ., 9 1-133 ) , t hough s o me l a te U rnf ie ld f i nds a re k nown ( i b id ., 1 28-130 ) .

I n c en tra l E urope q uad-

r up le-sp ira l b rooches a re o f H a Dd a te ( i b id ., 1 43-150 ) . The l et ter f ro m P rince L eopo ld o f B avaria t o Ra msauer ( Pau l i 1 975 , 7 ) g ives a g enuine i nstance o f t he d ispersa l o f ap a ir o f d oub le-spira l b rooches wh ich were s ubsequen t ly l ost a nd c ou ld h ave r eappeared w i th a nother p rovena nce .

U n like mos t o ft he b rooches d iscussed a bove t hese s p ira l b rooches

a re o fn orth-A lpine o rig in a nd a ny o f t he f i nds l i sted h ere may b e among t he r are c en tra l E uropean H a l ls ta t t e xports t o western E urope .

2 62

B rooches ;

d iscuss ion

S ince t he p aper b y R idgeway a nd Sm i th ( 1 905-07) s o-ca l led ' I ta l ian ' o r ' I ta lic ' b rooches h ave b een n oted f ro m t he B rit ish I s les o n n u merous o ccas ions a nd a s u m mary l i st w i th a d istribut ion map was p ub lished b y H arden ( 1952 ) . N o s uch b rooch h as b een e xcava ted u nder modern c ondi t ions a nd many e xamp les w i th v ague p rovenances a re n ot l i s ted h ere .

A s erpen t ifor m b rooch ( L ist 2 61,

3 ) was r ecorded a s h av ing b een f ound i n ab arrow n ear Wa ter N ew ton w i th t hree o ther e xo t ic o b jec ts .

A t A l ton t wo b rooches ( L ists 2 59 , 1 ;

2 61, 1 ) a re s a id

t o h ave b een f ound w i th a n E gypt ian s carab a nd s o me p ot tery ( Hmb ison a nd L a ing 1 974 , 2 3 ) ; t he b rooches may b e o f s eventh-cen tury d a te , t he s carab a l i t t le l a ter , t hough t he d a te o f i t s i mport i s u ncerta in a nd c ou ld b e R o man o r p os t-Ro man ( Harris a nd H arris 1 965 , 9 0-92 ) .

I xworth i s t he f i nd-spot o f

s evera l b rooches o f E ar ly I ron A ge t ype ( L is ts 2 55 , 3 ;

2 58 , 4 -5 ) , a n e arl ier

b rooch o f G er man o rigin ( see p .127 )a nd a f rag ment o f aH a l ls ta t t v esse l ( see

p .2 52 )a nd t h is c oncentra t ion o f s uch o b jec ts i n n orth-west S uf fo lk h as b een r egarded w i th s usp ic ion ( Fox 1 923 , 7 4 ;

C larke 1 939 , 3 0-31) .

B ran igan ( 1974-

7 6, 1 75 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t many b rooches may h ave b een i mported i nto B ri ta in d uring t he Ro man p er iod . Abou t e igh ty e xot ic b rooches a re k nown f ro m B ri ta in ; most h ave a c urved b ow a nd a re o f I ta l ian o rigin a nd e igh th- o r s eventh-century d a te . E ar lier I ta l ian b rooches a re r are , a s a re e xa mp les o f t he l a ter C ertosa t ype ( Harb ison a nd L a ing 1 974 , 2 3 ) .

The p ub l ica t ion o f ac orpus o f e xot ic b rooches f ro m

F rance ( Duva l , E luere a nd Mohen 1 974 ) s hows t ha t many o ft he I t a lian t ypes k nown i n B ri ta in o ccur i n F rance i n h oards a nd l oca l p roduc t ion-cen tres n orth o f t he A lps may h ave e x isted ( i b id . ,4 3 ) .

The t ypes c o m mon i n B ri ta in a re

a lso c o m mon n orth-eas tern F rance , t hough h oard f i nds a re a bsen t f ro m t h is a rea .

D ue c ons idera t ion s hou ld b e g iven t o t he f i nds f ro m t he F ores t o f

C o mp iegne ( Lambot 1 975 ) d uring t he e xcava t ions o f Napoleon I I a longs ide many Ga l lo-Ro man b rooches whose a u then t ic i ty i s n ot i n d oub t , t hough t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t he e ar lier b rooches were R o man e xports r e ma ins o pen .

Apart f ro m t he

s p ira l b rooches ( L is t 2 62 ) n o c entra l E uropean Ha D t ype o fb rooch r eached b eyond t he Marne o r t he Meuse i n t he a rea c ons idered h ere ( Berg mann 1 958, K arte 1 ) ; t here i s as ing le e xa mp le o n t he n orth s ide o f t he Marne f ro m C aranda , C ha teau-Th ierry , A isne ( Mansfe ld 1 973 , 2 41 , L is t 2 43 , I I 1 7) .

H odson ( 1971)

h as emphas ised t h is a nd d e monstra ted t ha t b rooches o f e ar ly L a Tene d a te w i th H a Df eatures were p roduced i n t he l o wer T ha mes v a l ley . The F rench e v idence s ugges ts t ha t s o me o ft he b rooches w ith swo l len a nd l ozenge-shaped b ows ( L ists 2 57-258 , 2 60 ) may b e a nc ien t imports i n to B rita in a nd t h is i s a lso p oss ib le f or t he s pira l b rooches ( L ist 2 62 ) . Wies loch r azors .

L IST 2 63 .

MAP 8 1

Wies loch r azors h ave a n o va l b lade w i th a V -shaped n otch a t i t s a pex a nd c ircu lar a nd t riangu lar p erfora t ions ; t he h and le h as a sma l l r ing t er mina l . Though n amed a f ter a s i te i n B aden ( J ockenhöve l 1 971 , 1 80 ) , t he mos t c haract erist ic e xamp les o f t h is t ype c o me f ro m t he B e lgian p rov ince o f Na mur ( L is t 2 63 , 2 -4 ) .

T here a re r e la ted e xa mp les f ro m Q ue m igny-sur-Se ine , C ö te-d 'Or

( de Mort i l le t 1 903 , p l .

C , 1 344 ) , a nd G ar lstedt , K r . O s terholz-Schar mbeck ,

L ower S axony ( Tackenberg 1 971, 1 32 , Taf . 3 3 , 5 ) .

2 63

Wh i le t here a re n o s ecure ly-assoc ia ted f i nds , aH a Cd a te i s l ike ly ( Jockenhöve l 1 971, 1 81; Tackenberg 1 971, 1 32-133) a nd t he p ot tery f ro m t he F osse-aux- Morts ( Louet te-Sa int-P ierre ) c e metery a l lows s uch a d a te f or t he Be lg ian f i nds ( Des i t tere 1 968, 3 1) . E ndingen r azors .

L IST 2 64 .

MAP 8 1

E ndingen r azors h ave a s ing le-edged t rapezoida l b lade w ith a c oncave b ack , ar ing a t e ither e nd; o penwork o rna ment i s c o m mon .

Th is t ype i s

w idespread, o ccurring i n wes tern Ger many ( Jockenhöve l 1 971, 2 38, Taf . 5 1C ) , s outhern F rance ( Louis , Taf fane l a nd Taf fane l 1 960 , f i gs . 3 3;

7 3 , 6 ) , Be lg iu m

( L is t 2 64 , 8 -9) , s outhern E ng land ( L ist 2 69, 1 -6) a nd p robab ly i n S cot land ( L ist 2 69 , 7 ) .

A Ha C d a te i s i ndica ted b y t he s outh G er man f i nds ( Jocken-

h öve l 1 971, 2 38-239) , t he f i nds f ro m E l menhors t , K r . Reck linghausen , Westp ha lia ( Tackenberg 1 971, 1 41) , B rui ere-Sa in t-Job ( L ist 2 64 , 8 ) a nd Danebury L ist 2 64 , 2 ) .

The T rapra in L aw f ragment ( L ist 2 64 , 7 ) may b e c o mpared t o

t he e xa mp le i n b arrow D/1 a t C re ancy , C , 6 te-d 'Or ( Henry 1 933 , 1 30 , f i g . 1 6, 3 ) o f Ha C d a te (Wa mser 1 975 , 6 9 , Taf . 1 9, 1 0 ) . T he E ndingen t ype i nc ludes mos t o f t he T rapezoida l-b laded r azors f ro m B ri tain a nd a ppears t o b e more c o m mon h ere t han i n a ny o ther r eg ion ;

i t may

b e aB ri t ish LBA4 t ype . F lörsheim r azors .

L IST 2 65 .

MAP 8 1

F lörshe im r azors h ave a s ing le-edged t rapezoida lb l ade w ith a c oncave b ack wh ich h as a r ing a t e i ther e nd a nd a v ert ica l s haf t i n t he c en tre , c urved b ars l ink t he r ings a nd t he s haf t wh ich may b e s ur mounted b y a nother r ing ( Jockenht ive l 1 971, 2 39 ) .

Th is t ype o ccurs i n F rance , i n n orthern a nd western

Ger many a nd i n Den mark ( i b id ., 2 39-240 ; 6 6, K arte 2 6;

Tackenberg 1 971, 1 41-142 , L iste

B roho lm 1 949 , p l . 2 5 , 2 ) a nd i s d a ted t o Ha C/MV I .

Bernissart r azors .

L IST 2 66.

MAP 8 1

Th is t ype i s r e la ted t o t he p receding t ype; i th as t he F lörshe im f or m w i thout t he v ert ica l s haf t .

I ti s an orther ly v ariant w i th t wo Be lg ian , o ne

E ng lish ( L ist 2 66, 1 -3 ) a nd o ne n orth-wes t G er man f i nd f ro m D rangstedt , Kr . Weser m t inde , L ower S axony ( Tackenberg 1 971, 1 42 , Taf . 3 4 , 1 0 ; F riesen 1 974 , Abb . 4 81) .

J acob-

Typo log ica l r e la t ionsh ip w i th t he F lörsheim a nd

E ndingen t ypes s uggests a H a Cd a te a nd t h is i s s upported b y t he f or m o f t he F osse-aux- Morts u rn ( Des i t tere 1 968, 3 1) . T riangu lar-b laded r azors .

L IST 2 67 .

M AP 8 2

B oth t he C ardif f a nd L lyn F awr h oards ( L is t 2 67, 1 -2 ) c onta in t riangu larb laded r azors w i th t riangu lar p erfor ma t ions .

S avory ( 1976a , 4 7) d erives t h is

f or m f ro m e astern F rench r azors f ound i n t he J ura a nd , more c o m mon ly , i n B urgundy i n Ha C b uria ls ( Henry 1 933 , f ig . 1 6; 3 , 6 -7;

1 8, 5 ;

1 9 , 7 -9 ) .

Wa mser 1 975 , 3 1, 6 9, Taf .

These r azors h ave b road , s em i-c ircu lar b lades

w ith mu lt ip le t riangu lar p erfora t ions a nd s ing le r ings ; t h is f or m o ccurs a t Hau lzy ,

Marne ( Marien 1 964 , 1 65 , f i g . 1 11) , b ut o ther w ise a ppears t o b e

a bsent f ro m n orthern F rance .

T riangu lar-b laded r azors c ou ld b e a n i nsu lar

v ariant o f LBA4 s ing le-edged r azors w i th t rapezoida l b lades; 2 64

c f . t he sma l l

E ndingen r azor f ro m H am H i l l ( L is t 2 64 , 4 ) a s at rans i t iona l e xa mp le . C ircu lar-b laded r azors .

L IST 2 68 .

MAP 8 2

The c ircu lar-b laded r azors f ro m t he C ardif f h oard a nd P utney ( L is t 2 68, 2 -3 ) b oth h ave t riangu lar p erfora t ions wh ich s hou ld r e la te t he m t o t riangu larb laded r azors; t hey a re p robab ly i nsu lar LBA4 p roduc ts .

The B e lg ian r azors

( L is t 2 68 , 4 -8) may b e r e la ted t o t he Wies loch t ype a nd s hou ld b e o f H a Cd a te . The f i ne r azor f ro m t he D anebury h oard ( L is t 2 68, 1 ) i s f ro m a LBA4 h oard; i t s a nnu lar f or m , o penwork o rnament a nd r ing-hand le s uggest a n e as tern F rench H a Co r ig in ( Jockenhöve l 1 971, 1 81-182 ) .

A l l t hese t ra i ts o ccur o n

r azors f ro m B urgundy ( Wa mser 1 975 , 6 9 , Ta f . 1 8 , 7 ; 1 9 , 1 -4 ) u sua l ly a ssoc ia ted w i th l ong i ron swords a nd d a ted t o l a te H a C( i b id ., 8 8-89 , Tabe l le 1 2 ) , t hough t he r azors a re d erived f ro m l a te U rnf ie ld f or ms . I ron r azors .

L IST 2 69 .

MAP 8 2

Three B e lg ian c e me teries o f E arly I ron Age d a te h ave p roduced i ron r azors . The a ssoc ia ted u rn a t L o m me l-Ka t tenbosch ( L is t 2 69 , 3 ) i s ac harac terist ic H a Cf or m ( Des it tere 1 968 , 4 1-42 , f i g . V I , a 5 ) ;

t he S a in t-V incen t u rn ( L is t

2 69 , 4 ) b e longs t o g roup I I o f l a te H a Cd a te ( Marion 1 964 , 1 59-162 ) .

The

c rescent ic i ron r azor f ro m b arrow 2 a t Morimoine i s l ess e asy t o d a te .

C res-

c en t ic i ron r azors were c urrent i n c en tra l E urope d uring Ha C ( R ie th 1 942 , 3 3) a nd Ha D ( Kossack 1 959 , Abb . 1 2B , 1 4 ; D rack 1 972-73 , 1 27) a nd a ppeared i n B urgundy d uring l a te Ha C ( Wa mser 1 975 , 7 2 , T af . 2 0 , 7 ) ; t hey were c o m mon d uring t he E ar ly I ron Age i n n orthern E urope ( Harck 1 972 , 2 4-25 , Tabe l le 1 ; K rüger 1 961, 2 0-21 ) .

The i ron b e lt-hook ( Marion 1 958, 2 25 n o . 4 , f ig . 4 3 )

may s ugges t aH a Dd a te ( Wa mser 1 975 , 5 1, 7 8 , T af . 1 4 , 4 ;

2 5 , 2 ) .

S avory h as s uggested t ha t t he i ron r azor f ro m D inorben ( L is t 2 69 , 1 ) i s a c opy o f aN ordic b ronze f or m ( Gardner a nd S avory 1 964 , 1 54 ) b ut t he l ack o f s uch r azors i n B ri ta in mi l i ta tes a ga ins t t h is i n terpre ta t ion . Misce l laneous r azors .

L IST 2 70

The K in le i th r azor ( L is t 2 70 , 1 ) i s a n u nusua l f or m , p resu mab ly i nsu lar; t he o penwork b lade s ugges ts a LBA4 d a te b ut t h is c ou ld b e d erived f ro m t he k ey-ho le n otches o n LBA3 r azors w i th mu l t ip le-ring h and les ( see p . 2 19 ). The S tap le H owe f ragmen t ( L is t 2 70 , 2 ) i s p robab ly f ro m a s im i lar r azor b ut t he p ub lished r econstruc t ion ( Brewster 1 963 , f i g . 6 1, 3 ) i s s pecu la t ive a nd t he o rigina l f or m i s u ncerta in ; t h is f ragmen t i s f ro m t he f i l ling o f t he f i rs t p a lisade t rench ( i b id ., 1 13 ) s o s hou ld b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he e ar ly o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te ( R i tch ie 1 970 , 5 3 ) .

2 65

LBA4/EIAl;

S U M MARY

I nsu lar p roduc t ion o f b ronze a xes c on t inued d uring LBA4 w i th l i nearf ace ted a nd S o mpt ing a xes a pparen t ly s uperseding e ar l ier f or ms i n s ou thern B ri ta in ; b oth t hese t ypes a re w idespread w i th l oca l c entres o fp roduc t ion . Ag roup o f l i near-face ted a xes f ound i n t he e astern Ne ther lands was p robab ly d erived f ro m e ar l ier D utch f ace ted a xes , t hough a B r i t ish l i near-face ted a xe was e xported t o H o l land; l i near-face ted a xes , a pparent ly n ot B ri t ish , a re k nown f ro m B e lg iu m a nd n orth-eastern F rance .

L arge r ibbed a xes i n t he

l ower S che ldt a rea a nd G e is t ingen a xes i n t he l ower Meuse a rea may h ave b een c urren t d uring LBA4 .

A r moric a n s ocke ted a xes r eached B ri ta in d uring

LBA4 , mos t h oards a re f ro m Wessex , a nd t hey i nf luenced S o mpt ing a nd s o me l inear-face ted a xes , i n n orth-eas tern F rance t here a re c oncentra t ions i n t he l o wer S e ine a nd S o m me v a l leys a nd h oards o ccur t o t he B e lg ian b order , b u t f i nds a re s parse i n B e lg iu m a nd t he Ne ther lands .

I ron s ocke ted a xes a ppeared

o n t he c ont inent d uring H a C /MV I a nd a f ew B ri t ish e xa mp les r ese mb le t hese e ar ly f or ms b u t a re o f u ncerta in d a te .

S tone s haf t-ho le a xes were u sed d uring

t he l a te B ronze Age a nd E arly I ron Age i n n orthern E urope a nd t he e as tern Ne ther lands s hared p art icu lar f or ms w i th a d jacen t p arts o fn orth-western Ger many . S pec ia l ised b ronze t oo ls c on t inued i n u seduring LBA4 i n s outhern B ri ta in ; s ocke teo g ouges r e ta ined t he ir e arlier f or m wh i le s ocke ted l ea ther-work ing k n ives a nd h ee led s ocke ted s ick les a ppear t o h ave b een n ew f or ms , t he l as t b eing im i ta ted i n i ron a t L lyn Fawr ( 2 18 ) .

T here i s o ne f ind o f ab ronze h ee led

s ick le f ro m n orth-eas tern F ra nce , o therw ise t hese LBA4 t oo ls a ppear t o b e u nknown o n t he c on t inen t where t he Oss b uria l ( 2 31) s hows t ha t i ron s ocke ted a xes a nd k n ives were c urren t a t t h is t ime . B ronze s pearheads a re n o t c erta in ly k nown f ro m LBA4 c on tex ts i n s outhe rn B ri ta in t hough t he Me lksha m h oard ( 224 ) c on ta ined b ronze a nd i ron s pearh eads; i ron s pearheads were k nown i n B ri ta in a nd i n B e lg iu m a t t h is t ime . Af ter s evera l c en turies o fp opu lari ty t he l eaf-shaped sword c eased t o b e t he d om inant weapon i n c entra l a nd wes tern E urope af ter Ha C ; i n c en tra l E urope i t was s ucceeded b y t he i ron s pearhead wh ich may h ave b een p redo m inant d uring E IA1 i n B ri ta in , b u t c onf ir ma t ion o f t h is i s l ack ing . B efore i t s d ec l ine t he l eaf-shaped sword w as r epresen ted b y f i ne b ronze a nd i ron t ypes c harac teris t ic o f H a Ct hrough mos t o f E urope t hough t here were d is t inc t r eg iona l p references f or o ne me ta l o r t he o ther .

B ronze was

p referred i n B r i ta in a nd n orth-eas tern F rance where t he l ong Minde lhe im t ype was a bsen t , w i th o ne e xcept ion , i n b ronze o r i ron .

B ronze a nd i ron

were a pprox i ma te ly e qua l i n p opu larity i n B e lg iu m a nd t he s ou thern Ne therl ands b u t mos t i ron swords were t he l ong t ype a nd a l l b ronze swords t he s hort G t ind l ingen t ype .

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he G t ind lingen t ype was d erived

f ro m t he i nsu lar Ewart P ark t ype a s ar ep lace men t i n c entra l E urope f or

2 66

t he l a te U rnf ie ld s o lid-h i lted sword , wh i le t he Minde lhe im t ype r ep laced t he l a te U rnf ie ld l ong f l ange-h i lted sword .

The warriors i n terred i n t he r ich

b uria ls o ft he l o wer Rh ine a rea were a b le t o c o m mand l ong s words o f t he n ew ma teria l , i ron . The d is tribut ion o f H a l lsta t t c hapes r ef lec ts t ha t o f H a l ls ta t t b ronze swords , s o me t ypes may h ave b een i nf luenced b y LBA3 b ag-shaped c hapes . S hort i ron s words w i th a ntennae-po m me ls a ppeared i n c entra l E urope d uring Ha C 2 a nd s ing le e xa mp les r eached B ri ta in a nd B e lg iu m b ut d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een i nf luent ia l .

I ron d aggers , c harac teris t ic o f Ha D i n

c en tra l E urope , were a lso p roduced i n B ri ta in where a sma l l g roup i s k nown f ro m t he l o wer Thames v a l ley i n E IA 1 a nd a s ing le e xa mp le e xported t o B e lg iu m .

Th is l ower Thames workshop c on t inued t o p roduce d aggers o f e ar ly

L a Tene f or m , b ut t he i n i t ia l i nsp ira t ion mus t h ave c o me f ro m s outh-western Ger many ; t he mos t n orther ly e xport f ro m t h is r eg ion i s a t H aps ( 230 ) . F inds o f s o-ca l led " Scy th ian" a rrowheads i n wes tern E urope p robab ly o rig ina ted i n G reek c o lon ies n ot i n S cy th ian r a ids .

These a rrowheads a re

b ronze ; i ron a rrowheads o f H a Dd a te o ccur i n t he N e ther lands . H a CK urd b ucke ts o f c en tra l E uropean o rig in r eached t he Ne ther lands where t hey were u sed i n b uria ls , p robab ly c on t inu ing a n e arl ier t radi t ion o f me ta l v esse ls a s c re ma t ion u rns ; t h is p rac t ice p ers is ted i n t he e ar ly L a T ' ene p eriod .

I nsu lar c au ldrons , p erhaps a lso b ucke ts , were c urren t d uring

LBA4 b u t were n ot u sed f or b uria ls .

S ing le e xamp les o fr ibbed p a i ls a re

k nown f ro m t he N e ther lands , i n ab uria l , a nd B ri ta in , p erhaps a r iver f i nd; a lso a r iver f i nd i s t he H a D c au ldron f ro m t he Thames . v esse ls may h ave b een E IA1 i mports i n to B r i ta in .

O ther e xot ic b ronze

F lesh-hooks may h ave

a cco mp a n ie d i nsu lar c au ldrons d uring LBA4 a nd t here i s a n i ron t rident , p robab ly a f l esh-hook , i n b arrow 3 a t C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne ( 228) . C harac teris t ic i t e ms o f H a l ls ta t t h orse-gear o ccur i n t he r ich b uria ls o f t he l ower Rh ine a rea a nd i n B ri ta in .

H a Cp ha lerae o f B avarian f or m r eached

C ourt-Sa int-Et ienne , L ondon a nd L lyn F awr , wh i le t here i s a n e ast-Ha l lstat t p ha lera i n t he LBA4 S o mp t ing h oard . c on te mporary .

C on ica l c heek-p iece o rna men ts may b e

I ron c heek-p ieces o f c entra l E uropean o rig in a re c onf ined t o

t he l ower Rh ine a rea w h i le b ronze c heek-p ieces wh ich s how a t l east a l i t t le i nsu lar i nf luence o ccur a t C ourt-Sa int-Et ienne a nd L lyn F awr . a lso o ccur i n B ri ta in a nd t he L ow C ountries .

Y oke- mounts

C oncave o va l a t tach ments a nd

misce l laneous i t e ms o f Ha l lsta t t h orse-gear o ccur p r inc ipa l ly a t C ourt-Sa intE t ienne . S a in t-V incent p ins may b e o f c entra l E uropean Ha C o rigin b u t t he Ha l lsta t t swan 's-neck f or m i s v ery r are i n western E urope a nd f ew B ri t ish p ins s how c on t inenta l E ar ly I ron A ge i nf luence . Af ew H a l lsta t t b race le ts a nd c o llars r eached B ri ta in a nd I re land w i th o ne B re ton b race le t o f l a te H a l ls ta t t d a te .

A n I r ish b race le t w ith g lobu lar

t er mina ls may b e o f c on t inen ta l H a l lsta t t o rig in . l e ts f ro m n or th-eas tern F rance a nd B e lg iu m;

There a re H a l ls ta t t b race-

e verted-ter m ina l b race le ts

were s t i l l c urren t d uring H a C /D i n t he l ower Rh ine a rea . f ro m H aps i s p robab ly o f midd le Rh ine o rigin .

C on ica l p endan ts a re a c harac-

t erist ic o rnament o f t he E arly I ron Age o n t he l ower Rh ine . 2 67

The Ha D Wende lring

Many e xot ic b rooches , ma in ly o f I t a l ian o r ig in , a re k nown f ro m B ri ta in a nd n orth-eastern F rance , w i th a f ew f ro m B e lg iu m a nd t he s outhern N e therl ands .

S o me o f t he f or ms w i th swo l len o r l ozenge-shaped b ows o ccur i n L a te

B ronze A ge h oards i n F rance where t here may h ave b een l oca l p roduc t ion c entres , s o s o me B r i t ish e xa mp les may h ave b een a nc ien t i mports . B ronze r azors were c urrent i n B ri ta in d uring LBA4 a nd s o me ' Ha l lsta t t ' t ypes may h ave b een i nsu lar p roduc ts .

S im i lar b ronze r azors o ccur i n H a C

Be lg ian b uria ls , where i ron r azors a re a lso f ound . H oards c on t inued t o b e d epos i ted i n A outhern B ri ta in d uring LBA4 b ut t hey were n ot n u merous ; o n ly h oards w i th many A r morican s ocke ted a xes a ppear t o r epresen t t h is p eriod o n t he c on tinent .

T here a re n u merous r ich

Ha C b uria ls i n B e lg iu m a nd t he s outhern Ne therlands .

Wh i le most LBA3

t ype a re a bsen t f ro m LBA4 h oards i n s outhern B ri ta in t he LBA3 t radit ion p robab ly c on t inued i n n orthern B ri ta in a nd I re land ( Eogan 1 964 , 3 20 ; Mack ie 1 971; Raf tery 1 976a ) , b ut LBA4 t ypes a re r are ly f ound i n h oards i n t hese a reas a nd , a s a t A dabrock ( 222 ) , LBA4 d a te may b e u ncerta in .

I ron h ad p re-

s u mab ly s uperseded b ronze i n s outhern B ri ta in d uring E IA1 b u t i nsu lar p roduc ts c erta in ly o f t h is p hase a re r are , T hames d aggers b e ing t he most c harac teri st ic .

A r morican s ocke ted a xes may s t i l l h ave b een c urren t a t t h is t ime i n

B ri ta in a nd o n t he c on t inent .

R ich b uria ls i n t he l ower Rh ine a rea c harac ter-

i st ic o f H a D a re r are ; b uria l 1 90 a t H aps ( 230 ) i s p oor b y H a Cs tandards .

2 68

CHAPTER 8 D ISCUSS ION

CHRONOLOGY C orre la t ion The o ccurrence o f MBA1 Ac ton Pa rk p a lstaves i n T re bou l h oards i n B ri t tany a nd t he c ons isten t a ppearance o f e ar ly c on t inen ta l s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves i n c on te mporary L ochha m , S t ige l a nd Va lsO mag le c on tex ts s uggest t ha t t he Ac ton P ark p hase may b e c orre la ted w i th l a te MI a nd Re inecke B . Ac ton P ark ma teria l was n ot c urren t i n s outhern B ri ta in a nd t here i s e x tensive e v idence t o i ndica te t ha t t he l a te E ar ly B ronze A ge t radi t ion , C a mertonS nowsh i l l a nd A ldbourne b uria ls a nd A rre ton b ronzes , was s t i l l c urren t a t t h is t ime . A rreton a xes were p robab ly a ssoc ia ted w i th e ar ly s h ie ld-pa t tern p a lst aves i n n orthern F rance a nd w i th S ige l a xes i n B ri ta in .

The l a test d aggers

i n t he B ri t ish s eries a re r e la ted t o T re bou l swords wh ich were c erta in ly c urren t d uring t he L ochha m/Söge l p hase .

S o me p ins f ro m C a merton-Snowsh i l l

d agger g raves were p robab ly c onte mporary w i th t he L ochha m p hase t hough n ot , p erhaps , s o many a s G er lof f h as s ugges ted ( 1975 , 1 18-123 ) .

The s a me

g raves a lso c on ta ined whe ts tone p endan ts wh ich c an b e ma tched i n S ige l a nd e ar ly Tu mu lus c on tex ts ( i b id ., 1 23-125 ) a nd a t F ort-Harrouard ( Ph i l ippe 1 936, f i g . 3 3 , 6 ) .

F e ma le b uria ls o f t he A ldbourne s eries p robab ly l asted t o

t he t ime o f t he e arly T u mu lus p eriod ( Ger lof f 1 975 , 2 32-234 ) ;

a n amber

s pacer-bead f ro m a b uria l a t A ndrup , R ibe Amt , J ut land , may b e o f B ri t ish , n ot T u mu lus , o rig in ( i b id . ,2 18;

L o mborg 1 967;

1 973 , 7 5 ) ; t he a ssoc ia ted

f l in t d agger i s af or m k nown f ro m l a te MI F ardrup a nd S öge l c ontex ts a nd e ar ly MI I ( i b id ., 6 9-76 ) .

A rre ton s ocke ted s pearheads may b e r e la ted t o

Re inecke B s o l id-h i lted swords b y d ecora t ion a nd h ol low-cast manufac ture ( Ger lof f 1 975 , 1 52-154 ) , t hough t he s pearhead i n t he l a te MI I S porup lund h oard ( 87) , A rre ton o r d eriva t ive , may b e r esidua l .

There a ppears t o h ave

b een a c hronolog ica l o verlap a t t he t ime o f t he we l l-def ined T rebou l/Lochha m/ S öge l h orizon b e tween t he g eograph ica l ly s epara te Midd le B ronze Age Ac ton P ark i ndustry a nd t he E ar ly B ronze Age A rre ton i ndus try w ith c on te mporary b uria ls . P a ls taves c harac teris t ic o f MBA2 i n s outhern B ri ta in a nd n orthern F rance o ccur i n MII a nd Re inecke C c on tex ts a nd t he f l ourish ing l a ter M idd le B ronze A ge i ndustry i n t hese a reas must h ave b een c onte mporary w i th t he l a ter T u mu lus p eriod .

F or N ordic c orre la t ions , o n ly Taun ton-Hade marschen

a xes s ee m t o c o mpe l a ny o ver lap b e tween MBA2 a nd MI I I . LBA1 may b e c orre la ted w i th R einecke D a nd H a A ;

s o me f i nds s hou ld

b e a s e ar ly a s Re inecke D wh i le o thers must b e a s l a te a s H a A 2 .

The

t rans i t ion f ro m MBA2 , r e la ted t o t he l a ter T u mu lus p eriod , a nd LBA1,

2 69

r e la ted t o t he e ar ly U rnf ie ld p er iod , a ppears t o b e we l l-def ined i n s outhern B ri ta in a nd i n n orthern F rance .

Wh i le LBA2 i s as ubstan t ia l a nd i ndependent

p hase i n t hese a reas t here i s l i t t le ma teria l t o p rov ide e v idence f or c orre lat i on w i th o ther p arts o f E urope .

Th is p hase must h ave b een c urren t d uring

Ha B 1 a nd , t hough i t s s words may h ave a ppeared a l i t t le e ar lier, t he c haract erist ic h oards were p robab ly n ot d epos i ted u nt i l t h is t ime . C orre la t ion o f t he t rans i t ion f ro m LBA2 t o LBA3 i s more d if f icu lt ; B urgess ( i n l i t t . )n ow c onf ines t he W i lburton p hase t o H a B 1 a nd i nc ludes H a B 2 c ontemporary w i th t he Ewart P ark p hase . The I s leha m h oard ( 1 27 ) i nc ludes a b race le t p ossib ly o f MV d a te b ut t h is d oes n ot a ccord w i th t he p oss ib le MIV d a te f or t he I 4vska 1 h oard w i th i t s LBA3 a xes ( see p . 1 72 ) . The u ncerta in s ta tus o f Ha B 2 a nd t he a t tendan t d if f icu lt ies i n t he c orre la t ion o ft he MIV/MV t rans i t ion w i th t he c en tra l E uropean c hrono logy r ender t he c orre la t ion o f t he LBA2/LBA3 t rans it i on , e xemp l if ied i n n orth-eas tern F rance b y t he C o mbon ( 1 64 ) a nd G irau mon t ( 1 70 ) h oards , o bscure . Th is may b e c lar if ied b y a more d e ta i led e xpos i t ion o f ab ipart i te c hrono logy o f H a Bi n t he midd le Rh ine a rea . LBA3 was u ndoub ted ly c urren t a t t he s ame t ime a s H a B 3 a nd MV . I t a ppears t ha t t he t wo c on t inenta l p hases e nded a t a bout t he s a me t ime a nd LBA3 i n s ou thern B ri ta in n eed b e l i t t le p ro longed i f aB ri t ish o rig in i s a ccepted f or H a l lsta t t b ronze swords . O therw ise , LBA3 w ou ld h ave t o b e c on t inued a longs ide H a Ci n s ou thern B ri ta in a s i tp robab ly was i n n orthern B ri ta in a nd I re land , b ut o n ly t he N ewark h oard s ugges ts t h is i ft he p rob le m o f t he swords i s r es o lved ( see p . 2 54 ) . LBA4 was p robab ly c ontemporary w i th mos t o f H a Ca nd t here s eems i ns uf f ic ien t i mported ma teria l t o s ugges t i n terna l s ub-div is ion o r t o r e tard t he s tart o f LBA4 t o H a C 2 . Iam i nc lined t o p lace t he t rans i t ion f ro m LBA3 t o LBA4 a longs ide t he Ha B 3/Ha C a nd MV/MV I t rans i t ions . There a ppears t o b e n o c ause t o p ro long LBA4 i n to H a Ds o E IA1 , i n r a ther a rb i trary f ash ion , may b e c orre la ted w i th t h is p hase , s epara ting t he l a test B ronze i ndustry o f s outhern B r i ta in f ro m t he e ar l ies t L a T ene me ta lwork . The c orre la t ion o f my p hases i n s outhern B ri ta in w i th t he c on t inen ta l s equence i s o u t lined i n T ab le 1 2 . Abso lu te c hrono logy T he c orre la t ions e stab lished i n t he p rev ious s ec t ion e nab le a ' conven t iona l ' a bsolu te c hrono logy t o b e e s t i ma ted f or t he me ta lwork o ft he B ri t ish B ronze Age a nd E ar ly I ron Age . Rad iocarbon d a tes f ro m s a mp les d irec t ly a ssoc ia ted w i th d iagnos t ic i t e ms o f B ri t ish me ta lwork a re s t i l l s carce a nd a c oheren t s er ies o f s uch d a tes d oes n ot a ppear t o b e a n i m media te p rospec t .

T he p rob-

l e ms r a ised b y t he c a libra t ion o fr ad iocarbon d a tes a re t oo e x tens ive f or d iscuss ion h ere ;

s uch d a tes a ppear t o p rov ide a h igher c hrono logy t han t he

c onven t iona l s equence , e spec ia l ly d uring t he s econd mi l lenn iu m B . C ., b ut t o c heck t he t rans-European c orre la t ions o ft he c onven t iona l c hrono logy a ga ins t c a l ibra ted r adiocarbon d a tes w ou ld b e a n e nor mous t ask . T he c onven t iona l a bso lu te c hrono logy o ft he e arlier B ronze Age i n E urope i s d erived f ro m t he E gyp t ian h istorica l c hrono logy ( Hayes 1 970 ) wh ich i s r e la ted t o t he Aegean c hrono logy ( S tubbings 1 970 ) b y f i nds o f E gyp t ian ma teria l

2 70

Tab le 1 2 S ou thern B ri ta in

N orthern F rance

C entra l E urope

N orthern E urope

L a te EBA/MBA1

T re bou l

Re inecke B

L a te MI

MBA2

B ronze Moyen I I

Re inecke C

MI I

LBA1

B ronze F ina l I

Re inecke D -Ha A 2

LBA2 LBA3

B ronze F ina l I B ronze F ina l I I

H a B 1 H a B 3

LBA4

H a C

E IA1

Ha D

MV

i n Aegean c ontex ts , Minoan a nd Mycenaean ma teria l i n E gypt ian c on tex ts a nd mutua l a ssoc ia t ions i n o ther a reas ( M t I l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 6-20 , 2 3 ;

S andars

1 971, 5 -9 ) . F inds o f Aegean ma teria l i n s ou thern I t a ly e stab lish t he b asis f or ac hrono logy t o t he n orth b y c orre la t ion o f t he s equences i n s uccess ive r eg ions t hrough I t a ly t o t he A lps ( M t i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 2 26-227) .

Though r e la t ions

b e tween t he e as t Medi terranean a nd e as t-cen tra l E urope e x isted a t t h is t ime ( V ladär 1 973 ) t he H ungarian a bso lute c hrono logy i s l arge ly d erived v ia I ta ly ( Mozso lics 1 967 , 1 25-126; 1 973 , 1 12-115 ) . A f ter t he f ounda t ion o f G reek c o lon ies i n I t a ly d uring t he e igh th c entury B . C . t he E uropean a bso lu te c hrono logy i s d erived f ro m G reek h is tory v ia p ot tery ( Cook 1 972 , 2 59-269 ) u s ing t he s ame s equence a s b efore o ver a s horter d is tance ( Mu l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 3 6-42 , 2 27-228) . F or t he E arly I ron Age i n c entra l E urope d a tab le G reek a nd I t a lian i mports ( Schaaf a nd Tay lor 1 975 ) a l lows ma ter ia l t o b e d a ted i n i t s l oca l c on tex t i n a ddi t ion t o t he c hrono logy d erived f ro m t he c e me teries o fn orthern I t a ly a nd t he A dria t ic r eg ion . The v a lue o f a bso lute d a tes d erived f ro m r e la t ive c hronology w i l l d epend o n t he r e l iab i li ty o f s uch l i nks a s c an b e e stab l ished f or g iven p hases ; t hus , ad a te may b e p roposed more c onf iden t ly f or LBA3 , w ith i t s w idespread c ont i nen ta l r e la t ions a nd we l l-def ined l ower b oundary , t han f or LBA2 , w i th i t s r es tric ted c on t inen ta l r e la t ions a nd i l l-def ined b oundaries .

Wh i le d a tes

d erived f ro m r e la t ive c hrono logy migh t s tric t ly b e r egarded a s d a tes a f ter wh ich t he r e levan t B ri t ish p hase was c urren t , i ti s p robab ly more r ea lis t ic t o a t tribu te t o t he B ri t ish p hase , a t s o me s tage i n i t s d eve lop men t , t he d a te a ss igned t o t he c on t inenta l p hases w i th wh ich i tc an b e e qua ted . T he e nd o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age i n s outhern B ri ta in a nd t he b eg inn ing o f MBA1 c an b e e qua ted w i th t he L ochham , R ige l a nd Va lsö mag le p hases wh ich s hou ld b e d a ted t o t he f if teen th c entury b y r eference t o t he Ha jdüsamson h orizon o ft he H ungarian c hrono logy ( Mozso lics 1 967, 1 23;

B öna 1 975 , 2 76 ) .

The e nd o ft he Midd le B ronze Age i n s ou thern B ri ta in a nd t he b eginn ing o f LBA1 c an b e e qua ted w i th B ronze F ina l Ia nd Reinecke D , wh ich was p laced i n t he t h irteen th c entury w i th Re inecke C , i .e . mos t o f MBA2 , i n t he f ourteenth c entury ( M t I l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 50 , 2 26-227, Abb . 6 4 ) , b ut r ecent w ork s ugg es ts t ha t t h is c hrono logy s hou ld b e l owered .

S andars p laces Re inecke C i n t he

t h irteenth c entury a nd R einecke D i n t he t we lf th ( 1971 , 1 5 , f i g . 3 ) i n a ccord w i th Mozso l ics who p laces Re inecke D i n t he l a te t we lf th a nd e arly e leventh 2 71

c enturies ( 1971, 6 2 , 7 1;

1 973 , 1 08-115 ) .

The d ura t ion o f t he Midd le B ronze

Age i n s outhern B ri ta in a nd n orthern F rance wou ld t hus b e e xtended .

Mozso lics

h as n ot y e t p ub l ished a d e ta i led s urvey o f H ungarian L a te B ronze Age c hronol ogy .

S andars r es tric ts most o f Ha A t o t he t we lf th c entury w i th Ha B b eg in-

n ing a round 1 000 B . C ., i n a gree men t w i th M t i l ler-Karpe ( Sandars 1 971 , 1 5 , f ig . 3 ) ; as horter c hrono logy f or LBA1 , wh ich i nc ludes t hree c entra l E urop ean p hases , i s n ot i nappropria te . T here i s l i t t le e v idence f or t he c orre la t ion o f LBA2 b u t t h is mus t o ccupy t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i rs t mi l lenn iu m . The c onven t iona l d a te f or H a B 3 ( M t i l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 32-133 , 2 28 , Abb . 6 4 ) a nd MV ( Baudou 1 960 , 1 37 ) i s t he e igh th c en tury .

U ncerta in ty a bou t t he s ta tus o f H a B 2 r enders u ncerta in

t he c hrono logy o ft he midd le o f H a Ba nd t hus t he t rans i t ion f ro m LBA2 t o LBA3 .

S andars ( 1971 , f i g . 3 ) p laces H a Ci n t he e igh th c en tury w i thou t a ddi-

t iona l e xp lana t ion , whereas I ta lian r esearch s t i l l h as E s te I , e qua ted w i th Ha B 3 b y Mt i l ler-Karpe , i n t he e igh th c entury ( R idgway 1 976, f i g . 1 ) . More d e ta i led work h as b een d evoted t o t he c hrono logy o f t he Ha l ls ta t t p eriod i n r ecen t y ears .

The b eg inning o f H a Ci s p laced a round 7 00 B . C .

( Dehn a nd F rey 1 962 , Abb . 1 6;

P eron i 1 973 , f i g . 2 0 ) a nd i t s e x tent i n to t he

f i rs t q uarter o f t he s ixth c entury i s r epresen ted b y Ha C 2 i n Bavaria ( i b id .) w i th Ha D b eg inning a round 5 80 ( i b id ., R idgway 1 976, f ig . 1 ) .

LBA4 s hou ld

h ave b een c urrent d uring t he s eventh c entury w i th s l igh ter p oss ib i li ty o f s ubs tant ia l t ime-lag ( Cowen 1 967 , 3 84 ) i fH a l ls tat t b ronze swords a ppeared i n B ri ta in .

T he p rec ise d a te o f t he e nd o f LBA4 i s u ncerta in b u t E IA1 s hou ld

h ave b egun d uring t he s ix th c entury a nd l as ted i n to t he f if th .

Dendrochrono logy

h as p roduced s o me p rec ise d a tes f or t he Ha l ls ta tt p eriod ( Ho l ls te in 1 973; 1 974 ) , n otab ly a s eries f ro m t he H a D 1 b arrow-ce me tery o ft he Magda lenenb erg , V i l lingen , B aden ( Sp ind ler 1 975; 1 976; Hawkes 1 974 ) . a ppear t o c onfor m t o t he c onven t iona l c hrono logy .

These d a tes

F rench c hrono logy , e spec i-

a l ly t he V ix b uria l , s hows t ha t L a f ene Ib egan a round 4 75 B . C . f ig . 2 0 ; G ui la ine 1 976b , 2 1; H a t t a nd Roua le t 1 977 , 1 1) .

( Peron i 1 973 ,

T he ' convent iona l ' a bso lu te c hrono logy o f my p hases i n s ou thern B ri ta in i s s u m marised i n Tab le 1 3 . Tab le 1 3 L a te EBA/MBA1

1 5th c entury B . C .

MBA2 LBA1

1 2th c en turyB . C . 1 1th c entury B . C .

LBA2

1 0 th c entury B . C .

LBA3

8 th c en tury B . C .

LBA4

7 th c entury B . C .

E IA1

6 th c entury B . C . 5 th c en tury B . C .

2 72

DISCUSSION: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE The EBA/MBA transition The transition from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age in Britain has been characterised by Burgess (1974, 194-198) as a 'hiatus'. Ritual monuments of Neolithic tradition appear to have gone out of use, char­ acteristic Early Bronze Age pottery forms disappeared and attendant burial rites were discontinued. From the upland areas of southern Britain, especi­ ally the Wessex lowland, primacy passed to the low-lying areas of the south­ east, river valleys and Fen margins, and this may have been accompanied by fundamental changes in land-use (Bradley 1978, 113-117 ). Discontinuity should not be emphasised too much. There was probably an overlap between the later part of the Wessex culture and the MBAl Acton Park industry which was geographically separate (see p. 39, 42-3). The distribution of Arreton daggers shows a concentration in Wessex (Burgess and Cowen 1972, fig. 6, 1) but contemporary flanged axes occur sparsely in Wessex and their distribution (ibid., fig. 6, 2) appears to mark the inception of the classic distribution­ pattern of metalwork of the Middle and Late Bronze Age in southern Britain with concentrations on the south coast, in the lower Thrones valley, the north­ ern part of East Anglia and east Yorkshire. Some continuity should be reflected by the Arreton hoards on the Isle of Wight (ibid., fig. 7) and the MBA2 hoards on the island (Map 22) which is almost devoid of later material. Pottery types associated with the Wessex culture may have disappeared but Deverel-Rimbury pottery was probably current during the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age. Radiocarbon dates and ceramic typology seem to place the origins of Deverel-Rimbury pottery in Early Bronze Age (Burgess 1974, 216-217; Barrett 1976, 291-295), cf. the occurrence of a Collared Urn in the eponymous Deverel barrow (Miles 1826, pl. I, 23), and Deverel-Rimbury pottery may have accompanied poorer burials at the time of the Wessex culture (Barrett 1976, 298-299). The currency of Deverel ­ Rimbury pottery during MBA2 is confirmed by the fragment of a side-looped spearhead of Rowland's group 2 found with a Barrel Urn on Launceston Down, Dorset (Piggott and Piggott 1944, 60-61, fig. 6; Rowlands 1976, 54, 233 no. 37, pl. 12; Burgess 1976b, 89 no. 13; Barrett 1976, 290), and by the Picardy pins found at St. Lawrence's College, Ramsgate (27), with a Bucket Urn (Burgess 1976b, 89 no. 17; Barrett 1976, 290); there are two side-looped spearheads of group 2 from a cemetery at Mathon, Herefords. (Burgess 1976b, 101 no. 1; Rowlands 1976, 55, 274 no. 162). For the discussion of relations between Britain and the Low Countries at the EBA/MBA transition we must revert to Early Bronze Age urns and begin with Wessex Biconical Urns (WBU), the type predominant in Wessex (Burgess 1974, 182; Smith 1961, 98-110; Calkin 1962, 35-40, 46-47) and known elsewhere in Britain (ApSimon 1972). WBUs have rarely been found in datable contexts but these appear yo be exclusively Early Bronze Age (Smith 1961, 107-108; Burgess 1969, 27) and Gerloff places them in the Camerton-&owshill phase (1975, 236). The urn from Ringwould, Kent, was found with four faience beads and a slotted incense cup (ibid., 102-103, fig. 1, 3) which allow equation with the Wessex culture. The significance of WBUs lies in �heir similarity to Hilversum urns (Smith 1961, 110-114), which they 273

probably inspired. The two groups share bi conical form, bevelled rims and cord ornament; British urns are more convex and more often have lugs or horseshoe handles, though these features occur on Hilversum urns from Vorstenbosch, N. Brabant (Modderman 1959), and Budel-Weert, Dutch Lim­ burg (Glasbergen 1961), respectively. The Vorstenbosch urn and some of the Hilversum sherds from Vogelenzang, N. Holland (Groenman-van Waate ringe 1961, 83-85, fig. 45) bear barbed-wire ornament derived from local Beakers (Lanting 1973, 223) and the protruding base common on Hilversum urns is probably also an earlier local feature. The pottery from the settlement at Mildenhall, Suffolk (Clark 1936), has been compared by Smith (1961, 112-113) to that from Vogelenzang and this Dutch site has produced a segmented faience bead (Glasbergen 1969, 30, fig. 12), cf. the WBU from Ringwould. The distribution of WBUs and Hilversum urns stretches from Wessex across the Straits of Dover to the southern Netherlands (ibid., fig. 10). Beside the Dutch finds of Hilversum urns there are Belgian examples from the Hoog­ einsche Bergen, Weelde, Antwerp (van Impe and Beex 1977, figs. 3, 6), and Maaseik, Limburg (Claassen 1975), both adjacent to the Dutch border, the Kluisberg, Ruien, E. Flanders (de Laet and Roosens 1952, 54-55, fig. 5, pls. IV-V; de Laet 1974, fig. 156), further west, and a French find from Marquise, Pas-de-Calais (Dunning 1936b, fig. 3; cf. de Laet 1961b). The Trevisker sherd from Hardelot, Pas-de-Calais (Mariette 1961; ApSimon and Greenfield 1972, 365, 375), should form part of the same pattern. The distribution of Hilversum urns on the oontinent overlaps that of a distinctive group of barrows enclosed by a bank, so-called ringwalhe uvels (van Im.pe 1976, fig. 1), whose relationship with British barrows has long been recognised (van Giffen 1938b). A Hilversum urn was primary in a ringwalheuvel at Toterfout, N. Brabant, barrow lB (van Im.pe 1976, 9 no. 15). The relevant British barrows are disc-barrows (Grinsell 1974, 79; 1941, fig·. 1), though van Impe's fourth group of ringwalheuvels (1976, 11) may be equated with bowl-barrows with an outer bank (Grinsell 1941, 78179, fig. 1). Most disc-barrows are larger than ringwalheuvels but a group known as the Dorset type and found between Dorchester and Bridport comprises barrows of about the same size as the rontinental barrows (Grinsell 1974, 83, 97-98; Smith 1961, 114-117; van Impe 1976, 14). Barrows with causeways, like Hoogeindsche Bergen IV, Antwerp (ibid., 10 no. 20), are also known in Britain (ibid., 15-16; Grinsell 1941, 106-107). The ringwalheuvel at Alphen (73) has produced a flanged axe of Lochham/Stlgel date and the Zwartenberg, Hoogeloon, N. Brabant (van Impe 1976, 7 no. 2), has produced a flanged chisel, perhaps from a primary burial (Glasbergen 1954a, 11; 1954b, 167, fig, 72; Butler 1969, afb. 18, right). The flanged chisel is a widespread type in central Europe, usually dated to Reinecke A2 (Abels 1972, 49; Bocksberger 1964, fig. 3, 4; Ktlster 1965-66, 14-16, Taf. 4, 18-19; Schubert 1973, 53, Taf. 22, 10). Hilversum urns and ringwalheuvels in Belgium and the southern Nether­ lands must have been in part contemporary with barbed-wire pottery and flJgel burials in the northern �etherlands. Radiocarbon dates for barbed­ wire pottery go down to 1400 be (Lanting 1973, 221, fig. 15) while dates for ringwalheuvels begin by 1500 be (van Impe 1976, 17). Phase 2 of barrow at Anner Tol, Schuilingsoord, Drenthe, contained a barbed-wire pot and a grooved ogival dagger, unique in the Netherlands, with an associated Cl4 date

m

274

o f 1 450

4 5 b c G rN-6753 ( Bu t ler , L an t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls 1 972 , 2 30-231,

2 36-238) , t he l a test r e l iab le d a te f or a b arbed-w ire p ot ( Lan t ing 1 973 , 2 212 22 ) .

The d agger r ese mb les t he C a merton-a nowsh i l l t ype ( Bu t ler , L ant ing

a nd v an d er Waa ls 1 972 , 2 36 ) .

B arbed-w ire p ot tery i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a

S öge l a rrowhead a t Ange ls lo , D ren the ( Lant ing 1 973 , 2 21 ); t he V orstenbosch u rn a ssures s o me o ver lap b e tween b arbed-w ire p ot tery a nd H i lversu m u rns ( i b id ., 2 23 ) .

Though i nhu ma t ions a re k nown , c re ma t ion was t he u sua l b uria l

r i te i n t he H i lversu m c u l ture o f t he s outhern Ne ther lands ( But ler 1 969 , 5 4 ; d e Lae t 1 974 , 3 08 ) , wh i le f l exed i nhu ma t ion was u sua l w i th b arbed-w ire p ot tery ( Lant ing 1 973 , 2 23-232 ) . T i mber c irc les a round b arrows were c o m mon t hroughout t he Ne therlands d ur ing t he Ear ly a nd Midd le B ronze Age ( G lasbergen 1 954b , 1 7 , f i g . 4 5 ; B u t ler 1 969 , 5 1-53 ) .

B ri t ish r ecords a re s parser ( Ashbee 1 960 , 6 0-65 , f ig . 5 4 ,

5 3 , a ppendix I V ) , w i th a ssoc ia t ions f ro m B eaker t o Devere l-R i mbury .

S o me

c lasses o f t imber c irc le may h ave b een n ecessary f or t he r eve t men t o fb arrows b ui lt o fu nstab le ma teria l ( Drewet t 1 976, 1 41) s o c u ltura l c ontac t may n ot b e n ecessary t o e xp la in s im i lari t ies b e tween B ri ta in a nd t he c ont inen t .

The

s ing le c irc le o fw ide ly-spaced p osts a ppears t o h ave c ons is ten t a ssoc ia t ions w i th t he Wessex c u lture i n B ri ta in ; t he e xa mp le a t P oo le , D orse t , a round a b e l l-barrow , h as a C 14 d a te o f 1 260 ± 5 0 b c G rN-1684 ( Voge l a nd Wa terbo lk 1 964 , 3 56) , c onsis ten t w i th t he D u tch d a tes f or t h is t ype o f monu men t ( But ler 1 969 , 5 2 ;

V oge l a nd Wa terbo lk 1 963 , 1 88-189 ) , G lasbergen 's t h ird t ype , t he

mos t n u merous i n t he Ne therlands where i ti s c o m mon i n D renthe a nd N . B raban t ( G lasbergen 1 954b , 1 9-42 ) .

S ing le c irc les o f w ide ly s paced p os ts

a re a lso k nown i n B e lg iu m ( de L ae t 1 974 , 3 13-314 ; v an Impe a nd B eex 1 977 , 3 3-34 ) , i n a d jacent p arts o f G er many ( H inz 1 974 , B i ld 6 ) a nd i n Den mark ( G lasbergen 1 954b , 7 6-79 ) b u t n ot a l l t hese e xa mp les a re o f E arly o r Midd le B ronze Age d a te . P ot tery a nd b uria ls s how a c ons is ten t r e la t ionsh ip b e tween s outhern B ri ta in a nd t he s outhern Ne therlands w i th t he a d jacen t p arts o f B e lg iu m a t t he t ime o f t he EBA/MBA t rans i t ion , t he c ont inenta l L ochham/Söge l p hase ; t h is r e la t ionsh ip a ppears t o h ave b een s trong e nough t o i mp ly move men t o f p opu la t ion f ro m B ri ta in t o t he Ne ther lands ( G lasbergen 1 954b , 1 22-123 ; Sm i th 1 961, 1 18;

B urgess 1 974 , 1 82 ) .

1 957;

B urgess h as emphasised t he d if f icu lty

o f c orre la t ing t h is move men t w i th MBA b ronzes ( i b id ., n .106) b ut B e lg ian f i nds o f A rre ton a xes may b e r e levan t ( Des it tere 1 974c , 1 7-18) a nd t he V oorh ou t h oard ( 85 ) c ou ld b e c on te mporary , d esp i te i t s more n orther ly B ri t ish o rig in . Ma teria l o f t he l a ter E ar ly B ronze Age i s s parse i n n orth-eas tern F rance ( B lanche t 1 976b , 4 8) ; o f many b arrows k nown , e spec ia l ly o n t he c oas t o f t he P as-de-Ca la is ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 7 3 , i l l . 4 9) , o n ly a s ing le e xa mp le c an c onf ident ly b e a t tributed t o t h is p eriod .

E xcava t ion i n 1 820 a t H erve linghen ,

P as-de-Ca la is , p roduced f our s ke le tons a nd a d agger b lade , t hough t he a ssoc iat i on a ppears t o b e u nproven ( i b id ., 2 7 , 7 3 , 1 15 , Herve linghen 3 , i l l . 1 2b ; Gaucher 1 976 , 5 76 , f i g . 1 , 1 ) .

The d agger b ears p oin t i lr e o rna men t , a n

I ta l ian f ea ture , a nd may b e o f c en tra l E uropean o rigin ( Mohen 1 972 , 4 44-446, f ig . 1 , 1 ;

H undt 1 971, 1 8, Abb . 3 , 4 ; Gerlof f 1 975 , 1 17-118, 2 49 n o . 3 , p l .

5 6A ); i ts hou ld b e o fl a te E ar ly B ronze Age d a te a nd may w i tness Wessex i nf l uence i n n orth-eastern F rance . 2 75

The l ack o f E ar ly B ronze Age ma teria l i n n orth-eas tern F rance i s r e lev an t t o G erlof f 's c la im ( i b id ., 2 35-243 ) t ha t B ri t ish E ar ly B ronze Age p ot tery w i th f ingert ipped o rna men t was d erived f ro m t he wes t-A lp ine a rea . We s hou ld r e me mber A pS i mon 's c avea t t ha t p oss ib le i nsu lar o rig ins h ave n ot y e t b een worked o u t i n d e ta i l ( 1972 , 1 54 ) . S uch c oarse p ot tery o ccurs i n t he wes tern A lps a nd i n s outhern G er many ( Hundt 1 957 , 3 9-40 , Abb . 4 ) b ut i ti s r egu lar ly a ssoc ia ted w i th f i ne wares ( i b id ., 3 0-39 , T af . 1 2-13 ) a nd t he d ivers i ty o ft h is p ot tery o f t he f rühe b is mi t t lere B ronzeze i t i s emphas ised b y e xa mina t ion o f t wo l arge g roups f ro m t he K irchberg , Reusten ,

Wür t te mberg ( K im m ig 1 966 ,

2 9-39 ) , a nd A rbon -B le iche , Thurgau ( F ischer 1 971, 1 4 , 1 8-20 ) .

A t t he K irch-

b erg h and led j ars ( K im m ig 1 966, Taf . 1 5-18 , 3 4 ) a nd d ecora ted f i ne wares ( i b id ., Taf . 3 1 , 3 5-38) o ccur a longs ide v esse ls w i th f i ngert ipped c ordons ( i b id ., Taf . 1 9-26 ) a nd k nobs ( i b id ., Taf . 2 7 ) ; t he s a me v arie ty i s p resen t a t A rbon -B le iche w i th h and led j ars ( F ischer 1 971 , T af . 1 6) a nd f i ne wares ( i b id ., Taf . 1 0-15 , 1 8-19 , 3 0 , 3 3-35 ) a longs ide c oarse wares ( i b id ., Taf . 2 02 6, 3 6-39 ) .

I ts ee ms u n like ly t ha t s uch a p opu la t ion move men t a s t ha t p ro-

p osed b y G er lof f ( 1975 , 2 42-243 ) w ou ld h ave i n troduced o n ly c oarse wares a nd t here i s l i t t le c onv inc ing e v idence f ro m t he i n ter med ia te a rea . The r ock-she lter a t L es R oches , V ide l les , E ssonne , h as p roduced p ot tery i n s tra t igraph ic s equence ( Ba i l loud 1 958;

B a i lloud a nd C oif fard 1 967) .

The

s equence f ro m l ocus 5 s hows o ccupa t ion a bove l a te Neol i th ic l eve ls , t hough t he d epos i ts d o n o t a ppear t o b e c o mp le te ly s ea led .

C ouche C c on ta ined s o me

S e ine-O ise- Marne ma teria l a s w e l l a s s o me B ronze Moyen , b u t a lso i nc luded p ot tery wh ich c ou ld b e i so la ted a s B ronze Anc ien ( i b id . ,3 95-401) ;

c ordoned

j ars , k nobbed j ars a nd h orseshoe c ordons were s tra t if ied ( i b id ., 3 98-400 ; B a i l loud 1 958, f i g . 3 , 1 2 ) , b u t more f or ms :

s poons , c onvex b ow ls , c arina ted

a nd s ub-b icon ica l j ars , i nc luding a h and led v esse l , were a ss igned t o B ronze Anc ien o n t ypo log ica l g rounds ( i b id ., 2 00-205 , f i gs . 5 ; 6 , 1 976b , 4 6 , f i g . 1 0 , 7 -14 ) .

1 -9 ;

B lanche t

Th is a sse mb lage f ro m V ide l les c on ta ins f ew f i nger-

t ipped c ordons a nd i t s d ivers i ty c annot b e ma tched a t F ort-Harrouard ( Ba i l loud 1 958, 2 05 ; 2 40 ) .

B a i l loud 1 967 , 4 00-401) i n t he a sse mb lage c i ted b y Gerlof f ( 1975 ,

The p ot tery f ro m a g roup o fp its a t C u iry-r es-Chaudardes , A isne , h as

b een d a ted t o B ronze Anc ien a nd d erived f ro m c en tra l E urope ( B lanche t 1 976b , 4 8, 5 3;

G aucher 1 976 , 5 76 , f i g . 1 , 5 ) .

Th is a sse mb lage c onta ins v esse ls w i th

p la in a nd f i nger-t ipped c ordons , h orseshoe c ordons , k nobs a nd i mpress ions ( Le t ter le 1 976, p ls . 4 0-47 ) a nd o ne s herd i s c o mpared t o C o l lared U rns ( i b id ., 1 81, p l . 4 0 , 2 ) .

The mos t d iagnost ic f i nd , u nnot iced i n e ar lier a ccounts , i s

t he s tone mou ld f or a n a nv i l o f P orc ieu-Amb lagn ieu t ype ( L ist 1 6 , 6 ) p robab ly o f e ar ly B ronze Moyen d a te ( see p . 6 ]) . L a ter MBA A ssoc ia t ions w i th MBA2 me ta lwork ( see p . 2 73 )i ndica te t ha t D evere lR i mbury p o t tery was c urren t d ur ing t he l a ter Midd le B ronze Age i n s ou thern B ri ta in b ut n ew d eve lop men ts were a lready t ak ing p lace ( Barret t 1 976 , 2 942 95 ) e xe mp l if ied b y t he d ecora ted p o t w ith t he B irch ing ton h oard ( 23 ) a nd t he p os t-Devere l-R i mbury p ot tery w i th t he n arrow-h la ded l ooped p a lstave i n t he Ang le D i tch ( see p . 4 9 ). C ont inued r e la t ions w i th t he H i lversu m c u lture h ave b een p os tu la ted ( Sm i th 1 961 , 1 12 ) a nd t he B ucke t U rn i n t he Ra msga te f i nd ( 27 ) may b e 2 76

c o mpared t o Du tch D rakens te in u rns .

These u rns , c onvex o r b ucke t-shaped ,

u sua l ly w i th a n i nturned r i m wh ich may b ear f inger-t ipped o rna ment , s o met imes w i th p la in o r f ingert ipped c ordons , f o l low H i lversu m u rns i n t he c onv en t iona l p ot tery s equence o ft he s outhern Ne therlands ( G lasbergen 1 969 , 1 82 0 , f ig . 7 ;

B ut ler 1 969 , 4 7-48; d e L ae t 1 974 , 3 26-330 ) .

The c onvent iona l

t er m ino logy h as n ot me t w i th u n iversa l a pprova l ( Louwe K ooi j mans 1 972-73 , 3 1 n . 7 5 ) .

The D rakens te in u rn a ppears t o b e long t o t he H i lversu m t ype

( G lasbergen 1 969 , f i g . 7 ) a nd t he u rns f ro m Wee lde , An twerp , s how t ha t a r ig id d is t inc t ion may b e mis leading ; t he s econdary b uria l i n b arrow Ih ad a c ord-orna mented H i lversu m u rn w i th a c ordoned u rn a l most o f D rakenste in f or m , wh i le t he u rn w i th t he s econdary b uria l i n b arrow I was o f D rakens te in f or m b ut b ore c ord-orna men t ( v an I mpe a nd B eex 1 977 , 2 3-24 , f i gs . 3 ; 1 5 ) .

6 ;

The s ou th Du tch s equence i s n ot r ef lec ted i n t he n orth where u ndiagnos-

t ic c oarse ware , K t i m merkera m ik , i s t he r u le d uring t he Midd le B ronze Age ( But ler 1 969 , 7 3 , a fb . 5 ; Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 1 1;

1 964 , 1 10-113 ) .

There was

a lso c ontras t i n b uria l-ri te b e tween t he n orthern a nd s outhern Ne ther lands ; wh i le c re ma t ion c ont inued i n t he s ou th ( Verwers 1 969 , 2 0 n .18;

1 972 , 2 6-30 ,

e rra ta ) , i nhu ma t ion p ers is ted i n t he n orth , mos t c harac terist ica l ly i n s oc a l led ' f am i ly b arrows ' ( Wa terbolk 1 962 , 1 1 , A bb . 3 ;

B ut ler 1 969 , 6 4-66) ,

t he b es t-known a d jacent t o t he s e t t le men t a t E lp , D ren the ( Wa terbo lk 1 961a , 1 26-127 , f i g . 1 ) .

B u t ler ( 1969 , 6 2-64 ) h as emphas ised t he r e la t ionsh ip o f

t he n orth D utch E lp c u lture o ft he Midd le B ronze Age w i th t he a d jacent ' Tu mu lus ' g roups o fn orth-western Ger many .

The c on tras t b e tween t he n orthern

Ne ther lands , l ook ing e ast , a nd t he s outhern Ne ther lands w i th B e lg iu m , where p ot tery a nd b uria l-ri te d erived f ro m o r r e la ted t o t hose o f t he B ri t ish Midd le B ronze Age , a ppears t o r ef lec t t he s im i lar c on tras t i n Midd le B ronze Age me ta lwork , e spec ia l ly p a lstaves . Much more e x tensive i s t he e v idence p rov ided b y MBA2 me ta lwork f or c on tac ts b e tween s ou th-eastern E ng land a nd n orth-eas tern F rance b u t c o mp arab le e v idence f ro m p ot tery a nd b uria ls i s s carce .

A t V ide l les t here i s

K erbschn i t t p ot tery c o mparab le t o t ha t f ro m H agenau ( Ba i l loud 1 958 , 2 062 08 , f i gs . 7 -8) ;

al i t t le t o t he e as t s uch T u mu lus p ot tery i s a ssoc ia ted w i th

t wo Tu mu lus d aggers a t Marion-des-Roches , F ores t o f F on ta inebleau , S e inee t- Marne ( Ba i l loud

1 961 ) .

There a ppears t o b e s im i lar p ot tery f ro m F or t-

H arrouard ( Gaucher 1 976 , 5 77 ) , t hough S andars was d oub tfu l ( 1957 , 2 69 ) . More r e levan t t o B ri ta in a ppears t o b e t he E ra mecourt g roup ( B lanche t 1 976b , 5 4-55 ) .

O ne b arrow f ro m t he e ponymous s i te i n t he S o m me p roduced a

p ear-shaped c re ma t ion u rn w i th h orseshoe c ordons ( i b id ., f i g . 8 ) .

There a re

t wo s im i lar u rns f ro m ag roup o f e igh t b ur ia ls a t C arrefour d 'Au mon t , F ores t o f O o mpr egne , O ise ( i b id ., 5 2 , f i g . 1 0 , 1 -2 ) , w i th a c ordoned u rn a nd a b road- mouthed s ub-b icon ica l u rn ( i b id ., f ig . 1 1 , 3 -4 ; 1 975 , 4 9-50 ) .

B lanche t a nd L ambot

A t L e Marteau , P ontavert , A isne , ad oub le r ing-di tch

b arrow h ad a c entra l c re ma t ion i n ah igh-shou ldered u rn w i th u prigh t n eck a nd h orseshoe c ordons ; t h is b uria l was s tra t igraph ica l ly e ar lier t han a n u n looped s ocke ted a xe o fp robab le LBA1 d a te ( L ist 5 3 , 6 ) .

A s herd w i th a

h orseshoe c ordon c a me f ro m a s im i lar d oub le r ing-di tch a t L e G rand Mara is , B ucyle-Long , A isne ( B lanChe t 1 976b , 5 2 , f i g . 1 2 , 5 ) .

The ma terial f ro m

C u iry , A isne , may b e long t o t h is g roup ( see p .276 )a nd s evera l mega li th ic s i tes i n t he P aris B asin h ave p roduced p ot tery w i th c ordons a nd h orseshoe

2 77

c ordons wh ich may b e o f B ronze Moyen d a te ( i b id ., 5 2 , f i g . 1 2 , 1 -3 ; B a i l loud 1 974 , 3 51-352 ) . The f or m a nd o rna ment o f t he P on tavert u rn c an b e ma tched b y ac re mat ion u rn f ro m J unc t ion P i t , F arnha m , S urrey ( Low ther 1 939 , 1 65-169 , f ig . 6 8, p l . XV ) , i nverted , s e t i n as tone c ist a nd c overed b y ab arrow .

C re ma-

t ions i n c is ts o ccur a t E ramecourt ( B lanche t 1 976b , 4 1-45 , 5 4 , f i g . 8 ) a nd a t t he C arrefour d 'Au mon t c e me tery ( i b id ., 5 2 ) .

D oub le r ing-di tches a re k nown

a t C ysla-Co m mune , A isne ( Jou l li e1 962 ) , w i th a C 14 d a te o f 1 370 ± 110 b c G sy-91 ( C ,oursage t a nd L e Run 1 966 , 1 32 ) , a nd C onch i lle-Te mp le , i n t he v a l ley o ft he R . A uth ie , P as-de-Ca la is ( P iningre 1 977 ) , a s we l l a s a t P ontav ert a nd B ucyle-Long i n t he A isne v a l ley .

D oub le r ing-di tches o ccur i n

r iver v a l leys i n E ng land ( Leeds 1 936, 1 3-15 , f i g . 3 ; 1 974 , 6 3 ) b ut a re o fu ncerta in d a te .

1 6-18, f i g . 5 ;

F ie ld

B lanche t c ons iders t ha t B ri t ish i nf luence

o n t he E ra mecourt g roup was i mportan t ( 1976b , 5 4 ) a s d oes B urgess ( 1976b , 9 9 B uria l-r i te s hows s im i lar i ty b e tween P icardy a nd s outhern B ri ta in a nd t he p ot tery o ft he E ramecourt g roup h as f ea tures i n c o m mon w i th Br i ta in , t hough p erhaps c loser t o E arly B ronze Age u rns t han t o c lassic Devere lR i mbury f or ms ; t he F arnha m u rn i s n o t at ypica l i nsu lar f or m .

S uch s im i-

l ari ty s hou ld r ef lec t t he c lose r e la t ions b e tween s ou thern B ri ta in a nd t he S o mme-O ise-A isne a rea wh ich a re d e monstra ted b y MBA2 me ta lwork .

The

c hrono log ica l p os i t ion o f t he E ra mecourt g roup i s n ot c erta in b ut i t may n o t b e c onf ined t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age a s B urgess imp lies ( 1976b , 9 9 ) .

The

a pparent l ack o fp ot tery a nd b uria ls o fp oss ib le Midd le B ronze Age d a te i n N or mandy , w i th t he p oss ib le e xcept ion o f F ort-Harrouard , f rustra tes s uch c o mparisons a s c an b e made w i th P icardy .

I t may n ow b e u nnecessary t o

s eek c on t inenta l i nsp ira t ion f or Devere l-R i mbury p ot tery ( Barret t 1 976 , 2 95 ) . D ISCUSS ION :

LATE BRONZE AGE

E ar lier LBA Radiocarbon d a tes s ugges t t ha t t he Devere l-Rimbury c o mp lex e nded a bou t 1 000 b c ( Barre t t 1 976 , 2 91-293 ) , t hough s o me c on t inua t ion may n ot b e e xc luded .

The ' pos t Devere l-R i mbury ' p hase i s r epresented b y p la in , t h in-

wa l led j ars w i th u prigh t o r i nturned h ooked r i ms ( i b id ., 2 94 ;

B rad ley a nd

E l l ison 1 975 , 1 03-104 , f i g . 3 :5 , 1 -3 , 5 -10 , 1 5-18 , 2 4 , 3 1-32 ) a nd , s o mewha t l a ter, b road- mou thed s hou ldered j ars ( i b id ., 1 05-106 , 1 13 , f i g . 3 :5 . 1 3-14 , 3 0 ) .

C un l if fe i dent if ies t he p ot tery o ft he e ar ly p art o f t he L a te B ronze Age

a s o f Devere l-R i mbury t radi t ion ( 1974 , 2 4 ) . e luc ida ted i n d e ta i l .

Ne i ther s che me h as y e t b een

Assoc ia t ions o f c harac teris t ic i t e ms o f LBA1 o r LBA2 me ta lwork w i th p ot tery o r b uria ls i n s ou thern B ri ta in a re s carce .

Two u rns f ro m S urrey

c on ta ined b ronze d iscs w i th r ec tangu lar l oops ( Low ther 1 939 , 1 78-179 , f ig . 7 4 ; 1 949 ;

B urgess 1 976b , 9 0 n os . 2 2-23 ) ; t hese d iscs a re sma l l , 5 -6 cm i n

d ia me ter , a nd t he ir c hrono logy a nd a f in i t ies a re u ncerta in , t hough B urgess ( i b id .) p ostu la tes a LBA1 d a te .

A t Q ueenford F ar m , D orches ter , O xon ., a

s ke le ton was p ierced b y t he t i p o f as tra igh t-based b asa llooped s pearhead ( i b id ., 1 01 n . 3 ;

E hrenberg 1 977 , 3 7 n o . 5 4 , f i g . 1 5 , p l . 1 ) a nd a t T or marton , 2 78

G loucs ., t wo s ke le tons were f ound , o ne p ierced b y as idelooped s pearhead , a nd c o l lagen f ro m t h is s ke le ton g ave a C 14 d a te o f 9 77 ± 9 0 b c BM-452 ( Knigh t , B rowne a nd G rinse ll 1 972;

B urgess 1 976b , 8 9 n o . 1 5 ) .

b uria ls were p robab ly d is t inc t f ro m a ny p eacefu l r i te .

These ' war c e me tery ' B urgess i s i mpressed

b y t he n u mber o fp ossib le i nhu ma t ions o f L a te B ronze Age d a te a nd d en ies t he p oss ib i li ty o f c on t inu i ty f ro m E arly B ronze Age i nhu ma t ion b ecause o f t he l ack o f i nhu ma t ion b uria ls o f t he Ac ton Park p hase ( i b id ., 9 5 ) .

H owever , t he

i nhu ma t ion b uria ls o ft he l a ter E ar ly B ronze Age ( i b id ., 9 5 n . 6 1) may n ot b e f ar r e moved i n d a te f ro m t he Ac ton P ark p hase a nd i ts ee ms u nreasonab le t o d eny t he p oss ib i l i ty o f c ont inu i ty t o MBA2 i nhu ma t ion b uria ls s uch a s H o l l ic ondane ( 2 6) a nd H an ley C ross B arrow ( 35 ) .

B urgess emphas ises t he c lose

l inks b e tween s ou thern B ri ta in a nd n orthern F rance i ndica ted b y MBA2 a nd LBA1 me ta lwork a nd d erives t he " new" i nhu ma t ion r i te f ro m e as tern F rench B ronze F ina l Ii nhu ma t ions a nd f rom S avory 's e ar ly U rnf ie ld h i l lfort-bui lders i n N or mandy ( i b id ., 9 7-98) . E ven i fi t were n ecessary t o s eek a c ont inenta l o rig in f or MBA2 i nhu mat i on i n s outhern B ri ta in , s uch a n o r ig in c an s carce ly b e s ough t i n n orthern F rance , f or t he P on taver t b ur ia l _ ( see p . 2 77 ) s ugges ts t ha t t he c re ma t ion t radi t ion o ft he E ramecourt g roup was s t i l l c urren t a t t h is t ime , p erhaps a s l a te a s B ronze F ina l I . B uria ls o f B ronze F ina l I , Gaucher 's S a in tGerva is c u lture , a re p redo m inan t ly i nhu ma t ions , b ut t hey a re n o t f ound b eyond t he Marne ( Gaucher 1 976 , 5 77-582 ) .

E v idence f or S avory 's h i l lfort-bui lders i s

s carce ly s ubs tan t ia l e nough t o s upport t he i n troduc t ion o f an ew b uria l r i te ( see p . 2 97-9 ). P ot tery o ft he e ar l iest U rnf ie ld p hase i n F rance , CM o f K im mig , B ronze Recen t o f C hert ier , t he f i rs t U rnf ie lds o f S andars , d oes n ot s ugges t U rnf ie ld i nf luence b eyond t he Marne .

Th is p eriod , b road ly c on te mporary w i th B ronze

F ina l I /Re inecke D , i s c harac terised b y p ot tery w i th r i l led d ecora t ion ( canne le e , l e ich t g eri l lte , l e ich te R e ifung ) , of ten a ssoc ia ted w i th p oppy-head p ins a nd c o l lared p ins ( K im m ig 1 951 , 7 7-81: 1 973 , 5 6-60 ) . 1 30;

S andars 1 957 , 1 16-154 ;

U nz

Ri led ware i s n o t c onf ined t o t h is e ar ly p hase ( Sandars 1 957 ,

Daugas a nd P e trequin 1 970 ;

U nz 1 973 , 7 9;

C hert ier 1 976 , 1 57) b u t i t s

a ppearance h as u sua l ly b een i n terpreted a s U rnf ie ld i ntrusion ( Sandars 1 957 , 1 30-131, 1 52-154 ; ( i b id ., 5 7-58 ) .

U nz 1 973 , 6 -7 ) ;

U nz p refers a n o rig in i n t he Hagenau a rea

There a re t wo r i l led-ware v esse ls f ro m V ide l les , af unne l-

n eck u rn a nd a b eaker w i th e verted r im ( i b id ., 1 18 , F und lis te 2 0 ; 1 12 , F undl i s te

1 6;

1 14 , F und l iste 1 7;

B a i l loud 1 958, f i g . 7 , 1 5;

B a i l loud a nd C oif fard

1 967 , 4 06, f i g . 1 6, 5 ) , wh ich a ppear t o b e t he mos t n orth-wes ter ly o f ag roup o f f i nds f ro m t he u pper S e ine v a l ley ( Unz 1 973 , K arte 4 ) .

The s herd f ro m

U pper C hape l , B recknock , c o mpared b y S avory ( 1958a , 4 7, f ig . 5 ; 1 971, 2 3; 1 976a , 4 5 , 5 5 n o . 1 2 , f i g . 4 0 , 9 ) t o F rench e ar ly U rnf ie ld r i l led ware , a ppears r e mote f ro m t h is d istribut ion . C on te mporary w i th r i l led ware a re a f ew v esse ls w i th s tamped o r Kerbs chn i t t o rnament ( Unz 1 973 , 4 5 , 1 12 , F und lis te 1 5 ) , p erhaps r e la ted t o Midd le B ronze A ge K erbschn i t t p o t tery f ro m V ide l les ( i b id . ,4 5 n . 3 25 ) , t hough d a ted e qu iva lent t o Re inecke D ( i b id ., 6 6) .

B eyond t he P aris Basin t here i s

o n ly a s ing le e xa mp le o f t h is g roup , a Kerbschn it t b eaker , r are ly r ecognised s ince i t s o rigina l p ub l ica t ion i n t he f i rs t v o lu me o f G er mania ( Behrens 1 917; Durv in 1 976;

U nz 1 973 , Taf . 3 6 , 3 ;

B lanche t 1 976a , f ig . 3 5 , 2 3) . 2 79

D uring B ronze F ina l I c re ma t ion b eco mes more c o m mon i n t he Paris Basin a nd t he t rue U rnf ie ld b uria l-ri te b eco mes d om inan t ( Gaucher 1 976 , 5 805 81 ) .

The c re ma t ion c e me tery a t V ie i l-Arcy , A isne , b e longs t o t h is p hase

a nd h as c lass ic U rnf ie ld p ot tery ( B lanche t 1 976a , 3 6 , f ig . 3 5 , 1 5-10 ) .

There

i s aH a A 2 f eeding-bot t le , p robab ly o f midd le Rhine o rig in a t S a in t-P ierre-enC hastre ( 171) a nd a l i t t le p ot tery o f t h is p eriod f ro m V ide l les ( Ba i l loud a nd C , oif fard 1 967 , 4 06 , f i g . 1 6, 6 -8) .

The LBA2 sword f ro m Mau tort , Abbev i l le ,

S o m me ( L is t 1 11, 4 7) may h ave b een f ro m a b uria l .

U rnf ie ld i nf luence f ro m

e as tern F rance r epresented b y p ot tery o r b uria ls s ee ms s carce ly t o h ave p enetra ted n orth-eas tern F rance d uring LBA1 o r LBA2 . I n s outhern B e lg iu m i nhu ma t ions i n c aves o r u nder s tone-bui lt b arrows , marche ts , was c urrent d uring t he e ar ly p art o f t he L a te B ronze Age ( Marion 1 969; 1 970 , 2 9-46; d e L ae t 1 974 , 3 66-369 ) .

C lass ic U rnf ie ld p ot tery , p rob-

a b ly o f midd le Rh ine o rig in , a ppeared a t H an ( 194 ) d uring H a A 2 b ut n ot a cco mpan ied b y t he U rnf ie ld c re ma t ion b uria l-ri te ( see p . 2 83 ) . Ev idence f or H a A U rnf ie ld p ot tery o r b uria ls o n t he l o wer Rh ine i s s parse .

I n t he

N euwe id b asin Des i t tere ( 1968 , 1 7 , f i g . I )r ecogn ised n o ma teria l e ar l ier t han H a A 2 , t hough J oach im ( 1973a ) h as i den t if ied H a A l b uria ls .

O n ly a l i t t le

H a Ap ot tery c an b e r ecogn ised i n Des it tere 's g roups i n t he s ou th-wes tern L oess z one ( 1968 , 1 9-20 ) a nd b e tween t he R . D t isse l a nd t he S iebengebirge , t he h i l ls o n t he n orth-wes tern marg in o f t he Wes terwa ld ( i b id ., 2 4-25 ) .

K im m ig

h as emphas ised h ow l i t t le Ha A ma teria l i s p resent i n t hese t wo g roups ( 1970 , 4 2-43 ) .

Ha A p ot tery i s a lso s carce i n t he n orth-wes tern g roup a nd i s r epre-

s en ted p rinc ipa l ly b y b eakers a nd c y linder-neck u rns i n t he s outhern p art o f N . B raban t ( Des it tere 1 968 , 3 0-31, f i g . I I , 1 -2 ) ;

K im m ig c ons iders t ha t

t h is c anno t b e s uf f ic ient t o r epresen t ad is tinc t H a A U rnf ie ld p hase ( 1970 , 4 5 ) . K i mm ig i s a lso c au t ious ( i b id ., 4 9 ) a bout t he Ha A d a te p roposed b y Des it tere ( 1968 , 6 5-66, f i g . X I ) f or t he e ar ly p art o f h is F lem ish g roup . The L a te B ronze Age p o t tery s equence i n t he s ou thern Ne ther lands c ont inues t he H i lversu m-Drakens te in s equence w i th t he d evo lved f or m k nown a s L aren u rns ( Bu t ler 1 969 , 4 8;

Wa terbo lk 1 969 , 2 0 ) a nd i s l a ter r epresen ted

b y c oarse p ot tery k nown a t G robkeram ik ( Des it tere 1 967) , p erhaps d erived f ro m t he e ar lier u rns ( Verwers 1 969 , 2 1-22 ;

1 972 , 3 0 ) , t hough Des i t tere

d oubts t h is ( 1974a , 1 09-110 ) . I n t he western N e therlands s o me smooth t h inwa l led j ars f ro m V e lsen , N . H o l land , h ave b een i den t if ied a s L ate B ronze Age ( Je lgers ma , d e J ong , Z agw i jn a nd v an Reg teren A ltena 1 970 , 1 40 , f i g . 3 7) a nd L ouwe K oo i j mans ( 1 972-73 , 3 5 , 3 42 ) h as r ecogn ised s im i lar p ot tery f ro m a d ozen s i tes i n H o l land b ut t h is p ot tery h as n ot y e t b een d a ted p rec ise ly , I n t he n orthern N e ther lands K t I m merkeram ik o f Midd le B ronze A ge t radit i on c ont inue d i n to t he L a te B ronze Age ( But ler 1 969 , 8 2 ; L ouwe K oo i j mans 1 972-73 , 3 4-35 ).

V erwers 1 969 , 2 3;

C re ma t ion was n ow t he u sua l b ur ia l-ri te ;

af ter s o me t ransi t iona l b ur ia ls ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 1 3 ) t he f i rs t c harac terist ic g roup i s k nown af ter t he c e me tery f ro m Gas teren , D ren the .

C re ma t ions ,

u rned o r u nurned , o ccur i n r ec tangu lar mortuary h ouses s urrounded o n t hree o r f our s ides b y ad i tch ( i b id ., 1 5-16 , Abb . 5 -6) a nd a c oheren t p ot tery a ss e mb lage i s a ssoc ia ted ( i b id . q uoted ( i b id . ,1 8 n . 3 1;

1 7-18 , Abb . 7 -9 ) .

A H a B 1 d a te i s u sua l ly

B u t ler 1 969 , 8 2 ) o n t he b asis o ft he p in ( L is t 9 2 , 3 )

b ut t h is may n ow i mp ly a H a Ad a te ( see p .125 ) . Gas teren b uria ls a ppear t o

2 80

b e c onf ined t o t he Ne ther lands a nd i t s b orders , t hough t he p ot tery may b e c o mpared w i th v esse ls f ro m t he N orth F ris ian i s land o f Mar s um , a ssoc ia ted w i th b rooches o f MI I I ( Kers ten a nd L a B au me 1 958 , Taf . 6 7 , 3 , 1 7; Randsborg 1 968, 8 2-83 ;

L aux 1 973 , 3 5-36) a nd MIV ( Kers ten a nd L a B au me 1 958, Taf ,

6 7, 1 0-13; Randsborg 1 972 , 3 7-39 , 8 3 , A ppendix 1 3 ) , a nd f ro m A rd le igh , E ssex ( Eri th a nd L ongworth 1 960 , f i g . 7 , H 16, D 21) .

A Gasteren b uria l

f ro m H o ls loot , D renthe , g ave C 14 d a tes o f 9 30 ± 7 0 b c a nd 9 40 ± 5 0 b c G rN1 562-63 ( C lason 1 959 ;

V oge l a nd Wa terbolk 1 963 , 1 92 ) .

L oca l c ont inu i ty s ee ms t o h ave b een c harac teris t ic o f most o f B e lg iu m a nd o ft he s outhern N e ther lands d uring t he e ar l ier p art o f t he L a te B ronze Age .

The s carce U rnf ie ld p ot tery i n B e lg iu m c an b e ma tched b y af ew b ronzes .

The n orthern N e ther lands s hared s o me f ea tures o fp ot tery a nd b uria l w i th a d jacen t p arts o f n orthern G er many a t l eas t a t ad eve loped s tage o f t h is p hase . L a ter LBA Ev idence i s s carce f or b uria ls o f G aucher 's B ronze F ina l I I P la inseau c u lture ( 1976 , 5 83 ) .

There a re U rnf ie ld c re ma t ion c e me teries o f t h is p hase

a t V ie i l-Arcy a nd Ma izy-sur-A isne , A isne ( B lanche t 1 976a , 3 8 ) , a nd s words f ro m Mouy , O ise , C arp 's T ongue ( L is t 1 58, 9 ) , a nd H e i l ly a nd P icqu igny , S o m me , s o lid-h i lted ( L is ts150 , 4 ; ( Gaucher a nd Mühen 1 974 , 8 0 ;

1 53 , 5 ) , may h ave b een f ound w i th b uria ls

B lanche t 1 976a , 3 8) .

O ther i t e ms o f L a te

B ronze Age me ta lwork may h ave c o me f ro m b ur ia ls a nd o ther r ecords o f b uria ls , i nc luding s o me i n c aves , c ou ld b e o f La te B ronze Age d a te ( Gaucher a nd Mühen 1 974 , 8 1-84 ) . B ronze F ina l I I p ot tery o ccurs o n s evera l h i l lforts i n n orth-eas tern F rance :

F ort-Harrouard , E ure-e t-Loir ( Sandars 1 957 , 2 74-279;

G aucher

1 976 , 5 83 ) , S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre ( 1 71) , C a tenoy ( B lanche t 1 976a , 3 8; S andars 1 967, 2 79-280 ; 3 8) , O ise .

B a i l loud 1 956) a nd S ain t-Sauveur ( B lanche t 1 976a ,

The s e t t le ment a t N anteu i l-sur-A isne , A rdennes , h as p roduced

p ot tery o f B ronze F ina l l lb ( i b id ., 3 8, f i g . 3 5 , 1 -10 ) a nd a C 14 d a te o f 8 70 ± 9 0 b c ( B . wares;

L ambot ) .

Most o f t hese s i tes h ave p roduced c oarse a nd f i ne

f u l l p ub lica t ions s hou ld a l low t he e stab l ish men t o f a more r ef ined

c hrono logy a nd c o mparison w i th p ot tery i n a d jacen t a reas .

S andars l is ts a

f ew p oor ly-docu men ted f i nds ( 1957, 2 80 ) . The l o wer Rh ine a rea h as p rov ided e x tens ive r e ma ins o f b uria ls a nd a ssoc ia ted p ot tery f ro m t he L a te B ronze Age ; a ssoc ia ted b ronzes a re r are a nd c hrono logy r e lies o n t he t ypo logy o f t he p ot tery , d iscussed i n g rea test d e ta i l b y Des it tere ( 1 968 ) .

The t i t le o f t h is w ork , ' De U rnenve ldenku ltuur i n

h e t g eb ied t ussen Neder-R i jn e n N oordzee ', b etrays t he a uthor 's c onv ic t ion t ha t h e i s d ea ling w i th a n e x tens ion o f t he U rnf ie ld c u lture o f c entra l E urope , t hough t h is h as b een d eba ted ( Verwers 1 969; Des it tere 1 974a ; d e L ae t 1 976, 1 93 ) . D es i t tere 's p rinc ipa l g roup i s h is n orth-wes tern g roup e x tending f ro m t he Rh ine v a l ley i n t he e as t a nd n orth t o t he De mer i n t he s ou th a nd a l mos t t o t he S che ldt i n t he wes t ( Des i t tere 1 968, Kaart 7 ) .

Th is g roup i s b est d ef ined b y

t he a ppearance o f l oca l K erbschn i t t p ot tery i n H a B ( i b id ., 3 0 ) . r ecogn ises s o me c lass ic U rnf ie ld p ot tery f or ms :

Des i t tere

l i dded c ups , s o me t i mes

w i th u prigh t p erfora ted l ugs , Decke ldosen i n Ger man , d ekse ldozen i n Dutch 2 81

( i b id ., 3 1-33 , f i g . I I , 3 ) ;

sma l l b icon ica l b ow ls w i th b road mouths a nd e verted

r i ms , s im i lar t o b ow ls o ft ype XT I i n V og t 's Sw iss t ypo logy ( i b id ., 3 3-34 , f i g . I V , 1 ) ;

c y linder-neck , c on ica l-neck a nd f unne l-neck u rns ( i b id ., 4 0-45 , f i gs .

V I-LX ); h and led c ups ( i b id ., 3 7-38, f ig . V , 2 ) ;

c oarse-ware j ars u sed a s

u rns ( i b id ., 3 8-39 , f i g . V , 1 ) a nd c on ica l-prof i le b ow ls ( i b id ., 3 9-40 , f i g . I V , 4 ) .

Kerbschn i t t ( kerfsnede ) o ccurs o n many f or ms i n t he n orth-western g roup ;

t riang les , h ang ing c urves a nd l ines a re k nown , t hough Des it tere r estric ts t he t er m Kerbschn i t t t o t riangu lar mot ifs ( i b id . ,4 7) .

V erwers ( 1969 , 2 1) s uggests

t ha t Kerbschn it t s hou ld a pp ly t o a l l e xc ised , a s o pposed t o ' scra tched ' , o rna men t . T riangu lar mot ifs a re f ound o ver most o f t he a rea o ft he n or th-western g roup , e xcep t t he e x tre me wes t , b ut t he p rinc ipa l c oncentra t ion i s f ro m t he l ower Roer wes t i n to N . B rabant ( i b id ., 4 9 , Kaart 8 ) , l i t t le d if feren t f ro m t he c onc entra t ion p lot ted b y Kers ten ( 1948, Abb . 4 ) .

The o rig in o f Kerbschn i t t p ot-

t ery i s p resu mab ly t o b e s ough t i n t he s ou th Ger man a nd Sw iss U rnf ie ld c u ltures ( i b id ., 4 8-49 ;

V erwers 1 969 , 2 1;

K i mm ig 1 970 , 4 6) .

K imm ig q ues t ions s o me

o f Des i t tere 's i dent if ica t ions o f n orth-wes tern f or ms a s Ha B U rnf ie ld t ypes ( i b id ., 4 5-47 ) . R ing-di tches a re c harac teris t ic o f H a B c e me teries i n N . B raban t a nd B e lg ian L i mburg , u sua l ly a nnu lar , w i th t he o pening t o t he wes t i fp enannu lar; l ong d i tches a lso o ccur , t hough b uria ls may b e o u ts ide d i tches a nd d i tches may o ccur w i thou t a ny t races o f ab uria l ( i bid ., 4 0-56) .

Verwers ( 1966b ) d is-

t inguished t wo g roups o fl ong d i tches , t he R ie thoven t ype w i th a verage d i mens ions o f 1 5 .5 x 5 .5 m , a nd t he G oir le t ype , 4 2 x3 .8 m; t he f or mer of ten c on ta in b uria ls a nd were i n terpre ted a s f unera l monu men ts ( i b id ., 5 5 ) , wh i le t he l a t ter were i n terpre ted a s r itua l f ie lds ( i b id . ,5 6) .

Des i t tere ( 1968 , 5 6)

was s cep t ica l o f t he v a l idi ty o f t h is d iv ision a nd p o l len a na lys is d oes n o t s upp ort t he i n terpre tat ion o f G oir le d i tches a s f i e lds ( Bake ls 1 975 ;

V erwers 1 975 ,

3 3) .

B runs t ing a nd

There i s a n i n ter media te g roup o f l ong d i tches ( i b id ., 3 2 ;

V erwers 1 975 , 6 3 ) . C 14 d a tes f or l ong d i tches i nc lude 8 70 ± 5 0 b e G rN-4919 a nd 8 30 ± 5 0 b e G rN-4920 f ro m G oir le , N . B rabant ( Verwers 1 966b , 4 0 ) , a nd 8 80 ± 3 5 b e G rN6 950 , 8 50 ± 3 5 b e G rN-6952 , 9 05 ± 3 5 b e G rN-6954 a nd 9 00 ± 5 0 b e G rN-1764 f ro m L aag S pu l , H i lvarenbeek , N . B raban t ( Verwers 1 975 , 3 1) .

R ing-di tches

p rov ide d a tes o f 9 20 ± 5 0 b e G rN-4921 a t G oirle ( Verwers 1 966b , 4 2 ) a nd 9 35 ± 3 5 b e G rN-6951 a nd 8 40 ± 3 5 b e G rN-6955 a t L aag S pu l ( Verwers 1 975 , 3 1) . C re ma t ion i s t he r u le i n t he n orth-western g roup , i n a n u rn , ap er ishab le c on ta iner , ap i t o r aB randsch t it tungsgrab ( b randafva lgrab ) , i n wh ich p art o f t he c re ma ted r e ma ins a re p laced i n t he u rn a nd t he r e ma inder , s t i l l mixed w i th t he p yre , p laced i n t he g rave-p i t a longs ide t he u rn . s tone c over-s labs may b e emp loyed .

C over-vesse ls o r

The c re ma ted r e ma ins may b e p laced

i n a sma l ler v esse l , n ot i n al arge u rn ( Desi t tere 1 968 , 5 7-59 ) . f ea ture i s i n terpre ted a s c lass ic U rnf ie ld r i tua l b y Desit tere .

The l as t

T he F le m ish g roup i n Ha B i s d ist inguished f ro m t he n orth-wes tern b y d eta i ls o fp ot tery a nd b uria l ( i b id ., 6 6-72 ) , e .g . t he a bsence o fr ing-di tches . K im m ig ( 1970 , 4 9 ) i s r e luc ta n t t o r ecogn ise c lass ic U rnf ie ld b uria l-ri te o n t he l ower Rh ine , emphas ising d e ta i ls o fp eriphera l s tructure a nd o f t he b uria ls t he mse lves .

V erwers ( 1969 , 1 8-20 ) s tresses c ont inui ty f ro m t he l oca l

Midd le B ronze Age a nd h e c a lcu la tes t ha t u nurned c re ma t ions were more 2 82

c o mmon d uring t he L a te B ronze Age , w i th u rned c re ma t ion p redo minant o n ly d uring t he E ar ly I ron Age ; Midd le B ronze Age b arrows o f ten f or med t he c ore o f L a te B ronze A ge c e me teries .

Desit tere ( 1 974a , 1 10-111) a rgues t ha t t he

r ing-di tches a nd e ven t he l ong d i tches o f t he n orth-western g roup may h ave b een d erived f ro m t he midd le Rh ine a rea a nd ( i b id ., 1 17-124 ) q uest ions t he v a lue o f c a lcu la t ions c oncern ing u rned a nd u nurned c re ma t ions . D es i t tere o rig ina l ly g rouped t he r e ma in ing B e lg ian U rnf ie ld p ot tery t og e ther a s t he U rnf ie ld c u lture i n c en tra l a nd s ou thern B e lgiu m ( 1 968, 7 3-75 , Kaart 6 ) , b u t d e L ae t h as d ist ingu ished a c en tra l B e lg ian g roup a nd a F amenne g roup ( 1 974 , f i g . 1 75 ) . The c entra l B e lg ian g roup l ies n orth o f t he Meuse i n H a inau t a nd i n e as tern B raban t ; f l a t b uria l i s u sua l , a s i n F landers , b ut r ing•d itches a ppear t o b e a bsen t ; t here i s n o p ot tery e ar lier t han H a B ( i b id ., 3 703 71; Des it tere 1 968, 7 5-76 ) .

The mos t i mportan t s i te o f t he F amenne g roup

i s H an ( 1 94 ) where f i ne U rnf ie ld p ot tery o f H a B 1 d a te a nd p robab le midd le Rh ine o rig in i s k nown . F ine ware i s a lso p resent a t t he T rou d e l L euve ( o r H euve ) , S insin , N amur ( Marion 1 973b , 2 77-279 , f i g . 8 ) . The H an p ot tery h as n ot b een p ub l ished i n d e ta i l ; mos t a ppears t o b e H a B ( i b id ., 2 81) .

C oarse

wares a re a lso p resent a t t he T rou d e l 'Ambre i n t he n earby B ois d u Werimont , E prave ( Marion 1 970 , 4 1-42 , f i g . 1 0 ) , i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th i nhu ma t ion b uria ls ( i b id ., 2 9-37 , 4 5-46) wh ich w ere a lso f ound a t S ins in ( Marion 1 973b , 2 79) .

I t

i s s trange t ha t t he most c harac teris t ic U rnf ie ld p ot tery f ro m B e lg iu m s hou ld n ot b e a ssoc ia ted w i th c re ma t ion ; Mar in p roposes t ha t t he g o ld p endants f ro m H an ( see p . 2 14 ) p rov ide a l i nk w i th U rnf ie ld i nhu ma t ion b uria l a t Wo llmeshe im , K r . L andau , Rhe in land-Pfa lz ( 1969 , 4 07-408; 1 970 , 4 6; 1 973b , 2 77-279 ) , t hough t he l oca l i nhu ma t ion-ri te i n marche ts , p erhaps s t i l l c urren t a t t h is t ime ( de L ae t 1 974 , 3 68-369 ) , may a lso h ave b een i nf luen t ia l . Marion i s c onf ident t ha t t he p resence o f U rnf ie ld p ot tery a t H an i mp l ies s o me p opu la t ion move ment ( 1 973b , 2 81) . Th is c ou ld b e a cco mpan ied b y s o me b ronzes o f U rnf ie ld t ype ( i b id ., 2 77 ) , e .g . many o ft he p ins , s ing lee dged k n ives , B ourge t a rrowheads a nd t he g o ld p endan ts .

The s ocke ted a xes

a re p robab ly l oca l B e lg ian t ypes , n o t s o w es tern a s Marien h as i mp lied ,2 74-276) .

U ndoub ted ly w estern a re t he Thames swords , b ag-shaped

c hapes , l arge s pearhead a nd l ong f erru le .

Mar ion h as l ong s tressed t he

d is t inc t ion b e tween t he Meuse v a l ley , w i th i t s e asterly a f f in i t ies , a nd t he S che ldt v a l ley , w i th i t s wester ly a f f in i t ies ( 1952 , 2 68, a fb . 2 48; 1 973a , 1 29 n .11) , a nd t h is d iv is ion may s t i l l b e made ( Des i t tere 1 974a , 1 11-113 ) . T he p ossib i li ty o f d irec t c on tac t b e tween t he F a menne g roup a nd t he midd le Rh ine U rnf ie ld a rea s i tua ted d irec t ly t o t he e as t c ou ld s t i l l a l low c on tac t b e tween t he n orth-wes tern g roup a nd t he midd le Rh ine t o b e minim ised .

We awa i t w i th

i n terest t he r esu lts o f c o mparison b e tween p ot tery o ft he F amenne g roup a nd U rnf ie ld p ot tery o fn orth-eas tern F rance , e spec ia l ly a t Nan teu i l-sur-A isne a cross t he A rdennes . C re ma t ions i ns ide d i tches o fk ey-ho le s hape o ccur i n Westpha l ia a nd i n t he e as tern Ne ther lands w i th p ot tery o fb icon ica l p rof i le ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 1 81 9 , f i gs . 1 0-13;

B u t ler 1 969 , 8 2-83 ; Wi lhe lm i 1 974 ) .

S im i lar p ot tery h as

b een f ound i n c e me teries o ft he n orth-wes tern g roup a nd t he k ey-ho le d i tches s hou ld b e d a ted t o H a B /MV ( Des i t tere 1 968 , 5 6-57 , 6 3-64 ) t hough t here a ppears t o b e n o d e ta i led s tudy o f t he ir c hrono logy .

2 83

B es ide t he Gasteren g roup a nd k ey-ho le r ing-di tches , t he t h ird g roup o f L a te B ronze Age b uria ls i n t he n orthern N e ther lands i s c harac ter ised b y zwe ihenk lige T errinen c onta in ing b uria ls u sua l ly s econdary i n e ar lier b arrow o r i n s tone s e t t ings ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 1 8-23; B ut ler 1 969 , 8 2-83 ) . o fr azors a nd t weezers s ugges t a MV d a te ( see p . 2 20-2 ) ,

A ssoc ia t ions

a nd a f f in i t ies w i th

n orth-wes tern G er many a re a lso d e monstra ted b y t he d is tribu t ion o f zwe ihenkl ige T err inen ( Tackenberg 1 939 , K arte 1 ) .

Af ew v esse ls o f s outh D u tch c har-

a c ter , w i th i nc ised , s ta mped o r K erbschn i t t o rna men t , o ccur i n t he n orthern Ne ther lands a ssoc ia ted w i th b uria ls i n r ing-d itches ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 2 3-25 , Abb . 1 6; Desi t tere 1 968, 6 1-62; B ut ler 1 969 , 8 3 ) ; c e me teries w i th r ingd i tches a nd l ong d i tches a re d a ted t o t he e nd o ft he L a te B ronze Age i n t he n orthern N e ther lands , l a te H a B( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 2 5-28; B ut ler 1 969 , 8 3-84 ) . I ts ee ms p oss ib le t ha t Wa terbo lk 's c hrono log ica l s equence o fg rave-s tructures i s al i t t le t oo r ig id ( c f . Des it tere 1 968 , 6 3 n . 3 91; W i lhe lm i 1 974 ) b ut t he p ot tery a nd b uria ls o ft he n orthern N e ther lands d ur ing t he l a ter L a te B ronze Age a ppear t o r ef lec t t he l oca l d istribu t ions , t he d is t inc t ion f ro m t he s outhern Ne ther lands a nd t he r e la t ions w i th n orth-wes tern G er many e xe mp lif ied b y LBA3 b ronzes . E v idence f or b ur ia ls o ft he l a ter p art o f t he L a te B ronze Age i n s outhern B ri ta in i s s can ty . S o me c re ma t ions h ave C 14 d a tes wh ich c over t h is p er iod ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 18; C un l if fe 1 974 , 2 7; B arret t 1 976 , 2 91, f i g . 1 7 .1) . A s econdary c re ma t ion i n ab arrow o n C ourt H i l l , T ickenham , S o merse t , g ave ad a te o f 7 15 ± 1 30 b e 1 -5734 a nd a t anged l ea ther-working k n ife ( L is t 1 31, 2 7 ) was f ound a t t he b ase o ft he t urf c overing t he b arrow ( Green 1 973 ) . S o me o f t he p oss ib le i nhu ma t ions w i th me ta lwork r ecorded b y B urgess a re o f LBA3 d a te ( 1 976b , 8 3-91 n os . 1 , 3 -5 , 7 -8, 1 0 , 2 0 , 2 6, 3 1-32; 1 01 n os . 7 -8) b ut f ew a re p roven b eyond d oub t . T he S tree ton-on-the-Fosse f i nd i s r e l iab le ( see p . )b ut i t s d a te i s n ot . The f i nd i n t he b ank o ft he Tha mes a t Wa l lingford , B erks . ( i b id ., 1 01 n o . 7 ) was f ro m a r ubb ish d epos i t ( f ie ldwork b y R . J . B rad ley a ss is ted b y t he w ri ter ) a nd t h is f i nd c anno t b e r egarded a s ar egu lar i nhu ma t ion b uria l .

I t may b e e xp la ined a s t he s ame k ind o f a pparen t ly c asua l

d epos i t a s p rac t ised o n I ron A ge h i l lforts ( Cun lif fe 1 976a , 2 15 ) a nd , t o r everse t he s ugges t ion o f B urgess ( 1976b , 1 01) , e luc ida t ion o ft hese I ron Age b uria ls may c lar ify t he p os i t ion f or t he l a ter B ronze Age . B urgess ( i b id ., 9 9 ) p oin ts o ut t he n ega t ive e v idence f or b ur ia ls wh ich u n i tes s ou thern B ri ta in a nd n orthe as tern F rance a t t h is t ime i n c ontras t w i th B e lg iu m a nd t he Nether lands where c re ma t ion was t he r egu lar r i te . F urther r esearch may r evea l a n e xt ens ion o f U rnf ie ld b uria ls i n to n orth-eastern F rance t o s how whe ther t h is n ega t ive e v idence i s a pparen t o r r ea l . The r e mova l o f D evere l-R i mbury p ot tery f ro m t he L a te B ronze Age t o t he Midd le B ronze Age l ef t a n a pparen t g ap i n t he p ot tery s equence o f s outhern B ri ta in . P ot tery c lassed a s ' Ear ly I ron Age ' o r ' I ron Age A ', d a ted t o t he H a l lsta t t p eriod when Devere l-R i mbury p ot tery was s t i l l r egarded a s c on te mp orary w i th t he l a te U rnf ie ld p eriod , r ema ined w i th in t he s even th- t o f if thc entury d a te-range .

When s uch p ot tery was f ound o n s i tes w i th L a te B ronze

Age me ta lwork t he t radi t iona l t er mino logy p roved i nadequa te a nd u ndue l ongev i ty was a t tributed t o b ronzes wh ich c ou ld b e d a ted more a ccura te ly t han t he p ot tery ; t h is was e xe mp l if ied i n t he d iscuss ion o f I v inghoe B eacon , B ucks . ( Cot ton a nd F rere 1 966-70 , 2 00-203 ) .

H arding ( 1 974 , 1 29 ) , i n ac hapter

2 84

e n t i t led , " The L a te B ronze Age p rob le m ..", r eferred t o , " the l ack o f a s ubstan t ia l b ody o f c eram ic e v idence f or ( t he L a te B ronze A ge ) wh ich migh t p rov ide a s pringboard f or t he s tudy o f e ar ly I ron Age p ot tery" . S tra t if ied a ssoc ia t ions o f p ot tery w i th L a te B ronze Age me ta lwork , a s o pposed t o i t s o ccurrence o n t he s a me s i te , a re r are a nd of ten u ninfor ma t ive . Records o f h oards f ound i n o r w i th p ots a re n u merous b ut t he p reserva t ion o f e nough s herds t o e nab le r econstruc t ion o f t he v esse l a re r are ;

i n i so la t ion ,

t he p ots w i th t he Worth ing a nd I s leham h oards a re i nadequa te a s ab as is fr a L a te B ronze Age p ot tery t ypo logy ( i b id ., 1 31) a nd t he n a ture o f a ssoc ia t iohs o fp ot tery w i th b ronzes a t s i tes s uch a s S carborough , Minnis B ay a nd B rigg a re e quivoca l ( i bid .; May 1 976 , 1 14 , f i g . 6 2 ) . Me ta l p rototypes , o ne me mber o f wha t Avery ( 1974 , 6 3 ) h as c a l led , " the U nho ly T rin i ty o f I ron A ge p ot tery d a t ing s tudies", a re of ten i nvoked .

H arding

i nvoked s i tu lae a s p rototypes f or s hou ldered j ars ( 1974 , 1 38-142 ) a nd c au ldrons f or a g roup o f p ot tery v esse ls f ound i n t he u pper T ha mes v a l ley ( i b id ., 1 421 45 , f i g . 3 8 ) .

The We lby c up ( L is t 1 64 , 1 ) i s d erived f ro m p ot tery f urrowed

b ow ls b y H arding ( i b id ., 1 49-151) a nd C ha mp ion ( 1975 , 1 36) , t hough a t w ide ly d if fering d a tes , wh i le C un l if fe ( 1974 , 3 1-33) h as d erived t he e n t ire Wessex f urrowed b ow l g roup f ro m t he We lby c up a nd t ripart i te v esse ls f ro m t he c ast b ronze c ups i n t he G lentanar h oard ( L ist 1 64 , 3 ) a nd p roposed t he e x istenbe o f h ypothe t ica l H a Cb ronze b ow ls i n B ri ta in ( i b id . ,f i g . 3 :3 , 1 ) .

I t must b e

emphasised t ha t t he r egu lar b ronze v esse ls o f t he L a te B ronze Age i n B ri ta in were l arge s hee t-bronze b ucke ts o r c au ldrons a nd sma l l c as t-bronze v esse ls were r are ( see p . 1 92-3 ) . F ine c era mic c ups o r b ow ls p robab ly c o mp lemen ted t he l arge b ronze v esse ls a nd t he u se o f h ae ma t i te c oa t ing may h ave s ough t t o i m i ta te b ronze ( Brad ley a nd E l lison 1 975 , 1 16-117 ) b ut t he sma l l c as t-bronze c ups s hou ld h ave i m i ta ted v esse ls more u sua l i n p ot tery , wh i le t he l arge s hee t-bronze v esse ls n eed n ot h ave r equired p ot tery s keu morphs . I fr e la t ionsh ip b e tween c eram ic v esse ls a nd c as t-bronze c ups i s a dm i t ted t he r e levan t p ot tery s hou ld h ave b een c urrent d uring LBA3 . Rare g roups o fp ot tery h ave t radi t iona l ly b een r egarded a s a l ien t o b oth Devere l-R i mbury a nd E arly I ron Age t radi t ions , e .g . s i te B a t P lu mpton P la in , S ussex ( Hawkes 1 935 , 4 6-59 ) b u t t he p rec ise d a te a nd af in i t ies o f t h is g roup a re s t i l l s o mewha t u ncerta in ( O 'Connor 1 973-75 , 2 40 ) .

C un lif fe

p ro longs Devere l-R imbury c oarse wares t o t he e igh th c en tury when h e h as t he a ppearance o f a ngu lar b ow ls ( 1974 , 2 4 , 2 9-31, f ig . 3 :1) a t s uch s i tes a s P lu mpton P la in B .

I n t he E ar ly A l l C ann ings C ross g roup c onvex j ars w i th

i n la id o rna men t a re d er ived f ro m l a te U rnf ie ld f or ms o f e as tern F rance ( i b id ., 3 1 , f i g . A :2 , 1 -9 ) , t hough t here i s l i t t le i n ter med ia te ma teria l b e tween W i ltsh ire a nd t he c o mparab le J ura p ot tery ( Sandars 1 957 , 2 14-215 , f i g . 5 4 , 7 -8 ) .

Barre t t c on t inues h is L a te B ronze Age s equence w i th t he r e-e mergence

o f f i nger-t ipped o rnament , r are d uring t he e arly f i rs t mi l lenniu m o utside Wi ltsh ire a nd D orse t , a longs ide t he a ppearance o f a ngu lar f i ne-ware b ow ls d uring t he e igh th a nd s even th c en turies ( Brad ley a nd E l l ison 1 975 , 1 07-108 , 1 14-115 ) . N ew e xcava t ions o n s i tes i n t he T ha mes v a l ley h ave e nab led B arret t t o c onstruc t ad e ta i led L a te B ronze Age p ot tery s equence wh ich i nc ludes a ssoc iat i on w i th LBA3 b ronzes a t R unnymede B ridge ( Long ley 1 976) a nd P e t ter 's 2 85

Sports Field (M. 0' Qmnell), Egham, &lrrey. Runnymede Bridge has produced Cl4 dates of 670 ± 70 be and 800 ± 70 be (D. Longley). This sequence has not yet been published in detail but it should allow pottery from old sites in the Thames valley, and elsewhere, to be dated with more confidence. In turn, this will allow comparison with continental pottery to be made with more con­ fidence. There is a vessel in the form of a deckseldoos, apparently unique in Britain, as an accessory vessel with a· secondary burial in Ring III at Ardleigh, Essex (Couchman 1975, fig. 3, 15C; Colchester and Essex Museum, Colchester; Fig. 76, 8). If continental influence is accepted this vessel should be dated " equivalent to Ha B (see p. 281 ), bringing the associated urn (Couchman 1975, fig. 3, 15) into the first millennium. Champion (1975, 136, fig. 3) has com­ pared vessels from Fengate, Northants., to vessels, mostly of Ha B date, from Best (Desittere 1968, 120, fig. 44, 1) and Goirle (ibid., 122-123, figs. 48, 2-3; 51, 4), N. Brabant. Late Bronze Age pottery from the Low Countries is almost exclusively from cemeteries while most British pottery of the later LBA is from settlement sites and Bronze Final III pottery from settlement sites in north-eastern France has yet to be published in detail. DISCUSSION: LATE BRONZE AGE/EARLY ffiON AGE Ear1 ier Hallstatt

m

There appears to have been no abrupt transition from Bronze Final to Hallstatt Ancien in north-eastern France; the same applies to the Urnfield cemeteries on the Marne which continued in use into the Hallstatt period (Chertier 1975, 158-160), though perhaps not for so long as Brisson and Hatt suggested (1953, 201, fig. 40). From a cremation cemetery at La Pieure, Lacroix-Saint-Ouen, Oise, four burials were recovered in pits with pottery of Late Bronze Age tradition (Blanchet, Jouve and Durvin 1975, 43-45, fig. 39, 5-11). The Ha C sword from Erondelle, Somme (see p. 241 ) may have accompanied a burial. Re-use of the barrow known as the tombe Fourdaine at Equihen, Pas-de-Calais (Gaucher and Mohen 1974, 73-76), may be dated to the Hallstatt period (Couppe, Gallois and Hurtrelle 1971-75, 198 n. 2). Pottery from the settlement at Nery, Oise, retained Late Bronze Age features and included angular bowls, incised fine-ware and shouldered jars with finger-tip ornament (Audouze, Jorrand, Marquis and Mommele 1975; Blanchet, Jouve and Durvin 1976, 43, fig. 39, 12-21). Duval and Buschenschutz (1976, 792) claim that the Bronze Final site at Nanteuil-sur-Aisne, Ardennes (see p. 281 ), lasted into Ha C and mention contemporary material from Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Val-de-Marne (Sandars 1957, 279 n. 1), and Fort­ Harrouard.

m

Ha C burials in Belgium and the southern Netherlands may be divided into two groups: the richer barrow burials, usually attributed to Hallstatt warriors, and the poorer, often flat, burials, in the local Late Bronze Age tradition. Most knowledge of the richer burials derives from Marrnn' s synthesis in his study of the Court.:Saint-Etienne cemetery, Brabant (1958), a member of a group of cemeteries in the Dijle valley (ibid. , 203-230; de Laet 1974, 395-399). There may have been as many as sixty barrows at this site, but only a dozen are adequately recorded. Cremation, possibly adopted from the local population, was the rule. The ·1arge barrows, 15-25 .m in 286

d ia me ter , a pparen t ly l acked p eriphera l s truc ture b ut t he p oor q ua lity o f t he r ecords o f o ld e xcava t ions d e mands c au t ion o n t h is p oint .

E xcep t i n b arrow

5a t B ruj ere-Sa in t-Job , t here was a d ist inct ion b e tween b uria ls w i th swords a nd b uria ls w i th r azors ;

h orse-gear s o me t i mes a cco mpanied b uria ls w i th

swords . The g roup i n t he s outh o f t he p rov ince o f Na mur ( Marion 1 958, 2 32-233; d e Lae t 1 974 , 3 99 ) was a lso c harac terised b y c re ma t ion u nder a b arrow b ui lt o ver t he p yre , b ut t he g rave-goods were u sua l ly p laced i n ap i t r a ther t han i n a n u rn o r o ther c onta iner o n t he p yre .

H orse-gear was a bsent b ut t he d is-

t inc tion b etween b uria ls w i th swords a nd b uria ls w i th r azors a nd o rna ments p reva i led .

I n t he H a ine v a l ley ( Marion 1 958, 2 33-234 ;

4 00 ) t he g rave-goods were p laced n ext t o t he p yre ; b ut sword a nd r azor b uria ls d ist inc t .

d e L ae t 1 974 , 3 99-

h orse-gear was a bsent

S o me b arrows i n s outhern F landers

may b e o f H a Cd a te ( Marion 1 958, 2 34-235; d e L ae t 1 974 , 4 00 ) .

A l i t t le

p ot tery i s p reserved f ro m t hese B e lg ian H a C warrior b uria ls ( Marion 1 958, f igs . 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 9-20 , 2 4 ) b ut n ot e nough t o a l low t he r ecogni t ion o f f or ms wh ich d ist inguish t hese b uria ls f ro m ' na t ive ' b uria ls o f t he E arly I ron Age ( de L aet 1 974 , 4 11) . I sola ted r ich b uria ls o ccur i n t he a rea o ccupied b y t he n orth-western U rnf ie ld g roup b u t o n ly t he c e me tery a t B oshoven , b e tween Bude l a nd Weert , Dutch L i mburg , h as r icher g rave-goods t han c onte mporary l oca l c e me teries ( Marion 1 958, 2 35-236; d e L ae t 1 974 , 4 00-405 ) ; i n t h is c e me tery ( Des i t tere 1 968, 1 32 ) .

t here h ad b een Ha B b uria ls

The i so la ted r ich b uria ls a re d is-

t inguished b y s hee t-bronze v esse ls wh ich u sua l ly s erved a s u rns ( see p . 2 50-1). The b uria l a t Wi jchen ( 232 ) p robab ly c onta ined a wagon; l ike Oss ( 231) a nd Mee lo ( 233) i t c onta ined h orse-gear .

L ike t he r ich b uria ls t o t he s outh , t hese

l ack d iagnos t ic p o t tery . Among b uria ls a ttributed t o t he i ndigenous p opu la t ion c re ma t ion was t he r u le , t hough d e L ae t ( 1974 , 4 06) s uggests t ha t c ol lec t ive i nhu ma t ion may s t i l l h ave b een p rac t ised .

C ourt-Saint-Et ienne s hows t hat L a te B ronze Age s i tes

c on tinued i n u se a longside r ich Ha C b uria ls ( Marion 1 958, 1 93-195;

d e L ae t

1 974 , 3 95 , 4 07) a nd most H a Bc e me teries i n c entra l B e lgiu m c on tinued i n to Ha C ( i b id ., 4 06-407) w i th f l a t c re mat ion t he u sua l r ite .

I n t he a rea o f t he

n orth-wes tern g roup u se o f s o me c e me teries p ersisted b ut many n ew o nes a ppeared ( i b id ., 4 07-410 ) .

O n ly o ne s i te , Aar s chot-Langdorp , B raban t ,

a ppears t o h ave c ons isted e xc lus ive ly o f f l a t b uria ls ( Mertens 1 951, 2 0 ) a nd b arrows s urrounded b y r ing-di tches , n ow u sua l ly p enannu lar w i th t he o pening t o t he s outh-east o r e ast ( Des i t tere 1 968, 5 1) , t hough a nnu lar r ing-ditches p ersis ted ( Desi t tere 1 974a , 1 22;

Ver wers 1 972 , 3 6) .

A t De Roosen , Neerpe lt ,

B e lgian L i mburg , t here a re C 14 d a tes f or p enannu lar r ing-ditches o f :

6 96 ±

2 30 b c I RPA14 , 7 07 ± 1 90 b c L E IPA16, 3 86 ± 1 00 b c I RPA13 a nd 5 17 ± 1 00 b c I RPA2 a nd f or a n a nnu lar r ing-ditch 8 25 ± 1 00 b c I RPA17 ( van Impe , Beex a nd Roosens 1 973 , 2 3 n . 1 ) .

On ly s ix r ing-di tches o ut o f 1 21 were c erta in ly

a nnu lar a nd 1 13 were p enannu lar , t he o pening t o t he e ast o r s outh-east i n 9 0% o f c ases . ( i b id ., 2 0-21) .

On ly s even b uria ls l acked s o me s ort o f p eriphera l s truc ture Two b uria ls were e nc losed i n l ong s e t tings o f p ost-holes

( Beex a nd Roosens 1 961; p ls . V I , I X ) .

Roosens a nd B eex 1 962 , 1 49-151, n os . 1 04 , 1 11,

C re ma t ion was t he e xc lusive r ite w i th o n ly a s ing le b uria l i n

e ach g rave , u sua l ly i n a n u rn .

Accessory v esse ls were r are a nd , w i th a 2 87

s ing le e xcept ion e ach u rn c on ta ined t he r e ma ins o fo ne p erson ( van Impe , B eex a nd Roosens 1 973 , 2 1-23 ) .

Another u nusua l b arrow , p erhaps o f t h is p eriod ,

a t t he Z evenbergen , B erghe m , N . B raban t , b arrow 2 , was o va l w ith a n i rr egu lar s e t t ing o fp os t-ho les , a nd u nder la in b y a n o va l d i tch wh ich p rov ided aC 14 d a te o f 6 80 ± 6 5 b c G rN-4959 ( Verwers 1 966c , 2 9-31) . Mos t o f t he Ha B c e me teries o f t he F le m ish g roup were s t i l l i n u se d uring H a C( de L ae t 1 974 , 4 10 ) w i th l i t t le c hange i n b uria l-ri te , t hough q uadri la tera l e nc losures were p robab ly o f e ar ly H a Cd a te a t Des te lbergen , E . F landers ( de L ae t , v an Door s e laer , Des i t tere a nd Thoen 1 976) . The most r ecen t s urvey o f E ar ly I ron Age p ot tery i n t he L ow C oun tries i s t ha t o f Verwers ( 1972 , 1 23-140 ) f or t he s outhern N e ther lands; d e L ae t ( 1974 , 4 11-414 ) r ecognised t he s ame c harac terist ic f or ms i n n orthern B e lg iu m , t hough Des i t tere ( 1974a , 1 26-129 ) c ri t ic ises s o me a spec ts o f V erwer 's s urvey . Verwers ' e ar liest p eriod c overs H a Ca nd t he f i rs t p art o f H a D ( 1972 , 1 23 ) . There i s n o a brup t d iv is ion b e tween l a te U rnf ie ld a nd e ar ly Ha l ls ta t t p o t tery . The f i rst c harac teris t ic f or m i s t he S chrUgrandurn , w i th c onvex p rof i le a nd e verted r im ( i b id ., 1 25-127) , al oca l d eve lop men t f ro m t he more v aried f or ms o fu rn c urrent d uring H a B , c f . t he L aufe ld u rn o f t he midd le Rh ine . These u rns may b e b urnished a l l o ver o r r oughened b e low t he max i mu m d iame ter a nd b urn ished a bove o r c o mbed a nd g raph i te p a int was o ccasiona l ly a pp l ied ( i b id ., 1 37 ) .

C on ica l-neck v esse ls o f H a Bt rad i t ion p robab ly b e long

t o t he b eg inning o f Ha C ( i b id ., 1 27-128 ) . E ierbecher , a sma l l v esse l l ike a n

A more c haracteris t ic f or m i s t he

e gg-cup ( i b id ., 1 28-129 ) p robab ly d erived

f ro m t he midd le Rh ine l a te i n V erwers ' f i rs t p eriod . f ro m Ha B i n to Ha C ( i b id ., 1 29 ) .

Hand led c ups p ers is ted

R ough-surfaced c oarse-ware o n t he l o wer

Rh ine h as of ten b een i dent if ied w i th Harps tedt p o t tery b u t D es it tere ( 1967) d is t inguished l oca l U rnf ie ld G robkera m ik a nd r e la ted r oughened p ot tery o ccurs i n t he E ar ly I ron Age ( Verwers 1 972 , 1 29-133 ) .

The c harac teris t ic f i n ish i s

p roduced b y c oa t ing t he s urface o f t he v esse l w i th a n i rregu lar l ayer o f sma l l l u mps o f c lay .

I tc an b e a pp lied t o e verted-ri ms u rns a nd u sua l ly o ccurs o n

a bou t h a lf t he u rns i n E ar ly I ron Age c e me teries o n t he l ower Rh ine .

V esse ls

r ese mb ling t rue H arps tedt u rns ( see p . 2 89 ) , b u t w i thout f i ngert ipp ing o n t he r im , o ccur a t H aps ( i b id ., Abb . 6 0 ) .

The p rec ise r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he

t wo g roups i s u ncerta in , b u t V erwers f avours l oca l d eve lop men t f ro m L a te B ronze Age c oarse wares f or t he l ower Rh ine r oughened ware ( i b id ., 1 32-133 ) . C 14 d a tes f or t hese v esse ls i nc lude 6 00 ± 1 80 b c I RPA-1 f ro m H a mont , B e lg ian L i mburg , 5 65 ± 5 0 b c G rN-1531 f ro m E erse l , D utch L i mburg ( i b id ., 1 33 ) , a nd 4 84 ± 1 25 b c I RPA-15 f ro m De R oosen ( van I mpe , B eex a nd Roosens 1 973 , 2 3 n . 1 ) .

There i s ad a te o f 5 17 ± 1 00 b c I RPA-2 f or a n e verted-ri m u rn f ro m

t he s a me s i te ( i b id .) .

Ano ther d is t inc t ive t ype o f o rna ment a pp lied t o c oarse-

ware j ars c ons ists o fb ands o r p ane ls o fp inched-up l i nes , s o-ca l led ' Ka lenderb erg '

,1 38-140 ) , p erhaps d erived f ro m l oca l L a te B ronze Age t radi t ion

a nd c urrent d uring V erwers ' e ar lies t p eriod o ft he I ron Age ( Verwers 1 974 ) . I n s outh-eas tern B e lg iu m , i n t he s ou th-eas t o f t he p rov ince o f L uxe mbourg , t here i s ad ist inc t ive g roup o fp ot tery b es t k nown f ro m t he c e me tery a t S a intV incent ( de L ae t 1 974 , 4 18-426 ; Marion 1 964 ) , a lso a t B reuvanne ( i b id ., 1 63 , f i g . 1 10 ) , e lsewhere a t Hau lzy , Marne ( i b id ., 1 65-166, f ig . 1 11) , a nd i n n orthern B e lg iu m ( Marion 1 966) .

Mos t o f t he p o t tery a t S a int-V incen t i s

2 88

p robab ly o f Ha C d a te ( Marion 1 964 , 1 59 , 1 62 ) .

The b uria ls a t S a int-V incent

were c re ma t ions , u rned o r u nurned , u nder b arrows w i thout p eriphera l s truc ture ( i b id ., 1 31-140 ) . De ta i led c hrono logy o f t he p o t tery o f t he E ar ly I ron Age i n t he n orthern N ether lands i s u ncerta in b u t t he e ar lies t c harac terist ic g roup i s p robab ly t he r oughened c oarse ware , a na logous t o t he Harps tedt p ot tery o fn orth-wes t G er many s u m marised f or E ng l ish r eaders b y H awkes ( Hawkes a nd C larke 1 963 , 1 98-200 ) , w i th o rna men t o n r im o r s hou lder .

These v esse ls a re u sua l ly f ound

a s s econdary b uria ls i n L a te B ronze Age r ing-di tch b arrows ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 2 9-30 , A bb . 2 1) .

E verted-rim u rns a lso o ccur , s o me t i mes w i th r oughened

b od ies , a nd u rns o f more b icon ica l f or m ( i b id ., 3 0-31 , Abb . 2 3-24 ) .

A

Ha C d a te i s p robab le f or t hese f or ms wh ich r ef lec t i nf luence f ro m n orthwes tern G er many wh i le b oth r oughened wares a nd e verted-ri m u rns ma tch c on te mporary p ot tery o f t he l ower Rh ine a rea . E v idence f or b uria ls i n I ron Age B ri ta in i s p roverb ia l ly s parse , t hough t h is s pars i ty may h ave b een e xaggera ted , a nd t he o ccurrence o f r egu lar c e met eries i s l im i ted i n s pace a nd t ime ( Cun lif fe 1 974 , 2 87-295 ; 1 13-126) .

Harding 1 974 ,

A s f or t he l a ter p art o f t he L a te B ronze Age , r adiocarbon d a tes

d o n ot p rov ide s pec if ic e v idence .

Af ew v esse ls o f C un l if fe 's K i m meridge-

C aburn g roup h ave b een f ound u nder b arrows w i th c re ma t ion b uria ls ( 1974 , 3 4 , 2 87; Harding 1 974 , 1 15 ) .

The H a Cc hape f ro m E bberston , Y orks . ( L ist

2 35 , 7 ) , was f ound w i th t wo G t ind lingen s words ( Cowen 1 967 , 4 44 n os . 1 951 96) , o ne o f wh ich b e longs t o S chauer 's We ichering t ype ( 1971 , 2 12 n . 5 ) , " and a q uan t i ty o f h u man b ones" ( Journa l o f t he B ri t ish A rchaeo log ica l Assoc iat i on , 1 7, 1 861, 3 21) , i n wha t h as o f ten b een i n terpreted a s a n i nhu ma t ion b ur ia l ( Cun l if fe 1 974 , 2 89;

B urgess 1 976b , 1 01) .

The swords were b roken ,

af actor wh ich h as b een u sed t o s upport t he b uria l i nterpre ta t ion ( Cowen 1 967 , 3 96-398) t hough t he d epos i t ion o fp a irs o f swords was a n i nsu lar LBA3 c us to m wh ich c on t inued i n to LBA4 .

A s C owen r e marks ( i b id ., 4 22 ) t he E bbers ton

f i nd , i fr ea l ly a b ur ia l , w ou ld b e n otab le f or i t s i so la t ion i n B ri ta in r a ther t han i t s p resence a nd c annot b e u sed t o b ut tress s ignif icant c ont inenta l i nf l uence ;

i n t he L ow C ountries s uch swords were b uried w i th c re ma t ions n ot

i nhu ma t ions .

Muted c la i ms f or H a l lsta t t i nf luence o n t he i nhu ma t ion f ound

w i th r e ma ins o f w oodwork o n B eau l ieu H ea th , H an ts . ( Cun l if fe 1 974 , 2 87-289; H arding 1 974 , 1 14 ) , a nd i n terpre ted a s ap oss ib le wagon b uria l , a lso h ave l i t t le t o s upport t he m .

Harding ( i b id .) s tresses t ha t s uch wagon b uria ls a re

a typ ica l o n t he c ont inen t , b ut e ven t he p oores t b uria ls i n t he L ow C ountries h ave a r egu lar , i den t if iab le , r i te o r s truc ture wh ich i s l ack ing i n B ri ta in . The mos t r ewarding a venue o f e nquiry w i l l s ure ly b e t he s tudy o f h u man r ema ins f ro m h i l lforts ( Cun lif fe 1 974 , 2 92 ;

1 976a , 2 15 ) wh ich may p rove n ot

t o r epresen t s uch a n a bnor ma l r i te a s Harding s ugges ts ( 1974 , 1 13) . C un l if fe d iv ides t he E arly I ron Age p ot tery o f s ou thern B ri ta in i n to v arious r eg iona l g roups d a ted t o t he s ix th c en tury a nd c harac terised b y a ngu lar-prof i le f i ne-wares , b ipart i te b ow ls a nd t ripart i te j ars , a nd c oarseware s hou ldered j ars ( 1974 , 3 3-35 , f i gs . 3 :2 , A :3-5 ) .

H is c hrono logy ,

e spec ia l ly when i ti s f ound e d o n t he d a t ing o f a ssoc ia ted b ronzes , a ppears t o b e s o mewha t d epressed a nd s o me f or ms c urren t i n t hese g roups may b e i nc luded i n a sse mb lages a ssoc ia ted w i th LBA3 b ronzes .

2 89

I n h is t rea t ment o f t he p o t tery o f h is ' primary I ron Age ' H ard ing a lso t ends t o d a te b ronzes t oo l a te ( 1974 , 1 36) .

C on t inenta l i nf luence i s c i ted f or

t he a ppearance o f f i nger-t ipped c ordons , s pec if ica l ly f ro m t he H unsrück-E ife l c u l ture , w i th t he c onf ident i dent if ica t ion o f t he s ing le-edged r azors f ro m S tap le H owe ( L ists 2 25 , 1 ;

2 66, 1 ) a s " certa in ly o f western Ger man t ype" .

Wha tever t he o rig in o f t hese r azors , i t was c erta in ly n ot t he HEK a rea . Harding a ppears t o imp ly t ha t i t was HEK i nvaders who , " suppressed t he l a te U rnf ie ld p opu la t ion i n B e lg iu m", t hen c rossed t o B ri ta in b ring ing f i nger-t ip o rna men t i n c ordons , r i ms a nd b od ies o f c oarse-ware v esse ls ( i b id ., 1 36) . U nfortuna te ly , t here i s n o e v idence f or a ny c harac ter is t ic p ot tery b rough t t o t he L ow C ountries b y Ha l lstat t warriors a nd , a ccording t o V erwers ( 1974 , 1 7 ) , r e la t ions b e tween t he L ow C ountries a nd t he HEK were n ot s trong . As i n t he L a te B ronze Age , c o mparisons b e tween p o t tery f ro m B ri ta in a nd t he L ow C ountries s eek t o r e la te p ot tery f ro m s e t t le men ts t o p ot tery f ro m b uria ls ; more d e ta i ls o f c on t inen ta l s e t t le ments a re n eeded , c f . t he p ot tery f ro m N ary ( see p . 2 86 )where a ngu lar b ow ls a nd s hou ldered c oarse-wares r ese mb le f or ms k nown i n B ri ta in . De L ae t ( 1976, 1 94 ) c ons iders t ha t t he H a C warrior b uria ls o n t he l ower Rh ine r epresen t t he e ar liest C e lt ic-speak ing p opu la t ion o f t he L ow C ountries , av iew wh ich a ccords w i th t he c onc lus ions o f P owe l l(1958, 5 2 ) , F i lip ( 1962 , 2 8) a nd K ruta ( 1976 , 5 8-64 )who a l l r egard t he Ha l ls ta t t p eriod a s t he c u l minat i on o f C e lt ic e thnogenes is .

De L ae t d enies a ny s ignif icant C e lt ic e le ment i n

t he U rnf ie ld c u ltures o f t he L ow C ountries ( 1976 , 1 93 ) , n or s hou ld t he e x ist ence o f G er manic e le ments o n t he l ower Rh ine b e c oun tenanced d uring t he Ha l lsta t t p eriod ( Todd 1 975 , 2 3 n . 1 2 ) . I fd e L ae t 's c onc lus ions a re t ransferred t o n orth-eas tern F rance , i tw i l l b e s een t ha t t here i s l i t t le e v idence f or C e lt ic i nf luence b eyond t he Marne . C urren t mode ls d o n ot a l low a s uccess ion o f imm igra t ions s o e xp lic i t a s t hose d e ta i led b y P owe l l ( 1958 , 5 2-58) , t hough a t l eas t o ne w ri ter a ppears t o r egret t h is ( Savory 1 976a , 1 4 ) .

Two c on tras ts b e tween B ri ta in a nd t he L ow C ountries

d ur ing Ha C a re o uts tanding ; t he r egu lar p rac t ice o f c re ma t ion b uria l a nd t he u se o f i ron swords ( see p . 2 47-8 t ra i ts i n B ri ta in .

)o n t he c ont inent a nd t he a bsence o ft hese

H awkes ( 1973 , 6 21-623 ) e nv isages a s uccess ion o f c on t inen ta l

i nf luences t hroughout t he B ronze Age r epresented b y t he e qu ip men t o f t he s oc ia l ly s uperior l eading t o g radua l C e lt ic i mm igra t ion d uring t he E ar ly I ron Age .

H owever , d uring Ha C /LBA4 i ti s p rec ise ly t he c harac teris t ics o f t he

s oc ia l ly s uperior o n t he l o wer Rh ine , c re ma t ion b uria l w i th i ron s word , h orse-gear a nd b ronze v esse l , wh ich a re a bsen t f ro m B ri ta in . L a ter Ha l ls ta t t There i s more ma teria l o fl a ter H a l ls ta t t d a te f ro m n orth-eas tern F rance t han e arl ier Ha l lsta t t a nd mos t c o mes f ro m s e t t le men ts .

B uria ls a ppear t o

b e r epresen ted o n ly b y al a te H a l lsta t t c re ma t ion i n ap i t a t L e B lanc-Pave , E tap les , P as-de-Ca la is ( Couppe , Ga l lo is a nd H urtre l le 1 971-75 ) , a nd a b uria l o f H a l lsta t t Moyen a t I wuy , N ord ( i b id ., 1 98 n .2 ) .

By t he l a te H a l ls tat t p eriod

i nhu ma t ion was p redo m inan t o n t he Marne ( Thenot 1 976, 8 27) . The mos t i mportan t s i te i n n orth-eas tern F rance i s Th iverny , O ise , where al arge g roup o f p ot tery i s c harac terised b y p a in ted a nd c o mbed f i ne-wares 2 90

wh ich c an b e ma tched a t Mont-Lassois ( Durv in 1 964 ; B lanche t , J ouve a nd Durv in 1 976 , 4 5-46, f ig . 4 1) a nd d a ted t o t he Ha l ls tat t/La ' I l ene t rans i t ion . P erhaps s l igh t ly e ar lier i s t he s i te a t B ois-d 'Ageux , L ongeu i l-Sa inte- Marie , O ise ( i b id ., f ig . 4 0 ; J ouve 1 976) , where p a in ted s herds ( i b id ., f i g . 1 4 , X2 , 5 170 ) r e la te t he s i te t o Th iverny a nd t o a nother s i te o f t he H a l lsta t t/La Tene t rans i t ion , F a mechon , S o m me ( i b id ., 7 3;

V er meersch 1 976 , f i g . 5 , 1 ) .

These f our s i tes a l l h ave b ow ls w i th s ca l loped r i ms ( coupe o r j a t te ä b ords o ur les o r e n p araso l; L appenscha le ; l appenschaa l ) at ype k nown i n F rance p rinc ipa l ly f ro m P icardy a nd d a ted t o l a te Ha l ls ta t t a nd e ar ly L a I l ene ( Jouve 1 976, 6 5 ) , n ot o n ly t o L a T ene a s L e man-De lerive h as s ugges ted ( 1973 ) . Th is t ype i s a lso k nown i n s ou thern a nd western Be lg iu m ( Bonenfant 1 975 , 6 76 8, f i g . 4 ) b ut i t s e ar l ies t a ppearance s ee ms t o h ave b een i n H a Bc e me teries i n t he s ou thern Ne ther lands ( Verwers 1 972 , 1 40 n .41; 1 975 , 2 8, f ig . 2 , M19; L ant ing a nd v an d er Waa ls 1 974 , 9 6, f i g . 3 8 , 1 9 ) , i fi n as o mewha t d if feren t f or m f ro m t he E ar ly I ron Age v esse ls . There a re a ddi t iona l s i tes i n t he A isne ( B lanche t , J ouve a nd D urv in 1 976 , 4 7) , i nc luding C hasse my wh ich h as l a te H a l ls ta t t e le men ts ( Row le t t a nd B oureux 1 969-70 , 1 25 ) .

D uva l a nd

B uschenschu tz ( 1976, 7 92 ) ment ion l a te H a l ls ta t t o ccupa t ion a t t he C a mp d u C esar , Taverny , V a l-d 'O ise .

T here i s l a te Ha l lsta t t p ot tery f ro m o ccupa t ion

s i tes a t B e l-A ir , E tap les , P as-de-Ca la is ( Couppe , Ga l lo is a nd H urtre l le 1 971-75 , 1 98 n .2 ) , a nd T i l loyles-Ca mbra i , N ord ( De mo lon a nd H urtre l le 1 973 ) . I n t he l ower Rh ine a rea r ich b uria ls c erta in ly o f Ha D d a te a ppear t o b e r arer t han t hose o f t he p receding p hase ; b uria ls 8 1 a nd 1 90 f ro m H aps ( 230 ; s ee p . 2 60 ; L is t 2 52 , 1 9 ) c o mpare u nfavourab ly w i th , e .g . Oss .

I n many

c ases , p oorer b ur ia ls c anno t b e d a ted s pec if ica l ly t o H a Co r Ha D a nd t here a ppears t o h ave b een c o mpara t ive ly l i t t le c hange i n t he n ature o fb uria ls , t hough V erwers h as s ugges ted t ha t u nurned c re ma t ion b eca me more c o m mon a s t he I ron Age d eve loped ( 1972 , 4 6) a nd Des i t tee ( 1974a , 1 24 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t s o me q uadrangu lar d i tches may b e d a ted t o H a D . The s econd p hase o f t he I ron Age i n t he s outhern Ne ther lands i n Verwers ' t er m ino logy b eg ins l a te i n H a D ( 1972 , 1 23 ) when mos t o f t he f or ms c urren t i n t he p rev ious p hase were s t i l l i n u se .

C harac terist ic o f t h is s econd p hase i s

p ot tery c o mparab le w i th t ha t f ound i n t rans i t iona l H a l lsta t t/La I l ene a nd l a ter c on tex ts i n t he Marne ( i b id ., 1 34-136) t hough t he p rec ise c hrono logy o f t he a ppearance o f t h is p o t tery i n t he L ow C oun tries i s u ncer ta in ( Des i t tere 1 974a , 1 29 ) .

The n orthern a nd s outhern p arts o f t he c e me tery a t L o m me l-Kat ten-

b osch , B e lg ian L i mburg , a ppear t o b e o f e ar ly L a Tene a nd l a te H a l lsta t t d a te r espec t ive ly ( Verwers 1 972 , 1 35 ; d e L ae t a nd Marion 1 950 ) . The midd le I ron Age i n t he n orthern N e ther lands i s r epresen ted b y t he Z e i jen c u lture w i th i t s Ruinen- Wo m me ls p ot tery ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 3 3-37) . Ru inen- Wo m me ls c e me teries h ave c en tra l c re ma t ions , u rned o r u nurned i n a nnu lar o r q uadrangu lar d i tches , t he r ing-di tches s tra t igraph ica l ly e ar lier ( i b id ., 3 3 ;

1 965 , B e i lage 1 ) .

Ruinen- Wo m me ls Ip ot tery i s c harac terised

b y ac onvex-prof i le j ar w i th h igh s hou lder a nd c oncave n eck d e l inea ted b y a n o f fse t a nd o f ten marked b y p erfora ted l ugs ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 3 5 , Abb . 2 6, 5 -14 ; 1 965 , Abb . 9 ) .

A n e xa mp le f ro m Z e i jen , D ren the , i s d ecora ted w i th

impress ions o f aH a Db ronze b race let ( Wa terbo lk 1 961b ) .

R u inen- Wo m me ls

Ip o t tery i s d a ted t o H a Da nd e ar ly L a ' I l ene ( Wa terbo lk 1 962 , 4 8) ; t here i s 2 91

c onsiderab le o ver lap w i th H arps tedt p ot tery a nd a p i t a t De Weper , F ries land , c on ta ined p o t tery o f b oth t ypes a nd g ave a C 14 d a te o f 4 90 ± 5 0 b e G rN-6410 ( E lz inga 1 973 , 4 4 ) . Tha t b arrow-buria l was s t i l l p rac t ised i n B ri ta in d uring t he E ar ly I ron Age i s s uggested b y d a tes o f 5 37 ± 9 0 b e BM-368 a nd 5 82 ± 9 0 b e BM-369 f ro m t he g round s urface b e low b arrows o n Amp leforth Moor , Y orks . ( Wa inwrigh t a nd L ongworth 1 967-70 ) .

There i s am id-s ix th-century C 14 d a te f or

t he i nhu ma t ion o ft wo a du lts a cco mpan ied b y i ron r ings a t G ri me 's G raves , Norfo lk ( Mercer 1 976;

B urgess 1 976b , 1 01) .

Ar egu lar b ur ia l-ri te s t i l l

a ppears t o h ave b een a bsen t f ro m B ri ta in a t t h is t ime . When H arding s eeks B ri t ish p ot tery d erived f ro m c ont inenta l Ha l ls ta t t mode ls h e b eg ins w i th t he g roup f ro m E as tbourne , S ussex , w i th f oot-rings a nd p a inted o rna ment ( 1974 , 1 45-146 , f i g . 5 9;

H odson 1 962 ) , wh ich h e c o m-

p ares w i th v esse ls f ro m L es J ogasses , Marne , a nd d a tes t o t he l a te s ix th c entury .

R ound-bodied b ow ls w i th f unne l-shaped o r u prigh t n ecks a re a lso

c ons idered t o b e o f H a l ls tat t o rig in , d erived f ro m L es J ogasses o r S a in tV incen t ( Harding 1 974 , 1 46, f i g . 4 0 ) .

The i n troduc t ion o fb urn ished h ae ma-

t i te-coa t ing i s a scribed t o l a te H a l ls ta t t i mm igran ts a longs ide f urrowed b ow ls a nd a s even th-cen tury d a te i s q uoted f or t he We lby c up t o s upport t h is ( i b id ., 1 48-149) , d esp ite t he a d mi t ted p riority o ft he p o t tery o ver t he c up ( i b id ., 1 491 51) , b ut t h is a rgu men t i s n ega ted b y t he p robab le LBA3 , e igh th-century , d a te o ft he We lby h oard ( 158) . I nc ised o rna ment , a s o n t he i n la id j ars f ro m A l l C annings C ross , i s d erived f ro m F ort-Harrouard Kerbschn it t p ot tery ( i b id ., 1 53-155 ;

P h i lippe 1 927 , p l . X IX ) , n ot n ecessari ly o f Ha l ls ta t t d a te .

I n t wo r ecent s tudies H awkes ( 1976a ; 1 976b ) h as d iscussed l a te H a l lsta t t p ot tery i n s outhern B ri ta in .

H e c i tes e spec ia lly p ot tery f ro m Park B row ,

S ussex , j ars w i th h igh r ounded s hou lder a nd t a l l e verted r im a nd b road b ow ls w i th s im i lar f eatures a nd a s l igh t f oot-ring ( 1976a , 6 7; Wo lse ley , Sm i th a nd Haw ley 1 926-27 , f i gs . 5 -7;

Wo lse ley a nd Sm i th 1 924 , f i gs . 4 -7) , wh ich a re

d is t ingu ished f ro m t he E as tbourne p ot tery b u t d a ted o n ly b y ag enera l r efere nce t o s ixth-century B e lg iu m ( Hawkes 1 976a , 6 8) .

The E astbourne p ot tery

i s g iven a f i na l H a l ls ta t t , J ogass ian , d a te ( Hawkes 1 976b , 9n . 2 0 ) a nd a b ow l f ro m L ong W i t tenham , B erks ., i s g iven a l a te H a l lsta t t d a te b ecause o ft he a bsence o f af oot-ring ( i b id ., 9 , f ig . 3 , f ; H arding 1 972 , p l . 5 0 , A ) . These i den t if ica t ions may n ow b e c hecked a ga ins t t he r epub l ica t ion a nd a na lys is o f L es J ogasses b y H at t a nd R oya le t ( 1976;

1 977 ) .

The E as tbourne

f oo t-ring j ars c annot b e ma tched p rec ise ly among t he ma teria l c harac terist ic o ft he l a test Ha l ls ta t t p hases i n C ha mpagne ( Ha t t a nd Roua le t 1 977 , p ls . I -I I ) a nd t he mos t s im i lar v esse l f ro m L es J ogasses ( Ha t t a nd R oua le t 1 976, p l . 4 6, 1 383 ) i s n o t v ery c lose i n f or m .

I ti s t he c oarse-ware j ars , c a l led

' s i tu lae ' b y H odson ( 1962 , 1 43-145 , f i g . 2 ) wh ich c an b e ma tched i n f i na l Ha l lsta t t a nd i n i t ia l L a T ene c ontex ts ( Haf t a nd R oua le t 1 977 , p ls . I , 2 6; I V , 1 6) . There i s s o me s im i lari ty b e tween t he P ark B row b ow ls ( Wo lse ley a nd Sm i th 1 924 , f igs . 5 , 1 0 ) a nd H a l ls ta t t b ow ls f ro m L es J ogasses ( Ha t t a nd R oua le t 1 977 , p l . I , 2 0 ;

1 976 , p l . 4 8 , 1 141) , b ut t he F rench v esse ls h ave

d eeper f oot-rings a nd a ngu lar c arina t ions r a ther t han r ound s hou lders .

The

c arina ted b ow ls ( Ha t t a nd R oua le t 1 977 , p l . I , 1 8, 2 7) c i ted b y H arding ( 1964 , 1 46-147) i n c o mparison w i th B ri t ish r ound-bodied b ow ls a re a lso more 2 92

a ngu lar t han t he B ri t ish v esse ls a nd t he o ne F rench b ow l w i th a r ounded p rof i le ( Ha t t a nd R oua le t 1 976 , p l . 7 , 8 28) a ppears t o h ave h ad a f oot-ring . S pec if ic B e lg ian p ara l le ls f or t he P ark B row v esse ls a ppear t o b e l ack ing a t S ain tV incen t ( Mari n 1 964 ) a nd a t t he s ou thern c eme tery , L o m me l-Ka t tenbosch ( de L ae t a nd Marion 1 950 , 3 13-330 ) .

W i thou t t he i mp l ic i t a ssu mp t ion o f H a l ls tat t

im m igra t ion o r i nf luence i tb eco mes more d if f icu l t t o f i nd c onv inc ing c ont inen ta l p ara l le ls f or B ri t ish E ar ly I ron A ge p ot tery . S ETTLEMENTS I n troduc t ion The s tudy o f s e t t le men ts i n d if feren t a reas h as b een s trong ly i nf luenced b y l oca l t radi t ions o ff i e ldwork a nd e xcava t ion a nd , t o s o me e x ten t , b y l oca l t opography .

I n s ou thern B ri ta in t rad it ion h as p roduced c oncentra ted s tudy

o f t he c ha lk d own lands , e spec ia l ly i n Wessex a nd w es t S ussex , wh i le t he a rcha eo log ica l p oten t ia l o f t he l ow land g rave l a reas h as o n ly more r ecen t ly b een e xp loi ted o n al arge s ca le .

One e spec ia l ly i mpress ive c lass o f monu ment ,

t he h i l lfort , h as l ong b een a t trac t ive t o f i e ldworkers a nd e xcava tors a nd i t s s ign if icance may h ave b een o ver-es t ima ted .

F ew s et t le men ts i n n orth-eas tern

F rance h ave b een e xcava ted o r p ub l ished a dequa te ly , t hough g eo logy a nd t opography a re i den t ica l w i th c erta in p arts o f s outhern E ng land a nd a eria l p hotography h as r evea led many s i tes . Recen t w ork i n t he v a l leys o ft he O ise a nd A isne h as b egun t o r evea l s e t t lemen ts o f v arious p eriods , n otab ly t he e ar ly N eo li th ic . E v idence , i ; ro m B e lg iu / Ws e ven more s parse a nd l arge-sca le e xcava t ion o f c e me terie' h as n ot b een ma tched b y e xp lora t ion o f s et t le men ts . I n t he N e ther lands a t radi t ion o f l arge-sca le e xcava t ion , e xe mp l if ied b y A . E . v an G if fen a nd c on t inued b y t he ROB , a ss isted b y t he g ood p reserva t ion o f f eatures i n s andy s ub-soi l , h as p roduced d eta i led e v idence o f s truc tures a nd c o mp le te p lans o f s e t t lements . T he c hrono log ica l d iv is ions d erived f ro m me ta lwork a re n ot r eadi ly a pp l icab le t o s et t le men ts wh ich w i l l b e d iscussed h ere w i thout a ny s uch d iv is ions b u t u nder t he h eadings o ft wo t op ics wh ich h ave b een p ro m inen t i n d iscuss ion o fr e la t ions b e tween B ri ta in a nd t he c on t inen t :

h ouse-types a nd h i l lforts .

H ouse-types The c on trast b e tween h ouse-types i n B ri ta in a nd o n t he c on t inen t d uring t he B ronze a nd I ron Ages h as i n t he p ast b een a s ub jec t f or s o mewha t s teri le c on troversy b ased o n t he p reva lence o fr ound h ouses i n B ri ta in a nd o f r ec ta ngu lar h ouses o n t he c ont inent . R ound h ouses a re k nown o n many B ri t ish s i tes o f t he E ar ly a nd Midd le B ronze A ge a nd a ppear t o h ave b een t he d om inent t ype o n s e t t le ments w i th Devere l-R imbury p ot tery :

Ra ms H i l l , B erks ., S hearp lace H i l l ,D orse t ,

C od icote H ea th a nd Ware , H erts ., H unstanton , N orfo lk , I t ford H i l l , Amberley Mount , C ock H i l l a nd P lu mp ton P la in A , S ussex ( Brad ley a nd E l lison 1 975 , 1 63 ) . Re-examina t ion o f S outh L odge C amp , B erw ick S t . J ohn , Wi lts ., h as p roduced e v idence o fr ound h ouses ( R . B rad ley ) . Ag ood a ddi t iona l e xa mp le i s f ro m F enga te , N orthants . ( Pryor 1 977 , 1 4 , f i g . 7 ) , a nd a nother f ro m Ab ingdon , B erks . ( R . B rad ley ; R . H enderson ) ; t wo l ess we l l-def ined r ound 2 93

h uts were f ound a t C ha lton , Hants . ( Cun l if fe 1 971 , 3 -6 , f igs . 2 -3 ) .

I n C ornwa l l

t here a re e xa mp les a t Gw i th ian ( Megaw 1 976) a nd T rev isker ( ApS i mon a nd G reenf ie ld 1 972 , 3 07-312 , f i g . 4 ) , wh i le many r ound s tructures a re k nown o n Dart moor a nd B od m in Moor ( Fox 1 973 , 1 00-112 ) .

Rec tangu lar s truc tures ,

u sua l ly sma l l o f f our o r s ix p os ts , a re k nown f ro m t he l a te Neo li th ic , i n a Beaker c ontex t a t S u t ton H oo , S uf fo lk , d uring t he E ar ly B ronze Age a t H unst an ton a nd t he Midd le B ronze Age a t Ra ms H i l l , C ock H i l l a nd Thorny D own , Wi lts . ( Brad ley a nd E l lison 1 976 , 1 64-165 ) , w i th a n e xa mp le o ft wo p hases a t P oundbury , Dorchester , D orse t ( Green 1 971, 1 55 , f i g . 1 6) . V arious L a te B ronze Age a nd E arly I ron Age s i tes h ave p reserved g roups o f s truc tures .

Round h ouses , p ost-ring o r s take-bu i l t , o ccur o n s evera l h i l l-

f orts i n t he We lsh Marches ( Gui lbert 1 977 , 4 1-42 , f i gs . 2 -3 ) a nd t he l a ter s take-bui lt s truc tures wh ich s urv ive b e low t he r a mpart s i lt a t Danebury , H an ts ., s how h ow e as i ly s ha l low b ut i mportan t f ea tures c ou ld b e d es troyed i n u nprot ec ted c ontex ts ( Cun l if fe 1 976a , 2 02-205 , f igs . 4 -9 ) .

There a re r ound h ouses

o n L a te B ronze Age s i tes a t A lder maston a nd B eedon Manor F ar m , B erks . ( R . B rad ley ) , Runnymede B ridge ( L ong ley 1 976 , 1 0 , f ig . 3 ) a nd P e t ter 's S ports F ie ld ( M . O 'Conne l l ) , Egham , a nd Wes ton Wood , A lbury ( Hard ing 1 964 , 1 2-13 , f i g . 2 ) , S urrey , a nd p erhaps a t Mi l l H i l l , D ea l , Ken t ( T . C hamp ion ) . C lass ic s i tes o f t h is p eriod w i th r ound h ouses a re Wes t Har l ing , N orfo lk ( C lark a nd F e l l 1 953 ) , a nd S t ap le H owe , Y orks . ( Brewster 1 963 ); more r ecen t ly , E ldon 's S ea t , E nco mbe , D orse t ( Cun l if fe a nd Ph i l l ipson 1 968) . The o ther s truc ture c harac teris t ic o ft he L a te B ronze Age a nd E ar ly I ron Age i n B ri ta in i s t he f our-pos t s e t t ing ( Cun l if fe 1 976b , 3 46-347 ) . f ro m Moe l yG aer , F l in ts ., h as g iven a C 14 d a te o f 1 015

An e xa mp le

4 5 b c M R 4 98

( Brad ley a nd E l lison 1 976 , 1 65 ) a nd f our-pos ters a re c o m mon o n h i l lforts i n t he We lsh Marches ( Gui lbert 1 977 , 4 1) ; t hey a re e ar ly f ea tures a t Danebury ( Cun l if fe 1 976a , 2 08-209 , f i g . 2 , c ) .

Rad iocarbon d a tes i nd ica te e ar ly u se o f

f our-pos ters a t G ri m thorpe , Y orks . ( S tead 1 968 , 1 55 , 1 90 ; E l lison 1 976 , 1 55-156 , 1 65 ) .

B rad ley a nd

They may b e a pparen t ly i so la ted f ro m o ther

s tructures , a s a t D anebury , o r i n tegra ted w i th r ound h ouses ( Gui lbert 1 975 , 2 05 , f i g . 1 ) . More mass ive r ec tangu lar s e t t ings , s o me t imes l a id o u t i n r egu lar p a t terns , a ppear t o b e long t o t he l a ter I ron Age ( i b id ., 2 07 , f i g . 2 ;

C un l if fe 1 976a , 2 02 ,

2 09-210 ) , t hough t here i s a mass ive s truc ture a t S tap le H owe ( Brews ter 1 963 , 4 7-55 ) a nd r ec tangu lar f ea tures o ccur a t Wes t H ar ling ( C lark a nd F e l l 1 953 , 1 3 ) .

A s eries o fr ec tangu lar f l oors may b e p resen t a t A l l C ann ings C ross ,

Wi l ts .

( Harding 1 973 , 5 6, f ig . 9 ) .

A most importan t s i te i s C rick ley H i l l , G loucs ., a h i l lfort w i th g roups o fb ui ldings i m med ia te ly i ns ide t he e ntrance ; t hese g roups s howed s im i lar l ayouts i n c onsecu t ive p hases .

I n p eriod 2 s ix b oa t-shaped s truc tures were

a l igned a long a h o l low way l eading t o t he e ntrance .

The l arges t s truc ture ,

2 4 .4 m l ong , h ad sma l l wa l l-pos ts o uts ide t wo r ows o f mass ive a is le-posts w i th t hree r idge-pos ts ; o f o ther s truc tures o n ly t he p resu med a is le-posts r e ma ined .

F our f our-posters .are a ss igned t o t h is p eriod .

During p eriod 3

al arge r ound h ouse was s urrounded b y s ubs idiary r ound h ouses a nd f ourp os ters ( D ixon 1 973 , 6 -10 , f ig . 1 7) .

D iagnos t ic f i nds were s carce b ut c a libra ted

r ad iocarbon d a tes s ugges t t ha t t he d a te o fb oth t hese p eriods f e l l b e tween t he

2 94

e igh th a nd f i f th c enturies B . C . ( i b id ., 1 1-12 ) .

These t wo p er iods a ppear t o

r epresent t he s ame p at tern o f o ne l arge h ouse w i th s ubsidiary h ouses a nd f our-pos ters r ebu i lt u sing d if ferent h ouse t ypes , a t t he s a me t ime a s t he r a mpart was r ebui lt , a lso w ith a c hanged t echn ique .

The c hange i n h ouse t ype

n eed b e n o more s ign if ican t t han t he c hange i n r a mpart c ons truc t ion o r e ntrance p lan , o f o n ly l oca l s ign if icance w i thout a ny i mp lica t ion o f d ras t ic c u ltura l c hange . The o n ly r e levan t h ouse-p lans i n n orth-eas tern F rance a re b oth r ec ta ngu lar :

e ar ly Ha l ls tat t a t N ary , O ise , a nd e ar l ies t L a Tene a t C hasse my ,

A isne ( Audouze , J ourrand , Marquis a nd Mo m me le 1 975; Row le t a nd B oureux 1 969-70 ) .

Rec tangu lar s truc tures p redo m ina te o n t he L a te B ronze Age s i te

a t Da mp ierre-surle-Doubs , D oubs , t hough a f ew a re c ircu lar ( Pe trequ in , U r lacher a nd V ua i l la t 1 969 ) , a nd o n t he L a te B ronze Age h i l lfort o n t he H oh landsberg , H aut-Rh in ( Bonne t 1 973 , 4 58, f i g . 3 ) . S evera l E arly I ron Age s e t t le men ts a re k nown i n B e lg iu m ( de L ae t 1 974 , 4 14-416) b ut o n ly o ne h as p roduced h ouse-p lans .

R e ma ins o f t wo s truc tures

were r ecovered o n t he H oever H e ide , L o m me l , L i mburg ( de L ae t 1 961a , 1 371 53 ) , b ut n e i ther a ppears c o mp le te e nough t o a l low c onf ident r econstruc t ion ; t h is s i te i s d a ted t o t he Ha l ls ta t t/La Tene t rans i t ion ( de L ae t 1 974 , 4 15 ) .

De

L ae t s ugges ts t ha t t hese s truc tures may h ave b een r ec tangu lar ( i b id .) l ike most l a ter I ron Age s truc tures i n t he s ou thern L ow C ountries ( i b id ., 4 95 ) s ave t he we l l-preserved r ound h ouse w i th a p orch a t G ro te-Spouwen , B e lg ian L i mburg ( Lux a nd Roosens 1 972 , 9 -12 , p l . I ) , p erhaps o f L a ' I l ene d a te ( de L ae t 1 974 , 4 95 ) . The s et t le men ts o ft he N orth S ea c oas t f ro m t he Rh ine t o n orthern J ut land h ave r ecen t ly b een d iscussed i n a n e xce l lent s yn thes is b y M t 1 l ler- W i l le ( 1977) . D uring t he Midd le a nd L a te B ronze Age t he p rinc ipa l h ouse t ype was t he l ong h ouse , h ere u nderstood t o i nc lude a b yre , o ft hree o r f our a is les ( i b id ., 1 55 n .5 w i th n .1, Abb . 2 , 1 -4 , 1 0 , 1 3-14; 3 , 1 -6; 4 ) .

S i tes o f t h is p eriod a re

c oncen tra ted i n t he n orth-eas tern Ne therlands a nd n orthern J u t land w i th o n ly N orddorf , o n Amru m , i n b e tween .

Sma l ler r ec tangu lar s truc tures a re u sua l ly

p resen t o n D utch s i tes ( i b id ., Abb . 2 , 5 -9 , 1 1-12 , 1 5-17) b ut i n Den mark a re k nown o n ly a t S p ja ld ( i b id ., Abb . 3 ,7-9 ). The D utch s i tes a re g enera l ly e ar l ier t han t he Dan ish , E ar ly o r Midd le B ronze Age H i lversu m o r D rakenste in p hases , a s o pposed t o MV/MV I ( i b id ., 1 55-157 ) .

R ound s truc tures o ccur o n

c on te mporary D utch s i tes ( i b id . ,1 57 n .6 , A bb . 2 , 1 8-21) .

A l l t hree t ypes

o f s truc ture a re p resen t a t N i jnse l , N . B raban t ( Beex a nd H u ls t 1 968 , f i g . 4 ) . N o B ronze Age r ound h ouse a ppears t o h ave b een f ound n orth o f t he Rh ine ( Mu l ler- Wa le 1 977 , Abb . 4 ) .

E arly I ron Age s i tes a re more p len t ifu l a long

t he N orth S ea c oas t , b ut e xa mp les a re s t i l l s parse b e tween t he Ems a nd c entra l J ut land ( i b id ., 1 57 n .7 w i th n .1, Abb . 6 ) . a re t he r u le i n t he c oasta l a rea ( i b id ., Abb . 1 ;

Three-a is led l ong h ouses

5 ) a nd t h is s truc ture b eco mes

more c o m mon o ver a w ider a rea d ur ing t he l a ter I ron Age ( i bid ., 1 63-165 , Abb . 7 ) .

On t he l ower Rh ine t he t wo-a is led h ouse i s more c o m mon a t t h is

t ime ( i b id ., 1 65-166 n .14 , Abb . 8 -9 ) .

P re-La gene e xa mp les a re k nown f ro m

t he s i te o f t he R o man c o lon ia a t Xan ten ( H inz 1 974 , 3 68, B i ld 1 0 ) , b u t most D utch f i nds a ppear t o b e o f L a Tene d a te ( Verwers 1 972 , 8 6-88) .

M t i l ler-

Wi l le ( 1977 , 1 66 n .15 ) r e la tes t h is l o wer Rh ine g roup t o l a te Ha l ls ta t t a nd

2 95

e ar ly L a T ' ene s truc tures i n s outh-wes tern G er many a t t he G o ldberg ( Zippe l ius 1 953 , 1 8 , Abb . 2 ) a nd t he H euneburg ( K i mmig a nd G ersbach 1 971 , B e i lage 2 -6) , t hough t hree-a is led s truc tures a lso o ccur a t t he G o ldberg ( Zippe l ius 1 953 , 2 1 , A bb . 3 ) a nd s o me b ui ldings a t t he H euneburg h ave f ounda t ions wh ich migh t h ave s upported a t hree-a is led s truc ture ( K imm ig a nd Gersbach 1 971, B e i lage 1 ) , a s Mü l ler- W i l le p o in ts o ut ( 1 977 , 1 66 n .16) . There i s a we l lp reserved t hree-a is led l ong h ouse among t he r ec tangu lar s truc tures o n t he A leburg , B efort , L uxe mburg ( Sch ind ler 1 969; R iek 1 942 ) , wh ich owed i t s e xcava t ion t o , among o thers , Re ichsführer SS H e inrich H im m ler . Th is s i te d a tes t o HEK I/I I , t he Ha l ls ta t t /La T ' ene t rans i t ion ( Haf fner 1 976 , 4 10 , L iste 3n o . 2 ) . O ne- a nd t wo-a is led s truc tures a re c o mmon o n s outh G er man a nd midd le Danube U rnf ie ld s et t lemen ts ( Her mann 1 975 ; f t lhovsky " 1 969 ) t hough t hree-a is led l ong h ouses a re a lso k nown ( i b id ., 2 42-244 , A bb . 2 1-23a ) .

A n-

c i l lary s truc tures , u sua l ly o f f our o r s ix p os ts , o ccur o n s o me D utch a nd G er man s i tes o f t he E ar ly f ron Age ( M t i l ler- W i l le 1 977 , 1 66 n .18 , Abb .1 0 ) , b ut t hey a re a bsent f ro m D anish s i tes o f t h is p eriod a nd c ont inenta l e xamp les a re much r arer t han B ri t ish . S o me B ronze Age s i tes r epresent s ing le f or ms o ft wo o r t hree ma in b u i ldi ngs w i th a nc i l lary p ost s e t t ings .

E lp i s t he b es t k nown o f t hese ( i b id ., 1 73 ,

Abb . 1 2 ) , e x tending o ver s evera l p hases ; N i jnse l a ppears t o h ave h ad o n ly as ing le p hase . L arger s et t le men ts a re k nown , e .g . Ange ls loo-E m merhou t a nd S p ja ld , w i th r egu lar l ay-out ( i b id ., 1 77-178 , A bb . 1 4-15 ) . S uch l arge r egu lar s et t le ments b eco me t he r u le i n t he I ron A ge , w i th G rOn tof t p robab ly t he b es t e xa mp le ( i b id ., 1 79-187 , Abb . 1 6-18) ; o ther E ar ly I ron Age s equences a re k nown a t J emgu m a nd H a tsu m i n L ower S axony ( i b id ., 1 87-192 , Abb . 2 22 3 ) a nd t hey d eve loped i n to more s oph is t ica ted s et t le men ts , r ound a t erp a t E z inge ( i b id ., 1 92-193 , Abb . 2 4 ) , o r , d uring t he R o man I ron Age , a t F eddersen W ierde a nd Wi jster ( i b id ., 1 94-202 , Abb . 2 5-30 ) .

The e ar l ier s e t t lements

w i th o ne- o r t wo-a is led l ong h ouses a nd a nc i l lary p ost-se t t ings a re i n terpreted a s s i mp le f or ms o f mixed e cono my , The sma l ler s i tes o f t he Ear ly I ron A ge h ave t hree t o f i ve l ong h ouses a nd l arger s i tes more t han f i ve . D uring t he l a ter f ron Age more h ouses l ack b yres a nd t he more s oph is t ica ted s i tes s how s igns o f ag rea ter v arie ty o f a c t iv it ies a nd more o rgan isa t ion ( i b id ., 2 13-217 ) . There i s ag enu ine c ontrast b e tween s ou thern B ri t ish h ouse t ypes o ft he B ronze Age a nd E ar ly f ron Age , p redo m inant ly r ound , a nd t he a is led l ong h ouses o ft he l ower Rh ine a rea a nd n orthern E urope . Th is i s s o mewha t b lurr ed b y t he p resence o fr ound h ouses o n s i tes i n t he s outhern Ne therlands a nd o f a nc i l lary s truc tures , e spec ia l ly f our-posters , i n t he N e ther lands a nd n orthern G er many . The e v idence f ro m B e lg iu m a nd n orthern F rance i s n ot s uff ic ien t f or g enera l isa t ion . Rec tangu lar h ouses may b e e xpec ted i n U rnf ie ld c u lture a reas b y a na logy w i th c en tra l E urope , b u t r ound h ouses a re a lso p resent . I td oes n ot , h owever , s ee m t ha t n orth-eastern F rance s hared t he B ri t ish p a t tern . Wha t o ff unc t ion? The n orthern a is led l ong h ouses were c learly f or s ta ll i ng c a t t le ( Wa terbo lk 1 975 ) . There i s n o p os i t ive e v idence f or t h is a rrangemen t i n a ny B ri t ish s truc ture ( i b id ., 3 93 ) , n ot e ven a t C rick ley ( P . W . D ixon ) . The s ame c ontras t h as b een o bserved f or t he A ng lo-Saxon p eriod; migra t ion p eriod h ouses o n t he c on t inen t h ad c hanged l i t t le s ince t he B ronze Age , y e t b yres a re a bsen t i n B ri ta in .

C li ma t ic f ac tors a re u sua l ly i nvoked ( Rah tz 2 96

1 976 , 6 0-61;

B rad ley 1 977-78 , 2 72 ) , c i t ing r ecen t w ork wh ich h as s hown t ha t

d a iry c a t t le a re of ten w in tered i n t he o pen i n c en tra l s ou thern E ng land a nd i n y ards i n e as tern E ng land ( Grundy 1 970 ) . The p resence o f ab yre a t T rev isker h as b een s ugges ted b u t t he r e levan t s truc ture was p oor ly p reserved ( ApS i mon a nd G reenf ie ld 1 972 , 3 10 , 3 53-354 , f i g . 1 0 ) . F our-post s truc tures a re c onv en t iona l ly i n terpreted a s g ranaries ( Cun l if fe 1 976a , 2 02 ; M t i l ler- W i l le 1 977 , 1 66 ) .

O ther e xp lana t ions may b e p roposed ( E l l ison a nd D rewe t t 1 972 , 1 85-189 ,

1 90-193 ) :

w a tch-towers , s hrines o r p la tfor ms f or e xposure o f t he d ead , b ut

n one o ft hese s ee ms p laus ib le a s ar egu lar e xp lana t ion .

Wa tch-towers wou ld

o f ten h ave b een u nnecessary ; t he o n ly r e levant ' shrine ' , B argeroosterve ld ( Wa terbo lk a nd v an Z e is t 1 961) , i s n ot i ns ide a s et t le men t ; e xposure p la tfor ms w ou ld p robab ly h ave b een r edundan t o n c on t inen ta l s i tes where a r egu lar c rema t ion r i te was p rac t ised . C o mparison may b e more r e levant t han c on tras t . T he n otth E uropean s equence o u t lined b y M t I l ler- W i l le s hows sma l l B ronze Age s e t t lemen ts b ec om ing l arger a nd more o rgan ised d uring t he I ron Age .

There i s n o c lear

e v idence o f s uch a s equence f or u ndefended s i tes i n B ri ta in ; t here were n uc lea ted s e t t le men ts , s uch a s I t ford H i l l , S ussex , a t t he e nd o f t he s econd mi l lennium ( Cun lif fe 1 974 , 1 4 , f i g . 2 :3 ) a nd s ing le f arm swere s t i l l p resen t l a te i n t he I ron Age ( i b id ., 1 55-158) . C un lif fe h as o u t lined a p oss ib le s equence o fd eve lop ment o f c en tra l-p lace h i l lforts , p opu la ted p er manen t ly , f ro m p la teau e nc losures , p opu la ted i mper manen t ly ( 1 976b , 3 43-351; 3 56-357; 1 978 , 1 71 9 , 2 71-273 , 3 29-331) , a nd t he a ppearance o f p lanned h i l l for ts ( Gu i lber t 1 975 ) d uring t he f i rs t mi l lenn iu m may r epresen t i ncreas ing o rgan iza t ion o f s e t t lemen ts d uring t h is p eriod ( Brad ley 1 978 , 2 5-27, 1 16-117 ) .

Th is i s s ure ly

more importan t t han u s ing h ouse t ypes t o c onf ir m o r d eny i nvasion ( Harding 1 973 , 5 8) a nd we s t i l l h ave a l l t oo f ew p lans f ro m t he c loses t p art o ft he c ont inent , n orth-eastern F rance . H i l lforts The h i l lfort , t he mos t i mpress ive f i e ld monu men t i n many a reas o f B ri ta in , h as of ten b een r egarded a s as y mbo l o f immigra t ion , e i ther a t t he i ncept ion o ft he I ron Age ( Hawkes 1 931) o r , more r ecent ly , d uring t he l a ter B ronze A ge ( Savory 1 976b , 2 43-250 ; Mack ie 1 976, 2 24 , 2 31) .

H owever, t he

d eve lop men t o f B ri t ish h i l lforts c an b e t raced w i th in a p ure ly i nsu lar c on tex t ( Brad ley a nd E l lison 1 976 , 1 67-170 ; C un lif fe 1 978 , 3 31) w i th t he e ar liest s i tes h av ing l a te N eo li th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age a n teceden ts . T hese e arly s i tes , e .g . N orton F i tzwarren , S o merse t , Rams H i l l , B erks ., H ighdown , S ussex , a nd Mart in D own , D orse t , may h ave more i n c o m mon w i th e ar lier h enges t han w i th l a ter h i l lforts a nd t hey a ppear t o l ie n ear t he c en tres o f c oncen tra t ions o f Midd le B ronze Age me ta lwork , a s Mount P leasan t , D orset , l i es i n t he a rea o f ac oncen tra t ion o f A rre ton me ta lwork ( Brad ley 1 978 , 15 , 19-21). The s ubsequent d eve lop men t o f h i l lforts may h ave b een r e la ted t o ac hange o f emphas is i n t he o rgan isa t ion o f t he l andscape f ro m r i tua l d uring t he l a te N eo li th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age t o s ubs is tence d uring t he l a ter B ronze Age a nd I ron Age ( i b id .) . L ike t he ir d iverse o r igins , t he s evera l f unc t ions o f h i l lforts h ave y e t t o b e w orked o u t c o mp le te ly , b ut b e tween t he sma l l Middle B ronze Age e nc losures , l i ke Rams H i l l , a nd t he h uge d efens ive e arthw orks o ft he f i rs t c en tury A .D . ,l i ke Ma iden C as t le , t here mus t h ave b een

2 97

c onsiderab le c hange .

The o vera l l d istr ibu t ion o f L a te B ronze Age me ta lwork

i n s outhern B ri ta in ( c f . B urgess 1 968a , f i gs . 6 -8, 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 6, 1 9 ;

1 967-

7 0 , f ig . 2 ) s hows ma jor c oncen tra t ions i n l ow land a reas , e spec ia l ly t he l ower Tha mes v a l ley a nd E ast Ang l ia , a nd s carce f i nds i n t he u p land r eg ions w i th many h i l lforts ;

as im i lar c on tras t may b e o bserved b e tween t he s oph ist ica ted

l ow land o pp ida o f t he f i rst c enturies B . C . a nd A .D . a nd c on te mporary h i l lforts ( Cun l if fe 1 976b , 3 53-356 , f i gs . 1 0-11) . C ont inenta l e v idence f or h i l lforts i s p a tchy .

F ew s i tes i n F rance o r

B e lg iu m h ave b een e xcava ted u nder modern c ond i t ions , wh i le i n Ger many e nor mous e f forts h ave b een c oncen tra ted i n to a h andfu l o f i ndiv idua l s i tes , n otab ly t he H euneburg a nd Manch ing .

The b es t s u m mary o ft he c entra l E uro-

p ean e v idence i s b y J ockenhöve l( 1974d ) .

Af ew s i tes were f ort if ied d uring t he

T u mu lus p er iod ( i b id ., 4 9 ) , e .g . t he H euneburg ( Gersbach 1 973 ) where t hree p hases o f t imber-f ramed r a mpart l as ted t o H a A l ( K imm ig 1 976 , 1 92-196) . Defended s i tes o ft h is d a te may h ave b een r e la ted t o t he a ppearance o f d efended s i tes i n t he Reinecke A/B O to mani a nd Mad 'arovce c u ltures o f S lovak ia ( V ladär 1 973 , 2 73-293 ) u nder medi terranean i nf luence ( i b id ., 2 92-293 ) a nd may h ave p rov ided a t echno log ica l b as is f or U rnf ie ld d eve lop men ts ( Jockenh öve l 1 974d , 5 1) .

The c hrono logy o f t he s outh G er man s i tes ( i b id ., 5 3-54 )

s hows t ha t c on t inu i ty o f o ccupa t ion t hroughou t t he U rnf ie ld p eriod c an r are ly b e p roved b ut t ha t mos t s i tes were o ccup ied a t t he e nd o f t he U rnf ie ld p eriod . There i s l i t t le e v idence f ro m H a Bo r H a Co n t he Heuneburg ( K imm ig 1 976, 1 96) . I n H esse d efended s i tes b egan o n ly a t t he e nd o f t he U rnf ie ld p er iod ( Jockenhöve l 1 974d , 5 6) .

I n t he L ausi tz a rea h i l lforts b eca me c o m mon d uring

MIV/Ha B b u t more s i tes a ppeared a t t he e nd o f t he U rnf ie ld p eriod a nd most were o ccup ied d uring t he Ha l ls ta t t p eriod ( i b id ., 4 8; 1 974 , 1 74-196) .

N ies i ewska- Wedzka

O n ly t hree S w iss s i tes o f U rnf ie ld d a te a re c i ted b y J ocken-

h öve l ( 1974d , 4 8) .

There i s n o c urren t s yn thes is o f Ha l ls ta t t f ort if ied s i tes

i n c en tra l E urope b ut r ich , s oph is t ica ted h i l lforts , e xe mp l if ied ,by t he Heuneb urg a nd Mont L asso is , s how a s tra t if ied s oc ie ty w i th a n u mber o f v ery p owerfu l c en tres e xh ib i t ing i nf luence f ro m t he c lass ica l wor ld ( K imm ig 1 975 , 3 9-41) . The e v idence f ro m F rance i s s parse .

S andars l i s ts s o me h i l lforts o n

wh ich L a te B ronze Age p ot tery h as b een f ound ( 1 957 , 3 69 , L is t XXV I I I ) .

There

i s ma teria l o f B ronze F ina l Ia nd I f ro m t he d efended s i te a t H oh landsberg , H aut-Rh in ( Bonne t 1 973 ) .

S evera l s i tes i n t he O ise were p robab ly f ort if ied

a t t he e nd o f t he L a te B ronze Age , e .g . S a in t-P ierre-en- C has tre , C a tenoy a nd B a i l leu l-sur-Thera in ( B lanche t 1 976a , 3 9-40 ) , a lso s i tes i n N or mandy ( Verron 1 976a , 5 96) where t he r ampart a t Mont-Jo ly , L e B reche a u D iab le , S ou mont-Sa in t-Quen t in , C a lvados , was d a ted b y af rag mentary b e l t o rnament o f A udouze 's s ub-type 3 a , B ronze F ina l I /1 ( Ede ine 1 966, 2 60 , f i gs . 1 0-11; Audouze 1 974 , 2 38 , c f . 2 56 n o . 2 4 , f i g . 4 , 3 ) , a nd r adiocarbon d a tes f ro m t he C a mp d e B ierre , Merri , O rne , s ugges t p oss ib le L a te B ronze Age f ort if icat ion ( Verron 1 973 , 3 89 ) .

There i s Middle B ronze Age ma teria l f ro m C a tenoy

a nd F ort-Harrouard ( Gaucher 1 976, 5 77) .

There a re L a te B ronze Age c lay

mou lds f ro m F ort-Harrouard.and C a tenoy ( Mohen 1 973 ) a nd t he q uan t i t ies o f me ta lwork f ro m F ort-Harrouard ( Ph i l lipe 1 927; 1 936) a nd S a int-P ierre-enC hastre ( 1 71) a re much l arger t han t hose f ro m a ny B ri t ish h i l lfort .

E v idence

f or B ronze Age b ronze-work ing o n a ny s ca le i n aB ri t ish h i l lfort i s r are . 2 98

As y e t t here i s n o c onc lus ive e v idence f or H a l lsta t t o ccupa t ion o n a ny h i l lfort i n P icardy ( J orrand 1 976 , 6 1) t hough a f ew s i tes o ft h is p eriod a re k nown f ro m t he P aris B as in ; e v idence f ro m N or mandy a nd B ri t tany i s e qua l ly s parse ( Verron 1 976b ; G iot 1 976, 7 82 ) , t hough s evera l p otent ia l ly r e levan t s i tes a re i nc luded i n t he s urvey o f Whee ler a nd R ichardson ( 1 957) wh ich was more c oncerned w i th t he l a ter I ron Age . N o B e lg ian h i l lfort c an b e d a ted b efore t he l a te H a l ls ta t t p eriod b ut t he e ar lies t o ccupa t ion o n f our s i tes c an b e d a ted t o ap re-La T ene p hase : Mon ta uban , B uzeno l , L uxe mbourg ; H as tedon , S a int-Serva is , Namur; t he K esse lb erg , Kesse l -Lo , B rabant ; t he K e mme lberg , W , F landers ( de L ae t 1 971; 1 974 , 4 22-433 ) . E xcava t ion h as r evea led f ew d e ta i ls o ft hese s i tes; t here i s a sma l l s herd o f A t t ic b lack f i gure p ot tery f ro m t he K em me lberg ( v an D oorse laer 1 970 ) . Where a s equence c an b e e s tab l ished o n t he c ont inen t i ta ppears t ha t h i l lf orts g radua l ly b eca me more n u merous d uring t he l a ter B ronze Age b ut o n ly a t t he v ery e nd o ft he L a te B ronze Age a nd d uring t he E arly I ron Age were t hey mos t n u merous .

Th is ma tches t he s equence i n B ri ta in where h i l lforts

r ose i n n u mbers d uring t he e ar ly p art o f t he f i rs t mi l lenn iu m B . C . t o r each ap eak d uring i t s midd le c enturies a nd t hereaf ter d ec l ined i n n u mbers b ut n ot i n importance ( Cun l if fe 1 976b , 3 46-347; 1 978, 3 31-332 ) . The c entra l E urop ean e v idence , a s p resen ted b y J ockenhöve l , w i l l n ot s upport a n impu lse o f h i l lfort-bui ld ing t owards t he n orth-wes t a nd n o s equence i n n orthern F rance o r B e lg iu m c an y e t b e e labora ted t o p rov ide a n o rig in f or h i l lforts o n t he o ther s ide o ft he C hanne l .

C on t inenta l L a te B ronze Age h i l lforts h ave p roduced

more me ta lwork , e spec ia l ly h oards , a nd more e v idence f or me ta lwork ing t han B ri t ish h i l lforts ( J ockenhöve l 1 974d , 5 2 ) . The d eve lop men t o f f i e ld s yste ms may r ef lec t s o me o ft he f ac tors r e levan t t o t he d eve lop men t o f h i l lforts .

O rgan ised f i e ld s ys tems p robab ly a ppeared

when a gricu ltura l p ressure o n t he l andscape was i ncreas ing ;

e nvironmenta l

c hanges were p robab ly s ign if ican t b u t s oc ia l c hanges may h ave b een n ecessary t o imp le men t t he n ew o rgan isa t ion o f a gricu lture .

F ie ld s ys tems s ee m t o

h ave d eve loped a t d iferent t imes i n d if feren t r eg ions ; d uring t he Midd le B ronze Age i n B ri ta in a nd o n t he u pper Rh ine , b ut n ot u n t i l t he b eg inn ing o ft he E arly I ron Age i n t he Ne therlands ( Brad ley 1 977-78) . THE ORGAN IZAT ION OF METAL WORK ING B ronze The s tudy o fp reh is toric b ronzeworking i s ac o mp lex t op ic . S o me a spec ts , s uch a s min ing , h ave l ef t l i t t le t race , a nd o thers , s uch a s me ta l c o mpos i t ion , h ave n ot y e t h ad t he ir f u l l p otent ia l r ea l ised .

I n t he f o l low ing s ec t ion s o me

a spec ts o fb ronzework ing d uring t he l a ter B ronze Age w i l l b e e xam ined w i th p art icu lar r eference t o B ri ta in a nd n orthern F rance . The S tut tgart S tudien z u d en A nfangen d er Me ta l lurg ie , c oncerned ma in ly w i th t he C opper Age a nd e ar lier B ronze Age , a re o fl i t t le r e levance h ere ; n or h ave Ic ons idered t he ir c ontrovers ia l w ork o n g o ld . The p roduc t ion o fb ronze o b jec ts may b e p laced u nder f our ma in h eadings : min ing , sme lt ing , c ast ing a nd sm i th ing . 2 99

Min ing c an o n ly h ave t aken p lace

where o re w as a va i lab le , i n v e ins o r p lacer d epos i ts whose l oca t ion w ou ld b e g overned b y g eo logy . O nce e x trac ted a nd s epara ted t he o res w ou ld h ave b een sme lted , t hen me lted a nd t he v arious meta ls mixed i n t he d es ired p roport ions a nd t he o b jec ts w ou ld t hen h ave b een c ast . P os t-cas t ing w ork , sm i th ing , w ou ld h ave i nc luded h arden ing , s harpen ing e dges a nd t he a pp l ica t ion o f c erta in t ypes o fo rnamen t . C opper o re i s w idespread i n t he h igh land z one o f B ri ta in a nd i n I re land ( Ty lecote 1 962 , f i g . 2 , t ab le 6 ; H arb ison 1 966, f i g . 1 ; B riggs 1 976, 2 73-278 ) . The d istribu t ion o f F rench c opper o re i s ma in ly s outher ly a nd e as ter ly ; t he d epos i ts i n B ri t tany a re p oor a nd were p robab ly n ot e xp lo i ted i n p reh is tor ic t imes ( Briard 1 965 , 2 0-21; 1 976b , 2 38) . B o th B r i ta in a nd n orthern F rance h ave r ich d epos i ts o ft i n i n C ornwa l l ( Ty lecote 1 962 , 6 3 ) a nd B ri t tany ( Briard 1 965 , 1 5-20 ; 1 976b , 2 38) r espec t ive ly . Resources f or b ronzeworking a ppear t o b e a bsent f ro m t he L ow C oun tries ( de L ae t 1 974 , 2 83 ) . O ur k now ledge o fp reh is toric c opper- mining i s d erived ma in ly f ro m t he w ork o f s evera l g enera t ions o f A ustrian s cho lars i n t he S a lzburg a nd Tyro l r eg ions ( P i t t ion i 1 951; C lark 1 952 , 1 91-193 ) . F ro m s urface e xp lo i ta t ion o f av e in d eve loped a c o mp lex s equence o f s haf ts wh ich f ac i l i ta ted v en t i la t ion a nd d ra inage .

The o re was r emoved f ro m t he f ace b y f i re-set t ing , ap rocess

wh ich w ou ld h ave c onsu med much w ood , a nd w ood w ou ld a lso h ave b een r eq uired f or l i ning t he g a l leries . The o re was d ressed , c rushed a nd g round a t as epara t ing-p lace i n t he i m media te v ic in i ty o ft he s haf t . Sme lt ing t ook p lace s o me d is tance s way b ecause o f t he n eed f or a dd i t iona l q uan t i t ies o f w ood n o t a va i lab le b y t he mine .

These o pera t ions mus t h ave emp loyed s evera l h undreds

o f w orkers a nd d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een p rac t ica l o n a sma l l o r p art-t i me s ca le .

A t l eas t i n t he mines , f u l l-t ime w ork i s e nv isaged .

Overa l l o rgan isa-

t ion b y ac en tra l a u thori ty i s i nferred , f ro m t he i den t if ica t ion o f av ein t o t he p roduc t ion o f a n i ngot . N o s uch e x tens ive w ork ings h ave b een i den t if ied i n B ri ta in . There i s e v idence o fp rim i t ive e xp lo i ta t ion a t s i tes s uch a s A lder ley E dge , C hesh ire ( C lark 1 952 , 6 9 ; Ty leco te 1 962 , 2 0 ) , where b oth min ing a nd sme lt ing t ook p lace , b u t s uch s i tes a re d if f icu lt t o d a te a nd a nc ien t r e ma ins c ou ld e as i ly h ave b een e rased b y modern w ork ings ( i b id ., 1 9 ) .

More s ecure e v idence

c o mes f ro m I re land a t Mount Gabrie l , C o . C ork ( Jackson 1 968; Deady a nd Doran 1 972; H eri ty a nd E ogan 1 977 , 1 15 ) , where a bout t wen ty-f ive a di ts h ave b een o bserved b u t o n ly t wo e xp lored ;

b oth e x tended f or a bou t s ix me tres

w i th e v idence o f f i re-se t t ing . Many s tone mau ls o ft he k ind c onvent iona l ly a ssoc ia ted w i th p ri m i t ive min ing were f ound . T ip-heaps a t t he e n trances t o t he a d i ts p resu mab ly r epresen ted s epara t ing-p laces ; n o t races o f sme lt ing h ave b een f ound b u t n o e x tens ive s earch h as b een made . The mines were c overed b y p ea t g row th , p robab ly p reh istoric , a nd a s a mp le f ro m a t i p-heap g ave a C 14 d a te o f 1 500 ± 1 20 b c VRI-66 ( Fe lber 1 970 , 3 16) . The e xp loi ta t ion o f Moun t Gabrie l s eems t o h ave b een o n a sma l ler s ca le t han e xp loi ta t ion i n Aus tria . P reh istoric e xp loi ta t ion o ft i n i n C ornwa l l a nd B ri t tany i s u sua l ly p res u med , b ut n o s uch w orkings h ave y e t b een i dent if ied o r d a ted w i th c erta in ty ( Hencken 1 932 , 1 58-188; "w here

B riard 1 965 , 1 5-20 ) .

I n a nswer t o t he q ues t ion ,

i s t he t i n?", C harles ( 1 975 , 2 2-23 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t i t was p assed 3 00

t o t he f ounder , n ot i n i ngot f or m b u t s t i l l a s o re , p robab ly c ass iteri te .

C ass i-

t eri te p ebb les o ccur o n B ronze Age h ut s i tes a t T rev isker, C ornwa l l , w i th p oss ib le r e ma ins o fb ronze-cast ing ( ApS imon a nd G reenf ie ld 1 972 , 3 50 , 3 55 ) , a nd o n Dean Moor , Devon , w i th a p oss ib le f rag men t o f t in s lag ( Fox 1 957, 4 7 , 5 0 , 7 3 ) , b ut o b jec ts o f sme l ted t in a re k nown f ro m t he I r ish L a te B ronze Age ( Ty leco te 1 962 , 4 1, 6 7) a nd t he h oards f ro m G rays Thurrock ( 148) a nd A uch tertyre ( 159 ) b o th c on ta in p ieces o f sme lted t i n . B ronze Age b race let f ro m Ex loo ,

The we l l-known E arly

D renthe , b ears b eads o f t in , f a ience a nd

amber ( But ler 1 969 , 5 5 , f oto 2 ) . More sme lted c opper h as b een p reserved; i n B ri ta in a nd n orthern F rance t h is i s u sua l ly i n t he f or m o f p lano-convex o r b un-shaped i ngots f ro m a f urnace ( Ty lecote 1 962 , 2 7) .

When t hese i ngots h ave b een a na lysed t he ir c ontent h as

b een f ound t o b e a l mos t p ure c opper ( i b id . ,3 1, f i g . 4 , t ab le 8 ; C harles 1 975 , 2 2; 6 7) .

1 976 , 3 0 ;

G iot , B ourh is a nd B riard 1 966, 2 6-43; N orthover 1 977 ,

C opper c ake o ccurs i n s evera l I r ish E arly B ronze Age h oards a nd t he

h oard f ro m K nockasarne t , C o . K erry , c on ta ined a c o mp le te i ngot ( Harb ison 1 966a ) .

P lano-convex i ngots o ccur i n LBA3 h oards i n s outh-eastern E ng land

a nd o n s et t le men ts s i tes a t Weston Wood , A lbury , S urrey ( Harding 1 964 , 1 5; T y leco te 1 967 , 1 11 ) , where h earths a nd p i ts may r epresent r e ma ins o f me ta lw orking , Queen Mary 's H osp i ta l , C ar s ha l ton , S urrey ( Low ther 1 939 , 1 80 ) , a nd t he d i tched e nc losure a t Muck ing , E ssex ( Jones 1 975 , 1 41) . T races o fb ronzework ing a ssoc ia ted w ith s truc tures o n we l l-excava ted s i tes a re s carce .

Two g ood e xa mp les c o me f ro m I re land .

K nockadoon , a

p en insu la i n L ough G ur , C o . L i merick , i s p erhaps b e t ter k nown f or i ts Neo li th ic h ouses , b ut t he h ouses o n s i tes D a nd F were a ssoc ia ted w i th f ragmen tary mou lds o f s tone a nd c lay a nd c ruc ib les ( 0 5 R iorda in 1 954 , 3 84-385; 4 00-403 , f i g . 4 0 , p l . XL I , 4 15-419 , 4 20-422 , f i g . 4 6 , p4 L , 4 49 ) .

The

i mp le men ts r epresented i n t he mou lds were Midd le B ronze Age t ypes a nd t he s i te s uggests s edentary r a ther t han i t inerant workers ( Heri ty a nd E ogan 1 977 , 1 70 , f i gs . 6 6-67) .

L a te B ronze Age me ta l-work ing r e ma ins a re k nown f ro m

s evera l I r ish s i tes ( i b id ., 1 87-193 ) b ut o n ly a t Ra thga l l , C o . W ick low , a re t hese r e ma ins , f rag men ts o f c lay mou lds , a ssoc ia ted w i th s truc tures , al arge r ound h ouse i n ac ircu lar e nc losure .

Work ing wen t o n o ver a l ong p eriod o f

t ime o n al arge s ca le ( Raf tery 1 976b , 3 45-346) . There i s s l igh t e v idence o f me ta lwork ing o fp oss ib le Midd le B ronze Age d a te a t F enga te , N orthan ts . ( Pryor 1 977, 1 4 ) a nd a f ragmen t o f ac lay mou ld f ro m S ou th L odge C amp , Wi lts ( R . B rad ley ) .

The e v idence f ro m Trev isker

a nd Dean Moor ( see p . 2 94 )s hou ld b e Midd le B ronze Age a nd t he c on te mporary b ronzes f ro m T redarvah , C ornwa l l , may h ave c o me f ro m a w orkshop a rea ( Row lands 1 976 , 8 , 2 76 n o . 1 67) .

Mou ld f rag men ts p robab ly o f e ar ly L a te

B ronze d a te c o me f ro m Gw i th ian ( Megaw 1 976 , 5 1) a nd a s i te a t Da in ton , Devon , h as p roduced c lay mou ld f rag men ts o f Midd le o r L a te B ronze Age d a te .

There i s as tone mou ld f or a s ocke ted a xe f ro m a n e nc losure o n B urderop

D own , Wi lts . ( L is t 1 28, 1 5 ) .

C ast ing d ebris c o mes f ro m t he LBA3 s i te a t

Runnymede B ridge , E dgha in , S urrey ( Long ley 1 976, 1 3 ) , wh i le t he a d jacent P e t ter 's S ports F ie ld s i te h as p roduced a f rag men t o f a mou ld f or s ocke ted a xes a nd a LBA3 h oard ( L is t 1 28 , 1 2 ; M . O 'Connel l ). The r ing-di tch e nc losure a t Mi l l H i l l , D ea l , K ent , h as p roduced b ronze r ings a nd f rag men ts o f c lay

3 01

mou lds f or s uch r ings , wh i le t here i s ap in mou ld f ro m a s i te a t H ighstead , n ear C an terbury , K en t ( T . C ha mp ion ) . G ood e v idence c o mes f ro m J ar lshof , o n S he t land , where c opper d epos i ts o ccur ( Ty lecote 1 962 , t ab le 6 ) ; f ragments o f c ruc ib les a nd c lay mou lds s how t ha t c ast ing was p rac t ised i n t he L a te B ronze Age s et t le men t o f c ourtyard h ouses ( Hami lton 1 956, 4 , 2 4 , 2 9 , f i g . 1 4 ) . C onv inc ing e v idence o fb ronzework ing o n B ri t ish h i l lforts d uring t he L a te B ronze Age i s r are . H am H i l l , S o merse t , h as p roduced mou ld f ragmen ts ( Hodges 1 960 , 1 60 , p l . I I , c ) ; t he b es t e v idence i s p rov ided b y t he c lay mou lds a nd c as t ing d ebris a t T rapra in L aw , E . L oth ian ( Bur ley 1 955-56 , 1 27 , 1 53-154 ) . E v idence f or t he manufac ture o fp a ls taves o n O ld O swes try , S a lop ., r e la tes t o ap re-ra mpart p a l isaded e nc losure ( Var ley 1 964 , 7 2 ) . I r ish f i nds o f mou lds a nd c ruc ib les , where n ot a ssoc ia ted w i th w e l l-def ined s truc tures , a re of ten f ro m c rannogs o r o ther w a ter-s ide s i tes ( Heri ty a nd E ogan 1 977 , 1 87-193 ) . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t hese w ere p rest ige s i tes ( Brad ley 1 978 , 8 4 , 12 ). I r ish ' cook ing-p laces ' h ave p roduced r ich me ta lwork , i nc luding p erhaps a p enannu lar g i lde d r ing a nd a g o ld d ress-fas tener ( O 'Ke l ly 1 954 , 1 31 , 1 42-143 ) a nd t here i s af ragmen t o f ac lay mou ld f or s pearheads f ro m a r ela ted s i te a t L eckhamp ton , G loucs . ( Brad ley 1 978 , 8 3-4 ; e xcavat i on b y C . J . Y oung ) ; i n t he n or thern I s les t hese s i tes ( burn t mounds ) a re r egarded a s r egu lar l a ter Bronze Age s e t t lemen ts w i th l i t t le e v idence f or me ta lwork ing ( Hedges 1 974-75 , 7 0 , 8 1-82 ) . More e v idence f or b ronzework ing c o mes f ro m h i l lforts i n n orth-eastern F rance where mou lds o f c lay a nd s tone , c ruc ib les a nd a t uyere were o rig ina l ly i dent if ied ( Ph i lippe 1 927 , 4 4-46 , p l . X ) a t F ort-Harrouard , b u t l i t t le o ft h is ma teria l h as b een a na lysed r ecen t ly ( Mohen 1 973 , f i gs . 2 , 3 A , 5 , 6 ) a nd t he s a me a pp lies t o t he ma teria l f ro m C a tenoy ( i b jd ., f i g . 1 ) a nd S a in t-P ierree n-Chas tre ( 1 71;

B lanche t 1 976a , 3 8) .

Ab rief d igress ion i n to t he l a ter I ron Age may p rove i nstruc t ive . E xcavat i on o ft he e nc losed s e t t le men t a t G ussage A l l S a in ts , B ri tford , D orse t ( Wa inwrigh t a nd

s prai l ing

1 973 ) , r evea led , a longs ide t he s parser e v idence o f

me ta lwork ing u sua l o n s uch s i tes , al arge q uan t i ty o f w orkshop d ebris wh ich was n ear ly a l l f ound i n as ing le p i t . Th is f ortu itous f i nd emphasises h ow f rag i le a re t he r e ma ins o fp reh is toric b ronzework ing , e spec ia l ly c lay mou lds , a nd h ow l i t t le c an u sua l ly b e r ecovered b y e xcava t ion . The G ussage f i nd i ndica tes p roduc t ion o f as ca le a nd c o mp lex i ty wh ich mi l i ta tes a ga ins t sma l l , i mper manent w orkshops a nd s uggests r egu lar p roduc t ion o n as ing le s i te ( Spra t ling f orthco m ing ) wh ich was n o t ah i l lfort . F urther e v idence may b e d erived f ro m t he d is tribut ion o f me ta lwork . Reg iona l g roups h ave b een r ecogn ised i n t he I r ish L a te B ronze Age ( Eogan 1 974a ) a nd E ar ly B ronze Age a xe-shaped ' i ngots ' a nd u nf inished a xes s how a marked c oncentra t ion i n C o . A ntr im , a n a rea d evo id o f c opper r esources ( Harb ison 1 966, 5 -6, f i g . 3 ) . The e v idence o f d istribut ion i s more e xp l ic i t i n B ri ta in where o re r esources a re c onf ined t o t he h igh land z one .

Wh i le i t

i s imposs ib le t o q uan t ify e xac t ly t he c ontras t b e tween t he h igh land a nd l ow land z ones , s o me o bserva t ions may b e made .

F ro m t he e nd o f t he E ar ly B ronze

Age t he d istribu t ion o f c erta in t ypes i s c oncentra ted i n s outh-eas tern E ng land , e spec ia l ly i n t he l ower Thames v a l ley a nd t he C ambridge a rea ( Burgess a nd C owen 1 972 , f i gs . 6 , 2 ; 7 ) .

These c oncen tra t ions c on t inued t hrough t he 3 02

Midd le ( Row lands 1 976 , map 2 7) a nd L a te B ronze Age ( Burgess 1 966a , f i gs . 6 -8 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 6, 1 9 ) , e spec ia l ly marked f or t he L a te B ronze Age s word t ypes wh ich were u sed t hroughout B rita in , a s t hey h ad b een f or r ap iers ( Tru mp 1 962 , 9 5-101) . The c oncen tra t ion o f L a te B ronze Age f i nds i n t he l ower Tha mes v a l ley i s s t i l l s ign if ican t when r iver a nd r iver-bank f i nds a re d iscoun ted ( S . Needham ) .

The l arges t B ri t ish h oards a re f ound i n s outh-eas tern E ng land;

o n t he s outh c oast d uring t he Midd le B ronze Age a nd a t I s leha m d uring t he L a te B ronze Age . The o ccurrence o f c opper i ngots i n s outh-eastern h oards s hows t ha t c opper , p resu mab ly sme lted n ear i t s s ource , was u sed b y f ounders i n t he s ou th-east a nd t ha t f resh s upp lies w ere r equ ired d uring LBA3 d esp i te a ny r e-use o f meta l f ro m e ar lier o b jec ts ( Northover 1 977, 6 7 ) .

The c ontras t b e tween t he s outh-

e as t , d evoid o fr esources b u t r ich i n b ronze o b jec ts , a nd t he h igh land z one , r ich i n r esources b ut c o mpara t ive ly p oor i n o b jec ts , i s emphas ised b y t he e xamp le o f C ornwa l l wh ich i s p oor i n o b jec ts c o mpared w i th o ther p arts o f s ou thern E ng land b u t h as l oca l r esources o fb oth c opper a nd t i n . Th is e v idence i ndica tes t ha t me ta l i n a sme lted s ta te was t ransported f ro m t he h igh land z one o f B ri ta in t o t he l ow land z one ; b oth c opper a nd t i n were a va i lab le i n h igh land B ri ta in s o t he p oss ib le u se o f I r ish o r F rench s ources af ter t he e s tab lishmen t o f meta l lurgy i n l ow land B ri ta in s hou ld b e r eg arded w i th c aut ion , e spec ia l ly a s A r morican c opper s ources were p robab ly n ot e xp lo i ted d uring t he B ronze Age . The we l l-def ined r eg iona l d istribu t ions o f a xe t ypes i n B ri ta in a nd o n t he c ont inen t a ppears t o c ontradic t a ny s ugges t ion t ha t a xes were manufac tures o n ly i n r estr ic ted a reas c lose t o t he me ta l s ources a nd t hence e xported t o o ther a reas .

A c onco m i tan t o bserva t ion i s

t ha t t he d istribu t ions o f a xe t ypes a re o f ten c onf ined t o sma l l a reas wh i le t he d is tribut ions o f weapon t ypes c over much l arger a reas ( Row lands 1 976, 1 211 22 , 1 67-168; N orthover 1 977 , 6 4 ) , c f . p a ls taves a ga ins t r ap iers a nd s pearh eads d uring t he Midd le B ronze A ge ;

s ocke ted a xes a ga ins t Ewart P ark swords

d uring LBA3; t he r eg iona l v aria t ions o f o rnament o n S o mpt ing a xes o f LBA4 ( Burgess 1 967-70 , 2 71) a ga ins t t he d istribu t ion o f H a l lstat t b ronze swords w i th a l l s ub-div is ions w idespread ( Burgess 1 968a , f i g . 1 9 ) . G enera l c o m men ts o n t he o rgan isa t ion o f b ronzework ing h ave of ten i nc orpora ted C h i lde 's c oncep t o f t he i t ineran t sm i th . Th is was b ased o n t he a ssu mpt ion t ha t t he c o mp lex k now ledge a nd s ki l ls n ecessary f or b ronzework ing wou ld r emove i t s p rac t i t ioners f ro m t he u sua l c lasses o f s oc ie ty i nto a d et riba l ized h eredi tary c lass ( 1 930 , 4 -5 , 1 0 ; 1 940 , 1 62 ) a nd t ha t t he n eed t o a cquire r aw ma teria ls f ro m o uts ide c o m muna l b oundaries p roduced a r evo lut i cnary c hange i n s oc ia l o rgan isa t ion ( 1 930 , 9 ) . v iews j us t b efore h is d ea th ( 1 957 ) .

C h i lde s u m marised t hese

C lark r ecogn ised t he d is t inc t ion b e tween

p roducers a nd f abrica tors a nd , wh i le a l low ing i t ineran t sm i ths , s ugges ted t ha t l arge-sca le p roduc t ion i nd ica ted p er manent w orkshops ( 1 952 , 1 97-199) . Harb ison s ugges ts t ha t sma l l E ar ly B ronze Age h oards r epresent i t ineran t sm i ths ( 1 966 , 9 ) b ut t h is r eason ing w ou ld mi li ta te a ga ins t sm i ths l a ter , when h oards b ecame l arger . R ow lands ( 1 971b ) h as e xa m ined r e levant e thnograph ic e v idence . H e f i nds l i t t le i ndica t ion o fi t inerant sm i ths o r o ft rade i n s crap; f u l l-t i me f ounders a re n ot e ssen t ia l b u t , when t hey o ccur , a re u sua l ly s upp orted b y p r iv i leged minori t ies . These may p roduce weapons f or t here i s e v idence o fd is t inc t ion b e tween many t oo l sm i ths a nd f ew weapon sm i ths . 3 03

Thrane h as p ointed o ut t ha t t here i s n o n eed f or i t ineran t sm i ths af ter t he i n i t ia l s pread o f me ta l-work ing ; t he t ransfer o f i deas a nd o f o b jec ts t o b e i m i ta ted w ou ld h ave b een s uf f ic ien t ( 1975 , 1 93 ) .

T he d istribut ion o fr eg iona l

a xe t ypes i n B ri ta in a rgues a ga ins t t he p reeence o f sm i ths i t ineran t o ver l arge a reas a nd i nd ica tes t he e x is tence o f l oca l c en tres o f p roduc t ion ( Row lands 1 976 , 1 63 ) .

C oncentra t ions o f L a te B ronze A ge ma teria l a round t he L ondon

r eg ion s ugges t l oca l w orkshops a nd h oards may r epresen t t he move men t o f sm i ths a round r es tric ted marke t a reas i n s uch r eg ions o f d ense s e t t le men t ( S . Needha m ) . R ow lands c o mpares t he h igh t i n c onten t o f B ri t ish MBA2 p a ls taves i n s ou th c oast h oards t o t he h igh t i n

c onten t o f c on temporary p a lstaves f ro m n orthern

F rance ( 1976 , 5 , 1 77-178, f i g . 2 6) .

The t in c on ten t o f t hese B ri t ish p a lstaves ,

c . 1 7% , i s i ndeed s i mi lar t o t ha t o f B re ton , N or man a nd S o m me v a l ley p a lst aves ( G iot , B ourh is a nd B riard 1 966, 1 9; 4 7;

1 970 , 1 7-21; 3 3;

V erron 1 975c ,

B l in-S toy le 1 959 , 2 01-202 n os . 5 7-59 , 6 3-69 ) , b ut i ts hou ld b e n oted t ha t

b ronzes i n A rre ton h oards h ave a n a verage t i n c on ten t o f C . 1 4% ( Br it ton 1 961, 4 1, f i g . 1 ; 1 963 , 2 94 ) .

N orthover ( 1977 , 6 6) h as s ugges ted t ha t t he h igh

n icke l c on ten t o f MBA2 p a ls taves i n s ou thern E ng land i s r e la ted t o t he i mpor t o f b ronze f ro m n orth-wes tern F rance , b u t ah igh n icke l c on ten t was a lso n oted f or A rre ton b ronzes ( i b id ., 6 5 ) .

Tab le 1 4 s hows t ha t p a lstaves f ro m s outhern

E ng land h ave a n a verage n icke l c on ten t h igher t han t ha t o fp a lstaves f ro m B ri t tany b ut l ower t han t ha t o fp a lstaves f ro m t he S o m me v a l ley .

I ta ppears

t ha t more c o mprehens ive p rogram mes o f a na lyses , l ike t ha t c arried o u t o n t he We lsh ma teria l , w i th t he r esu lts r e la ted t o a ccura te t ypo log ica l i dent if icat i on , a re n eeded b efore d e ta i led c onc lus ions c an b e made o n t he b as is o f me ta l c on ten t . T he l ack o f i ngots i n MBA2 p a ls tave h oards i n s outhern E ng land l eads Row lands t o s uggest t ha t r aw me ta l was n ot a s pec ia l is t t rade i te m a t t h is t ime ( 1 976, 1 66) .

Though t he Marsha l l E s ta te h oard ( 32 ) a ppears t o h ave

c on ta ined much s crap , most MBA2 p a ls tave h oards i n s outhern B rita in a nd n orthern F rance c on ta in p redo minan t ly c o mp le te a xes , of ten u nsharpened . P erhaps t he f ac tors wh ich i nf luenced t he d epos i t ion o f l arge a xe h oards , e spec ia l ly o f A r morican a xes , d uring LBA4 a nd LBA3 were a lso p resen t d uring MBA2 .

O n ly d uring LBA2 i s t here me ta l lurg ica l e v idence f or l arge-

s ca le r e-use o f s crap ( J . P . N orthover ) . I ta ppears t o b e d if f icu lt t o p rove t he e x istence o f a ny s ign if ican t c rossC hanne l t rade i n r aw me ta l s o we may e nv isage i n B r i ta in a s i tua t ion where c opper a nd t in , w i th s ubs idiary o res l i ke l ead , were a va i lab le i n t he h igh land z one , b ut t he mos t importan t r eg iona l g roups a nd i ndiv idua l d epos i ts o f a r t if ac ts a nd , p resu mab ly , t he most importan t manufac turing c entres , were i n t he l ow land z one .

D uring LBA3 when c opper i ngots o ccur i n t he l ow land z one

i ti s c lear t ha t t he me ta l was p robab ly t ransported i n t h is s ta te .

I t s ee ms

u n like ly t ha t s upp l ies were h aphazard o r t ha t i ndiv idua l f ounders made a rr ange men t w i th i ndiv idua l miners f ar away .

P erhaps t he miners s upp l ied

midd le- men who t ransported i ngo ts a nd s upp l ied t he f ounders .

These t hree

s tages mus t h ave e x isted b u t h eed n o t h ave b een t ota l ly i ndependent ; d ist ribut ion c ou ld h ave b een c ontro l led e i ther b y miners , o r b y f ounders , o r t he e nt ire p rocess c ou ld h ave b een u nder c entra l d irec t ion .

3 04

B ecause most o f t he

Tab le 1 4

N .W . F rance

G iot , B ourh is a nd B riard 1 966

Ma in ly B reton

n os . 6 2-83 , 8 9-100 ; 1 970

p a ls taves

n os . 4 26-463

B ernay h oard

N o . o f a na lyses

Average n icke l

7 2

0 .2 02

1 0

0 .705

1 0

0 .5 19

2 1

0 .467

B l in-S toy le 1 959 n os . 5 7-59 , 6 3-69

S . c oast h oards

I b id ., n os . 2 25-228 , 3 01-306

O ther MBA p a ls taves I b id ., n os . 1 0-12 , 1 5 , 2 1-22 , 1 54 f ro m S .E . E ng land

4 05-408, 4 22-431

p roduc ts o ft he h igh land mines f ound t he ir way t o t he l ow land f ounders , i t s ee ms u n l ike ly t ha t t he miners w ere t he d om inant f orce . The mines may h ave b een e xp loi ted o n ac o lon ia l b as is o r b y means o f t rade .

The f or mer s ugges-

t i on imp l ies a c entra l ised p ower wh ich s eems u n like ly i n p re-Ro man t imes e xcep t f or b rief p eriods . S o me f or m o f t rade o r e xchange s ee ms more l ike ly a nd i ti s s ign if ican t t ha t o ne o f t he l ow land a reas r ich i n me ta lwork i s p art o ft he F en r eg ion , p roverb ia l ly t he r iches t f ar m land i n B ri ta in .

The d iscovery

o fl arge f i e ld-syste ms o f e ar lier B ronze A ge d a te a round t he F ens i s l ess s tart ling t han P ryor s upposes ( 1 977 , 1 4 ) .

I ti s t e mp t ing t o e nvisage t he e x-

c hange o f a gricu ltura l p roduce f or meta l . T he r epertoire o ft he b ronzeworker i nc ludes w eapons a nd o ther p rest ige i t e ms wh ich imp ly t he e x is tence o f a warrior c lass t he p roduc t ion o f whose weapons was more s tandardised a nd l ess l oca lised t han t ha t o f a xes .

These

warriors mus t h ave e xerc ised s o me d om inance i n s oc ie ty a nd s hou ld h ave b een a b le t o c o m mand t he r esources t o o b ta in me ta l f or t he ir weapon-s m i ths a nd t o d istribute t he ir p roduc ts o ver a w ider a rea t han t hose o ft oo l-s m i ths . Th is l ong-dis tance c on tac t i mp l ies a measure o f s oc ia l s tab i li ty a nd r ecogn it i on o ft he move men t o fp eop le a nd g oods . The i mp lica t ions o f s uch o rgan isat i on h ave b een emphas ised f or t he N ordic a rea where a l l me ta l h ad t o b e i mp orted o ver l ong d istances .

" E in s o lcher Import war s icher i n d er d a ma ligen

G ese l lschaf tu n mög lich o hne Kap i ta lkonzen tra t ion i n e iner k o mp liz ierten O rgan isa t ion , b e i d er d ie p o l i t ische Mach t i n wenigen H änden l ag" ( Ny len 1 974 , 1 09 ) . " The p ower o f t h is r u ling c lass was b ased o n t rade" ( G lob 1 969 , 3 09 ) . B ri ta in was n ot i so la ted f ro m t he c on t inen t a nd s outhern E ng land was i n c onstan t c on tac t w i th n orthern F rance wh ich p robab ly o b ta ined i t s c opper f ro m f urther s outh .

B ri t tany , w i th i t s t i n r esources , s tands i n c on tras t w i th

C ornwa l l , where n o s ubs tan t ia l l oca l b ronze i ndus try f l ourished , a nd B ri t tany mus t h ave b een a b le t o o bta in l arge q uan t i t ies o f c opper .

H owever, B re ton

e xports a cross t he C hanne l a re s carce c o mpared w ith t hose f ro m n orthe as tern F rance . S ou th-eas tern E ng land a nd n orth-eas tern F rance , b oth a reas w i thou t l oca l me ta l r esources , were a b le t o e ngage i n mutua l e xchange o f a rt ifac ts t hroughou t t he B ronze Age . D uring MBA2 a nd LBA3 t hey were a b le 3 05

t o o b ta in e nough me ta l f or s ubs tan t ia l l oca l i ndus tr ies; p erhaps d uring LBA2 t hey h ad t o r e ly more o n r e-use o fl oca l s crap . Wh i le s crap was a lso u sed d uring LBA3 , i ngo ts s how t ha t f resh me ta l was a va i lab le . E xchange a lso t ook p lace d uring LBA1; weapons e xe mp l ify t h is b est , t he F rench a xes i n t he D over h oard ( 108) a re n ot t ypes o therw ise f ound i n B ri ta in . The w idespread d is tribu t ion o f i t s weapon t ypes o ver t he B ri t ish I s les s hows t ha t s outhern E ng land ma in ta ined c on tac t w i th t he r es t o f B ri ta in t o s o me e x ten t , t hough i t o f ten h ad more i n c o m mon w i th n orth-eas tern F rance ; t h is c on tac t p robab ly r ef lec ts a b i l i ty t o o b ta in o re f ro m h igh land B ri ta in a t most t imes . I fB ri t ish f ounders n eeded l arge q uan t i t ies o f F rench o re o r s crap , o ne migh t n ot e xpec t t o f i nd s ign if ican t B ri t ish e xports i n F rance . I ron The most d iagnost ic i t ems wh ich r epresent t he e ar lies t r egu lar u se o f i ron i n n orth-wes tern E urope a re t he swords a nd h orse-gear o f H a Cd a te f ro m t he s ou thern L ow C oun tries ( see p . 2 47 , 2 54 ).

I n b arrow 3 , C ourt-

S a in t-E t ienne ( 2 28 ) a nd i n t he O ss b uria l ( 2 31) a re i nc luded most o f t he o ther t ypes wh ich were s o me t imes made o f i ron a t t h is t ime : s pearhead , k n ife , a xe , f l esh-hook a nd p in . I ron r azors a nd t weezers were a lso c urrent i n B e lg iu m a t t h is t ime ( l ists 2 26 , 1 9-20 ;

2 69 ) .

The s ta tus o ft he MeLksham h oard ( 2 24 ) ,

w i th i t s s pearheads o fb ronze a nd i ron , i s u ncerta in ; t he L lyn F awr h oard ( 2 18) c on ta ins a n i mported i ron sword a nd a n i ron c opy , p resu mab ly l oca l , o f a n i nsu lar LBA4 t ype o f s ick le .

During E IA1 i ron d aggers were p roduced i n

t he l ower Thames v a l ley ( see p . 2 49 )

a nd i ron a ppears t o h ave s uperseded

b ronze i n s outhern B ri ta in b y t h is p eriod . L it t le w ork h as b een d one o n t he e ar ly p roduc t ion o f i ron i n wes tern E urope a nd t he u se o f sma l l i ron o b jec ts may g o b ack t o t he Midd le B ronze Age ( see p . 8 4 ) ,b ut t h is b rief s ec t ion i s c oncerned w i th t he a dop t ion o f i ron a s t he r egu lar ma teria l f or e dged t oo ls a nd weapons .

Wh i le t he u se o fb ronze

was n ot a bandoned f or o rnamen ts , t he c hange t o i ron w ou ld h ave r esu lted i n c ons iderab le r eorgan isa t ion o f min ing , sme lt ing a nd d is tribut ion . Re ma ins o f e ar ly i ronwork ing a re s carce; a f ew p yram ida l i ron i ngots ( Doppe lpyram ide nbarren ) a re k nown f ro m s ou thern E ng land a nd n orth-eastern F rance , b u t wh i le t hese i ngots a ppeared d uring H a Dt hey l as ted i n to t he R o man p er iod ( K lee mann 1 966; K imm ig a nd G ersbach 1 971, 5 4-56 , Taf . 7 ) . A s i te a t B rook lands , Weybridge , S urrey , i l lu m ina tes t he s ub jec t i n B ri ta in ( Hanworth a nd T o ma lin 1 977 ) ; t h is s i te i s o n ly a bou t 1 00 m f ro m t he f i nd-spot o ft he Weybridge r ibbed p a i l ( i b id ., f i g . 2 ) . B oth sme lt ing a nd f org ing were c arried o ut o n t h is s i te ( i b id ., 1 5-22 ) i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th p o t tery o fl a ter ( i b id ., 4 0-41, f i gs . 1 5 , 1 8-20 , 2 2-4 ) a nd e ar lier ( i b id ., 3 7-40 , f i gs . 1 4 , 1 6-17 , 2 1) f ron Age d a te . T he e xac t d a te o ft he e ar ly p ot tery i s u ncerta in , b u t s hou ld b e p re-La ' r e t ie . I ron o re was a va i lab le l oca l ly ( i b id ., 2 2-23 ) . Ab r ief s tudy o ft he t rans i t ion f ro m b ronze t o i ron i n G ot land h as s ugges ted t ha t i tr esu lted i n a more d e mocra t ic s oc ie ty , s ince t he c oncen tra t ion o f p ower n ecessary t o o rgan ise t he i mport o fb ronze ( see p . 3 05 )was n o l onger n ecessary ( Ny len 1 974 ) . Th is d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave h appened i n c entra l E urope o r e astern F rance where E arly I ron Age b uria ls s how s oc ia l s tra t if icat i on more marked t han d uring t he L a te B ronze Age . C un lif fe h as n oted t he

3 06

c hange f ro m b ronze t o i ron i n B ri ta in a nd s ugges ted t ha t i t was a cco mpanied b y s tab i li ty wh ich was o n ly e roded b y t he l a ter d eve lop men t o f warrior a rist ocracy a nd l arge d efended s i tes , c aused p erhaps b y p opu la t ion i ncrease ( 1974 , 3 03-305 ) .

F or Hawkes ( 1 972 , 1 14 ) t he a dopt ion o f i ron c hanged l i t t le i n s oc ie ty ,

mere ly r e inforc ing t he p ower a nd wea lth o f t he r u ling c lasses .

We may a gree

w i th C hamp ion ( 1975 , 1 42 ) t ha t t he g rea ter a ccess ib i l i ty o f i ron i n s outhern B ri ta in mus t h ave b een a n i mportan t f ac tor i n i t s a dop t ion t here a nd t h is may a lso h ave a pp l ied t o t he l ower Rh ine a rea , d esp i te t he p robab i li ty t ha t t he u se o f i ron was i n troduced t o t h is a rea b y i n trus ive H a l ls ta t t warriors .

The c on-

v en ience o fl oca l ly-ava i lab le me ta l i n s ou thern B ri ta in migh t h ave b een s uff i c ien t t o e ncourage i t s a dop t ion w i thou t a t tribu t ing i t s f i rst e xp loi ta t ion t o H a l lsta t t i nvaders . THE DEPOS ITION OF METAL WORK Th is i s ac o mp lex t op ic a nd Ii n tend o n ly t o p lace B ri t ish p rac t ice i n a w ider c on tex t w i th e spec ia l r eference t o t he a d jacent p arts o f t he c on t inen t . We s hou ld b eg in w i th h oards , g roups o f o b jec ts d epos i ted t oge ther a nd n ever r ecovered d uring a nt iqu i ty . I ts hou ld b e emphasised t ha t v ery f ew h oards h ave b een e xcava ted u nder c ontro l led c ondi t ions o r h ad t he s i te o f t he ir d epos i t ion e xa m ined a nd p rec ise e v idence a bout t he ir p os it ion i n t he g round , t he ir p oss ib le a ssoc ia t ions o r t he ir c onten t i s of ten l ack ing . B ri t ish s cho lars h ave p referred t o i n terpre t h oards a s e i ther merchan ts ', f ounders 'o r p ersona l h oards ( Evans 1 881 , 4 57-463 ) , w i th t he a ddi t ion o f s pec ia l ised c ra f ts men& h oards ( Hodges 1 957 , 5 1-53 ) , a nd h ave f avoured s uch p rofane i n terpre ta t ions ( Evans 1 881, 4 57; C h i lde 1 930 , 4 3-45 ) r a ther t han t he r e l ig ious i n terpre ta t ion f i rs t e spoused b y Worsaae f or N ord ic b ogf i nds ( 1 866) . D eche let te was c au t ious a bout t he v ot ive i n terpre ta t ion f or l ack o f a ssoc ia ted s truc tures ( 1 910 , 1 66) .

B ronze Age h oards h ave t hus , i f

i mp lic i t ly , b een r egarded a s t reasure c oncea led i n as ecre t p lace i n t ime o f d anger , a ga ins t l a ter r ecovery .

Th is i n terpreta t ion i s a lso c urrent f or

R o mano-Bri t ish c oin h oards; t hese were u sua l ly c oncea led away f ro m i nh ab i ted s i tes a nd i t may b e r e levan t t ha t B ronze Age h oards i n B ri ta in a re r are ly f ound i n t he i m media te p rox im i ty o f s e t t le men ts ( Robertson 1 974 , 1 31 4 , 2 8) . O n ly f or a f ew l arge I r ish d epos i ts , D own s b e ing t he b es t k nown , h as a v ot ive i n terpre ta t ion b een o f fered ( Eogan 1 964 , 3 11-314 ;

C o les 1 971b ;

H eri ty a nd E ogan 1 977 , 2 10 ) . Th is v ot ive i n terpre ta t ion owes much t o H undt 's s tudy o f N ordic L a te B ronze A ge d epos i ts ( 1 955 ) . H undt e schews t he p rofane i n terpre ta t ion a s V ersteckfunden , p referring t he r e l ig ious i n terpreta t ion a s We ihefunden , of ten d epos i ted a t O pferp la tzen ( i b id ., 9 5-108) .

H e c onc ludes :

" D ie Masse d er

' Depo ts ' d es j ungbronzeze i t l ichen n ord ischen K re ises s te l lt Totenschgtze d ar" ( i b id ., 1 23 ) . S o me s pec if ic f i nds a re s een a s p ersona l c eno taph d eposi ts , e .g . Redent in , K r . W is mar , Meck lenburg , w i th a sword a nd t wo p a irs e ach o fb race le ts a nd a rm s p ira ls ( i b id ., 1 11, Abb . 1 , 6 -14 ) .

F ounders ' h oards

may a lso h ave b een c eno taph d epos i ts ( i b id ., 1 16-117) ; al arge f ounder 's h oard f ro m C roa t ia h as r ecen t ly ( i n t he H undt F estschrif t ) b een i n terpre ted a s ac enotaph d epos i t ( Schauer 1 974c , 1 21-124 ) .

B audou i s more c aut ious ,

r egarding p ersona l f i nds a s v o t ive b ut f ounders ' h oards a s p rofane ( 1 960 , 3 07

1 22-127) , a nd v on B runn ( 1 968 , 2 30-239 ) h as d emonstra ted t he d if f icu lty o f a pp ly ing H undt 's c onc lus ions t o o ther p arts o f E urope . Is hou ld b e wary o f r egarding h oards a s c enotaph d epos i ts t hroughou t d iferen t a reas o f E urope wh ich h ave c ontras t ing c on te mporary b uria l r i tes . I n t he n orthern N e ther lands , a t t he western e dge o ft he n orth E uropean p la in , h oards a re of ten f ound a t t he j unc t ion b e tween b ogs a nd s and r idges . Ag ood e xa mp le o ft h is i s B argeroos terve ld , D ren the , where a c oncentra t ion o f f i nds , u nusua l ly l arge f or t he N e ther lands , was f ound i n t he v ic in i ty o f t he ' r itua l ' w ooden s truc ture ( But ler 1 960a , 1 14-115 ; Wa terbo lk a nd v an Z e ist 1 961, 1 8) . T he f i nds a nd t he s truc ture were n o t a l l c on temporary b u t av ot ive i n terpre ta t ion i s p robab le .

The o n ly c oncentra t ion o f moor f i nds i n t he B ri t ish

I s les , b es ides t he I r ish d epos i ts , i s o n t he s outh-eas tern marg in o f t he F ens ( Tru mp 1 968 , 2 22 ) ; i ti s o therw ise d if f icu lt t o d is t inguish moor f i nds f ro m r iver f i nds .

The C ambr idge r eg ion mus t h ave h ad s o me a t trac t ion a bove t ha t

o f a reas o ff en t o t he wes t a nd n orth b u t t he B ri t ish d istr ibut ion o f f i nds t ends t owards r iver v a l leys r a ther t han a reas o fb og a nd t he f en f i nds s hou ld p res u mab ly b e s een i n t h is c on tex t . B urgess h as p oin ted o ut t he i mportance o f wa ter f i nds i n B ri ta in af ter t he E arly B ronze Age ( 1 974 , 1 96 n . 2 01; 1 97 n . 2 05 ) a t at ime when e v idence f or a r egu lar b uria l r i te a l mos t e n t ire ly d isappeared . The most i mportan t r eg iona l a na lys is o f c on tex ts i s Davey 's o f L inco lnsh ire , where h e p o in ts t o c oncen tra t ions o ff i nds i n r iver v a l leys a nd s ugges ts s o me s ort o f c enotaph e xp lana t ion ( 1 971, 1 00-105 ) . The i n terpre ta t ion o fr iver f i nds f aces many d if f icu lt ies b eg inn ing w i th t he i den t if ica t ion o f o b jec ts d epos i ted i n a wa terc ourse d e libera te ly , a s o pposed t o t hose d epos i ted b y e rosion o r f l ooding ( Torbr t igge 1 970-71, 1 7-21) .

C oncentra t ions o fr iver f i nds a re w idespread

a nd my own l i s ts s how t ha t f or B ri ta in , n orthern F rance a nd t he L ow C oun tries t he Tha mes , S e ine , S che ldt , Meuse a nd Rh ine/ Waa l were a l l i mportant .

T he

d is tribut ion o f H em igkofen a nd T ha mes swords s hows t ha t r iver f i nds were i mportan t a t t he b eg inning a nd e nd o f t he U rnf ie ld p eriod , n ot o n ly i n t he Thames a nd t he S e ine , a reas l arge ly w i thout c on temporary b uria l t radi t ion , b ut a lso o n t he l o wer Rh ine where t here was a f l our ish ing b uria l t radi t ion ( i b id ., B e i lage 1 1 , 2 ; 1 6) .

S words a nd b uria l were k nown t hroughou t t he

l a ter B ronze Age i n t he l ower Rh ine a rea b ut n ever i n a ssoc ia t ion , wh ich s ugges ts t ha t r iver d epos i t ion was s epara te f ro m b uria l r itua l .

A f f in i ty o f

B ri t ish a nd c on t inenta l p rac t ice may a lso b e d emons tra ted f or s h ie lds a nd h e l me ts ( i b id ., 3 1, 4 3 ) .

H encken 's s tudy o f h e l me ts s hows t ha t i n wes tern ,

n orthern a nd w est-cen tra l E urope r iver a nd v ot ive f i nds p redo mina te , wh i le h oard f i nds a re u sua l i n e as t-cen tra l E urope ( 1 971 , 1 3-14 , f i g . 1 ) . Th is d iv ision b e tween wes t a nd e as t c an b e d up l ica ted f or b ronze s h ie lds ( Torbr t igge 1 970-71, B e i lage 1 8; P a tay 1 968) . The B ri t ish s h ie lds a nd t he n orth F rench h e l me ts may b e r egarded a s c o mp lementary a s s hown b y S chauer 's c o mpos i te d is tribut ion map ( 1 975b ) .

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he F i l linges d epos i t o f a r mour

r epresen ts t he s a me d istribut ion ( Hencken 1 971 , 1 3 ) b ut g reaves d o n ot , f or t hey were c ons igned t o ah oard a t C annes-Ec luse ( Gaucher a nd R obert 1 967) . F inds o f C arp 's T ongue swords i n r ivers u n i te s ou thern B ri ta in a nd n orthern F rance ( Jacob-Friesen 1 968 , 2 72 ) b ut t hey a re a lso f ound i n h oards . There i s l i t t le e v idence t o s uggest t ha t mot ives f or d epos i t ion i n h oards a nd r ivers were d if feren t i n s ou thern Br i ta in a nd n or th-eas tern France . T he 3 08

n ega t ive e v idence o fl ack o fb uria ls i s r e moved i n B e lg iu m a nd t he s outhern N e ther lands where h oards a nd r iver f i nds a re a lso k nown . The e nv iron ment o f t he n orthern Ne therlands a l lows i ncorpora t ion i n t he N ord ic z one o f b og d epos i ts a nd Du tch f i nds d o a ppear t o b e s ign if ican t f ro m t he ir marg ina l p osit i on . The d epos i t ion i n we t p laces o f s o me p res t ige i t e ms , b ronze s h ie lds a nd h e l me ts , s hows u n ifor m i ty o ver a v ery w ide a rea . Iw ou ld b e c aut ious o ft he c enotaph t heory b ecause r iver d epos i ts a ppear t o o verride t he d istribut i on o f v arious b ur ia l r i tes . T orbr t igge 's map o f G ünd lingen swords i s s o mewha t mis leading f or i ti nc ludes t he p redo m inan t ly c en tra l E uropean c lass a w i th t he p redo m inant ly B ri t ish a nd I r ish c lasses c a nd d ( 1 970-71, 1 37, B e i lage 1 7; c f . C owen 1 967 Maps C , E ) , wh i le om i t t ing t he w idespread c lass b( i b id ., Map D ) wh ich o ccurs i n b oth b ur ia ls a nd r ivers i n t he L ow C oun tr ies a nd b lurs t he d is t inc t ion b e tween c on t inen ta l b uria l f i nds a nd i nsu lar r iver f i nds .

We mus t a ccept s o me v ot ive a spec t o f f i nds i n we t p laces , p art icu larly

o fp res t ige o b jec ts , b ut t hese d o n ot a ppear t o b e d irec t ly r e la ted t o l oca l b uria l t radi t ions . We may e nv isage s im i lar p rac t ices f or t he d epos i t ion o f b ronze me ta lwork o n b oth s ides o ft he C hanne l d uring t he l a ter B ronze Age . BOATS I n as tudy o fr e la t ions a cross t he C hanne l a nd t he N orth S ea i ti s a ppropria te t o g ive b rief c ons idera t ion t o t he r e levan t v eh ic les .

The c o m monp lace t ha t

t ransport b y wa ter w as e as ier t han t ransport b y l and i n a nc ien t t imes s hou ld b e r e me mbered . The D over h oard ( 108) , e ven i fi ti s n ot t he s i te o f as h ipw reck , mus t r epresen t t he c argo o f av esse l wh ich h ad c rossed t he C hanne l . Dugou t c anoes w ere u sed f ro m t he Meso l ith ic o nwards ( C lark 1 952 , 2 822 87 ) a nd were emp loyed t hroughout t he B ronze Age i n B ri ta in ( McGra i l a nd Sw i tsur 1 975 , 1 94-196) , I re land ( Heri ty a nd E ogan 1 977 , 2 12 ) a nd F rance ( Ca mps 1 976 , 1 93-196) ; t hough u p t o 1 5 m l ong ( May 1 976 , 1 19 ) , t hese c anoes were p resu mab ly o n ly f or u se o n i n land wa terways .

B eyond d ugou ts t here a re

t wo g roups o f e v idence : f i rst , t he r e ma ins o f v esse ls f ro m B rigg a nd N orth F erriby a nd s econd , t he B ronze Age r epresenta t ions o f S candinav ia . The b oa ts f ro m N orth F erriby o n t he n orth s hore o f t he R . H u mber , Y orks ., a nd B rigg o n t he R . A ncho l me , L incs ., s o me 1 7 km away , f or m a r e la ted g roup o f " probab ly t he o ldest r e ma ins o f a nc ient p lank-bu i lt b oa ts f ound i n E urope o r i ndeed a nywhere i n t he w orld o u ts ide E gyp t" ( Greenh i l l 1 976 , 1 09-110 ) . ( Wrigh t 1 947;

The r e ma ins o f t hree v esse ls a re k nown f ro m F erriby

1 972 ; 1 976;

Wrigh t a nd C hurch i l l 1 965 ) .

They a re o f

p lank c ons truc t ion w i th a p lank k ee l a nd t ransverse s t if fening b ars b u t n o d eve loped f ra me .

F ro m t he mos t c o mp le te r e ma ins ( Wrigh t 1 947 , p l . XV ) i s

r econstruc ted a v esse l 1 6 .5 6 5 ) .

m l ong w i th 2 .5 i n b ea m ( Greenh i l l 1 976, f i g .

The s o-ca l led ' raf t ' f ro m B rigg i s o f t he s a me c onstruc t ion b u t i t s

o rig ina l s hape i s a s y e t u ndec ided ( McGra i l 1 975 ) .

The c hrono logy o f t hese

v esse ls r es ts ma in ly o n r adiocarbon d e ter m ina t ions wh ich p resen t ly i ndica te d a tes o fb e tween 1 500 a nd 1 2 .0 0 B . C . f or F erriby a nd a round 6 00 B . C . f or B rigg ( McGra i l a nd S w i tsur 1 975 , 1 92-194 ) .

These d a tes a re p rov is iona l

b ut p lace t he F erriby/Brigg t radi t ion f i rm ly i n t he B ronze Age .

3 09

These b oa ts

a re r egarded a s f or r iver o r e s tuary work ,i nsuf f ic ien t ly b uoyan t f or t he o pen s ea , b ut p erhaps l arger t han more b uoyan t s k in b oa ts (Wrigh t a nd C hurch i l l 1 965 , 2 3-24 ) .

The F erriby b oa ts b ore c h ise l a nd a xe/adze marks (Wrigh t

1 947 , 1 21-123 , p l . X IV ) a nd i ts hou ld b e r eca l led t ha t many s oph ist ica ted t echniques o f w oodwork ing o n ly b ecame p oss ib le w i th t he i n troduc t ion o fb ronze t oo ls ( C lark 1 952 , 2 13;

Wa terbo lk a nd v an Z e is t 1 961 , 1 7-18) .

N ordic r epresen ta t ions o n r ocks o r o n b ronze o b jec ts s how t housands o f b oa ts f ro m a l l p hases o f t he B ronze Age ( G lob 1 969 , 1 5-56, 2 87-291;

1 974 ,

1 46-148; Mars trander 1 963 , 3 9-166 , 4 42-451) a nd t he d istribu t ion o f t he r ock-carv ings s ugges ts t ha t s ea-going v esse ls were t he mode ls ( i b id ., 4 44 ) . The s ing le mos t i nfor ma t ive r epresenta t ion i s ar ock-carv ing a t B radskog , U pp land , Sweden , wh ich s hows a v esse l p rope l led b y s ix f igures w i th p add les ( Norden 1 925 ) .

The e ngrav ing o n t he b lade o f a MI/ I I c urved sword f ro m

RJrby , H o lbaek Am t , J u t land , h as t h irty-six marks wh ich c an b e i n terpre ted a s s even teen p a irs o fp add le- men , a s teers man a nd a l ookou t ( G lob 1 974 , 1 46; A ner a nd K ers ten 1 976 , 6 -7 n o . 6 17 , Taf . 1 41) .

T he S candinav ian r e-

p resen ta t ions c an b e c lass if ied ( Marstrander 1 963 , p l . 6 4 ; G lob 1 969 , f i g . 3 7) ; h igh s te m a nd s tern , of ten w i th a f igure-head , a re u sua l a nd t he l i ne o f t he k ee l i s of ten e x tended . H ide-boa ts a re p robab ly r epresen ted ( Mars trander 1 963 , 4 44-451; 1 976 , 1 4-15 ) , n ever c erta in ly w i th a f unc t iona l s a i l ; a modern r econstruc t ion p roved p erfec t ly s eaworthy ( Johnstone 1 972; Marst rander 1 976 ) .

The wooden b ow l w i th g o ld o rna men t f ro m C aergwrle , F lin ts .

( Savory 1 976a , 1 6-17, 5 2 n o . 2 , f ig . 1 ) , h as b een i dent if ied a s ah ide-boa t ( Greenh i l l 1 976 , 1 21-122 ) , t hough H awkes h as c la imed t ha t i tr epresen ts a P hoen ic ian v esse l e ngaged i n t he t in t rade ( 1969 , 1 91) . C ase h as s hown h ow s ea-going v esse ls w i th a c erta in c apac i ty f or c argo wou ld h ave b een n ecessary f or t he i n i t ia l N eo l i th ic c o lon isa t ion o f B ri ta in . These were p robab ly h ide-boa ts;

c onco m i tan t s k i l ls a nd e xperience o fb oa t-

b ui lding a nd s ea mansh ip c an b e i nferred ( 1 969 , 1 78-180 ) . We c an d is t ingu ish t hree t radi t ions o fb oa t-bu i lding i n t he B ronze Age o f n orthern a nd w es tern E urope .

D ugouts f or i n land wa terways a nd h ide-boa ts

f or t he o pen s ea b oth a lready a nc ien t , a nd p lank-bu i lt b oa ts wh ich h ad r ecen t ly a ppeared a nd c an s carce ly h ave b een r estric ted t o t he H u mber e stuary .

These

v esse ls w ou ld h ave b een u sed f or r iver t ransport a nd f or c oas t ing ; t hey wou ld a lso h ave b een n ecessary t o n ego t ia te t he f l oods wh ich mus t of ten h ave i nund a ted l owly ing c oas ta l a reas a round t he N orth S ea ; t hey w ou ld h ave b een u sed t o c ross t he o pen s ea .

S candinav ian b oa ts were p robab ly importan t

b ecause t hey b ore t he imported b ronze s o s ign if icant e cono m ica l ly a nd s oc ia l ly i n t he Nordic a rea ( G lob 1 969 , 3 09) .

B oa ts were p robab ly e qua l ly important

t o t he u pper c lasses o f s ou thern B ri ta in , e spec ia l ly i ft he ir b ronze e ver h ad t o b e b rough t a cross t he C hanne l i n a ny q uan t ity .

There must h ave b een

s o me t radi t ion o f s ea-faring among t he c oas ta l c o mmuni t ies o f t he C hanne l a nd t he North S ea .

Ar ecen t r econstruc t ion o ft he e xp loi ts o f t he wri ter 's

p a tron s a in t h as s hown t ha t ab oa t b u i lt w i th ma ter ia ls a nd t echniques a va i lab le i n t he I r ish E ar ly C hris t ian p eriod ,l i t t le d if feren t f ro m t hose a va i lab le d ur ing t he B ronze Age , c ou ld c ross o pen o cean ( Sever n 1 978) .

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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUS IONS

The d is tribut ion o f me ta lwork i n s ou thern B ri ta in , n orth-eas tern F rance , B e lg iu m a nd t he N e ther lands f ro m t he e nd o ft he E arly B ronze Age t o LBA3 s hows r emarkab le c ons is tency i n s evera l a spec ts . The p rinc ipa l l oca l c oncen tra t ions a re o uts tanding t hrough a l l p hases , t hough a bso lu te q uan t i t ies d if fer among t he v arious c oncentra t ions . The l ower Thames v a l ley a nd t he a rea s outh-eas t o ft he F ens a re t he t wo p rinc ipa l c oncen tra t ions i n B ri ta in . I n n orth-eas tern F rance t he v a l leys o ft he S e ine , S o mme a nd O ise h ave p roduced mos t ma teria l . The l ower S che ldt a nd t he l ower Meuse , w i th t he a d jacen t s tre tch o f t he Rh ine , a re t he mos t p roduc t ive a reas i n t he s ou thern L ow C ountries a nd t he p rov ince o f D renthe t he most p roduc t ive i n t he n orth . T he mutua l r e la t ions o f t hese a reas w ere a lso c onsistent .

The n orthern

N e ther lands s hared many t ypes w i th t he a d jacen t p art o fn orth-wes tern G er many a nd of ten f or med t he wes tern marg in o f N ordic d is tribu t ions . Axes d e monstra te t h is we l l . E kehaar f l anged a xes , n orth D utch p a lstaves a nd n orth D utch s ocke ted a xes were a l l d erived f ro m n orth-wes t Ger man t ypes , wh i le f urther s ou th , l ower Meuse p a ls taves a nd s ocke ted a xes were a lso c urr en t i n t he a d jacen t p arts o f G er many . G e is t ingen a xes a nd l oca l l inearf ace ted a xes r ef lec t t h is s ou thern d istribu t ion a t al a ter s tage , wh i le B aexe m s tone a xes o ccur t hroughou t t he e as tern N e ther lands a s t he wes tern marg in o f an orth E uropean d is tribut ion o f s tone a xes . N ordic s pearheads were u sua l ly p redo m inan t i n t he e astern N e therlands . D oub le-T-h i lted k nives a nd s ing lee dged s ocke ted k n ives were c harac teris t ic D u tch t ypes w i th N ordic a nd n orth-wes t G er man a f f in i t ies a nd N ordic r azors a nd t weezers o f LBA3 were p redo m inan t i n t he n orthern N e ther lands . a re o f N ordic c harac ter :

The t wo r ich f i nds f ro m D rouwen

t he S t ige l b uria l ( 75 ) i s t he r iches t o f i t s k ind a nd t he

LBA3 f i nd ( 201 ) , a lso p erhaps a b ur ia l , c onta ined o b jec ts o f N ord ic a nd n orth-wes t G er man o rig in , p rinc ipa l ly t he b ow l a nd t he b rooch . Woh lde s words s pread t hrough t he N e ther lands a nd i n to B e lg iu m .

S ige l a nd S o me

c harac teris t ic n orth D u tch t ypes were o f c en tra l E uropean o rig in , O doorn a nd omega b race le ts , c f . t he o rig ina l c en tra l E uropean i nsp ira t ion o f D utch s ing le-edged k n ives .

Throughout t he B ronze Age a nd t he E ar ly I ron Age t he

n orthern N e ther lands emp loyed p ot tery f or ms , b uria l-ri tes a nd h ouse-types c lose ly r e la ted t o t hose c urren t i n n orth-wes tern G er many . The r e la t ions o ft he s outhern N e therlands were more mixed t han t hose o ft he n orth . I n t he e as t , e spec ia l ly i n t he l ower Meuse v a l ley , t he a xe t ypes men t ioned a bove were r e la ted t o t hose i n a d jacen t p arts o f G er many a nd s o me n orth D utch o r N ord ic t ypes a lso a ppeared . O f midd le Rh ine o rig in were median-w inged a xes , wh i le U rnf ie ld swords a nd p ins were a lso d erived f ro m

3 11

o r t hrough t h is a rea .

The wes ter ly p art o f t he s ou thern N e ther lands of ten

s hared w i th B e lg iu m a p reference f or a xes o f w estern o rig in : s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves , b road-b laded MBA2 p a ls taves a nd LBA3 s ocke ted a xes . T rebou l swords a nd s pearheads , P lougrescant-Ommerschans s words , R osnoün swords , C arp 's T ongue swords a nd A r morican s ocke ted a xes s howed i nf luence f ro m n orthern F rance , b ut n ever i n l arge q uan t i ty , t hough t here may h ave b een g rea ter s ign if icance i n t he T rebou l/P lougrescan t-Om merschans f i nds i n t he Ne ther lands t han i n t he l a ter F rench t ypes . MBA2 o rnamen ts , LBA2 weapons a nd many LBA3 ' Carp 's T ongue ' t ypes c o m mon i n s outhern B ri ta in a nd n orthe astern F rance a re l arge ly a bsen t f ro m t he s ou thern N e ther lands . A part f ro m s o me l ower Meuse a xes , B e lg ium t ended t o emp loy wes tern a xe t ypes f ro m A rre ton a xes , t hrough MBA p a ls taves , t o median-w inged a xes , a lso c urren t i n n orth-eas tern F rance , t hough p erhaps o f midd le Rh ine o rig in . Many LBA3 s ocke ted a xes were i mports f ro m t he w es t a nd l oca l t ypes s hou ld h ave b een d erived f ro m t h is a rea .

Wh i le s o me western t ypes h ad

c oncen tra t ions i n B e lg iu m , e .g . s tra igh t-based b asa llooped s pearheads , mos t o ft he wes tern t ypes men t ioned a s l arge ly a bsen t f ro m t he s outhern Ne ther lands were a lso s carce i n B e lg iu m .

T he c entra l E uropean swords f ound

i n t he s outhern Ne ther lands were of ten a lso t o b e f ound i n B e lg iu m .

The B e lg ian

LBA3 i ndus try p roduced b race le ts u nder c en tra l E uropean a nd midd le Rh ine i nf luence a s w e l l a s s ocke ted a xes u nder w es tern i n f luence a nd s hared s o me o rna ments w i th P icardy . C en tra l E uropean a nd midd le Rh ine b ronzes o ccur o n al arge s ca le a t H an ( 1 94 ) w i th p ot tery o ft he s ame o rig in , b ut s uch p ot tery i s r are e lsewhere i n B e lg ium a nd a bsen t f ro m t he ' Urnf ie ld ' c e me teries o f t he l ower Rh ine a rea .

These c e me teries a re v ery p oor i n me ta l g rave-goods

a nd o ne c harac terist ic t ype , t he p enannu lar g i lded r ing , i s o f I r ish o rig in v ia B ri ta in . S o me o ft he U rnf ie ld b ronze t ypes p resen t o n t he l ower Rh ine , e .g . swords , o ccur f urther a f ie ld a nd c annot b e u sed a s i nd ices o f t he p resence o f t he ' Urnf ie ld c u lture ' .

Iam n ot c o mpe ten t t o a d judica te o n t he d egree o f

s im i lari ty b e tween p ot tery a nd b uria l-ri te o f t he l a te B ronze Age c re ma t ion c e me teries i n t he s ou thern Ne ther lands a nd B e lg iu m a nd t hose o ft he c en tra l E uropean U rnf ie ld c u lture . F our p oints may b e made . F irst , t he p ot tery a nd b uria l-ri te o n t he l ower Rh ine h ave much i n c o mmon w i th t hose c urren t i n t he Ger man Rh ine land . S econd , t here i s ac ons isten t d is t inc t ion b e tween t hese f ea tures o n t he l ower Rh ine a nd h t he n orthern N e ther lands . Th ird , t here i s , a s y e t , l i t t le e v idence f or s im i lari ty b e tween t he p o t tery o f t he l ower Rh ine a rea a nd t ha t o f U rnf ie ld c e me teries i n e as tern F rance . F ourth , af ter t he c ross-channe l c on tac t e v idenced b y H i lversu m u rns a nd r ingwa lheuve ls , r el a t ions b e tween s outhern B ri ta in a nd t he s outhern L ow C ountries r epresented b y p ot tery a nd b uria l-ri te d ec lined i n s treng th ; b y t he l a ter p art o f t he L a te B ronze A ge , e ven i ft here a re s ign if ican t s im i lari t ies i n t he p o t tery t o b e d e tec ted , t here i s a n a bso lute c on trast i n b uria l-ri te . A t a l l p eriods e xcep t LBA2 n orth-eas tern F rance d erived a c ons iderab le n u mber o f t ypes f ro m e as tern F rance , t he midd le Rh ine a nd e lsewhere i n c en tra l E urope . D uring t he Midd le B ronze A ge swords a nd d aggers , o rna men ts , r azors a nd t weezers o f T u mu lus o rig in a l l r eached n orth-eas tern F rance ; s o me o ft hese t ypes w ere a dap ted o r i m i ta ted t o g ive c harac teris t ic l oca l t ypes , e .g . P icardy p ins . I n t he e ar ly U rnf ie ld p eriod c ome median-w inged a xes , s words , e spec ia l ly t he r odtanged t ype , a nd p ins , w i th l ea f-shaped f lange3 12

h i lted s words , t anged k n ives a nd s hee t-bronze a r mour a l i t t le l a ter .

There

was l ess c on tac t d ur ing LBA2 , o n ly k idney-shaped b race le ts a nd , n o f urther t han t he O ise , af ew f l ange-h i l ted swords . B race le ts a nd swords o fl a te U rnf ie ld o rig in were r epresen ted more p lent ifu l ly d ur ing LBA3 , t he s words ma in ly s o lid-h i lted a nd t he b race le ts i nsp iring l oca l im i ta t ion .

O ther l a te U rnf ie ld

o rnaments w ere p ins , p endan ts , b e lt o rnaments a nd n eck-rings , w i th s ick les , s ing le-edged k n ives , f i sh-hooks , r azors a nd h orse-gear .

Wh i le n orth-

e as tern F rance s hared many t ypes w i th t he n orth-wes t , t here were s ign if icant c on trasts .

D uring MBA1 t here were T rebou l a nd r e la ted weapons a nd s im i lar

f l anged a xes a nd p a lstaves i n b oth a reas .

Weapons were c o m mon d uring

MBA2 , b u t B re ton a nd N or man p a ls taves were d ist inc t a nd t here were b roadb laded p a lstaves i n t he S o m me-O ise-A isne r eg ion .

P a ls taves were d om inant

d uring LBA1 i n t he R osnoen i ndustry , b ut median-w inged a xes were more c o mmon i n n orth-eas tern F rance . E ar ly U rnf ie ld swords a nd s tra igh t-based b asa llooped s pearheads were l ess c o mmon b eyond t he S eine t han i n n orthwes tern F rance .

LBA2 a ppears t o h ave i mposed g rea ter u n i ty b u t t here was

a ga in a d ivergence i n t oo ls d uring LBA3 when e nd-w inged a xes were p referred i n t he n orth-wes t a nd s ocke ted a xes i n t he n orth-eas t . Many o ft he l a te U rnf i e ld t ypes a nd t he ir d eriva t ives c urren t i n n orth-eas tern F rance a t t h is t ime were r are i n t he n orth-wes t a nd t he f u l l r ange o f B re ton C arp 's T ongue o rna men ts was n ot p resen t i n t he n orth-east . L a ter , l arge h oards o f A r moric an s ocke ted a xes were r are b eyond l ower N or mandy . S outhern B rita in s hared many t ypes w i th n orth-eas tern F rance; t he o vera l l d is tribut ion o f f i nds i n s outhern B ri ta in i s c oncentra ted i n t he s ou th-eas t w i th t he a rea n eares t B ri t tany , t he s ou th-wes t p eninsu la , c o mpara t ive ly p oor . Af ew A rre ton a xes o ccur i n n orth-eas tern F rance . The b road-b laded p a lstaves o ft he S o m me-O ise-A isne a rea a re v ery s im i lar t o B ri t ish f or ms a nd s o me a re i mports f ro m K en t a nd S ussex ; N or man p a ls taves a re c o m mon i n h oards i n s ou thern E ng land , e spec ia l ly o n t he c oast o f H ampsh ire a nd S ussex , wh i le B re ton p a ls taves a re r are i n E ng l ish h oards .

The t rapezoida l-h i l ted r apier

was t he p rinc ipa l w eapon t hroughout B ri ta in a nd n orthern F rance d uring MBA2; Midd le B ronze A ge l ooped s pearheads were emp loyed i n n orthern F rance , e spec ia l ly i n t he S e ine v a l ley .

S outhern B ri ta in s hared P icardy p ins

a nd d ecora ted b race le ts w i th n orthern F rance a nd r ibbed b race le ts may h ave b een d erived f ro m T u mu lus mode ls v ia n orthern F rance . W i th t he e xcept ion o f s ocke ted a xes , t he t oo ls c urren t i n s outhern B ri ta in c ou ld h ave c o me f ro m F rance ; t he a xes , l i ke n eck-r ings , were o f n orth G er man o rig in . F rench i nf luence mus t h ave b een e xerc ised o n t he d epos it ion o f MBA2 h oards i n s ou thern B ri ta in ; t he l arges t o ft hese a re o n t he s outh c oas t n eares t N or mandy a nd c onta in many N or man p a ls taves , i n E ast Ang l ia , where p a ls taves a re c o m mon b ut imports s carce , s uch l arge h oards a re a bsen t . T he d epos i t ion o fl arge h oards o f a xes i n n orth-eastern F rance a nd s ou thern E ng land a l mos t c eased d uring LBA1; t h is i s e spec ia l ly n otab le i n t he t wo a reas mos t p ro m inent f or MBA2 p a ls tave h oards , t he l ower S e ine v a l ley a nd t he s ou th c oas t o f E ng land .

Apart f ro m t he D over h oard ( 108) ,

n orth F rench t ypes a re r are i n B ri ta in a t t h is t ime , e spec ia l ly t oo ls , R osnoen p a ls taves a nd median-w inged a xes .

Rap iers were p referred i n B ri ta in ,

R osnoen s words i n F rance a nd s tra igh t-b laded e ar ly U rnf ie ld swords h ad 3 13

l i t t le impac t o n B ri ta in . P egged s pearheads were r e-adopted i n B ri ta in u nder F rench i nf luence ; i n n orthern F rance s tra igh t-based b asa llooped s pearheads were mos t c o m mon i n t he S e ine v a l ley . The U rnf ie ld a r mour a dopted i n F rance was n ot a dop ted i n B ri ta in , n or d id t he e ar l ies t U rnf ie ld p ins r each B ri ta in .

D uring l a ter LBA1 l eaf-shaped swords , U rnf ie ld p ins a nd U rnf ie ld

k n ives p assed t hrough n orthern F rance t o B ri ta in a nd s o me o ft he f i rst i nsu lar l eaf-shaped swords were r e-exported . D uring LBA2 s words , c hapes a nd t ubu lar f erru les were s hared b e tween s ou thern B ri ta in a nd n orthern F rance , t hough t he v arie ty o f s pearheads c urr en t i n B ri ta in a t t h is t ime was n ot ma tched i n F rance .

Axes were s carce

d uring LBA2 , w inged a xes c onf ined t o F rance , wh i le p a ls taves a nd s ocke ted a xes were emp loyed o n b oth s ides o f t he C hanne l , b ut u sua l ly i n d if ferent f or ms . S o me t oo ls , e .g . s ocke ted g ouges , were p robab ly i n troduced i n to B ri ta in f ro m F rance a t t h is t ime . H orse-gear a nd c au ldrons were c onf ined t o B ri ta in . The d ist inc t ive LBA2 Wi lburton i ndustry o f s ou thern B ri ta in h ad more i n c o mmon w i th n orthern F rance t han w ith n orthern B ri ta in a nd t he s outh-eas ter ly d is tribu t ion o f Wi lburton ma teria l s hou ld r ef lec t c ontac t w i th n orth-eas tern F rance r a ther t han n orth-wes tern F rance , c f . t he c oncen trat i ons o f swords a nd c hapes i n t he F ens a nd t he l ower Thames v a l ley w i th t he c oncen tra t ions i n t he v a l leys o ft he S eine , S o m me a nd O ise . Wh i le t he P la inseau t ype o f s ocketed a xe i s ad is t inc t ive f or m i n n orthe as tern F rance d uring LBA3 , i t s c o mpan ion t ype a t lant ique i s l i t t le d if feren t f ro m t he B ri t ish s ou th-eas tern t ype . N orth-eas tern F rance s hared w i th B ri ta in a p reference f or t he s ocke ted a xe o ver t he w inged a xe b ut t he s outhe as ter ly d is tribut ion o fw inged a xes i n B ri ta in s ugges ts t ha t t hey were d erived f ro m n orth-eas tern F rance . Th is i s s o f or a v arie ty o f C arp 's T ongue t ypes f ound i n B ri tain :

t he e ponymous swords , d ecora ted s pearheads , h og 's-

b ack k n ives , o ne-p iece b ug le-shaped o b jec ts a nd C arp 's T ongue o rnaments . S o me s o-ca l led ' Carp 's T ongue ' t ypes a re more c o m mon i n B ri ta in a nd n orthe as tern F rance t han i n n orth-wes tern F rance , e .g . sma l l b ag-shaped c hapes a nd p la in s l ides .

Mos t c o m mon t oo ls were s hared b e tween B ri ta in a nd

n orthern F rance d uring LBA3 . The v arious b race lets c harac teris t ic o f n orth-eas tern F rance a t t h is t ime of ten o ccurred s porad ica l ly i n s ou thern B ri ta in , u sua l ly a round t he Tha mes e s tuary ; t he U rnf ie ld o rnaments o f midd le Rh ine o r wes t-A lpine o rig in f ound i n t h is a rea were p robab ly t ransmi t ted v ia n orth-eas tern F rance , l i ke i t ems o f l a te U rnf ie ld h orse-gear . S ocke ted a xes c o m mon i n n orthern B ri ta in a ppear n ot t o h ave r eached t he c on t inen t , wh i le t he S ou th We lsh t ype , c harac teris t ic o f wes tern B ri ta in , was more c o m mon i n wes tern F rance t han i n t he n orth-east . A t t he t ime o f H i lversu m u rns a f ew v esse ls o f B ri t ish o rig in o ccurred i n n orth-eas tern F rance a nd t he p ot tery a nd b uria ls o ft he E ramecourt g roup i n P icardy h ad s o me t ra i ts i n c o m mon w i th B ri ta in .

During t he L a te B ronze Age

b oth s ou thern B ri ta in a nd n orthern F rance were marked b y al ack o fr egu lar b ur ia l-r i te . I tr e ma ins t o b e s een h ow r ea l i s t h is n ega t ive e v idence ; t hough more U rn f ie ld c e me ter ies may b e d iscovered n or th o f t he Marne , t h is r iver a ppears t o h ave marked a g en uine , i ff luc tua t ing , c u l tura l d iv is ion . T h is may b e r ef lected b y t he a f f in i t ies o f t he h oards i n t he P ar is a rea , i nclud ing t he l ower Marne ;

d ur ing t he M idd le B ronze Age a nd LBA2 t hese w ere w i th t he

3 14

A t lan t ic r eg ion , d ur ing LBA1 a nd LBA3 more w i th e as tern F rance a nd c en tra l Europe ( J .-P . Mohen ) .

The p a t tern o fd is tribut ion o f meta lwork i n B ri ta in d ur ing LBA4 s howed t he s ame c oncen tra t ions a s t he p rev ious p hases , n o tab ly t he l ower T ha mes v a l ley a nd t he F en marg ins , a s t he s ame c lasses o fp rest ige i t e ms were imp orted a s b efore , s words w i th c hapes a nd h orse-gear . F undamen ta l c hanges h ad t aken p lace o n t he c ont inent . H a C me ta lwork was s carce i n n orth-eas tern F rance ; af ew sma l l h oards c on ta in ing A r morican s ocke ted a xes , o ccas iona l ly w i th s o me LBA3 t ypes , s hou ld b e long t o t h is p hase a nd a f ew i mports f ro m B ri ta in a re k nown , b u t b ronze was p robab ly s oon s uperseded b y i ron a s t he r egu lar ma teria l f or t oo ls a nd weapons . I n B e lg iu m a nd t he s outhern N e ther lands a ppeared a g roup o fr ich Ha C b uria ls p resu mab ly r epresenta t ive o f warriors f ro m s outhern Ger many . These b uria ls c on ta ined s o me i t e ms o f h orse-gear c urren t i n B ri ta in d uring LBA4 b ut o thers u nknown i n B ri ta in . Wh i le t hese warriors emp loyed s o me b ronze H a l ls ta t t s words , t hey a lso h ad , i n a pprox ima te ly e qua l n u mbers , t he l ong i ron swords k nown f ro m B ri ta in i n o n ly a s ing le i ns tance . c onta ined s hee t-bronze v esse ls a s c rema t ion u rns .

S o me b uria ls

Emphas is h as of ten b een

l a id o n t he i t e ms w h ich t hese H a Cb ur ia ls , n otab ly t hose f ro m C ourt-Sa in tE t ienne , h ave i n c o m mon w i th B ri ta in , b u t t h is h as o bscured f unda men ta l d if ferences .

S uch r ich b uria ls a re u nknown i n B ri ta in where Ha l lsta t t swords ,

h orse-gear a nd s hee t-bronze v esse ls a re n ot a ssoc ia ted w i th c re ma t ion b uria ls . The Wi jehen b uria l ( 2 32 ) was p robab ly a w agon b uria l; n o wagon b uria l i s k nown f ro m B ri ta in .

The ir b est s words w ere made o f i ron wh ich was o f ten

emp loyed f or h orse-gear a nd o ther i t ems , whereas i ron was n ot i n r egu lar u se i n B ri ta in d uring LBA4 .

N o p art icu lar c lasses o fp ot tery a re c harac ter-

i s t ic o f t he r ich b uria ls i n t he L ow C oun tries a nd more w ork i s n eeded t o e stab l ish t he n a ture a nd e x ten t o f a ny a f f in i t ies b e tween t he p ot tery o f t h is p eriod i n t he s ou thern L ow C oun tries a nd c on temporary B ri t ish p ot tery , n ot l eas t t he e s tab l ishmen t o f aB ri t ish s equence i ncorpora t ing n ew ma teria l f ro m L a te B ronze A ge s i tes i n t he Thames v a l ley . B y E IA1 i ta ppears t ha t i ron h ad r ep laced b ronze a s t he r egu lar me ta l f or t oo ls a nd weapons i n s ou thern B ri ta in , t hough l i t t le ma teria l c an b e a t trib uted t o t h is p hase .

Most n otab le a re t he i ron d aggers f ro m t he l ower

Thames v a l ley , wh ich s how t ha t t h is a rea c ou ld s t i l l r ef lec t c entra l E uropean t rends .

I ft he o rig ina l i nspira t ion o f t hese d aggers was f ro m s ou thern

Ger many , t he ir s ubsequent d eve lop men t i n to t he L a T ene p eriod r ef lec ted t he s eries o f d agger i n f i na l H a l lsta t t a nd e ar ly L a r f ene c e me teries i n t he Marne v a l ley a nd s o me B ri t ish p ot tery o f E IA1 d a te may b e r e la ted t o p o t tery f ro m t h is a rea .

B uria ls o f e spec ia l wea l th were r are d uring H a Di n t he L ow

C oun tries b u t as trong measure o f c on t inui ty f ro m t he p receding p hase i s e v idenced b y t he p ot tery a nd b uria ls b o th i n t he s ou th , a nd i n t he n orth where d if ferent t radi t ions were s t i l l c urren t . R e la t ions b e tween s outh-eas tern E ng land a nd n orth-eas tern F rance were c onstan t f ro m t he M idd le B ronze Age t o LBA3 . The s ou th-eas ter ly d is tribut i on o f me ta lwork i n s outhern B ri ta in s ugges ts t ha t r e la t ions w i th n orthe astern F rance w ere s tronger t han r e la t ions w i th t he n orth-west ; t h is i s 3 15

b orne o u t b y t he d istribu t ion o f many t ypes d uring MBA2 a nd LBA3 a nd o f f ewer d uring LBA1 . T ypes c harac teris t ic o f B rit tany b u t r are i n n orthe as tern F rance were a l mos t a lways r are i n B ri t tany a nd , b efore A r morican s ocke ted a xes , n o t ype c harac terist ic o fn orth-wes tern F rance was more c o m mon i n s ou th-wes tern B ri ta in t han i n t he s outh-eas t .

I n r everse , a part

f ro m Ac ton P ark p a ls taves a nd S outh We lsh s ocke ted a xes , t here i s l i t t le e v idence o ft ypes c harac teris t ic o f wes tern B ri ta in b e ing f ound i n F rance p redo m inan t ly i n t he wes t . B eyond t he S o m me v a l ley t ypes o f s ou th-eas t E ng l ish o rig in may b e f ound a s f ar a s t he l ower Rh ine , e spec ia l ly MBA2 p a ls taves a nd LBA3 s ocketed a xes , b u t importan t p arts o f ' A t lant ic ' i ndistries were u sua l ly a bsen t f ro m t he s ou thern L ow C oun tries . L oca l i ndustries i n t he l ower Meuse v a l ley a nd t he n orthern Ne ther lands owed more t o t he a d jacen t p arts o f G er many t han t o t he wes t . I fB ri t ish t ypes o f c entra l E uropean o rig in w ere d erived v ia t he l o wer Rh ine , t hey were u sua l ly e i ther n ot a dopted i n a d jacen t p arts o f t he c on t inent , l ike N ipperw iese s h ie lds a nd K urd b ucke ts , o r p resen t a lso i n n orth-eas tern F rance , l i ke l eaf-shaped f l ange-h i lted swords , a nd t he e ar lies t U rnf ie ld swords i n B ri ta in were d erived f ro m t he S e ine v a l ley .

There was s o me i n-

f l uence o n s ou thern B ri ta in f ro m n orthern E urope d uring MBA2 , s ocke ted a xes a nd c as t t w is ted n eck-r ings , a nd LBA2 , c au ldrons a nd s tepped p ha lerae , b ut o ther t ypes , e spec ia l ly o f MBA2 d a te , s upposed t o h ave b een d erived f ro m n orthern E urope were more l i ke ly o f F rench o rig in . F ro m t he Midd le B ronze Age t o LBA3 s outhern B ri ta in a nd n orth-eas tern F rance s hared d epos i t ion o f me ta lwork i n h oards o f s im i lar c harac ter : a xe h oards i n MBA2 , f ew h oards i n LBA1, s crap h oards i n LBA2 , more m ixed h oards i n LBA3 . Me ta lwork , e spec ia l ly weaponry , was r egu larly d epos i ted i n o r n ear r ivers b ut o n ly r are ly i n b uria ls .

D uring t he l a ter p art o ft h is

p er iod t here i s l i t t le e v idence f or a r egu lar b uria l-ri te o n e i ther s ide o ft he C hanne l .

S o me o ft hese p heno mena a re w idespread , n otab ly r iver f i nds , b ut

t he s im i lar c o mb ina t ion o f c ircums tances o fd epos i t ion o f me ta lwork i n s outhern Bri ta in a nd n orth-eas tern F rance i s s trik ing ; o ne c on tras t i s o n s et t le men ts , s o me F rench h i l lforts h ave f ar more me ta lwork t han a ny k nown B ri t ish s e t t lemen t . The LBA4 b ronze i ndustry i n s outhern B ri ta in c ont inued w i th l i t t le c hange f ro m LBA3 e xcep t ad ec line i n s ca le . The B ri t ish d is tr ibut ion o f A r morican s ocke ted a xes s hows a c oncen tra t ion i n Wessex . T hough s o me h oards o f A r moric a n s ocke ted a xes a re k nown i n n orth-eas tern F rance a t t h is t ime , i ron w as p robab ly r ep lac ing b ronze t here . R ich H a Cb uria ls o f i n trus ive c harac ter a ppeared i n t he s ou thern L ow C oun tries ; wh i le t hey s hared s o me i t e ms o f h orse-gear a nd b ronze H a l lsta t t swords w i th s outhern B ri ta in , t hey h ad a p reference f or l ong i ron s words n ot c urren t i n B ri ta in , a nd t he v ery e xis tence o fr ich c re ma t ion b uria ls , o ne w i th a wagon i n c entra l E uropean t rad i t ion , i s a mark o f c ontras t w ith B ri ta in n o t o f c on tac t . O n ly d uring t he s ubsequen t p hase , E IA1, d id b ronze c ease t o b e t he r egu lar ma teria l f or t oo ls a nd weapons i n s ou thern B ri ta in ; s uperseded b y i ron , b u t f ew t ypes c an b e d a ted t o t h is p hase .

i t was p resu mab ly The most

c harac teris t ic , Thames d aggers , s oon s howed a f f in i t ies w i th Ear ly I ron Age d aggers o ft he Marne v a l ley ; t hey d emons tra te c on t inua t ion o f t he a dop t ion 3 16

a nd a dap ta t ion o f c en tra l E uropean weaponry i n t he l ower Tha mes v a l ley . E v idence f or a r egu lar E arly I ron Age b uria l r i te i n s ou thern B ri ta in a nd n orth-eas tern F rance i s s t i l l l arge ly n ega t ive , t hough t he L a te B ronze Age t radit ion c ont inued w i th l i t t le c hange i n t he L ow C ountries a nd c e me teries a re a lso k nown i n n orth-western F rance .

The c ont inenta l a f f in i t ies o f t he

p ot tery o f t he l a ter B ronze Age a nd E ar ly I ron A ge i n s ou thern B ri ta in h ave s t i l l t o b e c o mprehensive ly i nves t iga ted . I t may c o me a s n o s urprise t ha t t he c on t inen ta l r e la t ions o f s outhern B ri ta in were c losest w i th n orth-eas tern F rance a s t he d istribu t ion o f me ta lwork i n B ri ta in i s p redo minan t ly s ou th-eas ter ly .

I f s outh-eas tern E ng land

c ou ld c o m mand more me ta lwork t han t hose p arts o f h igh land B ri ta in wh ich h ad r aw me ta l r esources , i ts hou ld a lso h ave b een a b le t o e n joy c on t inenta l r e la t ions d en ied t o h igh land B ri ta in .

The d is tribu t ion o f a xe t ypes i n B ri ta in

was u sua l ly l oca lised , whi le t ha t o f weapon t ypes was u sua l ly w idespread , b ut f ro m t he e s tab l ishmen t o f s outh-eas ter ly p redo m inance d uring t he Midd le B ronze A ge mos t n ove l t ypes o f a xe a nd weapon a ppeared f i rs t i n a nd were most n u merous i n t he s ou th-east .

A l l t h is i mp l ies s o me s ort o f e cono m ic

s uperiori ty o f s ou th-eastern E ng land o ver t he r es t o f B ri ta in d uring t he l a ter p art o f t he B ronze Age a nd t he b eginning o f t he I ron Age .

I tr e ma ins t o b e

s een whe ther t he i nves t iga t ion o f s e t t le ments a nd e nv iron menta l e v idence , e spec ia l ly a round t he F ens a nd i n t he Tha mes v a l ley a nd e stuary , w i l l s upport t h is h ypothes is . E luc ida t ion o ft he p rob le ms d iscussed h ere w i l l d epend o n c o mprehens ive p ub lica t ion o f me ta lwork o n b oth s ides o f t he C hanne l a cco mpan ied b y a na lys is o f a s many o b jec ts a s p oss ib le t o p rov ide f or o b jec t ive i n terpre ta t ions b ased o n t ypo logy a nd me ta l c on tent .

I nvest iga t ion o f s i tes w i th r e ma ins o f me ta l-

work ing w i l l e nab le t he r esu lts d erived f ro m t he s tudy o f t he meta lwork t o b e i n tegra ted i n to o ur u nderstand ing o f t he s oc ia l a nd e cono m ic f ra mework o f t he E uropean B ronze A ge .

3 17

CATALOGUE

NOTE

The f inds i n t he c a ta logue a re a rranged , b y c oun try , i n t he s ame c hrono log ica l d iv is ions a s t he c hap ters i n t he t ex t ; LBA 2 ;

LBA 3 ;

LBA 4 /EIA 1 .

i .e . MBA ;

LBA 1 ;

The e le men t b y wh ich e ach f ind i s u sua l ly

d eno m ina ted i s u nder l ined .

3 18

MBA BR ITA IN 1 .

Wan tage , Berks . Burgess 1 969a , p l .X I I I ; R ow lands 1 976 , 2 25 n o . 4 , p l . 7 . H oard . Fro m l e f t t o r igh t o n Burgess 's p la te : Broad-bladed p a ls tave w i th p s i—orna men t .

Two Bre ton p a ls taves .

L ooped N or man p a ls tave .

The l ooped N orman p a ls tave may b e c o mpared w i th t he e xa mp le i n t he La C hape l le h oard ( 46 ) 1 . 2 .

S lough Trad ing E s ta te , Burnha m , Bucks . P earce-Seroco ld 1 933 ;

Row lands 1 976 , 2 25 n o . 6 , p l . 1 .

h a msh ire C oun ty Museum , A ylesbury .

Buck ing-

F igs . 1 , 2A .

H oard , o r ig ina l ly n ine teen p a ls taves , e igh teen p reserved . s ide-f langed p a ls taves w i th l ong midr ib , F ig . 1 , 1 -4 . f langed p a ls taves w i th s hor t midr ib , 5 -6. w i th l ong midr ib , 7 -8 .

s tave w i th s h ie ld-pa t tern a nd p endan t midr ib , 1 0 .

L ooped p a l-

Pa ls tave w i th

n arrow b lade a nd t r iangu lar i nse t c on ta in ing r ibs , 1 1 . U -r ib , F ig . 2A , 1 3 .

Two s ide-

Two s ide-f langed p a ls taves

Pa ls tave w i th l ong midr ib , 9 .

mu l t ip le s hor t r ibs , 1 2.

F our

Pa ls tave w i th

Pa ls tave w i th c ordi for m i nse t c on ta in ing

Three p a ls taves w i th i nse t , 1 4-16.

w i th n arrow b lade a nd d iv ided i nse t , 1 7.

Pa ls tave

Pa ls tave w i th l ong i nse t ,

1 8 . The s idef langed p a ls taves may b e c o mpared w i th e xamp les i n s evera l S ussex h oards :

B i l l ingshurs t ( 31 ) , Marsha l l E s ta te ( 32 ) 7 -8 , N ear

Bognor ( 33 ) , B lackrock ( 34 ) 9 -13 a nd Rus t ing ton ( 3 6).

The e xa mp les

w i th i nse ts , 1 4-16 , may b e c o mpared w i th t hose i n t he B irch ing ton ( 23 ) 8 -11 a nd N ear C an terbury ( 24 ) 3h oards a nd t here i s as im i lar p a ls tave i n t he G isors h oard ( 4 7) 1 . 3 .

Ca mbr idge a rea , C a mbs . A . J . L awson , B .A . R. 6 7, 1 979 .

CMAE.

H oard , p robab ly f ro m t he C a mbr idge a rea .

E igh t p ennanu lar d ecor-

a ted b race le ts . S ix w i th D -sec t ion a nd c on t iguous t er m ina ls , s l igh t ly e xpanded o u twards i n f our c ases . The t wo o thers a re l ess mass ive w i th s i mp ler o rna men t . 4 .

Tredarvah , P enzance , C ornwa l l . Anon 1 963 ;

R ow lands 1 976 , 2 76 n o . 1 67 , p l . 1 2

O ccupa t ion s i te .

F langed a xe ,

R ow lands 1 976 , p l . 1 2 , 2 .

Decora ted s ocke tlooped s pearhead , 1 . w i th r ive t h o le i n t he t ang , 3 .

S ing le-edged t anged k n i fe

Fragmen ts o f aq uo i t-headed p in , 4 .

Fragmen ts o f ap in w i th t rumpe t h ead a nd s wo l len s ha f t , l ooped a nd d ecora ted , 5 .

Fragmen ts o f ad oub le s p ira l , 1 0-11.

f ragmen ts o f p in s ha f ts a nd ? s ick le b lades .

3 19

P o t tery.

Misce l laneous

The k n i fe i s t oo f ragmen tary t o b e d iagnos t ic . T he d ecora ted p in i s r e la ted t o t he P icardy t ype . The d oub le s p ira l i s u n ique i n t he Br i t ish I s les ( Row lands 1 976 , 9 7 ).

The p o t tery b e longs t o t he Trev isker s er ies

( ApS i mon a nd G reen f ie ld 1 972 , 3 58 , 3 72 ). 5 .

C red i ton

D evon .

I nv . A rch . GB4 ; Row lands 1 976 , 2 29 , n o . 2 1. H oard . Rap ier w i th b road midr ib , n oi ve t-ho les . I nv . Arch . GB4 , 1 . Rapier , l ozenge-sec t ion b lade w i th o f fse t e dges , 2 . L ooped N or man p a ls tave , 3 .

S ou th-wes tern p a ls tave , 4 .

L ooped N or man p a ls tave c f . L a C hape l le h oard ( 4 6) 2 .

The f irs t r ap ier

b e longs t o G roup I V , t he s econd t o G roup I I ( Burgess 1 968c , 1 3-14 , 2 4 n o. 9 ) . 6 .

Dew l ish , D orse t . Row lands 1 976 , 2 31 n o. 3 1 , p l . 7 ; Dorches ter .

1 902.1.1-5 .

Drew 1 933 .

Dorse t C oun ty Museum

F ig . 2 B .

Hoard , o r ig ina l ly s ix p a ls taves , f ive p reserved .

L ooped s ou th-

wes tern p a ls tave , t aper ing m idr ib , F ig . 2B , 1 .

L ooped N orman

p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t , 2 . i nse t c on ta in ing r ibs , 3 .

L ooped N or man p a ls tave , t r iangu lar

N or man p a ls tave w i th o bl ique r ib , 4 .

N or man p a ls tave w i th d ouble i nse t , 5 . The l ooped N or man p a ls taves may b e c o mpared w i th e xa mp les i n t he h oards f ro m La C hape l le ( 4 6 ) 2a nd La Queueles-Yve l ines ( 72 ) a nd t he u n looped N or man p a ls taves w i th B ournev i l le ( 45 ) 2 , Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan ( 6 1 ) 6a nd C ha mbourcy ( 7 1 ) 2 . 7 .

Eg lesha m Meadow , D orches ter , Dorse t . Row lands 1 976 , 2 31 n o . 3 2 , p ls . 1 1 , 5 4 . Dorches ter .

1 884 .9.21-24 .

D orse t C oun ty Museum ,

F ig . 3A .

H oard . Two P la in p enannu lar b race le ts , D -sec t ion , F ig . 3A , 1 -2. L ooped s ou th-wes tern p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t , 3 . L ooped s ou thwes tern p a ls tave , t aper ing midr ib , 4 . 8 .

G r i ms tone , Dorse t . Row lands 1 976 , 2 32 n o . 3 4 , p ls . 1 1 , 5 4 ; C oun ty Museu m , D orches ter . 1 903.15 .

Farrar 1 964 , 1 15 . F ig . 3 B .

Dorse t

H oard , o n ly t he a nnu lar b race le t was a ccess ible t o me . F langed a xe , t r iden t o rna men t , R ow lands 1 976 , p l . 1 1 , 3 . L ooped p a ls tave w i th t h ick midr ib , 1 .

L ooped N or man p a ls tave w i th d iv ided i nse t , 2 .

P enannu lar l ozenge s ec t ion b race le t , 5 . Annu lar b race le t w i th h o l low , c oncavo- c onvex s ec t ion a nd i nc ised o rnamen t , F ig . 3 B , 1 . 9 .

G rays , E ssex . Row lands 1 976 , 2 34 n o . 4 1 , p l . 7 . H oard .

F langed a xe w i th d eve loped s top-r idge a nd t r iden t o rnamen t ,

R ow lands 1 976 , p l . 7 , 1 .

Bre ton p a ls tave , 2 .

3 20

1 0 .

Bur ley , N ew F ores t , H an ts . Row lands 1 976 , 2 38 n o. 5 7 , p l . 5 ; F ig . 3 C . H oard .

S umner 1 927.

BM . 1 927.1-7.1-2 .

E leven p a ls taves , p robably f ro m t he s a me mou ld , s h ie ld-

p a t tern c on ta in ing r ib , F ig . 3 C , 1 . S h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave , 2 . The e leven p a ls taves a re t ypo log ica l ly l a ter t han t he s ing le e xa mp le a nd may b e c o mpared w i th t hose i n t he h oard f ro m T i tch f ie ld , Han ts ( Rowlands 1 976 , 2 43 n o . 7 2 , p l . 5 ) .

The s h ie ld-pa t tern c on ta in ing a

r ib a ppears t o b e a bsen t f ro m o ther s ou th c oas t h oards a nd Bur ley a nd T i tch f ie ld a re p robably t he e ar l ies t p a ls tave h oards i n t h is a rea . 1 1.

H .M .S . S u l tan , G ospor t , Han ts . Row lands 1 976 , 2 39 n o. 5 9 , p l . 5 6.

S ou thsea C as t le Museum .

F igs .

3 D , 4 . H oard . 1 .

Annu lar b race le t , i rregu lar D -sec t ion , c orroded , F ig . 3 D ,

Breton p a ls tave , 2 .

men t , 3 .

L ooped N or man p a ls tave w i th t r iden t o rna-

I s le o f Wigh t P a ls tave , 4 .

r idge a nd midr ib , F ig . 4 , 5 . a nd s hor t midr ib , 6 .

Pa ls tave w i th c urved s top-r idge , 7 .

w i th f a in t t r iden t o rna men t , 8 . p s i-ornamen t , 9 -11.

Pa ls tave w i th i nd is t inct s top-

Pa ls tave w i th i nd is t inct s top-r idge Pa ls tave

Three s ide-f langed p a ls taves w i th

F ive p a ls taves w i th p s i-orna men t , 1 2-16.

P a ls tave w i th s h ie ld-shaped i nse t a nd midr ib p endan t f ro m s top-r idge , 1 7.

Pa ls tave b lade w i th midr ib , 1 8 .

Pa ls tave b lade w i th d iv ided

i nse t , 1 9. The s ide-f langed p a ls taves w i th p s i-ornamen t c an b e ma tched i n t he G ab le H ead h oard ( 12 ) 1 8 a nd p a ls taves w i th i nd is t inc t s top-r idge a nd midr ib i n t he h oards f ro m G ab le H ead , 2 3 , a nd P ear Tree G reen ( 15 ) 1 4-16 a nd f ro m t he s e t t le men t s i te a t C ha l ton , Han ts ( Cun li f fe 1 970 , 1 1 , f ig . 5 , 4 ;

F ig . 2 6 , 6 ) .

The p a ls tave w i th a c urved s top-r idge may

b e c o mpared w i th e xamp les i n t he h oards f ro m B irch ing ton ( 2 3 ) 1 2-13 a nd N ear C an terbury ( 2 4 ) 6 , K en t .

T he N or man p a ls tave may b e c o m-

p ared w i th e xa mp les i n t he h oards , f ro m La C hape l le ( 4 6) 5 , H euquev i l le ( 60 ) 2 , R ouen ( 6 2 ) 3a nd A ubergenv i l le ( 69 ) 2 . 1 2 .

G able H ead , Hay l i ng I s land , Han ts . Row lands 1 976 , 2 39 n o. 6 0 , p ls . 5 5-56.

S ou thsea C as t le Museum .

F igs . 5 , 6 , 7A . H oard .

Annu lar b race le t , mass ive o va l s ect ion , i nc ised o rna men t ,

F ig . 5 , 1 .

B roken b race le t , mass ive D -sec t ion , u ndecora ted , 2 .

Fragmen t o f aq uo i t-headed p in , 3 .

Row lands r ecords t wen ty-seven

p a ls taves , t wen ty-f ive were a ccess ible t o me . 4 .

C en tre-oues t p a ls tave, 5 .

t aper ing r ib , 6 .

I s le o f Wigh t p a ls tave ,

L ooped N or man p a ls tave w i th s hor t

L ooped N or man p a ls tave w i th t aper ing r ib , 7 .

L ooped Nor man p a ls tave w i th c onverg ing r ibs , 8 . p a ls tave w i th Y -orna men t , 9 . o rna men t , 1 0. men t , 1 1.

L ooped N or man

L ooped N or man p a ls tave w i th t r iden t

L ooped N or man p a ls tave w i th g rooved t r iden t o rna-

L ooped N or man p a ls tave w i th midr ib , 1 2.

p a ls tave w i th i nse t a nd f ace ted o rna men t . r es t o f t he h oard , F ig . 6 , 1 3 . 3 21

Looped N or man

D i f feren t p a t ina f ro m t he

Two N or man p a ls taves w i th t r iangu lar

i nse t , 1 4-15 .

N orman p a ls tave w i th c onverg ing r ibs , 1 6.

p a ls tave w i th t r iden t o rna men t , 1 7.

Nor man

Two s ide-f langed p a ls taves w i th

p s i-ornamen t , 1 8 .L ooped s ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th p s i-ornamen t a nd g rooves o n s ides , 1 9 .

S ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th p s i-ornamen t

c on ta in ing r ibs , 2 0 .

L ooped s ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th p s i-ornamen t

c on ta in ing r ibs , 2 1 .

Pa ls tave w i th i nse t a nd midr ib p endan t f ro m

s top-r idge , 2 2 .

P a ls tave w i th i nd is t inc t s top-r idge a nd midr ib , 2 3 .

Pa ls tave w i th l arge t r iangu lar i nse t , 2 4 . o rna men t , 2 5 .

L ooped p a ls tave w i th V-

Two p a ls taves w i th t hree s hor t r ibs , F ig . 7A , 2 6 ,

2 8 . P a ls tave w i th f ive s hor t r ibs , 2 7. The l ooped N orman p a ls taves c an b e ma tched i n t he h oards f ro m La C hape l le ( 4 6 ) 1 , 3 , 5 , H euquev i l le ( 60 ) , 2 , R ouen ( 62 ) 3 , 5 , Verneu i l ( 64 ) 1 5 a nd Aubergenv i l le ( 6 9 ) 2a nd t he u n looped N or man p a ls taves i n : •La Chape l le ( 46 ) 7 , 1 7 , Heuquev i l le ( 60 ) 1 2 a nd S ucy-en-Br ie ( 68 ) g . G ab le H ead , 1 7 , r ese mb les t he l ooped N or man t ype i n f or m a nd o rnamen t .

T he c en tre-oues t p a ls tave may b e c o mpared w i th t he e xa mp les

i n t he Mün ig-o u te h oard , D eux-S& c fres ( Pa t te 1 970 , p l . I , 1 5-17).

The

l ooped s idef langed p a ls tave w i th p s i-orna men t c on ta in ing r ibs may b e c o mpared w i th t he p a ls tave i n t he L eav ing ton H ouse h oard ( 20 ) 4 .

F or

t he s idef langed p a ls taves w i th p s i-ornamen t a nd t he p a ls tave w i th i nd ist inc t s top-r idge a nd midr ib , s ee G ospor t h oard ( 1 1) . 1 3 .

Bower 's Far m , P la i t ford , Han ts . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 42 n o . 6 7; F ind i n as and-pi t . mina ls ,

Hawkes 1 942 , 4 4-47 , f ig . 1 1 , p l . V I .

Two c as t t w is ted n eck-r ings w i th h ooked t er-

Hawkes 1 942 , p l . V I .

Fragmen tary p in , l ack ing h ead a nd

p oin t , l ooped s wo l len s ha f t b ear ing d iagona l o rna men t b ounded b y b ands o f r ibs w i th a no ther b and o f r ibs b e low t he l oop , I b id ., f ig . 1 1 Fragmen ts o f g lobu lar u rn a nd a c yl indr ica l c lay l oo m-we igh t were f ound n earby . The f or m o f t he p in r ese mb les t ha t o f t he e xa mp les f ro m t he R . F owey ( L is t 3 7, 1 ) . 1 4 .

Fra t ton , P or tsea I s land , Han ts . Drawings i n C ar isbrooke C as t le Museu m . H oard o f f our p a ls taves , d rawings o f t wo p reserved ;

b oth a re u n-

l ooped , b road-b laded p a ls taves . 1 5 .

Pear Tree G reen , S ou thampton , H an ts . Row lands 1 976 , 2 41 n o. 6 6 , p ls . 6 , 5 4 ; C i ty Museu m .

3 13 .1-24 ;

BM .

Da le 1 897-99 .

WG 2 234-5 .

Winches ter

F igs . 7 B , 8 A .

H oard , o r ig ina l ly f or ty-one p a ls taves w i th a dd i t iona l f ragmen ts . Twen ty-one r easonab ly c o mp le te e xa mp les were a ccess ib le t o me . Two l ooped N or man p a ls taves , t r iden t o rna men t , F ig . 7B , 1 -2. L ooped N or man p a ls tave , Y -orna men t , 3 . p a ls taves , u ndecora ted , 4 -5 . r ib ( BM ) , 6 . 7 -8 .

Two l ooped N or man

L ooped N or man p a ls tave , t aper ing

Two N or man p a ls taves w i th midr ib a nd s l igh t i nse t ,

N or man p a ls tave w i th l ong i nse t , 9 .

3 22

Nor man p a ls tave w i th

d iv ided i nse t , 1 0.

I s le o f W igh t p a ls tave , F ig . 8 A , 1 1 .

s ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th midr ib , 1 2 . w i th t r iden t o rnamen t , 1 3 . r idge a nd midr ib , 1 4-16 .

L ooped

L ooped s idef langed p a lstave

Three p a ls taves w i th i nd is t inc t s topPa ls tave w i th i nse t c on ta in ing r ib , 1 7.

T hree c orroded , u ndecora ted p a ls taves , 1 8-20 .

C orroded , u nde-

c ora ted p a ls tave ( B MO , 2 1. The l ooped N or man p a ls taves may b e c o mpared w i th e xa mp les i n t he h oards f ro m La C hape l le ( 4 6) 3 , 5 , H euquev i l le ( 60 ) 1 -2 , R ouen ( 62 ) 3 , 5 , Verneu i l ( 64 ) 1 3 , 1 5 a nd A ubergenv i l le ( 69 ) 2 ;

t he u n looped N or-

man p a ls taves may b e c o mpared w i th H euquev i l le ( 60 ) 7 , 1 0 , Mon tS a in t-A ignan ( 6 1 ) 6 , B our lay ( 44 ) 7a nd G isors ( 4 7) 5 , 7 . s ide-f langed p a ls taves c an b e ma tched i n S ussex h oards : ( 31 ) 5 , Marsha l l Es ta te ( 32 ) 8a nd Rus t ing ton ( 3 6) 5 .

T he l ooped B i l l ingshurs t

F or p a ls taves

w i th i nd is t inct s top-r idge a nd midr ib , s ee G ospor t h oard ( 11 ). 1 6.

S wanw ick , H an ts . Row lands 1 976 , 2 40 n o . 6 3 , p l . 7 ;

F ox 1 928 , 3 34 , p l . XLV I I I , f ig . 2 .

H oard , o r ig ina l ly f our p a ls taves , t hree p reserved . p a ls tave , R ow lands 1 976 , p l . 7 , 3 .

L ooped N or man

I s le o f Wigh t p a ls tave , 2 .

Pa ls tave w i th s h ie ld-pa t tern c on ta in ing r ibs , 1 . 1 7.

Woo l mer F ores t , Han ts . Row lands 1 976 , 2 43 n o . 7 4 , p l . 1 3 . H oard .

Pa ls tave w i th s hor t s ep tum , midr ib a nd s l igh t i nse t o n

b lade , R ow lands 1 976 , p l . 1 3 , 1 . Two p enannu lar b race le ts , mass ive s ec t ion , 2 73 .

Penannu lar b race le t , mass ive D-sec t ion , 4 .

b race le t , mass ive o va l s ec t ion , 5 .

Annu lar

S p ira l r ing f or med o f t he t er-

mina l o f ac as t t w is ted n eck-r ing , p robably o r ig ina l ly h ooked , 6 . R ing f or med o f af ragmen t o f ac as t t wis ted n eck-r ing , 7 . 1 8 .

Be tween N ewpor t a nd Fa ir le igh , I s le o f Wigh t . Row lands 1 976 , 2 40 n o . 6 4 , p l . 5 8 .

C ar isbrooke Cas t le Museu m .

F ig . 9A . H oard .

Three I s le o f W igh t p a ls taves , F ig . 9A , 1 -3.

I s le o f Wigh t p a ls taves . 4 .

Pa ls tave w i th i nset c on ta in ing r ib , 5 .

d iv ided i nse t , 6 .

S ix teen o ther

Two p a ls taves w i th i nd is t inc t s h ie ld-pa t tern , Pa ls tave w i th t r iangu lar

Pa ls tave w i th l ong d iv ided i nse t , 7 .

Pa ls tave ,

u ndecora ted , 8 . 1 9 .

Mi tche l ls R oad , Haylands , R yde , I s le o f Wigh t . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 42 n o. 6 9.

C ar isbrooke Cas t le Museum .

H oard , o r ig ina l ly f ive p a ls taves f our p reserved .

F ig . 8 B .

Four I s le o f Wigh t

p a ls taves , F ig . 8 B , 1 -4 . 2 0 .

L eav ing ton H ouse , S t . J ohn 's ,Ryde , I s le o f Wigh t . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 43 n o. 7 1. 1 0A .

C ar isbrooke C as t le M4seu m .

3 23

F igs . 9 B ,

H oard , o r ig ina l ly t we lve p a ls taves , e igh t p reserved . L ooped N or man p a ls tave w i th V -ornamen t , F ig . 9 B , 1 . L ooped p a ls tave w i th b road i nse t , 2 .

L ooped p a ls tave w i th i nse t a nd midr ib p endan t f ro m t he

s top-r idge , 3 .

L ooped s ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th p s i-ornamen t

c on ta in ing r ibs , 4 . Pa ls tave w i th c ord i for m i nset a nd midr ib p endan t f ro m s top-r idge , F ig . 1 0A , 5 . ?N orman p a ls tave w i th i nse t , 6 . Pa ls tave w i th t r iden t o rnamen t , 7 .

Ano ther p a ls tave .

The l ooped Nor man p a ls tave may b e c o mpared w i th t he e xamp le i n t he L ivet h oard ( 48 ) 1a nd t he l ooped s ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th p s i-ornamen t c on ta in ing r ibs w i th t he e xa mp le i n t he G ab le H ead h oard ( 1 2 ) 2 1. 2 1.

Werrar , I s le o f Wigh t . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 43 n o . 7 3 , p l . 6 ; 3 4.812-817. F ig . 1 0B .

Dunn ing 1 936a .

C .M . A.E.

H oard . Four I s le o f Wigh t p a ls taves , F ig . 1 0B , 1 -4. L ooped p a l— s tave w i th d iv ided i nse t , 5 . L ooped p a ls tave w i th d iv ided i nse t a nd med ian r idge o n b lade , 6 . 2 2.

?B i l l ingha m H ouse , N ewpor t , I s le o f W igh t . Row lands 1 976 , 2 06, 2 40 n o . 6 1 , p l . 1 7.

C ar isbrooke C as t le Museu m .

?H oard , n e i ther p rovenance o r a ssoc ia t ion i s a ssured . t wis ted n eck-r ing w i th h ooked t er m ina ls ,

C as t

R ow lands 1 976 p l . 1 7 , 1 .

N eck-r ing , mass ive r ound s ec t ion , i ncised o rna men t , h ooked t ermina ls , 2 . The mo t i fs o n t he i nc ised n eck-r ing , l i nes , z ig-zag , h a tch ing a nd p o in ted o va l a re a l l w i th in t he r eper to ire f ound o n d ecora ted b race le ts .

N eck-

r ings w i th i ncised o rnamen t o ccur i n n or thern G er many. I n Meck lenburg mos t a re MI I I a nd h ave p la in t er m ina ls ( Schubar t 1 972 , 2 7-28 , Ta f . 2 , D8 ;

9 9 , L . , S ) .

S im i lar o rnamen ts a re k nown i n M IV i n t he I lmenau

a rea ( Sprockhof f 1 937 ,

4 3-44 , A bb . 1 9 , 9 , Ta f . 2 0 , 1 7 ) a nd i n P o m-

e ran ia ( Kers ten 1 958 , Ta f . 1 0 , 1 14 ) . I ncised o rna men t d oes n o t a ppear t o h ave b een a pp l ied t o N ord ic n eck-r ings w i th h ooked t er m ina ls . I n t he f irs t g o ld h oard f ro m Downpa tr ick , C o. Down , t here i s af ragmen t o f an eck-r ing w i th i ncised l i ne a nd z ig-zag o rnamen t b u t t he r econs truct i on i s c on jectura l ( Proud foo t 1 955 , 4 , f ig . 2 , p l . 3 ) .

E ogan d a tes t he

h oard t o h is Midd le Bronze Age B ishops land p hase ( 1964 , 2 81-282 ) a nd c o mpares a h oard o f d ecora ted n eck-r ings f ro m S a in t-V ia tre , L o ire-e t C her ( P icard 1 961 3 38 , f ig . 4 6) .

The C ar isbrooke C as t le n eck-r ing

i s u nusua l , i fn o t u n ique , b u t a ssocia t ion w i th t he t w is ted n eck-r ing a nd c o mpar ison w i th t he D ownpa tr ick f ragmen t i nd ica te a M idd le B ronze Age d a te .

I t s manu facture s hou ld h ave b een w i th in t he c apaci ty o f l oca l

b ronze workers . T here i s n o c on t inen ta l c o mpar ison c lose e nough t o j us t i fy R ow lands 's c onc lus ions t ha t i t was a n impor t . 2 3 .

B irch ing ton , K en t . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 46 n o . 8 2 , p l . 1 0 ; P owe l l-Cbt ton Museu m , B irch ing ton . H oard , f ound i n ap o t .

P owe l l-Cot ton a nd C rawford 1 924. F igs . 1 1 , 1 2A .

Pa ls tave w i th c ord i for m i nse t a nd midr ib

p endan t f ro m s top-r idge , F ig . 1 1 , 1 . 3 24

Pa ls tave w i th l ong c ord i for m

i nse t a nd midr ib , 2 . d an t midr ib , 3 . 4 .

Pa ls tave w i th U -r ib c on ta in ing r ibs w i th p en-

Pa ls tave w i th s h ield-pa t tern c on ta in ing b road r ibs .

Pa ls tave w i th i nse t b ounded b y V -r ib , 5 .

c ordi for m i nse t , 6 -11 .

S ix p a ls taves w i th

Two u ndecora ted p a ls taves , 1 2-13.

b laded p a ls tave w i th d iv ided i nse t , 1 4 .

Narrow-

Po t , b ase miss ing ;

p ro f i le w i th l ow u pr igh t r im , d eep g roove b e low s hou lder .

g lobu lar A round

t he g ir th o f t he p o t i s ab and o f s ix i rregu lar i ncised l ines w i th a l ine o f s tamped d oub le c irc les a bove a nd b e low .

T he s ur face i s smoo thed

n ot b urn ished , F ig . 1 2A , 1 5 . The u ndecora ted p a ls taves c an b e ma tched l oca l ly i n t he N ear Can terbury h oard ( 24 ) 6 , l i kew ise t hose w i th c ord i for m i nse ts , N ear C an terbury , 2 -3 , wh ich may a lso b e c o mpared w i th e xa mp les i n t he Burnha m h oard ( 2 ) 1 4-16.

The n arrow-b laded p a ls tave i s s im i lar t o a n e xamp le i n t he

G ab le H ead h oard ( 12 ) 1 7, wh ich h as a n u nd iv ided i nse t a nd n arrower e dge .

T he B irch ing ton p a ls tave d oes n o t h ave t he s tra igh t s ides a nd

t rapezo ida l b lade o f t he N or man t ype t hough o f H euquev i l le ( 60 ) 1 1. Sm i th ( 1959 , 1 84 n . 6 ) c ons iders t ha t t h is i s at rans i t iona l p a ls tave b u t i nse t o rna men t i s o n ly c o m mon i n MBA 2 a nd i tn eed o n ly b e a n u nusua l ly n arrow Br i t ish p a ls tave o f t h is p hase . The p ot i s u n ique i n s ou thern Br i ta in ( A . E l l ison ) a nd i ti s n o t a c haracter is t ic g lobu lar u rn a s R ow lands ( 1976 , 2 16 ) imp l ies . 2 4.

Near C an terbury , K en t . Row lands 1 976 , 2 45-246 n o . 8 1 , p l . 8 . B irch ing ton . H oard ,

Powe l l-Cot ton Museum

F ig . 1 2B .

" fro m ab r ick f ie ld n or th o f a nd n ear C an terbury" .

g ives t he s i te a s n ear t he Barracks , C an terbury.

S ide-f langed p a l-

s tave w i th m idr ib a nd t wo d ivergen t r ibs , F ig . 1 2B , 1 . w i th c ord i form i nse t , 2 . U ndecora ted p a ls tave , 6 .

Pa ls tave

Pa ls tave w i th t r iangu lar i nse t , 3 .

f langed p a ls tave w i th midr ib , 4 .

R ow lands

S ide-

Pa ls tave w i th p s i-orna men t , 5 .

S idef langed p a ls tave w i th i nse t a nd p en-

d an t r ib , 7 . The p a ls tave w i th p s i-ornamen t h as t he c onvex f langes a nd we l l-de f ined r ibs o f a n e ar ly s h ie ld p a t tern p a ls tave . The u ndecora ted p a ls tave c an b e ma tched a t B irch ing ton ( 2 3 ) 1 3-14 , l i kew ise t he p a ls taves w i th c ord if or m o rnamen t , 6 , 8 -12 , wh ich may a lso b e c o mpared w i th e xa mp les i n t he Burnha m h oard ( 2 ) 1 4-16.

The s ide-f langed p a ls taves h ave n arrower

f langes a nd more p ronounced c r ino l ine-shaped b lades t han t hose c o m mon o n t he s ou th c oas t . 2 5 .

G oudhurs t , K en t . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 47 n o . 8 5 , p l . 2 ; F ig . 1 3A .

Franks 1 855 .

BM .

Hoard , o r ig ina l ly e igh t p a ls taves , t hree p reserved . i nse t , F ig . 1 3A , 1 .

5 5 .3-10.1-3 . Pa ls tave w i th

S ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th midr ib , 2 .

S ide-

f langed p a ls tave w i th t r iden t , 3 . The p a ls tave w i th i nset o rna men t may b e c o mpared w i th a n e xa mp le i n t he Marsha l l E s ta te h oard ( 32 ) 1 4 a nd t he f or m o f i t s b lade c an b e ma tched a t B irch ing ton ( 23 ) 6 . The G oudhurs t s ide-f langed p a ls taves r ese mble t hose i n t he s ou th c oas t h oards more t han t hose i n t he n or th Ken t h oards . 3 25

2 6.

H o l l icondane , Ra msga te , K en t . Row lands 1 976 , 2 47 n o . 8 7;

P iggot t 1 949 , 1 18-121 ;

I nv . Arch . GB

4 8 . I nhuma t ion b ur ia l .

Two p enannu lar b race le ts , mass ive s ec t ion ,

i nc ised o rna men t .

I nv . Arch .

GB48 , 1 -2 .

P enannu lar b race le t

w i th e leven l ong i tud ina l r ibs , t he c en tra l a nd p er iphera l r ibs b roader , p la in t er m ina ls , 3 . Broad-r ibbed b race le ts o ccur i n t he N ord ic a rea d ur ing MI I I b u t t here a re n o e xac t p ara l le ls f or t he Ramsga te e xamp le , Nord ic b race le ts u sua l ly h ave n o tched r ibs a nd d ecora ted t erm ina ls . Sm i th ( 1920 , 5 2 ) c o mpared t he Ra msga te b race le t w i th e xamp les f ro m J aeren , R oga land , s ou th-wes t N orway , p ubl ished b y Bragger ( 1 913 ) i n t he Mon te l ius Fes tschr i f t , t o wh ich Sm i th a lso c on tr ibu ted .

The N orweg ian b racele t

f ro m T je l ta h as p la in t er m ina ls ( Bragger 1 913 , 1 02 , f ig . 1 3 ) a nd b e longs t o Randsborg 's v ar ian t I , w i th e qua l s ized r ibs ( 1968 , 6 2 , n .204 ) . Ano ther J aeren b race le t , f ro m Anda ,

( Bragger 1 913 , 9 8 , f ig . 1 ) b e longs t o

Randsborg 's v ar ian t I , w i th t h icker ' p er iphera l r ibs ( 1 968 , 6 2 , n .205 , n .206 ).

These b race le ts d a te f ro m M I I I .

We h ave t he c ons iderable

a u thor i ty o f S prockho f f ( 1941 , 8 2 , A bb. 6 6 , 8 )f or r egard ing a l l t hree Ra msga te b race le ts a s o f I lmenau o r ig in .

B road , r ibbed b race le ts

o ccur i n t he I lmenau a rea , e .g . a t Ra tzl ingen , Kr . U e lzen ( Laux 1 971 , T al . 6 6 , 1 1 , 1 2 ) , b u t , l i ke t he L e i t for m e xa mp le i l lus tra ted b y S prockho f f , t hese h ave o rnamen ted t erm ina ls a nd t he ir t ype i s n o t c on f ined t o t he I lmenau a rea . The b race le ts w i th t raced o rnamen t h ave s im i lar o rnamen t t o t he p a ir f ro m K en t . 2 7.

S t . Lawrence 's C o l lege , Ramsga te , K en t . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 48 n o . 8 8 ; Hawkes 1 942 , 2 6-29 , f igs . 1 ; 2 , 1 -3 . F ind i n ap i t . P in w i th p er fora ted s wo l len s ha f t , t h ick d isc-head w i th k nob , H awkes 1 942 f ig . 2 , 1 .

P in w i th p er fora ted s wo l len s ha f t ,

i nc ised o rna men t , t h ick d isc h ead , t op s l igh t ly r ecessed , 2 .

P in

w i th p er fora ted s wo l len s haf t , i nc ised o rna men t , t h ick d isc-head w i th c onvex t op , 3 .

P o t , c onvex p ro f i le w i th f ingert ipped r im a nd b and

o f f inger-i mpress ions r ound b ody ; I b id ., f ig . I .

c oarse , f l in tte mpered f abr ic .

H orse t ee th , o x b ones , musse l s he l ls .

The p ins b e long t o t he P icardy g roup ;

t he d ecora ted e xa mp les b ear

o rna men t s im i lar t o t ha t o n t he e xamp les f ro m t he Thames a t Wandswor th , t he f ragmen t f ro m L ayha m a nd t he t wo p er fora ted p ins i n t he V iHerss ur-Au th ie h oard .

T he p ot i s a Devere l-R i mbury b ucke t u rn ( Barre t t

1 976 , 2 90 ). 2 8 .

Huns tan ton , N orfo lk . A . J . Lawson , B . A. R . 6 7 , 1 979. H oard .

C as t t w is ted n eck-r ing w i th h ooked t er m ina ls .

r ing w i th o va l s ec t ion a nd h ooked t er m ina ls .

P la in n eck-

Annu lar b race le t w i th

f la t o va l s ec t ion , f a lse t er m ina ls a nd i ncised o rna men t . P in w i th e xpanded h ead w i th r ecessed t op , c oncave n eck w i th b ands

3 26

o f i nc ised l i nes , s wo l len s ha f t w i th a ngu lar r ibs , l oop f langed a bove a nd b e low b y b ands o f i nc ised l i nes .

L ooped p a ls tave w i th i l l de f ined

s ide-f langes a nd b road midr ib w i th d oub le i nse t b e low s top-r idge . The l oop o n t he p in r e la tes i tt o t he Eng l ish e xa mp les f ro m P la i t ford a nd t he R . F owey ( L is t 3 7 , 1 ) ; f or i t s amber s e t t ing ;

t he l a t ter p in p resu mably h ad a n i nse t

a nd t o s evera l French e xa mp les , i nc lud ing o n

i n t he V i l lers-sur-Au th ie h oard ( 6 7) 3 .

Angu lar r ibs o ccur o n ap in

i n aM idd le Bronze Age c on tex t i n t he Baux-Sa in te-Croix h oard ( 4 3 ) 9 ; a ngu lar r ibs a nd i nse t h ead o ccur o n ap in f ro m Tu mu lus p er iod b ur ia l 3 , b arrow 2 , H aghof , H o lns te in , L dkr . S u lzbach Rosenberg , Bavar ia ( Torbrügge 1 959b , Ta f . 7 9 , 1 3 ) . The H uns tan ton p in may a lso b e c o mp ared w i th t he u n looped p in i n t he l a te M I T b ur ia l a t Regesbos te l , Kr . Harburg , L ower S axony ( Laux 1 976 , 6 7 n o . 3 62 ;

Randsborg 1 968 , 4 6).

The f a lse t erm ina ls o n t he Huns tan ton b race le t a re u n ique i n Br i ta in ; t hey o ccur o n F rench b race le ts i n t he L e H anouard h oard ( 59 ) 2 6c a nd f ro m R ouge mon t iers a nd S a in t-Cyr-du-Vaudreu i l ( L is t 4 1 , 2 0-21 ) . 2 9.

N or ton F i tzwarren , S o merset . Langma id 1 971. H oard , f ound i n ah o le c u t i n t he f ace o f ad i tch o u ts ide t he c oun ters carp b ank o f t he h i l l for t . s ocketed a xe .

Two s ou th-wes tern p a ls taves .

S lender

Ap a ir o f a nnu lar b race le ts , mass ive s ec t ion , i ncised

o rna men t , b ands o f h err ing-bone d iv ided i n to z ones b y b ands o f t ransverse l i nes .

Ap a ir o f p enannu lar b race le ts , D-sec t ion , t aper ing

t er m ina ls , i nc ised o rna men t , b ands o f c hevron d iv ided i n to z ones b y b ands o f t ransverse l i nes . r ibs .

Ap a ir o f b race le ts w i th f ine l ong i tud ina l

Undecora ted b race le ts w i th mass ive l ozenge s ec t ion .

Brace le t

w i th d ouble p er iphera l r ibs f lank ing a r ow o f b osses , r o l led t er m ina ls . T he r ibbed b racele ts f ro m S ou th L odge C a mp a nd Monkswood ( L is t 4 2 , 6 , 1 0 ) a lso h ave f i ve r ibs .

T he b race le t w i th t he r ow o f b osses c an b e

ma tched i n t he Wes t Buck land h oard ( 30 ). The b race le ts w i th i ncised o rnamen t s hare t he mu l t ip le z ig-zag mo ti f w i th t he H ampshire b race le ts b u t o therw ise t he ir o rnamen t i s n o t c lose t o t ha t o f o ther Br i t ish b race le ts . 3 0 .

Wes t Buck land , S o merset . Row lands 1 976 , 2 60 n o . 1 2 ; H oard .

S and ford 1 880 .

Tw is ted n eck-r ing w i th h ooked t er m ina ls .

Fragmen ts o f

ab racele t w i th p er iphera l d oub le r ibs f lank ing a r ow o f b osses , e ach b oss a pparen t ly s urrounded b y ag roove , t ransverse n o tches o n t he r ibs . t ype .

D oub lelooped p a ls tave w i th V -groove .

A " Ce l t" o f u ncer ta in

S and ford s ta tes s pec i f ica l ly t ha t t he n eck-r ing was t wis ted a nd n o t c as t ( c f . Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 38 n .2 ).

The b race le t i s r e la ted t o t he r ibbed t ype .

T he n a ture o f t he b ossed o rnamen t i s u ncer ta in ; i t migh t b e r ing-andd ot . The b es t c o mpar ison , h owever , a ppears t o b e o ne o f t he b race le ts i n t he Nor ton F i tzwarren h oard ( 29 ) wh ich h as t wo p er iphera l r ibs a nd ac en tra l l i ne o f h o l low b osses , t hose o n t he Wes t Buck land b race le t a re s ol id .

T he V -groove o n t he p a ls tave p resumably im i ta tes t he b road

c on ica l r ib c o m mon o n Br i t ish d oublelooped p a ls taves . 3 27

3 1.

Ham mer Far m , B i l l ingshurs t , S ussex . Row lands 1 976 , 2 62 n o. 1 29 , p l . 2 ; 1 948-52 .

Honywood 1 877 , 1 83.

BM W G

F ig . 1 3B.

H oard . S ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th mu l t ip le s hor t r ibs i n i nset , f a in t midr ib b e low , F ig . 1 3B , 1 .

S ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th i nse t c on-

t a in ing r ib , f a in t midr ib b elow , 2 . midr ib , 3 .

S ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th t aper ing

S ide-f langed p a ls tave w ith midr ib , 4 .

L ooped s ide-

f langed p a ls tave w i th midr ib , 5 . The s ide-f langed p a ls taves r ese mble t hose i n t he S ussex c oas ta l h oards ; B i l l ingshurs t i s i n land i n t he Wea ld , t hough i n t he Arun v a l ley. 3 2.

Marsha l l Es ta te , Bognor , S ussex . Row lands 1 976 , 2 63 n o . 1 31 , p l . 5 7-58 ;

G uer monprez 1 925.

wh i le i n S ou thsea Cas t le Museu m f or c onserva t ion .

Drawn

F ig . 1 4 .

H oard c on ta in ing n ine ty p ieces a t l eas t s ix ty p a ls taves , many f ragmen tary a nd c orroded b u t o f ten u n f in ished . Y-ornamen t , F ig . 1 4 , 1 .

Looped Nor man p a ls tave , u ndecora ted , 2 .

Nor man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t , 3 . r ib c on ta in ing t wo i nse ts , 4 . 5 .

L ooped Nor man p a ls tave ,

N or man p a ls tave , t aper ing

Nor man p a ls tave , i nse t w i th midr ib ,

Nor man p a ls tave , f a in t i nset a nd c on ta in ing V -r ib , 6 .

f langed p a ls tave w i th midr ib , 7 . p a ls tave w i th m i r ib , 8 . t aper ing midr ib , 9 .

S ide-

L ooped s ide-f langed

E leven s im i lar p a ls taves .

Pa ls tave w i th

L ooped s ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th f a in t U -r ib

w i th c en tra l r ib , 1 0. s im ilar p a ls tave .

Four s im i lar .

Pa ls tave w i th t r iden t o rna men t , 1 1.

Pa ls tave w i th d ouble V -r ib , 1 2 .

l ong V -r ib a nd s hor t midr ib , 1 3 .

Pa ls tave w i th n arrow i nse t , 1 4.

Pa ls tave w i th d iv ided i nset f lanked b y r ibs , 1 5 . d iv ided i nse t f lanked b y V-r ibs , 1 6. Pa ls tave w i th V -r ib , 1 8 .

One

Pa ls tave w i th

Pa ls tave w i th l ong

Pa ls tave w i th b road i nse t , 1 7 ,

Pa ls tave w i th mu l t ip le s hor t r ibs , 1 9.

The l ooped N or man p a ls taves may b e c o mpared w i th t he e xa mp les i n t he h oards f ro m La C hape l le ( 46 ) 3 , H euquev i l le ( 60 )

1 , Rouen ( 62 ) 5 ,

S eine- Mar i t i me , a nd Verneu i l ( 64 ) 1 3 , 1 5 , a nd t he u n looped N or man p a ls taves w i th Verneu i l 1 0 , H euquev i l le 7 , B our lay ( 44) 1 , 2 , L ivet ( 48 ) 7 , a nd S ucy-en-Br ie ( 68 ).

S ide-f langed p a ls taves w i th midr ib a re p re-

d om inan t i n t he Marsha l l E s ta te h oard a s i n t he l oca l c oas ta l h oards f ro m N ear B ognor ( 33 ) , Rus t ing ton ( 3 6) a nd B lackrock ( 34 ) , a nd i n t he B i l l ingshurs t h oard ( 32).

R ow lands r ecogn ized s ixty-two s epara te

p a ls taves , s even teen s ep tum f ragmen ts , f ive b lade f ragmen ts a nd n ine u nd iagnos t ic f ragmen ts . 3 3.

N ear Bognor , S ussex . Row lands 1 976 , 2 64 n o. 1 32 , p l . 2 ; P 1 969 1 0 .1-4. F ig . 1 3C .

Evans 1 881 , 8 0 .

H oard , f ound " in mak ing t he r a i lway n ear B ognor" . p a ls taves w i th midr ib , F ig . 1 3C , 1 -2.

BM W G 1 861-62 , Two s idef langed

Three s ide-f langed p a ls taves

w i th mu l t iple s hor t r ibs a nd midr ib , 3 -5 .

Ano ther s im i lar p a ls tave .

The s ide-f langed p a ls taves a re c haracter is tic o f t he S ussex c oas ta l h oards .

3 28

3 4.

B lackrock , Br igh ton , S ussex . Rowlands 1 976 , 2 63 n o . 1 30 ;

P iggo t t 1 949 ;

I nv . Arch .

G I 347,

Br igh ton Museum . F ig . 1 5A . H oard . Double-edged b lade w i th d amaged b u t t c on ta in ing t wo o r t hree r ive t-ho les , b road m idr ib,

I nv . Arch . GB47,

1 .

Cas t h i l t

w i th p o m me l-p in i n t op , r ounded s hou lders c on ta in t wo r ive ts ; i nc ised o rna men t o n p in , g r ip a nd b u t t , 2 .

Two p enannu lar b race le ts ,

D -sect ion w i th e xpanded c on t iguous t ermina ls , 3 -4 . r ing w i th i nc ised o rnamen t , 5 .

S pira l f inger-

Three S ussex l oops , 6 -8 .

s ide-f langed p a ls taves w i th midr ib , 9 -11. w i th s hor t r ibs a nd midr ib , 1 2-13 .

Three

Two s ide-f langed p a ls taves

T hree N or man p a ls taves , F ig .

1 5A , 1 -3. The N or man p a ls taves may b e c o mpared w i th e xa mp les i n t he h oards f ro m La C hape l le ( 46 ) 1 3 , B our lay ( 44 ) 2 , B ournev i l le ( 45 ) 3a nd H euquev i l le ( 60 ) 1 7.

S idef langed p a ls taves w i th midr ib a re p redo m inan t

a s i n o ther S ussex c oas ta l h oards .

B ergmann ( 1970 , T e i l B , L is te 9 0 )

e rroneous ly i nc ludes o ne o f t he B lackrock p a ls taves among a sma l l g roup o f n or th-wes t G er man p a ls taves .

T he meta l h i l t h as b een r e la ted t o

N ord ic e xa mp les ( P iggot t 1 949 , 1 15-116 ) a nd t hese h ave r ecen t ly b een s tud ied b y O t ten jann ( 1969 ).

N ord ic s words h ave e labora te h i l ts , t he

b ase o f t he ir h i l ts u sua l ly b e ing o f omega f or m , n o t s tra igh t o r c oncave . They u sua l ly b ear more r ive ts t han t he t wo o n t he B lackrock h i l t .

The ir

o rna men t i s u sua l ly more e labora te o n s hou lders , g r ip a nd p o m mel . The c loses t N ord ic c o mpar ison i s s t i l l t he weapon f ro m a Mi l f ind a t Tarbeck , H o ls te in ( O t ten jann 1 969 , 1 5 , 8 2 , Ta f . 4 , 1 8 ) .

T h is h i l t h as

af la t b ase , t wo r ive ts o n t he s hou lders b u t at h ird o n t he g r ip , a nd l adder o rna men t o u t l in ing t he s hou lders . MI I b u t a bsen t d ur ing M M .

T he f la t b ase i s r are d ur ing

The B lackrock h i l t a ppears t o b e c loser

t o N ord ic e xa mp les t han t o c en tra l European o r A t lan t ic s o l id h i l ts . P erhaps i ti s a n i nsu lar i m i ta t ion o f aN ord ic mode l .

The b lade b e longs

t o Burgess ' G roup I V , b lades w i th b road midr ibs ( 1968c , 1 4 ). P iggo t t c o mpared t he r ing t o e xamp les f ro m n or thern G er many. T ha t f ro m G rave 2 , Barrow I , S la te , Kr . Parch im , Meck lenburg , h as b een i l lust ra ted b y S chubar t ( 1972 , 1 53 , Ta f . 6 5 , 8 1 ) ;

i ti s s p ira l w i th t ransverse

n o tch ing u n l ike t he o rnamen t o n t he B lackrock r ing .

Fro m L t ibz , Kr .L i l tz ,

Meck lenburg , c o mes a r ing s im i lar t o t ha t f ro m S la te ( i bid ., 1 23-124 , Ta f . 1 10 , 7 -9 ).

T he t wo r ings f ro m G rave A , Barrow I , Fr iedr ichsruhe ,

Kr . Parch im , Meck lenburg , a re a nnu lar a nd h ave l ong i tud ina l o rna men t ( i b id ., 9 6-97 , 1 93 .

L is t 1 0 ).

The e xpanded c on t iguous t er mina ls o f t he

b race lets c an b e ma tched i n t he C ambr idge a rea h oard a nd i n t he h oard f ro m F or t-Harrouard b u t a l l t hese b race le ts a re o rnamen ted a nd t he t er m ina ls a re e xpanded o n ly o u twards .

B e t ter e xa mp les f or c o mpar ison

w i th t he B lackrock b race le ts o ccur i n ap robable h oard f ro m La P o m mera ie C henambau l t , Ma ine-e t-Lo ire ;

t hey h ave t he s ame f or m a nd s ect ion .

A ssoc ia ted o b jects a re a f rag men t o f a no ther p la in b race le t a nd a n u n looped Breton p a ls tave ( Cord ier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 2 84 , f ig . 6 8 , 4 -7). These French p ara l le ls s ee m more c onv incing t han c la ims f or a G er man o r ig in .

3 29

3 5 .

Han ley C ross Barrow , b e tween Br igh ton a nd L ewes , S ussex . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 67 n o . 1 42 ; 2 14 n o . 8 , f ig . 6 2 ;

Burgess 1 976b , 9 0 n o . 2 5 ;

C urwen 1 954 ,

D ixon 1 849 , 2 65-260 , p l . f acing p . 2 60 , 1 -3.

P oss ibly a ssocia ted w i th a n i nhuma t ion b ur ia l . Quo i t-headed p in .

Two S ussex l oops .

P in w i th d isc-head b ear ing c en tra l k nob , p er-

f ora t ion i n s ha f t p ro tec ted b y l ozenge-shaped p la te . The d isc-headed p in f or ms a g roup w i th t he e xa mp les f ro m Lakenhea th , I nge l ton a nd D orches ter ( L is t 3 8 , 1 -2 , 5 ) . 3 6.

Rus t ing ton , S ussex . Row lands 1 976 , 2 68 n o . 1 47 , p l . 8 ;

Bar ton 1 963 , 2 5 ;

5 , 9 . Wor th ing Museu m . F ig . 1 6A . H oard , o r ig ina l ly s even p a ls taves , s ix s urv ive . p a ls taves w i th midr ib , F ig . 1 6A , 1 -4 . w i th midr ib , 5 .

Wi lson n .d .,

F our s idef langed

L ooped s ide-f langed p a ls tave

L ooped p a ls tave w i th m idr ib , 6 .

S ide-f langed p a ls taves w i th midr ib p redo m ina te a s i n a l l t he S ussex c oas ta l h oards . 3 7.

S id lesham , S ussex . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 69 n o . 1 48 , p l . 8 . C h iches ter Museu m .

Br igh ton Museum , p rev ious ly i n

F ig . 1 5B .

H oard , r ecords f ro m C h iches ter Museum i nd ica te a ssocia t ion . F langed a xe , F ig . 1 5B , 1 .

Two B re ton p a ls taves w i th midr ib , 2 -3 .

Bre ton p a ls tave , u ndecora ted , 4 . v ery c orroded , 5 .

Pa ls tave w i th r ibs i n s ep tum ,

Pa ls tave w i th i nse t a nd midr ib p endan t f ro m s top-

r idge c orroded , 6 .

L ooped s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le mou ld ing ,

t hree s hor t r ibs , 7 .

L ooped s ocke ted a xe , f ace ted , o c tagona l s ec t ion ,

r ibs o n f ace a ng les , 8 . T he f langed a xe h as b een a t tr ibu ted t o t he Mbdoc t ype ( Row lands 1 976 , 2 6) , b u t i tl acks t he wedge-shaped p ro f i le ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 4 9-52 , f igs . 1 -3 ) a nd r ese mb les t he more w idespread A t lan t ic t ype ( i bid ., 4 5 , f ig . 1 ) .

The f ace ted a xe i s at ypo log ica l p redecessor o f t he

l inear-faceted t ype . 3 8 .

H ighwor th , Wi l ts . Row lands 1 976 , 2 72 n o . 1 56 , p l . 1 2 ; A sh . 1 927.136.144 . H oard .

Pass more 1 905-06 , 3 10 , f ig .

F ig . 1 6B .

S ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th i nse t a nd midr ib p endan t f ro m

s top-r idge , F ig . 1 6B , 1 .

Un looped s ocke ted a xe w i th s lender b lade

a nd p la in c o l lar , 2 . 3 9 .

S tan ton S t . B ernard , Wi l ts . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 72 n o . 1 58 , p l . 5 ; p l . I X , 3 3-35. H oard . 3 3.

I s le o f Wigh t p a ls tave ,

Moore a nd R ow lands 1 972 , 5 4-55 , Moore a nd R ow lands 1 972 , p l . I X ,

L ooped p a ls tave w i th V -r ib a nd c en tra l r ib , 3 4.

c ordi for m i nse t , 3 5 .

3 30

Pa ls tave w i th

4 0 .

S teep le L ang ford , Wi l ts . R ow lands 1 976 , 2 72 n o . 1 57; 3 6-37. H oard . 3 6.

4 1.

Moore a nd R owlands 1 972 , 5 5 , p l . I X ,

I s le o f Wigh t p a ls tave ,

Moore a nd R ow lands 1 972 , p l . I X ,

L ooped s ocke ted a xe w i th s lender b lade , 3 7.

P enrose , H e ls ton , C ornwa l l . Row lands 1 976 , 2 28 n o . 1 8 ;

Tho mas 1 964 ;

I ns t i tu te o f C ornwa l l , Truro ;

Sm i th 1 919-20 .

R oya l

S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wi l tsh ire Museum ,

S a l isbury , P i t t R ivers C o l lec t ion . 2 T .3 6. F ig . 1 6C . H oard , p robab ly o f t hree p enannu lar b race le ts , t wo i n Truro a nd o ne i n S a l isbury.

P enannu lar b race le t , D -sect ion w i th f la t t er m ina ls ,

b roader t han t he b ody o f t he b race le t .

A long t he b ody r un t hree r ibs ,

t wo p er iphera l a nd o ne c en tra l , w i th a t r iang le o f r ibs a t e i ther e nd o f t he c en tra l r ib ; b eyond a re o bl ique r ibs a nd g rooves , a ssy m me tr ica l i n o ne c ase . T he t er m ina ls b ear t wo t ransverse r ibs w i th t wo g rooved r ing-and-do t mo t i fs i nb e tween . These r ibs a nd g rooves a ppear t o b e mou lded .

A l l t he r ibs b ear d ouble l i nes o f p unched o rna men t ,

a pparen t ly d one w i th a c rescen t ic p oin t ; F ig . 1 6C , 1 .

P enannu lar b race le t .

t hese l i nes o f ten o ver lap ,

Ad raw ing k ind ly p rov ided b y

M iss S . M. P earce o f Exeter Museum s hows t ha t t h is i den t ica l t o t he S a l isbury b race le t , Truro .

i s a l mos t

P enannu lar b race le t .

C orroded b u t s im i lar t o t he o ther t wo , T ruro . Tho mas s ugges ts t ha t f our p a ls taves a nd a s ocke ted a xe b e long w i th t hsse b race le ts b u t t here i s l i t t le e v idence f or t h is . w i th r ibbed b race le ts c i ted b y Tho mas i s s uper f icia l ;

The r e la t ionsh ip n e i ther d oes t he

o rnamen t o n t he H els ton b race le ts r ese mble t ha t o n Br i t ish M idd le Bronze Age d ecora ted b race le ts .

A Du tch f ind i s r e levan t .

J . J . Bu t ler h as

k ind ly p rov ided a d rawing o f ab race le t f ro m t he Daar leveen , g em . H e l lendoorn , O ver i jsse l , RMOL d .1909. 1 0.1.

I ti s o f s im i lar f or m

a nd a ppears t o e xh ibi t t he s a me t echn iques o f o rnamen t w i th c en tra l a nd p er iphera l r ibs a s we l l a s t ransverse r ibs o n t he t er m ina ls .

Th is

b race le t c ou ld we l l b e f ro m t he s a me workshop a s t he C orn ish h oard . The d a te o f t hese b race le ts i s u ncer ta in .

I n Br i ta in , mass ive b race le ts

o fb ronze b ear ing c o mp lex d ecora t ion a re o n ly c o m mon d ur ing t he M idd le Bronze Age .

One l a ter f ind may b e c ons idered , t he d ecora ted

g o ld b race le t f ro m Wa lders lade , K en t ( Longwor th 1 966-67 f ig . 2 , p l . XL IV ).

T h is h as r ing-and-do t a nd l ong i tud ina l o rnamen t .

Du tch La te

Bronze Age b race lets o f omega a nd r e la ted f or ms a re t he b es t l oca l c o mpar isons f or t he Daar leveen b race le t b u t t hese h ave d i f feren t o rnamen ta l mot i fs . T he sma l l a nnu lar b race le t f ro m P e mbroke H ouse , P assage Wes t , C o . C ork , h as l ong i tud ina l l i nes o f d o ts a nd mu l t ip le c oncen tr ic r ings b ound ed b y b ands o f t ransverse l ines ( Anon . 1 928 ).

Th is s ee ms r e la ted t o

t he H e ls ton a nd Daar leveen o rna men t b u t t he I r ish b race le t h as a h o l low s ec t ion .

3 3 1

NORTH-EASTERN FRANCE 4 2 .

Do m m iers , A isne . L ob jo is 1 973 .

Drawings a f ter J . J . Bu t ler , F ig . 1 7A .

H oard , o r ig ina l ly t we lve p a ls taves , n ine p reserved . V -ornamen t , F ig . 1 7A , 1 .

P a ls tave w i th i nse t b ounded b y r ib c on-

t a in ing r ibs , r idged b lade , 2 . b y r ib , midr ib , 3 -5 . 6 .

Pa ls tave w i th

Three p a ls taves w i th i nse t b ounded

Pa ls tave w i th i nse t c on ta in ing r ib , r idged b lade ,

Pa ls tave w i th i nse t b ounded b y r ib , c on ta in ing r ibs , midr ib ,

r ibs i n s ep tum , 7 .

P a ls tave b lade w i th i nset , 8 .

Pa ls tave s ep tum ,

9 . The b road b lade a nd V -ornamen t o f D omm iers 1 c an b e ma tched b y a n u nprovenanced p a ls tave i n Beauva is Museum ( B lanche t a nd La mbo t 1 975 , 5 1 n o . 4 3 ) .

T he c r ino l ine-shaped b lade w i th i nse t o rnamen t , 8 , i s s im i-

l ar t o t he p a ls tave f ro m H esd in , P as-de-Ca la is ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l .19a ) , a nd t o ap a ls tave i n t he N ear C an terbury h oard ( 24 ) 2 .

T hese

t wo Do m m iers p a ls taves a re s im i lar i n f or m a nd d i mens ions t o c er ta in O ise e xamp les , e .g . F ores t o f C o mpibgne a nd Mor ienva l ( B lanche t a nd Lambo t 1 975 , 3 0-31 , n os . 3 , 5 ) . The o ther D omm iers p a ls taves a re c loser i n s ize a nd f or m t o t he p a ls taves i n t he Bernay h oard ( 6 6) t han t o t he N or man t ype ;

t hey a re l arger a nd b roader t han mos t N orman

p a ls taves a nd h ave w ider f langes .

A s im i lar O ise p a ls tave c o mes f ro m

t he Fores t o f C o mpi gne , n ear S a in t-N ico las ( i b id ., 3 1 n o . 4 ) . 4 3 .

Baux-Sa in te-Cro ix , Eure . Musge Mun ic ipa l , Evreux , 3 540-3551 . H oard . 1 8 , 1 .

F ig . 1 8 .

L ooped N or man p a ls tave , d ouble i nse t i n t aper ing r ib , F ig . L ooped N or man p a ls tave , r idged b lade , 2 .

t r iangu lar i nse t , 3 .

Nor man p a ls tave , d ouble i nse t , 4 .

p a ls tave , V-r ib , i nse t , midr ib , 5 . i n t aper ing r ib , 6 .

N or man p a ls tave , N or man

N orman p a ls tave , d ouble i nse t

N orman p a ls tave , V -r ib c on ta in ing p e l le t , 7 .

N or man p a ls tave , mu l t ip le s hor t r ibs , 8 .

P egged s pearhead , t i p

b roken o f f , o g iva l b lade w i th b eve l led e dges , r idged s ocke t , 1 1 . P egged s pearhead , s ocke t b roken o f f , o g iva l b lade , r idged s ocke t , 1 2.

P in , t h ickened h ead w i th mu l t ip le r ibs , 1 0 .

P in , l ower p ar t

b roken o f f , s wo l len s haf t w i th a ngu lar r ibs , s o me n o tched , e xpanded h ead w i th t wo r ibs , 9 . T he s hor t r ib o rna men t , 8 , i s n o t c o m mon o n N or man p a ls taves , t hough i to ccurs o n La C hape l le ( 4 6) 1 1; i ti s p resen t o n t he f our b road-bladed p a ls taves i n t he Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard .

T he s pearheads b elong t o

t he g roup o f o g iva l-b laded s pearheads o f n or th-eas tern France . c o mp le te p in , 1 0 , b e longs t o t he t ype w i th l ong r ibbed h ead .

The

The b roken

p in , 9 , i s p resumably t he e xa mp le wh ich Verron ( 1976a , 5 90 ) c ons iders t o b e c lose t o t he c o l lared t ype a nd K ubach ( 1977 , 3 28 n .33 ) a lso c o mpares i tw i th e ar ly U rn f ie ld p ins .

C o mpar ison may a lso b e made w i th l a te

Tumu lus p ins , s uch a s t he.e xa mp le i n t he b ur ia l f ro m K ösch ing , Ldkr . I ngo ls tad t , Bavar ia ( I nv . A rch . D 17 , 3 ) ;

t h is h as a ngu lar r ibs , s o me

n o tched , l i ke t he Baux-Sa in te-Cro ix p in .

Al a te Tumu lus d a te f or t hese

p ins i s e s tab l ished b y t he o ccurrence o f o ne i nb arrow E , A senkofen , 3 32

Kr . Fre is ing , Bavar ia ( Schauer 1 971 , Ta f . 1 37B , 4 ) , t he e pony mous f ind f or Reinecke C 2 i n Bavar ia ( i bid ., 1 06) .

O ther c on te mporary

e xa mp les o ccur i n Bavar ia ( Torbrügge 1 959a , 4 3 , A bb . 1 2 4 -5 ) a nd i n Wür t te mberg ( Zieger t 1 963 , 1 1 , Ta f . 3 ) .

S im i lar p ins c ons t i tu te t he

H a m mer g roup ( Randsborg 1 968 , 4 4 n .128-129 ) n a med a f ter t he c ont rovers ia l l a te Tumu lus s word f ro m H am mer , Nure mberg , Bavar ia ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 13-114 , T al . 1 37A ) ;

t hey a re f ound i n c en tra l a nd

n or thern Europe a nd t he Haguenau F ores t .

P ins w i th n o tched r ounded

r ibs o ccur i n n or th-wes tern G ermany d ur ing l a te MI I a nd e ar ly M I I I ( Laux 1 971 , 5 5 ;

1 976 , 6 7-68 n o . 3 57-362 ;

I nv . A rch . D 157 , 2 ).

The Baux-Sa in te-Cro ix p in n eed n o t b e g iven a n U rn f ie ld d a te b u t we may a gree w i th Verron ( 1 976a , 5 90 ) i n p lacing t h is h oard l a te i n Bronze Moyen . 4 4 .

B our lay

Mor in , E vreux , E ure .

Musee Mun ic ipa l , E vreux , 3 471-3479. H oard .

F ig . 1 9A .

Nor man p a ls tave , d iv ided i nset , F ig . 1 9A , 1 .

p a ls tave , i nset w i th p endan t midr ib , 2 . i nse t c on ta in ing r ibs , 3 . t a in ing p e l le t , 4 .

N or man p a ls tave , t r iangu lar i nse t c on-

Nor man p a ls tave , V -r ib c on ta in ing t wo p e l le ts , 5 .

N or man p a ls tave , d iv ided i nse t , 6 . i nse t , 7 .

N or man

N or man p a ls tave , t r iangu lar

N or man p a ls tave , c ord i for m

N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t , 8 .

N or man p a ls tave ,

t r iangu lar i nse t c on ta in ing r ib , t h ick midr ib , 9 . 4 5 .

Bournev i l le , E ure . BM W G 2 00-203 . H oard .

F ig . 1 7B.

N or man p a ls tave , t r iangu lar i nse t , F ig . 1 7B , 1 .

p a ls tave , d iv ided c ordi for m i nset , 2 . t r iangu lar i nse t , 3 . 4 6.

N or man

N or man p a ls tave , d ivided

N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rnamen t , 4 .

La Chape l le-du-Bo is-des-Fau lx , Eure . Verron 1 975a ;

1 976a , f ig . 2 , 7 -16.

Musee Mun ic ipa l , L ouv iers .

F igs . 1 9B , 2 0 H oard . L ooped N orman p a ls tave w i th midr ib , F ig . 1 9B , 1 . N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t w i th a dd i t iona l V-r ib , 2 .

L ooped One

s im i lar p a ls tave . L ooped N or man p a ls tave , Y-ornamen t , 3 . L ooped N or man p a ls tave , b road b lade , t r iden t o rna men t , 4 . L ooped N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rnamen t , 5 .

Three s im i lar p a ls taves .

Nor man

p a ls tave , d iv ided t r iangu lar i nse t , F ig . 2 0 , 6 . N or man p a ls tave , i nse t o rnamen t , 7 . N or man p a ls tave , d iv ided l ong i nse t , 8 . N or man p a ls tave , s em i-circu lar i nse t b ounded b y U -r ib , p endan t midr ib , 9 . N or man p a ls tave , i nse t b ounded b y r ib , 1 0 . mu l t ip le s hor t r ibs , 1 1 .

N or man p a ls tave ,

Nor man p a ls tave , Y-orna men t , 1 2 .

p a ls tave , c ord i for m i nse t d iv ided b y l ong midr ib , 1 3. p a ls tave w i th n arrower b lade . 1 4.

Two s im i lar p a ls taves .

Nor man

One s im i lar

N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rnamen t , N or man p a ls tave , i nse t , l ong midr ib

f lanked b y g rooves a nd s hor ter r ibs , 1 5 .

Two s im i lar p a ls taves .

N or man p a ls tave , t r iangu lar i nse t b ounded b y r ib , 1 7. 3 33

Two N or man

p a ls taves , p s i-orna men t , 1 8-19.

One s im i lar p a ls tave .

S ide-

f langed p a ls tave w i th midr ib , 1 6. The p a ls taves h ave b een a na lysed a nd a l l c on ta in l ess t han 1% l ead e xcep t 5 wh ich c on ta ins 3 .5% ( Verron 1 975c , 5 7).

One p a ls tave w i th

b road b lade a nd c onvex f langes ( i bid ., n o . 2 9 ; 1 976c , f ig . 2 , 7 ) i s i den t i f ied a s a Trgbou l p a ls tave ( 1975c , 5 8 ) . The s ide-f langed p a ls tave , 1 6, i s u nusua l i n N or mandy a nd more s lender t han t he s idef langed p a ls taves f ro m t he S o m me v a l ley ;

i t s d i mens ions c an b e ma tched b y

as idef langed p a ls tave w i th midr ib i n t he N ear C an terbury h oard ( 24 ) 7 .

The o ccurrence o f t h is p a ls tave c orre la tes t he La C hape l le h oard

w i th t he Br i t ish s equence . 4 7.

G isors a rea , Eure . Mus6e Mun ic ipa l , Evreux , 3 506-3512 . H oard .

F ig . 2 1A .

Broad-bladed p a ls tave w i th t r iangu lar i nse t , F ig . 2 1A , 1 .

N orman p a ls tave w i th i nse t c on ta in ing r ib , 2 . N or man p a ls tave w i th d iv ided i nse t a nd f a in t midr ib , 3 . Nor man p a ls tave w i th t r iden t a nd d ouble i nse t , 4 .

N orman p a ls tave w i th c ordi for m i nse t , 5 .

N or man

p a ls tave w i th t r iangu lar i nse t b ounded b y r ib a nd c on ta in ing r ib , 6 . N or man p a ls tave w i th d iv ided i nse t , 7 .

Sma l l p a ls tave w i th U -r ib ,

8 . T he b road-b laded p a ls tave may b e c o mpared w i th s evera l Br i t ish p a ls taves w i th i nse t o rnamen t a nd n arrow f langes :

Burnham ( 2 ) 1 5 , 1 6 ;

B irch ing ton ( 23 ) 9a nd Marsha l l Es ta te ( 32 ) 1 4. 4 8.

L ivet-sur-Pon t-Au thou , Eure . Muste Mun ic ipa l , Evreux , 3 446-3456.

F ig . 2 3A .

H oard . L ooped N or man p a ls tave , V -r ib , r idged b lade , F ig . 2 3A , 1 . L ooped N orman p a ls tave , d oub le V -groove , 2 . N or man p a ls tave , c ord i for m i nset , 3 .

Nor man p a ls tave , d iv ided t r iangu lar i nse t , 4 .

N or man p a ls tave , t r iangu lar i nse t c on ta in ing r ib , 5 . p a ls tave.

Nor man p a ls tave , W-r ib w i th t wo i nse ts , 6 .

p a ls tave .

N or man p a ls tave , i nse t c on ta in ing t wo i nd is t inct r ibs , 7 .

N or man p a ls tave , V -groove , 8 . 4 9.

One s im i lar One s im i lar

N or man p a ls tave , Y-ornamen t , 9 .

L ongchamps , E ure . C ou t i l 1 925 . H oard .

Broad-bladed p a ls tave , a pparen t ly s ide-f langed w i th v er t ica l

r ibs a nd g rooves , C ou t i l 1 925 , 1 .

N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna-

men t w i th t ransverse r ibs , 3 . Narrow-bladed p a ls tave , 2 . Ap a ir o f mass ive a nnu lar b race le ts , i nc ised o rna men t , c o mposed o f l i nes a nd t ransverse s trokes , p o in ted o va ls s epara ted b y b ands o f l i nes , 6 .

Mass ive a nnu lar b race le t , i ncised o rna men t c o mposed o f l ines

a nd p o in t i 1 16 , a pposed s em i-circ les a nd b ands o f l ines , 5 . Mass ive a nnu lar b race le t , i nc ised o rna men t c o mposed o f l ines a nd p o in t i l lb , p o in ted o va ls s epara ted b y b ands o f l ines , 4 . C ou t i l s ta tes e xp l ici t ly t ha t t he l i ne o rnamen t was p roduced b y , l a g ravure a u b ur in , a nd t he p o in t i l lb b y , l e c ise le t ( 1925 , 1 94 ).

T he N or man p a l-

s tave c an b e ma tched i n t he C ar i mel h oard , C o tes-du-Nord ( Br iard 1 966b , 3 34

f ig . 2 , 1 ) , a nd t h is h oard a lso c on ta ins a s ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th midr ib o rna men t ( i bid ., f ig . 2 , 3 ) .

The b road-bladed L ongchamps

p a ls tave may b e c o mpared w i th t hose i n t he Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard ( 61 ) 1 -4 wh ich a lso b ear r ibs a nd g rooves . 5 0 .

Fore t d e B ords , n ear L ouv iers , Eure . Verron 1 976a , f ig . 2 , 5 -6. P robab le h oard . F langed a xe w i th a rched b u t t a nd e xpanded b lade . S h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave w i th midr ib p endan t f ro m s top-r idge . The f langed a xe i s p robably r e la ted t o t he A rre ton t ype ;

l i ke t he Mu ids

h oard , t h is a ssoc ia t ion s hows t ha t s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves a nd f langed a xes o f Ear ly Bronze Age f or m were i n u se a t t he s a me t ime i n U pper Nor mandy ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 8 5 ) . 5 1 .

Mu ids , Eure . Verron 1 971 , 1 5 n o . 1 2 , f igs . 1 2a-d ;

1 976a , 5 87 ;

C ou t i l 1 921 , p l . 2 ,

f ig . 2 5 . H oard .

F langed a xe , s l igh t s top-r idge , e xpanded b lade ,

Verron

1 971 , f ig . 1 2 . F langed a xe , s l igh t s top-r idge , marked b y i ncised o rna men t , e xpanded b lade , 1 2b . F langed a xe , t rapezoida l f or m , e xpanded b lade , 1 2c . p ar t , 1 2d .

F langed a xe , f langes o n ly p resen t o n u pper .

Two o ther f langed a xes .

S h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave w i th

s ha l low s top-r idge , l a tera l p ro jec t ions a nd m idr ib o nb lade , C ou t i l 1 921 p l . 2 , f ig . 2 5 . F langed a xe 1 2d may b e r e la ted t o t he Br i t ish h a f t-f langed t ype ( Sm i th 1 959 , 1 71-173 , f ig . 6 , 1 -4 , Map 4 a ) ;

r e la ted a xes i n N or mandy h ave

as hou ldered p rof i le ( Br iard a nd V erron 1 976a , 6 7-68 , f ig . 3 ) .

The

f irs t t wo f langed a xes , 1 2a-b , b elong t o ag roup o f t he French A t lan t ic t ype r e la ted t o t he Br i t ish A rreton t ype ( i bid ., 4 6 ).

The f or m o f t he

p a ls tave i s t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly , i t s l a tera l p ro jec t ions s ugges t d er iva t ion f ro m t he l oca l h a f t-f langed a xe f or m ( i bid ., 8 5 ).

The Mu ids h oard i s

impor tan t f or i t s d e mons tra t ion o f t he e ar ly a ppearance o f s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves i n N or mandy ( Verron 1 976a , 5 87) a ssoc ia ted w i th f langed a xes a nd h aches a t a lon n a issan t ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 8 0-81) . 5 2 .

V i l le-d 'Avray , Hau ts-de-Se ine . G aucher 1 973 , 2 23-227 , f igs . 6B -7. H oard .

B re ton p a ls tave , u ndecora ted , G aucher 1 973 , f ig . 6B , 1 .

Bre ton p a ls tave , n arrow midr ib , 2 . Bre ton p a ls tave , s hor t midr ib , f ace t o nb lade , F ig . 7 , 3 . Three Bre ton p a ls taves , s ide-f langed , midr ib , 4 -6 .

N or man p a ls tave , V -groove , d ouble i nse t , 7 .

B lade

o f Bre ton p a ls tave , w i th midr ib , 8 . F langed a xe , 9 . P egged s pearh ead w i th b roken b lade , 1 0 . Two mass ive p enannu lar b race le ts w i th i rregu lar q uadr i la tera l s ec t ion , 1 1-12 .

Mass ive p enannu lar b race le t

D-sec t ion , 1 3. The p a ls taves a re i den t i f ied b y Br iard a nd V erron ( 1976a , 1 04 ).

S ide-

f langes a re n o t c o m mon o n Breton p a ls taves b u t o ccur i n t he h oards f ro m La J ossa is , L o ire-A t lan t ique ( Br iard 1 966b , f ig . 4 , 1 , 4 -6 ) , Car i me l

3 35

( i b id ., f ig . 3 , 4 ) a nd P or tr ieux ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 3 8 , 5 ) , Cö tes-duN ord , a nd o n i sola ted p a ls taves f ro m V i tr6 , I l le-e t-V i la ine ( i b id ., f ig . 3 6 , 7 ) , a nd Auray , Morb ihan ( i bid ., f ig . 3 7 , 1 ) . The f langed a xe i s r es idua l ; i tr ese mb les t he Auvern ier t ype o f Re inecke A 2 , ma in ly f ound i n wes tern S wi tzer land a nd s ou th-eas tern France ( Abe ls 1 972 , 7 3-75 ) , t hough G aucher i l lus tra tes i ta s ac haracter is t ic t ype o f h is Midd le B ronze Age C h6ry g roup ( 1976 , f ig . 2 , 1 ) . 5 3.

C a mbra i a rea , N ord . Mohen 1 972 , 4 52-454 , f ig . 5 . H oard .

F langed a xe w i th a rched b u t t a nd e xpanded b lade , Mohen

1 972 , f ig . 5 , I . S h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave , 2 . Narrow-b laded p a ls tave w i th c urved s top-r idge a nd s hor t midr ib , 3 . S even A r mor ican s ocke ted a xes , 4 -10. T he f langed a xe b e longs t o t he Arre ton g roup o f t he French A t lan t ic t ype .

Mohen i den t if ies t he s econd p a ls tave a s Bre ton b u t t he c urved

s top-r idge a nd e xpanded b lade a re more c haracter is t ic o f t he l ooped N or man t ype . 5 4 .

These a xes a re a l l r es idua l .

S ous l a S au lx , Ba i l leu l-sur-Thbra in , O ise . B lanche t a nd L ambo t 1 975 , 5 5-57 , n os . 5 5-59. H oard , f ound i n ap i t w i th in a r ing d i tch , o r ig ina l ly s even f langed a xes .

F our f langed a xes , a rched b u t t , s l igh t s top-r idge ,

h i l ted r ap ier , l ower p ar t o f b lade b roken o f f .

S o l id-

The h i l t h as f la t

p o m me l w i th t hree b osses o n t he u pper p ar t o f t he g r ip , c onvex s hou lders w i th t hree r ivets , n o tched b ase . The b lade h as a t aper ing midr ib f lanked b y mu l t ip le g rooves . The a xes b e long t o t he A rre ton g roup o f t he French A t lan t ic t ype o f f langed a xe ( see p . 4 0 ) .

The b lade f or m o f t he s word r e la tes i tt o t he

Trebou l-Sa in t-Brandan g roup a nd t he a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he a xes c on f ir ms t he e ar ly o r ig in o f t hese s words , a t t he b eg inn ing o f Bronze Moyen i n France , p robab ly e qu iva len t t o t he l a ter p ar t o f t he Ear ly Bronze Age i n s ou thern Br i ta in . 5 5 .

La H gre I le , O ise. B lanche t a nd L ambo t 1 975 , 5 9 n os . 6 2-63 . 6 0 p resumably r efer t o t hese p a ls taves ).

( t he measure men ts o n p .

H oard , o r ig ina l ly a t l eas t f ive p a ls taves , t wo p reserved . N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rnamen t .

L ooped

N or man p a ls tave w i th t r iden t

o rnamen t . 5 6.

Desvres , P as-de-Ca la is . C of fyn 1 969 , 1 08-109 , f igs , 8 , 2 -8 ; 1 13 , Desvres 1 .

9 , 5 ;

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 ,

The a ssoc ia t ion o f t h is g roup o f o b jec ts , n ow i n t he Muste d u P br igord , P 6r igeux , i s u ncer ta in

M6doc f langed a xe , C o f fyn 1 969 , f ig . 8 , 2 .

Bre ton p a ls tave , f ig . 9 , 5 . p enannu lar b race le ts , f ig . f ig . 8 , 4 .

Three a nnu lar r ings f ig . 8 , 6 -8 . 8 , 3 , 5 . 3 36

Two

P in w i th s l igh t ly e xpanded h ead ,

The s a me museu m c on ta ins a no ther Mgdoc a xe f ro m n or th-eas tern France w i th t he p rovenance , P ierrefonds , O ise ( Cof fyn 1 969 , 1 09 , f ig . 8 1).

Associa t ions o f Mbdoc f langed a xes a nd Bre ton p a ls taves a re k nown

i n c en tra l France i n t he Tei l le t-Argen ty h oard , A l l ier ( Abauzi t 1 967, 3 42-345 , f igs . 2 ;

3A ) , a nd i n Br i t tany i n t he P or tr ieux h oard , C i tes-

d u-Nord ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 16, f ig . 3 8 , 4 -6).

Ou ts ide c en tra l a nd wes tern

France , f inds o f t rue M6doc a xes a re r are ( Co f fyn a nd Mohen 1 968 , 7 60-763 ;

Br iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 4 9-52 ) ;

t he t ype e n joyed a l ong

p er iod o f c urrency d ur ing t he Bronze Age a nd many e xa mp les were d isp ersed d ur ing t he 1 9 th c en tury ( i bid .). 5 7.

Vaudr icour t , P as-de-Ca la is . Mohen 1 972 , 4 46 , f ig . 1 , 7 -13 ;

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 19 ,

Vaudr icour t . Poss ible h oard . F ig . 1 , 7 .

Pegged s pearhead , s ocke t b roken o f f , Mohen 1 972 ,

P egged s pearhead , 8 .

r apier b lade w i th midr ib , 1 0. 1 2.

S pearhead b lade , 9 .

Tanged b lade , 1 1.

S word o r

Pa ls tave b lade ,

S top-r idge a xe , 1 3.

Ne i ther t he d a te n or t he n a ture o f t h is f ind i s c er ta in . 5 8 .

Roumare Fores t , Can te leu , B iessard , S eine- Mar i t i me . Verron 1 971 , 5 9 n o . 2 9 ;

Deg la t igny 1 924 , 3 4-35 , p l. X .

H oard , o r ig ina l ly a d ozen p a ls taves , s even s urv ive .

Looped N or man

p a ls tave , Verron 1 971 , f ig . 2 9.

Broad-bladed p a ls tave , midr ib

f lanked b y b road g rooves , I b id .

Bre ton p a ls tave , Deg la t igny 1 924 ,

p l . X .

Pa ls tave w i th t r iden t o rna men t , I bid .

Nor man p a ls tave , b lade b roken , I b id .

Pa ls tave b lade , I bid .

B lade o f N or man p a ls tave ,

V-r ib w i th c en tra l r ib , I bid . 5 9.

L e Hanouard , S eine- Mar i t i me. Verron 1 971 , 5 7 n o. 2 6;

C ou t i l 1 921 , 8 06, p l . 6 .

Hoard , o r ig ina l ly t wen ty p a ls taves a nd f ive b racele ts . s tave , d oub le i nset , Verron 1 971 , f ig . 2 6a . w i th i nset , f ig . 2 6b.

Nor man p a l-

Narrow-bladed p a ls tave

Annu lar b racele t w i th f a lse t er m ina ls , i ncised

o rna men t , l ine , p oin t i l le a nd c ross h a tch ing , o pposed c urves o f l ine a nd p oin t i l l6 a nd l ong i tud ina l l ines d iv ided i n to z one b y t ransverse b ands , f ig . 2 6c .

Penannu lar b racelet , i ncised o rna men t , s im i lar

mot i fs , C ou t i l 1 921, p l . 6 . 6 0.

Heuquev i l le , S eine- Mar i t i me. Verron 1 971 , 6 1-63 n o. 3 7;

Dubus 1 912 , 1 03 , p l . I -I I .

men ta l d es An t iqu i tes d e l a S e ine- Mar i t i me , Rouen .

Mus6e Depar t-

2 534.1-42.

F igs .

2 1B , 2 2. Hoard ,

L ooped N or man p a ls tave , u ndecora ted , F ig . 2 1B , 1 .

s i mi lar p a ls taves .

L ooped N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t , 2 .

One s im i lar p a ls tave midr ib , 3 .

Two

L ooped Nor man p a ls tave , i nset w i th s hor t

One s im i lar p a ls tave.

p a ls tave , u ndecora ted , F ig . 2 2 , 5 .

3 37

Breton p a ls tave , 4 .

Nor man

Three s im i lar p a ls taves .

N or man p a ls tave w i th i nd is t inc t i nse t , l ong midr ib , 6 .

N or man p a l-

s tave w i th i nse t , l ong midr ib , 7 . F our s im i lar p a ls taves . Nor man p a ls tave w i th t r iangu lar i nse t b ounded b y r ib , l ong m idr ib , 8 . N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t , 9 . p a ls tave , d iv ided i nse t , 1 0.

E igh t s im i lar p a ls taves .

Three s im i lar p a ls taves .

N or man Two N or man

p a ls taves w i th i nse t , 1 1-12 . N orman p a ls tave w i th r a ised f ace t a nd midr ib , 1 3. One s im i lar p a ls tave . N or man p a ls tave w i th V-r ib , 1 4. N or man p a ls tave w i th V -groove , 1 5 . i nse t b ounded b y V -r ib , 1 6. midr ib , 1 7.

N or man p a ls tave w i th d iv ided

N or man p a ls tave w i th i nse t a nd s hor t

N orman p a ls tave w i th mu l t ip le s hor t r ibs , 1 8 .

The Bre ton p a ls tave d oes n ot h ave t he c haracter is t ic s tra igh t s top-r idge b u t t he b road s ep tum a nd c onvex f langes i nd ica te t ha t i ti s n o t aN or man p a ls tave ;

i t may b e c o mpared w i th a miscas t e xa mp le f ro m T rois-Croix ,

Rennes , I l le-e t-V i la ine ( Br iard 1 970b , 1 9 , f ig . 1 , 5 ) .

One o f t he Bre ton

p a ls taves i n t he Ma lass is h oard , C her , h as a c urved s top-r idge ( Br iard , C ord ier a nd G aucher 1 969 , f ig . 5 , 1 ) . 6 1.

Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan , R ouen , S e ine- Mar i t i me. Verron 1 971 , 4 7-49 n o. 8 ;

Deg la t igny 1 919-20 .

d es An t iqu i tes d e l a S e ine Mar i t i me , R ouen . H oard .

N or man p a ls tave , i nse t b ounded b y r ib , 5 .

N orman p a ls tave , d iv ided i nse t , 6 . b y r ib , midr ib , 7 .

N orman p a ls tave , i nse t b ounded

N or man p a ls tave , i nd is t inct i nse t , p endan t mid-

R ap ier , d a maged h i l t w i th t wo b roken n o tches ;

b lade s ec t ion w i th o f fse t e dges , 9 . r ive ts ;

F ig . 2 4.

F our b road-bladed p a ls taves w i th i rregu lar r ib a nd g roove

o rnamen t , F ig . 2 4 , 1 -4 .

r ib , 8 .

Musee D epar t men ta l

2 503-2512 .

l ozenge

Rap ier , s o l id h i l t a t tached b y f our

f la t o va l p o m me l , s l igh t ly c oncave g r ip , c onvex , d roop ing

s hou lders , s l igh t n otch i nb ase , i nc ised o rna men t , b ands o f t r iang les o n g r ip , b ands o f t ransverse l i nes o n s hou lders , 1 0 . The o rnamen t o n t he b road-b laded p a ls taves o ccurs o nN or man p a ls taves i n t he h oards f ro m La C hape l le ( 4 6) 1 1 a nd Baux-Sa in te-Cro ix ( 4 3 ) 8 a nd o n ap a ls tave i n t he Bernay-Pon tho i le h oard ( 66) 3 6.

The o rna men t

o n t he h i l t o f t he r ap ier i s u nusua l o n Trebou l-Sa in t-Brandan s words ( Br iard a nd Mohen 1 976 , 3 1 , 3 4 , f ig . 2 , 2 ) , b u t o ccurs o n Trebou l s pearheads ( Br iard 1 965 , 8 6 , f ig . 2 5 , 5 -6).

Burgess i nc ludes b oth

Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan b lades i n h is G roup I I w i th t r ip le a rr is ( 1968c , 1 3 ) b u t t hey d o n ot h ave t h is s ec t ion .

The ir l ozenge s ect ions w i th o f fse t

e dges r e la te t he m t o c en tra l European R einecke B s words o f Ber ingen a nd G rossens t ingen t ypes ( Schauer 1 972c , 2 4 ;

1 971 , 4 5-48 ) t hough t h is

s ec t ion a lso o ccurs o n l a ter N ehren s words ( i b id ., 4 8-51 ).

These s words

h ave b road , s l igh t ly t rapezoida l h i l ts w i th t wo r ive ts a nd t wo r ive t n otches ;

t he ir h i l t marks a re c oncave o r t r ip le U -shaped .

The t wo

sma l l l a tera l r ive ts i n t he Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan s ol id h i l t r e la te i tt o t hese c en tra l European weapons ;

t he o ther b lade i s t oo d a maged t o e nab le t he

p resence o r a bsence o f s uch n o tches t o b e a scer ta ined . The p ropor t ions o f o ur weapons , n arrow b lades a nd b road h i l ts , r ela te t he m t o A t lan t ic t rapeze-h i l t r ap iers ( Br iard a nd Mohen 1 976 , 3 4 ).

The d a te o f t he Mon t-

S a in t-A ignan s o l id h i l ted s word s hou ld b e w i th in , o r s oon a f ter , R e inecke B . Ic anno t a ccep t t he c o mpar ison o f Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan p a ls taves w i th s h ie ldp a t tern p a ls taves i n t he H abshe im h oard ( Hund t 1 962 , 5 2 ; 3 38

S chauer 1 972c ,

2 3-24 ).

The b road-b laded p a ls taves a re u nusua l , p robab ly l oca l n o t

Br i t ish , a nd t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly i n t he n or th-wes tern French s er ies . The ir r e la t ionsh ip w i th S o m me p a ls taves i s u ncer ta in . Verron i s s ure ly r igh t t o p lace t he Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard e ar ly i n Bronze Moyen ( 1976a , 5 88 , 5 90 ) . 6 2 .

Rouen , S e ine- Mar i t i me . MAN . 6 29 , 6 31 , 6 33 , 6 36 , 6 38 . F ig . 2 3B . P oss ib le h oard . N or man p a ls tave , i nse t o rna men t , F ig . 2 3B , 1 . Nor man p a ls tave , d oub le V-groove , 2 . t r iden t o rnamen t , 3 . i nse t , 4 .

6 3 .

L ooped N or man p a ls tave ,

L ooped N or man p a ls tave , d iv ided t r iangu lar

L ooped N or man p a ls tave , Y-ornamen t , 5 .

Fay- Ms-Ne mours , S e ine-e t- Marne . G aucher 1 973 , 2 17-218 , f ig . 3 B . H oard , o r ig ina l ly e igh t o r t en p a ls taves , o ne s urv ives .

Nor man

p a ls tave , midr ib o rnamen t . 6 4 .

Verneiu l-l 'E tang , S e ine-e t- Marne . G aucher 1 973 , 2 21-223 , f igs . 4 , 5 A . H oard , o r ig ina l n umber o f p a ls taves u ncer ta in , f igures o f t h ir ty-f ive a nd f i f ty-eigh t h ave b een r ecorded .

S ix p a ls taves a re p reserved ,

w i th a dequa te i l lus tra t ions o f a no ther n ine . 1 973 , f ig . 4 , 4 .

Bre ton p a ls tave , G aucher

L ooped N or man p a ls tave , u ndecora ted , f ig . 5A , 1 3.

L ooped N or man p a ls tave , t r iangu lar i nse t , f ig . 5 A , 1 4 . N or man p a ls tave , Y-orna men t , f ig . 5 A , 1 5 . u ndecora ted , f ig . 4 , 2 .

Two Nor man p a ls taves , i nse t , f ig . 4 , 5 76.

Three N or man p a ls taves , d iv ided i nse t , f ig . 4 , 7 ;

f ig . 5A 1 1-12.

N or man p a ls tave , d iv ided i nse t , l ong midr ib , f ig . 4 , 8 . p a ls tave , midr ib , f ig . 4 , 9 . f ig . 5 A , 1 0 .

L ooped

N orman p a ls tave ,

Nor man

N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t ,

P la in p a ls tave , f ig . 4 , 1 .

Broad-b laded p a ls tave w i th

t h ick midr ib , f ig . 4 , 3 . 6 5 .

Am iens Museum , S o m me . G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 08 , Am iens Musbe 1 -4 ; 2 , 1 5 ;

Breu i l 1 905 , f igs .

3 , 2 4 , 2 6 , 2 8 .

P oss ible h oard , s a id t o h ave b een f ound d ur ing c ons truct ion o f t he r a i lway f ro m Am iens t o B ou logne. r ib , B reu i l 1 905 , f ig . 2 , 1 5 .

S ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th mid-

Pa ls tave w i th b lade s hor tened b y

r esharpen ing , c ordi for m i nse t , f ig . 3 , 2 4. w i th d oub le U -r ib o rna men t , 2 6. o rnamen t , 2 8 .

Broad-b laded p a ls tave

Broad-bladed p a ls tave w i th p s i-

The r esharpened b lade r enders a t tr ibu t ion o f 2 4 t o ap ar t icu lar t ype u ncer ta in .

The o ther t hree p a ls taves a re r e la ted t o t he Bernay-Po in tho i le

h oard ( 6 6) b y t he ir b road b lades ;

p s i-orna men t a nd s idef langes w i th

midr ib o ccur o n p a ls taves i n t h is h oard wh i le d ouble U -r ib o rna men t o ccurs o n ab road b laded p a ls tave f ro m Am iens ( Fig . 2 7 , 3 ) .

3 39

6 6.

Bernay-Pon tho i le , S o m me . G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 3 8 , 1 10 Bernay-en-Pon th ieu l , 1 18 P on tho i le 2 , i l l .20 ;

Breu i l l 1 905 , 1 51-155 .

Ash . 1 927.

2 124-2135 ( Bernay).

F ig . 2 5. U sua l ly r ecorded a s t wo s epara te f inds , t h is was p robably a s ing le h oard ( J .C l . B lanchet ).

Twe lve p a ls taves w i th t he p rovenance

Bernay a re p reserved i n t he Ash molean Museu m , Ox ford , a nd a bou t h a l f t he f i f ty-four p a ls taves w i th t he p rovenance P on tho ile a re p res erved i n A bbev i l le ;

f ive o f t hese a re i l lus tra ted b y G aucher a nd

Mohen ( 1974 , i l l.20 ) w i th t he c ap t ion Bernay. s h ie ld-pa ttern c on ta in ing r ibs , F ig . 2 5 , 1 . s h ie ld-pa t tern , 2 . V-r ibs , 3 .

Pa ls tave w i th sma l l

Pa ls tave w i th sma l l

Pa ls tave w i th sma l l s h ield-pa t tern c on ta in ing

Pa ls tave w i th i nse t , 4 .

Pa ls tave w ith p s i-orna men t , 5 .

Pa ls tave w i th t r iden t c on ta in ing V-r ib , 6 .

Two p a ls taves w i th Y-

o rna men t , 7 -8 .

Pa ls tave w i th t r iangu lar i nse t c on ta in ing r ib , i nd is-

t inc t midr ib , 9 .

Pa ls tave w i th midr ib , 1 0.

s taves , s hor t midr ib , 1 1-12. 3 3.

Two s ide-f langed p a l-

Bre ton p a ls tave , Breu i l 1 905 , f ig . 3 ,

Pa ls tave w i th U -r ib , 2 0 .

Pa ls tave w i th Y-ornamen t , 2 7.

Pa l-

s tave w i th p s i-orna men t , 2 9.

Pa ls tave w i th d ouble i nse t , 3 0.

s tave w i th mu l t ip le r ibs , 3 6.

Narrow b laded p a ls tave w i th mu l tip le

r ibs , 3 5.

S ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th s hor t r ibs , f ig . 2 , 1 3.

f langed p a ls tave w i th s hor t midr ib , 1 6.

Pa lS ide-

3 5 a nd 3 6 a re i nc luded b y

G aucher a nd Mohen ( 1 974 , i l l.20 , u pper c en tre a nd l e f t ) b u t t he o ther t hree p a ls taves i n t h is i l lus tra tion :

s ide-f langed p a ls tave w i th mid-

r ib , p a ls tave w i th p si-orna men t , p a ls tave w i th Y-orna men t , c anno t c on f iden t ly b e i den ti f ied f ro m Breu i l 's p ubl ished d raw ings . Ten o f t he p a ls taves i n Ox ford h ave b een a na lysed b y o p tica l s pectrome try a nd a l l c on ta in l ess t han 1% o f l ead ( Brown a nd B l in-S toyle 1 959 , 2 01-202 n os . 5 7-59 , 6 3-69 ).

Pa ls tave 3 0 , w i th d ouble i nse t , may b e

N or man b u t i ts a t tr ibu t ion i s u ncer ta in ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 18 , P on tho i le 3 ) .

The n arrow-bladed p a ls tave , 3 5 , i s a n u nusua l f or m .

A par t f ro m t he Breton p a ls tave , a l l t he o ther a xes b elong t o t he S o m meO ise-A isne g roup o f b road-bladed p a ls taves .

S ide-f langed p a ls taves

w i th midr ibs o ccur i n s evera l h oards i n s ou th-eas tern Eng land :

Near

Bognor ( 33 ) 1 -2 , Rus t ing ton ( 3 6) , B i l l ingshurs t ( 31) 2 -5 , B lackrock ( 34 ) 9 -13 , Marsha l l Es ta te ( 32) 7 -8 , S ussex , a nd G oudhurs t ( 25 ) 2 , K en t , w i th mu l t iple s hor t r ibs a t B i l l ingshurs t ( 31) 1 a nd Near Bognor ( 33 ) 3 -5 ;

t here i s ap a ls tave w i th p s i-orna men t i n t he N ear C an terbury h oard

( 24 ) 6 , K en t . 6 7.

V i l lers-sur-Au th ie , S o m me . G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 4 0-42 , 1 19 V i l lers-sur-Au th ie , i l l .21; 1 918-19. H oard , n ow l os t . 1 918-19 , f ig . 2 , 3 . w i th d isc

Breu i l

Tw is ted n eck-r ing , h ooked t er m ina ls , Breu i l Two c o i led f inger-r ings , 4 -5 .

t er m ina ls , 1 -2.

Two c yl inders

P in w i th sma l l d isc-head , p er fora ted

s wol len s ha f t b ear ing i nc ised o rna men t , f ig . 3 , 1 .

P in w i th sma l l

k nobbed d isc-head , p er fora ted s wol len s ha f t b ear ing i ncised o rna men t , 2 .

P in w i th sma l l k nobbed d isc-head , l ooped s wol len s ha f t b ear ing

3 40

i nc ised o rnamen t , 3 .

Two sma l l d agger b lades w i th t wo r ive t h oles ,

4 -5 . F ive a nnu lar b race le ts , mass ive s ec t ion , g eo me tr ic i ncised o rna men t , f ig . 4 , 1 -5 . Annu lar b race le t , mass ive s ec t ion , i ncised o rna men t , l i ne a nd p o in t i 1 16 , o pposed c urves s epara ted b y t ransverse b ands , 6 .

Two a nnu lar b race le ts , mass ive s ect ion , i ncised o rna-

men t l i ne a nd p o in t i l le , o pposed c urves s epara ted b y t ransverse b ands , f ig . 5 , 1 -2.

Annu lar b race le t , mass ive s ec t ion , i nc ised

o rna men t o bl ique l ines a nd p o in ted o va ls , 3 .

P enannu lar b race le t ,

o ver lapp ing t er m ina ls , mass ive s ec t ion , i nc ised o rnamen t , o bl ique l ines , 4 . 5 .

Annu lar b race le t , mass ive s ect ion , d eep n o tch , u ndecora ted ,

P enannu lar b race le t , mass ive s ec t ion , u ndecora ted , 6 .

The p ins b e long t o t he P icardy g roup ; r epresen t Haguenau i n f luence .

l i ke t he m t he d aggers p robably

T he d ecora ted b race le ts s how t he v ar ie ty

o f mo t i fs emp loyed d ur ing Bronze Moyen .

T he s i mp le c oi led f inger-r ings

a re r e la ted t o c on te mporary Br i t ish e xamp les ;

s o , p resumably , i s t he

n eck-r ing , t hough i t may h ave b een t w is ted r a ther t han c as t .

The n a ture

o f t he sma l l c yl inders i s u ncer ta in . 6 8 .

S ucy-en-Br ie , Va l-de- Marne . Mohen 1 968 , 7 83-791 ;

N ico lardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 , 1 31 , f ig . 2 .

H oard , o r ig ina l ly t wen tytwo a xes , t wo s pearheads , o ne d agger a nd o ne c h ise l , e leven p a ls taves , o ne s pearhead a nd t he d agger a re p res erved i n t he Mus6e d e l 'Ar m f t . , Par is , a nd t he c h ise l i n t he MAN. Pa ls tave w i th t r ip le c onverg ing r ibs , Mohen 1 968 , B l a . w i th mu l t ip le r ibs , b . w i th d oub le i nse t , d .

Undecora ted p a ls tave , e .

d ed c ord i for m i nse t , f .

Pa ls tave w i th i nse t , i .

w i th d iv ided i nse t c on ta in ing r ibs , j . c on ta in ing p e l le t , k .

Pa ls tave ,

Pa ls tave w i th d iv i-

Pa ls tave w i th c ord i for m i nse t , g .

w i th d iv ided c ordi for m i nse t , h .

B 81.

Pa ls tave

Pa ls tave w i th t r iden t o rna men t , c .

Pa ls tave Pa ls tave

Pa ls tave w i th c ordi for m i nse t

S pearhead w i th o g iva l b lade , s ocke t b roken ,

Sma l l d agger w i th f our r ivets , B 59.

a nd s pa tu la te b lade,

Ch ise l w i th l ong t ang

N ico lardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 , 1 31 , f ig . 2 .

The t wo l arges t p a ls taves , da nd e , may b e r e la ted t o t he S o m me-O iseA isne g roup , t he o thers a re r e la ted t o t he N or man t ype .

T he s pearhead

b e longs t o t he g roup o f o g iva l b laded s pearheads o f Bron ze Moyen i n n or th-eas tern France . i s au n ique f or m .

T he d agger i s o f Haguenau o r ig in .

The c h isel

T he s pearhead d oes n o t d e mand a Bronze F ina l Id a te

a s Mohen s ugges ts ( 1 968 , 7 89 ) . 6 9 .

A ubergenv i l le , Yvel ines . G aucher 1 973 , 2 11 , f ig . 1 B H oard , o r ig ina l ly a s core o f p a ls taves , t wo s urv ive . s tave , d oub le i nse t , G aucher 1 973 , f ig , 1B , 1 . s tave , t r iden t o rnamen t , 2 .

7 0 .

N or man p a l-

L ooped N or man p a l-

B laru , Yve l ines . G aucher 1 973 , 2 11-215 , f ig . 2A . H oard o r ig ina l ly f ive p a ls taves , t hree s urv ive .

3 4 1

L ooped

Nor man p a ls tave w i th f our sma l l i nse ts f or m ing a rc , G aucher 1 973 , f ig . 2A , 1 .

N or man p a ls tave w i th i nse t a nd l ong midr ib f lanked b y

t wo s hor t r ibs , 2 . 7 1 .

N or man p a ls tave , u ndecora ted , 3 .

C ha mbourcy , Yve l ines . G aucher 1 973 , 2 15 , f igs . 2B ;

3 A .

P robab le h oard , e igh t p a ls taves p reserved .

N or man p a ls tave ,

c ord i for m i nse t , G aucher 1 973 , f ig . 2 B , 1 .

N or man p a ls tave ,

d ouble i nse t , 2 .

N or man p a ls tave , t r ip le i nse t , 3 .

Two N or man

p a ls taves , d iv ided i nse t b ounded b y V-r ib , f ig . 3 A , 4 -5 . p a ls tave , o b l ique r ib f langed b y g rooves , 6 . Y-ornamen t , 7 . 7 2 .

N or man

N or man p a ls tave ,

N or man p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t , d is tor ted , 8 .

La Queue-les-Yve l ines , Yve l ines . G aucher 1 973 , 2 19-220 , f igs 5 B . H oard ,or ig ina l ly t h ir teen p a ls taves , o ne p reserved .

L ooped N or man

p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t w i th d ouble i nse t .

NETHERLANDS 7 3.

A lphen , N . Braban t . B eex 1 964 ; Bu t ler 1 964b. R ingwa lheuve l , c en tra l c re ma t ion w i th f l anged a xe , b u t t b roken o f f , b ands o f t ransverse l i nes o n t he f langes . The o r ig ina l f orm o f t he a xe i s u ncer ta in b u t i ti s p robab ly o f Tumu lus o r ig in , e ar ly r a ther t han l a te . O rna men t i s v ery r are o n t he Tu mu lus f l anged a xes i l lus tra ted b y A be ls ( 1972 ) b u t i to ccurs o n t he a xe i n t he H ausberge h oard ( 90 ) , wh ich a ppears t o b e mos t r elevan t t o t he c hrono logy o f t he A lphen a xe , g iv ing a l a te M I/Re inecke B d a te f or t he a xe a nd p rob ably f or t he b arrow .

7 4 .

T V i jfberg t , R ech te H e ide , G o ir le , N . Braban t . G lasbergen 1 954b , 6 3 , 6 5 n o . 4 , f ig . 5 4 . Barrow V I , t wo p hase b arrow . o f c lose ly s paced p os ts ;

n arrow w i th c oncave s ides . Two p laques .

Phase 1 s urrounded b y t r ip le c ircle

i nhuma t ion i n c o f f in w i th :

Sma l l r ing .

F langed a xe ,

Pa ir o f t weezers w i th t rapezo ida l b lades . P hase 2 s urrounded b y r ing d i tch , s ev-

e ra l c re ma t ions , i nc lud ing o ne w i th a Drakens te in u rn . T he a xe i s c orroded a nd i ti s d i f f icu l t t o i den ti fy i t s t ype ( Bu t ler 1 964b , 6 6) .

Tweezers l i ke t he R ech te H e ide p a ir o ccur i n n or th-wes tern

G er many d ur ing M I I I ( Bergmann 1 970 , T e i l B , 6 3 , Ta t ' . 1 3 , 1 1 , Kar te 9 7 ). 7 5.

Drouwen I nv . Arch .

B orger , D ren the . NL12 .

I nhuma t ion b ur ia l i n mo r tua r y h ouse u nder b arrow w i th r e ma ins o f s tone r evet men t . a xe , 2 .

S äge l s word , I nv . A rch . NL12 , 1 .

Tanged r azor w i th o va l b lade , 3 .

3 42

S äge l f langed

Two c o i ls o f g o ld w ire ,

4 -5 .

N ine f l in t a rrowheads , 6 -14.

F l in t ?s tr ike-al igh t , 1 5 .

Whe ts tone , 1 6. The s ec t ion o f t he s word r ese mbles t ha t o f t he e xamp le i n t he b ur ia l f ro m S iegenburg , We t teraukr ies , H esse , a nd o ther s words ( Kubach 1 973b , 4 12 n .71 , A bb . 2 , l a ). Th is b ur ia l a lso c on ta ins a S öge l f langed a xe a nd g old w ire ( i bid ., 4 07-408 n .32 , A bb. 2 , 6 -7 ) a nd i s d a ted b y i ts p in t o Re inecke B ( i bid . 4 07 , A bb. 2 , 8 ) .

Bu t ler c ons iders t ha t t he r azor

i s a Br i t ish t ype . F l in t a rrowheads o ccur i n t he N e ther lands a nd i n n or thern G er many ( Bergmann 1 970 , T ei l B , 3 2 ; Laux 1 971 , 9 0 ) ; t hey a re n o t c lose ly d a table i n i so la t ion b u t a re k nown f ro m o ther S öge l b ur ia ls w i th s words a nd f langed a xes ( Kubach 1 973b , 4 15 n .91 , A bb. 4 ). Drouwen i s t he r iches t o f t hese S öge l b ur ia ls ; K ubach 's R e inecke B d a te may l ower Bu t ler 's R e inecke A 2 , Hach mann 's H or izon I . 7 6.

E lp , Dren the . Wa terbo lk , 1 961a , 1 27, f ig . 2 . The b arrow a cco mpanying t he M idd le Bronze Age s e t t le men t c on ta ined t hree s econdary i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls wh ich p roduced b ronzes . g :

G rave

P in w i th d isc-head w i th s l igh t f lange a nd c en tra l p ro jec t ion ,

Wa terbolk 1 961a , f ig .

2 , 1 7.

Fragmen ts o f s p ira l , c urved a nd

h ooked w ire , 1 4-16 , 1 8 .

G rave d :

r ecessed , 1 0 .

P in s ha f t , 1 1.

G rave a :

P in w i th n a i l h ead , s l igh t ly

The p in f ro m g rave g i s s im i lar t o as er ies o f I r ish p ins o f t he La te Bronze Age ( Eogan 1 974b , 7 9 , f ig . 2 , 8 ) , c ons idered t o b e d er ived f ro m t he f or m w i th a sma l l h ead b ear ing c oncen tr ic o rnamen t ( i bid ., 9 5 , f ig . 3 , 1 9 ) .

The c on tex t o f t he E lp p in s ugges ts t ha t i t s hou ld b e r e la ted t o

t wo e xa mp les i n ab ur ia l f ro m Dresden-Johanns tad t , F ied lerp la tz ( Cob lenz 1 952 , 1 5 , Ta f . 2 , 5 -6) .

Ha l f ac en tury a go t h is b ur ia l was

d a ted t o Mi l a nd t he p ins c o mpared w i th S pinde lnade ln o f S i les ia a nd a d jacen t a reas ( von R ich tho fen 1 926 , 6 0-68 , Ta f . 1 8 , d -g ).

More r e-

c en t r esearch h as p laced t he F ied lerp la tz f ind i n t he l oca l p re -Laus i tz p hase e qua ted w i th Re inecke C 2/D a nd p hase Ia o f t he Lauzi tz c u l ture i n e as tern B ohe m ia ( Bouzek 1 967, 7 4 , A bb. 1 , 3 ) , o r w i th a s l igh t ly e ar l ier p er iod ( Bouzek 1 969 , A bb. 3 ) , l a te Tumu lus i n a ny c ase .

The

w ire f ragmen ts f ro m g rave g a re p robably f ro m s p ira l b e l t-hooks o f l a te Tumu lus s ou th G er man o r ig in ( Zieger t 1 963 , Ta f . 2 ) . The p in f ro m g rave d p robably b e longs t o t he Woh lde v ar ian t ( Laux 1 976 , 6 2 ; B ergmann 1 970 , Te i l B , 4 5 , L is te 1 26 , Ta f . 6 , 2 0 ) wh ich h as a n u nd i f feren t ia ted MI I d a te . 7 7.

H i jken , Dren the . Bu t ler 1 969 , a lb. 2 7. Bur ia l i nb arrow 9 . Fragmen ts o f a t l eas t f ive b ronze a rrowheads , b arbed , w i th s purred t angs . Rol l-headed p in w i th t w is ted s haf t . P in s ha f t . Ro l l-headed p ins w i th t w is ted s ha f ts a re k nown i n n or th-wes tern G ermany f ro m t he S öge l p hase o nwards ( Bergmann 1 970 , T e i l B , 4 4 , L is te 1 18 , Ta f . 6 , 1 1 , Kar te 5 0 ;

Laux 1 976, 5 1-52 ) .

They f or m p ar t o f

Hach mann 's H or izon I w i th wes t A lpine o r ig ins i n Re inecke A 2 ( 1957 , 3 43

8 3 , 1 29 ).

There a re S w iss f inds f ro m Arbon-Bleiche , Thurgau ( Fischer

1 971 , 1 7 , Ta f . 5 , 1 -4 ) , a nd a Bavar ian f ind w i th a d isc-headed p in w i th at w is ted s ha f t f ro m S inzenha f , Kr . Burg lengen fe ld , Bavar ia ( Hach mann 1 957, 2 13 n o . 5 41 , Taf . 4 8 , 3 1-32 ).

Bavar ian e xa mp les a re a lso k nown

d ur ing Reinecke B ( Torbrügge 1 959a , A bb. 1 0 , 1 0 ) a nd French e xa mp les d own t o t he e nd o f t he L a te Bronze Age ( Audouze a nd C our tois 1 970 , 3 6-37). Tanged b ronze a rrowheads w i th s purs a re mos t ly e ar ly Urn f ie ld i n d a te b u t a n e ar ly Tu mu lus f ind c o mes f ro m Barrow X , L ochha m , Kr . M t inchen ( Ho ls te 1 938 , 3 6, Ta f . 4 1 , 1 1).

A S ögel/Lochha m d a te s ee ms p robable

f or t he H i jken f ind . 7 8 .

Ba l looerve ld , Ro lde , Dren the . Van G i f fen 1 935 , 8 3-94 , a fb. 5 , 9 ; G lasbergen 1 954b , 2 3-24 , 3 1 , f ig . 4 8b , 4 ; Bu t ler 1 965 , 1 71 , f ig . 6 . Barrow 6 , t he Mandenberg , was o f t wo p hases .

The f irs t h ad t wo

i nco mp lete c ircles o f i rregu lar ly s paced p os ts ; s even s econdary b ur ia ls , i nhu ma tions i n wooden c of f ins , r espected t hese p os ts a nd s o me were c u t b y t he s econd p hase r ing-d i tch . c on ta ined :

Three sma l l g old r ings,

a no ther c on ta ined :

One o f t hese b ur ia ls

G lasbergen 1 954b , f ig . 4 8b , 2 -3 ,

Two p enannu lar b race lets w i th l ong i tud ina l r ibs

a nd e xpanded t er m ina ls w i th t ransverse r ibs , at h ird b ur ia l c on ta ined : Two f ragmen ts o f s im i lar r ibbed b race lets .

P enannu lar b racelet ,

l ozenge s ec t ion . The b race lets a ppear t o c o mbine f ea tures o f e ar l ier , MI I b race lets , s wol len f or m a nd e xpanded t er m ina ls ( Bergmann 1 970 , T ei l B , 5 4-55 ; Laux 1 971 , 5 9-60 ) , w i th t he t ransverse r ibs o n t he t er m ina ls c o m mon o n s tra igh t-s ided MI I I b racelets ( i bid., 6 6-67; i bid ., 6 0 ).

The l ozenge

s ect ion b racelet a lso a l lows a n e ar ly d a te ( i bid ., 4 5-46, Ta f . 7 , l e ; i b id ., 6 1). 7 9.

' Ga lgenberg ' , S leenerzand , S leen-Zwee loo , Dren the . Van G i f fen 1 936 , 1 04-110 , a fb . 1 0-11; G lasbergen 1 954b , 2 2 , 3 2 n o . 1 6 , f ig . 4 7; Bu t ler 1 969 , 1 10-114 , a fb. 5 0 . Barrow o f t hree p hases ; p hase 2 s urrounded b y ac ircle o f w ide ly s paced p os ts w i th a c en tra l b ur ia l . b race let .

Pa ls tave w i th i nse t f ace .

Tweezers w i th n arrow b lade .

Twis ted

Two c o i led g o ld r ings .

A t

l eas t f our teen b arbed a nd t anged b ronze a rrowheads . The p a ls tave b e longs t o t he O ldenburg t ype ( Bu tler 1 963b , 2 12 n o . 7 ). Tweezers o ccur i n MI I I ma le b ur ia ls i n n or th-wes tern G er many ( Bergmann 1 970 , Tei l B , 6 3 , L is te 2 31 , Ta f . 1 3 , 1 1 , Kar te 9 7).

The a rrow-

h eads may b es t b e c o mpared w i th t he e xa mp les i n t he H i jken b ur ia l . Axe , t weezers a nd r ing o ccur t ogether i n t he Rech te H eide b ur ia l ( 74 ). The g old s p ira ls c an b e ma tched i n S ögel b ur ia ls , e .g . Drouwen ( Kubach 1 973b , 4 07-408 n . 3 2 ).

Twis ted b racelets o ccur ma in ly i n MI I i n n or th-

wes tern G er many , r arely i n MII I ( Bergmann 1 970 , Te i l B , 4 5-46, L is te 1 44 , Ta f . 7 , 5 , Kar te 5 8 ; Laux 1 971 , 5 8-59 ) .

The S leenerzand b ur ia l

i s d i f f icu l t t o d a te w i th p recis ion a nd we mus t b e c on ten t w i th Bu t ler 's Midd le Bronze Age E lp c u l ture , p robably MI I .

3 44

8 0 .

K a mperesch , Weerd inge , Dren the . Van G i f fen 1 930 , 7 6-80 , Ta f . 7 1 ; G lasbergen 1 954b , 2 2-23 , 2 7 n o . 1 ; f igs . 4 8a ; 4 8b , 7 ; Bu tler 1 969 , 1 14-116 , p l . 1 2. Barrow 2 , b ounded b y as ing le c ircle o f w ide ly s paced p os ts ; f e ma le i nhuma tion , o ne o f f our s econdary b ur ia ls i n t he n or thern p ar t o f t he b arrow .

Two whee l-headed p ins , G lasbergen 1 954b , f ig . 4 8a .

h eaded p in , o rna men ta l s ha f t . f ig . 4 8b , 7 .

Rol l-

Na i l-headed p in , o rna men ta l s ha f t ,

P enannu tar b race let .

Annu lar f inger-r ing .

Neck lace

o f amber b eads . The whee l-headed p ins b elong t o Kubach 's Un terbi mbach t ype ( 1977, 1 70 n . 2 4) o f h is l a te Tu mu lus Tra isbach p hase ( i bid ., 1 73-174 ; G ruber 1 966, 6 , 1 4 , Kar te I I ).

I n n or thern L ower S axony t h is f or m b elongs

t o e ar ly MI I I , t hough s o mewha t o lder e xa mp les a re k nown f ro m s ou thern L ower S axony ( Laux 1 976 , 2 2 ).

J ockenhövel r egards t he Weerdinge p ins

a s i mpor ts f ro m wes tern G er many , l i ke t he O pheusden r azor ( 1971 , 6 3 ) ; Kubach d er ives t he m f ro m t he Fu lda a rea ( 1977, 1 77-178 ).

Rol l-headed

a nd n a i l-headed p ins f ro m L ower S axony r are ly h ave d ecora ted s ha f ts ; an a i l-headed p in w i th d ecora ted a nd p er fora ted s ha f t c o mes f ro m a n e ar ly MI I b ur ia l a t H ohne , Kr . C el le ( Laux 1 976 , 5 8-59 n o . 3 00 ). b racelet a nd r ing may b o th b e MI I ( see p . 8 6

;8 9 ) .

The

Amber b eads a re

k nown d ur ing M II a nd , more r are ly , MI I I ( Bergmann 1 970 , Tei l B , 4 7, L is te 1 53 , Ta f . 7 , 1 6-17 , Kar te 6 ; Laux 1 971 , 4 8 ). Bu t ler p roposes t he Weser a rea a s t he b ir thp lace o f t he ' l ady o f Weer d inge ' wh i le emphas is ing t he s ou thern l i nks s hown b y t he wheel-headed p ins . 8 1.

Ad a te a t t he o ver lap o f MI I a nd MI I I , Reinecke C 2/D , i s p robable.

Zu id laren , Dren the . Van G i ffen 1 930 , 3 2-33 , Ta f . 1 9. Barrow I , t wo b ur ia ls i n wooden c of f ins e ach c on ta ined a p in . h eaded p in w i th o rna men ted s ha f t .

D isc-

D isc-headed p in w i th o rna men ted

a nd t wis ted s ha f t . Kubach i ncludes t he Zu id laren p in w i th t wis ted s haf t among Reinecke B e xa mp les o f t h is f or m ( 1977, 8 4 n . 6 7).

There a re e xa mp les o f t h is

d a te f ro m Barrow X , Lochha m , Kr , München ( Hols te 1 938 , 9 6, Ta f . 4 1 , 7 ; I nv . Arch . D 14 , 1 0 ) , a nd D irn is man ing , Kr . München ( Hach mann 1 957, 1 34 , 2 09 n o . 4 71 , Ta f . 4 8 , 5 ; I nv . Arch . D 15 , 2 ) , Bavaria , a nd d isc-headed p ins w i th s quare o f s inuous s haf ts a re c o m mon i n s ou thern G er many ( Torbrügge 1 959a , A bb. 9 , 1 0 , 1 6 , 1 8 ; 1 0 , 1 -2 , 6 , 1 3 , 1 6 ) bu t r are i n n or th-wes tern G er many ( Bergmann 1 970 , Tei l B , 4 5 ; Laux 1 976 ). 8 2.

Over loon , L i mburg . I nv . Arch . Hoard .

NL13 . Woh lde s word , I nv . Arch . NL13 ,

s word , 6 . h oles , 3 .

Bag terp s pearhead , 5 . S t igel f langed a xe , 2 .

e xpanded h ead , 4 .

1 ,

B lade o f Woh lde

P la in s pearhead w i th s quare p eg-

P in w i th p er fora ted s ha f t a nd s l igh t ly

.

The Bag terp s pearhead was p robably manu factured i n t he Dan ish i s lands ; i ta ppears t o b e long t o t he Nordborg v ar ian t o f t he Tors ted t ype ( Becker

3 45

1 967 , 2 21-222 , f igs . 3 -5 ) b ecause o f i t s l eng th , o rna men t a nd r idges f ro m t he b ase o f t he b lade t o t he r ivet-ho les . p robably o f n or th-wes t G er man o r ig in .

The p la in s pearhead i s

T he a xe i s u nusua l ly l ong f or a

S öge l t ype ( Kubach 1 973b , 4 09 ) ; t he o n ly o ther Du tch f ind w i th a c er ta in p rovenance i s i n t he Drouwen b ur ia l ( 75 ) .

The p in i s a lso a S öge l t ype ,

t hough n ot a c o m mon o ne ( Bergmann 1 970 , T e i l B , 2 8 , L is te 5 2 , Ta f . 3 , 1 1 , Kar te 1 8 ; Laux 1 976 , 4 8 n . 4 ) a nd may b e c o mpared w i th a n e xa mp le f ro m B arg loy , Kr . O ldenburg , L ower S axony ( I nv . Arch . D 1 54 , 2 ; Laux 1 976 , 4 8 n o. 2 35 ).

J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967, 7 5 ) c ons idered

t ha t t he s words d a ted t he Over loon h oard t o Re inecke B .

Wh i le l a ter

t han t he Drouwen b ur ia l , t he Over loon h oard s hou ld s t i l l b e w i th in t he l a te MI/Sögel/Reinecke B p hase. 8 3.

E pe _ ,

G e lder land .

I nv . Arch . Hoard .

NL 15. S ick le w i th d ouble k nob a nd t r ip le r ib , I nv . Arch . NL15 , 3 .

V lag twedde s top-r idge a xe , 1 .

Broad-bladed p a ls tave w i th l ong mid-

r ib f lanked b y s hor ter r ibs , 2 . There i s n o i ndependen t d a t ing e v idence f or t he V lag twedde t ype o f a xe . The s ick le a nd p a ls tave may b oth b e o f Br i t ish MBA 2 o r ig in . 8 4.

Den Burg , Texe l , N . H o l land . Wol ter ing 1 973 , 5 -6 , f igs . 1 2-13. Barrow s urrounded b y d ouble r ing o f c lose ly s paced p os ts . i n g rave-pi t .

P in .

I nhu ma t ion

Pa ls tave w i th f langed b lade a nd c o l lar a round

s top-r idge . The p a ls tave i sb ad ly c orroded ; i t s f or m i s r e la ted t o t ha t o f MI I Nord ic p a ls taves ( Kers ten n .d . ( 1935 ) , 7 4-78 ) a nd a lso t o c er ta in n or th-wes t G er man f or ms ( Laux 1 971 , 8 1 , Ta f . 7 3 , 7 ).

Ad a te w i th in MI I i s p rob-

a ble ( Lo mborg 1 968 , 1 14 , f ig . 7 , 2 ). 8 5 .

Voorhou t , S . Hol land . I nv . Arch . NL14. Hoard . 5 .

F langed a xe , I nv . Arch . NL14 , 2 .

Lugged c h ise l , 4 .

Th in p a ls tave , 1 .

Two s top-r idge a xes , 3 ,

F ive s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves

w i th a r ib i n t he s h ield , 1 5-19 . N ine s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves , 6 -14. On ly t he f langed a xe , w i th a p ara l le l i n t he V eenenberg h oard ( 125 ) , i s ac on t inen ta l t ype .

The s top-r idge a xes a nd p a ls taves c an a l l b e ma tched

i n t he n or th We lsh Ac ton Park g roup ( Burgess 1 974 , 2 01) a nd a na lyses b y Dr . J . P . N or thover c on f ir ms a Welsh o r ig in f or t he Voorhou t a xes . The l ugged c h ise l i s p robably a lso o f Br i t ish o r ig in ; t he t ype a ppeared i n t he Ear ly Bronze Age b u t c on tinued l a ter ( Burgess a nd C owen 1 972 , 1 72-174 ) . 8 6.

Om merschans , Over i jsse l . Bu t ler a nd Bakker 1 961. Hoard .

P lougrescan t-O m merschans s word , Bu t ler a nd Bakker 1 961 ,

f ig . 5 , l e f t .

Double e dged r azor w i th p ara l le l s ides , n o tch a t o ne

3 46

e nd , t wo r ivet-ho les i n t he o ther , f ig . 3 , 2 . Rectangu lar s ection r od , 5 . r ibs , 8 .

Two s ha f ts , 6 -7.

Fragmen t o f s p ira l w ire .

Two f l in t f ragmen ts , f ig . 4 , 1 4. 1 6.

S tone t able t , 1 7.

Two c h isels , 3 -4 . P la te w i th l ong i tud ina l

Three p ieces o f me ta l , 9 -11.

Whets tone , 1 8 .

S tone c h isels , 1 3 ,

S tone f ragmen t , 1 4.

The r ibbed p la te may b e p ar t o f ar ibbed b race le t c as t , b u t n o t y e t c urved .

A more mass ive p iece o f c o mparable f or m c o mes f ro m t he

Bronze F ina l I I Amboise h oard , I ndre-et-Loire ( Cord ier , Mi l lo t te a nd R ique t 1 960 , 1 15 , f ig . 3 , 2 9 ).

Bu t ler a nd Bakker d a ted t he Om merschans

s word t o Ha A l b ecause o f t he o ccurrence o f ar icasso o n t he r ela ted weapons f ro m K i mber ly a nd Beaune , whi le r ecogn is ing t ha t t he r icasso a ppeared o n Re inecke D weapons ( Schauer 1 971 , 7 0 n . 2 ). s chans r azor i s aS ici l ian t ype b u t i t s d a te i s e qu ivoca l .

The Om merOne o f t he

Om merschans c h isels i s s im ilar t o t he e xa mp le i n t he MBA2 h oard f ro m S park ford , S o merse t ( I nv . Arch .

GB46 , 3 ) .

OTHER REG IONS 8 7.

S porup lund , Aarhus Amt . Broho lm 1 943 , 9 3 g ray 8 06; Bu t ler 1 963a , 9 6-98 , f ig . 2 7; J acob-Fr iesen 1 967, 2 13 , 3 19 n o. 5 18 , Ta f . 1 10 , 6 -8 ; L o mborg 1 973 , 1 52 , f ig . 8 6; G er lo f f 1 975 , 1 52 . Bur ia l .

F lange-h i lted s word , J acob-Fr iesen 1 967, Ta f . 1 10 , 6 .

C hape , 7 .

S pearhead -w i th d agger-shaped b lade , 8 .

The s word a nd c hape a re b oth M II , i n t he l a ter p ar t o f t he p er iod a ccordi ng t o J acob-Fr iesen a nd L o mborg .

The s pearhead i s c lose t o t he

Arre ton t ype o f t he e nd o f t he Br i t ish Ear ly Bronze Age ( Br i t ton 1 963 , p l . XXVI I , r igh t ) ; Bu tler c ons iders t ha t i ti s ad er iva t ive f ro m t he Br i ti sh f or m a nd c oncludes t ha t t he Arre ton i ndus try was s t i l l c urren t a t t he b eg inn ing o f MI I .

L o mborg d ispu tes t h is d er iva t ion a nd p oin ts o u t

t he c hronolog ica l d if f icu l ty wh ich i tc rea tes ; t he s word a nd c hape a re l a te MI I , c on te mporary w i th Reinecke C 2 a nd t he l a ter Midd le Bronze Age i n wes tern Europe. 8 8 .

Habshe im , Hau t-Rh in , A lsace . Zu ms tein 1 966 , 3 0-32 , 1 22-124 , f ig . 4 3 ; A bels 1 972 , 4 2-45 , 7 9-80 , Ta f . 6 6D . H oard .

F langed a xe , Möh lin t ype , v ar ian t A , A be ls n o. 3 09.

a xe , Herbrech t ingen t ype , v ar ian t C , 3 26. Habshe im t ype , v ar ian t A , 5 41-553 . v ar ian t B , 5 57.

F langed

Th ir teen f langed a xes ,

F langed a xe , H abshei m t ype ,

Two s h ie ld-pa ttern p a ls taves , r ib i n s h ield , i bid .,

Ta f . 6 6D , 4 -5. Z u ms tein p laces t he Habshei m h oard i n Bronze Moyen Ib ecause o f t he p a ls taves ; t he f langed a xes a re c haracter is tic o f Bronze Ancien .

For

A be ls , t he Habshei m h oard i s c hacter is t ic o f Reinecke B , f or wh ich i t i s e pony mous i n c o mbina t ion w i th Lochha m ( 1972 , 4 4 , Ta f . 6 9 ). ,

The

p a ls taves may b e c o mpared w i th t he e xa mp le w i th r ib a nd s h ie ld i n t he P yr i tz h oard ( 9 7) 1 1.

3 47

8 9.

Ha l le-O ldendor f , Kr . Ha l le , Wes tpha l ia . Lange 1 959 ; S udho lz 1 964 , 5 1-52 , 1 05-106 n o. 2 54 , T af . 1 8 ; J acobFr iesen 1 967 , 1 12-113 , Ta f . 1 8 , 1 -3. Hoard . 1 8 , 1 .

S pearhead w i th d ecora ted s ocke t , J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , Ta f . U pper p ar t o f f langed a xe , s tra igh t s ides , n o tched b u t t , 2 .

B lade o f as h ield-pa t tern p a ls tave , 3 . S udho lz d a tes t he h oard t o MI Ia o n t he e v idence o f t he p a ls tave .

Bo th s he

a nd J acob-Fr iesen c la im s ou thern i n f luence f or t he s pearhead a nd c o mp are a n e xamp le i n t he we l l-known h oard f ro m Cascina Ranza , Mi lan . The d a te o f t h is h oard i s n ot e asy t o d e ter m ine , f or i tc on ta ins n o I ta lian t ypes , b u t d er ives f ro m S w i tzer land a nd s ou thern G er many a nd i t s c ont en ts a re n o t c hronolog ica l ly h o mogeneous .

Von Merhar t ( 1941 ) a nd

S prockhof f ( 1941, 7 0-71) p laced i ti n t he e ar ly Tu mu lus p hase b u t Hach mann ( 1 957, 1 37-141 ) p referred a midd le Tu mu lus d a te , Re inecke C l/B2 ; J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967 , 1 13 ) f o l lowed Hach mann a nd e qua ted t h is d a te w i th l a te MI , t he s a me a s S udho lz 's MI Ia .

A be ls c oncludes t ha t

t he l a tes t a xe i n t he C ascina Ranza h oard c ou ld b e Re inecke C l ( 1972 , 4 4 ) a nd O sterwa lder d a ted t he l a tes t o b jects t o t he s econd p hase o f h er S wiss Middle Bronze Age , b road ly c on te mporary ( 1971 , 2 7-29 , 5 8 ). S chauer g ives a Re inecke B d a te t o t he t rapezoida l-h i l ted r ap ier f ro m Casc ina Ranza ( 1974b , 2 7 ).

I ft he l a tes t d a te f or C ascina Ranza i s

a ppl ied t o t he Ha l le h oard i t s hou ld b e e ar ly MI I , l a ter t han t he l a te MI/MI Ia d a te p roposed b y S udho lz a nd J acob-Fr iesen , b u t a n e ar l ier d a te i s n o t e xcluded . 9 0.

Hausberge , Kr . Minden , Wes tpha l ia . S prockhof f 1 941 , Taf . 2 9 ; Hach mann 1 957, Ta f . 4 6, 3 -5 ; S udholz 1 964 , 7 6, 1 09-110 n o. 2 96, Ta f . 1 5 ; L o mborg 1 968 , 1 04 , 1 42 , f igs . 2 , 6 ; 5 ,

1 .

H oard . 1 957,

S lender f langed a xe w i th b ands o f l i nes o f t he s ides , H ach mann

T a f .

4 6, 3 .

Dagger w i th t rapezoida l h i l t a nd f our r ivets , 5 .

S h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave w i th i nd is tinc t s top-r idge , o f fset b lade w i th g roov ing o n s ides a nd f aces , 4 . The p a ls tave i s n o t a Br i t ish t ype .

The d agger , a Woh lde f or m a ccord-

i ng t o Bergmann ( 1970 , Te i l B , 2 4 , L is te 2 2 , 1 1 ) , c an b e e qua ted w i th s ou th G er man f or ms o f Re inecke B ( Torbr t igge 1 959a , f ig . 9 , 1 5 ) ; L o mborg u ses t he Hausberge f ind t o c orre la te h is Va l ghnag le h or izon , c haracter ised b y f langed a xes l i ke t he Hausberge e xa mp le , w i th t he L ochha m p hase , l a te MI w i th Re inecke B . 9 1.

H t ivede , Kr . L ingen , Lower S axony. S prockhof f 1 941 , Ta f . 2 8 , 6 -9 ; S udholz 1 964 , 7 6 , 9 2 n o . 1 01 , Ta f . 1 4 ; Bergmann 1 970 , Tei l A , L is te 1 5 , 7 . Hoard .

Two f langed a xes , S udholz 1 964 , Ta f . 1 4 , 1 -2 .

S top-r idge

a xe , 3 .

S hie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave , i nd is t inc t s top-r idge , o f fset b lade ,

4 . The p a ls tave i s n o t a Br i tish t ype ; i t s f ro m r ese mbles t ha t o f t he p a ls tave i n t he Hausberge h oard ( 90 ). h oard t o t he S ägel p hase .

B oth S udho lz a nd Bergmann d a te t he l i t ivede

3 48

9 2 .

I ls moor , N euk los ter , Kr . S tade , L ower S axony. S prockho f f 1 941 , Ta f . 2 4 ;

Hach mann 1 957 , Ta f . 4 5 , 1 4-22;

Bergmann 1 970 , T ei l A , L is te 1 5 , 3 ; Hoard .

Laux 1 971 , 2 35 n o. 3 97.

S ha f t-ho le a xe , S prockho f f 1 941 , Ta f . 2 4 , 1 2.

s taves w i th Y-orna men t , 1 , 5 -7 , 9 -11. r efers t o o n ly o ne ( 1971 , Taf . 9 , 5 ; 3 , 8 .

4 6 , 1 -2 ;

S even p a l-

Two s top-r idge a xes , Laux

S prockho f f 1 941 , Ta f . 2 4 , 3 ) ,

Two s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves . Laux c la i ms t ha t o ne ( Sprockhoff

1 941, Ta f. 2 4 , 2 ) d oes n o t b elong t o t he h oard a nd t h is p a ls tave i s n ot i l lus tra ted b y Hach mann , 2 , 4 . The p a ls taves w i th Y-orna men t b e long t o Bergmann 's e ar l ies t t ype ( 1970 , Te i l B , 2 7, L is te 4 6 , Ta f . 3 , 7 , Kar te 1 6),

Laux 's N euk los ter t ype

( 1971 , 8 4 , Ta f . 7 5 , 3 ) o f t he S öge l p hase a nd t he s ubsequen t Z ei tgruppe I .

L o mborg ( 1 968 , 1 08 , f ig . 4 ) i ncludes t h is f or m i n h is l a te MI

Va lsSmag le h or izon .

The s ha f t-hole a xe h as b een r ela ted t o t he e ar ly

MI Fardrup t ype ( Bergmann 1 970 , T ei l B , 2 8 , L is te 4 7;

Laux 1 971 ,

8 5 )

b u t s haf t-hole a xes a lso o ccur i n t he s ubsequen t Va ls g S mag le h or izon ( Lo mborg 1 968 , 1 04 , f ig . 2 , 3 ) .

Laux p laces t he f langed a xe wh ich h e

a t tr ibu tes t o t he h oard i n h is Harsfeld-Haassel t ype o f S ögel d a te ( 1971 , 8 0 , Ta f . 9 , 5 ) .

A S öge l/Va lsS mag le d a te i s p robable f or t he I l s moor

h oard . The l arge s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave ( Sprockhof f 1 941 , T af . 2 4 , 2 ) s hou ld b e a Trtbou l o r A c ton Park t ype a nd t he s top-r idge a xe ( i bid ., Ta t . 2 4 , 8 ) c ou ld b e c on te mporary.

The s econd s h ie ld-pa ttern p a ls tave ( i bid .,

Ta f . 2 4 , 4 ) may b e c o mpared w i th t he e xa mp le i n t he Trbbou l h oard f ro m P louguerneau , F in is tere ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 2 4 , 6 ) , wh ich Burgess ( 1974 , 2 01 n .225 ) i den t i f ied a s a n Ac ton P ark t ype. 9 3.

S tade Ca mp , K r . S tade , L ower S axony. S prockhof f 1 941 , Ta f . 3 0;

Bergmann 1 970 , Te i l A , L is te 1 5 , 4 ;

Laux

1 971 , 2 36 , n o. 4 10 . H oard .

Ten p a ls taves w i th Y-orna men t , S prockhof f 1 941 , Taf . 3 0 ,

1 -6 , 1 0-13.

S h ield-pa t tern p a ls tave , 9 .

C opper c ake , b ronze d ebr is ,

c as t ing j e ts , 7 -8 . The p a l taves w i th Y-orna men t b elong t o Bergmann 's e ar l ies t t ype ( 1970 , Te i l B , 2 7, L is te 4 6 , Ta f . 3 , 7 , Kar te 1 6 ) , Laux 's N euk los ter t ype ( 1971 , 8 4 , Ta f. 7 5 , 3 ) o f S agel a nd Z e i tgruppe Id a te , a nd t hey o ccur i n L o mborg 's l a te MI Va lsOmag le h or izon ( 1968 , 1 08 ).

The s h ield-pa t tern p a ls tave i s

p robably a Trtbou l/Acton Park f or m . 9 4.

Neuha ldens leben , Bez. Magdeburg , S axony. S prockho f f 1 941 , Ta f . 2 8 , 2 -5 ; 7 -10 ;

J acob-Fr ieson 1 967 , 1 13 , 1 27, Ta f . 3 3 ,

v on Brum 1 968 , 1 44-145 , 3 22 n o. 8 6 , Ta f . 8 0 , 4 -7.

H oard .

Va ls 0 1 1ag le s pearhead , S prockhof f 1 941 , Ta f . 2 8 , 4 .

Bohe m ian p a ls tave , 5 .

S h ield-pa t tern p a ls tave , 3 .

S prockhof f a nd

J acob-Fr iesen i nclude a p la in p a ls tave w i th r ounded s top-r idge , 2 . Von Brunn i ncludes i ns tead a n or th G er man p a ls tave w i th Y-orna men t , 1 968 , Ta f . 8 0 , 6 . The c hrono log ica l r ange o f Bohe m ian p a ls taves i s w ide ( Fox a nd Br i t ton 1 969 , 2 24-225 ;

Novotnä 1 970c , 4 0-41; 3 49

Tackenberg 1 971 , 1 2-13 ).

A ccord ing t o H ach mann ( 1957 , 1 31 ) , t he N euha ldens leben p a ls tave i s a d eve loped t ype c on te mporary w i th Re inecke C 1/B2.

B ergmann l i s ts

e xa mp les ( 1970 , T ei l B , 4 1 , L is te 1 04 , T a f . 5 , 1 9 , Kar te 4 5 ) i nc lud ing o ne i n a MI Ib ur ia l f ro m Marxen , Kr . Harburg ( i bid ., T e i l A , L is te 2 , 2 8 ) . Tackenberg ( 1971 , L is te 3 , Kar te 3 ) i nc ludes f inds f ro m n or th o f t he E lbe a nd c en tra l G er many. On ly e igh t B ohe m ian p a ls taves a re k nown f ro m t he n or th-wes t G er man p la in . J acob-Fr iesen ( 1967 , 1 27 ) d en ies t ha t t he s pearhead h as a ny Br i t ish c haracter is t ics a nd s ta tes t ha t i ti s e in k larerVa lsö mag le typ ;

h e d a tes t he f ind t o l a te MI .

The p la in p a l-

s tave i l lus tra ted b y S prockhof f many b e long t o h is g roup o f n arrow-bladed p a ls taves ( 1941 , 4 3-45 , A bb. 3 5a , Ta f . 2 2 , 3 ) .

Ap rec ise d a te f or t he

Neuha ldens leben h oard i s d i f f icu l t t o d e term ine ( Bu t ler 1 963a , 2 15 n .2 ) ; v on Brunn p laces i ti n Mi l a nd J ockenhöve l ( 1 971 , 3 7 n .15 ) i n M IL S uch a d a te , i .e . l a te M I , i s s uppor ted b y t he Va lm w dg le s pearhead a nd , s hou ld i tb e i nc luded , t he p a ls tave w i th Y -orna men t ( Lo mborg 1 968 , 1 04-105 , 1 08 ). The s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave may b e c o mpared w i th t he e xa mp le i n t he Tr6bou l h oard f ro m P louguerneau , F in is t re ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 2 4 , 7 ) , wh ich Burgess h as i den t i f ied a s a n A c ton Park p a ls tave , 9 5 .

S ee low , K r . L ebus , Brandenburg . S prockho f f 1 941 , Ta f . 2 8 , 1 2 ; H oard .

v on Brunn 1 968 , 2 88 , L is te 6 8 n o . 2 4.

Two s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls taves w i th i nd is t inc t s top-r idges .

S ick le f ragmen ts . The p a ls taves a re n o t Br i t ish ; 9 6.

t he d a te o f t he h oard i s u ncer ta in .

Rah low , Kr . Neubrandenburg , Meck lenburg . S prockhof f 1 941 , Ta l . 2 7 ; 1 967 , 1 28 ; Hoard .

Hachmann 1 957 , 1 29-130 ;

J acob-Fr iesen

S chubar t 1 972 , 6 6 , 1 48 n o . 2 95 , Ta f . 5 9 . Three f langed a xes , S chubar t 1 972 , Ta f . 5 9 , 2 , 1 4 , 1 8 .

Two f langed a xe w i th s l igh t s top-r idge , 5 , 1 9 .

Broad-bladed p a ls tave ,

1 .

S h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave w i th i nd is t inc t s top-r idge a nd o f fse t b lade ,

4 .

S ide-f langed a xe w i th midr ib , 1 5 .

c o l lar , 6 .

P lain s pearhead , 1 2 .

Two c o i led a rm le ts w i th s p ira l t er m ina ls , 3 .

c oi led a rm le ts , 1 3 . Frag men ts o f s ix s p ira ls , 7 -10 . s p ira l p endan ts , 1 6-17. S evera l s p ira l b eads , 1 1 .

R ibbed

E igh t p la in

Two d ouble-

S chubar t p laces t h is h oard a t t he MI/M I I t rans i t ion i n h is P r ieper t g roup c haracter ised b y d ouble-sp ira l p endan ts a nd s pearheads .

J acob-Fr iesen

a nd Hach mann p roposed s im i lar d a tes o n t he b as is o f t he s h ie ld p a t tern p a ls tave ;

t h is a ppears t o b e long t o t he g roup w i th i nd is t inc t s top-r idge

c o m mon i n t he Nord ic a rea .

T he b road-bladed p a ls tave r ese mbles t he

Tra pou l/Ac ton Park f or m more t han a ny o ther .

The s ide-f langed a xe ,

a pparen t ly w i th l ow f langes ( Sprockho f f 1 941 , Ta f . 2 7, 8 ) , may b e r e la ted t o t he French t ype o f h ache a t a lon n a issan t ( Br iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 8 0 , f ig . 4 ;

G aucher 1 973 , f ig . 6 . A , 5 ) ;

Burgess r e marks o n as im i lar

a xe i n t he A c ton Park h oard f ro m Moe l fre U cha f , Denbigh ( 1976a , 7 3 ) , wh ich h e c o mpares w i th t he e xa mp les i n t he B abbin h oard , Kr . P yr i tz , P o meran ia ( Hach mann 1 957 , 1 98 n o . 2 74 , Ta f . 3 7 , 1 ) .

Bo th t he Rüh low

a nd Babb in h oards b e long t o t he b eg inn ing o f M I I ( S chuber t 1 972 , 1 4 n . 2 3 ;. 2 9 n . 1 35 ). 3 50

9 7.

P yrzyce ( Pyr i tz ) , Prov . S zczec in , P o meran ia . S prockho f f 1 941 , Ta f . 3 1 ; Kers ten 1 958 , 7 0 n o . 6 62 , Ta f . 6 8 . H oard , o r ig ina l ly t wen ty p a ls taves , a l l f resh c as t ings . F ive p a ls taves w i th i nd is t inc t s top-r idge , u ndecora ted o r w i th s l igh t d epress ion b e low s top-r idge , S prockhof f 1 941 , Ta f . 3 1 , 1 -5 .

S even teen p a ls taves w i th

i nd is t inc t s top-r idge a nd s h ie ld-pa t tern , 6 -10 , 1 2-18 .

Pa ls tave w i th

i nd is t inc t s top-r idge a nd s h ie ld-pa t tern c on ta in ing r ib , 1 1. The s h ie ld-pa t tern p a ls tave w i th midr ib may b e c o mpared w i th t he s h ie ldp a t tern p a ls taves i n t he H abshei m h oard ( 88 ) a nd t he o thers w i th t he A cton Park p a ls taves i n t he Voorhou t h oard ( 85 ). 9 8 .

Os ten fe ld , K r . R endsburg , H o ls te in . K ers ten n .d . ( 1 935 ) , Ta l . V I-V I I ;

H ings t 1 956 , A bb . 3 , 4 -6;

Bu t ler 1 963a , 6 3 , f ig . 1 6 , 6 -7, 7 3 n o . 1 2 ; 6 -7;

2 0 , 1 -7;

S truve 1 971 , 6 5 , Ta f . 1 7 ,

2 1 , 5 .

H oard , n o t c o mp le te ly p ub l ished ; c er ta in .

4 , 1 ;

w i th in MU , i t s p rec ise d a te i s u n-

A par t f ro m a bou t f i f ty o b jects o f N ord ic o r ig in , i tc on ta ins :

Narrow-bladed l ooped p a ls tave , S truve 1 971 , Ta f . 2 1 , 5 .

Broad-

b laded p a ls tave w i th s hor t s ide-f langes a nd t r iden t o rnamen t , H ings t 1 956, A bb . 3 , 4 . The l ooped p a ls tave a ppears t o b e e i ther N or man o r ac lose ly r e la ted Br i t ish d er iva t ive .

T he s ide-f langed p a ls tave i s p resu mably o f Br i t ish

Midd le Bronze Age o r ig in . 9 9 .

Masendor f , Kr . U elzen , L ower S axony. S prockhof f 1 934 , Ta f . 7 , 1 -3 , 8 -10 ; H oard .

1 937 , 1 5 ;

Bu t ler 1 963a , 7 3 n o . 1 6.

Two s word f ragmen ts , S prockhof f 1 934 , Ta f . 7 , 1 .

s ick le , 1 0 .

Two b rooches , 9 .

t er m ina ls , 3 .

Ten t u tu l i , 2 .

Knobbed

S even t w is ted n eck-r ings w i th r ecurved L ooped p a ls tave w i th midr ib , 8 .

S prockho f f o r ig ina l ly d a ted t h is h oard t o M IV a nd h e h as b een f ol lowed b y Tackenberg ( 1971 , 4 ) a nd Laux ( 1973 , 2 4 ).

S prockho f f a nd Laux b o th

r e fer t o t he p a ls tave a s n or th G er man a nd i td oes n o t a ppear t o b e o f Br i t ish o r F rench o r ig in .

Pa ls taves o f s im i lar f or m t o t he Masendor f

e xamp le , b u t u n looped w i th a n arrow r ib , a re f ound i n c en tra l G er many , e .g . Wis ted t a nd Mo l mke , Kr . S a lzwede l ( S tephan 1 956 , Ta f . I X , XX IV , 7 ) .

5 ;

Bu t ler c ons idered t ha t t he Masendor f p a ls tave was p robably

aN ord ic i m i ta t ion ( 1963a , 7 3 ). 1 00 .

Fr 9 S jk , R ingk f ibing Am t , J u t land . Broho lm 1 943 , 2 24 M80-81 , p ls . o n p p . 2 22-223 ; f ig . 1 6 , 1 -3 , 7 3 n o . 1 3 ;

Bu t ler 1 963a , 6 3 ,

J acob-Freisen 1 967, 1 41-142 , 3 23 n o. 5 92 ;

Ta f . 6 0-61. The t wo f inds l i s ted b y Broho lm p robably c ons t i tu te a s ing le h oard . Fragmen ts o f t hree K irke S aby s pearheads , J acob-Fr iesen 1 967, T a f . 6 0 , 3; 6 1 , 7 -3 . 6 0 , 8 ;

6 1 , 6 .

Fragmen ts o f t wo U l lers lev s pearheads , Ta f .

Fragmen ts o f a nother s pearhead , Ta f . 6 0 , 9 .

n or th European p a ls taves , Ta f . 6 0 , 4 , 6 -7 ; n arrow-bladed p a ls taves , Ta f . 6 0 , 5 ; 3 51

6 1 , 4 .

6 1 , 5 , 9 .

E leven

F ive p la in

S ide-f langed p a ls taves ,

l ooped w i th midr ib , Ta f . 6 1 , 1 . Broad-bladed p a ls tave w i th i rregu lar g rooves o nb lade , Ta f . 6 1 , 2 . Broad-b laded p a ls tave w i th g rooved o rna men t o n o ne f ace a nd i nse t w i th l ong midr ib o n t he o ther , Ta f . 6 1 , 3 . Broho lm a nd J acob-Fr iesen b o th p lace t he h oard i n M I I .

Bu t ler ( 1963a ,

6 3 ) r e la ted t he b road-bladed p a ls taves t o t he e xamp les i n t he B ernayP on tho i le a nd Mon t-Sa in t-A ign .an h oards ;

R ow lands c ons iders t ha t t he

l ooped p a ls tave b e longs t o h is C lass 2 /2 ( 1 976 , 3 1 ) .

T hese b road-bladed

p a ls taves may a l l b e o f wes tern o r ig in . 1 01 .

Meik irch , B ern , S wi tzer land . O s terwa lder 1 971 , 3 6 , 7 2 , Ta f . 1 4 , 1 -8 . H oard .

Bu t t o f f langed a xe , Os terwa lder 1 971 , Ta f . 1 4 , 7 .

S ick le ,

3 . Tanged c h ise l , 5 . Fragmen t o f d oub le-edgedblade , 4 . O penwork d isc , 6 . Two p enannu lar b race le ts w i th z ig-zag o rna men t , 1 -2 . L ower p ar t o f p a ls tave w i th c urved s top-r idge , d ouble i nse t a nd r ib o rnamen t , 8 .

Two f ragmen ts o f c as t ing was te .

The p a ls tave a ppears t o b e N or man .

O s terwa lder p laces t h is h oard i n

t he t h ird p hase o f t he S w iss Midd le Bronze Age , a pprox i ma te ly e qu iv a len t t o Re inecke C 2 ( 1 971 , 5 8 ) .

3 52

LBA 1

BR ITA IN 1 02 .

F fynhonnau , Brecon . Banks 1 884 ; Hoard .

S avory 1 958a , 2 7-28 , f ig . 3 . Two l ooped p a ls taves w i th t aper ing midr ibs ,

f ig . 3 , 5 .

Two c on ica l f erru les , 1 -2 .

S avory 1 958a ,

One d irk w i th s l igh t ly l ea f-

s haped b lade , b road midr ib , d a maged h i l t , 4 .

S ing le edged t anged

k n i fe w i th c onvex b ack a nd s l igh t ly r ecurved t i p , i ncised o rna men t o n t he b ack , e nd o f t ang d amaged , 3 . The d irk b e longs t o t he I r ish C u t ts t ype o f G roup I V ( Burgess 1 968 1 3 , f ig . 5 , 2 ;

1 968c , 1 4 , 2 5 n o . 1 5 ;

e ar ly U rn f ie ld t ype ;

1 974 , 2 05 n . 2 76 ).

The k n i fe i s a n

wh i le t he t ang i s d amaged , i t s t aper ing p ro f i le

s ugges ts a h ooked t er m ina l r a ther t han a p er fora ted t er m ina l .

A Ha

A 2 d a te i s l i ke ly ( see p .100 ) . 1 03 .

G run ty F en , Camb s . Von Hüge l 1 906-08 ;

E ogan 1 967 , 1 40-141 , 1 66 n o . 3 2 , p l . 1 4 ;

R ow lands

1 976, 2 26 n o . 9 . H oard ;

t he p a ls taves were f ound t oge ther t we lve i nches a bove t he t ore.

L ooped N orman p a ls tave , t r iden t o rna men t , V on Hüge l 1 906-08 p l . I I , 1 .

L ooped N orman p a ls tave t r iden t o rnamen t , 2 .

p a ls tave w i th m idr ib , 3 .

L ooped

G o ld b ar t ore , c o i led , p l .

The N or man p a ls taves a re s o mewha t b road , t ypo log ica l ly l a te e xa mp les w i th s tra igh ter s top-r idges t han a re u sua l o n t he l ooped f or m b u t t hey c an b e ma tched i n t he h oards f ro m La C hape l le ( 4 6 ) 4a nd A ubergenv i l le ( 69 ) 2 .

Tr iden t o rnamen t i s more c o m mon o n p a ls taves o n MBA2 d a te

t han o n l a ter p a ls taves wh ich u sua l ly b ear a midr ib l i ke t he t h ird G run ty Fen p a ls tave .

Sm i th ( 1959 , 1 84 , f ig . 7 , 3 ) c ons idered a l l t hree e xa mp les

' t rans i t iona l '.

E ogan c onc luded t ha t g o ld b ar t orcs were d er ived f ro m

Midd le Bronze Age b ronze t w is ted n eck-r ings ( 1 967 , 1 60-161 ) s o ad a te a t t he t rans i t ion f ro m MBA2 t o LBA1 i s a ccep table f or t he G run ty F en h oard . 1 04.

Eg lwyseg Rocks , Denbigh . Dav ies 1 929 , 2 73 , f ig . 8 3 ; H oard .

Burgess 1 968a , 9 , f ig . 5 , 4 a-b.

P egged s pearhead w i th s hor t s ocke t a nd b road , l ea f-shaped

b lade w i th o f fse t e dges .

Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 5 , 4 a .

P egged s pear-

h ead w i th l ong s ocke t a nd n arrow , l ea f-shaped b lade b ear ing r idges , 4 b. I ti s d i f f icu l t t o ma tch t he f irs t s pearhead ;

o f fse t e dges o n ly a ppear t o

b e c o m mon o n Wi lbur ton s pearheads ( see p .138 ) .

The p ropor t ions

o f t he s econd s pearhead a re u nusua l , t hough t hey c an b e ma tched o n a n e xa mp le f ro m I re land , w i th o f fse t e dges ( Leeds 1 930 , f ig . 6 , c ) .

The

r idged b lade o f t he Eg lwyseg s pearhead may b e d er ived f ro m t he En f ie ld

3 53

t ype ( see p . 1 94-5 ) .

There i s ap egged s pearhead w i th ab road r idged

b lade i n t he R osnoen h oard ( Br iard a nd G io t 1 958 , 2 4 , p l .I I , 6 ; 1 968a , f ig . 5 , 5 ) ;

Burgess

t he l ong s ocke t i s a lso a Rosnoen c haracter is t ic ( see

P . 1 0 1) . 1 05 .

Ongar Ha l l , Orse t t , E ssex . Burgess 1 974 , 2 04 n .250 ;

R ow lands 1 976 , 2 34 n o . 4 3 , p l . 2 3 .

Thurrock L oca l H is tory Museu m , G rays . 1 051.1-8 . H oard .

F ig . 3 3 .

Rap ier w i th c oncave l ozenge-sec t ion a nd s l igh t t races o f

b eve l led e dge .

N o r e ma ins o f r ive t a t tachmen t , F ig . 3 3 , 1 .

w i th t r ip le-edged b lade , t wo b roken r ive t-ho les , 2 .

Rap ier

Two r ap iers

w i th l ozenge-sec t ion b lade a nd o f fse t s dges , t wo b roken r ive t-ho les , 3 -4 .

Rap ier w i th b road b lade a nd o f fse t e dges , t wo b roken r ive t-

h o les , 5 .

P egged s pearhead w i th o g iva l b lade , b eve l led e dges a nd

a ngu lar midr ib , 6 .

L ooped p a ls tave w i th b road b lade a nd t h ick ,

t aper ing midr ib , 7 . v ery s l igh t ly ;

L ooped s ocke ted a xe , s tra igh t s ides t aper ing

s ub-square mou th w i th p la in c o l lar mou ld ing ;

o va l

s ec t ion b eco m ing s o l id r ec tangu lar a bou t h a l f-way d own , 8 . Burgess ( 1974 , 2 04 n o . 2 50 ) a t tr ibu tes t he r ap iers t o G roups I , I I a nd I V .

1c lear ly b e longs t o G roup I a nd 2 t o g roup I I ;

f a l ls w i th in G roup I V .

5p resumab ly

R apiers s im i lar t o 3a nd 4 , l ozenge s ec t ions

w i th o f fse t e dges o ccur i n t he h oard f ro m Ta la ton , Devon ( Row lands 1 976 , 2 30 n o . 2 7, p l . 2 2 , 1 -2 , 5 ) a nd Burgess a ppears t o i nc lude t hese i n h is g roup I I ( 1 968c , 2 4 n o . 6 ) t hough t h is f or m o f s ec t ion s ee ms d ist inc t f ro m t he ' c lass ic ' t r ip le-r idged s ec t ion o f G roup I I.

The s pear-

h ead b e longs t o t he c on t inen ta l o g iva l-bladed g roup ( L is t 2 1 , 1 7 ) ; r idged s ocke t i s c haracter is t ic o f Bronze Moyen ( see p . 1 01). s ocke ted a xe i s d i f f icu l t t o ma tch among o ther e ar ly f or ms ; s lender , i ti s more mass ive a nd h as a l ong s o l id b lade .

i t s

T he

t hough

I t may b e

c o mpared w i th a n a xe i n t he l a te M I I h oard f ro m Kappe ln , K r . S ch lesw ig ( Aner 1 962 , 2 02 , A bb. 1 9 , a ) .

The l ooped p a ls tave , b road-b laded w i th

at h ick midr ib , i nd ica tes a LBA1 d a te ; 1 06.

Thorpe Ha l l Br ick f ie ld , P o l l i t 1 930 ;

S ou thchurch ,

t h is i s at rans i t iona l h oard . E ssex .

R ow lands 1 976 , 2 35 n o . 4 5 , p l . 3 6.

P oss ib le a ssoc ia t ion .

L ooped p a ls tave w i th b road midr ib.

1 976 , p l . 3 6 , ( 45 ) , 1 .

Ba l l in tober s word , 2 .

R ow lands

Sm i th ( 1 959 , 1 84 ) c o mpared t he p a ls tave t o t he l ooped N or man e xa mp le i n t he C red i ton h oard ( 5 ) , b u t t he s tra igh t s top-r idge a nd b road midr ib s ugges t t ha t i ti s a more d eve loped f orm .

Burgess a ccep ts t he a ssocia-

t ion ( 1 974 , 2 06 n . 2 77) wh ich wou ld b e l a te LBA1 b ecause o f t he l ea fs haped s word . 1 07.

L angrove , P enard , G ower , G lamorgan . C raw ford a nd Whee ler 1 920-21 , 1 37-138 , p l . X I I , f ig . 3 . H oard .

S ocke ted a xe , C raw ford a nd Whee ler 1 920-21 , p l .X I I , f ig .

3 , 1 . Fragmen ts o f t wo Ba l l in tober s words , 2 -3. B lade o f aR osno 'bn s word , 4 . Fragmen tary p egged s pearhead , 5 . Barbed a nd t anged b ronze a rrowhead , 6 . 3 54

The s ocke ted a xe b e longs t o Burgess ' P enard-Traws fynydd t ype , t ypo log ica l ly l a ter t han Taun ton-Hade marschen a xes ( 1962a , 2 1-23 , f ig . 2 , b ;

1 968a , 3 5 , f ig . 4 , 6 ) .

T he s pearhead c an b e ma tched i n

h oards o f t he R osnoen p hase ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 5 1 , 2 -3 ) a nd i n t he h oard f ro m Wor th , Devon , a ssocia ted w i th a Ba l l in tober s word ( Burgess 1 968a , 3 5 , f ig . 3 , 7 ) .

T he a rrowhead c an b e ma tched i n e ar ly U rn f ie ld c on tex ts

b u t i s d i f f icu l t t oda te p rec ise ly ( see p .103 ) .

Recons truc t ion o f t he

R osnoen s word i s s hown b y Burgess ( 1968b , f ig . 5 , 1 ) . Th is h oard i s e pony mous f or Burgess ' P enard p hase ( 1968a , 4 , 3 4-35 ; 1 974 , 2 05 ) b u t t he p resence o f l ea f-shaped s words i nd ica tes t ha t i t mus t b e long t o t he l a ter p ar t o f LBA1 a nd t he p robab le d a te o f t he a rrowhead s uppor ts t h is d a t ing . 1 08 .

Langdon Bay , D over , K en t . C oo mbs 1 975b ; S tevens 1 976. BM P 1 977 4 -2 . F igs . 3 4-35 . G roup o f b ronzes d iscovered b y d ivers i n t he e as tern p ar t o f Langdon Bay.

Mos t o f t he f inds c ame f ro m a n arrow g u l ly i n t he c ha lk .

I t

h as n o t y e t b een e s tab l ished whe ther o r n o t t he s i te was u nder wa ter d ur ing t he Bronze Age .

A l l t he o b jec ts h ave b een e roded , s o me v ery

b ad ly. Th ir ty med ian-w inged a xes a nd o ne b lade e dge ; a l l t he b e t terp reserved e xa mp les a re mass ive w i th s tra igh t s ides , s hor t w ings a nd n o tched b u t ts , F ig . 3 4 , 1 -3. Twen ty-four p a ls taves a nd o ne b lade e dge ;

a l l t he b e t ter p reserved e xamp les a ppear t o b e l ooped .

Two

e xamp les , 4 -5 , r e ta in midr ib o rnamen t a nd t wo , 6 -7 , i nse t o rna men t , F ig . 3 4 , 4 -16 ;

3 5 , 1 7-27.

Twen ty-e igh t f ragmen ts o f d oub le-edged

b lades , i nc lud ing n ine n o tched b u t ts . t han t he o thers , F ig . 3 5 , 2 9-31 . F ig . 3 5 , 3 2 .

One f ragmen t 3 0 , i s t h icker

P egged s pearhead w i th l ong s ocke t ,

S pearhead b lade , C oo mbs 1 975 , f ig . 1 , 1 0 .

L ooped

s ocke ted a xe , w i th a mass o f b ronze , i nc lud ing a d ouble-edged b lade f ragmen t , i n i t s s ocke t , F ig . 3 5 , 3 3 . 3 4.

Taper ing s ocke ted o b jec t , 3 5 .

S ocke ted t oo l ,

S h ie ld-shaped f ragmen t , b roken

a t b o th e nds , o ne e nd a ppears t o h ave h ad a t ang , 3 6. l en a t o ne e nd , 3 7.

mou th d a maged , One p in , s wo l-

Two f ragmen ts o f u ncer ta in o r ig in .

The w inged a xes a l l b e long t o t he mass ive e as tern French Bronze F ina l If or m ( see p . 1 84-6 ).

The p reva lence o f mass ive l ooped p a ls taves

s ugges ts t ha t t hese b e long t o t he Rosnoen t ype ;

i nse t o rnamen t i s n o t

u sua l o n Rosnoen p a ls taves t hough t he d ouble i nsü t o n 6c ou ld b e t he r ema ins o f t r iden t o rna men t .

C oo mbs ( 1975b , 1 94 ) i den t i f ies s o me o f

t he D over p a ls taves a s Bre ton b u t Ic an r ecogn ise n o c er ta in e xamp le o f t h is t ype .

3 3 a nd 3 4 a re e ar ly s ocke ted a xes .

3 5 i s u ncer ta in ;

The i den ti f ica t ion o f

i t s s ub-rectangu lar s ect ion s ugges ts t ha t i t may b e

as ocke ted c h ise l , c f . t he e xamp le i n t he Bronze F ina l Ih oard f ro m K ergo f f e n N oya l-Pon t ivy , Morb ihan ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 5 2 , 4 ) , r a ther t han a f erru le , a s s ugges ted b y C oo mbs ( 1 975 1 a , 1 94 ).

T he more c o m-

p lete s pearhead h as t he l ong s ocke t c harac ter is t iä o f R osnoen s pearheads ( see p . 1 93-4 ) .

T he r ecogn isab le h i l ts c ou ld a l l b e long t o Rosnoen

s words , t hough r apiers -c ou ld b e p resen t .

The h i l t w i th a n arrow r ib

2 8 may b e c o mpared t o t he e xamp le i n t he S a in t-Jus t-en-Chaussbe h oard ( 1 15 ) 3 , s how ing R ixhe im i n f luence . The p in c ou ld b e long t o a ny f or m w i th a n u nper fora ted s wo l len n eck . T he r econs truc t ion a nd i den ti f ica t ion o f t he s h ie ld-shaped f ragmen t a re u ncer ta in . 3 55

The p redo minance o f med ian-winged a xes o ver p a ls taves r ela tes t h is h oard t o Bronze F ina l Ii n e as tern r a ther t han wes tern France ( see p . 9 6 ) .

On ly f or t he l ooped s ocke ted a xe i s Br i t ish o r ig in more l i ke ly

t han French ( see p . 9 8

) .

I f3 5 i s i n terpre ted a s ac h ise l r a ther t han

a s af erru le , a Bronze F ina l I /Re inecke D d a te i s a ccep table f or t he h oard , i .e. e ar ly LBAl.

The p oor c ond i t ion o f t he b ronzes p recludes

a t tr ibu t ion t o s peci fic t ypes i n many c ases ;

t he c o mpos i t ion o f t he h oard

may n o t o r ig ina l ly h ave b een s o h o mogeneous a s i ta ppears n ow .

Mos t

o f t he a xes a ppear t o b e c o mp le te b u t t he mass o f b ronze i n t he l ooped s ocke ted a xe s hou ld i nd ica te t he p resence o f s o me s crap .

The c ircum-

s tances o f d iscovery mean t ha t we c an b e l ess c er ta in t han u sua l a bou t t he p ropor t ion o f t he h oard wh ich h as b een r ecovered .

The Dover

h oard i s l arge n ever the less , n ine ty-three f ragmen ts o f a t l eas t s even ty o b jects , a nd i ti s l arger t han a ny c on te mporary h oard f ro m Br i ta in o r n or th-eas tern France , l arger e ven t han t he Rosnoen h oard wh ich c on ta ins t wen ty-n ine p ieces ( Br iard a nd G io t 1 958 , 2 4 ) , t hough c f . t he L a Vaquer ie f ind ( 1 17 ).

The Dover h oard emphas ises t he i mpor tance o f r e la t ions

b e tween s ou th-eas tern Eng land a nd n or th-eas tern France . 1 09.

A ppleby , L incs . Davey a nd Know les 1 971. H oard .

Three G roup 1 V r ap iers w i th r ivet-ho les ,

1 971 , f ig . 1 , 1 -3.

G roup I V r ap ier w i th d a maged h i l t , f ig . 2 , 5 . w i th f our n otches , f ig . 2 , 6 -7.

Two Rosnobb s words

C as t o f as o l id-h i l ted s word w i th

s tra igh t , l ozenge-sec t ion b lade , f ig . 3 , 8 . 3 , 9 .

En f ie ld s pearhead , f ig .

B lade o f En f ie ld s pearhead , f ig . 3 , 1 0.

n o r ive t-ho les , f ig . 3 , 1 2 . f ig . 3 , 1 1. h oard ;

Davey a nd Knowles

G roup I V r ap ier w i th r ive t-notches , f ig . 2 , 4 .

Bad ly-cas t s pearhead ,

S pearhead s ocke t , p oss ibly f ro m 1 0 ,

Two more p ieces , f ound l a ter , may f or m p ar t o f t he

G roup I V r ap ier ' w i th r ive t-ho les , f ig . 4 , 1 5 .

h ead , f ig . 4 , 1 6. t he h oard ;

En f ie ld s pear-

Two s ocke ted a xes a re l ess l i ke ly t o b e p ar t o f

Yorksh ire s ocketed a xe , f ig . 4 , 1 3.

U n looped f aceted

a xe , f ig . 4 , 1 4 . G roup I V r ap iers , o n ly o ne n o tched , R osnoen s words a nd En f ie ld s pearh eads s ugges t ad a te e ar ly i n LBAl.

The s ol id-h i l ted s word c an b e

ma tched i n t he Ambles ide h oard ( 1 12 ) 1 , b u t t he s tra igh t b lade a l lows a n e ar ly d a te .

The p oor c as t ing o f s pearhead 1 2 may b e r esponsible f or

t he a bsence o f r ive t-ho les .

R osnobt s pearheads

u sua l ly h ad r ivet-

h oles ( Br iard 1 965 , 1 57) a nd t he d rawings c i ted b y Davey a nd Know les ( 1971 , 1 59 n .5 ; 1 10 .

Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 5 1 , 7 , 9 ) a re c opies o f o ld i l lus tra tions .

Downha m Market , N or folk . Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 4 , l a-c ; n o. 8 . H oard .

1 968c , 2 4 n o.10 ;

Rowlands 1 976, 2 26

G roup I V r ap ier w i th n o tched b u t t , L isburn t ype , Burgess

1 968a , f ig . 4 , l c.

L ooped p a ls tave w i th b road midr ib , l b.

s ocketed s ick le , l a .

3 56

R ing-

1 11.

Er iswe l l

S u f fo lk

Br iscoe a nd Furness 1 955 ;

Burgess 1 968c , 2 4 n o . 1 1;

Rowlands 1 976 ,

2 60 n o. 1 24. E lveden Es ta te Museu m . F ig . 3 6A . Hoard . The f o l lowing o b jects were f ound t ogether i n ap a tch o f b lack s oi l :

S word w i th b road b lade , o va l s ect ion w i th b eve l led e dges ;

t he max i mum t h ickness o f t he s word , j us t b elow t he h i l t , i s marked b y a midr ib o n e ach f ace .

The h i l t i s o f t aper ing f or m w ith a p a ir

o f r ive ts i n r ive t-ho les , ap a ir o f r ivet-no tches , a nd a s hor t t ang , f lanked b y t wo p oss ible n otches ; k en . 1 .

t he t ang d oes n ot a ppear t o b e b ro-

There i s ar icasso , r ough ly n otched a f ter c as t ing , F ig . 3 6A , Two G roup I V r ap iers w i th n o tched b u t t , L isburn t ype , 2 -3 .

Aw l , 4 .

S ubsequen t i nves t iga t ion r evea led a nother g roup o f b ronzes

i n p lough s o i l t hree y ards a way: 1 955 , p l . XXX IV a .

F lesh- h ook ,

Br iscoe a nd Furness

Frag men ts o f r ive ted s heet b ronze .

r ough ly r ec tangu lar , h as r ivet-ho les a long t wo s ides ;

O ne p iece ,

a no ther , a lso

r ec tangu lar , h as r ive t-holes a long t wo s ides w i th r e ma ins o f t he a t tached b ronze s hee t , p l . XXX IV b . was f ound a :

La ter s t i l l , f i f ty y ards a way,

T ip o f ad ouble-edged b lade , p l . XXX IV b .

The E r iswe l l s word h as b een a t tr ibu ted t o v ar ious t ypes .

Burgess h as

c a l led i t aR ixhe im s word ( 1 968c , 1 4 ) , ar od-tanged s word ( 1974 , 3 19 n .277) a nd r ela ted i tt o t he Arco s word f ro m t he Tha mes ( 1968a , 4 4 ; L is t 6 8 , 1 ) .

C oo mbs h as a lso r eferred t o i ta s ar odtanged s word

( 1975a , 5 0 , f ig . 3 , 6 ) , a nd J ockenhövel a s a Monza s word ( 1974a , 3 31 ). Trump c ons idered t ha t i t was o f French o r ig in ,

' a h ybr id b e tween t rue

s words a nd R ixhe im r apiers ' ( 1 968 , 2 19-221).

A R ixhei m i den ti fica t ion

was a lso f avoured b y E ogan ( 1965 , 7 ) .

The Er iswe l l s word i s n ot a

c haracter is t ic R ixhei m f or m ( Jockenhöve l 1 975 , 1 42 ) a nd i td oes n o t a ppear t o h ave ab roken r od-tang .

The f or m o f t he Er iswel l h i l t i s

c loses t t o t ha t o f Man toche s words ( Rei m 1 974a , 2 4-26) wh ich h ave a s hor t t ang a nd , u sua l ly , ap a ir o f r ive t h oles a nd a p a ir o f r ive t n otches , b u t t he h oles a re u sua l ly a bove t he n o tches , n o t b elow.

A Man toche

s word f ro m t he Doubs a t P on toux , S aGne-e t-Loire , h as a b road b lade l ike t he Er iswe l l e xa mp le , a nd a r icasso , b u t i th as f our r ivet-ho les a nd a midr ib f l anked b y g rooves ( i bid ., n o. 3 9 ).

Man toche s words

o ccur n or th o f t he A lps b e tween t he Cher a nd t he N eckar ( i bid ., 2 6, T al . 1 5 ) , b u t n one h as b een f ound i n n or thern France ;

t hey p robably

b elong t o Reinecke D a nd t he P on toux s word i s al a ter e xa mp le ( i bid ., 4 5-46).

The n otched r icasso f i rs t a ppears o n s words o f R einecke D

( i bid ., 5 8 ;

S chauer 1 971 , 7 0 n .2 ).

The s hor t r ib o n t he E r iswel l s word

i s p resu mably r ela ted t o t he b u t t r idge wh ich o ccurs o n Rosnoen , C helsea a nd Ba ll in tober s words ( Burgess 1 968c , 1 5-16;

1 968a , f ig . 3 , 2 -5 ).

The n o tched r icasso c an b e ma tched o n s o me Rosnoen s words ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 3 12 ).

The s word f ro m t he Tren t a t No t t ingha m ( L is t

7 6 , 3 ) h as ab road b lade l i ke t he a nd h i l t.

Er iswe l l s word b u t d if feren t s ec tion

I ti s d i f f icu l t t o ma tch t he o va l s ection o f t he Er iswe l l s word .

The Er iswe l l s word a ppears t o b e au n ique weapon . t h ick a nd h eavy , p rod iga l i n u se o f meta l ;

I t s b lade i s

wh i le i tf ee ls a s i ti f wou ld

o n ly h ave b een p ract ica l a s as lash ing weapon , t he

h i l t a ppears i nsecure .

T ypolog ica l ly , i t a ppears t o b e t rans i t iona l b etween t he s tra igh t-bladed a nd l ea f-shaped f or m a nd t h is s ugges ts a d a te i n t he midd le o f t he LBAl.

: 3 57

The G roup I V r ap iers a ccord w i th t h is d a te ;

t he c hrono log ica l r ange

o f a w ls i s v ery w ide ( Brad ley a nd E l l ison 1 975 , 8 8 ) a nd t here i s a n e xa mp le i n t he LBA3 h oard f ro m T horndon , S uf fo lk ( I nv . Arch . G mi, 5 ) . B urgess ( 1 968c , 2 4 n o . 1 1 ) , J ockenhbve l ( 1974a . 3 30 n o . 1 8 ) a nd C oo mbs ( 1975a , f ig . 1 ) a l l i nc lude t he f lesh-hook a nd s hee t b ronze a s p ar t o f t he s ame h oard a s t he s word , r ap iers a nd a w l .

Th is c anno t b e

c er ta in , t hough t he t wo g roups o f b ronzes may b e c on te mporary. O f Br i t ish s hee t b ronze a r t i fac ts , o n ly b uckets a nd c au ldrons d isp lay t he c on f igura t ion o f r ive t-ho les wh ich a ppears o n t he E r iswe l l s hee ts ( Jockenhöve l 1 974a , 3 30 ) .

T he E r iswe l l f l esh-hook i s s im i lar i n f or m

a nd d i mens ions t o t he e xamp le f ro m F e l twe l l , N or folk ( i bid ., 3 29 n o . 4 , A bb. 1 , 4 ) f ound w i th a C lass A l c au ldron ( Norwich 1 977, 2 9-30 , f igs . 9 7 , 1 08 ). I ti s u n for tuna te t ha t t he a ssoc ia t ion b e tween t he t wo g roups o f b ronzes a t E r iswe l l i s n o t s u f f ic ien t ly c er ta in t o p rov ide f ur ther e v id ence f or t he e ar ly o r ig in o f c au ldrons i n B r i ta in ( see p . 1 47-8 ) . 1 12 .

Ambles ide , Wes t mor land . F e l l a nd C o les 1 965 , 3 8-47 ; H oard .

Burgess 1 968b , 5 -7 , 6 3 n o . 1 6 , f ig . 4 .

f ound i n 1 741 , ad escr ip t ion a nd i l lus tra t ions a re p reserved

i n t he Minu te B ook o f t he S pa ld ing G en t le men 's S oc ie ty . S o l id-h i l ted s word w i th s tra igh t-s ided b lade , f ig . 1 , 1 . h i l t , 2 .

F e l l a nd C o les 1 965 ,

S word w i th s tra igh t-s ided b lade a nd f our r ive t h o les i n S o l id-h i l ted r ap ier , 3 .

h ead , 4 .

C on ica l o b jec t , 5 .

S tra igh t-b laded b asa llooped s pear-

L ooped p a ls tave w i th b road b lade a nd

midr ib , 6 . The d escr ip t ion a nd i l lus tra t ion a l low c on f iden t i den t i f ica t ion t o b e made i n a l l c ases . T he s o l id-h i l ted s word c an b e ma tched i n t he A pp leby h oard ( 109 ) 8 .

The s econd s word i s p robab ly a Rosnoen t ype .

T he

p resence o f t wo r ive ts i nd ica tes t ha t t he r ap ier i s ac onven t iona l t rapezoida l-h i l ted f or m w i th a s o l id h i l t ( L is t 2 9 , 1 ) ;

t he a ssoc ia t ions

a t Amb les ide s ugges t t ha t i t wou ld h ave b e longed t o G roup I V .

Ab lade

o f G roup I V s ect ion was f ound w i th a s o l id b ronze h i l t a t Be l leek , C o . F er managh ( Evans 1 881 , 2 34 , f ig . 2 92 ) , b u t t h is h as t wo a dd i t iona l r ive th o les , a s we l l a s an o tch , a nd i t s b lade i s b roken s o p rec ise i den t i f ic a t ion i s i mposs ible .

T he c on ica l o b jec t i s af erru le .

T he s pearhead

b e longs t o t he En f ie ld t ype .

NORTH-EASTERN FRANCE 1 13 .

B e tween S a in t-C Hron a nd S er ma ize , n ear D ourdan , E ssonne . G iraud 1 955 . H oard .

Med ia -n-w inged a xe , mass ive , s tra igh t s ides , s hor t w ings ,

n otched b u t t .

P in w i th t rumpe t h ead a nd r ibbed s wo l len n eck .

P in w i th t rumpe t h ead .a nd r ibbed s wo l len n eck w i th t wo b ands o f v er t ica l i nc ised o rna men t . The a xe b elongs t o t he e as tern French t ype o f Bronze F ina l I .

G aucher

u ses t he p ins t o i l lus tra te h is C our tavan t a nd S a in t -Gerva is t ypes o f Bronze F ina l I( 1976 , 5 80 , f ig . 3 , 2 13 ). 3 58

1 14.

Anzin , N ord . Mohen 1 972 , 4 51 , f ig . 4 ;

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 4 5-47 , 1 09 , Anzin ,

i i . .2 5 . H oard . Med ian-w inged a xe , mass ive , s tra igh t s ided , s hor t w ings , n o tched b u t t , Mohen 1 972 , f ig . 4 , 1 . Un looped p a ls tave w ith n arrow b lade a nd s tra igh t s top-r idge ,

2 .

S pearhead b lade ( l os t ) , 3 .

p enannu lar b race le ts , r ound s ec t ion , p la in t er m ina ls

Two

i ncised o rna-

men t , b ands o f t ransverse l i nes , h a tched l ines , c ruci for m mo ti fs , 4 -5 . G aucher a nd Mohen c o mpare t he p a ls tave w i th l a te Bre ton f or ms ( 1974 , 4 7) ;

u n looped p a ls taves a re n o t c o m mon i n n or thern France a f ter Bronze

Moyen e xcep t i n r es idua l c on tex ts .

T he med ian-w inged a xe b e longs t o

t he e as tern French t ype o f Bronze F ina l I . ap egged Rosnoen t ype .

T he s pearhead i s p robab ly

T he b race le ts a re s im i lar i n f or m a nd o rna men t

t o t he i nc ised b race le t i n t he B o is-de-Less ines h oard ( 121 ) fa nd , l i ke t h is b race le t , t hey a re p robably r e la ted t o t he Re inecke D N iederF lörshe im t ype ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 07-111). 1 15 .

S a in t-Jus t-en-Chauss e , O ise . B lanche t a nd Mohen 1 977. Hoard .

Trapezo ida l-h i l ted r ap ier w i th b road midr ib a nd r ive t-no tches ,

B lanche t a nd Mohen 1 977 , f ig . 2 , 2 .

Dagger w i th t aper ing b lade ,

b road midr ib , n otched b u t t , f ig . 2 , 1 . f igs . 2 , 7 ;

3 , 7 -9 .

R osnoen s word , f our r ive ts ,

S tra igh t b laded s word w i th b road midr ib , t ap-

e r ing h i l t w i th f our n o tches a nd n arrow midr ib , f igs . 2 , 3 ; 2 0-21.

3 , 3 ,

H i l t o f s tra igh t-bladed s word w i th b road midr ib , t wo n o tches

i n s ides , t wo i n t op o f h i l t , f ig . 2 , 4 .

H i l t o f s tra igh t-bladed s word

i v i th b road m idr ib , t wo n o tches i nb roken h i l t , f ig . 2 , 5 .

Fragmen t

o f f langed h i l t , t aper ing t owards t he p o m me l , f our r ivet-ho les , f ig . 2 , 6 .

Two f ragmen ts , i nc lud ing t he p o in t , o f as tra igh t-bladed s word

t he b road midr ib , f ig . 3 , 1 8-19.

E igh t f ragmen ts o f s tra igh t-bladed

s words w i th b road midr ibs , f ig . 3 , 1 0-17.

F ragmen ts o f f ive s pear-

h eads w i th s ol id , l eaf-shaped b lades , t he s urv iv ing s ocke ts h ave p egh o les , f ig . 4 , 2 5-29 , 3 1. n o tched , f ig . 4 , 2 2 . midr ib , f ig . 4 , 2 3.

Bu t t f ragmen t o f a med ian-w inged a xe ,

Fragmen t o f al ooped p a ls tave w i th t aper ing Whee l-shaped p endan t w i th c en tra l p er fora t ion

a nd , o r ig ina l ly , s ix s pokes , f ig , 4 . 2 4.

Fragmen t o f ap in w i th

r ibbed s wo l len n eck a nd , a bove a nd b e low , ap a ir o f t r iang les f i l led w i th h or izon ta l g rooves , f ig . 4 , 3 0 . Trapezoida l-h i l ted r ap iers w i th n o tched b u t ts a ppear t o b e l ess c o m mon i n F rance t han i n Br i ta in t hough o ther e xamp les o ccur i n R osnoen h oards ( Br iard a nd G io t 1 958 , p l .V , 1 2 ;

B r iard 1 965 , f ig . 4 9 , 3 ) .

The S a in t-

J us t e xa mp le a ppears t o b e i den t ica l w i th t he M i ldenha l l f or m o f t he Br i t ish L isburn t ype o f G roup I V ( Burgess 1 974 , f ig . 3 5 , a l ) a nd may b e o f B r i t ish o r ig in . N o tched d agger w i th b lades i n t he f or m o f R osnoen s words a re a c o m mon t ype i n t he R osnoen p hase ( Br iard a nd G io t 1 958 , p ls .I I , 3 ; 4 77 ) .

I I , 1 0 ;

I V ; 1 1-12 ;

V I , 1 5-16;

B lanche t a nd Mohen 1 977,

The f or m o f t he c o mp le te R osnoen s word c an b e ma tched i n t he

e pony mous h oard ( Br iard a nd G io t 1 958 , p l .IX , 2 6) a nd b y as word i n Nan tes Museum ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 5 4 , 1 ) . 3 59

The h i l t o f t he o ther c o mp le te

s word i n t he S a in t-Jus t h oard , 3 , i s r e la ted t o Re im 's v ar ian t Go f t he R ixhe im t ype ( 1 974a , 2 0-21 ) o f e ar ly Re inecke D ( i bid ., 4 3-44 ;

1 974b ,

A bb. 4 ). These a re s words w ith a R ixhe im b lade a nd a R osnoen i nsp ired h i l t . There a re s words w i th s im i lar h i l ts whose b lade o f fse ts d o n o t r each t he n o tches i n t he h oards f ro m L es S auvageons e n H enon , C ö tesd u-Nord ( Br iard 1 965 , f ig . 4 9 , 1 ) , a nd C annes-Ecluse I , S e ine-e t- Marne ( Gaucher a nd R ober t 1 967 , f ig . 2 4 , 2 ) . T hese s words a l l d e mons tra te o ver lap b etween R osnoen a nd R ixhe im f orms . The o ther t wo n o tched h i l ts , 4 -5 , a ppear t o b e R osnoen v ar ian ts ( B lanche t a nd Mohen 1 977 , 4 77) .

The f langed h i l t , 6 , p robab ly b e longs t o t he R e inecke D Buch loe/

G ref fern g roup ( L is t 6 2 , 1 ) . The p a ls tave a nd s pearheads a re c harac ter is t ic R osnoen f or ms ( B lanche t a nd Mohen 1 977 , 4 78 ).

T he med ian-w inged a xe b e longs t o t he

e as tern French t ype o f Bronze F ina l I .

The p in i s r e la ted t o c o l lared

p ins , p redo m inan t ly o f Bronze F ina l I( Audouze a nd C our to is 1 970 , 1 3-15 ) , t hough t he t r iangu lar mo ti f o ccurs o n o ther p ins ( N ico las , Duva l , E lu re , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 , f ig . 7 , 4 0 ; 4 5 , 3 14 ) .

Mordan t a nd Pra mpar t 1 976 , f ig .

T he whee l d oes n o t a ppear t o b e p ar t o f a whee l-headed p in

( B lanche t a nd Mohen 1 977 , 4 78 ;

c f . K ubach 1 977 , Ta f . 8 -40 ).

Whee l-

s haped p endan ts a ppeared i n s ou th-eas tern France i n Bronze F ina l I ( Mordan t a nd Prampar t 1 976 , 1 78 ;

B ocque t 1 969 , 2 34-235 , f ig . 4 8 , 5 ;

Audouze a nd C our to is 1 970 , 1 4-15 , p l . 2 3A , 2 -5 ). N o th ing i n t he S a in t-Jus t h oard n eed b e l a ter t han Bronze F ina l I / R e inecke D ( B lanche t a nd Mohen 1 977 , 4 78-479 ) a nd i ti nc ludes e le men ts f ro m Br i t tany , e as tern F rance a nd Br i ta in . 1 16.

Beaugrand , S a in t-Leonard , Pas-de-Ca la is Mohen 1 972 , 4 51 , f ig . 3 , 1 ;

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 18 , S a in t-

L eonard . Hoard .

Two mass ive med ian-w inged a xes , o n ly o ne s urv ives .

T he s urv iv ing a xe b elongs t o t he e as tern French Bronze F ina l Ig roup . 1 17.

S e ine a t La Vaquer ie , Va t tev i l lela-Rue , S e ine- Mar i t i me . Verron 1 973 , 3 98 , f igs . 4 5 , 1 ;

4 6.

R iver f ind , n o t c er ta in ly a h oard . d ep t o r c ache t te .

Descr ibed a s al o t , r a ther t han

O r ig ina l ly s evera l h undred o b jec ts , o n ly e igh teen

s urv ive. Tanged s word w i th s tra igh t b lade , b road midr ib f lanked b y d ouble l i nes ; n o a t tachmen t f or r ive ts , Verron 1 973 , f ig . 4 5 , 1 . Three s tra igh t-b laded s words w i th b road midr ibs a nd t wo n o tches , f ig . 4 6 , l e f t .

Two s tra igh t s word b lades .

F ive d aggers w i th b road

midr ibs a nd t wo n o tches , f ig . 4 6 , s econd l e f t .

S even p egged s pear-

h eads , f ig . 4 6 , c en tre , s econd r igh t . A bou t t h ir ty p a ls taves f ro m t he s a me s po t may b e long t o t h is g roup o f o b jec ts . The t anged s word b e longs t o t he G r igny t ype ( L is t 6 6 , 3 ) o f Reinecke D/HaA1 d a te .

The s words w i th t wo n o tches a re r e la ted t o t he Haguenau

t ype ( Verron 1 973 , 3 97 ;

' Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 3 11 ).

The d aggers

a nd s pearheads a re R osnoen t ypes , a s , p resumably , a re t he p a ls taves ( Verron 1 973 , 3 98 ) .

3 60

1 18 .

E ronde l le , S o m me . M i l lo t te , C ord ier a nd A bauzi t 1 968 , 5 4 n os . 1 65-167 ; Mohen 1 974 , 1 13 , E ronde l le 2 .

G aucher a nd

Musbe d e P icard ie , Am iens .

The n a ture o f t h is f ind i s u ncer ta in .

F ig . 3 6B.

G aucher a nd Mohen ( 1 974 , 1 13 ,

Eronde l le 2 ) r ecord a r ap ier ( L is t 2 8 , 2 8 , P on t-Re my ) , a mass ive l ooped p a ls tave w i th t r iden t o rna men t ( Breu i l 1 905 , f ig . 5 , 4 3 ) a nd t we lve w inged a xes , a s we l l a s aw inged a xe w i th s ubter m ina l w ings ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 13 , E ronde l le 3 ) i n MAN .

Mi l lo t te ,

C ord ier a nd A bauzi t ( 1968 , 5 4 n os . 1 65-167) r ecord a apö t o f t hree mass ive med ian-w inged a xes , o ne l ooped ;

t he ir d raw ings a ppear t o

r epresen t t he a xes f igures b y Breu i l ( 1 905 , f ig , 5 , 4 5-47 ). i l lus tra tes f i ve w inged a xes :

Breu i l

o ne w i th s ubter m ina l w ings a nd e xpan-

d ed b lade ( i b id ., 4 4 ) , t wo med ian-w inged a xes , u n looped ( i bid ., 4 5-46) a nd t wo l ooped med ian-w inged a xes ( i bid ., 4 7-48 ).

Am iens Museum

c on ta ins a p a ls tave , w i th t he n umber 8 8 , a nd e leven w inged a xes , 9 6-99 , 1 09-114.

On ly o ne o f t he w inged a xes , 9 9 , i s l ooped a nd o n ly

o ne , 9 6, c an c on f iden t ly b e i den t i f ied w i th o ne o f Breu i l 's i l lus tra t ions ( i bid ., 4 4 ). Mus . 8 8. Mus . 9 6 ,

R osnoen p a ls tave , l ooped w i th t r iden t o rnamen t , Am iens Winged a xe , s ub-ter m ina l w ings , e xpanded b lade , Am iens

F ig . 3 6B , 1 .

Med ian-winged a xe , Am iens Mus . 9 7.

w inged a xe , Am iens Mus . 9 8 . Mus . 9 9 , 3 6B , 3 .

F ig . 3 6B , 2 .

Med ian-w inged a xe , Am iens Mus , 1 08 , F ig .

Med ian-w inged a xe , Am iens Mus . 1 09 , f ig . 3 6B , 4 .

w inged a xe , Am iens Mus . 1 10 , F ig . 3 6B , 5 . Am iens Mus . 1 11.

Med ian-

L ooped med ian-winged a xe , Am iens

Med ian-w inged a xe , Am iens Mus . 1 12.

w inged a xe , Am iens Mus , 1 13.

Med ian-

Med ian-w inged a xe , Med ian-

Mdd ian-w inged a xe , Am iens Mus .

1 14 . The med ian-winged a xes a re a l l e as tern French Bronze F ina l If or ms . The a xe w i th s ub-ter m ina l w ings i s more u nusua l ;

t here i s as im i lar

e xamp le f ro m K ra iburg a . I nn , L dkr . Muh ldor f , Bavar ia ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , Ta f . 1 95 , 5 1 ). 1 19.

T irancour t , P icqu igny , S o m me . Anon , 1 905 ; 1 -2 .

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 12 , La C hauss6e-T irancour t

D oubt fu l a ssoc ia t ion , n o t l i s ted a s ah oard b y G aucher a nd Mohen ( 1 974 , 1 23 ) . En f ie ld s pearhead . Pbpinv i l le s word . Wh i le t hese t wo o b jec ts a re p robab ly c on te mporary , t he f ind i s h ard ly ' t yp ica l ' o f t he Rosnoen p hase ( Burgess 1 974 , 3 19 n .281 ) f or n ei ther o b jec t n eed b e o f Bre ton o r ig in . 1 20.

C ho isy-le-Ro i ,

Va l-de- Marne .

J .P . Mohen . H oard . R osnoen s word . U pper p ar t o f ar odtanged s word w i th s tra igh t-s ided b lade , b road m idr ib a nd t h ick t ang . Fragmen ts o f t he b lades o f f our s pearheads .

Three N or man p a ls taves , t wo w i th

e labora te r ibbed o rna men t , o ne w i th V -r ib c on ta in ing p e l le t . The r odtanged s word p robab ly b e longs t o t he G r ingy t ype o f Re inecke D/HaA1 d a te ( see p . 1 07 ) . Th is h oard p rov ides e v idence o f o ver lap b e tween Bronze Moyen I I a nd Bronze F ina l It ypes ( Verron 1 976a , 5 90 ). 3 61

BELG IU M 1 21.

Bo is-de-Lessines , Ha inau t . Mar ion 1 956. F ind o f u ncer ta in n a ture ; ma le i nhuma t ion b ur ia l .

Mar i n s ugges ts t ha t i tr epresen ts a f eP in w i th r ibbed s wol len s ha f t , h err ing-bone

o rna men t o n u pper mos t r ib , t ru mpe t h ead , Mar ien 1 956 , f ig . 3 , 1 . U pper p ar t o f p in , s wo l len n eck w i th h or izon ta l g rooves , t ru mpet h ead , b .

Two p la in p enannu lar b race le ts w i th r ound s ect ions a nd

s l ight ly t aper ing t er ma ins l , c -d . t aper ing t er m ina ls , e .

Penannu lar t wis ted b race le t w i th

Penannu lar b race le t , r ound s ec tion w i th

i ncised o rna men t , b ands o f l ines , c rucifor m mot i fs , f . The p la in p enannu lar b racele ts ( L is t 4 3 , 2 0 ) a re n ot c hrono log ica l ly d iagn os t ic.

The t w is ted b i

: e le t ( L is t 4 4 , 7 ) c an b e d a ted w i th more p re-

c is ion .

Twis ted b race

; so ccur i n l a te Tumu lus a nd e ar ly Urn f ie ld

c on tex ts i n H esse ( R ich

r1 970 , 1 27-129 ) ;

w i th t aper ing t er m ina ls ( Cowen 1 955 , A bb. 2 ;

t here a re t wo e xa mp les

t he Re inecke D b ur ia l f ro m N enzingen , Baden o ehauer 1 971 , 1 35 ).

Twis ted b race le ts a ppeared

i n e as tern France a t t he e nd o f Bronze Moyen ( Sandars 1 957, 8 9 , f ig . 2 1 , 3 ) , b u t t hey o n ly b eca me c o m mon d ur ing Bronze F ina l I( Nico las , Duva l , E lu re , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 , 1 59 ) a nd G aucher i l lus tra tes at w is ted b race let w i th r o l led t er m ina ls a s c haracter is t ic o f h is S a in tG erva is g roup o f Bronze F ina l I( 1976 , f ig . 3 , 9 ) .

Twis ted b race le ts ,

p oss ibly r es idua l , o ccur i n t he Bronze F ina l I h oards f ro m L onguev i l le ( La marre 1 945 , f ig . 4 , 3 5-37) a nd Cannes-Ec luse I ( Gaucher a nd R ober t 1 967, 1 92 , f ig . 3 1) , S e ine-et- Marne ( see p . 8 8 ) ,

a nd i n t he Bronze F ina l

Ib ur ia l a t Cha mpber trand , Yonne ( Sandars 1 957 , 1 61-162 , f ig . 3 6, 3 -5 , p l .V II I , 3 -5 ; 1 59 ).

N ico las , Duva l , E lubre , Mohen a nd Mordan t 1 975 ,

The d ecora ted b race le t ( L is t 9 4 , 3 ) i s p robably r e la ted t o t he

Re inecke D N ieder-Flörshe im t ype ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 07-111), c f . t he e xa mples i n t he Anzin h oard ( 114 ).

The t ru mpet-headed p ins w i th

s wol len n ecks b elong t o t he e ar l ier p ar t o f LBA1 ( see p .120 )a nd t h is d a te i s p robable f or t he Bo is-de-Less ines h oard . 1 22.

Neeroeteren , Ma s e ik , L i mburg . Mar ib in 1 952 , 2 19 , 2 26, a fb. 1 99 , 1 ; • Probable h oard .

Des i t tere 1 974a , 1 18 , L is te 2 ,

F our mass ive med ian-winged a xes .

The a xes b elong t o t he mass ive e as tern French t ype o f Bronze F ina l I . 1 23.

Dave , Na mur . Mar i n 1 952 , 2 69 , a fb. 2 53. Hoard .

Four c as t t wis ted n eck-r ings w i th t aper ing t er m ina ls ,

o rna men ted i n o ne c ase . Ad a te a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he La te Bronze Age i s u sua l ly f avoured f or t h is h oard ( de Lae t 1 974 , . 3 52 ).

I ft he n eck-r ings were d er ived f ro m

c en tra l G er many , al a te LBA1 d a te i s p robable ( see p . 1 24.

3 62

8 0 ) .

1 24 .

G rand-Gard , Han-sur-Lesse , N a mur . Mar ien 1 961 , 2 9 ; 3 68-369 ;

Knapen-Lescren ier 1 970 , 1 27;

d e Laet 1 974 ,

D es i t tere 1 976 , 8 4 n o . 1 0.

I nhuma t ion b ur ia l i n a marche t ( s tone-bu i l t b arrow ) among a g roup o f s uch monumen ts o n t he G rand-Gard p la teau . Excava t ion i n 1 861 p roduced a t wis ted n eck-r ing . I n t he Mus6e Arch k o log ique , Namur , t here a re s evera l f ragmen ts o f ac as t t wis ted n eck-r ing w i th o rnamen ted t aper ing t er m ina ls ; e l led ' Han-sur-Lesse '.

t h is n eck-r ing i s l ab-

I fi ti s t o b e i den t i f ied w i th t he G rand-Gard

f ind , i t s hou ld b e c on te mporary w i th t he Dave n eck-r ings ( 123 ).

NETHERLANDS 1 25 .

Veenenburg , S . H o l land Bu t ler 1 959 , 1 34-136 , f ig . 4 . H oard .

P in , s tepped h ead , i ncised o rna men t o n s ha f t ,

f ig . 4 , a .

Bu t ler 1 959 ,

P in , b icon ica l h ead , r ibbed w i th f la t t op , i ncised o rna men t

o n s ha f t , b .

P in , b icon ica l h ead , r ibbed w i th f la t t op , i ncised o rna-

men t o n s ha f t , c .

Two f ragmen ts o f s ick le b lades w i th s ing le k nob

a nd d oub le r ib , d -e .

F ive p la in p enannu lar b race le ts , f j.

P la in

p enannu lar b race le t o n to wh ich a re t hreaded t h ir teen a nnu lar r ings , k .

Tanged t oo l w i th t r iangu lar b lade , 1 .

P ol ished s tone a xe , m.

F langed a xe , d i f feren t p a t ina f ro m t he o ther b ronzes , n . Ap o l ished s tone a xe o ccurs i n a no ther Du tch b ronze h oard a t Wagen ingen , G e lder land ( I nv . A rch . NL11,

9 ) .

T he f langed a xe may b e f ro m t he

s ame h oard a s t he e xamp le i n t he Voorhou t h oard ( 85 ) 2 ;

t he f or m i s

d is t inc t f ro m t he E kehaar a nd V lag twedde t ypes ( Bu t ler 1 963b , 1 92-198 ). The f or m o f t he t anged t oo l i s s im i lar t o t ha t o f l ea ther-work ing k n ives ( see p .137-8 ) .

T he s ick les a re p robab ly o f c on t inen ta l o r ig in

( see p . 6 3 ) . The b race le ts ( L is t 4 3 , 2 2 ) a re u nd iagnos t ic , l i ke t he r ings ( L is t 4 7 , 1 7). The i ncised o rnamen t o n t he s ha f ts o f t he Veenenburg p ins ma tches t ha t o n t he s ha f t f ro m Laren ( l is t 8 5 , 1 ) .

S uch o rnamen t

o ccurs o n ap in w i th a s tepped h ead f ro m B eckedor f , Kr . C e l le ( Laux 1 976 , 7 5 n o . 4 06) a nd o n ab icon ica l-headed p in f ro m G ol lern , Kr . U e lzen ( i bid ., 8 3 n o . 4 52 ) , L ower S axony.

B o th o f t hese p ins c o me f ro m e ar ly

MI I I b ur ia ls ( i b id ., 7 6 , 8 3 ) , s o a n e ar ly LBA1 d a te i s l i ke ly f or t he V eenenburg h oard . 1 26.

H i l lenraad , S wa l men , L i mburg . Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls 1 974 , 6 9-74 , f igs . 3 0-32 . Ag roup o f f our b arrows , a d jacen t t o t he G erman b order , was o r ig ina l ly e xcava ted b y F

C . Bursch i n 1 937;

b arrows 1 a nd 2 were r e-exam ined

b y Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls i n 1 972 . Barrow 1 c on ta ined s herds o f a Midd le Bronze Age u rn a bove i t s c en tre ;

a mass ive med ian-winged a xe ( Lan t ing a nd v an d er Waa ls

1 974 , f ig . 3 1 , 4 7 ) a nd a whe ts tone were f ound i n ap er iphera l s econd ary p os i t ion .

3 63

Barrow 2 contained a central inhumation; two massive median­ winged axes (ibid., fig. 31, BM 247, Hillenraad) were found in a peripheral secondary position. Barrow 3 contained Middle Bronze Age sherds and there were no diagnostic finds from Barrow 4. The axes belong to the eastern French type of Bronze Final I.

364

LBA 2 BR ITAIN 1 27.

I s leham , Cambs . Br i t ton 1 960 ;

C oo mbs 1 975a , f igs . 5 ;

Edwardson n .d .;

D . Br i t ton .

8 , 4 -11 ;

9 , 6 -14 ;

1 0 , 1 0-34 ;

Moyses Ha l l Museu m , Bury S t . E d munds .

F igs . 4 2-46A. H oard , f ound i n ap i t c u t i n to t he c ha lk a t t he f en e dge . f ragmen ts o f p o t tery were a lso r ecovered .

S evera l

O ver 6 ,500 f ragmen ts ,

we igh ing n ear ly 2 00 l b ( c _ . 9 0 k g ) , make t h is t he l arges t Bronze Age h oard k nown f ro m B r i ta in a nd i ti s l arger t han a ny h oard f ro m west ern o r n or thern Europe .

Mos t o f t he o b jec ts h ave b een b roken i n to

sma l l f ragmen ts a nd t he t o ta l n u mbers r epresen ted o f c er ta in t ypes a re a pprox i ma te . 2 96 f ragmen ts o f s words i n p ieces u p t o 1 5 cm i n l eng th . c o mp le te weapons h ave b een r econs tructed . r epa ired i n a n t iqu i ty. r icasso ;

Three

S word , h i l t b roken a nd

O va l-sec t ion b lade w i th b eve l led e dges a nd

s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders w i th t wo s lo ts ;

The g r ip was b roken a t t he b ase o f t he s lo t .

s lo t ted g r ip .

T o f ac i l i ta te r epa ir ,

g rooves were c u t o n e i ther s ide o f t he h i l t , r unn ing u pwards f ro m t he s hou lder s lo ts . Th is was p resu mably i n tended t o a f ford more s ecure a t tach men t f or t he n ew me ta l wh ich was c as t o n , b u t t he r ep a ir was n o t s ecure a nd t he b reak r e-opened , F ig . 4 2 , 1 . w i th o va l-sec t ion b lade w i th b eve l led e dges a nd r icasso ;

S word a l mos t

s tra igh t s hou lders w i th t wo r ive ts s e t i n e longa ted d epress ions ; s lo t ted g r ip , F ig . 4 2 , 2 .

S word w i th b road midr ib o n t he b lade

wh ich h as b eve l led e dges a nd q u in tup le o u t l ines e nd ing i n p o in t i l le wh ich a lso o u t l ines t he r icasso ; r ive t-ho les ;

a l mos t s tra igh t s hou lders w i th f our

s lot ted g r ip , F ig . 4 2 , 3 .

S lo t ted g r ips a re u sua l , b u t

af ew f ragmen ts h ave r ive t-ho les ( Coo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 9 , 8 -9 ) a nd o ne c o mbines a s lo t w i th t hree r ive t-ho les ( i bid ., f ig . 9 , 1 0 ). S hou lders a re s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly c onvex w i th t wo s lots o r t wo , f our o r s ix r ive t-ho les . s ec t ions w i th midr ib . f ig . 9 , 1 3-14 ).

B lades h ave e i ther o va l s ec t ions o r l ozengeMu l t ip le o u t l ines s o me t i mes o ccur ( i bid .,

Many r ive ts f or s words a nd s o me l eng ths o f b ronze

s u i table f or c u t t ing i n to r ive ts .

S o me o f t hese may b e f ragmen ts o f

p la in b race le ts ( Br i t ton 1 960 , 2 81 n .24 ). 1 764 f ragmen ts o f l ozenges ec t ion c hapes , b u t o n ly o ne c o mple te e xa mp le , w i th c oncave mou th , r ibs a nd k nobbed t er m ina l , F ig . 4 3 , 4 . t ubu lar f erru les .

F or ty-s ix f ragmen ts o f

C . 4 20 f ragmen ts o f s pearheads ;

a l l t he e xa mp les

wh ich c an b e r econs truc ted h ave l ea f-shaped b lades a nd , s ave o ne u n f in ished c as t ing , p eg-ho les .

S even teen a re n ow c o mple te .

S even

o f t hese h ave s o l id b lades , i nc lud ing t he s ix sma l les t e xa mp les f ro m 1 0.2 cm , 5 -8 .

T en h ave h o l low b lades , f ive w i th a midr ib , 9 .

w i th a midr ib a nd s tep , 1 0 .

One

F our w i th l ozenge-sec t ion b lades , 1 1.

S o me f ragmen ts h ave l una te o pen ings o f f i l le t-de f ined midr ibs a nd o ne e xa mple c o mb ines b o th f ea tures , 1 2 . Mos t s pearhead b lades h ave b eve l led e dges . S o me b lades b ear p o in t i l lh o rnamen t ( Coo mbs

3 65

1 975a , 6 0 , f ig . 8 , 4 -6 , 8 ) ;

o thers h ave b ands o f i nc ised l i nes a nd

t r iangu lar mo t i fs a t t he mot i th ( i b id ., f ig . 8 , 7 , 9 -11 ) , 1 3 .

Twen ty-

e igh t f ragmen ts o f p a ls taves i nclud ing f ive c o mp le te o r n ear-co mple te e xamp les , a l l l ooped w i th l ow f langes a nd p ro jec t ing s top-r idges . Two p la in , 1 4-15 .

One w i th d oub le v er t ica l g roove o rna men t , 1 6.

One w i th mu l t ip le V -groove o rnamen t , 1 7. 1 8 .

One w i th t aper ing r ib ,

One f ragmen t o f ab ronze p a ls tave mou ld .

a l l l ooped .

S ix s ocke ted a xes ,

One p la in w i th t r ip le c o l lar mou ld ing , 1 9 .

o ne w i th t r ip le s paced r ibs o n t he c ol lar , 2 0 . mou ld ing , 2 1 .

F ive i nden ted ,

One w i th n o c ol lar

Twe lve f rag men ts o f s ocke ted g ouges , 2 2 .

s ocke ted h a m mers , c o mp le te o r f ragmen tary. r esen ted , f irs t , as hor t b road f or m , 2 3 .

T en

Two f or ms a re r ep-

S econd , al onger , more

s lender , f orm w i th t he s tr ik ing e nd d i f feren t ia ted f ro m t he s ocke t , 2 4.

One u n f in ished o b jec t ;

as h ie ld-shaped b lade t aper ing t o a

t ang whose e xpanded t er m ina l c ou ld b e ac as t ing j e t , 2 5 . s ocke ted s ick le a nd s evera l f ragmen ts , 2 6.

One r ing-

One t oo l w i th a t aper ing

b lade , s o l id a nd o f c oncavo-convex s ec t ion , a nd a h o l low s ocke t o f s em i-c ircu lar s ec t ion , 2 7.

One t i p o f ac h ise l b lade , 2 8 .

Three

b locks o f b ronze w i th mu l t ip le p er fora t ions wh ich t aper s l igh t ly a nd measure b e tween 1 .0 m m , a nd 4 .0 m m i n d iame ter , 2 9 . men ts o f s ing le-edged k n ives .

F or ty-n ine f ragmen ts o f d ouble-edged

t anged k n ives a nd t wo c o mp le te e xamp les . One w i th a r ibbed t ang , 3 1 .

Two f rag-

One w i th t wo n o tches , 3 0 .

One f ragmen t o f ad ouble-edged s ocke ted

k n i fe , t he j unc t ion b e tween t he s ocke t a nd t he b lade , 3 2 .

F ive thub-

c aps ' w i th c onvex t ops a nd c y l indr ica l s ocke ts . Two e xa mp les w i thou t p er iphera l f langes a ppear t o b e ap a ir , F ig . 4 5 , 3 4. Two o thers h ave p er iphera l f langes , 3 5 . e xpanded t op , 3 6. s ec t ion ;

One sma l ler c yl indr ica l s ocke t w i th

Two j o in ing f rag men ts o f b ronze r od o f c ircu lar

o ne t er m ina l e xpands t o at ru mpe t s hape w i th a n i rregu lar

c en tra l p ro ject ion , t he o ther t erm ina l e xpands t o ac onvex f or m . Wi th a s ocke t o u t o f wh ich a no ther p iece , t he s a me d iame ter a s t he r od , a ppears t o h ave b een b roken , 3 7-38 . p anded t er m ina ls a nd a c en tra l s lo t , 3 9. w i th t wo l oops b enea th , 4 0 .

One s hor t b ar w i th e xOne a nnu lar r ing , C -sect ion

S even a nnu lar h o l low r ings w i th f our

s lo ts , 4 1. F our c ruci for m o b jec ts w i th s lo ts a t t he e nd o f e ach a rm ; t he l ower s ides h ave c ircu lar p er fora t ions a nd t he u pper s ides a re s tepped , d o me-shaped , 4 2 . w i th a h ooked a ppendage , 4 3.

One a nnu lar r ing , worn o n o ne s ide , T hree t r iangu lar o penwork moun ts

w i th a c en tra l b ar a nd l oops a t e ach a pex o n t he l ower s ide ; u pper s ides d ecora ted w i th g rooves a nd n o tches , 4 4-45 . o f t hree ' cheek-p ieces ' ;

t he

F ragmen ts

c urved b ars , t he s ing le s urv iv ing t ermina l

k nobbed , al oop i n t he p lane o f t he c urve o n t he c oncave s ide , t he l oop f lanked b y t wo s lo ts i n t he s a me p lane . c ores , 4 6.

H o l low-cas t w i th c lay

Two o f t hese f rag men ts a re o f a l mos t i den t ica l s ize a nd

t he ir p er fora t ions f or m t he s a me a ng le ;

t hey may b e ap a ir , 4 7-48 .

F our teen o penwork p ieces , o ne e nd s trag i th a nd o pen , t he o ther c urved a nd p er fora ted b y a sma l l s lo t , 4 9.

One r ectangu lar o penwork

p iece , o ne e nd p er fora ted b y a sma l l s lo t , t he o ther e nd a pparen t ly o pen , e ach s ide p er fora ted b y as ing le h o le a t t he o pen e nd ;

t he u pper

s ide b ears g rooved o rna men t a nd t here a re r e ma ins o f d iagona l

c en tra l b ars , 5 0 . One u n f in ished c as t ing o f as em i-c ircu lar o penwork p iece , h o l low , t he r e ma ins o f as lo t i n t he c onvex s ide , ah o le a t o ne a ng le , ap ro jec t ing t er m ina l ;

g rooved o rna men t , 5 1 .

One

l arge t oothed o b ject , ah o l low b ar w i th a c en tra l s lo t , ar ib o n t he u nders ide o f e ach t ooth . O b l ique mou lded o rnamen t o n t he b ar , g rooved o rnamen t o n t he t ee th , 5 2 . s haped o b jec t .

One t er m ina l o f ah o l low C -

C oo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 1 0 , 1 1.

One D -shaped o b jec t

w i th a D -sect ion b ar b ear ing t ransverse l ine o rna men t ;

t he r ough

u nders ide o f t h is b ar b ears t he r e ma ins o f ap ro jec t ion a t e i ther e nd , 5 3.

Three d oub le l oops o f u nequa l s ize w i th a c o l lar , mou lded

o n t he s ide o f t he l arger l oop , r ough o n t he s ide o f t he sma l ler , 5 4. One o va l p iece w i th a n a ngu lar l oop .

C oo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 1 0 , 2 4 .

Three t anged s tuds w i th s quare g rooved h eads . l ooped b u t tons , F ig . 4 6A , 5 5 .

F or ty-f ive c onvex

Tanged s tuds w i th c onvex o r c on ica l

h eads . ( Coo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 1 0 , 2 5-27 ). E igh teen c o mp le te o r n earc o mple te p ha lerae , c en tres d e f ined b y as tep , r i ms t h ickened , l oops c as t i n o ne , 5 6.

T h ir ty-seven f ragmen ts o f p ha lerae .

One s ha l low

c up-shaped o b jec t , c ircu lar w i th s l igh t ly t aper ing s ides , r ibbed a nd p er fora ted b y t wo r ive t-ho les , 5 7. s ides .

One s im i lar o b jec t w i th u pr igh t

Twen tytwo r o l ls o f s hee t b ronze , many p inched a t o ne e nd ,

s o me f ragmen ts may j o in .

One t er m ina l .

w i th a c en tra l r ive t h old ing ab ar ;

Ah o l low a nnu lar r ing

o ne e nd o f t h is b ar a ppears t o b e

b roken , t he o ther h as a c yl indr ica l s ocke t wh ich h olds a s o l id a nnul ar r ing wh ich i s v ery worn i n p ar t o f i t s c ircum ference , 5 8 .

One

f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th l ong i tud ina l n o tched r ibs , t aper ing t owards t he t er m ina l , 5 9.

One f ragmen t o f ab race le t w i th

al ong i tud ina l g roove c on ta in ing t ransverse i nc ised l ines ; ab roken r ing a t o ne e nd , 6 0 .

p ar t o f

Two f ragmen ts o f n arrow b race le ts

w i th ab road l ong i tud ina l r ib f lanked b y t wo p er iphera l r ibs , n o tched i n o ne c ase , 6 1-62 . f or m , 6 3 .

H ead o f ap in , sma l l r ibbed h ead o f c on ica l

H ead o f ap in , b road c ar ina ted h ead w i th i nse t t op , 6 4 .

F our c au ldron r ings o f i den t ica l d ia me ter a nd s ec t ion , o ne a t tached t o at hree-r ibbed s tap le .

( Edwardson n .d ., p l . . V , 1 0 ).

Ano ther

t hree-r ibbed c au ldron s tap le . ( I bid .). Frag men ts o f s hee t b ronze w i th f la t-headed r ive ts . t i ona l s taples .

Two a dd i t iona l r ing h and les a nd f i ve a dd i-

E leven t er m ina ls , s o me w i th b u lbous e nds , o ther

w i th h am mer-head e nds , F ig . 4 4 , 3 3.

2 624 f ragmen ts o f b ronze

p la te w i th s paced n arrow r ibs o r mu l t iple b road r ibs . p ieces o f c as t ing d ebr is .

F i f ty-three

•

The s words a re a l l LBA2 t ypes ;

Burgess ' c la im ( 1 968a , 3 7) t ha t t he

I s leham h oard c on ta ins a f ragmen t o f C arp 's T ongue s word i s i ncorrec t ( D . Br i t ton ) .

T he d ecora ted s pearhead b lades i n t he I s leha m h oard

a re u n ique i n c on te mporary B r i t ish h oards ( Coo mbs 1 975a , 6 0 ) .

Br i t ton

h as d escr ibed t he t oo l w i th a t aper ing b lade ( 27 ) a s ' ap oss ible r ea mer ' ( 1960 , 2 81) , i .e . at oo l f or e n larg ing h o les b ored i n wood . Th is u nusua l t oo l c an b e ma tched b y a no ther f ro m t he Thames , p oss ibly a t Mor t lake , S urrey ( Museum o f L ondon A 2 8 ;

F ig . 5 2 , 1 ) .

S o me o f t he b one imple-

men ts f ro m t he H ea thery Burn C ave , C o . Durham ( I nv . A rch . GB55 , 1 21-145 ) may b e r ela ted .

3 67

The b locks w i th p er fora t ions ( 28-29 ) a re s im i lar t o d rawp la tes f or w ire-draw ing ( Mayron 1 971 , 4 1 ;

L indb lo m 1 939 ).

T he I s leham h oard

c on ta ins n o imp le men t t o g r ip t he w ire a nd s o me a l terna t ive t o a mode rn p a ir o f p l iers wou ld h ave b een n eeded .

An o b jec t i n t he LBA1 h oard

f ro m B ishops land , C o . K i ldare , may h ave s erved s uch a p urpose ( Eogan 1 964 , 3 40 n o . 4 0 , 1 2 , f ig . 5 , 1 2 ) a nd t he s ame h oard a lso c ont a ins l eng ths o f b ron ze w ire ( i bid ., 3 40 n o . 4 0 , 2 0 ) , t hough i th as n o t b een a scer ta ined whe ther t h is was d rawn .

G o ld w ire was u sed d ur ing

t he I r ish La te Bronze Age f or t he manu facture o f l ock-r ings ( Eogan 1 969 , 1 03 ) .

The h oard f ro m D err inboy , C o . O f fa ly , c on ta ined a n eck le t o f

g o ld w ire o n al ea ther c ore ; t h is w ire , o f D -sect ion 1 .0 m m w ide a nd 0 .5 m m t h ick , was 1 5-25 m i n l eng th ( Ra f tery 1 961 , 5 6-57). E ogan p laced t he D err inboy h oard i n t he B ishops land p hase , LBA1 ( 1964 , 3 43 n o . 5 7).

M idd le Bronze Age h oards f ro m Bar ton B end ish , N or fo lk

( i nv . A rch . GB7 , 5 ) , Monkswood , S o merse t ( I nv . A rch . GB42 , 1 0-11) , a nd Taun ton Un ion Workhouse , S o merse t ( I nv . A rch . GB43 , 1 3 ) , a nd La te B ronze Age f inds f ro m L langwy l log , Ang lesey ( Lynch 1 971 , f ig . 6 8 , 3 ) , a nd t he H ea thery Burn C ave , C o . Durham ( I nv . Arch . GB55 , 6 ) ,

a l l c on ta in o rna men ts o f w ire c . 2mm t h ick , wh ich i nd ica tes t ha t

b ronze w ire was manu fac tured f ro m t he M idd le B ronze Age 1 976 , 1 6 ).

( Row lands

There a ppears t o b e n o e v idence f or w ire i n Wi lbur ton

h oards . T he f rag men ts o f s ing le-edged k n ives a re u nd iagnos t ic .

S o me o f t he

d ouble-edged t anged k n ives c ou ld b e r e-used s word b lades . T he f ragmen tary s ocke ted k n i fe b elongs t o t he Thorndon t ype ( Hodges 1 956 , 3 8 ) . T he d iame ters o f t he s ocke ts o f t he ' hub-caps ' , c . 1 3 .6 cm , ma tch t he d iameter o f t he t rumpe t-shaped t er m ina l o f t he b ronze r od ( 3 7). These c ou ld b e a ssoc ia ted p ar ts o f a whee led v eh icle ( see p .150 ) . The s lo t ted b ar ( 39 ) h as b een i den ti f ied b y Burgess ( 1968a , 3 7 n .23 ) a s p ar t o f at wo-piece b ug le-shaped o b jec t , b u t t he s lo t i n t he I s leha m o b jec t 1 .0 cm x 0 .3 cm , s ee ms t o b e t oo sma l l , f or t he s lots i n ' s lo t ted r ee ls ' a re b e tween 2 .5 cm a nd 3 .0 cm l ong ( see p .194 ) .

The I s leha m

o b jec t may b e as i mp le t ogg le . T he l ooped a nnu lar r ing ( 40 ) c an b e ma tched i n t he Wi lbur ton h oard ( 129 ).

T he I s le l iam c ruci for m o b jec ts ( 42 ) may b e c o mpared w i th t hose

f ro m Wi lbur ton , wh ich h ave c en tra l p er fora t ions o nb o th u pper a nd l ower s ides .

The t er m ina l ( Coo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 1 0 , 1 1 ) i s p robably p ar t o f

ac heek-p iece r epresen ted i n t he Wi lbur ton h oard b y a n a l mos t c o mp le te e xamp le ( 2 4 ).

The f or m a nd d i mens ions o f t he I s leha m o penwork p ieces

( 4 9 ) a re s im i lar t o t hose o f a n o penwork p iece f ro m Wi lbur ton ( 25 ). The c ruci form o b jec ts a nd s lo t ted r ings may b e i n terpre ted a s s trapc ross ings .

The u n f in ished o penwork c as t ing f ro m I s leha m ( 51 ) c ou ld

b e ac heek-p iece l i ke t he Wi lbur ton e xa mp le ( 24 ).

The o penwork o b-

j ec ts w i th g rooved o rnamen t may b e r e la ted t o a n L -shaped f ragmen t w i th s im i lar o rnamen t i n ab ur ia l f ro m Weer t , Du tch L i mburg , a ssocia ted w i th a sma l l K erbschn i t t c up a nd b ronze f ragmen ts . t he c re ma ted r e ma ins g ave a C 14 d a te o f :

C harcoa l f ro m

8 00 + 5 0 b .c . G rN 6 871

( Lan t ing 1 976 , 5 8-59 , A bb . 2A ). T he K erbschn i t t p o t s hou ld n o t b e d a ted b efore t he b eg inn ing o f Ha B ( Des i t tere 1 968 , 4 5-50 ; K imm ig 1 970 , 4 5 ) , t hough Lan t ing h as s ugges ted t he p oss ibi l i ty o f a n e ar l ier o r ig in ( 1 976 , 6 0-61 ). 3 68

T he o b jects d iscussed i n t he p rev ious t hree p aragraphs c ou ld a l l b e i n terpre ted a s e le men ts o f h orse o r wagon e qu ip men t ( Br i t ton 1 960 , 2 82 ; C oo mbs 1 975a , 6 2-64 , f ig . 1 0 ). The I s leham p ha lerae may a lso c ons t i tu te h orse-gear , t hough t he a l terna t ive i n terpre ta t ion o f r e la ted c en tra l G erman p ha lerae a s p ersona l o rna men ts ( O 'Connor 1 975 , 2 23 ) s hou ld b e r eca l led . Br i t ton h as s ugges ted t ha t t he d oub le l oops ( 54 ) may b e t erre ts ( 1 960 , 2 82 ).

I n a dd i t ion t o t he v ar ious s tuds a nd b u t tons ,

t he h ooked r ing ( 4 3 ) , t he t oo thed o b ject ( 52 ) , t he D -shaped o b ject ( 53 ) , t he l ooped o va l ( Coo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 1 0 , 2 4 ) a nd t he sma l l s ocke t ( 3 6) c ou ld a l l b e f i t t ings f or h orses o r wagons .

The c o mp lex t er m ina l ( 58 )

i s s im i lar t o as trap t er m ina l i n t he wagon b ur ia l o f t he l a ter HunsrückE i fe l c u l ture f ro m S i tzera th , K r . S t . Wende l , S aar land ( Kol l ing 1 975 , 2 8-29 , A bb. 6 , 1 ) . T he c up-shaped o b jec ts ( 5 7) may b e c o mpared w i th a n o va l p iece i n t he Bronze F ina l I I h oard f ro m C rapon e n P languenoua l , C ö tes-du-Nord ( Br iard , L e Roux a nd Onn e 1 973 , 4 7 , f ig . 5 , 7 2 ). T he r ibbed b race le t i s p robably a s urv iva l f ro m t he Midd le B ronze Age ( L is t 4 2 , 1 ) t hough r ibbed b race le ts o ccur i n L a te B ronze Age c ont ex ts i n France , e .g . t he Larnaud h oard , J ura ( Chan tre 1 875 , p l . XL IX , 6 ).

B r i t ton h as s ugges ted t ha t t he f rag men t w i th ab roken r ing ( 60 ) i s

p ar t o f aN ord ic A r mr ing mi t k re is for m iger Erwe i terung ( 1 960 , 2 81 ). These b race le ts o ccur ma in ly i n D enmark , a lso i n s ou thern S weden a nd n or thern G ermany , a nd t hey a re d a ted t o MV ( Baudou 1 960 , 6 8 , 2 59 ; S prockhof f 1 953 ).

Ra f tery h as s hown t ha t a sma l l g roup o f I r ish b race le ts

was d er ived f ro m t h is N ord ic t ype ( 1 971 , 9 6-99 ).

None o f t hese Nord ic

o r I r ish b racele ts a ppears t o h ave t he l ong i tud ina l g roove p resen t o n t he I s leha m f ragmen t . T he p in w i th a sma l l c on ica l h ead ( 63 ) p robab ly b e longs t o t he Landau f or m , c f . t he e xamp le f ro m t he Rh ine a t Ma inz , wh ich h as a h ead o f s im i lar d iame ter , c . 0 .55 cm ( Kubach 1 977 , 4 67 n o . 1 157 ).

Landau

p ins a re o f midd le Rh ine o r ig in a nd Ha A 2 d a te ( i b id ., 4 69-470 ) s o t he I s leha m p in c ou ld h ave b een i mported d ur ing t he l a ter p ar t o f LBA1 ( see p . 1 26 ) . T he s econd p in ( 64 ) a ppears t o b elong t o a n i l l-def ined g roup o f d isc-headed p ins w i th i nse ts ( see p . 2 05 ) . T he i den t i f iable c au ldron f ragmen ts b e long t o C lass A l ( D . Br i t ton ) ; more t han o ne v esse l i s r epresen ted . J ockenh6ve l a ppears t o i nc lude a l l t he t er m ina ls w i th b u lbous a nd h a m mer-head e nds i n h is l i s t o f f l esh-hook t er m ina ls ( 1974a , 3 30 n o . 1 5 ).

The e xa mp les w i th b u lbous e nds c an b e ma tched i n t he Wi lbur ton

h oard ( 129 ) , b u t t he h a m mer-head f or m ( 33 ) i s u nusua l . P la te s crap a lso o ccurs i n t he h oards f ro m Gu i ls f ie ld ( 131 ) a nd C o . Rosco m mon ( Dav ies 1 967 , 1 04 n .5 ;

Burgess 1 968a , 3 7 , f ig . 9 , 1 0 ;

E ogan 1 964 , 3 46, n o .64 , 2 3 ) . T he s herds o f p o t tery a ssocia ted w i th t he h oard a re o f c oarse g r i t ty f abr ic a nd p robab ly b e long t o as ing le v esse l . were p reserved a nd o n ly t wo o f t he r im; v ives .

N o f ragmen ts o f t he b ase

o ne e nd o f al oop h and le s ur-

T he r econs truc t ion o f t he v esse l i n Bury S t . E d munds Museu m

s ee ms s pecu la t ive .

3 69

1 28 .

Wicken F en , C a mbs . BM 6 8 , 8 . H oard .

1 5 . F ig . 4 6B. F ive s word f ragmen ts o f a t l eas t t wo weapons i nc lud ing a

h i l t f rag men t .

T he b lade h as ab road m idr ib a nd q uadrup le o u t l ines

w i th p o in t i l le ; r ive t-ho les ; c ore.

t here i s ar icasso .

T he s tra igh t s hou lders h ave f our

t here a re t wo r ive ts , o ne h o l low , t he o ther w i th a c lay

T he b ase o f t he h i l t i s marked b y ar idge , n o tched a long s o me

o f i t s l eng th .

T he g r ip was p robab ly s lo t ted , F ig . 4 6B , 1 .

Frag-

men ts o f al ozenge-sec t ion c hape , at ubu lar f erru le a nd a s pearhead . The s word h i l t c an b e ma tched b y af ragmen t f ro m t he I s leha m h oard ( Coo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 9 , 1 3 ) wh ich h as s tra igh t s hou lders , f our r ive th o les , ac oncave h i l t- mark , ab road midr ib a nd mu l t ip le o u t l ines , b u t n o p o in t i l le . 1 29 .

Wi lbur ton , F en , C a mbs . Evans 1 885 .

CMAE 1 919-6 ;

s o me s pearheads i n B o l ton Museu m .

F igs . 4 6C - 4 9A . H oard , s o me o f t he o b jec ts were d amaged b y f ire a bou t t he t ime t ha t t hey were f ound .

E leven s word h i l ts , a l l w i th s lo t ted g r ips a nd r icass i .

S hou lders may b e s tra igh t o r s l igh t ly c onvex w i th t wo o r f our r ive th o les o f v arying s izes , F ig . 4 6C , 1 -4 . 4 -5 .

C oo mbs 1 975a , f ig . 9 , 1 ,

A l l s word b lades a ppear t o h ave ab road midr ib a nd b eve l led

e dges , F ig . 4 7 , 5 .

One c o mp le te l ozenge-sec t ion c hape w i th c on-

c ave mou th , r ibs a nd k nobbed t erm ina l .

T hree t er m ina ls o f l ozenge-

s ec t ion c hapes , t wo k nobbed , o ne p la in .

E igh ty-seven s pearheads ,

c o mple te o r n ear c o mp le te , a nd t wen ty-e igh t f ragmen ts ;

a l l p egged

where e v idence o f a t tach men t r e ma ins . Mos t b lades h ave b eve l led e dges . N ine tytwo h ave a s o l id b lade ; t en h ave a h o l low b lade , 7 1 0 .

F ive h ave l una te o pen ings , 1 1-13 .

o pen ings , F ig . 4 8 , 1 4 .

One h as sma l l c ircu lar

F ive h ave f i l le t-de f ined midr ibs , 1 5 .

e xa mp les h ave s tepped b lades , 1 6.

S o me

One c o mple te t ubu lar f erru le

a nd f ive f ragmen ts , 1 7-18 . One l ooped p a ls tave w i th l ow f langes , p ro jec t ing s top-r idge a nd d ouble g roove o rna men t , 1 9 . One i nden ted s ocke ted a xe , 2 1.

One p la in s ocke ted a xe , 2 0 .

work ing k n i fe , 2 2 .

One b lade o f al ea ther-

One ' hub-cap ' w i th c onvex t op , p er iphera l f lange

a nd s l igh t ly c on ica l s ocke t , 2 3. r ec tangu lar s ec t ion ;

One C -shaped o b jec t , h ol low-cas t ,

t he t wo t er m ina ls a re o pen a nd e xpanded ,

p er fora ted b y t wo h o les .

There i s as lo t a t t he a pex i n t he s ame

p lane a s t hese h oles a nd t he r e ma ins o f a no ther s lo t i n t he c onvex s ide o f t he a pex .

G rooved o rnamen t .

One o penwork o b ject ; c urved w i th a s lo t , 2 5 . s lo ts , 2 6.

Re ma ins o f ac lay c ore , 2 4.

o ne e nd i s s tra igh t a nd o pen , t he o ther i s One h o l low b ar w i th c losed e nds a nd t hree

One c ruci for m o b jec t w i th s lo ts a t t he e nd o f e ach a rm ;

c en tra l c ircu lar p er fora t ion , 2 7. t wo l oops b enea th .

One a nnu lar r ing , C -sec t ion w i th

Af ragmen t o f a no ther , F ig . 4 9A , 2 8 .

a nnu lar h ol low r ings w i th f our f l o ts , 2 9. u p turned k nobbed t er m ina ls , 3 0 .

F our s o l id a nnu lar r ings .

d ouble-edged t anged k n i fe w i th a s ing le n o tch i n t he t ang . t er m ina ls w i th b u lbous e nds , 3 1.

3 70

Two

One s lo t ted o b ject w i th One

Three

The l ooped a nnu lar r ings ( 28 ) , t he s lo t ted a nnu lar r ings ( 2 9 ) , t he ' hubc ap ' ( 23 ) , t he C -shaped o b jec t ( 24 ) , t he o penwork o b ject ( 25 ) a nd t he c ruci for m s trap-cross ing ( 2 7 ) c an a l l b e ma tched i n t he I s leham h oard ( 1 27 ).

The t er m ina ls w i th b u lbous e nds ( 3 1 ) a re f lesh-hook t er m ina ls

( Jockenhöve l 1 974a , 3 29 n o . s6 -8 , A bb . 1 , 6 -8 ) wh ich c an a lso b e ma tched a t I s leha m . 1 30 .

Andover , Han ts . Da le 1 913-14 . H oard .

C i ty Museum , Winches ter .

F ig . 4 9B .

Fragmen ts o f a t l eas t t wo s wrord i nclud ing t wo h i l ts .

w i th s lo t ted g r ip , s tra igh t s hou lders , f our r ive t-ho les ; s ec t ion w i th b eve l led e dges a nd r icasso , F ig . 4 9B , 1 .

H i l t

o va l b lade H i l t w i th

s tra igh t s hou lders a nd f our r ive t-ho les , t wo n o t c o mp le te ly p erf ora ted . As o ne r ive t-ho le c on ta ins a r ive t , t hese t wo h o les were marked o u t b u t n o t s ubsequen t ly u sed . o nb lade , 2 .

Broad midr ib a nd r icasso

F ragmen ts o f s ix s pearheads , o f l ozenge-sect ion c hapes

a nd t ubu lar f erru les . 1 31 .

Gu i ls f ie ld , Mon tgo merysh ire . S avory 1 964-66 ; Hoard .

S ix s word f ragmen ts .

f ig . 5 , 8 . e dges ,

Dav ies 1 967. One s lo t ted g r ip .

S avory 1 964-66 ,

F our b lade f ragmen ts w i th b road midr ib a nd b eve l led

f ig . 5 , 7 , 9 , 1 1-12 .

s ec t ion , f ig . 5 , 1 0 .

One c orroded b lade f ragmen t , o va l

C o mp le te o r f ragmen tary e xamp les o f t wen ty-

t wo t ongue-shaped l ozenge-sec t ion c hapes w i th c oncave mou ths , f igs . 5 , 1 -5 ;

6 ;

7 , 1 -4 ;

2 3 .

w i th s tra igh t b ase , f ig , 5 , 6 .

One s hor t l ozenge-sec t ion c hape C o mp le te o r f rag men tary e xa mp les

o f f i f teen t ubu lar f erru les , f ig . 4 .

N ine c o mple te o r n ear-co mp le te

s pearheads , s even f ragmen t a nd o ne miscas t p ice .

A l l h ave h ol low

o r p ar t ly h o l low b lades , mos t w i th b eve l led e dges .

Two h ave l una te

o pen ings .

One h as p o in t i l le o rnamen t o n t he s ocke t , f igs . 2 -3 , 7 , 2 2.

Frag men ts o f t en p a ls taves , where t hese f ea tures r e ma in a l l a re l ooped w i th l ow f langes a nd p ro ject ing s top-r idges , f ig . 1 B . s ocke ted g ouges , f ig , 7 , 5 -6. 7 .

Two

One r ive t w i th c onvex h ead , f ig . 7 ,

Fragmen ts o f b ronze p la te w i th s paced r ibs , f ig . 7 , 9 -21.

C as t ing j e t , f ig , 7 , 2 4 .

C opper c ake , f ig , 7 , 2 5-38 .

Two s ocketed a xes a nd a f ragmen t o f a no ther p robably b e long t o t he h oard ( Dav ies 1 967, 9 6 , f ig . 1 , ik ; S avory 1 964-66 , f igs . 1 , 5 ;

Burgess 1 968b , 1 5 n .63 , f ig . 1 1 , 5 ;

7 , 8 ) .

T hese a re a l l l ooped w i th mu l t ip le

c ol lar- mou ld ings , i nc lud ing r ope- mou ld ing o n o ne e xa mple .

Dav ies

h as p o in ted o u t t ha t t he s word f ragmen ts a re n o t s u f f ic ien t ly c o mp le te t o b e c er ta in ly i den t i f ied a s W i lbur ton s words ( 1967 , 1 03 ) , b u t a l l c ou ld b elong t o t h is t ype . T he s tra igh t-based c hape h as b een c o mpared w i th t he c hape i n t he h oard f ro m S toke F erry , N or folk ( I nv . A rch . GB8 , 3 ) , b y Dav ies ( 1967 , 1 03 ) b u t t he S toke F erry c hape h as n e i ther t he c oncave mou th , n or t he l ozenge s ec t ion , o f t hü sma l l G u i ls f ie ld c hape .

C o mpar ison h as a lso

b een made w i th s hor t t ongue-shaped c hapes i n t he I s leha m h oard ( 127 ) ( Burgess , C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972 , 2 18-219 ) , t hough t he I s leha m h oard

3 71

d oes n o t a ppear t o c on ta in a ny s tra igh t-based c hape .

Wh i le s hor t

c hapes a re c o m mon o n ly d ur ing LBA3 ( i bid ., 2 19 ) , t he f or m o f t he G u i ls f ie ld c hape s ugges ts t ha t i ti s n o more t han a LBA2 c hape w i th a s tra igh t b ase . T he s o-ca l led ' r ive t ' may b e at anged s tud , c f . t he e xamp les i n t he I s leham h oard ( 127 ) , T he s ocke ted g rouges a nd r ibbed p la te c an b e ma tched i n t he s a me h oard . T he mu l t ip le c o l lar- mou ld ings o f t he s ocketed a xes c an b e ma tched o n a xes i n t he I s leham ( 127 ) a nd Wi lbur ton ( 129 ) h oards , t hough t he G u i ls f ie ld a xes a re s hor ter a nd may b e ma tched i n n or thern Eng land ( Burgess 1 968b , 1 4-15 , f ig . 1 1 ).

T he h oard f ro m U l leske l f , Y orks .

( i bid ., 6 5 n o . 4 , f ig . 2 1 , 4 ) p rov ides a LBA2 c on tex t .

T he e xa mp le

s a id t o b e f ro m t he R . R ibb le ( i bid ., 6 4 n o . 3 , f ig . 2 1 , 2 ) i s p robab ly n ot f ro m a n a ssoc ia ted f ind ( Davey a nd F ors ter 1 975 , n o . 1 57) . T he r ope- mou ld ing o n o ne o f t he G u i ls f ie ld a xes i s c ons idered t o b e a n I r ish f ea ture b y Dav ies ( 1 967 , 9 9 ) , p resen t o n a n a xe i n t he LBA1 B ishops land h oard ( Eogan 1 964 , f ig . 5 , 2 ) .

T here i s a n a xe o f t he s a me g enera l

f or m a s t he Gu i ls f ie ld a xes w i th c ord- mou ld ing f ro m D anes D yke , F lamborough , Yorks . ( Burgess 1 968b , 6 1 , n o . 1 0 , f ig . 1 1 , 6 ) , a nd t here a re r ope- mou lded a xes i n t he LBA2 h oards f ro m Wa l l ing ton a nd H aydon Br idge , N or thumber land ( i bid ., f igs . 7 , 5 ;

9 , 1 0 ) .

NORTH-EASTERN FRANCE 1 32 .

B ou t igny I , Pas loup , E ssonne C owen 1 955 , 8 8 , 1 40 n o . 1 2 , A bb. 1 0 . Hoard .

One l ooped e nd-w inged a xe , C owen 1 955 , A bb . 1 0 , 1 .

One i nden ted s ocke ted a xe , l ooped w i th c ol lar- mou ld ing , 2 . p egged s pearhead , 3 .

One f ragmen tary s word h i l t ;

One

b lade h as mid-

r ib a nd r icasso f lanked t r ip le l i nes o f d ashes a nd t r ip le l ines o f s em i-c irc les ;

f langed-h i l t , s tra igh t s hou lders w i th t wo r ive t-ho les ,

s wo l len g r ip w i th n o tched f langes , 4 .

Two o ther s word f ragmen ts .

Par t o f s ing le-edged k n i fe w i th s l igh t ly c onvex b ack a nd p la in t ang , 5 . 6 .

One p in-head ; d isc w i th s wo l len c en tre a nd r ad ia t ing o rna men t , One r ec tangu lar b ox , l ong s ide o pen , g rooved a nd b ossed o rna-

men t , 7 . Two f ragmen ts o f s hee t b ronze w i th r ol led r i ms a nd b ossed o rna men t , 8 -9 . T he s word was i ncluded b y C owen ( 1955 , 1 38-140 ) i n h is Ear ly D ecora ted t ype o f d a te Ha A a nd Ha B a nd h e d a ted t he h oard t o Ha B ( i bid ., 8 8 ). I n S chauer 's t ypo logy , t he B ou t igny Is word a ppears t o b e r e la ted t o t he Ha B 1 S äck ingen a nd L ocras t ypes ( 1971 , 1 73 , 1 76-179 ). The k n i fe ( L is t 5 5 , 4 ) i s n o t ad iagnos t ic f or m ; k n ives w i th p la in t angs a re n o t c lose ly d a tab le i n France ( N ico lardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 , 5 5 ) .

H encken

d oub ts t ha t t he s hee t b ronze f ragmen ts b e long t o h e l me ts ( 1971 , 1 83 ) . S uch f ragmen ts c ou ld p oss ib ly b e f ro m g reaves ; wha tever t he i den t i f ic a t ion t hese f ragmen ts p rov ide f ur ther e v idence o f t he u se o f s hee t b ronze o b jec ts i n n or thern F rance ( see p . 1 17-9 ).

3 72

1 33.

B ou t igny I , La J us t ice , E ssonne . J .-P . Mohen . H oard . Two p a ls taves . o f as ocke ted a xe.

F ragmen ts o f t wo w inged a xes .

H i l t o f a n A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s word .

f ragmen ts o f s word b lades . s pearhead f ragmen ts . One s ick le f ragmen t . Two r azors .

Two l ozenge-sect ion c hapes .

Fragmen t Var ious Var ious

One t ubu lar f erru le . One s ocke ted g ouge . Two t er m ina ls . One t anged s ing le-edged k n i fe .

One s p ira l .

One f ragmen t o f ad ecora ted b race le t .

Ad ecora ted s word b lade f ragmen t c ou ld b e long t o t he Ha B 1 L ocras t ype o r t o ar e la ted t ype ( see p . 1 42 ) . T he d ecora ted b race le t ( Elu re 1 976) a ppears t o b e long t o t he H a B 1 P feddershe im t ype a nd was p rob ably made i n H esse ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 46-149 ) .

T h is p rov ides a n impor-

t an t c hrono log ica l i nd ica tor f or A t lan t ic Bronze F ina l It ypes , a xes , s words ,

h apes a nd f erru les .

The B ou t igny s p ira l c an b e ma tched i n

t he S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs h oard ( Br iard a nd Onn6e 1 972 , 1 3 , p l . X I I I , 1 01-108 ). 1 34 .

One o f t he t er m ina ls may b e f ro m a f l esh-hook .

C hampcue i l .

E ssonne .

J .-P . Mohen . H oard .

One h i l t o f a n A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s word .

men t o f as word , o va l s ect ion w i th o f fse t e dges . aw inged a xe .

One l ea ther-work ing k n i fe .

One b lade f rag-

One f ragmen t o f

S ix c onvex l ooped b u t tons .

The l ea ther-work ing k n i fe i s p resumably t he e xa mp le i l lus tra ted b y N ico lardo t a nd G aucher ( 1 975 , 1 11 , f ig . 3 ) a nd d e Mor t i l le t ( 1 903 , P l . LXXX I I , 9 88 ) a nd l i s ted b y Ro th ( 1 974 , 4 7 ).

The b u t tons c an b e ma tched

i n t he S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs h oard ( Br iard a nd Onnbe 1 972 , 1 5 , p l . XV , 1 21 ) .

1 35 .

S e ine b e tween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne . T ou louze , 1 891 , 1 71 , f igs . 3 5 , 7 2-74. G roup o fb ronzes , mos t f ragmen tary a nd mel ted . s words , s pearheads a nd a w inged a xe .

C on ten ts i nc lude

T h is may b e ah oard o f

B ronze F ina l I , c f . t he S eine a t P ar is h oard ( 138 ). 1 36.

F or t-Harrouard , Eure-e t . 7Lo ir . Ph i l ippe 1 936, f ig . 5 1 . H oard , c on ten ts i nclude :

One h i l t o f a n A t lan t ic l ead-shaped s word ,

f our r ive t-ho les i n t he s hou lders , P h i l ippe 1 936 , f ig . 5 1 , 2 1. s word b lade f rag men ts , 1 -6 , 1 4 , 1 7 , 1 9 . One k idney-shaped b race le t , 1 2 . One a nnu lar r ing , 2 7.

N ine

One l ooped p a ls tave , 2 0 .

One p enannu lar b race le t , 2 4.

One ? p in s ha f t , 1 1.

T he k idney-shaped b race le t i s at ypo log ica l ly e ar ly e xamp le ( Elu re 1 975 , 2 5 , f ig . 1 ) , p robably d er ived f ro m t he Ha A 2 H ass loch t ype ( Rich ter 1 970 , 1 42-143 ).

3 73

1 37.

P on tpo in t , O ise . J .C l . B lanche t . H oard . One u n looped N or man p a ls tave .

One k idney-shaped b race le t

w i th f our t r ip le p ro trus ions .

One h i l t o f A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s word .

Two l ozenge-sec t ion c hapes .

One s ocke ted g ouge .

One w inged a xe .

Two s ocke ted a xes w i th s hou ldered b lades .

a nd V erron 1 976b , 7 5-76 , f ig . 1 . b lade .

Two s pearheads .

I b id ., 8 6, f ig . 3 .

Br iard

O ne s ocke ted a dze w i th s hou ldered

One t ube .

One s ocke ted s ha f t .

T hree

c as t ing j e ts . B lanche t d a tes t h is h oard t o Bronze F ina l I I ( 1976a , 4 2 ) b u t aB ronze F ina l Id a te s ee ms p oss ib le .

T he p a ls tave i s r es idua l a nd t he s word ,

c hape a nd g ouge c ou ld a l l b e B ronze F ina l I . The b race le t c an b e ma tched i n t he F or t-Harrouard ( 336 ) h oard . T ypo log ica l c ons idera t ions s ugges t t ha t t he s hou ldered a xes a nd a dze c ou ld b e o f LBA2 d a te ( see 1 3 • 1 35 ). 1 38 .

S e ine a t P ar is . Ash 1 927. 2 247-2265 . H oard .

F ig . 5 0 .

Fragmen t o f A t lan t ic l eaf-shaped s word , b road midr ib ,

s ing le o u t l ine , s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders , f our r ive t h oles , F ig . 5 0 , 1 .

F ragmen t o f A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s word , b road midr ib ,

s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders , f our r ive t-ho les , s lo t ted g r ip , 2 . s im i lar f ragmen t .

A

F ragmen t o f A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s word , m idr ib ,

s ing le o u t l ine , c onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ive t-ho les , r ive t-ho le i n g r ip , 3 .

Fragmen t o f A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s word , midr ib , c on-

v ex s hou lders , f our r ive t-ho les , r ive t-ho les i n g r ip , 4 .

Fragmen ts

o f t wo A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words , b o th w i th f our r ive ts i n s hou lders . P o in t o f s word b lade , s ing le o u t l ine .

P o in t o f s word b lade , p la in .

P o in t o f s word b lade , s ing le o u t l ine .

P o in t o f s word b lade , q u in tup le

o u t l ine , 5 . o u t l ine .

P o in t o f s word b lade , p la in .

E leven f ragmen t o f s word b lades .

e xa mp les o f e leven s pearheads ;

I n o ne c ase b ronze p egs s urv ive ,

T en f ragmen ts o f s pearheads .

F ive f ragmen ts o f t ubu lar

f erru les , i nc lud ing t wo t er m ina ls , 9 -10 . 1 1.

More o r l ess c o mple te

where t hese f ea tures s urv ive , a l l

h ave s ol id b lades a nd p eg-ho les . 6 -8 .

P o in t o f s word b lade , s ing le

O ne l ooped w inged a xe ,

F rag men t o f a n u n looped w inged a xe , 1 2 .

One c as t ing j e t , 1 3 .

F ive p ieces o fs o l id i f ied mo l ten me ta l ,apparen t ly me l ted b ronze r a thern t han c opper i ngo t . 1 39 .

C an te leu , B iessard , S e ine- Mar i t i me . Deg la t igny 1 924 , 3 3-34 , p l . V I I-IX ;

Verron 1 971 , 5 9-61 , f igs . 3 0-36.

Musee Depar t men ta l d es An t iqu i tts d e l a S e ine- Mar i t i me , Rouen . F ig . 4 9C . H oard . F i f ty-seven f ragmen t o f s word b lades ; s o me h ave midr ibs , wh ich may b e o u t l ined , o thers h ave o va l s ec t ions . S o me o f t hese f ragmen ts a re r e-used : ( Verron 1 971 , f igs . 3 0a-c ; 1 8 ).

Three f ragmen ts o f s pearheads .

1 976a , f ig . 3 ,

Twe lve f ragmen ts o r c o m-

p le te e xamples o f p a ls taves , o ne mass ive , u n looped , s ix l ooped . ( Verron 1 971, f ig . 3 3 ) ; F ig . 4 9C , 1 -2 . 3 74

Two f ragmen ts o f l ozenge-

s ec t ion c hapes . ( Verron 1 976a , f ig . 3 , 1 2 ). One ' hub-cap ', f lange d a maged .

F ig . 4 9C , 3 .

One ' bobbin ' , a ssy m metr ica l w i th d ouble

c ons tr ict ion . ( Verron 1 971, f ig . 3 5 ).

Cas t ing d ebr is a nd r ibbed p la te.

( Verron 1 976a , f ig . 3 , 1 6-17 ). The ' hub-cap ' c an b e ma tched i n t he I s leha m ( 127 ) a nd Wi lbur ton ( 129 ) h oards .

The b obbin c an b e ma tched i n t he S a in t-Br ieuc-des-I f fs h oard

( Br iard a nd Onnte 1 972 , 1 4 , p l . X IV , 1 09-112 ).

J . D . C owen ( Card

I ndex ) h ad i den t i f ied s o me o f t he s word b lade f ragmen ts a s p ar ts o f C arp 's Tongue s words b u t Verron 's Bronze F ina l Id a te f or t he h oard ( 1971 , 5 9; 1 976a , 5 92 ) s ee ms t o c on trad ict t h is .

The r ibbed p la te a ppears t o

b e s im i lar t o t ha t i n t he I s leham ( 127) a nd G u i ls f ield ( 131 ) h oards . 1 40 .

Ca ix , S o m me . G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 5 3-57 , 1 11 , C a ix , i l l . 3 2-34. Hoard .

One P icardy p in .

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l . 3 2.

h ead o f ap in , d ecora ted d isc h ead , r ibbed s ha f t . 1 4.

F ive w inged a xes , t hree l ooped , t wo u n looped .

5 , 4 9-53 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l . 3 3. l ea f-shaped s word w i th t hree r ive t-ho les . i l l . 3 4.

One

Breu i l 1 907 , f ig . 1 , Breu i l 1 905 , f ig .

One g r ip o f A t lan t ic

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 ,

One h i l t o f A tlan t ic l ea f-shaped s word w i th s tra igh t s hou lders ,

f our r ivet-ho les , s lot ted g r ip .

I bid .

S evera l l ozenge-shaped c hapes .

Breu i l 1 900 , f ig . 6 , 7 2-73 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l . 3 4. c o mp le te t ubu lar f erru les a nd a no ther f ragmen t . 1 -3 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l . 3 4 . 1 901 , f ig . 4 , 3 4 .

T ip o f c h ise l b lade .

c as t p er fora ted d isc . r ing .

I b id .

One s ick le f ragmen t .

Breu i l

Breu i l 1 902 , f ig . 2 , 8 .

One

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l . 3 4.

One p er fora ted l ozenge-shaped ' i ngot '.

l aneous f ragmen ts .

Three

Breu i l 1 903 , f ig . 7 ,

One t r iple

I bid .

Miscel-

Breu i l 1 902 , f ig . 2 , 5 -6, 1 907, f ig . 9 , 3 -5.

G aucher a ppears t o a t tr ibu te t o t he C a ix h oard a p in w i th g lobu lar h ead a nd r ibbed s haf t ( 1976, f ig . 5 , 6 ) . The ' i ngot ' c an b e c o mpared t o e xa mp les f ro m s ou th-eas tern France i n t he h oards f ro m G oncel in , I s re , a nd A lber tv i l le , S avoie ( Bocque t 1 969 , 2 73-274 , f ig . 6 5 , 6 ; 1 976, 4 90 , f ig . 4 , 1 3 ).

B ocque t d a tes t hese h oards

t o h is midd le p hase o f Bronze F ina l , i .e . I b o r Ma ( 1976, 4 90 ) , c o mp a t ible w i th a Bronze F ina l I d a te f or t he p iece i n t he Ca ix h oard . 1 41.

Luzarches , Va l-d 'O ise. Hahn 1 8 ' s L ., J .-P . Mohen . H oard .

Two l ooped p a ls taves .

men ts o f p a lstaves .

Hahn 1 878 , f igs . 1 -2.

Three f rag men ts o f w inged a xes .

C ord ier a nd A bouzi t 1 968 , 5 4 n o . 1 60 . Th ir ty f rag men ts o f s words . o r k n i fe . 7 , 9 .

Hahn 1 878 , f ig . 6 .

One s ocket w i th e xpanded s tepped t op.

o f b ronze a nd c as t ing d ebr is .

Mi l lot te ,

F ive f rag men ts o f s pearheads . Frag men t o f d agger

Ten f ragmen ts o f l ozenge-sect ion c hapes .

One f ragmen t o f s heet b ronze .

F i fteen f rag-

One r ing .

Hahn 1 878 , f igs .

Hahn 1 878 , f ig . 5 .

Var ious o ther f ragmen ts

One worked f l in t .

Hahn 1 878 , f ig . 8 .

The s ocke t may b e c o mpared w i th a s im i lar p iece i n t he Bronze F ina l I I h oard f ro m Ambo ise , I ndre-et-Loire ( Cord ier , Mil lot te a nd R ique t 1 960 , f ig . 4 , 4 6) , bu t i t c ou ld b e r e la ted t o t he ' hub-caps ' i n t he I s leha m ( 127) , Wi lbur ton ( 129 ) a nd C an te leu ( 139 ) h oards . 3 75

BELG IU M 1 42 .

Pu l le , An twerp . Van Impe 1 973 . G roup o f b ronzes , o n ly t he f rag men ts o f s words f ound t ogether ( van Impe 1 973 , 5n . 3 ) .

P oin t o f s word b lade a nd a n a d join ing f rag men t

wh ich h as b een p ar t ly mel ted ; o va l s ect ion , t r ip le o u t l ines . Impe 1 973 , p l . I , 1 . o u t l ines .

p l . I , 2 .

Van

Frag men t o t s word b lade , midr ib , q u in tuple Two a d jo in ing f ragmen ts o f as word b lade , t he

p oin t h as b een me l ted .

S ex tup le o u t l ines , midr ib.

o f s word , midr ib , q u in tup le o u t lines .

P l .

I I , 4 .

b lade , midr ib w i th s paced q uadruple o u t l ines . s pearheads , a l l p egged w i th s o l id b lades . s ocke ted a xe w i th p las t ic w ing o rna men t .

p l . I , 3 .

Po in t

Fragmen t o f s word

p l . I I , 5 .

p ls . I V-VI I . p l . I I , 6 .

E igh t

L ooped

Van Impe ( 1973 , 1 0-11 ) a nd Des i t tere ( 1976 , 9 0 ) r egard t he s word f ragmen ts a s A t lan t ic , t hough mu l t iple o u t l ines o ccur o n t he b lades o f c ont e mporary c en tra l European s words o f Ma inz t ype ( Schauer 1 971 , 1 71). The s pearheads a re n o t d iagnos t ic .

The a xe b e longs t o t he L ower Meuse

t ype o f LBA3 ( L is t 1 26, 1 ) . NETHERLANDS 1 43 .

Bargeroosterve ld 1 899 , Dren the . Bu t ler 1 960a , 1 08-110 , 1 23 , f ig . 5 0 ; 1 960b , 2 11-214. Hoard , e n tered i n t he i nven tory o f Assen Museu m i n 1 899 .

One s ing le-

e dged k n i fe w i th c onvex b ack a nd p la in , r ectangu lar-sec t ion , t ang . One r azor , d ouble-edged b lade v ery worn , l ozenge-shaped o penwork h and le w i th r ing t er m ina l . The k n i fe i s p robably r ela ted t o t he l arge g roup o f t anged k n ives o f S t i l lf r ied t ype o f Ha A 2 , Ha B 1 a nd l a ter ( R ihovs q 1 972 , 5 5-58 ).

The f or m

o f t he h and le o f t he r azor c an b e ma tched l oca l ly b y t he r azor f ro m Weerd inger Weg ( Lis t 1 19 , 4 ).

J ockenhöve l ( 1971 , 1 02-103 ) d iscusses

t hese t wo Du tch r azors i n h is c ons idera t ion o f t wo r azors f ro m Ha A b ur ia ls a t Naarn , U pper Aus tr ia , a nd G osberg , Kr . F orchhei m , Bavar ia ; h e d a tes t he Bargeroos terve ld k n i fe t o Ha B 1.

Tackenberg c o mpares

r azors f ro m S ch ledebrück , Kr . Wiedenbruck , Wes tpha l ia , a nd Mehr in , Kr . C a lbe , S axony ( 1 971 , L is te 6 1 , 4 , 1 3 , Ta f . 3 1 , 4 ; 3 2 , 6 ) , wh ich b oth h ave l ozenge-shaped o penwork h and les w i th r ing t er m ina ls .

H e

p refers t o d a te r ela ted n or th G er man r azors t o MV- MV I ( i bid ., 1 27-128 ) a nd c o mpares t he Du tch r azors t o a n e xa mp le f ro m t he Ca ta lan U rn f ield c e metery a t Agu l lana , G erona ( i bid ., 1 92-193 ; d e Pa lol 1 958 , 1 52 , f ig . 1 64 ,

l a m. XV I ).

Th is r azor h as t he s a me f or m o f h and le b u t al ong i tud i-

n a l s lo t i n i t s b lade.

The a ssocia ted p ot b elongs t o l a te p hase I o r e ar ly

p hase I I o f t he c e metery ( i bid ., 2 12 ) , d a ted t o t he mid s ix th c en tury b y d e Pa lol ( i bid., 2 33 ) , b u t t o t he e igh th o r s even th b y S chauer ( 1975a , A bb. 7 ) .

Tackenberg 's .argu men t i s n ot c onv incing .

H e d a tes k n ives

l i ke t ha t f ro m Bargeroos terveld 1 899 f ro m M IV o nwards ( 1971 , 1 10-113 , L is te 5 4 , Kar te 2 1 ).

Dur ing LBA3 s ing le-edged k n ives a re c o m mon ly

r epresen ted i n t he N e ther lands b y t he s ocke ted t ype ( see p .180 )a nd i t s ee ms u nnecessary t o l ower t he Ha B l/ MIV d a te p roposed b y Bu t ler ( 1960a , 1 07 ).

3 76

LBA 3 BR ITA IN 1 44 .

B raes o f G igh t , A berdeensh ire . C o les 1 959-60 , 4 1-43 , 9 4-95 , p l . I , 2 .

Na t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies ,

E d inburgh , DQ 2 75-285 . F ig . 5 5A . H oard . F our p enannu lar b race le ts w i th t er m ina ls e xpanded o u twards . F ig . 5 5A , 1 . Two p enannu lar b race le ts w i th t h ickened t er m ina ls b acked b y r ibs . O ne t anged b i f id r azor . Three a nnu lar r ings , o r igi na l ly j o ined b y t wo b ands o f b ronze .

Two p enannu lar n eck-r ings

w i th r ing t erm ina ls h old ing a nnu lar r ings i n t he p lane o f t he n eck-r ing . One p enannu lar n eck-r ing , t er m ina ls a s a bove , w i th e igh teen l oops a round t he o u ter c ircu m ference h o ld ing a nnu lar r ings i n t he p lane o f t he n eck-r ing . C o les ( 1 959-60 , 4 1-43 ) c ons idered t ha t t he n eck-r ings were d er ived f ro m S prockho f f 's Z ie m i tz t ype ( 1956 , 1 43-144 , A bb. 3 8 , Ta f . 2 5 ). These n eck-r ings a re more mass ive t han t he S co t t ish e xamp les , w i th a ngu lar s ec t ion a nd d ecora t ion ; p er iphera l o penwork , c ircu lar o r t r ia ngu lar , i n t he p lane o f t he n eck-r ing , h o lds mu l t ip le a nnu lar r ings . One e xa mp le h as e xpanded t er m ina ls , t he o ther t wo h ave a l i nk a t tached b y ah ook a nd a r ing .

A l l t hree e xa mp les c o me f ro m t he Ba l t ic i s lands

o f Ragen a nd U sedo m ; t he o n ly a ssoc ia ted f ind i s t he e pony mous n eckr ing , f ro m U sedo m , f ound i n ah oard ( i bid ., 7 0 ).

T he c on ten ts o f t h is

h oard a re mos t ly o f MV d a te , b u t t here i s a lso a f ragmen t o f a mug w i th ac ow 's-head h and le ( Sprockho f f 1 930c , Ta f . 3 4 , d ; v on Merhar t 1 952 , 2 5 , Ta f . 1 5 , 5 ) o f Ha C /D d a te ( Kossack 1 959 , 3 1 , Ta f . 4 7, 2 ; P eron i 1 973 , 3 8 , f ig . 7 , 1 7) , wh ich s hou ld p lace t he Z ie m i tz h oard i n MV I ( Co les 1 959-60 , 4 2-43 ). C o les ' d er iva t ion o f t he S co t t ish n eck-r ings f ro m t he MV/V I Z ie m i tz t ype i s u sua l ly a ccep ted a nd Hawkes ( 1971 , 4 2-43 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t t he N ord ic n eck-r ings were i n f luen t ia l a s f ar a s t he Tagus .

Th is o r ig in

s uperseded C h i lde 's o pin ion ( 1 935 , 1 63-164 ) t ha t t he S co t t ish n eck-r ings were d er ived f ro m a g roup o f H a Dn eck-r ings f ound ma in ly i n t he a rea b e tween t he u pper Rh ine , t he Mose l le a nd t he S aar ( Ha f fner 1 976 , 9 ; 1 965 , 1 1-18 , L is te 1 , A bb . 7 ) .

The S co t t ish n eck-r ings may a lso b e

c o mpared t o e xamp les i n h oards f ro m s ou th-eas tern France .

The B ronze

F ina l I lb h oard o f o rna men ts f ro m C ha mp-Co lo mbe , R6a l lon , Hau tesA lpes , c on ta ins t wo n eck-r ings w i th r o l led t er m ina ls a nd p er iphera l r ings a t tached t o as erpen t ine w ire i t sel f s ecured t o t he n eck-r ing b y a no ther w ire wound a round i n as p ira l ( Cour tois 1 960 , 9 4-95 , f igs . 3 8 , 4 1 ) .

One o f t hese n eck-r ings i s p la in , t he o ther t w is ted , a nd t here a re

n ine teen s im i lar p la in o r t wis ted n eck-r ings i n t he h oard ( i bid ., 8 9-94 , f igs . 3 8 , 4 0 ) .

The c on te mporary h oard f ro m L a L oubi re , Btn6ven t-

e n-Cha mpsaur , H au tes-A lpes , h as s im i lar n eck-r ings a nd a s erpen tine w ire ( i bid ., 8 1 n o . 1 1 , f ig . 3 0 ).

C our to is men t ions a f ew o ther e xa mp les

o f n eck-r ings w i th p endan t r ings f ro m s ou th-eas tern France ( i bid ., 9 4 ). N one o f t hese g roups o f n eck-r ings i s e xac t ly a l ike b u t t he N ord ic e xa mp les a re more e labora te a nd s ubs tan t ia l t han t he S co t t ish r ings wh i le t he A lp ine n eck-r ings h ave s lender b od ies l i ke t he S co tt ish e xa mp les .

3 77

The g roups a re a lso w idely s epara ted a nd , wh i le n eck-r ings a re c o m mon i n s ou th-eas tern France a nd t he N ord ic a rea , n eck-r ings w i th p endan t r ings a re s carce .

Neck-r ings a re r are d ur ing t he La te Bronze Age i n

Br i ta in a nd I re land a ppears t o h ave p roduced o n ly g old e xa mp les ( Eogan 1 964 , 3 06) s ave f or a s ing le b ronze e xa mp le i n t he h oard f ro m Ba l lyk eaghra , C o. G a lway ( i bid ., 3 38 n o . 3 5 ).

T he N ord ic o rna men ts c i ted

b y C o les d o n o t a ppear t o b e s u f f ic ien t ly s i mi lar t o t he Braes o f G igh t n eck-r ings t o r equ ire N ord ic o r ig in a nd LBA4 d a te f or t he S cot t ish o rnamen ts a nd t he ma ter ia l f ro m s ou th-eas tern France s ugges ts t ha t U rn f ield o r ig in a nd LBA3 d a te a re p oss ible.

T he o n ly S co t t ish f inds r ela ted t o

t he Braes o f G igh t n eck-r ings a re t hree f ragmen ts i n t he Wes ter Ord h oard , R oss .

( Coles 1 959-60 , 4 3 , 1 30 , p l . V , 1 ) .

The t hree r ings j oined b y b ronze b ands a re c o mpared t o Nordic f inds b y C o les ( i bid ., 9 5 ; S prockhof f 1 956 , Ta f . 7 1) b u t s uch c ha ins a re a lso c o m mon i n t he wes t-A lpine a rea ( Cour to is 1 960 , f igs . 3 3 , 3 9 , 4 4 ; Bocksberger 1 964 , f ig . 3 0 , 4 5 ) a nd r each wes tern France ( Cord ier , Mi l lot te a nd R ique t 1 960 , 1 11 , f ig . 4 , 3 6 , 4 1 ).

Eogan d er ives I r ish

c ha ins f ro m t hese wes t-A lpine l a te U rn f ie ld e xa mp les ( 1964 , 3 09 , f ig . 1 6 , 8 ) . The b race le ts b elong t o t he C ove s ea t ype ; t hose w i th t er m ina ls e xp anded o u twards may r ef lec t U rn f ield i n f luence , wh i le t hose w i th t h ickened t er m ina ls may r ef lec t I r ish i n f luence ( Co les 1 959-60 , 8 9 ). 1 45 .

Ba l mashanner , Angus . C o les 1 959-60 , 4 3 , 9 8-99. DQ 1 31-193 . Hoard .

Na t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i ties , Ed inburgh .

F ig . 5 5B .

One f rag men tary s ocke ted a xe w i th o va l mou th .

S ix p enannu-

l ar b race lets , D-sect ion w i th t er m ina ls e xpanded a l l r ound .

Three

p enannu lar b racele ts , t h ickened t er m ina ls .

Two

F ig . 5 5B , 1 -2 .

p enannu lar b racele ts w i th t aper ing t er m ina ls .

F ig . 5 5B , 3 .

a nnu lar b ronze r ings .

Three p enannu lar

g i lded r ings .

One a nnu lar i ron r ing .

Ten

F our g o ld l ock r ings ( Eogan 1 969 , 1 18-119 n os . 2 1-24 ).

One miscas t b ronze c up , c onvex p rof i le . F ive j e t o r a lber t i te b eads .

Twen ty-six amber b eads .

S herds o f ac oarse p o t tery v esse l .

Mos t o f t he b race lets r ef lect I r ish i n f luence ( Coles 1 959-60 , 8 9 ).

Hoard

f inds o f l ock-r ings b e long t o LBA3 t hough s o me c o me f ro m s e t t le men t s i tes wh ich h ave p roduced LBA4 ma ter ia l ( Eogan 1 969 , 1 06-107). 1 46.

Da ldu f f , K i lkerran , A yrsh ire . C o les 1 959-60 , 3 0-34 , 3 8 , 1 05-106, f ig . 4 , 1 ; L eeds 1 930 , 5 -7, 3 1 n o . 2 , p l . I V , f igs . 2 -3 ; Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957 , 1 82 ; Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 211 22 , f ig . 3 4 .

Na t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies , E d inburgh .

H oard , f ound i n ap o t .

N ine s ocke ted a xes .

F ig . 5 5C.

Two c au ldron s tap les

w i th r ings , o ne a dd i t iona l r ing . ( Leeds 1 930 , p l . I V , f igs . 2 -3 ).

Two

f ragmen ts o f as word w i th a l ozenge-sect ion b lade , r ounded s hou lders a nd a s hor t t ang . F ig : 5 5C , 1 . C o les ( 1959-60 , 1 06) c o mpares t he a xes t o e xa mp les i n t he e as t Mid land h oards o f LBA3 f ro m Bag moor , L incs . ( I nv . A rch . GB23 , 1 1-13 , 1 5-18 , 1 4-27) , a nd N o t t ingha m ( I nv . Arch . GB22 , 9 -10 ).

3 78

The s tap les b e long t o

ac au ldron o f C lass A 2 ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957 , 1 82 ).

The Da ldu f f

s word i s p robab ly a N ord ic t anged s word w i th t he t ang b roken .

The c on-

v ex s hou lders s ugges t aM IV d a te ( Bandou 1 960 , 1 0-11 , Ta f . I , I B , I C1 ; I , I B ) , e .g . N eble , S c iro Am t , Z ea land ( Broho lm 1 946 , 3 1 n o . 2 58 ) , Ves ter Vande t , T h is ted Am t , J u t land ( i bid ., 4 6 n o . 4 26) , es ter Hass ing , Aa lborg Am t , J u t land ( i b id ., 5 5 n o . 5 52 ) a nd A l le s 1 9 ; ( , Odense Am t , F yn ( Broho lm 1 949 , 3 0 , p l . 1 , 3 -3a ).

MV s words h ave b roader , more a ngu-

l ar s hou lders ( Baudou 1 960 , 1 1; S prockhof f 1 956 , 7 3-77).

Thrane h as

c on f ir med t ha t t he Da ldu f f s word i s a n MIV t ype ( 1975 , 2 34 n . 1 50 ) , b u t i t s hou ld b e r es idua l f or t he v ar ie ty o f s ocke ted a xes , f aceted , r ibbed , b ag-shaped a nd ' Eng l ish ' ( Co les 1 959-60 , 3 1-34 , f ig . 4 , 1 ) i nd ica te a LBA3 d a te f or t he h oard . 1 47.

Parc-y- Meirch , S t . G eorge , D enbigh . S heppard 1 941 ; S avory 1 976a , 4 4-46 , 5 2-53 , f ig . 9 . H oard , f ound j us t o u ts ide t he h i l l for t o f D inorben ( Gardner a nd S avory 1 964 , f ig . 3 ) ; t he h oard i s o f ten k nown a f ter A berg le , 8 km a way. The b ronzes were f ound i n ab ed o f b roken l imes tone a nd s oi l wh ich a lso c on ta ined h u man b ones ( Burgess 1 976b , 8 7 n o . 7 ) b u t t he n a ture o f t he d epos i t i s n o t e xac t ly k nown .

Two s e ts o f r a t t le-pendan ts made

u p o f t hree i n ter lock ing r ings w i th c as t t ors ion o rnamen t .

On to e ach

r ing were a t tached t wo p endan ts , t hough o ne i s miss ing f ro m o ne s e t ; t hese p endan ts a re s l igh t ly o va l i n s hape , a l l h ave a r ibbed b order a nd s o me h ave a c en tra l k nob .

The p endan ts a re a t tached t o t he r ings

b y l arge l oops wh ich a lso b ear t ors ion o rna men t ; t hese l oops a re s e t i n t he p lane o f t he p endan ts o n t he t wo o u ter r ings b u t t ransverse ly o n t he p endan ts o n t he c en tra l r ings .

R ings a nd l oops a re worn .

S heppard 1 941 , p l . I ; S avory 1 976a , f ig . 9 , 1 . F our h o l low-cas t o va l r ings , r ound s ec t ion f i l led w i th ? o x id ised l ead . T he more c o mp le te e xamp les h ave a d oub le s lo t . f ig . 9 , 2 .

S heppard , p l . L I a , 3 -6; S avory ,

T hree sma l ler r ings o f s im i lar f or m a nd c ons truct ion

wh ich f i t i ns ide t he l arger r ings ; t hey h ave t rapezo ida l l oops o f t he s a me d i mens ions a s t he d ouble s lo ts i n t he l arger r ings . p ls . Ia , 3 -4a ; V Ib ; S avory f ig . 9 , 2 , 1 1.

S heppard ,

Twe lve a nnu lar r ings ,

s o me i rregu lar , h o l low-cas t w i th a l ead-l ike f i l l ing ; worn . p l . I I , 7 -18 ; S avory , f ig . 9 , 4 .

t rapezo ida l l oops ; a no ther r ing w i th t he l oop b roken o f f . p ls . I I , 1 9 ; V Ib ; S avory , f ig . 9 , 1 2 , 1 5 . w i th a l ong i tud ina l s lo t .

S heppard ,

Two mass ive o va l r ings w i th mass ive S heppard ,

One r ee l-shaped o b jec t

The l oops o f t he mass ive o va l r ings f i t i n to

t h is s lo t t o f orm a c o mpos i te b ug le-shaped o b ject .

S heppard , p l . Va ,

2 3 ; S avory , f ig . 9 , 1 5 .

One a nnu lar r ing o f c opper w ire w i th a n o rna-

men ted p iece a t tached .

S heppard , p l . I I , 2 0 .

r ings .

S heppard , p l . I I , 2 1-22.

Two sma l l a nnu lar

N ine b uck le-shaped o b jec ts w i th

h o l low C -sec t ion l oops a nd s lo t ted b ases wh ich h ave t hree p eaks l i ke t he s l ides men t ioned b e low . 3 , 1 4. 9 , 7 .

S heppard , p ls . I f b , V Ib ; S avory , f ig . 9 ,

T en s l ides w i th t hree p eaks .

S heppard , p l . V Ia ; S avory , f ig .

Twen ty w ider s l ides w i th t hree p eaks .

V Ib ; S avory , f ig . 9 , 6 . p ard , p l . Va , 7 1.

S heppard , p ls . I Va ;

One sma l ler s l ide w i th t hree p eaks .

Th ir teen s l ides w i th f our p eaks .

I Vb ; S avory , f ig . 9 , 9 .

S hep-

S heppard , P l .

Two s l ides w i th s even p eaks o n e ach s ide

3 79

a nd a s lo t a t e i ther e nd . S heppard , p l . Va , 7 2-73 . F our d iscs w i th c on ica l p rof i le b ear ing c oncen tr ic r ibs a nd f our s lo ts i nb ase . S hepp ard , p l . V b , 7 4-77; S avory , f ig . 9 , 1 0 .

F ive sma l ler d iscs o f s im i-

l ar f or m b u t w i th a s ing le g roove r ound a p e l le t a t t he a pex . p ls . V b , 7 8-81 ; VI ; S avory , f ig . 9 , 8 . r ibs a nd d ouble l oops . 1 3 .

S heppard ,

Two b u t tons w i th c oncen tr ic

S heppard , p ls . Va , 8 2 ; V Ib ; S avory f ig . 9 ,

E leven sma l ler b u t tons o f s im i lar f or m b u t w i th s ing le l oops .

S heppard , p ls . Va , 8 3-91; V Ib ; S avory , f ig . 9 , 5 . p ard , p l . V Ib.

One c ha in .

S hep-

B ecause t he h oard i s d iv ided b etween t hree i ns t i tu t ions

i den ti f ica t ion o f t he n u mbers o f o b jec ts i n s o me g roups may b e i naccura te . The a ppearance o f t he p a t ina o n t he o b jec ts h as l ed S avory t o s ugges t t ha t t hey may a l l h ave b een p roduced i n t he s a me w orkshop ( 1 976a , 4 5 ) , b u t a na lyses b y J . P . N or thover s ugges t t ha t t he h oard c on ta ins b ronzes o f s evera l d i f feren t c o mpos i t ions , s o me a l ien t o Wa les .

The r a t t le-

p endan ts a re p robably o f French r a ther t han S cand inav ian o r ig in ( see p • 1 96 ) . The t oo thed s l ides a re u nusua l b u t as im i lar e xa mple o ccurs i n t he Dreu i l h oard ( 1 77) 2 7 w i th v ar ious o ther s l ides .

The d ouble r ings

a nd b ug le-shaped o b jects c an b e ma tched i n o ther Br i t ish LBA3 c on tex ts ( see p . 1 94-5 ) . The s lo t ted d iscs a re s trap-cross ings wh ich f irs t a pp eared i n Br i ta in d ur ing LBA2 ( see p .150 ) ; t he o rna men t o n t he sma l ler s trap-cross ings i s s im i lar t o t ha t o n t he d oublelooped b u t tons i n t he Wa t ford h oard ( 154 ).

T he Parc-y- Me irch b u t tons a re r e la ted t o t he

s trap-cross ings b y t he ir c oncen tr ic o rnamen t . There i s n o th ing i n t he Parc-y- Me irch h oard t o s ugges t ad a te l a ter t han LBA3.

Many o f i t s t ypes c an b e ma tched i n c on te mporary Br i t ish

c on tex ts a nd t hose wh ich c an b e ma tched a broad f ind t he ir b es t c o mpar is ons i n F rance . 1 48 .

G rays T hurrock , Essex . Bu tcher 1 922 .

C o lches ter a nd E ssex Museum , C o lches ter .

2 362.11.

F ig . 5 6. H oard .

Th ir tythree c o mp le te s ocke ted a xes a nd s even ty-one f rag-

men ts .

These a re p redo m inan t ly s ou th-eas tern , p la in o r w i th p e l le t

o r r ibbed w ing o rna men t ; t here a re a f ew e xa mp les w i th v er t ica l r ibs a nd o ne f ace ted a xe .

One l ooped w inged a xe .

F ig . 5 6 , 1 .

Two c o m-

p le te p egged s pearheads , o ne w i th t hree b ands o f n o tched o rna men t o n t he s ocke t ,

2 .

T h ir teen f ragmen ts o f s pearheads , s o me w i th

n o tched o r g rooved o rna men ts o n t he s ocke ts . o f C arp 's T ongue a nd Ewar t P ark s words . c hapes .

F or ty-two f ragmen ts

Two sma l l b ag-shaped

Three f ragmen ts o f d ouble-edged s ocke ted k n ives ,

3 -4 .

One f ragmen t o f as ing le-edged t anged k n i fe , b ack c onvex t owards t he t ang . t ang .

5 , 6 ,

One d ouble-edged k n i fe w i th s l igh t f langes o n t he b road One f ragmen t o f ad oub le-edged t anged k n i fe w i th a r ive t-

h o le i n t he t ang ,

7 .

One f rag men t o f ad oub le-edged t anged k n i fe

w i th a r ive t-ho le i n t he r ibbed t ang ,

8 .

Two t angs , o ne w i th a s top ,

t he o ther w i th l ugs , b o th p robably f ro m l ea ther-work ing k n ives , One c o mp le te s ocke ted g ouge a nd f ive f ragmen ts , s ocke ted h a m mer a nd o ne f ragmen t . h a m mer .

1 1.

One w inged a xe r eused a s a

Two f rag men ts o f as tra igh t s ick le b lade , 3 80

9 -10 .

One c o mp le te 1 2-13 .

One

f ragmen t o f ac urved s ick le b lade,

1 4 .

One a nnu lar r ing .

men t o f ac au ldron s tap le o r b ucke t s tap le , b ronze mou ld f or s ocke ted a xes . r ing t er m ina l ,

1 6.

1 5 .

One f rag-

One f ragmen t o f a

One f ragmen t o f ab race le t w i th a

Fragmen ts o f af la t b race le t , o r s im i lar o b ject ,

w i th p er iphera l n o tched r ibs a nd a r ive t h o le i n t he t er m ina l ,

1 7.

Fragmen ts o f ab race le t w i th t h in p oin ted-ova l s ec t ion a nd k nob t ermina l d e f ined b y i ncised l i nes ,

1 8 .

s ect ion , p erhaps f ro m ab race le t , b ronze w i th b eaded e dges ,

2 0 .

One f ragmen t w i th i rregu lar D 1 9 .

Two f ragmen ts o f f la t c as t

One f ragmen t o f c as t p la te w i th i n-

c ised l ines a long t he b order a nd a k nob, g rooved o rnamen t ,

2 2.

af lange a nd p er fora ted b y ar ive t h o le , t er m ina l w i th t wo r ive t-ho les ,

2 4.

2 6.

F our c as t ing j e ts .

2 3.

2 5 .

One f rag men t o f ah orned

One f ragmen t o f ap la te

One f ragmen t o f as l ide ,

men t o f a n o penwork b ox-l ike o b jec t , 2 9 ,

One t aper ing t ube w i th

One f rag men t o f c as t p la te w i th

g rooved o rna men t a nd ab roken r ing , w i th a l oop o n t he b ack ,

2 1.

One c urved f ragmen t o f r ibbed b ronze w i th

2 8 .

2 7.

One f rag-

One t aper ing t er m ina l .

S ix ty-e igh t i ngo t f ragmen ts .

One f ragmen t

o f t in . The s tra igh t-b laded s ick le b e longs t o t he M inn is Bay t ype ( see p . 1 78 ) . The b race le t w i th a k nobbed t er m ina l may b e c o mpared w i th more s ubs tan t ia l e xa mp les i n t he P ra ir ie d e Mauves h oard , Nan tes , L o ireA t lan t ique ( Br iard 1 966a , 3 1 , p l . 2 5 , 2 98 ) , a nd f ro m t he H ea thery Burn C ave , C o . Durha m ( I nv . A rch . GB55 , 5 ) .

The f la t t er m ina l w i th n o tched

r ibs may b e c o mpared t o ap iece o f t he s a me d i mens ions , b u t w i th p la in r ibs i n t he H a B 3 h oard f ro m S aar lou is , Kr . S aar lou is , S aar land ( Ko l l ing 1 968 , 5 8 , Ta f . 5 0 , 1 3 ).

C oo mbs ( 1974a , 3 4 , A bb . 2 , 2 ) h as s ugges ted

t ha t t he h orned t er m ina l may b e as word p o m me l , b u t Ik now o f n o s im il ar p iece . 1 49 .

Thur loe Wa lk , G rays Thurrock , E ssex . Doyle 1 970 . H oard .

Ap robab le t o ta l o f f our teen c o mp le te s ocke ted a xes a nd

v ar ious f ragmen ts o f s ocke ted a xes .

One r ing o f s hee t b ronze .

b ar w i th t he r e ma ins o f al a tera l l oop. b ronze .

One

Var ious o ther f ragmen ts o f

Fragmen ts o f c opper i ngo ts .

One o f t he a xes b e longs t o t he s ou th We lsh t ype .

The l ooped b ar may b e

at ogg le ( Ra f tery 1 975 , 8 4 ). 1 50 .

F le m m ing A venue , L e igh , E ssex . P o l l i t t 1 926. H oard .

P r i t t lewe l l P r iory Museu m , S ou thend .

F ig . 5 7A .

F our f ragmen ts o f C arp 's T ongue s words .

Ewar t P ark s words . o penwork h i l t ,

2 .

F ig . 5 7A , 1 .

S ix f ragmen ts o f

One f ragmen t o f as word w i th

S ix teen c o mp le te s ocke ted a xes a nd t h ir tytwo

f ragmen ts . F ive f ragmen ts o f w inged a xes . One f rag men t o f a f langed a xe , 3 . Var ious f ragmen ts o f s pearheads . One sma l l b ags haped c hape .

Two f ragmen ts o f d ouble-edged s ocke ted k n ives ,

One s ocke ted h a m mer .

Two f rag men ts o f s ocke ted g ouges .

h og 's-back k n ives ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 1 3 , 1 0 ). o f c onvex s ick le b lades ,

6 .

Three f rag men ts

One k nobbed b u t t , p robab ly f ro m a

3 81

4 -5 .

Three

s ick le b lade ,

7 .

One f ragmen t , p oss ibly f ro m t he s hou lder o f a

s ocke ted s word , Var ious r ings . b race let ,

9 .

8 .

Var ious f ragmen ts o f C arp 's T ongue p laques .

One o c tagona l-sec t ion f ragmen t , p erhaps f ro m a One f ragmen t o f ab race le t w i th V-shaped s ec t ion a nd

e xpanded t erm ina l b acked b y t hree r ibs ,

1 0 .

One f ragmen t o f a

s lender b race le t w i th e xpanded t er m ina l ,

1 1.

d er b race le t w i th t aper ing t er m ina l ,

One f ragmen t o f ab race le t .

1 3 ,

1 2 .

One f ragmen t o f s len-

One f rag men t o f ab race le t w i th o va l s ec t ion a nd i ncised a nd ;

g rooved o rna men t , c orroded i n t he s ocke t o f a no ther o b jec t , 1 4 . Me ta l f ragmen ts .

C as t ing j e t .

The s ick le b u t t p robably b e longs t o t he M inn is Bay t ype ;

t he s ick le

b lade f ragmen t w i th t wo r ibs c ou ld b e f ro m a l a te Urn f ield s ick le .

The

o c tagona l-sect ion f ragmen t c ou ld b e f ro m ab race le t r ela ted t o t he H o mburg/Ba l ingen t ype ( see p .206-7 ) .

T he b race le t w i th V-shaped

s ec t ion c ou ld b e r e la ted t o v ar ious Bre ton C arp 's T ongue f orms , t hough t hese d o n o t h ave s uch a ngu lar s ec t ions ( Br iard 1 966a , p ls . 2 9 ; 3 1 ) , b u t t he a ngu lar s ec t ion o ccurs i n t he c on te mporary h oard f ro m C houssy , L o ir-e t-Cher ( Breu i l a nd B ou i l lero t 1 912 , 1 01 , p l . I , 3 1 ). T he b race le t f ragmen t may b e c o mpared t o e xamp les f ro m t he s ame c on tex ts ( i b id ., p l . I , 3 5-45 ;

Br iard 1 966a , p l .2 6 ).

O penwork h i l ts ,

u sua l ly s epara te f ro m t he t ang , a re k nown o n Nord ic s words o f MIV a nd MV ( Baudou 1 960 , 9 -10 ; S prockho f f 1 931 , T al . 1 6; J acob-Fr iesen 1 972 , 5 5-61 ) , b u t t he L e igh s word d oes n o t b e long t o t h is g roup a nd may b e r egarded a s a n e xper i men ta l Br i t ish t ype i n t he s ame way a s s ocke ted s words a nd s words w i th c as t b ronze p o m me ls ( see p . 1 85-6 , 1 89-90 ). I ti s n o table t ha t i t s hou ld b e f ound w i th a p robable f ragmen t o f as ocke ted s word .

The f langed a xe f ragmen t a ppears c loses t t o t he French Midd le

Bronze Age A t lan t ic t ype ( see p . 4 1 ) . 1 51 .

S hoebury , E ssex . P o l l i t t 1 932 . H oard .

P r i t t lewe l P r iory Museum , S ou thend .

F ig . 5 7B .

Two s ocke ted a xes , o ne p la in , t he o ther w i th r ibbed w ing

o rna men t .

One u n looped w inged a dze , F ig . 5 7B , 1 .

p egged s pearhead .

One p la in

One h orned o b jec t , h o l low-cas t w i th a c lay c ore ,

k nobbed t er m ina l , o va l s ocke t , 2 .

Two f ragmen ts o f me ta l c ake .

T he a dze i s p robab ly o f c en tra l European l a te U rn f ie ld o r ig in ( see p . 1 60 ) . The h orned o b jec t may b e r e la ted t o t he t er m ina l i n t he I Mv i l le h oard ( 1 73 ) 1 6. 1 52 .

S ou thchurch , E ssex . Laver 1 898 .

C o lches ter a nd E ssex Museum , C o lches ter .

F ig . 5 7C .

H oard , s epara te f ro m LBA1 h oard ( 106) f ound a t S ou thchurch , n ear Thorpe Ha l l , s o me t h ir ty y ears l a ter t han t he p resen t h oard . f ragmen ts o f C arp 's T ongue s words . s words .

Three

F our f ragmen ts o f Ewar t Park

Twen ty-one c o mp le te s ocketed a xes o f f ragmen ts , i nc lud ing

o ne f ragmen t w i th a d eep c o l lar a nd t r ip le r ib , F ig , 5 7C , 1 . f ragmen t o f ad ouble-edged s ocke ted k n i fe , 2 . s pearheads .

One b lade f ragmen t o f ad oub le-edged k n i fe .

b ag-shaped c hape .

One f ragmen t o f ab ug le-shaped o b ject .

3 82

One

F ive f rag men ts o f One sma l l One

c o mple te s ocke ted g ouge a nd o ne f ragmen t . o b ject w i th a c urved b lade , 3 .

One f langed h i l t o f a n

Two t er m ina ls o f t ubes , o ne c o m-

p le te ly o pen , t he o ther w i th a f lange , 4 -5 .

One f ragmen t o f mass ive

b ronze , r ec tangu lar a t o ne e nd , o c tagona l a t t he o ther , 6 . T he i l lus tra ted a xe f ragmen t may b e long t o an or th Du tch s ocke ted a xe ( see p .165 ) .

F ox c ons idered t ha t t he f langed h i l t was p ar t o f as ick le

( 1 941 , 1 44 , 1 58 , n o . 1 9 , p l . I , 1 0 ). 1 54 .

H o lywe l l I ndus tr ia l E s ta te , Wa t ford , H er ts . Wa t ford P ubl ic L ibrary . H oard .

F ig . 5 8A .

One Ewar t Park s word , i n f our f ragmen ts ;

b road midr ib

w i th b eve l led e dges , t wo r ive t-ho les i n s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders , s ing le r ive t-ho le i n g r ip , s ha l low n o tch i n p o m me l , F ig . 5 8A , 1 . One Ewar t P ark s word , a lso i n f our f rag men t , g r ip b roken o f f ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 1 3 , 3 ) . b lade . s word .

One f rag men t o f aC arp 's Tongue s word

One t ip o f as word b lade , p robably f ro m a C arp 's T ongue T en p egged s pearheads , t hree u ndecora ted , s even w i th b ands

o f g rooves , l ines , p o in t i l le o r z igzag o n t he s ocke t ; r ing-and-do t o rna men t o n t he b lade , F ig . 5 8A , 2 .

o ne o f t hese h as One l arge s ocke ted

a xe w i th d eep c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd t hree v er t ica l r ibs . Two s ocke ted a xes w i th d eep c o l lar a nd t hree v er t ica l r ibs .

One

s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , as ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd t wo v er t ica l r ibs . Two s ocketed a xes w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd f our v er t ica l r ibs . One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd t hree s hor t v er t ica l r ibs e nd ing i n p e l le ts .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar

a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , r ibbed w ing a nd p e l le t o rnamen t . s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib. s ocke ted a xes a nd o ne f ragmen t . b lades .

F our f ragmen ts o f s ocke ted a xe

F our s ocke ted g ouges ( Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 1 3 , 1 2 ) .

s ocke ted c h ise l .

S ix

Three f ace ted One

Two b i f id r azors w i th k ey-ho le n o tches a nd d ouble-

r ing h and les , F ig . 5 8A , 3 -4 .

One l ozenge-shaped moun t ( Burgess

1 968a , f ig . 1 3 , 2 5 ). One b ug le-shaped o b jec t , I b id ., f ig . 1 3 , 2 2 . One t oo thed p la te w i th l oops o n t he b ack ( I bid ., f ig . 1 3 , 2 6 ).

Frag-

men ts o f a moun t ing w i th p er fora ted a nd i ncised o rna men t ( I bid ., f ig . 1 3 , 1 4 ) .

One s em i-c ircu lar moun t w i th a c onvex f lange a nd l a tera l

r ive t-ho les , F ig . 5 8A , 5 .

Two b u t tons w i th p e l le t i n c en tra l d epres-

s ion , t wo l oops , F ig . 5 8A , 6 -7.

Frag men ts o f p iano-convex i ngots .

P ho tographs i n Wa tford l i brary s how t he f o l low ing a dd i t iona l o b jec ts : P ar t o f as hee t b ronze v esse l , a pparen t ly o ne s tage o f ac onvex-prof i le v esse l sma l ler t han a c au ldron . w i th r ibbed w ing o rna men t .

One f ragmen t o f as ocke ted a xe

Two f ragmen ts o f r azors .

C oo mbs

( 1 974b , 2 67 , f ig . 2 , 2 ) i l lus tra ted a f ragmen t o f ab arbed s pearhead f ro m t he Wa t ford h oard a nd a lso ( i bid ., f ig . 1 ) a t tr ibu tes t o i ta t anged r azor , p erhaps o ne o f t he f rag men ts k nown t o me o n ly f ro m t he p ho tographs . The n o tched p o m me l i n t he c o mple te s word i s ac haracter is t ic o f t he Thames t ype ( Cowen 1 967, p ls . LX I I , 9 -10 ;

LX IV , 3 , 67) , t hough t he

e ven c onvex o u t l ine o f t he h i l t a nd t he c onvex s hou lders a re n o t ( i bid ., p l . LX I I ).

The ma jor i ty o f t he s pearheads h ave d ecora ted s ocke ts ;

t he o rnamen ted b lade i s more u nusua l b u t i tc an b e ma tched i n t he 3 83

Bronze F ina l I I h aard f ro m Ques te mber t , Morbihan ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 16 ). The a xe w ith s hor t r ib a nd p e l le t o rnamen t a ppears t o b e Eas t Ang l ian ( c f . N orwich 1 966 , f igs . 5 7 , 6 3 ) b u t t he o ther r ibbed a xes b e long t o a g roup wh ich h as n o t y e t b een d e f ined .

T he b arbed s pearhead b e longs

t o T ype I V , c on f ined t o e as tern Eng land , n or th o f t he Thames i n a l l c ases s ave o ne ( Coo mbs 1 974b , f ig . 3 ) .

T he Wa t ford h oard i s n o table

f or a l arge a ssor t men t o f C arp 's T ongue o rna men ts .

T he d oublelooped

b u t tons r ese mb le a n e xa mp le i n t he P ra ir ie d e Mauves h oard , Nan tes , L o ire-A t lan t ique ( Br iard 1 966a , 2 9 , p l . 2 0 , 2 48 ). 1 55 .

V erra l l 's S andp i t , A y les ford , K en t . H erne Bay Publ ic L ibrary a nd Museum . F ig . 5 8B . H oard . One c o mp le te l ooped w inged a xe , F ig . 5 8B , 1 . o f al ooped w inged a xe , 2 .

One f ragmen t

One f ragmen t o f aw inged a xe b lade , 3 .

Var ious f ragmen ts o f me ta l c ake , i nc lud ing p iano-convex i ngo ts , 4 . One p ot o f f ine s andy b lack f abr ic , s ur face smoo thed , i rregu lar c onv ex p rof i le w i th i rregu lar d oub le g roove b e low n eck wh ich i s b roken o f f , b ase e roded , 5 . F inds o f p ot tery i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th La te Bronze Age h oards a re o f ten r ecorded b u t t he p o ts r are ly s urv ive i n s uch a c o mple te s ta te a s t he A y les ford v esse l , wh ich s hou ld b e d a ted t o LBA3 b yt he a xes .

L oca l

c o mpar isons mus t a wa i t d e ta i led p ubl ica t ion o f L a te B ronze Age p o t tery f ro m s i tes i n t he l ower T ha mes v a l ley.

The f or m o f t he A yles ford p ot

r ese mbles t ha t o f c er ta in n ecked u rns f ro m U rn f ield c e me ter ies o n t he l ower Rh ine ( Des i t tere 1 968 , f igs . 3 0 , 1 ;

3 4 , 3 ;

3 6 , 3 ;

1 00 , 7 ;

1 01 ,

1 ) b u t t hese , a nd many s im i lar v esse ls , a re c ons is ten t ly b roader t han t he A yles ford p o t f or wh ich Ic an f ind n o c onv inc ing p ara l le l i n t he l ower Rh ine a rea . 1 56.

Minn is Bay , B irch ing ton , K en t . Wors fo ld 1 943 .

BM 1 961 .10 .6.

F igs . 5 9-61.

H oard , f ound o n a n o ccupa t ion s i te o n t he f oreshore . e xcava t ion d e f ined t wo p hases s epara ted b y s i l t .

The o r ig ina l

T he f irs t p hase

c o mpr ised a r ough ly r ec tangu lar h o l low w i th s even teen s ha l low i rregu lar p i ts c u t i n to t he u nder ly ing c ha lk .

These p i ts c on ta ined

p o t tery , worked s tone , a n i ma l b ones , o ne f ragmen t o f h u man b one a nd o ther o rgan ic ma ter ia l .

T he s econd p hase c o mpr ised r a m med

c ha lk a nd g rave l w i th h or izon ta l a nd v er t ica l t imbers a nd h aze l wa t t le . The h oard was f ound ' abou t af oo t b e low t he s ur face o f t he g rave l b ank ' ( Wors fo ld 1 943 , 2 8 ) b efore s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ion t ook p lace. T he s i te h as r ecen t ly b een r e-in terpre ted b y T . C . C ha mp ion , who p o in ts o u t t ha t c oas ta l r ecess ion s ince t he Bronze Age a nd t he n a ture o f t he e nv ironmen ta l r e ma ins s ugges t t ha t t he s i te was o r ig ina lly o n d ry l and .

T he t imber a nd wa t t le s tructure a re l a ter t han t h is r eces-

s ion , p robab ly n o e ar l ier t han med ieva l .

T he s tra t igraph ica l p os i t ion

o f t he h oard i s u ncer ta in a nd i ti s u n for tuna te t ha t t here i s n o s ecure c onnec t ion b etween t he h oard a nd t he i mpor tan t g roup o f p o t tery f ro m t he s i te ( Worsfo ld 1 943 , 3 6-39 ; 1 6-18 ;

C un l i f fe 1 974 , 3 4-35 ; f ig . A :4 ,

Hard ing 1 974 , 1 31 , f ig . 3 7 ).

3 84

Exam ina t ion o f t he a rea i n wh ich t he h oard was f ound r evea led a j e t o f b ronze , t he t ip o f ak n i fe a nd a p in w i th a n o va l b ead a bove t wo r ibs ( Wors fo ld 1 943 , 3 3 , f ig . 5 ) .

One s ocke ted s word , F ig . 5 9 , 1 .

One h i l t f ragmen t o f a Ewar t Park s word , 2 . a Ewar t P ark s word , 3 . s words , 4 -7.

One g r ip f ragmen t o f

F our b lade f ragmen ts o f C arp 's Tongue

Two p o in ts o f C arp 's T ongue s word b lades , 8 -9.

Two s word b lade f ragmen t , 1 0-11.

One sma l l b ag-shaped c hape , 1 2 .

One p egged s pearhead w i th t hree b ands o f i nc ised o rna men t o n t he s ocke t , 1 3 .

One s pearhead s ocke t , 1 4 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar ,

t hree h or izon ta l r ibs a nd l arge l oop , b e l l-shaped f ace ts o n b lade , 1 5 . One s ocke ted a xe w i th s ha l low c o l lar a nd t hree v er t ica l r ibs , 1 6. One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar a nd f our v er t ica l r ibs , 1 7. Three s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd t hree v er t ica l r ibs , F ig . 6 0 , 1 8-20 . One sma l l s ocke ted a xe w i th t hree v er t ica l r ibs , 2 1.

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib ,

2 2 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th s ha l low c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib ,

2 3.

One s ocketed a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib w i th a ngu lar

r ibbed w ing o rnamen t f lank ing c en tra l X -shaped r ib , 2 4 .

One f rag-

men t o f ab road s ocke ted a xe b lade w i th t hree v er t ica l r ibs , 2 5 . Two b lades o f f ace ted s ocke ted a xes .

Two s ocke ted a xe b lades .

Three mou th f ragmen ts o f s ocke ted a xes , o ne w i th c o l lar , t wo w i th c ol lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib.

Three l ooped w inged a xes , 2 6-28 .

One b u t t f ragmen t o f al ooped w inged a xe , 2 9. o f aw inged a xe , 3 0.

One b lade f ragmen t

Two s ocke ted g ouges , F ig . 6 1 ,

3 1-32 .

T hree

s ocke ted c h isels , 3 3-35 . One s ocke ted t oo l w i th e xpanded b lade , 3 6. One s ocke ted h am mer , 3 7. Two s ick le b lades , a l mos t s tra igh t w i th k nobbed b u t t , 3 8-39 . 4 0 .

One f ragmen t o f ac onvex s ick le b lade ,

Three a nnu lar r ings , t wo s ol id , o ne h o l low .

One f ragmen t o f

ap enannu lar b race le t , a ssy m me tr ica l o va l s ec t ion , d ecora ted w i th g roups o f o b l ique i ncised l ine , s l igh t ly e ver ted t er m ina l , 4 1.

One

f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b racele t w i th i nc ised o rna men t a nd l arge e ver ted t er m ina l , 4 2 .

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t ,

u ndecora ted w i th l arge e ver ted t er m ina l , 4 3 .

One f ragmen t o f a

p enannu lar b race le t w i th t ransverse i ncised l i nes a nd s l igh t ly e ver ted t er m ina l , 4 4 .

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , h o l low s ec t ion

w i th b ands o f t ransverse r ibs a nd e ver ted t er m ina l , 4 5 .

One f rag-

men t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th t ransverse i ncised l ines a nd p la in t ermina l , 4 6. 4 7.

One f ragmen t o f c as t t w is ted w ire w i th h ookedterm ina l ,

One p iece o f c as t t w is ted w ire b en t i n to a r ing .

b ead , 4 8 .

One f ragmen t o f ad oub le-edged s ocke ted k n i fe , 4 9 .

f ragmen t o f ah og 's-back k n i fe , 5 0 . d ron s tap le , 5 2 .

c as t ing j e t .

O ne f ragmen t o f ac au l-

S ix r ounde ls o f s hee t b ronze w i th c oncen tr ic r ibbed

o rna men t a nd o pposed t abs , 5 3-58 .

Two f ragmen ts o f ah orned

One c onvex s hee t w i th o pposed t abs , 6 0 .

o f s hee t b ronze .

One

One d ouble-r ing t er m ina l a i th

t ransverse r ib a nd r ibbed c on t inua t ion , 5 1.

s heet , 5 9 .

One b icon ica l

F our f rag men ts

One c orroded p o in t o f ad ouble-edged b lade .

One

One f ragmen t o f c opper c ake .

S ocke ted a xe 1 5 i s an or th Du tch f or m .

The e xa mp le w i th X-shaped r ib

o rna men t 2 4 c an b e ma tched i n t he P la inseau h oard ( 1 78 )7 , v ar ian ts o f t h is mo t i f o ccur o n o ther a xes f ro m t he S o m me v a l ley ( Breu i l 1 905 , 3 85

f ig . 7 , 8 5-86 ) ;

t he o rna men t a nd r ound mou th o f t h is Minn is Bay a xe

mark i to u t a s a French e xpor t .

A xe 1 6 w i th s ha l low c o l lar f ro m wh ich

s pr ings t he l oop , a nd t hree s paced r ibs , b e longs t o t he s ou th We lsh t ype ( Savory 1 958a , 3 7 n .4 ) a nd t he b lade f ragmen t 2 5 c ou ld a lso b e o f t h is t ype .

A xes w i th t hree v er t ica l r ibs a re n o t n umerous i n h oards i n

e as tern Eng land s ou th o f t he T hames ;

t here a re o ther e xa mples i n t he

h oards f ro m A dd ing ton , S urrey ( I nv . A rch . GB54 ,

2 2 , 2 6 ) , B ex ley H ea th ,

K en t ( I nv . A rch . GB53 , 8 -9 ) , H ayne Wood , S a l twood , K en t ( Osborne 1 939 ) , Dar t ford , K en t ( Bra i ls ford 1 947 , f ig . 1 , b -c ) .

T he w ide ly s paced

r ibs o n 2 0 r eca l l Yorksh ire a xes b u t t h is i s n o t ac harac ter is t ic e xa mp le . Axes w i th f our v er t ica l r ibs a re n owhere n umerous :

Me ldre th h oard ,

C ambs . ( I nv . A rch . GB13 , 1 4 ) , Wes t H a l ton h oard , L incs . ( Davey 1 973 , f ig . 3 5 , 3 38 ) , S ou th K y me , L incs ., h oard 2 ( i bid ., f ig . 3 6 , 2 47-348 ) a nd h oard 3 ( i bid ., f ig . 3 6 , 3 49 ). T he Dar t ford h oard c on ta ins a sma l l a xe o f t he f or m o f M inn is Bay 2 1 ( Bra i ls ford 1 947 , f ig . 1 , f ) .

Burgess

( 1974 , 2 10 n .300 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t t here a re ' nor thern e nd-winged a xes ' i n t he M inn is Bay h oard .

Winged a xe 2 8 w i th n arrow b u t t , h igh-

s e t l oop , ad is t inc t c ons tr ic t ion b e low t he w ings , a nd c oncave p rof i le i s c er ta in ly a l ien t o t he s ou thern Br i t ish/nor thern French s er ies a s t he o ther t wo n ear-co mp le te 2 6-27 may b e .

Wh i le s uch w inged a xes

o ccur i n t he N ord ic a rea , t hey a re more c o m mon o n t he midd le R h ine ( see p .159 ) , a nd t he M inn is Bay w inged a xes were p robab ly d er ived f ro m t h is a rea . T he s tra igh t-b laded s ick les b e long t o t he Minn is Bay t ype .

B o th o f t he b race le ts w i th l arge e ver ted t er m ina ls 4 2-43 b e long

t o t he L yze l t ype o f n or th-eas tern F rance ( see p .210 ) .

The h o l low

b race le t 4 5 b e longs t o t he Ba l ingen t ype a nd t he mass ive b race le t 4 6 c ou ld b e long t o t he H o mburg t ype , b o th o f m idd le Rh ine o r ig in ( see p . 2 06-7 ) .

Three o f Audouze 's s ubtypes o f French s hee t b ronze b e l t

o rnamen ts a re r epresen ted i n t he M inn is Bay h oard .

The h orned f rag-

men ts 5 9 b e long t o h er s ubtype 2 , r ec tangu lar w i th t wo p a irs o f t abs ; t he sma l l c onvex s hee t 6 0 t o h er s ubtype 3 ;

t he s ix r oundels w i th

c oncen tr ic r ibs 5 3-58 t o h er s ubtype 4 ( 1974 , 2 48 ).

The r ounde ls a re

t oo sma l l t o b e b ase-p la tes f ro m ab ucke t ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th , 1 957, 1 36 , 1 39-140 , f ig . 3 , E ;

E ogan 1 964 , 2 99-300 , f ig . 1 3 ).

The c au ldron

s tap le b e longs t o C lass B 1 ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957 , 1 82 , 1 85 ) .

T he

d ouble-r ing t er m ina l 5 1 b e longs t o ar azor ( Jockenhöve l 1 971 , 1 65 n .2 ) ; i ts f or m d oes n ot a ppear t o b e ma tched p recise ly b u t ar azor i n t he Vgna t h oard , C haren te , h as a d oub le r ing , t ransverse r ibs a nd r ibs o n t he l ower p ar t o f t he b lade ( George a nd C hauve t 1 895 , p l . X , 9 3 ). 1 57.

S tour mou th , K en t . B radshaw a nd C oo mbs , n .d . H oard .

R oya l Muse Ign , Can terbury.

F ig . 6 2A .

One h i l t f ragmen t a nd t hree b lade f ragmen ts o f C arp 's T ongue

s words . Two f ace ted s ocketed a xes . Two s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar , s ing le o r izon ta l r ib a nd p e l le t . One f ragmen t w i th c ol lar , t wo h or iz on ta l r ibs a nd p las t ic w ing o rnamen t , F ig . 6 2A , 1 .

One f ragmen t

w i th c o l lar a nd r ibbed w ing o rnamen t d e marca ted a bove a nd b e low b y ah or izon ta l r ib , 2 . t a l r i b .

S even f ragmen ts w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon-

One f rag men t w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd t races

o f v er t ica l r ibs .

One f ragmen t w i th c o l lar a nd t wo h or izon ta l r ibs .

3 86

T hree b lade f ragmen ts o f s ocke ted a xes .

One t ip o f t he b lade o f a

d ouble e dged k n ife . One f ragmen t o f ah og 's-back k n i fe , 3 . One f ragmen t o f as ing le-edged b lade , 4 . Two l ea ther-work ing k n ives , 5 -6.

One c o mp le te s ocke ted g ouge a nd o ne f ragmen t .

men ts o f s pearhead b lades .

T hree f rag-

One t er m ina l o f at ubu lar f erru le , 7 .

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , s o l id r ound s ec t ion w i th d isc t er m ina l , 8 . One f ragmen t o f as hee t b race le t , c onvex s ec t ion , t wo t ransverse r ibs o n t er m ina l wh ich h as a r o l led e dge , 9 . One f ragmen t o f t wis ted r od .

One e n igma t ic f ragmen t , o va l-sec t ion

s ha f t w i th t r iangu lar i nse ts a nd p er fora ted b y t hree h o les , e xpanded t ermina l w i th t he s car o f as ha f t o f s im i lar f or m , 1 0. a nd i ngo t f ragmen ts .

C as t ing j e t

O ne s herd o f p o t tery w i th f inger t ip o rnamen t .

T he s hee t b race le t 9b e longs t o t he Wa l ler fangen t ype ( see p . 2 08 ) . 1 58 .

We lby , L eices tersh ire . P owe l l 1 948 ;

I nv . A rch . GB24.

J ewry Wa l l Museum , L e ices ter .

F ig . 6 2B . H oard , many o b jec ts me l ted d own s oon a f ter d iscovery.

One s ocke-

t ed a xe w i th s ha l low c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs a nd t hree v er t ica l r ibs , F ig . 6 2B , 1 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le , we l l-

d e f ined h or izon ta l r ib a nd t hree s hor t v er t ica l r ibs , 2 .

One s ocke ted

a xe w i th c ol lar , s ing le , i l l-de f ined h or izon ta l r ib a nd t hree s hor t v er t ica l r ibs , 3 .

One p egged s pearhead .

F our f ragmen ts , p robably

f ro m t he s ame Ewar t P ark s word , h i l t b roken a nd r epa ired i n a n t iq u i ty , 4 .

One f ragmen t o f ah o l low t oo thed moun t , 5 .

c as t a nnu lar r ing w i th a t rapezo ida l l oop , 6 .

One h o l low-

One d isc w i th c en tra l

p er fora t ion , a ngu lar p rof i le , b eaded r im a nd t wo l oops o n t he u nders ide , 7 .

F ive s trap-cross ings w i th f our s lo ts , s tepped c en tra l b oss

a nd p er iphera l r ib , 8 .

Two c ruci for m h and le-a t tach men ts , more

h eav i ly c orroded t han o ther o b jec ts i n t he h oard , 9 -10 .

One c up o f

c as t b ronze w i th s evera l f laws , n arrow ompha los b ase , c ar ina ted p rof i le , c onvex b e low a ngu lar s hou lder , c on ica l a nd r ibbed a bove , e ver ted r i m. The s ocke ted a xes may b e c o mpared t o e xa mp les i n o ther h oard f ro m t he e as t Mid lands , No t t ingha m ( I nv . A rch . GB22 , 1 -4 ) a nd N ewark ( I nv . A rch . GB36 , 6 -8 ) , N o t ts ., a nd r e la ted a xes a re c o m mon i n L inco lnsh ire ( see p .161 ) .

I n t he f irs t p ubl ica t ion o f t he We lby h oard

P owe l l r ecogn ised t ha t t he h and le-a t tach men ts b e longed t o b ow ls o f c en tra l E uropean t ype a nd i l lus tra ted s uch a v esse l f ro m t he U n terg lauhe im h oard , L dkr . D i l l ingen , S wabia ( 1948 , 3 4-35 , f ig . 4 ) , wh ich h e d a ted t o H a l ls ta t t I , i .e . H a C / MV I ( i bid ., 3 6-37).

The c hrono lcgy

o f t he We lby h orse-gear l ed h im t o p lace t he h oard i n t he s ix th c en tury ( i bid ., 3 8-40 ) a nd t h is d a t ing p resen ted a p roble m t o v on Merhar t i n h is c lass ic s tudy o f s hee t-bronze v esse ls ( 1952 ).

H e d iv ided b owls

w i th c ruci for m h and le a t tach men ts i n to f our g roups :

B 1 , w i th c onvex-

p rof i le b ody , l a te U rn f ie ld ; a nd H a l ls ta t t ;

B 2a , w i th a ngu lar b ody , l a te U rn f ie ld

B 2b , w i th h igh a ngu lar s hou lder , t he b ody c ons truc ted

o f more t han o ne s hee t , Ha l ls ta t t ;

C , c onvex b ody w i thou t t he f oo tr ing

p resen t o n t he o ther g roups , Ha l ls ta t t ( i bid ., 3 -5 , Ta f . 1 -6).

A ccep-

t ance o f P owe l l 's Ha l ls ta t t d a te f or t he s trap-cross ings l ed v on Merhar t 3 87

t o p lace t he We lby a t tach men ts i n G roup C , a l though t he ir s hor t a r ms were c harac ter is t ic o f a t tach men ts o f l a te U rn f ie ld d a te ( i bid ., 1 4 ). S ubsequen t wr i ters h ave r e ta ined P owe lPs o r ig ina l c o mpar ison w i th t he Un terg lauhe im v esse l o f g roup B 1 ( I nv . A rch . GB24 ; Sm i th 1 957, 1 55 ;

P owe l l 1 976 , 9 ;

Hawkes a nd

v on Merhar t 1 952 , T al . 2 , 8 ) .

Th is a t tr ibu t ion i s p laus ib le b u t n o t c er ta in .

B 1 b ow ls u sua l ly h ad

' tw in ' a t tach men ts a nd d oub le a t tach men ts o n ly b ecame c o m mon o n l a ter g roups a nd t hese were o f ten d ecora ted , w i th l onger a r ms t han t he We lby a t tach men ts ( i bid ., 4 , Ta f . 1 -6 ) wh ich c an b e ma tched o n b owls o f B 1 ( i b id ., T al . 1 , 8 1 ;

2 , 8 ) a nd B 2a ( i bid ., T al . 3 , 9 -10 ).

Fur ther e v idence i s p rov ided b y T hrane 's a ccoun t o f b ow ls f ro m S cand inav ia . D ouble a t tach men ts o ccur o n t he B 1 b ow l i n t he M IV h oard f ro m V es ter S k jern inge , F yn ( 1965 , 1 76-178 , f ig . 1 0a , 3 ) , a nd o n t he B 2a b ow l f ro m S vens mark , MSn ( i bid ., 1 79-182 , f ig . 1 2 ) ;

t he S vens mark

a t tach men ts a re c loser i n f or m t o t hose f ro m We lby . B 1 b ow ls h ave b een d iscussed i n g rea ter d e ta i l b y P a tay ( 1 969 , 1 811 84 , 2 02-204 ) ;

mos t e xa mp les h ave b een f ound i n t he u pper v a l ley o f

t he T isza ( i bid ., A bb . 1 4 ) b u t a l l t hose w i th d ouble a t tachmen ts o ccur f ur ther wes t .

I t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha t Pa tay d oes n o t i nc lude t he We lby

a t tach men ts i n h is l i s t o f B 1 b ow ls .

H e d a tes t he a ppearance o f B 1

b ow ls t o Ha A 2 a nd t hey were c urren t d ur ing Ha B 1 a nd Ha B 2 , b u t t he e xamp les w i th d ouble a t tach men ts a re o f H a B l/ M IV d a te , V es ter S k jern inge a nd Un terg lauhe im A bb. 4 1 , 9 , T al . 1 69 ) .

( i bid ., 2 04 ;

Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 67 ,

B 2a b ow ls a ppeared i n Ha B 2 a nd were c urren t

d ur ing HaB3/ MV ( i bid ., 1 30 ;

T hrane 1 975 , 1 42 ) ;

a n e xamp le w i th

c onvex p rof i le a nd a t tach men ts l i ke t hose f ro m We lby was i nc luded i n aH a B 2 h oard w i th f our B 1 b ow ls a t Kun isowce , o n t he Dn ies ter i n e as tern G a l ic ia , t he C arpa to-Ukra ine , n ow i n t he s ou th-wes tern p ar t o f t he U kra in ian S SR ( Pa tay 1 969 , 2 03 ; 1 0-11 ; 3 , 1 0 ).

v on Merhar t 1 952 , Ta f . 2 ,

T he We lby a t tachmen t c ou ld b e f ro m a b owl o f g roup B 1 a nd B 2a whose d a te s hou ld b e i n t he e ar l ier p ar t o f Ha B . S uch b ow ls w i th d ouble a t tach men ts were p robab ly made o u ts ide t he T isza v a l ley a rea , p erhaps i n n or thern Hungary o r S lovak ia ( Pa tay 1 969 , 1 87 ). The s word a nd t he s ocke ted a xes i n t he We lby h oard s ugges t a LBA3 d a te .

The h o l low-cas t r ing i s t he i nner e le men t o f a Parc-y- Me irch

d ouble r ing ( see p .

1 95 ) .

The t oo thed moun t may b e c o mpared w i th

t he t oo thed s l ides i n t he Parc-y- Me irch h oard ( 147 ).

The d oublelooped

p er fora ted d isc may b e r e la ted t o t he d oublelooped b u t tons i n t he Wa t ford h oard ( 154 ).

C ircu lar s trap-cross ings may mos t e cono m ica lly

b e d er ived f ro m t he Wi lbur ton i ndus try a nd n eed b e n o l a ter t han LBA3 ( see p .193-4 ) .

T he b ronze c up i s u n ique t hough c as t-bronze v esse ls

o ccur i n o ther Br i t ish h oards o f LBA3 ( see p . 1 93 ) , i ti s p robab ly r e la ted t o c era m ic f urrowed b ow ls b u t t he c hrono logy o f La te B ronze Age p o t tery d oes n o t y e t a ppear s u f f ic ien t ly we l l e s tabl ished t o a l low i ts u se t o d a te t he We lby h oard .

P iggo t t ( 1952-53 , 1 83 ) a nd Hawkes

a nd Sm i th ( 1 957 , 1 55 ) r ecogn ised t ha t t he We lby a t tach men ts were o f l a te U rn f ie ld d a te , ' no l a ter t han t he midd le s even th c en tury ' , Hard ing ( 1974 , 1 49-151 ) r epea ts t h is s even th-cen tury d a te , wh i le C un l i f fe 's s ix th-cen tury d a te ( 1 974 , 3 1 ) h as b een r ev ised t o e igh th seven th-cen tury

3 88

( 1978 , 3 5 ).

P owe l l h i msel f r ecogn ised t ha t t he We lby a t tach men ts

b e longed t o ab ow l o f U rn f ie ld d a te ( 1976, 9 ) a nd C hamp ion ( 1 975 , 1 36) h as a ppl ied t he e ar l ies t d a te p oss ible f or t he a t tach men ts , H a B 1 , t o t he Welby h oard ;

t h is w ou ld p lace t he h oard i n LBA2 a nd r equ ire r ad ica l

r ev is ion o f t he c hrono log y o f i t s s word a nd a xes . T he We lby a t tachmen ts , w i thou t t he r es t o f t he b ow l , c anno t b e d a ted c lose ly.

Ip re fer t o r egard t he m a s r es idua l a nd p lace t he h oard i n

LBA3 , n e i ther e ar lier , n or l a ter . 1 59 .

Auch ter ty r e , Moraysh ire . C o les 1 959-60 , 1 20-121. DQ 1 06-115 . H oard .

Na t iona l Museum o f An t iqu i t ies , E d inburgh ,

F ig . 5 5D.

One l ooped s ocke ted a xe w i th o va l s ec t ion a nd d oub le mou th

mou ld ing .

One f ragmen tary s pearhead .

t er m ina ls e ver ted , F ig . 5 5D , 1 .

F our p enannu lar b race le ts ,

Two p enannu lar b race le ts ,

t h ickened t er m ina ls b acked b y t hree r ibs , 2 . b race lets . 1 60 .

O ther f ragmen ts o f

F ragmen ts o f ar ing o f t in a nd l ead .

S cu lptor 's C ave , C ovesea , Moraysh ire . Na t iona l Museum o f An t iqu i t ies , E d inburgh .

B en ton 1 930-31.

F ig . 5 5E.

Excava t ion o f t he d epos i ts i n t he c ave r evea led s tra t i f ied l ayers o f L a te Bronze Age d a te a nd s o me r es idua l a nd u ns tra ti f ied Bronze Age o b jec ts .

S ix p enannu lar g i lded r ings a nd t wo s im i lar b ronze r ings .

Two p enannu lar b race le ts w i th t h ickened t er m ina ls b acked b y r idges , F ig . 5 5E , 1 -2. t er m ina ls , 3 . t er m ina ls .

One p enannu lar b racele tw i th s l igh t ly t h ickened One sma l ler f ragmen tary b race le t w i th s l igh t ly e ver ted

C oarse p ot tery , ap iece o f p er fora ted s ands tone a nd a

b roken f l in t k n i fe . 1 61.

I ngo ld is thorpe , S net t isham , N or folk . C oo mbs 1 974a . O b jec ts p loughed u p i n af i e ld , p robab ly a h oard .

Frag men t o f t he

h i l t o f a n a n tennae-po m me l s word , c onvex g r ip w i th t wo r ibs r ema in ing , C oo mbs 1 974a , A bb . 1 , 1 .

F ragmen tary s ocke ted a xe

w i th f our g rooves o n t he f aces , 2 -3 .

F ragmen t o f as ocke ted a xe

w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , 5 . s ocke ted a xe , 4 .

Fragmen t o f af ace ted

B lade f ragmen ts o f f our more s ocke ted a xes , 6 -9 .

I n l i t t ., 2 1.10.74 ., Dr . C oo mbs a dds ;

One a dd i t iona l a xe f ragmen ts .

One s ocke ted g ouge . F ragmen t o f t he b lade o f aC arp 's T ongue s word . The a n tannae-po m me l s word c anno t b e a t tr ibu ted t o a ny s pec i f ic t ype w i th in t he Ha B 2-B3/ MV c urrency o f t hese s words ( see p .185 ) .

S ock-

e ted a xes w i th g rooved o rnamen t a re u nusua l ( Savory 1 975 , 1 14 ). 1 62 .

H orsehope C ra ig , Manor , P eeb les . P iggo t t 1 952-53 ; Hoard .

C oles 1 959-60 , 1 23-124.

One f ace ted s ocketed a xe , P iggo t t 1 952-53 , f ig . 1 , 1 .

Yorksh ire s ocke ted a xe , 2 .

One

F ive o b jects w i th a c oncave d isc o n a

s l igh t ly c on ica l s ocke ted p er fora ted b y t wo r ive t-ho les , 3 .

3 89

Two

o b jects w i th a c oncave d isc b ear ing c oncen tr ic r ib o rnamen t a nd a c oncave f lange b e low , p er fora ted b y t hree r ive t-ho les , 4 . One moun t ing w i th p er iphera l f langes a nd b road l ong i tud ina l r ib . , b en t d own a t o ne e nd a nd p er fora ted b y s evera l r ive t-holes , 5 .

Fragmen ts o f

t wo s im i lar moun t ings , p robably a p a ir , t aper ing a t o ne e nd w i th a c ircu lar p er fora t ion a nd f langes a t t he o ther e nd , 6 -7.

Two s tr ips

w i th e dges r a ised a t a n a ng le , t wo r ive t-ho les a t e ach e nd , b en t o ver , 8 -9.

S ix a nnu lar r ings o f h o l low-cas t b ronze w i th c lay c ore , p ar t

o f t he c ircum ference v ery worn , marks a t t hree o ther p oin ts i ns ide , f ig . 2 , 1 0-11 .

F our sma l ler r ings w i th t wo marks , 1 3-14 .

l arger r ing w i th n o marks , 1 2.

One

One a nnu lar r ing o f h o l low-cas t

b ronze w i th c lay c ore a nd ab roken l oop , 1 5 .

Two a nnu lar r ings o f

h o l low-cas t b ronze w i th c lay c ore , 1 6-17. Face ted a nd Yorksh ire a xes a re b o th c o m mon i n s ou thern S co t land ( Burgess a nd M ike t 1 976) . P iggo t t ( 1952-53 , 1 79 ) c o mpared t he s ocke ted d iscs w i th a p a ir o f o b jec ts i n g rave 2 8 , H raden in , B ohe m ia ( Dvorak 1 938 , A br . 3 8 , 2 -3 ) ;

t hese o b jec ts h ave f la t d iscs a nd were p robab ly

f i t t i ngs o n t he r ear o f a wagon ( i bid ., O br . 3 7 ).

K ossack d a tes t h is

g rave t o Ha D 1 ( 1970 , 1 07 n .37 ) . P iggo t t ( 1 952-53 , 1 78 ) a lso c i ted a n o b jec t i n t he e n igma t ic b ur ia l i nb arrow 1 08 , A ldro , Yorks .; h is d rawings o f t h is b ur ia l h ave b een r eproduced b y C ha l l is a nd Hard ing ( 1 975 , 4 2-43 , f ig . 2 0 , 1 ) . i t s c hrono log y i s u ncer ta in .

The A ldro b ur ia l c on ta ined i ron o b jec ts ; The H orse h ope s ocke ted d iscs may b e r e-

l a ted t o t he LBA2 ' hub-caps ' b u t t h is i s u ncer ta in ( see p . 1 50 ).

The

f langed d iscs w i th c oncen tr ic o rnamen t c an b e c o mpared t o s evera l o b jec ts i n French h oards o f B ronze F ina l I I ;

Ambo ise , I ndre-e t-Lo ire

( Cord ier , M i l lo tte a nd R ique t 1 960 , f ig . 4 , 4 6) ;

P ra ir ie d e Mauves ,

Nan tes , L oire-A t lan t ique ( Br iard 1 966a , p l . 1 9 , 2 36 ) ;

S a in t-Georges-

d 'O leron , C haren te- Mar i t i me ( Rousso t-Larroque 1 971 , 5 88 , f ig . 1 , 6 ). There a re f langed d iscs o f d i f feren t f or m i n t he I s leham h oard ( 127 ) a nd a f langed d isc w i th a c en tra l p er fora t ion i n t he LBA3 h oard f ro m A ylsha m , N or fo lk ( C lough 1 970-73 , 1 66-167 , f ig . 3 , 6 ).

F langed a nd

s ocke ted d iscs a re o therw ise r are i n Br i t ish LBA3 h oards t hough t he f ragmen t i n t he G rays T hurrock h oard ( 148 ) a nd t wo p ieces i n t he S hens tone h oard , S ta f fs . ( Coo mbs a nd C h i t ty 1 967-68 , 1 2-13 , f ig . 1 , 1 0-11 ) , may b e n o ted .

I t may b e a ccep ted t ha t t he H orsehope s tr ips

a nd moun t ings c ou ld b e wagonf i t t ings b u t c o mparable ma ter ia l i s s carce ; t here i s as im i lar o b jec t i n t he h oard f ro m Dur ta l , Ma ine-e t-Lo ire ( Cord ier a nd G rue t 1 975 , 1 89 , f ig . 3 8 , 1 2 ) , wh ich c on ta ins ma ter ia l r ang ing i n d a te f ro m M idd le B ronze Age p a ls taves t o Ar mor ican s ocke ted a xes .

The r ings a re p robably e le men ts o f h orse-gear , t he l ooped r ing

s hou ld b e p ar t o f at wo-p iece b ug le-shaped o b jec t . T here a re n o o b jec ts c er ta in ly o f Ha l ls ta t t d a te i n t he H orsehope h oard a nd P iggo t t 's o r ig ina l d a te o f H a C /D ( 1 952-53 , 1 84 ) may b e mod i f ied t o LBA3 ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957 , 1 54 ;

3 90

C o les 1 959-60 , 5 1-52 ).

NORTH-EASTERN FRANCE 1 63 .

J uv incour t-Damary , A isne. J ockenhövel a nd Smo l la 1 975 . H oard , f ound n ear t he c on f luence o f t he Miet te a nd t he A isne b y G er man t roops d ur ing t he F irs t Wor ld War .

Par t o f t he h oard was

l a ter p ubl ished w i th t he p rovenance Herbrech t ingen , Kr . H e idenhe im , Wur tte mberg ( Fundber ich te a us S chwaben , 1 2 , 1 -7) ;

NF8 , 1 933 , 3 5 , 5 5 , Ta f .

t h is was s ubsequen t ly r ev ised ( i bid ., NF11, 1 938-50 , 5 6;

Dehn 1 972 , 9 9 ).

One f ragmen t o f Carp 's Tongue s word .

a nd Smol la , f ig , 2 , 1 .

J ockenhövel

One f ragmen t o f s word b lade , 2 .

p le te p egged s pearhead , 5 .

One c o m-

F ive f ragmen ts o f s pearheads , i nc lud ing

o ne w i th d ecora ted s ocke t , 3 -4 , 6 -8 . a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , 9 -10.

Two s ocketed a xes w i th c ol lar

One s ocketed a xe w i th c o l lar , d eep

h or izon ta l r ib a nd t hree v er t ica l r ibs , 1 1.

One s ocketed a xe w i th

c ol lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd f ive v er t ica l g rooves , f ig . 3 , 1 2. One s ocke ted a xe , n o c ol lar , l oop s e t l ow , 1 3. s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , 1 4. s ocke ted g ouge , 1 6.

One f rag men t o f a

One s ocketed h a m mer , 1 5 .

One

One t anged l ea ther-work ing k n i fe , 1 7.

n arrow c h ise l b lade , 1 8 .

One

Two d ouble-edged s ocke ted k n ives a nd o ne

s ocke t , p robably f ro m a s im ilar k n ife , 1 9-21. s ing le-edged s ocke ted k n ife , 2 3.

One f ragmen t o f a

One s o l id-h i l ted s ing le-edged k n ife

w i th p er fora ted b i f id t er m ina l , 2 2 .

One h ead o f ap in , h o l low ,

g lobu lar , p erfora ted , F ig . 4 , 2 4.

One p enannu lar b race le t w i th

i ncised o rnamen t a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls , 2 5 .

One p enannu lar b race let

w i th t ransverse r ibbed o rnamen t a nd e xpanded t er m ina ls , 2 6.

One

p enannu lar b racele t , f la t s et t ion w i th p er iphera l l ines o f p oin ti l lb o rna men t a nd r ol led t er m ina ls , 3 2 .

One p enannu lar b race le t w i th

l ozenge s ec t ion a nd s l igh t ly t h ickened t er m ina l , 2 7.

One f rag men t

o f ap enannu lar b race le t , c oncavo-convex s ec t ion w i th o va l r ing t er m ina l , 3 3.

One s pira l b and , f la t s ec t ion , i ncised l ine o rna men t ,

2 9.

Two i n ter twined r ings o f b ands w i th i ncised l ine o rna men t , 3 0-

3 1.

One o va l r ing , s ol id c ircu lar s ec tion , 2 8.

r ings , 3 4-36.

Three h ol low a nnu lar

One s pira l , l ozenge s ect iop , f ig . 5 , 3 7.

s l igh t ly c onvex w ith c en tra l p er fora t ion , 3 8 . s heet a t tached t o as ha f t , 3 9-41.

One d isc ,

Two c onvex p ieces o f

Two f ragmen ts o f h ol low b ox-l ike

o b jects o f c as t b ronze w i th s lo t ted e nds a nd i ncised o rna men t , 4 2-43 . One f ragmen t o f c as t p la te w i th r ibbed o rnamen t a nd s tap les o n t he b ack , 4 4 .

One p iano-convex me ta l i ngo t , 4 5.

None o f t he s ocketed a xes a ppears t o b elong t o t he P la inseau t ype. The a xe w i th t hree v er t ica l r ibs , 1 1 , may b e c o mpared w i th Br i t ish e xa mp les , e .g . i n t he Minn is Bay h oard ( 156).

The a xe w i th g rooved

o rna men t , 1 2 , may b e r e la ted t o Br i t ish e xa mples a nd t he sma l l a xe , 1 3 , may b e c o mpared t o t he e xamp le i n t he Dar tford h oard , Ken t ( Bra i ls ford 1 947 , f ig . 1 , f ) .

The o ther a xes , 9 -10 , c ou ld b e e qua l ly

o f Br i t ish s ou th-eas tern o r French t ype a t lan t ique o r ig in . w i th e ver ted t ermina ls , 2 5 , b elongs t o t he L yzel

The b racele t

t ype ( see p . 2 10).

t he e xa mp le w i th r ol led t er m ina ls c an b e ma tched i n t he Bonnev i l le h oard ( 183 ).

L ozenge-sec tion b racelets , 2 7, u sua l ly d ecora ted , o ccur

i n wes tern G er many d ur ing Ha B 3 ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 64-165 ). 3 91

The d isc ,

3 8 , b e longs t o t he U rn f ie ld G uevaux t ype ( see p . 1 97 ) , a nd Thrane c ons iders t ha t t he t wo c onvex d iscs o n as ha f t , 3 9-41 , a re a lso G uevaux d iscs ( 1975 , 2 79 ) .

T he b oxl ike o b jects , 4 2-43 , a nd c as t p la te , 4 4 ,

a re C arp 's T ongue o rnamen ts . The J uv incour t h oard c o mb ines l oca l n or th-eas tern French o rna men ts w i th C arp 's T ongue a nd c en tra l European f or ms .

I ta lso c on ta ins c en-

t ra l European s ing le-edged k n ives a longs ide A t lan t ic d ouble-edged k n ives . 1 64 .

C o mbon , Eure . C ou t i l 1 921 , 7 89 , 8 02 ; K imm ig 1 954 , 2 18-220 , f ig . 9 6. H oard , a t o ne t ime i n t he Mus e Mun ic ipa l , E vreux ( Burgess 1 968a , 1 3 , n .45 ) , b u t i t was n o t t here i n S ep te mber 1 975 , n or was t here a ny r ecord o f i ti n t he manuscr ip t c a ta logue o f c . 1 960 . T hree h i l ts , p robab ly o f A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words . t hree s word b lades .

F ragmen ts o f a t l eas t

Two c o mp le te p egged s pearheads .

F ive f rag-

men ts o f s pearheads , i nc lud ing o ne w i th d ecora ted s ocke t . l ooped w inged a xes . k n i fe .

One l ooped p a ls tave .

One s ing le-edged t anged

One t anged l ea ther-work ing k n i fe , w i thou t s top .

men ts a pparen t ly o f s aws . s ec t ion c hape.

Two

Two t ubu lar f erru les .

Two f rag-

One ? l ozenge-

One p enannu lar b race le t w i th i nc ised o rna men t .

Two p enannu lar b race le ts w i th t ransverse r ibbed o rnamen t . p enannu lar p endan ts .

Two

One p o t , c on ica l p ro f i le , e xpanded b ase ,

h or izon ta l r ibs . Th is a ppears t o b e a mixed h oard ; t he s word h i l ts , p a ls tave , c hape a nd f erru les s hou ld a l l b e B ronze F ina l I , wh i le t he b race le ts ( see p . 1 54 1 65 .

)a nd p endan ts ( see p . 2 14) s hou ld b e B ronze F ina l I I .

I l lev i l le-sur- Mon t for t , P on t-Aude mer , Eure . C ou t i l 1 921 , 8 00 , 8 11. H oard .

Two f ragmen ts o f C arp 's T ongue s words .

o f s ocketed a xes .

One d isc-headed p in .

F ive f rag men ts

R ings , t ubes a nd v ar ious

o ther f ragmen ts . 1 66.

Hau lch in

N ord .

Fe l ix a nd Deudon 1 973 . P robab le h oard . f ig . 1 , 1 .

One r o l l-headed p in .

O ne b icon ica l-headed p in , 2 .

F e l ix a nd Deudon 1 973 , Two p in s ha f ts , 3 -4 .

One a nnu lar b race le t , D -sec t ion , c hevron o rna men t , 5 .

One c on-

v ex s hee t-bronze d isc w i th f our p er iphera l r ings o f sma l l b osses a nd a n i rregu lar c ruci for m mo ti f o f b osses , t wo i rregu lar c en tra l p er fora t ions , 6 . e nds , 7 .

T hree s trands o f w ire t w is ted t oge ther w i th l ooped

One r ec tangu lar s hee t w i th t hree l ines o f sma l l b osses

a nd a r ive t-ho le a t e i ther e nd , as p ira l a t tached t o o ne r ive t-ho le , 8 .

One o va l s hee t w i th s ix i rregu lar l i nes o f sma l l b osses a nd b i f id

t er m ina ls f or m ing s p ira ls , 9 .

One n eck-r ing o f t w is ted b ronze

w i th h ooked t er mina ls , f ig . 2 , 1 0 .

Three s e ts o f b ronze r ings ,

a nnu lar a nd p enannu lar , p la in a nd t wis ted , s o me r e-used f rag men ts , o ne h as a p ebble p endan t a nd a nother h as a n H -shaped b ronze p endan t , 1 1-13 . 3 92

The c onvex d isc i s p robably a p ha lera ;

i tb elongs t o v on Merhar t 's

g roup o f Ka lo t ten fa leren ( 1956, 3 2 ) . T hese a re c o m mon Lake V i l lage f inds , u sua l ly w i th a c as t l oop ( i bid ., A bb. 1 , 1 -6 ; 2 , 4 ), b u t t hey a lso o ccur i n e as t-cen tra l Europe where t hey b e long t o Ha B 1 a nd h ave s hee t l oops ( i bid ., 4 4 , A bb . 4 , 9 -11 ; 1 0-11 ;

8 , 1 1-12 ).

P odborsky 1 970 , 1 43-146 , Ta f . 6 ,

T he c ruci for m mo t i f may b e r em in iscen t o f t he f our-

b oss mot i f wh ich o ccurs o n s o me L ake V i l lage p ha lerae ( von Merhar t 1 956 , 8 8-99 , A bb . 2 ) .

T he d oub le p er fora t ion i n t he Hau lch in p ha lera

i s u nusua l a nd d oes n o t r epresen t a ny c haracter is t ic f or m o f l oop a t tachmen t .

Audouze ( 1974 , 2 73 n o . 1 45 b is ) h as i den ti f ied t he H au lch in d isc

a s ab e l t o rnamen t ;

t h is f unc t ion i s n o t e xcluded f or p ha lerae .

The

Hau lch in d isc i s p robab ly a p ha lera o f Lake V i l lage o r ig in f or wh ich a LBA3 d a te i s p oss ible . T he n eck-r ing may b e c o mpared t o t he e xa mp le i n t he D bv i l le h oard ( 1 73 ).

A LBA3 d a te f or t he H au lch in h oard i s

p robable . 1 67.

Arzi l l iers , F ores t o f C o mp i gne , O ise . 1 6 mery 1 937 ;

v on Merhar t 1 952 , 6 3 , Ta f . 3 , 6 ;

B lanche t , J ouve a nd

Durv in 1 976 , 4 3 , f ig . 3 9 , 1 . H oard . MAN .

One s hee t-bronze b ow l , k nown f ro m a wa ter-co lour i n t he Narrow b ase w i th f oo tr ing , c ar ina ted b ody , a pparen t ly u n-

d ecora ted , t wo p a irs o f c ruci for m a t tach men ts h o ld c as t t wis ted h and les .

One p iece o f me ta l c ake , s evera l f ragmen ts o f c as t ing j e t .

The b ow l b e longs t o v on Merhar t 's g roup B 2a wh ich a ppeared d ur ing Ha B 2 a nd l as ted i n to Ha B 3/ MV ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 30 ; 1 42 ) .

Thrane 1 975 ,

The A rzi l l iers b ow l i s u n ique a s ac o mple te e xa mp le o f ab ow l

w i th c ruci form h and le-a t tach men ts f ro m wes tern Europe t hough f ragmen ts o ccur i n t he h oards f ro m We lby ( 158 ) a nd A dabrock ( 222 ) .

Thrane

h as marked t he A rzi l l iers b ow l a s aB 1 v esse l o n h is d is tr ibu t ion map ( 1975 , f ig . 8 9 ). 1 68 .

La J us t ice , C o mp i gne , O ise . J .C l . B lanche t ; H oard .

K i mm ig 1 954 , 2 18 , f ig . 9 5 ;

One p egged s pearhead .

B lanche t 1 976a , 3 6.

Two l ooped w inged a xes a nd t wo

f ragmen ts . T hree s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib . One s ocke ted a xe w i th r ibbed w ing o rna men t . Two s ocke ted a xes w i th f our v er t ica l r ibs .

F rag men ts o f t wo s ocketed a xes w i th

c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd p e l le t o rna men t .

Fragmen t o f a

s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd r ibbed w ing o rnamen t . 1 69 .

S word f ragmen ts .

C as t ing d ebirs .

L e P or t Var in , R oya l l ieu , C o mpi gne , O ise . B lanche t 1 976a , 3 6 ; H oard . a xes .

B lanche t , J ouve a nd Durv in 1 976 , 4 3 .

H i l t o f a n a n tennae-po m me l s word . One s pearhead .

One b race le t .

F our teen s ocke ted

One c as t ing j e t .

B lanche t ( 1976a , 3 6) i nc ludes t h is h oard u nder Bronze F ina l I I b u t e lsewhere ( B lanche t , J ouve a nd Durv in 1 976 , 4 3 ) s ugges ts t ha t t he a xes a re p robably A rmor ican a nd t he s word Ha l ls ta t t . C owen i s s usp icious o f t he i den t i f ica t ion o f t he s word a s Ha l ls ta t t ( 1967, 4 38 n o . 1 23 ). A 3 93

LBA3 a n tennae-po m mel s word wou ld n ot b e o u t o f p lace h ere ( see p . 18 5 ) , b u t t he p recise d a te o f t h is h oard i s u ncer ta in . 1 70.

G iraumon t , O ise. J . C l. B lanche t ; H oard .

B lanchet 1 976a , 3 6.

Two f ragmen ts o f A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words .

A t lan t ic l ea f-shaped s words . s word .

Fragmen ts o f t wo w inged a xes ;

p erhaps b elong t o t h is h oard . One s ocketed g ouge .

t wo a dd i t iona l w inged a xes

One s pearhead a nd t wo f ragmen ts .

One s ing le-edged t anged k n i fe .

a ssy m metr ica l b lade a nd r ing t er m ina l . r azor .

Three s hor t

One f ragmen t , p robably o f a Macon

One t ool w i th

Tr iple-r ing h and le o f a

One l ooped b u t ton .

Th is i s a mixed h oard .

The A t lan t ic l eaf-shaped s words a re Bronze

F ina l I , wh i le t he Mäcon s word ( see p .1 8 6 ) , a nd t he r azor h and le ( see p .

2 19 )a re Bronze F ina l I I .

One o f t he s pearhead f ragmen ts

( B lanche t a nd La mbo t 1 97 5 , 3 9 n o . 1 9 b is ) p robably b e longs t o t he l arge t ype ( see p .1 8 2 ) . 1 71.

S a in t-Pierre-en-Chas tre , V ieux- Mou l in , O ise . J .C l . B lanche t ;

B lanche t 1 976a , 3 6-40 ;

J ouve 1 976.

P la teau a e nce in te Or iph6r ique , f irs t i nves tiga ted b y V iol le t-le-Duc a t t he i ns t iga t ion o f Napo leon I I i n 18 62.

More r ecen t e xcava t ions

b y J ouve ( 1976 ) h ave r evea led l a te La TN le a nd G a l lo-Ro man l evels a bove La te Bronze Age o ccupa t ion . u ncer ta in . MAN .

The d a te o f t he d efences i s

A l arge c o l lect ion o f La te Bronze Age ma ter ia l i s i n t he

Frag men ts o f C arp 's Tongue s words .

mou lds f or s word b lades . f ig . 3 6, 1 3.

Fragmen ts o f c lay

Two l ooped w inged a xes .

B lanche t 1 976a ,

Af ragmen t o f ab ronze mou ld f or w inged a xes .

d ouble-edged t anged k n ives ;

i nclud ing o ne w i th a r iveted t ang , o ne

w i th a f langed t ang a nd o ne w i th a r ibbed t ang . d e Mor ti l le t 1 903 , p l . LXXXV , 1 036, 1 047. e dged k n ives .

Four

I b id ., f ig . 3 6, 1 4 ;

Four f rag men ts o f d ouble-

One k n i fe made o f ar e-used f ragmen t o f t he b lade o f

aC arp 's Tongue s word,

De Mor ti l le t 1 903 , p l . LXXXV , 1 051.

Two

s ing le-edged t anged k n ives w i th c onvex b ack a nd s em i-c ircu lar o rnamen t , K imm ig 1 954 , f ig . 1 01 , 6 ;

B lanche t 1 976a , f ig , 3 6, 1 6.

s ing le-edged t anged k n i fe w i th s tra igh t b ack . B lanche t 1 976a , f ig . 3 6 , 1 2. f ig . 3 6, 1 5 . 9 64.

Var ious B ourge t a rrowheads , I b id .,

One s ocketed g ouge , De Mor t i l le t 1 903 , p l . LXXX I ,

One t anged g ouge .

F our d ouble-ended c h isel-l ike t oo ls ,

N ico lardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 1 21-122 , f igs . 1 3-14 , 1 6. I b id ., 1 18 , f ig . 6 . g reave.

One

Two p egged s pearheads ,

Two ' bur ins ' ,

One c on ica l p oin t w i th h a m mered b u t t .

Var ious f rag men ts o f s hee t b ronze .

One

Twe lve p a irs o f t weezers

t hree w i th s uspens ion l oops , a nd t wo f rag men ts , De Mor t i l let 1 903 , p l . XCI I , 1 176.

One p la in p enannu lar b racele t .

One p enannu lar

b race let w i th o blique i nc ised o rna men t a nd s l igh t ly e xpanded t er m ina ls . One p enannu lar b race le t , l ong i tud ina l midr ib , s l igh t ly e ver ted t ermina ls .

F ive f ragmen ts o f p la in a nd t w is ted b race lets .

e ar-r ings , o ne p la in , t he o ther t wis ted . One s pira l .

Var ious a nnu lar r ings .

One p enannu lar p endan t , I b id ., f ig . 3 6, 8 .

3 94

Two w ire One t r iangu lar

p endan t w i th t r iangu lar o rna men t , o ne w ith c ross-ha tched o rna men t. I b id ., f ig . 3 6, 9 . p l . XCI I , 1 161. men t .

One c oncave-prof i le moun t ,

De Mor t i l let 1 903 ,

One t r iangu lar f ragmen t o f as hee t-bronze b e l t o rna-

One f rag men t o f ab e lt o rna men t w i th a t ab.

a nd s tuds .

I b id ., p ls . LXXX IX , 1 114 ; XCI I , 1 160 .

Var ious b u t tons One h undred a nd

f or ty-three p ins , i ncluding e xamp les w i th t ru mpe t h eads , c ylindr ica l , p yra mida l , c on ica l , b icon ica l , s pher ica l h eads , n a i l-headed , r ol lh eaded a nd v ase-head p ins ; many h ave i nc ised o rna men t o n t he s ha f ts . B lanchet 1 976a , f ig . 3 6 , 1 0-11; d e Mor t i l le t 1 903 , p l . XCI I I , 1 193 , 1 209.

Fragmen ts o f c lay mou lds f or p in s ha f ts .

N icolardot a nd G aucher 1 975 , 1 31 , f igs . 3 -4.

Two sma ll t ools ,

Many a n t ler imp le men ts ,

i nclud ing a c heek-piece w i th a c en tra l r ectangu lar p er fora t ion a nd t wo c ircu lar p er fora t ions i n t he s a me p lane , XC , 1 126.

Var ious f ish-hooks ,

p lete p ot tery v esse ls s urv ive:

De Mor t i l le t 1 903 , p l .

I b id ., p l . XCI I , 1 183 .

Four c o m-

One d r ink ing-bot t le , o void p rofi le

b ody w i th a t ea t a t o ne e nd a nd a f unne l n eck w i th i n terna l ly g rooved r im ,

B lanchet 1 976a , f ig . 3 5 , 1 4.

One c on ica l-necked b eaker w i th

h igh a ngu lar s hou lders , s l igh t ly c oncave n eck a nd f lared r im ; o n t he l ower n eck t wo b ands o f t r iple i nc ised l i nes e nclose g roups o f q uadr up le i nc ised l i nes ,

I b id ., f ig . 3 5 , 1 1.

One s ub-bicon ica l b eaker

w i th n arrow b ase , c onvex p rof i le , b road mou th a nd e ver ted r i m, I b id ., f ig . 3 5 , 1 2. f ig . 3 5 , 1 3.

One h and led c up w i th c onvex-prof i le b ody,

a ng le , c hevron a nd l ine o rnamen t . 7 , 2 9 , 3 2 ; 8 . l eve ls .

I b id .,

The 1 972 e xcava t ions p roduced s herds w i th h a tched t r iJ ouve 1 976, f igs . 5 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 3-14;

Worked f l in ts were a lso f ound i n t he Bronze F ina l

I b id ., f igs . 6 , 1 6-20 ; 7 , 4 3.

Mos t o f t he b ronze s hou ld b e long t o Bronze F ina l I I ; i ti s n otable t ha t n o s ocke ted a xes were f ound .

The b race le t w i th l ong i tud ina l midr ib c an

b e ma tched i n t he Amboise h oard , I ndre-et-Lo ire ( Cord ier , Mi l lot te a nd R iquet 1 960 , 1 16 n . 1 2 , f ig . 3 , 2 6).

The b e l t o rna men t w i th a t ab

b elongs t o Audouze 's t ype 1 ( 1 974 , 2 48 ).

The c oncave-prof i le moun t c an

b e ma tched i n L ake V i l lages ( Cross 1 883 , p l . XX I I I , 4 6) a nd i n t he h oard f ro m V i l lar-d 'Arene , Hau tes-A lpes ( Audouze a nd C our to is 1 970 , p l . 3 0 , 2 1) , d a ted t o H a B I b y S chauer ( 1975a , 5 6) ; f i f teen e xa mples o ccur i n t he Bronze F ina l I I h oard f ro m Ambo ise , I ndre-e t-Loire ( Cordier , Mi l lot te a nd R iquet 1 960 , 1 15 , f ig . 4 , 3 7-39 ). The p o ttery d r ink ing-bot tle a ppears t o b e long t o E ibner 's Asparn t ype ( 1973 , 1 58-162 , A bb. 5 -6) , mos t e xa mp les o f wh ich a re d a ted t o Ha A 2 , t hough s o me b e long t o Ha B ( i bid ., 1 61 ).

Th is i s ac en tra l

European t ype , t he e xa mples n eares t t o S a in t-P ierre-en-Chas tre a re o n t he midd le Rh ine ( i bid ., A bb. 7 ) .

The c on ica l-necked b eaker b elongs t o

af or m wh ich c an b e ma tched l oca l ly a t V iei l-Arcy a nd Ma izy-sur-A isne , A isne ( B lanche t 1 976a , 3 8 , f ig . 3 5 , 1 7, 2 0 , 2 2 ) , Bronze F ina l I I .

The

h and led c up i s aw idespread Urn f ield t ype wh ich o ccurs a t t he e nd o f Bronze F ina l I I a t Nan teu i l-sur-A isne , Ardennes ( i bid ., 3 8 , f ig . 3 5 , 9 ). 1 72 .

L yze l , S a in t-O mer , Pas-de-Ca la is . Mohen 1 972 , 4 56-458 , f ig . 8 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 18 , S a in t-O mer 1 , i l ls . 3 8-39.

3 95

H oard . One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs a nd g rooved w ing o rnamen t . Mohen 1 972 , f ig . 8 , 2 2 . One s ing le-edged k n i fe w i th s l igh t ly c oncave b ack a nd b road t ang , 2 8 . t weezers , 2 5 . 2 4.

One op a ir o f

One d ouble r ing j o ined b y t hree c as t t w is ted s trands ,

O ne p enannu lar b race let w i th f la t tened t er m ina ls , 2 1.

F our p en-

a nnu lar b race le ts w i th b ands o f i nc ised o rna men t a nd l arge e ver ted t ermina ls , 1 0-13 . Two u ndecora ted p enannu lar b race le ts w i th l arge e ver ted t er m ina ls , 1 4-15 . One p enannu lar b race le t w i th c oncavoc onvex s ec t ion a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls , 2 0 . l e t , 1 6.

One a nnu lar s ha le b race-

Two p enannu lar r ings w i th i nc ised t w is ted o rna men t , o ne

a ppears t o h ave t he r e ma ins o f ah ooked t erm ina l , 1 8-19 .

N ine p en-

d an ts , more t han h a l f ac ircle w i th h or izon ta l t ube , c en tra l b oss , p er iphera l r ib a nd i nc ised o rna men t , 1 -9 . a nd t wo r ibbed t ubu lar b eads , 1 7. c on ica l b eads , 2 6-27.

Two p la in t ubu lar b eads

F our l arge a nd s ix teen sma l l b i-

Two b oars ' t usks .

T he d oub le r ib a nd w ing o rnamen t o f t he a xe c an b e ma tched i n t he P la inseau h oard ( 1 78 ) ; F ig . 6 6 , 1 1 , w i th a r ound mou th , b u t t he L yze l a xe d oes n o t h ave t he r ound mou th o f t he P la inseau t ype .

The k n i fe i s

n ot a c harac ter is t ic f or m , t hough Tackenberg n o tes s im i lar e xa mp les f ro m n or th-wes tern G er many ( 1971 , 1 13 , Ta f . 2 8 , 1 ) a nd t here i s a nother s im i lar k n i fe f ro m t he d i tch o f b arrow 7 0 i n t he De Roosen c e me tery , N eerpe l t , B e lg ian L i mburg ( Roosens a nd B eex 1 961 , 1 8 , a fb. 7 , 1 ) ; t he f inds f ro m t h is c e me tery a re p redo m inan t ly o f Ha C/D d a te ( van I mpe , B eex a nd R oosens 1 973 , 2 3 ) .

Mohen r igh t ly p o in ts o u t t ha t t he

a f f in i t ies o f t he L yze l h oard w i th B e lg ium a re e spec ia l ly s trong ( 1 972 , 4 58 ) ; i ti s e specia l ly c haracter is t ic o f n or th-eas tern France a nd B e lg ium a nd c on ta ins n o o b jec ts c er ta in ly o f C arp 's T ongue o r ig in . 1 73 .

D gv i l lel s-Rouen , S eine- Mar i t i me . C ou t i l 1 921 , 8 04 , p ls . Ib is , I I b is ; Verron 1 971 , 6 3-69 . Depar tmen ta l d es An t iqu i tes d e l a S e ine- Mar i t i me , R ouen . Hoard .

Musee F ig . 6 3A .

One h i l t o f as o l id-h i l ted s word , o va l p o m mel d emarca ted b y

r ib , t hree t r ip le r ibs o n g r ip , n arrow s hou lders , o va l-sec t ion b lade w i th q uadrup le r ibs . F ig . 6 3A , 1 . F our f ragmen ts o f C arp 's T ongue s word b lades a nd a p o in t , p robab ly f ro m t he b lade o f aC arp 's T ongue s word . One t wo-piece b ronze mou ld f or s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd r ibbed w ing o rnamen t ( Verron 1 971, f ig . 4 . 0 ) . One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib.

One s ocke ted

a xe w i th c o l lar a nd v er t ica l r ibs . One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd r ibbed w ing o rnamen t d e marca ted b y h or izon ta l r ib. One f ragmen tary s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs 'a nd d ouble r ibbed w ing o rnamen t w i th t wo p e l le ts , d e marca ted b y ah or iz on ta l r ib . One i nden ted s ocke ted a xe , u n looped , F ig . 6 3A , 2 . O ther f ragmen ts o f s ocke ted a xes .

One l ooped w inged a xe .

p egged s pearhead a nd f our f ragmen ts ,

F ig . 6 3A , 3 .

s haped c hape w i th c oncen tr ic c ircle o rna men t One t er m ina l , o va l r ibbed s ocke t , k nobbed e nd ,

One c o mp le te • One sma l l b ag-

( Verron 1 971 , f ig . 5 0) . F ig . 6 3A , 4 .

One

d ouble-edged t anged k n i fe w i th s ing le r ive t-ho le i n t he t ang ( Verron 1 971 , f ig . 5 1) .

F our s ocke ted g ouges .

F ig . 6 3A , 5 .

Three s ick le

b lades w i th d ouble r ibs a nd s ing le r ive t-ho le i n t he t ang ( Verron 1 971 , 3 96

f ig . 5 3 ) . . O ne c urved b ar w i th a l oop i n t he p lane o f t he b ar . 6 3A , 6 .

O ne s lo t ted t ube , 7 .

o rna men t , 8 .

One a nv i l

F ig .

One t ubu lar b ead w i th t ransverse l ine

( Verron 1 971, f ig . 5 4 ). One t w is ted n eck-

r ing w i th h ooked t er m ina ls , b ronze b eads f i t ted o n to t he n eck-r ing ( I b id ., f ig . 5 8 ) . One p enannu lar b race le t , b road c onvex s ec t ion w i th p er iphera l r ibs a nd i nc ised o rnamen t

( I bid ., f ig . 5 9 ). One p enannu lar

b race let , mass ive s ect ion w i th b ands o f t ransverse r ibs a nd g rooves ( I b id ., f ig . 6 0 ) .

One p enannu lar b race le t , mass ive s ec t ion w i th b ands

o f t ransverse r ibs ,

F ig . 6 3A , 9 .

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar

b race le t , h o l low s ec t ion w i th t ransverse r ibs a nd e xpanded t er m ina l , 1 0 .

O ne f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , mass ive s ec t ion w i th

t ransverse i nc ised o rna men t a nd t h ickened t er m ina l , 1 1.

One b race-

l e t , b en t o u t o f s hape , mass ive s ec t ion , r e ma ins o f t ransverse r ibbed o rna men t , 1 2 .

C ou t i l ( 1921 p l . Ib is , u pper l e f t ) i l lus tra tes a c o m-

p le te p enannu lar b race le t w i th a l terna te b road a nd n arrow r ibs a nd e xpanded t er m ina ls .

One f ragmen t o f af la t r ing o r b race le t , 1 3 .

One f ragmen t o f t w is ted w ire , 1 4. o ne w i th a s p ira l o f w ire a t tached .

S even teen s o l id a nnu lar r ings , F our h o l low r ings ( Verron 1 971,

f ig . 6 1) . O ne s tr ip , p oss ibly f ro m a p a ir o f t weezers , V erron 1 971 , f ig . 5 7. a t ion

F ig . 6 3A , 1 5 .

One c ruci for m f ragmen t w i th a c en tra l p er for-

( Verron 1 971, f ig . 6 3 ) . Three c onvex b u t tons , t wo l ooped , o ne

t anged .

( I b id ., f ig . 5 6) . One r ing w i th a h ol low s lo t ted r ectangu lar

a t tachmen t

( I b id ., f ig . 6 5 ). One h o l low-cas t h orn-shaped t er m ina l ,

F ig . 6 3A , 1 6.

One l oop-a t tach men t o f ap ha lera , l oop w i th c en tra l

b oss c as t o n to s hee t , 1 7.

Two f ragmen ts o f s hee t b ronze , c onvex

p rof i le , f lange , r o i led r im , p robably f ro m a p ha lera , 1 8 .

One s phere

o f s hee t b ronze , i n t wo p ar ts , w i th d ouble l i nes o f sma l l b osses ( Verron 1 971 , f ig . 6 4 ) .

One f ragmen t o f ab ronze mou ld f or a d ecora ted

p laque b ear ing a s tar w i th a c ircle ( I b id., f ig . 4 1). One f ragmen t c ons is t ing o f t wo s hee ts w i th l i near t ex tured s ur faces , h e ld t oge ther b y t wo r ivets ,

F ig . 6 3A , 1 9 .

One f rag men t o f ac au ldron s tap le , 2 0.

One d isc w i th c en tra l p er fora t ion .

Var ious f rag men ts o f s hee t b ronze .

F ive f ragmen ts o f was te b ronze , t hree c as t ing j e ts

( Verron 1 971 ,

f ig . 4 3 )• The s word h i l t b e longs t o a Mör igen s word ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972 , 4 23 ) o f Mü l ler-Karpe 's Var ian t I , c f . t he e xa mp le f ro m Müh lhe im , Kr . O f fenbach , H esse ( Mü l ler-Karpe 1 961 , 7 3 , 1 20 , Ta f . 6 3 , 1 ) , t hough i t i s n o t a n e n t ire ly c haracter is t ic e xa mp le . s ocke ted a xes o f t he P la inseau t ype .

T he mou ld a ppears t o b e f or

T he o va l r ibbed t er m ina l i s p rob-

a bly a c hape ; s im i lar p ieces a re k nown f ro m Lake V i l lages ( Gross 1 883 , p ls . XXV , 5 , 1 0-11 ; XXXV I , 1 7) a nd i n t he h oards f ro m B r iod , J ura ( M i l lo t te 1 963 , 2 76 , p l . XXXVI , 1 7) , a nd S aar lou is , Kr . S aar lou is , S aar land ( Ko l l ing 1 968 , Ta f . 4 9 , 1 ) .

T he s ick les a ppear t o b e long t o t he

l a te U rn f ie ld t ype ( see p . 1 77 ) . The l ooped b ar may b e ab ar-togg le ; t he s lo t ted t ube a nd t he r ings a re p robab ly a lso e le men ts o f h orse-gear . There i s al arger s lo t ted t ube , w i th r ibbed f langes a round t he s lo ts , f ro m t he S e ine a t Par is ( Ash 1 927 , 2 050 ) ; t hese p ieces s hou ld b e r e la ted t o b ug le-shaped o b jec ts . Wa l ler fangen t ype ( see p . ( see p .

The b road c onvex b race le t i s r e la ted t o t he 2 07-8 ) , a nd t o t he d ecora ted C -sec t ion t ype

2 08 ) . Two c o mple te b race le ts w i th b ands o f r ibs b e long t o t he

3 97

Ba l ingen t ype ( see p . 2 06-7 ) , o ne c o mp le te b race le t a nd t he h o l low f ragmen t w i th t ransverse r ibs e ven ly s paced b e long t o t he H o mburg t ype ( see p .206 ) . The c ruc i for m f ragmen t i s p ar t o f a whee l-shaped o b jec t wh ich c an b e ma tched i n aB ronze F ina l I I c on tex t i n t he h oard f ro m L onguev i l le , C a lvados ( Cou t i l 1 922 , f ig . 1 , 2 0 ).

T he t wo f rag men ts o f

p ha lerae c ou ld b e f ro m t he s ame o b jec t , aL ake V i l lage p ha lera ( von Merhar t 1 956, A bb . 5 , 5 -5a , 7 -7a , 9 -9a , 1 0-10a ).

S hee t b ronze s pheres

w i th b ossed o rnamen t f or m p ar t o f t he s ub jec t o f a n o ld s tudy ( de S a in tVenan t 1 908 ).

T hey a re s er ies A ( i bid ., 2 79-281 ) a nd o ther e xa mp les

a re f ro m Mör igen , B ern , a nd Buoux , V auc luse . a no ther L ake V i l lage t ype .

T h is i s p robably

The s tap le p robably b e longs t o ac au ldron

o f c lass A b ecause i th as t hree r ibs ( Leeds 1 930 , 5 ) . The p er fora ted d isc p robably b elongs t o t he G uevaux t ype ( see p .197 ) . The p laque mou ld i s p resumably f or s o me s or t o f C arp 's T ongue o rnamen t . 1 74 .

G rav i l le-Sa in te-Honor ine , S e ine- Mar i t i me . Dubus 1 912 , 1 4-24 , p ls . I V-V I . H oard . V ar ious f ragmen ts o f C arp 's T ongue s words . p l . I V , 2 -4. V I , 6 0 .

Dubus 1 912 ,

One r e-used f ragmen t o f aC arp 's T ongue s word , p l .

Two h i l ts , p robably f ro m Ewar t P ark s words , p l . I V , 1 2-13 .

Var ious b lade f ragmen ts , p robably f ro m Ewar t P ark s words , p l . I V , 1 , 5 -7.

A t l eas t o ne o f t hese f ragmen ts h as p er iphera l r idges ,

Verron 1 976a , f ig . 4 , 1 6. Two sma l l b ag-shaped c hapes , Dubus 1 912 , p l . I V , 8 -9. One f ragmen t o f ad ouble-edged s ocke ted k n i fe , p l . I V , 1 0 .

Three b lade f ragmen ts p robably f ro m d ouble-edged k n ives ,

p l . I V , 1 1.

O ne c o mple te p egged s pearhead , p l . I V , 1 8 .

f ragmen ts o f s pearheads , p l . I V , 1 4-17 , 1 9-28 . p robably f ro m s ocke ted g ouges , p l . I V , 2 9-31. men ts , p l . I V , 3 2-35 .

S ix teen

Three f ragmen ts , F ive b road f la t f rag-

One s ocke t w i th t ransverse r ibs , t ee th p ro-

j ec t ing f ro m o ne e nd a nd r e ma ins o f f our r ive t-ho les a t t he o ther , p l . I V , 3 6.

F our f rag men ts o f s quare-sec t ion s ha f t , t wo w i th r o l led

t er m ina ls , p l . I V , 3 7-39 .

Frag men t , s a id t o b e f ro m a b ronze

v esse l c . 9 .0 cm i n d ia me ter w i th e ver ted r im , p l . I V , 4 0 .

Two

f rag men ts , p resumably o f s hee t b ronze , s a id t o b e f ro m p ha lerae , p l . I V , 4 1.

Fragmen t o f s hee t b ronze , p l . I V , 4 2 .

One p ha lera w i th

r ol led r im a nd c oncen tr ic r ibs , e x terna l d isc a pparen t ly c as t o n to i n terna l l oop a nd j o ined b y as ha f t , p l . I V , 4 3 . p l . I V , 4 4 .

One h o l low o b jec t ,

One c oncave-pro f i le s l ide , p l . I V , 4 5 .

One b roken

s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd t wo v er t ica l r ibs o n o ne f ace o n ly , p l . V , 1 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le

h or izon ta l r ib , M-shaped o rna men t w i th a p e l le t a t t he b ase o f e ach l eg , p l . V , 2 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le o r d ouble h or i-

z on ta l r ib a nd r ibbed w ing o rna men t , p l . V , 3 .

One f ragmen tary

s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , p l . V , 4 .

One

s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd p e l le t , p l . V , 5 . Two f ragmen tary s ocketed a xes w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , p l . V , 6 -7. One f ragmen tary s ocke ted a xe w i th a ngu lar c o l lar , p l . V , 8 .

One f ragmen tary s ocketed a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib

a nd r ibbed w ing o rna men t wh ich c on t inues o n t he s ides o f t he a xe , p l . V . 9 .

One f ragmen tary s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l 3 98

r ib , p l . V , 1 0.

O ne f rag men t o f as ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le

h or izon ta l r ib a nd r ibbed w ing o rnamen t , p l . V , 1 1 .

One f ragmen t

o f as ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , r ibbed w ing a nd p e l le t o rna men t , p l . V , 2 0 .

One f ragmen t o f as ocke ted a xe w i th

c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs , r ibbed w ing a nd p e l le t o rna men t , p l . V , 2 1.

O ne sma l l s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib ,

p l . V , 2 2 .

O ne f ragmen tary s ocke ted a xe w i th o va l mou th , d eep

c o l lar a nd t hree v er t ica l r ibs , p l . V , 2 3 .

One f ragmen t o f as ocke ted

a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , r ibbed w ing a nd p e l le t o rna men t , p l . V , 2 8 . One f ragmen t o f as ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or iz on ta l r ib a nd mu l t ip le v er t ica l l i nes , p l . V , 3 3 . One f ragmen tary f ace ted a xe , p l . V , 4 3 .

One f ragmen t w i th d eep c ol lar , p robably

f ro m a f ace ted a xe , p l . V , 1 4.

Var ious f ragmen ts o f s ocke ted a xes ,

p l . V , 1 2-13 , 1 5-19 , 1 4-27 , 2 9-32 , 3 6-42 .

One v a lve o f ab ronze

mou ld f or s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , p l . V I , 5 4-55 .

O ne w inged a xe a nd t wo b lade f ragmen ts , p l . V , 3 4-35 , 4 4 .

Two b ug le-shaped o b jec ts , p l . V , 4 8-49. p ls . V , 5 0 ; V I , 4 9 .

Two l oops o f p haer lae ,

F ive f ragmen ts o f s hee t b ronze , p robably f ro m

p ha lerae , p l . V , 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 5 , 5 7-59 , 6 2 , 6 3 .

One f ragmen t o f ap en-

a nnu lar b race le t w i th r ing t er m ina l , p l . V , 5 4 .

One f ragmen t o f a

h o l low a nnu lar r ing p er fora ted b y t wo r ive t-ho les , p l . V , 6 4 .

Two

f ragmen ts o f p enannu lar b race le ts w i th d isc t er m ina ls , p l . V I , 1 , 3 . One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th t h ickened t er m ina l , p l . V I , 2 .

O ne f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th t ransverse r ibs

o n t er m ina l , p l . V I , 5 .

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , s o l id

s ec t ion , t ransverse r ibs , e ver ted t er m ina l , p l . V I , 6 .

One f ragmen t

o f ap enannu lar b race le t , s o l id s ec t ion , t ransverse i nc ised o rna men t , e ver ted t erm ina l , p l . V I , 7 . One f rag men t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , h ol low-sect ion , l arge e ver ted t er m ina l b acked b y r ib , p l . V I , 1 2 . One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , C -sec t ion , l arge e ver ted t er m ina l b acked b y r ibs , p l . V I , 1 3 .

One p enannu lar b racele t , s o l id

s ec t ion , t ransverse i nc ised o rna men t , p la in t er m ina ls , p l . V I , 1 4. One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b racele t , h o l low s ec t ion w i th t ransverse i nc ised o rnamen t a nd e ver ted t er m ina l , p l . V I , 1 5 .

One f ragmen t o f

ap enannu lar b race le t , h o l low s ec t ion w i th t ransverse r ibbed o rna men t a nd e ver ted t er m ina l , p l . V I , 1 5 .

One p enannu lar b race le t , h o l low

s ec t ion , e ver ted t er m ina ls , p l . V I , 1 6.

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar

b race le t w i th h o l low s ec t ion , i nc ised o rna men t a nd e ver ted t er m ina l , p l . V I , 2 2 .

One p enannu lar b racele t w i th r ol led t er m ina ls a nd t wo

f ragmen ts ; o ne o f t hese p ieces i s d ecora ted , p l . V I , 3 3-35 ; Verron 1 976a , f ig . 4 , 1 4.

One f rag men t o f at wis ted b racele t , Dubus 1 912 ,

p l . V I , 2 1 .

Var ious f ragmen ts o fb race le ts , p l . V I , 4 , 8 -11 , 1 7-20 ,

2 3 , 3 1-32 .

S even s o l id a nnu lar r ings , p l . V I , 2 4-30 , 3 6, 3 8-40 .

One h ol low a nnu lar r ing , p l . V I , 3 7.

One p endan t , more t han h a l f a

c irc le w i th t ubu lar s ocke t a nd c en tra l b oss , p l . V I , 4 1.

Three d iscs

w i th c en tra l l ooped b oss a nd p er iphera l r ib , p l . V I , 4 3-44 , 4 6. d isc w i th c en tra l b oss a nd n o tched r im , p l . V I , 4 2. c en tra l p er fora t ion , p l . V I , 4 5 . V I , 4 7.

One s ol id a nnu lar r ing , g rooved , p l .

One r ing , l ooped a nd g rooved , p l . V I , 4 8 .

p l . V I , 5 0 .

One

One d isc w i th One b ronze b ead ,

One f ragmen t o f ar azor w i th mu l t ip le r ing h and le , p l . V I ,

3 99

5 1.

Two f ragmen ts o f t anged r azors , p l . V I , 5 2-53.

a nv i l , p l . V , 4 7.

Two c as t ing j e ts , p l . V , 4 5-46.

One sma ll

Four i ngot f rag-

men ts , p l . V , 6 6. S ocke ted a xes 4 , 8 , 2 0 a nd 2 1 a re s a id t o h ave r ound mou ths wh i le 1 -2 , 5 -7, 9 -10 a nd 2 2 a re s a id t o h ave q uadrangu lar mou lds ( Dubus 1 912 , 1 92 0 ).

The c oncave p rof i le o f 3s uggests t ha t i tb e longs t o t he P la inseau

t ype , wh i le t he s tra ighter s ides o f 1 , 2a nd 5 r ese mble t he s ou th-eas tern t ype ( see p . 1 61 ) , t he p rof i les o f 4a nd 8 a lso s ugges t t he P la inseau t ype . Axes o f t ype a t lan t ique s ee m t o o u tnumber t hose o f P la inseau t ype i n t he G ravi l le h oard .

There a re t hree f ace ted a xes , 1 4 , 2 3 , a nd 4 3 .

The

a xe w i th mu l tip le v er t ica l l ines , 3 3 , i s u nusua l ; t he o rna men t may b e r ela ted t o t ha t o n c er ta in n or th Du tch a xes ( see p .164 ) , bu t t he G rav i l le a xe a ppears t o l ack t heir c o mp lex mou th- mou ld ings . The p la in , f la tt opped c o l lar o f 3 1 c ou ld b elong t o as ou th We lsh a xe . The b lade f ragmen t w i th p er iphera l r idges c ou ld b e long t o as word o f Tha mes o r Ha l ls ta t t t ype ( see p .242 ) .

The f ragmen t s a id t o b e f ro m a b ronze v esse l

c anno t b e i den t i fied a s c as t o r s hee t b ronze ; c as t-bronze v esse ls o ccur i n af ew h oards o f LBA3 ( see p .

1 93

) , b u t t he G rav i l le f rag men t d oes

n ot a ppear t o b e long t o a ny c haracter is tic t ype o f s hee t-bronze v essel . I fi ti s o f s heet b ronze , i t migh t b e af ragmen t o f a Wa l lerfangen b racel e t ( see p .207 ) . The t wo f rag-men tary p ha lerae l oops b elong t o t he Lake V i l lage t ype a nd t he more c o mplete e xa mple s ee ms t o b e o f t he s a me f or m ( von Merhar t 1 956 , A bb. A , 3 ; R ychner 1 974-75 , f ig . 1 0 ) ; t he o rna men t o n t h is e xa mple r ese mbles t ha t o n s o me l a te Urn f ie ld p ha lerae ( von Merhar t 1 956, A bb. 7 ) .

There a re s im i lar e xa mples i n

t he h oards f ro m Wa l ler fangen , Kr . S aar lou is , S aar land ( Ko l ling 1 968 , Taf . 4 5 , 2 ; I nv . Arch . F42(D ) , 3 -4 ) , Vena t , C haren te ( George a nd C hauve t 1 895 , p l . XV I ) a nd Basse-Yu tz, Mose l le ( M i l lot te 1 965a , 5 7-58 , p l . X I , 1 -2 ; I nv . Arch . F32 , 1 -2 ).

T he b race le t w i th t wo r idges o n

t he t er m ina l , 5 , a ppears t o b e long t o at ype c o m mon i n Breton h oards o f Bronze F ina l I I ( Br iard 1 965 , 2 25 ; 1 966a , p ls . 2 6, 2 9 , 3 1 ).

The

t wo b race le ts w ith t ransverse r ibs a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls , 6a nd 1 5 , may b e c o mpared t o midd le Rh ine e xa mp les o f Ha B 3 d a te ( R ichter 1 970 , 1 61 n os . 9 83-984 ).

The b race le ts w i th t ransverse i ncised o rna men t ,

7 , 1 4 , 1 5 , s hou ld b e r e la ted t o t he Ba l ingen t ype ( see p . 2 06-7 )o r t o c on te mporary b racele ts w i th i ncised o rna men t ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 63 n os . 1 007-1010 ).

The b race le t w i th l arge e ver ted t er m ina l a nd e nc losed

h o llow s ect ion , 1 2 , s hou ld b e long t o t he B elg ian t ype ( see

P .

2 10-1 ) .

The d iscs w i th c en tra l b osses , 4 2-44 , 4 6 , c an b e c o mpared t o e xamp les i n t he Pra ir ie d e Mauves h oard , Nan tes , L o ire-A t lan t ique ( Br iard 1 966a , p l. 2 0 , 2 50 ) , a nd i n t he S a in tRoch h oard ( 1 79 ). 4 5 , b e longs t o t he Guevaux t ype ( see 1 75 .

P .

The p erfora ted d isc ,

1 97).

Pan tin , S eine-Sa in t-Den is . BM W G214-217. Hoard .

F ig . 6 3B.

One p enannu lar b racele t , s o lid s ec t ion w i th t ransverse r ibs

a nd s l igh t ly e ver ted -t er mina ls .

F ig . 6 3B , 1 .

One s im i lar b racelet .

One p enannu lar b race let w i th s o lid s ec t ion , a l terna te z ones o f t ransv erse r ibs a nd l ines o f p oin t i l l6 a nd r ing o rna men t , s l igh t ly e ver ted t er m ina ls , 2 .

One p enannu lar b race le t , s o lid s ection , t ransverse

r ibs a nd p la in t er m ina ls . 4 00

A l l t he b race le ts b e long t o t he H o mburg t ype ( see p . 2 06) , b u t t he r ing o rnamen t o n t he t h ird b race le t i s u nusua l ; c oncen tr ic c irc les a nd p unched d o ts o ccur o n t he d ecora ted g o ld b race le t i n t he f ind f ro m Wa lders lade , K en t ( Longwor th 1 966-67 ). 1 76.

Am iens a rea , S o m me . G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 08 , Am iens e nv irons 1 0-16. H oard . 4 6.

One f ragmen t o f a Ewar t Park s word .

Breu i l 1 900 , f ig . 5 ,

One v a lve o f ab ronze mou ld f or s ocke ted a xes w i th r ibbed w ing

o rna men t . B reu i l 1 902 , f ig . 1 , 3 . ?B ronze c ore f or a s ocke ted a xe mou ld . I b id ., f ig . 1 , 5 , a t tr ibu ted t o t he Mar lers h oard ( 180 ). Two p egged s pearheads . g lobu lar h eads . 1 77.

B reu i l 1 903 , f ig . 2 , 5 , 8 .

Two p ins w i th

B reu i l 1 907 , f ig . 1 , 1 2-13 .

Dreu i l-l s-A m iens , S o m me . G oucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 13 , Dreu i ll s-A m iens . 2 313 ; BM W G181-182 .

A sh 1 927, 2 268-

F igs . 6 4 , 6 5A .

H oard . T hree f rag men ts o f C arp 's Tongue s words . One f ragmen t o f as word h i l t , p oss ibly f ro m a LBA2 A t lan t ic f lange-h i l ted s word . F ig . 6 4 , 1 . 2 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib ,

One s im i lar a xe , 3 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or i-

z on ta l r ib , p las t ic w ing a nd p e l le t o rna men t , 4 .

One s ocke ted a xe

w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd r ibbed w ing o rnamen t d e marc a ted b y ah or izon ta l r ib , 5 .

One f ace ted a xe , 6 .

One s ocke ted a xe

w i th c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs , r ibbed w ing a nd p e l le t o rna men t , 7 . One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs a nd r ibbed w ing o rnamen t d e marca ted b y ar ib , 8 .

One d is tor ted s ocke ted a xe .

b lade f ragmen t o f as ocke ted a xe .

Two f ragmen ts o f d ouble-edged

s ocke ted k n ives , 9 -10 . k n i fe , 1 1 .

One

One f rag men t o f as o l id-h i l ted s ing le-edged

One f ragmen t o f ad ouble-edged t anged k n i fe w i th r ibbed

t ang ( Breu i l 1 901 , f ig . 2 , 1 2 ).

One f ragmen t o f ad oub le-edged t anged

k n i fe w i th a r ivet-ho le i n t he t ang ( I bid ., f ig . 2 , 1 3 ).

One t ang o f a

l ea ther-work ing k n i fe ( Breu i l 1 902 , f ig . 2 , 9 ) . One s ocke ted g ouge ( I b id ., f ig . 2 , 1 6). Var ious f ragmen ts o f s pearheads . One p endan t , more t han h a l f ac irc le w i th r ibbed t ube , c onvex s ect ion a nd p er iphera l r ibs ,

F ig . 6 4 , 1 2 .

One p enannu lar b race le t w i th r idged s ect ion ,

b ands o f i nc ised l i nes a nd r ing t er m ina l , 1 3 .

One f ragmen t o f a n u n-

d ecora ted p enannu lar b race le t w i th r ing t er m ina l , 1 4 .

One f ragmen t

o f ap enannu lar b race le t , s lender p oin ted-ova l s ec t ion w i th r ing t ermina l a t r igh t a ng les , 1 5 .

One f rag men t o f ap enannu lar b race le t o f

s hee t b ronze , c onvex s ect ion w i th r ol led e dges , t ransverse r ib a nd r ol led t er m ina l , 1 6. t er m ina l , 1 7.

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th d isc

One p enannu lar b race le t w i th t ransverse s paced r ibs

a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls , 1 8 . One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b racele t w i th c on t inuous t ransverse r ibs a nd e ver ted t er m ina l , 1 9. One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th i nc ised o rna men t a nd l arge e ver ted t er m ina l , 2 0 .

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th h o l low

s ec t ion , i nc ised o rna men t a nd l arge e ver ted t er m ina l , 2 1.

One f rag-

men t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , C -sect ion w i th p er iphera l r ibs , l arge

4 01

e ver ted t er m ina l b acked b y d ouble r ib , 2 2 .

One p enannu lar b racele t

w i th r ibbed t er m ina ls ( Breu i l 1 907 , f ig , 4 , 1 1) .

Two p enannu lar

b race le ts , h o l low s ec t ion w i th r ibbed t er m ina ls ( I b id ., f ig , 8 , 3 5 ) . One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b racele t , h o l low-sec t ion , r ibbed o rnamen t a nd e ver ted t erm ina l ( I bid ., f ig , 8 , 3 3 ). One f ragmen t o f a r ecurved w ire b race le t w i th n otched o rna men t ( I bid ., f ig . 3 , 7 ) . One p enannu lar b race le t , r ec tangu lar s ec t ion w i th t aper ing t er mina ls . One f ragmen t o f f la t s ect ion b ar w i th r o l led t er m ina l ( I bid ., f ig . 3 4 ) . One f rag men t o f at w is ted n eck-r ing w i th r ol led t ermina l ( I bid ., f ig . 3 , 5 ) . One f ragmen t o f h o l low-sect ion b race le t .

One f ragmen t

o f t w is ted w ire . One f ragmen t o f at oo thed p laque . F ig . 6 5A , 2 3 . One f ragmen t o f at oothed p laque w i th a l oop , 2 4 . One c urved a t tachmen t w i th t ransverse r ibs a nd t wo l oops , 2 5 . One r ibbed s l ide , 2 6. One r ibbed s l ide w i th f ive p eaks , 2 7. One c oncave-prof i le s l ide , 2 8 . One r ectangu lar s l ide , 2 9 .

One f ragmen t o f h orned s hee t , 3 0 .

p laque f ragmen ts ( Breu i l 1 907 , f ig . 1 1 , 9 , 1 3 ) .

w i th s ing le t ransverse p er fora t ion ( I bid ., f ig . 1, 1 ) . s haped p la tes w i th t ang ; o ne r o l led ( I bid ., p l . XVI I , J ) .

F ig . 6 5A , 3 1.

f ig . 1 1 , 7 ; Taylor 1 968 ,

3 2 .

One f ragmen tary d ouble r ing ( Breu i l

1 901 , f ig . 3 , 2 9 ). Two f la t a nnu lar r ings . One l arge b icon ica l b ead .

b ead o f s p ira l s hee t .

One c as t d isc w i th a c en tra l

One f ragmen t o f ah og 's-back k n ife .

One d ouble-r ing t er m ina l , 3 3 . s p ira l b ead .

Two s h ie ld-

Twe lve a nnu lar r ings , s o l id o r h o l low , o ne w i th a l ooped

s tap le a t tached ( Breu i l 1 907 , f ig . 9 , 1 0 ) . p er fora t ion ,

Two

Two r idged t ubes

One t ubu lar b ead .

One

One sma l l c onvex b ead .

One

One f ragmen t o f ac as t g lobu lar h ead o f ap in

w i th i nc ised a nd b ossed o rna men t ,

F ig . 6 5A , 3 4 .

t wo r ive t- h o les ( Breu i l 1 907 , f ig . 1 0 , 8 ) .

One t er m ina l w i th

M isce l laneous f ragmen ts ,

c as t ing j e ts a nd was te . T he r ound mou ths a nd c oncave p rof i les o f a xes , 2 , 3 , 5a nd 7 i nd ica te t ha t t hey b e long t o t he P la inseau t ype ; a xe 4 h as a s quarer mou th b u t i t s p las t ic w ing o rna men t c an b e ma tched i n t he P la inseau h oard ( 1 78 ) 6 , 1 0 , a nd i tp robably b e longs t o t he P la inseau t ype .

Axe 8 c an b es t b e

ma tched f or o rna men t a nd t he t rapezo ida l f or m o f i t s b lade i n t he E prave h oard ( 193 ) c en tre l ef t . t o b e u nusua l .

The t en-s ided s ect ion o f t he f ace ted a xe 6 a ppears

The t er m ina l o f t he s hee t-bronze b race le t 1 6 i s f ro m a

Wa l ler fangen b race le t ( see p . 2 07-8

) , a nd t he c o mp lete b race le t w i th

s paced r ibs 1 8 b e longs t o t he H o mburg t ype ( see p .206 ) . T he t wo h o l low b race lets w i th r ibbed t erm ina ls may a lso b e o f midd le Rh ine o r ig in , c f . a n e xa mp le i n t he Ha B 3 h oard f ro m Ocks tad t , Kr . F r iedberg , H esse ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 66 n o . 1 040 ).

The b race le t w i th i nc ised o rna men t a nd

l arge e ver ted t er m ina ls 2 0 b e longs t o t he L yze l t ype ( see p . 2 10

) .

T he p la in r o l led t er m ina l may b e p ar t o f al a te U rn f ie ld n eck-r ing o f a f or m k nown i n S wi tzer land ( Bocksberger 1 964 , f ig . 2 9 , 1 -6 , 2 1-26 , 3 43 5 ) a nd i n s ou th-eas tern France ( Cour to is 1 960 , 7 9-81 , 8 9-94 , f igs . 3 13 2 , 3 8 , 4 0 ) .

The r ibbed s l ide c an b e ma tched o n as i te a t S a in t-Den is-

d 'O leron , C haren te- Mar i t i me ( Joussau me , Mohen a nd Tardy 1 969 , 4 68 , f ig . 8 , 3 ) , a nd t he p eaked s l ide i s i den t ica l i n c ons truct ion t o e xa mp les i n t he P arc-y- Me irch h oard ( 147 ) t hough n one i n t he We lsh h oard h as f ive p eaks . ( 1974 , 2 48 ) .

The h orned s heet i s ab e l t o rna men t o f Audouze 's t ype 1 The s h ie ld-shaped p laques a re p robably e ar-r ings ; Taylor

4 02

( 1 968 , 2 59-260 ) h as s ugges ted t ha t t hey may b e o f Ear ly Bronze Age d a te , r e la ted t o t he t er m ina ls o f c opper o r g old n eck-r ings a nd t o g o ld b aske t e ar-r ings . Mar ion ( 1 968-70 ) h as s hown t ha t t hese g o ld e ar-r ings were p robab ly p roduced d ur ing t he L a te B ronze Age b u t t he Dreu i l p ieces a re n o t c harac ter is t ic LBA3 o rnamen ts .

T he c as t d isc w i th a c en tra l

p er fora t ion b e longs t o t he G uevaux t ype ( see p .197 ) . The d ouble-r ing t er m ina l s hou ld b e long t o ar azor ( see p . 2 19

) . The p in h ead i s a

Ha B 3 Lake V i l lage t ype ( Kubach 1 977 , 5 05 n . 2 3 ) . 1 78 .

L e P la inseau , Amiens , S o m me . G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 07 , Am iens 2 4 , i l ls . 4 1 , 4 2 , 5 4. P icard ie , Am iens . H oard .

S even f ragmen ts o f C arp 's T ongue s words ( Breu i l

5 , 5 2-58 ). T hree h i l t f ragmen ts o f Ewar t Park s words . 1 -3 .

Mus e d e

F igs . 6 5B , 6 6 , 6 7A .

S even teen o ther f ragmen ts o f s words .

1 900 , f ig .

F ig . 6 5B ,

One f ragmen tary s ocke ted

a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd t hree v er t ica l r ibs , 4 . s ou th We lsh a xe , 5 .

One

O ne s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , l ong p las t ic w ing

o rna men t w i th p e l let , r ound s ect ion , 6 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar ,

s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd X -shaped r ib f lanked b y d eep r ibbed w ing o rna men t , 7 .

One f ragmen t o f as im i lar a xe ( Breu i l

1 905 , f ig . 7 ,

8 6) . One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs , r ibbed w ing a nd p e l le t o rna men t d e marca ted b y ar ib,

F ig . 6 5B , 8 .

One s ocke ted

a xe w i th c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs a nd r ibbed w ing o rna men t , 6 6 , 17 . Two s im i lar a xes .

F ig .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , t wo h or i-

z on ta l r ibs a nd r ibbed w ing o rna men t , t he b ases o f t he w ings j o ined b y d ouble h or izon ta l r ibs o n t he s ides o f t he a xe ,

F ig . 6 6 , 9 .

One

s ocke ted a xc w i th c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs , p las t ic w ing a nd p e l let o rna men t , 1 0.

One s im i lar a xe .

Two s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar , t wo

h or izon ta l r ibs , r ibbed w ing a nd p e l le t o rna men t .

Two s ocke ted a xes

w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd r ibbed w ing o rna men t .

One

s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs a nd g rooved w ing o rnamen t , 1 1. p e l le t , 1 2 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c ol lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd One s im i lar a xe .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le

h or izon ta l r ib a nd r ing-and-pe l le t o rna men t , 1 3. a xes w i th c o l lar a nd t wo h or izon ta l r ibs . w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib.

Two sma l l s ocke ted

One sma l l s ocke ted a xe

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar

a nd t wo h or izon ta l r ibs w i th worn w ing o rna men t , p robably p las t ic . Two s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar a nd t wo h or izon ta l r ibs w i th i nd is t inc t o rna men t .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd

p ane l o f f i ve v er t ica l r ibs s epara ted b y g rooves , 1 4 .

One s ocke ted

a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , r ibbed w ing o rna men t w i th t wo p e l le ts ( Breu i l 1 905 , f ig . 7 , 8 2 ) . One s ocke ted a xe w i th c ol lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , worn a nd d is tor ted, F ig . 6 6 , 1 5 . S even s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib.

Three f ragmen ts

o f s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd p e l le t .

One

f ragmen t o f as ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs a nd r ibbed w ing o rnamen t .

Two f rag men ts o f s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar , t wo

h or izon ta l r ibs a nd p las t ic w ing o rnamen t . a xe w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib.

One f rag men t o f as ocke ted One f rag men t o f as ocke ted

a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd s ing le s hor t v er t ica l r ib 4 03

( Breu i l 19 00 , f ig . 6 , 6 4 ).

Var ious o ther f ragmen ts o f s ocketed a xes.

S ix l ooped w inged a xes ( I bid., f ig . 5 , 5 4 , 5 6) ;

F ig . 6 6 , 1 7.

One

p egged s pearhead w i th ab and o f i ncised l i nes a nd s em ic irc les o n t he s ocke t,

F ig . 6 6, 1 8 .

One p egged s pearhead w i th t hree b ands o f i n-

c ised l i nes o n t he s ocke t,

F ig . 6 6 , 1 9.

One s pearhead w i th e labora te

i ncised o rna men t o n t he s ocke t ( Breu i l 19 03 , f ig . 4 , 2 6).

One s pear-

h ead w i th b ands o f o rnamen t o n t he s ocke t ( I bid ., f ig , 4 , 2 9 ). p la in p egged s pearheads ( I bid ., f igs . 2 , 4 ;

S even

3 , 1 3-14 , 1 6-19 ).

F our

f ragmen ts o f s pearheads w i th d ecora ted s ocke ts ( I bid ., f ig , 4 , 2 3 , 2 7 , 3 1, 3 2 ).

One f ragmen t o f as pearhead b lade ( I bid., f ig , 5 , 3 3 ).

Var ious o ther s pearheads .

One s ocke ted h a m mer , F ig . 6 6 , 2 0 .

One a nv i l ( N icolardo t a nd G aucher 1 975 , 2 1, f ig . 3 ) . g ouges ( Breu i l 1 902 , f ig . 2 , 1 5 , 1 7). G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l . 5 4 ). f ig . 4 , 3 5-36). 3 0 ).

Two s ocke ted

One r ing-socketed s ick le

Two t anged s ick les ( Breu i l 1 901,

One p er fora ted Carp 's Tongue k n ife ( I bid ., f ig . 3 ,

One f ragmen t o f ad ouble-edged s ocketed k n i fe , F ig . 6 6 , 2 1.

One f rag men t o f ad ouble-edged t anged k n i fe , 2 2 . s ocke ted k n i fe , 2 3.

One f ragmen t o f ad ouble-edged t anged k n i fe

( Breu i l 19 01, f ig . 2 , 1 1).

One k nobbed t er m ina l , F ig . 6 7B , 2 4.

b ug le-shaped o b ject ( Breu i l 1 907, f ig . 1 2 , 1 ) . f ig , 2 , 2 ) .

One s ing le-edged One

One s p ira l ( I bid .,

E igh t p er fora ted r ibbed s pheres ( Gaucher a nd Mohen

1 974 , i l ls. 4 1-42 ).

One c onvex b ead ( Breu i l 1 907 , f ig . 9 , 1 3 ).

One

f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b racelet , h o l low o va l s ect ion , l arge e ver ted t er mina l b acked b y ar ib,

F ig . 6 7A , 2 5 .

One s im i lar f ragmen t , 2 6.

One p enannu lar b race le t , h o l low s ect ion , s paced t ransverse r ibs a nd s l ight ly e ver ted t er m ina ls , 2 7.

One p enannu lar b race le t , s ol id q uad-

r angu lar s ec t ion w i th a l terna t ing g roups o f t ransverse i ncised l ines a nd r ibs , s l ight ly e ver ted t er mina ls , 2 8 .

Two p enannu lar b racele ts ,

h ol low-cas t o n c lay c ore , o va l s ect ion w i th p la in t er m ina ls , 2 9-30 . Two p enannu lar b race le ts , c onvex s ect ion w i th u p turned e dges , t ransverse r ibs o n t er m ina ls ( Breu i l 19 07 , f ig . 3 , 1 -2 ).

One u n-

f in ished p enannu lar b race le t w i th e xpanded t er mina ls ( I bid ., f ig . 4 , 8 ) .

One p enannu lar b race le t w i th b road s ect ion , i nc ised o rna men t

a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls ( I bid., f ig . 6 , 1 9 ). ( I bid .. , f ig . 9 , 7 ) .

One c oncave-prof i le r ing

One a nnu lar r ing ( I bid., f ig . 9 , 1 4 ) .

l ooped b u t ton ( I bid ., f ig , 1 0 , 1 ) .

One c on ica l

One f rag men t o f s hee t b ronze

( Breu i l 19 02 , f ig . 2 , 7 ). The a xe w i th l ong p las t ic w ing o rna men t 6i s s im i lar t o t he f or m p rod uced b y t he mou ld i n An twbrp Museu m ( see p .164 ) .

Mos t o f t he o ther

s ocke ted a xes h ave t he c haracter is t ics o f t he P la inseau t ype , c oncavep rof i le b ody , r ound mou th a nd , i n many c ases , d ouble h or izon ta l r ib b elow t he c o l lar .

The p anel o f v er t ica l r ibs o n 1 4 c an b e ma tched o n

s evera l a xes i n t he H oogs tra ten h oard ( 185 ).

There i s a n a xe w i th t hree

v er t ica l r ibs i n t he J uv incour t h oard ( 163 ) 1 1 b u t t he e xa mp le a t P la inseau , 4 , i s n ot a c harac ter is t ic l oca l f or m .

The P la inseau h oard s hows t he

d om inance o f r ibbed w ing o rna men t , f our teen e xa mp les , o ver p las t ic w ing o rna men t , s ix e xa mp les . Urn f ield f or m .

The t anged s ick les b elong t o t he l a te

The k nobbed t er m ina l i s p robably f ro m a f lesh-hook ;

i tc an b e ma tched i n t he Lu lwor th h oard , Dorset ( Drew 1 935 , f ig . 1 ; J ockenhövel 1 974a , 3 30 n o . 1 2 , A bb. 1 , 1 2 ).

4 04

The t wo b race lets w i th

c onvex s ect ion , u p turned e dges a nd r ibbed t er m ina ls a ppear t o b e n arrow v ers ions o f t he Wa l ler fangen t ype .

The t wo f ragmen ts w i th l arge e ver ted

t erm ina ls a nd h o l low o va l s ec t ions b e long t o t he Be lg ian t ype ( see p . 2 11) . T he c o mp le te b race le t w i th a l terna te g roups o f r ibbed a nd i ncised o rnamen t b elongs t o t he Ba l ingen t ype ( see p .206-7). 1 79.

S a in tRoch , Am iens , S o m me . G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 07 , Am iens 2 6.

MAN 3 2612-3 .

Ic ou ld f ind

n o o b jec ts f ro m t h is h oard i n t he Musbe d e P icard ie , Am iens . H oard .

T hree f ragmen ts o f C arp 's T ongue s word b lades .

1 900 , f ig . 5 , 6 1-62. z on ta l r ib ,

F ig . 6 7B . Breu i l

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or i-

c f . B reu i l 1 905 , f ig . 6 , 6 0-62.

c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd p e l le t ,

One s ocke ted a xe w i th

I b id ., f ig . 6 , 6 8 .

One

s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , r ing a nd p e l le t , f ig . 6 , 7 0 .

I b id .,

One s ocketed a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd

r ibbed w ing o rna men t ,

I b id ., f ig . 7 , 7 5 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th

c ol lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , o pposed V -r ib a nd p e l le t f lanked b y r ibbed w ing o rna men t may b e long t o t h is h oard ,

I b id ., f ig . 7 , 8 5 .

One s hor t s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd t hree s hor t v er t ica l r ibs ,

I b id ., f ig . 7 , 8 7.

Two s ocke ted a xes w i th c o l lar

a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , h exagona l s ec t ion , f ace ts o u t l ined b y r ibs , I b id ., f ig . 7 , 9 2.

One u n f in ished f ace ted a xe ,

Var ious o ther s ocketed a xes . p la in p egged s pearhead ,

I b id ., f ig . 7 , 9 3 .

G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l . 4 0 .

B reu i l 1 903 , f ig . 2 , 7 .

One p egged s pear-

h ead w i th a r ibbed s ocke t may b e long t o t h is h oard , Two s ocke ted g ouges ,

Breu i l 1 902 , f ig . 2 , 1 3-14 .

B reu i l 1 907 , f ig . 2 , 1 .

One s p ira l b ead ,

men t , p oss ib ly t he t er m ina l o f ab race le t ,

a nd r ibbed o rnamen t ( 3 ).

I b id ., f ig . 4 , 3 0 . One s p ira l ,

I b id ., f ig . 3 , 6 .

One f rag-

I b id ., f ig . 4 , 1 3.

e xpanded t er m ina l o f ab race le t ( Fig . 6 7B , 1 ) . t erm ina l o f ab race le t ( 2 ).

One

One

One l arge e ver ted

One t erm ina l o f ab race le t w i th i ncised One f ragmen t o f ar ing-ter m ina l b race let ( 4 ).

One f ragmen t o f ab race le t w i th h o l low s ec t ion a nd t ransverse r ibs . B reu i l 1 907 , f ig . 8 , 3 4.

One r ibbed t ubu lar b ead ,

One r ing o f t wis ted w ire w i th s hee t a t tach men ts ,

I b id ., f ig . 8 , 3 6. I b id ., f ig . 9 , 1 1.

One l arge l ooped b u t ton , d o med c en tre , p er iphera l f lange , f ig . 1 0 , 2 .

One c on ica l l ooped b u t ton ,

l ooped b u t ton ,

I b id ., f ig . 1 0 , 4 .

I b id ., f ig . 1 0 , 5 .

I b id ., f ig . 1 0 , 3 .

I bid ., One c onvex

One r idged f i t t ing w i th t wo l oops ,

One f ragmen t o f p er fora ted a nd i ncised p la te,

I b id ., f ig . 1 0 , 1 1 . One l oop f ro m a b ug le-shaped o b jec t, I bid ., f ig . 1 2 , 3 . One c oncave-prof i le s l ide may b e long t o t h is h oard , Breu i l 1 900 , f ig . 6 , 7 1.

One r azor w i th k ey-ho le n o tch a nd mu l t ip le r ing

h and le may b e long t o t h is h oard ,

Breu i l 1 901 , f ig . 3 , 2 7.

Mos t o f t he s ocke ted a xes c an b e ma tched i n t he P la inseau h oard ( 1 78 ). T he l arge e ver ted t er m ina l i s p robab ly f ro m ab race le t o f L yze l t ype ( see p . 2 10

) . T he r ibbed t er m ina l w i th i nc ised o rna men t c an b e

ma tched i n Bre ton h oards , e .g . P ra ir ie d e Mauves , Nan tes , L oireA t lan t ique ( Br iard 1 966a , p l .2 6) , a nd i n t he C hed igny h oard , I ndre-e tL o ire ( Cord ier , M i l lo t te a nd R ique t 1 960 , f ig . 7 , 1 5 ). The s hee t a t tachmen ts o n t he t w is ted w ire r ing a re b e l t o rna men ts o f Audouze 's t ype 2 ( 1974 , 2 48 ) .

T he l arge b ossed b u t ton i s s im i lar t o e xa mp les i n t he 4 05

G rav i l le h oard ( 1 74 ) .

The r idged f i t t ing c an b e ma tched i n t he Bronze

F ina l I I h oards f ro m S a in t-Genouph , I ndre-et-Lo ire ( Cord ier , Mi l lo t te a nd R ique t 1 960 , f ig . 1 1 , 2 2 ) , A zayle-R ideau , I ndre-e t-Loire ( Cord ier , Mi l lo t te a nd R ique t 1 959 , p l . 6 , 1 05 ) , a nd i n t he t wo h oards f ro m G u ide l , Morbihan :

K erhar ( Mars i l le 1 921 , 8 3 n o . 1 377 , p l . V I I I , 2 4 ) a nd K erga l

( i bid ., 8 4 n o . 1 409 , p l . I X , 8 ) . 1 80 .

Mar lers , S o m me . G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , Mar lers , i l ls . 4 3-44 . H oard , s o me t i mes g iven t he i ncorrect p rovenance , F ou i l loy , O ise . Two f ragmen ts o f f langed s word h i l ts . Three f rag men ts o f s word b lades , men ts o f C arp 's T ongue s words , s haped t er m ina ls , mina ls ,

Breu i l 1 900 , f ig . 4 , 3 6-37.

I b id ., f ig . 4 , 3 8-40 . I b id ., f ig . 5 , 5 9-60 .

I b id ., f ig . 6 , 6 9-70 .

I b id ., f ig . 6 , 7 5 .

I b id ., f ig . 6 , 7 4 .

Two f ragTwo l ozenge-

Two sma l l b ag-shaped t er-

One f ragmen t o f ah exagona l-sect ion t ube ,

One misce l laneous f ragmen t ,

I b id ., f ig . 6 , 6 6.

One f ragmen tary d oub le-edged t anged k n i fe w i th t wo r ive t-ho les , Breu i l 1 901 , f ig . 2 , 1 5 . k n ives ,

F ragmen ts o f t hree d oub le-edged s ocke ted

I b id ., f ig . 2 , 1 6-17, 1 9 .

I b id ., f ig . 3 , 2 1a .

One s tra igh t s ing le-edged b lade,

One f ragmen t o f at anged s aw ,

One f ragmen t o f as ick le b lade w i th t wo r ibs ,

I b id ., f ig . 3 , 2 2.

I b id ., f ig . 4 , 3 7.

f ragmen t o f av a lve o f ab ronze mou ld f or s ocke ted a xes , f ig . 1 , 4 .

Ab ronze c ore f or a s ocke ted a xe mou ld i s a t tr ibu ted t o

t he Mar lers h oard b y Breu i l , I bid ., f ig . 2 , 4 .

I bid ., f ig . 1 , 5 .

One s ocke ted h am mer ,

One t anged l ea ther-work ing k n i fe ,

I b id ., f ig . 2 , 1 0.

One s ocke ted t oo l w i th r ound s ocke t a nd e xpanded b lade , 2 , 1 1.

Two f ragmen ts o f s ocke ted g ouges ,

p la in p egged s pearhead ,

One

One s ocke ted a xe

B reu i l 1 905 , f ig . 6 , 5 9.

s ocke ted a xe w i th b roken mou th a nd f our v er t ica l r ibs , O ne f ace ted s ocke ted a xe , mou th b roken ,

f ace ted s ocketed a xe ,

I b id ., f ig .

I b id ., f ig . 2 , 1 2.

Breu i l 1 903 , f ig . 2 , 6 .

w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib, 8 9.

G aucher 1 976 , f ig . 6 , 8 .

a nd Mohen 1 974 , i l l . 4 3.

I bid ., f ig . 6 ,

I b id ., i l l . 4 3.

G aucher

I bid ., i l l .

Breu i l 1 905 , f ig . 5 , 5 7.

One f rag men t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th a d isc t er m ina l , 1 907 , f ig . 4 , 1 0 .

One

One s ocke ted a xe

Var ious o ther s ocke ted a xes ,

Two l ooped w inged a xes ,

One

I b id ., f ig . 6 , 9 4 .

w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd p las t ic w ing o rna men t , 4 0 .

One

B reu i l 1 902 ,

Breu i l

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th h o l low

s ec t ion , r ibbed o rna men t a nd e ver ted t er m ina l ,

I b id ., f ig . 6 , 2 1.

One f rag men t o f ap enannu lar b racele t w i th h o l low s ect ion , i ncised o rna men t a nd e ver ted t er m ina l , I b id ., f ig . 6 , 2 2 . Two h o l low a nnul ar r ings ,

I b id ., f ig . 9 , 1 6.

1 1 , 8 , 1 1-12.

Var ious f ragmen ts o f p la te ,

T hree b ug le-shaped o b jec ts ,

I bid ., f ig .

I b id ., f ig . 1 2 , 2 .

C as t-

i ng j e t . The s tra igh t b lade i s p robably f ro m a M inn is Bay s ick le ( see p .178 ) . The s ocke ted t oo l w i th a n e xpanded b lade a ppears t o b e af or m more c o m mon i n Br i ta in ( I nv . Arch . GB , 1 7, 1 6 ; 3 5 , 7 ; N orw ich 1 966 , p l . V I I , 1 1 ) a nd I re land ( Eagan 1 964 , 2 98 , f ig . 1 2 , 1 2 ) t han i n France ( see p . 1 74 ).

4 06

1 81.

C ho isy-le-Roi , Va l-de- Marne . J .-P . Mohen . H oard . One s ocke ted a xe . s pearheads .

One f ragmen t o f aw inged a xe .

One s ocke ted c h ise l .

Two

One s ing le-edged t anged k n i fe .

One s ing le-edged s ocke ted k n i fe , G aucher 1 976 , f ig . 6 , 3 . One d ouble-edged s ocketed k n i fe . One f ragmen t o f as hee t-bronze b racel e t w i th c onvex s ec t ion a nd p er iphera l r ibs .

One f ragmen t o f ap en-

a nnu lar b race le t w i th s paced t ransverse r ibs a nd s l igh t ly e ver ted t er m ina l . O ne f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th i ncised o rnamen t a nd e ver ted t er m ina l . T he s hee t-bronze b racele t b e longs t o t he Wa l ler fangen t ype ( see p . 2 078 )a nd t he r ibbed b race le t t o t he H o mburg t ype ( see p . 2 06 ) . The b race le t w i th i ncised o rna men t may b e c o mpared t o a n e xa mp le i n t he Ha B 3 h oard f ro m H ochs tad t , K r . H anau , H esse ( R ich ter 1 970 , 1 61 n o. 9 87 ). 1 82 .

Th ia is , Va l-de- Marne . J .-P. Mohen ; Duva l 1 961 , 4 5-46 , f ig . 1 8 . H oard . Three f ragmen ts o f C arp 's Tongue s words .

C o mp lete e x-

amp les o r f ragmen ts o f s even p enannu lar b race le ts w i th r ing t er m ina ls . Var ious s ocke ted a xes . Var ious b ronze mou lds f or s ocketed a xes . One f ragmen t o f aw inged a xe . One f ragmen t o f as ocke ted h a m mer . One f rag men t o f as ocke t .

Fragmen ts o f s hee t b ronze .

Misce l laneous

f rag men ts . 1 83 .

La B onnev i l le , C ivry-la-F re t , Yve l ines . F orrer 1 896. H oard .

F ive f ragmen ts o f s word b lades .

1 8 , 3 4 , 5 1.

F orrer 1 896 , f igs . 8 , 1 7-

F ive f rag men ts o f s pearheads , i nc lud ing o ne d ecora ted

s ocke t , f igs . 1 , 1 6 , 3 5-36 , 4 0 . Twe lve a xe f ragmen ts , a l l p robably f ro m s ocke ted a xes , f igs . 3 -8 , 2 3 , 2 9 , 3 9 . 4 1 , 5 0 , 5 2 . One b lade f ragmen t o f as ing le-edged k n i fe , f ig . 1 1. k n i fe w i th t wo r ive ts i n t he h i l t , f ig . 1 .

One d oub le-edged t anged

Two t angs w i th s ing le r ive t-

h o le , p robab ly f ro m d ouble-edged k n ives , f igs . 2 7-28 . f ragmen ts , f igs . 4 5 , 4 8 .

Two b lade

One f rag men t o f ah og 's-back k n i fe , f ig . 2 7.

One b i fed r azor , f ig . 1 9. One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , s o l id s ec t ion , i nc ised o rnamen t a nd e ver ted t er m ina l , f ig . 1 4. One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , s o l id s ec t ion , c o l lar a nd r ing t ermina l , f ig . 1 2.

One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , f la t s ec t ion

w i th p er iphera l o rnamen t , r o l led t er m ina l , f ig . 1 3 . b race let , C -sec t ion w i th r ing t er m ina ls , f ig . 2 2.

One p enannu lar

One f ragmen t o f a

p enannu lar b racele t w i th e xpanded t er m ina l , f ig . 2 1.

One f rag men t

o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th C -sect ion a nd e ver ted t er m ina l , f ig . 4 2. One f ragmen t o f ap enannu lar b race le t w i th i nc ised o rna men t , f ig . 4 3 . One f ragmen t o f ab race le t w i th o bl ique r ibbed o rnamen t , f ig . 5 6. Two r ing t er m ina l 's , p robably f ro m b race le ts , f igs . 3 3 , 3 8 . h o l low a nnu lar r ings , f igs . 2 4 , 2 5 . 1 0 .

Two

One sma l l p enannu lar r ing , f ig .

F ive f rag men ts o f C arp 's T ongue p la te a nd f i t t ings , f igs . 1 5 , 3 0 ,

4 4 , 5 3 , 5 7.

Two f rag men ts o f r ol led s hee t , f igs . 4 6-47. 4 07

One r od ,

p oin ted a t b oth e nds , f ig . 4 9 . r ing , f ig . 2 0. 3 2.

One f ragmen t o f aC -sect ion l ooped

One t h ick d isc w i th c oncen tr ic r ibbed o rna men t , f ig .

One a ngu lar c as t f ragmen t w i th r ibbed o rna men t .

f ragmen ts , f igs . 5 4-55.

Two c as t

One c ast ing j e t , f ig . 3 1.

The C -sect ion l ooped r ing 2 0 c an b e ma tched i n Bronze F ina l I I h oards , e .g . A za y-le-R ideau , I ndre-et-Loire ( Cord ier , Mi l lo t te a nd R iquet 1 959 , p l . 5 , 8 5 ). BELG IU M 1 84.

A ch te l , R i jkvorsel , An twerp . Mar ion 1 952 , 2 25 ; Bauwens-Lesenne 1 965 , 1 44. Hoard , f ound i n a wooden b ox . One a xe o f b rown f l in t .

F ive o r s ix l ooped s ocketed a xes .

One s ands tone p ounder .

Poss ibly LBA3. 1 85 .

Hoogs tra ten , An twerp . Mor i n 1 952 , 2 19 , 2 25 , a lb. 2 00 , 4 ; Bauwens-Lesenne 1 965 , 7 4-75 ; Des i t tere 1 976 , 9 1.

MRAH Brusse ls .

Hoard , o f t wen ty l ooped s ocketed a xes , t h ir teen a re i n t he MRAH . One a xe w i th c o llar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd p ane l o f f ive s hor t v er t ica l r ibs s epara ted b y g rooves , s im i lar a xes .

E igh t

One a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd r ibbed

w ing o rnamen t . p el let .

Mar ien 1 952 , a fb. 2 00 , 4 .

Two a xes w i th c ol lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd

One a xe w i th c ol lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib.

A l l t he a xes h ave t he s quare mou th a nd e xpanded b lade c haracter is t ic o f Belg ian s ocketed a xes .

The p anel o f r ibs c an b e ma tched o n a n a xe

o f French f or m i n t he P la inseau h oard ( 178 ) 1 4 .

B oth r ibbed w ing a nd

p e l le t mo t ifs o ccur o n a xes i n t he J e meppe h oard ( 195 ). 1 86.

N ieuwrode , Braban t . Des i t tere 1 963 , 1 03 ; Mar ion 1 952 , 2 19 , 2 26. Hoard .

F ive l ooped s ocke ted a xes w i th o va l mou ths a nd w ing

o rna men t . Mar ien ( 1952 , 2 19 ) c o mpares s o me o f t he N ieuwrode a xes w i th t he a xe w i th p las t ic w ing o rna men t f ro m S in t-Ka te l i jne- Waver , An twerp ( i bid ., a fb. 2 00 , 1 ) ; t h is s ugges ts t ha t t he N ieuwrode h oard c on ta ined a xes o f l ower Meuse t ype ( see p .164 )a nd t h is h as b een a ccep ted b y Desi t tere ( 1974a , 1 16 ). 1 87.

Por t-Ar thur , G hen t , E . F landers . Mar iAn 1 950 , 5 4-62; I nv . Arch . B 1; Des i t tere 1 974b , 1 45-146 n o. 1 0. C o l lect ion o f o b jects f ound d ur ing t he c ons truct ion o f ad ock n or the as t o f t he c i ty d ur ing t he F irs t Wor ld War ; e xact s i te a nd c ircu ms tances u nknown .

1 V Iar iOn ( 1950 , 5 5 ) h as i n terpre ted t he f ind a s a

f e ma le i nhuma t ion b ur ia l b ecause o f t he h u man s ku l l f ragmen t , b racel e ts a nd e ar-r ing . ah oard .

Des i t tere ( 1974b , 1 46) c ons iders t ha t t he f ind was

The o b jects were g a thered b y ac ol lector o ver a d is turbed

4 08

a rea r ich i n a n t iqu i t ies Pa laeo l i th ic t o Merov ing ian a nd were n ot p assed t o t he Un ivers i ty o f G hen t u n t i l 1 921 . Wh i le La te Bronze Age i nhuma t ions a re u nknown i n F landers , s evera l c on te mporary h oards c on ta in p ersona l o rna men ts .

Two p enannu lar b race le ts , h ol low-cas t ,

o va l s ec t ion w i th l arge e ver ted t erm ina ls b acked b y t wo r ibs . Arch . B 1 , 1 -2 .

One s pira l , 3 .

I nv .

One d ouble s p ira l a t tached t o ar ec-

t angu lar s heet w i th b ossed o rnamen t , 4 .

Two p endan ts , more t han

h a l f ac ircle w i th t ubu lar s ocket , c en tra l b oss a nd p er iphera l r ib , 5 -6.

One s ub-bicon ica l b ead , 7 .

b u t ton w i th b ar , 9 .

One c onvex b ead , 8 .

One b aske t-shaped e ar-r ing , 1 0 .

a nnu lar r ings , 1 1-47.

One c onvex Th ir ty-seven

One d isc , i rregu lar w i th c en tra l p er fora t ion

s urrounded b y s l igh t f lange , 4 8 .

One sma l l f ragmen t o f h u man s ku l l .

Mar ien ( I nv . A rch . B 1) c o mpares t he d ouble s p ira l t o N ord ic MV ' c loak c lasps ' ( S prockho f f 1 956 , 2 25 , T al . 5 4 , 1 , 6 ). T he e ar-r ing c an b e ma tched i n t he Larnaud h oard , J ura ( Chan tre 1 875 , p l . L , 1 5-16 ). 1 88 .

Z andbergen , E . F landers . Mar ien 1 950 , 6 2-64. P robab le h oard .

One p enannu lar b race le t , h o l low-cas t , o va l s ec t ion

w i th l arge e ver ted t er mina ls .

Mar iOn 1 950 , p l . V I I , 1 .

One s ocke ted

a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd i nd is t inc t p las t ic w ing o rnamen t , 2 . T he f or m o f t he c ol lar o f t he a xe c an b e ma tched i n t he J e meppe ( 195 ) 3 a nd E prave ( 193 ) r igh t h oards a nd t he o rnamen t b y J e meppe 5 a nd E prave c en tre l e f t . 1 89 .

C a mp-ä-Cayaux , S p iennes , Ha inau t . Mar ion 1 950 , 4 1-46; I nv . Arch . B 3 . H oard , f ound d ur ing i nves t iga t ion o f N eo l i th ic f l in t mines ( de Lae t 1 974 , 1 56-161 ).

One p enannu lar b race le t , h o l low-cas t o va l s ec t ion

w i th c on t ingen t l arge e ver ted t er m ina ls .

I nv . Arch . B 3 , 1 .

One

f rag men t o f ap enannu lar b race le t , h o l low-cas t w i th t aper ing t er m ina l , 2 .

One p endan t , o va l w i th t ubu lar s ocke t a nd c en tra l b oss , 6 .

One

f ragmen tary d ouble r ing w i th c onvex p rof i le a nd t hree b osses o n c ent ra l b and , 5 .

Two a nnu lar r ings , 3 -4 .

There i s ac o mparable d ouble r ing i n t he Vgna t h oard , C haren te ( George a nd C hauve t 1 895 , p l . XX IV , 3 26). 1 90 .

G e is t i .ngen , O phoven , L i mburg . Van d er Weerd 1 938 ; Mar ion 1 952 , 2 25 ; Bauwens-Lesenne 1 968 , 2 78 ; C laasen 1 971 , 1 54-155 ; Bu t ler 1 973b , 3 40-341. H oard .

Twen ty-s ix s ocketed a xes , a l l o f G e is t ingen t ype ( see p .

Bu t ler ( 1 973b , 4 34 n . 2 5 , n os . 5 -6) p robably l i s ts t wo p ar ts o f t he s a me h oard , b u t t he q ua l i ty o f t he a ssocia t ion i s u ncer ta in . 1 91.

L o m me l , L i mburg . C laasen 1 971 , 1 53 . H oard .

S ix s ocke ted a xes .

Two b race le ts .

P oss ibly LBA3 . 4 09

1 92.

Petershe im , Lanaken , L i mburg . Bauwens-Lesenne 1 968 , 1 73 ; C laasen 1 971, 1 53 , f ig . 4 ; Des i t tere 1 974a , 1 20 n o . 1 4 ; 1 976 , 9 1. Poss ible h oard .

Four s ocketed a xes .

One w inged a xe.

The p resence o f t he w inged a xe s uggests a LBA3 d a te.

Three o f t he

s ocketed a xes a re i n t he S tad t isches Reiss- Museum , Mannheim , b u t n o d eta i ls a re a va i lable . 1 93 .

T iennes d es Mau l ins , E prave , Na mur . Mar ion 1 952 , a fb. 1 99 , 2 ; 1 961, 1 7 , f ig . 9 ; Des i t tere 1 974a , 1 20 ; 1 976 , 9 1 Hoard .

One s ocketed a xe w i th c o llar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib.

Mar ien 1 961 , f ig . 9 , c en tre r ight .

One s ocketed a xe w i th c ol lar ,

s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd p las t ic w ing o rna men t , f ig . 9 , r igh t .

One

s ocke ted a xe w i th a ngu lar c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs a nd r ibbed w ing o rna men t , r ibs j oin ing o n t he s ides o f t he a xe , s eparate h or izon ta l r ib b e low , f ig . 9 , c en tre l e f t .

One w inged a xe , f ig . 9 , l e f t .

The s tra igh t-s ided b lade o f a xe c en tre r ight r ese mb les t he Eng lish s ou th-eas tern t ype ( see p . 1 61).

The p las t ic w ing o rna men t , r ight c an

b e ma tched i n t he Zandbergen h oard ( 188 ) a nd o n J e meppe ( 195 ) 5 .

E prave

a xe c en tre l e f t h as a n a ngu lar c ol lar l i ke t he Z andbergen a xe a nd J e meppe 3 ; i t s f or m c an b e ma tched o n o ne o f t he a xes i n t he Dreu i l h oard ( 177) 8 . 1 94.

The w inged a xe i s p robably o f Br i t ish o r French o r ig in ( see 1 3 .159).

Trou d e H an , Han-sur-Lesse , Na mur . Mar ien a nd Vanhaeke 1 965 ; Mar ien 1 961 , 1 5-16 , f ig . 7 ; 1 968-70 ; 1 969 ; 1 973a ; 1 973b ; 1 974 ; 1 975 . To t he n or th-wes t o f t he h igh Ardennes l i es t he Fa menne d epress ion i n to t he e as t e nd o f wh ich f lows t he R . L esse .

S ou th-eas t o f Han-sur-

L esse t h is r iver p asses t hrough a n o u tcrop o f Devon ian l imes tone a nd f or ms a s er ies o f c averns ; i t emerges a t t he Trou d e Han b y t he Ga ler ie d es P et i tes Fon ta ines a nd t he G a ler ie d e l a G rand F on ta ine ( Mar ien a nd Vanhaeke 1 965 , p lan i ns ide f ron t c over ).

Re ma ins o f

h u man o ccupa t ion f ro m t he Neol i th ic t o P os t- Med ieva l p er iods h ave b een d iscovered .

A l i t t le Bronze Age ma ter ia l i s i n t he Mus e

Arch kdog ique , Na mur , b u t mos t i s i n t he Mus e d u Monde S ou terra in a t Han-sur-Lesse , t he r esu l t o f d iv ing a nd s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ion o ver t he p as t t wo d ecades .

F inds a re s t i l l b e ing made a nd a l arge amoun t

o f ma ter ia l i s s t i l l t o b e p rocessed i n Han a nd i n t he MRAH Brusse ls . Mar ien h as p ubl ished s evera l p rov is iona l a ccoun ts a nd s tud ies o f i nd iv idua l o b jects .

Th is s urvey i ncorpora tes b r ief e xa mina t ion o f o b-

j ec ts a nd d rawings i n Han a nd i n Brusse ls , a s we l l a s i n for ma t ion k ind ly p rov ided b y Dr . Mar ien , b u t c annot b e r egarded a s c o mple te o r a u thor i ta t ive . O ccupa t ion a t Han c overed most o f t he l a te Bronze Age .

S o me

p ins a nd w inged a xes c ou ld b e o f Reinecke D d a te b u t may e qua l ly b e Ha A l ( Mar ien 1 974 , 2 25 , f ig . 1 ) ; ma ter ia l o f Ha A 2 , Ha B 1 a nd Ha B3 d a te i s r epresen ted ( i bid ., 2 26-231 , f igs . 2 -5 ) b u t Ha C f inds a pp ear t o b e a bsen t .

Large q uan t i t ies o f c oarse p ot tery a nd d o mes t ic

o b jects , s uch a s s pind le-whor ls , i nd ica te s ubs tan t ia l o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te.

4 10

S even teen s ocketed a xes , s o me w i th r ibbed w ing o rna men t , more w i th r e l ief w ing o rna men t , 1 965 , p l . 2 .

Mar ien 1 974 , 2 31; Mar ien a nd Vanhaeke

F ive w inged a xes ,

a nd Vanhaeke 1 965 , p l . 3 . Mar ien 1 974 , f igs . 2 -3 .

Mar ien 1 974 , 2 31.

One s aw,

S ick les ,

Mar ien

S ing le-edged t anged k n ives .

S ing le-edged s ocketed k n ives ,

I b id ., f ig . 4 .

One d ouble-edged t anged k n i fe.

Three s words o f Tha mes t ype ,

Mar ion 1 975 , 1 4-17 , f igs . 1 -2.

Four sma l l b ag-shaped c hapes ,

I b id., 1 7-18 , f ig . 1 . al ong b lade ,

Var ious s pearheads , i nc lud ing o ne e xa mp le w i th

Mar ien 1 973a , f ig . 1 , 1 .

Var ious f erru les , i nclud ing

o ne t ubu lar e xa mple w i th d isc t er mina l a nd a n i ron r ive t , 1 , 2 .

S ocke ted a rrowheads , b arbed a nd t anged ,

B ourge t a rrowheads , p l . 4 .

Aw ls .

I b id .

F ish-hooks ,

S ing le-edged r azors .

o r mu l t ip le r ing h and les ,

I b id ., f ig .

Mar ien 1 974 , 2 31.

Mar ien a nd Vanhaeke 1 965 ,

Double-edged r azors w i th t angs

I b id ., p l . 6 .

Tweezers ,

I b id .

Pendan ts ,

i nc lud ing a c rescen t ic e xa mple a nd c ircu lar e xa mp les w i th t ransverse t ube , I b id ., p ls . 5 -6. Var ious b race lets , i nc lud ing e xa mp les w i th e verted t er m ina ls a nd s p ira l b race le ts , b u t mos t ly p la in , 7 .

Var ious p enannu lar g i lded r ings ,

I b id .

t wis ted n eck-r ing w i th t aper ing t er m ina ls . s haped e ar-r ings ,

Mar ien 1 968-70 .

c oncen tr ic o rna men t ,

I b id .

I bid ., p l .

Frag men ts o f ac as t Bu t tons .

G old b aske t

G old p endan ts , c ircu lar w i th

A bou t o ne h undred a nd e ighty p ins .

v ex p ha lerae , o ne p la in , o ne w i th a p er iphera l r ing o f b osses. c onvex d isc w i th c en tra l p er fora t ion . G lass b eads . t ery,

One b ar-togg le .

C heek-p ieces o f o rgan ic ma ter ia l .

Mar ien 1 973b.

C oarse p ot tery,

C onOne

Annu lar r ings .

F ine U rn f ie ld p ot-

Mar ien a nd Vanhaeke 1 965 ,

p l . 1 1. Mar ien ( 1974 , 2 31 n . 6 ) a ppears t o r e la te s o me o f t he s ocke ted a xes t o t he n or th Du tch t ype.

A l l t he s ocketed a xes f ro m Han a ppear t o b e o f

LBA3 d a te , wh i le t he w inged a xes a re p redo m inan t ly LBA1 medianw inged f or ms .

The s ing le-edged t anged k n ives a re LBA1 a nd 2 f or ms

wh i le t he s ocke ted k n ives a re LBA3 , p robably r e la ted t o c on te mporary Du tch k n ives ( Mar ien 1 973b , 2 77).

The s p ira l b racelet b elongs t o a

t ype k nown i n t he S aar land ; t here a re t welve e xa mp les i n t he Wa l ler fangen h oard , Kr . S aar lou is ( I nv . Arch . F48(D ) , 3 8-49 ) a nd f our i n Brebach h oard I , Kr . S aarbrücken ( Ko l ling 1 968 , Ta f . 4 1 , 5 -8 ).

The g old p en-

d an ts a re p robably o f e ar ly Urn f ie ld d a te a nd t he e ar-r ings may b e c ont e mporary ( Mar ien 1 968-70 ).

The c onvex p ha lerae may b e c o mpared

w i th t he e xamp le f ro m t he Trou d e l L euve , S ins in , Namur ( Raepsae tC har l ier 1 971 , 3 8-40 , f ig . 5 , 3 ) .

P la in c onvex p ha lerae were c urren t

i n wes tern Europe d ur ing LBA2 ( see p .149 )b u t o ccur i n LBA3 i n t he Amboise h oard , I ndre-et-Loire ( Cord ier , Mi l lo t te a nd R iquet 1 960 , f ig . 4 , 5 3 ).

The b ossed p ha lera f ro m Han may b e c o mpared t o e xa mp les

i n af ind f ro m B lödeshe im , Kr . A lzey , H esse ( von Merhar t 1 956, 3 4-35 , A bb. 8 , 7 ) ; H er mann r egards t h is a s ah oard o f Ha B 1 d a te ( 1966, 2 04 ) b u t i t may n o t b e ac losed f ind ( R ich ter 1 970 , 6 3 ).

The o rna men t i s

r em in iscen t o f Lake V i l lage p ha lera b u t t hese r are ly l ack a c en tra l b oss wh ich i s a bsen t f ro m .the Han p ha lera ( von Merhar t 1 956, A bb. 8 , 2 a ). The c onvex d isc w i th c en tra l p er fora t ion may b e r e la ted t o Guevaux d iscs ( see p . 1 97 ) . The h ol low g lobu lar h eaded p in b elongs t o t he Ha B3

4 11

O cks tad t f orm o f midd le Rh ine o r ig in ( Kubach 1 977 , 5 06 , n . 4 1 ) .

T he

f ine U rn f ie ld p o t tery i nc ludes b eakers a nd b ow ls o f Ha A 2 d a te a nd midd le Rh ine o r ig in ( Mar ien 1 973b , 2 72 , 2 74 , f igs . 2 , 5 -7) a s we l l a s v esse ls o f Ha B 1 d a te ( i bid ., f igs . 1 , 3 -4 ) . 1 95 .

Tr ieu d es C annes , J e meppe-sur-Sa mbre , N amur . Mar ien 1 950 , 4 6-54 ; I nv . A rch . B 2 ; D es i t tere 1 976, 9 1. H oard . Two b race le ts , i n tended a s p enannu lar b u t miscas t w i th t ermina ls j o ined , h o l low-cas t o va l s ec t ions w i th b ands o f t ransverse g rooves a nd l arge e ver ted t er m ina ls .

I nv . Arch . B 2 , 1 -2.

One

s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd p las t ic w ing o rnamen t , 5 .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd

r ibbed w ing o rna men t d e marca ted b y ah or izon ta l r ib , 4 .

O ne

s ocke ted a xe w i th a ngu lar c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs a nd d ouble r ibbed w ing o rna men t f or m ing U -shape o n s ides o f a xe , 3 .

One

s ocke ted a xe w i th c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd p e l le t w i th b e l ls haped f ace ts o nb lade , 6 . T hree b eads o f s p ira l w ire , 7 -9 . One t ubu lar b ead w i th t ransverse i nc ised o rna men t , 1 0 . f i le b eads , 1 7-18 .

T hree sma l l b eads , 1 9-21.

b ead w i th r e ma ins o f c ons tr ict ion , 2 2. n u lar r ings , 1 1-16.

Two c onvex p ro-

One f ragmen tary

One s hee t b ead , 2 3.

S ix a n-

One c as t ing j e t , 2 4 .

Axe 5 w i th p las t ic w ing o rna men t c an b e ma tched b y t he a xe i n t he Z andb ergen h oard ( 188 ) a nd b y E prave ( 193 ) r igh t .

T he r ibbed w ing o rna men t

d e marca ted b y ar ib , 4 , i s s im i lar t o t ha t o n a n a xe f ro m Turnhou t , An twerp ( Mar ion 1 952 , a fb . 2 00 , 2 ) , a nd o n a xe c en tre l e f t i n t he E prave h oard .

The o verhang ing c o l lar o n t he a xe w i th d oub le r ibbed w ing o rna-

men t , 3 , o ccurs o n t he a xe i n t he Z andbergen h oard a nd o n E prave c ent re l e f t ; t he o rna men ta l mo ti f c an b e ma tched a t Han ( Mar ien a nd Vanh aeke 1 965 , p l . 2 ) .

S ing le p e l le t o rnamen t 6a ppears o n t wo a xes i n t he

H oogs tra ten h oard ( 185 ) a nd t he f or m o f t he J e meppe a xe c an b e ma tched a t H an ( Mar ien 1 950 , 5 1 n . 3 3 ) . NETHERLANDS 1 96.

Deurne , N . Braban t . Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 26 , f ig . 3 5 ; 1 969 , f o to 2 6 . Probab le h oard .

One s ocke ted g ouge .

O ne s ocke ted c h ise l .

One

s ocke ted t oo l w i th e xpanded b lade . T hese t oo ls c ou ld a l l b e o f wes tern o r ig in .

S ocke ted g ouges a re more

c o m mon i n wes tern t han i n n or thern Europe ( see p .175-6 ) . T he b roadb laded t oo l c an b e ma tched i n Br i ta in a nd i n I reland ( see p . 1 74 ) ; t h is f or m o f t oo l d oes n ot a ppear t o b e c o m mon o n t he c on t inen t , t hough t here i s a n e xa mp le i n t he Mar lers h oard ( 180 ) . h oard c ou ld a l l b e o f B r i t ish o r ig in . 1 97.

The c on ten ts o f t h is

S t iphou t , N . B raban t . . Bu t ler 1 963a , 8 5 n o . 1 3 ; D es i t tere 1 976 , 9 1. H oard .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th r ibbed w ing a nd p e l le t o rnamen t .

s ocke ted g ouge .

One

Two l os t s ocke ted g ouges .

The a xe b elongs t o t he P la inseau/sou th-eas tern t ype ( Des i t tere 1 976 , 9 1 ). 4 12

1 98 .

Bargeroos terve ld 1 896, Dren the . Bu t ler 1 960a , 1 22 , f ig . 5 2. H oard , f ound i n o r b efore 1 896.

One s ocketed a xe w ith b icon ica l

c ol lar a nd t wo s ha l low n otched h or izon ta l r ibs s epara ted b y ad eep r ib ; t he l arge l oop s pr ings f ro m b elow t hese r ibs t o t he c ol lar ; t he b lade h as a rched f ace ts o u tl ined b y h a m mered g rooves . f ig . 5 2.

Bu t ler 1 960a ,

One s ocketed a xe w i th s ha l low c o llar a nd s ix s ha l low h ori-

z on ta l r ibs , a l terna te o nes n o tched ; o n t he u pper p ar t o f t he b lade t here i s ad rum-shaped s we l l ing w i th p er iphera l n otched r ibs ; t he a ngu lar l oop s pr ings f ro m t he u pper p ar t o f t h is s we l l ing t o t he c ol lar . The f irs t a xe b e longs t o t he n or th Du tch t ype ( see p .164 ) .

The s econd

i s p robably a l oca l c opy o f t he N ordic MV S edd in t ype ( Sprockhoff 1 956, I , 9 2-93 ; Baudou 1 960 , 2 5-26) ; l ooped e xamples o ccur wes t t o t he Rhine i n G er many ( S prockhof f 1 956, I , 2 2-23 , Kar te 9 ) a nd a nother S eddin a xe i s l i s ted f ro m E lzen , Over i jsse l ( i bid ., I , 2 3 n o . 1 4 ).

Both Barger-

o os terve ld 1 896 a xes a re r e la ted b y t heir n otched r ibs . 1 99.

Bargeroos terve ld 1 900 , Dren the . Bu t ler 1 960a , 1 05-106, f ig . 4 9 ; I nv . Arch . NL16. H oard , p urchased b y Assen Museu m i n 1 900 . l ooped p a ls tave w i th l ow f langes .

One n arrow-bladed

I nv . Arch . NL16, 1 .

o f t he b u t t o f ap a lstave w i th l ow f langes , 2 .

One f rag men t

Two f ragmen ts o f a

s ing le-edged k n i fe w i th c onvex b ack , t wo r ibs a nd a t hick t ang , 3 . Three f ragmen ts o f ab racele t , n arrow w i th l ong i tud ina l midr ib , 4 . Ap a ir o f a nnu lar k idney-shaped b race lets w i th f a lse t er m ina ls e xp anded o u twards ; t he t er m ina ls b ear r idges w i th t ransverse l ines o f n otches a nd a re f lanked b y t ransverse g rooves , 5 -6.

One ' s ma ll r od

o r p in ' , n ow l os t. The p a ls taves b oth b e long t o t he Br i t ish l a te t ype ( see p .132 ) .

The c o m-

p le te e xa mp le c an b e ma tched f or f or m a nd s ize i n t he For ty A cre Br ick f ield h oard , Wor th ing , S ussex ( I nv . Arch . GB37, 7 ); t he f ragmen t , w i th a more a ngu lar s eptu m , c an b e ma tched i n t he G u i ls f ield h oard ( 131; S avory 1 964-66, f ig . 1 , 9 ) a nd i n t he I s leha m h oard ( 127; F ig . 4 3 , 1 5 ). The k n ife a ppears t o b e u nd iagnos t ic ( see p .100 ) . Tackenberg ( 1971, 1 05-106) s ugges ts t ha t i t may b e o f s ou th-wes t G er man Urn f ie ld o rig in . Bu t ler ( 1960a , 1 10 ) c o mpares t he r ibbed f rag men ts o f b racele t w i th Nord ic MIV A r mspira len ( Sprockho ff 1 937 , 5 0 , Ta f . 1 4 , 7 , 1 1) w i th l ong i tudina l r ibs .

Baudou d is t ingu ishes t wo f or ms :

w i th f la t tened t er-

mina ls , f ound o f ten i n Denmark a nd s ou thern S weden b u t r arely i n n or the rn G er many , M IV ( 1960 , 6 0 , Ta f . X I I , XV I I A l) :

w i th h ooked t er m ina ls ,

f ound i n Denmark a nd n or thern G er many MV ( i bid ., 6 0 , Ta f . X I I , XVI I , A 2 ).

The c o mple te b racelets a re N ierenr inge o f n or th-wes t G er man

o r ig in ; t he f a lse t er mina ls b ear r idged o rna men t r em in iscen t o f t ha t o n b et ter-de f ined f a lse t er m ina ls ( Tackenberg 1 971 , 2 15-216, Ta f . 4 0 , 1 -2 ). Bu t ler ( 1960a , 1 07) d a ted t h is h oard t o MIV b u t Tackenberg c ons iders t ha t t he a nnu lar b racele ts a re t ypo log ica l ly l a te a nd b e long t o MV ( 1971 , 4 , 2 16) , c f . t he p a ir i n a Ha B 3 h oard f ro m N ieder-O lm , Kr . Ma inz , Rhein land-P f laz ( Rich ter 1 970 , 1 70 n os . 1 079-1080 , 1 72-173 ).

The f rag-

men tary b race let c ou ld a lso b e o f MV d a te a nd a LBA3 d a te c annot b e e xc luded f or t he p a ls taves ( see p . 1 33 ). 4 13

2 00 .

B onnerveen , G ie ten , Dren the . Bu t ler 1 965 , 1 82 n . 1 8 ; S prockhof f 1 966 , A bb. 4 , 2( t he c ap t ion r efers t o t he museu m , n o t t he p rovenance ). H oard .

One b rooch o f N ord ic t ype w i th d ecora ted p la tes j o ined b y a

c urved b ow .

S prockh a f 1 966 , A bb. 4 , 2 .

Two o ther o b jects , o ne

l os t . The b rooch p robably b e longs t o t he s ame t ype a s t ha t i n t he Drouwen f ind ( 201 ). 2 01.

Drouwen , B orger , Dren the . J acob-Fr iesen 1 956 , 1 35 n . 1 6 , A bb. 1 6 ; Ypey 1 960-61 ; Bu t ler 1 965 , 1 77-184 , 1 91 n o . 1 , 1 98 , f igs . 1 -2 , 1 3-14 , p ls . I I I ; 1 969 , 1 20-123 , a fb. 5 2 , f oto 3 6. G roup o f b ronzes f ound i n t he d i tch o f ar ing-d i tch i n a La te Bronze Age U rn f ield .

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t h is f i nd , t he r iches t o f t he Du tch

Bronze Age , was ab ur ia l r a ther t han a h oard ( Bu t ler 1 969 , 1 22-123 ) . F ragmen ts o f ac as t-bronze b ow l , c onvex b ody , b road a ngu lar s hou lder , s l igh t ly c on ica l n eck w i th t wo u pr igh t h and les o n t he r im . T here i s ab oss s urrounded b y t wo p er iphera l r ibs o n t he b ase ; t he b ody i s d iv ided i n to t wo z ones b y at r ip le h or izon ta l r ib , b o th z ones b ear c urv i l inear o rna men t o f i nc ised l i nes a nd p o in t i lM .

There i s

at r ip le r ib b elow t he s hou lders , as ing le r ib i n t he n eck a ng le a nd a d ouble r ib a t t he r im ; a l l t he h or izon ta l r ibs a re n o tched . b ears h or izon ta l g rooves .

T he h and le

Ypey 1 960-61 ; Bu t ler 1 965 , f ig . 1 3 .

Par t

o f aN ord ic b rooch w i th a d ecora ted p la te a nd a c urved b ow , f ig . 1 4 . Two n or th Du tch omega b race lets , c onvex s ec t ion , e ver ted t er m ina ls b acked b y t hree r ibs , f ig . 1 , p l . I . O ne f ragmen t o f an or th Du tch omega b race le t w i th e ver ted t er m ina l , f ig . 1 . T hree n or th Du tch omega b race le ts w i th l ong i tud ina l r ibs a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls b acked b y t ransverse r ibs , f ig . 2 .

S ix s p ira l b racele ts o f r ecurved w ire .

J acob-Fr iesen 1 956, A bb. 1 6 , d -f .

F ragmen ts o f ab race le t , p rob-

a bly a nnu lar , w i th i rregu lar o u tward p ro trus ions , A bb. 1 6 , m. b eads , mos t ly s p ira l , s o me c onvex , A bb . 1 6 , r -s .

Many

Two s ub-rec tangu lar

p la tes w i th o n o ne s ide a l ong i tud ina l r idge w i th s even p er fora t ions , A bb . 1 6, p .

Two o b jec ts r ese mbl ing c lockwork k eys i n f orm , d ecor-

a ted o va l p la tes w i th p ro jec t ing s ocke ts a nd f ive l oops o n t he u nders ide , A bb . 1 6 , q .

One c onvex l ooped b u t ton , A bb . 1 6 , n .

w i th many sma l l p er fora t ions , A bb . 1 6 , o .

One r od

Two f ragmen ts o f r od ,

A bb . 1 6 , t . S prockho f f p ro m ised a monograph o n N ord ic c as t-bronze b ow ls ( 1956, 2 41 n . 3 ) s o s ubsequen t t rea t men t h as b een c ursory ( Baudou 1 960 , 6 9 ) , b u t o n ly a p ar t o f t he c a te logue h as y e t b een p ubl ished ( Höck mann 1 974 ). T he Drouwen b ow l i s o f MV d a te ( Thrane 1 975 , 2 26).

These b ow ls a re

f ound o u ts ide t he N ord ic a rea a s f ar a s t he L ake V i l lage o f C orce le t tes , Vaud , a nd t he P e t i t-Vi l la t te h oard , C her ( i b id ., 2 83 , Fund l is te 1 8 , f ig . 1 28 ).

N or th-wes t G er man f inds h ave b een d iscussed b r ie f ly b y H öck mann

( 1 976 , 1 34 ).

There a re t wo f ro m t he a rea a d jacen t t o Dren the :

Rheda ,

Kr . Wiedenbr i lck , Wes tpha l ia , u p turned o ver t he c re ma ted r e ma ins o f ac h i ld ( Langew iesche 1 912 ) , a nd G lesen b e i Emsburen , Kr . L ingen ,

4 14

L ower S axony , a lso w i th ab ur ia l ( Sprockho f f 1 937 , 1 36 , Ta t * . 2 4 , 7 ) . These f inds s uppor t t he p ropos i t ion t ha t t he Drouwen f ind was ab ur ia l . T he b rooch b elongs t o Laux 's O ere l t ype o f MV ( 1973 , 5 0 n . 4 ).

N ord ic

b rooches r each a s f ar a s L ake V i l lages i n t he s ou th-wes t a nd R o man ia i n t he s ou th-eas t ( Thrane 1 975 , 2 24-227 , 2 83 Fund l is te 1 8 ) ; t he o n ly o ther Du tch e xamp le i s i n t he B onnerveen h oard ( 200 ).

S prockho f f i l lus-

t ra tes t he Drouwen f ragmen t ( 1 966 , A bb. 4 , 1 ) b u t h is c ap t ion r e fers t o t he museum n o t t he p rovenance .

S pira l b racele ts o f r ecurved w ire

o ccur i n n or thern G er many d ur ing MV ( Sprockho f f 1 956 , I , 1 77; I , 8 6, Kar te 3 5 , Ta f . 3 7 , 1 -2 , 5 ) b u t t h is f or m o f o rna men t h ad a l ong c urrency i n t he N ord ic a rea ( Baudou 1 960 , 6 0-61 ).

B u t ler ( 1965 , 1 98 ) d escr ibes

t he s ub-rec tangu lar p la tes a s k ra lensnoerverde ler , " bead-s tr ing d ivi ders" , p resu mably r ese mb l ing s pacer-p la tes i n f unc t ion , a nd p oss ibly t o b e a ssocia ted w i th t he many b eads i n t he Drouwen f ind . S im i lar o bj ec ts o ccur i n t he MV h oard f ro m Os trhauder fehn , Kr . L eer , G er man F r ies land ( S prockhof f 1 956, 2 74 , A bb . 6 2 , 8 ) .

The ' keys ' a ppear t o b e

u n ique ( Bu t ler 1 965 , 1 98 ). T he Drouwen ' pr incess ' b ur ia l , t ogether w i th t he b ow l b ur ia l f ro m Rheda a nd ab ur ia l w i th a s hee t-bronze amphora a t G eve l inghausen , Kr . Meschede , Wes tpha l ia , a re c ons idered b y J ockenhöve l ( 1 974b , 4 6-47) t o r epresen t s ocia l s tra t i f ica t ion , r ef lec t ing warr ior b ur ia ls o f e igh thc en tury I ta ly , H a B 3 c en tra l Europe a nd t he MV K ön igsgrab o f S edd in , Kr . P er leberg , Brandenburg . 2 02 .

H e t L ok , Have l te , Dren the . Bu t ler 1 961b , 2 33 n o . 3 4 , f ig . 1 4 , p l . I V ; 1 968-69 , 2 23 ; 1 969 , a fb. 4 3. H oard . One s ocke ted a xe w i th d en t icu la ted c o l lar , l arge l oop , mu lt ip le h or izon ta l r ibs , f ace ts o n t he f aces o f t he b lade a nd h am mered g rooves o n t he s ides .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th b icon ica l c o l lar , l arge

l oop , d eep p las t ic w ing o rna men t a nd f ace ts o n t he f aces o f t he b lade . One f ragmen t o f as ing le-edged s ocke ted k n i fe w i th d ecora ted s ocke t a nd b lade .

One c as t ing j e t .

The a xes b e long t o t he n or th Du tch t ype ( see p . 1 64-5 ). 2 03 .

H i :ken , B ei len , Dren the . Bu t ler 1 965 , 1 85-186 , 1 91 n o . 2 , f igs . 9 -10 . Hoard .

One f ragmen tary n orth Du tch omega b race le t w i th c onvex

s ect ion a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls b acked b y t hree r ibs . f ig . 9 .

Bu t ler 1 965 ,

Three f rag men tary n or th Du tch omega b race le ts w i th b road

b od ies b ear ing l ong i tud ina l r ibs a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls b acked b y t ransverse r ibs . f ig . 1 0.

I bid .

Two f ragmen tary O doorn b race le ts .

Two c onvex b u t tons w i th b ar a t tach men t .

I b id .

I bid .,

One c as t

d isc w i th p er iphera l r ib , r ing o f b osses a nd c en tra l p er fora t ion . I b id . T he f unc t ion o f t he d isc a ppears t o b e u ncer ta in ; Bu t ler ( 1965 , 1 85-186) c o mpares t he l a te Tu mu lus p in f ro m b ur ia l ga t E lp ( 7 6 ) .

4 15

2 04 .

Oud-Schoonebeek , Dren the. Bu t ler 1 961b , 2 32 n o . 1 7-18 , f ig . 2 1; 1 968-69 , 2 23 ; 1 969 , a fb. 4 4 , f oto 2 8 ; S prockhof f 1 955 , 8 8 , A bb. 4 7 , 2 . Hoard .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th a ngu lar c ol lar , l arge l oop a nd h a m-

mered g rooves o n t he s ides o f t he b lade a nd f or m ing w ing o rna men t o n t he f aces .

Bu t ler 1 961b , f ig . 2 1.

One s ocke ted a xe w i th a ngu lar

c ol lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , p las t ic w ing o rna men t , h am mered g rooves o n t he s ides o f t he b lade a nd f acets o n t he f aces , p la in p egged s pearhead ,

I b id .

I b id .

One

One p la in s ing le-edged s ocke ted k n i fe

w i th s tra igh t b lade , o rna men ted b ack a nd r ibbed s ocke t ,

I b id .

One

s ocke ted t er m ina l w i th t wo r ive t-holes a nd b ands o f l i nes a nd V - mot ifs , h orned t er mina l w i th f ive r ings , o ne b roken , t he c en tra l t hree s upp or ted b y r ods .

Bu t ler 1 969 , f o to 2 8 .

The a xes b elong t o t he n or th Du tch t ype ( see p .164 ) .

P la in s pearheads

o ccur i n Nordic MV h oards ( Jacob-Fr iesen 1 967, 2 75 ).

S prockho ff

( 1955 , 8 8 ) d escr ibes t he t er mina l a s aS chwer tgr i ff ,t hough i t s u se r ema ins u ncer ta in ; h e i n terpreted t he t er m ina l a s ad evolved v ers ion o f t he ' sun-bird-boa t ' moti f a nd c o mpared a t er m ina l i n ah oard f ro m Heeger m e le , Kr . E berswa lde , Brandenburg , b u t t h is h oard b e longs t o ag roup c harac ter ised b y v on Brunn 's G arn i tur L ubz o f Re inecke D/Ha A ( 1 968 , 2 15 , 2 83 ) . 2 05 .

Brugge len , Ape ldoorn ,

G e lder land .

Bu t ler 1 965 , 1 86 , 1 91 n o . 4 , f ig . 1 1; 1 968-69 , 2 23 . Hoard .

One c o mp lete n or th Du tch omega b race le t , u ndecora ted ,

a nd o ne f ragmen t .

Frag men ts o f t wo n or th Du tch omega b race le ts

w i th l ong i tud ina l r ibs . k n i fe . 2 06.

One f ragmen t o f as ing le-edged s ocketed

One f ragmen t o f r ectangu lar-sec t ion r od .

De De l len , Heerde , G elder land . E lzinga 1 957-58 ; Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 34-135 ; J acob-Fr iesen 1 967, 2 77, 3 79 n o . 1 729 , T al . 1 76 , 1 -5 . Hoard .

One p egged s pearhead w i th l ong s ocke t a nd a ngu lar , s l igh t ly

f l a me-shaped b lade .

E lzinga 1 957-58 , a fb. 3 , 3 .

One t ubu lar f er-

r u le , t aper ing s l ight ly t o ad isc t ermina l w i th t wo r ibs a bove , a lb. 3 , 4 .

One p in , s epara te h o l low-case h ead , s pher ica l w i th p er fora t ions ,

a fb. 3 , 1 .

One s i mi lar p in w i th i rregu lar s ub-bicon ica l h ead , a lb. 3 ,

2 . E lzinga c ons idered t ha t t he s pearhead was r ela ted t o t he e ar l iest i ron e xa mp les a nd s o d a ted t he h oard t o t he e nd o f MV ( 1957-58 , 2 1-24 ). J acob-Fr iesen c o mpares b ronze s pearheads i n t he h oard f ro m N emm in , Kr . S chwe lbein , P o meran ia , wh ich a lso c on ta ined i ron o b jects a nd s hou ld b e d a ted t o MV o r MV I ( 1967 , 2 77, 3 69 n o . 1 493 , Ta f . 1 76 , 8 -13 ) , b u t d a ted t he De De l len h oard t o Ha B b ecause o f i t s " Lake V i l lage" p ins .

Kubach p laces t hese p ins i n h is O cks tad t f or m o f Ha B3 d a te

( 1 977 , 5 06 n . 3 4 ) ; t his f or m a ppears t o b e o f midd le Rh ine , r a ther t han Lake V i l lage , o r ig in ( i bid ., 5 08 , Ta f . 1 07 , B ).

The f erru le c an b e

ma tched b y a n e xa mp le f ro m Han ( Mar ien 1 973a , f ig . 1 , 2 ) , p resu mably o f LBA3 d a te b ecause o f t he l ack o f Ha C ma teria l a t Han . 4 16

2 07.

Ons twedder H ol te , G ron ingen . Bu t ler a nd v an d er Waa ls 1 960 , 9 3 , f igs . 4 4-45 ; Bu t ler 1 968-69 , 2 172 19. Hoard .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th a ngu lar c ol lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs

a nd l arge l oop.

Two a nnu lar r ings , c as t i n ter twined , t ear-drop s ec-

t ion , h a tched t r iang le o rna men t .

Two p enannu lar b race le ts , p robably

ap a ir , s ub-rectangu lar s ect ion , e xpanded t er m ina ls , b ands o f t ransv erse o rna men t , l ines o f d ouble p oin t i l lh o rna men t .

Two l arger p en-

a nnu lar b racele ts , p robably a p a ir , s ub-rectangu lar s ect ion , e xpanded t er m ina ls b acked b y t ransverse o rna men t , l i nes o f d ouble p oin t i l l6 o rna men t . The i n ter twined r ings c an b e ma tched i n t he h oards f ro m N ieder-O lm Kr . Ma inz, Rhe in land-P fa lz ( Tackenberg 1 971 , 2 16 , L is te 1 20 , 6 , Ta f . 1 4 ) , Rheda , Kr . W iedenbrück , Wes tpha l ia ( i bid ., 5 3 n . 1 87) , a nd Os trhauder fehn , Kr . L eer , A bb. 5 3 , 8 ) .

G er man Fr ies land ( Sprockhof f 1 956, 5 0 ,

Tackenberg d a tes t hese h oards t o MV , w i th p oss ible r e-

t arda t ion t o MVI ( 1971, 5 2-53 , 2 16-217) ; t he N iedero lm h oard was d a ted t o Ha B 2 b y H er mann ( 1966 , 2 04 ) , b u t t o Ha B 3 b y R ich ter ( 1970 , 1 721 73 ).

Thrane ( 1975 , 1 26) c ons iders t ha t t hese r ings were Ha B3 Urn-

f ie ld p roducts l i ke Lake V i l lage s e ts w i th T -shaped p ro jec tions ( Munro 1 890 , f ig . 1 4 , 2 , 4 ; v an Muyden a nd C olo mb 1 896 , p l . XX IX , 1 1, 1 8 ). The b race lets b e long t o t he Odoorn t ype ( see P . 2 09

)a nd c an b est b e

ma tched b y ap a ir i n t he Os trhauder fehn h oard ( Sprockhof f 1 956, 2 09 , Abb. 5 3 , 1 ) . 2 08 .

H ei loo , N . H ol land . Bruns t ing 1 962. Hoard .

F our f l in t s ick les .

Bruns t ing 1 962 , p ls . XXXVI I I-XXXD C .

One b ronze s ick le , s l igh t ly c urved w i th a s ing le r ivet-hole i n t he p la in t ang , f ig . 2 . Av ar iety o fb ronze s ick les w i th r ivet-ho les i n t he t ang i s k nown f ro m Br i ta in ( Fox 1 941 , 1 38-139 , f igs . 1 ; 2 , 1 6; Wi l let t 1 954 , f ig . 1 , b o t to m ). A l l h ave t he t ang d i f feren t ia ted f ro m t he b lade , i fo n ly s l igh t ly , u n l ike t he H ei loo b ronze s ick le.

These Br i t ish s ick les a re h e trogeneous i n

f or m a nd t he H e iloo s ick le may h ave Br i t ish r ela tions r a ther t han t he more e xot ic o nes s ugges ted b y Bruns t ing ( 1 962 , 1 10-115 ). There i s i ndependen t e vidence f or t he u se o f f l in t s ick les d ur ing t he Ear ly I ron Age i n t he Nether lands ( Groenman-van Waa ter inge a nd v an Reg teren A l tena 1 961 ).

I n G er man Fr ies land , t hree f l in t s ick les were

f ound w i th a h oard o f b ronzes a t P laggenburg , Kr . Aur ich ( Ma ier 1 974 , 3 9 , A bb. 2 3 ) ; t he b ronzes were d a ted t o MV b y S prockhof f ( 1956, 5 1) a nd t o MV I b y Tackenberg ( 1971 , 4 4-45 ) s o ad a te i n LBA3 o r LBA4 i s p oss ible f or t he H e i loo h oard .

Curved f l in t s ick les a re k nown f ro m t he

Br i t ish N eo l i th ic a nd Ear ly Bronze Age ( C lark 1 932-34 ).

Sma l ler

b lades may h ave b een emp loyed d uring t he l a ter Bronze Age ; t here i s a n u ns tra t if ied e xa mp le f ro m t he s i te a t G reen Lane , Farnha m , S urrey ( Lowther 1 939 , 1 94:197).

4 17

2 09.

B erg-en-Terb l i jt , L i mburg . Mar ien 1 952 , 2 26 , a lb. 2 08 ; Bu t ler 1 973b , 3 39 , A bb. 1 4 . H oard . One l ooped s ocketed a xe w i th c o l lar , l arge l oop a nd p las t ic w ing o rna men t .

Bu t ler 1 973b , A bb . 1 4 , 4 .

Two u n looped w inged

a xes , 1 4-15 . One s ocke ted c h ise l , 3 . One p la in p egged s pearhead , 2 . One f rag men t o f al ong s pearhead b lade , 1 . Three k nobbed s ick les w i th t wo r ibs , 1 6-18 . t i on , 5 -6.

Two f ragmen tary s p ira l a rm lets , t h in D-sec-

One f rag men t o f t wis ted w ire , 1 0.

F ive s p ira ls o f w ire

w i th g roups o f t r ip le t ransverse l i nes a nd o ne f rag men t , 7 -9 , 1 1-13 . An u n looped l ower Meuse p a ls tave i s i l lus tra ted b y Mar ien ( 1952 , a fb . 2 08 ) b u t t h is may n ot b elong t o t he h oard ( Bu t ler 1 973b , 3 29 n . 1 3 ). The s ocke ted a xe b e longs t o t he l ower Meuse t ype ( see p . 1 94 ) .

The

w inged a xes may b e c o mpared t o e xa mp les f ro m Han ( Mar ien 1 961, f ig . 7 ) a nd f ro m Da lhe im a nd Men i l-Fava i i n t he G rand Duchy o f Luxe mburg ( de Laet 1 974 , f ig . 1 63 ; Mar ien 1 952 , a fb. 2 51).

These a xes may b e

c on te mporary w i th t he LBA2 w inged a xes i n t he Ca ix h oard ( 140 ).

T he

s ick les may b e c o mpared t o B elg ian e xa mp les f ro m N y a nd G randes Ma lades , Na mur , a nd c ou ld b e o f LBA3 d a te ( see p .177 ) . t ary s pearhead b e longs t o t he l arge t ype ( see p .181 ) .

The f rag men-

S p ira l a rm le ts

were a N ord ic La te Bronze Age f or m wh ich p ers is ted t o t he e nd o f MV i n n or thern G er many ( Sprockhof f 1 956, 1 72 , A bb. 4 9 , 8 -9 ).

T he o rna-

men ted s p ira ls a re u nusua l . Th is h oard c annot b e d a ted w ith p recis ion ; i tc ou ld b e LBA2 o r LBA3 ( Bu t ler 1 973b , 3 39 ). 2 10.

S us teren , L i mburg . J . J . Bu t ler . Hoard .

Three s ocketed a xes o f u ncer ta intype .

Probably LBA3 . 2 11.

E lzen , Markelo , Over i jssel . Bu t ler 1 965 , 1 86 , 1 91 n o . 3 , f ig . 1 2. H oard .

Two n or th Du tch omega b race le ts w i th l ong i tud ina l g rooves .

One p enannu lar c as t t wis ted r ing w i th p la in t er m ina ls . r ing w i th a s p ira l o f w ire a t tached .

One a nnu lar

One f rag men t o f r ecurved w ire.

One f ragmen t o f t he b lade o f as ocke ted a xe w i th h a m mered g rooves o n t he s ides . Bo th r ings a re p robably b racelets .

The r ecurved w ire c ou ld b e f ro m a

s p ira l o rna men t , l i ke t hose i n t he Drouwen f ind ( 201) , o r f ro m a b racel e t w i th h ooked t er mina ls ( see p . 2 12 ) . an or th Du tch s ocketed a xe ( see p .194 ). 2 12.

The a xe f rag men t b e longs t o

E lzener Veen , Over i jsse l . Bu t ler 1 961b , 2 32 n o . 2 3 , f ig . 1 9 , l e f t ; 1 968-69 , 2 23. H oard .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th a ngu lar c o l lar , t wo h or izon ta l r ibs

a nd l arge l oop ; p las t ic w ing o rna men t w ith h a m mered g rooves , p e l le t o rna men t a nd f ace ts o n t he f aces o f t he b lade .

One f ragmen t o f a

s ing le-edged s ocke ted k n i fe . The a xe b elongs t o t he n or th Du tch t ype ( see p .194). 4 18

LBA 4 /EIA 1 BR ITA IN 2 13 .

Wicken Fen , C ambs . R idgeway 1 919 , 1 61, f igs . 8 -9 . H oard .

CMAE 2 7 6 10 A -B .

F ig . 7 2A .

One l i near-faceted a xe w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib ,

t r ip le v er t ica l r ibs .

F ig . 7 2A , 1 .

One l inear-face ted a xe w i th c o l lar

a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , q uadrup le v er t ica l r ibs w i th b road c en tra l r ib , 2 . 2 14.

B land ford , Dorse t . Evans 1 881, 1 27, 1 75 , f ig . 1 46.

BM ; Dorse t C oun ty Museu m , Dorches ter .

F ig . 7 2B . H oard .

I n t he BM :

t wo s ocketed g ouges .

One l inear-faceted a xe

( BM 6 8 8 .5 8 ) o f t h in me ta l , c ol lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , t r ip le v er t ica l r ibs .

F ig . 7 2B , 1 .

I n Dorches ter Museu m ( 1902.129 ) i s a

l i near-faceted a xe o f a l mos t i den t ica l f or m wh ich s hou ld b e o ne o f t he " dozen o r more" f ro m t h is h oard men t ioned b y Evans ( 1881 , 1 27) , 2 . 2 15 .

Por t land , Dorset . BM .

G r inse l l 1 968 , 4 1 n o . 6 8 f ; Moore a nd Rowlands 1 972 , 2 6 n . 6 , 3 0

n . 2 9. H oard .

E leven l inear-face ted a xes .

Three a re i n t he BM a nd h ave

ac en tra l v er tica l r ib a nd p e l le t t er mina ls o n t he o ther v er t ica l r ibs . 2 16.

Thorney Down , S ixpenny Hand ley , Dorse t . Farrar 1 952 , 1 09 ; Moore a nd Rowlands 1 972 , 2 6 n . 6 , 3 0 n . 2 9. Hoard .

S even s ocketed a xes , a pparen t ly l i near-face ted .

s ocketed g ouges .

F ive

R ecords i n Dorset C oun ty Museu m , Dorches ter ,

s ta te t ha t f our o f t he a xes a nd f our o f t he g ouges were f ro m t he s a me mou lds . 2 17.

The h oard was n o t a va ilable.

L eckwi th , C ardi f f , G la morgan . Nash- W i l l iams 1 933 ; S avory 1 976a , 5 3 , f ig . 1 0B . H oard .

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c ol lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib a nd t hree

v er t ica l r ibs w i th p e l let t er m ina ls . f ragmen t o f as i mi lar a xe , 8 .

S avory 1 976a , f ig . 1 0B , 9 .

A

Four s ocke ted l ea ther-work ing k n ives

w i th c on ica l s ocke ts a nd t r iangu lar b lades , 1 -4.

One s ocke ted s ick le

w i th r ectangu lar-sect ion s ocke t a nd b road midr ib o n t he b lade ; t he l i ne o f t he r ib c on t inues a long t he t op o f t he s ocket , 1 0 . b lade w i th t hree c onvergen t r ibs , 1 1.

One s ick le

One r azor , s ing le-edged t r i-

a ngu lar b lade w i th t r iangu lar p er fora t ion a nd l oop , 7 .

One t anged

r azor w i th r ough ly - c ircu lar b lade a nd t r iangu lar p er fora t ion , 6 .

One

c yl indr ica l c as t ing , c losed a t o ne e nd , w i th t wo l arge o pposed p er fora t ions , 5 .

4 19

The c o mp le te a xe b e long t o t he S o mpt ing t ype ( Burgess 1 967-70 , 2 70 ). The t r iangu lar r azor i s r e la ted t o t he d ouble-looped e xa mp le i n t he L lyn Fawr h oard ( 218 ) ; t he c ircu lar-bladed r azor , o f t he s a me f or m a s t he Pu tney r azor ( L is t 2 68 , 3 ) i s r e la ted t o Be lg ian c ircu lar-bladed r azors . The l ea ther-work ing k n ives a re t he o n ly a ssoc ia ted e xa mp les o f Roth 's t ype I V k nown f ro m t he Br i t ish I s les ( see p .239 ) . The c o mple te s ick le b e longs t o t he h ee led f or m a lso p resen t a t L lyn Fawr .

The c yl indr ica l

c as t ing h as o f ten b een i n terpreted a s t he t er m ina l o f ac har io t-po le ( Nash- W i l lia ms 1 933 , 3 00 ; Burgess 1 968a , 4 3 ; S avory 1 976a , 2 1 , 5 3 ). E igh t p ieces o f s i mi lar s ize , t hough o pen a t b oth e nds , were f ound i n b ur ia l XLV I a t Hraden in , B ohe m ia ( Dvorak 1 938 , 8 6, A bb. 4 4 , 5 ) , b u t t hese were p robably e le men ts o f h orse-harness r a ther t han f i t t ings f or t he wagon . S urviv ing p o le-caps a ppear t o b e more e labora te t han t he L eckwi th c yl inder ( Drack 1 958 , 3 9-40 ,

A bb. 3 5 ; 3 7 , 3 7).

La ter f inds

s ugges t t ha t t he u pr ight p iece s e t i n t he p o le t o a t tach i tt o t he y oke was p laced f ur ther b ack t han wou ld b e p oss ible w i th t he L eckwi th c ylinder ( Fox 1 946, 2 3 , f ig . 1 2 ; K l ind t-Jensen 1 949 , f igs . 5 8-59 ).

The p ole-cap

i n terpreta t ion i s n ot c er ta in a nd a wheeled v eh ic le o f LBA4 d a te wou ld p robably h ave b een a f our-whee led wagon r a ther t han a t wo-whee led c har iot . 2 18 .

L lyn Fawr , Rh igos ,

G lamorgan .

C rawford a nd Wheeler 1 920-21 , 1 33-137 ; F ox a nd H yde 1 939 ; S avory 1 976a , 1 9-21 , 4 6-47 , 5 3-55 , f igs . 4 , 1 0C , 1 1 , p l . I , b . H oard .

One s ocketed a xe w i th c o l lar a nd t hree v er tica l r ibs .

1 976a , f ig . 1 1, 1 .

S avory

Two s ocke ted a xes w i th c ol lar a nd f ive v er t ica l

r ibs e nding i n p el lets , 2 -3.

One s ocke ted a xe w i th c ol lar a nd t hree

v er t ica l r ibs e nding i n p e l le ts a nd a p el le t o n e ach a ng le , 4 . s lender s ocketed a xe w i th c o l lar a nd s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , 5 . f ragmen t o f ar ibbed s ocketed a xe .

One One

One s ocke ted s ick le w i th midr ib

o n b lade c on t inu ing t he l i ne o f t he t op o f t he s ocket , 7 .

One s ocketed

s ick le w i th midr ib o n b lade c on t inu ing t he l i ne o f t he t op o f t he s ocke t , 6 .

One s ick le o f s tee l ( J . P . Nor thover ) w i th b road midr ib o n t he

b lade wh ich c on t inues t he l ine o f t he t op o f t he s ocke t , 8 . s ocketed g ouges , 9 -11.

w i th t r iangu lar p er fora t ion a nd d oubleloop h and le , 1 2. w inged o b jec t , 1 3.

Three

One s ing le-edged r azor , t r iangu lar b lade

Af ragmen t o f a no ther .

One h ol low

C onvex s ide c losed ,

t ransverse s lot i n a pex , c oncave s ide c losed a bove t h is s lo t b u t w ings o pen a nd u ps tand ing w i th t wo p a irs o f r ivet h o les i n e ach w ing ; t he w ings e nd i n d iscs w i th c oncen tr ic r ibbed o rna men t a nd c en tra l b oss . One p la te ; a long o ne s ide f ive d iscs w i th c oncen tr ic r ibbed o rna men t a nd c en tra l b oss ; t h is s ide i s marked b y as ing le r ib , t he o ther b y a d ouble r ib .

A s ing le r ib a nd a d ouble r ib d e linea te a c en tra l p ane l

w i th s ix r ectangu lar s lots .

There a re t hree l oops o n t he b ack , 1 4.

One r ec tangu lar t er m ina l , o pen a t o ne e nd w i th t wo r ivets , c losed a t t he o ther e nd w i th a h ook ; c r iss-cross p a t tern o f i ncised o rna men t , 1 5.

One s ocketed s pearhead o f i ron , l ea f-shaped l ozenge-sec t ion

b lade a nd s o lid c on ica l s ocke t , 1 6.

One p ha lera , f la t tened d o me

w i th f lange a nd r ol led r im , c as t l oop t hrough c en tra l p er fora t ion . I b id ., f ig . 1 0C , 1 .

One p ha lera , f la t tened d o me w i th p er iphera l r ib , 4 20

f lange a nd r o l led r im , c as t l oop t hrough c en tra l p er fora t ion , 2 .

One

p ha lera , f la t tened d o me w i th p er iphera l r ib , f lange a nd r o l led r im ; ac en tra l d epress ion h as a p er fora t ion t hrough wh ich p asses a p eg o n ac as t l oop , ac as t b oss s ecures t h is p eg o ver a c oncave s hee t d isc w i th a r ibbed r im , 3 .

Par t o f a n i ron s word , b road midr ib f lanked

b y s ing le r ibs wh ich d iverge i n to t r ip le r ibs t owards t he b u t t ; d eep r icasso .

B one h i l t-p la tes o ver s l igh t ly c oncave s hou lders ; s wol len

h i l t w i th b roades t p o in t b e low c en tre . t hree i n t he g r ip .

I b id ., f ig . 4 .

S ix r ive ts i n t he s hou lders ;

One c au ldron o f f i ve t i ers o f s hee t

b ronze w i th c on ica l r ive ts , h igh s hou lder , e ver ted n eck r e in forced b y t ube i n a ng le , r o l led r im . o n to i ns ide o f n eck .

Two r ing h and les h e ld b y s tap les c as t

I b id ., p l . I , b .

One c au ldron o f f ive t iers o f

s hee t b ronze w i th r ound a nd c on ica l r ive ts , h igh s hou lder , e ver ted n eck , r im r o l led a round a t ube .

Two r ing h and les c as t o n to t he

i ns ide o f t he n eck a nd s uppor ted b y s tru ts o u ts ide . was f ound c . 6 0 m n or th-wes t o f t he ma in d epos i t .

Th is c au ldron S avory 1 976a ,

f igs . 2 -3 ; F ox a nd H yde 1 939 , p l . LXX I I . B o th o f t he c au ldrons b e long t o C lass B 1 ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957 , 1 87 ). The p ha lerae a re c on t inen ta l Ha C f orms mos t c o m mon i n Bavar ia b u t a lso k nown i n B elg ium ( O 'Connor 1 975 , 2 22 ).

The d ecora ted a xes b e long

t o t he S o mp t ing t ype ( Burgess 1 967-70 , 2 70 ) .

The r azor i s r e la ted t o

t he t r iangu lar e xamp le i n t he C ard i f f h oard ( 2 17 ) .

T he s ec t ion o f t he

s word b lade , w i th r ibs d iverg ing t owards t he b u t t , marks i to u t a s a n i ron v ers ion o f t he b ronze Minde lhe im t ype o f H a C ( see p .240 ) .

The

p ropor t ions o f t he i ron s pearhead c an b e ma tched b y t he e xa mp le i n C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne b arrow 3 ( 2 28 ) ; i fr e la ted t o c on t inen ta l i ron s pearh eads , i ts hou ld b e n o e ar lier t han Ha C 2 .

The h ooked t er m ina l i s

p resumably a s trap-end a nd may b e c o mpared t o af or m k nown i n t he J ura ( Wamser 1 975 , 5 1 , Ta f . 1 4 , 2 ) .

T he p la te i s p robab ly a y oke-

moun t ; t he d iscs r e la te i tt o t he w inged o b jects . p robably o f H a C l d a te ( see p . c heek-pieces ( A lcock 1 961 ). 2 19 .

2 55

T he y oke- moun t i s

) . T he w inged o b jec ts a re p robab ly

C laugh ton , L ancs . Davey a nd F ors ter 1 975 n os . 9 9-101. ?H oard .

O ne p egged s pearhead w i th l ong , d amaged b lade , n o . 1 01.

One Yorksh ire s ocke ted a xe , n o . 9 9.

One l i near-face ted a xe w i th

c o l lar , s ing le h or izon ta l r ib , s hor t c en tra l r ib a nd t wo v er t ica l r ibs , n o . 1 00. The l i near-face ted a xe a ppears t o b e t he e xamp le mapped b y Moore a nd Row lands ( 1972 , f ig . 2 ) a s a n i so la ted f ind .

B urgess a nd M ike t i nc lude

t h is f ind a s ah oard o n t heir map o f Yorksh ire a xes ( 1976 , f ig . 2 ). 2 20 .

Pas ton , N or fo lk . N orwich 1 966 , 2 9 ; R ow lands 1 976, 2 50 n o . 9 6 , p l . 3 . Museum 2 7.947. F ig . 7 2C . H oard .

T hree MBA p a ls taves .

N orwich C as t le

One s ocke ted a xe w i th d eep c o l lar

a nd i l l-de f ined h or izon ta l r ibs ; s quare-sec t ion b lade w i th d ouble v ert i ca l r ib a t e ach e dge o f t he f aces .

F ig . 7 2C , 1 .

Th is i s n o t ac haracter is t ic l inear-face ted a xe , i t s f or m i s more l i ke t ha t o f as ou th-eas tern a xe . 4 2 1

2 21.

Wa t ton , N or folk . N orw ich 1 966 , 3 1 , f ig . 5 8 . H oard .

N orw ich C as t le Museu m 3 0 .959 .

F ig . 7 3A .

S even l i near-face ted a xes ; p ace N orw ich ( 1966 , 3 1 ) t hese

a re n o t a l l f ro m t he s a me mou ld , c f . N orw ich ( 1 977, 3 7 ) . a xes w i th q uadrup le r ibs may b e f ro m o ne mou ld .

Three

F ig . 7 3A , 1 .

The

o ther t hree a xes i n N orw ich Museum , w i th t r ip le r ibs , a re a l l f ro m d i f feren t mou lds , 2 -3 . 2 22 .

A dabrock , I s le o f L ewis , Ross . C o les 1 959-60 , 4 8-51 , 1 27 , p l . V . 2 .

Na t ion Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies ,

Ed inburgh DQ211-227. F ig . 7 3B . H oard . One s ocke ted a xe w i th s ub-rec tangu lar b ody. s ocke ted a xe .

One p egged s pearhead .

One s ocke ted h a m mer .

One f ace ted

One b road s ocke ted g ouge .

One t anged l ea ther-work ing k n i fe .

d ouble-edged t anged r azor .

One

Two d oub le-edged t anged b i f id r azors

w i th sma l l c ircu lar p er fora t ions a nd r ibs o n t he u pper p ar t o f t he t ang . Two f ragmen ts p robably f ro m t he s ame s hee t-bronze v esse l .

One i s

f ro m a r im w i th a s l igh t ly i n turned p rof i le ; t here a re t hree g rooves b e low t he r im w i th p endan t h a tched t r iang les . Two c er ta in r ive t-ho les r e ma in , o ne a bove t he o ther ; o ther n o tches a nd p er fora t ions may n o t b e r ive t-ho les .

T he s econd f ragmen t h as t he r e ma ins o f ac urved

a nd a l arge n otch wh ich may b e t he s i te o f ar ive t-ho le . 1 -2 . b ead .

One t wo-p iece g o ld b ead .

Two amber b eads .

F ig . 7 3B ,

One b lue g lass

Two t rapezoida l whe ts tones , o ne o f s ands tone o ne o f c lays tone .

On ly t he f ragmen ts o f t he b ronze v esse l c a l l f or c o m men t h ere . t he o ther b ronzes a ppear t o b e i nsu lar a nd c ou ld b e LBA3 .

A l l

The amber

b ead c an b e ma tched i n LBA3 c on tex ts ( s ee p . 2 23) . The g lass b ead d oes n o t a ppear t o b e o f c hrono log ica l s ign i f icance ( Co les 1 959-60 , 5 0 ). C o les ' s ugges t ion t ha t t he A dabrock f ragmen ts b e long t o aB 2b b ow l w i th c ruci for m h and le-a t tach men ts ( i bid ., 4 9-50 , f ig . 5 ) s ee ms t o b e s upp or ted , n ot b y a rgu men ts a bou t t he p ro f i le o f t he v esse l , i t s o rna men t o r t he p os i t ion o f i t s r ive t-ho les f or t he h and le a t tach men ts , b u t b y t he v er t ica l p a ir o f r ive t-ho les .

Th is c on f igura t ion i s u nknown f or h and le

a t tach men t o n a ny t ype o f U rn f ie ld o r H a l ls ta t t v esse l a nd i s p robably f or a s ea m i n t he b ody o f av esse l c ons truc ted o f more t han o ne s hee t a nd s uch a re v esse ls o f v on Merhar t 's g roup B 2b ( 1 952 , 4 ) , t hough I c an f ind n o s pec i f ic i nd ica t ion t ha t a ny h as a v er t ica l s ea m .

T h is s hou ld ,

h owever , d is t ingu ish t he A dabrock b ow l f ro m a ny o ther o f v on Merhar t 's g roups , a l l o f wh ich a re made f ro m a s ing le s hee t w i thou t a ny s ea m . F inds o f B 2b b ow ls a re more wes ter ly t han B 1 o r B 2a , r each ing f ro m I ta ly t hrough t he e as tern A lps t o S cand inav ia ( i bid ., 6 4 , Kar te , T a f . 4 ; 5 , 1 -5 ) .

V on Merhar t s ugges ts t he e as tern A lps a s t he workshop c en tre

( i bid ., 1 3 ) .

Wh i le t he I t a l ian a nd c en tra l E uropean f inds a re o f Ha C

d a te , t he N ord ic f inds a re MV ( i bid ., 6 ; T hrane 1 975 , 1 49-150 ) a nd Thrane a rgues f or a n o r ig in i n H a B 3 ( i bid ., 1 50 ; M i l l ler-Karpe 1 959 , 1 30 ).

Thus , a Ha C d a te f or t he A dabrock b ow l i s n o t c er ta in a nd i t s

c hrono log y d oes n o t mer i t t he emphas is p laced u pon i tb y C o les ( 1959-60 , 5 5 ) a s e pony mous f or a p hase o f H a l ls ta t t i n f luence i n S co t land .

4 22

2 23 .

S o mp t ing , S ussex . Curwen 1 948 . H oard .

Wor th ing Museum .

F ig . 7 3C .

One f ragmen tary c au ldron , p robably o fb road c onvex p rof i le ,

made o f f our t i ers , t he u ppermos t e ver ted t o f or m t he n eck wh ich h as t hree r ibs ; t he r im i s f or med o f s epara te s hee ts r o l led i n to f our t ubes s lo t ted o n to t he n eck . j unc t ions o f t hese t ubes .

L en t icu lar p ieces a re c as t o n a t t he

The t wo r ing-hand les a re a t tached b y c as t

s tap les r ive ted o n to t he i ns ide o f t he n eck wh ich i s s uppor ted b y s tru ts a t t hese p o in ts .

There a re 're ma ins o f many r epa irs .

f igs . 1 -2 , p ls . XV I I I-X IX .

C urwen 1 948 ,

F ragmen ts o f a t l eas t o ne o ther c au ldron .

Par t o f ap ha lera , l ack ing t he a pex .

C oncave-pro f i le c on ica l b oss o f

t wo s tages s epara ted b y ar ib , f lange w i th a r o l led r im , I b id ., f ig . 5 , p l . XX Ib .

Two l i near-face ted a xes w i th t r ip le r ibs e nd ing i n a

p el le t a nd a c en tra l r ing . 1 .

P robab ly f ro m t he s ame mou ld .

Four s ocketed a xes w i th f our r ibs e nd ing i n p e l le ts .

f ro m t he s ame mou ld . p l . XX , 1 -4 .

One b ears t races o f i ron r us t .

C urwen 1 948 ,

One s ocke ted a xe w i th t hree v er t ica l r ibs , p l . XX , 8 .

One p la in s ocke ted a xe , p l . XX , 7 . p l . XX , 9 .

F ig . 7 3C ,

Probably

One s ocke ted a xe w i th f a in t r ibs ,

One p la in s ocke ted a xe , p l . XX , 1 0 .

Two p la in s ocke ted

a xes f ro m t he s a me mou ld , f ig . 6 , p l . XX , 1 1-12 .

One s ocke ted a xe

w i th t hree d ivergen t r ibs e nd ing i n r ing-and-pe l le t mo t i fs ; o n t he u pper p ar t o f t he c en tra l r ib a re t wo d ouble-r ing-and-pe l le t mo ti fs , p l . XX , 1 3.

One p la in s ocke ted a xe , p l . XX , 1 4 .

One s ocke ted a xe

w i th f ive v er t ica l r ibs e nd ing i n p e l le ts , p l . ) (X I , 1 5 . a xe w i th f ive v er t ica l r ibs , p l . XX I , 1 6.

One s ocke ted

One p la in s ocke ted a xe , p l .

XX I , 1 7. T he more c o mp le te c au ldron b e longs t o c lass B 2 ( Hawkes a nd Sm i th 1 957 , 1 88 ) a nd i s t he o n ly a ssoc ia ted f ind o f t h is c lass .

The p ha lera i s

ac en tra l-European f or m mos t c o m mon a t Ha l ls ta t t i t se l f .

The f unct ion

o f t h is f orm o f p ha lera i s c on trovers ia l ( O 'Connor 1 975 , 2 22-224 ) ; i ti s d a ted t o Ha C 2 b y P eron i ( 1973 , 3 6 , f ig . 5 , 1 0 ) . f or t he S o mp t ing t ype ( Burgess 1 967-70 , 2 68 ) .

The a xes a re e pony mous C urwen ( 1948 , 1 63 ) n o tes

t he a bsence f ro m t he S o mpt ing h oard o f t he l a te p a ls taves c o m mon i n LBA3 h oards i n wes t S ussex . 2 24 .

Me lksham , Wi l ts . D ev izes Museu m .

C . G inge l l .

Probable h oard . F ive s pearheads , t hree b ronze a nd t wo i ron . t ip o f ab lade , p oss ib ly f ro m a s word , b u t u nusua l ly p o in ted .

T he

The d a te a nd s ign i f icance o f t h is h oard a re u ncer ta in p end ing p ub l ica t ion b u t i t s hou ld p rov ide f ur ther e v idence f or t he o ver lap b e tween b ronze a nd i ron t echno log y. NORTH-EASTERN FRANCE 2 25 .

L i l le a rea , N ord . Mohen 1 972 , 4 55 , f ig . 6 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 16 , L i l le 9 . H oard . Twen ty-four Ar mor ican s ocke ted a xes o f Tre 'hou t ype . f ragmen ts o f b ronze . 4 23

Two

2 26.

L i l le Museu m , N ord . Mohen 1 972 , 4 55-456 , f ig . 7 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 16 , L i l le 1 2. H oard .

Two f ragmen ts o f A r mor ican s ocke ted a xes o f Dahoue t t ype .

Mohen 1 972 , f ig . 7 , 3b e low , 4 . F our f rag men ts o f Armor ican s ocke ted a xes o f Tr6hou t ype , 1 -2 , 5 -6. Two f ragmen t o f s ocketed a xes o f P la inseau o r t ype a t lan t ique , 3a bove , 8 . h o l low-sect ion b race le t , 1 0 .

One f ragmen t o f s word h i l t , 1 1.

f ragmen t o f as pearhead , 1 2. p laque , 1 3.

One f rag men t o f' as ick le b lade , 1 4 .

1 5-17 , 1 9-20 .

One

One f ragmen t o f aC arp 's T ongue

as ocketed a xe w i th v er t ica l r ib o rnamen t , 8 . f ragmen t , 9 .

One f ragmen t o f

One f rag men t o f

One misce l laneous

F ive f ragmen ts o f p la te a nd t hree o ther f ragmen ts , One i ngo t f ragmen t .

Th is m ixed h oard c on ta ins o b jec ts p redo m inan t ly o f LBA3 d a te t hough t he p resence o f A r mor ican s ocke t a xes s hou ld p lace i ta t l eas t a t t he t rans i t ion t o LBA4 .

Mohen ( 1972 , 4 56) a t tr ibu tes t he s word h i l t t o t he

C arp 's T ongue t ype t hough i tc ou ld a lso b e a Ewar t P ark t ype . 2 27.

B ou logne Museum , P as-de-Ca la is . Mohen 1 972 , 4 58-461 , f ig . 9 ; G aucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 11 , B ou lognes ur- Mer e nv irons 4 -19. T h is g roup o f A r mor ican s ocke ted a xes f ro m t he B ou logne a rea i nc ludes e xa mp les f ro m h oards f ro m Marqu ise ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974 , 1 16 , Marqu ise 2 ) , Ou treau ( i bid ., 1 17 , Ou treau ) a nd P on tg ibaux ( Mohen 1 972 , 4 61 n o . 1 418 ). t ype .

T en Ar mor ican s ocke ted a xes o f C ouv i l le

Mohen 1 972 , f ig . 9 , 1 -10 .

P lur ien t ype , 1 2-14.

Three Ar mor ican s ocke ted a xes o f

F our Armor ican s ocke ted a xes o f Trbhou t ype ,

1 1 , 1 5-17. BELG IU M 2 28 .

C hamp d e l a F er me R ouge , b arrow 3 , C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , B raban t . Mar ien 1 958 , 1 08-128 , f igs . 1 7-19 . Bur ia l .

I nv . A rch . B 7 .

One u rn , b road mou thed , c onvex p rof i le w i th c oncave n eck

a nd s l igh t ly e ver ted r im c on ta in ing a c re ma t ion a nd a sma l l a ccessary v esse l .

Mar ien 1 958 , f ig . 1 7 , 1 1.

One u rn w i th s ub-b icon ica l p ro-

f i le , n eck p robably u pr igh t , c o mbed o rna men t o n t he s hou lder , h or iz on ta l a bove , wavy b e low , c on ta in ing a c re ma t ion b ur ia l , p robably o f ay oung a du l t ma le , f ig . 1 7 , 1 5 .

One i ron o b jec t , s ocke ted w i th

as ha f t t w is ted a l terna te ly l e f t a nd r igh t , t he h ead , b en t a t ar igh t a ng le , o r ig ina l ly a t r iden t , f ig . 1 7 , 2 16. 3 02 .

One f l in t p ounder , f ig . 1 7 ,

T hese t wo o b jec ts were f ound t ogether w i th a l os t f ragmen t o f

b ronze .

The f o l lowing o b jec ts were f ound i n ac orroded mass :

One

l i near-face ted a xe w i th c onvex c o l lar a nd d ouble v er t ica l r ibs , f ig . 1 9 , 1 11.

One s hor t i ron s word , l ea f-shaped b lade f lanked b y t wo

d oub le g rooves o n e ach s ide ; c onvex s hou lders ; r ound-sec t ion t ang w i th a s epara te a n tennae-po m me l , b i furca ted t o f or m f our t er m ina ls s lo t ted o ver t he t ang . p ar ts .

On e ach t er m ina l i s ah o l low s phere o f t wo

A reas o f t he s hou lders , t he h i l t a nd t he e n t ire p o m me l a re

c overed w i th c opper s hee t , f ig . 1 7 , 2 07. 4 24

One s e t o f i ron h orse-harness .

Two c heek-p ieces w i th t hree r ectangu lar s lo ts a nd k nobbed t er m ina ls , t he u pper t ermina ls b en t a t r igh t-ang les t o t he p lane o f t he s lo ts . t wo-l ink b i t w i th t wis ted b ars , f ig . 1 8 , 2 11. 2 12.

A

A s im i lar s e t , f ig . 1 8 ,

One i ron s pearhead , l ea f-shaped b lade o f l ozenge-section , f ig .

1 8 , 2 09.

One s ing le-edged i ron s word , f ig . 1 9 , 2 08 .

Found s epara tely

was a t h ird u rn w i th h igh c onvex s hou lders a nd s l igh t ly c on ica l n eck c on ta in ing t he c re ma t ion o f as econd y oung a du l t ma le , f ig . 1 9 , 1 7. One l os t f ragmen t o f ab ronze c hape . Barrow 3 c on ta ined t he c re ma ted r e ma ins o f t wo o r t hree i nd iv idua ls . The r e lationsh ip b etween t he f ive d epos i ts i s u ncer ta in ; Mar ien ( 1958 , 1 27 ) c ons iders t ha t t he t h ird u rn was p robably p r i mary a nd a ssocia ted w i th t he l arger g roup o f meta l o b jects , wh i le t he sma l ler , p er iphera l g roup o f meta l o b jects was s econdary.

The l arger g roup r epresen ts a

wel l-equ ipped warr ior w i th t wo s words , as pear a nd a n a xe , h ere i n terp reted a s a weapon , a cco mpan ied b y t wo s e ts o f h orse-gear wh ich may r epresen t a wagon .

I ft he i ron t r iden t were i n terpre ted a s ag oad , i t

c ou ld b e r ela ted t o t he h orse-gear .

I ft he t wo ma le c re ma tions were

c on te mporary , t hey c ou ld r epresen t a warr ior w i th a s lave , t hough t here i s s u f f icien t e qu ip men t f or t wo warr iors e ach e qu ipped w i th a h orse a nd as word . The l inear-faceted a xe b e longs t o t he c on t inen ta l Ha C t ype ( see p . The i ron s pearhead c ou ld a lso b e Ha C ( c f . S pra ter 1 939 , A bb. 1 , 4 ) ; i t r ese mbles t he e xamp le i n t he L lyn Fawr h oard ( 2 18 ).

The i ron t r iden t

c an b e ma tched i n t he h oard f ro m A lsenborn , Kr . Ka iser lau ten , P fa lz ( i bid ., A bb. 1 , 7 ) , a nd t hese o b jects may b e f lesh-hooks ( Mar ien 1 958 , 1 6-17; S chauer 1 971 , 2 02 n . 8 ) .

There i s a no ther i ron s ocke t f ro m

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , a n i sola ted f ind ( Mar ien 1 958 , 7 5 n o . 2 20 , f ig . 1 1). The c heek-pieces b e long t o t he P la ten ice t ype , K ossock 's t ype l b ( 1954a , 1 56, Kar te 2A , 1 0 ).

Mar ien ( 1958 , 1 20-121) d a ted t he a n tennae-po m mel

s word t o Ha C 2 , c i ting e specia l ly t he b ur ia l f ro m S es to Ca lende , C o mo ( Schauer 1 971 , 2 02 n . 8 ) ; i n h is s u m mary ( 1958 , 1 28 ) Mar ion c ons idered a nd r e jected t he e ar ly Ha D d a te wh ich h e h ad p roposed i n I nv . Arch . B 7.

Th is l a te d a te was c r i t icised b y S chü le ( 1960 , 1 9 ; 1 969 , 9 1-92 ) who

s ugges ted a n e ar ly Ha C d a te .

Wh i le o ther ma ter ia l i n t h is b ur ia l c ou ld

b e Ha C l , s uch a n e ar ly d epos i t wou ld s ure ly c on ta in a l ong s word , a nd al a te Ha C d a te s ee ms p robable i n t he c on tex t o f Braban t r a ther t han f ur ther s ou th .

The s ing le-edged s word a ppears t o b e al a te Ha C t ype ,

t hough c onv inc ing c en tra l-European c o mpar isons a re r are ( R ieth 1 942 , A bb. 4 2 , 1 -2 ); f ew s ing le-edged s words a re k nown i n t he Hunsrück-Ei fel a rea ( Ha f fner 1 976 , 2 5 ).

S ing le-edged I ber ian f a lca ta , o f Med i terranean

o r ig in , a ppeared o n ly i n t he f i f th c en tury ( Schü le 1 969 , 1 12-114 ). i ron s pearhead c ou ld a lso b e o f Ha C 2 d a te ( see p . 2 40 ) .

The

Kossack ( 1970 ,

1 15 n . 6 3 ) a ppears t o s ugges t ar etarded d a te f or t h is b ur ia l , b u t s t i l l w i th in Ha C . 2 29.

Cha mp d e l a F er me Rouge , b arrow 4 , C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t . Mar ien 1 958 , 1 28-137 , 2 66 , f igs . 2 0-23. Bur ia l .

One u rn a nd o ne a ccessary v essel o f u ncer ta in i den t i ty.

One

s et o f i n ter twined l arge i ron r ings e ach w i th t wo p endan t sma l ler r ings w i th a t r iangu lar p endan t a t tached .

4 25

Mar ien 1 958 , f igs . 2 1-23 .

Two

o va l p laques w i th c oncave c en tres a nd t aper ing p ro f i les w i th a r ive t a t e ach e nd , f ig . 2 0 , 1 31 .

T hree c ircu lar o b jects w i th c oncave c en-

t res a nd t aper ing p ro f i les w i th a l arge l oop , f ig . 2 0 , 1 32 .

Fragmen ts

o f as hee t-bronze b ow l r econs tructed w i th b road mou th , e ver ted r im , c onvex p rof i le a nd ompha los b ase , f ig . 2 0 , 1 53 .

One i ron f rag men t .

T he i ron p endan ts a re r e min iscen t o f l a te U rn f ie ld p endan ts ( see p . 2 14-5 ) b u t c an b e ma tched i n H a Cc on tex ts ( Mar ion 1 958 , 1 33-134 , 2 66 ).

T he

o va l p laques c an b e ma tched a t O ss ( 231) . NETHERLANDS 2 30 .

Bur ia l 1 90 , Haps , N . B raban t . Verwers 1 972 , 5 5-62 , 1 62 , A bb . 3 0-32 . Bur ia l , u nurned c re ma t ion i n t he c en tre o f a n a nnu lar r ing-di tch . One i ron d agger i n i t s s hea th . T he d agger h as a b road b lade , s tra igh t-s ided , p resu mab ly t aper ing t o t he t ip ; t he u pper p ar t o f t he b lade b ears t r iden t o rna men t .

The n arrow t ang was e nc losed i n a

g r ip o f o rgan ic ma ter ia l c overed w i th i ron s hee t .

On to t he t ang was

s lo t ted a n a n tennae-po m me l w i th a t wo-p iece h o l low i ron o va l s o ldered o n to e ach t erm ina l w i th c opper s o lder .

Ad ecora ted i ron o penwork

p iece was f i t ted o ver t he t ang o n to t he s hou lders o f t he d agger a nd t he t op o f t he s hea th was mode l led t o f i t i n to t h is p iece . was made o f t wo p ieces a nd a c hape .

The s hea th

T he f ron t p iece , d ecora ted o n

i t s u pper p ar t , was b en t o ver a nd s ecured t o t he b ack p iece .

On t he

b ack p iece a v er t ica l s ec t ion was r a ised i n t he c en tre t o f or m a s lo t a nd i ron b ands were p assed t hrough a bove a nd b e low t h is s lo t a nd t he ir e nds r o l led .

T he l ower e nd o f t he s hea th was c losed b y ac on-

c ave-pro f i le c o l lar a nd a h o l low g lobu lar c hape . 3 0-32 .

Verwers 1 972 , A bb .

T hree i ron a rrowheads w i th b road l ea f-shaped b lades a nd

l ong s ocke ts , A bb . 3 2 .

One i ron p in w i th ab en t s ha f t , b roken a bove ,

A bb. 3 2 . The p in s hou ld b e n o e ar l ier t han H a D ( see p . 2 58) a nd t he a rrowheads s hou ld b e c on te mporary.

The d agger i s p robably Ha D 2 o n c o mpar ison

w i th B avar ian e xa mp les ( see p . 2 49 ). 2 31.

O ss , N . B raban t . H o lwerda 1 934a ; 1 934b ; Modder man 1 964a . C re ma t ion i n ab ronze b ucke t i ns ide a r ing-d i tch u nder a l arge b arr ow w i th a p er iphera l r ing-d i tch ( Ho lwerda 1 934a , a fb. 2 6 ).

The

b ucke t was b u i l t o f ab ase s hee t a nd t wo b ody s hee ts r ive ted t ogether . T he b ase i s c oncave ; t he b ody h as a c oncave p ro f i le w i th a h igh a ngu lar s hou lder b ear ing t wo r ibs , t he n eck i s s l igh t ly e ver ted a nd h as a r o l led r im . S trap-hand les were a t tached t o t he o u ts ide o f t he b ody j us t b e low t he s hou lders a nd t o t he i ns ide o f t he n eck b e low t he r im .

Modder man 1 964a , f ig . 1 .

One i ron s word , b en t a l mos t i n a

c ircle . T he f ragmen t i l lus tra ted b y Modder man ( 2 iL 1 ., f ig . 3 , 8 ) i s t he t i p o f t h is s word ( L. P . L ouwe-Koo i j mans ). The b lade h as a n a ngu lar midr ib f lanked b y r idges a nd a r icasso . Ac ocked-ha t p o m me l o f o rgan ic ma ter ia l s urv ived w i th g o ldleaf o rna men t , a s d id o rgan ic

4 26

h i l t-p la tes w i th i n la id g o ld a nd b ronze o rna men t , f ig . 2 , 3 . c onvex b ronze b u t tons w i th s tap les , f ig . 2 , 4 . b ronze r ings , f ig . 2 , 5 .

E igh t

Three mass ive a nnu lar

Two o va l b ronze p la tes , c oncave c en tre a nd

c on ica l p rof i le w i th sma l l c en tra l p er fora t ion , f ig . 2 , 6 . b ronze c ross ing w i th a c en tra l s ocke t , f ig . 2 , 7 .

One t ubu lar

One l ooped b ronze

d isc w i th c en tra l p ro ject ion a nd p eriphera l f lange w i th p er fora t ions , f ig . 2 , 1 8.

One f rag men tary b ronze d isc w i th c onvex c en tre , f ig . 2 .

The t ip o f as ing le-edged i ron b lade , f ig . 3 , 9 . s ing le-edged i ron b lades , f ig . 3 , 1 0c-e . a xe , f ig . 3 , 1 0g .

Three f rag men ts o f

One u n looped i ron s ocke ted

Re ma ins o f t wo s e ts o f i ron h orse-harness .

B o th

h ad c heek-pieces w ith t hree s lots a nd k nobbed t er mina ls , t he u pper b en t a t r igh t-ang les t o t he p lane o f t he s lots .

S tap les i n t he c en tra l

s lo ts h e ld d ouble-l ink b i ts w i th t wis ted o rna men t .

One s e t r eta ined

i ron r ings i n t he o u ter l oop o f t he b i t , f ig . 3 , 1 0i .

One b en t t er m ina l

o f a n i ron c heek-p iece , f ig . 3 , 1 0 j. p ar ts o f c heek-pieces , f ig . 3 , 1 0k-1 . 3 , 1 0n .

Two f rag men ts o f t he l ower One s lot o f ac heek-piece , f ig .

One t er m ina l o f ac heek-piece , f ig . 3 , 1 0m .

s ect ion i ron r od , f ig . 3 , 1 0f .

One s quare-

Twelve a nnu lar i ron r ings , f ig . 4 .

Two p ins w i th t wo-piece h ol low o va l h eads o f s hee t b ronze o n ab en t i ron s ha f t , f ig . 3 , 1 0a-b. o f worked b one , f ig . 5 , 1 7.

One whets tone , f ig . 5 , 1 1.

Two f ragmen ts

Fragmen ts o f l ea ther , f ig . 5 , 1 6.

men ts o f wood , f igs . 5 , 2 ; 6 .

Fragmen ts o f t ex t i le .

Frag-

Ac on ica l l ooped

a t tach men t w i th p er iphera l r ings i s i l lus tra ted b y Kossack ( 1954a , A bb. 2 9C , 1 ) a nd a v iew o f as im i lar o b ject i s i ncluded i n H olwerda 's s econd p ubl ica t ion ( 1934b , 1 97). The b ronze v esse l i s a Kurd b ucke t o f Ha C f or m ( von Merhar t 1 952 , 6 9 ) ; t hough i t r e ta ins t he t ypo log ica l ly e ar ly h igh b ase-pla te , i th as a n a ngu lar s hou lder .

The s word b elongs t o t he i ron e qu iva len t o f t he b ronze

Minde lhei m t ype ( see p . 2 47 ) , c f . t he e xa mple w i th c losely s im i lar o rnamen t i n t he Ha C b ur ia l a t G o mad ingen , Kr . Müns ingen , Wür t te mberg ( Megaw 1 970 , 4 7 n o. 1 1) .

The p ins a re p robably Ha C l ( see p . 256).

The i ron s ocke ted a xe r ef lects t he p resence o f a xes i nb arrow 3 a t C our tS a in t-Et ienne ( 2 28 ) a nd a t Wi jchen ( 232 ) , a nd may a lso b e i n terpre ted a s a weapon ( see p . 2 37

) .

A l l t he c heek-pieces a ppear t o b e long t o t he

P la ten ice t ype , Kossack 's t ype l b ( see p . 2 54

) .

The o va l p la tes a re

y oke moun ts ( Kossack 1 954a , 1 62 , Kar te 4B , 9 ) , b u t t here a ppears t o b e n o o ther e v idence f or a y oke o r a wagon a t Oss .

The t ubu lar c ross ing

b elongs t o aw idespread c lass o f s trap-cross ings ( Kossack 1 954a , 1 58 , Kar te 3A , 1 8 ; S chü le 1 969 , 4 8 , 1 94 , Kar te 1 1a ) ; t he mos t r ecen t s tudy o f t heir d is tr ibu t ion i s b y B ouzek ( 1974a , 1 58 ; 1 974b , f ig . 9 ) a nd t he f inds c loses t t o Oss , f ro m Bavar ia , b e long t o Ha C ( Kossack 1 959 , Ta f . 1 3 , 1 ) .

The c on ica l l ooped d isc w i th l a tera l r ings i s a lso a Bavar ian

Ha C f or m ( Kossack 1 954a , 1 16 , 1 18 , 1 61, Kar te 3C , 8 ) .

The d isc w i th

c onvex c en tre may b e c o mpared t o ad isc i n a Ha C b ur ia l f ro m I l lko fen , Ldkr, Parsberg , O berp fa lz ( i bid., A bb. 2 2a , 1 0 ). 2 32 .

Wezelse Berg , Wi .c h n , G e lder land . Den B iesen 1 963 , 6 8-71; d e Laet 1 974 , 4 02 , f ig . 1 90 ; Megaw 1 970 , 4 9 n o. 1 6.

Cas ts i n RMOL .

F ig . 7 3D .

4 27

Cremation burial. Lost urn with bronze and iron fragments. Two bronze double-link bits with twisted bars and bridle- rings (De Laet 1974, fig. 190). Four bronze hub-caps, cylindrical, closed at one end which is decorated with ring-and-dot motifs, open at the other with a broad flange. Each cylinder is perforated by a linch-pin which has a transverse hole in its lower end. The upper parts of the linch-pins have two horizontal bars joined at their ends by two verti­ cal bars to form a rectangle with the shaft at its centre. On the outer side of the upper bar are three vertical rings with sets of pendant rings attached. Above the vertical rings are anthropomorphic heads with zig-zag 'pigtails' running down the backs of the vertical shafts. (De Laet 1974, fig. 190; Megaw 1970, 49 no. 16). Two fragmentary bronze plates formed of cast-bronze cups; loops along one side and a bar along the other, one example has a fragment of sheet bronze attached by a rivet to this bar. Fig. 73D, 3. One socketed bronze terminal with globular end and conical socket (De Laet 1974, fig. 190). One bronze fitting, a truncated cone of concave profile, upper opening circular, lower opening square, the sides convex (Ibid.). One bronze handle of a vessel with recurved knobbed terminals. Fig. 73D, 1. One pair of bronze handle-attachments, slightly curved plates perforated by two rivet holes, two upstanding rings. Fig. 73D, 2. Two double bronze rings, one inside the other, attached by a bar, a loop on the outer ring. Various other bronze rings and orname�ts. One bronze socketed axe, damaged by fire. Various iron fragments, perhaps of a sword, perhaps tyres for wooden wagon-wheels. The presence of two sets of horse-harness and four hub-caps implies that this burial contained the remains of a four-wheeled wagon drawn by two horses. Kossack includes Wijchen in his list of Ha C wagon burials (1970, 124 n. 96, Abb. 13). The terminal and the conical fitting have been interpreted as fittings for the pole of this wagon (den Biesen 1963, 70; de Laet 1974, 402) but this is difficult to prove. The terminal resembles flesh-hook terminals (see p. 148-9 ), cf. the probable flesh-· hook in barrow 3 at Court-Sainte-Etienne (228). A similar terminal found unstratified at Court-Saint-Etienne (Marrnn 1958, 184-185 no. 136b, fig. 10) was probably part of the same object as a terminal with a con­ cave end (ibid., no. 135a) but the function of this object is uncertain. Similar iron objects occur in the Ha D burial at Haidforst, Haslach, Ldkr. Traunstein, Bavaria (Kossack 1959, 228, Taf. 113, 2-5), and are probably items of wagon-gear. Linch-pins with. pendant rings are common in Bohemia (Dvorak 1938, obr. 12, 5, 7; 13; 25; 43, 1-2). The anthropomorphic ornament is presumably of central-European origin (Megaw 1970, 49) and relationship with seventh-century Etruscan girdle-clasps was suggested by Jacobsthal (1944, 159 n. 2). The form and ornament of the hub-caps themselves can be matched in the Ha Dl burial at Vilsingen, Kr. Sigmaringen, Swabia (Schiek 1954, 151, Taf. 24), but this form does not _appear to have been common (Drack 1958, Abb. 23-29). The handle and its attachments appear to belong to a ribbed pail (Stjernquisf 1967, 30, Abb. 2, E5, AH3); pails of this form, otherwise confined to the upper Adriatic coast (ibid., 75-79, Abb. 12), appeared in Ha B3 and lasted to Ha D. The presence of a socketed axe 428

}

c an b e ma tched a t O ss ( 231) a nd C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , b arrow 3 ( 228 ) , a nd a n i ron s word ( den B iesen 1 963 , 7 0 ) wou ld n o t b e o u t o f p lace , t hough t h is i den ti fica t ion i s u ncer ta in . 2 33 .

Meer lo , L imburg . G . J . Verwers .

B onnefan tenmuseu m Maas tr ich t .

C re ma tion b ur ia l i n a n u rn w i th a c over d ish . i ron s word .

Frag men ts o f ab en t

One c o mp le te s et o f i ron h orse-harness .

C heek-pieces

w i th k nobbed u pper t er m ina ls a nd f la t tened t r iangu lar l ower t er m ina ls w i th t wo r ec tangu lar p er forä t ions .

Double-l ink b i t w i th t wis ted b ar ;

b r id le-hooks w i th n otched f la t t er m ina ls .

Two u pper t er m ina ls a nd

o ne l ower t er m ina l o f s i mi lar c heek-p ieces . t wis ted b i t w i th a b r id le-r ing .

One f ragmen t o f a

One b r id le-hook .

The c heek-pieces a ppear t o b e long t o K ossack 's t ype I c ( 1954a , 1 56, Kar te 2B ) , a ssocia ted w i th b r id le-hooks a t Tr ig l i tz, Kr . O s tpr ingn i tz, Brandenburg ( i bid ., 1 57 , Kar te 2 E, 1 2 , A bb. 2 0B ).

4 29

Cross-Channel Relations in the Later Bronze Age Relations between. Britain, North-Eastern France and the. Low Countries during the Later Bronze Age. and the Early Iron Age, with particular reference to the metalwork Part ii

Brendan O'Connor

BAR International Series 9 I (ii) 1980

B.A.R.

B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., :\I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, :\I.A.

B. A. R. S91 (II), 1980: "Cross-Channel Relations in the Later Bronze Age" Part II ©Brendan O'Connor, 1980. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389493 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389509 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860541059 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407352657 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541059 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

CONTENTS P ar t i

Page L IST OF F IGURES

v i i

L IST OF MAPS

x i i i

L ISTS

4 30

BIBLIOGRAPHY

6 11

I NDEX OF F INDS

6 83

F IGURES

7 01

MAPS

7 77

F IGURES S ca le f or a l l F igures 1 :3 1 .

Burnha m h oard , Bucks. ( 2 ).

2 A.

Burnha m h oard , Bucks.

2 B.

Dew l ish h oard , Dorset ( 6 ).

3 A.

Eglesha m Meadow h oard , Dorset ( 7 ).

3 B.

Gr i mstone h oard , Dorset ( 8 ).

3C.

Burley h oard , Hants ( 10 ).

3 D.

Gosport h oard , Han ts ( 1 1).

4 .

Gospor t h oard , Han ts

5 .

Gable Head h oard , Han ts ( 12).

6 .

Gable Head h oard , Han ts

7 A.

Gable Head h oard , Han ts

7 B.

Pear Tree Green h oard , Han ts ( 15 ).

8 A.

Pear Tree Green h oard , Han ts

8 B.

Haylands h oard , I sle o f Wigh t ( 19 ).

9 A.

Newpor t/Fa irleigh h oard , I sle o f Wigh t ( 18 ).

9 B.

L eav ing ton h oard , I sle o f Wigh t ( 20 ).

1 0A.

L eav ing ton h oard , I sle o f Wigh t

1 0B.

Werrar h oard , I sle o f Wigh t ( 2 1).

1 1.

B irch ington h oard , Ken t ( 23 ).

1 2A.

B irch ington h oard , Ken t

1 2B.

Near Can terbury h oard , Ken t ( 24 ).

1 3A.

Goudhurst h oard , Ken t ( 25 ).

1 3B.

B il l ingshurst h oard , S ussex ( 31).

1 3C.

Near Bognor h oard , S ussex ( 33 ).

1 4.

Marsha ll Estate h oard , S ussex ( 32).

1 5A.

B lackrock h oard , S ussex ( 34 ).

1 5B.

S id lesha m h oard , S ussex ( 37 ).

1 6A.

Rust ington h oard , S ussex ( 36).

1 6B.

H ighwor th h oard , Wil ts ( 38 ).

1 6C. Helston h oard , C ornwal l ( 41). 1 7A. Do m m iers h oard , A isne ( 42). 1 7B. Bournev ille h oard , Eure ( 45). 1 8.

Baux-Sa in te-Croix h oard , Eure ( 43).

1 9A. Bourlay h oard , Eure ( 44 ). 1 9B.

L a Chapel le h oard , Eure ( 46).

2 0.

L a Chapel le h oard , Eure

2 1A. G isors h oard , Eure ( 47 ). 2 1B. Heuquev ille h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 60 ). 2 2.

Heuquev il le h oard , S eine-Mar it i me

2 3A.

L ivet h oard , Eure ( 48 ).

2 3B. Rouen h oard , S eine-Mar i t i me ( 62 ). 2 4.

Mon t-Sa in t-Aignan h oard, S eine-Mar it i me ( 6 1).

2 5.

Bernay-Pon tho ile h oard , S o m me ( 66 ).

2 6.

1 . Faubourg d e Bresles, Beauva is, O ise, L ist 3A, 4 ; 2 . Heur teauvil le , S e ine-Mar it i me, L ist 3A, 8 ; 3 . Am iens, S o m me, L ist 3A, 1 0 ;

4 . Bat tel , Antwerp , L ist 3A, 1 1;

5 . Heusden , E . F landers, L ist 3B, 9 ; 7 . Dodd ington , Ca mbs., L ist 5 , 3 ;

6 . Cha l ton , Han ts, s ee p . 5 4 ;

8 . Nr Rei ms, Marne, L ist 5 , 1 9 ;

9 . Wetteren , E . F landers, L ist 5 , 3 1. 2 7.

1 . Waas munster , E . F landers, L ist 7 A, 7 ; 3 . Am iens, S o m me , L ist 4 , 1 3;

5 . S choonaarde, E . F landers, L ist 8 , 1 ; L ist 8 , 1 0 ;

2 . L il le, Nord , L ist 4 , 4 ;

4 . Be irvald , L ist 8 , 3 ; 6 . Hu ise , E . F landers,

7 . Asper , E . F landers, L ist 8 , 9 ;

8 .

Angle D i tch ,

Dorset , s ee p . 4 9 2 8.

1 . Wet teren , E . F landers, L ist 9 , 4 ; L ist 9 , 9 ;

2 . Maaseick , Belg ian L i mburg ,

3 . B il l ingha m , I sle o f Wight , s ee p . 5 3 ; 4 . Bal l incol l ig,

Co. Cork , L ist 1 3, 1 4;

5 . Barr ington , Ca mbs., L ist 1 4,1;

6 . ? Peterborough a rea , L ist 1 4, 2 ;

7 . Angerv il le a rea , Essonne ,

L ist 1 6, 6 . 2 9.

1 . S e ine a t Par is , L ist 1 9 , 4 ; c our t , O ise, L ist 2 0 , 5 ;

2 . O ise a t I le d u Grand Peup le , Ar man-

3 . Am iens, S o m me, L ist 2 0 , 1 1;

4 . S e ine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de-Marne , L ist 2 0 , 1 2; 5 . S e ine a t Par is, L ist 2 7 , 1 0. 3 0.

3 1.

6 8

ist ; 2 . K i mberley , Norfolk , L

Kn igh ton Down , Devon , L ist 4 2, 2 ;

2 . Noa il les, O ise , L ist 2 8 , 1 2;

1 . Beaune, C ö te-d 'Or , 2 4, 1 .

s ee p .

3 . S e ine a t Par is, L ist 2 8, 2 0 ; 3 2.

4 . Gotte m , E . F landers, L ist 2 8 , 3 1,

1 . S e ine a t Par is, L ist 3 4, 4 ;

2 . L ayha m , S uf folk , L ist 3 6, 3 .

3 . S eine a t Par is, L ist 3 5, 2 ;

4 . G isors, Eure, L ist 4 1, 1 7 ;

5 . S a in t-Cyr-du-Vaudreu il , Eure , L ist 4 1, 2 1; Wil ts, L ist 4 2, 1 0 ;

7 . . Thorny Down , Wil ts, L ist 4 2, 1;

8 . Boves, S o m me, L ist 4 2, 1 2; 3 ;

6 . S outh L odge Ca mp ,

9 . Ma iden Cast le, Dorset , L ist 4 7 ,

1 0. S e ine a t Par is, L ist 4 8 , 2 .

3 3.

Orset t h oard , E ssex ( 105 ).

3 4.

Dover h oard , Ken t ( 108 ).

3 5.

Dover h oard , Ken t

3 6A. Er iswel l h oard , S uf folk ( 1 11). 3 6B. Erondel le h oard , S o m me ( 1 18 ). 3 7.

1 . Am iens, S o m me , L ist 5 0 , 7 ; 1 2;

2 . N i j megen , Gelder land , L ist 5 0 ,

3 . S e ine a t Par is, L ist 5 1, 1 5;

4 . An twerp , L ist 5 1, 3 2;

5 . Dakna m , E . F landers, L ist 5 1, 3 4; 7 . Ca mbr idge , L ist 5 2, 1 ;

8 . Ca mbr idge a rea , L ist 5 2, 2 ;

9 . Quy Fen , Ca mbs., L ist 5 2, 3 ; 2 4;

1 0. K ingoldru m , Forfar , L ist 5 2,

1 1, Nr Ann .an , Du m fr ies., L ist 5 2, 2 3;

Rouen Museu m , L ist 5 2, 2 6; 3 8.

6 . F landers, L ist 5 1, 2 5;

1 2. Unprovenanced ,

1 3. F landers, L ist 5 2, 2 7.

1 . Burnha m , S u f folk , L ist 5 3, 5 ; 2 . Rouen , S eine-Mar it i me, L ist 5 3, 7 ; 3 . ?L ondon , L ist 5 5, 2 ; 4 -5. Mel le, E . F landers, L ist 5 5, 1 4-15;

6 . S cheld t a t Wichelen , E . F landers, L ist 5 5, 1 6;

7 . Er iswel l , S uf folk , L ist 5 8, 3 ; 9 . S eine a t Par is, L ist 8 0 , 2 ; F landers, L ist 8 0 , 3 , 6 ;

8 . Zele, E . F landers, L ist 5 8 , 1 8;

1 0-11. S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E .

1 2. Wichelen , E . F landers, L ist 8 0 , 7 ;

1 3. R . Ebble a t Ho m ing ton , Wil ts, L ist 8 0 , 4 ; E . F landers, L ist 8 1, 1 1;

1 6-17. S eine a t Par is, L ist 9 0 , 2 -3;

1 8. Nr Ca mbr idge , L ist 9 1, 1 ;

1 9-20. S eine a t Par is, L ist 9 1, 2 -3;

2 1. Tha mes a tO ld England ,

Midd lesex , L ist 9 3, 1 ; 9 3, 2 ;

2 2. Tha mes a t S ion Reach , Midd lesex , L ist ,

2 3-24. S e ine a t Par is, L ist 9 3, 3 .4;

O ise , L ist 9 4, 2 ; 3 9.

1 . S e ine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de-Marne , L ist 6 8 , 5 ; L ist 6 6, 5 ;

3 . Geraardsbergen , E . F landers,

4 . Montf eres, A m iens, S o m me, L ist 6 4, 6 ;

Norfolk , L ist 7 6, 2 ;

5 . Methwold ,

6 . Dender monde , E . F landers, L ist 7 6, 6 .

1 . Rue Fon ta ine d u Roi , Par is, L ist 7 0 , 7 ; Par is, L ist 7 2, 3 ;

4 1.

2 5. L acro ix-Sa in t-Ouen ,

2 6. S eine a t Par is, s ee p . 1 27 .

2 . Tha mes a t L ondon , L ist 6 8, 1 ;

4 0.

1 4. S choonaarde ,

1 5. S e ine a t Par is , L ist 8 3, 2 ;

2 . Rue Fon ta ine d u Roi, .

3 . Tren t n r Nott ingha m , L ist 7 6, 3 .

1 . O ise a t Boran , O ise , s ee p .

1 08;

Abbev il le, S o m me, L ist 7 5, 7 ;

3 . Tha mes a t K ingston , S urrey , L ist

7 6 , 4 . 4 2.

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. ( 127 ).

4 3.

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs.

4 4.

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs.

4 5.

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs.

2 . S o m me a t Por t-le-Grand ,

4 6A. I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. 4 6B. Wicken Fen h oard , Ca mbs. ( 128 ). 4 6C. Wilbur ton h oard , Ca mbs. ( 129 ). 4 7.

Wi lburton h oard , Ca mbs.

4 8.

Wi lburton h oard , Ca mbs.

4 9A. Wi lbur ton h oard , Ca mbs. 4 9B. Andover h oard , Han ts ( 130 ). 4 9C. Canteleu h oard , S eine-Mar it i me ( 139 ). 5 0.

S eine a t Par is h oard ( 138 ).

5 1.

1 . Unprovenanced MAN, L ist 9 6, 9 ; 3 . Und ley , S u f folk , s ee p . 1 34.

2 . C la iroix , O ise, L ist 9 6, 4 ;

4 . Swaf fha m , Ca mbs., L ist 9 8 , 1 ;

5 . Faubourg d e Ha m , Am iens, S o m me, L ist 9 8 , 3 ; Ca mbs., s ee p . 2 58.

8 . Unprovenanced CMAE, s ee p . 1 35; L ist 9 9 , 4 ;

6 . L it t lepor t ,

7 . L akenhea th , S u f folk , s ee p . 1 35; 9 . Abbevil le a rea , S o m me ,

1 0. A m iens a rea , S o m me , L ist 9 9 , 5 ;

K irkcudbr igh t., L ist 1 00 , 1 ;

1 2-13.

1. Carse L och ,

Tha mes a t L ondon , L ist 1 00,

2 -3. 5 2.

1 . Tha mes,

?Mor tlake , S urrey , s ee p .

L ist 1 11, 3 5-38;

; 2 -5. S e ine a t Par is,

6 -7. S eine a t Charen ton , Val-de-Marne , L ist 1 11,

5 4. 5 3.

1 -2. S e ine a t Par is, L ist 1 11, 3 9-40 ; 4 8 ;

5 4.

3 . A lber t , S o m me , L ist 1 11,

4 . L iercourt , S o m me , L ist 1 11, 5 3.

1 . A ldreth , Ca mbs., s ee

p .145 ; 2 . Tha mes a t Tedd ington , S urrey ,

s ee p . 1 45 ; 3 . S e ine a t Pon t d 'Auster l itz , Par is, L ist 1 06, 1 . 5 5A. Braes o f G igh t h oard , Aberdeen . ( 144 ). 5 5B. Bal mashanner h oard , Angus ( 145). 5 5C. Da lduf f h oard , Ayr. ( 146). 5 5D. Auch ter tyre h oard , Moray . ( 159 ). 5 5E. Covesea , Moray. ( 160 ). 5 6.

Grays Thurrock h oard , E ssex ( 148 ).

5 7A.

L e igh h oard , Essex ( 150 ).

5 7B. S hoebury h oard , E ssex ( 151). 5 7C. S ou thchurch h oard , E ssex ( 152). 5 8A. Wa tford h oard , Her ts. ( 153). 5 8B. Ay lesford h oard , Ken t ( 154 ). 5 9.

Minn is Bay h oard , K en t ( 156).

6 0.

Minn is Bay h oard , K en t

6 1.

Minnis Bay h oard , Ken t

6 2A. S tour mou th h oard , Kent ( 157 ). 6 2B. We lby h oard , L e ics. ( 158 ). 6 3A. Dev il le h oard , S eine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ). 6 3B. Pan t in h oard , S e ine-Saint-Den is ( 17 5). 6 4.

Dreu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

6 5A. Dreu il h oard , S o m me 6 5B. P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ). 6 6.

P la inseau h oard , S o m me

6 7A. P la inseau h oard , S o m me 6 7B. S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 17 9 ). 6 8.

1 -2. A m iens, S o m me;

3 -4. S eine a t Par is;

s ee p .162.

5 . S in t Ar mandsberg , E . F landers, L ist 1 23, 1 2; N . Braban t , L ist 1 23, 3 1;

8 . Ena me, E . F landers, L ist 1 24, 2 ; 1 24, 1 ;

9 . Hoogstraten , An twerp , L ist

1 0. N i j megen , Gelder land , L ist 1 26, 8 ;

s ee p . 1 64.

6 . H ilvarenbeek ,

7 . Aveley h oard , Essex , i b id .; 1 1. An twerp Museu m ,

1 2. Ghen t , E . F landers , L ist 1 29 , 5 ;

1 3. Waas munster ,

E . F landers, L ist 1 27 , 5 . 6 9.

1 . Beaudrevi l le, Essonne, L ist 1 33, 2 ;

2 . ? Tha mes b etween

Wandswor th a nd Tw ickenha m , Midd lesex , L ist 1 36, 1 2; Par is, L ist 1 37 , 2 ;

4 . Am iens, S o m me, L ist 1 37 , 5 ;

Charen ton , Val-de-Marne, L ist 1 37 , 1 0 ;

6 . Dresl incourt , O ise , L ist

1 40 , 2 ;

8 . Heathrow , Middlesex ,

7 . Prov. Na mur , L ist 1 40 , 1 2;

L ist 1 43, 5 ;

9 . Tha mes a t Barnes, Midd lesex , L ist 1 44, 1 ;

1O . Wichelen , E . F landers, L ist 1 44, 1 1; L ist 1 66, 1 1; 7 0.

3 . S eine a t 5 . S eine a t

1 1. L ev ington h oard , S uf folk ,

1 2. L ev ington h oard , S u f folk , L ist 1 66, 6 .

1 . R . Witha m b elow L inco ln , L ist 1 53, 1 ;

2 . Onnen , Gron ingen , L ist

1 53, 6 . 7 1.

1 . S eine a t Par is, L ist 1 81, 7 ; L ist 1 82 , 3 ;

2 . Tha mes a t S ion Reach , Middlesex ,

3 . Grea t Cheverel l Down , Wil ts., L ist 1 80, 1 0 ;

4 -5. Tourvil lela-Rivi re, S eine-Mar it i me, L ist 2 08, 4 ; 6 . Dorset , L ist 2 08, 1 ;

7 . Dorchester , Oxon ., L ist 2 08, 2 ;

8 . Tha mes a t O ld England , Midd lesex , L ist 2 21 , 3 ; 9 . Tha mes a t O ld England , Midd lesex , L ist 2 24 ,1 7 2A. Wicken Fen h oard , Ca mbs. ( 213 ). 7 2B. B land ford h oard , Dorset ( 2 14). 7 2C. Paston h oard , Norfolk ( 22 0 ) . 7 3A. Wa t ton h oard , Norfolk ( 221). 7 3B. Adabrock h oard , Ross. ( 222). 7 3C. S o mp t ing h oard , S ussex ( 223).

7 3D. Wi jchen , Gelderland ( 232). 7 4.

1 .

? Cambr idge a rea , L ist 2 26, 2 ;

2 . Reach , Cambs., L ist 2 27, 4 ;

3 . Hockwold-cu m-Wil ton , Norfolk , L ist 2 27, 1 4; Norfolk , L ist 2 27, 1 6;

h oard , S uf folk , L ist 2 26, 2 5;

6 . Bu t ley

7 . Mildenhal l , S u f folk , L ist 2 27, 2 6;

8 . O ise n ear Co mp iögne, L ist 2 27 , 3 5; 3 6;

4 . L it tle Massingha m ,

5 . West Moor , Oxon ., L ist 2 27, 2 4;

9 . S e ine a t Par is, L ist 2 27,

1 0. Meuse n r. Roer mond , Du tch L i mburg , L ist 2 27, 4 7 ;

1 1. Tha mes a t S ion Reach , Midd lesex , L ist 2 29, 1 . 7 5.

1 . S ta ffordsh ire , L ist 2 30 , 2 ;

2 . S e ine a t Par is, L ist 2 31 , 6 .

3 . Teversha m , Ca mbs., L ist 2 36, 1 ; 4 -5;

4 -5. Und ley , Su ffolk , L ist 2 36,

6 -8. Turnhou t , Antwerp , L ist 2 38 , 6 ;

1 0. Nr. An tr im , Co. An tr im , L ist 2 52, 5 ;

9 . Tha mes, L ist 2 52, 4 ; 1 1. A m iens, S o m me, L ist

2 55, 7 . 7 6.

1 . Eprave, Na mur , L ist 2 63, 2 ;

2 . Prov. Na mur , L ist 2 63, 4 ;

3 . Danebury h oard , Han ts, L ist 2 64, 2 ;

4 . S eine a bove V il leneuve-

S a in t-Georges, Val-de-Marne, L ist 2 65, 1 ; L ist 2 66, 2 ;

5 . Bern issart , Ha inau t ,

6 . Danebury h oard , Han ts, L ist 2 68, 1 ;

Yorks., L ist 2 70 , 2 ;

8 . Ard leigh , Essex , s ee p . 2 86.

7 . S tap le Howe,

MAPS

Enc irc led s y mbo ls r epresen t h oards. C ruc ifor m s y mbols r epresent f inds w ith a r eg iona l p rovenance . H atch ing r epresents t he a rea o f c o m mon o ccurrence o f at ype .

1 .

Arreton f langed a xes .

L IST 1 .

Br ita in a f ter Burgess a nd C owen 1 972 ,

f ig . 6 , 2 . 2 .

Ha f t-f langed a xes . c lass 1 ;

3 .

L IST 2 .

Eng land a f ter Row lands 1 976 , map 1 ,

Wa les a f ter Sm ith 1 959 , map 4 a .

S h ie ld p a t tern p a lstaves .

L ISTS 3A-B .

Eng land a f ter Row lands 1 976 ,

map 2 . 4 . Breton p a lstaves .

L IST 5 .

5 . Nor man p a lstaves .

L ISTS 7A-B .

6 . Broad-b laded p a lstaves .

L ISTS 4 , 8 .

7 . L ower Meuse p a lstaves .

L IST 9 .

N ether lands a f ter Bu t ler 1 973b ,

Abb . 6 . 8 . I s le o f Wigh t p a lstaves . 9 . N ord ic p a lstaves. o uest p a lstaves.

L IST 1 2.

L IST 1 0 .

B ohe m ian p a lstaves .

L IST 1 4.

1 1. Trebou l s pearheads .

L IST 1 8.

1 3 .

L IST 1 1,

C en tre-

L IST 6 .

1 0 . MBA s ocketed a xes .

1 2 .

Eng land a f ter Row lands 1 976 , map 6 .

S idelooped s pearheads . map 1 5.

L IST 1 9.

Eng land a f ter Row lands 1 976 ,

L eaf-shaped b asa l-looped s pearheads.

L IST 2 0 .

Eng land a f ter Row lands

1 976 , l i st f or h is g roup 1 , map 1 6 f or h is g roup 2 . 1 4 . Og iva l-b laded s pearheads .

L IST 2 1.

Bagterp , Va ls f /mag le , Smg fru movre ,

Hu lterstad , L t ineburg t ype I , n orth-west Ger man a nd c en tra l European s pearheads . L IST 2 2 . 1 5. S egel swords.

L IST 2 5.

Woh lde swords .

L IST 2 6.

Tu mu lus d aggers .

L IST 2 7. 1 6 . Rap iers .

L IST 2 8.

Eng land a f ter Row lands 1 976 , map 1 8.

1 7. D isc-headed p ins .

L IST 3 0.

Na i l-headed p ins .

Ro l l-headed p ins .

L IST 3 2 .

Whee l-headed p ins .

L IST 3 1. L IST 3 3.

1 8. P ins w ith l ong r ibbed h eads.

L IST 3 4.

P icardy p ins .

P ins w ith d isc-heads a nd l ooped o r p erforated s haf ts . 1 9 . MBA d ecora ted b racelets. 2 0. R ibbed b race lets . 2 1. F inger-r ings. 2 2. MBA h oards .

L IST 3 6. L IST 3 8.

L IST 4 1.

L IST 4 2.

L IST 4 7 Ca ta logue .

Eng land a f ter R ow lands 1 976 , l i st ;

n or th-

e astern F rance p art ly a f ter Gaucher 1 973 , f igs . 8 -9 , a nd B lanchet 1 976a , f ig . 3 8. 2 3 . Rosnoen p a lstaves .

L IST 5 0.

2 4 . Med ian-w inged a xes .

L IST 5 1.

2 5 . LBA 1 s ocketed a xes .

L ooped .

2 6. Ear ly Urnf ie ld k n ives .

N ether lands a f ter But ler 1 973b , Abb . 8 . L IST 5 2 .

Un looped .

L IST 5 3.

L IST 5 5.

2 7 . S tra ight-based b asa l-looped s pearheads .

L IST 5 7 .

Eng land a f ter

Row lands 1 976 , map 1 7. 2 8 . Tanged a rrowheads .

L IST 5 8 .

2 9 . E ar ly f lange-h i lted swords . L IST 6 1.

L IST 6 7.

S prockhof f t ype I .

Buch loe/Gref fern .

3 0 . Rod-tanged swords .

Monza .

S tetz l ing .

L IST 6 5.

Gr igny .

Erbenhe im .

3 2. Rosnoen swords.

L IST 6 8 .

L IST 5 9 .

L IST 6 0.

L IST 6 2 .

Arco a nd Teron to la .

3 1. L a ter f lange-h i lted swords . L IST 7 0.

S ocketed a rrowheads .

Nenzingen .

L IST 6 3 . L IST 6 6.

Unterhach ing .

P ep inv i l le .

L IST 6 9.

He m igkofen , U f fhofen a nd E lsenfe ld .

L IST 7 1,

L IST 7 3 .

L et ten ,

L IST 7 2 .

Br ita in a f ter B urgess 1 968a , f ig . 7 , a nd

Row lands 1 976 , l i st . 3 3. Ba l l in tober a nd r e lated swords.

L IST 7 5,

B r ita in a f ter Burgess 1 968a ,

f ig . 7 . 3 4 . Ear l ier LEA 1 p ins .

Poppy-head a nd d er iva t ive.

h ead w ith r ibbed swo l len s haf t . G lobu lar i nc ised h ead . s haf t .

L IST 8 1.

L IST 8 3.

L IST 8 0.

C o l lared .

Gun tersb lu m .

Tru mpet

L IST 8 2 .

L IST 8 4.

I nc ised

L IST 8 5.

3 5. L a ter LBA 1 p ins .

Wo l l meshe im .

L IST 8 6.

B inn ingen-re lated .

L IST 8 7.

Rad iat ing o rna men t .

L IST 8 8.

S hepherd / sc rook .

L IST 8 9 .

S p ind le-whor l h ead .

L IST 9 0.

B road b icon ica l h ead .

L IST 9 1 .

B road c onvex h ead .

L IST 9 2.

F lat b icon ica l h ead .

3 6. LBA 1 h oards.

Cata logue .

3 7. LBA 2 p a lstaves.

L IST 9 6.

3 8 . LBA 2 w inged a xes . 3 9 . LEA 2 s ocketed a xes . L IST 9 9 .

P la in .

1 968a , f ig . 8 .

L IST 9 3.

Br ita in p art ly a f ter Burgess 1 974 , 2 05-207. Br ita in a f ter S avory 1 964-66 , f ig . 9 .

L IST 9 7. S hou ldered .

L IST 9 8 .

I ndented ,

S ee p age 1 36 . B r it ish i nden ted a xes a f ter B urgess

4 0 . LBA 2 s pearheads . c on t inen ta l .

S o l id-b laded c on t inenta l .

L IST 1 04 .

L IST 1 03.

S axo-Thur ing ian a nd r e lated .

P erfora ted-b laded c on t inenta l .

L IST 1 06.

Decorated

L IST 1 05.

L ozenge-sect ion Br it ish

a f ter Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 8 . 4 1. Tubu lar f erru les . 4 2. L ocras swords . swords .

L IST 1 07. L IST 1 08 .

Br ita in a f ter Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 8 . Ma inz swords .

L IST 1 09 .

K len tn ice

L IST 1 10 .

4 3 . LBA 2 swords .

L IST 1 11.

4 4 . L ozenge-sect ion c hapes .

Br ita in a f ter Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 1 0. L IST 1 12 .

Br ita in a f ter B urgess 1 968a ,

f ig . 8 . 4 5.

LBA 2 p ins .

D isc-head .

L IST 1 15.

4 6. LBA 2 h oards .

Cata logue .

4 7. Winged a dzes .

L IST 1 21.

w ing o rna men t .

Egg-shaped h ead .

L IST 1 16.

Br ita in a f ter Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 8 . S outh-eastern s ocketed a xes w ith p last ic

L IST 1 22 .

4 8. S ou th-eastern/P la inseau/Belg ian s ocketed a xes i n B e lg iu m a nd t he N ether lands .

L IST 1 23 .

4 9 . North Dutch s ocketed a xes. f ig . 2 2 .

L IST 1 25.

L ower Meuse s ocketed a xes.

N ether lands a f ter But ler 1 961b , L IST 1 26.

N ether lands a f ter

But ler 1 973b , Abb . 1 3 . 5 0 . S ou th We lsh s ocketed a xes .

L IST 1 28 .

Wa les a nd s ou th-west Eng land

a f ter McNe i l 1 973 , 6 3 , a nd S avory 1 975 , f ig . 2 . 5 1. Tanged l eather-work ing k n ives. 5 2 . LBA 3 s ick les.

L IST 1 31.

L IST 1 36.

5 3. Doub le-edged s ocketed k n ives .

L IST 1 37.

Br ita in a f ter Hodges 1 956 ,

f ig . 4 . 5 4. Carp / s Tongue k n ives .

L IST 1 39.

5 5. L ate Urn f ie ld k n ives . S o l id-h i lted ,

Tanged .

L IST 1 40.

5 6. L a te Urnf ie ld s ol id-h ilted swords. L IST 1 49 .

Auvern ier .

L IST 1 52.

An tennae-po m me l .

S tockstad t .

L IST 1 50.

L IST 1 41.

Tach lov ice .

L IST 1 56.

5 9 . Ewart Park swords .

6 2 . An t ler c heek-p ieces .

We ltenburg .

L IST 1 55,

L IST 1 57.

L IST 1 58 .

L IST 1 59.

6 0 . Sma l l b ag-shaped c hapes. 6 1. Bug le-shaped o b jects .

Mbr igen .

L IST 1 51.

K lein Auhei m .

Miscel laneous.

5 8. Carp ' s Tongue swords .

L IST 1 48.

L IST 1 53.

5 7. La te Urnf ie ld f lange-h i lted swords . Port N idau .

S ocketed ,

L IST 1 42 .

Br ita in a f ter Burgess 1 968a , f ig . 1 2.

L IST 1 61,

L IST 1 66. L IST 1 72 .

Eng land a f ter Br itnel l 1 976.

6 3. Ro l l-headed p ins.

L IST 1 79 .

6 4 . Vase-headed p ins . h eaded p ins .

L IST 1 82.

L IST 1 85.

Convex-

P ins w ith h o l low g lobu lar h eads .

P ins w ith i nset d isc-heads .

b race lets .

L IST 1 87.

L ISTS 1 91-2 ,

R ibbed/ transverse l ine

L ISTS 1 93-4 .

6 7. Wa l lerfangen b racelets . 1 97.

Cup-headed p ins .

L IST 1 84 .

6 6. Ho mburg/Ba l ingen b racelets .

L IST 1 96.

L IST 1 80 .

L IST 1 81.

6 5. B icon ica l-headed p ins . L IST 1 86.

Na i l-headed p ins .

L IST 1 95.

D ecorated C -sect ion b racelets.

Mass ive C -sect ion b racelets w ith e verted t er m ina ls.

Odoorn b racelets .

L IST 1 98 .

Omega b racelets .

L IST

But ler 1 965 ,

f ig . 1 5. 6 8 . L yze l b race lets.

L IST 1 99 .

t er m ina ls .

L IST 2 00 .

t er m ina ls .

L IST 2 01.

Ho l low-sect ion b race lets w ith l arge e verted

6 9 . D isc-ter m ina l b race lets . L IST 2 04 .

C -sect ion b race lets w ith l arge e verted

L IST 2 03 .

R ing-ter m ina l b race lets .

Ro l led t er m ina l b race lets. Th ia is.

L IST 2 05.

Decorated

L IST 2 06. 7 0 . L yze l p endants .

L IST 2 09 .

7 1. Penannu lar g i lded r ings . 7 2 . B eads .

L IST 2 10 .

L IST 2 11,

P enannu lar g o ld r ings .

L IST 2 17.

Toothed p la tes .

L IST 2 12 .

L IST 2 13.

7 3 . L ozenge-shaped mounts . P la in s l ides . 7 4 . LBA 3 r azors . 2 22,

Urnf ie ld p endants .

Mu lt ip le-r ing h and le .

S ing le-edged Urn f ie ld ,

7 5. LBA 3 h oards .

L IST 2 18.

L IST 2 19 ,

L IST 2 24,

Cata logue .

Dutch b if id .

S ing le-edged Nord ic ,

L IST L IST 2 25.

Br ita in a f ter Burgess 1 968a , f igs . 1 2 , 1 4 ;

Burgess a nd M iket 1 976 , f ig . 2 ; a nd Dav ies 1 972 , f ig . l c .

L IST 2 21.

S avory 1 975 , f ig . 2 ;

Burgess , C oo mbs

N orth-eastern F rance p art ly a fter B lanchet

1 976a , f ig . 3 8 . 7 6 . L inear-faceted a xes .

L IST 2 27.

Eng land p art ly a f ter Moore a nd

Row lands 1 972 , f ig . 2 . 7 7. Ar mor ican s ocketed a xes i n Br it ish h oards. 7 8 . Baexe m a xes .

L IST 2 29 .

7 9. Ha l lsta t t i ron swords .

L IST 2 28.

N ether lands a f ter S . H . A chterop .

L IST 2 34.

8 0. Ha l lsta t t b uckets.

L IST 2 40 .

R ibbed p a i ls.

8 1. Wiesloch r azors.

L IST 2 63.

Enc l ingen r azors .

F lbrshe im r azors .

L IST 2 65.

8 2. Tr iangu lar-b laded r azors. L IST 2 68 .

I ron r azors .

L IST 2 41. L IST 2 64 .

B ern issart r azors .

L IST 2 67. L IST 2 69.

L IST 2 66.

C ircu lar-b laded r azors.

MBA

L IST 1 .

Arreton f langed a xes.

MAP 1 .

Nor th-eastern France 1 .

F oret d e Bords h oard , Eure ( 50 ).

2 .

Mu ids h oard , Eure ( 5 1). Three e xa mp les.

3 .

Ca mbra i a rea h oard , N ord ( 5 3).

4 .

Ba i l leu l-sur-Thera in h oard , O ise ( 54 ). S even e xa mp les.

5 .

Bou logne a rea , Pas-de-Ca la is. Mohen 19 72, f i g. 1 , 3 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 11,

Bou logne-sur-Mer e nv irons 1 . 6 .

S o m me a t Abbev il le, S o m me. Breu i l 19 05, f ig. 2 , 1 1;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, Abbev i l le 1 1, i l l .

1 1, d . 7 .

Am iens , S o m me. Breu i l 19 05, f ig. 1 . 1 0 ;

8 .

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 06, A m iens 3 .

Druca t , S o m me. Breu i l 1 905, f ig. 1 , 5 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 13, Drucat 1 -2,

i l l . 1 1, C . Two e xa mp les. 9 .

F laucour t , S o m me. Gendre 1 977 .

Be lg iu m 1 0 .

Brussege m , Braban t . Desi t tere 1 973c , 6 8 , f i g. 3 .

1 1.

Aa l ter Hou te m , E . F landers. I bid ., 6 9 , f i g. 4 .

1 2.

L ochr ist i , E . F landers. I bid ., 6 6-67 , f i g. 1 .

1 3.

Mel le , E . F landers. I bid ., 6 7-68 , f i g. 2 . P oss ible e xamp les , n ot mapped :

1 4.

Waas munster , E . F landers. I bid ., 6 9 .

4 30

1 5.

Bruges a rea , W. F landers. I bid ., 6 9.

L IST 2 .

Haf tf langed a xes.

MAP 2 .

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Mu ids h oard , Eure ( 5 1). Withou t s top-r idge.

2 .

Bou logne a rea , Pas-de-Ca la is. Mohen 19 72, 4 47 , f i g. 1 , 4 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 11,

Bou logne-sur-Mer e avirons 2 . w ith s top-r idge. 3 .

Berny-sur-Noye , S o m me. Breu i l 1 905, f ig. 2 , 1 2;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 110 , Berny-sur-

N oye. With s top -r idge. 4 .

Bray-sur-So m me , S o m me. Breu i l 1 905, f ig. 2 , 1 4;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 11,

Bray-sur-So m me. With s top-r idge a nd s h ield-pa t tern . N ether lands 5 .

R i jsbergen , N . Braban t . Bu t ler 19 63a , 4 8 , f i g . 9 , p l . V I I , 3 . Wi thou t s top-r idge.

L IST 3A .

S h ield-pat tern p a lstaves :

n on-Br i t ish .

MAP 3 .

N or th-eastern France 1 .

G iverny , Eure. C ou t il 19 21, p l . 2 , 2 7 .

2 .

F ret d e Bords h oard , Eure ( 50 ).

3 .

Mu ids h oard , Eure ( 5 1).

4 .

Faubourg d e Bresles, Beauva is, O ise. Ash 19 27 . 2 028 F ig. 2 6, 1 .

5 .

Cho isy-au-Bac , O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbo t 19 75, 3 2, f i g. 8 .

6 .

D ieppe , S e ine-Mar it i me. S prockhof f 1 941, Abb. 3 7 , 1 0 . I nd ist inc t s top-r idge.

7 .

Rosendal , D ieppe , S eine-Mar i t i me . V erron 19 71, 5 2 n o. 1 4b; I nd ist inc t s top-r idge.

Br iard a nd Verron 19 76a , 8 4, f i g. 2 .

4 31

8 .

Heur teauv il le , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Mus e Depar t men ta l d es An t iqu i tes d e l a S e ine-Mar it i me , Rouen . V erron 1 971, 5 2, n o. 1 4c . I nd ist inc t s top-r idge. F ig . 2 6, 2 .

9 .

Mon t iv i l l iers , S e ine-Mar i t i me. C ou t il 19 21, p l . 2 , 2 4;

1O .

V erron 19 71, 5 2, n o. 1 4a.

Am iens, S o m me. Ash 1 927. 2 139 . Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 10 6, Am iens 5 . F ig. 2 6, 3 .

Be lg iu m 1 1.

Ba t tel , An twerp . Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp , 2 308. I nd ist inc t s top-r idge. F ig. 2 6, 4 .

N etherlands 1 2.

V lodrop , L i mburg. B loe mers 19 73, 2 1, a lb. 4 , 8 . I nd ist inc t s top-r idge.

L IST 3 B.

S h ield-pa t tern p a lstaves :

Br i t ish o r r elated.

MAP 3 .

Nor th-eastern France 1 .

Hennez is , Eure. Cou t il 19 21, p l . 1 , 3 0 .

2 .

L e L and in , Eure. I bid ., p l . 1 , 2 9.

3 .

Ca mbra i a rea h oard , N ord ( 5 3).

4 .

Mon t C esar , O ise. There a re many s i tes o f t h is n a me i n t he C o mp iegne a rea . B lanchet a nd L ambot 19 75, 3 1-32, f i g. 7 .

5 .

S eine a t P on t-Sa in t-Michel , Par is. Mohen 19 68 , 7 79-781, B9 , p ls. I :VI I I. I nco mp lete s h ield , l ong m idr ib.

6 .

S e ine b etween L a Bou il le a nd Ducla ir , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Bon i fay 19 67 , 3 30 , f i g. 2 1. R ib i n s h ield.

7 .

Rouen , S e ine-Mar i t i me.

.

Verron 19 71, 5 2 n o. 1 4d . 8 .

Mon t ieres , Am iens, S o m me. Breu i l 19 05, f ig. 3 , 1 9 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 10 6, Am iens 2 0. 4 32

Be lg iu m 9 .

H eusden , E . F landers. Un iversi ty Museu m , Ghen t , 3 22. D esi t tere 1 976, 9 0 , f i g. 4 , 6 . F ig. 2 6, 5 .

N ether lands 1 0 .

V oorhou t h oard , S . Hol land ( 85 ). F our teen e xa mp les.

L IST 4 .

Broad-bladed p a lsta .ves , S o m me-Oise-Aisne g roup .

MAP 6 .

S idef langed w ith m idr ib 1 .

Cha t il lonles-Bou logne , Pas-de-Ca la is. Mohen 19 72, 4 47 -44 9 , f i g. 2 , 8 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 11,

Bou logne 1 0 , i l l . 1 9 , f . 2 .

Am iens Museu m h oard , S o m me ( 6 5 ).

3 .

Bernay-Pon tho ile h oard , S o m me ( 6 6). Three e xa mp les.

4 .

L il le, N ord . Ash 1 927 . 2 141. Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 16, L il le 1O . F ig . 2 7 , 2 .

5 .

Bernay-Pon tho ile h oard , S o m me ( 66 ). F our e xa mp les.

6 .

Hardecour t-aux-Bo is, S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 14 Hardecour t-aux-Bo is, i l l , 19 , 1 3.

Sma l l s h ield-pa t tern w ith p endan t r ib 7 .

F orest o f C o mp iegne, O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 19 75, 3 0 n o. 3 .

8 .

Bernay-Pon tho i le h oard , S o m me ( 66 ). Three e xa mp les.

Sma l l s h ield-pat tern o r i nset c onta in ing r ibs 9 .

Do m m iers h oard , A isne ( 42). Three e xa mp les.

1 0.

V a lenc iennes, N ord. Mohen 19 72, 4 47 , f i g. 2 , 5 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 19 ,

V a lenc i Ennes , i l l 1 9 , d . 1 1.

S a in t N icolas , Fores t o f .C o mp iegne, O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 19 75, 3 1 n o. 4 .

4 33

Double p endan t c urve 1 2. Am iens Museu m h oard , S o m me ( 65). 1 3. Am iens, S o m me. CMAE FB 5 5. F ig . 2 7 , 3 . C ord ifor m i nse t 1 4. Do m m iers h oard , A isne ( 4 2 ). 1 5. Hesd in a rea , Pas-de-Ca la is. 9 , a . Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 15, Hesd in e nv irons i l l , 1 1 6. Abbev i l le , S o m me. 3, Abbev i l le 1 . Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 10

Breu i l 1 905, f ig. 3 , 2 5;

1 7. Am iens Museu m h oard , S o m me ( 65). 1 8. Bernay-Pon tho ile h oard , S o m me ( 66). 1 9. Ha m , S o m me. Breu i l 19 05, f ig. 3 , 2 3;

14, Ha m . Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1

Double i nset 2 0. Mor ienva l , O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 3 1 n o. 5 . 2 1. Bernay-Pon tho ile h oard , S o m me ( 66). 2 2. Nouv ion , S o m me. Breu i l 19 05

f ig. 3 , 3 1;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 17 , Nouv ion .

V-orna men t 2 3. Do m m iers h oard , A isne ( 4 2). 2 4. Beauva is Museu m , O ise. B lanchet a nd L ambot 19 75, 5 1 n o. 4 3. Tr iden t o r p s i-orna men t 2 5. Bou logne a rea , Pas-de-Ca la is. Mohen 19 72, 4 47 , f i g. 2 , 7 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974,

Bou logne e nv irons 3 , i l l . 1 9 ,e. 2 6. Am iens Museu m h oard , S o m me ( 65 ). 2 7. Bernay-Pon tho ile h oard , S o m me ( 66). Three e xa mp les. F ive-pronged t r iden t o rna men t 2 8. Mon t J avroux , O ise. B lanchet a nd L ambot 1 975, 5 0-51 n o. 4 2 2 9 . Bernay-Pon tho ile h oard , S o m me ( 6 6).

4 34

L IST 5 .

Breton p alstaves.

MAP 4 .

Br ita in 1 .

Beenha m , Berks. Burgess 19 69a, f i g. 1 , c ;

Rowlands 1 976, 2 90 n o. 30 6, p l . 3 2.

l ooped. 2 .

Wan tage h oard , Berks.

( 1 ) .

Two e xa mp les. 3 .

Dodd ington, Ca mbs. CMAE 19 19 .4.358. Rowlands 19 76, 2 96 n o. 39 1, p l . 3 2. L ooped . F ig. 2 6, 7 .

4 .

?C ard igansh ire. Burgess 19 69a , f ig. 1 , d . L ooped .

5 .

Wareha m , Dorset . Rowlands 19 76, 3 03 n o. 4 93, p l. 3 2.

6 . 7 .

Grays h oard , Essex ( 9 ). C o mp ton Down , n ear Winchester , Han ts. Rowlands 19 76, 3 07 n o. 5 41, p l . 3 2;

8 . 9 .

Gosport h oard , Hants ( 1 1). Purewel l , Chr istchurch , Han ts. Rowlands 19 76, 3 07 n o. 5 49 ;

1 0.

Moore 19 76, 1 12, f i g. 3 , 2 .

Ken t. CMAE 2 4.1299 . Row lands 19 76, 3 13 n o. 6 27.

1.

Near Mildenhal l , S u f folk. I b id., 3 36 n o. 9 53, p l. 3 2. L ooped.

1 2.

S u t ton , S u ffolk . I bid., 3 37 n o. 9 68 , p l . 3 2. L ooped.

1 3.

L odge Far m , Newhaven , S ussex . I bid., 3 41 n o. 1 012, p l . 3 2.

1 4.

S id lesha m h oard , S ussex ( 37 ). Three e xa mp les.

1 5.

N ear Bewd ley , Worcs. Burgess 1 969a , f i g. I a.

North-eastern France 1 6.

Moore 19 76, 1 12, f i g. 3 , 1 .

Br ionne, Eure. Br iard a nd Verron 1 976a , 1 04.

4 35

1 7. Four metot , Eure, Burgess 1 969a , 1 51 n . 1 3. 1 8. V il le-d iAvray h oard , Hau ts-de-Seine ( 52 ). S even e xa mp les. 1 9.

N ear Rei ms , Marne. Ash 19 27 .2143. F ig. 2 6, 8 .

2 0. Desvres h oard , Pas-de-Cala is ( 56). 2 1. Heuquev il le h oard , S eine-Mar it i me ( 60 ) . 2 2. Rou mare Forest h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 58 ). 2 3. Verneu il—PEtang h oard , S e ine-et-Marne ( 64 ). 2 4. Am iens, S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 3 6, 10 6, Am iens 4 , i l l . 1 8. 2 5. Bernay-Pon thoile h oard , S o m me ( 66). 2 6. Bertangles, S o m me. I bid., 1 10 , Ber tangles 1 . 2 7.

S o mme. I bid., 1 20 , S o m me 1 7.

Belgiu m 2 8. Baasrode , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is , An twerp 2 305. L ooped. 2 9. Ghen t a rea , E . F landers. Des it tere 1 974b, 1 49 n o. 1 9 , f i g. 4 ;

1 976, 9 0 , f i g. 4 , 1 2.

3 0. Oudenaarde, E . F landers. Desit tere 1 976, 9 0; Desit tere a nd Weissenborn 19 77, 2 2 n o. 7 , f i g. 4 . L ooped . 3 1. Wet teren , E . F landers. Museum V leeshu is, An twerp 2 261

2 /5

F ig. 2 6, 9 . 3 2. Tourna i , Ha inau t. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 304. Desi t tere 19 76, 9 0. 3 3. Prov. L uxe mbourg. Mus e Curt ius, L iege. N ether lands 3 4.

N i j megen a rea , Gelderland. R i jks museu m G . M. Ka m , N i j megen .

4 36

.

L IST 6 .

Cen tre-ouest p alstaves.

M AP 9 .

Br ita in 1 .

Gable Head h oard , Han ts ( 1 2 ).

N or th-eastern France 2 .

Forest o f C o mp iägne ,O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 3 0 n o. 1 .

L IST 7 A. Br ita in : 1 .

Un looped N or man p a lstaves.

M AP 5 .

h oards o n ly

Dewl ish h oard , Dorset ( 6 ). Two e xa mp les, c f . Bournev il le ( 45)2, Cha mbourcy ( 7 1)2, Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan ( 6 1)6.

2 .

Gable Head h oard , Han ts ( 1 2). F our e xa mp les, c f . L a C hapel le ( 46)7 , 1 7 , Heuquevil le ( 60 )12, S ucy-en-Br ie ( 68 )g.

3 .

Pear Tree Green h oard , Han ts ( 15 ). Four e xa mp les, c f . Bour lay ( 44)7 , G isors ( 47 )5, 7 , Heuquev il le ( 60 )7 , 1 0 , Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan ( 6 1)6.

4 .

L eav ington h oard , I sle o f Wigh t ( 20 ). One p ossible e xa mp le, c orroded.

5 .

Marsha l l E sta te h oard , S ussex ( 3 2). Four e xa mp les, c f . Bourlay ( 44)1, 2 , L ivet ( 48 )7 , Heuquevil le ( 60 )7 , Verneu il ( 6 4)10 , S ucy-en-Br ie ( 68 )c.

6 .

B lackrock h oard , S ussex ( 3 4 ). Three e xa mp les, c f . Bourlay ( 44)2, Bournev il le ( 45 )3, L a Chapel le ( 46)13, Heuquev il le ( 60 )17.

Be lg iu m 7 .

Waas munster, E . F landers. Un iversity Museu m , Ghen t 3 18, De L aet 1 974, 3 00 , f i g. 1 40;

Desi t tere 1 976, 9 0 , f i g. 4 , 8 .

F ig. 2 7 , 1 . C f. L a Chapel le ( 4 6)10 , Mon t-Sa int-Aignan ( 6 1)5. L IST 7 B. Br ita in ; 1 .

L ooped N or man p a lstaves.

MAP 5 .

h oards o n ly

Wan tage h oard , Berks ( 1 ). C f. L a Chapel le ( 46 )1.

2 .

Grunty Fen h oard , Ca mbs ( 103). Two e xa mp les, c f . L a Chapelle ( 46 )4, Aubergenv il le ( 69 )2.

3 .

Cred it ion h oard , Devon ( 5 ). C f . L a Chapel le ( 46)2.

4 37

4 .

Dewl ish h oard , Dorset ( 6 ). Two e xamp les , c f . L a C hapel le ( 46 )2, L a Queue-les-Yvel ines ( 72 )1.

5 .

Gr i mstone h oard , Dorset ( 8 ).

6 .

Gosport h oard , Han ts ( 1 1). C f . L a C hapel le ( 4 6)5, Heuquev i lle ( 60 )2, Rouen ( 62)3, Aubergenvil le ( 69 )2.

7 .

Gable Head h oard , Han ts ( 1 2). E igh t e xa mp les, c f . L a C hapel le ( 4 6 )1, 3 , 5 , Heuquevil le ( 60 )2, Rouen ( 62)3, 5 , Verneu il ( 6 4)15, Aubergenvil le ( 69 )2.

8 .

P ear Tree Green h oard , Han ts ( 1 5). S ix e xa mp les , c f . L a C hapel le ( 4 6)3, 5 , Heuquev il le ( 60 )1, 2 , Rouen ( 6 2 ) 3 , 5 , Verneu il ( 6 4)13, 1 5, Aubergenv il le ( 69 )2.

9 . 1 0.

Swanw ick h oard , Han ts ( 16). L eav ington House h oard , I sle o f Wigh t ( 20 ). C f . L ivet ( 48 )1.

1 1.

Marsha l l E sta te h oard , S ussex ( 32 ). Two e xa mp les, c f . L a C hapel le ( 4 6)3, Heuquev il le ( 60 )1, Rouen ( 6 2)5, Verneiu l ( 6 4)13, 1 5.

L IST 8 .

Broad-bladed p alstaves i n Belg iu m a nd t he N ether lands.

MAP 6 .

P la in 1 .

S choonaarde , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 306. F ig. 2 7 , 5 .

2 .

S erska mp , E . F landers. Desi t tere 1 976, 8 9 , f i g. 4 , 9 . C f . Gosport ( 1 1)7 , N ear Can terbury ( 24 )6, B irch ing ton ( 23 )12-13.

Tr iden t o rna men t 3 .

Be irva ld ( ? Beervelde, E . F landers ). Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 307 . F ig. 2 7 , 4 .

4 .

S choonaarde , E . F landers. Desi t tere 1 976, 9 0 , f i g. 4 , 1 0. Add it iona l r ibs i n t r iden t. C f . L ist 4 , 2 5-29.

Midr ib 5 .

S cheld t a t An twerp. Museu m V leeshu is 2 301,

Midr ib w ith s hor t r ibs 6 .

Epe h oard , Gelderland ( 83 ).

4 38

I nset w ith midr ib 7 .

?N i j megen a rea , Gelderland. Bu t ler 19 63a , 7 2 n o. 3 6, p l . VII , 5 , C f. Do m m iers ( 42 )3-5, L a Chapel le ( 46)13;

Heuquev il le ( 60 )1 7 .

Possibly N or man. I nset c on ta in ing r ibs 8 .

N org. Dren the. I bid., n o. 2 6, p l . VI I , 4 . C f . L ist 4 , 9 -11.

C ord ifor m i nset 9 .

Asper , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 302. F ig. 2 7 , 7 .

1 0.

Hu ise, E . F landers. Un iversi ty Museu m , Ghen t 2 48. Desit tere 1 976, 9 0 , f i g. 4 , 7 . F ig. 2 7 , 6 .

1 1.

Between Wi jchen a nd N i j megen , Gelderland. Bu tler 19 63a , 7 2 n o. 3 5, p l . V I I , 6 .

1 2.

S tevensweert , Du tch L i mburg. B loe mers 19 73, 4 8 , a fb. 4 , 7 . C f. Burnha m ( 2 ) 1 4-16, B irch ington ( 23 ) 6 -11, N ear Can terbury ( 24 ) 2 -3, Goudhurst ( 25)1, Marshal l E sta te ( 32) 1 4.

L IST 9 . 1 .

L ower Meuse p a lstaves i n Belg iu m .

M AP 7 .

Oud-Turnhou t , An twerp . Mari n 1 952, a fb. 1 81, 2 . L ooped .

2 .

Tongerlo , An twerp . MRAH Brussels. De L oV 1 931a , 2 9 . Cast.

3 .

Ghen t a rea , E . F landers. MRAH Brussels. I b id., 2 9-30 , 3 2. Three e xa mp les.

4 .

Wet teren , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 261 3 /5. F ig. 2 8 , 1 . L ooped.

5 .

Angleur , L iege. Mar ion 1 952, a lb. 1 81, 3 ;

Dawans 1 972, 3 13 n o. 5 .

4 39

6 .

F le ma l le-Hau te , L iege. Dawans 1 972, 3 13 n o. 3 , p l . V , c en tre. Sma l l .

7 .

J uslenv il le , L iege. I b id ., 3 14 n o. 6 , p l . V I , c en tre. L arge.

8 .

Vot te m , L iege. I bid ., 3 15 n o. 9 , p l . V I , l ef t. L ooped .

9 .

Maase ick , L i mburg. Ash 19 27 . 19 84. F ig. 2 8 , 2 . R ibbed .

1O .

Molenbeersel , L i mburg. MRAH Brussels. De L o V1 931a , 3 5.

1.

Prov. N amur. MRAH Brussels. I bid., 3 1.

L IST 1 0.

N ord ic p a lstaves.

MAP 9 .

Br i ta in 1 .

Wel l ing ton , S o merset. Bu t ler 1 963a , 7 0 ;

Rowlands 19 76, 3 33 n o. 9 03.

P rovenance u ncer ta in . 2 .

Face ted s ides.

Mi tcha m , S urrey . S . N eedha m. Narrow s top-r idge , n arrow b lade w i th s ide-f langes a nd midr ib , a rched mou ld ings o n s ides.

3 .

Dr if f ield , Yorks. Anon . 1 923;

Bu t ler 1 963a , 7 0.

S tra igh t s top-r idge , n arrow b lade w ith s ide-f langes a nd b road , t aper ing midrib , a rched mou ld ings o n s ides. N etherlands 4 .

Em merco mpascuu m , Drenche. Bu tler 1 963a , t o , p l . V I I , 1 . Curved s top-r idge , Y-orna men t o nb lade.

5 .

N ieuwe Weerd inge , Dren the. I bid.

6 .

Epe , Gelderland. Modder man 19 60-61. Fro m a b arrow w i th a c re ma t ion b ur ia l . S tra igh t s top-r idge , n arrow b lade w i th t wo r ibs i nside s ide-f langes ;

4 40

d eep mou ld ing b elow t he s top-r idge , t wo c ol lars o n t he s ep tu m ;

b ands

o fo rna men t o n t he s ides a bove a nd b elow t he mou ld ing. 7 .

D en Burg , T exel , N . Hol land ( 84 ).

L IST 1. Bohe m ian p a lstaves.

MAP 9 .

Br i ta in 1 .

?Wal l ingford a rea , Berks. Row lands 19 76 ,2 92 n o. 3 26, p l . 3 3.

2 .

Horr idge C o m mon , I l sington , Devon. I b id., 2 76 n o. 1 68 , p l . 3 3;

L IST 1 2.

Fox a nd Br it ton 19 69.

Pa lstaves s im i lar i n f orm t o t he I sle o f Wigh t t ype.

M AP 8 .

N orth-eastern F rance 1 .

B lerancourt , A isne. Ma th ieu 19 77 , f ig. 1 .

2 .

Beau mon t-sur-O ise , Va l-d 'Oise. I b id ., f i g. 2 .

L IST 1 3.

Double-looped p a lstaves.

Br ita in 1 .

Penvores , C ornwa l l . E vans 1 881, 9 5-96, f i g. 8 6;

Row lands 1 976, 3 00 n o. 4 56, p l . 3 3.

Broad c on ica l r ib. 2 .

Truro , C ornwa l l . Gray 1 937 , 6 6;

3 .

Row lands 1 976, 3 00 n o. 4 50.

Chagford , Devon . F ox 1 955, 3 20, p l . 1 4, c ;

Row lands 1 976, 3 01 n o. 4 63, p l . 3 3.

Broad c on ica l r ib. 4 .

Wey mou th , Dorset . Row lands 19 76, 3 03 n o. 4 96, p l . 3 3. M idr ib.

5 .

Bourne mou th , Han ts. Crawford 19 11-12, 4 4, 4 8;

6 .

Garsing ton , Oxon. C rawford 19 11-12, 4 8 ;

7 .

Row lands 1 976, 3 06 n o. 5 40.

Row lands 19 76, 3 27 n o. 8 33.

Rotherf ield , Oxon . Row lands 19 76, 2 91 n o. 3 16, p l . 3 3. Midr ib.

8 .

C heddar , S o merset . Gray 19 37 , 6 4, f i g. 2 ;

Row lands 19 76, 3 31 n o. 8 72, p l . 3 3.

Broad m idr ib.

4 41

9 .

C urland , S o merse t. Gray 19 37 , 6 3, f i g. 1 ;

Row lands 1 976, 3 31 n o. 8 75, p l . 3 3.

B road c on ica l r ib. 1O .

S ou th P e ther ton , S o merset. Gray 1 905 , 1 41-142, f i g. 2 ; B road m idr ib.

1 1.

Row lands 19 76, 3 32 n o. 8 94, p l . 3 3.

West Buck land h oard , S o merset ( 30 ) . Broad V-groove.

1 2.

S o merse t. Row lands 19 76, 3 32 n o. 8 92, p l . 3 3. B road c on ica l r ib.

1 3.

' Cen tra l Wa les '. S avory 19 66-68;

E ogan 19 67. 1 54 , p l . 2O .

Broad c on ica l r ib.

P oss ibly a ssoc ia ted w i th a g old b ar t orc.

I reland 1 4.

Ba l l incol l ig , C o. C ork . Ash 19 27 , 27 95. F ig . 2 8 , 4 . Broad c on ica l midr ib.

1 5.

I reland . Ta lbot d e Ma lah ide 1 852. Broad midr ib.

Be lg iu m 1 6.

De inze , E . F landers. C h i lde 19 39 , 3 21, f i g. 2 . N arrow , t wo v ert ica l g rooves b elow s top-r idge , l arge l oops.

L IST 1 4.

S ocketed a xes.

MAP 1 0.

Eng land 1 .

Barr ington , Ca mbs. CMAE 2 4238. Bu t ler 19 63a , 7 9 n o. 4 ;

Rowlands 19 76, 3 47 n o. 1 075 , p l. 3 4.

F ig. 2 8, 5 . R ibbed c ol lar , V-orna men t. 2 .

? Peterborough a rea , Hun ts. C ity Museu m , P e terborough , L . 6 62. Row lands 19 76, 3 47 n o. 1 082, p l . 3 4; F ig. 2 8. 6 . R ibbed c ol lar.

3 .

L eopold S treet h oard , Oxford. I nv. Arch. GB5, 1. R ibbed c ol lar.

4 42

Green 1 977 , 1 6 n o. 6 4 , f i g. 2 9 .

4 .

N orton F itzwarren h oard , S o merse t ( 29 ).

5 .

Taun ton Un ion Workhouse h oard , S o merset. I nv. Arch. GB43, 1 7.

6 .

H ighwor th h oard , Wil ts ( 38 ). Un looped.

7 .

S teep le L angford h oard , Wi l ts ( 40 ).

I reland 8 .

B ishops land h oard , C o. K i ldare. E ogan 1 964, 2 73, 3 40 n o. 4 0 , f i g. 5 , 2 . R ibbed c ol lar.

N etherlands 9 .

Hol terberg , Over i jssel . Bu t ler 1 963a , 7 7 , 8 0 n o. 3 4, f i g. 2 0. R ibbed c ol lar.

L IST 1 5.

S ocketed h a mmers.

E ng land 1 .

Burgess 's Meadow h oard . Ox ford. I nv.Arch. GB6, 6 .

2 .

T aun ton Un ion Workhouse h oard , S o merset. I nv. Arch. GB43, 1 5. R ibbed c ol lar , V-r ib.

S cot land 3 .

I nsoch Wood h oard , N a irn . C oles 1 963-64, 1 17 , 1 54, f i g. 1 8 , 1 3.

I reland 4 .

B ishops land h oard , C o. K i ldare. E ogan 1 964, 2 74, 3 40 n o. 4 0 , f i g. 5 , 3 5. Three e xa mp les, t wo w i th r ibbed c ol lars.

L IST 1 6.

Anv i ls.

England 1 .

F lax Bour ton , S o merset . Row lands 1 976, 4 6, 2 56 n o. 1 12, 1 ;

J ones 1 931;

Organ 1 953-56;

ApS i mon 19 69 -71, 4 5-46. Wedge-shaped b ody w i th t wo c on ica l p ro jec t ions o n o ne s ide. A modern f abr ica t ion f ound w ith a c opy o f a Midd le Bronze Age p a lstave. 2 .

S t . L eonards Mar ina , S ussex. Rowlands 19 76, 4 6, 2 69 n o. 7 , p l . 3 . Wedge-shaped t enon w ith f l a t u pper f ace a nd p o in ted p ro jec t ion . Possibly p art o f a Midd le Bronze Age h oard ( i bid ., n o. 1 49 ).

4 43

S co t land 3 .

I nsoch Wood h oard , Na irn . C oles 1 963-64, 1 18 , 1 54, f i g. 1 8 , 1 2. S quare b ody w ith t wo t enons , o ne c on ica l , t he o ther wedge-shaped w i th g rooved s ides.

I reland 4 .

B ishopsland h oard , C o. K i ldare. E ogan 19 64, 2 76, 3 40 n o. 4 0 , f i g. 5 , 1. Two p ro jec t ing f aces , t wo t enons.

France 5 .

C ha mp Tortu , Cu iry-les-Chaudardes , A isne. L et ter le 19 76, 17 5-1 7 6, p l . 4 2. Frag men ts o f o ne v a lve o f as tone mou ld. A ssoc ia ted w i th p o t tery o f p robab le Bronze Moyen d a te.

6 .

Angerv i l le a rea , E sonne. N icolardot a nd Gaucher 19 75, 3 1, f i g. 2 . S quare b ody w ith t wo t enons , o ne c on ica l , t he o ther wedge-shaped . T his a nv i l i s i l lustra ted a f ter a d raw ing b y Verron a nd i s s a id t o b e i n t he 'Mus e d 'Oxford '; t h is i s p resu mably t he e xa mp le w i th t he p rovenance ' Se ine a t Par is ' Ash 19 27.2251, h ere i l lustra ted a s F ig. 2 8, 7 . N icolardot a nd Gaucher c la im ( i b id ., 3 2) t ha t t he a nv il was a cco mpan ied b y as ocketed h a m mer w i th a s quare mou th . Th is c ou ld b e ar eference t o t he h a m mer f ro m Beaudrev il le ( L ist 1 33, 2 ) b u t Ic an f ind n o r ecord o f s uch a n a ssoc ia t ion.

L IST 1 7 .

Knobbed s ick les.

England 1 .

Ed ing ton Bur t le h oard , S o merset. I nv. Arch. GB44, 1 5-18. T hree e xa mp les w i th d ouble k nobs a nd s ingle r ibs, o ne w ith e longa ted k nob , d ouble r ib a nd V orna men t.

2 .

Monkswood h oard , S o merse t. I nv . Arch. GB42, 2 4-26. Three e xa mp les w i th e longa ted k nobs , o ne h av ing d ouble a nd t he o thers s ingle r ibs.

3 .

S park ford h oard , S o merset . I nv. Arch. GB46, 1 -2. Two e xa mp les w ith d ouble k nobs , o ne w ithou t r ibs a nd t he o ther w ith s ing le r ib a nd V-orna men t.

4 .

Taunton Un ion Workhouse h oard , S o merset. I nv . Arch. GB43, 2 1-22. One e xa mp le w i th s ingle k nob a nd s ingle r ib , o ne e xa mp le w i th d oub le k nob a nd s ingle r ib.

4 44

I reland 5 .

B ishopsland h oard , C o. K i ldare. E ogan 19 64, 2 76, 3 40 n o. 4 0 , f i g. 5 , 1 6. E longa ted k nob , s ingle r ib.

N e therlands 6 .

Epe h oard , Gelder land ( 8 3 ). D ouble k nob , t r ip le r ib.

7 .

Veenenburg h oard , S . Hol land ( 125 ). Two f rag men ts w i th s ingle k nobs a nd d ouble r ibs.

8 .

Holset , L i mburg. I nv. Arch. NL1 5 . Two e xa mp les , d ouble k nobs.

L IST 1 8. Trebou l s pearheads.

MAP 1.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Aubigny-au-Bac , N ord. Mohen 1 972, 4 63, f i g. 1 0 , 7 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 09 .

Aubigny-au-Bac 2 . 2 .

L il lebonne , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Br iard 19 65, 10 4;

Verron 19 71, 5 1 n o. 1 1.

Belg iu m 3 .

S cheld t b etween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Desi t tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 3 3 n o. 4 4, f i g. 1 8.

4 .

Bu t ler marks a nother e xamp le n ear T ongeren , L i mburg. Bu t ler a nd S a fa t i j 1 970-71, f i g. 1 .

N ether lands 5 .

Meuse b e tween Cuyk a nd Ka tw i jk , N . Braban t. Desi t tere 19 76, 8 9 .

6 .

N ieuwe Weerd inge , Dren the. Des it tere a nd Weissenborn 19 77 , 2 9 n . 4 .

7 .

Wi tharen , Over i jssel . I bid .

8 -9. Meuse a t K essel , L i mburg. B r iard 1 965, 1 06;

Des i t tere 1 976, 8 9 .

Bu t ler h as a f ind-spot j ust s ou th o f K essel , n ear Roer mond , a nd a nother j us t s ou th-west o f Roer mond . Bu t ler a nd S arfa t i j 19 70-71, f i g. 1 . L IST 1 9 .

S ide-looped s pearheads.

MAP 1 2.

N u mbers p refaced b y B a nd J F r efer t o t he l i sts o f Br iard ( 1963 ) a nd J acob-Fr iesen ( 19 67 ).

4 45

N or th-eastern France 1 .

Bruyeres-sur-Fere , A isne. B lanchet 19 73, 4 9 ;

2 .

B2 8 ;

J F 1 663.

Ar mancour t , O ise. B lanche t 1 976a , 3 4, f i g. 3 4, 1 0. Rowlands Group 1 .

3 .

C onf luence o f t he O ise a nd t he A isne a t C o mp iegne , O ise. B lanchet 1 973, 4 7-48 , f i g . 3 . Row lands Group 1 .

4 .

S e ine a t P ar is. Ash 19 27 .2217 . B lanchet 19 73, 4 9 ;

B4 0 ;

J r 1 684.

F ig. 2 9 , 1 . Row lands Group 1 . 5 .

Par is a rea. B lanche t 19 73, 4 9 ;

Mohen 19 68 , 7 95.

F our e xa mp les i n MAN . 6 .

Am iens , S o m me. B lanchet 1 973 4 9 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 07 , Am iens 3 8 ,

i l l . 2 8, a ;

J r 1 653.

B4 0 :

Row lands Group 1 . 7 .

S eine b etween Andresy a nd P o issy , Yve l ines. B lanchet 1 973, 4 9 ;

d e Mor t i l let 19 03, p l . ) 0 (XVI I , 101;

B 1 2;

J r 1 67 3. Rowlands Group 1 . The f o l lowing e xamp les , n o t i nc luded b y B lanche t ( 1973 ) , a re n o t mapped h ere : J aux , O ise. B 3 7 ;

J F 1 66 O .

P ossibly c onfused w i th t he b asa l-looped s pearhead f ro m t he O ise a bove J aux ( L ist 2 0 , 6 ). S a in t-Just-en-Chausee , O ise. B3 8 ; J r 1 661. S e ine a t P ar is. B 1 3;

J r 1 67 7 .

Th is i s p robably t he s a me e xa mp le i n t he Evans C ol lec t ion a s B4 0 ( L ist 1 9 , 4 ). Be lg iu m 8 .

S cheld t a t Ha m me , E . F landers. J r 17 15;

d e L aet 1 974, 3 02.

N ot i nc luded b y Desi t tere ( 1976, 8 9 ). N e therlands 9 .

' s-Hertogenbosch , N . Braban t. Bu tler 19 61a ;

J F 17 38.

4 46

L oops r e moved a nd r ep laced b y p eg-holes. Rowlands Group 1 . 1 0.

Papenvoor t , Ro lde , Dren the. Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 02-103, 1 09 n o. 1 2, J F 1 722. Rowlands Group 1 .

L IST 2 0.

Basal-looped s pearheads w ith l eaf-shaped b lades.

M AP 1 3.

Nu mbers p refaced b y B a nd J F r efer t o t he l i sts o f Briard ( 1963) a nd J acobFr iesen ( 1967 ). N orth-eastern France 1 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. Toulouze 1 891, 1 68, f i g. 1 8.

2 .

G isors, Eure. Cord ier 1 965, 3 8, f i g. 5 , 2 8;

3 .

J F 1 669 .

S e ine a t Vernon , Eure. B 1 0 ;

5 .

J F 1 671.

Eure a t L ery , Eure. B 9 ;

4 .

B 1 1;

J r 1 670.

O ise a t I l e d u Grand Peu .p le, Ar mancourt , O ise. Musee V ivenel , Co mp iegne. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 3 6 n o. 1 4;

t he s a me s pearhead i s

d up l ica ted b y Cord ier ( 1965, f i g. 4 , 1 0-11) , B5 a nd J F 1 658-9. F ig. 2 9 , 2 . 6 .

O ise a bove J aux , Co mp iegne, O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 3 7.

7 .

S e ine a t P on t S a int-Michel , Par is. Mohen 1 968 , 7 94;

8 .

B 8 3, p l. V I;

B 1 3, Mus e d e l 'Ar mee;

J F 1 682.

Par is a rea. Mohen 1 968, 7 95;

B 1 3;

J F 1 683.

An u ncerta in n u mber i n M AN. 9 .

S e ine a t E lbeu f , S eine-Mari ti me. E luere 1 972, 4 4, f i g. 4 5;

1 0.

J F 1 656.

S eine a t Rouen , S eine- Marit i me. B 7 ;

1 1.

B 3 4;

J F 1 655.

Am iens, S o m me. Ash 1 927.2220. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 06, Am iens 1 2, i l l . 2 8, b ; F ig . 2 9 , 3 .

1 2.

S eine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de- Marne. Mus e Carnava let , Paris, PR 2 04. Cord ier 1 965, 3 8, f i g. 4 , 7 ;

B 1 4;

J F 1 675a.

F ig. 2 9 , 4 , a f ter a d raw ing p rov ided b y N . Freid in .

447

B 4 0 ;

J F 1 654.

1 3. S e ine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Va l-de-Marne. C ord ier 1 965, 3 8 , f i g. 4 , 9 ;

B 1 4, J F 1 67 4.

1 4. Gonfrev il le-l 'Orcher , S e ine-Mar i t i me. C ou t i l 1 921, p l . I ;

J F 1 667.

Bronze mou ld s a id t o b e f or b asa l-looped s pearheads.

T here i s n o

r ecen t p ubl ica t ion o f t h is p iece a nd Rowlands i s d ub ious o f i t s i den t if ic a t ion ( 1976, 60 -61);

n ot mapped .

The i den t if ica t ion o f t he e xa mp le f ro m t he S e ine a t Par is i n t he Musse Carnava le t , J F 1 681, i s u ncerta in . Be lg iu m 1 5. N ethe a t Du ffel , An twerp . Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 09 n o. 8 ; Desi t tere 1 976, 8 9 , f i g. 4 , 2 . J F 1 712. 1 6. Geraardsbergen , E . F landers. Des i t tere 1 976, 8 9 , f i g. 4 , 1 . 1 7. S cheld t a t Wichelen , E . F landers. Mar ien 1 952, a fb. 2 13, 2 ;

Desi t tere 19 76, 8 9 ;

J F 17 14.

N etherlands 1 8. Bargeroos terve ld , Dren the . Bu tler 1 960a , f i g. 4 8; J F 1 718 , Taf . 1 08, 5 . 1 9. Ex looer mond , Dren the. Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 09 n o. 4 , f i g. 2 8b;

J F 17 20 , Taf .1 0 8 , 6 .

2 0. Onstwedde , Gron ingen . I bid ., n o. 6 , f i g. 2 8a . L IST 2 1.

Og iva l-bladed s pearheads.

MAP 1 4.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

S eine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. Tou louze 1 891, f i g. 1 9.

2 .

Baux-Sa in te-Croix h oard , Dire ( 43). Two e xa mp les.

3 .

O ise n ear I l e d u Grand Peup le , Ar mancour t , O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 3 7 n o. 1 5, f i g. 1 7 .

4 .

O ise a t C o mp iegne , O ise. I b id ., 3 7 n o. 1 7 , f i g. 1 6.

5 .

S e ine a t Par is. Duval 1 961, 5 0 , f i g. 2 3 c en tre.

6 .

Rouen , S e ine- Mar i t i me. MAN.

7 .

R . N oye a t Chaussoy , S o m me. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 5 9 n o. 6 4.

8 .

S ucy-en-Br ie h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 68 ).

4 48

Be lg iu m 9 .

Dender a t Geraardsbergen , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp , 2 225. Desi t tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 3 0 n o.18.

1 0.

Oudenaarde, E . F landers. Museum V leeshu is , An twerp , 2 255.

1 1.

T e mse , E . F landers. J anssens 1 967 , a fb. 4 l ef t.

1 2.

Vurste , E . F landers. Desi t tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 3 2 n o. 4 0 , f i g. 2 1.

1 3.

Wichelen , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is , An twerp , 3 541.

1 4.

S cheld t b e tween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Desi t tere a nd Weissenborn 1 977 , 3 3 n o. 4 3.

1 5.

Tourna i , Ha inau t. I bid ., 3 1 n o. 3 3.

1 6.

Eksel , L imburg. Mar in i , 1 952, a fb. 2 54, 4 .

England 1 7.

Orset t h oard , E ssex ( 105 ).

L IST 2 2.

N e Nrd ic a nd c en tra l European s pearheads.

MAP 1 4.

N ether lands Bag terp t ype 1 .

B ler ick , L i mburg. J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 3 80 n o. 1 741, Ta f . 8 , 1 2.

2 .

Overloon h oard , L i mburg ( 82).

ValsO magle t ype 3 .

De Z i lk , S . Hol land. I bid., 1 34, 3 80 n o. 1 745, Taf . 3 0 , 4 ;

Bu t ler 1 963c , 2 44, c .

SmOru movre t ype 4 .

N i j megen , Gelder land . J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 3 80 n o. 1 732, Taf . 5 2, 1 0.

Hu l terstad t ype 5 .

Weerd inger Veen , Dren the. I bid ., 1 59 , 3 79 n o. 1 725, Ta f . 9 1, 9 .

L uneburg t ype I 6 .

Bakkeveen , Fr ies land . I bid ., 1 87 , 3 80 n o. 1 727 ;

Boeles 1 951, p l . 6 , 3 .

7 .

N i j megen , Gelder land . J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 1 87 , 3 80 n o. 1 733, Taf . 1 00 , 3 .

N or th-west Ger man 8 .

Over loon h oard , L i mburg ( 8 2 ).

Cen tra l European N or th-eastern France 9 .

O ise a bove J anv il le , O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 19 75, 3 5-36 n o. 1 3.

N ether lands 1 0.

Da le , n r. Aa l ten , Gelder land . J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 1 08 , 3 79 n o. 1 728 , Taf . 1 6, 8 ;

1 1.

De Z i lk , S . Hol land . J acob-Fr iesen 19 67 , 1 08n . 1 7 ;

1 2.

Bu t ler 1 963c , 2 45.

Bu t ler 19 63c.

Ageler Broek , Oo t marsu m , Over i jssel . J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 64, 3 80 n o. 1 742, Taf . 1 63, 4 .

L IST 2 3.

Trebou l-Sa in t-Brandan s words.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S e ine a bove V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Va l-de-Marne. S chauer 19 72c , 2 0 n o. 1 7 ;

d e Mor t il le t 19 08 , p l . LXX IV, 8 41.

Belg iu m 2 .

Mechelen , An twerp . S chauer 19 72c , 2 0 n o. 2 1, Abb. 1 , 3•

N ether lands 3 .

Waa l ?a t N i j megen , Gelder land . I b id ., n o. 2 2, Abb. 1 , 2 ;

L IST 2 4.

Bu t ler a nd Bakker 19 61, 2 04, f i gs. 7 -8.

P lougrescan t-O m merschans swords.

England 1 .

K i mberley , N orfolk . BM WG 2 062. Greenwel l 19 02, 3 -4, f i g. 2 ; F ig. 3 0 , 2 .

Rowlands 1 976, 4 15 n o. 1 857 , p l . 4 4.

N etherlands 2 .

O mmerschans h oard , Over i jssel ( 8 6 ).

3 .

J u tphaas, U trech t. Bu t ler a nd S arfa t i j 1 970-71.

4 50

L IST 2 5.

S ögel swords.

MAP 1 5.

Be lg iu m 1 .

Mel le, E . F landers, p ossibly f ro m t he S cheld t. Museu m V leeshu is, Antwerp , 2 229.

N etherlands 2 .

Drouwen , Dren the ( 25).

3 .

N i j megen , Gelderland . RMOL e 1 948/7.6.

4 .

N i j megen , Gelderland. R i jks museu m Ka m , N i j megen .

5 .

Meuse a t Borgharen , L i mburg. But ler 1 969 , f oto 5 .

6 .

Meuse a t Ven lo, L i mburg. RMOL 1 1 936/ 12.2.

L IST 2 6.

Wohlde swords.

MAP 1 5.

Be lg iu m 1 .

Melsele-Polder , Zw i jndrecht , An twerp . Mar iVn 1 952, 1 93, a lb. 1 78.

2 .

Mel le , E . F landers. De Laet 1 974, 2 98.

3 .

Huy , L iege. I bid .,

? Dawans 1 972, 3 23 n o. 3 0 .

N etherlands 4 .

Bergsha m , Garderen , Gelderland. G lasbergen 1 954b, 4 6, 4 8, f i g. 4 9 ;

Huist 1 971, 1 0 , a fb.9.

Fro m b arrow 3 b. 5 .

N i j megen , Gelderland. De L aet 1 974, 2 98.

6 .

Pu t ten , Gelderland. Ypey 1 956;

7 .

E lzinga 1 957.

Overloon h oard , L imburg ( 82 ). Two s a mp les.

8 .

Ven lo, L i mburg. De L aet 1 974, 2 98 , f i g. 1 38 , l ef t. A t l east n ine Wohlde b lades a re k nown f ro m t he N etherlands a ccord ing t o Bu t ler ( I nv. Arch. NL13 ).

4 51

L IST 2 7.

T u mu lus d aggers.

MAP 1 5.

England 1 .

H itch in , Her ts. Row lands 1 976, 3 56 n o. 152, p l . 3 5.

2 .

Wroxeter , S a lop . G erlof f 1 975, 1 58 n o. 2 36.

3 .

N r. L ewes, S ussex . Rowlands 1 976, 3 57 n o. 1 164, p l . 3 5.

4 .

Win terbourne Basset t , I bid ., 2 01;

5 .

Wi l ts.

Ger lof f 1 975, 1 58 n o. 2 34.

?T ha mes. Row lands 1 976, 3 57 n o. 164, p l . 3 5.

S cot land 6 .

L uce Bay , Wigtownsh ire. I bid., 2 01, p l . 3 5.

7 .

? East L oth ian . Ger lof f 1 975, 1 58 n o. 2 35.

I reland 8 .

L agore , C o. Mea th. E ogan 1 966a.

N orth-eastern France 9 .

F ort-Harrouard , Eure-e t-Lo ir. Ph il ippe 1 927 ,3 8 , p l . V , 1 -4, 7 , 1 3;

1 936, f i g. 5 0.

S evera l e xa mp les. 1 0 .

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 927 .2230. F ig. 2 9 , 5 .

1 1.

A bbev il le , S o m me . Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 04, Abbev il le 9 , i l l . 1 5.

1 2.

? Am iens , S o m me. I bid., 1 08 , Am iens s uppose 4 ,

1 3.

Breu i l 1 900 , f i g. 2 , 1 .

Am iens Museu m . Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 08 , Am iens Mus e 1 0 ;

Breu il 1 901, f i g.1,

5 . 1 4.

Arry , S o mme. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 09 , Arty I ;

1 5.

V il lers-sur-Au th ie h oard , S o m me . ( 67 ). Two e xa mp les.

1 6.

S ucy-en-Br ie h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 68 ).

4 52

Br u il 1 901, f i g. 1 . 1 .

B e lg iu m 1 7 .

S cheld t b etween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Des it tere a nd We issenborn 19 77 , 3 8 n o. 5 2, f i g. 2 6.

L IST 2 8.

Trapezo ida l-h i l ted r ap iers.

MAP 1 6.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S a in t-Quen t in , A isne. Br iard 19 65, f i g. 3 2, 5 ;

2 .

B lanchet 1 976a , f i g. 3 2, 3 .

S e ine a t C orbe il , E ssonne. De Beauchene 1 961, f i g. 2 a . N arrow m idrib , b evel led e dges.

3 .

S e ine a t L es Andelys, Eure. C ou t i l 1 928, p l . I , 3 0 .

4 .

S e ine n ear C au mon t , Eure. Verron 1 971, 5 4 n o. 1 8. Group . I V.

5 .

S e ine a t C r iquebeu f-sur-Se ine , E ure. I bid., n o. 1 6.

6 .

S e ine n ear O issel , Eure. I bid ., n o. 1 7. Group I .

7 .

S e ine a t P i tres , E ure. I bid ., n o. 1 5. Group I V.

8 .

Fort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 1 927 , p l . V , 8 , 1 0. 1 5. I nc ludes Group I I .

9 .

S evres, Hau ts-de-Se ine. M AN. Group I V.

1 0.

L il le , N ord. Mohen 19 72, 4 4 9f i g. 2 , 4 ; Group I V.

1 1.

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 16, L il le 5 .

Bresles , O ise. J . C l . B lanche t .

1 2.

N oa i l les, O ise. Ash 1 927.2242. F ig. 3 1, 2 . Group I I .

1 3.

S e ine a t Par is. Mohen 19 68 , 7 81 B 56a , p l . I . Group I .

4 53

1 4. S e ine a t Par is. I bid., 7 83 B 56b, p l . I . Group I V. 1 5. S eine a t Par is. I bid., 7 83 B 56c, p l . I . Group I V. 1 6. S eine a t Par is. Ash 1 927.2228. Group I I. 1 7. S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 927.2229 . Group I V. 1 8. Par is. M AN . Group I I. 1 9. Probably S e ine a t Par is. O 'Connor 1 977. N arrow m idr ib, b evel led e dges. 2 0. S e ine a t Par is. BM WG 1 25. F ig. 3 1, 3 . 2 1. Vaudr icourt h oard , Pas-de-Ca la is ( 57 ). Group I V.

B lade f rag men t.

2 2. S e ine a t E lbeu f , S e ine-Mar it i me. E luere 1 972, 3 0-31, f i g. 3 0. Group I I. 2 3. Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 6 1). L ozenge s ec t ion , o ffset e dges. 2 4. Am iens a rea , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 08, A m iens e nv irons 8 . 2 5. Au thu il le o r Men il-Mart insar t , S o m me. I bid., 1 09 , Au thu il le. 2 6. E t inehe m , S o m me. I bid., 1 14, E t inehe m 1 . 2 7. G l isy , S o m me. I bid ., 1 14, G l isy 1 . 2 8. Pon t-Re my , S o m me. I bid., 1 17 , Pont-Re my 2 , i l l . 1 4b. Group I I . Belg iu m 2 9. Ba t tel , An twerp . Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 236.

4 54

?p art o f Erondel le h oard ( 1 18 ).

3 0.

S cheld t a t S t . L ievenspoort , Ghent , E . F landers. Des i t tere 1 974b , 1 47 n o. 1 1, f i g. 1 0. Group I I.

3 1.

Got te m , E . F landers. Un ivers ity Museu m , Ghen t. F ig. 3 1, 4 . N arrow a ngular midr ib, o f fset e dges.

3 2.

MeI le , E . F landers. Museu m V l eeshu is, An twerp 2 250. Group I I.

3 3.

Wichelen , E . F landers. De L aet 1 974, 3 02.

N etherlands 3 4.

Em men , Dren the. Bu t ler 1 963a , 14.

3 5.

L obi th , Gelderland. Bu tler 1 963a , 1 14-115;

3 6.

d e L aet 1 974, 3 02.

R i jks museu m RM Ka m , N i j megen . Bu tler 1 963a , 14.

3 7 .

L inne , L i mburg. De Laet 1 974, 3 02.

3 8.

Maastr ich t , L i mburg. Bu tler 1 963a , 14-115. A typ ica l .

L IST 2 9 .

S ol id-hil ted r ap iers.

Eng land 1 .

Ambles ide h oard , West mor land ( 1 12 ).

I reland 2 .

Kanturk , Co. C ork. Harbison 1 969 , 1 5 n o. 8 1.

N or th-eastern France 3 .

Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard , S eine-Mar i t i me ( 61).

4 .

Abbev il le a rea , S o mme . Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 05, Abbev il le e nv irons 1 2, i l l . 1 4a. B lade b roken.

L IST 3 0.

D isc-headed p ins.

M AP 1 7.

Br ita in 1 .

S hrewton , Wi l ts. Moore a nd Rowlands 1 972, 5 0 , p l .IV, J ; D . 4 55

Gerlof f 1 975, 2 50 n o. 8 , p 1 .57 ,

Belg iu m 2 .

Merendree ,

E . F landers.

Mar ion 1 952, a fb. 1 82. Orna men ted s inuous s haf t. N e therlands 3 .

E lp , Dren the ( 7 6). Bur ia l g . Per iphera l f l ange a nd c en tral k nob o n h ead .

4 .

Zu id laren , Dren the ( 8 1 ). Two e xa mp les , b oth w ith i nc ised o rna men t , o ne w ith t w isted s haf t.

5 .

N oordw i jkerhou t , S . Hol land . Bu t ler 19 63c , 2 44. Con ica l b oss o n h ead , i nc ised o rna men t o n s haf t.

L IST 3 1.

N a il-headed p ins.

MAP 1 7.

N e therlands 1 .

2 .

Vorstenbosch , N . Braban t. Modder man 1 959 ;

Bu t ler 19 69 , a fb. 1 3.

Ornamen ted s haf t .

Probably a ssoc ia ted w i th a H ilversu m u rn.

E lp , Dren the ( 7 6). Bur ia l d .

3 .

Recessed h ead.

N i jlande , Dren the. Van G if fen 19 41; Barrow I .

4 .

G lasbergen 19 54b , 2 2, f i g , 48 b , 6 , 3 3, Dren te 2 4.

Two e xa mp les.

Weerd inge , Dren the ( 80 ). Orna men ted s ha f t .

5 .

Ems t , Gelderland . Van . G if fen 1 930 , 7 4-76, Taf . 7 0 , 2 .

L IST 3 2.

Rol l-headed p ins.

MAP 1 7.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

F ort-Harrouard , Eure-e t-Lo ir. Ph il ippe 1 936, f i g. 5 3, 2 7 , 4 0 . Two e xa mp les.

Tw isted s haf ts.

N ether lands 2 .

H i jken , Dren the ( 77 ). Tw isted s haf t.

3 .

Weerd inge , Dren the ( 80 ). Orna men ted s haf t .

4 56

L IST 3 3.

Wheel-headed p ins.

M AP 1 7.

Br ita in 1 .

I psw ich Museu m. A . J . L awson , BAR 6 7 , 1 979 . Cruc ifor m c en tre , t r ip le-r ibbed c ircu mference , t hree l oops. N o t mapped .

N e ther lands 2 .

Weerd inge , Dren the ( 80 ). Two e xa mp les.

C rucifor m c en tre , i nner wheel w ith f our a dd it iona l

s pokes , p la in c ircu mference , o ne l oop . 3 .

Waa l n ear N i j megen , Gelder land. K ubach 1 977 , 2 22 n . 2 . C r iss-cross o penwork .

L IST 3 4.

P ins w i th l ong r ibbed h eads.

MAP 1 8.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

S e ine b e tween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssone. Tou louze 1 891, f i g. 1 0.

2 . 3 .

Baux-Sa in te-Cro ix h oard , Eure ( 43). For t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Lo ir. Ph il ippe 1 936, f i g. 5 3, 1, 1 5.

4 .

S e ine a t P ar is. Mus e d e PHo mme 5 7.5.26. F ig. 3 2, 1 .

5 .

Arry , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 09 , Arry 3 , i l l . 2 2b.

6 .

V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de- Marne. Audouze a nd Cour to is 1 970 , 1 n . 1 0.

L IST 3 5.

T ru mpet-headed p ins.

N orth-eastern France. 1 .

Vendeu il , A isne. L ob jo is 1 976, 1 46-148 , f i g. 4 4, 6 .

2 .

S e ine a t Par is. Musse d e PHo mme 5 7.5.28. F ig. 3 2, 3 .

L IST 3 6.

P icardy p ins.

M AP 1 8.

Br ita in 1 .

S t. Margaret 's-a t-Cl if fe , K en t. Hawkes 1 942, 2 9 , f i g. 2 , 4 . D isc h ead , swol len p erfora ted s haf t w i th i nc ised o rna men t. 4 57

2 .

S t . L awrence 's C ol lege , Ra msga te , Ken t ( 27 ). Three e xa mp les, a l l w i th t h ick d isc h eads a nd swol len p erfora ted s haf ts, t wo h ave k nobbed h eads a nd t wo h ave o rna men ted s haf ts. Assoc ia ted w i th a Deverel-Ri mbury b ucke t u rn.

3 .

L ayha m , S u f folk . I psw ich Museu m 1 974-80 .C. F ig. 3 2, 2 . Frag men tary , s wol len p erfora ted s haf t w ith i nc ised o rna men t .

4 .

Tha mes a t Wandswor th , S urrey . Hawkes 1 942, 2 9 , f i g. 2 , 5 . T h ick d isc h ead , k nobbed , s wol len s haf t w i th i nc ised o rna men t.

N or th-eastern F rance 5 .

F or t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Lo ir. Ph il ippe 1 927 , p l . V III , 1. Tru mpet h ead , s wol len p erfora ted s haf t w i th i nc ised o rna men t.

6 .

Breu i lle-Sec , O ise. B lanchet 1 975a . Th ick d isc h ead , k nobbed , s wol len p erfora ted s haf t w i th i nc ised o rna men t .

7 .

Am iens , S o mme. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 06, Am iens 1 3, i l l .22c. Sma l l t h ick d isc h ead , ' mobbed , s wol len p erfora ted s haf t w ith i nc ised o rna men t .

8 .

Ca ix h oard , S o m me ( 140 ). Sma l l t h ick d isc h ead , s wol len p erfora ted s ha f t w i th i nc ised o rnamen t.

9 .

V il lers-sur-Au th ie h oard , S o m me ( 67 ). Three e xa mp les , a l l w id l sma l l t h ick d isc h eads a nd swol len s haf ts w ith i nc ised o rna men t ;

t wo h eads k nobbed , t wo s haf ts p erfora ted , o ne

l ooped . L IST 3 7 .

P ins r ela ted t o P icardy p ins.

Br i ta in 1 .

N r. R . F owey , Cornwa l l . Ra thle igh 1 809 ;

Her i ty 1 969 , 1 6-17 , p l . X IV.

Expanded h ead i nset w ith amber , swol len l ooped s haf t w i th i nc ised o rna ment . 2 .

Tredarvah , Cornwal l ( 4 ). Tru mpet h ead , s wol len l ooped s haf t w i th i nc ised o rna men t.

3 .

P la i tford h oard , Han ts. Swol len l ooped s haf t w i th i nc ised o rna men t.

4 .

T ha mes a t L ondon. Bra ilsford 1 953, 3 4, f i g. 1 3, 1 0. T ru mpe t h ead , s wol len l ooped s haf t w ith g rooved o rna men t .

4 58

5 .

Hunstan ton h oard , N orfolk ( 28 ). Recessed t ru mpet h ead , l ooped s haf t w ith a ngu lar r ibs a nd i nc ised o rnamen t.

6 .

S ou th Cadbury , S o merset . J . C . Barre t t. Found i n a nI ron Age p i t i nt he h i l lfort . Th ick d isc h ead , k nobbed , s tra igh t s haf t w i th t hree z ones o f i nc ised o rna men t s epara ted b y r ibs a nd g rooves.

7 .

S ou th Wi l tsh ire. Row lands 1 976, 2 02, 4 31 n o. 2 026, p l . 1 9. Recessed t ru mpet h ead , d ouble s wel l ing w i th i nc ised o rna men t o n s haf t.

I reland 8 .

C orran , C o. Ar magh. E ogan 1 964, f i g. 6 , 1 1.

N or th-eas tern F rance 9 .

Baux-Sa in te-Cro ix h oard , E ure ( 4 3 ). R ibbed h ead t aper ing t o s haf t wh ich b ears a ngu lar r ibs.

1 0.

For t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Lo ir. Ph i l ippe 1 936, f i g. 5 3, 3 6. S wol len p erfora ted s haf t.

1 1.

S e ine b e tween O issel a nd Grand-Couronne , S e ine-Mar it i me . Dubus 1 912, 2 6, p l . I I , 2 . D isc h ead s wol len l ooped s haf t w ith i nc ised o rna men t . P resumably t he e xa mp le men t ioned b y Mohen ( 1972, 4 51).

1 2.

Am iens a rea , S o mme. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 08 , Am iens s uppose 2 ;

Breu il 1 907 ,

f i g. 1 , 1 0 . Th ick d isc h ead , s wol len l ooped s haf t. 1 3.

P la inseau h oard , S o mme ( 178 ). Sma l l t h ick d isc h ead , k nobbed , l ooped swol len s haf t w ith r ibbed o rnamen t .

L IST 3 8.

D isc-headed p ins w ith l ooped o r p erfora ted s tra igh t s haf ts. MAP 1 8.

England 1 .

D orchester , Dorset. P iggo t t 1 949 , 12, f i g. 3 . Mu l t ip le k nobs o n h ead , l ooped s haf t w i th l ozenge p la te a nd i nc ised o rna men t .

2 .

L akenhea th , S u ffolk . T bi d ., f i g. 4 , l ef t. Perfora ted s haf t w i th l ozenge p la te.

4 59

3 .

Han ley Cross Barrow , S ussex ( 35 ). Perfora ted s haf t w i th l ozenge p la te.

4 .

Rusha l l Down , Wil ts. Annable a nd S i mpson 1 964, 7 0 n o. 6 16. Mu l t ip le k nobs o n h ead , l ooped s haf t , l oop b roken o f f .

5 .

I ngleton , Yorks. P iggot t 1 949 , 12, f i g. 4 , r igh t.

S cot land 6 .

G len trool h oard , K irkcudbr ight . C oles 1 959-60 , 1 8 , 14 n o. 8 , p l . 1 , 1;

1 963-64, 1 22, f i g. 1 6.

L ooped s haf t. I reland 7 .

' I reland '. C oles 1 959-60 , 1 8 n . 1 8 ;

E ogan 1 964, 2 82, f i g. 6 , 1 0 ;

1 974b, 7 4.

Two e xa mp les , b oth w i th l ooped s haf ts , o ne w ith t ru mpet h ead. N or th-eastern France 8 .

Aub igny-au-Bac , N ord. Mohen 1 972, 4 51, f i g. 3 , 3 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 09 ,

Aub igny-au-Bac 1 , i l l . 3 0. L ooped s haf t w i th i nc ised o rna men t . 9 .

Am iens , S o mme . Breu i l 1 907 , f i g. 1 , 7 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 06, Am iens 1 4.

Th ick h ead w ith k nob , l ooped s haf t w i th i nc ised o rnamen t. L IST 3 9 .

Miscel laneous p ins.

England 1 .

I psw ich Museu m. A . J . Lawson , BAR 6 7 , 1 979. Tru mpet h ead w ith r ounded t op ;

l ower p ar t o f s haf t h as r ound s ec t ion ,

u pper p ar t s quare. N orth-eastern France 2 .

F or t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Lo ir . Ph i l ippe 1 936, f i g. 5 3, 3 7. ?L ooped s haf t , h ead miss ing:

3 .

Abbev il le a rea , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 05, A bbev i l le e nv irons 1 3, i l l , 2 2a . Upper p ar t o n ly .

S l igh t ly e xpanded h ead w i th b ands o f i nc ised h err ing-

b one o rna men t o n n eck . 4 .

Am iens a rea , S o m me. Breu i l 1 907 , f i g. 1 , 4 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 08 , Am iens s uppose

3 . Tru mpet h ead , s l igh t ly s wol len n eck w i th f our g roups o f r ibs.

4 60

N ether lands 5 .

Over loon h oard , L imburg ( 82 ). S l igh t ly e xpanded h ead , p erfora ted s haf t.

6 .

Haa mstede , Z eeland . Bu t ler 19 56. C on ica l h ead , p erfora ted a ssym metr ica l swel l ing o n s haf t.

L IST 4 0.

Tw isted n eck-r ings.

Numbers p receded b y B r efer t o t he l i st o f Bu t ler ( 19 63a ). Eng land 1 .

Burwel l F en , Ca mbs. A . J . L awson , BAR 6 7 , 1 979 ;

2 .

B i.

Green E nd Road h oard , Ca mbr idge. C lark 19 38 , p l . V I . Frag men t .

3 .

Fy f ield N ev il le , Dorset . Row lands 19 76, 2 05.

4 .

Hase lbury Bryan h oard , Dorset. Drew 1 934, p l . f ac ing p . 1 31;

5 .

Row lands 19 76, 2 32 n o. 3 5, p l . 5 9 ;

B 2.

Holywel l h oard , Dorset. Rowlands 19 76, 2 32 n o. 3 6, p l . 6 1;

B 3.

Two e xa mp les. 6 .

Tarran t Monck ton h oard , Dorset. Row lands 19 76, 2 33 n o. 5 9 , p l . 6 0 ;

B 4.

F ive e xa mp les. 7 .

L angstone Harbour , Han ts. S ou thsea Castle Museu m.

8 .

P la i tford h oard , Han ts ( 13 ). B 5. Two e xa mp les.

9 .

Wool mer Forest h oard , Han ts ( 17 ) . Two f rag men ts, r eused .

1 0. 1 1.

Car isbrooke Cast le Museu m ( 22 ). T ha mes a t West m inster , L ondon . B 6. T h is i s p robably o ne o f t he n eck-r ings f ro m t he S pax ton h oard ( L ist 4 0 , 2 1; Row lands 19 76, 20 5-2 0 6 ).

1 2.

Bar ton Bend ish h oard , N orfolk . I nv. Arch. GB7 , 6 -7;

B7 .

Two e xa mp les. 1 3.

Hunstan ton h oard , N orfolk ( 2 8).

4 61

1 4. Ca tshol m House , Me thwold , N orfolk . Row lands 19 76, 4 30 n o. 2 012 ( bu t n ot p l . 1 6) ;

B8.

1 5. S toke Ferry , N orfolk . N orw ich 1 966, 2 4, f i g. 4 1;

Row lands 1 976, 2 05, 2 51 n o. 9 8.

S upposed ly a h oard o f s ix n eck-r ings b u t t here was p robably o n ly o ne e xa mp le. 1 6.

N ear C othelstone House , S o merse t. Warre 1 849-50, 4 3; B9 . ' A b ronze t orque a nd a c el t ', p oss ibly a t w isted n eck-r ing.

1 7 . Ch il l ington Down , n ear C rewkerne , S o merset. Row lands 19 76, 4 30 n o. 2 014, p l . 5 9 ;

B 10.

1 8. Ed ing ton Burt le h oard , S o merse t. I nv.Arch. GB44, 1 ;

B 1 1.

1 9 . Monkswood h oard , S o merset. I nv . Arch GB42, 1 2-15;

B 12.

T hree e xa mp les. 2O . Pen P i ts , n ear Penselwood , S o merset . Row lands 19 76, 4 30 n o. 2 015;

B 13.

Frag men ts. 2 1. S pa .x ton h oard ( Quan tocks ), S o merse t. Rowlands 1 976, 2 05-206 , 2 57 n o. 16, p l . 5 9 ;

B 14.

Two e xa mp les. 2 2. T aun ton Un ion Workhouse h oard , S o merse t . I nv. Arch. GB43, 1 9 ;

B 15.

2 3. T aun ton Museu m . Row lands 1 976, 4 31 n o. 2 017 , p l . 5 9 ;

B 18.

2 4. Wed more h oard , S o merse t. Rowlands 1 976, 2 60 n o. 1 22;

B 16.

2 5. West Buck land h oard , S o merset ( 30 ) . B 17. 2 6. S and ford H il l , Winsco mbe , S o merse t. Gr insel l 1 968 , 4 0 n o. 6 5a , f i g. 1 3. 2 7 . Hol l ingbury h oard , S ussex . Row lands 19 76, 2 67 n o. 1 43, p l . 6 0 ;

B i9 .

2 8. Durnford h oard , Wi l ts. Moore a nd Row lands 19 72, 6 1-63 n o. 7 4, p l .XIV; T hree e xamp les.

B 21.

Two i n S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wi l tsh ire Museu m ,

S a l isbury , P it t R ivers C ol lec t ion 2 J 3 0 . -31. 2 9 . E bbesbourne Wake h oard , Wi l ts. Moore a nd Row lands 19 72, 6 3, p l . XV; S evera l wr i ters ( Sm i th 19 59 , 1 56; n o. 1 55;

B 20.

Row lands 1 971a , 1 85;

19 76, 2 71

Moore a nd Rowlands 1 972 , 6 3 ) h ave c la i med t ha t t h is h oard

was f ound i n al ynchet , b u t t he o r ig ina l p ubl ica t ion s ta tes t ha t i t was 4 62

f ound , ' r igh t i n t he midd le o f a wel l d ef ined l ynchet f i eld o f t he C el t ic t ype , 5 8 f eet f ro m a s teep n ega t ive l ynche t ( t he n earest ) '. 5 0 );

( Short t 19 49-

i t s p os i t ion h as b een r ecorded c orrect ly b y Bowen ( n .d . ( 1961 ),

1 8 n . 8 ) a nd P iggot t ( 1973, 3 91 n .6 0 ) . 3 0. Bank o f t he R . Avon , Wi l ts. Sm i th 1 959 , 1 55;

Row lands 1 976, 2 05.

Two e xa mp les. S cot land 3 1. G len trool h oard , K irkcudbr igh t . C oles 1 959-60, p l . 1 ;

1 963-64, 1 22-124, f i g. 1 6;

B 23.

I reland 3 2. Annesborough h oard , C o. Ar magh. E ogan 19 64, 2 74, f i g. 4 , 1 . N or th-eastern France 3 3. V il lers-sur-Au th ie h oard , S o mme ( 67 ) . Belg iu m 3 4. Dave h oard , N a mur ( 123 ). F our e xa mp les , t aper ing t er m ina ls , d ecorated o n o ne e xa mp le. 3 5. Grand-Gard , N a mur ( 124 ). Taper ing t er m ina ls. N ether lands 3 6.

' A r epor ted t ore f rag men t f ind f ro m t he N e therlands. ' Row lands 19 76, 8 9 .

L IST 4 1.

Decora ted b racele ts.

MAP 1 9.

Eng land 1 .

Ca mbr idge a rea h oard , Ca mbs. ( 3 ). E igh t e xa mp les , a l l p enannu lar , s ix w ith c on t ingen t t er m inals.

2 .

Gr i mst ,one h oard , Dorset ( 8 ). Annu lar.

3 .

Mi l ton Abbas , Dorse t. Row lands 1 976, 4 29 n o. 19 98 , p l . 2 1. Annular.

4 .

Tarran t Gunv il le , Dorse t. I b id ., n o. 2 000. Annu lar.

5 .

N aves tock , E ssex. C olchester a nd E ssex Museu m , Colches ter. Frag men ts o f t wo b racelets a nd o ne c o mp lete a nnu lar b racelet. N ow c orroded , p erhaps o r ig ina l ly d ecora ted . mass ive t han most d ecora ted b racele ts. 4 63

Ova l s ec t ions, l ess

6 .

Gable Head h oard , Han ts ( 1 2 ). Annu lar.

7 .

L iss , Han ts. Row lands 19 71a , f i gs. 2 , 4 ;

3 , 5 .

Two e xa mp les , p enannu lar w i th c on t iguous t ermina ls . 8 .

Mi l ton h oard , P or ts mou th , Han ts. C rawford a nd Wheeler 1 920-21, 1 39 , f i g. 4 ;

Row lands 1 976, 2 42

n o. 6 8. Four e xamp les , a l l a nnu lar. 9 .

Hol l icondane , Ra msga te , K en t ( 2 6 ). Two e xa mp les , p enannu lar.

1 0.

K en t . Rowlands 1 971a , f i g. 2 , 1 -2. Two e xa mp les, p enannu lar.

1 1.

Can terbury Museu m , K en t. I bid ., f i g. 3 , 7 . Annu lar.

1 2.

R . Tha mes, p robably S ou thwark . I b id ., f i g. 3 , 6 . Penannu lar , c on t ingen t t er m ina ls.

1 3.

Hunstan ton h oard , N orfolk ( 28 ). Annu lar w ith f a lse t er m ina ls.

1 4.

N or ton F itzwarren h oard , S o merset

( 29 ) .

One p a ir a nnu lar , o ne p a ir p enannu lar. 1 5.

E bbesbourne Wake h oard , Wi l ts. Moore a nd Row lands 19 72, 7 5 n o. 2 , p l . XV; Annu lar.

N orth-eastern France 1 6.

E ssonne. J . P . Mohen .

1 7.

G isors, Eure. Mus e Mun ic ipa l , Eyreux 3 643. Br iard 1 965, 1 32. F ig. 3 2, 4 . Annu lar.

1 8.

L ong c ha mps h oard , Eure ( 49 ). F our e xamp les , a l l a nnu lar.

1 9.

P lasnes, Eure. Br iard 1 965, 1 32.

2 0.

N ot mapped .

Rouge mon t iers , Eure. Verron 1 971, 5 7 n o. 2 7. Two e xa mp les , a nnu lar.

4 64

Row lands 19 71a , f i g. 2 , 3 .

2 1.

S a in t-Cyr-du-Vaudreu il , Eure. Mus e Mun ic ipa l , Evreux 3 645 . Verron 1 976a , 5 90. F ig. 3 2, 5 . Annu lar w i th f alse t er m ina ls.

2 2.

F or t-Harrouard h oard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 1 927 , 4 0-41, p l . VU, 1 -7. S even e xa mp les, s ix p enannular w ith c on t iguous e xpanded t er mina ls , o ne a nnu lar w i th f a lse t er m inals. I bid., p l . V I I, 9 . Frag men t f ound w i th w ire b racele t a nd a p a ir o f t weezers.

2 3.

Eaury , S e ine-Mar it i me. Br iard 1 965, 1 30.

2 4.

N ot mapped.

L e Hanouard h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 59 ). Or ig ina lly f i ve e xa mp les, i nclud ing o ne p enannular;

o ne b racelet

p reserved , a nnular w ith f alse t er m ina ls. 2 5.

S e ine a t E lbeuf , S eine-Mar it i me. E luere 1 972, 3 4-36, f i gs. 3 2-33. Two e xa mples, a nnu lar w ith f a lse t er m inals.

2 6.

Rosay , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Cou t il 1 921, 8 06, p l . 6 . Two e xa mp les , p enannu lar.

2 7.

Rouen , S eine-Mar it i me. Mil lot te a nd V ignard 1 960 , 2 3 n o. 8 4, p l . XVII. Frag men tary.

2 8.

T ourv il le-la-Riv i re h oard , S e ine- Mar it i me. Verron 1 971, 5 9 n o. 2 8. F ive e xa mp les, a l l p enannu lar.

2 9 .

V il lers-sur-Au th ie h oard , S o m me ( 67 ). Twelve e xa mp les, a l l a nnu lar.

3 0.

V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Val-de-Marne. Gaudron 1 951. Annular.

3 1.

L es-Clayes-sous-Bois h oard , Yvel ines. J . P . Mohen .

Be lg iu m 3 2.

V ise, L iege. Dawans 1 972, 3 25, p l. X I , b elow.

L IST 4 2.

R ibbed b racelets.

M AP 2 0.

England 1 .

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. ( 127 ). One f rag men t w i th f i ve i rregularly s paced n otched r ibs;

4 65

t aper ing f or m .

2 .

Kn igh ton Down , Devon . Ash 1 875.52-3.

Cast .

Evans 1 881, f i g. 5 20 ;

Hodges 19 60 , 1 53-154 , 1 60 , p l . I , C ;

Row lands 19 76, 2 29 n o. 2 3. F ig. 3 1, 1 . Pa ir o f s ch is t mou ld f or r ap iers o f Group I w ith a ma tr ix f or a s tr ip C . 3 0 cm l ong b ear ing f our l ong i tud inal r ibs. N ot mapped . 3 .

Hol l icondane , Ra msga te , K en t ( 26). S tra igh t s ides , e leven r ibs , c en tra l a nd p er ipheral r ibs t h icker.

4 .

N ear Ca tshol m House , Methwold , N orfolk . N orw ich 1 966, 2 4, f i g. 4 3. S ides t aper ing t o n arrow t h ickened t er m ina ls , n ine r ibs. Dub ious p rovenance.

5 .

N o t mapped.

Ed ing ton Burt le h oard , S o merset. I nv. Arch. GB44, 4 . S tra igh t s ides , n otches i n t he g rooves, f ive r ibs.

A lso a f inger-r ing

o f s im ilar f or m ( i bid., 5 ). 6 .

Monkswood h oard , Ba theas ton , S o merset . I nv . Arch. GB42 , 9 . S tra igh t s ides , t hree i rregu lar r ibs w i th w ide p la in b orders.

7 .

N or ton F itzwarren h oard , S o merse t ( 29 ) . Pa ir o f f rag men tary r ibbed b racelets;

o ne r ibbed b racelet w i th a

c en tra l l i ne o fb osses. 8 .

West Buck land h oard , S o merse t ( 30 ) . R ibbed b racele t w ith a c en tra l l i ne o fb osses.

9 .

Durnford h oard , Wil ts. Annable a nd S i mpson 19 64, 7 1 n o. 6 26;

Moore a nd Rowlands 1 972,

6 1-62. S tra igh t s ides , s even r ibs , r ecurved t er m ina ls. 1 0.

S ou th L odge Ca mp , Rush more , Wil ts. S al isbury a nd S ou th Wil tsh ire Museu m , S a l isbury , P i t t R ivers C ol lec t ion 2 F 22 3. P it t R ivers 1 898 , 2 5, p l . 2 38 , 6 . F ig. 3 2, 6 . F ive r ibs , s l igh t ly t aper ing t er m ina l . ( i bid ., p ls. 2 34, G ;

1 1.

Fro m e nc losure d itch

2 37 , G , 2 36, f i g. 2 ).

Thorny Down , Wi l ts. S al isbury a nd S outh Wil tsh ire Museu m , S a l isbury , 1 64/ 19 38. S tone 19 35-3 7 , 6 52-654, p l . V . 1 9 ;

Moore a nd Row lands 19 72, 6 4, n o.

7 7 , p l . XVI . F ig. 3 2, 7 . Frag men tary , w i th t he r e ma ins o f f our r ibs , o u ter a nd t h ird r ibs n otched. There i s l i t t le e v idence f or S tone 's r econstruc t ion . i n t he s et t le men t ( S tone 1 935-3 7 , p l . I ).

4 66

Found u nstra t if ied

N or th-eastern France 1 2.

Boves , S o mme. MAN 2 9321. Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 11, Boves 1 . F ig. 3 2, 8 . S tra igh t s ides , e igh t r ibs , p er iphera l a nd o ne o ft he c en tral r ibs l arger a nd n otched , p la in t er m ina ls.

N etherlands 1 3.

Ba l looVrveld , Rolde, Dren the ( 78 ). Two e xa mp les f ro m t he s econd b ur ia l , t aper ing s ides w ith t welve r ibs , e xpanded t er m ina ls w i th t wo t ransverse r ibs.

Two f rag men ts o f

s im i lar b racelets f ro m t he t h ird b ur ia l . 1 4.

Ommerschans h oard , Over i jssel ( 86 ). Frag men t o f f la t s trip , s tra igh t s ides, s ix i rregu lar r ibs , p la in t er m inal . N ot mapped .

L IST 4 3.

P la in p enannu lar b racelets.

Eng land 1 .

S onn ing , Berks. Row lands 19 76, 2 24 n o. 3 , p l . 1. Two e xa mp les , r ound s ect ion .

2 .

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. ( 1 27 ) . F rag men ts w i th l ozenge s ec t ion.

3 .

Bryanston h oard , Dorset. Row lands 19 76, 2 31 n o. 3 0 , p l . 1 2. Round s ec t ion.

4 .

Gr i mstone h oard , Dorset . ( 8 ). L ozenge s ec t ion .

5 .

Holywel l h oard , E versho t , Dorset . Bra ilsford 19 53, 3 4, f i g. 1 3, 3 ;

Row lands 19 76, 2 32 n o. 3 6, p l . 6 1.

L ozenge s ec t ion . 6 .

Hase lbury Bryan h oard , Dorset. Drew 19 34, p l . f acing p . 1 31;

Row lands 19 76, 2 32 n o. 3 5, p l . 5 9 .

Two e xa mp les , r ound s ec t ion . 7 .

Mil ton Abbas , D orset. Rowlands 19 76, 4 29 n o. 19 97 , p l . 2 1. Mass ive f l a t tened o va l s ec t ion .

8 .

F lower Down , L i t t leton , Han ts. I bid ., 4 29 n o. 2 004. L ozenge s ec t ion .

9 .

Wool mer Forest h oard , Han ts. ( 17 ) . Three e xa mp les , a l l mass ive , t wo w i th r ound s ec t ion , o ne w ith D-sec t ion .

4 67

1 0.

Brad ing h oard , I sle o f Wigh t. Crawford a nd Wheeler 19 20-21, 1 38 , p l . X ;

Row lands 19 76, 2 38 n o. 5 6.

E leven e xa mp les w ith r ound , o va l o r s ub-rec tangu lar s ec t ions. 1.

Bar ton Bend ish h oard , N orfolk . I nv . Arch.GB7 , 1 1. S ub-rec tangu lar s ec t ion .

1 2.

Ed ington Bur tle h oard , S o merse t . I nv. Arch. GB44, 6 , 1 0 . Two e xa mp les, o ne l ozenge s ec t ion , o ne f l a t s ec t ion .

i s:

Monkswood h oard , Ba theaston , S o merset . I nv . Arch. GB42, 3 -7 . F ive e xa mp les, o ne t r iangu lar s ec t ion , f our l ozenge s ect ion .

1 4.

N or ton F i tzwarren h oard , S o merse t ( 29 ) . Mass ive s ec t ion , c orroded a nd f rag men tary , p oss ibly a nnu lar.

1 5.

T aun ton Un ion Workhouse h oard , S o merse t. I nv. Arch. GB43, 1 4. Twelve c oncen tr ic a rcs o f l ozenge s ec t ion .

There a re f our s im ilar

f rag men ts , p robably f ro m q uo i t-headed p ins. 1 6.

B lackrock h oard , S ussex ( 3 4 ). Two e xa mp les , mass ive D ' -sec t ion w i th c on t iguous e xpanded t er m ina ls .

1 7 .

Durnford h oard , Wil ts. Moore a nd Row lands 19 72, 6 1-63 n o. 7 4, p l. X IV;

Annable a nd

S i mpson 1 964, 7 1 n os. 6 21-625. S even e xa mp les, t wo l ozenge s ec t ion , t wo f l a t s ec t ion. 1 8.

E bbesbourne Wake h oard , Wi l ts. S hort t 19 49 -50 ;

Moore a nd Row lands 1 972, 6 3-64 n o. 7 5, p l . XV.

S ix e xa mp les , t wo l ozenge s ec t ion , t wo r ound s ec t ion , o ne s ubr ec tangu lar s ec t ion , o ne massive r ound s ec t ion. N or th-eastern F rance 1 9.

V il lers-sur-Au th ie h oard , S o mme ( 67 ). Two e xa mp les, mass ive i rregu lar s ect ion .

Belg iu m 2 0.

Bo is-de-Less ines h oard , Ha inau t ( 1 21 ). Two e xa mp les , r ound s ec t ion .

N etherlands 2 1.

Ba l looVrveld , Dren the ( 78 ). Fro m t he t h ird b ur ia l , l ozenge s ec t ion.

2 2. 2 3.

Weerd inge , Dren the ( 80 ). Veenenburg h oard , S . Hol land ( 125 ). S ix e xa mp les.

4 68

L IST 4 4.

Tw isted b racelets.

England 1 .

Bar ton Bend ish h oard , N orfolk . I nv. Arch . GB7 , 5 , 8 -1 0 . F our e xa mp les , t wo r od , t wo w ire.

2 .

Monkswood h oard , Ba theaston , S o merse t. I nv. A rch. GB42, 8 , 1 0-11. T hree e xa mp les, o ne mass ive r od , t wo w ire.

3 .

Taunton Un ion Workhouse h oard , S o merset. I nv. A rch. GB43, 2 0. Massive r od.

4 .

Berw ick S t . J ohn , Wi l ts. P i t t R ivers 1 888 , 3 8 , p l . LXXXVI , 5 ; Fro m d i tch s il t o fb arrow 1 0.

Row lands 1 976, 2 05.

Poss ible f rag men t o f at w isted w ire

b racele t. N orth-eastern France 5 .

F or t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Lo ir. Ph i l ippe 1 936, f i g. 5 4, 1 , 3 , 6 , 9 . One c o mp lete e xa mp le w i th t apering t er m ina ls , o ne c o iled f rag men t , t wo r ecurved f rag men ts.

A l l a pparen t ly r od .

Be lg iu m 6 .

Den terghe m , W. F landers. C laerhou t 1 901, 1 93-195, p l . V I I I , 2 ; Rod .

7 .

d e L o U1 931a , 1 22.

Bo is-de-Less ines h oard , Ha inau t ( 1 21 ). Smooth t apering t er m ina ls.

N e ther lands 8 .

S leenerzand , Dren the ( 79 ). Wire.

L IST 4 5.

Tu mu lus b racelets o r a nk lets.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

L aon Museum , A isne. C opy o f d raw ing p rov ided b y N . Fre id in . S p ira lb racelet , D-sec t ion , r ol led t er m ina l ;

p robable l oca l

p rovenance. 2 .

Bou logne , Pas-de-Ca la is. Mohen 19 72, 4 49-450 , f i g. 3 , 4 ; Bou logne-sur-Mer 4 , 1 1 .29 .

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 5 1, 1 10 ,

S heet b racele t w ith d ouble s p ira l t er m ina ls a nd i nc ised o rna men t .

4 69

Be lg iu m 3 .

? Prov. L i mburg. Desit tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 5 3 n o. 1 02, f i g. 6 . S p ira lb racele t , D-sec t ion .

N e therlands 4 .

Em mer D ennen , Em men , Dren the. Bursch 1 936, 5 9-61, a f b. 4 3, 2 ;

G lasbergen 1 954b , 2 3 , 2 9 , f i g.

4 8b , 5 . Barrow 6 .

Bracele t o r a nk le t , f l a t s ec t ion w i th l ong itud ina l r ibs ,

s ingle s p ira l t er m ina ls. L IST 4 6.

S p iral b el t-hooks.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

F ort-Harrouard , Eure-e t-Lo ir. Ph i l ippe 1 936, f i g. 5 4, 2 .

N ether lands 2 .

E lp , Dren the ( 7 6 ). Grave g .

L IST 4 7.

F inger-r ings.

MAP 2 1.

England 1 .

Ken t 's Cavern , Torquay , Devon . Pearce 1 971-74, 1 88 , f i g. 3 , 8 . C o iled .

2 .

Dorchester , Dorse t. Row lands 1 976, 4 28 n o. 1 994, p l . 2 1. R ibbed.

3 .

Ma iden Cast le , Win terbourne Monk ton , Dorse t. S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wil tsh ire Museu m , S a l isbury , P it t R ivers C ol lec t ion , 2 J 2 7 . F ig. 3 2, 9 . C o i led.

4 .

Verne , P or t land , Dorse t. S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wi l tsh ire Museu m , S a l isbury , P i t t R ivers C ol lec t ion , 2 J 2 8. S i mp le p enannu lar , f la t s ect ion .

5 .

Bra msh il l Park , L iphook , Han ts. Row lands 1 976, 4 29 n o. 2 003, p l . 2 1. Co i led .

6 .

Wool mer Forest h oard , Han ts. ( 17 ). Two e xa mp les , b oth t w isted , o ne c o iled .

4 70

7 .

Bar ton Bend ish h oard ,

N orfolk .

I nv. Arch. GB7 , 1 2-13. Two e xa mp les , o ne f l at s ec t ion , c o iled , t he o ther s i mp le p enannu lar. 8 .

Ed ington Bur tle h oard , S o merse t. I nv. Arch. GB44, 3 , 5 , 7 -9. F ive e xa mp les, t wo r ibbon , o ne t w isted , o ne r ec tangu lar s ec t ion , o ne r ibbed.

9 .

Und ley , L akenhea th , S u f folk . Row lands 1 976, 4 31 n o. 2 021, p l . 2 1. Annu lar , r ibbed.

1 0.

B lackrock h oard , S ussex ( 34 ). C o iled , i nc ised o rna men t .

1 1.

C owfold h oard , S ussex. Row lands 1 976, 2 66 n o. 1 38. C o iled.

1 2.

Hol l ingbury h oard , S ussex . I b id ., 2 67 n o. 1 43 , p l . 6 0 , f i g. 3 . T hree e xamp les , c o iled .

1 3.

S tu mp Bot to m h oard , S o mp t ing , S ussex. Sm i th 1 959 , f i g. 4 , 5 -9 . F ive e xa mp les, t hree c o ilded , o ne a nnu lar , o ne s i mp le p enannu lar .

1 4.

Durn ford h oard , Wi l ts. S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wi l tsh ire Museu m , S a l isbury , P i t t R ivers C ol lec t ion , 2 J 3 3-35. Moore a nd Row lands 1 972, 6 1-63 n o. 7 4. Three e xa mp les, t wo f l a t s ect ion , o ne c o iled .

N or th-eastern France 1 5.

V il lers-sur-Au th ie h oard , S o m me ( 67 ). Two e xa mp les, s i mp le p enannu lar.

N ether lands 1 6.

Weerd inge , Dren the ( 80 ). Annu lar.

1 7.

Veenenburg h oard , S . Hol land ( 125 ). Th irteen e xa mp les, a nnu lar.

L IST 4 8.

Razors.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

F or t-Harrouard , Eure-e t-Lo ir. Ph il ippe 1 936, f i g. 5 4, 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 2. T hree e xamp les, a l l t anged w ith n otched b lades.

2 .

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 927 .2037.

4 71

J ockenhövel 1 971, 3 3 n . 2 . F ig. 3 2, 1 0. Onst met t ingen t ype. N etherlands 3 .

Drouwen , Dren the ( 75 ). Tanged , o va l b lade.

4 .

Opheusden , Dren the. Ypey 1 962-63, 1 89-191, a lb. 3 , A . Ober menz ing t ype.

Apparen t ly f ound i n aMerov ing ian p ot w i th a

Ro man c o in a nd a n e ar ly Urn f ield p in ( l is t 8 6, 4 ). 5 .

N oordse Veld , Z e i jen , Dren the. Van G if fen 1 949 , al b. 22a , 7 6;

Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 17 , f i g. 3 3, 6 .

( t he c ap t ion ' Gasteren ' i s i ncorrec t ). ' r anged w i th n o tched b lade. e nc losure. L IST 4 9.

F ound w ith in a n Ear ly I ron Age d i tched

Tweezers.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

F or t-Harrouard , Eure-e t-Lo ir. Ph il ippe 1 927 , 4 1, p l . D ( , 3 0 . Narrow . Found w i th a f rag men t o f ad ecora ted b racelet ( L is t 4 1, 2 2 ).

N etherlands 2 .

Rech te He ide , Go ir le , N . Braban t ( 74 ). Broad .

3 .

S leenerzand , Dren the ( 79 ). N arrow.

4 72

LBA1

L IST 5O .

Rosnoen a nd r ela ted p a lstaves.

MAP 2 3.

Br i ta in 1 .

D over h oard , K en t ( 108 ). S evera l e xamp les p robably Rosnoen.

N orth-eas tern France 2 .

Anzin h oard , N ord ( 1 14 ). Sma l l , u n looped . Possibly r esidua l MBA.

3 .

Doua i , N ord. Mohen 1 972, 4 51, f i g. 3 , 2 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 13, Doua i.

Tr iden t o rna men t . 4 .

S a in t-Jus t-en-Chausee h oard , O ise ( 1 15 ). Taper ing m idr ib.

5 .

S eine a t L a Vaquer ie , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 1 17 ) . c . 3 0 e xamp les , p resu mable Rosnoen .

6 .

Abbev il le , S o m me. Breu il 19 05, f ig. 4 , 3 9 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 4 7.

Taper ing m idr ib. 7 .

Am iens , S o m me. Ash 1 927 .2140 . Breu i l 1 905, f i g. 4 , 4 0 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 4 7 .

F ig . 3 7 , 1 . Taper ing m idr ib. 8 .

Erondel le h oard , S o mme ( 1 18 ). Tr iden t o rna men t .

Be lg iu m 9 .

Beveren , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is , An twerp 2 309 .

1O .

S cheld t a t Wor tege m , E . F landers. Des i t tere 19 76, 3 0 , f i g. 4 , 1 1. T r iden t o rna men t .

1 1.

F le ma l le-Hau te , L iege. Dawans 1 972, 3 16 n o. 1 0 , p l . V I , r igh t. T aper ing midr ib.

4 73

N etherlands 1 2.

N i j megen , Gelderland . RMOL I5 56. F ig. 3 7 , 2 .

L IST 5 1.

Med ian-w inged a xes.

MAP 2 4.

Bri ta in 1 .

Dover h oard , K en t ( 108 ). T h ir ty e xa mp les, p lus o ne b lade e dge.

2 .

A l l mass ive w i th s tra ight s ides.

T ha mes a t T ha mes D it ton , S urrey . C . B . Burgess.

3 .

A lexandra Dock , Hu l l , Yorks. Burgess 1 968b , 3 4, f i g. 7 , 3 . Mass ive , s tra ight s ides , b u t t b roken , b lade worn .

N or th-eastern France Numbers p receded b y MCA r efer t o t he l i st o f Mi l lot te , C ord ier a nd Abauzi t 19 68. 4 .

C orbe il , E ssonne. MCA 5 2 n o. 1 57 .

5 .

S e ine a t Gr igny , E ssone. MCA 5 2 n o. 1 58 , 5 3 n o. 1 95. Two e xa mp les , b oth massive w ith s tra igh t s ides.

6 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. Tou louze 1 891, f i g. 2 8. Massive , s tra igh t s ides.

7 .

S a in t-Cheron h oard , E ssonne ( 1 13 ). MCA 5 4 n o. 1 61. Mass ive , s l igh t ly c onstr ic ted s ides.

8 .

S e ine a t Cau mon t , Eure. MCA 3 3 n o. 4 4bis. Massive , s tra igh t s ides , b lade worn .

9 .

Anz in h oard , N ord ( 1 14 ). MCA 4 8 n o. 15. Massive , s tra igh t s ides.

1 0.

Ba il leu l-sur-Thera in , O ise. MCA 4 8 n o. 16. Mass ive , s tra igh t s ides.

1 1,

L ongue il-Sa in te-Mar ie , O ise. B lanchet a nd Marqu is 1 977 , f i g. Massive , s tra igh t s ides.

1 2.

S a in t-Just-en-Chausee h oard , O ise ( 1 15 ). Bu t t f rag men t.

4 74

1 3.

S a in t-Leger-aux-Bois, O ise. MAN . J .Cl . B lanche t.

1 4.

Par is. MCA 5 1 n o. 1 44. Mass ive , s l igh t ly c onstric ted s ides , b u t t b roken .

1 5.

S e ine a t Par is. BM WG 2 264. F ig. 3 7 , 3 . Massive , s tra ight s ides.

1 6.

?S e ine a t Par is. MCA 5 2 n o. 1 45. Massive , s l igh t ly c onstric ted s ides.

1 7.

S a in t-Leonard h oard , Pas-de-Ca la is ( 1 16 ). Two e xa mp les , mass ive w i th s tra igh t s ides.

1 8.

L onguev i l le-sur-Sc ie , S e ine-Mar i t i me . MCA 5 2 n o. 1 46. Massive , s tra igh t s ides.

1 9.

Rouen Museu m , S e ine-Mar i t i me. MCA 5 2 n o. 1 47 . N arrow b u t t , b lade worn.

2 0 .

Am iens , S o m me. MCA 5 4 n o. 1 62;

B riard a nd Verron 1 976b , 1 4, f i g. 2 , 1 .

B lade worn . 2 1.

Am iens Museu m , S o mme. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 09 , Am iens Mus6e 1 5, 1 23. L ooped .

2 2.

Erondel le h oard , S o m me ( 1 18 ). MCA 5 4 n os. 1 65-167. Twelve e xa mp les.

2 3.

R . S o mme. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 4 7.

Be lg iu m Numbers p receded b y D r efer t o Des it tere 1 974a , l i ste 2 . 2 4.

S cheld t b e tween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. D 1 2;

Desi t tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 2 3 n o. 1 1, f i g. 3 .

Massive, s tra ight s ides. 2 5.

F landers. Un iversi ty Museu m , Ghent . F ig. 3 7 , 6 . B lade worn , s l ight o f fse t b elow w ings.

N o t mapped.

2 6.

F le ma l le-Haute , L iege. D 1 3;

2 7.

Dawans 1 972, 3 16 n o. 1 1, p l . V I I , l ef t.

Odet , L i Ne. Dawans 1 972, 3 17 n o. 1 2, p l . V I I , r ight. S ub-ter m ina l w ings.

2 8.

Maase ick , L i mburg. Musee Cur t ius, L f te. C laassen 1 971, 1 54. Massive, ? o ne o f t he a xes f ro m t he N eeroeteren h oard ( L ist 5 1, 2 9 ).

2 9 .

N eeroeteren h oard , L i mburg ( 122 ). D 1. Four e xa mp les.

3 0.

Men il-Fava i , Hot ton , L uxe mbourg. D 1 5;

Mar i n 1 952, a lb. 2 51.

Massive, o f fset b elow w ings, n arrow b u tt. 3 1.

Han-sur-Lesse , N a mur. Mar i n 1 974, 2 25, f i g. 1 . Two e xa mp les, n arrow b u t ts. The p rovenances o f t he f ol lowing a xes a re n ot r el iable;

t hey a re n ot

mapped . ( Desit tere 1 974a , 1 20 ). 3 2.

An twerp . Museu m V leeshu is , An twerp 2 295. F ig. 3 7 , 4 .

3 3.

Aalst ,

?E . F landers.

Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 298. Worn a nd r eworked. 3 4.

Dakna m , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 296. F ig. 3 7 , 5 . Massive , n arrow b ut t.

L IST 5 2.

L ooped s ocketed a xes.

M AP 2 5.

Nu mbers p receded b y B a nd R r efer t o t he l i sts o f Bu tler 1 96 , 7 9 , a nd Row lands 1 976, 3 47-349. England 1 .

Ca mbr idge. CMAE 0 4.362. B 1 ;

R 1 076, p l. 3 4.

F ig. 3 7 , 7 . 2 .

Ca mbr idge a rea , Ca mbs. CMAE 2 .4277. R 1 077. F ig. 3 7, 8 . 4 76

3 .

Quy Fen , Ca mbs. CMAE 8 3.136. B 3 ;

R 1 078 , p l. 3 4.

F ig. 3 7 , 9 . 4 .

S oha m , Ca mbs. B 2;

R 1 079 , p l . 3 4.

5 .

Orset t h oard , E ssex ( 105).

6 .

Weston S ubedge , G loucs. B 1 2;

7 .

H itch in , Her ts. B 7 ;

8 .

R 1 080.

R 1 081, p l . 3 4.

Dover h oard , K en t ( 108 ). Two e xa mp les, o ne l ooped , t he o ther b roken .

9 .

Harpole , N orthan ts. R 1 087 , p l . 3 4.

1 0.

L ulsgate , S o merset. R 1 088.

1 1.

S togu mber . S o merset. R 1 089.

1 2.

I ck l ingha m , S u ffolk . R 1 090 , p l . 3 4.

1 3.

Mi ldenha l l , S uf folk . B 5 ;

1 4.

R . S tour a t S udbury , S uf folk . B 6 ;

1 5.

R 1091.

R 1 092.

Betchwor th , S urrey. Frere a nd Hooper 1 946;

1 6.

B 9 ;

R 1 083.

Tha mes a t K ingston , S urrey. Burgess 1 962a , f i g. 2 , d ; R 1 084, p l . 3 4.

1 7.

Tha mes a t Tha mes D it ton , S urrey. B 8 ;

1 8.

R 1 085.

Tha mes. Burgess 1 962a , f i g. 2 , c ;

1 9.

S al isbury P la in . B 1;

R 1 093.

N ot mapped.

Wa les 2 0. 2 1.

B 1 4;

Penard h oard , G la m. ( 107 ). Trawsfynydd , Mer ioneth. Burgess 1 962a , f i g. 2 , a .

R 1 086.

N ot mapped .

2 2.

Ty Free man . Mon mou th. I b id., 1 7-1 8 , p l . I , f i g. I .

S cot land 2 3.

N r. Annan , Du mfries. N a t ional Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies, Ed inburgh. B 1 6;

Coles 1 963-64, f i g. 1 4, 4 .

F ig. 3 7 , 1 1. 2 4.

K ingoldru m , Forfar. Na t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu it ies , Ed inburgh. B 1 5;

Coles 1 963-64, f i g. 1 4, 3 .

F ig. 3 7 , 1 0. N orth-eastern France 2 5.

Brasles , A isne. Br iard a nd Verron 19 76b, 2 9 , f i g. 1 , A . Part it ion a cross s ocket a t r igh t a ngles t o p lane o fb lade. N ot mapped .

2 6.

Unprovenanced. Mus e Depar t men tal d es An t iqu i tds d e l a S eine-Mar i t i me, Rouen , 7 3. 7 .8. F ig. 3 7 , 1 2.

Belg iu m 2 7.

F landers. Un iversi ty Museu m , Ghen t. F ig. 3 7 , 1 3. N ot mapped.

L IST 5 3.

Un looped s ocketed a xes.

MAP 2 5.

England 1 .

Churn Far m , B lewbury , Berks. O 'Connor f orthco m ing a .

2 .

S oha m , Ca mbs. Rowlands I9 76, 3 50 n o. 1 10 1, p l . 3 4.

3 .

Tregaer C a mp , Bod min , C ornwal l . I bid., 3 51 n o. 1 103.

4 .

T orquay , Devon . I b id., 3 51 n o. 1 10 4.

5 .

Burnha m , S uf folk . Moyses Hal l Museu m , Bury S t . Ed munds , 17 6. I bid., 3 53 n o. 1 126, p l . 3 4. F ig. 3 8, 1 .

4 78

N orth-eastern France 6 .

Pon taver t , A isne. Agache 1 974, 4 40 , f i g. 2 2. Fro m t he u pper p ar t o f t he f i l l o f ar ing-d i tch.

7 .

Rouen , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Mus6e Depar t men ta l d es An t iqu i t6s d e l a S eine-Mar it i me , Rouen. Verron 1 971, 7 7 , f i g. 8 0a. F ig. 3 8 , 2 .

L IST 5 4.

R ing-socketed s ick les.

N u mbers p receded b y F r efer t o Fox 1 939 , Append ix I . Br ita in 1 .

Tha mes a t T ilehurst , Berks. F 5 , p l . XXIV.

2 .

Tha mes n r. Windsor , Berks. F 7 , p l .

3 . 4 .

2 o ( rv .

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. ( 127 ). ?N r. Derby . F 1 0 , f i g. 2 .

5 .

Downha m Market h oard , Ca mbs. ( 1 10 ). F 1 3, f i g. 2 .

I reland 6 .

Castle Dawson , Co. Derry . F 6 2, f ig. 2 .

7 .

L awrencetown , Co. Mea th. F 3 1, f i g. 2 .

8 .

I reland. F4 0 , f i g. 2 .

9 .

I reland . F4 9 , f ig. 2 .

1 0.

I reland . F 5 7 , f i g. 2 .

N orth-eastern France 1 1.

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ).

L IST 5 5.

Early Urnf ield k n ives.

M AP 2 6.

Brita in 1 .

Fynhonnau h oard , Brecon ( 102). Decora ted c onvex b ack , d a maged t ang , p robably o rig ina lly h ooked.

4 79

2 .

?L ondon . Ash 19 27.2394. E vans 1 881, 2 14. F ig. 3 8 , 3 . Convex b ack , h ooked t ang.

N orth-eastern France 3 .

Marne a t Brasles, A isne. L ebel 19 53, 3 53, f i g. 8 2, l ef t . Two e xa mp les c onvex b ack , d ecora t ion o nb ack a nd b lade, p la in t ang.

4 .

Bou t igny h oard I , Essonne ( 132 ). S tra igh t b ack , p la in t ang.

5 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 133 ). Decora ted b lade, p la in t ang.

6 .

Corbe il , E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen. Re c urved b lade , p la in t ang.

7 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. Tou louze 1 891, 17 6, f i g. 4 5. Decorated c onvex b ack , p la in t ang.

8 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen . Convex b ack , p erfora ted t ang.

9 .

Co mbon h oard , Eure ( 164). C onvex b ack , p la in t ang.

1 0.

S eine a t Par is. N icolardot a nd Gaucher 19 75, 5 1, f i g. 1 . Concave b ack , p la in t ang.

1 1.

S eine n ear Par is. I bid ., 5 9 , f i g. 1 .

1 2.

Par is. J .-P. Mohen. F langed h il t.

1 3.

Chev il ly-Larue, Va l-de- Marne. K imm ig 19 54, 2 23, f i g. 9 8, 2 . Convex b ack , p erforated t ang.

Belg iu m 1 4.

Mel le , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, Antwerp , 1 346. F ig. 3 8, 4 . Convex b ack , t ang b roken o f f.

1 5.

Mel le , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp , 1 351.

4 80

F ig. 3 8, 5 . Worn c oncave b lade , p la in t ang. 1 6.

S cheld t a t Wichelen , E . F landers. MRAH Brussels, B 3 050. F ig. 3 8 , 6 . Convex b ack , t ang b roken o f fb u t p robably o r igina l ly p erfora ted .

1 7.

S cheld t a t Wichelen , E . F landers. MRAH Brussels , B 3 050. Worn b lade, p la in t ang.

1 8.

T ourna i a rea , Ha inau t. Museu m V leeshu is, Antwerp . B lade b roken o f f , f langed h il t w ith f our r ivet-holes a nd f i sh-ta il t er m inal .

1 9.

Han-sur-Lesse, N a mur. Mar ion 1 974, 2 26, f i g. 2 . Decora ted c onvex b ack , p erfora ted t ang w ith c ol lar.

N etherlands 2 0.

Bargeroosterveld 1 899 h oard , Drenthe ( 143 ). C onvex b ack , p la in t ang.

2 1.

Bargeroosterveld 1 900 h oard , Dren the ( 199 ). Two r ibs o nb lade , p la in t ang.

2 2.

Odoornerveen , Dren the. Bu t ler 1 960a , 1 09. S im ilar t o L ist 5 5, 2 0 .

L IST 5 6.

S tra ight-based b asal-looped s pearheads.

M AP 2 7 .

Nu mbers p receded b y B , C , e r f l a nd S r efer t o t he l i sts o f Br iard 1 963, Cord ier 1 965, J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 a nd S chauer 1 973. N orth-eastern France 1 .

S e ine a t Pon t d e l 'Arche, Eure. B 8 ;

2 .

Cf ig. 4 , 4 ;

J F 1 668.

E ssonne. M AN .

3 .

Conf luence o f O ise a nd A isne a t Co mp i ene , O ise. Doize 1 965a , 2 51, f i g. 1 , 6 ;

4 .

B4 ;

J F 1 657.

S e ine a t Bercy , Par is. Duval 1 961, f i g. 2 3, s econd f ro m b ot to m ; J F 1 676.

5 .

S e ine a t Par is. B 1 3;

6 .

Cf ig. 5 , 1 2;

J F 1 680.

S e ine a t L a Bou il le, S e ine- Mar it i me. Verron 1 975b, 5 10 , f i g. 4 9.

4 8 1

B 1 3;

Cf i g. 4 , 3 ;

7 .

Am iens, S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 06, Am iens 1 1, i l l . 1 8c; J F 1 651;

8 .

Am iens a rea , S o m me. f ig. 5 , 3 8;

B 3 ;

Cf ig. 4 , 2 ;

Breu il 1 903, 5 11,

J F 1 652.

L a C haus6e-T irancourt , S o m me ( 1 19 ). B 2 ;

1 0.

Cf i g. 4 , 1 ;

S6 .

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 08 , Am iens e nv irons 7 ;

9 .

B 3 ;

Cf i g. 4 , 5 ;

J F 1 649 ;

S5 .

S e ine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Val-de-Marne. J F 1 675;

S7 .

I den t if ica t ion u ncer ta in ;

n ot mapped .

Be lg iu m 1 1.

Ba t tel , Mechelen , An twerp . De L aet 1 974, 3 02;

1 2.

j F 1 711;

S4 .

Gen tbrugge, E . F landers. Desit tere 1 975, 1 18 n o. 3 2, f i g. 1 ;

1 3.

S cheld t a t Oudenaarde , E . F landers. Mar i n 1 952, a fb. 2 13, 3 ;

1 4.

1 976, 8 9 , f i g. 4 , 3 .

Desit tere 1 976, 8 9 ;

S3 .

Wet teren , E . F landers. Desit tere 1 976, 8 9 , f i g. 4 , 4 ;

Des it tere a nd Weissenborn 1 977.

3 3 n o. 4 1, f i g. 1 9. N etherlands 1 5.

N i j megen , Gelder land . Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 09 n o. 7 ;

1 6.

Desit tere 1 976, 8 9 ;

J F 1 859 ;

S2 .

Oude R i jn a t Bodegraven , S . Hol land. L ouwe Kooi j mans 1 972-73, 3 53 n o. 4 8.

L IST 5 7.

Con ical f erru les.

Br ita in 1 .

Tha mes a t Caversha m , Berks. Row lands 1 976, 3 95 n o. 1 602.

2 .

Tha mes a t Tap low , Berks. I bid., n o. 1 606, p l . 3 6.

3 .

L eets ide , Berw icksh ire. Coles 1 959-60 , 8 6.

4 .

Fynhonnau h oard , Brecon ( 102 ). Two e xa mp les.

5 .

Ch islet , Ken t. Rowlands 1 976, 3 95 n o. 1 . 6 04.

6 .

Tha mes a t I sleworth , Middlesex . Greenwel l a nd Brew is 1 909 , p l . LXXX , f i g. 7 5; 1 976, 3 95 n o. 1 605, p l , 3 6. 4 82

p resu mably Rowlands

7 .

T ha mes a t S ta ines , Midd lesex . Rowlands 19 76, 3 95 n o. 1 603, p l . 3 6.

Burgess 19 68a , f i g. 2 , 3 ; 8 .

Ambles ide h oard , Westmorland ( 1 12).

9 .

R . Tha mes. Rowlands 19 76, 3 95 n o. 1 607 , p l . 3 6.

1 0 .

S cot land. Coles 1 959-60 , 8 6.

L IST 5 8.

Tanged a rrowheads.

M AP 2 8.

Br i ta in 1 .

Boker ly Dyke , Woodya tes, Pen tr idge , Dorse t. P it t R ivers 1 892, 9 7 , p l. CLX I I I , 1.

2 .

Penard h oard , G la m. ( 107 ). Burgess 1 968a , f i g. 2 , 2 ;

3 .

Mercer 1 970 , 2 13 n o. 2 67 .

Er iswe l l , S u ffolk . Moyses Ha l l Museu m , Bury S t. Ed munds. F ig. 3 8 , 7 . P robably t he e xamp le f ro m L akenhea th ( Cunn ington 1 926 , 1 82 ).

4 .

Wa ter Dean Bo t to m , En ford , Wi l ts. Cunn ing ton 1 926;

Mercer 1 970 , 2 13 n o. 1 69 .

N orth-eastern France 5 .

Fro id mon t , A isne. L ob jo is 1 976, 1 51-152, f i g. 4 4, 5 .

6 .

E ssonne. J . P. Mohen .

7 .

Fort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir . Ph il ippe 1 927 , 3 8-39 , p l . V I , 4 -6 ( sheet ), p l . V I , 1 , 9 , p l . X I I I , 5 -6 ( cast ), p l . V I , 3( cast , s purred ); 2 6-30 , 3 5; 2 4-25 ( spurred ).

8 .

1 936, f i g. 5 0 , 1 3, 1 5, 1 8 , 2 0-23,

Roya l l ieu , C o mp iegne , O ise. J . Cl . B lanchet.

9 .

Fores t o f C o mp iegne , O ise. MAN 1 4.444, 2 8.885. J .Cl . B lanche t . Two e xa mp les.

1O .

Bo is d e Da mart , O ise. De Mort i l let 19 03, p l . LXXXVI I I , 1 086; S heet.

1.

Orrouy , O ise. J .-Cl . B lanche t.

1 2.

Par is. E luere 1 972, 4 9 n o. 4 6. 4 83

Mercer 19 70 , 2 07 n o. 9 .

1 3.

R . S e ine , S eine-et-O ise. De Mor t il let 1 903, p l . =

XV III , 1 087 ;

Mercer 1 970 , 2 08 n o. 5 7.

N ot mapped. 1 4.

Am iens, S o m me. Breu il 1 903, f i g. 1 , 3 ;

1 5.

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 06, Am iens 1 .

Moisla ins, S o mme. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 7 , Moisla ins;

Breu il 1 903, f i g. 1 , 1 -2.

Mercer 1 970, 2 07 n o. 4 1. Two e xa mp les;

f ro m a d isturbed Merov ingian b ur ial .

Be lg iu m 1 6.

S cheld t a t S choonaarde, E . F landers. De L oV 19 31b, 5 , f i g. 9 , 1 . F ive e xa mp les.

1 7 ,

S cheld t b etween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Des it tere a nd Weissenborn 1 977 , 3 6 n os. 4 9-50 , f i gs. 2 3-24. Two e xa mp les.

1 8.

Z ele, E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, Antwerp 1 353. F ig. 3 8 , 8 .

1 9.

Han-sur-Lesse , N a mur. Mercer 1 970 , 2 11 n o. 2 17. Var ious e xa mp les i n t he Mus e d u Monde S outerra in , Han-sur-Lesse , s o me s purred.

N etherlands 2 0 .

H i jken , Dren the ( 77 ). A t l east f i ve e xa mp les. s purred.

2 1.

S leenerzand , Dren the ( 79 ). Mercer 1 970 , 2 09 n o. 1 03. A t l east f our teen e xa mp les.

L IST 5 9.

S ocketed a rrowheads.

MAP 2 8.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Fort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 1 927 , 3 8 , p l. V I , 2 ;

p l . X I II , 7( spurred );

1 936, f i g. 5 0,

3 6. 2 .

Forest o f Co mp iegne , O ise M AN 1 4.125. J .Cl . B lanchet.

3 .

Abbev il le , S o m me. Breu il 1 903, 5 03.

4 .

Am ien , S o m me. I bid ., f i g. 1 , 4 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 07 , Am iens 2 7 .

Possibly f ro m t he S a intRoch h oard ( 179 ). 4 84

Belg iu m 5 .

Hoogstra ten , An twerp . D e L o e1 931b , 5 , f i g. 9 , 2 .

6 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. MRAH Brussels. S purred.

7 .

Han-sur-Lesse , N a mur. Var ious e xamp les i n t he Mus6e d u Monde S ou terra in , Han-sur-Lesse , s o me s purred.

L IST 6 0 .

S prockhof f Type Is words.

MAP 2 9.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S e ine a t L a Bou i l le , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Verron 1 973 , 3 97 , f i g. 4 4, 1 . Taper ing b lade w i th b road m idr ib , s l igh t ly r ounded s hou lders w ith t wo p a irs o f r ive t-holes, u nperfora ted g r ip w i th s tra igh t s ides d ivergen t t owards b u t t.

N ether lands 2 .

Bosserfe ld , Maastr ich t , L i mburg. S prenger 1 948, 2 1, p l . W, a lb. 1 0 a bove;

C owen 1 955, 1 22 n o. 2 8 ;

S chauer 1 971, 1 27 n o. 5 2. S tra igh t b lade , d a maged s hou lders, s wol len g r ip a pparen t ly u nperfora ted , f l anges f or m p ro jec t ing e ars a t b u t t. L IST 6 1.

N enzingen s words.

MAP 2 9.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

A isne a t V ic-sur-A isne. Pa t te 1 971, 1 59 , f i g. 1 , l ef t. RosnoVn h ybr id ;

2 .

l a tera l ly c urved b lade.

Oudenaarde , E . F landers. C owen 1 955, 1 28 n o 5 1.

3 .

Probably S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. J . D . C owen c ard i ndex.

N etherlands 4 .

5 .

Heu men , Gelderland. De L ae t 1 974, 3 02. Her ten , L i mburg. I bid.

6 .

N r. S teenw i jk , Over i jssel . Boeles 1 951, 5 4-55, 4 82 n o. 1 0 , f i g. 1 3, 3 ;

4 85

C owen 1 955, 1 28 n o. 5 2.

L IST 6 2.

Buchloe/Gref fern swords.

M AP 2 9.

N or th-eastern F rance 1 .

S a in t-Just-enChaussee h oard , O ise ( 1 15 ). H il t f rag men t.

L IST 6 3.

S tN tzl ing swords.

M AP 2 9.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

S e ine a t I ssy-les-Mou l ineaux , Hau ts-de-Se ine. C owen 19 55, 1 33 n o. 7 ;

S chauer 1 971, 1 45 n o. 1 5;

p rovenance a s ' Rouen ' );

Verron 19 71, 5 5 n o. 2 2;

( both g ive t he Gaucher a nd Mohen

1 972, 5 21-522 n . 7 , f i g. 3 b. L IST 6 4.

R ixhe i m swords.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Abbevil le Museu m , S o m me. Burgess 1 968a , f i g. 1 , 1 ; mus e 8 , i l l . 2 7 ;

2 .

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 05, Abbev il le

Re im 1 974a , 1 2 n o. 2 1.

?R . S e ine. Cabrol 1 939 , 4 14, f i g. 8 ;

Re im 1 974a , 9n o. 1 0.

Belg iu m 3 .

Meuse a t Huy , L iege. Des it tere 1 961, f i g. 2 ;

S chauer 1 971, 6 5 n . 6 ;

Re im 1 974a , 1 3,

3 4 n . 1 5. Huy i s p referable t o ' Hoe i-Sta t te ' f or t he p rovenance ( Mar ion 1 976, 6 8 ). N etherlands 4 .

S tevensweer t , L i mburg. Des it tere 19 61, f i g. 3 ;

S chauer 1 971, 6 5 n . 7 ;

Rei m 1 974a , 2 2 n . 2 3,

3 7 n .7. S tevensweer t i s i n t he N etherlands, n o t i n Be lgiu m ( Mar ion 19 76, 6 8 ). RosnoOn h ybr ids N or th-eastern France 5 . 6 .

S a in t-Just-enChaussee h oard , O ise ( 1 15 ). Mon t ieres, Am iens, S o m me. Mus e d e P icard ie , Am iens. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 4 9 , 1 07 , Am iens 2 2. F ig. 3 9 , 4 . Taper ing h il t w ith t wo r ivet-holes, t apering b lade w i th b road midrib.

L IST 6 5.

Monza swords.

M AP 3 0.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S eine a t Par is. Cord ier 1 974, f i g. 1 , 1 ;

O 'Connor 1 976a. 4 86

2 .

S eine a t I l e-Sa in t-Ouen , S eine-Sa int-Den is. Rei m 1 974a , 2 8 n o. 4 5;

L IST 6 6.

Gr igny swords.

1 974b, L iste 1 , 1.

M AP 3 0.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

E ssonne. M AN 2 6.002. J .-P. Mohen.

2 .

S eine ? f ro m Bardouv il le a rea , S e ine-Mar it i me. Verron 1 973, 3 97 , f i g. 4 5, 2 .

3 .

S e ine a t L a Vaquer ie , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 1 17 ).

4 .

Cho isy-le-Roi h oard , Va l-de- Marne ( 120 ).

Belg iu m 5 .

Geraardsbergen , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 248. De Laet 1 974, 3 59-360. F ig. 3 9 , 3 . T ota l l ength C . 5 0 cm.

L IST 6 7.

Pep inv il le s words.

MAP 3 0.

North-eastern France 1 .

Rouen , S e ine-Mar i t i me. M AN 3 0. 7 53. J . P. Mohen .

2 .

T irancourt , S o m me ( 1 19 ). Rei m 1 974b, L iste 2 , 1 1.

L IST 6 8.

Arco a nd Terontola swords.

M AP 3 0.

Arco Bri ta in 1 .

Tha mes a t L ondon . Museu m o f L ondon . Burgess 1 968a , 4 4;

Rowlands 1 976, 4 25 n o. 1 966, p l . 5 0.

F ig. 3 9 , 2 . Tang b roken of. N orth-eastern France 2 .

S eine a t Corbe il , E ssonne. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972, 3 22, f ig. 1 .

3 .

E ssonne. M AN 2 6.002. J .-P. Mohen .

4 .

S e ine a t Par is. De Mort il let 19 03, p l . LXXXVI I , 1 072;

Dbchelet te 19 10 , f i g. 6 1, 4 ;

Rei m 1 974b, L iste 3 , 3 . 5 .

S eine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de-Marne. Mus e d e l 'Ho m me 5 6.54.39. De Beauchene 1 961, f i g. 3 a. F ig. 3 9 , 1 .

6 .

Man tes, Yvel ines. MAN.

7 .

Unprovenanced , p ossibly Par is a rea. Mohen 19 68, 7 93-794, p l. V I I I , r ight L X , l ef t.

Rei m 1 974b, L iste 3 .

Teron tola Belg iu m 8 .

S ta t te , Huy , L i ge. De L aet 1 974, 3 59-360 , f i g. 6 9 , c en tre;

L IST 6 9 .

Un terhach ing swords.

Des it tere 19 76, 3 4 n . 1 3.

MAP 3 0.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Par is. M AN 3 60. J .-P. Mohen.

L IST 7 0.

He m igkofen swords.

MAP 3 1.

Eng land 1 .

Bark ing Creek , E ssex. Cowen 19 51, 2 12 n o. 3 3;

2 .

S chauer 1 971, 1 58 n . 3 .

Tha mes a t Ha m mers m ith Br idge. Cowen 1 951, 2 12 n o. 3 2;

Burgess 1 968a , f i g. 1 , 3 ;

1 58 n . 1 3. 3 .

Tha mes a t L ondon . Cowen 1 951, 2 12 n o. 3 1;

4 .

S chauer 1 971, 1 58 n . 1 3.

' Tha mes '. Cowen 19 55, 1 37 n o. 4 1;

S chauer 1 971, 1 58 n . 1 2.

N orth-eastern France 5 .

S eine a t Vernon , Eure. Cowen 19 55, 1 36 n .31;

6 .

S chauer 19 71, 1 58 n . 1.

O ise n ear Cre il , O ise. Audouze 1 972. Presumably n ot f ro m t he S e ine.

4 88

S chauer 1 971,

7 .

Rue Fon ta ine d u Ro i, Par is. Mus e d e PHo m me , Paris. 5 6.54.38. De Beauc nne 19 61, f i g. 3 c;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972, 5 23 n . 4 .

F ig. 4 0. 1 . 8 .

L ongeau , Am iens , S o mme. Breu il 1 900 , f i g. 4 , 2 6; 1 58 n . 1 ;

Cowen 1 955, 1 36 n o. 3 5;

S chauer 1 971,

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 5 4, 1 07 , Am iens, L ongeau ,

Mon t ieres 7 . Be lg iu m 9 .

D ikkelvenne , E . F landers. C owen 1 955, 1 36 n o. 3 6;

S chauer 1 971, 1 58 n . 5 ;

d e L aet 1 974,

3 57 , f ig. 1 68. U f fhofen v ar ian t England 1 0.

R . Ca m a t t he Cardyke, Wa terbeach , Ca mbs. Cowen 19 55, 1 37 n o. 4 3;

S chauer 1 971, 1 61 n . 1 0.

N ot marked a s a n i mpor t b y Burgess ( 1968a , f ig . 6 ) ;

n ot mapped .

I reland 1 1.

R . Erne n r. Ba l lyshannon , Co. Donegal . E ogan 19 65, 3 4 n o. 5 1;

Burgess 19 74, 3 18 n .1 7 4.

1 2.

S e ine a t B l igny , E ssonne.

1 3.

S eine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de-Marne. Cowen 19 55, 1 36 n o. 3 3; S chauer 1 971, 1 61 n . 7 .

Belgiu m 1 4.

Between Assenede a nd Er tvelde , E . F landers. Mar ien 1 952, 2 31, a fb. 2 13, 1 ;

Cowen 1 955, 1 37 n o. 3 7 ;

S chauer

1 971, 1 61 n . 1 . 1 5.

Ha m me , E . F landers. Desit tere 19 61, f i g. 1 ;

S chauer 19 71, 1 61 n . 3 .

Ne therlands 1 6.

Ven lo , L i mburg. Cowen 19 55, 1 37 n o. 3 8 ;

S chauer 19 71, 1 61 n . 9 ;

3 57 , f i g. 1 38, c en tre. E lsenfeld v ar ian t N orth-eastern France 1 7.

J aux , O ise. MAN 7 4.702. JCl .

B lanchet.

4 89

d e L aet 1 974,

Netherlands 1 8.

Heu men , Gelderland . S prockhof f 1 931, 1 3, Taf . 7 , 6 ;

L IST 7 1.

Erbenhe i m swords.

S chauer 19 7i, 1 64 n . 3 .

MAP 3 1.

England 1 .

Tha mes, p robably n ear Bren tford. Cowen 19 55, 1 32 n o. 2 1;

2 .

S chauer 19 71, 1 69 n . 1 7.

T ha mes, o pposite t he e ast e nd o f Bat tersea Park . C owen 19 55, 1 32 n o. 2 0 ;

Burgess 19 68a , f i g. 1 , 2 ;

S chauer 19 71,

1 69 n . 1 6. 3 .

R . L ea b elow S tra tford-a t Bow . C owen 19 55, 1 31 n o. 1 9 ;

4 .

S chauer 19 71,

1 69 n . 1 5.

Br ixworth , N orthan ts. K ennet t 1 975, 1 7 , f i g. 7 , B .

N orth-eastern France 5 .

S e ine a t Par is. C owen 19 55, 1 31 n o. 1 6;

S chauer 19 71, 1 69 n o. 1 3;

Gaucher a nd

Mohen 1 972, 5 21-522, f i g. 2 . N etherlands 6 .

Ter Apel , Gron ingen . Van d er Waals 19 62;

7 .

S chauer 19 71, 1 69 n . 1 0.

Meuse b e tween Arcen a nd B l it tersw i jk , L i mburg. C owen 1 955, 1 31 n o. i 8;

8 .

S chauer 19 71, 1 69 n . 8 .

Meuse a t Tegelen , L i mburg. C owen 19 55, 1 31 n o. 1 7;

L IST 7 2.

L et ten swords.

S chauer 19 71, 1 69 n . 9 .

MAP 3 1.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Corbe il , E ssonne. J .-P . Mohen .

2 .

S e ine a t Par is. Cowen 19 55, 1 33 n o. 6 ;

3 .

S chauer 19 71, 1 66 n . 3 .

Rue Fonta ine d u Ro i , Par is. Mus e d e l 'Ho mme , Par is 5 6.54.3 7 . De Beauch ' ene 19 61, f i g. 3 b;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 72, 5 21-522 n . 6 .

F ig. 4 0 , 2 . 4 .

L ongeau , Am iens, S o m me. Breu il 19 00 , f i g. 4 , 2 5; •Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 5 4, 1 09 , Am iens, L ongeau

Mon t ieres 5 .

4 90

Belg iu m 5 .

S cheldt a t Melle , E . F landers. Cowen 1 955, 1 33 n o. 8 ;

L IST 7 3.

Rosnogn swords.

S chauer 1 971, 1 66 n . 2 .

MAP 3 2.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Corbe il , E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen.

2 .

Gr igny , E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen.

3 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. Tou louze 1 891, f i g. 3 9 .

4 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen . Three e xa mp les.

5 .

S e ine a t Cau mon t , Eure. Verron 1 973, 3 97 , f i g. 4 6, r ight.

6 .

Wavr in , N ord. P in ingre 1 976, 7 -8, f i g. 1 .

7 .

O ise a t Cre il , O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 6 2 n o. 6 8.

8 .

Roverval , O ise. J .Cl . B lanche t. Frag men ts o f t hree e xa mp les.

9 .

S a in t-Just-en-Chausee h oard , O ise ( 1 15 ). Three e xa mp les w ith a dd i t ional b lade f rag men ts.

1 0.

O ise a t Thourot te , O ise. J . Cl. B lanchet.

1 1.

O ise a t Verneu il-en-Hal lat te , O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 3 5 n o. 1 2.

1 2.

S eine a t Par is. Mohen 1 968, 7 91 B60 , p ls. V I , V I II.

1 3.

S eine a t Bardouv il le , S eine-Marit i me. Verron 1 973, 3 97 , f i g. 4 4, 4 .

1 4.

S e ine a t Bardouv il le , S e ine- Mar it i me. I bid., 3 97-398 , f i g. 4 5, 3 . Re ma ins o f t ang , b lade c urved l a teral ly .

1 5.

S e ine a t Rouen , S eine- Mar it i me. Burgess 1 968a , f i g. 3 , 3 ;

1 6.

Verron 1 971, 5 5 n o. 1 9.

S eine a t L a Vaquer ie , S eine-Mar i t i me ( 1 17 ). Three e xa mp les w ith a dd it ional b lades a nd d aggers.

1 7 .

Abbev il le , S o m me. Breu il 1 901, f i g. 1 . 3 ;

1 8.

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 10 4, Abbev il le 1 2.

? Am iens, S o m me. Breu il 1 900 , f i g. 3 , 1 4;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 10 8 , Am iens

s uppose 6 . 1 9.

B ourdon , S o m me. Breu i l 19 00 , f i g. 3 , 1 5;

2 0 .

S e ine a t C haren ton , Val-de-Marne. Br iard 19 65, 1 67 ;

2 1.

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 11, Bourdon 2 .

J .-P. Mohen .

C ho isy-le-Ro i h oard , Va l-de-Marne

( 120 ).

One e xamp le. 2 2.

R . S e ine. Cabrol 1 939 , 4 14, f i g.7. S o me o f t he e xa mp les q uoted b y Br iard ( 1965, 1 67 , f i g. 5 6 ) c annot o therw ise b e i den t if ied , e .g. T h ian t , N ord , a nd a re om it ted f ro m t h is l i st .

Be lg iu m 2 3.

S cheld t a t Wichelen , E . F landers. Des it tere 1 976, 8 9 , f i g. 4 , 5 . S hor tened a nd r eused.

N ether lands 2 4.

Ekslooerk i jl , Dren the. I b id ., 7 9 n . 1 .

2 5.

Weur t , Gelderland. I b id., 8 9 .

2 6.

Meuse a t Roer mond , L i mburg. I b id.

2 7 .

N i j megen , Gelderland . I b id .

2 8.

L i mburg. De L ae t 19 74, 3 02, f i g. 1 38 , s econd l ef t.

L IST 7 4.

App leby s ol id-h i lted s words.

E ngland 1 .

S a l ta Moss, E dders ide , Cu mber land . C oles 1 961, 1 6-17 , p l . I , f i g. 1 . Ova l b lade s ec t ion w i th t races o fb evel led e dges.

H il t h as s l igh t ly

c oncave b ase w i th t wo f alse r ivets a nd a c ol lar o n t he g r ip . 2 .

Cast i n o ne.

Cu mberland . I bid ., 1 7-18 , p l . I , f i g. 2 . L ozenge b lade s ec t ion . r ive ts.

H il t h as s l igh t ly a ngu lar b ase w ith t wo f a lse

Cast i n o ne. 4 92

3 .

App leby h oard , L incs. ( 109 ). L ozenge b lade s ec t ion .

H il t h as s tra igh t b ase.

Known f ro m c ast o f

o rig ina l . 4 .

Ambleside h oard , Westmorland ( 1 12 ). H il t h as s l igh t ly c oncave b ase.

Known f ro m o ld d raw ing.

N or th-eastern France 5 .

S e ine ? f ro m Bardouv il le a rea , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Verron 1 973 , 3 97 , f i g. 4 4, 2 . L ozenge b lade s ec t ion w i th t races o fb evel led e dges.

H il t h as

a ngu lar b ase w ith c en tral V-shaped n o tch a nd t wo f a lse r ivets. L IST 7 5.

Bal l in tober a nd r ela ted s words.

MAP 3 3.

N or th-eas tern France 1 .

S e ine a t Pas-de-Gr igny , E ssonne. MAN .

2 .

S e ine a t L es Andelys , Eure. C ou t il 19 28 , p l . I I , 3 2b is.

3 .

Bresles, O ise. J .Cl . B lanchet.

4 .

S e ine a t Bardouv i l le , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Verron 1 973, 3 97 , f i g. 4 4, 2 . F la t b lade.

5 .

Chelsea t ype.

S e ine a t Rouen , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Verron 19 71, 5 5 n o. 2 0. ? Chelsea t ype.

6 .

S o m me a t Abbev il le , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 04, Abbev i l le 3 , i l l . 2 6c.

7 .

S o m me a t Port-le-Grand , Abbev i l le , S o m me. Mus e Boucher d e Perthes, Abbev i l le. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 18 , P or t-le-Grand 2 , i l l , 2 6a. F ig. 4 1, 2 . L ozenge b lade s ec t ion , f our n otches i n o va l-sec t ion h il t.

8 .

Am iens, S o m me. Breu i l 1 900 , f i g. 3 , 1 6;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 10 6, Am iens 1 0.

Two n otches i n b u t t. 9 .

Eaucourt , S o m me. Breu i l 1 900 , f i g. 3 , 1 3;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 13, Eaucour t 1 .

Four n otches i n p oin ted h il t . 1 0.

S e ine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de- Marne. Br iard 1 965, 1 64, f i g. . 5 5, 4 .

4 93

L IST 7 6.

Miscel laneous s words.

England 1 .

C ha tha m Dockyard , K en t . J essup 19 33; Rowlands 1 976, 4 23 n o. 1 945, p l . 5 0. N arrow s tra igh t-bladed s word w ith i rregu lar o va l s ec t ion , b lun t r icasso a nd t aper ing h il t w i th t wo n otches.

2 .

Me thwold , N orfolk . CMAE 3 3. 5 05. T ru mp 1 96 8 , 2 21, f i g. 5 4, 2 ;

Rowlands 19 76, 4 26 n o. 1 978.

F ig. 3 9 , 5 . S tra igh t s ided b lade , l ozenge s ec t ion w ith m idrib , b eco m ing i nd ist inc t l ower d own a nd f l anked b y f a in t g rooves o n o ne s ide o n t he b lade.

The

h il t h as t wo p a irs o f n otches , o ne l arge , o ne sma l l . 3 .

Tren t n r. N ot t ingha m . N ot t ingha m Cast le Museu m 6 8.42 O . Burgess 1 968a , 4 4;

Row lands 1 976, 4 27 n o. 1 980 , p l . 5 0.

F ig . 4 0 , 3 . Broad s tra ight-sided b lade w ith l ozenge s ec t ion a nd b lun t r icasso , t apering t o n arrow h il t w i th t wo p a irs o f n otches.

Below t he h i l t b oth

s ides o f t he b lade b ear i nc ised o rna men t , f our h a tched t r iang les o no ne s ide a nd t hree h a tched t r iangles a nd a t r ip le z ig-zag l ine o n t he o ther. 4 .

Tha mes a t K ingston , S urrey . BM 1 863 2 2 14. T ru mp 1 962, 9 8 n o. 2 05; F ig . 4 1, 3 .

Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 23.

Taper ing b lade w ith o f fset e dges a nd n arrow midr ib;

b lade a nd m idr ib

e xpand t o f or m b road a ngu lar s hou lders f ro m wh ich r ises a s tra igh t t ang. N or th-eastern F rance 5 .

S e ine n r. Pon t S a in t-Michel , Par is. Mohen 1 968 , 7 93 B 58 , p ls. V I , V I I ; f i g. 2 .

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 72, 3 11,

S tra igh t-s ided b lade w ith l ozenge s ec t ion a nd b evel led e dges; h il t w i th t wo n o tches.

c onvex

The u pper p ar t o f t he b lade b ears i nc ised

o rna men t o f f our d ouble c irc les a nd t wo d ouble V- mot ifs. Belg iu m 6 .

Dender monde , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 241. F ig. 3 9 , 4 . S evera l f rag men ts o f as tra ight b laded s word , o val s ec t ion b lade w i th s l igh t o f fsets d ef ined b y g rooves; i t s s ides a nd a no ther i n i t s t op .

N etherlands 7 .

Heu men , Gelderland . De L ae t 1 974, 3 59. 4 94

t he h il t h as t wo p a irs o f n otches i n

Draw ing p rov ided b y J . J . Bu t ler. N arrow s tra igh t b lade w i th o va l s ec t ion , r icasso , n arrow t ang. L IST 7 7 .

N ipperw iese s h ields.

England 1 .

O ld b ranch o f t he T ha mes a t L ong Wi t tenha m , Berks. I n p r iva te p ossess ion . Th ick b ronze. t h ickened r i m. h eads.

C en tra l d o me w ith p er iphera l s tep , t wo c oncen tr ic r ibs, Hand le a nd t wo t abs a t tached b y r ivets w ith l arge b ossed

Two p erfora t ions , o ne a pparen t ly c aused b y t he t ip o f as pear-

h ead. 2 .

Mixna m 's P i t , T horpe , S urrey ( possibly a d er ived r iver f i nd ). C her tsey Museu m ; T h ick b ronze. p la in r im .

S . N eedha m .

Cen tra l d o me w i th p er iphera l s tep , t wo c oncen tr ic r ibs ,

Hand le a nd t wo t abs a t tached b y r ivets w i th l arge b ossed

h eads. L IST 7 8.

Hel me ts.

N orth-eastern F rance. 1 .

O ise n ear I l e d u Grand Peup le , Ar mancourt , O ise. Hencken 1 971, 6 6, f i g. 3 9 ;

B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 4 5-46, f i g.

3 5. Crested w ith p o in ted c ap . s ea m .

S heets j o ined b y t hree c on ica l r ivets a t e ach

T he r im i s i n turned w ith t wo s paced r ibs a bove ;

t he u pper r ib

h as a p a ir o fh oles a bove a nd b elow o n e ach s ide o f t he h el met ;

a bove

e ach u pper p a ir a v er t ica l r ib r ises t o t he a pex o f t he c ap . 2 .

O ise a t Mon t macq , O ise. Hencken 19 71, 6 2, f i g. 3 4, a -b;

B lanchet a nd L a mbot 19 75, 4 4-45,

f i g. 3 4. Crested w ith n early c on ica l c ap .

S heets j o ined b y t wo c on ical r ivets a t

e ach s eam , f l anked b y ab oss o n e ither s ide.

The r im i s e verted w ith

ad ouble r ib a bove , t he l ower r ib i s p erfora ted b y ap a ir o f h oles o n e ach s ide o f t he h el me t . 3 .

O ise a t Mon t macq , O ise , Hencken 1 971, 6 2, f i g. 3 4, c -d ;

B lanche t a nd L a mbot 1 975, 4 4-45,

f i g. 3 3. Crested w i th n early c on ica l c ap .

S heets h ave t wo r ive t-holes a t e ach

s ea m , o ne p a ir i s emp ty , t he o ther c on ta ins o ne f l a t r ivet a nd o ne p ro jec t ing r ivet w i th a f l a t tened e nd .

The r im i s e ver ted w i th a r ow o f

b osses a bove , p erfora ted b y ap a ir o fh oles o n e ach s ide o f t he h el met . These t wo h el me ts were n o t f ound t oge ther. 4 .

S e ine a t Par is. Hencken 1 971, 6 2, f i g. -3 5. C rested w ith n early c on ica l c ap .

S heets j oined b y t wo c on ica l r ive ts a t

e ach s ea m , o ne p a ir f lanked b y ab oss o n e ither s ide.

The r im i s e ver ted

w ith a s ingle r ib a bove , p erfora ted b y ap a ir o fh oles o n e ach s ide o f t he h elme t. 4 95

5 .

S eine a t Man tes-la-Jol ie , Yvel ines. I bid., 1 26-128, f i g. 9 7. Made o f as ingle s heet w ith a h ol low c rest.

Three s paced i nc ised l i nes

a bove i n turned r im , p erfora ted b y f i f teen h oles. Be lgiu m 6 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde, E . F landers. I bid., 1 26, f i g. 9 5. Do me-shaped c ap made o f as ingle s heet. b y as ingle h ole o n e ach s ide.

The r im i s i n turned , p erfora ted

Three g roups o f h or izontal i nc ised l i nes

a bove t he r i m. L IST 7 9.

Greaves.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre, O ise ( 171). M AN 1 5.647. J .Cl . B lanchet . Urn f ield t ype.

L IST 8 0.

Frag men tary.

Poppy-head p ins.

M AP 3 4.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. Tou louze 1 891, f i g. 1 4.

2 .

S eine a t Paris. Mus e d e PHo m me 5 7 .5.2 7 . F ig. 3 8 , 9 .

Be lg iu m 3 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. MRAH Brussels B 2 983. F ig. 3 8, 1 0.

Der iva t ives England 4 .

Bank o fR . E bble a t Ho m ington , Wil ts. S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wil tshire Museu m , S al isbury 1 3/1 9 69. Moore a nd Rowlands 1 972, 6 5 n o. 7 8, p l . XVI. F ig. 3 8 , 1 3.

N orth-eastern France 5 .

Fort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. S andars 19 57 , f i g. 8 0 , 3 .

Belg iu m 6 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde, E . F landers. MRAH Brussels B 2 983. F ig. 3 8, 1 1.

4 96

7 .

Wichelen , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp . F ig. 3 8 , 1 2.

L IST 8 1.

P ins w i th t n i mpet h eads a nd r ibbed swol len s haf ts.

M AP 3 4.

Eng land 1 .

Tha mes a t K ingston , S urrey . Bra ilsford 1 953, 3 4, f i g. 1 3, 9 ;

Rowlands 1 976, 4 30 n o. 2 008.

p l . 1 9. Angular r ibs. 2 .

?S ussex. Row lands 19 76, 4 31 n o. 2 022, p l . 5 0 . Angu lar r ibs.

N ot mapped.

N orth-eastern France 3 .

S eine a t B l igny , E ssonne. De Mort il let 19 03, p l . XCI I I , 1 9 8.

4 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. Tou louze 1 891, f i gs. 3 , 5 -6, 8 . Four e xa mp les.

5 .

S a in t-Cheron h oard , E ssonne ( 1 13 ). Two e xa mp les.

6 .

S e ine b etween O issel a nd Grand Couronne , S eine-Mar it i me. Dubus 1 912, 2 6, p l . I I , 3 . S haf t b en t , h ead missing.

7 .

Am iens a rea , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 10 8, Am iens s uppose 1 ;

Breu il 19 07 ,

f i g. 1 , 1 . 8 .

Am iens a rea , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 10 8 , Am iens s uppose 1 ;

Breu il 1 907 ,

f i g. 1 , 2 . Crucifor m o rna men t o n h ead. 9 .

Am iens a rea , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 10 8 , Am iens s uppose 3 ; f i g. 1 , 4 .

Be lg iu m 1 0.

R . Dy le a t Ba t tel , Antwerp . Mar ien 19 56, 9 1-92, f i g. 6 . L ooped .

1.

S choonaarde , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is , An twerp 2 071. F ig. 3 8 , 1 4.

1 2.

Bois-de-Lessines h oard , Ha inau t ( 121). Two e xa mp les. 4 97

Breu il 1 907 ,

N ether lands 1 3.

Meuse a t A le m , N . Braban t. Braa t 19 64, 18 8 , A bb. 5 , 1 .

1 4.

Rot terda m Museu m . Ypey 19 67 , 10 1, a fb. 3 , 0 22. Possibly o f Be lg ian o r n or thern French o r ig in.

L IST 8 2.

C ol lared p ins.

MAP 3 4.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. T ou louze 1 891, f i g. 2 .

2 . 3 .

S a in t-Just-en-Chaussbe h oard , O ise ( 1 15 ). S eine a bove V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Va l-de-Marne. D e Mort i l let 19 03, p l . XCI I I , 19 9 .

L IST 8 3.

P ins w ith g lobu lar h eads a nd i nc ised o rna men t.

MAP 3 4.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. T ou louze 1 891, f i g. 4 .

2 .

S e ine a t Par is. Musee d e l 'Ho m me 5 7.5.31. F ig. 3 8 , 1 5.

L IST 8 4.

Guntersblu m p ins.

MAP 3 4.

Be lg iu m 1 .

Han , N a mur . Mar ien 1 974, 2 25, f i g. 1 .

L IST 8 5.

P ins w i th b ands o f i nc ised o rna men t o n t he s haf t.

N ether lands 1 .

L aren , N . Hol land. Bu t ler 19 69 , a fb. 1 9 .

2 .

Veenenburg h oard , S . Hol land ( 125 ). Three e xa mp les.

L IST 8 6.

Wol l meshe im p ins.

M AP 3 5.

Belg iu m 1 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. De L ot ! 1 931b , 5 , f i g. 8 , ' t h ird r igh t.

2 .

S cheld t b etween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Des it tere a nd We issenborn 19 77 , 4 8 n o. 8 9 , f i g. 4 8.

4 98

MAP 3 4.

N etherlands 3 .

Meuse a t A le m , N . Braban t . Braa t 1 964, 1 88 , Abb. 5 , 2 .

4 .

Opheusden , Gelderland . Ypey 1 962-63, 1 89 , a fb. 3 , B . Apparen t ly f ound i n a Merov ing ian p ot w ith a Tu mu lus r azor ( L ist 4 8 , 4 ) a nd a Ro man c o in.

L IST 8 7 .

P ins r elated t o t he B inn ingen t ype.

MAP 3 5.

Belg iu m 1 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. De L oV 1 931b, f i g. 8 , s econd r igh t.

9

Te mse-Veld molenw i jk , E . F landers. De L aet , N enqu in a nd S p itaels 1 958, 1 20 , f i g. 1 65.

L IST 8 8.

P ins w ith b icon ica l o r s ub-bicon ica l h eads a nd r ad iat ing o rna men t. M AP 3 5.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

F ort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Lo ir. Audouze 1 971, f i g. 1 , 2 . L oculus F412, a ssoc ia ted w ith a r ol l-headed p in .

2 .

F ort-Harrouard , Eure- e t-Lo ir. I b id., f i g. 1 , 3 . L ocu lus F547 , a ssoc ia ted w ith p ot tery o f t he e nd o f Bronze F inal I ( i bid., f i g. 3 ).

3 .

J ard in d u L uxe mbourg, Par is. I b id., f i g. 1 . 1 .

L IST 8 9.

S hepherd 's c rook p ins.

MAP 3 5.

Bri ta in 1 .

D inorben , Denbigh . Gardner a nd S avory 1 964, 1 32, f i g. 1 7 , 1 ;

S avory 1 971, 2 3;

1 7 , f i g. 3 5, 6 . N orth-eastern France 2 .

Fort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 1 936, 5 99 , f i g. 5 3, 2 0-21. Two e xa mp les.

L IST 9 0 .

P ins w ith s p ind le-whorl h eads.

M AP 3 5.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

For t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Mordan t a nd Pra mpart 1 976, 1 59 n . 2 2.

4 99

1 976a ,

2 .

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 19 27 ,2054. F ig . 3 8 , 1 6.

3 .

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 927 .2055. F ig. 3 8 , 1 7 .

4 .

S e ine , S e ine-et-O ise. Mordan t a nd Prampar t 19 76 , 1 59 n . 2 2.

L IST 9 1.

P ins w ith b road r ibbed b icon ica l h eads.

MAP 3 5.

E ng land 1 .

N ear Cambr idge , Ca mbs. Ash 1 927 .2392. Evans 1 881, 3 71, f i g. 4 59 ;

Row lands 19 76, 2 03, 4 28 n o. 1 988 , p l . 1 9.

F ig. 3 8 , 1 8. N or th-eastern France 2 .

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 927 .2057 . F ig. 3 8, 1 9 .

3 .

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 927 .2058. F ig. 3 8, 2 0.

L IST 9 2.

P ins w i th b road c onvex h eads.

MAP 3 5.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S e ine a t Pas-de-Gr igny , E ssonne. Mordan t a nd Prampart 1 976, 1 55 n . 1 0.

2 .

Fort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Lo ir. P h i l ippe 19 36, 5 99 , f i g. 5 3 , 1 9 .

N e therlands 3 .

Gasteren , Dren the. Van G if fen 1 945, 1 18 n o. 9 7 , 1 03 n o. 18 b , a lb. 1 5B, 5 4b; Bu t ler 1 969 , a lb. 3 2. Found i n c re ma t ion b ur ia l 5 4 u nder r ound b arrow 4 1 ( van G if fen 1 945, a fb.16 ) i n a Gasteren u rn w i th a n a ccessory v essel a nd a b ronze s p iral b ead ( i b id ., 1 02-103 n os. 1 8-18c , a lb. 1 5B , 5 4-54c ; 2 9 ; Wa terbolk 1 962, Abb. 71 3 -3a ).

L IST 9 3.

P ins w ith f l a t b icon ica l h eads.

MAP 3 5.

Eng land 1 .

Tha mes a t O ld England , Bren tford , Midd lesex . Museu m o f L ondon A .11732. F ig. 3 8 , 2 1. 5 00

Bu t ler 19 69 , f oto

2 .

T ha mes a t S ion Reach , Midd lesex . Museum o f L ondon A .26061. F ig. 3 8 , 2 2.

N orth-eastern France 3 .

S e ine a t P ar is. Ash 1 927 .2056. F ig. 3 8 , 2 3.

4 .

S e ine a t Par is. Musee d e l 'Ho m me 5 7 .5.30. F ig . 3 8 , 2 4.

L IST 9 4.

B racele ts.

N or th-eas tern F rance 1 .

Anz in h oard , N ord ( 1 14 ). Two e xa mp les , p enannu lar , r ound s ec t ion w ith i nc ised o rna men t.

2 .

L acro ix-Sa in t-Ouen , O ise. Mus e V ivenel , C o mp iegne. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 3 7-38 n o. 1 8. F ig. 3 8 , 2 5. Penannu lar , s l igh t ly t h ickened t er mina ls , t r iangu lar s ect ion . L ines o f p oin t i l l6 o rna men t a long t he a pex a nd s ides f l ank ing a l terna te g roups o f d iagona l l ines ;

t ransverse b ands o f p oin t il le a nd l ines o n s urv iv ing

t er m ina l . Be lg iu m 3 .

Bo is-de-Less ines h oard , Ha inau t ( 121 ). Penannu lar , r ound s ec t ion w i th i nc ised o rnamen t.

L IST 9 5.

B el t o rnamen ts.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. Tou louze 1 891, f i g. 4 1; Audouze 1 974 , 2 57 n o. 3 4, f ig. 4 , 1 4. Ova lb ody , c ruc ifor m t er mina ls.

5 01

LBA 2

L IST 9 6.

Pals taves.

MAP 3 7 .

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 133 ). Two e xa mp les.

2 .

C o mbon h oard , E ure , ( 1 64 ). Massive.

3 .

For t-Harrouard h oard , Eure-e t-Lo ir ( 136). Massive.

4 .

C la iro ix , Forest o f C o mp ibgne , O ise. MAN 2 8.948. F ig. 5 1, 2 . Undecora ted , B ri t ish .

5 .

Par is. J .-P. Mohen . Two e xa mp les.

6 .

Can teleu h oard , S e ine- Mari t i me ( 139 ). Twelve f rag men ts o r c o mp lete e xa mp les , o ne mass ive u n looped , a t l eas t t wo Br it ish. ( Fig. 4 9C, 1 -2).

7 .

Bussu , S o m me. Breu i l 19 05, f i g. 4 , 3 8;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 11, Bussu .

Decora ted , Br it ish . 8 .

L uzarches h oard , Va l-d 'Oise ( 141 ). F if teen f rag men ts , t hose i den t if iable a re mass ive.

9 .

Unprovenanced. MAN 3 1. 0 26. F ig. 5 1, 1 . Decora ted , Br i t ish.

Be lg iu m 1 0.

Asper , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is , Antwerp 2 302. Br i t ish .

1 1.

S cheld t b e tween Wichelen - a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Desit tere a nd We issenborn 19 77 , 2 2-23 n o. 1 0 , f i g. 6 .

5 02

N e therlands 1 2.

Bargeroosterveld 1 900 h oard , Dren the ( 199 ). One c o mp le te e xa mp le , o ne f rag men t , b oth Br it ish.

L IST 9 7.

Winged a xes.

MAP 3 8.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 132 ).

2 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 133 ). Two f rag men ts.

3 .

C ha mpcue il h oard , E ssonne ( 134 ).

4 .

Morsang-Sa in try h oard , E ssonne ( 135 ).

5 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen . S evera l e xamp les.

6 .

C o mbon h oard , Eure ( 1 64 ). Two e xa mp les.

7 .

Forest o f C o mp i ene , O ise. J .Cl . B lanchet . F rag men ts o f f our e xamp les.

8 .

P on tpoin t h oard , O ise ( 137 ).

9 .

S e ine a t Par is h oard ( 138 ). Two e xa mp les.

1 0.

P on t d u F landres , L a Vi l let te , Par is. J .-P. Mohen . Bronze mou ld f or w inged a xes.

1.

Ca ix h oard , S o m me ( 140 ). F ive e xa mp les.

L IST 9 8.

S ocketed a xes w ith s hou ldered b lades.

Br i ta in 1 .

Swaf fham , Ca mbs. CMAE 4 8.301B. F ig. 5 1, 4 .

N or th-eastern France 2 .

Pon tpoin t h oard , O ise ( 157 ). Two e xa mp les.

3 .

Faubourg d e Ham , Am iens , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 06, Am iens 1 8. Mus e d e P icard ie , Am iens 1 58. F ig. 5 1, 5 .

MAP 3 9 .

L IST 9 9.

I nden ted s ocke ted a xes.

MAP 3 9 .

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 132 ). L ooped w ith s ingle mou th mou ld ing.

2 .

O ise a t S a int-Leu-d 'Esseren t , O ise. J .Cl . B lanche t.

3 .

D tv il leles-Rouen h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ). Un looped , r ound mou th.

4 .

Abbev il le a rea , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 04, Abbev il le e nv irons 6 . MAN 6 .534. F ig. 5 1, 9 . L ooped w ith s ingle mou th mou ld ing , r ounded mou th.

5 .

Am iens a rea , S o m me. I b id ., 1 07 , Am iens e nv irons 2 . Musee d e P icard ie , Am iens 1 57. F ig. 5 1, 1 0. L ooped w ith t r ip le mou th mou ld ing , r ound mou th.

6 .

S e ine a t V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Va l-de-Marne. S avory 19 64-66, 1 85 n . 8 ;

Burgess 1 96 8 a , 1 3 n . 4 2.

Un looped. N ether lands 7 .

T s-Her togenbosch , N . Braban t. Bu t ler 19 6O a , 1 21.

L IST 1 00.

Miscel laneous s ocketed a xes.

Br i ta in 1 .

C arse L och , K irkcudbrigh t. C oles 1 959-60 , 2 6, f i g. 4 , 8 ;

Bu t ler 19 63a , 9 1, f i g. 2 6.

N a t iona l Museu m o f An t iqu i t ies , Ed inburgh. F ig. 5 1, 1. L ooped w i th s tra ight s ides a nd h exagona l s ec t ion ;

t he f aces b ear

v ert ica l g rooves a nd t he l ower p art o f t he b lade i s a brup t ly b evel led. 2 .

T ha mes a t L ondon . Ash 1 955.156. F ig. 5 1, 1 2. L ooped w ith o va l mou th ;

mou th mou ld ing a bove z one d e marca ted b y

ah or izon ta l r ib, t h is z one c on ta ins a p el le t ;

t hree V-r ibs d epend f ro m

t he h or izon ta l r ib a nd t he u pper a ng les o f t he b ody a re a lso marked b y r ibs. 3 .

The e dge i s s p layed .

Tha mes a t L ondon . Ash 1 955. 19 9. F ig. 5 1, 1 3. L ooped w ith o va l mou th , p la in c ol lar , c oncave s ides w i th t riangu lar f ace ts o n t he f aces, o u t l ined b y t wo p a irs o f c urved r ibs. 5 04

N or th-eastern F rance 4 .

S e ine a t Par is. Br iard a nd V e rron 197 6b ,3 4, f i g.3. L ooped w i th o va l mou th , c oncave w ith p la in c ol lar, c oncave s ides.

5 .

S eine a t P ar is. MAN 7 2. 2 36. L ooped w i th o val mou th , p la in c ol lar a bove t wo h or izon ta l r ibs , b elow t hese r ibs i s ac en tra l Y-r ib f l anked b y t wo c urved r ibs o n e ach s ide; ah orizon tal r ib a nd a n o f fse t d e marca te t h is u pper p ar t o f t he a xe, wh ich i s s tra igh t-s ided , f ro m t he b lade , wh ich i s t rapezoida l .

Belg iu m 6 .

Meuse a t L iege , n ear t he Ep iscopa l Pa lace. Dawans 1 972, 3 19 n o. 1 8 , p l . I X , s econd l ef t . L ooped w i th o va l mou th a nd p la in c ol lar;

t rapezo ida l b lade w ith t wo

s paced h orizon tal r ibs a nd t wo v ert ica l r ibs. N etherlands 7 .

Ka lw i jk ( ? Ka tw i jk , S . Hol land ). RMOL 1 949/5.2. L ooped w i th c oncave mou th , p la in c ol lar a nd c oncave s ides.

L IST 1 01.

S ocketed a dzes.

Eng land 1 .

Weeke , Han ts. Wheeler 19 24, f i g. a . S hou ldered.

2 .

Oxw ick a nd Pa t tesley , N orfolk . N orw ich 1 966, 2 3, f i g. 5 0 , I nden ted.

3 .

Barrow Gurney , S o merse t. Gr insel l 19 53, f i g. 1 . S hou ldered.

4 .

Tha mes, ? a t Tha mes D it ton , S urrey . Wheeler 1 924, f i g. b . S hou ldered.

N orth-eastern F rance 5 .

P on tpo in t h oard , O ise ( 137 ). S hou ldered

L IST 10 2.

D ouble-T -h i l ted k n ives.

N ether lands 1 .

Va l the , Dren the. Bu t ler 1 973a , f i g. 6 .

5 05

2 .

3 .

Appelscha , Fr iesland.

I bi d .,

f i g. 5 .

Hardenburg , Over i jssel . I bid., f i g. 4 .

4 .

Vroo mshoop , Over i jssel . I bid., f i g. 7 .

L IST 10 3.

P la in s pearheads.

MAP 4 0.

N or th-eastern France 1• B ou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 132 ). 2 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 133 ). S evera l e xa mp les.

3 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen . S evera l e xa mp les.

4 .

C o mbon h oard , E ure ( 1 64 ). Two c o mp lete e xa mp les a nd f our f rag men ts.

5

' F orest o f C o mp i ene , O ise. J . Cl . B lanche t. S ix e xamp les.

6 .

P on tpo in t h oard , O ise ( 137 ). Two e xa mp les.

7 .

Opp idu m d u Tre mblay , Verneu il-en-Ha la t te , O ise. B lanche t a nd L ambo t 19 75, 6 3-64 n os. 7 0-71. Two e xa mp les.

8 .

S e ine a t Par is h oard ( 138 ). A t l east e leven e xa mp les.

9 .

S e ine a t Par is. Mohen 1 968 , 8 01, B78b, p l . X . Frag men tary .

1 0.

S e ine a t Par is. I bid ., 8 02, B79a-d . Four e xamp les.

1 1.

S e ine a t Pon t S a in t-Michel , Par is. I bid., 8 02, B78c , p l . X .

1 2.

Can teleu h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 13 9 ) . Three f rag men ts.

1 3.

L uzarches h oard , Va l-d Oise ( 141). F ive f rag men ts

Belg iu m 1 4.

Pu l le , An twerp ( 142 ). E ight e xa mp les.

1 5.

Mendonk , Ghen t , E . F landers. Mar in 1 952, a lb. 2 54, 2 ;

Des it tere 1 974b , 1 45 n o. 8 , f i g. 3 .

? Two s epara te e xa mp les. 1 6.

L edeberg , E . F landers. D es i t tere 1 975, 19 n o. 3 6, f i g. 2 .

N e ther lands 1 7.

Bra m mershoopvee .n , Odoorn , D ren the. J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 75, 3 79 n o. 1 717 , Taf . 1 79 , 1 0.

1 8.

N ieuw-Weerd inge , Dren the. I bid ., 3 79 n o. 1 721, Ta f. 9 5, 1 4.

L IST 10 4.

Decora ted s pearheads.

MAP 4 0.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

Marne a t Brasles , A isne. L ebel 1 953, 3 53, f i g. 8 2; 3 -4;

J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 3 76 n o. 1 664, Taf . 1 67 ,

Tackenberg 1 971, 7 5 n . 2 33.

Th irty e xa mp les , i nclud ing t en w i th s em ic ircu lar mot ifs. 2 .

Marne a t C hezy-sur-Marne , A isne. Cheva l l ier 1 95 9 , f i g. 5 7 , r igh t. F il let-def ined midr ibs w i th l i ne a nd r ing o rna men t ;

s ocket o rna men ted

w ith b ands o f l i nes , h a tched t r iangles a nd r ing-and-dot mot ifs. 3 .

C o mbon h oard , Eure ( 164 ). S ocket f rag men t w i th t r iangu lar mot ifs.

4 .

Eure. J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 3 67 n o. 1 672, Taf . 1 67 , 1 1. L ong s ocke t w ith t ransverse b ands a nd c urv i l inear mot ifs;

s wag a nd

c ord ifor m mot ifs o n t he b lade. 5 .

Ressons-sur-Ma tz, O ise. I b id., 3 76 n o. 1 662, Ta f . 1 67 , 6 . T ransverse b ands a nd c urv il inear mo t ifs o n t he s ocket.

6 .

S e ine , S e ine-et-O ise. De Mort i l let 1 903, p l. L 200 (VI I I , 1 095. L ong s ocket w ith h a tched t r iangles , b ands o f l ines f lanked b y d ots, b ands o f i nverted V- mot ifs f lanked b y d ots.

7 .

Am iens a rea , S o m me. Breu i l 19 03, f i g. 4 , 2 5;

J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 3 87 n o. 1 867;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 08, Am iens e nv irons 6 . Bands o f l ines f l anked b y s em ic ircu lar mo t ifs.

5 07

Be lg iu m 8 .

D endermonde , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 3 537 . Angu lar f ace ted s ocket w i th h a tched t r iangles f lank ing s ocket o n b lade.

9 .

S choonaarde , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 228. Angu lar f aceted s ocke t w i th h a tched t r iangles a t t he b lade e dges.

N ether lands 1 0.

Boerakker , Maru m , Gron ingen . J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 67 , 3 80 n o. 1 736, Taf . 1 59 , 5 ;

T ackenberg

1 97 1, 7 5, 8 1, L iste 4 3, 3 . R ibbed a nd i nc ised o rnamen t o n t he mou th w ith p o in t i l le t o t he b ase o f t he b lade. L IST 1 05.

S axo-Thur ing ian a nd r ela ted s pearheads.

MAP 4 0 .

N etherlands 1 .

E r ica , Dren the. J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 49 , 3 79 n o. 1 719 , Taf . 1 32, 8 ;

Tackenberg

1 971, 6 7 , L iste 4 1b , 4 . 2 .

Weerd inger Veen , Dren the. J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 49 , 3 79 , n o. 1 724, Ta f . 1 32, 7 ;

Tackenberg

1 971, 6 7 , L iste 4 1d , 4 . 3 .

Hu inen , Gelderland . J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 37 , 3 79 n o. 1 730 , Ta f. 1 27 , 1 0.

4 .

N i j megen , Gelder land . I bid., 2 37 , 3 80 n o. 1 731, Ta f. 1 27 , 7 .

5 .

S tokku m , Over i jssel . I b id., 2 37 , 3 80 n o. 1 744 , Taf . 1 27 , 8 .

L IST 1 06.

S pearheads w i th p erfora ted b lades.

MAP 4 0.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S eine a t P on t d 'Aus ter l i tz, Par is. Br iard 1 963 , 5 76 n o. 1 3;

J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 2 12. 3 77 n os. 1 678-9 ;

Duva l 1 961, 4 9-50 , f i g. 2 3. Musee Carnava let , Par is PR 2 06. F ig. 5 4, 3 , a f ter a d raw ing p rov ided b y N . Fre id in . Two e xa mp les , b o th w i th s ol id b lade , c oncave l ozenge s ec t ion p erforated b y h oles a nd a l ong i tud inga l s lot o n e ither s ide o f t he c en tra l r idge; 2 .

a ngular s ocket.

N a mpon t , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 17 ,N a mpon t , i l l . 2 8d . Br iard 1 963 , 5 76 n o.1 a nd J acob-Fr iesen 1 967 , 3 75 n o. 1 648 b oth r efer t o t h is s pearhead a s f ro m t he Abbev il le a rea. L una te o pen ing. 5 08

L IST 1 07.

T ubu lar f erru les.

MAP 4 1.

N or th-eastern F rance 1 .

Marne a t Brasles, A isne. L ebel 1 953, 3 53. " Tres l egere men t t rocon ique" , p resu mably LBA2 .

2 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 1 33 ).

3 .

S e ine b etween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. Tou louze 1 891, f i g. 7 7 .

4 .

C o mbon h oard , Eure ( 1 64 ). Two e xa mp les.

5 .

S e ine a t Par is h oard ( 138 ). F ive f rag men ts.

6 .

S e ine a t Par is. De Mor t i l le t 1 903, p l . L

7 .

MVI I I , 104.

Ca ix h oard , S o m me ( 140 ). Three c o mp lete e xamp les a nd o ne f rag men t.

Be lg iu m 8 .

S cheld t b e tween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. D es i t tere 1 976, 8 1, 9 0 , f i g. 5 , 3 -4;

Des i t tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 ,

3 5 n os. 4 7-48 , f i g. 2 2. T hree e xa mp les. N e therLands 9 .

? Bruggelen , Apeldoorn , Gelderland . E lz inga 1 957-58 , 1 6, 2 3, a lb. 3 , 5 ;

Bu t ler 1 963a , 1 34-135.

Base b roken o f f . L IST 1 08.

L ocras s words.

MAP 4 2.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

?S acy-le-Grand , O ise. C ou t il 1 928 , p l . I X , 8 ; n .3;

Cowen 1 955, 1 41142;

S chauer 1 971, 1 77

Gaucher a nd Mohen 5 31 n . 5 .

H il t f rag men ts. N etherlands 2 .

Meuse a t Maastr ich t , L i mburg. S prenger 1 948, 2 1, p l . I V, a lb.

1 0 , b elow ;

S chauer 1 971, 1 78 n . 5 . Var ian t.

5 09

Cowen 1 955, 1 42 n o. 6 ;

L IST 1 09.

Ma inz swords.

MAP 4 2.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

Precy-sur-Oise , O ise. J .Cl . B lanchet. Mou ld o f as word r ela ted t o t he Ma inz a nd Ford lt ypes.

L IST 1 O .

K len tn ice swords.

MAP 4 2.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Marne a t Brasles, A isne. L ebel 19 53, 3 53, f i g. 8 2;

Mt i l ler-Karpe 19 61, 5 3 n o. 1 2;

S chauer 19 7 1,

1 74 n . 1 . T hree p o m mels. L IST 1 11.

A t lan t ic l eaf-shaped swords.

MAP 4 3.

N orth-eastern France. 1 .

A isne a t P ont d e Pasly , A isne. B lanchet 19 73, 5 2-54, f i g. 7 . Midr ib, q uadrup le o u t l ines, r icasso , s l ightly c onvex s hou lders, s lot ted h il t.

2 .

S a in t-S i mon , A isne. MAN 6 5.812. J . D . C owen .

3 .

Vendeu il , A isne. L ob jois 19 76, 1 48 -14 9 , f i g. 4 4, 1 . S tra igh t s houlders w ith f our r ivet-holes , t hree r ive t-holes i n g rip.

4 .

Musee d e L aon , A isne. N . Fre id in . Two b lade f rag men ts.

5

N ot mapped.

' Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 133 ). One h il t f rag men t a nd v arious b lade f rag men ts.

6 .

Cha mpcue il h oard , E ssonne ( 134 ). One h il t f rag men t a nd o ne b lade f rag men t.

7 .

Corbe il , E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen . S a in t-Naza ire sword.

8 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen . F ive e xa mp les.

9 .

E ssonne. J -P. Mohen . F ive s hort swords.

5 10

1 0.

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen . S a in t-Naza ire s word.

1 1.

C o mbon h oard , Eure ( 1 64 ). T hree h i l ts, v ar ious b lade f rag men ts.

1 2.

S e ine a t L es Andelys , Eure. C ou t il 1 928, p l . D C3 . Broken b lade w ith s ingle o u t l ines , r icasso , c onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ive t-holes , t hree r ivet-holes i n g r ip.

1 3.

L ouv iers , E ure. I b id ., p l . D C3 . B roken h i l t w i th c onvex s hou lders c onta in ing f our r ivet-holes, r e mains o f o ne r ivet-hole i nb roken g r ip .

1 4.

S e ine a t P on t d e l 'Arche, Eure. I b id ., p l . V I I , 2 0. R icasso , c onvex s hou lders, t hree s lots.

1 5.

S eine a t P on t d e l 'Arche , Eure. I b id ., p l . V I I , 2 1. Midr ib , s l ight ly c onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ivet-holes , s lot ted g r ip .

1 6.

P ressagny-POrgue il leux , Eure. I b id ., p l . V II I , 1 4. Midrib , d eep a ngu lar r icasso , c onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ive t-holes , t hree r ivet-holes i ng r ip . S a in t-Naza ire.

1 7.

S e ine a t Vernon , Eure, l bi d .,p l . I X3 . S ing le o u t l ines , r icasso, f our r ivet-ho mes i n s hou lders , t hree i n g r ip .

1 8.

Vez i l lon , E ure. I b id., p l . V I I , 2 3. C onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ivet-holes , s lot ted g rip .

1 9 .

For t-Harrouard h oard , Eure-et-Lo ir ( 136 ). One h il t w i th f our r ivet-holes i n t he s hou lders, n ine b lade f rag men ts.

2 0.

C l ichy , Hau ts-de-Se ine. J .-P. Mohen . S hor t s word.

2 1.

N an terre , Hau ts-de-Seine. N icolas 1 976. C onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ivet-holes , t hree r ivet-holes i n g r ip .

2 2.

L il le Museu m , N ord. Mohen 19 72, 4 52; Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 16, L il le 1. B lade f rag men t , n ot mapped .

2 3.

O ise n r. I l e d u Grand Peup le , Ar mancourt , O ise. B lanchet a nd L ambot 19 75, 3 9 n o. 2 0. B lade f rag ment . 5 11

2 4.

Beauva is, O ise. C ou t il 1 928 , p l . V I I , 2 4. C onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes, s lot ted g r ip .

2 5.

A isne a t C o mp ibgne , O ise. B lanchet 1 973 , 5 4 n o. 2 .

2 6.

Co mp i ene , O ise. I bid., 5 4 n o. 3 .

2 7 .

C o mp i ene , O ise. B lanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 3 9 n o. 2 1.

2 8.

Mon t Ganelon , C la iro ix , O ise. I bid ., 3 9-40 n o. 2 2. Midr ib , s ingle o u t l ines , s tra igh t s hou lders , s lo t ted g r ip .

2 9 .

P on tpo in t h oard , O ise ( 138 ). One h il t f rag men t .

3 0 .

S a in t-P ierre , P on tpo in t , O ise. B lanchet 1 973, 5 4 n o. 4 .

3 1.

O ise a bove S a in t-Leu-d 'Esseren t , O ise. I b id., 5 4 n o. 5 .

3 2.

S a in t-S i mon , O ise. C ou t il 1 928 , p l . V I I , 2 4. Broad c onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes , s lot ted g r ip . N ot mapped .

3 3.

S e ine a t Par is h oard ( 1 38 ). S even h i l t f rag men ts , s ix p o in t f rag men ts , e leven b lade f rag men ts. Two h il ts h ave r ive t h oles, t wo h ave s lots.

3 4.

S e ine a t Par is. C ou t i l 1 928 , p l . V I I , 2 6. C onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes , s lot ted g r ip .

3 5.

S eine a t Par is. Ash 1 927 .2233. F ig. 5 2, 2 . Broad m idrib, c onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ive t-holes , r ivet h oles i n g r ip .

3 6.

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 927.2234. F ig. 5 2,3. Ova l b lade s ec t ion , r icasso , c onvex s hou lders w i th f our r ivet-holes , t hree r ivet-holes i n g r ip .

3 7 .

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 927 .2235. F ig. 5 2, 4 . Broad midrib , s ingle o u t l ines , c onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes, r ivet-hole i n g r ip .

5 12

3 8.

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 384.1888. F ig. 5 2, 5 . Broad midrib , s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ive t-holes.

3 9 .

S e ine a t Par is. A sh 1 927 .2236. F ig. 5 3, 1 . Broad midrib, s ingle o u t l ines, s tra ight s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes, s lot ted g rip .

4 0.

S eine a t Par is. Musee Depar t men ta l d es An t iqu i tes d e l a S eine- Mar it i me , Rouen , 5 84. Verron 1 97 1 n o. 7 5;

Burgess 1 968a , f i g. 9 , 4 .

F ig. 5 3, 2 . Ova l b lade s ec t ion , s tra igh t s hou lders , t hree s lo ts. 4 1.

S e ine a t Par is. Mohen 1 968 , 7 98, B 67 , p ls. I X , X , X I . Broad midrib , d ouble o u t l ines , r icasso , s tra igh t s hou lders w ith f our r ive t-holes , r e ma ins o f r ivet-hole i nb roken g r ip .

4 2.

S e ine a t Par is. I bid ., 7 98-800 , B 68 , p ls. I X , X , X I. Broad m idr ib , r icasso , s l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes.

4 3.

S e ine a t Par is. I bid ., 8 00-801, B 69 , p ls. X , X I . N arrow m idr ib , s ingle o u t l ines , r icasso , s l igh tly c onvex s houlders w ith f our r ivet-holes.

4 4.

? Fa mpoux , Pas-de-Ca la is. Mohen 1 972, 4 52;

4 5.

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 14, Fa mpoux 5 .

D ieppe , S e ine-Mar it i me. C owen 1 956, 6 41;

Verron 1 976a , f i g. 3 , 2 0.

S a in t-Naza ire s word , p oss ibly a ssoc ia ted w i th a l ozenge-sec t ion c hape ( L ist 1 12, 1). 4 6.

S e ine b etween F reneuse a nd O issel , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Verron 1 971, 5 5 n o. 2 1. S ingle o u tl ines, s tra igh t s hou lders w ith f our r ive t-holes , t hree r ive th oles i n g r ip .

4 7.

Mau tort , Abbev il le , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 8 2, 1 04, Abbev i l le 6 , i l l . 5 1. S lot ted g r ip , s tra igh t s hou lders w i th s lots. b eaker ( i bid ., i l l . 5 0 );

Found w ith a b road- mou thed

t he f ind i s i n terpreted a s ab ur ia l o f Bronze

F ina l I I ( i b id ., 1 23 ). 4 8.

A lber t , S o m me. A sh 1 927.2239 . I bid ., 1 06, A lber t 2 . F ig. 5 3, 3 . Ova l b lade s ec t ion , i rregu lar s hou lders w i th f our r ivet-holes s lot ted g r ip .

5 13

4 9 .

Am iens , S o m me. I bid ., 1 07 , Am iens 2 3, i l l . 3 5. Tr ip le o u t l ines w i th p o in t i l lb , r icasso , s tra igh t s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes, t hree r ivet-holes i n g r ip .

N arrow b lade s uggests t ha t t h is

s word b e longs t o t he S a in t-Naza ire t ype. 5 0.

Am iens, S o m me. I b id ., 1 09 .

Am iens , L ongueau Mon t ieres 4 ;

Breu il 1 900 , f i g. 4 , 2 8.

Mu l t ip le o u t l ines, s tra ight s hou lders w i th f our r ivet-holes, t hree r iveth oles i n g r ip . 5 1.

Am iens , S o m me. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 09 , Am iens , L ongueau Mon t ik .es 6 ; Breu i l 1 900 , f i g. 4 , 2 9. Mu l t ip le o u t l ines , s tra igh t s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes.

5 2.

Ca ix h oard , S o m me ( 140 ). Two h i l t f rag men ts , o ne g rip w i th t hree r ive t-holes , o ne w ith s tra igh t s hou lders , f our r ive t-holes a nd s lo t ted g r ip .

5 3.

L iercour t , S o m me. Musse Boucher d e Per thes, A bbev i l le. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 15, L iercourt 1 ; Burgess 1 968a ,

Breu il 1 900 , f i g. 4 , 2 7 ;

f i g. 1 , 6 .

F ig. 5 3 , 4 . Broad midrib , s ingle o u t l ines, c onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ive t-holes. 5 4.

S e ine a t C haren ton , Va l-de-Marne. BM 9 0 .11-13, 5 -6. F ig. 5 2, 6 -7. Frag men ts o f t wo s words w i th c onvex s hou lders a nd f our r ivet-holes , o ne h as a s lo t ted g rip .

5 5.

S e ine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Va l-de-Marne. MAN 2 6.003. J . D . C owen .

5 6.

S e ine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Va l-de- Marne. MAN 2 6.004. J . D . Cowen.

5 7 .

S eine b etween Argen teu il a nd Ep inay , Va l-dto ise . Fal lue 1 862, 3 75, p l . I X , 1 . S lot ted g r ip .

5 8.

S e ine a t Mantes-la-Jol ie , Yvel ines. Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 972, 5 5 , f i g. 1 . S l igh t ly c onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ive t-holes , t hree r ivet-holes i n g r ip .

5 9 .

S e ine a t P oissy , Yvel ines. C ou t il 1 928 , p l . V I I I , 8 . Midr ib, t hree s lots.

6 0.

S e ine b etween Tr iel-sur-Se ine a nd Vaux-sur-Se ine , Yvel ines. MAN 2 6.004. J . D . C owen . 5 14

Be lg iu m 6 1.

Mechelen , An twerp . Desit tere 19 76, 9 0 , f i g. 5 ,1. L ozenge b lade s ec t ion w ith mu l t ip le o u t l ines , s tra igh t s hou lders w ith f our r ive t-holes , t hree r ivet-holes i n g r ip .

6 2.

Mechelen , An twerp . I bid ., 9 0 , f i g. 5 , 2 . L ozenge b lade s ec t ion w ith q uadrup le o u t l ines.

6 3.

Pu l le , An twerp ( 1 42 ). Frag men ts o f f i ve s word b lades w ith m idr ibs a nd mul t ip le o u t l ines.

6 4.

S che ld t a t Mel le , E . F landers. C owen 19 52, 1 46 n o. 6 ;

Des it tere 1 976, 9 0 , f i g. 5 , 5 .

Broad midr ib , s tra igh t s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes, t hree r ivet-holes i n g r ip .

N arrow b lade s uggests t ha t t h is s word b elongs t o t he S a in t-

N aza ire t ype. T he f ol low ing B e lg ian s words i n t he Museu m V leeshu is , Antwerp , a re n ot l i s ted b y Des it tere ( 19 76, 9 0 ) a nd a re n ot mapped h ere. 6 5.

Geraardsbergen , E . F landers. 2 232. T hree s lo ts.

6 6.

S choonaarde , E . F landers. 1 356. B lade.

6 7.

S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. 2 247 . S lo t ted g r ip .

6 8.

Z ele , E . F landers. 2 246. S lo t ted g r ip .

N ether lands 6 9 .

Meuse a t C uyk , N . Braban t. RMOL k 19 50/7.1. Des i t tere 19 76, 9 0. Four r ivet-holes i n s houlders , s lot ted g r ip .

7 0.

' N . Braban t '. C owen 19 52, 1 44 n o. 1 , p l . XV, 2 . Midr ib , s ingle o u t l ines , s l igh tly c onvex s hou lders w ith f our r ivet-holes, s lot ted g r ip . N ot mapped .

7 1.

' N . Braban t '. S prockhof f 19 31, Taf . 7 , 7 ;

C owen 19 52, 1 44 n o. 3 .

Midr ib , s ingle o u t l ine , s tra igh t s hou lders w ith f our r ive t-holes , t hree r ive t-holes i n c onvex g r ip .

N ot mapped.

5 15

7 2.

Mi l l ingen , Gelder land . Des it tere 19 76, 9 0 , g ives t he a ccess ion n umber RMOL e 19 36/12.2; In oted a s word RMOL 1 19 36/12.2 w ith t he p rovenance , ' Ven lo a rea , L i mburg ' , f our r ivet-holes i n s hou lders , s lot ted g r ip .

Perhaps

Des it tere i s r eferr ing t o t his s word. N ot mapped. L IST 1 12.

L ozenge-sec t ion c hapes.

MAP 4 4.

N orth-eastern F rance 1 .

Buey , A isne. Br iard 19 65, 1 93. Provenance u ncerta in , n ot mapped.

2 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 133 ). Two e xa mp les.

3 .

S eine b etween Morsang a nd S a intry , E ssonne. Tou louze 1 891, f i g. 5 3.

4 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen. Three e xa mp les.

5 .

F or t-Harrouard , Eure-e t-Lo ir. Ph il ippe 19 36, f i g. 2 8 , 7 .

6 .

Mon t Ganelon , C la iro ix , O ise. De Mort i l let 19 05, p l . L 200 (VI I ,

10 76;

Br iard 19 65, 19 3.

Two e xa mp les. 7 .

Pon tpo in t h oard , O ise ( 137 ). Two e xa mp les.

8 .

S eine a t P ar is. Mohen 1 968 , 8 01, B73 , p ls. X , X I. S evera l o ther e xa mp les a re k nown f ro m t he Par is r eg ion .

9 .

N r. Par is. S avory 1 964-66, 1 84 n . 6 . N ot mapped .

1 0.

Can teleu h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 1 39 ) . Two e xamp les.

1 1.

D ieppe , S eine-Mar i t i me. C ou t il 19 21, p l . 5 ; Cowen 19 56, 6 41. P oss ibly a ssoc ia ted w i th a S a in t-Naza ire sword ( L is t 1 11, 4 5 ).

1 2.

Ca ix h oard , S o m me ( 140 ). S evera l e xa mp les.

1 3.

S e ine a t V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de-Marne. Br iard 19 65, 1 93.

1 4.

L uzarches h oard , Va l-d 'Oise ( 141 ). T en f rag men ts. 5 16

Be lg iu m 1 5.

Gen tbrugge , E . F landers. Mar ien 19 45;

Des it tere 19 75, 1 8 -11 9 n o. 3 4.

Z igzag o rna men t b elow mou th . L IST 1 13.

F lesh-hook t er m ina ls.

Br i ta in. 1 .

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. ( 1 27 ) . E leven e xa mp les.

2 .

Wi lbur ton h oard , Ca mbs. ( 1 29 ) . Three e xa mp les.

N orth-eastern F rance 3 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 1 33 ). Poss ible e xa mp le.

4 .

S e ine a bove V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de- Marne. De Mor t il let 19 03, p l . LXXXVI I , 1 079 .

L IST 1 14.

P ha lerae.

Br ita in 1 .

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. ( 1 27 ) . E igh teen c o mp lete o r n ear-co mp lete e xa mp les a nd t h ir ty-seven f rag men ts.

2 .

S tepped .

Tha mes , S urrey s ide u nder Ha m mers m i th Br idge. O 'Connor 1 975, 2 19 n o. 5 , f i g. 3 , 5 . S tepped .

Belg iu m 3 .

S cheld t b etween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Desit tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 5 2 n os. 9 5-96, f i gs. 5 4-55. Two e xa mp les.

L IST 1 15.

C onvex .

D isc-headed p ins.

MAP 4 5.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 132 ). C en tra l k nob , r ad ia t ing o rna men t .

2 .

Ca ix h oard , S o m me ( 14 0 ) . C en tra l k nob, c irc le o f o bl ique l i nes o n h ead , r ibs o n s haf t.

L IST 16.

P ins w ith d ecora ted e gg-shaped h eads.

MAP 4 5.

N or th-eastern France. 1 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre , O ise. K i mm ig 19 54, 2 25, f i g. 10 1, 5 ;

Kubach 19 77 , 4 99 n . 7 2.

5 17

Belg iu m 2 .

Han , N a mur. Mar ion 1 974, 2 27 , f i g. 3 ;

K ubach 1 977 , 4 98 n . 5 5.

A t l east t wo e xa mp les. 3 .

S ins in , N a mur. Raepsaet-Char l ier 1 971, 6 7-69 , f i g. 7 , 5 ;

L IST 1 17 .

K ubach 1 977 , 5 00 n . 8 1.

K idney-shaped b racelets.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 1 33 ). Frag men tary , mass ive o va l s ec t ion w i th i nc ised o rna men t , b ands o f o bl ique l i nes, c oncen tr ic c irc les a nd p o in t ing.

2 .

Vez i l lon , Eure. E luere 1 975, 2 8 , f i g. 2 , 1 . Mass ive s ec t ion w ith g roups o f t ransverse r ibs a nd b ands o f i nc ised l ines; a nnu lar.

3 .

For t-Harrouard h oard , Eure-e t-Lo ir ( 136 ). Round s ect ion , s lender w ith t hree d ouble r ibs;

4 .

a nnu lar.

P on tpo in t h oard , O ise ( 1 37 ). F our t r ip le r ibs ;

a nnu lar .

Belg iu m 5 .

Mon t Fa lh ize , Huy , L iege. Dawans 1 972, 3 24 n o. 3 5, p l . X I , a bove. C oncavo-convex s ec t ion w ith r ibs a nd i nc ised o rna men t , a nnu lar.

L IST 1 18.

' Bucket h andles '.

Br ita in 1 .

Barrow , S u f folk . Cha l l is a nd Hard ing 1 975, Par t i , 2 7 . P ossibly a ssoc ia ted w i th a f lange-h i l ted s word o f Burgess ' G roup Ic.

2 .

Rotsea , Yorks. I bid., Par t i , 2 7 , Par t i , 1 2 , f i g , 2 1, 1 .

L IST 1 19 .

Razors.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

Bou t igny h oard I , E ssonne ( 1 33 ). Two e xa mp les.

N ether lands 2 .

Bargeroosterveld 1 899 h oard ( 143 ). B icon ica l o penwork h and le w i th r ing t er m ina l , worn b lade.

5 18

3 .

Gasteren , Dren the. Van G if fen 1 945, 1 05 n o. 2 7d , 1 18 n o. 9 4, a lb. 1 5A , d ;

Bu t ler 19 63a ,

17-118. B iconvex h and le w ith l a tera l p ro jec t ions , V-notch i nb lade. Fro m a n i nhu ma t ion i n a wooden c of f in b elow a r ectangu lar mound . 4 .

Weerd inger Weg , Dren the. Bu t ler 19 60a , 1 08-109 , f i g. 5 1. B icon ica l o penwork h and le w ith r ing t er m ina l a nd d ouble V-groove a t j unc t ion w ith b lade wh ich i s r ec tangu lar w ith V-notch.

5 19

T ,RA 3

L IST 1 20 .

E nd-w inged a xes.

On ly h oard f inds a nd mou lds a re l i sted . N or th-eastern France 1 .

L a J ust ice h oard , O ise ( 168 ). Two e xa mp les a nd t wo f rag men ts.

2 .

G irau mon t h oard , O ise ( 170 ). Two f rag men ts.

3 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre, O ise ( 17 1). J .Cl . B lanchet . Bronze mou ld f rag men t .

4 .

Dev il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ).

5 .

Gonfrev i l le-POrcher , S e ine-Mar it i me. C ou t i l 1 921, 7 95, p ls. 7 , I . Bronze mou ld , p erhaps f ro m a h oard.

6 .

Grav il le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 17 4 ). One e xa mp le a nd t wo f rag men ts.

7 .

Am iens, S o m me. Breu i l 1 902, f i g. 1 , 2 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 6 9 , 9 7 , 1 06,

Am iens 9 , i l l . 5 6. Bronze mou ld . 8 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ). S ix e xa mp les.

9 .

Marlers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ). Two e xa mp les.

1 0.

C ho isy-le-Ro i h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 181).

1.

T h ia is h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 182).

Be lg iu m 1 2.

Petershe im h oard , L i mburg ( 192 ).

1 3.

Eprave h oard , N amur ( 19 3 ).

N e therlands 1 4.

Berg-en-Terbl i jt h oard , L imburg ( 209 ). Two e xa mp les, u n looped , p erhaps LBA 2 .

5 20

L IST 1 21.

Winged Adzes.

MAP 4 7.

England 1 .

S hoebury h oard , E ssex ( 1 51 ). Un looped .

2 .

S hoebury/Grea t Waker ing h oard. I nv . Arch.GB38 , 5 . L ooped .

3 .

Swa lecl if fe h oard , K en t . B ra ilsford 1 953, 4 5.

N or th-eastern France 4 .

Abbev il le a rea , S o mme. Breu i l 1 905, f i g. 5 , 5 8;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 05, Abbev il le

e nv irons 1. L ooped. L IST 1 22.

S ou th-eastern s ocke ted a xes w ith p las t ic w ing o rna men t. MAP 4 7.

England 1 .

L odge Far m h oard , P leshey , E ssex. Bradshaw a nd Coo mbs n .d ., 7 n . 6 .

2 .

H igh Rod ing h oard , E ssex. Evans 1 881, 1 09 , f i g. 1 10 .

3 .

S tour mou th h oard , K en t ( 1 57 ).

4 .

Wa ter ingbury , Ken t . Bradshaw a nd Coo mbs n .d ., 7 , n .6.

5 .

Un thank Road h oard , N orw ich , N orfolk . I bid.

6 .

K ensing ton h oard , L ondon. I nv . Arch. GB52, 2 .

L IST 1 23.

S ocketed a xes o f s ou th-eastern , P la inseau o r Be lg ian t ype i n Be lg iu m a nd t he N ether lands.

M AP 4 8.

Belg iu m 1 .

An twerp , n ear t he Z u iderkasteel . Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 315. Desi t tere 1 976, 9 1. R ibbed w ing o rna men t .

2 .

An twerp . MRAH Brussels. R ibbed w ing o rna men t d e marca ted b y ar ib b elow .

5 21

Hoogstra ten h oard, An twerp ( 18 5 ). Twen ty e xa mp les . s o me a t l east Belg ian. 4 .

Meche len . An twerp. MRAH Brussels. Des it tere 19 76. 9 1. R ibbed w ing o rna men t d e marca ted b y ar ib b elow .

5 .

Turnhou t , An twerp . M RAH Brussels. Mar i n 1 952, a lb. 2 00 . 2 ;

Des it tere 19 76, 9 1.

R ibbed w ing o rna men t d e marcated b y ar ib b elow . 6 .

Turnhou t a rea , Antwerp . MRAH Brussels. Desit tere 19 76, 9 1. P la in , p robably s ou th-eastern .

7 .

Brussels a rea , Braban t. MRAH Brussels. Mar Wn . 19 57 , 3 5;

Desi t tere 19 76, 9 1 .

P la in . 8 .

Dender monde, E . F landers. Desi t tere 19 76, 9 1, f i g. 6 , 2 .

R ibbed w ing a nd p el le t o rna men t . 9 .

Dender monde, E . F landers. MRAH Brussels. P la in , p robably s ou th-eastern .

1 0.

D ikkelvenne , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 313. P las t ic w ing a nd p el le t o rna men t.

1.

S cheld t a t Melsele , E . F landers. D es it tere 19 73b, f i g. 2 . X-orna men t , p robably P la inseau .

i 2.

S in t Ar mandsberg , Oostakker , E . F landers. Un iversi ty Museu m , Ghen t 1 .320. Des it tere 1 976, 9 2, f i g. 6 , 3 . F ig. 6 8, 5 . P la in , s ou th-eastern .

1 3.

S che ld t b e tween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. I bid., 9 1, f i g. 6 , 1 . P last ic w ing a nd p el let o rna men t.

1 4.

Wichelen , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 336. P el let o rna men t , p robably s ou th-eas tern.

1 5.

Z andbergen h oard , E . F landers One e xa mp le , Be lg ian

( 188 ).

1 6.

Z ele , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 323. P last ic w ing o rna men t .

1 7.

L iege , Pon t Magh in . Dawans 19 72, 3 18 n o. 1 5, p l . I X , r ight . Be lg ian .

1 8.

S ol ieres, L iege. I bid., n o. 1 9 , p l . VI I , r igh t. R ibbed w ing o rna men t , p robably Be lg ian.

1 9 .

S ta t te , L iege. I bid ., 3 17 n o. 1 3, p l . V I I I , c en tre. P la in , p robably s ou th-eastern .

2 0.

Vot te m , L iege. I b id., n o. 1 7. R ibbed w ing o rna men t , p robably s ou th-eas tern .

2 1.

Ber ingen , L i mburg. Des it tere 19 76, 9 1. R ibbed w ing o rna men t .

2 2.

Heppeneer t , L i mburg. Bu t ler 19 63a , 8 5 n os. 9 -10 , p l . X I I , 4 -5; Two e xa mp les :

2 3.

Des it tere 19 76, 9 1.

o ne p robably s ou th-eas tern.

P etershe im h oard , L imburg ( 192). F our e xa mp les.

2 4.

Trou Mada me , Bouv ignes-sur-Meuse , D inan t , N a mur. Mus e Archeolog ique , N a mur. P la in .

2 5.

Eprave h oard , Na mur ( 19 3 ). Three e xamp les :

2 6.

t wo p robably Belg ian , o ne s ou th-eastern.

Han , N a mur ( 19 4 ). S even teen e xa mp les , p robably Be lg ian .

2 7.

J a mbes , N a mur. Museu m V leeshu is , An twerp 2 326. P last ic w ing o rna men t .

2 8.

J e meppe h oard , N a mur ( 19 5 ). Four e xamp les , p robably Be lg ian .

N e ther lands 2 9 .

Breda , N . Braban t. Bu t ler 19 63a , 8 5 n o. 1 4, f i g. 2 2.

3 0.

Hel mond , N . Braban t. I b id ., n o. 1 8 , p l . X II . ,1 .

5 23

3 1.

H ilvarenbeek , N . Braban t. BM 6 8.12.29 .1. F ig. 6 8, 6 . Deep r ibbed w ings , s ou th-eastern c f . af rag men t i n t he Aveley h oard , E ssex ( Thurrock L oca l H istory Museu m , Grays 9 68/ 17 ;

3 2.

F ig. 6 8, 7 ) .

R i jsbergen , N . Braban t. RMOL I5 72 TR2. Pel let o rna men t , s ou th-eastern .

3 3.

R i jsbergen , N . Braban t . Bu t ler 1 963a , 8 5 n . 1 7. ?t he s a me a s n o. 3 2.

3 4. 3 5.

S t iphou t h oard , N . Braban t ( 197 ). Bargeroosterveld , Dren the. Bu t ler 19 60a . 1 23 n o. 3 , f i g . 5 4;

1 963a , 8 5 n o. 2 0 .

R ibbed w ing o rna men t d e marca ted b y ar ib b elow , p robably s ou th-eastern . 3 6.

N i j megen a rea , Gelder land . I b id ., 8 5 n o. 1 5. R ibbed w ing a nd p el let o rna men t .

3 7 .

Waa l a t N i j megen , Gelderland . I bid ., n o. 1 6. P el let o rna men t o n o ne f ace , V-orna men t o n t he o ther.

3 8.

?N i j megen , Gelderland . I b id., n os. 2 2-23, p l . X I I , 2 -3. Two e xa mp les, o ne p la in , t he o ther w i th r ibbed w ing o rna men t , b o th p robably s ou th-eastern .

3 9.

P osterhol t , L i mburg. I bid ., 8 5 n o. 1 2.

4 0.

Weert , L i mburg. I bid ., n o. 1. P la in .

4 1.

E lzen , Over i jssel . I bid., n o. 1 9 . Pel let o rna men t.

4 2.

R . L ek a t Wi jk b i j Durstede , U trech t. RMOL f1 95 1/8 . 1. Double r ib a nd p el let o rna men t . Be lg ian .

L IST 1 24. 1 .

Axes w i th v er t ica l r ibs i n Be lg iu m .

Hoogs tra ten , An twerp . Museu m V leeshu is , An twerp 2 322. F ig. 6 8 , 9 . Probably u n looped , f ive r ibs t er m ina t ing i n p el le ts.

5 24

2 .

Ena me , E . F landers. D es i t tere 19 76, 9 1, f i g. 6 , 7 . Un ivers ity Museu m , Ghen t 3 21. F ig. 6 8 , 8 . Four r ibs.

3 .

Wichelen , E . F landers. I bid ., 9 1, f i g. 6 , 5 , 6 , 8 . T hree e xa mp les , t wo w ith f i ve r ibs t er m ina t ing i n p el lets , o ne w ith f our r ibs.

4 .

Wichelen , E . F landers. I b id., 9 1.

L IST 1 25. 1 .

N orth Du tch a xes i n E ngland .

MAP 4 9.

S ou thchurch h oard , E ssex ( 1 52 ). Mou th f rag men t w i th mu l t ip le h or izon ta l r ibs.

2 .

Minn is Bay h oard , K en t ( 1 56). Mu l t ip le h or izon ta l r ibs.

L IST 1 26.

L ower Meuse a xes.

MAP 4 9 .

Add it ions t o Bu t ler 19 73b , A bb. 1 3. Be lg iu m 1 . 2 .

Pu l le , An twerp ( 142 ). S in t-Ka tel i jne-Waver , An twerp . Mar i n 19 52 , a fb. 2 00 , 1 .

3 .

N ieuwrode h oard , Braban t ( 186 ). Perhaps a s many a s f i ve e xa mp les.

4 .

J a mbes, Na mur. E loy 19 72, 7 73, f i g. 1 , 2 .

5 .

S a mson , Thon , N a mur. Des it tere 19 74a , 13.

6 .

S cov il le , Moh iv il le , N a mur. Mus e Arch6olog ique , N a mur.

7 .

Prov. Na mur. MRAH Brussels. N ot mapped.

N etherlands 8 .

N i j megen , Gelder land . A sh 19 27 .1 9 83. F ig. 6 8 , 1 0.

5 25

L IST 1 27.

Face ted a xes.

N orth-eastern France I .

Grav il le h oard , S eine- Mar it i me. ( 174 ). Frag men ts o f t hree e xa mp les.

2 .

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

3 .

S a intRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ).

4 .

Marlers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ).

Belg iu m 5 .

Waas munster , E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 2 314. F ig. 6 8 , 1 3.

N e ther lands 6 .

Havel te , Dren the. Bu t ler 1 961b, 2 03, f i gs. 1 112;

1 963a , 8 6, p l . X I I.

One v alve o f ab ronze mou ld . L IST 1 28.

S outh Welsh s ocketed a xes.

MAP 5 0.

S outh-eastern England 1 .

Ea ton Ford , Beds. Fox 1 926, 2 08 , p l . I , 1 0.

2 .

L u lworth h oard , Dorset. Drew 1 935, p l . LX IX , 1 7.

3 .

Thur loe Wa lk h oard ( 149 ).

4 .

B it terne h oard , Han ts. Darw in 1 894-97 , 6 5-66, p l . I , 5 , 8 . Two e xa mp les.

5 .

Ford ingbr ic lge , Han ts. McNeil 1 973, 6 3.

6 .

Colden Co m mon h oard , Twyford , Hants. Burgess 1 976a , 7 1, f i g. 4 . 8 , e . N ot mapped.

7 .

Ports mou th , Hants. McNe il 1 973, 6 3.

8 .

Bex ley Heath h oard , Kent. I nv. Arch. GB53, 3 8.

9 .

Minn is Bay h oard , Ken t ( 156). Two e xa mp les.

1 0.

L incolnsh ire. Davey 1 973, 7 4, f i g. 1 1, 1 17. N ot mapped.

1 1.

Reepha m , N orfolk . McNe il 1 973 , 6 3.

1 2.

P et ter 's S ports F ield , E gha m , S urrey . J ohnson a nd N eedha m 1 974;

J ohnson 1 975, 1 2, f i g. 2 .

Frag men tary s tone mou ld. 1 3.

?S ea le, S urrey . J ohnson a nd N eedham 1 974. N o t mapped .

1 4.

Bu l ford , Wi l ts. Gr insel l 1 957 , 5 2;

J ohnson a nd N eedha m 1 974.

S tone mou ld . 1 5.

Burderop D own , Wi l ts. C . G ingel l . S tone mou ld .

N orth-eastern France 1 6.

Gon frev i l le-POrcher h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Verron 1 976a , f i g. 4 , 4 .

1 7.

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 174 ).

1 8.

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ).

L IST 1 29 .

N ord ic s ocketed a xes.

E ngland 1 .

Bra in tree , E ssex . 0 'Connor 1 976 b . K oppenow t ype.

2 .

War m ins ter , Wil ts. Bu t ler 1 963a , 9 4. Facets o n b lade.

I reland 3 .

?N orth o f I reland. Hodges 1 954, 7 4, f i g. 2 , 6 . Face ts o n b lade , c ord mou ld ing.

4 .

Unprovenanced . Hodges 1 956, 3 3. Facets o n b lade.

Belg iu m 5 .

Ghen t , E . F landers. Museum V leeshu is , An twerp 2 316. F ig. 6 8 , 1 2. Round mou th w ith t r ip le r ibs , l ong b eaded w ings .

N e therlands 6 .

E ibergen , Gelderland. Bu t ler 1 963a , 9 4. Facets o nb lade.

L IST 1 30.

S ocke ted c h isels.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

V il lers-sur-Coudun , O ise. B lanchet a nd S a madet 1 975, 1 8 , f i gs. 1 -2.

2 .

S a int-P ierre-en-Por t , S e ine-Mar it i me. Cayeux 1 970 , 1 22, f i g. 1 , l ef t.

3 .

C ho isy-le-Ro i h oard , Va l-de-Marne. ( 181).

Be lg iu m 4 .

S cheld t b e tween ' W ichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Desi ttere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 2 7-28 n o. 3 0 , f i g. 1 2.

N ether lands 5 .

Deurne h oard , N . B raban t ( 196 ).

6 .

B erg-en-Terbl i jt h oard , L i mburg ( 209 ).

L IST 1 31.

T anged l ea ther-work ing k n ives.

MAP 5 1.

Par t ly a f ter Roth 1 974, 4 5-47. Eng land 1 .

Wa l l ingford h oard , Berks. Roth I , 1 8.

2 .

Bank o f t he T ha mes a t Wal l ingford , Berks. C ol l ins 1 948-49 .

3 .

Ya t tendon h oard , Berks. Roth I , 2 1.

4 .

P rinces R isborough , Bucks. I b id ., I , 1 1.

5 .

Reach Fen h oard , Cambs. I bid., I , 1 2.

6 .

West K irby , C hesh ire. I b id., I , 1 9.

7 .

B igg in Grange , Har t ing ton N ether Quar ter , Derbys. I b id ., I , 1 .

8 .

Moun t Ba t ten , P ly mou th , -Devon . I b id., I l , 4 ;

9 .

C larke 1 971, 1 43, f i g. 2 , 6 .

E ldon 's S ea t , Enco mbe , Dorset . Roth I , 5 . 5 28

1 0.

Grays Thurrock h oard , E ssex ( 1 48 ). I bid., U .S ., 2 . Two f rag men ts.

1.

C olchester Museu m . I b id ., I , 3 .

1 2.

L etchwor th , Her ts. I bid ., I , 8 .

1 3.

Broadness h oard , K en t. I b id ., I , 2 .

1 4.

Canterbury , K en t. I b id ., I I , 1 .

1 5.

S tour mou th h oard , K en t ( 1 57 ). Two e xa mp les.

1 6.

Craw ley , L ancs. I b id ., I , 4 . P rovenance u ncer ta in .

1 7.

N or thu mberland A l ley , Fenchurch S treet , C ity o f L ondon . I bid., I , 1 0.

1 8.

Tha mes a t O ld England , Bren tford , Midd lesex. Wheeler 1 929 , p l . I , f i g. 1 , 6 .

1 9 .

T ha mes. Roth I , 1 7 ;

Bra ilsford 1 953, 3 0 , f ig. 1 1, 1 .

Two e xa mp les. 2 0 .

Carleton Rode h oard , N orfolk . N orw ich 1 966, p l . V I I , 1 5.

2 1.

Gorleston h oard , N orfolk . I b id ., 2 7.

2 2.

Ea ton h oard , N orw ich , N orfolk . I bid ., 2 8 , f i gs. 8 3-84. Two e xa mp les.

2 3.

N orfolk . I b id ., 2 3.

2 4.

Broadward h oard , S a lop . Roth U .S ., 1 .

2 5,

P ork ington , S a lop . I bid., U . S ., 3 .

2 6.

Ha m H i l l , S o merse t. I b id ., I , 6 .

2 7.

C ourt H i l l , T ickenha m , S o merset . Green 1 973, 4 1, f i g. 6 .

2 8.

Caveha m , S u ffolk . Roth I I , 2 .

2 9.

L ev ing ton h oard , S u f folk . I b id ., I , 9 .

3 0.

Mi ldenha l l , S u f folk . I b id., I I , 3 .

3 1.

H igh Down , S ussex . I b id ., I , 7 ;

Wilson n .d ., p 1 .6a .

Two e xa mp les. 3 2.

O ldbury H il l , Caine , Wil ts. Annable a nd S i mpson 19 64, 7 1 n o. 6 28.

3 3.

C ole man 's Bot to m , East Kenne t , Wi l ts. I b id ., 7 0 n o. 6 12.

3 4.

S carborough , Yorks. Roth I , 1 3.

3 5.

S tap le Howe , Yorks. I b id .,

3 6.

I , 1 4.

T h ixenda le , Yorks. I bid ., I , 1 5.

3 7.

Westow , Yorks. I b id „ I , 2 0. Two e xa mp les.

N or th-eastern France 3 8.

J uv incourt h oard , A isne ( 1 63). I bid ., I , 5 .

3 9.

Dreu i l h oard , S o mme ( 17 7 ). I b id ., I , 3 .

4 0.

Mar lers h oard , S o m me ( 10 8 ). I b id ., I , 4 .

L IST 1 32.

S ocketed g ouges.

N orth-eastern F rance 1 .

J uv incour t h oard , A isne ( 163 ).

2 .

G irau mon t h oard , O ise ( 170 ).

3 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171 ).

4 .

S e ine a t Par is. Ash 1 927 .2203.

5 .

Dev ine h oard , S eine-Mari t i me ( 17 3 ).

6 .

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 4 ). 5 30

7 .

T orcy , S e ine-Mar i t i me. C abrol 19 37 , 3 71, f i g. 2 .

8 .

Dreu i l h oard , S o mme ( 177 ).

9 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ). Two e xa mp les.

1 0.

S a in tRoch h oard , S o mme ( 179 ). Two e xa mp les.

1.

Mar lers h oard , S o mme ( 180 ).

Be lg iu m 1 2.

S cheld t a t Wichelen , E . F landers. MRAH Brussels.

N ether lands 1 3.,

D eurne h oard , N . Braban t ( 196).

1 4.

S t iphou t h oard , N . Braban t ( 19 7 ).

1 5.

Waa l a t Rossu m , Gelderland . Bu tler 19 63a , 1 26 n o. 3 .

L IST 1 33.

S ocketed h a m mers.

N orth-eastern France 1 . 2 .

J uv incourt h oard , A isne ( 163 ). Beaudrev il le , L i mours, E ssonne. Ash 1 92 7 .2202. F ig. 6 9 , 1 .

3 .

For t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Lo ir. Ph i l ippe 19 36, f i g. 2 8, 1 -3. Three e xa mp les.

4 .

P la inseau h oard , S o mme ( 178 ).

5 .

Marlers h oard , S o mme ( 180 ).

6 .

Th ia is h oard , Va l-de- Marne ( 182 ).

Be lg iu m 7 .

N a mur ( ? Prov. N a mur ). Mus e Archeolog ique , N a mur.

L IST 1 34.

Anv i ls.

England 1 .

West Row , S uf folk . Tru mp 19 68 , 2 13. T-shaped .

5 3 1

S cot land 2 .

Ky le o f Oykel , S u therland . Sm i th 1 881-82, 2 2-25;

C oles 1 963-64, 1 47 .

C on ical b ody w i th e xpanded o va l t op ;

r a ised f ace o n o ne s ide b ear ing

t ransverse g rooves , b roken t enon o n o ppos i t s ide. I reland 3 .

L us magh h oard , C o. O f fa ly . Bra ilsford 19 53, 3 4, f i g. 1 2, 6 ;

E ogan 19 64, 3 45 n o. 6 0 .

T -shaped . 4 .

Bog o f Cu l len , C o. T iperary . E ogan 19 64, 3 47 n o. 6 9 .

N orth-eastern France 5 .

S e ine b etween C orbe il a nd V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , E ssonne. De Beauchene 19 61, 5 8-60 , f i g. 2 a ;

N icoLardot a nd Gaucher 19 75, 2 6.

Trunca ted c on ica lb ody w ith a r a ised f ace a nd a c on ica l t enon ;

t he

n arrow e nd o f t he b ody c an a lso s erve a s at enon . 6 .

P on tpo in t , O ise. N icolardot a nd Gaucher 19 75, 2 2, f i g. 6 . Reused c ast ing j et.

7 .

S e ine a t Pon t d u F landres, Par is. I bid ., 2 1, f i g. 1 . Rectangu lar f ace a nd c on ica lb eak s et o n s quare-sec t ion s haf t d iv ided b y c ol lar f ro m p o in ted t enon .

8 .

S e ine n ear Bardouv il le , S eine-Mar i t i me. I b id ., 2 9 , f i g. 2 . C on ica lb ody w i th t ransverse g rooves, t he b road e nd e xpanded t o a s quare f ace ;

c on ica l t enon w i th t ransverse g rooves;

t he p o in ted e nd

o f t he b ody a lso s erved a s at enon . 9 .

Dev il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ). Trunca ted c on ica lb ody w i th l ong i tud ina l f acets;

1O .

smal l t enon b e low .

Grav i l le h oard , S eine-Mar it i me ( 17 4 ). Ova l f ace s e t a ssym metr ica l ly o n ac on ica l t enon .

1 1.

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ). Rec tangu lar f ace s et a ssym metr ica l ly o n ac on ica l t enon .

L IST 1 35.

S aws.

Eng land 1 .

L anherne h oard , Mawgan i n Pydar , C ornwal l . Hencken 19 32, 8 9 , f i g. 2 4, D .

2 .

Gr i mes Graves , N orfolk . Sm i th 19 20 , 5 7-58.

5 32

3 .

Fel ixstowe h oard , S u f folk . I nv. Arch . GB16, 1 .

Wa les 4 .

Monk ton h oard , P e mbroke. Gr i mes 19 51, f i g. 6 4.

I reland 5 .

B ishops land h oard , C o. K i ldare. E ogan 19 64, 2 76 , f i g. 5 , 1 5.

N orth-eastern France 6 .

Mar lers h oard , S o mme ( 180 ).

Be lg iu m 7 .

Han , N a mur ( 194 ).

L IST 1 36.

S ick les.

MAP 5 2.

E ngland 1 .

Tha mes n ear Bray , Berks. Bra i lsford 1 953, 3 0 , f i g. 1 1, 1 5;

Fox 19 41, 1 57 n o. 2 .

Tanged . 2 .

L it t le Baddow h oard , E ssex . Fox 1 941, 1 58 n o. 9 , p l . I , 9 . Minn is Bay .

3 .

Grays Thurrock h oard , E ssex ( 148 ). Two f rag men ts Minn is Bay ( 1 2-13 ) , o ne f rag men t p oss ibly f ro m a t anged s ick le ( 14 ).

4 .

L eigh h oard , E ssex ( 150 ). One f rag men t p ossibly Minn is Bay .

5 .

Dar t ford h oard , K en t. Bra i lsford 19 47 , f i g. 1 ,1. Minn is Bay .

6 ,

Faversha m , K en t . Wi l let t 19 54, f i g . 1 , t op . Tanged.

7 .

Marden h oard , K en t. Poste 1 858 , p l . 1 3, 1 . Minn is Bay .

8 .

Minn is Bay h oard , K en t ( 156 ). Two Minn is Bay s ick les.

9 . •Minster h oard , K en t. • Sm ith 19 20 , p l . I I , u pper r igh t. Frag men t p oss ibly f ro m a t anged s ick le.

5 33

1O .

Grea t S t . Tho mas Apost le h oard , C ity o f L ondon . Monck ton 19 33, f i g. e . Minn is Bay .

1 1.

?T ha mes a t o r n ear Bren t ford , Midd lesex . Fox 1 941, 1 60 n os. 1 7-18. Two e xa mp les , t anged .

1 2.

? Tha mes b etween Wandsworth a nd Tw ickenha m , Midd lesex . I b id ., 1 59 n o. 1 5, f i g. 2 , 1 5. F ig. 6 9 , 2 . Minn is Bay .

N or th-eastern France 1 3.

Dev il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ). Three e xamp les , t anged .

1 4.

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ). Two e xamp les , t anged.

1 5.

A lso a r ing-socke ted s ick le ( L ist 5 4, 1).

Marlers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ). Two f rag men ts , o ne p robably t anged , o ne p robably Minn is Bay .

1 6.

Mon t-Sa in t-Quen t in , S o mme. Breu i l 1 901, f i g. 4 , 3 3;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 7 , Mon t-Sa int-

Quen t in . Knobbed . Be lg iu m 1 7.

Ny , S oy , L uxe mbourg. Mar ion 1 952, a fb. 2 49 , 1 . Knobbed.

1 8.

Grands Ma lades, N a mur. I b id ., a lb. 2 49 , 2 . Knobbed .

1 9 .

Han , Na mur. Mar in a nd Vanhaeke 19 65, p l . 3 . Tanged.

N e ther lands 2 0.

He iloo h oard , N . Hol land ( 208 ). One b ronze , f our f l in t .

2 1.

Berg-en-Terbl i jt h oard , L i mburg ( 209 ). Three e xamp les, k nobbed .

L IST 1 37.

D ouble-edged s ocke ted k n ives.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

J uv incour t h oard , A isne ( 1 63 ). Three e xamp les.

5 34

MAP 5 3.

2 .

S eine a t Paris. Ash 1 927 .2205. F ig . 6 9 , 3 .

3 .

S e ine a t Par is. De Mor t i l let 1 903, p l . IX

= ,1 045.

4 .

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 174 ).

5 .

Am iens , S o mme. CMAE FB 1 86. F ig. 6 9 , 4 .

6 .

Dreu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ). Two f rag men ts.

7 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ).

8 .

Mar lers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ).

9 .

C ho isy-le-Ro i h oard , Va l-de- Marne ( 181).

1 0.

S e ine a t Charen ton , Va l-de-Marne. Ash 1 927 .2042. F ig. 6 9 , 5 .

L IST 1 38.

D ouble-edged t anged k n ives.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171 ). Four e xa mp les, i nc lud ing o ne r ibbed , o ne f langed a nd o ne r iveted t ang.

2 .

D6v i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 173 ). R ive ted.

3 .

Dreu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ). Two e xa mp les , o ne r iveted , o ne r ibbed

4 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ). Two e xa mp les.

5 .

Marlers h oard ,

S o m me ( 180 ).

R ive ted . Be lg iu m 6 .

S cheld tb e tween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Des i t tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 3 8 n o. 5 4, f i g. 2 8. P la in t ang.

7 .

Ghl in , Ha inau t . Des it tere 1 976, 9 0 , f i g. 6 , 4 . R ive ted .

8 .

C iney , N a mur. Des it tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 3 7 n . 2 7. P la in t ang.

9 .

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). 5 35

L IST 1 39 .

Carp 's T ongue k n ives.

MAP 5 4.

E ng land 1 .

Meldreth h oard , Ca mbs. I nv . Arch . GB13 , 1 3 . C onvex b ack .

2 .

Bro m ley h oard , E ssex . Read 19 01-03, 1 5. Probably h og 's-back .

3 .

L e igh h oard , E ssex ( 1 50 ). Three e xa mp les , h og 's-back .

4 .

Ho me Wood Far m h oard , A l lha l lows , Hoo , K en t . Wickha m 1 877 , p l . C , 1 4. Hog 's-back .

5 .

Minn is Bay h oard , K en t ( 1 56 ). Hog 's-back .

6 .

Minster h oard , Ken t . Sm i th 19 20 , p l . I I . Hog 's-back .

7 .

S tour mou th h oard , K en t ( 157 ). Hog 's-back .

8 .

Ea ton h oard , N orw ich , N orfolk . N orw ich 1 966, 2 8, f i g. 8 6. Tr iangu lar.

N orth-eastern France 9 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ). C oncavo-convex.

1 0.

Bonnev il le h oard , Yvel ines ( 183 ). Hog 's-back .

L IST 1 40.

S ingle edged t anged k n ives.

M AP 5 5.

E ngland 1 .

Grays Thurrock h oard , E ssex ( 148 ). Frag men t , s tra igh tb ack , u ndecora ted.

N orth-eastern France 2 .

Dresl incourt , O ise. BM WG 1 30. F ig . 6 9 , 6 . S ingle r ib o n t ang , s tra igh t b ack , u ndecora ted .

3 . 4 .

G irau mon t h oard , O ise ( 170 ). S a in t-Pierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171 ). Three e xamp les , t wo w ith c urved b ack a nd s em i-c ircu lar o rna men t , o ne w i th s tra igh t b ack . 5 36

5 .

L yzel h oard , Pas-de-Cala is ( 172 ). Broad t ang , c oncave b ack .

6 .

Cho isy-le-Ro i h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 181).

Be lg iu m 7 .

L o m mel , L i mburg. MRAH Brussels. S top o n t ang , s tra igh t b ack .

8 .

? Prov. L imburg. Des it tere a nd Weissenborn 1 977 , 3 8-39 , n o. 5 5, f i g. 2 9 . S top a nd r ibs o n t ang.

9 .

Han , N a mur ( 19 4 ). S evera l e xa mp les , i nc lud ing o ne w i th d ecora ted c urved b ack .

1 0 .

Moh iv il le , N a mur. Mar ion 19 52, 2 69 , a fb. 2 52. Curved b ack a nd s em i-c ircu lar o rna men t.

1.

Trou d el L euve , S ins in , N a mur. Raepsaet-Char l ier 19 71, 2 8-35, f i g. 4 . Two e xa mp les , o ne w i th c urved b ack a nd d ecora t ion o nb ack a nd b lade , o ne w ith s tra igh tb ack .

1 2.

Prov. N a mur. C ast i n Un ivers i ty Museu m , Ghen t. F ig. 6 9 , 7 . S tra igh t b ack w i th s em i-c ircu lar o rna men t.

L IST 1 41.

S ingle-edged s ocke ted k n ives.

MAP 5 5.

England 1 .

Tha mes a t L ondon. J ockenh t ivel a nd Smol la 1 975, 3 06 n . 10 4.

2 .

Ha m H i l l , S o merset. I b id .

N orth-eastern France 3 .

J uv incour t h oard , A isne ( 1 63 ).

4 .

S e ine a t Pas-de-Gr igny , E ssonne. N icolardot a nd Gaucher 1 975, 6 5, f i g. 1 .

5 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ).

6 .

Cho isy-le-Ro i h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 181).

7 .

S e ine a bove V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de- Marne. De Mor t il le t 1 903, p l . . LX XX IV, 1 01 7 .

5 37

L IST 1 42.

S ingle-edged s ol id-h il ted k n ives.

1 .

J uv incourt h oard , A isne ( 1 63 ).

2 .

Dreu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

L IST 1 43.

MAP 5 5.

Cast p erfora ted d iscs.

The d i mens ions a re max i mu m e x terna l a nd m in i mu m i n terna l d ia me ter. Eng land 1 .

Ya t tendon h oard , Berks. Burgess, C oo mbs a nd Dav ies 19 72, f i g. 1 6, 3 0 . 6 .2 cm , 1 .8 cm .

2 .

I sle o f Har ty h oard , K en t . I nv. Arch. GB18 , 7 . 6 .4 cm , 1 .8 cm .

3 .

M inster h oard , K en t. Sm i th 19 20 , p l . I I .

4 .

Hayne H i l l h oard , S a l twood , Ken t . Wa l ler 1 873 , f i g. 3 ;

5 .

n o t t raced b y Osborne ( 19 39 , 2 04 ).

Hea throw , Midd lesex . Museu m o f L ondon 7 4.284. F ig . 6 9 , 8 . 5 .7 cm , 1 .5 cm .

6 .

Ea ton h oard , N orw ich N orfolk . N orw ich 19 66, 2 8 , f i g. 7 7 . 6 .5 cm , 2 .0 cm .

N orth-eastern France 7 .

C a ix h oard , S o m me ( 140 ). 5 .4 cm , 1 .8 cm .

Belg iu m 8 .

Port-Ar thur h oard , E . F landers ( 187 ). 7 .1 cm , 1 .5 cm.

L IST 1 44.

F ish-hooks.

Eng land 1 .

Tha mes a t Barnes , Midd lesex . Museu m o f L ondon A .1 7 499. F ig . 6 9 , 9 .

2 .

? Tha mes. Museum o f L ondon 0 .1248.

S cot land 3 .

G len luce , Wigtownsh ire. Anderson 1 886, 2 02, f i g. 2 19 . 5 38

I reland 4 .

' I reland '. E vans 1 881, 1 92, f i g. 2 30.

N orth-eastern F rance 5 .

Vendeu il , A isne. L ob jo is 1 976, 1 46, f i g. 4 4, 3 .

6 .

S e ine a t Pas-de-Gr igny , E ssonne. Duva l 1 96 t,4 5.

7 .

S e ine b e tween Morsang a nd S a in try , E ssonne. T ou louze 1 891, f i g. 4 8.

8 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen. T hree e xa mp les.

9 .

F ort-Harrouard , E ure-e t-Lo ir. Ph i l ippe 1 927 , 4 0 .

1 0.

S a in t-Pierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171 ).

Be lg iu m 1 1.

Wiche len , E . F landers. Cast i n Un ivers i ty Museu m , Ghen t. F ig. 6 9 , 1 0. Perhaps o ne o f t he e xa mp les i n t he n ex t e n try.

1 2.

S cheld t b etween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Des it tere a nd We issenborn 1 977 , 4 4-48 n os. 6 6-88 , f i gs. 3 4-47 . Twen tythree e xa mp les.

1 3.

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). Mar ien a nd Vanhaeke 1 965, p l . 4 . S evera l e xa mp les.

L IST 1 45.

L arge s pearheads.

England 1 .

T ha mes a t I sleworth , Midd lesex. Greenwe l l a nd Brew is 1 909 , p l . LXVI I , 3 2.

I reland 2 .

N orth o f I reland. E vans 1 881, 3 16, f i g. 3 84.

N or th-eastern France 3 .

C o mp iegne , O ise. B lanchet a nd L ambot 1 975, 4 1 n o. 2 6.

4 .

G iraumon t h oard , O ise ( 170 ).

5 39

5 .

S e ine a t Par is. De Mor t il let 1 903 , p l. L 200 (VI I I , 1 906.

6 .

Am iens Museu m . Breu il 1 903, f i g. 5 , 3 4.

N etherlands 7 .

Berg-en-Terbl i jt h oard , L imburg ( 109 ).

L IST 1 46.

Du tch s pearheads.

N ether lands 1 .

E indhoven , N . Braban t . J acob-Fr iesen 1 96 7 , 3 80 n o. 1 746. West Ba l t ic .

2 .

Bra mmershoopveen , Dren the. I bid., 3 79 n o. 1 717 , T a f. 1 79 , 1 0. O ldenburg.

3 .

Donkerbroek , Fr iesland . Boeles 1 951, 4 82, f i g. 1 3 , 4 ;

J acob-Fr iesen 19 67 , 2 75 n . 9 .

O ldenburg. 4 .

Meer lo , L i mburg. I b id ., 2 60 , 3 80 n o. 1 740 , Ta f . 1 51, 3 . Urnf ield .

5 .

Her icke , Markelo , Over i jssel . I bid ., 2 59 , 3 80 n o. 1 743, Ta f . 1 54, 1 ; L iste 4 5c , 4 .

Tackenberg 19 71, 8 3-84 ,

West Ba l t ic o r Urn f ield . L IST 1 47 .

Tubu lar f erru les w ith d isc t er m ina ls.

Be lg iu m 1 .

Han , N a mur ( 194). Mar iUn 1 973a , f i g. 1 , 1 . I ron r ive t.

N ether lands 2 .

De Del len h oard ( 206).

L IST 1 48.

S tockstad t swords.

MAP 5 6.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

L a Chaussee-T irancour t , S o m me. Breu i l 19 00 , f i g. 6 , 6 3; 1 961, 1 12, Ta f . 4 9 , 2 ; T irancour t 7 .

S proe khof f 19 34, 1 24 n o. 7 2;

Mi i l ler-Karpe

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 12, L a Chaussee-

The p rovenance may b e s uspec t.

5 40

L IST 1 49 .

Mör igen s words.

MAP 5 6.

N or th-eastern F rance 1 .

Par is. J .-P. Mohen .

2 .

Dev i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ). Var ian t I .

Be lg iu m 3 .

Ghen t , E . F landers. Des it tere 1 974b, 1 47 n o. 1 2, f i g. 1;

d e L aet 1 974, 3 59 , f i g. 1 71.

Var ian t D I. N ether lands 4 .

Berge ik , N . Braban t . S prockhof f 19 34, 1 28 n o. 10 2, T a f. 26 , 1 ; n o. 3 8;

Mt i l ler-Karpe 19 61, 7 4

d e L aet 19 74, 3 59 .

Var ian t I . 5 .

Meuse b etween Tegelen a nd B ler ik , L i mburg. S prockhof f 19 34, 1 28 n o. 10 3, Taf . 2 6, 3 ; n o. 3 7 ;

L IST 1 50.

Mu l ler-Karpe 19 61, 7 4

d e L aet 19 74, 3 59 , f i g. 1 38 , s econd r ight . Auvern ier s words.

MAP 5 6.

England 1 .

Wickha m Park h oard , Croydon , S urrey . I nv. Arch GB3 9 , 2 . T h is f rag men t c ou ld e qua l ly b e f ro m a Tachlov ice sword.

N or th-eas tern F rance 2 .

Abbev il le a rea , S o mme. Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 10 5, Abbev i l le e nv irons 1 8.

3 .

A bbev il le a rea , S o mme. I bid ., 10 5, Abbev il le a rea 1 9 . Both t hese s words a re s a id t o r ese mble a s word i l lustra ted o n a n e ngrav ing o f e arly n ineteen th-cen tury d a te ( i b id ., i l l . 1 , f i g. 3 );

t h is

s hows a s ol id-h il ted s word w i th a n i nse t i n t he g r ip a nd a f la t o va l p o mmel w ith a p ro jec t ing t ang. T h is r ese mbles t he Auvern ier t ype more t han t he Tach lov ice t ype. 4 .

P icqu igny , S o m me. I bid., 1 7 , P icqu igny 1 . A p ossible b ur ia l w ith a h el me t a nd a s word l i ke t ha t o n t he e ngrav ing men t ioned a bove.

N ether lands 5 .

Braban t. S prockhof f 19 34, 1 36 n o. 4 8 , Taf . 3 4, 1 1;

5 41

d e L aet 19 74, 3 59 .

6 .

N i j megen , Gelder land . De L ae t 19 74, 3 59.

L IST 1 51.

Tach lov ice s words.

MAP 5 6.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

O ise a bove Chauny , A isne. Vua i l la t 19 69 , 2 84, f i g. 2 , 3 .

L IST 1 52.

Wel tenburg s words.

MAP 5 6.

N or th-eastern France. 1 .

T h ian t , N ord . Henau l t 19 23, 10 2;

L IST 1 53.

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 19 , T h ian t.

An tennae-po m mel swords.

M AP 5 6.

Eng land 1 .

R . Wi tha m b elow L incoln. A lnw ick Cast le Museu m . E vans 1 881, 2 87 , f i g. 3 50 ;

Brew is 1 922-23, p l . XLV1 I I , 5 5;

S prockhof f 19 34, 13 n o. 1 38 , Ta f . 1 2, 1 2; f i g. 2 0 ;

Davey 1 973, 8 2 n o . 1 99 ,

T hrane 19 75, 2 82, Fund l iste 1 6.

F ig. 7 0 , 1 . 2 .

Deep ing F en o r S pa ld ing Fen , L incs. A . G . Mac Cor m ick . A s word r ese mbl ing t he Wi tha m s word.

3 .

N ot mapped .

S net t isha m h oard , N orfolk ( 161 ). Und iagnost ic f rag men t.

N orth-eastern France 4 .

L e Por t Var in h oard , O ise ( 1 69 ) . H il t f rag men t.

5 .

Re il ly , S o mme . Breu i l 19 00 , f i g. 6 , 6 5;

S prockhof f 19 34, 1 12 n o. 1 34;

Gaucher a nd

Mohen 19 74, 1 15, Re il ly 1 , i l l , 1 , f i gs. 1 -2. N etherlands 6 .

Onnen , Gron ingen . Gron inger Museu m v oor S tad e n L ande 1 896 i. S prockhof f 1 934, 1 13 n o. 1 37 , T af . 1 2, 6 ; Fund l iste 1 6. F ig. 7 0 , 2 .

L IST 1 54.

Swords w ith o va lb ronze p o mmels.

Eng land 1 .

R . Cherwel l .

5 42

T hrane 19 75, 2 82,

Evans 18 81, 2 86, f i g. 3 49 . S ol id h i l t . 2 .

Yorksh ire. Brew is 1 922-23, p l . XLVI I I , 5 3. S ol id h il t .

S cot land 3 .

Tarves h oard , Aberdeen . C oles 1 959-60 , 5 2, 9 7 , f i g. 6 . S epara te h il t-p la te a nd p o m mel o ver f l anged h il t.

4 .

Ta l isker , S kye , I nverness. I bid ., 8 4.

5 .

Grosvenor Crescen t h oard , Ed inburgh , Mid loth ian . Brew is 1 922-23, p l . XLVIII , 5 4;

C oles 1 959-60 , 18, f i g. 2 , 4 .

S epara te g r ip a nd p o m mel o ver f l anged h il t . 6 .

L eadburn , P eebles. I bid ., 8 5.

7 .

I nverbroo m , Ross. I bid .

L IST 1 55.

K le in Auhe im s words.

MAP 5 7 .

N orth-eas tern France 1 .

Paars , A isne. C owen 19 55, 1 47 n o. 9 ;

S chauer 1 971, 1 83 n . 2 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen

1 972, 5 41. 2 .

S e ine a t Par is. Cowen 19 55, 1 47 n o. 8 ;

Mohen 19 68 , 8 03-805, B 62, p ls. X I I I-X IV;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 72, 5 41. L IST 1 56.

P ort-N idau swords.

MAP 5 7.

Belg iu m 1 .

S cheld t a t E iland , Ha m me , E . F landers. Bauwens-Lesenne 1 962, 8 3.

2 .

S choonaarde , E . F landers. C owen 1 955, 1 50 n o. 7 ;

L IST 1 57.

Bauwens-Lesenne 1 962, 1 79 .

Miscel laneous l ate Urn f ield f l ange-h il ted s words.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

G irau mon t h oard , O ise ( 170 ). Frag men t p robably o f a ,Macon s word .

2 .

S e ine a t Rouen , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Cowen 19 55, 1 51 n o. 5 , Taf . 1 5, 5 . N arrow g r ip , t wo r ive ts i n s tra igh t s hou lders.

5 43

MAP 5 7.

3 .

S e ine a t I l e F leur ie, Meu lan , Yvel ines. I bid., 1 50 n o. 4 . B lade f rag men t.

L IST 1 58.

Carp 's T ongue swords.

M AP 5 8.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

J uv incour t h oard , A isne ( 163).

2 .

Corbe il , Essonne. J .-P. Mohen .

3 .

Pas d e Grigny , E ssonne. I bid., Briard 1 965, 2 29 .

4 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen . Two e xa mp les.

5 .

S e ine a t Cau mon t , Eure. Verron 19 71, 5 5 n o. 2 3. S ol id h il t.

6 .

I l lev il le-sous-Mon tfor t h oard , Eure ( 165). Two f rag ments.

7 .

S e ine a t Pressagny-POrgeu i lleuse , Eure. Verron 19 76a , f ig. 4 , 1 .

8 .

N eu il ly , Hau ts-de-Seine. J .-P. Mohen .

9 .

Mouy , O ise. B lan .chet 1 976a , f i g. 3 6, 7 .

1 0.

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre, O ise ( 171). Var ious f rag men ts.

1 1.

Dep t . O ise. J .Cl . B lanchet.

1 2.

S e ine a t Par is. Br iard 19 71, 5 6, f i g. 2 , 4 .

1 3.

S eine a t Par is. I bid., f ig. 2 , 6 .

1 4.

S e ine a t Par is. J .-P. Mohen . Two e xa mp les.

1 5.

S e ine a t Annev il le-sur-Se ine , S e ine-Mar i t i me . Verron 19 73, f i g. 4 5, 4 .

1 6.

Deville h oard , S eine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ). F ive f rag men ts.

1 7.

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 174 ). Var ious f rag men ts.

1 8.

Dreu i l h oard , S o mme ( 177 ). Three f rag men ts.

1 9 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ). S even f rag men ts.

2 0 .

S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ). Three f rag men ts.

2 1.

Mar lers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ). Two f rag men ts.

2 2.

T h ia is h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 182 ). Three f rag men ts.

2 3.

N ear Versa i l les , Yvel ines. Br iard 1 971, 5 6, f i g. 2 , 5 .

Be lg iu m 2 4.

S cheld t n ear Ham me , E . F landers. De L aet 19 74, 3 59 .

2 5.

S cheld t a t Mel le , E . F landers. Museu m V l eeshu is , An twerp 2 249.

2 6.

Revaux , E . F landers. Museu m V l eeshu is, An twerp 2 237 .

2 7 .

Hareibeke , W. F landers. Bauwens-Lesenne 1 963, 3 9 ;

d e L ae t 19 74, 3 59 .

N one o f t hese f i nds i s l i sted b y Des i ttere ( 19 76, 9 0 ) , a l though h e a ccep ts t he Du tch f inds ( L is t 1 58 , 2 8-30 ). N e ther lands 2 8.

Herwen , Gelder land. De L aet 1 974, 3 59.

2 9.

N i j megen , Gelder land. C owen 1 952, 1 45 n o. 1 , p l . XV, 4 .

3 0.

Meuse a t Her ten , L i mburg. B loe mers 1 973, 1 7-19 , a fb.4, 3 .

L IST 1 59 .

Ewar t Park s words.

MAP 5 9.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

Par is. J .-P. Mohen .

2 .

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 4 ). Two p robable h il t f rag men ts.

3 .

Rouen Museu m . Verron 1 976a , 5 94;

? Verron 1 971, 7 1 n o. 7 4. 5 45

4 .

Am iens a rea h oard , S o m me ( 17 6).

5 .

P la inseau h oard , S o mme ( 17 8 ). Three h il t f rag men ts.

N etherlands 6 .

Mi l l ingen , Gelder land . Desit tere 1 976, 9 0-91.

7 .

N i j megen , Gelder land . J . J . Bu t ler. Two e xa mp les.

8 .

Meuse , L i mburg. B loe mers 1 973, 1 7 , a lb. 4 , 5 .

L IST 1 60.

S ocketed s words.

Br ita in 1 . 2 .

L e igh h oard , E ssex ( 150 ). G la morgan. Wheeler 1 925, 1 60 , f i g. 5 1, 1; 3 .

3 .

C owen a nd Maryon 1 935, p l . XXVI I ,

Edges o u t l ined b y s ingle g roove a nd s l igh t b ead ing.

Royston , Her ts. C owen a nd Maryon 1 935, p l . XXVI I , 1 .

4 .

Cumberlow Green h oard , Rushden , Her ts. C lark a nd Godw in 1 94 0 , p l . V I I ;

Bra ilsford 19 47 , 17 6, f i g. 3 ;

C oo mbs 19 74b , f i g. 1 . 5 .

Dar t ford h oard , K en t. Bra ilsford 1 947 , f i g. 2 .

6 .

Minn is Bay h oard , K en t ( 156 ).

7 .

N or manby E s ta te , L incs . Davey 1 973, 8 2 n o. 2 04, f i g. 2 1.

8 .

Osbournby , L incs. I b id ., 8 2 n o. 2 05, f i g. 2 1;

9 .

C owen a nd Maryon 1 935, p l . XXVI , 3 .

Wh it t ingha m h oard , N thld . C owen a nd Maryon 1 935, 2 81-289 , 2 95-309 , p ls. XXVI , 1 -2; 4 .

1 0.

Br it ish Museu m . Bra i lsford 1 947 , f i g. 4.

L IST 1 61.

Bag-shaped c hapes.

MAP 6 0 .

England 1 .

Reach Fen h oard , Ca mbs. I nv. Arch GB17 , 2 0.

5 46

XXVI I ,

2 .

Grays Thurrock h oard , E ssex ( 148 ).

3 .

L eigh h oard , E ssex ( 150 ).

4 .

Minn is Bay h oard , Ken t ( 1 56).

5 .

Hayne H il l h oard , S a l twood , Ken t. Wa l ler 1 873, f i g. 5 ;

6 .

Osborne 1 939 , p l . XLVIII .

Tha mes a t O ld E ngland , Bren tford , Middlesex. Wheeler 1 929 , p l . I , f i g. 1 , 8 .

7 .

Ea ton h oard , N orw ich , N orfolk . N orw ich 1 966, 2 8 , f i g. 7 9.

8 .

Fel ixstowe h oard , S u ffolk . I nv. Arch.GB16, 2 .

9 .

L ev ing ton h oard , S uf folk . Burgess 1 968a , f i g. 1 3, 2 4.

I reland 1 0.

Downs h oard , Co. O f fa ly . E ogan 1 965, 1 73 n o. 1, f i g. 9 2.

1 1.

C loon more, Co. T ipperary. I bid ., n o. 1 2, f i g. 9 2.

1 2.

I reland . I bid ., 1 74 n o. 1 3, f i g. 9 2.

N orth-eastern France 1 3.

Venet te, O ise. J .-C1 , B lanchet.

1 4.

Dev ine h oard , S eine- Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ).

1 5.

Grav il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 4 ). Two e xa mp les.

1 6.

S e ine a t Rouen , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Ash 1 927.2208.

1 7.

Mar lers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ). Two e xa mp les.

Be lg iu m 1 8.

Han , Na mur ( 194). Mar ien 1 975, 1 718 , f i g. 1 , 4 -7. Four e xa mp les.

N etherlands 1 9 .

Weer t , L i mburg. Desit tere 19 76, 9 0.

L IST 1 62 .

B ourge t a rrowheads .

N or th-eastern France 1 .

F or t-Harrouard , E ure-et-Lo ir. Ph il ippe 1 936, f i g. 5 0 , 1 6-17.

2 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171 ). B lanche t ;

B lanche t 1 976a , f i g. 3 6, 1 5.

S evera l e xa mp les. Be lg iu m 3 .

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). Mar ion 1 974, 2 31. A t l east s ix e xamp les.

L IST 1 63 .

B ow ls w i th c ruci form h and le-a t tach men ts .

E ng land 1 .

We lby h oard , L e ics. ( 1 58 ). Hand le-a t tachmen ts.

B i o r B 2a ,

S co t land 2 .

Adabrock h oard , Ross. ( 2 22 ). S heet f rag men ts.

B 2b.

N orth-eastern France 3 .

Arz i l l iers h oard , O ise ( 1 67 ). C o mp lete.

L IST 1 64 .

B 2a .

C ast b ronze v essels.

England 1 .

We lby h oard , L e ics. ( 1 58 ). One c up , c onvex b ody , a ngu lar s hou lder , r ibbed c on ica l n eck , e verted r i m.

Minor c ast ing f au l ts.

S cot land 2 .

Ardoe , A berdeens. Abercro mby 1 912, I , 2 1, 1 24, f i g. 1 94, p l . CVI I I , 0 .72 C onvex-prof ile c up , m iscast .

3 .

G len tanar h oard , A berdeens. P earce 1 970-71, 6 2-63 , f i gs. 3 -4, p l . 1. Two c ups f ro m t he s a me mou ld .

C on ica l b ody , a ngu lar s hou lder

d ef ined b y r ib, c on ica l n eck w ith r ib, e ver ted r im , T-shaped h and le s pr ings f ro m s hou lder. 4 .

Ba l mashanner h oard , Angus ( 1 45 ). C onvex-prof ile c up , m iscast.

5 48

Be lgiu m 5 .

Hersta l , L iege. A lenus-Lecerf 1 974, 1 8 , 4 3, f i g. 7 , 7 :2. Bur ia l 7 .

6 .

R im f rag men t o f ac up .

Herstal , L iege. I bid., 2 0 , 4 3, f i g. 9 , 1 1:3. Bur ia l 1 1.

Two f rag men ts, o ne a ppears t o b e f ro m a c oncave n eck ,

t he o ther i s f ro m t he r im o f ac onvex-prof ile c up w ith i nc ised o rna men t. L IST 1 65 .

C ircu lar s trap-cross ings.

Br ita in 1 .

Parc-y- Meirch h oard , Denbigh. ( 147 ). N ine e xa mp les i n t wo s ets.

2 .

Hea thery Burn C ave , C o. Durha m. I nv. A rch. GB55, 4 2.

3 .

Welby h oard , L e ics. ( 1 58 ). Four e xa mp les.

L IST 1 66.

Bugle-shaped o b jects.

One-p iece.

M AP 6 1.

The n u mber p receded b y Jr efer t o t he l i st o f J ockenhövel

( 1972, 1 07 ). England

. Reach Fen h oard , Ca mbs. J3 0. 2 .

L u lworth h oard , D orset. J2 8.

3 .

Ha tf ield Broad Oak h oard , E ssex. J2 6.

4 .

Cu mberlow Green h oard , Rushden , Her ts. J2 3.

5 .

Wa tford h oard , Herts. ( 1 53 ). J3 2.

6 .

Minster h oard , K en t. J2 9 .

7 .

Tha mes a t O ld England , Bren tford , Middlesex . J3 1;

Wheeler 1 929 , p l . I , f i g. 1 , 1 1-13;

Three e xa mp les. 8 .

Ea ton h oard , N orw ich , N orfolk . J2 4.

9 .

Broadward h oard , S a lop . J2 5.

5 49

Burgess 1 968a , f i g. 1 3, 2 1.

1 0.

Ha m H il l , S o merset. J2 7.

1.

L ev ington h oard , S uffolk . I psw ich Museum 19 61-103. F ig. 6 9 , 1.

1 2.

Roseberry T opp ing h oard , Yorks. H ixon 1 832, p l . I V, e ;

E lgee 19 50 , 17 1.

N or th-eastern Fr ance 1 3.

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 17 4 ). J 1. Two e xa mp les.

1 4.

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ). J2 .

1 5.

S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ).

1 6.

Mar lers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ).

Two-p iece. Br i ta in 1 7.

Way land 's Sm i thy , Ashbury , Berks. A tk inson 1 965, 1 32 n . 1 9.

1 8.

Parc-y- Me irch h oard , Denbigh. ( 1 47 ) . S epara te s haf t.

1 9.

Merl in 's Cave , S y monds Yat , Herefords. Ph il l ips 19 31, p l . I Vb, 9 .

2 0.

I sle o f Harty h oard , Ken t. I nv. Arch. GB18 , 2 9.

2 1.

Marden h oard , Ken t. Poste 1 858 , p l . 1 3, 6 . S epara te l oop .

2 2.

Green End Road h oard , Ca mbr idge. C lark 1 938 , f i g. 2 0 , 6 , p l . V I.

2 3.

Horsehope h oard , P eebles ( 162 ).

L IST 1 67.

Parc-y-Meirch d ouble r ings.

Br ita in 1 .

Parc-y-Meirch h oard , Denbighs. ( 14 7 ) . Four o u ter a nd t hree i nner r ings.

2 .

Grange-over-Sands, L ancs. C lough 19 72, 4 9-52, f ig. 1 c. I nner r ing.

5 50

3 .

Wa l ton-le-Da le , L ancs. Davey a nd F orster 19 75 n o. 1 50 . C o mp lete.

4 .

We lby h oard , L e ics. ( 1 58 ). I nner r ing.

5 .

Gor leston h oard , N orfolk . N orw ich 19 66, 2 7 , f i g. 1 2. I nner r ing.

6 .

L ev ing ton h oard , S u ffolk . I psw ich Museu m 19 61-1 0 3. F ig. 6 9 , 1 2. One i nner r ing a nd a f rag men t o f a nother.

7 .

Woolp i t , S u f folk . E dwardson n .d . ( 19 69 ) , p l . I , 15-116. Two i nner r ings.

L IST 1 68 . Ra t t le-pendan ts. Wa les 1 .

Parc-y-Me irch h oard , Denbighs. ( 1 47 ). Two s e ts o f s ix p endan ts.

I reland 2 .

L issanode , C o. West mea th . Rynne 19 62, 3 83, p l . L I , l ower. S et o f t hree p endan ts.

3 .

' I reland '. I b id ., p l . L I , u pper. F ive p endan ts a nd o ne r ing.

N or th-eastern F rance 4 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen .

5 .

S e ine a bove V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Va l-de-Marne. D e Mor t i l let 1 903 , p l . XCI , 1 136. S ingle p endan t o n r ing.

L IST 1 69 .

Bar t oggles.

E ng land 1 .

T hur loe Wa lk h oard , E ssex ( 149 ). Sma l l s tra igh t b ar w i th e xpanded e nds a nd swol len c en tre w i th r e ma ins o f l oop.

I reland 2 .

N avan F or t , C o. Ar magh . Raf tery 19 75, 8 4, f i g. 3 . Two e xa mp les , s tra igh t b ar w i th e xpanded e nds a nd c ircu lar l oop .

5 51

3 .

Ra thga l l , C o. Wick low. I b id ., 8 3 , f i gs. 1 -2. S tra igh t b ar w i th e xpanded e nds a nd t r iangu lar l oop .

Belg iu m 4 .

Han , N a mur ( 19 4 ). Curved b ar w i th t ransverse r ibbed o rna men t a t tached b y s hor t s haf t t o c ircu lar l oop .

L IST 1 70 .

Guevaux d iscs.

N or th-eastern France. 1 .

J uv incour t h oard , A isne ( 1 63 ).

2 .

Dev il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ).

3 .

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 4 ).

4 .

D reu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ). N ot f ro m t he Marlers h oard a s s uggested b y J ockenh t ivel a nd Smol la ( 1975, 3 07 ).

Belg iu m 5 .

Han , Na mur ( 194 ).

L IST 1 71.

Phalerae.

Eng land 1 .

T ha mes a t O ld Eng land , Bren t foi-d , Midd lesex . O 'Connor 19 75, 2 16 n o. 3 , 2 21-222;

Sm i th 1 917-1 8 , 1 7 , f i g. 1 7.

F langed w i th a s ingle r ing o fb osses. 2 .

T ha mes a t S ion Reach , Midd lesex . O 'Connor 1 975, 2 17 n o. 4 , 2 22, f i g. 3 , 3 . F langed w i th a s ingle r ib a nd r ing o fb osses.

I reland 3 .

Bann a t T oo me Bar , C o. An tr i m. I b id., 2 20.

4 .

Ra th t inaun , C o. S l igo. Raf tery 1 972, 3 n . 4 . Dr. B . Raf tery k indly i n for ms me t ha t t here a re more p ha lerae i n t he N a t iona l Museu m o f I reland , Dubl in .

N or th-eastern France 5 .

Hau lch in h oard , N ord ( 1 66). C onvex w ith f our p er iphera l r ings o f sma l lb osses a nd a n i rregu lar c ruc ifor m mot if o f sma l l b osses.

6 .

Dev i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 17 3 ). One l oop a nd s heet f rag men ts o f af langed p ha lerae.

5 52

7 .

Gravi l le h oard , S e ine- Mar it i me ( 174 ). Two l oops a nd v ar ious s heet f rag men ts o f f langed p ha lerae w ith r ibbed a nd b ossed o rnamen t ;

o ne more c o mp lete e xa mp le.

Belg iu m 9 .

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). One c onvex w ith l arge l oop a nd n o c en tral b oss, o ne s im ilar w ith p er ipheral r ing o fb osses.

1 0.

S insin , N a mur. Raepsaet-Char l ier 1 971, 3 8-40 , f i g. 5 , 3 . Narrow f lange, l arge l oop , n o c en tra l b oss.

L IST 1 72.

An tler c heek-p ieces.

M AP 6 2.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

For t,» Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 19 36, f i g. 3 6, 1 6-17. Two e xa mp les.

2 .

Pon tpoin t-Moru , O ise. N . Freidin .

3 . 4 .

S a in t-Pierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171 ). S o m me a t A il ly-sur-So mme , S o m me. Breu il 19 07 , 5 3, f i g. 1 2, 4 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 05, A i lly-sur-

S o m me 2 . Belgiu m 5 .

Eke, E . F landers. N enqu in 1 975.

6 .

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). S everal e xa mp les.

L IST 1 73 .

C onvex-prof ile b u t tons.

Bar l oop . England 1 .

Broadness h oard , Ken t. Burgess , Coo mbs a nd Dav ies 1 972, f i g. 1 4, 4 7. 1 .6 cm.

2 .

Runny mede Br idge , E gha m , S urrey. D . L angley. Two e xa mp les , 2 .0 cm.

3 .

S tap le Howe , Yorks. Brewster 1 963 , 14, f i g. 6 3, 2 . One h undred a nd t wen ty e xa mp les.

5 53

0 .5-0.8 cm.

N orth-eastern France 4 .

Dev il le h oard , S e ine- Mar i t i me ( 173 ). 2 .2 cm.

5 .

S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ). 3 .4 cm.

Be lg iu m 6 .

Cour t-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t. Mar i n 1 958 , 3 9 n o. 1 17b , 4 0 n o. 1 19b, f i g. 4 . S evera l e xa mp les.

7 .

0 .5-0.7 cm.

Court-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t . I bid ., 4 0 n o. 1 20 , f i g. 4 , 6 3 n o. 1 26, f i g. 9 . S evera l e xa mp les 1 .3-1.4 cm.

8 .

Cour t-Sa in t-Et ienne, Brabant. I b id., 7 8 n o. 1 47 , f i g. 1 0. 4 .0 cm .

9 .

Court-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t. I bid ., 6 5-66 n o. 1 28b, f i g. 9 . 1 .1 cm .

1 0.

P lan tee d es Da mes, Cour t-Sa in t-Et ienne , Brabant. I bid ., 2 29-230 , f i g. 4 4. Barrow 4 .

1 1.

Two e xa mp les 3 .5 cm.

Mor i moine , Braban t. I bid., 2 19-222, f i g. 4 0 , 4 . Barrow 1 .

1 2.

4 .7 cm.

Por t-Ar thur h oard , E . F landers ( 187 ). 2 .0 cm.

1 3.

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). Var ious e xa mp les, a t tach men t u ncerta in .

N etherlands 1 4.

H i jken h oard , Dren the ( 203 ). Two e xa mp les.

1 5.

1 .6 cm.

Weer t , L i mburg. C o mha ire 1 894-95, p l . V I II , 8 8.

Curved l oop. England 1 6.

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. ( 1 27 ). Forty-f ive e xa mp les.

N orth-eastern France 1 7.

Dev i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 173 ). 2 .4 cm .

Belg iu m 1 8.

Mor i moine , Braban t. Mar ie ' 1 958, 2 22, f i g. 4 0 , 5 -8. Barrow 1 .

Four e xa mp les.

1 .0 cm.

N etherlands 1 9.

Drouwen h oard , Dren the ( 201).

S tap les. Be lg iu m 2 0.

Hersta l , L iege. A lenus-Lecerf 1 974, 1 6, f i g. 7 , 4 :3a. Bur ial 4 .

2 1.

0 .9 cm.

Hersta l , L iege. I bid., 1 8 , f i g. 8 , 6 :3a . Bur ia l 6 .

A t l east e ight e xa mp les.

1 .0 cm.

N etherlands 2 2.

Oss, N . Braban t ( 231). E ight e xa mp les.

L IST 1 74.

1 .6 cm.

Con ica l l ooped b u t tons.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

Choisy-au-Bac , O ise. N . Fr iedin . Bar l oop .

2 .

p la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ). S l ight f lange , c urved l oop .

3 .

3 .0 cm.

S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ). Bar l oop .

L IST 1 75 .

3 .6 cm.

C onvex f l anged b u t tons.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Grav il le h oard , S e ine- Mar it i me ( 173 ). Two e xa mp les 4 .6 cm .

2 .

S a in t-Roch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ). 5 .4 cm .

L IST 1 76.

R ibbed Bu t tons.

Bri ta in 1 .

L langwy l log h oard , Anglesey. L ynch 1 970 , 2 09 , f ig. 6 8 , 8 -12. F ive e xa mp les.

2 .2-2.6 cm.

5 55

2 .

Fortr ie o f Ba lnoon h oard , Banf f . C oles 19 59 -6 0 , 10 7.

3 .

Reach Fen h oard , Ca mbs. I nv. Arch. GB52, 8 . 2 .2 cm .

4 .

Hea thery Burn Cave, C o. Durha m . I nv. Arch. GB55 , 4 1. 2 .2 cm.

5 .

Kensington h oard , L ondon. I nv. Arch. GB52, 8 . 4 .4 cm.

6 .

Runny mede Br idge, Egha m , S urrey . L ongley 19 76, 1 3, f i g. 2 , d . 2 .0 cm .

7 .

Casterley Ca mp , Upavon , Wi lts. Cunn ington 19 13-14, 9 8 , p l . I , 5 .

L IST 1 77.

Double-looped b u t tons.

Br i ta in 1 .

Wa tford h oard , Herts. ( 153 ). Two e xa mp les , c en tra l d epression w ith s p ike.

2 .

We lby h oard , L e ics. ( 158 ). C en tral p erfora t ion .

L IST 1 78.

Tanged s tuds.

C onvex. England 1 .

I v inghoe Beacon , Bucks. Cot ton a nd Frere 19 66-70 , 2 04-206, f i g. 1 0 , 2 , 4 . Two e xa mp les.

2 .

1 .0 cm.

I sleha m h oard , Cambs. ( 1 27 ) . S everal e xa mp les.

3 .

Add ing ton h oard , S urrey. I nv. Arch. GB54, 1 7. 4 .4 cm .

4 .

Runny mede Br idge, Egha m , S urrey. D . L ongley . 0 .9 cm.

N orth-eastern F rance 5 .

Dev il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ). 1 .4 cm.

Con ica l . England 6 .

I vinghoe Beacon , Bucks. Cot ton a nd Frere 19 66-70 , 2 09-210 , f i g. 1, 2 0. 1 .7 cm.

7 .

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. ( 1 27 ) . S everal e xa mp les.

Belgiu m 8 .

Te mse-Veld molenw i jk , E . F landers. De L aet , N enqu in a nd S p itaels 19 58 , 1 18 n o. 8 5, f i g. 1 63, p l . I V, 3 . 2 .3 cm.

L IST 1 79.

Rol l-headed p ins.

M AP 6 3.

England 1 .

I vinghoe Beacon , Bucks. Cot ton a nd Frere 1 966-70 , 20 7-208 , f i g. 1, 1 3.

2 .

Hea thery Burn C ave , Co. Durha m. I nv. Arch. GB55, 1 08.

3 .

Merl in 's Cave , S y mond 's Yat , Herefords. Phil l ips 19 31, 2 2, p l . I Vb, 8 .

4 .

Tha mes a t O ld E ngland , Bren tford , Middlesex. Museu m o f L ondon A .10578.

5 .

Tha mes a t S ion Reach , Middlesex . Museu m o f L ondon A 11918.

6 .

Tha mes a t Wandswor th , S urrey . Museu m o f L ondon A .4913. There i s a sma l l g roup o f r ol l-headed p ins f ro m t he L ay ton C ol lec t ion i n t he Museu m o f L ondon ;

7 .

t hese s hou ld h ave a Tha mes p rovenance.

F if ield Bavan t D own , Wil ts. C lay 19 22-24, 4 79 , p l . I X , 7 .

8 .

Upha m , Wil ts. Ash 1 955 . 202.

N orth-eastern France 9 .

Fort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 19 27 , p l . V I I , 1 , 1 5;

S andars 1 95 7 , 3 79 , f i g. 7 5, 5 .

1 0.

Haulch in h oard , N ord ( 166 ).

1.

S a in t-Pierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 17 1). Two e xa mp les.

1 2.

Gravil le h oard , S eine-Mar it i me ( 17 4 ). Two e xa mp les.

5 57

Belgiu m 1 3.

Dendermonde , E . F landers. Museu m V l eeshu is, Antwerp . Two e xa mp les.

1 4.

S cheld t a t S choonaarde, E . F landers. M RAH Brussels.

1 5. 1 6.

Han , N a mur ( 194). S insin , N a mur. Raepsaet-Char l ier 19 71, 6 3-67 , f i g. 7 , 4 .

N etherlands 1 7.

Va lkenswaard , N . Braban t . Brunst ing a nd Verwers 1 975, 7 1, f i g. 1 1. Bur ia l 5 1.

L IST 1 80 .

N a il-headed p ins.

MAP 6 3.

Br ita in 1 .

Hagbourne H il l , Ch il ton , Berks. K ing 1 812, p l . L ;

2 .

Hard ing 19 72, 1 72, p l . 7 7 , E .

Cop Round Barrow , B led low , Bucks. Head 1 934-40 , 3 40, p l . 1 3, 5 -6. Two e xa mp les.

3 .

L a mbourne 's P i t , Chippenha m , Ca mbs. C lark a nd Fel l 1 953, 2 4.

4 .

Heathery Burn Cave , C o. Durha m . I nv. Arch.GB55, 9 5-103, 1 -5-1 0 7. Twelve e xa mp les.

5 .

Muck ing , Essex . J ones a nd J ones 1 975, 1 41, f i g. 4 8, 1 6.

6 .

Merl in 's Cave, S y mond 's Ya t , Herefords. Ph il l ips 19 31, 2 2, p l . I Vb , 6 -7. Two e xamp les.

7 .

Mil l H il l , Deal , Ken t. T . Cha mp ion .

8 .

The Bre idd in , Mon tgo merys. Musson 1 974, 2 97 , 3 06-308, f i g. 2 6, 5 08-509. Two e xa mp les, o ne w ith swol len s haf t.

9 .

Runnymede Br idge , Egha m , S urrey. L ongley 19 76, 1 3.

1 0.

Grea t C heverel l Down , Wil ts. S al isbury a nd S ou th Wil tshire Museu m , S a l isbury , P it t R ivers C ol lec t ion J 2 1 2. Gr insel l 1 957 , 7 4. F ig. 7 1, 3 . 5 58

1.

S carborough , Y orks. Sm i th 19 27 , 1 81, f i g. 5 . Two e xa mp les.

1 2.

S tap le Howe , Y orks. Brewster 1 963, 1 14, f i g. 6 3, 1 .

N or th-eas tern France 1 3.

Vendeu il , A isne. L ob jo is 1 976, 1 48, f i g. 4 4, 4 .

1 4.

For t-Harrouar c i , Eure-et-Lo ir , Ph il ippe 1 927 , p l . V I I I , 7 , 9 , 1 6; T hree e xa mp les;

1 5.

Mohen 19 73, 4 3, f i g. 6 .

c lay mou lds.

Cho isy-au-Bac , O ise. N . Fre id in .

1 6.

S a in t-Pierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171). Two e xa mp les.

Belg iu m 1 7.

Den terghe m , W. F landers. C laerhou t 19 01, 1 95196, p l . V II I , 7 ;

d e DA 1 931a , 1 22, D-E ,

f i g. 4 4. 1 8.

Cha mp d es Aga ises, Hau lch in , Ha inau l t. M RAH Brussels.

1 9.

S insin , Na mur . Raepsaet-Char l ier 19 71, 5 9-62, f i g , 7 , 2 , 6 . Two e xa mp les.

L IST 18 1.

Vase-headed p ins.

M AP 6 4.

England 1 .

T otternhoe, Beds. Hawkes 1 940 , 4 91, f i g. 5 .

2 .

F enny Ben tley h oard , Derbys. Sm ith 19 20 , f i g. 2 1.

3 .

Runny mede Br idge, E gha m , S urrey . L ongley 1 976, 1 3.

T here i s a smal l g roup o f v ase-headed p ins f ro m t he L ay ton C ol lec t ion i n t he Museu m o f L ondon ;

t hese s hou ld h ave a T ha mes p rovenance.

N orth-eastern France 4 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen .

5 .

Fort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Lo ir. Ph il ippe 1 927 , 4 2, p l . VI I I , 1 2, 1 8. Two e xa mp les.

5 59

6 .

S a in t-Pierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171 ). Two e xa mp les.

7 .

S eine a t Par is. Musee d e PHo m me 3 7. F ig. 7 1, 1 .

Belgiu m 8 .

Grobbendonk , An twerp . Des it tere 1 968, 1 35, f i g. 7 6, 3 .

9 .

Z it taar t , Antwerp . Roosens a nd Meex 1 975, 1 1, 1 6, f i g. 4 , 1 0. Buria l 7 .

1 0.

Dender monde, E . F landers. Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp .

1 1.

Han , Na mur ( 194). Mar ion 1 974, 2 27 , f i g. 3 .

N etherlands 1 2.

Posterhol t , L i mburg. Bursch 1 942, a fb. 2 3, 7 -8;

Des it tere 1 968 , 1 25;

Tackenberg 1 971,

L iste 9 3, 4 , Ta f . 3 7 , 2 . I ron . Br ita in 1 3.

F fr idd Fa ldwyn , Mon tgo merys. O 'Ne il 1 942-43, 5 3, f i g. 1 4, 3 ;

S avory 1 976a , 2 0 , 7 1 n o. 9 6, 1 ,

f i g. 3 5, 5 . 1 4.

A ll Cann ings Cross, Wi l ts. Cunn ington 1 923, 1 30 , p l . 2 1, 5 .

1 5.

F if ield Bavan t Down , Wil ts. C lay 1 922-24, 4 83, p l . X I , 8 .

L IST 1 82.

Cup-headed p ins.

MAP 6 4.

England 1 .

Hea thery Burn Cave, Co. Durha m. I nv. Arch. GB55, 1 04.

2 .

Br igg , L incs. Sm i th 1 958 , 8 0 , f i g. 1 ;

Davey 1 973, 8 6 n o. 2 26, f i g. 2 4;

1 13-114, f i g. 6 2, 3 . 3 .

Tha mes a t S ion Reach , Midd lesex. Museu m o f L ondon A .10282. Eogan 1 974b , 9 9. F ig. 7 1, 2 .

5 60

May 1 976,

S cot land 4 .

Poin t o f S lea t h oard , S kye , I nverness. C oles 1 959-60 , 4 6, 1 12.

N etherlands 5 .

Va l the , Dren the. Bu t ler 1 973a , f i g. 6 .

L IST 1 83 .

War t-headed p ins.

England 1 .

T ha mes a t S ion Reach , Midd lesex. Celoria 1 974.

L IST 1 84 .

C onvex-headed p ins.

M AP 6 4.

England 1 .

I v inghoe Beacon , Bucks. C ot ton a nd Frere 1 966-70 , 2 08, f i g. 1, 1 4-15. Two e xa mp les w ith sma ll c onvex h eads.

2 .

Fenny Ben t ley h oard , Derbys. Sm ith 1 920 , f i g. 2 1. Broad g lobu lar h ead.

3 .

Tan H il l , A l l Cann ings, Wil ts. Moore a nd Row lands 19 72, 6 5, p l . XVI , 7 9 . Sma l l c onvex h ead.

N orth-eastern France 4 .

F or t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 1 92 7 , 4 2, p l . V I I I , 8 , 2 3. Two e xa mp les, d ecora ted h eads.

5 .

S a in t-Pierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171).

6 .

Am iens a rea h oard , S o m me ( 176). Two e xa mp les w i th g lobu lar h eads, o ne w ith swol len s haf t.

Be lg iu m 7 .

Hersta l , L iege. A lenus-Lecerf 1 97 4, 2 9 , 4 2, f i g. 1 3. F la t c onvex-prof i le h ead.

8 .

I solated f i nd.

L ens-Sa int-Serva is. L iege. Desi t tere 19 68, 1 45, f i g. 1 03, 4 . Sma ll c onvex h ead , d ecora ted s haf t.

9 .

P i t 5 .

S a in t-Vincen t , L uxe mbourg. Mar i n 1 964, 5 5-57 , 1 52, f i g. 3 5; Grooved h ead.

Barrow 2 9.

5 61

Kubach 1 977 , 5 00 n . 8 1.

1 0.

Dave , N a mur. Musee Archeologique , Na mur. Broad o va l h ead , g rooved s haf t.

1 1.

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). A lenus-Lecerf 1 974, 4 2 n . 6 .

1 2.

Roch d zE mphare, Marche-les-Da mes, Na mur. Knapen-Lescren ier 1 970, 1 68.

1 3.

S insin , Na mur. Raepsaet-Charl ier 1 971, 6 2-63, f i g. 7 , 3 , 6 7-69 , f i g. 7 . 5 . Two e xa mp les, o ne w ith p la in s pher ical h ead a nd d ecorated s haf t , t he o ther w i th d ecora ted h ead.

N etherlands 1 4.

Zu id laren , Dren the. Van G iffen 1 930 , Taf . 1 9. S econdary b ur ial i n b arrow I .

1 5.

Tegelen , L i mburg. B loe mers 1 975, 2 8-29 , a fb. 1 7 , 2 . L arge h ead w ith o rna men t o n t he l ower p ar t.

Possible a ssoc iated w i th

af rag men t o f ad ecorated s haf t. L IST 1 85 .

B icon ica l-headed p ins.

M AP 6 5.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

E squer mes, L i l le, N ord. Mohen 1 972, 4 61, f i g. 1 0 , 1 .

2 . 3 .

Haulch in h oard , N ord ( 1 66). S a in t-Pierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171). F our e xa mp les.

Belg iu m 4 .

B iez , Braban t. De L o V1 931a , 1 37 , f i g. 5 7 , 1 2. Bur ial 1 4.

5 .

B iez , Braban t. I bid ., 1 36, f i g. 5 7 , 1 1. Bur ia l 1 7.

6 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. De L o V1 931b, f i g. 8 , l ef t.

7 .

S cheld t b etween Wichelen a nd S chel lebel le , E . F landers. Des it tere a nd Weissenborn 1 977 , 4 9 n o. 9 0 , f i g. 4 9 .

8 .

Hersta l , L iege. A lenus-Lecerf 1 974, 2 0 , 4 2, f i g. 8 , 9 :4b. Bur ial 9 .

5 62

9 .

Vaux-et-Borse t , L iege. I b id., 4 2 n . 5 ;

1 0.

Desit tere 1 968 , 7 7.

Achelse D i jk , N eerpel t , L i mburg. Roosens, Beex a nd v an Impe 19 75, 2 0, f i g. 8 , 2O c. Bur ia l 2 0.

1 1.

N eerpel t-De Roosen , L i mburg. L an t ing 1 976, 5 5-57 , Abb. 2 , B .

1 2.

N eerpel t-Achel , L i mburg. Roosens, Beex a nd v an Impe 19 75, 2 2 n . 2 7 ;

Des it tere 19 68 , 1 36.

Two e xa mp les , f ro m o ld e xcava t ions. N etherlands 1 3.

Best , N . Braban t. Desi ttere 19 68, 1 20 , f i g. 4 4, 2 . Bur ia l 4 2.

1 4.

Best , N . Braban t. I bid., 1 20 , f i g. 4 4, 3 . Bur ia l 5 3.

1 5.

Goirle , N . Braban t. Verwers 1 966a , 4 5, 4 7 , f i g. 8 , 6 2.

1 6.

The He ibloe m , b etween Veldhoven a nd S teensel , N . Braban t . Modder man a nd L ouwe Kooi j mans 1 966, 2 1, 2 5, f i g. 1 2. Bur ia l 5 1.

1 7.

R iethoven , N . Braban t. Desit tere 19 68 , 1 26, f i g. 5 6, 3 Bur ial 6 .

1 8.

R iethoven , N . Braban t. I bid., 1 26, f i g. 5 8, 3 . Buria l 1 9 .

L IST 1 86.

Hol low g lobu lar-headed p ins.

M AP 6 5.

N orth-eastern France 1 . 2 .

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 177 ). N or th-eastern France. S andars 1 95 7, 2 80 p l . X I , 6 ;

Audouze a nd Courtois 1 970 , 3 3.

Belg iu m 3 .

Ba t tel , An twerp . Museu m V leeshu is, An twerp 20 75 1 /2-2/2. Two e xa mp les.

4 .

Han , Na mur ( 194). Kubach 1 977 , 5 06 n . 4 1.

5 63

N etherlands 5 .

De Del len h oard , Gelderland ( 206). Two e xa mp les.

6 .

Waal a t N i j megen , Gelderland. K ubach 1 977 , 5 06 n . 3 5.

L IST 1 87.

D isc-headed p ins w i th i nset.

M AP 6 5.

Brita in 1 .

Ty Mawr h oard , Anglesey. L ynch 1 970 , f i g. 6 9 , 8 .

2 . 3 .

I sleha m h oard , Ca mbs. ( 127 ). L u lworth h oard , Dorset. Drew 1 935, 4 50 , p l . LXD ( , 5 .

4 .

S ion Reach , Midd lesex. Musson 1 974, 3 07.

5 .

Wandswor th , S urrey . I b id .

I reland 6 .

L ough Gur , Co. L i merick . 0 R iorda in 1 954, 3 60-361, 4 11, f i gs. 2 8 , 2 ; Two e xa mp les.

N orth-eastern France 7 .

F or t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 1 927 , p l . V I II , 1 0 , 2 0-22. Four e xa mp les a ppear t o h ave i nset h eads.

L IST 1 88 .

Knobbed d isc-headed p ins.

Be lg iu m 1 .

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne, Brabant . Mar ien 1 958 , 5 8, 1 58, f i g. 8 , 1 37 , 1 40. Two e xa mp les.

2 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. De L o e1 931b, f i g. 8 , s econd l ef t.

3 .

S insin , N a mur. Raepsaet-Char l ier 1 971, 5 3-59 , f i g. 7 , 1 . Decora ted h ead.

L IST 1 89.

P ins w ith r ibbed h eads.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Fort-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Phil ippe 1 927 , p l . V I II , 4 .

4 3, 5 .

2 .

Abbev il le a rea , S o m me. Breu il 19 07 , f i g. 1 , 1;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 19 74, 10 5, Abbev il le

e nv irons 1 3. Be lg iu m 3 .

B iez , Braban t. I nv. Arch. B8, 4 ;

Mar ion 1 958, 1 91-192;

Desit tere 1 968, 1 43,

f i g. 9 8, 5 . Bur ia l 2 1. 4 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde, E . F landers. De L o O19 31b, f i g. 8 , r ight.

5 .

Te mse-Veld molenw i jk , E . F landers. De Laet , N enqu in a nd S p i taels 1 958 , 1 20 , f i g. 1 66. Two f rag men ts o fb one p ins.

N etherlands 6 .

Berge i jk- Wilre it , N . Braban t. Des it tere 1 968, 7 3, 1 18, f i g. 4 0 , 4 . Bur ia l 1 0.

L IST 1 90.

P ins w ith sma l l g lobu lar h eads a nd r ibs.

England 1 .

Minn is Bay , K en t. V v 'orsfold 1 943, 3 3, f i g. 5 . F ound " in t he i m med iate n eighbourhood" o f t he h oard ( 156 ).

N or th-eastern France 2 .

For t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 1 927 , p l . V II I , 5 -6, 1 8. Three e xa mp les.

3 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre, O ise ( 171 ). B lanchet 1 976a , f i g. 3 6, 1 0. Decora ted s haf t.

L IST 1 91.

Ho mburg b racelets.

M AP 6 6.

England 1 . 2 .

Minn is Bay h oard , Ken t ( 156). Furness, L ancs. Davey a nd Forster 1 975, n o. 1 51.

N or th-eastern France 3 .

Dev il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ). Two e xa mp les, o ne c o mp lete , o ne f rag men t.

4 .

Pan t in h oard , S eine-Sa in t-Den is ( 175 ). Three e xa mp les.

5 65

5 .

Dreu i l h oard , S o m me ( 17 7 ).

6 .

Choisyle-Ro i h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 181 ).

L IST 1 92 .

Ba l ingen b racele ts.

MAP 6 6.

England 1 .

Minn is .Bay h oard , K en t ( 1 56 ).

N orth-eastern France 2 .

D ev i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ). Two e xa mp les.

3 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ).

L IST 1 93 .

B racele ts w ith t ransverse r ibbed o rna men t .

MAP 6 6.

N or th-eastern F rance 1 .

J uv incour t h oard , A isne ( 1 63 ). S ol id s ec t ion , e xpanded t er m ina ls.

2 .

C o mbon h oard , Eure ( 1 64 ). Two e xa mp les, o ne w i th p la in t er m ina ls , o ne w ith e xpanded t er m ina ls.

3 .

Dev il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 173 ). S ol id s ec t ion , worn , b en t o u t.

4 .

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine- Mar i t i me ( 17 4 ). Two e xamp les w i th e ver ted t er m ina ls , o ne h ol low , o ne s ol id .

5 .

Dreu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ). Hol low , e xpanded t er m ina l , o bl ique r ibs.

6 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ). Hol low , e xpanded t er m ina ls.

7 .

Mar lers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ). Ever ted t erm ina ls.

8 .

Bonnev il le h oard , Yvel ines ( 183 ). O bl ique r ibs.

L IST 1 94.

Bracelets w i th t ransverse l i ne o rna men t.

MAP 6 6.

England 1 .

Minn is Bay h oard , Ken t ( 1 56 ). Two e xa mp les , o ne o va l s ec t ion w i th o bl ique l i nes a nd p oin t i l le a nd e verted t er m ina l , o ne s ol id w ith t ransverse l i nes a nd e verted t er m inal .

N orth-eastern F rance 2 .

C o mbon h oard , Eure ( 1 64 ). P la in t erm ina ls.

3 .

S a in t-Pierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171). Obl ique o rna men t a nd s l igh t ly e xpanded t er m ina ls.

5 66

4 .

D ev il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 173 ). S ol id , e xpanded t er m ina l .

5 .

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 174 ). F our e xa mp les , t wo h ol low s ect ion w ith e ver ted t er m ina ls , o ne s ol id s ec t ion w i th e ver ted t er m ina l , o ne s ol id s ec t ion w i th p la in t er m ina ls.

6 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ). Ever ted t er m ina ls.

7 .

Marlers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ). Obl ique o rnamen t , e verted t er m ina l .

8 .

Bonnev il le h oard , Yvel ines ( 183 ). Two f rag men ts , o ne s ol id w ith e verted t er m inal , o ne s ol id w ith p la in t er m ina l .

L IST 1 95 . Wa l lerfangen b racelets.

MAP 6 7.

E ngland 1 .

S tour mou th h oard , K en t ( 1 57 ).

N or th-eastern F rance 2 .

Dreu i l h oard , S o mme ( 177 ).

3 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ). Two e xa mp les , n arrow .

4 .

Cho isy-le-Ro i h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 181).

L IST 1 96.

D ecora ted b racelets w ith C -shaped s ec t ion .

MAP 6 7.

I reland 1 .

N ear Cast le Dawson , C o. L ondonderry. Bre mer 1 926.

N orth-eastern F rance 2 .

Dev i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 173 ).

L IST 1 97. Mass ive d ecora ted b racelets w i th C -shaped s ec t ion a nd e ver ted t er m ina ls.

MAP 6 7.

England 1 .

S hoebury/Grea t Waker ing h oard , E ssex . I nv.Arch. GB38 , 1 .

2 .

Probably Tha mes n ear Bren tford , Midd lesex . Sm i th 1 917 .48 , 1 7 , f i g. 1 6.

L IST 1 98 .

Odoorn b racelets.

MAP 6 7.

N ether lands 1 .

H i jken h oard , Dren the ( 203 ). Two e xa mp les. 5 67

2 .

Odoorn , D ren the. Bu t ler a nd v an d er Waa ls 1 960 , 9 3 , f i g. 4 3.

3 .

Onstwedder Hol te h oard , Gron ingen ( 207 ). F our e xa mp les , p robably t wo p a irs.

L IST 1 99.

L yzel b racelets.

MAP 6 8.

England 1 .

Minn is Bay h oard , Ken t ( 156 ). Two f rag men ts ,o ne d ecora ted.

N or th-eastern France 2 .

J uv incour t h oard , A isne ( 1 63 ). D ecora ted.

3 .

L yzel h oard , Pas-de-Ca la is ( 172 ). S ix e xa mp les , f our d ecora ted.

4 .

Dreu i l h oard , S o mme ( 177 ). D ecora ted.

5 .

S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ).

Be lg iu m 6 .

B iez , Braban t . A lenus-Lecerf 1 974, 4 2, n . 2 .

7 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. Mar ien

1 950 , 6 4-65, f i g. 5 .

R ib b y t er m ina ls, u ndecora ted. 8 .

Te mse-Veldmolenw i jk ,

E . F landers.

D e L ae t , N enqu in a nd S p i taels 1 958 , 18 n o. 8 4, f i g. 1 62, p l . I V , 2 . 9 .

Hersta l , L iege. A lenus-Lecerf 1 974, 1 8 , 4 1-42, f i g. 8 . 6 : f . Bur ia l 6 .

1 0.

Hersta l , L iege. I b id ., 1 9 , 4 1-42, f i g. 8 , 9 :a . Bur ia l 9 .

1 1.

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). Mar ien a nd Vanhaeke 1 965, p l . 7 . Undecora ted.

L IST 2 00 .

C -sec t ion b racelets w ith l arge e verted t er m ina ls.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

L yzel h oard , Pas-de-Ca la is ( 172 ). Undecora ted .

2 .

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine- Mar i t i me ( 174 ). R ibs b y t er m ina l .

5 68

MAP 6 8.

3 .

D reu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ). Two e xa mp les , o ne w i th p er iphera l r ibs a nd r ibs b y t er m ina l , o ne w ith i nc ised o rna men t.

4 .

Bonnev il le h oard , Yvel ines ( 183 ). Undecora ted.

L IST 2 01.

Hol low-sec t ion b racelets w i th l arge e ver ted t er m ina ls.

MAP 6 8.

N orth-eastern F rance 1 .

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 174 ). S ing le r ib b y t er m ina l .

2 .

P la inseau h oard , S o mme ( 178 ). F rag men ts o f t wo e xa mp les w ith s ingle r ib b y t er m ina ls.

Be lg iu m 3 .

Por t-Ar thur h oard , E . F landers ( 187 ). Two e xa mp les, d ouble r ib b y t er m ina ls.

4 .

Z andbergen h oard , E . F landers ( 188 ). P la in , t h in b ody.

5 .

S p iennes h oard , Ha inau t ( 189 ). P la in .

6 .

J e meppe h oard , N a mur ( 195 ). Two e xa mp les w ith t er m ina ls c ast t ogether , g roups o f r ibs o n b ody .

L IST 2 02 .

Hol low-sec t ion b racelets w i th p la in t er m ina ls.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 ). Two e xa mp les.

Be lg iu m 2 .

S p iennes h oard , Ha inau t ( 189 ).

L IST 2 03 .

Bracelets w i th d isc t er m ina ls.

E ngland 1 .

S tour mou th h oard , Ken t ( 1 57 ).

N orth-eastern France 2 .

Grav i l le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 174 ).

3 .

D reu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

4 .

Marlers h oard , S o m me ( 180 ).

5 69

MAP 6 9.

L IST 2 04.

Bracelets w ith r ol led t er m inals.

M AP 6 9.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

J uv incourt h oard , A isne ( 163).

2 .

Gravil le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 174 ).

3 .

Bonnev il le h oard , Yvel ines ( 183).

L IST 2 05.

Bracelets w ith r ing t er m inals.

MAP 6 9 .

Th ia is t ype. England 1 .

Grays Thurrock h oard , E ssex ( 148 ).

N orth-eastern France 2 .

J uv incourt h oard , A isne ( 1 63 ).

3 .

Grav il le h oard , S e ine-Mar i t i me ( 174 ).

4 .

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

5 .

S a in t-Roch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ).

6 .

Thia is h oard , Va l-de-Marne ( 183). S ix e xa mp les.

7 .

Bonnev il le h oard , Yvel ines ( 183 ). One c o mplete e xa mp le, a nd t wo t er m inals.

L IST 2 06.

Bracelets w ith r ing t er m inals.

Decora ted. England 1 .

Reach Fen h oard , Ca mbs. I nv. Arch. GB17 , 2 1.

N or th-eastern France 2 .

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 17 7 ).

L IST 2 07.

Recurved b racelets.

Br ita in 1 .

L langwy l log h oard , Anglesey . L ynch 19 70 , 20 8, f i g. 6 3, 8 .

2 .

Hea thery Burn Cave , Co. Durha m. I nv. Arch. GB55, 6 .

N orth-eastern France 3 .

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

M AP 6 9 .

L IST 2 08 .

Miscel laneous b racele ts.

England 1 .

D orset . S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wil tsh ire Museu m , S a l isbury , P i t t R ivers C ol lec t ion 2 J 3 9 . F ig. 7 1, 6 . D-sec t ion , e xpanded o va l t er m ina ls , g rooved a nd p o in t ing o rna men t .

2 .

Dorchester , Oxon . Ash 19 54.755 . F ig. 7 1, 7 . Expanded t er m ina ls b acked b y t ransverse i nc ised l ines;

o ther o rna men t

may b e w orn a way . 3 .

S tre tton-onthe-Fosse , Warw icks. Tho mas 1 974, 3 5 , 4 0 , p l . I . A p a ir o f p enannu lar b racele ts w i th t wo s paced r ibs d ef ined b y g rooves o n t he t er m ina ls.

On t he wr ists o f as kele ton i n ac e me tery o f a bou t

t wen ty i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls. N orth-eastern France 4 .

Tourv il le-la-R iv iäre , S e ine-Mar i t i me. Musee Mun ic ipa l , E vreux 3 644, 3 646. C ou t il 1 921, p l . V I . F ig. 7 1, 4 -5. Two b racele ts , a nnu lar w i th o verlapp ing t er m inals , h ol low C -sec t ion , o rna men t o f i nc ised l i nes, c rosses , c hevrons a nd t r iangles.

L IST 2 09.

L yzel p endan ts.

MAP 7 0.

N or th-eastern F rance 1 .

L yzel h oard , Pas-de-Cala is ( 17 2 ). E igh t e xa mp les, f i ve f ro m o ne s e t a nd t hree f ro m a nother.

2 .

Grav il le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 17 4 ).

3 .

Dreu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

Be lg iu m 4 .

Por t-Ar thur h oard , E . F landers ( 187 ). Two e xa mp les.

5 . 6 .

S p iennes h oard , Ha inau t ( 18 9 ). Han , N a mur ( 19 4 ). Mar in a nd Vanhaeke 1 965, p l . V I. T hree e xa mp les w i th p er iphera l r ings.

5 71

L IST 2 10 .

Urn f ield p endan ts.

MAP 7 0.

England 1 .

Tha mes a t O ld E ngland , Bren tford , M idd lesex . Wheeler 19 29 , p l . I , f i g. 2 , 6 ;

P iggot t 1 946, f i g. 9 ;

O 'Connor

f or thco m ing b . Annular . N or th-eastern France 2 .

C o mbon h oard , Eure ( 1 64). Penannu lar.

3 .

For t-Harrouard , Eure-e t-Lo ir. S andars 19 57 , 2 75, f i g. 7 9 , 1 6;

Audouze 19 76, 1 64 n o. 3 13, f i g. 2 6.

P ossibly t r iangu lar o r ig ina l ly . 4 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 17 1). B lanche t 19 76a , f i g. 3 6, 8 . P enannu lar.

5 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 17 1 ). I b id ., f i g. 3 6, 9 ;

Audouze 19 76, 1 60 n o. 3 37 , f i g. 2 5.

Two e xamp les , t r iangu lar. 6 .

S eine a t L a C i te , Par is. Audouze 19 76, 1 52 n o. 2 49 , f i g. 2 3. Dagger-shaped .

7 .

S a in t-Den is , S e ine-Sa in t-Den is. G e l tze 19 13, 1 66-168 , Abb. 1 4-15. S et o f t wo wheel-shaped p endan ts a nd t hree t r iangu lar o penwork p endan ts c onnec ted b y sma l ler r ings.

8 .

S e ine a tV il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Va l-de-Marne. Audouze 19 76, 1 42 n o. 3 34, f i g. 1 9 . D agger-shaped p endan t a nd f our r ings c onnec ted b y s hee t s tr ips.

Belg ium 9 .

Han , N a mur. Mar in a nd Vanhaeke 19 65, p l . 6 . P enannu lar.

N ether lands 1O .

Ha lsteren , N . Braban t. K ossack 19 54b , 9 7 . P enannu lar.

L IST 2 11.

P enannu lar g ilded r ings.

MAP 7 1.

Eng land 1 .

C o mbe , Oxon . Ash 19 69 .7 29 .

5 72

2 .

B ishopstone , Wil ts. Megaw 1 975, 2 3, f i gs. 1 -2.

3 .

B ishopstone o r Broadcha lke , Wil ts. Moore a nd Rowlands 1 972, 6 5, p l . XVI , 8 1.

Be lg iu m 4 .

Borsbeek , An twerp . Van Impe 1 972, 1 5, 2 3, a lb. 1 0. 2 . Bur ia l 1 0,

5 .

Herstal , L iege. A lenus-Lecerf 1 974, 1 9 , 2 9 , 4 1, f i gs. 8 , 9 :3;

1 3, 1 2.

Two e xa mp les, o ne f ro m b ur ial 9 , t he o ther a n i solated f ind. 6 .

?N eerharen , L i mburg. MRAH Brussels.

7 .

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). Mar ion a nd Vanhaeke 1 965, p l . 7 ;

M.-E. Mar iOn.

S everal e xa mp les. 8 .

Marche-les-Da mes, N a mur. Mus e Archeolog ique , Na mur. Fro m a c re ma t ion b urial .

N etherlands 9 .

Knegsel , Vesse m , Braban t. Braa t 1 936, 4 5, a lb. 3 1, c . Two e xa mp les, o ne f ro m b urial 3 4, o ne l ost .

L IST 2 12.

Penannu lar g old r ings.

M AP 7 1.

England 1 .

Abbey Mil ton ( Mil ton Abbas ), Dorset . Way 1 849 , 5 6, f i g. 4 .

2 .

Dorchester, Dorset. Smith 1 920. 5 3.

3 .

P idd letown ( Pudd letown ) Hea th , Dorse t. Way 1 849 , 5 6.

4 .

Ma ldon , E ssex. Smith 1 920 , 5 3.

5 .

K ings L ynn , N orfolk . Ash 1 927.2962.

6 .

Br idgewa ter , S o merset. Sm ith 1 920 , 5 3.

7 .

Brack lesha m , S ussex. Arch. J ., 8 , 1 851, 1 12, f i g. 1 .

5 73

8 .

Rust ington , S ussex. Curwen 1 954, 2 09.

9 .

R . Cuck mere , S ussex . I b id.

1 0.

Mancet ter , Warw icks. Smi th 1 920 , 5 3.

1 1.

T enbury , Worcs. Ash 1 927.2961.

L IST 2 13.

Beads.

MAP 7 2.

B icon ica l . England 1 .

Minn is Bay h oard , K en t ( 1 56 ).

N orth-eastern F rance 2 .

L yzel h oard , P as-de-Cala is ( 172 ). Twen ty e xa mples, s ix teen l arge , f our sma l l .

3 .

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

Belg iu m 4 .

Port-Arthur h oard , E . F landers ( 187 ).

Convex. N orth-eastern F rance 5 .

Grav il le h oard , S e ine-Mar it i me ( 174 ).

6 .

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

7 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 178 )• E igh t h ol low r ibbed e xamp les, o ne c onvex e xa mp le.

Be lg iu m 8 .

Por t-Arthur h oard , E . F landers ( 187 ).

9 .

J e meppe h oard , Na mur ( 195 ). Two e xa mp les.

N etherlands. 1 0.

Drouwen h oard , Dren the ( 201). S everal e xamp les.

S p iral . N orth-eastern France 1 1.

For t-Harrouard , Eure-et . -Loir. Ph il ippe 1 936, f i g. 5 4, 1 2-17. S ix e xa mp les.

1 2.

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

1 3.

S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ).

Belgiu m 1 4.

B iez , Braban t . De L oV 1 931a , 1 35, f i g. 5 7 , 2 , 8 -9. Three e xa mp les.

1 5.

Court-Sa in t-Et ienne , Brabant. Mar i n 19 58 , 1 51;152 n o. 1 39 ac , f i g. 2 6. F la t b ur ia l I .

1 6.

Three e xa mp les.

Achel-Pastoorsbos , L i mburg. Beex a nd Roosens 19 67 , 1 5-16, 2 5, a fb. 1, 3 . Bur ia l 5 0 .

1 7.

J e meppe h oard , N a mur ( 19 5). Three e xa mp les.

N etherlands 1 8.

Drouwen h oard , Dren the ( 201). S everal e xa mp les.

Tubu lar. N or th-eastern France 1 9 .

L yzel h oard , Pas-de-Cala is ( 172 ). Four e xa mp les, t wo s eg men ted .

2 0.

Dev il le h oard , S e ine- Mar i t i me ( 173 ).

Be lg iu m 2 1.

J e meppe h oard , N a mur ( 19 5). S ege men ted.

L IST 2 14.

Bel t o rna men ts.

Rec tangu lar. England 1 .

Minn is Bay h oard , Ken t ( 156).

N orth-eastern France C ) ‘ '•

3 .

S a int-P ierre-en-Chas tre , O ise ( 17 1 ), Dreu i l h oard , S o m me ( 177 ). Audouze 1 974, 2 69 n o. 1 1.

C ircu lar. England 4 .

Minn is Bay h oard , Ken t ( 156). One e xa mp le o f s ub-type 3 a nd s ix o f s ubtype 4 .

N or th-eastern F rance 5 .

F or t-Harrouard , E ure-et-Ip ir. Audouze 1 974, 2 73 n o. 1 42, f i g. 1 0 , 3 8;

S andars 1 95 7 , 2 75, 3 79 ,

f i g. 7 9 , 9 . A typ ica l . An e xa mp le o f s ubtype 4 i s i l lustra ted b y P h il ippe ( 192 7 , 4 3, p l . I X , 9 ) . 6 .

S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ). Audouze 1 974, 2 71 n o. 1 25. F our e xamp les o f s ubtype 3 .

L IST 2 15 .

S p ira ls.

S cot land 1 .

Car icda le , K in tyre , Argy l l . J ockenh t ivel a nd SmolL a 1 975, 3 07 n . 1 13.

N orth-eastern France 2 .

J uv incour t h oard , A isne ( 17 8 ).

3 .

E squermes , L il le , N ord. Mohen 1 972, 4 61, f i g. 1 0 , 2 .

4 .

Hau lch in h oard , N ord ( 1 66 ).

5 .

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre , O ise ( 171 ).

6 .

P la inseau h oard , S o m me ( 17 8 ).

7 .

S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ).

Belg iu m 8 .

Por t-Arthur h oard , E . F landers ( 187 ). One s ingle s p ira l , o ne d ouble s p ira l w i th s hee t a t tach men t.

9 .

Hersta l , L iege. A lenus-Lecerf 1 974, 1 8 , 2 0 , 4 1, f i g. 8 , 9 :4c. Two e xa mp les, f ro m b ur ia ls 6 a nd 9 .

1O .

D e Roosen , N eerpe l t , L i mburg. Roosens a nd Beex 1 961, 1 4, a lb. 3 , 4 . Bur ia l 5 6.

N etherlands 1 1.

Berg-en-Terbl i jt h oard , L i mburg ( 209 ). F ive e xamp les a nd o ne f rag men t .

L IST 2 16.

Tw isted n eck-r ings.

England 1 .

L u lworth h oard , D orset. Drew 1 935, 4 50 , p l . LXIX , 3 .

5 76

N or th-eastern F rance 2 .

Haulch in h oard , N ord ( 166).

3 .

Devil le h oard , S e ine- Mar i t i me ( 17 3 ).

4 .

N ord d e l a France. Fel ix a nd Deudon 19 73, 27 5-2 7 6.

L IST 2 17.

L ozenge-shaped moun ts.

MAP 7 3.

E ngland 1 .

Reach Fen h oard , Ca mbs. I nv. A rch. GB1 7 , 3 0.

2 .

Wa t ford h oard , Her ts. ( 153 ).

N orth-eastern F rance 3 .

Mar lers h oard , S o m me ( 18 0 ). Two e xa mp les.

L IST 2 18 .

T oothed p la tes.

M AP 7 3.

England 1 .

Grays Thurrock h oard , E ssex ( 148 ).

2 .

Wa tford h oard , Her ts. ( 153).

3 .

Grea t S t. Tho mas Apost le h oard , C ity o f L ondon . Monck ton 19 33, f i g. c .

Nor th-eas tern France 4 .

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 17 7 ). Two e xa mp les.

L IST 2 19.

P la in s l ides.

M AP 7 3.

England 1 .

Grays T hurrock h oard , E ssex ( 14 8 ) .

2 .

Fel twel l Fen h oard , N orfolk . I nv. Arch . GB35, 1 4.

3 .

Add ing ton h oard , S urrey. I nv. Arch. GB54, 1 6.

N orth-eastern France 4 . 5 .

Grav il le h oard , S eine- Mar it i me ( 17 3 ). Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 17 7 ). Two e xa mp les.

6 .

? Sa in tRoch h oard , S 6 m me ( 17 9 ).

L IST 2 20.

Brooches.

E ngland 1 .

Minc ing L ane, C ity o f L ondon . R idgeway a nd Sm i th 19 05-07 , 1 09-110 , f i g. 1 7. E lbow , d isc f oot .

N or th-eastern F rance 2 .

F orest o f C o mp iegne , O ise. L a mbot 1 975, 17 n o. 1 , f i g. 1 . T h in c urved b ow.

3 .

Am iens , S o m me. Duva l , E luere a nd Mohen 19 74, 3 3, 5 7 , f i g. 1 9 , 4 . E lbow , e longa ted c a tch-p la te.

4 .

Am iens , S o mme. I b id ., 3 3, 5 7 , f i g. 1 9 , 5 . E lbow , e longa ted c a tch-p la te.

5 .

S en l is Museum. I b id., 5 5; B lanchet a nd L a mbot 19 75, 6 5 n o. 7 5. E lbow , s p ira l d isc c a tch-p la te

N e ther lands 6 .

N i j megen , G elderland . Van Buche m

1 941, 6 8 n o. 2 , p l . I , 2 .

E lbow , d isc c a tch-p la te. L IST 2 21.

D ouble-edged r azors w i th mu l t ip le-r ing h and les.

MAP 7 4.

Eng land 1 .

Wa t ford h oard , Her ts. ( 1 53 ). A t l east t wo e xamp les.

2 .

Minn is Bay h oard , K en t ( 156).

3 .

Tha mes a t O ld England , Bren tford , Midd lesex . Museu m o f L ondon A .10756. Wheeler 19 29 , p l . I , f i g. 2 , 9 ;

p robably t he s a me a s P iggot t 1 9 46 ,

1 40 n o. 9 0 , f i g . 8 . F ig . 7 1, 8 . 4 .

Runny mede Br idge , E gha m , S urrey . L ongley 19 76, f i g. 2 , b . B lade f rag men t w ith d eep k ey-hole n otch , p robably f ro m a r azor o f t h is t ype.

N orth-eastern France 5 .

C orbe i l , E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen.

6 .

E ssonne. J .-P. Mohen . 5 78

7 .

G irau mon t h oard , O ise ( 170 ).

8 .

Grav il le h oard , S eine-Mar i t i me ( 174 ).

9 .

Dreu il h oard , S o m me ( 177 ).

1 0.

?S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ).

1 1.

S eine a bove V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges, Val-de-Marne. De Mor t il let 1 903, p l .C, 1 346.

Belg iu m 1 2.

B iez, Braban t. I nv. Arch. B8, 2 . Bur ia l 2 1.

1 3.

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , Brabant. Mar i n 1 958, 9 3-94, f i g. 8 , 1 36.

1 4.

Han , N a mur ( 194 ). MariVn a nd Vanhaeke 1 965, p l . 6 .

1 5.

S insin , N a mur. Raepsaet-Char l ier 1 971, 2 0-27 , f i g. 2 , p l . I .

1 6.

Belg iu m. M AN.

L IST 2 22.

Du tch b if id r azors.

M AP 7 4.

N etherlands 1 .

Deurne , N . Braban t. Undse t 1 882, 2 88-289 , Ta f. XXVI I , 3 . This r azor was i l lustra ted b y L indenschn i t t w i th t he p rovenance o f N i j megen ( 1870 , Hef t V I I I , Ta f. 2 , 2 0 ); t he t wo p rovenances a s s epara te f inds.

2 .

Goirle , N . Brabant. Verwers 1 966a , 4 5, 4 7 , f i g. 7 , 5 5.

3 .

Weer t , L i mburg. C o mha ire 1 894-95, p l . I V, 5 6.

L IST 2 23 .

Double-edged t anged r azors.

N orth-eastern France 1 .

Gravil le h oard , S eine-Mari t i me ( 174 ). Two e xa mp les.

Belg iu m 2 .

Han , N a mur ( 194). Mar ion a nd Vanhaeke 1 965, p l . 6 .

5 79

Tackenberg ( 197 1, 1 35 ) t rea ts

L IST 2 24.

S ingle-edged r azors w ith r ing h and les.

MAP 7 4.

England 1 .

T ha mes a t O ld England , Bren tford , Midd lesex. Museu m o f L ondon A .106 7 5. Wheeler 19 29 , p l . I , f i g. 2 , 7 ;

J ockenhdvel 19 71, 2 20 n . 3 .

F ig. 7 1, 9 . N otched b ack . 2 .

Tha mes a t O ld England , Bren tford , Midd lesex. I bid., p l . I , f i g. 2 , 3 . C oncave b ack .

Be lg iu m 3 .

Han , N a mur ( 19 4). N otched b ack .

N ether lands 4 .

L ingen . RMO L . N otched b ack .

L IST 2 25.

N ord ic r azors.

MAP 7 4.

Eng land 1 .

S tap le Howe , Yorks. Brewster 19 63, 1 11, f i g. 6 1, 2 , p l. 4 1. T he b lade s hows e x tensive marks o f s harpen ing ; was l i t tle u sed a s s uggested b y Brewster.

i ti s u n l ikely t ha t i t

L oop h andle.

N etherlands 2 .

Drouwen , Dren the. Bu tler 19 69 , a lb. 3 5, f oto 3 0. S -shaped h andle a nd u p turned b lade.

3 .

Drouwen , Dren the. Van G i ffen 1 943, 9 7-98, a lb. 4 , 5 7a ;

S prockhof f 19 56, I , 5 3 n o. 6 0.

Tanged. 4 .

Harender molen , Gron ingen . Van G if fen 19 30 , 4 0-43, Taf . 3 4, 4 a; f i g. 4 8b, 9 ;

S econdary b ur ia l 4i n b arrow I . 5 .

S -shaped h andle , s tra ight b ack .

Harendern iolen , Gron ingen. Van G iffen 1 930 , 4 0-43, Taf.34, l a ; f i g. 4 8b, 9 ;

G lasbergen 19 54b, 2 5-26,

Tackenberg 19 6 1 -63, 1 2, L iste 6 a , I .

S econdary b ur ia l 1i n b arrow I . 6 .

G lasbergen 19 54b, 2 5-26,

Tackenberg 1 961-63, 1 1, L iste l a , 1 .

S -shaped h and le a nd u p turned b lade.

Wedderveen , Wedde , G ron ingen . Tackenberg 1 961-63, 1 3, L iste 1a , 1 . L oop h and le.

5 80

7 .

S it tard , L i mburg. Roes 1 952;

Tackenberg 19 71, L iste 6 9 , 1 6.

Recurved h andle , d ecora ted b lade;

b ronze , n ot i ron a s s uggested b y

Roes. L IST 2 26. Tweezers. Br i ta in 1 .

L langwy l log h oard , Anglesey. L ynch 19 70, f i g. 6 8, 2 .

2 .

I v inghoe Beacon , Bucks. Cot ton a nd Frere 19 66-70 , f i g. 1 1, 1 6, 1 9. One p a ir a nd p robable f rag men ts o f a nother.

3 .

Muck ing , E ssex. J ones a nd J ones 1 975, 1 41.

4 .

Merl in 's Cave , S y mond vs Ya t , Herefords. Phil l ips 19 31, 2 2, p l . I Vb, 5 .

5 .

Tha mes a t O ld E ngland , Bren tford , Middlesex. Wheeler 1 929 , p l . I , f i g.2, 5 .

6 .

Fel twel l Fen h oard , N orfolk . I nv. Arch. GB35, 1 2.

7 .

Runny mede Br idge , E gha m , S urrey. L ongley 19 76, 1 3, f i g. 2 , c .

8 .

A l l Cann ings Cross, Wil ts. Cunn ington 19 23, 19 , p l . 1 8 , 1 1. Col lar.

9 .

Graf ton , Yorks. Water man , K en t a nd S tr ick land 19 52-55, 3 93, f i g. 6 , 5 .

1 0.

S tap le Howe , Yorks. Brewster 1 963, 13, f ig. 6 1, 4 .

I reland 1.

Bal lykeaghra h oard , C o. Ga lway . E ogan 1 964, 3 38 n o. 6 5, 2 .

1 2.

B ishopsland h oard , Co. K ildare. I b id., 2 77 , 3 40 n o. 4 0 , 1 7 , f i g. 5 , 1 7.

1 3.

Ra th t inaun h oard , Co. S l igo. I bid., 3 47 n o. 6 7 , 1 .

N orth-eastern France 1 4.

For t-Harrouard , Eure-et-Loir. Ph il ippe 19 27 , 4 2, f i g. ' 2 , p l. I X, 2 8-31;

19 36, f i g. 5 4, 1 9 , 2 1.

One p a ir b road a nd n otched , a t l east f our o ther p a irs.

5 8 1

1 5.

Ca mbronnel-s-Ribecour t , O ise. J anse 1 924;

Thrane 1 975, 2 26.

Decora ted , a pparen t ly f ound w ith a nother p a ir , n ow l ost. 1 6.

S a in t-P ierre-en-Chastre, O ise ( 171 ). Twelve c o mp lete e xa mp les, t hree w ith

1 7.

s uspension r ings, t wo f rag men ts.

L yzel h oard , Pas-de-Cala is ( 172 ).

Belg iu m 1 8.

B iez , Brabant. I nv. Arch. B8, 3 . Bur ia l 2 1.

1 9.

Mor i moine, Braban t. Mar i n 1 958 , 2 23, f i g. 4 3, 2 . Barrow 2 .

2 0.

I ron.

L o m mel-Ka t tenbosch , L i mburg. De Laet a nd Mar iVn 1 950 , 3 22, f i g,6, 2 0 ; Bur ial 2 0.

2 1.

I nv. Arch. B4, 5 .

I ron.

Han , Na mur ( 19 4). Mar i n a nd Vanhaeke 19 65, p l . 6 .

N etherlands 2 2.

Knegsel , Vesse m , Braban t. Braa t 1 936, 4 5. Bur ial 3 4.

2 3.

Drouwen , Dren the. Butler 1 969 , f oto 3 0. Tr iangular b lade.

2 4.

Gasteren , Drenthe. Van G if fen 1 945, a lb. 1 5A , c ; Burial 4 5.

2 5.

Tackenberg 1 971, L iste 7 8, 1 .

N arrow s haf t w i th t r iangular t er m inals.

Gasteren , Dren the. Van G if fen 1 945, 1 18, n o. 9 6, 1 21 n o. 1 21, a lb. 1 9D , 7 5;

Tackenberg

1 971, L iste 7 8, 2 . Bur ial 7 4. 2 6.

N arrow s haf t w i th t r iangu lar t er m inals.

Zu idlaren , Dren the. Van G if fen 1 930 , 3 2-33, Taf . 1 9 ; S econdary b ur ial i n b arrow I .

2 7 .

Tackenberg 1 971, L iste 8 5, 2 2.

Tr iangular b lade.

N ierssen , Epe, Gelder land. Holwerda 19 08 , 8 -9 , p l . I Ic , d ;

Tackenberg 1 971, L iste 8 8b, 1 .

N arrow s haf t , t r iangular t er m inals w ith c ollar. 2 8.

Haarle , Oot marsu m , Over i jssel . Tackenberg 19 71 , L iste 7 8 , 3 . N arrow s haf t , t r iangu lar t er m inals.

5 82

LBA 4 /EIA 1

L IST 2 27.

L inear-face ted a xes.

MAP 7 6.

England 1 .

Probably n ear C a mbr idge , Ca mbs. Evans 1 881, 1 27 , f i g. 1 45. Quadrup le r ibs , c en tral r ib e nd ing i n p el let. N ot mapped.

2 .

? Cambr idge a rea. CMAE.

Provenance a nd n u mber e rased.

F ig . 7 4, 1 . Double r ibs , c en tra l r ib b ifurca tes , t wo r ings , o ne c on ta in ing p el le t . 3 .

Meldreth h oard , Ca mbs. I nv. A rch. GB13 , 3 2. Double r ibs.

4 .

Reach , C a mbs. CMAE Z 1408. F ig. 7 4, 2 . Tr ip le r ibs, c en tra l r ib e nd ing i n r ing-and-do t.

5 .

Wicken F en h oard , Ca mbs. ( 2 13 ). Two e xa mp les , o ne w i th t r ip le r ibs , o ne w ith q uadrup le r ibs a nd b road c en tra l r ib.

6 .

B land ford h oard , D orset ( 2 14 ). A t l east a d ozen a xes.

7 .

T r ip le r ibs.

Melco mbe Horsey , D orset . Hodges 1 960 , 1 60 , p l . I IA , ' Mil ton '. S tone mou ld f or a xes o f t he f or m r epresen ted i n t he B landford h oard.

8 .

P or t land h oard , D orset ( 2 15 ). E leven e xa mp les , i nclud ing t hree w i th c en tra l r ib a nd p el let t er m ina ls o n o ther r ibs.

9 .

S ixpenn .y Hand ley h oard , Dorset ( 2 16). S even e xa mp les.

1 0 .

C laugh ton h oard , L ancs. ( 2 19 ). Double r ibs , s hort c en tra l r ib.

1.

Gran tha m , L incs. Davey 1 973, 7 2 n o. 1 54, f i g. 1 4. Double r ibs.

5 83

1 2.

T ha mes a t O ld England , Bren tford , Midd lesex. Wheeler 1 92 9 , p l . I , f i g. 1 , 2 .

1 3.

? Bressingha m , N orfolk . N orw ich 1 966, 2 1. N ot mapped.

1 4.

Hockwold-cu m- W il ton , N orfolk . Moyse 's Hal l Museu m , Bury S t . Ed munds , 1 98. F ig. 7 4, 3 . Quadrup le r ibs , c en tral r ib.

1 5.

Hockwold-cu m- Wil ton , N orfolk . N orw ich 1 966, 2 0.

1 6.

L i t tle Massingha m , N orfolk . Castle Museu m , N orw ich 1 43.951. F ig. 7 4, 4 . Quadrup le r ibs.

1 7.

N orw ich , N orfolk . BM.

1 8.

Paston h oard , N orfolk ( 220 ). Double r ibs.

1 9 .

Wa t ton h oard , N orfolk ( 2 21 ). S even e xa mp les, t hree w ith q uadrup le r ibs , t hree w i th t r ip le r ibs.

2 0.

N orfolk . N orw ich 19 66, 2 0.

2 1.

N orw ich Museu m. N orw ich 19 77 , 2 4.

2 2.

S toke Bruerne , N orthan ts. Kennet t 1 975, 1 5, f i g. 5 , g . T rip le r ibs.

2 3.

Hol me P ierrepon t , N ot ts. East Midlands Archaeolog ical Bu l let in , 9 , 1 966, 3 6, f i g. 7 , 1 0. Tr ip le r ibs.

2 4.

West Moor , C l if ton Ha mpden , Oxon . Ash 1 950 .238. F ig. 7 4, 5 . Double g rooves , l oop missing.

2 5.

Bu tley h oards , S uf folk . I psw ich Museu m 19 49 .53-54;

1 955.20.

F ig. 7 4, 6 . Three e xa mp les f ro m t wo h oards. 2 6.

Mildenha l l , S u ffolk . Moyse 's Ha l l Museu m , Bury S t. Ed munds. F ig. 7 4, 7 . Double r ibs a nd c en tra l r ibs a l l e nd ing i n p el lets.

5 84

2 7 .

N ear M i ldenha l l , S u ffolk . E vans 1 881, 1 27 . N ot mapped.

2 8.

S o mp t ing h oard , S ussex ( 2 23 ). Two e xa mp les f ro m t he s ame mou ld t r ip le r ibs e nd ing i n p el lets , c en tra l r ings.

2 9 .

C a ine , Wil ts. Annable a nd S i mpson 1 964, 7 0 n o. 6 10. T r ip le g rooves , l ong a x is o f mou th a t r igh t a ngles t o e dge.

3 0.

Donhead S t. Mary , Wi l ts. Moore a nd Row lands 1 972, 5 6, n o. 4 6 , p l . X . Tr ip le r ibs.

S co t land 3 1.

I slay , Argy l l . C oles 1 959-60 , 3 2. Face ted a xe w i th r ibs o n a ngles.

3 2.

Delv ine , P erthsh ire. I bid ., 3 7 , 7 2 n o. 2 3, f i g. 4 , 6 . Double r ibs e nd ing i n p el le ts.

I reland 3 3.

?I reland. Evans 1 881, 1 28 , f i g. 1 47 . Tr ip le r ibs.

N or th-eastern France 3 4.

Eure. C ou t il 1 921, p l . 3 . Tr ip le r ibs. N o t mapped.

3 5.

O ise n ear C o mp iegne , O ise. Musse V ivenel , C o mp i ene. B lanche t a nd L ambo t 1 975, 4 2, f i g. 3 0. F ig. 7 4, 8 . Tr ip le r ibs.

3 6.

S e ine a t Par is. BM WG 1 95. F ig. 7 4, 9 . Double r ibs.

3 7 .

S a in tRoch h oard , S o m me ( 179 ). Two e xa mp les , h exagona l f aceted a xes , a ngles o u t l ined b y r ibs.

B elg iu m 3 8.

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , b arrow 3 , Braban t ( 228 ). Double r ibs.

5 85

3 9.

S cheld t a t Wichelen , E . F landers. Marien 1 958 , 1 19. Double r ibs.

4 0.

Cha mp ia , C hevetogne, Na mur. Mus e Archeologique , N a mur. Knapen-Lescrenn ier 19 70 , 3 7.

4 1.

Prov. Namur. MRAH Brussels. Un looped . N ot mapped.

N etherlands 4 2.

Wachtu m , Dren the. Bu t ler 19 63a , f i g. 2 4. Double r ibs.

4 3.

Waa l a t N i j megen , Gelderland. Bu tler 19 61b, 2 05 n . 1 ; Uncer ta in p rovenance.

4 4.

1 963a , p l . X I I , b elow c en tre. Double r ibs.

Ter Wisch , V lachtwedde, Gron ingen. Bu t ler 19 61b , 2 06 n . 1 . S im ilar t o t he Wachtu m a xe.

4 5.

Monster , S . Hol land. Bu t ler 1 963a , 9 3, f i g. 2 3. Double r ibs a nd c en tral r ib a l l e nd ing i n p el lets.

4 6.

Maastr ich t , L i mburg. MRAH Brussels. Un looped.

4 7.

Meuse n ear Roer mond , L i mburg. RMOL 1 971/11-6. F ig. 7 4, 1 0. D ouble r ibs.

L IST 2 28 .

Unlooped.

Ar morican s ocketed a xes.

M AP 7 7 .

E ngland Hoards : Eggardon , Dorset ; N ether Wallop , Hants; N ew Forest , Han ts ; Ven tnor, I sle o f Wight ( Moore a nd L ewis 1 96 9 ) ; Danebury , Han ts. ( Cun l if fe a nd O 'Connor 1 979 ). More t han s even ty a xes f ro m c . t h irty-f ive f i nd s pots ( Dunn ing 19 59 ). Wales Hoard :

T in tern , Mon mou th.

( Savory 1 946-47 ).

These t wo a xes a re t he o n ly Welsh f inds ( Burgess 19 62a , 2 1 n . 2 6;

S avory

1 975, 1 20 , f i g. 3 ). S cot land Hoard :

L a mancha , Peebles.

( Coles 1 959-60 , 1 24).

Apar t f ro m t he t hree a xes i n t h is h oard , e xa mp les f ro m Va le o f Men teith , 5 86

Perths., S hetland a nd S t irl ingsh ire ( i bid ., 7 2 n o. 3 0, 7 3 n os. 2 , 4 )may b e o f S cot t ish p rovenance. I reland A t l east f our p rovenanced f inds, many u nprovenanced ( Eogan 1 964, 3 20 ; F lanagan 19 5 9; Dunn ing 1 95 9 ). N orth-eastern France A isne. N o d eta ils a va ilable. Eure. Hoard :

Evreux.

Th ir ty-two a xes i nc lud ing f i f teen f ro m h oards ( Verron 1 976a , 5 96-597 ). N ord . Hoards :

Ca mbra i a rea ( 5 3 ), L il le a rea ( 225), L il le Museu m ( 226).

F l ines-les-Raches ( Mohen 1 972, 4 63, f i g. 1 0 , 4 ;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974,

1 14, F l ines-les-Raches 1 ) , E squer mes ( Mohen 1 972, 4 61, f i g. 1 0 , 3 ; Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 16, L il le 4 ). Th irty-n ine a xes i nc lud ing t h irty-seven f ro m h oards. O ise. S ix a xes ( J .Cl. B lanchet ). Par is a rea. C . t h irty a xes ( J .-P. Mohen ). Pas-de-Ca la is. Hoards :

more t han o ne i n t he Boulogne a rea ( 227 ).

Bois-Bernard ( Mohen 1 972, 4 61, f i g. 1 0 , 5 -6;

Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974,

1 10 , Bo is-Bernard ), Bou logne ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 11, Bou logne 1 1). Twen ty e xa mp les i nclud ing s even teen f ro m h oards. S e ine- Mar i t i me. Forty-six a xes i nclud ing t wen tytwo f ro m h oards ( Verron 1 976a , 5 96-597 ). S o m me. ? Hoards :

Abbev il le, Am iens, S a in t-Riqu ier ( Br iard 1 965, 2 77 ).

Abbev il le ( Gaucher a nd Mohen 1 974, 1 04, Abbev il le 1 , 5 , 1 3;

e nvirons

3 , 7 -8 ) , Am iens ( i bid., 1 07-108, Am iens 3 2, 3 4-37 , 3 9-40 , 4 6-49; e nvirons 3 , 7 -8, 1 7-18), Arry ( i bid ., 1 09 , Arry 3 ), S a ignv il le ( i bid., 1 18 , S a ignvil le ) , S o m me ( i bid ., 1 20 , S o m me 1 -9 ). A t l east t h irty-six a xes. Belg iu m ? Hoard :

Pon t d e Fragnee , L iege.

S ix teen a xes i nclud ing f our f ro m h oards ( Desi t tere 1 974a , 1 14, Carte 1 ). The a xe g iven t he P rovenance Wichelen ( i bid., n o. 4 ) i s r ea l ly f ro m Berlare, E .Flanders ( Desit tere a nd Weissenborn 1 977 , 2 3 n o. 1 3, f i g. 9 ) . N etherlands Four a xes ( Desit tere 1 974a , 14, Carte 1 ) . 5 87

L IST 2 29.

Baexe m a xes.

MAP 7 8.

England 1 .

T ha mes a t S ion Reach , I sleworth , Midd lesex. Museu m o f L ondon A .11 9 61. Roe 1 966, 2 35 n o. 1 27 , f i g. 8 , B ;

Brand t 19 73, 4 2 n o. 2 17.

F ig. 7 4, 1. Exa m inat ion o f at h in s ec t ion f ro m t h is a xe a t t he I nst i tu te o f Geologica l S c iences, L ondon , h as s hown t ha t i ti s c o mposed o f amph ibol ised d oler ite o r e p id iori te , p robably n ot o f Br i t ish o r ig in . Belg iu m 2 .

S cheld t a t Moerzeke , E . F landers. L eco mte 19 75, 1 62, Abb. 2 . Fro m a c ol lect ion wh ich i ncludes o b jec ts o f d ubious p rovenance.

L IST 2 30.

S ocketed l ea ther-work ing k n ives.

Br ita in 1 .

Card if f h oard , G lam. ( 2 17 ). Four e xa mp les.

2 .

S ta ffordsh ire. Ash NC 4 00. F ig. 7 5, 1 . T hough t he s ocket i s n ow b roken , t h is i s p resu mably t he e xa mp le i l lustrated c o mp lete b y P lot ( 1 686, 4 04, Tab. XXXI I I ).

3 .

Mildenha l l , S u ffolk . Roth 1 974, 4 6, I V 2 , Ta f. 5 , 4 .

L IST 2 31.

Heeled s ocketed s ick les.

Br ita in 1 .

Card if f h oard , G la m . ( 2 17 ).

2 .

L lyn Fawr h oard , G la m. ( 2 18 ). Three e xa mp les , t wo b ronze, o ne s teel .

3 .

Dores , I nverness. Fox 1 939 , 2 44 n o. 2 7 , f i g. 6 , p l . XXVI .

I reland 4 .

' I reland.' I bid ., 2 45 n o. 3 9 , f i g. 7 .

5 .

' I reland.' I b id ., 2 46 n o. 4 6, f i g. 7 .

N orth-eastern France 6 .

S eine a t Par is. Ash 1 927.2045. I bid., 2 25, p l. XXVI , 0 ;

S andars 19 57 , 2 81, p l . X I , 1 .

F ig. 7 5, 2 . 5 88

L IST 2 32.

I ron k n ives.

Be lg iu m 1 .

Court-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t. Mar ien 1 958 , 1 06-108, n os. 2 14-215, f i g. 1 6. Cha mp d e l a Ferme Rouge, b arrow 2 , t wo e xa mp les, b oth s ingle-edged a nd t anged w i th s tra ight b acks.

N etherlands 2 .

Oss, N . Braban t ( 231). Three f rag men ts o f s ingle-edged b lades.

L IST 2 33 .

I ron s pearheads.

Br ita in 1 .

L lyn Fawr h oard , G lam. ( 2 18 ).

Belg iu m 2 .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne, b arrow 3 , Braban t ( 228 ).

L IST 2 34.

Hal lsta t t i ron swords.

MAP 7 9.

Bri ta in 1 .

L lyn Fawr h oard , G la morgan ( 2 18 ).

Be lg iu m 2 .

Meer , An twerp . De

L o e1 931a ,

1 76;

Mar ien 1 958, 2 35 n . 6 ;

Bauwens-Lesenne 1 965 ,

1 09. Two s hort swords. 3 .

Cour t-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t. Mar ien 1 958 , 1 02-103, n o. 2 10 , f i g. 1 5. Cha mp d e l a Ferme Rouge b arrow 1 .

4 .

9 5.0 cm l ong.

Cour t-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t. I bid., 2 8 n o. 2 01, f i g. 3 . Barrow A .

5 .

Two b lade f rag men ts.

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t. I b id., 7 9-80 n o. 2 05, f i g. 1. Barrow L .

6 .

B lade f rag men t 6 1.3 cm l ong.

Cour t-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t. I b id., 8 0-81 n o. 2 06, f i g. 1. Barrow M.

7 .

Frag men tary 5 5.5 cm l ong.

Court-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t. I bid., 6 6 n o. 2 18, f i g.

7 ,

1 1.

Unstra t if ied f rag men t w ith b ronze r ivets.

5 89

8 .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t. I b id ., 4 1-42 n os. 2 02-203, f i g. 5 . Unstra t if ied.

Two f rag men ts o f al ong sword a nd o ne f rag men t o f

a nother sword; 9 .

p erhaps a nother sword.

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t. I b id., 4 2-43, 7 4 n os. 2 04, 2 19 , f i g. 5 . Two s hort s words 4 7.0 a nd 4 7.1 cm l ong.

1 0.

Mor i moine , Braban t. I b id., 2 18 n o. 1 , f i g. 1 4; Barrow 1 .

1 1.

I nv . Arch . B 5, 1 .

9 2.0 cm l ong.

Havre, Ha inau t. Mar ion 1 958 , 2 33. Bur ial 1 , p resu mably i ron .

1 2.

Chevaudos, Ged inne , N a mur. I b id. Three e xa mp les , b arrows 2 , 1 3, a nd 1 4.

N ether lands 1 3.

Oss, N . Braban t ( 231). 1 14.0 cm l ong i nclud ing p o m mel a nd a dd i t ional b lade f rag men t.

1 4.

S o meren , N . Braban t. Ka m 1 956. F ro m a b ur ial , c . 9 0 cm l ong.

1 5.

Meerlo , L i mburg ( 233 ).

L IST 2 35 .

An tennae-po mmel i ron swords.

England 1 .

T ha mes a t L ondon. Bra ilsford 1 953, 6 0 , f i g. 2 3, 1 .

Belg iu m 2 .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , b arrow 3 , Braban t ( 2 28 ).

L IST 2 36.

Hal lsta t t c hapes.

Nu mbers p receded b y C r efer t o t he l i st o f C owen ( 1967 , 4 53). E ngland 1 .

T eversha m , Ca mbs. Ash 1 927.2399. C 4;

S chauer 1 971, 2 18 n . 4 .

F ig. 7 5, 3 . Pr t i l lsbirk ig t ype. 2 .

Tha mes a t S ion Reach , I sleworth , Midd lesex. C l;

S chauer 1 971, 2 18 n . 2 ;

p resu mably Wheeler 1 929 , p l . I , f i g.1, 9 .

Pr t i l lsbirk ig t ype.

5 90

3 .

Tha mes a t Tedd ington , Midd lesex . C 2;

S chauer 1 971, 2 18 n . 1 .

Prü l lsbirk ig t ype. 4 .

C op low Far m , Und ley , L akenhea th , S uf folk . I psw ich Museu m 19 36.244 . 13. C 3;

S chauer 1 971, 2 18 n . 3 ;

Evans 1 881, 3 06, f i g. 3 75.

F ig. 7 5, 4 . Prü l lsbirk ig t ype. 5 .

C op low Far m , Und ley , L akenheath , S u ffolk . I psw ich Museum 1 936.244. 1 4. C 16;

S chauer 19 71, 2 21 n . 4 .

F ig. 7 5, 5 . N euhaus t ype. 6 .

Tha mes a t Wandsworth , S urrey. C 5;

S chauer 1 971, 2 18 n . 8 ;

? Evans 1 881, 3 07 , f i g. 3 76.

Büchenbach t ype. 7 .

E bberston , Yorks. C 6;

S chauer 19 71, 2 17 n . 6 ;

Burgess 1 968a , f i g. 1 8 , 7 .

Prü l lsbirk ig v ar ian t , c f . S chauer 1 971, 2 17 n o. 5 . 8 .

England , p robably Tha mes. C7 ;

J ourna l o f t he Brit ish Archaeolog ica l Assoc ia t ion , 1 7 , 1 861.

3 22, p l . 3 0 , 3 . Büchenbach o r Frank furter S ta tdwa ld t ype. I reland 9 .

Keeloge Ford , C o. Ga lway . C 17-18;

S chauer 1 971, 2 21 n . 5 ;

E ogan 1 965, 1 74 n os. 1 5-16, f i g. 9 3.

Two e xa mp les, b oth N euhaus t ype. 1 0.

S trabane, Co. Tyrone. C8;

S chauer 1 971, 2 18 n . 9 ;

E ogan 19 65, 1 75 n o. 1 7 , 1 76 n o. 2 4,

f i g. 9 3. Two e xa mp les, b oth Büchenbach t ype. 1 1.

' I reland '. C9-14;

S chauer 19 71, 2 18 n . 7 ;

E ogan 1 965, 1 75-1 7 6 n os. 1 8-23.

S ix e xa mp les , a l l Büchenbach t ype. Belg iu m 1 2.

Court-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t. Mar ion 1 958, 4 4 n o. 1 08, f i g. 4 . Frag men t , p robably o f Oberwa ldbehrungen t ype.

1 3.

Court-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t. I b id., 6 0 n o. 10 7 , f i g. 1O . Frag men t o f Prül lsbirk ig t ype.

1 4.

Harch ies, Ha inau t. I bid., 6 0 , 2 34. Two e xa mp les, p robably o f Prü l lsbirk ig t ype. 5 91

N ether lands 1 5.

Wassenaar , S . Hol land . I bid., 2 36;

Kossack 1 959 , 2 85, A l, 3 .

Probably Pr t i l lsbirk ig t ype. 1 6.

Wit te Brug , b etween The Hague a nd S cheven ingen , S . Hol land. Mar ion 19 58, 2 36;

d e Wit 19 64, 6 , f i g. 5 .

Pr t il lsbirk ig t ype. L IST 2 36.

I ron d aggers.

England 1 .

Tha mes a t Bat tersea 1 , S urrey . J ope 1 961, 3 30 n o. 4 , p l . 2a.

2 .

Tha mes a t Ba t tersea 2 , S urrey . I bid., 3 31 n o. 6 , f i g. 2 , p l . 2 0 ‹.

3 .

Tha mes a t Mortlake 1 , S urrey. I bid., 3 29 n o. 1 , f i g. 1 , p l. XVI I-XVI I I .

4 .

Tha mes a t Mor t lake 2 , S urrey . I bid ., 3 30 n o. 2 , p l . XIX.

5 .

T ha mes. I bid., 3 30 n o. 3 , f i g. 2 .

6 .

T ha mes. I b id., 3 31 n o. 5 , p l . ) 0 (.

Be lg iu m 7 .

L u t tre, Ha inau t . Mar i n 19 63. The p a t ina a nd p reservat ion i nd ica te t ha t t h is p iece was a r iver f i nd.

N etherlands 8 .

Haps, N . Braban t , b ur ial 1 90 ( 23 0 ) .

L IST 2 37.

Bronze a rrowheads.

Eng land. 1 .

? Mount Ba t ten , P ly mou th , Devon. C larke 19 71, 1 49 , f i g. 3 , 8 . S ocketed , t r ilobate , b icon ical p rof ile.

N orth-eastern France 2 .

Bures-sur-Yvet te , E ssonne. Benoi t 19 56, 6 , 1 6 n . 6 . S ocketed , t r iloba te , t r iangular p rof ile.

3 .

S a in t-Den is-le-Fer men t , Eure. K lee man 19 54, 1 17 , Abb.1, g . S ocketed , t r ilobate , t riangu lar p rof ile.

5 92

4 .

O ise a t Meru , O ise. I b id ., 1 20 , A bb. 3 , a . Barbed a nd t anged , c onvex p rof ile.

5 .

L il lebonne , S e ine- Mar i t i me. Verron 19 76b, 8 05. " ä a i lerons d eca les".

I n t he Musee Archeolog ique Mun ic ipa l , L aon , A isne , 0 .25 9 , t here a re a bou t ad ozen s ocke ted t r i loba te a rrowheads , most ly o f t r iangu lar p rof ile, wh ich w ere f or merly p art o f t he c ol lec t ion o f t he S oc iete Acade m ique d e L aon a nd may b e o f l oca l p rovenance ( N . Fre id in ).

T here i s a n u nprovenanced s ocketed

t r i loba te a rrowhead o f t r iangu lar p rof ile i n t he Musee Depar t men ta l d e POise , Beauva is ( Blanchet a nd L a mbot 1 975, 5 4 n o. 5 2 ). B elg iu m 6 .

T urnhou t , An twerp . Museum V leeshu is , An twerp , 1 349. F ig. 7 5, 6 -8. T hree e xa mp les , s ocketed , t wo t r iloba te o f n arrow b icon ica l p rof i le , o ne q uadr iloba te.

7 .

Ka t tepoel , S chaerbeek , Braban t. Mar ion 1 957 , 3 7 ;

1 958 , 2 31, f i g. 4 5.

S ocketed , t r i loba te , b icon ica l p rof i le. L IST 2 39 .

I ron a rrowheads.

N e therlands 1 .

Haps , b ur ia l 19 0 , N . Braban t ( 2 30 ). Three e xamp les , s ocketed .

2 .

Havel terberg , Dren the. Verwers 1 972, 6 0 n . 2 3. S evera l e xa mp les.

L IST 2 40.

Buckets.

MAP 8 0 .

N e ther lands 1 . 2 .

Oss , N . Braban t ( 231). E de , Gelder land . K i mm ig 1 962-63, 8 5-87 , A bb. 1 2. C on ica l b ody o f s ingle s heet , r iveted. r ibs , u pr igh t n eck w i th r ol led r im , b ronze w ith a n i ron c ore. o u ts ide n eck .

3 .

H igh a ngu lar s hou lder w ith t wo

r e inforced b y ar ing o f r ol led s hee t

Two l ooped h and le-a t tach men ts r iveted o n to

L ow b ase-p la te r iveted t o b ody .

C on ta ined b urnt b ones.

Baar lo , L i mburg. Braa t 1 935;

d e L aet 19 74, 4 03, f i g. 1 92.

C on ica l b ody o f t wo s heets , r iveted. u pr igh t n eck w i th r ol led r i m.

H igh a ngu lar s hou lder w i th t wo r ibs ,

Two s trap-hand les w ith T-shaped t er m ina ls

a nd r ibbed a nd b ossed o rna men t , a t tached b elow s hou lder a nd i ns ide n eck 5 93

b y t wo r ivets;

e ach h and le h olds a l ozenge-sec t ion r ing.

p la te r iveted t o b ody. L IST 2 41.

R ibbed p a i ls.

L ow b ase-

F ound i n ab arrow. MAP 8 0.

E ng land 1 .

Weybr idge , S urrey. Da le 19 05 07 ; S t jernqu ist 1 96 7 , I7 1;

I 30 -31 n o. 4 4, Taf . X I I I , 5 ;

XL I I , 1 . T en h or izon ta l r ibs , t he u pper most r ib r ol led i nwards t o f or m t he r i m. D ouble l ooped a t tach men ts w i th t hree r ivets h old ing t wo h and les w ith t w isted b od ies a nd r ecurved t er m ina ls.

Body f olded a round b ase-p la te

wh ich h as o ne b road c oncen tr ic r ib a nd t hree n arrow o nes a round a c en tra l p un t.

P erhaps f ro m t he R . Wey ( Hanwor th a nd T o ma l in 19 77 , 1 ) .

N ether lands 2 .

Wi jchen , Gelder land ( 232). Handle a nd t wo a t tach men ts.

L IST 2 42.

Miscel laneous v essels.

E ngland 1 .

Minster , K en t. Harbison a nd L a ing 19 74, 4 -5 n o. 3 , p ls. I I Ia . Frag men t o f t he h and le o f af l agon .

2 .

T ha mes a t L ondon . Hawkes a nd Sm i th 19 57 , 19 1-1 9 8 , p l . XXI I I , f , f i g. 1, a . C au ldron a nd s ingle s eamless s heet , d eep p rof ile , b road mou th w ith i n turned , a l most h or izon ta l r im w i th c en tral r idge a nd n ear-ver t ica l l i p .

3 .

Three r ivet-holes w ith t races o f i ron r ust.

N or tha mp ton , N or than ts. Harbison a nd L a ing 1 974, 6 -8 n o. 7 , p ls. Oenochoe w i th t refo i l mou th .

4 .

I xworth , S u f folk . R idgeway a nd Sm ith 19 05-07 , 1 08 , f i g. 1 1;

C larke 19 39 , 3 0 , p l . V I .

F lange o f ab ow l , d ecora ted w i th c oncen tr ic r ibs s epara t ing b ands o f t ransverse r ibs , z oo morph ic mot ifs a nd b osses. L IST 2 43.

F lesh-hooks.

I reland 1 .

Dunaverny , C o. An tr i m. Megaw 1 970 , 5 1-52 n o. 2 3; Bronze.

J ockenhövel 1 974a , 3 30 n o. 1 4, A bb. 1 .

T r ipart i te w i th b ands o f t ransverse l ines o n t he s ockets.

Knobbed t er m ina l w i th p endan t r ings a nd t wo b ird f i gures; r ings a nd f i ve b ird f i gures o n t he c en tra l s ec t ion ; h ook .

5 94

f i ve p endan t

T -shaped d ouble

B elg iu m 2 .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne b arrow 3 , Braban t ( 2 28 ). I ron h ook .

N etherlands 3 .

Wi jchen , Gelder land ( 2 32 ). Bronze k nobbed t er m ina l .

L IST 2 44.

Ha l lsta t t p ha lerae.

Br i ta in 1 .

L lyn Fawr h oard , G la morgan ( 2 18 ). Three e xamp les, t wo w i th d isc a nd l oop i n o ne , o ne w ith s epara te d isc a nd l oop .

2 .

T ha mes a t Bren tford , Midd lesex . O 'Connor 1 975, 2 15 n o. 1 , f i g. 1 . D isc a nd l oop i n o ne.

3 .

L ondon Museum ( now Museu m o f L ondon ). I b id ., n o. 2 . f i g. 2 . A t tach men t l os t b u t p robably d isc a nd l oop i n o ne.

4 .

S o mp t ing h oard , S ussex ( 2 23 ). C on ica l b oss i n t wo s tages.

Belg iu m 5 .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t. Mar i n 1 958 , 7 8 n o. 1 46, f i g. 1 0. D isc a nd l oop i n o ne.

6 .

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t . I b id., 3 8-39 n o. 17 , f i g. 4 . S epara te d isc a nd l oop .

7 .

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne, Braban t . I bid ., 3 9-40 n os. 1 18a-b , f i g. 4 . Two s epara te l oops.

8 .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t. I b id., 6 3 n o. 1 27 , f i g. 9 . S epara te l oop .

9 .

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne , Brabant . I bid., 1 46-147 n o. 1 52, f i g. 2 5. Probably t he r ol led r im o f ap ha lera .

L IST 2 45.

Cheek-p iece o rna men ts.

England 1 .

Osgodby , L incs. Davey 1 973, 8 6 n o. 2 14, f i g. 2 3. C on ica l , b ar a t tach men t.

5 95

2 .

N ewark h oard , N ot ts. I nv. Arch. GB36, 1 -2. Two e xa mp les , c on ica l w ith c en tral p erfora t ion.

Be lg iu m 3 .

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t. Mar i n 1 958 , 6 1-62 n os. 1 23-124, f i g. 9 . Two e xa mp les, c on ica l w ith b road f lange a nd r iveted b ar a t tach men t.

L IST 2 46.

Cheek-p ieces.

Kossack t ype l b. Belg iu m 1 .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne b arrow 3 , Braban t ( 228 ). Two s ets.

2 .

3 , Ior i moine, Brabant . Mar iVI I1 958 , 2 19 n o. 3 , f i g. 4 0. Barrow 1 .

One s et.

N etherlands 3 .

Oss, N . Braban t ( 231). Two s ets a nd r e ma ins o f o thers.

Kossack t ype I c. N ether lands 4 .

Meerlo , L i mburg ( 233 ). Probably t wo s ets.

L a Quen ique t ype. Wales 5 .

L lyn Fawr h oard , G la morgan ( 2 18 ). One s et.

Belgiu m 6 .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne, Brabant . Mar i n 1 958 , 3 2-36 n os. 1 12-113, f i g. 3 . One s et .

7 .

Barrow A .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , Brabant. I b id ., 8 6-87 n o. 14, f ig. 1 2. One e xa mp le.

L IST 2 47 .

Barrow Z .

Yoke moun ts.

Br ita in 1 .

L lyn Fawr h oard , G la morgan ( 2 18 ).

2 .

S tap le Howe , Yorks. Brewster 1 963, 15, f ig. 6 3, 1 4. One f rag men t o f ac up , p ossibly f ro m a y oke mount . 5 96

Belgiu m 3 .

C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t. Mar i n 1 958, 2 8-32 n o. 1 15, f i g. 3 . Barrow A .

N etherlands 4 .

Wi jchen , Gelderland ( 232 ). Two e xa mp les.

L IST 2 48.

Concave o va l a ttach men ts.

Belgiu m 1 .

Cour t-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t , b arrow 4 ( 299 ). Two e xa mp les, l a tera l p erfora t ions.

N etherlands 2 .

Oss, N . Braban t ( 231). Two e xa mp les, c en tral p erfora t ions.

L IST 2 49.

S a int-Vincen t p ins.

Belgiu m 1 .

S a in t-Vincen t , L uxe mbourg. Mari n i 1 964, 9 8 , f i g. 7 3, 1 28, f i g. 9 9 . Two e xa mp les, o ne i sola ted f ind , o ne f ro m b arrow 6 1;

b oth h ave

i ron h eads a nd s haf ts. N etherlands 2 .

Oss, N . Braban t ( 231). Two e xa mp les , b ronze h eads, i ron s haf ts.

L IST 2 50.

Swan 's-neck p ins.

England 1 .

Middle H il l , I sl ip ( 'Woodea ton ' ), Oxon . Dunn ing 1 934, 2 88 , f i g. 2 . 2 . Bronze.

2 .

Br igh ton , S ussex. Cun l if fe 1 974, f i g. 1 0 :9 , 2 . Bronze.

3 .

A l l Cann ings Cross , Wil ts. Cunn ington 1 923, 1 26, p l . 2 1, 1 ;

Dunn ing 1 934, f i g. 2 , 1 .

I ron w i th l ong r ibbed h ead t er m inat ing i n ak nob. L IST 2 51.

Miscel laneous Early I ron Age p ins.

England 1 .

Ken t 's Cavern , Torquay , Devon .

5 97

P earce 1 971-74, 1 89-190 , f i g. 3 , 2 . Curved n eck w i th f i ve g rooves. 2 .

J ordan H il l , Wey mou th , Dorset. Dunn ing 1 934, 2 88 , f i g. 2 , 3 . Curved n eck w ith t wo n otches o n t he h ead.

3 .

Ha m mers m ith , Midd lesex. I b id ., f i g . 2 , 6 . Curved n eck , r ol led h ead .

4 .

F enga te , P eterborough , N orthan ts. I b id ., f i g. 2 , 7 ; Hawkes 1 943 , 19 7-1 9 9 ; S pra t l ing 19 74. I ron s haf t , c urved n eck , b ronze d isc h ead.

5 .

Midd le H il l , I sl ip ( TWoodea ton ' ) , Oxon . Dunn ing 19 34, 2 88 , f i g. 2 , 5 ;

K irk 1 949 , 1 5 n os. 2 -3;

Hard ing 1 972,

1 70 , p l . 7 3, A-B. Two e xa mp les , c urved n eck w ith u pr igh t h ead , f l a t tened , t rapezo ida l a nd b ifurca ted. 6 .

S ou th C adbury , S o merset . A lcock 1 971, 5 , p l . I V, c . Curved n eck .

7 .

Ham H il l , S o merse t. Dunn ing 1 934, 2 88 , f i g. 2 , 4 . Curved n eck , a l most u pr igh t h ead w i th t hree n otches.

8 .

P or tslade , S ussex . Cun l if fe 19 74, f i g. 1 0 ;9 , 3 . C urved n eck .

Wa les 9 .

S udbrook , Mon mou th . N ash- Wi l l ia ms 1 939 , 7 5, f i g. 9 , 1 2;

S avory 1 976a , 7 0 n o. 9 1, f i g. 3 5, 7 .

F rag men t w i th c urved n eck . N e therlands 1 0 .

Haps b ur ia l 1 90 , N . Braban t ( 2 30 ). I ron , b en t s haf tb roken o f f a bove.

L IST 2 52.

Ha l lsta t t b racelets a nd c ol lars.

Br i ta in 1 .

C lynnog , Caerns. He mp 19 31;

S avory 1 976a , 5 6 n o. 1 5, f i g. 3 6.

Massive s ec t ion , b ossed o rna men t , h inged l i nk w i th d owe l a t tach men t. 2 .

C old K i tchen H il l , Wi l ts. N an K ivel l 1 927-29 , 1 41-1 4 2. Frag men t , h ol low b osses j o ined b y mass ive b ars.

5 98

3 .

S carborough , Y orks. Anon., 1 934. C on t iguous t ermina ls , mass ive s ec t ion , b osses s epara ted b y n arrow d ouble r ibs.

4 .

Tha mes. Museu m o f L ondon 6 8.28/7. F ig. 7 5, 9 . Annu lar , mass ive s ec t ion , a l terna te b road r ibs s epara ted b y g rooves.

I reland 5 .

N ear An tr im , C o. An tr im . Armstrong 1 911. Two e xa mp les , c on t iguous t ermina ls , b osses s epara ted b y n arrow r ibs . The l ower b racelet i n Ar mstrong 's i l lustra t ion h as t wo b osses w ithou t as epara t ing r ib , t hen a d ouble r ib;

t h is i s p resu mably t he e xa mp le

f ro m C o. An tr im , A sh 1 910.686. F ig. 7 5, 1 0. 6 .

K il murry h oard. C o. K erry . 0R iörda in 1 946, 1 61, p l . X IV, 7 ;

E ogan 1 964, 2 39 n o. 3 9 .

P enannu lar , l arge g lobular t er m ina ls , t ransverse o rna men t o n b ody . 7 .

C o. D erry . J ope 1 958. Annu lar , s paced b icon ica l b oss f l anked b y n arrow r ibs.

N or th-eastern France 8 .

Bare , Eure. Verron 1 975b , 1 9 . Ha l lsta t t b race le t .

9 .

Huest , Eure. I bid. ;

N . Fre id in .

Hol low b racele t , s im ilar t o t he f o l low ing e xa mp le. 1 0 .

J ouy-sur-Eure , E ure. Verron 1 971, 7 9 , f i g. 8 1;

1 976b , 8 06, f i g. 1 , 1 9-10 ;

S ix e xa mp les i n Rouen Museu m .

N . F re id in .

p enannu lar , h ol low , o rna men ted ;

s even e xa mp les i n E vreux Museu m , f our h ol low , s ix massive. 1.

Marc i l ly-sur-Eure , Eure. E luäre 1 972, 1 03 n o. 1 30. Over lapp ing t er m ina ls , t h in r ound s ec t ion .

1 2.

L ongeu il-Sa in t-Mar ie , O ise. B lanchet , J ouve a nd Durv in 1 976, f i g. 4 0 , 9 . Annular , f la t s ec t ion , d ecorated .

1 3.

Vi l lers-sur-Coudun , O ise. B lanchet a nd S a made t 1 975, f igs. 3 -4. Annu lar , a ngu lar s ect ion , n otched o rna men t.

5 99

1 4.

E rondel le , S o mme. J .Cl . B lanche t ;

Breu i l 1 907 , f i g. 5 , 1 4-15;

Gaucher a nd Mohen

1 974, 13 , Erondel le 1 . Two e xamp les , b o th massive p enannu lar , o ne p la in , o ne w ith i nc ised o rnamen t. 1 5.

V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Va l-de-Marne. E luere 1 972, 1 04-106 n os. 1 31-133. Three e xamp les , o ne a nnu lar w i th s ub-rec tangu lar s ec t ion , o ne p enannu lar w i th D-sec t ion , o ne p enannu lar w ith l ozenge-sec t ion a nd e xpanded t er m ina ls.

Be lg iu m 1 6.

E louges, Ha inau t . De L ae t a nd Mar in 1 950 , 3 25. Hol low n eck-r ing w i th g eo metr ic o rna men t.

1 7 .

L o m mel-Ka t tenbosch , L i mburg. I b id., 3 25, f i g. 8 . Frag men ts o f ah ol low n eck-r ing.

1 8.

Barrow 2 2.

Breuvanne , L uxe mbourg. Mar ien 1 964, 1 63 , f i g. 1 0. Frag men tary b racelet , n arrow r ec tangu lar s ec t ion w ith t ransverse n otched o rna men t.

N ether lands 1 9.

Haps , N . Braban t . Verwers 1 972, 5 4, 1 61, A bb. 2 9. Wendelr ing.

L IST 2 53.

Bur ia l 8 1.

Bracele ts w i th e verted t er m ina ls.

Be lg iu m 1 .

L o mmel-Ka t tenbosch , L i mburg. De L ae t a nd Mar ien 1 950 , 3 29 , f i g. 1. S ol id s ec t ion , sma l l t er m ina l .

S econdary b ur ia l i nb arrow 4 7 .

N ether lands 2 .

De Ha mer t , Ven lo , L i mburg. Holwerda n .d. 8 , Abb . 24, 3 5.

3 .

Weer t , L i mburg. C o mha ire 1 89 4-95, p l . D ‹ , 9 4-98. F ive e xamp les , f our c o mp lete , o ne f rag men tary .

L IST 2 54.

C on ica l p endan ts.

Be lg iu m

1 .

Achel-Pastoorsbos, L i mburg. Beex a nd Roosens 1 967 , 1 5, 2 4, a lb. 1 1, 4 . S evera l e xa mp les.

Bur ia l 3 8a .

6 00

2 .

De Roosen , N eerpel t , L i mburg. Roosens a nd B eex 19 61, 1 4, a lb. 3 , 4 . S evera l e xa mp les.

3 .

Barrow 5 6.

D e Roosen , N eerpel t , L i mburg. I b id ., 1 9 , a lb. 5 , 5 . S evera l e xa mp les.

4 .

Barrow 7 2.

De Roosen , N eerpel t , L imburg. I b id ., 2 5, al b. 7 , 2 . S evera l e xa mp les.

5 .

Barrow 9 3.

Overpe l t , L i mburg. Beex a nd Roosens 19 67 , 1 6.

N e ther lands 6 .

Best , N . Braban t . Verwers 1 972, 1 40 . Ten e xa mp les.

7 .

L u iksgestel , N . B raban t . D e L o V1 931a , 7 9-81, f i g. 2 2. Fi f teen e xa mp les.

8 .

Benneko m , Gelderland . Bursch 19 33 , 3 6, a lb. 3 4. Barrow 2 7 .

L IST 2 55.

C urved-bow b rooches , b ow s l igh tly s wol len .

Br i ta in 1 .

L i t t le Chester , D erby , D erbys. Haverf ield 19 05, 2 17 , f i g. 2 4. R ibbed b ow , c a tch-p la te b roken o f f .

2 .

I ck l ingha m , S u f folk . C larke 19 39 , 3 1, f i g. 6 , 1 . Decora ted b ow , s hor t c a tch-p la te.

3 .

I xworth , S uf folk . R idgeway a nd Sm i th 19 05-07 , 14, f i gs. 2 4-25. Two e xa mp les , t ransverse b ands o f o rna men t o n b ows, e longa ted c a tch-p la tes.

4 .

N ear Y ork , Yorks. Hawkes 19 32, 4 53-454, f i g. 1 . Bands o f c hevron o rna men t o n b ow , s hort c a tch-p la te.

N orth-eastern France 5 .

V ieux-Port , E ure. Duva l , E luere a nd Mohen 19 74, 1 1, 5 1, f i g. 5 , 5 . P la in b ow , b roken c a tch-p la te p robably s hor t.

6 0 1

6 .

Bava i , N ord. I b id., 1 3, 5 5, f i g. 7 , 2 ;

Mohen 1 972, 4 63, f ig. 1 0 , 1 0.

R ibbed b ow , s p ira l d isc-shaped c a tch-p la te. 7 .

Am iens , S o m me. Ash 1 927. 4 87. F ig. 7 5 , 1 1. S ol id b ow , l ong c a tch-p la te w i th u pr igh t t er m inal .

N ether lands 8 .

N i j megen , Gelderland . Van Buche m 19 41, 6 8 n o. 1 , p l . I , 1 . S em i-c ircu lar c a tch-p la te.

L IST 2 56.

Curved-bow b rooches , b ow s l igh t ly swol len , l ong c a tch-p la te.

N or th-eastern France 1 .

F orest o f C o mp i ene , O ise. L a mbot 19 75, 1 8 n o. 5 , f i g. 1 . Undecora ted b ow.

L IST 2 57.

Curved-bow b rooches, b ow s wol len , s hort c a tch-p la te.

Br ita in 1 .

B i t terne , Han ts. Wa terman 19 44 .4 7 . Bands o f t ransverse l i nes a nd r ing-and-dot mot ifs o n b ow.

2 .

K ingha m , Oxon. Hard ing 19 72, 7 5, p l . 7 4A . Three d ucks ' h eads o nb ow wh ich a lso b ears t ransverse a nd l ong itud ina l o rnamen t .

3 .

C lay ton , S ussex. Curwen 1 954 , f ig . 6 6. Bands o f t ransverse l i nes o nb ow.

4 .

Box , Wil ts. Sm i th 1 925, 9 3, f i g. 9 2. E labora te g rooved a nd r ing-and-dot o rnamen t o n b ow .

5 ,

N ear York , Yorks. Hawkes 1 932, 4 53-454, f i g. 2 . Transverse l ines , o bl ique l i nes a nd r ing-and-dot o nb ow , c a tch-p la te b roken o f f .

N or th-eastern France 6 .

Cha teau Roland , I wuy , N ord. Fel ix 1 968 , 6 0.

7 .

Mon t Berny , L a Queue S a in t-Et ienne , Forest o f C o mp iegne , O ise. L a mbo t 1 975, 1 8 n o. 4 , f i g. 1 , 4 . Transverse l ine o rna men t o nb ow.

6 02

8 .

S e ine a t Par is. Duva l , E luere a nd Mohen 1 974, 5 7 , f i g. 8 , 1 1. Bands o f c hevron o rna men t o nb ow , b roken c a tch-p la te p robably s hor t.

9 .

S e ine a t Par is. I b id ., 1 7 , 5 7 , f i g. 9 , 2 . Bands o f t ransverse a nd l ong i tud ina l o rna men t o n b ow.

1 0.

Am iens , S o m me. I b id ., 1 5, 5 7 , f i g. 8 , 1 . Undecora ted b ow .

1.

Am iens , S o m me. I bid ., 1 7 , 5 7 , f i g. 9 , 7 . Transverse a nd l ong i tud ina l o rna men t o nb ow.

1 2.

?S o m me. I b id ., 5 8. Two e xa mp les.

N ether lands 1 3.

N i j megen , Gelder land . Van Buche m 1 941, 6 8 n o. 3 , p l . I ,5 .

1 4.

N i j megen , Gelder land . I b id ., n o. 7 , p l . I , 7 . Transverse l ines o n b ow .

1 5.

N i j megen , Gelderland . I bid ., n o. 8 , p l . I , 6 .

L IST 2 58.

Curved-bow b rooches , b ow s wol len , l ong c a tch-p la te.

Br ita in 1 .

Ba t t le Far m , Read ing , Berks. VCH B erksh ire , I , 2 23, f i g. 1 . T ransverse , l ong i tud ina l a nd c hevron o rna men t o nb ow.

2 .

Queen V ic tor ia S treet , C i ty o f L ondon. Wadd ington 1 933, 3 86, f i g. 8 a.

3 .

Taun ton , S o merset. K endr ick a nd Hawkes 1 932, 1 69 , p l . XVI I , 1 . E labora te g roove a nd r ing-and-dot o rna men t o nb ow.

4 .

L IMO r th , S uf folk . R idgeway a nd Sm i th 1 905-07 , 1 01, f i g. 4 . Undecora ted b ow.

5 .

I xworth , S uf folk . I b id ., 1 01, f i g. 5 . Transverse, l ong i tud ina l a nd d iagona l g rooves o n b ow .

6 .

C lay ton , S ussex. C ouch man 1 918-19 , 1 16, f i g. 6 . Bands o f t ransverse l i nes o nb ow . 6 03

N orth-eastern France 7 .

S e ine a t Par is. Duva l , E luere a nd Mohen 1 974, 5 7 , f i g. 1 3, 1 . T ransverse a nd l ong i tud ina l b ands o f l ines a nd l arge c hevrons o nb ow .

8 .

Am iens , S o mme. I b id ., 2 4, 5 7 , f i g. 1 2, 1 3. F ive z ones o f o rnamen t o n b ow.

9 .

Am iens , S o m me. I bid ., 2 4, 5 7 , f i g. 1 3, 2 . Transverse l ines a nd c hevrons o n b ow.

1 0.

Am iens , S o m me. I b id ., 2 4, 5 7 , f i g. 1 3 , 4 . Chevrons o n b ow .

1 1.

Am iens , S o m me. I b id ., 2 4, 5 7 , f i g. 1 4 , 6 . T ransverse a nd o bl ique l i nes o nb ow .

1 2.

Faubourg , Am iens , S o m me. I b id ., 2 4, 5 7 , f i gs. 1 5;

2 9 , 6 .

Bands o ft ransverse a nd l ong i tud ina l c hevron o rna men t o nb ow. 1 3.

Beauva is Museu m . I b id ., 2 4, 5 5, f i g. 1 3, 8 . Transverse , l ong itud ina l a nd c hevron l ines a nd r ing-and-dot o nb ow.

1 4.

Beauva is Museu m . I bid ., 2 4, 5 5, f i g. 1 4, 7 . Transverse a nd l ong i tud ina l l i ne o rna men t o n b ow.

Be lg iu m 1 5.

I ncour t , Braban t. Mar in 1 958 , 2 31, f i g. 4 5, 1 . F ive z ones o f o rnamen t o nb ow .

N ether lands 1 6.

Rot terda m Museum. Ypey 1 987 , 1 01, a fb. 4 , 03 5. T ransverse l ines a nd c hevron o rna men t o n b ow , c a tch-p la te b roken o f f . P robably f ro m Be lg iu m o r n or thern France.

L IST 2 59 .

Curved-bow b rooches, swol len b ow f or med o f d iscs , d isc-shaped c a tch-p la te.

Br i ta in 1 .

A l ton , Han ts. R idgeway a nd Sm i th 1 905 . 47 , 1 04, f i g. 6 . Decora ted c a tch-p la te.

6 04

L IST 2 60 .

Curved-bow b rooches , s wol len l ozenge-shaped b ow , l ong c a tch p la te.

Br ita in . 1 .

Hod H il l , S tourpa ine , D orset. Sm ith 1 925, 9 3 , f i g . 9 3. N arrow a nd s hort w i th l a tera l k nobs o n b ow.

2 .

Bough ton Monchelsea , K en t. R idgeway a nd Sm i th 1 905-07 , 13, f i g. 2 1. L a tera l k nobs o nb ow .

3 .

S u t ton Va lence , K en t . Kel ly 1 973, 2 08-209 , f i g. 4 . T ransverse b and o nb ow w ith c riss-cross i nc ised o rna men t .

4 .

Between C ock ing a nd B ignor , S ussex . C ouch man 1 924. L a tera l k nobs o n b ow .

5 .

N or th Wraxa l l , Wil ts. Goddard 1 907-08 , 3 94, f i g. 1 . T ransverse a nd l ong itud ina l g rooves o nb ow.

6 .

Boroughbr idge , Yorks. C ol l inge 1 954. L ongi tud ina l f acets o n b ow .

N orth-eastern F rance 7 .

Bava i , N ord . Duva l , E luäre a nd Mohen 1 974, 2 8 , 5 5, f ig. 1 6, 8 . L a tera l p ro jec t ions o n b ow.

S .

Forest o f C o mp i ene , O ise. L a mbot 1 975, 1 8 n os. 2 -3, f i g. 1 , 2 -3. Two e xa mp les , l a tera l k nobs o n b ows.

9 .

S eine a t Par is. Duva l , E luere a nd Mohen 1 974, 2 8 , 5 7 , f i g. 1 6, 1 . Transverse a nd l ong i tud ina l l ine o rna men t o nb ow.

1 0 .

S e ine a t Par is. I bid ., 2 8 , 5 7 , f i g. 1 7 , 5 . L a tera l k nobs o n b ow .

1.

P icardy . I b id ., 2 8 , 5 7 , f i g. 1 6, 3 . Transverse a nd l ong itud ina l o rna men t a nd r ing-and-dot o nb ow.

1 2.

Beauva is Museu m. I bid ., 2 8 , 5 5, f i g. 1 6, 1 0. L a tera l k nobs o n b ow .

6 05

N ether lands 1 3.

Rot terdam Museu m. Ypey 1 967 , 1 01, a fb. 4 , 01 16. T ransverse a nd l ong itud ina l l i ne o rna men t o nb ow w ith l a tera l p ro ject ions.

L IST 2 61.

S erpen t ifor m b rooches.

Br i ta in 1 .

A l ton , Hants. R idgeway a nd Sm i th 1 905-07 , 1 04, f i g. 7 . F la t b ow w i th l a teral p ro jec t ions.

2 .

Berkha mstead Cast le , Her ts. Bran igan 1 974-76, p l . 4 8 , r igh t. Ter m ina lb roken , b ow d efor med .

3 .

Wa ter N ew ton , N or than ts. Harden 1 952, 3 18 , f i g. 3 . L a tera l k nobs o nb ow .

4 .

Wa ter N ew ton , N or than ts. F ox 1 923, 7 5, f i g. 1 , I . L a tera l k nobs o nb ow .

5 .

Wa ter N ew ton , N or than ts. I b id ., f i g. 1 , H . Wire b ow w i th mu l t ip le s p ira ls , d isc-shaped c a tch-p la te.

6 .

Fel ixstowe , S uffolk . C larke 1 939 , 3 1, f i g. 6 , 3 .

7 .

B e tween C ock ing a nd B ignor , S ussex. C ouch man 1 924. Double s wel l ing o n b ow , c a tch-p la te w i th s p ira l t er m ina l .

N or th-eastern F rance 8 .

C iry-Sa lsogne , A isne. Moreau 1 891, p l . 1 27 , 7 . I ron , b icon ica l c ol lar o nb ow , l ong f oot.

9 .

Am iens. S o m me. Duva l , E luere a nd Mohen 1 974, 3 6, 5 7 , f i g. 2 2, 5 . L a tera l p ro ject ions o n b ow.

1 0 .

N ord. I bid ., 3 8 , 5 5, f i g. 2 2, 6 . L a tera l p ro ject ions o nb ow.

L IST 2 62.

S p ira lb rooches.

Br ita in 1 .

C olchester , E ssex. R idgeway a nd Sm ith 1 905-07 , 1 08, f i g. 9 . Double s p ira l . 6 06

2 .

L ondon . I b id ., 1 06, f i g. 8 . Quadrup le s p ira l .

3 .

I xwor th , S u ffolk . I b id., 1 08 , f i g. 1 0 . One s p ira l o f aq uadrup le-sp ira lb rooch.

N orth-eastern F rance 4 .

Bava i , N ord. Mohen 1 972, 4 63, f i g. 1 0 , 9 ;

Duva l , E luere a nd Mohen 1 974, 7 , 5 5,

f i g. 3 , 5 . Two s p ira ls o f aq uadrup le-sp ira lb rooch. N etherlands 5 .

N i j megen , Gelder land . Van Buche m 19 41, 6 8 n os. 9 -11, p l . I , 8 -10. Three e xa mp les , t wo q uadrup le , o ne d ouble.

L IST 2 63.

Wiesloch r azors.

MAP 8 1.

Be lg iu m 1 .

Havre , Ha inau t. Mar ien 1 958 , 1 39 . Probable e xa mp le.

2 .

Bur ia l 1 6.

Eprave , N a mur. Mus e Archeolog ique , N a mur ;

c ast i n Un ivers ity Museu m , Ghen t.

C o mha ire 1 894-95, p l . V , 5 8. F ig. 7 6, 1 . 3 .

Fosse-aux- Mor ts , Ged inne , Na mur. Du jard in a nd Grave t 1 865-66, 4 3;

Mar ien 1 952, 2 88 , a fb. 2 69.

T he p rovenance ' Loue t te-Sa in t-Pierre ' i s i ncorrec t ( Knapen-Lescren ier 1 970 , 11 ). On g round -surface b elow b arrow 5 . 4 .

Prov. N a mur. C ast i n Un iversi ty Museu m , Ghen t. F ig. 7 6, 2 .

L IST 2 64.

End ingen r azors.

MAP 8 1.

E ngland 1 .

H il ls Road , Ca mbr idge , Ca mbs. Fel l , L ethbr idge a nd Bushnel l 19 48 , 1 28 , p l . XIV, H .

2 .

Danebury h oard , Han ts. Cun l if fe a nd O 'Connor 1 979. F ig. 7 6, 3 .

3 .

Tha mes a t S ion Reach , Midd lesex . Bra i lsford 1 953, 3 0 , f i g. 1 1, 1 3.

6 07

4 .

Ha m H il l , S o merse t. P iggot t 19 46, 1 40 n o. 9 1, f i g. 8 .

5 .

S ou th Cadbury , S o merset. A lcock 19 71, 5 , p l . I V, c .

6 .

Tha mes a t R ich mond , S urrey. P iggot t 19 46, 1 40 n o. 9 2, f i g. 8 ;

Bra ilsford 19 53, 3 0 , f i g. 1 1, 1 2.

S cot land 7 .

Trapra in L aw , E . L oth ian. Bur ley 19 55-56, 1 50 , f i g. 1 , T 27.

Belg iu m 8 .

Bruyere-Sa in t-Job, Basse- Wavre, Braban t. Mar i n 19 58, 2 10-213, f i g. 3 8 , d . Bur ial 5 .

9 .

S cheld t a t S choonaarde , E . F landers. De L oV 1 931b, 6 , f i g. 9 , 3 . Three r ings.

L IST 2 65.

F lörshe im r azors.

MAP 8 1.

North-eastern France 1 .

S eine a bove V il leneuve-Sa in t-Georges , Val-de- Marne. MAN;

c ast i n Un iversity Museu m , Ghen t.

De Mor t il let 19 03, p l . C , 1 343. F ig. 7 6, 4 . L IST 2 66.

Bern issar t r azors.

MAP 8 1.

Eng land 1 .

S tap le Howe , Yorks. Brewster 19 63, 1 11, f i g. 6 1, 1 , p l . 4 0.

Belg iu m 2 .

Bern issar t , Ha inau t. Ash 19 27.1021. Mar i n 19 58 , 2 34. F ig. 7 6 , 5 .

3 .

Fosse-aux- Morts , Ged inne , Na mur. Du jard in a nd Gravet 1 865-66, 4 2. Possible e xa mp le.

L IST 2 67.

Tr iangu lar-bladed r azors.

MAP 8 2.

Wales 1 .

Card if f h oard , G la morgan ( 2 17 ) .

2 .

L lyn Fawr h oard , G lamorgan ( 218 ).

6 08

L IST 2 68.

C ircu lar-bladed r azors.

MAP 8 2.

Br ita in 1 .

Danebury h oard , Han ts. Drawn wh i le i n S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wi l tsh ire Museu m , S a l isbury ; n ow i n p r iva te c ol lec t ion . S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wil tsh ire Museu m , Annua l Repor t , 1 973-74, 1 8, p l . IA ; Cun l if fe a nd O 'Connor 19 79 . F ig. 7 6, 6 . Trefo i l o penwork b lade , r ingter m ina l o n h and le.

2 .

Card if f h oard , G lamorgan ( 2 17 ).

3 .

Pu tney , Midd lesex . P iggot t 19 46, 1 40 n o. 8 9 , f i g. 8 . C ircu lar a nd t r iangu lar p erfora t ions.

Belg ium 4 .

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t. Mar ion 19 58 , 1 39-140 n o. 1 33, 2 66, f i g. 2 4. C hamp d e l a F er me Rouge , b arrow 5 . i nset t ang.

5 .

B if id b lade , c ircu lar p erfora t ion ,

C our t-Sa in t-Et ienne , Braban t . I b id ., 1 44 n o. 1 42, f i g. 1 0 ;

1 46 n o. 1 51, f ig. 2 5.

F ro m t he Cha mp d e l a F er me Rouge b arrow c e me tery . o ne b if id b lade , o ne h and le w ith r ingter m ina l . 6 .

Two f rag men ts ,

Havre , Ha inau t. I b id ., 1 39. Bur ia l 9 .

7 .

B if id b lade , c ircu lar p erfora t ion , r ingter m ina l h and le.

Havre , Ha inau t. I b id ., 2 34. Bur ia l 1 6.

8 .

B if id , t anged.

Fosse-aux-Mor ts , Ged inne , N a mur . Du jard in a nd Grave t 1 865-66, 4 0. I rregu lar c ircu lar p erfora t ion .

L IST 2 69 .

I ron r azors.

Below b arrow 1 .

MAP 8 2.

Wa les 1 .

D inorben , De nb igh . Gardner a nd S avory 19 64, 6 0 , 7 7 , 1 53-154, f i g. 2 33;

S avory 19 76a , 2 0 .

S ingle-edged , l ong b lade w i th s tra igh t s ides t aper ing t owards a k nobbed t ang. Be lg iu m 2 .

Mor i mo ine , Braban t.

.

Mar ien 19 58 , 2 23 n o. 1 , f i g. 4 3. Barrow 2 .

C rescen t ic.

6 09

3 .

L o m mel-Ka t tenbosch , L i mburg. De L ae t a nd Mar ion 19 50 , 3 22, f i g. 6 , 2 0 ; Bur ia l 2 0 .

4 .

I nv. Arch. B 4, 5 .

S ingle-edged t rapezo ida l b lade w i th c onvex e dge.

S a in t-Vincen t , L uxe mbourg. Mar in 1 964, 1 04, 1 56 , f i g. 8 1. Bur ia l 6 7 .

L IST 2 70.

S ingle-edged c onvex b lade w ith r ecurved h and le.

Miscel laneous r azors.

Br ita in 1 .

K in leith , Mid loth ian . P iggo t t 19 46, 1 41 n o. 9 7 , f i g. 8 . B if id b lade w ith c rescen t ic o penwork , r ingter m ina l o nh and le.

2 .

S tap le Howe , Yorks. BM. Brewster 1 963, 13, f i g. 6 1, 3 . F ig. 7 6, 7 . Frag men t w i th o penwork o rna men t.

6 10

Broken o r worn e dges a re s t ipp led .

B IBL IOGRAPHY

ABBREVIAT IONS

AAASH.

Ac ta Archaeolog ica Acade m iae S c ien t iaru m Hungar icae.

Ac ta Arch.

A c ta Archaeolog ica.

AFSB.

Arbe i ts- u nd F orschungsber ich te z ur S achs isc hen B odendenk malp f lege.

Ann. Bret.

Ann .a les d e B re tagne e t d es Pays d e l 'Ouest.

An t. J .

The An t iquar ies J ourna l .

A n t. N a t .

An t iqu i tes N a t iona les.

APL .

Ana le e ta Praeh istorica L e idens ia.

Arch. A el .

A rchaeolog ia Ae l iana .

Arch. A t lan t.

A rchaeolog ia A t lan t ica.

Arch. Be lg.

Archaeolog ica B elg ica.

Arch . Ca mb.

Archaeolog ia Cambrens is.

Arch . J .

T he Archaeolog ica l J ourna l .

Arch. K orr.

Archäolog isches K orrespondenzblat t.

Arch . Rozh .

Archeolog icke Rozh ledy .

Ausgrabungen i n

Ausgrabungen i n Deu tschland .

Deu tschland .

Ger man ischen Z en tral Museu m. 1 .

Ma inz.

Rö m ischMonograph ien

1 975.

Bad. Fundber.

Bad ische F undber ich te.

BAR

Br it ish Archaeolog ical Repor ts.

BJ .

B onner J ahrbücher.

BMRAH.

Bu l let in d es Musees Royaux d‚Ar t e t d 'Histo ire.

BPH.

B ibl ioteca P raeh istor ica H ispar ia.

BRGK .

Ber ich t d er Rd m isch-Ger man ischen K o m miss ion .

BROB.

Ber ich ten v an d e R i jksd ienst v oor h et Oudhe idkund ige Bode monderzoek .

BSPF.

Bu llet in d e l a S oc iete Preh istor ique França ise.

CAP.

C ah iers Archeolog ique d e P icard ie.

6 11

DAG.

D isser ta t iones Archaeolog icae Gandenses.

Ga l l ia Preh ist.

Ga l l ia Preh isto ire.

HBA.

Ha mburger Be i träge z ur Archäolog ie.

HMGOG.

Handel ingen d er Maa tschapp i j v oor G esch ieden is e n Oudhe idkunde t e Gen t.

I nv. Arch.

I nven tar ia Archaeolog ica.

J CHAS .

J ourna l o f t he C ork H istor ica l a nd Archaeolog ic al S oc iety.

J IVUF.

J ahresber ich t d es I nst itu ts f tr Vorgesch ich te d er Un ivers itä t Frank fur t a . M.

J RGZ M.

J ahrbuch d es R e im isch-Ger man ischen Z en tralmuseu ms Ma inz.

J RSA I .

J ournal o f t he Roya l S oc iety o f An t iquar ies o f I reland .

J SGU.

J ahrbuch d er S chwe izer ischen Gesel lschaf t f ür Urgesch ich te.

L 'An t. C lass.

L 'An t iqu i te C lass ique.

MBV.

Ma ter ia lhef te z ur Bayer ischen Vorgesch ich te.

MBVF.

Münchner Be iträge z ur Vor- u nd Frühgesch ichte.

MSPF.

Me mo ires d e l a S oc iete Preh istor ique França ise.

NDV.

N ieuwe Dren tse Volksa l manak .

NNU .

N achr ich ten a us N iedersachsens Urgesch ich te.

OMROL .

Oudhe idkund ige Mededel ingen u i t h e t R i jksmuseu m v an Oudheden t e L e iden .

Pa m . Arch.

Pa ma tky Archeo log icke.

PBF.

Präh istorische Bronzefunde.

PDNHAS .

Proceed ings o f t he Dorse t N a tura l H istory a nd Archaeolog ica l S oc ie ty .

PHFC.

Proceed ings o f t he Ha mpsh ire F ield C lub a nd Archaeolog ical S oc iety.

PPS (EA ).

Proceed ings o f t he Preh istor ic S oc ie ty ( o f E ast Angl ia ).

PRIA .

Proceed ings o f t he Roya l I r ish Acade my .

PSAL .

Proceed ings o f t he S oc iety o f An t iquar ies o f L ondon ,

PSAS .

Proceed ings o f t he S oc iety o f An t iquar ies o f S cot land .

6 12

PUBSS .

Proceed ings o f t he Un ivers i ty o f Br istol S pelaeolog ica l S oc iety .

PZ.

P räh istor ische Z e itschr if t.

RAC .

Revue Archeolog ique d u C en tre.

RAECE.

Revue Archeolog ique d e PEst e t d u Cen tre-Est .

RAO.

Revue Archeolog ique d e POise.

Rev. Arch.

Revue Archeolog ique.

RGF.

Re m isch-German ische F orschungen .

RV M.

Rad Vo jvocansk ih Muze ja .

S et tle men t a nd E cono my .

S et tle men t a nd e cono my i n t he t h ird a nd s econd mil lenn ia B .C. e d . C . Burgess a nd R . Miket. BAR 3 3.

Ox ford.

1 976.

S x . A . C .

S ussex Archaeolog ica l C ol lec t ions.

S y . A . C .

S urrey Archaeolog ical C ol lec t ions.

TC WAAS .

T ransac t ions o f t he Cumberland a nd West morl and An t iquar ian a nd Archaeolog ica l S oc ie ty.

TEAS .

Transact ions o f t he E ssex Archaeolog ical S oc iety .

Travaux .. Rennes.

Travaux d u L abora to ire d 'An thropolog ie Facu l te d es S c iences , Rennes.

UFAS.

Ur und f rühgesch ich t l iche Archäolog ie d er S chwe iz. Basel .

UJA .

3D ie Bronzeze i t.

e d . W. Drack .

1 971.

U lster J ourna l o f Archaeology . Un ivers i ty o f L ondon I nst i tu te o f Archaeology .

VCH.

The V ic tor ia H istory o f t he Coun t ies o f E ngland .

VF.

Vorgesch ich t l iche F orschungen .

VUSLH.

Verö ffen t l ichungen d er u rgesch ich tl ichen S a m mlungen d es L andes museu ms z u Hannover.

WA.

World Archaeology .

WAM.

The Wi l tsh ire Archaeolog ica l a nd N a tura l H istory Magaz ine.

YAJ .

The Yorksh ire Archaeolog ica l J ourna l .

BM Festschr if t.

Preh istor ic a nd Ro man s tud ies c o m me mora t ing t he o pen ing o f t he D epar t men t o f Preh is tor ic a nd Ro mano-Br i t ish An t iqu i t ies. S ievek ing.

L ondon .

Quar terly 3 5. 6 13

e d. G . d e G .

1 971. = Br i t ish Museu m

Brunst ing F estschr if t.

Archeolog ie e n h istor ie :

o pgedragen a an

H . Bruns t ing b i j z i jn z even t igste v er jaardag. e d . W. A . v an E s e t a l . C h i t ty F estschr if t.

Bussu m .

Preh istor ic man i n Wales a nd t he west : i n h onour o f L i ly F . Ch i t ty . C . Burgess.

Dehn Festschr if t.

1 973 .

Ba th.

e ssays

e d . F . L ynch a nd

1 972.

Marburger Be iträge z ur Archäolog ie d er K el ten : F estschr if t f ur Wol fgang Dehn .

e d . 0 .-H. F rey .

Fundberich te a us Hessen , B e ihef t 1 .

Bonn .

19 69 . Hawkes Festschr if t.

T he European c o mmun i ty i n l a ter p reh istory : s tud ies i n h onour o f C . F . C . Hawkes.

e d.

J . Board man , M. A . Brown a nd T . G . E . P owel l . Mon tel ius Festschr if t.

L ondon .

1 971.

Opuscu la Archaeolog ica O scar i Mon tel io S eptuagenar io D ica ta .

P iggo t t Fes tschr if t.

Hol m iae.

T o i l lustra te t he monu men ts :

1 913.

e ssays o n

a rchaeology p resen ted t o S tuar t P iggot t .

Vog t F estschr if t.

J . V . S . Megaw.

L ondon .

Helve t ia An t igua :

Festschr if t Em i l Vogt .

1 976.

R . Degen , W. D rack a nd R . Wyss. 1 966.

6 14

e d.

e d.

Z ür ich.

Aberg , N ., 1 916 .

' D ie n ackengebogenen Ax te u nd d ie Rho mbenäx te ' .

PZ 8 ,

9 3-108 . Abauz i t , P ., 1 967 .

' L 'Age d u B ronze e n B ourbonna is : l es h aches h t a lon ' .

RAC 6 , 3 39-359 . Abe ls , B . -U ., 1 972 .

D ie Rand le is tenbe i le i n B aden- Würt te mberg , d em

E lsass , d er F ranche C om te u nd d er S chwe iz . Abe ls , B . U ., 1 975 .

M t 1nchen .

' Ein u rnenfe lderze i t l icher G rabfund a us H erlhe im ,

L dkr . S chwe infurt ' . Abercro mby , J ., 1 912 . a nd I re land .

PBF D C/4 .

A rch . K orr . 5 , 2 7-34 . A s tudy o ft he B ronze Age p o t tery o f G rea t B ri ta in

O xford .

Achertop , S . H ., 1 961 .

' Een s tenen s tri jdha m mer u i t Mun tenda m ( Gr . ) ' .

H e l in iu m 1 , 1 32-134 . Agache , R ., 1 974 . e t P icardie ' .

' I nfor ma t ions a rcheo log iques .

C ir c onscrip t ion d e N ord

G a l l ia P reh is t . 1 7, 4 25-463 .

A lcock , L ., 1 961 .

' The w inged o b jec ts i n t he L lyn F awr h oard ' .

Ant iqui ty

3 5 , 1 49-151 . A lcock , L ., 1 971 .

' Excava t ions a t S ou th C adbury 1 970 ' .

A lenus-Lecerf , J ., 1 974 . B e lg . 1 57 .

Ant . J . 5 1, 1 -7 .

S ondages d ans u n c hamp d 'urnes ä H ers ta l .

A rch

B ruxe l les .

A l magro , M ., 1 940 .

' E l h a l lazgo d e l a r ia d e H ue lva y e l f i na l d e l a E dad

d e l B ronce e n e l Occ iden te d e E uropa ' . A l magro , M ., 1 957-58 .

Ampurias 2 , 8 5-143 .

' A p ropös i to d e l a f echa d e l as

f i bu las d e H ue lva ' .

Ampurias 1 9-20 , 1 98-207 . A l magro , M ., 1 966 .

L as e ste las d ecoradas d e l s uroeste p en insu lar .

BPH 8 .

Madrid . A l magro , M ., 1 974 .

' Depös i to d e b ronces d e l a R ia d e H ue lva ' .

p reh istoria y a n t ig t iedad . A l th in , C . -A ., 1 945 . S kane .

I n , H ue lva :

Madrid , 2 13-220 .

S tudien z ud en b ronzeze i t lichen F e lsze ichnungen v on

Lund/KSbenhavn .

Anderson , J ., 1 886 .

S co t land i n pagan t imes .

The B ronze a nd S tone Ages .

E dinburgh . Aner , E ., 1 962 .

' D ie f rühen T u l lenbe i le d es Nordischen K re ises ' .

Ac ta A rch .

3 3 , 1 65-219 . Aner , E . a nd K ers ten , K ., 1 973 .

F rederiksborg u nd K 4enhavns Am t .

D ie

F unde d er ä l teren B ronzeze i t d es N ordischen K re ises i n Däne mark , S ch lesw ig-Ho ls te in u nd N iedersachsen 1 . A ner , E . a nd K ers ten , K ., 1 976 .

K g Sbenhavn/Neu münster .

H o lbaek , S or9 S u nd P raes tS Am ter .

D ie

F unde d er ä l teren B ronzeze i t d es N ordischen K re ises i n D äne mark , S ch lesw ig-Ho ls te in u nd N iedersachsen 2 . Anke l , C ., 1 974 .

KObenhavn/Neu müns ter .

' Bronzeschwerter am N iederrhe in ' .

N iederrhe in , e d . R . S ta mpfuss . V or- u nd Frühgesch ich te 9 .

I n , Ausgrabungen am

Q ue l lenschrif ten z ur wes tdeutschen

Bonn , 4 1-52. 6 15

A nnab le , F . K . a nd S i mpson , D . D . A ., 1 964 .

G u ide c a ta logue o f t he Neo-

l i th ic a nd B ronze Age c o l lec t ions i n Dev izes Museu m . Anon . 1 905 .

L 'An thropo log ie 1 6 , 3 71 .

Anon . 1 923 .

' A D an ish b ronze c e lt i n E ng land ' .

Anon . 1 928 .

' Bronze r ing f ound a t Passage Wes t ' .

Anon . 1 934 .

' Scarborough a nd Ha l ls ta t t ' .

Anon . 1 963 .

‚T redarvah ,

An ton iew icz , W ., 1 955 . Russ ia ) .

P enzance ' .

Dev izes .

A n t . J . 3 , 3 70-371 . J CHAS 3 3 , 3 4 .

A n t . J . 1 4 , 3 01-302 .

C orn ish A rchaeo logy 3 , 8 5 .

' Bronze a xes o f t he Mä lar t ype f ound i n Minsk (Wh i te

Wiado mosc i A rcheo log iczne 2 2 , 2 78-283 .

ApS i mon , A . M ., 1 954 .

' Dagger g raves i n t he "Wessex" B ron z e Age ' .

ULIA

T enth A nnua l Report , 3 7-62 . ApS i mon , A . M ., 1 969-71 . s earch .

' 1919-1969 :

F if ty y ears o f a rchaeo log ica l r e-

The S pe laeo log ica l S oc ie ty 's c ontr ibut ion t o a rchaeo logy ' .

PUBSS

1 2 , 3 1-56 . ApS i mon , A . M ., 1 972 .

' B icon ical u rns o uts ide Wessex ' .

I n , C h it ty F es t-

s chrif t , 1 41-160 . ApS i mon , A . M . a nd G reenf ie ld , E ., 1 972 .

' The e xcava t ion o f B ronze Age

a nd I ron Age s et t le ments a t T rev isker , S t . E va l , C ornwa l l ' .

PPS 3 8,

3 02-381 . A r mstrong , E . C . R ., 1 911 .

' A b ronze b race le t o fH a l ls ta t t t ype s a id t o h ave

b een f ound n ear t he t own o f Antri m ' . A r mstrong , E . C . R ., 1 920 .

JRSA I 4 9 , 5 8-60 .

C a ta logue o f I r ish g o ld o rna men ts i n t he c o l lec-

t i on o ft he R oya l I r ish Acade my .

Dub l in .

A rna l , J ., C ouchard , J . L . a nd L orb lanche t , M ., 1 969 . Roucadour ( The m ines-Lot ) ' . Asche meyer , H ., 1 966 . Wes tfa len .

D ie G räber d er j ungeren B ronzeze i t i m w es t l ichen

B odena l tert t i mer Wes tfa lens 9 .

Ashbee , P ., 1 960 .

ad ecor

( O ise ) ' .

' Way land 's Sm i thy ' .

' Un t ype d 'eping le r are :

e n e toi le ' .

A udouze , F ., 1 972 .

L ondon .

A nt iqui ty 3 9 , 1 26-133 .

l es e p ing les I t g te s ub-b icon ique

BSPF 6 8, 1 89-192 .

' One e pee d u t ype d 'He m igkofen t rouvee p res d e C re i l

B SPF 6 9 , 2 64-265 .

Audouze , F ., 1 974 .

' Les c e intures e t o rna men ts d e c e inture d e l 'Age d u

B ronze e n F rance ' . Audouze , F ., 1 976 .

G a l l ia P reh is t . 1 7 , 2 19-283 .

' Les c e intures

( su i te ) ' .

Audouze , F . a nd C ourto is , J ..-C . ,1 970 . F rance .

M t ins ter .

The B ronze Age r ound b arrow i nB ri ta in .

A tk inson , R . J . C ., 1 965 . Audouze , F ., 1 971 .

' La g rot te d e

A rch ivo d e P reh is toria L evan t ina 1 2 , 5 5-91 .

PBF X I I/1 .

G a l l ia P reh ist . 1 9 , 6 9-1 72 .

L es e p ing les d u s ud-es t d e l a

M t 1nchen .

Audouze , F ., J orrand , C . a nd J . P ., Marqu is , P . a nd Mo m me le , R ., 1 975 . ' L 'hab i ta t p rotoh istorique d e Nary ' . RAO 5 , 1 1-14 . 6 16

A ufder mauer , J ., 1 963 .

E in G rabhüge lfe ld d er Ha l ls ta t tze i t b e i Mauenhe im .

B ad . F undber . S onderhef t 3 . Avery , M ., 1 974 .

F re iburg i . B r .

R ev iew o f C un lif fe 1 974 .

I r ish A rchaeo log ica l Research

F oru m 1 , 5 9-64 . Avery , M ., S ut ton , J . E . G . a nd B anks , J . W ., 1 967 . N orthan ts , E ng land : B abes , M ., 1 974 .

e xcava t ions 1 961-5 ' .

' Ra insborough ,

P SS 3 3 , 2 07-306 .

D ie r e la t ive C hrono log ie d es s pä tha l ls tat tze i t l ichen

G räberfe ldes v on L es J ogasses , G e me inde C houi l ly ( Marne ) . B e i träge z ur A l tertu mskunde 1 3 . B a i l loud , G ., 1 956 .

S aarbrücker

B onn .

' Recherches a u c amp d e C a tenoy ( O ise ) ' . BSPF 5 3 , 5 70-

5 74 . B a i l loud , G ., 1 958 .

' L 'hab i ta t n eo l i th ique e t p rotoh is torique d es Roches ' .

MSPF 5 , 1 92-214 . B a i l loud , G ., 1 961 .

' Un h ab i ta t d u B ronze moyen e nf or & d e F onta ineb leau :

Marion d es R oches ' . Ba i l loud , G ., 1 974 .

B SPF 5 8 , 9 9-102 .

L e n eo l i th ique d ans l e Bass in p aris ien 2 . Ie s upp le men t

G a l l ia P reh is t .

P aris .

B a i l loud , G . a nd C oif fard , P ., 1 967 . ( Essonne ) .

' Le l ocus 5 d es R oches ' aV ide l les

Ie tude a rcheo log ique ' .

B ake ls , C . C ., 1 975 .

B SPF 6 4 , 3 71-410 .

' Po l lenspec tra f ro m t he L a te B ronze Age u rnf ie ld a t

H i lvarenbeek-Laag S pu l , p rov . N oord-Braban t , Ne ther lands ' .

APL 8 ,

4 5-51 . B a lkw i l l , C . J ., 1 973 .

' The e ar l ies t h orse-b i ts o f wes tern E urope ' .

PPS

3 9 , 4 25-452 . B anks , R . W ., 1 884 .

' An a ccoun t o fb ronze imp le men ts f ound n ear B recon ' .

A rch . C a mb . 3 5 , 2 25-227 . B arre t t , J ., 1 976 . ' Devere l-R i mbury : p rob le ms o f c hrono logy a nd i nterpret a t ion ' . I n , S et t le ment a nd E cono my , 2 89-307 . B arth , F . E . a nd H odson , F . R ., 1 976. d ocu men ta t ion :

s o me n ew e v idence ' .

B arton , K . J ., 1 963 .

' The Ha l ls ta t t c e me tery a nd i t s A nt . J . 5 6 , 1 59-176 .

' Worth ing Museu m a rchaeo log ica l n otes f or 1 961 ' .

S x . A . C . 1 01 , 2 0-34 . B audou , E ., 1 960 .

D ie r eg iona le u nd c hrono log ische E in te i lung d er j ingeren

B ronzeze i t im N ord ischen K reis .

Ac ta U n ivers i ta t is S tockho lm iens is .

S tudies i n North-European A rchaeo logy 1 . L a B au me , W ., 1 934 . 5 .

S tockho l m/Gö teborg/Uppsa la .

U rgesch ich te d er Os tger manen .

O s t land-Forschungen

D anz ig .

B auwens-Lesenne , M ., 1 962 .

B ib liograf isch r epertoriu m d er o udhe idkundige

v onds ten i n O os tv laanderen .

O udhe idkundige Repertoria , Reeks A , 2 .

6 17

B auwens-Lesenne , M ., 1 963 .

B ib l iograf isch

k und ige Repertoria , Reeks A , 4 . Bauwens-Lesenne , M ., 1 965 .

Wes tv laanderen .

O udhe id-

B russe l .

B ib l iograf isch... d e p rov inc ie An twerpen .

O udhe idkundige Repertoria , Reeks A , 6 . Bauwens-Lesenne , M ., 1 968 . e n-Kon inkse m .

B ib l iograf isch... L i mburg , b ehoudens T onger-

O udhe idkund ige Repertor ia , Reeks A , 8 .

d e B eauch Le , G ., 1 961 .

B russe l .

' Enc lu me , p oignards e t 60es d e l 'Age d u Bronze '.

O b je ts e t Mondes 1 , 5 8-61 . B eau mon t , G . F . a nd G ou ld , I . C ., 1 903 .

' Ear ly man ' .

I n , VCH E ssex 1 .

L ondon , 2 61-274 . B ecker , C . J ., 1 961 .

l*ro mersk jerna lder is yd- o g midt jy l land .

musee ts Swif ter .

S t vf rre B ere tninger 6 .

B ecker , C . J ., 1 967 . mark ' .

Na t iona l-

K Aenhavn .

' Frühbronzeze i t liche L anzensp i tzen v on F ünen , Däne-

Ac ta A rch . 3 8 , 2 15-222 .

B eex , G ., 1 964 .

' Ringwa lheuve l t e A lphen , p rov . N oord-Braban t ' .

BROB

1 4 , 5 3-65 . B eex , G . a nd H u ls t , R . S ., 1 968 .

' A H i lversu m-cu lture s et t le ment n ear

N i jnse l , mun ic ipa li ty o f S t Oedenrode , N or th B raban t ' .

BROB 1 8 , 1 17-

1 29 . B eex , G . a nd R oosens , H ., 1 961 .

' Een g rafmonu men t i n h e t u rnenve ld " De

Roosen" t e N eerpe lt ( Be lg isch L i mburg ) ' . B eex , G , a nd R oosens , H ., 1 967 . A rch . B e lg . 9 6 .

E en u rnenve ld t e A che l-Pas toorsbos .

B russe l .

B ehrens , G ., 1 916 .

B ronzeze it S t iddeutsch lands .

G er man isches C entra l- Museu ms 6 . B ehrens , G ., 1 917 .

Ka ta loge d es R öm isch-

Ma inz .

' E in b ronzeze i t liches G efäss a us F rankre ich i m Museu m

z u W iesbaden ' . B enoi t , F ., 1 956 .

H e l in iu m 1 , 1 35-137 .

G er man ia 1 , 2 6-28 . ' Re la t ions d e Marse i l le g recque a vec l e monde o cc iden ta l ' .

R iv is ta d i S tud i L iguri 2 2 , 5 -32 . B en ton , S ., 1 930-31 . Moraysh ire ' .

' The e xcava t ion o f t he S cu lp tor 's C ave , C ovesea ,

P SAS 6 5 , 1 77-216 .

B erg mann , J ., 1 958 .

' Entw ick lung u nd V erbre i tung d er Paukenf ibe l ' .

J RGZ M 5 , 1 8-93 . B erg mann , J ., 1 970 .

D ie ä l tere B ronzeze i t N ordwestdeutsch lands .

B e i träge z ur V or- u nd F rühgesch ich te 2 . B e tz ler , P ., 1 974 . I .

K asse ler

Marburg .

D ie F ibe ln i n S t iddeutsch la nd , Os terre ich u nd d er S chwe iz

PBF X IV/3 . M t inchen .

B ianco P eron i , V ., 1 970 . d en B iesen , W . P ., 1 963 .

D ie S chwerter i n I ta l ien .

PBF I V/1 .

München .

' He t o udhe idkundige museu m F rans B loe men t.

N u maga 1 0 , 4 1-76 .

6 18

B lanche t , J . C ., 1 973 .

' Ob je ts d e l 'Age d u B ronze d ans l es c o l lec t ions

p rivees ` aC o mp iegne ( O ise ) ' . RAU 3 , 4 5-57 . B lanche t , J . C.,

1 975a .

' L 'ep ing le e n b ronze d e B reu i l-le-Sec ' .

RAU 5 ,

2 0-21 . B lanche t , J . C ., 1 975b . l 'Age d u B ronze . B lanche t , J . C.,

L e p eup le ment d e l a moyenne v a l lee d e l 'O ise ä

tco le P ra t ique d es Hau tes E tudes , V Ie S ec t ion .

1 976a .

B lanche t , J . C., 1 976b .

' L 'Age d u B ronze e n P icardie ' .

RAU 7 , 2 9-42 .

' Les t u mu lus d es C o mb les d 'Eramecourt ( So m me ) ' .

CAP 3 , 3 9-55 . B lanche t , J . C., J ouve , M . a nd D urv in , P ., 1 976 . F er e n P icard ie ' .

B lanche t , J . C., a nd L a mbot , B ., 1 975 . d e PO ise ' .

' Le p re m ier Age d u

RAU 7 , 4 3-47 . 1L 'Age

d u B ronze d ans l es musees

CAP 2 /1 , 2 5-70 .

B lanche t , J . C . a nd Marqu is , P ., 1 977 .

' Dew ( h aches d u B ronze f i na l a u

B o is d 'Ageux ä L ongue i l-Sa in te- Marie ( O ise ) ' . B lanche t , J . C . a nd Mohen , J . -P ., 1 977 . S a in t-Jus t-en Chaussee ( O ise \ ' .

RAU 9 , 6 -7 .

' Le d epö t d u B ronze f i na l d e

B SPF 7 4 , 4 72-481 .

B lanche t , J . C . a nd S amade t , A ., 1 975 .

' Un c iseau I d oui l le e t u ne a rm i l le

e n b ronze t rouves I V i l lers-sur-Coudon ( O ise ) ' . B lin-S toy le , A ., 1 959 .

RAU 6 , 1 8-19 .

' Spec trograph ic a na lys is o f B ri t ish Midd le a nd L a te

B ronze Age f i nds ' .

A rchaeo me try 2 , s upp le ment .

B loe mers , J . H . F ., 1 973 . ' Archeo log ische k ron iek v an L i mburg o ver d e j aren 1 971-1972 ' . P ubl ica t ions d e l a S oc ie te H is tor ique e t Archeo log ique d ans l e L i mbourg 1 09 , 7 -55 . B loe mers , J . H . F ., 1 975 . j aren 1 973-1974 ' .

' Archeo log ische k ron iek v an L imburg o ver d e

P ubl ica t ions d e l a S oc ie te H is tor ique e t Archeo log ique

d ans l e L i mbourg 1 11 , 7 -51 . B ocksberger , 0 .-J ., Vaudo is .

1 964 .

Age d u B ronze e n Va la is e t d ans l e C hab la is

L ausanne .

B ocque t , A ., 1 969 .

' Llserepreh istorique e t p rotoh is torique ' .

G a l l ia P re-

h ist . 1 2 , 1 21-258 , 2 73-400 . B ocque t , A ., 1 976 .

' Les c iv i l isa t ions d e PAge d u B ronze d ans l es A lpes ' .

I n , G ui la ine 1 976a , 4 83-494 . B oe les , P . C . J . A ., 1 951 .

F ries land t o t d e e lfde e euw2 . ' s-Gravenhage .

d en B oers ted , H . P . A ., 1 956 .

The b ronze v esse ls .

Descrip t ion o f t he

c o l lec t ions i n t he R i jks museu m G . M . K am a t N i j megen 5 . B öh me , H . W ., 1 974 .

Ger manische G rabfunde d es 4 . b is 5 . J ahrhunderts

zw ischen u n terer E lbe U nd L o ire . B öna , I . , 1 960 .

N i j megen .

MBVF 1 9 .

München .

' C lay mode ls o f B ronze Age wagons a nd whee ls i n t he Midd le

Danube b asin ' .

AAASH 1 2 , 8 3-111 .

6 19

B öna , I . , 1 975 .

D ie mit t lere B ronzeze i t U ngarns u nd i hre s t idost l ichen

B ez iehungen .

A rchaeo log ia H ungarica 4 9 , B udapes t .

B onenfan t , P . P ., 1 975 . hl 'Age d u F er :

' Les r e la t ions e ntre h ab i ta te t n ecropo le e n B e lg ique

u n p rob le m ' ap oser ' .

I n , L 'hab i ta t e t l a n ecropo le h

l 'Age d u F er e n E urope o cc iden ta le e t c entra le , e d . P . -M . Duva l a nd V . K ruta .

B ib l io theque d e l 'Eco le d es Hau tes

t udes , I Ve S ec t ion , 3 23 .

P aris , 6 1-69 . B on ifay , E ., 1 967 .

' I nfor ma t ions a rcheo log iques .

e t B asse N or mandie ' . B onna mour , L ., 1 969 .

G a l l ia P reh ist .

C irconscr ip t ion d e Hau te

1 0 , 3 17-331 .

L 'Age d u B ronze a u Mus e d e C ha lon-sur-Saöne .

C ha lon-sur-Saöne . B onna mour , L ., 1 976 .

' S ied lungen d er S pä tbronzeze i t ( Bronze f i na l I I ) im

S aöne-Ta l s t id lich v on C ha lon-sur-Saöne ' . B onne t , C ., 1 973 .

A rch . K orr . 6 , 1 23-130 .

' Une s ta t ion d 'a lt itude d e Pepoque d es C ha mps d 'Urnes

a u s o m me t d u H oh landsberg ' .

BSPF 7 0 , 4 55-478 .

B on t i l lot , J . a nd Mordan t , C ., 1 972 .

' Que lques o b je ts d e l 'Age d u B ronze

t rouves h C annes-Ec luse ( Se ine-e t- Marne ) ' . B ou lou m ie , B ., 1 973 .

BSPF 6 9 , 2 5-28 .

' Les o enochoes e n b ronze d u t ype S chnabe lkanne e n

F rance e t e n B e lg ique ' .

G a l l ia 3 1 , 1 -35 .

B ourh is , J ., B riard , J . a nd E steou le , J ., 1 969 .

' Un d epö t d e l a f i n d u B ronze

moyen I Ma lass is , C o m mune d e C hary ( Cher ) .

Ie tude t echn ique ' .

Ga l lia P reh is t . 1 2 , 7 5-82 . B ouzek , J ., 1 967 .

' Böhmen , S achsen u nd Mit te ldeu tsch land .

z ur v erg le ichenden C hrono log ie d er U rnenfe lderze i t ' . B ouzek , J ., 1 968 .

B e merkungen

AFSB 1 6/17 , 7 3-91 .

' Einege B e merkungen z um B eg inn d er N ipperw iese-

S ch i lde ' . G er man ia 4 6, 3 13-316 . B ouzek , J ., 1 969 .

' Sachsen , d ie L aus i tzer E nk lave n ordwestböhmens u nd

d ie K nov izer K u ltur ' . I n , B e i träge z ur L aus i tzer K u ltur , e d . W . C ob lenz . AFSB B e ihef t 7 . B ouzek , J ., 1 974a .

B er l in , 3 1-39 . G raeco- Macedonian b ronzes .

P h i losoph ica e t H is torica Monograph ia 4 9 . B ouzek , J ., 1 974b . B owen , H . C . n .d . B raa t , W .

( 1961 ) .

C ., 1 935 .

O udheden ' . B raa t , W .

' Macedon ian b ronzes ' . A nc ien t f i e lds .

Ac ta U n ivers i ta t is C aro linae

P raha .

P am . A rch . 6 4/2 , 2 78-341 . L ondon .

' Een b ronzen H a l ls ta t tsi tu la i n h e t R i jks museu m v an

OMROL 1 6 , 6 -7 .

C ., 1 936 .

' Een u rnenve ld t e K negse l ( Ge m . V esse m ) .

OMROL

1 7 , 3 8-46 . B raa t , W . C ., 1 964 .

' E in ige Baggerfunde a us H o l land ischen F l t issen '.

B u l le t in v an d e V ereenig ing t o t B evorder ing d er K ennis v an d e An t ieke B eschav ing t e ' s-Gravenhage , 3 9 , 1 85-191 .

6 20

B rad ley , R ., 1 977-78 .

' Preh istoric f i e ld s yste ms i n Br i ta in a nd n or th-wes t

E urope-a r ev iew o f s o me r ecen t w ork ' . B rad ley , R ., 1 978 .

WA 9 , 2 65-280 .

T he p reh is toric s e t t le ment o fB ri ta in .

B rad ley , R . a nd E l lison , A ., 1 975 .

Rams H i l l .

B radshaw , J . a nd C oo mbs , D ., n .d .

BAR 1 9.

L ondon . Ox ford .

The S tour mouth h oard .

Typescrip t

i n C an terbury Museu m . B ra i lsford , J ., 1 947 .

' A f ounder 's h oard f ro m

o n s ocke ted b ronze swords ' . B ra i lsford , J ., 1 953 . ( Bri t ish Museu m ) . B rand t , K . H ., 1 973 .

Dartford , K en t , w i th a n ote

PPS 1 3 , 1 75-177 .

L a ter p reh is toric a nt iqu i t ies o ft he B ri t ish I s les . L ondon . ' Nackengebogene Ax te v om n ordwes tdeu tschen Typ ' .

B re mer A rchäo log ische B lä t ter 6 , 5 -42 . B ranigan , K ., 1 964-76 .

' A p reh is toric b rooch f ro m B erkha ms tead 1. H ertford-

s h ire A rchaeo logy 4 ,174-175 . B re mer ,W ., 1 926 . I re land ' .

' A c on t inenta l b race le t o f t he Ha l ls ta t t p eriod f ound i n

JRSA I 5 6 ,5 8-60 .

B re tz- Mah ler , D ., 1 971 . S upp le men t h .G a l l ia . B reui l , H ., 1 900 .

L a c iv i l isa t ion d e L af ene Ie n C ha mpagne .

' L 'Age d u B ronze d ans l eB ass in d e P ar is .

e t d agues d u B ass in d e l a S o m me ' . B reui l , H ., 1 901 .

2 3e

P aris . I .

L es e pees

L 'An thropo log ie 1 1 , 5 03-504 .

' L 'Age d u B ronze d ans l e B ass in d e P aris .

I .

P oignards ,

c outeaux , s c ies , r ac loirs , f auc i l les .. 1. L ' An thropo log ie 1 2 , 2 83-296 . B reui l , H ., 1 902 . ' L 'Age d u B ronze d ans l e B ass in d e Paris . I I . Ob je ts d e me ta l lurg ie e t d e menuiserie .. 1. L 'An thropo log ie 1 3 , 4 67-475 . B reui l , H ., 1 903 . e t l ances ...' .

' L 'Age d u B ronze d ans l e Bass in d e P aris . I V . L 'An thropo log ie 1 4 , 5 01-518 .

B reu i l , H ., 1 905 . ' L 'Age d u B ronze d ans l e B ass in d e P aris . L 'An thropo log ie 1 6, 1 49-171 .

V .

Fr eches

Haches ... 1.

B reu i l , H ., 1 907. ' L 'Age d u Bronze d ans l e B ass in d e P ar is . V I . O rne men ts d e c orps , a ccesso ires d e v e te men t , d 'equ ipe men t e t d e h arnache men t ... 1. L 'An thropo log ie 1 8 , 5 13-533 . Breu i l , H ., 1 918-19 .

' L 'Age d u Bronze d ans l e Bass in d e P ar is .

V I . ( con t inued ) '.

L 'An thropo log ie 2 9 , 2 51-264 . B reui l , H . a nd B ou i l lero t , R ., 1 912 . C houssy , L oir-e t-Cher ' .

' La c ache t te d e l 'Age d u B ronze d e

Revue P reh is torique d e PEs t d e l a F rance 5 ,

9 7-114 . B rew is , W . P ., 1 922-23 .

' The b ronze sword i n G rea t B ri ta in ' .

A rchaeo log ia

7 3 ,2 53-265 . B rews ter , T . C . M ., 1 963 .

The e xcava t ion o f S tap le H owe .

Ma lton .

B riard , J ., 1 956 . L e d epö t d e f ondeur d e T rebou l e n Douarnenez ( F in isf ere ) . T ravaux... Rennes . Rennes . B riard , J ., 1 963 . B retagne .

' Pointes d e l ance d e t ype B ri t tan ique d ecouvertes e n

L eur r epart ion e n F rance ' . “21

L 'An thropo log ie 6 7, 5 71-578 .

B riard , J ., 1 965 . Rennes .

L es d epö ts b re tons e t l 'Age d u Bronze A t lan t ique .

Rennes .

B riard , J ., 1 966a .

Depö ts d e l 'Age d u B ronze d e Bre tagne.

Mauves ä N an tes . B riard , J ., 1 966b . B re tagne ' .

T ravaux... Rennes .

L a P ra irie d e

R ennes .

' Nouveaux d epö ts d es h aches ä t a lon d ecouvertes e n

B SPF 6 3 , 5 65-582 .

B riard , J ., 1 970a . ( F in isf ere ) ' .

' Un t u mu lus d u B ronze a nc ien

K ernonen e n P louvorn

L 'An thropo log ie 7 4 , 5 -56 .

B riard , J .

1 970b .

B riard , J .

1 971 .

' Rennes ' al 'Age d u B ronze ' .

1 975 .

Ann

B re t .

7 7 , 1 1-35 .

' Epees d e B re tagne e t d 'a i l leurs j e tees d ans l es r iv ieres

' a l 'Age d u B ronze ' . B riard , J .

Travaux ...

Ann . B re t .

7 8 , 4 7-58 .

' Nouve l les d ecouvertes s ur l es t u mu lus a r moricains ' .

A rch . A t lan t . 1 , 1 7-32 . B riard , J .

1 976a .

' Les c iv i l isa t ions d e l 'Age d ü B ronze e n A r morique ' . I n ,

G u i la ine , 1 976a , 5 61-574 . B riard , J ., 1 976b .

' La p a leo me ta l lurg ie e n F rance ' .

I n , G ui la ine 1 976a ,

2 36-245 . B riard , J ., C ordier , G . a nd Gaucher, G ., 1 969 .

' Un d epö t d e l a f i n d u

B ronze moyen ä Ma lass is , C o m mune d e C hary ( Cher ,. Ie tude a rcheol og ique ' .

G a l l ia P reh is t . 1 2 , 3 7-73 .

B riard , J . a nd G io t , P .-R ., 1 958 .

T ravaux ... Rennes .

Rennes .

B riard , J . a nd L ecerf , Y ., 1 975 . ' Parures d e l 'Age d u B ronze : d ecores d 'Ac igne e t P lechä te l a l le-e t-V i la iner . B riard , J . a nd Mohen , J . -P ., 1 976 . ( Cö tes-du-Nord ) ' .

A nn . B re t . 8 2 , 1 07-114 .

' Le d ep & . d u B ronze moyen d e D uau lt

An t . Na t . 8 , 2 8-37 .

B riard , J . a nd O nnee , Y ., 1 971 .

' Po intes d e l ances e t h aches d ecorees d u

B ronze moyen àPou lderga t e t T rebou l ( F in is tere ) ' . B riard , J . a nd Onnee , Y ., 1 972 .

Rennes .

B riard , J ., l e R oux , C . -T . a nd O nnee , Y ., 1 973 . n oua l e t l e B ronze f i na ld es C ö tes-du-Nord ' . B riard , J . a nd Verron , G ., 1 976a . F asc icu le

P aris .

T ypo log ie

F asc icu le I V :

Haches ( 2 ) ,

P aris .

B riggs , C . S ., 1 976 .

' Notes o n t he d is tribut ion o f s o me r aw ma teria ls i n

l a ter p reh istor ic B ri ta in ' . B r iscoe , G ., 1 954 .

' Les d epö ts d e P langue-

Ann . B re t . 8 0 , 3 5-60 .

Typo log ie d es o b je ts d e l 'Age d u B ronze

H aches ( 1 ) .

B riard , J . a nd V erron , G ., 1 976b . Her m ine t tes .

Ann . B re t . 7 8 , 2 5-35 .

L e d epö t d u B ronze f i na l d e S a int-Brieuc-

d es-If fs ( I . e t V . ) . T ravaux .. Rennes .

e n F rance .

l es b raee le ts

I n , S e t t le men t a nd E cono my , 2 67-287 .

' A b ronze s ocke ted a xe o f Dan ish t ype f ro m Wangford ,

n ear L akenhea th ' .

An t . J . 3 4 ,77 .

B riscoe ,G . a nd F urness , A ., 1 955 . E riswe l l n ear Mi ldenha l l ' .

' A h oard o f B ronze Age weapons f ro m

Ant . J . 3 5 , 2 18-219 . 6 22

B r isson , A . a nd H a t t , J . J ., 1 953 . ' Les n kcropo les h a l lsta t t iennes d 'Au lnaya ux-P lanches ( Marne ) ' .

RAECE 4 , 1 93-233 .

B risson , A . a nd H at t ., J . J ., 1 966 .

' Fonds d ec abanes d e l 'Age d u B ronze

f i na l e t d u p re m ier Age d u F er e n C hampagne ( pre miere p art ie ) ' .

RAECE

1 7 , 1 65-197 . B risson , A . a nd H a t t , J . J ., 1 967 .

' Fonds ..

( su i te e t f i n ) ' .

RAECE 1 8,

7 -51 . B ri tne l l , W . J ., 1 976 .

' An t ler c heekp ieces o ft he B ri t ish L a te B ronze Age ' .

An t . J . 5 6, 2 4-34 . B rit ton , D ., 1 960 .

' The I s leha m h oard , C ambridgesh ire ' .

A n t iqui ty 3 4 ,

2 79-282 . B rit ton , D ., 1 961 .

' A s tudy o f t he c o mpos i t ion o f Wessex c u l ture b ronzes '.

A rchaeo me try 4 , 3 9-52 . B rit ton , D ., 1 963 . ' Tradi t ions o f meta l-work ing i n t he l a ter N eo l i th ic a nd E arly B ronze Age o fB ri ta in : p art PPS 2 9 , 2 58-325 . B roho lm , H . C ., 1 935 .

' Enke ltfund f ra B ronzea lderen ' .

B roho lm , H .

C ., 1 943 .

D an marks B ronzea lder 1 .

K 9 Sbenhavn .

B roho lm , H . C ., 1 944 .

Dan marks B ronzea lder 2 .

K dbenhavn .

B roho lm , H .

C ., 1 946 .

D an marks B ronzea lder 3 .

K y Sbenhavn .

B roho lm , H .

C ., 1 949 .

D an marks B ronzea lder 4 .

K Sbenhavn .

B roho lm , H . C ., 1 953 . B roho lm , H .

K 9 Sbenhavn .

C ., L arsen , W . P . a nd S k jerne , G .. 1 949 .

B ronze Age .

The l ures o f t he

C openhagen .

B r y igger , A . W ., 1 913 . N orge ' .

Danske O ldsager 4 .

Aarb eer , 2 57-264 .

' Nogen a r mringer f ra a e ldre b ronsea lder f ra J aederen ,

I n , Mon te l ius F es tschrif t , 9 7-104 .

B rown , M . A . a nd B lin-S toy le , A . E ., 1 959 .

' A s a mp le a na lys is o f B ri t ish

Midd le a nd L a te B ronze A ge ma ter ia l , u sing o p t ica l s pec tro me try ' .

PPS

2 5 , 1 88-208 . v on B runn , W .A . ,1 953 . d eutsch land ' .

' Re ichverz ierte Ha l lsta t t B - Messer a us Mit te l-

G er man ia 3 1 , 1 5-24 .

v on B runn , W . A ., 1 954 .

S te inpackungsgrüber v on K ö then . Deutsche A kade m ie

d er Wissenschaf ten z u B er l in . g esch ich te 3 .

S chrif ten d er S ek t ion f ür V or- u nd F rüh-

B er lin .

v on B runn , W . A ., 1 959 .

D ie H ortfunde d er f rühen B ronzeze i t a us S achsen-

Anha l t , S achsen u nd Thur ingen .

B ronzeze i t liche H ortfunde , T e i l I .

Deutsche Akade m ie d er Wissenschaf ten z u B er l in . f t ir V or- u nd F rühgesch ich te 7 . v on B runn , W . A ., 1 968 . RGF 2 9 .

S chrif ten d er S ek t ion

B erl in .

Mi t te ldeu tsche H ortfunde d er j fngeren B ronzeze i t .

B er l in .

6 23

B runst ing , H ., 1 962 .

' De s ikke ls v an He i loo ' .

B runs t ing , H . a nd Verwers , G . J ., 1 975 . P rov . N oord- B raban t ' .

' He t u rnenve ld b i j Va lkensv vaard ,

APL 8 , 5 3-77 .

v an Buche m , H . J . H ., 1 941 . k a ta log .

OMROL 4 3 , 1 07-115 .

De f i bu lae v an N i j megen .

Dee l I .

I n le iding e n

N i j megen .

B urgess , C . B ., 1 962a .

' A s ocke ted a xe f ro m c entra l Mon mouthsh ire a nd

i t s s ign if icance f or t he B ronze Age i n Wa les a nd t he Marches ' . The Monmouthsh ire Ant iquary 1 /2 , 1 7-27 . B urgess , C . B ., 1 962b .

' A p a lstave f ro m B uck ley , F li i tsh ire , w ith s o me

n otes o n ' sh ie ld ' p a t tern p a ls taves ' .

F l in tsh ire H istorica l S oc ie ty P ub lica-

t i ons , J ourna l 2 0 , 9 2-95 . B urgess , C . B ., 1 964 .

' A p a lstave f ro m C hepstow ' .

T he Mon mouthsh ire

Ant iquary 1 /4 , 1 17-124 . B urgess , C . B ., 1 967-70 . c o l lec t ion ' .

' So me d ecora ted s ocke ted a xes i n C anon G reenwe l l 's

YAJ 4 2 , 2 67-272 .

B urgess , C . B ., 1 968a . western F rance ' .

A rch . J . 1 25 , 1 -45 .

B urgess , C . B ., 1 968b . t o 7 00 B . C .

' The l a ter B ronze Age i n t he B ri t ish I s les a nd n orth-

B ronze Age me ta lwork i n n orthern E ng land c . 1 000

Newcast le .

B urgess , C . B ., 1 968c .

' Bronze Age d irks a nd r apiers a s i l lustra ted b y

e xa mp les f ro m Durha m a nd N orthu mber land ' .

T ransac t ions o ft he A rch i-

t ec tura l a nd A rchaeolog ica l S oc iety o f D urha m a nd Northu mberland 2 1 , 3 -26 . B urgess , C . B ., 1 969a .

' Bre ton p a ls taves f ro m t he B ri t ish I s les ' .

A rch . J .

1 26, 1 49-153 . B urgess , C . B ., 1 969b . Age ' .

' Chrono logy a nd t er mino logy i n t he B ri t ish B ronze

An t . J . 4 9 , 2 2-29 .

B urgess , C . B ., 1 974 . Renfrew .

' The B ronze Age ' .

I n , B ri tish p reh istory , e d .

C .

L ondon, 1 65-232 .

B urgess , C . B ., 1 976a . We lsh a xes ' .

' The Gw i th ian mou ld a nd t he f orerunners o f S outh

I n , S e t t le ment a nd E cono m _L , 6 9-79 .

B urgess , C . B ., 1 976b . Wa les a nd b eyond ' .

' Buria ls w ith me ta lwork o f t he l a ter B ronze Age i n I n , We lsh a nt iqui ty .

E ssays ma in ly u pon p reh istoric

t op ics p resented t o H . N . S avory .. e d . G .

C .

B oon a nd J . M . L ew is .

C ardif f , 8 1-104 . B urgess , C . B ., C oo mbs , D . a nd Dav ies , D . G ., 1 972 . c o mp lex a nd b arbed s pearheads ' .

B urgess , C . B . a nd C owen , J . D ., 1 972 . Age me ta l-work ing t radit ions ' .

' The B roadward

I n , C h it ty F estschrif t , 2 11-283 . ' The E bna l h oard a nd E ar ly B ronze

I n , C h it ty F estschrif t , 1 67-181 .

B urgess , C . B . a nd Miket , R ., 1 974 .

' A b ronze a xe f ro m E isdon , Northu mber-

l and , a nd t he p rob le m o f Midd le B ronze Age f langed a xes ' . 2 , 2 7-32 . 6 24

A rch . Ae l .

5

B urgess , C . B . a nd Miket , R ., 1 976 .

' Three s ocketed a xes f ro m n orth-east

E ng land , w ith n otes o n f aceted a nd r ibbed s ocketed a xes ' .

A rch . Ae l .

5

4 , 1 -9 . B ur ley , E ., 1 955-56 . r a in L aw ' .

' A c a ta logue a nd s urvey o f t he meta l-work f ro m Trap-

PSAS 8 9 , 1 18-226 .

B ursch , F . C ., 1 933 .

' He t u rnenve ld o p h et l andgoed O ostening o nder

B enneko m ‚. OMROL 1 4 , 2 6-38 . B ursch , F . C ., 1 936 .

' Grafvor men v an h et n oorden ' .

B ursch , F .

' Een s teenen h amer u it Midden-L i mburg ' .

C ., 1 940 .

OMROL 1 7, 5 3-72 . OMROL 2 1,

1 6-18 . B ursch , F . C ., 1 942 . B usch , R ., 1 972 .

' Onze u rnenve lden ' .

Rev iew o f L aux 1 971 .

B ushe-Fox , J . P ., 1 915 . 1 911-12 .

OMROL 2 3 , 4 8-77 .

NNU 4 1, 3 04-309 .

E xcava t ions a t Heng istbury H ead , Ha mpsh ire , i n

Reports o f t he Research C o m mi t tee o f t he S oc iety o f Ant iquaries

o f L ondon 3 .

L ondon .

B utcher , C . H ., 1 922 .

' A h oard o fb ronzes d iscovered a t G rays Thurrock ' .

An t . J . 2 , 1 05-108 . B ut ler , J . J ., 1 956 . N e ther lands ) '.

' The b ronze p in f ro m Haamstede ( Province o f Z ee land , Pa laeoh istoria 5 , 7 3-76.

B ut ler , J . J ., 1 959 .

' Vergeten s cha tvondsten u it d e B ronst i jd '.

E euwen Neder land . B ut ler , J . J ., 1 960a .

H onderd

( Ant iqui ty a nd S urv iva l 2 /5-6 . )1 25-142 . ' A B ronze Age c oncentra t ion a t Bargeroosterve ld ' .

Pa laeoh istoria 8 , 1 01-126 . B ut ler , J . J ., 1 960b .

T Drie b ronsdepots v an B argeroosterve ld ' .

NDV 7 8,

2 05-231 . B ut ler , J . J ., 1 961a .

' A l ooped s pearhead c onverted t o ap egged s pearhead,

f ro m ' s-Hertogenbosch ( North B rabant ) ' . B ut ler , J . J ., 1 961b .

' De Noordneder landse f abrikanten v an b i jlen i n d e l a te

B ronst i jd e n h un p roduk ten ' . B ut ler , J . J ., 1 963a .

H e liniu m 1 , 5 4-55 .

NDV 7 9 , 1 99-233 .

' Bronze Age c onnec t ions a cross t he North S ea '.

Pa laeoh istoria 9 . B ut ler , J . J ., 1 963b . Nederland ' .

NDV 8 1, 1 81-212 .

B ut ler , J . J ., 1 963c . H o l land ) ' .

' Ook i n d e o udere B ronst i jd b ronsbewerk ing i n Noord-

' An E arly B ronze Age s pearhead f ro m De Z i lk ( South

He lin iu m 3 , 2 41-245 .

B u t ler , J . J ., 1 964a .

' The b ronze r ap ier f ro m Zwaagdi jk , Ge meente Wervers-

h oof , P rov . N orth H ol land ' . B ut ler , J . J ., 1 964b . B rabant ' .

BROB 1 4 , 3 7-43 .

' The b ronze f l anged a xe f ro m A lphen , P rov . North

BROB 1 4 , 6 6-68 .

B ut ler , J . J ., 1 965 .

' Ook e ens i ets v oor d a mes ' .

6 25

NDV 8 3 , 1 63-185 .

But ler , J . J . , 1968-69 . Onstwedde ' .

' Een u rnenve lden-koker mes u it d e H ids meden b i j

G ron ingse V o lksa l manak 1 0 , 2 06-223 .

B ut ler , J . J ., 1 969 .

Nederland i n d e B ronst i jd .

B ut ler, J . J ., 1 973a .

F ibu lareeks 3 1 .

' The b ig b ronze k n ife f ro m Hardenburg ' .

B ussu m .

I n , B runs ting

F estschrif t , 1 5-27 . But ler , J . J ., 1 973b . Maasgebe i t ' .

' Einhe i mische B ronzebe i lprodukt ion im N iederrhe in-

Pa laeoh istoria 1 5 , 3 19-343 .

B ut ler , J . J . a nd B akker , J . A ., 1 961 .

' A f orgot ten Midd le B ronze Age h oard

w i th a S ic i lian r azor f ro m Om merschans ( Overi jsse l ) . '

He liniu m 1 , 1 93-

2 10 . B ut ler , J . J ., L an ting , J . N . a nd v an d er Waa ls , J . D ., 1 972 .

' Anner T ol

He liniu m 1 2 , 2 25-241 . B ut ler , J . J . a nd S arfa t i j, H ., 1 970-71 .

' Another b ronze c ere monia l sword

b y t he P lougresc a n t-O m merschans sm ith ' . B ut ler , J . J . a nd Sm ith , I . F ., 1 956 . B ronze Age ' .

BROB 2 0-21, 3 01-309 .

' Razors , u rns a nd t he B rit ish Middle

UL IA Twe lf th Annua l Report , 2 0-52 .

B ut ler , J . J . a nd v an d er Waa ls , J . D ., 1 960 . b race le ts f ro m t he Ne ther lands ' .

Pa laeh istoria 8 , 9 1-99 .

B ut ler , J . J . a nd Wa terbo lk , H . T ., 1 974 . ä " La Mot ta" ‚ . Cabro l , A ., 1 937 .

' Three L a te B ronze Age g o ld

' La f oui l le d e A . E . v an G if fen

Pa laeoh istoria 1 6, 1 07-167 . ' Hache e n c uivre , g ouge e t c iseau e n b ronze ' .

BSPF 3 4 ,

3 66-373 . C abro l , A ., 1 939 .

' Bronzes d es d ragag ,es d e l a S aSne ' .

C abro l , A . a nd Pauron , H ., 1 937 . ( Se ine-e t- Marne ) ' . C a lkin , J . B ., 1 962 .

BSPF 3 6, 4 07-416 .

' Un g ue p reh istorique a La Roche t te

BSPF 3 4 , 4 81-493 . ' The B ourne mouth a rea i n t he Midd le a nd L a te B ronze

Age , w ith t he " Devere l-R i mbury" p rob le m r econs idered ' .

A rch . J . 1 19 ,

1 -65 . C a mps , G ., 1 976 . B ronze ' .

' La n av iga t ion e n F rance a u Neol ith ique e t äl 'Age d u

I n , G ui la ine 1 976a , 1 92-201 .

Caranc in i , G . L ., 1 975 . C ase , H ., 1 969 .

D ie Nade ln i n I ta lien .

' Neo li th ic e xp lana t ions ' .

d e Cas tro N unes , J ., 1 957 .

PBF XI I/2 .

München .

Ant iqui ty 4 3 , 1 76-186 .

' Un importan te h a l lazgo d e l b ronce e n P ortuga l ' .

Z ephyrus 8 ,135-145 . d e C astro N unes , J . a nd Vasco Rodrigues , A ., 1 957 . d e l B ronce F ina l e n P ortuga l '. Cayeux , L ., 1 970 .

' Co mp le ment

P inventa ire d es o b je ts d u b ronze e n S e ine-

Mari t i me ( Sa in t-P ierre-en-Port ) ' . C e loria , F ., 1 974 .

' Dos n uevas e spadas

Z ephyrus 8 , 2 79-285 .

BSPF 6 7, 1 21-123 .

' A La te B ronze Age p in f ro m B rentford '. T ransac t ions

o f t he L ondon a nd Midd lesex Archaeo log ica l S oc ie ty 2 5 , 2 78-281 . 6 26

C ha l lis , A . J . a nd H arding , D . W ., 1 975 . t o t he Tyne .

BAR 2 0 .

C ha mp ion , T ., 1 975 .

L a ter p reh istory f ro m t he T rent

Oxford .

' Bri ta in i n t he E uropean I ron Age ' .

Arch . A t lant . 1 ,

1 27-145 . C hantre , E ., 1 875 . B ronze .

E tudes p a leoe thniques d ans l e b assin d i Rhöne .

Age d u

A lbu m . P ar is .

C harles , J . A ., 1 975 . C hert ier , B ., 1 976 .

'Where i s t he t i n? ' .

Ant iqui ty 4 9 , 1 9-24 .

L es n ecropo les d e l a c ivi lisa t ion d es c ha mps d 'urnes

d ans l a r eg ion d es mara is d e S a int-Gond ( Marne ) . Ga l lia P reh ist .

V il le s upp le ment

Paris .

C heva l lier , R ., 1 959 .

' Deux l ances d e Ha l ls ta t t e n b ronze p rovenan t d u l i t

d e l a Marne ( A isne ) ' .

RAECE 1 0 , 1 57-160 .

C h i lde , V . G ., 1 930 .

The B ronze Age .

Cambr idge .

C h i lde , V . G ., 1 935 .

The p reh istory o f S co t land .

C h i lde , V . G . ,1 939 .

' Doub le-looped p a lstaves i n B ri ta in ' .

L ondon . Ant . J . 1 9 , 3 20-

3 23 . C h i lde , V . G ., 1 940 .

P reh istoric c o m muni t ies o f t he B rit ish I s les .

L ondon/

E dinburgh . C h i lde , V . G ., 1 951 . S evern ' .

' The f i rst waggons a nd c arts -fro m t he T igris t o t he

PPS 1 7, 1 77-194 .

C h i lde , V . G ., 1 957 .

' The B ronze Age ' .

P ast a nd P resen t 1 2 , 2 -15 .

C laassen , A ., 1 971 .

' De b ronst i jd i n L i mburg ' .

L i mburg 5 0 , 1 45-162 .

C laassen , A ., 1 975 .

' H i lversu m-urne t e Maase ik i .

C laerhou t , J ., 1 901 .

' Not ice s ur l es o b je ts e n b ronze d e l 'Age d u B ronze

L i ir iurc f 5 4 , 1 19-125 .

r encontres d ans l es f oui l les d e l a s ta t ion p a lustre d e Denterghe m ‚. Anna les d e l a S oc ie te d 'Archeo log ie d e B ruxe l les 1 5 , 1 82-198 . C lark , J . G . D ., 1 932-34 .

' The c urved f l int s ick le b lades o f B ri ta in '.

PPSEA 7 , 6 7-81 . C lark , J . G . D ., 1 936 . F en , west S uf folk ' . C lark , J . G . D ., 1 938 . o f E ly 1 .

' Report o n aL a te B ronze Age s i te i n Mi ldenha ll A nt . J . 1 6, 2 9-50 . ' Ear ly man ' .

I n , VCH Cambridgesh ire a nd t he I s le

L ondon , 2 47-303 .

C lark , J . G . D ., 1 948 .

' The d eve lop ment o f f i sh ing i n p reh istoric E urope ' .

An t . J . 2 8, 4 5-85 . C lark , J . G . D ., 1 952 .

P reh istoric E urope :

t he e cono m ic b asis .

L ondon .

C lark , J . G . D ., 1 966 .

' The i nvas ion h ypothes is i n B ri t ish a rchaeo logy ' .

Antiqui ty 4 0 , 1 72-189 . C lark , J . G . D . a nd F e l l , C . I . , 1 953 .

' The Early I ron Age s i te a t Mick le-

moor H i l l , West H arling , Norfo lk , a nd i t s p ot tery ' .

6 27

PPS 1 9 , 1 -40 .

C larke , J . G . D . a nd G odw in , H ., 1 940 . S tuntney , I s le o f E ly ' . C larke , P . J ., 1 971 .

' A La te B ronze Age f i nd n ear

A nt . J . 2 0 , 5 2-71 .

' The N eo l i th ic , B ronze a nd I ron Age a nd R o mano-

B rit ish f i nds f ro m Mount Ba t ten , P lymouth , 1 832-1939 '.

Devon A rchaeo-

l og ica l S oc iety P roceedings 2 9 , 1 37-161 . C larke , R . R ., 1 939 .

' The I ron Age i n N orfo lk a nd S uf fo lk ' .

Arch . J . 9 6 ,

1 -113 . C lason , A . T ., 1 959 . C lay , R .

' Een g rafve ld b i j H o ls loot i .

C . C ., 1 922-24 .

NDV 7 7, 2 07-219 .

' An E ar ly I ron Age s i te o n F if ie ld Bavant D own ' .

WA M 4 2 , 4 57-496 . C lough , T . H . Mck ., 1 970-73 . Ay lsham , N orfo lk ' .

' A h oard o f La te B ronze Age me ta lwork f ro m

N orfo lk A rchae c iogy 3 5 , 1 59-169 .

C lough , T . H . Mck ., 1 972 .

' Recent B ronze Age f i nds f ro m C u mbria ' .

TC WAAS 2 7 2 , 4 4-52 . C lough , T . H . Mck . a nd Wade- Mart ins , P ., 1 970-73 .

' A L a te B ronze Age

h oard f ro m F oxburrow F ar m , N orth E l mham , Norfo lk , 1 970 ' .

N orfo lk

Archaeo logy 3 5 , 6 -18 . C ob lenz , W ., 1 952 . C of fyn , A ., 1 967 .

G rabfunde d er Mit te lbronzeze it S achsens .

D resden .

' Que lques ' e pees d u B ronze f i na l d u s ud-ouest d e l a F rance ' .

BSPF 6 4 , 7 85-798 . C of fyn , A ., 1 969 .

' L 'Age d u B ronze a u Mus e d u Perigord ' .

Ga l lia P reh ist .

1 2 , 8 3-120 . C of fyn , A ., 1 976 .

' Les c iv i l isa t ions d e l‚Age d u B ronze e n Aqui ta ine ' .

I n ,

G ui la ine 1 976a , 5 32-542 . C of fyn , A . a nd G o mez , J ., 1 971 . C haren te ' .

' Recentes t rouva i l les p rotoh istor iques e n

BSPF 6 8, 2 48-252 .

C ogh lan , H . H ., 1 970 .

Ar eport u pon t he h oard o f B ronze Age t ools a nd

weapons f ro m Ya t tendon , n ear Newbury , B erksh ire . C o les , J . M ., 1 958-59 .

Newbury .

' Scot t ish swan 's-neck s unf lower p ins ' .

PSAS 9 2 ,

1 -9 . C o les , J . M ., 1 959-60 .

' Scot t ish L a te B ronze Age meta lwork :

d istribut ions a nd c hrono logy ' .

t ypo logy ,

PSAS 9 3 , 1 6-134 .

C o les , J . M ., 1 961 .

' The S a lta Moss r ap ier ' .

C o les , J . M ., 1 962 .

' European B ronze Age s h ie lds ' .

C o les , J . M ., 1 963 .

' I rish B ronze Age h orns a nd t he ir r e la t ions w i th

n orthern E urope ' . C o les , J . M ., 1 963-64 .

TC WAAS 2 6 1, 1 6-24 . PPS 2 8, 1 56-190 .

PPS 2 9 , 3 26-356. ' Sco tt ish Midd le B ronze Age meta lwork ' .

PSAS 9 7,

8 2-156 . C o les , J . M ., 1 965a .

' A r ock c arv ing f ro m s outh-west I re land ' .

3 74-375 .

6 28

PPS 3 1,

C o les , J . M ., 1 965b .

' The a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f or a " bu l l c u lt" i n La te

B ronze Age E urope ' . C o les , J . M ., 1 967a .

A nt iqu i ty 3 9 , 2 17-219 .

' The P lze r i s h ie ld :

Med i terranean r e la t ions ' . C o les , J . M .,

1 967b .

ap rob le m i n N ordic a nd e ast

G er man ia 4 5 , 1 51-153 .

' So me I r ish h orns o f t he L a te B ronze Age ' .

JRSA I 9 7 ,

1 13-117 . C o les , J . M ., 1 968-69 .

' Scot t ish E ar ly B ronze A ge me ta lwork ' .

PSAS 1 01,

• 1 -110 .

C o les , J . M ., 1 971a .

' Bronze A ge s pearheads w i th g o ld d ecora t ion ' .

An t . J .

5 1 , 9 4-95 . C o les , J . M ., 1 971b .

' Do w ns a nd t he L a te B ronze A ge o f I re land :

af ootnote ' .

JRSA I 1 01 , 1 64-165 . C o les , J . M ., C out ts , H . a nd Ryder , M . L ., 1 964 .

' A L a te B ronze Age f i nd

f ro m P yotdykes , A ngus , S cot land , w i th a ssoc ia ted g o ld , c loth , l ea ther a nd wood r e ma ins ' .

PPS 3 0 , 1 86-198 .

C o les , J . M . a nd T ay lor, J . J ., 1 971 . v iew ' .

' The Wessex c u l ture :

am in i ma l

A nt iqu i ty 4 5 , 6 -14 .

C o l l inge , W . E ., 1 930 .

' An e ar ly I ta l ian b rooch f ro m Y orks .

An t . J . 1 0 ,

5 4-55 . C o l lins , A . E . P ., 1 948-49 .

' Bronzes a nd p ot tery f ro m Wa l lingford ' .

B erk-

s h ire A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l 5 1 , 6 5-66 . C o l l is , J ., 1 977 .

' An a pproach t o t he I ron Age ' .

-a r ev iew , e d . J . C o l l is .

I n , T he I ron Age i n B ri ta in

S hef f ie ld , 1 -7 .

C o mha ire , C . J ., 1 894-95 .

' Les p re m iers a ges d u me ta l d ans l es b assins

d e l a Meuse e t d e l 'Escaut ' .

B u l le t in d e l a S oc ie te d ' An thropo log ie d e

B ruxe l les 1 3 , 9 7-226 . C on tenau , G . a nd O h irsh man , R ., 1 935 .

F oui l les d u Tepe-G iyan .

Mus e d u

L ouvre , Departe men t d es A n t iqu i tes O r ien ta les , S erie A rcheo log ique 3 . C ook , R . M ., 1 972 .

G reek p a inted p o t tery .

C oo mbs , D . G ., 1 971 . P h . D . t hes is .

L ondon .

L a te B ronze A ge me ta lwork i n t he s outh o f E ng land .

U n ivers i ty o f C a mbridge .

C oo mbs , D . G ., 1 974a . ( Norfo lk ) ' .

2

' E in s pä tbronzeze i t l icher Depotfund v on S ne t t isha m

A rch . K orr . 4 , 3 1-35 .

C oo mbs , D . G ., 1 974b .

' Type I V b arbed s pearheads o f t he B ri t ish L a te

B ronze Age -addi t ions ' . C oo mbs , D . G ., 1 975a .

A rch . J . 1 31 , 2 64-267 .

' Bronze A ge weapon h oards i n B ri ta in ' .

A rch .

A t lan t . 1 , 4 9 78 1 . C oo mbs , D . G ., 1 975b . w reck ? ' .

' The Dover H arbour b ronze f i nd -a B ronze Age

A rch . A t lant . 1 , 1 93-195 .

C oo mbs , D . G . a nd C h i t ty , L .

F ., 1 967-68 .

' Bronze h oard a nd b uria l f ound a t

G reensborough F ar m , S henstone , S ta f fordsh ire , i n 1 824 ' . 6 29

T ransac t ions

o ft he L ichf ie ld a nd S outh S ta f fordsh ire A rchaeo log ica l a nd H istorica l S oc ie ty 9 , 1 -16 . C ordier , G ., 1 965 .

' Po in te d e l ance ' ao e i l le ts d raguee e n L o ire ' aL angea is

( I ndre-e t-Loire ) ' . C ordier , G ., 1 972 .

RAC 4 , 3 5-47 .

' Le s i te a rcheo log ique d u d o l men d e V i l la ine ä S ub la ines

( I ndre-e t-Lo ire ) . a rcheo log ique ' . C ordier , G ., 1 974 .

P re m iere p art ie ( Neo l i th ique , Age d u B ronze ) .

Ie tude

G a l lia P reh ist . 1 5 , 3 1-92 . ' Deux " nouve l les" e pees d u t ype d e Monza ' .

RAECE 2 5 ,

4 19-422 . C ordier , G ., 1 976 .

' Les c iv i l isa t ions d e l 'Age d u B ronze d ans l e C entre-

o ues t e t l es p ays d e l a L o ire moyenne ' . C ordier , Ga nd G rue t , M ., 1 975 . F er e n A n jou ' .

I n , G ui la ine 1 976a , 5 43-560 .

' L 'Age d u B ronze e t l e p re m ier A ge d u

G a l l ia P reh is t . 1 8 , 1 57-287 .

C ordier , G . ,M i l lot te , J . -P . a nd R ique t , R ., 1 959 . d 'Azayle-R ideau ( I ndre-e t-Loire ) ' .

C ordier , G ., M i l lot te , J . -P . a nd R ique t , R ., 1 960 . b ronze d e l ' Indre-e t-Lo ire ' .

‚T ro is

c achet tes d e

G a l lia P reh is t . 3 , 1 09-128 .

C ot ton , M . A . a nd F rere , S . S ., 1 966-70 . 1 963-65 ' .

' La c ache t te d e b ronze

G a l lia P reh ist . 2 , 5 7-71 .

' I v inghoe B eacon e xcava t ions

Records o f B uckinghamsh ire 1 8 , 1 87-260 .

C ouch m a n , C . K ., 1 975 .

' The B ronze Age c e me tery a t A rd le igh , E ssex :

f urther c ons idera t ion ' . C ouchman , J . E ., 1 918-19 .

a

TEAS 3 7 , 1 4-32 . ' . .. N eo li th ic s poons f ound i n S ussex ..

P SAL 2 3 1 , 1 08-119 . C ouch man , J . E ., 1 924 .

' Ha l ls ta t t b rooches i n B ri ta in ' .

C ouppe , J ., G a l lo is , J . -P . a nd H urtre l le , J ., 1 971-75 . t ienne d u B lanc P ave ä E tap les ' .

A nt . J . 4 , 5 0-51 . ' Sepu lture h a l lsta t-

B u l le t in d e l a C o mm ission Depart menta le

d es Monu men ts H is toriques d u Pas-de-Ca la is 9 , 1 97-199 . C oursage t , J . a nd l e R un , J ., 1 966 . measure men ts

' G if-sur-Yve t te n a tura l r adiocarbon

Rad iocarbon 8 , 1 28-141 .

C ourto is , J . C ., 1 957 .

' No te s ur d es o b je ts i nedi ts d e l 'Age d u B ronze

c onserves d ans l es Mus es d e L yon ' .

BSPF 5 4 , 2 62-273 .

C ourto is , J . C., 1 960 . P reh ist . 3 , 4 7-108 .

' L 'Age d u B ronze da ns l es Hau tes-A lpes ' .

G a l l ia

C ourto is , J . C ., 1 976 .

' Les c iv i l isa t ions d e l 'Age d u F er d ans l es A lpes ' .

I n , G ui la ine 1 976a , 7 08-723 . C ou t i l , L ., 1 921 .

' I 2Age d u B ronze e n N or mand ie , E ure , S e ine- Mari t i me ,

O rne , C a lvados e t Manche ' . C o mp tes Rendus d e L 'Assoc ia t ion F ranca ises „ . p our PAv a nce ment d es S c iences , 4 5 , C ongres a R ouen , 7 91-812 . C ou t i l , L ., 1 922 .

' L 'Age d u B ronze e n N or mandie ( sui te e t f i n ) ' .

C o mptes

Rendus d e l 'Assoc ia t ion F ranca ise p our l 'Av a nce ment d es S c iences , 4 6, C ongres ä Mon tpe l ier , 4 95-506 .

6 30

C ou t i l , L ., 1 925 .

' Cache t te d e l 'Age d u B ronze d e L ongcha mps , c anton

d 'Etrepagny , a rrondisse men t d es A nde lys ( Eure ) ' . C ou t i l , L ., 1 928 . Mans .

BSPF 2 2 , 1 92-194 .

P o ignards , r ap ieres e t e p es d e l 'Age d u B ronze .

L e

( Ex tra i t d e l 'Ho m me P reh istorique , 1 926-28 . )

C owen , J . D ., 1 933 . A rch . A e 1 .

' Two b ronze swords f ro m Ewart P ark , Woo ler ' .

1 0 , 1 85-198 .

4

C owen , J . D ., 1 951 .

' The e ar l iest b ronze s words i n B r i ta in a nd t he ir o rig ins

o n t he c on t inent o f E urope ' . C owen , J . D ., 1 952 .

PPS 1 7, 1 95-213 .

' Bronze swords i n n orthern E urope :

o f S prockhof f 's G rif fzungenschwerter ' . C owen , J . D ., 1 955 .

ar econsidera t ion

PPS 1 8 , 1 29-147 .

' E ine E inf t lhrung i n d ie G esch ich te d er b ronzenen

G rif fzungenschwerter i n S t iddeutsch land u nd d en a ngrenzenden G eb ie ten ' . 3 6 .

BRGK

5 2-155 .

C owen , J . D ., 1 956 . c arpe '

' Les o rig ines d es e pees d e b ronze d u t ype ä l angue d e

I n , C ongresos I n ternac ionales d e C ienc ias P reh is toricas y P roto-

h istoricas .

Ac tas d e l a I V S ess ion , Madrid , 1 954 , e d . A . B e lträn .

Z aragoza , 6 39-642 . C owen , J . D ,1 961 .

' The L a te B ronze Age c hrono logy o f c en tra l E urope :

s o me r ef lec t ions ' .

A nt iqu i ty 3 5 , 4 0-44 .

C owen , J D ., 1 962 .

Rev iew o f M i l l ler-Karpe 1 961 .

C owen , J . D ,1 966 .

' The o rigins o f t he f l ange-h i l ted s word o f b ronze i n

c ont inenta l E urope ' . C owen , J . D ., 1 967 . i n B ri ta in ' .

A n t iqui ty 3 6, 7 5-78 .

PPS 3 2 , 2 62-312 .

' The H a l ls ta t t sword o f b ronze :

o n t he c on t inent a nd

PPS 3 3 , 3 77-454 .

C owen , J . D ., 1 971 .

' A s tr ik ing mari t i me d is tribut ion p a t tern ' .

PPS 3 7/2 ,

1 54-166 . C owen , J . D

a nd Maryon , H ,1 935 .

' The Wh i t t ingham sword ' .

A rch . A e l .

1 2 , 2 80-309 . C raw ford , 0 . G . S ., 1 911-12 . C raw ford , 0 . G . S ,1 922 .

' The g o ld t ore

PSAL 2 2 4 , 3 9-49 .

' A p reh istoric i nvas ion o f E ng land '

Ant . J . 2 ,

2 7-35 . C raw ford , 0 . G . S .a nd Whee ler , R . E . M ,1 920-21 . o ther h oards o ft he B ronze Age ' C un isse t-Carno t , P ., Mohen , J -P

a nd N ico lardot , J . -P , 1 971 .

f i bu le " chyprio te" t rouvee e n C ö te-d 'Or ' C un lif fe , B ,1 971 .

' The L lynfawr a nd

A rchaeo log ia 7 1 , 1 33-140 . ' Une

BSPF 6 8 , 6 02-609 .

' A B ronze Age s e t t le men t a t C ha lton , Hants ( S i te 7 8) '

A n t . J . 5 0 , 1 -13 . C un l if fe , B ., 1 974 . C un l if fe , B ,1 976a .

I ron A ge c o m mun i t ies i n B ri ta in . ' Danebury , H a mpsh ire :

e xcava t ions 1 971-5 '

s econd i n teri m r eport o n t he

A nt . J . 5 6 , 1 98-216 .

6 31

L ondon/Boston .

4

C un lif fe , B ., 1 976b .

' H i l l-forts a nd o pp ida i n B ri ta in '

I n , P rob le ms i n

e cono m ic a nd s oc ia l a rchaeo logy .. i n h onour o f G raha me C lark..., e d . G . d e G . S ievek ing , I . H . C un lif fe , B ,1 978 .

L ongwor th a nd K . E . Wi lson .

I ron Age c o m mun i t ies i n B ri ta in .

C un l if fe , B . a nd O 'Connor , B ., 1 979 . Danebury , H ants '

2

L ondon , 3 43-358 .

L ondon/Bos ton .

' The L a te B ronze Age h oard f ro m

I n , BAR 6 7 , 1 979 .

C un lif fe , B . a nd P h i l l ipson , D . W ,1 968 . E nco mbe , D orse t ' .

C unn ing-t on , M. E ., 1 913-14 . C unn ing ton , M . E ., 1 923 .

C unn ing ton , M . E . , 1926 .

C as ter ley C amp ' .

WAM 3 8 , 5 3-103 .

The E ar ly I ron Age i nhab i ted s i te a t A l l C ann ings

C ross F ar m , Wi l tsh ire .

C urwen , E . C ., 1 948 .

' Excava t ions a t E ldon 's S ea t ,

PPS 3 4 , 1 91-237 .

Dev izes .

' Bronze a rrow-head f ro m Wi lts .

A nt . J . 6 , 1 82 .

' A b ronze c au ldron f ro m S o mp t ing , S ussex ' .

A nt . J .

2 8 , 1 57-163 . C urwen , E . C ., 1 954 .

The a rchaeo logy o f S ussex .

L ondon .

Da le , W ., 1 897-99 .

PSAL 2 1 7 , 1 29-132 .

Da le , W ., 1 905-07 .

'. o n ad iscovery o f ab ronze b ucke t o ft he E arly I ron

Age a t Weybridge i n S urrey ' . Da le , W ., 1 913-14 .

PSAL 2 2 1 , 4 64 .

P SAL 2 2 6, 3 2-33 .

Darw in , W . E ., 1 894-97 .

' A h oard o fb ronze i mp le men ts f ound a t B it tern &

PHFC 3 , 5 3-66 . Das tugue , J ,1 971 .

' I nfor ma t ions a rcheo log iques .

e t Basse N or mandie ' . Daugas , J . -P , 1 972 .

C irconscrip t ion d e Haute

G a l lia P reh is t . 1 4 , 3 25-338 .

' Pre m ieres o bserva t ions s ur d es e le men ts mob i liers

me ta l liques d e l‚Age d u B ronze d ans l e Mass if C entra l ' . h is torique d e F rance , 1 9 , A uvergne 1 969 . Daugas , J . -P ., 1 976 . C entra l ' .

C ongres P re-

P aris , 1 77-182 .

' Les c iv i lisa t ions d e l‚Age d u B ronze d ans l e Mass if

I n , G ui la ine 1 976a , 5 06-521 .

Daugas , J -P ., a nd P etrequin , P ., 1 970 .

' Nouve l les c ons idera t ions s ur l a

c era m ique I tc anne lures e n F ranche-Co m te à l 'Age d u B ronze f i na l ' . RAECE 2 1 , 3 93-410 . Davey , P . J ., 1 971 . L inco lnsh ire ' . Davey , P . J ., 1 973 .

' The d is tribu t ion o fl a ter B ronze Age me ta lwork f ro m PPS 2 7/1 , 9 6-111 . ' Bronze Age me ta lwork f ro m L inco lnsh ire ' .

A rchaeo log ia

1 04 , 5 1-127 . Davey , P . J . a nd F orster , E ., 1 975 .

B ronze A ge me ta lwork f ro m L ancash ire

a nd C hesh ire . U nivers i ty o f L iverpoo l , Depar t men t o f P reh is toric A rchaeo logy , Work N otes 1 , L iverpoo l . Davey , P . J .. a nd K now les , G . 1 28, 1 54-161 .

C ., 1 971 .

6 32

' The A pp leby h oard ' .

A rch . J .

Dav ies , D . G ., 1 967 .

' The G ui lsf ie ld h oard ;

ar econs idera t ion ' .

A nt . J . 4 7 ,

9 5-108 . Dav ies , D . G ., 1 968 .

' A p a ls tave a nd amber b ead f ro m C o lches ter , E ssex ' .

A nt . J . 4 8 , 1 -5 . Dav ies , E ., 1 929 .

The p reh istoric a nd R o man r e ma ins o f Denb ighsh ire .

C ard if f . Dav ies , E ., 1 949 .

The p reh istor ic a nd R o man r e ma ins o f F l in tsh ire .

C ardif f .

Dawans , F ., 1 972 . ' Les o b je ts e n me ta l d e l 'Age d u B ronze d ans l e p rov ince d e L iege '. B u l le t in d e l ' Ins t itut A rcheo log ique L iegeois 8 4 , 3 05-338 . Deady , J . a nd D oran , E ., 1 972 . C o . C ork ' .

Deche le t te , J ., 1 910 . Degen , R ., 1 968 . r he in ' .

' Preh is tor ic c opper mines , Mount G abrie l ,

JCHAS 7 7 , 2 6-27 . Manue l d 'Archeo log ie I/1 .

P aris .

' E in s pä tha l ls tat tze i t licher A r mspangen-Typus am O ber-

I n , P rov inc ia l ia .

F es tschrif t f i l l . R udo lf L auer-Be lart , e d . E .

S ch m id , L . B erger a nd P . B t irg in . Deg la t igny , L ., 1 919-20 .

B ase l/S tut tgart , 5 23-550 .

' Decouverte d 'une c ache t te d e b ronze a u Mon t-

S a int-A ignan ( Se ine-Inferieure ) ' .

B u l le t in d e l a S oc ie te N or mande d 'Etudes

P reh istoriques 2 4 , 6 6-68 . Deg la t igny , L ., 1 924 .

F ou i l les d e l a P lace d es C ar mes ' a Rouen e n 1 923 -

C achet te d e b ronze d ecouverte a B iessard p res d e Rouen . Dehn , R ., 1 972 .

D ie U rnenfe lderku ltur i n N ordwürt te mberg .

R ouen . F orschungen

u nd B erich te z ur V or- u nd F rühgesch ich te i n Baden- Wurt te mberg 1 . S tut tgart . Dehn , W ., 1 952 .

' Ein B rucherzfund d er H üge lgräberbronzeze i t v on B üh l ,

L dkr . N örd lingen ( Bayern ) . Dehn , W ., 1 971 . H e l mgrab ' .

G er man ia 3 0 , 1 74-187 .

' Hohm iche le G rab 6-Hraden in G rab 2 8 -VaZe ( Wa tsch ) F undberich te a us S chwaben 1 9 , 8 2-88 .

Dehn , W . a nd F rey , 0 . -H ., 1 962 .

' D ie a bso lu te C hronolog ie d er Ha l ls ta t t u nd

Früh la teneze i t Mi t t leeuropas a uf G rund d es S udi mports ' .

I n , A t t i d e l W

C ongresse -In ternaz iona le d e l le S c ienze P re istoriche e P ro toh istoriche , R o ma 1 962 1 .

F irenze , 1 97-208 .

De mo lon , P . a nd H urtre l le , J ., 1 973 . C a mbra i ( Nord ) '; Deonna , W ., 1 934 .

' La f osse h a l lsta t t ienne d e T i l loy-f es-

S ep ten trion 3 , 8 -10 .

' Les c uirasses H a l ls ta t t iennes d e F i l linges a u Mus e

d‚A rt e t d 'H istoire d e G eneve ' .

P reh isto ire 3 , 9 3-143 .

Des it tere , M ., 1 961 . ' Zwaarden u i t d e v roege u rnenve ldenfaze u i t d e L age L anden ' . H e l in iu m 1 , 5 7-62 . Des it tere , M ., 1 963 . i n B raban t .

B ib l iogra f isch r epertoriu m d er o udhe idkundige v ondsten

O udhe idkund ige Repertoria , Reeks A , 3 .

Des i t tere , M ., 1 967 .

B russe l .

' D ie G robkeram ik d er U rnenfe lderku l tur i n B e lg ien u nd

d en N ieder landen u nd d er s ogenann te H arpstedter S t i l ' . 2 71 . 6 33

H e l iniu m 7 , 2 60-

Des it tere , M ., 1 968 . e n N oordzee .

De u rnenve ldenku ltuur i n h e t g eb ied t ussen Neder-R i jn

DAG 1 1 .

Des it tere , M ., 1 972a .

B rugge .

' L 'Age d u b ronze d ans l a c o l lec t ion Hasse c onserv e

a u mus e a rcheo log ique d 'Anvers ' .

A rcheo log ie , 3 0-32 .

Des it tere , M ., 1 972b .

' Le T rou d e l L euve

S ins in t .

H e l in iu m 1 2 , 1 60-161 .

Des it tere , M ., 1 973a .

' De b ronzen b i jlen u i t Waas muns ter ' .

Anna len v an d e

O udhe idkundige K ring v an h e t l and v an Waas 7 6, 7 -13 . Des i t tere , M ., 1 973b .

' Nog maa ls o ver Wase b ronzen b i j len ' .

A nna len v an d e

O udhe idkundige K ring v an h e t l and v an Waas 7 6 , 1 37-144 . Des it tere , M ., 1 973c .

' Haches d u t ype d 'Arre ton e n B e lg ique ' .

H e l in iu m 1 3 ,

6 5-70 . Des i t tere , M ., 1 974a .

' Que lques c ons idera t ions s ur l 'Age d u B ronze e t l e

p re m ier Age d u F er e n B e lg ique e t d ans l e s ud d es P ays-Bas ' .

H e l iniu m

1 4 , 1 05-134 . Des it tere , M ., 1 974b .

' Archeo log ische k ron iek ' .

Des i t tere , M ., 1 974c .

' IP aes i B assi d a l la f i ne d e l n eo l i t ico a l la media e ta

d e l b ronzo ' .

HMGOG 2 8 , 1 41-158 .

P re is toria A lp ina 1 0 , 1 3-20 .

Des i t tere , M ., 1 975 .

' Archeo log ische k ron iek ' .

Des it tere , M ., 1 976 .

' Au toch tones e t i mm igran ts e n B e lg ique e t d ans l e s ud

d es Pays-Bas a u B ronze f i na l ' . A t lan t ic E urope .

I n , Accu ltura t ion a nd c on t inu i ty i n

P apers p resented a t t he I V A t lant ic C o l loqu iu m , G hent

1 975 , e d . S . J . d e L ae t .

DAG 1 6 .

B rugge , 7 7-94 .

Des it tere , M . a nd We issenborn , A . M ., 1 977 . me taalt i jden .

C a ta logus v oorwerpen u i t d e

( B i jloke- museu m . ) Ghen t .

Deven ish , D . C ., 1 964 . museu m ' .

HMGOG 2 9 , 1 17-127 .

' Loca l b ronze imp le ments i n K ings ton-upon-Tha mes

S y . A . C . 6 1 , 1 -9 .

D ixon , F ., 1 849 .

' On b ronze o r b rass r e l ics , c e lts , &c ., f ound i n S ussex ' .

S x . A . C . 2 , 2 60-269 . D ixon , P . W ., 1 973 . Doh le , G ., 1 970 .

C rick ley H i l l , f if th r eport .

( Che l tenham .)

D ie U rnenfe lderku ltur i m Neuwe ider B ecken .

f t ir G esch ich te u nd K unst d es Mi t te lrhe ins B e ihef t 2 . Do ize , R .

L ., 1 965a .

J ahrbuch

K ob lenz .

' La c o l lec t ion P au l B ou le t e t l es a nc iennes d ecouvertes

a rcheo log iques d es e nv irons d u c onf luen t d e l 'A isne e t d e l 'O ise ' . BSPF 6 2 , 2 45-252 . Doize , R .

L ., 1 965b .

' La c achet te d e l 'Age d u B ronze d e C hamery ( Marne ) ' .

C ongres P reh istorique d e F rance , 1 6 , Monaco 1 959 . v an D oorse laer , A ., 1 970 .

P aris , 2 45-252 .

' Ke mme l ( W . V l . ) : A t t isch a ardewerk ‚.

A rcheo log ie , 2 1 . Doy le , R ., 1 970 . T hurrock ' .

' Note o n aB ronze Age f ounder 's h oard f ro m G rays P anora ma 1 3 , 6 1-64 .

6 34

D rack , W ,1 958 . d er S chwe iz ' .

' Wagengräber u nd Wagenbes tandte i le a us Ha l lsta t tgrabhUge ln Z e i tschrif t fn . S chwe izerische A rchäo log ie u nd K unst-

g esch ich te 1 8 , 1 -67 . D rack , W ., 1 960-61 . d er S chwe iz ' .

' Spuren v on u rnen fe lderze i t l ichen Wagengräbern a us

J SGU 4 8 , 7 4-77 .

D rack , W ,1 970 .

' Zu m b ronzenen R ingschmuck d er Ha l lsta t tze i t a us d em

S chwe izerischen Mi t te l land u nd J ura ' . D rack , W ., 1 972-73 .

' Wa f fen u nd Messer d er H a l lsta t tze i t a us d em S chwe izer-

i schen M it te l land u nd J ura ' . Drack , W ., 1 977 .

J SGU 5 5 , 2 3-87 .

J SGU57 , 1 19-168 .

' D ie B ronzegefässe d er Ha l lsta t tze i t a us d em S chwe izer-

i schen Mi t te l land u nd J ura ' . D rew , C .D ., 1 943 . D rew , C . D ., 1 934 .

J SGU 6 0 , 1 03-120 .

' Pa ls taves f ro m Dew lish , Dorse t ' .

An t iqu i ty 7 , 2 21 .

' Bronze Age h oard f ro m H ase lbury B ryan ' .

PDNHAS

5 6 , 1 31-132 . Drew , C . D ., 1 935 .

' A L a te B ronze Age h oard f ro m L ulworth , D orse t '.

A nt . J . 1 5 , 4 49-451 . D rewe t t , P ., 1 976 .

' The e xcava t ion o f f our r ound b arrows o f t he s econd

mi l lenn iu m B . C . a t Wes t H ea th , H art ing , 1 973-75 '.

S x . A . C . 1 14 , 1 26-

1 50 . D ubus , A ., 1 912 .

E poque d u B ronze .

C arte e t t ab leau a na ly t ique d e l a

r epart i t ion d u b ronze d ans l a S e ine-Lnferieure .

E xtra i t d u B u l le t in d e l a

S oc ie te G eo log ique d e N or mandie . Du jardin , G . a nd G rave t , F ., 1 865-66 . L oue t te-S t-P ierre e t d e Gedinne ' .

' C i me tf eres G a l lo-Ger ma ins d e Anna les d e l a S oc ie te A rcheo log ique

d e Na mur 9 , 3 9-59 . Dunn ing , G .

C ,1 934 .

I ron Age i n B ri ta in ' . D unning , G . wood ' .

C ., 1 936a .

' The swan 's-neck a nd r ing-heade d p ins o f t he E ar ly A rch . J 9 1, 2 69-295 . ' Hoard o fp a ls taves f ound a t Werrar, n ear North-

P roceedings o f t he I s le o f Wigh t Na tura l H is tory a nd A rchaeo-

l og ica l S oc ie ty 2 /7, 6 16-617 , Dunning , G . C ., 1 936b . a broad ' .

' Note o n t wo u rns o f o verhang ing-ri m t ype f ound

An t . J . 1 6 , 1 60-164 .

D unn ing , G . C ., 1 959 .

' The d istribut ion o f s ocke ted a xes o f B re ton t ype ' .

U JA 2 2 , 5 3-55 . D urv in , P , 1 964 .

' La c era m ique p rotoh is torique d e Th iverny ( O ise ) ' .

C e lt icu m 9 , 2 9-44 . Durv in , P .,

1 965 .

' Note s ur " un v ase ' ad ecor e xc ise d ecouvert a ux e nv irons

d e C ler mont-en-Beauva is" ' .

C e l t icu m 1 2 , 6 6-68 .

D uva l , A . a nd B uchenschutz , -0 ., 1 976 .

' Les c iv i lisa t ions d e PAge d u F er

d ans l e Bass in P arisien e t l a F rance d u Nord ' . 8 01 .

6 35

I n , G ui la ine 1 976a , 7 89-

Duva l , A ., E luere , C . a nd Mohen , J -P , 1 974 .

' Les f i bu les a n terieures

a u V ie s iec le a van t n otre e re , t rouvees e n F rance ' . Duva l , P . -M ., 1 961 .

P aris a nt ique .

Ga l lia 3 2 , 1 -61 .

P aris .

Dvo ak , F ., 1 938 . WagengrUber d er n i teren E isenze i t i n B öh men . h is torica 1 .

P rae-

P raha .

E de ine , B . ,1 961 .

' De q ue lques o b je ts d e l 'Age d u B ronze , i nedi ts o u p eu

c onnus , t rouves d ans l e d eparte ment d e C a lvados ' . E de ine , B ., 1 964 .

B SPF 5 8, 6 76-692 .

' Que lques rsu l ta ts d ib tudes m aa ilograph iques d 'ob je ts d e

l 'Age d u B ronze d e B asse-Nor mandie ' .

BSPF 6 2 , C o mptes r endus d es

s eances mensue l les , CXC 'V I I I-CC . E de ine , B ., 1 966 .

' Le r e mpart d e Peperon b arre d e l a B reche au-D iab le

( d i t a uss i d u Mon t-Jo ly ) c o m mune d e S ou mon t-Sa int-Quen t in ( Ca lvados ) ' Ga l lia P reh ist . 9 , 2 47-262 . E de ine , B ,1 969 .

' Ep ing le d e b ronze ' at g te e nrou lee t rouvee

a u -D iab le ( Ca lvados ) ' .

BSPF 6 6, 1 24-125 .

E dwardson , A . R . n .d . ( 1969 ) .

B ronze Age me ta lwork i n Moyses Ha l l

Museu m , B ury S t . E d munds , S uf fo lk . Egger t , M . K . H ., 1 976 .

G esch ich t-

Wiesbaden .

B ronze Age s pearheads f ro m B erksh ire , B uck ingha m-

s h ire a nd Oxfordsh ire . E ibner , C ., 1 973 .

B ury S t . E d munds .

D ie U rnenfe lderku ltur i n Rhe inhessen .

l i che L andeskunde 1 3 . Ehrenberg , M ., 1 977 .

l a B reche-

BAR 3 4 .

Oxford .

' D ie u rnenfe lderze i t lichen S auggefasse .

E in Be i trag z ur

morpho log ischen u nd e rgo log ischen Umschre ibung ' . PZ 4 8, 1 44-199. v on E les , P ., 1 967-68 .

' L 'E t ' a d e l f erro n e l le A lpi o cc iden ta li ' .

C ah iers

Rhodan iens 1 4 . E lgee , F ,1 930 .

E arly man i n n orth-eas t Y orksh ire .

E l lison , A . a nd D rewe t t , P ., 1 971 . I ron Age :

' P i ts a nd p os t-ho les i n t he B ri t ish E arly

s o me a l terna t ive e xp lana t ions ' .

E loy , L ., 1 962 .

G louces ter .

PPS 3 7/1, 1 83-194 .

' Hache ' at a lon e th ache a d ou i l le a vec a i lerons s i mu ls

p rovenan t d u l i t d e l a Meuse Na muroise ( Be lg ique ) ' . E luere , C ., 1 972 .

L es b ronzes d u Mus e d e C hartres .

BSPF 5 9 , 7 72-774 . Reprin ted f ro m

B u l le tin d es S oc ie tes A rcheo log iques d 'Eure-e t-Loir 2 5 . E luere , C ., 1 974 .

' Anneaux d e j a mbe e t j a mbieres' a s pira l d e F rance ' .

BSPF 7 1 , 5 43-566. E luere , C ., 1 975 .

' Anneaux r en ifor mes d e F rance ' .

E luere , C ., 1 976 .

' Ln n ouve l a nneau r enifor me d ecor ' .

E lzinga , G ., 1 957 .

BSPF 7 3 , 2 76-279 .

' Een o nderzoek n aar d e v indp laa ts v an h e t b ronzen

zwaard u i t P ut ten ' E lz inga , G ., 1 957-58 . G e lderland ' .

BSPF 7 2 , 2 6-32 .

Wes terhee m 6 , 7 7-80 . ' Een b ronsdepot o p d e V e luwe i n d e g e meen te H eerde ,

BROB 8 , 1 1-25 .

6 36

E lzinga , G ., 1 973 .

' E En k ringgreppe lurnenve ld b i j O os terwo lde i n F ries land ' .

I n , B runst ing F es tschrif t , 2 9-47 . E ogan , G ., 1 964 . ' The l a ter B ronze Age i n I re land i n t he l igh t o fr ecen t r esearch '. PPS 3 0 , 2 68-351 . E ogan , G ., 1 965 .

C a ta logue o f I rish b ronze swords .

E ogan , G ., 1 966a .

D ub l in .

' A b ronze d oub le-edged k nife-dagger w i th o penwork

h and le a nd r ing t er mina l f ro m L agore , C o . Mea th , a nd i t s a f f in i t ies ' . JRSA I 9 6 , 1 47-156 . E ogan , G ., 1 966b .

' So me n o tes o n t he o rig in a nd d if fus ion o f t he b ronze

s ocke ted g ouge ' .

U JA 2 9 , 9 7-102 .

E ogan , G ., 1 967 .

' Assoc ia ted f i nds o f g o ld b ar t orcs ' .

E ogan , G ., 1 969 .

' Lock-rings o f t he L a te B ronze Age '.

E ogan , G ., 1 974a .

JRSA I 9 7, 1 29-175 . PRIA 6 7 , 9 3-148 .

' Reg iona le G ruppierungen i n d er S pa tbronzeze i t I r lands ' .

A rch . K orr . 4 , 3 19-327 . E ogan , G ., 1 974b .

' P ins o f t he I rish L a te B ronze Age ' .

E ri th , F . H . a nd L ongworth , I . H ., 1 960 . V inces F ar m , A rd le igh , E ssex ' . Evans , A . J ., 1 907-09 .

JRSA I 1 04 , 7 4-119 .

' A Midd le B ronze Age u rnf ie ld o n

PPS 2 6, 1 78-192 .

s o me c ri t ic is ms ( o f Mon te lius 1 908) ...

PSAL 2

2 2 , 1 21-128 . Evans , E ., 1 930 .

' The sword-bearers ' .

Evans , J ., 1 881 .

The a nc ien t b ronze imp le men ts , weapons a nd o rna ments

o f G rea t B ri ta in a nd I re land . Evans , J ., 1 885 . E ly '.

An t iqu i ty 4 , 1 57-172 .

L ondon .

' On a b oard o fb ronze o b jec ts f ound i n Wi lburton F en , n ear

A rchaeo log ia 4 8, 1 06-114 .

E ygun , F ., 1 957 .

' Une c achet te d e f ondeur d e l a f i n d e l 'Age d u B ronze ' a

C ha l lans ( Vendee ) ' . F a l lue , L ., 1 862 .

Ga l lia 1 5/3 , 7 8-85 .

' Notes s ur d ivers o b je ts a n t iques t rouves d ans l a S eine ,

d evan t E pernay , e t s ur u n c i me tf ere g a l lo-ro ma in d ecouvert a A rgenteu i l ' . Rev . A rch .

2

5 , 3 75-377 .

F arrar , R . A . H ., 1 952 .

' Archaeo log ica l f i e ldwork i n D orse t ' .

PDNHAS 7 4 ,

' Recen t d iscoveries a nd a ccessions ' .

PDNHAS 8 6,

8 5-110 . F arrar , R . A . H ., 1 964 . 1 14-119 . F e lber , H ., 1 970 .

' V ienna Radiu m I ns t i tu te .

Radiocarbon d a tes

Radio-

c arbon 1 2 , 2 98-318 . F e lix , R ., 1 968 .

Repertoire b ib liograph ique d es d ecouverts p reh is toriques d u

Departement d u N ord .

Me moires d e l a S oc ie te d 'Agricu lture , S c iences e t

A rts d e D oua i5 2 . F e lix , R . a nd Deudon , P ., 1 974 .

' Ob je ts d e p arure e n b ronze d ecouverts

Hau lch in ( Nord ) ' . BSPF 7 0 , 2 73-278 . 6 37

F e l l , C . a nd C o les , J . M ., 1 965 .

' Reconsidera t ion o f t he Amb les ide h oard

a nd t he b uria l a t B ut ts B eck Quarry , Da l ton-in-Furness '.

TC WAAS 2

6 6 , 3 8-52 . F e l l , C . I . , L e thbridge , T . C . a nd B ushne l l , G . H . S ., 1 948 . n otes ' .

' Archaeo log ica l

P roceedings o f t he C a mbridge A nt iquarian S oc ie ty 4 2 , 1 28-130 .

F ie ld , K ., 1 974 .

' R ing-di tches o f t he u pper a nd midd le G rea t O use v a l ley ' .

A rch . J . 1 31, 5 8-74 . F i l ip , J ., 1 962 .

C e lt ic c iv i lisa t ion a nd i t s h eri tage .

F i l ip , J ., 1 966 .

E nzyk lopädisches H andbuch z ur U r- u nd F rühgesch ich te

E uropas I (A-K ) .

P rague .

S tu t tgart/Ber lin/Kö ln/Ma inz .

F ischer , F ., 1 971 . D ie f rühbronzeze i t liche Anse id lung i n d er B le iche b e i A rbon TG . S chrif ten z ur [ J r- u nd F rühgesch ich te d er S chwe iz 1 7 . Base l . F lanagan , L . N . W ., 1 959 . F orrer , R ., 1 896 . F ox , A ., 1 955 . o f Devon ' .

' Socke ted a xe 1 14 :1958 ' .

Der Depö tf lu ld v on B onnev i l le .

U JA 2 2 , 5 2 .

S trassburg i .E .

' Twenty-second r eport o n t he a rchaeo logy a nd e ar ly h is tory Reports a nd T ransac t ions o f t he D evonsh ire Assoc ia t ion 8 7 ,

3 19-326 . F ox , A ., 1 957 .

' Excava t ions o n Dean Moor , i n t he Avon v a l ley , 1 954-1956 ,

t he L a te B ronze Age s e t t le ment ' .

Reports a nd T ransac t ions o f t he

Devonsh ire A ssoc ia t ion 8 9 , 1 8-77 . F ox , A ., 1 973 .

S ou th-wes t E ng land 3 500 BC-AD 6 00 .

F ox , A . a nd B ri t ton , D ,1 969 .

N ew ton Abbo t .

' A c on t inenta l p a lstave f ro m t he a nc ient

f i e ld s ys te m o n H orridge C o m mon , Dart moor , E ng land ' .

PPS 3 5 , 2 20-

2 28 . F ox , C . E ., 1 923 .

The a rchaeo logy o f t he C a mbridge r eg ion .

F ox , C . F ., 1 926 .

' Bronze A ge ' .

I n , VCH H un t ingdonsh ire 1 .

C ambridge . L ondon ,

2 01-208 . F ox , C . F ., 1 928 .

' A B ronze Age r efuse p i t a t Swanw ick , H ants ' .

An t . J .

8 , 3 31-336 . F ox , C . F ., 1 932 .

The p erson a l i ty o f B ri ta in .

F ox , C . F ., 1 932-34 .

C ardif f .

' The d istribut ion o f man i n E l s t A ng lia '; PPSEA 7 ,

1 49-164 . F ox , C . F ., 1 939 .

' The s ocke ted b ronze s ick les o f t he B ri t ish I s les ' .

PPS

5 , 2 22-248 . F ox , C . F ., 1 941 .

' The n on-socke ted s ick les o f B ri ta in ' .

A rch . C amb . 9 6 ,

1 36-162 . F ox , C . F ., 1 946 . A ng lesey .

Af i nd o f t he E arly I ron Age f ro m L lyn C errig B ach ,

C ardif f .

F ox , C . F . a nd H yde , H . A ., 1 939 .

' A s econd c au ldron a nd a n i ron sword

f ro m t he L lyn F awr h oard , Rh igos , G la morgansh ire ' . 4 04 . F ranks , A . W ., 1 855 .

A rch . J ., 1 2 , 1 93 . 6 38

Ant . J . 1 9 , 3 69-

F re i , B ., 1 971 .

' D ie s pa te B ronzeze it im a lpinen Rau m ' .

F rere , S . S . a nd H ooper , W ., 1 946 . S y . A .

I n , UFAS , 8 7-102 .

' La te B ronze Age c e lt f ro m Be tworth ' .

C . 4 9, 1 02 .

F rey , 0 . -H ., 1 957. E lsass ' .

' D ie z e itste l lung d es F urs tengrabes v on Ha t ten im

G er man ia 3 5 , 2 29-249 .

F rey , 0 . -H ., 1 964 .

' Zu d en " rhodischen" B ronzekannen a us Ha l lstat tg ,rabern ' .

I Varburger Wincke l mann-Progra m m 1 963 , 1 8-26 . F rey , 0 . -H ., 1 969 .

D ie E ntstehung d er S i tu lenkunst .

Gabrovec , S ., 1 960 .

' Panzergrab v on Novo Mesto ' .

Ga l lay , G . a nd H uber, B ., 1 972 . F er p rovenant d e l a S aöne ' .

Berlin .

S i tu la 1 , 2 7-29 .

' Nouveaux o b jets d e l 'Age d u B ronze e t d u RAE CE 2 3 , 2 95-329 .

Ga l lus , S . a nd H orvä th , T ., 1 939 .

Un p eup le c ava lier p resyth ique e n H ongrie .

D isserta t iones Pannon icae , S er . I , 9 . Garaianin , D ., 1 956 .

RGF 3 1.

B udapest .

' Un t ype s pec ia l d e l ance d u Ha l lsta t t a nc ien ' .

RVM 5 ,

1 5-19 . Garaianin , M ., 1 973 .

' La p reh istoire s ur l e t erritoire d e l a Repub lique

S oc ia liste d e S erb ie ' . Beograd .

S u m mary o f P ra istori ja n a t l u S .R . S rbi je .

V o l . 2 , 5 93-655 .

G ardner, W . a nd S avory , H . N ., 1 964 . E arly I ron Age a nd Ro man t imes . G aucher, G ., 1 973 .

D inorben .

A h i l l f ort o ccup ied i n

Cardif f .

' Les d epö ts d e h aches ä t a lon d e l a r eg ion Parisienne ' .

Ga llia P reh ist . 1 6 , 2 11-232 . Gaucher, G ., 1 974 .

' Ob je ts d e l 'Age d u B ronze d ecouverts a ux P res Mada me

Maro l les-sur-Seine ( Se ine-et- Ma rne ) ' . Gaucher, G ., 1 976.

' Les c iv i lisa t ions d e l 'Age d u B ronze d ans l e Bass in

p arisien e t l e Nord d e l a F rance '.

I n , G ui la ine 1 976a , 5 75-584 .

G aucher, G . a nd Mohen , J . -P ., 1 972 . B ronze e n F rance .

Typolog ie d es o b jets d e l 'Age d u

F asc icu le I : E pees .

Gaucher, G . a nd Mohen , J . -P ., 1 974 . F rance .

BSPF 7 1, 2 6-27 .

P aris .

L 'Ag.e d u B ronze d ans l e n ord d e l a

N u mero S pec ia l d u B u l le t in d e l a S oc iete d e P reh istoire d u Nord .

Amiens . Gaucher, G . a nd R obert , Y ., 1 967 . ( Se i ne-e t- Marne '' . Gaudron , G ., 1 951 .

' Les d epö ts d e b ronze d e C annes-Ec luse

Ga l lia P reh ist . 1 0 , 1 69-223 .

' Deux b race lets d e l a f i n d e l 'Age d u B ronze ' .

BSPF

4 8, 5 64-567. G endre , P ., 1 977 . ( So m me ) ' .

h ache e n b ronze ' ar ebords t rouvee à F laucourt

RAO 9 , 3 .

George , J . a nd C hauvet , G .; 1 895 . a Vena t ,

C achet te d 'ob jets e n b ronze d ecouverte

C o m mune d e S t . -Yrieux .

E xtra i t d u B u l le t in d e l a S oc iete

A rcheo log ique e t H istorique d e l a C harente , a nnee 1 894 .

6 39

Angou le me .

Ger lof f , S ., 1 975 .

The E arly B ronze Age d aggers i n G rea t B rita in .

PBF V I/2 .

MUnchen . Gersbach , E ., 1 962 .

' Vol lgrif fdo lch f or men d er f rUhen U rnenfe lderze it

n örd lich u nd s Ud lich d er A lpen ' . Gersbach , E ., 1 968-69 . h ef t 1 1.

J SGU 4 9 , 9 -24 .

U rgesch ich te d es H ochrhe ins .

Bad .

F undber . S onder-

F re iburg i . B r .

Gersbach , E ., 1 973 .

' D ie mi t te lbronzeze it lichen Wehranlagen d er H euneburg

b e i H undersingen a . d . D onau ' . Geschwendt , F ., 1 960 . d es Rhe in landes 1 .

K reis G e ldern .

A rchäo log ische F unde u nd Denk mä ler

K ö ln/Graz .

v an G if fen , A . E ,1 930 . 4 4-45 .

A rch . K orr . 3 , 4 17-422 .

D ie Bauart d er E inze lgräber .

Mannus-B ibl iothek

L e ipzig .

v an G if fen , A . E . ,1 935 .

' He t Ba l loonr V e ld n d l . v an Ba lloo, Ge m . Ro lde ' .

NDV 5 3 , 6 7-116. v an G if fen , A . E ., 1 936 .

' De z gn . Ga lgenberg e n h e t u rnenve ld i n d e B osch-

wach teri j, S leenerzand , Ge m . S leen-Zwee loo '. v an G if fen , A . E ., 1 938a .

NDV 5 4 , 1 04-111.

' Een k ringg repurnenve ld t e Meppen , G em . Zwee loo ' .

NDV 5 6, 1 01-103 . v an G if fen , A . E ., 1 938b .

' Continen ta l b e ll- o r d isc-barrows i n H o l land ' .

PPS 4 , 2 58-271 . v an G if fen , A . E ., 1 941 .

' Twee s a mengeste lde p a l issade-heuve ls ( Ie n I ) b i j

N i jlande , G em . Ro lde ' . v an G if fen , A . E ., 1 943 .

NDV 5 9 , 1 07-112 .

' Een u rnenve ld t e Drouwen , Ge m . B orger ' .

NDV

6 1, 9 7-98 . v an G if fen , A . E ., 1 945 .

' Het k ringgrepurnenve ld e n d e g rafheuve ls 0 . Z . 0 .

v an Gasteren , Ge m . An loo ' . v an G if fen , A , E ., 1 949 . o pgrav ingen i n 1 944 ' .

NDV 6 3 , 6 9-134 .

' He t " Noordse Ve ld" b i j Z e i jen , Ge m . V ries , NDV 6 7, 9 3-147 .

G iot , P . -R ., 1 960 .

B rit tany .

L ondon .

G iot , P . -R ., 1 967 .

' I nfor ma t ions a rcheo log iques .

B retagne e t d es Pays d e l a L oire ' . G iot , P . -R ., 1 976.

C irconscript ion d e

Ga l lia P reh ist . 1 0 , 3 33-364 .

' Les c iv i lisa t ions d e l 'Age d u F er e n Ar morique t .

I n ,

G ui la ine 1 976a , 7 81-788 . G iot , P . -R ., B ourh is , J . a nd B riard , J ., 1 966. d 'ob je ts p reh istoriques e t a nt iques .

Ana lyses s pec trograph iques

P re m iere s erie .

T ravaux ... Rennes .

Rennes . G iot , P . -R ., B ourh is , J . a nd B riard , J ., 1 970 . s erie .

T ravaux .. Rennes .

G iraud , E ., 1 955 .

Ana lyses .. Deux ie me

Rennes .

C ache t te d u B ronze f i na l e n S e ine-e t-O ise ' .

4 62-463 .

6 40

BSPF 5 2 ,

G lasbergen , W ., 1 954a . The e xcava t ions ' .

' Barrow e xcava t ions i n t he E igh t B ea t i tudes .

I .

P a laeoh istoria 2 , 1 -134 .

G lasbergen , W ., 1 954b .

' Barrow... I .

The i mp l ica t ions ' .

P a laeoh istoria

3 , 1 -204 . G lasbergen , W ., 1 957 . B ronst i 'd .

D e u rn v an T oter fou t e n d e r eforma t ie v an d e Br i tse

G ron ingen/D jakarta .

G lasbergen , W ., 1 961 . L i mburg ) ' .

' De H i lversu m-po t v an B ude l/ Weert ( Neder lands

H e l in iu m 2 , 2 60-263 .

G lasbergen , W ., 1 969 .

N og maa ls HVS/DKS .

Haar le mse V oordrach ten 2 8.

H aar le m . G lob , P . V ., 1 969 . S krif ter 7 .

H e l leristninger iDan mark .

J ysk A rkaeo log isk S e lskabs

K 9 Sbenhavn .

G lob , P . V ., 1 974 .

T he mound p eop le .

G oddard , E . H ., 1 907-08 . i n Wi ltsh ire ' . G ötze , A ., 1 913 .

L ondon .

' Notes o n o b jec ts o f " la te c e lt ic" c harac ter f ound

WAM 3 5 , 3 89-407 . ' D ie TEchn ik g egossener B ronzeket ten ' .

I n , Monte lius

F estschrif t , 1 55-175 . d e G oy , P ., 1 885 .

L 'indus trie d u b ronze e n B erry .

d u P e t i t-V i l la t te . C en tre .

L a c ache t te d e f ondeur

E xtra i t d es Me moires d e l aSoc ie te d es An t iqua ires d u

B ourges .

G räs lund , B ., 1 967 .

' The H erzsprung s h ie ld t ype a nd i t s o rig ins ' .

Ac ta

A rch . 3 8 , 5 9-71 . G ray , H . S t . G ., 1 905 .

' The " Norris C o l lec t ion" i n Taun ton C ast le Museu m ' .

P roceedings o f t he S o merse tsh ire A rchaeo log ica l a nd Na tura l H istory S oc ie ty 5 1, 1 36-159 . G ray , H . S t . G ., 1 937 . Taunton ' . G reen ,

' Doub lelooped p a lstave f ound a t C ur land n ear

7, 6 3-69 . An t . J . 1

C . J . S ., 1 971 .

c hes ter , 1 971 ' .

' I n teri m r eport o n e xcava t ions a t P oundbury , D or-

PDNHAS 9 3 , 1 54-156.

G reen , H . S ., 1 973 .

' Archaeo logy a nd t he M5 Motorway .

F if th Report .

The

e xcava t ion o f ar ound c a irn o n C ourt H i l l , T ickenha m , N orth S o merset , 1 969 ' .

S o merse t A rchaeo logy a nd H is tor _y 1 17 , 3 3-44 .

G reen , M . J ., 1 977 .

Ag u ide c a ta logue t o t he p reh is toric a rchaeo log ica l c o l-

l ec t ions i n t he P e terborough C i ty Mu seu m . G reenh i l l , B , 1 976 .

A rchaeo logy o f t he b oa t .

G reenwe l l , W ., 1 902 .

P e terborough . L ondon .

' On s o me r are f or ms o fb ronze w eapons a nd imp le ments ' .

A rchaeo log ia 5 8 , 1 -16 . G reenwe l l , W . a nd B rew is , W . P ., 1 909 .

' The o rig in , e vo lut ion a nd c lass if ica-

t i on o f t he b ronze s pearhead i n G rea t B ri ta in a nd I re land ' . 6 1, 4 39-472 . G ri mes , W . F ., 1 951 .

The p reh istory o f Wa les . 6 41

C ardif f .

A rchaeo log ia

G rinse l l , L . V ., 1 941.

' The B ronze Age r ound b arrows o f Wessex ' .

PPS 7 ,

7 3-113 . G rinse l l , L . V ., 1 953 .

' A s ocke ted b ronze a dze f ro m S o merse t ' .

A nt . J . 3 3 ,

2 03-204 . G rinse l l , L . V ., 1 957 .

' An a rchaeo log ica l g aze t teer ' . I n , VCH Wi ltsh ire 1 /1 .

L ondon , 2 1-279 . G rinse l l , L . V ., 1 968 .

G u ide c a ta logue t o t he s ou th-wes tern B ri t ish p re-

h istoric c o l lec t ions . G rinse l l , L . V ., 1 974 .

B ris to l . ' D isc-barrows ' .

G roen man-van Waa teringe , W ., 1 961.

PPS 4 0 , 7 9-112 .

' Nederze t t ingen v an d e H i lversu m-

c u ltur t e V oge lenzang ( N . H )e n D en Haag ( Z . H . ) ' . v an A . E . v an G if fen .

I n , I n h e t v oe tspoor

G ron ingen , 8 1-92 .

G roen man-van Waa teringe , W . a nd v an Regteren A ltena , J .F ., 1 961. v uurs tenen s ikke l u i t d e v oor-Ro me inse I j zert i jd t e d en H aag ' .

' Een

H e lin iu m

1 , 1 41-146 . G ross , V . , 1 883 .

L es p rotohe lve tes .

G ruber , H ., 1 966 .

P aris .

' Zur C hrono log ie u nd Verbre itung d er Radnade ln ' .

A rchaeo log ia A us triaca 3 9 , 1 -43 . G rundy , J . E ., 1 970 . h ous ing ' .

' No tes o n t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween c l i ma te a nd c a t t le

V ernacu lar A rch i tec ture 1 , 3 -5 .

G uer monprez , H . L . F ., 1 925 .

' F inds o f c e lts a t B ognor ' .

SX . A . C . 6 6,

2 25-231 . G ui laine , J ., 1 972 . A rf e c re

L 'Ag.e d u B ronze e n L anguedoc o cc iden ta l , R ouss i l lon ,

MSPF 9 .

G u i laine , J ., 1 976a .

P aris . L a p reh is toire f ranca ise .

e t p ro toh is toriques . G ui laine , J ., 1 976b ,

2 , l es c iv i lisa t ions n eo li th iques

P aris .

' Sys te mes c hrono log iques e t s equences c u lture l les d es

c iv i lisa t ions n eo li th iques e t p ro toh istoriques e n F rance ' . I n , G u i la ine 1 976a , 1 7-23 . G u i lbert , G . C ., 1 975 .

' P lanned h i l lfort i n teriors ' .

G u i lbert , G . C ., 1 977 .

' The n orthern We lsh Marches :

men ts ' .

PPS 4 1, 2 03-221 . s o me r ecen t d eve lop-

I n , The I ron Age i n B ri ta in -a r ev iew , e d . J . C o l lis .

S hef f ie ld ,

4 1-50 . G uns tone , A . J . H ., 1 964 .

' An a rchaeo log ica l g aze t teer o f S taf fordsh ire .

P art I : c hance f i nds a nd s i tes , e xc luding b arrows a nd t he ir c on ten ts ' . N orth S taf fordsh ire J ourna l o f F ie ld S tudies 4 , 1 1-45 . G unstone , A . J . H ., 1 971-72 .

' So me p reh is toric i mp le men ts f ro m s ou th

S taf fordsh ire r eported t o t he B ir m ingha m C i ty Museu m ' .

S ou th S taf ford-

s h ire A rchaeo log ica l a nd H is torica l S oc ie ty T ransac t ions 1 3 , 4 6-56. Hach mann , R ., 1 956 .

' Süddeutsche H üge lgräber- u nd U rnenfe lderku ltur e n

u nd ä l tere B ronzeze i t im west lichen O stseegebe i t ' . 6 42

O f fa 1 5 , 4 3-76 .

H achmann , R ., 1 957 .

D ie f rühe B ronzeze i t i m west l ichen Os tseegebe i t u nd

i hre mi t te l- u nd s t idos teuropa ischen B ez iehungen . U rgesch ich te 6 .

H a mburg .

H achmann , R ., 1 960 . 4 1 ;

B e ihef te z um A t las d er

' D ie C hrono log ie d er j üngeren v orrö m ischen E isenze i t ' .

BRGK , 1 -276 .

Haf fner, A ., 1 965 .

' Spä tha l ls ta t tze i t l iche F unde a us d em S aar land ' .

1 2 .

B erich t d er S ta t lichen Denk ma lpf lege im S aar land , 7 -34 . Haf fner , A ., 1 976 . Hahn , A ., 1 878 . e t-O ise ) ' .

D ie wes t liche H unsrück-E ife l-Ku ltur .

RGF 3 6 . B erlin .

' Age d u B ronze-Cache t te d e f ondeur a L uzarches ( Se ineC ongres A rch e o log ique d e F rance , 1 4 , S en lis 1 877 .

P aris ,

1 50-156 . Ha l l , M . a nd G inge l l , C ., 1 974 .

' Not t ingha m H i l l , 1 972 ' .

An t iqu i ty 4 8 ,

3 06-309 . H am i lton , J ., 1 976 .

T he h orse i n p reh is toric t imes i n t he B ri t ish I s les a nd

a d jacen t a reas o f E urope . Ham ilton , J . R .

C ., 1 956 .

BP h i l . t hes is .

E xcava t ions a t J ar lshof , S he t land .

Works A rchaeo log ica l R eports 1 . H andbook , 1 932 .

U n ivers i ty o f Oxford . Min istry o f

E d inburgh .

Ah andbook o ft he p reh is toric a rchaeo logy o f B ri ta in .

Oxford . Hanse l , B ., 1 968 .

B e i träge z ur C hrono log ie d er mit t leren B ronzeze it i m

Karpa tenbecken .

B e i träge z ur u r- u nd f rühgesch ich t lichen A rchäo log ie

d es Mi t te l meer-Ku lturrau mes 7 -8 .

B onn .

Hanworth , R . a nd T o ma lin , D . J ., 1 977 .

B rook lands , Weybridge :

c ava t ion o f a n I ron Age a nd Med ieva l s i te 1 964-5 a nd 1 970-71 . V o lu me o f t he S urrey A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty 4 . H arb ison , P ., 1 966 .

t he e xResearch

G u i ldford .

' M in ing a nd me ta l lurgy i n E arly B ronze Age I re land ' .

N orth Munster A n t iquarian J ourna l 1 0 , 3 -11 . H arb ison , P ., 1 969 . I re land .

T he d aggers a nd h a lberds o f t he E arly B ronze Age i n

PBF V I/1 .

H arb ison , P ., 1 973 .

München .

' The E arl ier B ronze A ge i n I re land ' .

JRSA I 1 03 , 9 3-

1 52 . H arb ison , P . a nd L a ing , L . R ., 1 974 . i n E ng land . H arck , 0 ., 1 972 .

BAR 5 .

S o me I ron Age Medi terranean imports

O xford .

N ordostn iedersachsen v om B eg inn d er j üngeren B ronzeze i t

b is z um f rühen M i t te la lter . N iedersachsens 7 . Harden , D . B ., 1 952 .

Ma teria lhef te z ur U r- u nd F rühgesch ich te

H i ldeshe im . ' I ta l ic a nd E truscan f i nds i n B ri ta in ' .

A t t i d e l 1

C ongresso I nternaz iona le d i P re is toria e P rotoh is toria Medi terranea , F irenze-Napo li-Ro ma , 1 950 .

F irenze , 3 15-324 .

Harding , A . a nd H ughes-Brock , H ., 1 974 .

' A mber i n t he Mycenaean w or ld ' .

Annua l o f t he B ri t ish S choo l a t A thens 6 9 , 1 45-172 .

6 43

Harding , D . W ., 1 972 .

The I ron Age i n t he u pper Tha mes b asin .

Harding , D . W ., 1 973 .

' Round a nd r ec tangu lar :

a nd f ore ign ' .

I ron Age h ouses , B ri t ish

I n , G reeks , C e lts a nd Ro mans .

I , e d . C . a nd S . Hawkes .

Oxford .

Archaeo logy i n to H istory

L ondon , 4 3-62 .

Harding , D . W ., 1 974 .

The I ron Age i n l ow land B ri ta in .

Harding , J M ., 1 964 .

' I nteri m r eport o n t he e xcava t ion o f a La te B ronze

Age h o mestead i n Weston Wood , A lbury , S urrey ' . H arris , E . a nd J . R ., 1 965 .

L ondon/Bos ton .

S y . A .

C . 6 1, 1 0-17 .

The o rienta l c u lts i n Ro man B ri tain .

E tudes

p r li m i na ires a ux r e lig ions o rienta les d ans l 'E mpire Ro main 6 , L e iden . Harrison , R . J ., Mart i J us me t , F . a nd G irt , P ., 1 974 . A t lant ic b ronzes i n C a ta lonia ' Ha t t , J . J ., 1 955 .

‚C hron ique

d e p rotoh isto ire , I ' .

Ha t t , J . J . ,1 961 .

' Chron ique d e p rotoh is toire , V ' .

Hat t , J . J ., 1 962 .

' Chron ique d e p rotoh is toire , V I '.

Ha t t , J . J . a nd Roua le t , P ., 1 976 .

BSPF 5 2 , 9 6-101. BSPF 5 8, 1 84-195 . BSPF 5 9 , 6 54-667.

' Le c i me tf ere d es J ogasses e n C ha mpagne

e t l es o rig ines d e l a c iv i lisa t ion d e L a f ene ' . Ha t t , J . J . a nd Roua le t , P ., 1 977 .

' Fa ience b eads a nd

Madrider Mi t te i lungen 1 5 , 9 5-107.

RAECE 2 7 , 4 21-503 .

' La c hrono log ie d e L a Tene e n C ha mpagne ' .

RAECE 2 8 , 7 -36. Haverf ie ld , F . , 1 900 .

' Ro mano-Bri t ish Ha mpshire '.

t he I s le o f Wigh t 1 . Haverf ie ld , F ., 1 905 .

I n , VCH Ha mpsh ire a nd

Westminster, 2 65-372 . ' Ro mano-Bri tish Derbysh ire ' .

I n , VCH Derbysh ire 1 .

L ondon , 1 91-263 . Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 931.

' H i l l-forts ' .

Ant iqu i ty 5 , 6 0-97.

Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 932 .

' Bronzes o f t he E ar ly I ron Age f ro m Y orksh ire ' .

An t . J . 1 2 , 4 53-455 . Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 935 .

' The p ot tery f ro m t he s i tes o n P lu mpton P la in ' .

PPS 1 , 3 9-59 . Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 940 . ' A s i te o f t he L a te B ronze -Early I ron Age t ransit ion a t Tot ternhoe , Beds .'. Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 942 .

Ant . J . 2 0 , 4 87-491. ' The Devere l u rn a nd t he P icardy p in :

B ronze Age s e t t le ment i n Ken t ' . Hawkes , C . F . b orough ' .

C ., 1 943 .

ap hase o f

PPS 8 , 2 6-47 .

' The E ar ly I ron Age s e t t le ment a t F enga te , Pe ter-

A rch . J . 1 00 , 1 88-223 .

Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 959 .

' The ABC o f t he B ri t ish I ron Age ' .

Antiqui ty 3 3 ,

1 70-182 . Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 960 . Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 961a . B erksh ire ' .

' The n ew ly-found g o ld t ore f ro m Mou lsford ,

Ant iqui ty 3 5 , 2 40-242 .

Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 961b . west ' .

A s che me f or t he B ri t ish B ronze Age .

' Go ld e ar-rings o ft he B ronze Age , e ast a nd

F o lk lore 7 2 , 4 38-474 . 6 44

Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 962 . t ore a na lys is ' .

' The a rchaeo log ica l s ign if icance o f t he Mou lsford

A rchaeo metry 5 , 3 3-37 .

Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 966 .

' Bri t ish p reh is tory :

t he i nvas ion hypothes is ' .

A nt iqui ty 4 0 , 2 97-299 . Hawkes , C . F .

C ., 1 969 .

' Las r e lac iones A t lan t icas d e l mundo Tartes ico t .

I n , Tartessos y s us p rob le mas .

V S ympos iu m i n ternac iona l d e P reh is toria

P eninsu lar , J erez d e l a F ron tera , 1 968 .

B arce lona , 1 85-197 .

Hawkes , C . F .

C ., 1 971 .

' The S intra g o ld c o l lar ' . I n , BM F es tschrif t , 3 8-50 .

Hawkes , C . F .

C ., 1 972 .

' Europe a nd E ng land :

f ac t a nd f og ' .

H e lin iu m 1 2 ,

1 05-116 . Hawkes , C .

F . C .,

1 973 .

' Cu mu la t ive C e lt ic i ty i n p re-Ro man B ri ta in '.

E tudes C e lt iques 1 3 , 6 07-628 . H awkes , C . F . C ., 1 974 .

Rev iew o f K . S pind ler , Magda lenenberg

Ant .

J . 5 4 , 9 8-100 . Hawkes , C . E r . C ., 1 976a . 1 930 r e-assessed ' .

' S t . C a tharine 's H i l l , Winches ter :

I n , H i l lforts , e d . D . W . Harding .

t he r eport o f

L ondon/New Y ork/

S an F ranc isco , 5 9-74 . Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 976b .

' Ce lts a nd c u ltures :

wea lth , p ower a nd a rt ' .

I n ,

C e lt ic A rt i n A nc ien t E urope , e d . P , -M . D uva l a nd C . F . C . Hawkes . L ondon , 1 -27 . Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 976c .

' North Ger many , B ri ta in a nd t he F enga te p in ' .

A n t . J . 5 6 , 2 34-235 . Hawkes , C . F . C . a nd C larke , R . R ., 1 963 . t wo f i nds o f L a te B ronze Age I r ish g o ld ' .

' Gah ls torf a nd C a is tor-on-Sea : I n , C u lture a nd E nv iron men t .

E ssays i n h onour o f S ir C yri l F ox , e d . I . U. F os ter a nd L . A lcock . L ondon , 1 93-250 . Hawkes , C . F . C . a nd G lasbergen , W ., 1 953 .

' Les u rnes " Devere l" d es

P ays-Bas e t d e l a B e lg ique e t l a c era m ique " Devere l-R i mbury" d u b ronze r ecent a ng la is ' .

L 'An t •

C lass . 2 2 , 4 34-438.

Hawkes, C . F . C ., Myres, J . N . L . a nd S tevens, C . G ., 1 930. Ca tharine ' sH i l l , Winchester '.

' Sa in t

PHFC 1.

Hawkes, C . F . C . a nd Smi th , M . A ., 1 957 . O n s o me b uckets a nd c au ldrons o ft he Bronze a nd E ar ly I ron Ages '. An t . J . 3 7 , 1 31-198 . Hawkes , J . n .d . ( 1937 ) . The Archaeo logy o ft he Channel I slands. Ba i l iw ick o f J ersey . J ersey . Hayes , W . C ., 1 970.

' Chrono logy , I Egyp t t o t he e nd o ft he t wen tieth d ynasty '.

I n , Ca mbr idge Ancien t H istory 3 I /1 . H ead , J . F ., 1 934-40 .

I The

Ca mbridge , 1 73-193 .

' The e xcava tion o ft he Cop r ound b arrow , B led low '.

R ecords o f B uck inghamshire 1 3 , 3 13-351 . H edges, J ., 1 964-75. B eauquoy '.

' Excava tion o f t wo Orcadia r i b urn t modnds a t L idd le a nd

P SAS 1 36 , 3 9-98 .

6 45

He mery , M ., 1 937 . C o mp iegne ' .

' Une c ache t te d e f ondeur d e l yAge d u B ronze e n f org t d e

BSPF 3 4 , 1 55-156.

He mp , W . J ., 1 931.

' The C lynnog c o l lar a nd t he C arnguwch c a irn ' .

Arch .

C a mb . 8 6, 3 54-355 . I *nau l t , M ., 1 923.

I L 'Age d u Bronze d ans l a v a l l6e d e l 'Escau t.

d e Va lenciennes '.

Kg ion

P ro Nerv ia 1 , 9 8-102 .

H encken , H . O 'N ., 1 932.

The a rchaeo logy o f C ornwa l l a nd S cil ly.

London .

Hencken , H . O 'N ., 1 956.

' Carp 's T ongue s words i n S pa in , France a nd I ta ly '.

Z ephyrus 7 , 1 25-178. H encken , H .O 'N ., 1 971.

The e ar lies t European h el mets .

o f P rehis tor ic Research , Bu l le t in 2 8 . Henn ig , H ., 1 970 .

C a mbr idge , Mass .

D ie G rab- u nd H or tfunde d er U rnen fe lderku l tur a us O ber -

u nd M i t te lfranken . H enry , F ., 1 933.

MBV 2 3.

Ka l l münz.

L es t umu lus d u D epar te men t d e l a C O te-d 'Or .

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Par is .

' Ear ly f inds o f I r ish a n t iqu i t ies f ro m t he minu te-books

o f t he S oc iety o f An t iquar ies o f L ondon '. H er i ty , M . a nd E ogan , C ., 1 977. H er mann , F .-R ., 1 966. S üdhessen .

Amer ican S choo l

I re land i n p reh is tory.

L ondon/Hen ley/Bos ton .

D ie Funde d er U rnen felderku l tur i n M i ttel- u nd

RGF 2 7.

H er mann , F .-R., 1 975 .

An t . J . 4 9 , 1 -21.

Ber lin . ' Hausgrundr isse a us e iner u rnen felderzei t l ichen

S ied lung v on K i inzing ( N iederbayern ) '.

I n , Ausgrabungen i n Deu tsch land

1 , 1 55-170 . H ings t , H ., 1 956.

' Ein wes teuropä isches Bronzeabsa tzbe i l a us G adeland ,

Kreis S egeburg '. H ings t , H ., 1 959.

O ffa 1 5 , 7 7-82.

Vorgesch ich te d es Kre ises S tormarn .

D ie v or- u nd

f rühgesch ich te l i chen Denk ma ler u nd Funde i n S ch lesw ig-Hols tein 5 . Neu müns ter . H ings t , H ., 1 974. H inz , H ., 1 974. v on Xan ten '.

J evenstedt .

Neu müns ter .

' Funde v orrö mischer Z e i t a us d em G ebe i t d er CUT n örd l ich I n , Bei träge z ur U rgesch ich te d es Rhe in landes I .

Rhe in ische Ausgrabungen 1 5. H ixon , J ., 1 832.

O f fa-Bucher 2 7.

K öln , 3 47-373.

' Accoun t o f s o me a ncien t i ns trumen ts f ound i n q uarrying

s tone o f t he s ou th s ide o f Rosebury Topping i n 1 826 '.

Arch . Ae l .

1

2 , 2 13. H öck mann , 0 ., 1 974. v on P et i t-V i l la t te '.

' Zu d en Res ten n ord ischer Bronzebecken a us d e m Fund I n , F es tgabe Kur t Tackenberg z um 7 5 . G eburs tag .

An t iqu i tas , Re ihe 2 , 1 0 . H öck mann , 0 ., 1 976.

B onn , 8 5-109.

' Zu e ine m Bruchstück e ines n ordischen g egossen

Bronzebeckens a us C orce lt tes i n d er S chwe iz '.

Arch . Korr . 6 , 1 31-136.

H odder , I . , 1 974. ' Regress ion a na lys is o f s ome t rade a nd marke t ing p a t terns '. WA 6 , 1 72189.

6 46

H odges , H . W. M., 1 954.

' S tud ies i n t he La te Bronze Age i n I re land .

1 .

S tone a nd c lay mou lds a nd wooden models f or b ronze i mp le men ts '. U JA 1 7 , 6 2-80 . H odges , H . W. M., 1 956.

' S tudies i n t he La te Bronze Age i n I re land , 2 .

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' S tudies ...3 .

U JA 1 9 , 2 9-56.

The h oards o f b ronze imp le ments ' .

U JA 2 0 , 5 1-63 . H odges , H . W . M., 1 960 . Part 2 :

' The B ronze Age mou lds o f t he B rit ish I s les .

E ng land a nd Wa les - mou lds o f s tone a nd b ronze ' .

S ibriu m 5 ,

1 53-162 . H odson , F . R ., 1 960 .

' Ref lec t ions o n " The ABC o f t he B ri tish I ron Age" ' .

Ant iquity 3 4 , 1 38-140 . H odson , F . R ., 1 962 .

' So me p ot tery f ro m Eastbourne , t he "Marn ians" a nd

t he p re-Ro man I ron Age i n s outhern E ng land ' . Hodson , F . R ., 1 964 . Age ' .

PPS 2 8, 1 40-155 .

' Cu ltura l g roup ings w ith in t he B ri t ish p re-Ro man I ron

PPS 3 0 , 9 9-110 .

Hodson , F . R ., 1 971 .

' Three I ron Age b rooches f ro m Ha m mers mi th '.

I n ,

BM F estschrif t , 5 0-57 . H odson , F . R ., 1 977 .

' Quant ify ing Ha l lsta t t :

s o me i ni t ia l r esu lts ' .

American

A nt iqui ty 4 2 , 3 94-412 . H o l lste in , E ., 1 973 .

' Jahrringkurven d er Ha l lsta t tze i t ' .

T rierer Z e i tschrif t

3 6, 3 7-55 . H o l lste in , E ., 1 974 , i n Ha l lsta t t ' . Ho lste , F ., 1 938.

' Jahrringkurven a us d em p räh istorischen S a lzbergwerk

Arch . K orr . 4 , 4 9-51. ' H t lge lgräber v on L ochha m , BA . München .

S tudien , e d . E . S prockhof f .

I n , Marbur ( rer

Dar mstadt , 9 5-104 .

H o lste , F ., 1 939 .

D ie B ronzeze i t im n ord mainischen Hessen .

VF 1 2 .

B erl in .

Ho lste , F ., 1 941.

' E in P runkbe i l v on L ignieres ' .

H o lste , F ., 1 942 .

' E in westeuropä isches V o llgrif fschwert a us S üddeutsch land ' .

Ger man ia 2 5 , 1 58-162 .

G er man ia 2 6, 4 -12 . H o lste , F ., 1 951. H o lste , F ., 1 953a . 1 V IBVF 4 .

H ortfunde s t idosteuropas .

Marburg -Lahn .

D ie b ronzeze it l ichen V o l lgrif fschwerter Bayerns .

1 V I t inchen .

H o lste , F ., 1 953b .

D ie B ronzeze i t i n S l id- u nd Westdeutsch land .

d er U rgesch ich te Deutsch lands 1 . H o lwerda , J . H ., 1 908 . H o lwerda , J . H ., 1 934a .

Handbuch

B erlin .

' Tu mu li b i j N ierssen ' .

C lV IROL 1 2 , 1 -17 .

' Een v roege Ga l lisch v ors tengra f b i j Css ( N . B . ) ' .

OMROL 1 5 , 3 9-53 . h o lwerda , J . h ., 1 934b . H o l land ' .

' E in h a l lstat tze i t liches F i lrs tengrab b e i Oss i n

A ltsch les ien 5 , 1 94-197.

6 47

H o lwerda , J . H ., n .d .

Das G raberfe ld v on ' de Ha mert ' We l l b e i Ven lo .

L e iden . H onywood , T ., 1 877 .

' D iscovery o f f l int imp le men ts n ear H orsha m , i n S t .

L eonard 's F orest ' . S ' x . A . H oof , D ., 1 970 . d er Maas .

C . 2 7, 1 77-183 .

D ie S te inbe i le u nd S te inaxte i m G ebe i t d es N iederrheins u nd Ant iqui tas , R iehe 2 , 9 .

v on H uge l , B aron .

1 906-08 .

B onn .

' So me n otes o n t he g o ld a rm i l la f ound i n G runty

F en, t ogether w ith Mr . I saac Deck 's o rigina l a ccoun t o f i t s d iscovery i n 1 844 '.

P roceedings o f t he C a mbridge Ant iquarian S oc ie ty 1 2 , 9 6-105 .

Hu lst , R . S ., 1 970 .

' Archeo log ische k ron iek v an Ge lder land 1 966-67 ' .

B i jdragen e n Medede lingen d er Veren iging " Ge lre" 6 4 , XXV I-XLVI I I . ROB Overdruk 1 9 . H u lst , R . S ., 1 971 .

Garderen , g rafheuve ls o p d e Bergsha m .

Monu menten i n Nederland 2 . Hundt , H . J ., 1 944-50 .

Archeolog ische

B ussu m/Am mersfoort .

' D ie B ronzedosen d er ä l teren B ronzeze i t Meck lenburgs ' .

G er man ia 2 8, 1 97-209 . H undt , H . J ., 1 951 . L auenburg ' .

' E in h ortfund d er P eriode I V v on B ak , K re is H erzogtu m

O f fa 9 , 4 0-46 .

H undt , H . J ., 1 953 .

' Uber T t i l lenha l cen u nd gabe ln ' .

G er mania 3 1, 1 45-155 .

H undt , H . J ., 1 954 .

' Ein T t i l lenhaken v on Babe mhausen , K r . D ieburg ' .

G er man ia 3 2 , 2 14-215 . H undt , H . J ., 1 955 .

' Versuch z ur Deutung d er Depotfunde d er n ordischen

j t ingeren B ronzeze i t ' . H undt , H . J ., 1 956 . O f fenbach ' .

JRGZ M 2 , 9 5-140 .

' Jungbronzeze it l iches S ke le t tgrab v on S te inhei m , K r .

G er mania 3 4 , 4 1-58.

H undt , H . J ., 1 957 .

' Keramik a us d em E nde d er f r t ihen B ronzeze it v on

H eubach ( Kr . S chwäb isch Gmund) u nd Ehrenste in ( Kr . U lm ) '.

F undberich te

a us S chwaben 1 4 , 2 7-50 . H undt , H . J ., 1 962 .

' Zu e inigen westeuropä ischen V o l lgrif fschwerter ' .

JRGZ M 9 , 2 0-57 . Hundt ., H . J ., 1 971 .

' Der Do lchhort v on Gau-B icke lhe im i n Rhe inhessen ' .

JRGZ M 1 8 , 1 -43 . v an Impe , L ., 1 972 .

E en u rnenve ld t e B orsbeek .

v an Impe , L ., 1 973 .

F nke le wapens u i t d e l a te B ronz t i jd t e P u l le .

B e lg . 1 50 .

A rch .

B russe l .

v an Impe , L ., 1 976 . 1 90 .

A rch . B e lg . 1 40 . B russe l .

R ingwa lheuve ls i n d e Ke mpense B ronst i jd .

A rch . B e lg .

B russe l .

v an Impe , L . a nd B eex , G ., 1 977 . B ronst i jd t e Wee lde .

G rafheuve ls u it d e v roege e n midden

Arch . Be lg . 1 93 .

B russe l .

v an Impe , L . , Beex , G . a nd Roosens , H ., 1 973 . t e Neerpe lt .

E indrapport .

A rch . B e lg . 1 45 . 6 48

He t u rnenve ld o p " de Roosen" B russe l .

J ackson , J . S ., 1 968 .

' Bronze Age c opper mines o n Mount Gabrie l , West

C ounty C ork , I re land ' .

A rchaeo log ia Austriaca 4 3 , 9 2-114 .

J acob-Friesen , G ., 1 956. s achsen ' .

' Zwe i j ungbronzeze it liche H ortfunde a us N ieder-

I n , Z ur U r- u nd F rühgesch ich te Nordwestdeutsch lands .

F estschrif t z um 7 0 .

G eburstag v on K . H . J acob-Friesen , e d . P .

Z y l mann .

H i ldeshe im , 1 23-143 . J acob-Friesen , G ., 1 967 . u nd S kandinav iens .

B ronzeze it liche L anzensp i tzen N orddeutsch lands

VUSLH 1 7.

J acob-Friesen , G ., 1 968.

H i ldeshe im .

' Ein Depotfund d es F or menkre ises um d ie "Karp-

f enzungenschwerter" a us d er N or mandie ' . J acob-Friesen , G ., 1 969 .

G er mania 4 6, 2 48-274 .

' Sk jerne u nd E ge mose .

P roven ienz i n S kandinav ischen F unden '. J acob-Friesen , G ., 1 972 .

Wagente i le s üd licher

Ac ta Arch . 4 0 , 1 22-158 .

' Ze i b e merkenswerte B ronzen d er U rnenfe lderze it

" aus d e m Rhe in b e i Ma inz" J acob-Friesen , G ., 1 973 .

JRGZ M 1 9 , 4 5-62 .

Rev iew o f L aux 1 971 a nd B erg mann 1 970 .

G er mania

5 1, 5 68-588 . J acob-Friesen , G ., 1 974 . E isenze i t .

4

E inführung, i n N iedersachsens U rgesch ich te .

VUSLH 1 5/3 .

J acob-Friesen , G ., 1 975 .

H i ldeshe im .

' Zu e inigen c hronologischen u nd k u lturh is torischen

P rob le men d er P eriode J acob i , G ., 1 974 .

J IVUF , 1 19-133 .

Werkzeug u nd Gerä t a us d e m Opp idu m v on Manch ing .

Ausgrabungen i n Manch ing , e d . W . K ra mer , 5 . J acobstha l , P ., 1 944 . J anse , O ., 1 924 .

3 .

E ar ly C e lt ic a rt .

D ie

Wiesbaden .

Oxford .

' En n ordisk b ronspincet t f ran Ha l ls ta t t id , f unnen i F rankrike i .

F ornvännen 1 9 , 3 01-306 . J anssen, H . -L ., 1 935 . Ose ' .

' D ie Verbreitung d er B ronzenade ln mit s e it licher

PZ 2 6, 2 08-218.

J anssens , P ., 1 967 .

' Bronzen s peerpunten u it Antwerpen e n O os t- V laanderen ' .

A rcheo log ie , 4 7-48 . J e lgers ma , S ., d e J ong , J ., Zagw i jn , W . H . a nd v an Regteren A ltena , J . 1 970 .

F .,

' The c oas ta l d unes o f t he western Ne therlands; g eo logy , v ege ta-

t i ona l h istory a nd a rchaeo logy ' .

Medede lingen R i jks Geologische D ienst

N . S . 2 1, 9 3-167 . =ROB Overdruk 2 4 . J ensen , J ., 1 966.

' Grif fzungenschwerter d er s pä ten n ordischen B ronzeze it ' .

Ac ta A rch . 3 7, 2 5-51. J essup , R . F ., 1 930 .

The a rchaeo logy o f Kent .

J essup , R . F ., 1 933 .

' Bronzes f ro m t he Medway ' .

J oach im , H . -E ., 1 968 . d er B J 2 9 .

L ondon . Ant . J . 1 3 , 4 65-466.

D ie H unsrück-E ife l- Kultur am Mit te lrhe in .

Beihef te

Kö ln/Graz .

J oach im , H . -E ., 1 973a . Neuweider Becken ' .

' Neue ä l terurnenfe lderze it liche G rabfunde a us d em A rch . K orr. 3 , 1 91-197 . 6 49

J oach im , H . E .,

1 973b .

' Neue Me ta l lfunde d er B ronze- u nd U rnenfe lder-

z e it v om N iederrhe in ' . J ockenhöve l , A ., 1 971 .

B J 1 73 , 2 57-266 .

D ie Ras ier messer i n M i t te leuropa .

PBF

M t inchen . J ockenhöve l , A ., 1 972 .

' Westeuropä ische B ronzen a us d er s pä ten U rnenfe lder-

z e i t i n S üdwes tdeutsch land ' . J ockenhöve l , A ., 1 974a .

A rch . K orr . 2 , 1 03-109 .

' F le ischhaken v on d en B rit ischen I nse ln ' .

A rch .

K orr . 4 , 3 29-338 . J ockenhöve l , A ., 1 974b ,

' Eine B ronzea mphore d es 8 . J ahrhunderts v . C hr .

v on G eve l inghausen , K r . Meschede ( Sauer land ) ' . J ockenhöve l , A ., 1 974c .

' Zur B enennung u rnenfe lderze i t l icher S tufen i m

ö s t l ichen M it te leuropa ' . J ockenhöve l , A ., 1 974d . S üddeutsch land ' .

G er man ia 5 2 ..

J IVUF , 5 7-69 .

' Zu b efes t ig ten S ied lungen d er U rnenfe lderze i t a us

R indberich te a us H essen 1 4 , 1 9-62 .

J ockenhöve l , A ., 1 975 .

' Zu m B eg inn d er J ungbronzeze itku ltur i n Wes teuropa ' .

J IVUF , 1 34-181 . J ockenhöve l , A . a nd Smo l la , G ., 1 975 . ( A isne ) ' .

' Le d ep6 t d e J uv incourt-Damary

Ga l l ia P reh is t . 1 8 , 2 89-313 .

J of f roy , R ., 1 960 .

L 'opp idu m d e V ix e t l e c iv i l isa t ion h a l ls ta t t ienne f i na l d ans

l ' est d e l a F rance . J of froy , R ., 1 975 .

P ub l ica t ions d e l 'Un ivers i te d e D i jon 2 0 .

P aris .

' Le c iseau d e l a G rande Paroisse ( Se ine-e t- Marne ) ' .

A nt . Na t . 7 , 3 2-33 . J ohnson . B ., 1 975 .

A rchaeo logy a nd t he M25 .

J ohnson , B . a nd Needha m , S ., 1 974 .

' Egham :

( Gui ldford .) aL a te B ronze Age mou ld ' .

S urrey A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty B u l le t in 1 12 . J ohns tone , P ., 1 972 . J o ly , J ., 1 959 .

' Bronze Age s ea t ria l ' .

' I nfor ma t ions a rcheo log iques .

G a l lia P reh ist . J oly , J ., 1 970 .

C irconscrip t ion d e D i jon ' .

2 , 9 1-109 .

' I nfor ma t ions a rcheo log iques .

Ga l lia P reh ist .

C irconscrip t ion d e B ourgogne .

1 3 , 4 11-458 .

J ones , M . U . a nd J . T ., 1 975 . E ng land ' .

A n t iqu i ty 4 6 , 2 69-274 .

' The c rop- mark s i tes a t Muck ing , E ssex ,

I n , Recent a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions i n E urope , e d . R .

B ruce- M i tford . J ones , S . J ., 1 931 . S o merse t ' .

L ondon , 1 33-187 . ' Note o n a n a nv i l a nd a p a ls tave f ound a t F lax B ourton ,

PUBSS 4 , 4 3-44 .

J ope , E . M ., 1 958 .

' A h eavy b ronze r ing o f I ta l ian t ype f ro m C o . Derry ' .

U JA 2 1 , 1 4-16 . J ope , E . M ., 1 961.

' Daggers o f t he E ar ly I ron Age i n B ri ta in ' .

PPS 2 7 ,

3 07-343 . J orns , W ., 1 972 .

' D ie Kam mhe l me v on B iebeshe im ' .

H essen 1 2 , 7 6-85 . 6 50

F undberich te a us

J orrand , C ., 1 976 . P icardie '.

' Les s i tes f ort if ies p reh istoriques e t p rotoh istoriques e n

RAO 7 , 5 9-63 .

J ou l l ih , H ., 1 962.

' Dbcouver te d ans l a v a l le d e l 'Aisne , n on l o in d e Va i l ly-

s ur-A isne , d 'une t o mbe a i nc inera t ions mu lt ip les e n tour&e d e d eux f osses c oncen tr iques i.

BSPF 6 6, 4 57-469.

J oussaume , R ., Mohen , J .-P . a nd Tardy , P Den is-d 'O leron ( Charen te -Mar i t i me ) '. J ouve , M ., 1 976.

1 969.

' Pr6h is toire a S a in t-

BSPF 6 6 , 4 57-469.

' Sondages s ur l ' oppidum d e S a in t-P ierre -en-Chas tre a

V ieux- Mou l in ( O ise ) '. Kam , W. H ., 1 956.

RAO 8 , 3 9-44.

' Vonds t me ld ing v an u rnen o n tdek t n abi j h et y en

"Kraayens tark" G e m. S o meren '. K ei l ing , H ., 1 969.

BROB 7 , 1 3-14.

D ie v orrö mische E isenzei t im E lde-Kar thane-Gebe i t .

B ei träge z ur U r- u nd Frühgesch ich te d er Bezirke Ros tock , S chwer in u nd Neubrandenburg 3 . K e l ly , D . B ., 1 973.

S chwer in .

' Archaeolog ica l n o tes f ro m Ma idstone Museu m '.

Archaeolog ia Can t iana 8 8 , 2 08-210. K endr ick , T . D ., 1 928 .

The a rchaeo logy o f t he C hannel I s lands .

The Ba i l iwick o f G uernsey.

L ondon .

K endr ick , T . D . a nd Hawkes , C . F . C ., 1 932. a nd Wa les 1 914-1931. K ennet t , D . H ., 1 975.

I

Archaeology i n Eng land

London .

' The Wy m ing ton h oard a nd o ther h oards a nd f inds o f

t he La te Bronze Age f ro m t he s ou th M id lands '.

Bedfordshire Archaeo lo-

g ica l J ourna l 1 0 , 5 -18. K ers ten , K ., n .d. ( 1935 ).

Zur ä l teren n ordischen Bronzeze i t .

Veröf fen t-

l i chungen d er S ch leswig-Hols te in ischen Un iversi tä tsgesel lscha f t , Reihe I , 3 .

F orschungen z ur Vor- u nd Frühgesch ich te a us d e m Museum

v orgesch ich t licher A l ter tü mer i n K iel 3 . K ers ten , K ., 1 952.

' Ein ige Funde d er I lmenauku l tur i n S ch leswig-Hols te in '.

O f fa 1, 1 0-24. K ers ten , K ., 1 958.

D ie Funde d er ä l teren Bronzeze i t i n P o m mern .

Be ihe f t z um A t las d er U rgesch ich te. K ers ten , K . a nd l a Bau me , P ., 1 958.

7 .

Ha mburg .

Vorgesch ich te d er Nordfr

s ischen

I nse ln . Veröf fen t l ichungen d es Landesamtes f ür Vor- u nd Frühgeschich te i n S ch leswig . D ie v or- u nd f rühgesch ich t lichen Denk mä ler u nd Funde i n S ch leswig-Hols tein 4 . K ers ten , W., 1 948 .

' Die n iederrhe in ische G rabhügelku l tur '.

K i l ian-D ir l meier , I . , 1 975.

G ür telhaken , Gür telbleche u nd B lechgür tel d er

Bronzeze i t i n M i t teleuropa . K im mig , W., 1 941-47. O berrhein '.

BJ 1 48 , 5 -80.

PBF X I I/2.

München .

' Bei träge z ur Frühphase d er Urnen felderku l tur am

Bad . Fundber . 1 7, 1 48176.

K im m ig , W., 1 951.

' Ou e n e s t l 'aude d e l a c iv il isa t ion d es Champs d 'Urnes

e n France , p r inc ipa le men t d ans l ' es t?'. K i m mig , W., 1 954.

' Ou .. s u i te e t f in '. 6 51

RAECE 2 , 6 5-81. RAECE 5 , 7 -28 , 2 09-232.

K im m ig , W., 1 955 .

' Ein h or t fund d er f rühen H öge lgräberbronzeze i t v on

A ckenbach , K r . U ber l ingen '. K im m ig , W ., 1 962-63 .

J RGZ M 2 , 5 5-75 .

' Bronzes itu len a us d e m Rhe in ischen G eb irge .

H unsrück-Eife l- Wes terwa ld ' . K imm ig , W ., 1 964 .

K ö ln/Graz , 2 20-283 .

Der K irchberg b e i Reus ten .

U rkenden z ur V or- u nd

F rühgesch ich te a us S udwürt te mberg-Hohenzo l lern 2 . K imm ig , W ., 1 970 .

I n , S tudien

K urt Tackenberg g ew id me t , e d . R . v on U s lar a nd K . J .

B e ihef te d er B J 1 0/ I .

K imm ig , W ., 1 966 .

BRGK , 3 1-106 .

' Seevö lkerbewegung u nd U rnenfe lderku ltur ' .

a us A lteuropa I . N arr .

4 3 .-44 .

S tut tgart .

' Zur F rage d er U rnenfe lderku ltur am N iederrhe in ' .

H e l in iu m 1 0 , 3 9-51 . K imm ig , W ., 1 975 . t he H euneburg ' .

' Early C e lts o n t he u pper D anube :

R . B ruce- M i tford . K i m mig , W ., 1 976 .

t he e xcava t ions a t

I n , Recent a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions i n E urope , e d . L ondon , 3 2-64 .

' D ie H euneburg a n d er o beren D onau ' .

I n , A usgrabungen

i n Deutsch land 1 , 1 92-211 . K imm ig , W . a nd G ersbach , E ., 1 971 . 1 966-1969 ' .

' D ie G rabungen a uf d er H euneburg

G er man ia 4 9 , 2 1-91 .

K i mm ig , W . a nd v on Vacano , 0 . -W ., 1 973 .

' Zu e ine m G ussfor m-Frag men t

e iner e trusk ischen B ronzekanne v on d er H euneburg a . d . o beren D onau ' . G er man ia 5 1, 7 2-85 . K ing , E ., 1 812 .

' A d escr ip t ion o f a nt iqui t ies d iscovered o n Hagbourne H i l l ' .

A rchaeo log ia 1 6, 3 48-349 . K irk , J . R ., 1 949 . ' Bronzes f ro m Woodea ton , Oxon . K lee man , 0 ., 1 954 .

Oxoniens ia 1 4 , 1 -45 .

D ie d re if lüge l igen P fe i lsp i tzen i n F rankre ich .

d er Wissenschaf ten u nd d er L i tera tur i n Ma inz .

Akade m ie

Abhand lungen d er G e istes-

u nd S oz ia lw issenscha f t lichen K lasse 4 , Wiesbaden . K lee man , 0 ., 1 966 .

' Der e rs te F und v orgesch ich t licher E isenbarren i n F ranken ' .

Ma in fränk isches J ahrbuch f ür G esch ich te u nd Kuns t 1 8 , 1 21-134 . K lee man , 0 ., 1 976 .

S te inze i t liche u nd b ronzeze i t l iche F unde a us d er e he ma l iger

B randenburg ischen Neu mark . z ur V orgesch ich te 1 1 .

C ertamina P raeh istorica 3 , B onner H ef ter

B onn , 7 9-129 .

K l indt-Jensen , 0 ., 1 949 . ' Fore ign i nf luences i n Den mark 's E ar ly I ron Age ' . Ac ta A rch . 2 0 , 1 -229 . K napen-Lescrenier , A . -M ., 1 970 .

Reperto ire b ib l iograph ique d es t rouva i l les

a rcheo log iques d e l a p rov ince d e N a mur . S erie A , 9 . B ruxe l les .

Repertoires A rcheo log iques ,

K nigh t , R . W ., B rowne , C . a nd G rinse l l , L . V ., 1 972 . t ons f ro m Tor marton ' .

' Preh is toric s ke le-

T ransac t ions o f t he B ris to l a nd G louces tersh ire

A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty 9 1, 1 4-17 . K o l l ing , A ., 1 968 .

S pä te B ronzeze i t a n S aar u nd Mose l .

B e iträge z ur A l tertu mskunde 6 .

B onn . 6 52

S aarbrücker

K o l ling , A ., 1 975 .

' E in f rüh la teneze i t l iches Wagengrab i n S i tzera th , G e me inde

N onnwe i ler ( Kre is S t . Wende l) ' .

2 .

B erich t d er S taa t l ichen Denk ma lpf lege

im S aar land , A b te i lung B odendenk ma lpf lege , 1 9-33 . K osori ' c , M ., 1 972 .

' Bronzeze i t l iche u nd f rühe isenze i t l iche H ortfunde im

mi t t leren Te i l d er s erb ischen D onaugebe it ' .

A rchaeo log ia J ugos lav ica

1 3 , 3 -25 . K ossack , G ., 1 954a . B ayerns ' .

' P ferdegesch irr a us G räbern d er ä l teren H a l ls ta t tze i t

JRGZM 1 , 1 11-178 .

K ossack , G ., 1 954b .

S tudien z um S y mbo lgut d er U rnenfe lderl ind H a l ls ta t t-

z e it Mi t te leuropas .

RGF 2 0 .

B er l in .

K ossack , G ., 1 959 .

S üdbayern w ährend d er Ha l ls ta t tze i t .

K ossack , G ., 1 970 .

G räberfe lder d er Ha l ls ta t tze it am Ma in u nd F rank ischer

S aa le .

MBV 2 4 .

RGF 2 4 .

B erlin .

K a l l münz .

K ossack , G ., 1 971 .

' The c ons truc t ion o f t he f e l loe i n I ron Age s poked whee ls ' .

I n , Hawkes F estchrif t , 1 41-163 . K ös ter , C . ,1 965-66 .

' Be i träge z um E ndneo li th iku m u nd z ur f rühen B ronze-

z e it am n ördl ichen O berrhe in ' . K os trzewsk i , J ., 1 915 . ( 136 sen ) ' .

PZ 4 3/44 , 2 -95 .

' Der Depotfund v on C hrzypsko , K re is B irnbau m

PZ 7 , 7 4-78 .

K ostrzewsk i , J ., 1 963 . 9 , 5 -11 .

' Pa ls taves o f G rea t P o l ish t ype ' .

K ostrzewsk i , J ., 1 970 .

P radz ie je

K rahe , G ., 1 960 .

l aska .

Wrock law/ Warszawa/Kraköw .

' E in G rabfund d er U rnenfe lderku ltur v on S peyer ' .

P fä lz isches Museu m F es tschrif t , e d . K . S chu ltz . t orischen V ere ins d er P fa lz 5 8 . K ro mer , K ., 1 959 . C lass ique .

K rüger , H ., 1 961 .

M i t te i lungen d es H is-

A ssoc ia t ion d 'Archeo log ie

F irenze .

D ie J astorfku ltur i n d en K re isen L üchow-Dannenberg ,

L t ineburg , Ue lzen u nd S o ltau .

K ru ta , V ., 1 976 .

I n ,

S peyer , 1 -17 .

D as G räberfe ld v on H a l lsta t t .

Monograph ie 1 .

g esch ich te 1 .

P race i Ma teria ly

G öt t inger S chrif ten z ur V or- u nd F rüh-

N eu müns ter . L es C e ltes .

K ubach , W ., 1 971 .

C o l lec t ion " Que s a isje?" 1 649 .

Paris .

' Zu m B eg inn d er b ronzeze i t l ichen Radnade ln ' .

A rch .

K orr . 1 , 3 5-37 . K ubach , W ., 1 973a .

' Wes teuropä ische F or men i n e ine m F rühurnenfe lder-

z e it l ichen Depotfund a us d e m Rhe in b e i Ma inz ' . K ubach , W ., 1 973b .

' Zwe i G räber mi t " Söge ler" Austa t tung a us d er d eutschen

Mi tte lgeb irgszone ' . K ubach , W ., 1 974 .

G er man ia 5 1, 4 03-417 .

' Zur g rupp ierung b ronzeze i t l icher K u lturersche inungen

i m h ess ischen Rau m ' . K ubach , W ., 1 977 . München .

A rch . K orr . 3 , 2 99-307 .

J IVUF , 2 9-50 .

D ie Nade ln i n H essen u nd Rhe inhessen .

6 53

PBF X I I I/3 .

Ky t l icovä , 0 ., 1 964 . J ika lka ' .

' Zur Z e itste l lung d er Depotfundes d es H orizonts P lze i i-

Arch . Rozh . 1 6, 5 16-556.

L acroix , B ., 1 957 . Y onne .

La n ecropo le p rotoh istorique d e l a C o lo mbine ' aC ha mp lay-

S oc iete d es f oui l les a rcheo log iques e t d es monu ments h istoriques

d e l 'Yonne .

C ah iers d ' Archeo log ie e t d 'H is t c ire d e PArt 2 .

d e L ae t , S . J ., 1 961a . A rch . B e lg . 5 5 .

Paris .

Oprav ingen e n v ondsten i n d e L i mburgse Ke mpen .

B russe l .

d e Lae t , S . J ., 1 961b .

' Que lques p rec is ions n ouve lles s ur l a c iv ilisa t ion d e

H i lversu m e n Be lg ique ' . d e L ae t , S . J ., 1 971 .

He liniu m 1 , 1 20-126 .

' Fort if ica t ions d e Pepoque d e La Tene e n B e lg ique ' .

A rch . Rozh . 2 3 , 4 32-450 . d e L ae t , S . J ., 1 974 .

P reh istorische k u lturen i n h et z u iden d er L age L anden

Wet ter e n . d e Lae t , S . J ., 1 976.

' Na t ive a nd C e l t i n t he I ron Age o f t he L ow C ountries ' .

I n , P iggot t F estschrif t , 1 91-198. d e L ae t , S . J ., v an Doorse laer, A ., Des it tere , M . a nd Thoen , H ., 1 970 . ' Het u rnenve ld v an Deste lbergen ' .

I n , O udhe idkundige o pg-r av ingen e n

v ondsten i n O ost-Vlaanderen 5 , K u lturee l J aarboek v oor d e P rov inc ie O ost-V laanderen 2 3/2 , 1 969 , 7 -21 . d e L ae t , S . J . a nd Marion , M . E ., 1 950 . Ka t tenbosch ' .

L 'Ant .

' La n ecropo le d e L o m me l-

C lass . 1 9 , 3 09-366 .

d e L ae t , S . J ., Nenquin , J . A . E . a nd S p i tae ls , P ., 1 958.

C ontribut ions ' a

Pe tude d e l a c iv i lisa t ion d es C ha mps d 'Urnes e n F landre . d e L ae t , S . J . a nd Roosens , H ., 1 952 . h euve l o p d e K lu isberg . Lagrand , C ., 1 976 . B ronze f i na l ' .

6

B rugge .

O pgrav ingen v an e en b ronst i jdgTaf-

A rch . Be lg . 1 4 .

' Les c iv i lisa t ions d e l 'Age d u B ronze e n P rovence .

L e

I n , G ui la ine 1 976a , 4 52-458.

La marre , H ., 1 945 . Rev . Arch .

DAG 4 .

' La c achet te d e f ondeur d e L onguev i l le ( Se ine-e t- Marne ) ' .

2 3 , 9 8-115 .

Lambot , B ., 1 975 .

' Les f ibu les d u Mus e V ivene l t rouvees e n f org t d e

C o mp iegne s ous Napoleon Lange , W . R ., 1 959 .

CAP 2 /2 , 1 5-28.

' Ein f r t lhbronzeze i t licher H ortfund v on Ha l le i . W .' .

G er mania 3 7, 2 68-270 . Langew iesche , F ., 1 912 .

' Ein B ronzefund i n Rheda ( Westfa len ) ' .

PZ 4 , 3 83-

3 85 . L ang ma id , N ., 1 971 .

' Norton F itzwarren i.

L ant ing , J . N ., 1 973 . e n N .W . Dui ts land :

C urrent Archaeo logy 3 , 1 16-120 .

' Laa t-Neo lith icu m e n V roege B ronst i jd i n Neder land c ontinue o ntw ikke lingen '.

Pa laeoh istoria 1 5 , 2 15-

3 17 . Lant ing , J . N ., 1 976 .

' Zwe i C 14-da t iere F unde v on s pä tbronzeze it licher

Kera mik mit Kerbschnit tverz ierung '.

6 54

He liniu m 1 6, 5 5-61.

L ant ing , J . N . a nd v an d er Waa ls , J . D ., 1 974 . b i j S wa l men I ' . L aux , F ., 1 971 .

' Oudhe idkundig o nderzoek

OMROL 5 5 , 1 -111 .

D ie B ronzeze i t i n d er L üneburger H e ide .

VUSLH 1 8 .

H i ldeshe im . L aux , F ., 1 973 .

D ie F ibe ln i n N iedersachsen .

PBF X IV/1 .

München .

L aux , F ., 1 976 .

D ie N ade ln i n N iedersachsen .

PDF X I I I/4 .

München .

L aver , H ., 1 898 .

' Founder 's h oard a t S outhchurch ' .

L awson , A . J ., 1 976 .

TEAS 2 6 , 1 73 .

' An imported b ronze c o l lar f ro m S o merse t ' .

S o merse t

A rchaeo logy a nd N a tura l H istory 1 20 , 1 09-110 . L ebe l , P ., 1 953 .

' Gu s e t v o ies p rotoh is tor iques ' .

L eco m te , A ., 1 975 . O stf landern ' .

RAECE 4 , 3 53-358 .

' Zwe i p ostneo l ith ische S tre i täxte a us d er P rov inz

H e l in iu m 1 5 , 1 62-166.

L eeds , E . T ., 1 930 .

' A b ronze c au ldron f ro m t he R iver C herwe l l , Oxford-

s h ire , w i th n otes o n c au ldrons a nd o ther b ronze v esse ls o f a l l ied t ypes ' . A rchaeo log ia 8 0 , 1 -36 . L eeds , E . T ., 1 936 . O xfordsh ire ' .

' Round b arrows a nd r ing-di tches i n B erksh ire a nd

O xon iens ia 1 , 7 -23 .

L e man-De lerive , G ., 1 973 .

' La c oupe ' ab ords o ur les , c hrono log ie , u t i lisa-

t i on e t r epart i t ion a Pepoque d e L a T ' ene ' . L e t ter le , F ., 1 976.

L ' An t .

C lass . 4 2 , 4 06-426 .

' Un e nse mb le d e l 'Age d u B ronze s aC uiry - Ms-Chaudardes ,

C hamps-Tortu t .

L es f ou i l les p rotoh is toriques d ans l a v a l lee d e l 'A isne ,

r apport d 'ac t iv i te 4 . L indb lo m , K . G ., 1 939 .

P aris , 1 73-185 . W ire d raw ing , e spec ia l ly i n A f rica .

g raf iska Museu m , Smärre Medde landen 1 5 . L indenschm i t t , L ., 1 870 .

S ta tens E tno-

S tockho lm .

D ie A l terth t i mer u nserer h e idn ischen V orze i t 2 .

Ma inz . L it tauer , M . A . a nd C rouwe l , J ., 1 977 . c ross-bar whee l? ' . L ob jo is , G ., 1 973 .

' The o rig in a nd d if fus ion o f t he

A n t iqui ty 5 1, 9 5-105 .

' Un d ep6 t d e h aches ' at a lon ' aD omm iers ( A isne ) ' .

C ah iers d 'Archeo log ie d u Nord-Est 1 6/2 , 4 1-68 . L ob jois , G ., 1 976 .

' Ob je ts d e PAge d u B ronze t rouves r ece m ment d ans l e

d eparte men t d e l 'A isne ' . d e

L on , A ., 1 931a . a Bruxe l les .

C ah iers d 'Archeo log ie d u N ord-Est 1 9 , 1 45-154 .

B e lg ique Anc ienne .

Mus es R oyaux d 'Art e t d 'H is toire

C a ta logue d escrip t if e t r a isonne .

I L es a ges d u me ta l .

B ruxe l les . d e

L ou , A ., 1 931b .

L oewe , G ., 1 971 .

' Dona t ion E douard B ernays ' . K re is K re mpen-Krefe ld .

D enk mä ler d es Rhe in landes3 . L o mborg , E ., 1 959 .

BMRAH 3 , 2 -9 .

A rchäo log ische F unde u nd

Düsse ldorf .

' Donau länd ische K u l turbez iehungen u nd d ie r e la t ive

C hrono log ie d er f rühen n ordischen B ronzeze i t ' .

6 55

Ac ta A rch . 3 0 , 5 1-146 .

L o mborg , E ., 1 967 .

' An amber s pacer-bead f ro m Den mark ' .

An t iquity 4 1,

2 21-223 . L o mborg , E ., 1 968.

' Den t i d lige b ronzea lders k rono log i '.

L o mborg , E ., 1 973 .

D ie F l intdo lche Däne marks .

S erie B , 1 .

Aarb eer , 9 1-152 .

Nordiske F ort ids m inder ,

K 9 fbenhavn .

L ong ley , D ., 1 976 .

' Excava t ions o n t he s i te o f aL a te B ronze Age s e t t le ment

a t Runnymede B ridge , Egha m '. L ongworth , I . H ., 1 966-67 .

The L ondon Archaeo log is t 3 , 1 0-17.

' Two g o ld b race le ts f ro m Wa lders lade , Kent ' .

B rit ish Museu m Q uarter ly 3 1, 1 31-133 . L ongworth , I . H ., 1 970-72 . ' Two g old b race le ts f ro m Now ton , B ury S t . E d munds ' . P roceedings o f t he S uf fo lk I nst itute o f A rchaeo logy 3 2 , 2 71-272 L ou is , M ., Taf fane l , G . a nd Ta f fane l , J ., 1 960 . L anguedoc ien 3 .

L e p re m ier Age d u F er

I nst i tute I n terna t iona l d 'Etudes L igures , C o l lec t ion

d e Monograph ies P reh istoriques e t A rcheo log iques , 3 .

B ordighera/Mont-

p e l lier. L ouwe K ooi j mans , L . P ., 1 972-73 .

' The Rh ine/Meuse d e lta .

o n i t s p reh istoric o ccupa t ion a nd H olocene g eo logy ' .

F our s tudies o n

OMROL 5 3-54 .

-

APL 7 , 1 974 . ., S avage , R . D . A . a nd Wi lk ins , R . L ., 1 971. L owery , P . R corper , t racer : g raver, s n ique ' .

' Scriber ,

n otes o n e xperi ments i n b ronzework ing t ech-

PPS 3 7, 1 67-182 .

L owery , P . R ., S avage , R . D . A . a nd Wi lk ins , R .

L ., 1 972 .

o f t he d ecora t ion o n ad isc-but ted a xe f ro m Ro man ia ' . L ow ther, A . W . G ., 1 939 .

' Early B ronze Age -Pagan S axon P eriod ' .

A s urvey o f t he p reh is tory o f t he F arnha m d ist ric t . L ow ther, A . W . G ., 1 949 . f ro m S t .

S y . A . C . 5 1, 1 43-144 .

R i mahoe East , C o . K i ldare ' .

L ux , G . V . a nd Roosens , H ., 1 972 .

P reh istoric Ang lesey .

MacK ie , E . W., 1 971 .

Mac Wh ite , E ., 1 944 . Ma ier , R ., 1 974 . f r ies land .

A rch . Be lg . 1 41 . B russe l .

L langefn i .

' So me a spec ts o f t he t rans i t ion f ro m t he b ronze- t o

i ron-us ing p eriods i n S cot land ' . MacK ie , E . W ., 1 976 .

JRSAI 1 02 , 1 9-48 .

E en r onde h u t u it d e I j zert i jd e n a ndere

v ondsten t e G rote-Spouwen ( ge m . S pouwen ) .

D . W . Harding .

G u i ldford , 1 53-260 .

' Preh istoric b lock-whee ls f ro m D ogary more , C o .

Rosco m mon , a nd

Lynch , F ., 1 971 .

I n ,

' Cast b ronze o rna men t o f La te B ronze Age d a te ,

C a therine 's H i l l , G ui ldford ' .

L ucas , A . T ., 1 972 .

' The t echn iques

PPS 3 8, 1 65-169 .

S cot t ish A rchaeo log ica l F oru m 3 , 5 5-72 .

' The v itrif ied f orts o f S cot land ' .

I n , H i l lforts , e d .

L ondon/New York/San F ranc isco , 2 05-235 . ' A mber i n t he I r ish B ronze Age '.

JCHAS 4 9 , 1 22-127 .

[ J r- u nd f r t ig. e sch ich t liche Denk mä ler u nd F unde a us Ost-

Wegwe iser z ur v or- u nd F rt lhgesch ich te N iedersachsens 8 .

H i ldeshe im .

6 56

Mann ing , W . H . a nd S aunders , C ., 1 972 .

' A s ocketed i ron a xe f ro m Ma ids

More ton , B uck inghamsh ire , w i th a n ote o n t he t ype ' .

Ant . J . 5 2 , 2 76-

2 92 . D , P lansfe ld , G ., 1 971 . M t irs ingen ) ' .

' Spä tha l lsta t tze it liche K le infunde v on I nde lhausen ( Kr .

F undberich te a us S chwaben 1 9 , 8 9-117 .

Mansfe ld , G ., 1 973 .

D ie F ibe ln d er H euneburg 1 950-1970 .

Marion , M. -E ., 1 945 . ä Gentbrugge ' .

RGF 3 3 .

Ber lin .

' Note s ur u ne b outerol le d e l 'Age d u B ronze d ecouverte

BMRAH 1 6, 1 9-21.

Marien , M . E ., 1 950 .

' Les b race lets ä g randes o re i l le ttes e n B e lg ique ä

l 'Age d u B ronze f i na l '.

HMGOG 4 /2, 4 1-77 .

Marien , M. E ., 1 952 .

O ud-Be lg ie .

Marien , M . E ., 1 956 .

' Pet i t e nse mb le d 'ob je ts d e l 'Age d u B ronze f i na l

t rouves

Antwerpen .

B ois-de-Lessines ( Ha in . ) ' .

Revue B e lge d ' Archeo log ie e t

d 'H isto ire d e l 'Art 2 5 , 7 7-103 . Marion , M. E ., 1 957 .

' La r eg ion b ruxe l lo is a vant 7 00 ' .

C ah iers B ruxe l lois

2 , 1 -71 . Marien , M. -E ., 1 958 .

T rouva i l les d u c hamp d 'urnes e t d es t o mbe l les h a ll-

s ta t t iennes d e C ourt-Sa in t-Et ienne . Na t iona le 1 .

MRAH Monograph ies d ' Archeo log ie

B ruxe l les .

Marion , M. E ., 1 961.

L es v est iges a rcheo log iques d e l a r eg ion d e L esse-e t-

h o m me d es o rig ines a ux Merov ing iens . Marien , M. E ., 1 963 . B e lg ique ) ' .

B ruxe lles .

' Poignard h a l lsta tt ien t rouve ä L ut tre ( Ha inaut ,

I n , A P edro B osch-G i mpera , e d . S . Genoves .

Mex ico , 3 07-

3 11. Marien , M. E ., 1 964 .

L a n ecropo le ä t o mbe l les d e S a int-V incent .

Monograph ies d ' Archeo log ie Na tiona le 3 . Marien , M . E ., 1 966.

MRAH

B ruxe l les .

' Cera mique d u g roupe h a l lsta tt ien d e S a int-V incent ' .

H e liniu m 6 , 5 0-52 . Marion , M. E ., 1 968-70 .

' Bouc les d 'orei l les e n o r d e l a g rotte d e H an ' .

BMRAH 4 0-42 , 1 7-26. Marien , M. -E ., 1 969 .

= Be lg ica Ant igua 1 .

' Cera miques d es c ha mps d 'urnes e t s epu lture

i nhu ma t ion e n F a menne ' . C o llect ion La to mus 1 03 . Marien , M . E ., 1 970 .

I n H o m mages ' a Marce l Renaud , e d . J . B ibaur . B ruxe lles , 4 03-408 .

L e T rou d e l 'A mbre a u B o is d e Weri mont , E prave .

MRAH Monograph ies d ' Archeo log ie Na t iona le 4 . Marien , M . E . ,1 973a .

' Large b ronze s pearhead a nd f erru le f ound i n t he

c ave o f Han-sur-Lesse ' . Marion , M . E ., 1 973b . Haute-Be lg ique ' .

B ruxe l les .

B runst ing F estschrif t , 1 27-130 .

' T in g roupe ä c era m ique d es C ha mps d 'Urnes e n

I n , E studios d edicados a l P rof . Dr . L uis Pericot .

U n ivers idad d e Barce lona , I nst ituto d e A rqueolog ia y P reh istoria , P ub l icac iones Eventua les 2 3 .

B arce lona , 2 71-282 .

6 57

Mari n , M. -E ., 1 974 . d u B ronze f i na l ' .

' Les h ab ita ts a u T rou d e Han :

e le ments c hrono log iques

BMRAH 4 6, 2 25-231.

Marien , M . -E ., 1 975 .

' Epees d e b ronze " pro to-ha l lsta t t iennes" e t h a l lsta t t i-

e nnes d ecouvertes e n B e lg ique ' . Marion , M . E ., 1 976 .

H e l iniu m 1 5 , 1 4-37 .

Rev iew o f Re im 1 974a .

Revue B e ige d ' Archeo log ie

e t d 'H istoire d e l 'Art 4 5/2 , 6 7-68. Marion , M. E . a nd Vanhaeke , L ., 1 965 . H an .

N ieuwe v ondsten i n d e g rot v an

B russe l .

Marlet te , H ., 1 961 .

' L ine u rne d e l 'Age d u B ronze ' a Harde lot ( Pas-de -Ca la is ) ' .

He liniu m 1 , 2 29-232 . d e 1 V iarinis , R ., 1 970 .

' Le s pade d e Monza d e l la t arda E ta d e l B ronzo ' .

S ibriu m 1 0 , 9 9-107 . d e Marinis , R ., 1 972 .

' Nouv i d a t i s u l le s pade d e l la t arda E t ' a d e l B ronzo

n e ll ' I ta lia s e t tentriona le ' .

P re istoria A lp ina 8 , 7 3-105 .

Marscha l l , A ., Narr, K . J . a nd v on l i s lar, R ., 1 954 . g esch ich t l iche B esied lung d es B erg ischen L andes . Marsi l le , L ., 1 921.

D ie v or- u nd f rühNeustadt a n d er A isch .

C a ta logue d u mus e a rcheo log ique d e l a S oc iete P o ly-

ma th ique d u Morb ihan . Marstrander , S ., 1 963 .

Vannes .

Ostfo lds j ordbruksristninger .

l i gnende K u lturforskn ing , S erie B : Marstrander , S ., 1 976.

S krif ter 5 3 .

' Bui lding a h ide b oa t .

I nst itute t f or S a m men-

Os lo .

A n a rchaeo log ica l e xperi ment ' .

I n terna t iona l J ourna l o f Naut ica l A rchaeo logy 5 , 1 3-22 . Maryon , H ., 1 949 .

' Me ta l work ing i n t he a nc ient world '.

American J ourna l

o f Archaeo logy 5 3 , 9 3-125 . Maryon , H ., 1 971 . Ma th ieu , M., 1 977 . ( A isne ) '.

Meta lworking a nd e na me lling .

5

New Y ork .

' Une h ache ' at a lon n a issant e t e cusson a B lerencourt

RAO 9 , 4 -5 .

Ma t thews , C . L ., 1 976 .

Occupa t ion s i tes o n aC h i ltern r idge .

Neo l ith ic , B ronze Age a nd Early I ron Age . May , J ., 1 976 .

P reh istoric L incolnsh ire .

McGra i l , S ., 1 975 .

BAR 2 9 .

Part I :

O xford .

H istory o f L inco lnsh ire I . L inco ln .

' The B rigg r af t r e-excava ted ' .

L inco lnsh ire H istory a nd

A rchaeo logy 1 0 , 5 -13 . McGra i l , S . a nd Sw i tsur , R ., 1 975 .

' Early B ri t ish b oa ts a nd t he ir c hrono logy ' .

I n terna t iona l J ourna l o f Naut ica l A rchaeo logy 4 , 1 91-200 . McNe i l , R ., 1 973 .

' A r eport o n t he B ronze Age h oard f ro m Wick P ark ,

S togursey , S o merse t ' .

S o merse t Archaeo logy a nd Na tura l H istory 1 17,

4 7-64 . Megaw , B . R . S . a nd Hardy , E . M ., 1 938 .

' Bri t ish d ecora ted a xes a nd

t he ir d if fusion d uring t he e arlier p art o f t he B ronze Age ' . 3 07 .

6 58

PPS 4 , 2 72-

Megaw , J . V . S ., 1 970 .

A rt o ft he E uropean I ron Age .

Megaw , J . V . S ., 1 975 .

' Notes o n B ronze Age a n t iqu it ies i n t he S ou th

Austra l ian Museu m ' .

Ba th .

Records o f t he S outh Austra lian Museu m 1 7/3, 2 3-

2 9 . Megaw , J . V . S ., 1 976 .

' Gw i th ian ,

C ornwa l l :

f or Neo l ith ic a nd B ronze Age s e t t le ment ' .

s o me n otes o n t he e v idence I n , S et t le ment a nd E cono my ,

5 1-66 . Me ier -Arendt , W ., 1 969 .

' E in f rühbronzeze it licher S tabdo lche im Rö m ische-

Ger manischen Museu m K öln ' . Me inander, C .

F ., 1 954 .

D ie B ronzeze it i n F inn land .

t oyhdistyksen A ikakausk ir ja 5 4 . Me lyukova , A . I . , 1 964 .

Ger mania 4 7, 5 3-62 . S uo men Muina is muis-

He lsink i .

V ooruzhenie s k ifov .

Arkheo log iya S SSR , D 1 -4 .

Moskva . Menendez P ida l , R ., 1 947 .

H istoria d e E spar ia I / I , E spa i ia P reh istörica .

Madrid . Mercer, R . J ., 1 970 . I ron Ages ' .

' Meta l a rrow-heads i n t he E uropean B ronze a nd E arly

PPS 3 6, 1 71-213 .

Mercer, R . J ., 1 976.

' Gri mes G raves , Norfo lk ' .

I n , S et t le ment a nd

E cono my , 1 01-111 v on Merhart , G ., 1 941 . ' Spa tzenhausen-Absa m-Casc ina Ranza ' .

Ger man ia

2 5 , 2 04-205 . v on Merhart , G ., 1 952 .

' S tudien f i ber e in ige Ga ttungen v on B ronzegefässen ' .

I n , F es tschrif t d es Rö misch-Ger man ischen Zentra l museu ms i n Ma inz z ur F eier s eines h undert jährigen B estehens 2 . v on Merhart , G . ,1 954 .

' Panzer-S tudie ' .

i n o nore d i Mons . G iovanni Baserga . P rov inc ia e D ioces i d i C o mo . v on Merhart , G ., 1 956 .

Ma inz , 1 -71 .

I n , " Origines" :

Racco lta d i s cri tt i

R iv ista Archeo log ica d e lPAnt ica

3 3-61.

' U l cer b lecherne Z ierbucke l ( Fa leren ) ' .

JRGZ M 3 ,

2 8-116. v on Merhart , G ., 1 956-57 . Mertens , J ., 1 951 . B e lg . 5 .

' Geschnürte S ch ienen ' .

3 7 .-38 .

BRGK , 9 1-47.

E en u rnengrafve ld t e Aarchot-Langdorp ( Brab .) .

A rch .

B russe l .

Mi les , W . A ., 1 826.

Ad escript ion o f t he Devere l b arrow ... L ondon .

Mi l lot te , J .-P . ,1 959 .

' Essa i s ur l es r e la t ions e n tre l 'Est e t l 'Ouest d e l a

F rance a ux a ges d es metaux t . Mi l lot te , J .-P . ,1 963 .

O c ra m 1 1, 1 31-154 .

L e J ura e t l es p la ines d e S aöne a ux a ges d es metaux .

Anna les L it tera ires d e l 'Universi te d e Besançon 5 9 . Mi l lot te , J .-P . ,1 965a .

C arte a rcheo log ique d e l a L orra ine .

t era ires d e l 'Un ivers i te d e Besançon 7 3 . Mi l lot te , J .-P . ,1 965b . B esançon ' .

P aris .

' I nfor ma t ions a rcheologiques .

Ga l lia P reh ist . 8 , 8 3-102 . 6 59

Anna les L it-

Paris . C irconscript ion d e

Mi l lot te , J .-P . ,C ordier, G . a nd Abauzi t , P ., 1 968 . p ro toh is tor iques :

Mi l lot te , J .-P . a nd R iquet , R ., 1 959 . d 'Or ( V ienne ) ' .

' Essai d e t ypo log ie

l es h aches ' aa i lerons medians ' .

' La c achet te d e b ronze d e N otre Da me

Ga l lia P reh ist . 2 , 7 1-80 .

Mi l lot te , J .-P . a nd V ignard , M., 1 960 . l ogiques d e L onsle-Saun ier .

C a ta logue d es c ol lec t ions a rcheo-

I L es a nt iqu i tes d e l 'Age d u B ronze .

Anna les L it teraires d e l 'Universi te d e B esançon 3 6. Mi lo jZ ic , V ., 1 960 .

RAECE 1 9 , 7 -67.

Rev iew o f H achmann 1 957 .

Modder mann , P . J . R ., 1 959 .

P aris .

Ger man ia 3 8, 2 77-231.

' Een " H i lversu m" p ot me t w ikke ldraads te mpe l

v ers ierd e n e en b ronzen n aa ld u it Vorstenbosch ( Noord-Braban t ) '. BROB 9 , 2 88-289 . Modder mann , P . J . R ., 1 960-61 .

' Een p a ls tave u i t E pe , Ge lder land ' .

BROB

1 0-11, 5 46-548 . Modder mann , P . J . R ., 1 964a .

' The c h ief ta in 's g rave o f Oss r econs idered ' .

B u l letin v an d e Vereenig ing t ot B evordering d er Kennis v an d e Ant ieke B eschav ing t e ' s-Gravenhage , 3 9 , 5 7-62 . Modder mann , P . J . R ., 1 964b . Waa l b i j N i j megen ' .

' S tenen b i jl me t i j zeren s chach thu ls u i t d e

BROB 1 4 , 6 9-73 .

Modder mann , P . J . R . a nd L ouwe K ooi j mans , L . P ., 1 966 .

' The H eib loe m ,

ac e me tery f ro m t he L a te B ronze Age a nd E ar ly I ron Age b e tween Ve ldhoven a nd S teense l, P rov . N oord-Brabant ' . Mohen , J .-P . ,1 968 .

' Les b ronzes p rotoh is toriques d e Paris e t d e s a r eg ion

a u Mus e d e l 'Ar mee ( I nva lides ) '. Mohen , J .-P . ,1 971.

APL 2 , 9 -26 .

BSPF 6 5 , 7 79-814 .

' Que lques e pees ä p oignee meta l lique d e l tAge d u B ronze

c onserv e a u Mus e d es Ant iqu i tes Na tiona les ' . Mohen , J .-P . ,1 972 . l a F rance? '.

An t . Nat . 3 , 2 9-46 .

' Que s avons-nous d e l‚Age d u B ronze d ans l e N ord d e

BSPF 6 9 , 4 44-464 .

Mohen , J .-P . ,1 973 .

' Les mou les e n t erre c u i te d es b ronziers p rotoh istoriques '.

Ant . Na t . 5 , 3 3-44 . Mohen , J .-P . ,1 975 .

' Sepu lture f e minine e t s epu lture mascu line d u Vi le

s iec le a van t J .-C . d ans l e t u mu lus J d ilbos ( Hautes-Pyrenees ) '. An t . Nat . 7 , 3 4-41. Mohen , J .-P . a nd C of fyn , A ., 1 970 . r egion d 'Arcachon . Monck ton , Mr ., 1 933 . Mon teagudo , L ., 1 965 .

BPH 1 1.

L es n ecropo les h a l ls tat t iennes d e l a

Madrid .

' A b ronze h oard f ro m t he C ity '.

Ant . J . 1 3 , 2 97-299 .

' Hachas p reh is töricas d e E uropa o ccidenta l '.

C oni mbriga 4 , 1 3-35 . Mon te lius , 0 ., 1 908 .

' The c hrono logy o f t he B ri t ish B ronze Age ' .

A rchaeo-

l ogia 6 1, 9 7-162 . Monte lius , 0 ., 1 913 .

'Wann b egann d ie a l lge me ine Ver wendung d es E isens

PZ 5 , 2 89-330 . 6 60

Moore , C . N ., 1 976 .

' Imported p a lstaves o f F rench o rig in f ound i n Ha mpsh ire ' .

PHFC 3 3 , 1 12-113 . Moore , C . N . a nd L ew is , E ., 1 969 . Ne ther Wa l lop ' .

' A h oard o f B re ton s ocke ted a xes f ro m

PHFC 2 6 , 1 9-20 .

Moore , C . N . a nd R ow lands , M .J ., 1 972 . Museu m .

B ronze Age me ta lwork i n S a lisbury

S a lisbury .

Moorey , P . R . S ., 1 968 . c hrono logy ' .

' The e ar l ies t N ear E as tern s poked whee ls a nd t he ir

PPS 3 4 , 4 30-432 .

Mordant , C ., 1 975 .

' La n ecropo le d e L a C o lo mbine ' aC ha mp lay ( Yonne )

d 'apres l es f ou i l les e t l a c o l lec t ion d e P . J acque l in ' . Mordan t , C . a nd D ., 1 970 . MSPF 8 .

RAECE 2 6 , 4 23-441.

L e s i te p rotoh istorique d es G ours-aux-L ions .

P aris .

Mordant , C . a nd D . a nd P ra mpart , J .-Y . ,1 976 . V i l le th ierry ( Yonne ) . Moreau , F ., 1 891 .

ae s upp le men t ' a Ga l lia P reh is t .

S upp le men t al 'A lbu m C aranda .

g rev iers d e C iry-Sa lsogne , d eux ieme a nnee . d e Mort i l le t , G . a nd A ., 1 903 . Mozso lics , A ., 1 957 . Wanderung ' .

L e d epö t d e b ronze d e P aris .

L es f oui l les d e 1 891 a ux

S a int-Quent in .

Musee p reh is torique ,

2

P aris .

' Archao log ische B e i trage z ur Gesch ich te d er g rossen

AAASH 8 , 1 19-156 .

Mozso lics , A ., 1 967 .

B ronzefunde d es K arpa tenbeckens .

v on Ha jdüsa mson u nd K osz iderpad las . Mozso lics , A ., 1 971 .

Depotfundhorizon te

B udapest .

' So me r e marks o n " Pesch iera" b ronzes i n H ungary ' .

I n , H awkes F es tschrif t , 5 7-76. Mozsol ics , A ., 1 973 .

B ronze- u nd G o ldfunde d es Karpa tenbeckens .

f undhorizon te v on F orrö u nd b pa ly i . v on Mü l ler , A ., 1 973 .

Depot-

B udapes t .

' Ein b ronzezei t licher H ortfund v on B er lin-Tege l '.

A usgrabungen i n B er l in 4 , 5 0-56. Mü l ler , D . W ., 1 972 .

' Gedanken z u e iner n euen tdeck ten H akensp ira le a us

E schenbergen , K re is G otha ' . Mü l ler , S ., 1 920 .

' Nye F und o g F or mer ' .

M t I l ler- Karpe , H ., 1 955 . B ronzeze i t ' .

A lt-Thuringen 1 2 , 1 14-130 . Aarb eer , 8 8-111.

Z u s t ldwestdeu tschen V o l lgrif fschwerten d er

G er mania 3 3 , 2 4-30 .

M t i l ler-Karpe , H ., 1 956 . d er A lz , O berbayern ' . M t I l ler-Karpe , H ., 1 958 .

' Das u rnenfe lderze i t l iche Wagengrab v on Hart a n B ayerische V orgesch ich tsb la t te r 2 1, 4 6-75 . ' Neues z ur U rnenfe lderze i t B ayerns '.

B ayerische

V orgesch ich tsb la t ter 2 3 , 4 -33 . M t I l ler-Karpe , H ., 1 959 .

B e i trage z ur C hrono log ie d er U rnenfe lderze i t

n örd lich u nd s üd l ich d er A lpen . M t I l ler-Karpe , H ., 1 961 . B ayern .

MBVF 6 .

RGF 2 2 .

B er lin .

D ie V o l lgrif fschwerter d er U rnenfe lderze i t a us

München .

6 61

Mü l ler-Karpe , H ., 1 962 .

' Zur s pä tbronzeze i t lichen Bewaffnung i n Mi t te l-

e uropa u nd G re ichen land '. Mü l ler-Karpe , H ., 1 966 .

Ger mania 4 0 , 2 55-287 .

' Ein B ronze messer v on Z ürich-Bauschanze ' .

I n ,

V og t F estschrif t , 9 7-100 . Mu l ler-Karpe , H ., 1 974 .

' Zur Def ini t ion u nd B enennung c hrono log ischer

S tufen d er Kupferze i t , B ronzeze it u nd ä lteren E isenze i t ' . Mü l ler- Karpe , H ., 1 975 . V orgesch ich te ' .

J IVUF , 7 -18.

' Jahresberich t d es F rankfurter I nst ituts f ür

J IVUF , 1 82-185 .

Mü l ler- W i l le , M ., 1 977 .

' Bäuerliche S iedlungen d er B ronze- u nd E isenze i t

i n d en Nordseegebei ten ' .

I n , Das Dorf d er E isenze i t u nd d es f rühen Mit te l-

a lters , e d . H . J ankuhn , R . S chütze iche l a nd F . S chw ind .

Abhandlungen

d er Akade m ie d er Wissenschaf ten i n G öt t ingen , Ph i lo log isch-H istorische K lasse 3 , 1 01 .

G öt t ingen , 1 53-218 .

Munro , R ., 1 890 .

The l ake-dwe l lings o f E urope .

Musson , C . R ., 1 974 .

The B re iddin 1 969-74 .

v an Muyden , B . a nd C o lo mb , A ., 1 896 . L acustres , A lbu m .

L ondon .

( Typescript .)

S hrewsbury .

Mus e C antona l Vaudois , Ant iqui tes

L ausanne .

Nan K ive l l , R . d e C ., 1 927-29 .

' Ob jec ts f ound d uring e xcava t ions o n t he

Ro mano-Brit ish s i te a t C o ld K i tchen H i l l , B rix ton Deveri l l , 1 926 ' .

WA M

4 4 , 1 38-142 . Nash- W i l lia ms , V . E ., 1 933 .

' A l a te b ronze h oard f ro m C ardif f '.

Ant . J .

1 3 , 2 99-300 . Nash- W i l lia ms , V . E ., 1 939 .

' An E ar ly I ron Age c oasta l c a mp a t S udbrook ,

n ear t he S evern Tunne l , Mon mouthsh ire ' . Nenqu in , J ., 1 975 .

A rch . C a mb . 9 4 ,42-79 .

' The s taghorn c heekp iece o f ah orse-b i t f ound a t E ke

( East F landers ) ' . Ner man , B ., 1 954 .

H e liniu m 1 5 , 3 8-42 . ' Yngre B ronsa ldern - e n f örs ta S vensk v ikingat id ' .

F ornvännen 4 9 , 2 57-285 . N ico lardot , J .-P . a nd Gaucher, G ., 1 975 . B ronze e n F rance . N ico las , A .,

1 976.

d e C la mecy ' . N ico las , A .,

F asc icu le V :

Typo log ie d es o b je ts d e PAge d u

O ut i ls .

P aris .

' Une e pee d u B ronze f i na l t rouvee a Nanterre , a u mus e

BSPF 7 3 , 2 64-265 .

Duva l , A . ,, E luere , C ., Mohen , J .-P . a nd Mordant , C ., 1 975 .

` L 'Age d u B ronze a u Mus e d ' Auxerre l . N iesioXowska- Wedzka , A ., 1 974 . L ausi tzer Ku ltur .

RAECE 2 6, 1 35-209 .

Anfänge u nd E ntw iCk lung d er B urgen d er

P o lsk ie Badania A rcheo log iczne 1 8.

Wrocr aw/ Warszawa/

K raköw/Gdar isk . Norden , A ., 1 925 .

' Brandskogs r -skeppe t ' .

Northover, J . P ., 1 977 .

F ornvännen 2 0 , 3 76-391 .

' Bronze i n t he B ri t ish B ronze Age ' .

e arly me ta l lurgy , e d . W . A . O ddy .

6 62

( London ) , 6 3-70 .

I n , Aspec ts o f

Norw ich .

1 966 .

B ronze Age meta lwork i n N orw ich C ast le Museu m .

Norw ich .

1 977 .

B ronze .. Museu m .

Noue l , A ., 1 957 .

2

N or w ich .

Norw ich .

' La c ache t te d e b ronze d e B oissy-aux-Ca i l les ( Se ine-e t-

Marne ) e t l es c ache t tes d u c entre d e l a F rance '. Novak , P ., 1 975 .

RAECE 8 , 2 98-311.

D ie S chwerter i n d er Tschechos lowake i I .

PBF I V/4 .

MUnchen . Novotna , M ., 1 970a .

D ie Ax te u nd B e i le i n d er S lowake i .

Novotna , M ., 1 970b .

D ie B ronzehortfunde i n d er S lowakei :

A rchaeo log ica S lovaca , F ontes 9 . N ovotn ,Y , B ., 1 966.

PBF D (/3 .

MUnchen .

S patbronzeze it .

B ra t is lava .

' Ein Panzerfund a us Ö ierna n ad T isou '.

S bornik F i lozo-

f i cke j F aku lty U n ivers ity K o mensk e ho , Musa ica 1 7(6) , 2 7-34 . Nowothnig , W ., 1 958 . B remervörde ' .

' Der f rUhbronzeze i t liche G rabfund v on Ehestorf , K re is

D ie K unde 9 , 1 52-167 .

Nowothnig , W ., 1 962 . H oya ' .

' Der B ronzefund v on Barrien-BU lten im K re ise G rafschaf t

NNU 3 1, 1 36-140 .

Ny len , E ., 1 974 .

' Bronze , E isen u nd G ese l lschaf t '.

Oak ley , K . P ., 1 943 . S o len t marg ins ' .

D ie K unde 2 5 , 1 03-110 .

' A n ote o n t he l a te p ost-g lac ia l s ub mergence o f t he PPS 9 , 5 6-59 .

O 'Connor, B ., 1 973-75 .

' Two g roups o f p reh istoric p ot tery f ro m Ke t t leburgh ' .

P roceedings o f t he S uf fo lk I nst itute o f A rchaeo logy 3 3 , 2 31-240 . O 'Connor , B ., 1 975 .

' S ix p reh istoric p ha lerae i n t he L ondon Museu m a nd a

d iscuss ion o f o ther p ha lerae f ro m t he B ri t ish I s les ' .

Ant . J . 5 5 , 2 15-

2 26 . O 'Connor , B ., 1 976a .

' Ein G rif fange lschwert a us d er S e ine b e i P aris ' .

A rch . K orr . 6 , 2 07-208 . O 'Connor , B ., 1 976b .

' A Nordic s ocke ted a xe f ro m n ear B ra intree ' .

TEAS 3

8 , 2 79-281 . O 'Connor , B ., 1 977 .

' Two p reh istoric F rench b ronzes i n E ng lish c o llect ions ' .

A rch . A t lant . 2 , 8 3-85 . O 'Connor , B ., f orthco m ing a .

' A B ronze Age s ocketed t oo l f ro m B lewbury ' .

Oxoniensia 4 2 . O 'Connor , B ., f orthco ming b . O ld E ng land ' .

' A l a te U rnf ie ld p endant f ro m t he Tha mes a t

T ransac t ions o f t he L ondon a nd Middlesex A rchaeo log ica l

S oc ie ty , 2 9 . O 'Ke l ly , M . J ., 1 954 . p laces ' .

O ldeberg , A ., 1 974 . O 'Nei l , B . H .

' Excava t ions a nd e xperi men ts i n a nc ient I r ish c ook ing-

JRSAI 8 4 , 1 05-155 . D ie a ltere Me ta l lze i t i n S chweden .

S t . J ., 1 942-43 .

g o mery , 1 937-39 ' .

Arch .

S tockho lm .

' Excava t ions a t F ridd F a ldwyn C a mp , MontC a mb . 9 7, 1 -57 .

6 63

O rgan , R . M ., 1 953-56 .

' Further n otes o n a n a nv i l a nd a p a ls tave f ound a t

F lax B ourton , S o merse t ' . R iordain , S . P ., 1 939 .

PUBSS 7 , 1 84-186 .

' The h a lberd i n B ronze Age E urope ' .

A rchaeo log ia

8 6, 1 95-321 . ÖR iorda in , S . P ., 1 946 .

' Preh istory i n I re land , 1 937-46 ' .

ÖR iorda in , S . P ., 1 954 .

' Lough G ur e xcava t ions :

h ouses o n Knockadoon ' . Osborne , A . O 'N ., 1 939 . Os terwa lder , C ., 1 971 . u nd J ura .

PPS 1 2 , 1 42-171 .

N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze Age

PR IA 5 6, 2 97-459 .

' The H ayne Wood h oard ' .

An t . J . 1 9 , 2 02-206 .

D ie mi t t lere B ronzeze i t i m S chwe izerischen Mi t te l land

Monograph ien z ur U r- u nd F rühgesch ich te d er S chwe iz 1 9 .

B ase l . O t ten jann , H ., 1 969 .

D ie n ord ischen V ol lgrif fschwerter d er ä l teren u nd

mi t t leren B ronzeze i t . P a l lot ino , M ., 1 960 .

1 .

B er lin .

' Su l la c rono log ia d e lPEt. ad e l B ronzo F ina le e d e l l 'E tä

d e l F erro i n I ta l ia ' . d e P a lo l , P ., 1 958 .

RGF 3 0 .

S tud i E trusch i 2 8, 1 1-47 .

L a n ecröpo lis h a l lsta t t ica d e Agu l lana ( Gerona ) .

BPH

Madrid .

Parducz , M ., 1 973 .

' Prob le me d er S ky thenze i t i m Karpa thenbecken ' .

AAASH 2 5 , 2 7-63 . P ass more , A . D ., 1 905-06 .

' No tes o n r ecen t d iscoveries ' .

WAM 3 4 , 3 08-

3 12 . Pa tay , P ., 1 968 .

' Urnenfe lderze i t l iche B ronzesch i lde i m K arpa tenbecken '

G er man ia 4 6, 2 41-248 . P a tay , P ., 1 969 .

' Der B ronzefund v on Mezokovesd i .

AAASH 2 1, 1 67-216.

Pa t te , E ., 1 971 .

' Que lques o b je ts d e 1 'Age d u B ronze d u V a lo is ' .

B SPF 6 8,

1 59-160 . Pa t te , E ., 1 975 .

' Precy-sur-O ise e t P on tpo in t ' .

Pau l i , L ., 1 972 .

U n tersuchungen z ur S pä tha l lsta t tku l tur i n N ordwürt te mberg .

HBA 2 /1 .

CAP 2 /1 , 5 -12 .

Ha mburg .

Pau li , L ., 1 975 . Pau ll , J ., 1 968 .

D ie G räber v om S a lzberg z u H a l lsta t t .

Ma inz .

' Panzer d er j üngeren B ronzeze i t a us d er S lowake i ' .

4 9 .

BRGK , 4 1-61 . P earce , S . M ., 1 970-71 . A berdeensh ire ' .

' A L a te B ronze Age h oard f ro m G lentanar ,

P SAS 1 03 , 5 7-64 .

P earce , S . M ., 1 971-74 . C avern , T orquay ' .

' The f i nds o f B ronze Age ma teria l f ro m K en t 's

T orquay N a tura l H is tory S oc iety T ransac t ions a nd

P roceedings 1 6, 1 76-195 . P earce-Seroco ld , 0 ., 1 933 . Period isering .

' Bronze h oard f ro m B urnha m ' , A n t . J . 1 3 , 5 5 .

1 965-66 . ' De p eriod isering v an d e Neder landse p reh is torie '.

BROB 1 5-16 , 7 -11 . 6 64

P eron i , R ., 1 956.

' Zur G rupp ierung mit te leuropa ischer G rif fzungendo lche

d er s pä ten B ronzeze i t ' . P eron i , R ., 1 973 .

Bad . F undber . 2 0 , 6 9-92 .

S tud i d i c rono log ia h a l ls ta t t iana .

P escheck , C ., 1 971.

Ro ma .

' Zur Auf f indung d es u rnenfe lderze i t l ichen H ortfundes

v on Reupe lsdorf ( Un ter f ranken ) ' . P escheck , C ., 1 972 .

A rch . K orr . 1 , 1 99-202 .

' E in r e icher G rabfund mi t K esse lwagen a us U nter f ranken ' .

G er man ia 5 0 , 2 9-56 . P e tersen , E ., 1 929 . VF 2 /2 .

D ie f rühger man ische K u ltur i n O s tdeutsch land u nd P o len .

B er lin .

P e trequin , P ., U rlacher , J .-P . a nd V ua i l la t , D ., 1 969 .

' Hab i ta t e t s epu l tures

d e PAge d u B ronze f i na l ' a Damp ierre-surle-Doubs ( Doubs ) ' . P reh is t .

Ga l lia

1 2 , 1 -35 ,

P h i l ippe , J ., 1 927 .

C inq a nnees d e f oui l les a u F ort-Harrouard 1 921-1925 .

S oc ie te N or mande d 'E tudes P reh istoriques .

B u l le t in h ors s erie XXVb is .

Rouen . Ph i l ippe , J ., 1 936.

' Le F ort-Harrouard ' .

Ph i l lips , C . W ., 1 931 . S ymonds ' Ya t ' .

' F ina l r eport o n t he e xcava t ions o f Mer lin 's C ave ,

PUBSS 4 /1, 1 1-33 .

Ph i l lips , C . W ., 1 935 .

' The e xcava t ion o f t he G ian t 's H i l l l ong b arrow ,

S kend leby , L inco lnsh ire ' . P icard , C ., 1 961 . ( reg ion s ud ).

L 'Anthropo log ie 4 6, 2 57-301.

A rchaeo log ia 8 5 , 3 7-106 .

' I nfor ma t ions a rcheo log iques .

C irconscrip t ion d e P aris

G a l l ia 1 9 , 3 11-344 .

P iggot t , C . M ., 1 946 .

' The L a te B ronze Age r azors o f t he B ri t ish I s les ' .

PPS 1 2 , 1 21-141 . P iggot t , C . M ., 1 949 . ' A L a te B ronze Age h oard f ro m B lackrock i n S ussex a nd i t s s ign if icance ' . PPS 1 5 , 1 07-121. P iggo t t , S ., 1 938 .

' The E arly B ronze Age i n Wessex ' .

P iggo t t , S ., 1 952-53 .

PPS 4 , 5 2-106 .

' A L a te B ronze Age h oard f ro m P eeb lesh ire ' .

PSAS

8 7 , 1 75-186 . P iggo t t , S ., 1 968 .

' The e arl ies t whee led v eh ic les a nd t he C aucas ian e v idence ' .

PPS 3 4 , 2 66-318 . P iggot t , S ., 1 973 . ' The f i na l p hase o fb ronze t echno logy ' . 1 /2 . O xford, 3 76-407 . P iggo t t , S . a nd C . M ., 1 944 .

' Excava t ion o f b arrows o n C riche l a nd

L aunces ton Downs , D orset ' . P inge l , V ., 1 974 .

I n , VCH Wi ltsh ire

A rchaeo log ia 9 0 , 4 7-80 .

' Bemerkungen z u d en r i tzverz ierten S te len u nd z ur b eg in-

n enden E isenze i t i m s t idwes ten d er I berischen Ha lb inse l ' . W . Dehn .

HBA 4 .

I n , F es tschrif t

Ha mburg , 1 -19 .

P iningre , J .-F . ,1 976. ' Que lques o b je ts d e l 'Age d u B ronze e t d u Neo li th ique d es mara is d e l a D eu le ' . Revue d u N ord 5 8 , 7 -13.

6 65

P in ingre , J .-F . ,1 977 .

' Foul l le d e s auve tage d e d eux e nc los c ircu la ires

c oncentriques' a C onch i lle-Te mp le ( Pas-de-Ca la is ) ' .

S ep tentrion 7 , 1 7-

2 2 . P i t t ion i , R ., 1 951 . f ac ts ' .

' Preh is toric c opper- m ining i n Austria :

p rob le ms a nd

UL IA S even th Annua l Report , 1 6-43 .

P it t R ivers , A . H . L . F ., 1 888 .

E xcava t ions i n C ranborne C hase I .

P i t t R ivers , A . H . L . F ., 1 892 .

E xcava t ions .. I I .

L ondon .

P it t R ivers , A . H . L . F ., 1 898 .

E xcava t ions

L ondon .

P le inerovä , I . , 1 973 .

I V .

' Bronzegefässe i n d er B y laner Ku ltur ' .

L ondon .

P am . A rch .

5 4/2 , 2 72-300 . P lot , R ., 1 686 .

The n a tura l h is tory o f S taf ford-sh ire .

P odborsk 3 ; , V ., 1 970 . E isenze i t .

Mähren i n d er S pä tbronzeze it u nd a n d er S chwe l le d er

O pera U n ivers i ta t is P urkynianae B runensis F acu ltas P h i lo-

s oph ica 1 42 .

B rno .

P o lenz , H ., 1 973 . G eb ie t ' .

Oxford .

5 4 .

P o l l i t , W . ,1 926.

' Zu d en G rabfunden d er S pä tha l ls ta t tze i t i m Rhe in- Ma inBRGK , 1 07-202 . ' Bronze-founder 's h oard f ro m S ou thend-on-Sea ' .

A n t . J .

6 , 3 09 . P o l li t , W ., 1 930 .

' Bronze Age f i nd i n S ou thend-on-Sea ' .

P o l lit , W ., 1 932 .

' Bronze o b jec ts f ro m s outh-eas t E ssex ' .

Der Depotfund a us N o' ca j-Sa la' . P opov ic , D ., 1 964 . ' P os te , B ., 1 858 .

TEAS 2 1 9 , 3 11-313 . Ant . J . 1 2 , 7 4 .

RVM 1 2-13 , 5 -21.

' Ro mano-Bri t ish a n t iqui t ies i n b ronze f ound i n t he p arish

o f Marden , K ent ' .

J ourna l o f t he B ri t ish A rchaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ionl 1 4 ,

2 57-262 . P owe l l , T . G . E ., 1 948 . s h ire ' .

P owe l l , T . G . E ., 1 953 . Wa les ' .

' A L a te B ronze Age h oard f ro m We lby , L e ices ter-

A rch . J . 1 05 , 2 7-40 . ' The g o ld o rna men t f ro m Mo ld , F lin tsh ire , n orth

PPS 1 9 , 1 61-179 .

P owe l l , T . G .

E ., 1 958 .

The C e l ts .

P owe l l , T . G . E ., 1 973-74 .

L ondon .

' The S in tra c o l lar a nd t he S hannongrove g orge t :

a spec ts o f L a te B ronze Age g o ldwork i n t he wes t o f E urope ' .

N orth

Muns ter An t iquar ian J ourna l 1 6 , 3 -12 . P owe l l , T . G . E ., 1 976 . E urope ' .

' The i ncep t ion o f t he I ron A ge i n t e mpera te

PPS 4 2 , 1 -14 .

P owe l l-Cot ton , P . H . G . a nd C raw ford , 0 . G . S ., 1 924 . h oard ' .

' The B irch ing ton

An t . J . 4 , 2 20-226 .

P owna l l , T ., 1 786.

' An a ccount o f s o me I rish a nt iqu i t ies ' .

A rchaeo log ia 3 ,

3 55-370 . P ri mas , M ., 1 971 .

' Der B eg inn d er S p -ä tbronzeze i t i m M i t te l land u nd J ura '.

I n , UFAS , 5 5-70 . 6 66

P roudfoo t , V . B ., 1 955 .

The Downpa trick g o ld f i nd .

P ub l ica t ions ( Northern I re land ) 3 . P ryor , F ., 1 977 .

‚F enga te

1 976 ' .

Raepsae t-Char l ier , M .-T . ,1 971 . S ins in ( Na mur) ' .

A rchaeo log ica l Research

B e lfas t .

Durobrivae 5 , 1 4-17 . ' La s tra t igraph ie d u T rou d e l L euvel .

A nna les d e l a S oc ie te A rcheo log ique d e Na mur 5 6 , 5 -96 .

Raf tery , B ., 1 975 .

' A L a te B ronze Age b ar t ogg le f ro m I re land ' .

A rch .

A t lant . 1 , 8 3-89 . Ra f tery , B ., 1 976a .

' Down s , Ha l ls ta t t a nd L a Tene i n I re land :

o ft he t rans it ion f ro m b ronze t o i ron ' . i n A t lan t ic E urope .

P apers p resen ted a t t he I V A t lan t ic C o l loquim , Ghen t

1 975 , e d . S . J . d e L ae t . Raf tery , B ., 1 976b .

DAG 1 6 .

B rugge , 1 89-197 .

' Ra thga l l a nd I rish h i l lfort p rob le ms ' .

e d . D . W . H arding .

p rob le ms

I n , Accu ltura t ion a nd c on t inui ty

I n , H i l lforts ,

L ondon/New Y ork/San F ranc isco , 3 39-357 .

Raf tery , J ., 1 961 .

' The Derrinboy h oard , C o . O f fa ly ' .

JRSA I 9 1, 5 5-58 .

Ra f tery , J ., 1 971 .

' A B ronze Age h oard f ro m B a l ly tegan , C ounty L aois ' .

JRSA I 1 01, 8 5-100 . Ra f tery , J ., 1 972 .

' I ron Age a nd I r ish S ea :

p rob le ms f or r esearch ' .

The I ron Age i n t he I rish S ea p rov ince , e d . C . Tho mas . Report 9 .

I n ,

CBA Research

L ondon , 1 -10 .

Rah tz , P ., 1 976.

' Bu i ldings a nd r ura l s et t le ment ' .

A ng lo-Saxon E ng land , e d . D . M . Wi lson .

I n , The A rchaeo logy o f

L ondon , 4 9-98 .

Randsborg , K ., 1 96 .8 .

' Von P eriode I z u

Ac ta A rch . 3 9 , 1 -142 .

Randsborg , K ., 1 970 .

' Zwe i P esch iera-Dolche a us S üdskandinav ien ' .

Ac ta

A rch . 4 1, 1 91-195 . Randsborg , K ., 1 972 .

F ro m P eriod I I t o P eriod I V .

P ub lica t ions o f t he

Na t ional Museu m , A rchaeo log ica l-H is torica l S eries I , 1 5 . Ra th le igh , P ., 1 809 .

C openhagen .

A rchaeo log ia 1 2 , 4 14 , p l . 5 1, f i g . 8 .

Read , C . H ., 1 895-97 .

n otes o n t wo h oards o fb ronze imp le men ts f ro m

G rays Thurrock , E ssex , a nd S outha l l , Midd lesex ..

PSAL 2 1 7 , 3 27-

3 30 . Read , C . H ., 1 901-03 . Re im , H ., 1 974a .

PSAL 2 1 9 , 1 3-16 .

D ie s pä tbronzeze i t l ichen G rif fp la t ten, G rif fdorn- u nd

G rif fange lschwerter i n Os tf rank re ich . Re im , H ., 1 974b .

PBF I V/3 .

Manchen .

' Bronze- u nd U rnenfe lderze i t liche G rif fange lschwerter

i m n ordwest lichen V ora lpenrau m u nd i n Oberi ta l ien ° .

A rch . K orr . 4 ,

1 7-26 . Re inecke , P ., 1 956.

' Der Bamberger B ronzesch i ldfund ' .

JRGZ M 3 , 2 3-27.

R ich 1 3/ 7 , H ., 1 893 .

D ie B ronzeze i t i n B öh men .

R ich ter , I . , 1 970 .

Der Ar m- u nd B e insch muck d er B ronze- u nd U rnenfe lder -

z e i t i n H essen u nd Rhe inhessen .

PBF X/1 . 6 67

P rag .

München .

v on R ich tofen , B ., 1 926 . R idgeway , W ., 1 919 .

D ie ä l tere B ronzeze i t i n S ch les ien .

VF 3 .

' An I r ish d ecora ted s ocke ted b ronze a xe ' .

Ber l in .

Man 1 9 ,

1 61-164 . R idgeway , W . a nd Sm i th , R ., 1 905-07 .

e ar ly I ta l ian b rooches ..' •

PSAL 2 2 1, 9 7-118 . R idgway , D . a nd F . R ., 1 976 . ' Fro m I sch ia t o S cot land : b e t ter c onf igura t ions i n O ld Wor ld p reh istory ' . I n , P iggot t F estchri f t , 1 45-152 . R iek , G ., 1 942 .

' E in F let thaus a us d er Wende ä l terejungere H unsrück-

E ife l-Ku ltur b e i B efort i n L uxe mburg ' . R iek , G ., 1 962 .

Der H ohm iche le .

R ie th , A ., 1 942 .

RGF 2 5 .

G er man ia 2 6 , 2 6-34 . B er l in .

D ie E isen technik d er H a l ls ta t tze i t .

Mannus-Buchere i 7 0 .

L e ipz ig . i ihovsk i r , J ., 1 966 .

' D ie Anfänge d er j üngeren ( Podo ler ) P hase d es mi t te l-

d onau ländischen K re ises d er U rnenfe lderku l tur ' .

P am . A rch . 5 7/2 , 4 59-

5 34 . i t ihovsk S T , J ., 1 969 .

Z ur K enntn is d er Haus typen i n d er mi t te ldonau ländischen

U rnenfe lderku ltur ' . AFSB B e ihef t 7 . f i lhovskY , J ., 1 972 . V I I/1 .

I n , B e i träge z ur L ausi tzer K u l tur , e d . W . C ob lenz .

B er l in , 2 29-252 . D ie Messer i n Mähren u nd d em Os ta lpengeb ie t .

PBF

M t inchen .

R i tch ie , A ., 1 970 . a f f in i t ies ' .

' Pa l isaded s i tes i n n orth B ri ta in :

t he ir c ontex t a nd

S cot t ish A rchaeo log ica l F oru m 2 , 4 8-67 .

Robertson , A . S ., 1 974 .

' Ro mano-Br i t ish c oin h oards :

a rchaeo log ica l a nd h is torica l s ign if icance ' . e d . J . C asey a nd R . Reece . Rob inson , P . H ., 1 974 .

BAR 4 .

t he ir n um is ma t ic ,

I n , C oins a nd t he A rchaeo log is t ,

O xford .

1 2-36 .

' A n ew p a lstave f ro m N orbury , S ta f fordsh ire ' .

S taf fordsh ire A rchaeo logy 3 , 2 3-26 . Roe , F . E . S ., 1 966 . Roes , A . , 1952 .

' The b a t t le-axe s eries i n B ri ta in ' .

PPS 3 2 , 1 99-245 .

' An i ron r azor o f Dan ish B ronze-Age t ype , S i t tard ( L i mburg ) ' .

BROB 3 , 5 0-52 . Roosens , H . a nd B eex , G ., 1 961 . Roosen" t e Neerpe lt i n 1 960 . Roosens , H . a nd B eex , G ., 1 962 . Roosen" t e Neerpe lt i n 1 961 .

De o pgrav ingen i n h e t u rnenve ld " de A rch . B e lg . 5 8 .

B russe l .

H e t o nderzoek v an h e t u rnenve ld " de A rch . B e lg . 6 5 . B russe l .

Roosens , H ., B eex , G . a nd v an I mpe , L ., 1 975 .

B i jzet t ingen u i t d e u rnen-

v e ldent i jd t e N eerpe lt G rote H e id e n Ache lse D i jk .

Arch . B e lg . 1 78.

B russe l . Roosens , H . a nd Meex , F ., 1 975 . G em . Meerhou t . Roska , M ., 1 942 .

V lakgraven u i t d e l a te B ronst i jd t e Z i t taart ,

A rch . B e lg . 1 73 .

B russe l .

Thesaurus An t iqui ta tu m T ranss i lvanicaru m .

K o lozsvär . 6 68

IP raeh is torica .

Ro th , H ., 1 974 . f ranken ' .

' Ein L eder messer d er A t lan t ischen B ronzeze i t a us Mit te l-

Arch . K orr . 4 , 3 7-47 .

Roudi l , J .-L . ,1 972 .

L ' Age d u B ronze e n L anguedoc o r ienta l .

MSPF 1 0 .

P aris . Roussot-Larroque , J ., 1 971 .

' Le d epö t d u B ronze f i na l d e l a S ab lf ere a

S a int-Georges-d 'O leron ( Charente- Mari t i me ) ' . l e R oux , C .-T . ,1 975 . B retagne ' .

B SPF 6 8, 5 87-593 .

' I nfor ma t ions a rcheo log iques .

Ga l l ia P reh is t .

1 8 , 5 11-539 .

l e R oux , C .-T . a nd B riard , J ., 1 970 . o u ma l c onnus d u F inist ' ere ' . Row lands , M . J ., 1 971a .

C irconscrip t ion d e

' Depö ts d el 'Age d u B ronze i nedi ts

Ann . B re t . 7 7 , 3 7-55 .

' A g roup o f i nc ised d ecora ted a r mrings a nd t he ir

s ign if icance f or t he Midd le B ronze Age o f s ou thern B ri ta in ' .

I n , BM

F estschrif t , 1 83-199 . Row lands , M . J ., 1 971b . me ta lwork ing ' .

' The a rchaeo log ica l i n terpre ta t ion o fp reh istoric

WA 3 , 2 10-224 .

Row lands , M . J ., 1 976 .

The p roduc t ion a nd d istribut ion o f me ta lwork i n t he

Midd le B ronze Age i n s outhern B ri ta in .

BAR 3 1 .

O xford .

R ow le t t , R . M . a nd E . S . J . a nd B oureaux , M., 1 969-70 . ' A r ec tangu lar e ar ly L a I l ene Marn ian h ouse a t C hasse my ( A isne ) ' . WA 1 , 1 06-135 . Ruof f , U ., 1 974 .

Z ur f rage d er K on t inu i ta t zw ischen B ronze- u nd E isenze i t

i n d er S chwe iz . Rusu , M., 1 963 .

B ase l .

' D ie V erbre i tung d er B ronzehorte i n T ranss i lvanien v om

E nde d er B ronzeze i t b is i n d er mi t t lere Ha l ls ta t tze i t '. Rusu , M., 1 966 .

' Le d epö t d 'ob je ts e n b ronze d e Ba lsa ' .

Dac ia 2 7 , 1 77-210 . S arge t ia 4 , 1 7-40 .

Rychner , V ., 1 974-75 . ' L 'Age d u B ronze f i na l ' aA uvern ier NE .

J SGU 5 8 ,

4 3-65 . Rychner, V ., 1 976 . ' La S uisse p reh istorique . B ronze f i na l ' . Rynne , E ., 1 962 .

L a b ri l l ian te c iv i lisa t ion d u

A rcheo log ia 1 01, 3 9-45 . ' La te B ronze Age r a t t le-pendants f ro m I re land ' .

PPS 2 8,

3 83-385 . d e S a in t-Venant , M . J ., 1 908 . p o la ires ' .

P reh istorique . 2 .

' An t iques s pheroides e n b ronze ' ao uvertures

I n , C , ongr ' es I n terna t iona l d 'An thropo log ie e t d 'Archeo log ie C o mpte Rendu d e l a T riezie me S ess ion .

Monaco 1 906 .

Monaco , 2 78-293 .

S andars , N . K ., 1 957 . S andars , N . K ., 1 971.

B ronze Age c u ltures i n F rance . ' Fro m B ronze Age t o I ron Age :

C a mbridge . as eque l t o as eque l ' .

I n , Hawkes F estschrif t , 1 -29 . S andford , W . A ., 1 880 .

' A b ronze t orque , ab race le t a nd t wo c e lts f ro m

Wes t B uck land , S o merse t ' . S angme is ter , E ., 1 969 .

A rch . J . 3 7 , 1 07 .

' D ie Ha l ls tat tgrgber im Hagenau F ors t u nd d ie

r e la t ive C hrono log ie d er j üngeren Ha l ls ta t tku ltur im Westen ' . Dehn F es tschrif t , 1 54-187 . 6 69

I n ,

S aunders , C ., 1 971 . C h i lterns ' .

' The p re-Be lg ic I ron Age i n t he c en tra l a nd western

A rch . J . 1 28 , 1 -30 .

S avory , H . N ., 1 946-47 . Mon mou thsh ire ' .

' Hoard o f B reton s ocke ted a xes f ro m T in tern ,

A rch . C amb . 9 9 , 1 14-115 .

S avory , H . N ., 1 948 .

' The " Sword-bearers" .

Ar e in terpre ta t ion '.

PPS 1 4 ,

1 55-176 . S avory , H . N ., 1 949 .

' The A t lan t ic B ronze Age i n s ou th-wes t

E urope ' .

1 28-155 . S avory , H . N ., 1 958a .

' The L a te B ronze Age i n Wa les ' .

A rch . C amb . 1 07 ,

3 -63 . S avory , H . N ., 1 958b .

' The o rig in o f B ri t ish p a ls taves w i th d oub le l oops ' .

Aequeo log ia e H istöria8 8 , 6 7-73 . S avory , H . N ., 1 964-66 .

' The G ui lsf ie ld h oard ' .

B u l le t in o f t he B oard o f

C e lt ic S tudies 2 1 , 1 79-197 . S avory , H . N ., 1 966-68 . ' A d oub lelooped p a ls tave p oss ibly f ro m c en tra l Wa les ' . B u l le t in o ft he B oard o f C e l t ic S tud ies 2 1, 4 07-410 . S avory , H . N ., 1 968 .

S pa in a nd P ortuga l .

L ondon .

S avory , H . N ., 1 971 .

E xcava t ions a t D inorben , 1 965-9 .

S avory , H . N ., 1 975 .

' So me We lsh L a te B ronze Age h oards -o ld a nd n ew ' .

C ardif f .

A rch . A t lan t . 1 , 1 11-125 . S avory , H . N ., 1 976a .

G u ide c a ta logue o f t he E ar ly I ron Age c o l lec t ions .

( Na t iona l Museu m o f Wa les ) . S avory , H . N ., 1 976b . I n , H i l lforts

C ardif f .

'We lsh h i l lforts :

e d . D . W . H arding .

ar eappra isa l o fr ecen t r esearch ' .

L ondon/New Y ork/San F ranc isco ,

2 37-291 . S chaaf f , U ., 1 971 . ' E in Ke l t isches F ürstengrab v on Wor ms-Herrnshe im t . JRGZ M 1 8 , 5 1-117 . S chaaf f , U . a nd Tay lor , A . K ., 1 9

. ' Südi mporte im Rau m n örd lich d er

A lpen ( 6 .-4 . J ahrhundert v . C hr . ) ' .

I n , A usgrabungen i n Deutsch land

3 , 3 12-316 . S chaef fer , C . F . A ., 1 926 . f or & d e Hagenau .

1 .

L es t ertres f imera ires p reh is toriques d ans l a L es t u mu lus d e l 'Age d u B ronze . Hagenau .

S chaef fer , C . F . A ., 1 930 .

L es t ertres .. 2 .

L es t u mu lus d e l 'Age d u F er .

H agenau . S chauer , P ., 1 971 . S chwe iz I .

D ie S chwerter i n S üddeutsch land , Osterre ich u nd d er

PBF I V/2 .

S chauer , P ., 1 972a .

München .

' Zur H erkunf t d er b ronzenen Ha l lsta t tSchwerter

A rch . K orr . 2 , 2 61-270 . S chauer, P ., 1 972b .

-

' E in s pä turnenfe lderze i t liches G rif fzungenschwert a us

d er Umgebung v on S peyer ' .

A rch . K orr . 2 , 1 11-114 .

6 70

S chauer, P ., 1 972c .

' E in wes teuropä isches B ronzeschwert a us d e m Ma in b e i

F rankfurt-Höchs t ' . S chauer, P ., 1 973 . E nf ie ld ' .

G er mania 5 0 , 1 6-29 .

' Kont inenta leuropä ische Bronze lanzensp i tzen v om T yp

A rch . K orr . 3 , 2 93-298 .

S chauer, P ., 1 974a .

' Neues z u d er B ronze lanzenspi tze v om T yp E nf ie ld a us

B aden- W t irt te mberg ' . S chauer , P ., 1 974b . Museen ' .

A rch . K orr . 4 , 2 7-29 .

' Zu e in igen i t a l ienschen S chwer ten i n wes teuropä ischen

I n , B e i träge z u i t a lienischen u nd g riech ischen B ronzefunden ,

e d . H . Mü l ler-Karpe . S chauer , P ., 1 974c .

PBF XX/1 .

' Der u rnenfe lderze i t liche Depotfund v on D o l ina , G de .

u nd K r . N ova G rad gka , K roa t ien ' . S chauer , P ., 1 975a . r e ich ' .

München , 2 7-32 .

JRGZ M 2 1, 9 3-124 .

' Beg inn u nd Dauer d er U rnenfe lderku l tur i n S üdf rank-

G er man ia 5 3 , 4 7-63 .

S chauer , P ., 1 975b .

' D ie B ewaf fnung d er " Ade lskrieger" während d er s pä ten

B ronze- u nd Mi l len E isenze i t ' .

I n , A usgrabungen i n Deutsch land 3 , 3 05-

3 11 . S ch iek , S ., 1 954 .

' Das Ha l ls tat tgrab v on V i ls ingen '.

P e ter G oess ler .

I n , F es tschrif t f ür

S tu t tgart , 1 50-167 .

S ch iek , S ., 1 955-56 .

' Ein G rabfund d er f rt then U rnenfe lderku l tur a us B ern '.

J ahrbuch d es B ern ischen H is torischen Museu ms i n B ern 3 5-36, 2 73-276 . S ch ind ler , R ., 1 969 .

' D ie A leburg b e i B efort i n L uxe mberg '.

H e mech t 2 1,

3 7-50 . S ch m id , W ., 1 940 . mark ' .

S chubart , H ., 1 972 . R icher 2 6 .

H a lb inse l .

D ie F unde d er ä l teren B ronzeze i t i n Meck lenburg .

O f fa-

Neu müns ter .

S chubart , H ., 1 975 .

D ie K u ltur d er B ronzeze i t im S üdwes ten d er I berischen

Madrider F orschungen 9 .

S chubert , E ., 1 973 . 5 4 .

' Der f rühha l lsta t t ische H ortfund v on S chönberg i n S te ier-

G er man ia 2 4 , 1 95-204 .

B er lin .

' S tudien z ur f rühen B ronzeze i t a n d er mit t leren D onau ' .

BRGK , 1 -105 .

S chü le , W ., 1 960 . 1 -19 .

' Frühe An tennenwa f fen i n S üdwesteuropa '.

S chü le , W ., 1 969 .

D ie Mese ta-Ku lturen d er I berischen Ha lbinse l .

F orschungen 3 .

G er mania 3 8,

Madrider

B erlin .

S chüne mann , D ., 1 975 .

' D ie ä l tere u nd mi t t lere B ronzeze i t i m K re is V erden ' .

NNU 4 4 , 3 5-85 . S chwappach , F ., 1 969 .

' S te mpe lverzierte Kera m ik v on A r morika ' .

I n , Dehn

F estschrif t , 2 13-287 S co t t , J . G . a nd P owe l l , T . G . E ., 1 969 . B irkwood , L es mahagow , L anarksh ire ' . 6 71

' A b ronze h orse f igur ine f ound n ear An t . J . 4 9 , 1 18-126 .

S everin , T ., 1 978 .

T he B rendan v oyage .

S hee , E . A . a nd O 'Ke l ly , M. J ., 1 971 .

L ondon . ' The Derrynab laha " sh ie ld" a ga in ' .

JCHAS 7 6, 7 2-76 . S heppard , T ., 1 941 . s h ire ' .

' The Parc-y- Me irch h oard , S t . George p arish , Denb igh-

A rch . C amb . 9 6, 1 -10 .

S hort t , H . d e S ., 1 949-50 . Wi lts .' .

' A h oard o f b ang les f ro m E bbesbourne Wake ,

WAM 5 3 , 1 04-112 .

Sm irnov , K . F . a nd P e trenko , V . G ., 1 963 . P riura lya .Arkheo log iya S SSR , D 1 -9 . Sm i th , A . G ., 1 958.

' The c on tex t o f s o me L a te B ronze Age a nd E ar ly I ron

Age r e ma ins f ro m L inco lnsh ire ' . Smi th , I . F ., 1 961 . A ge ' .

S avro ma ti P ovo lzhya iY uzhnogo

Moskva .

PPS 2 4 , 7 8-84 .

' An e ssay t owards t he r efor ma t ion o ft he B ri t ish B ronze

H e l in iu m 1 , 9 7-118 .

Sm i th , J . A ., 1 881-82 .

' Not ice o f al arge c opperlike o r b rass a nv i l , s ta ted

t o h ave b een f ound i n t he s ou th o f S co t land : a nv i l , f ound i n S u ther land ' . Sm i th , M . A ., 1 959 .

' So me S o merset h oards a nd t he ir p lace i n t he B ronze

Age o f s outhern B ri ta in ' . Sm i th , R . A ., 1 917-18 . P ub l ic L ibrary ' .

PPS 2 5 , 1 44-187 .

' Spec i mens f ro m t he L ay ton C o l lec t ion i n B rentford

A rchaeo log ia 6 9 , 1 -30 .

Smi th , R . A ., 1 919-20 .

t wo b ronze b race le ts b e long ing t o t he R oya l

I ns t i tut ion o f C ornwa l l ... Sm i th , R . A ., 1 920 .

a lso o f a sma l l a nc ient b ronze

PSAS 1 6, 1 5-25 .

PSAL 2 3 2 , 9 7-99 .

Ag u ide t o t he a n t iqu i t ies o ft he B ronze Age .

( Bri t ish

Museu m . )L ondon . Sm i th , R . A ., 1 925 .

Ag uide t o a n t iqu i t ies o f t he E ar ly I ron Age .

( Bri t ish

Museu m . )L ondon . Sm i th , R . A ., 1 927 .

' Pre-Ro man r e ma ins a t S carborough ' .

A rchaeo log ia

7 7 , 1 79-200 . S nodgrass , A . M ., 1 964 .

E ar ly G reek a r mour a nd weapons .

S nodgrass , A . M ., 1 971 .

' The f i rs t E uropean b ody-ar mour ' .

E dinburgh . I n , H awkes

F es tschrif t , 3 1-50 . S nodgrass , A . M ., 1 973 .

' Bronze " pha leran -a r ev iew ' .

S otheby , Wi lk inson a nd H odge , 1 890 .

I n , HBA 3 /1 , 4 1-50 .

C a ta logue o ft he we l l-known a nd impor-

t an t c o l lec t ion o f s tone a nd b ronze , f or med b y t he l a te T . W . U . R ob inson , E sq ., o f H ardw ick H a l l , S edgef ie ld . S p ind ler , K ., 1 975 .

' Grabfunde d er Ha l ls ta t tze i t v o m Magda lenenberg b e i

V i l lingen i m S chwarzwa ld ' . S pind ler , K ., 1 976 .

L ondon .

I n , A usgrabungen i n Deutsch land 1 , 2 21-242 .

Der Magda lenenberg b e i V i l lingen .

F ührer z u v or- u nd

f rühgesch ich t l ichen Denk mä lern i n Baden- Wür t te mberg 5 . Aa len .

6 72

S tut tgart/

S pra ter , F ., 1 939 .

' Ein h ortfund d er Ha l lsta t tze i t v om F or s thaus S chorlenberg

b e i A lsenborn ( P fa lz ) ' . S pra t l ing , M . G ., 1 974 .

G er man ia 2 3 , 1 58-163 .

' The d a t ing o f t he I ron Age swan 's n eck s unf lower

p in f ro m F enga te , P e terborough , C ambridgesh ire ' . S pra t l ing , M . G ., f or thco m ing .

' The d ebris o f me ta lwork ing ' .

s e t t le ment o f G ussage A l l S a ints . A rchaeo log ica l Reports . S prenger , J ., 1 948 .

An t . J . 5 4 , 2 68-269 . I n , The I ron

Depart ment o ft he E nv iron ment

L ondon .

' Beknop t o ver z ieh t d er v oor- e n v roegh is torische o udheden

e n h un v indp laa tsen i n d e g e meente Maastrich t ' . S prockhof f , E ., 1 927 .

OMROL 2 9 , 1 5-42 .

' D ie ä l tes ten S chwertfor men N iedersachsens ' .

PZ 1 8 ,

1 23-141 . Z ur H ande lsgesch ich te d er G er man ischen B ronzezei t .

S prockhof f , E ., 1 930a . VF 7 .

B er lin . ' Hüge lgräber b ei V or woh lde i m K re ise S u lingen ' .

S prockhof f , E ., 1 930b . PZ 2 1, 1 93-236 . S prockhof f , E ., 1 931 .

D ie Ger man ischen G rif fzungenschwerter .

RGF 5 .

B erlin/Le ipzig . S prockhof f , E . ,1 934 . B ronzeze i t .

RGF 9 .

S prockhof f , E ., 1 937 . ( Periode I V ) . Ma inz 1 2 .

D ie Ger manischen V o l lgrif fschwerter d er j üngeren

J ungbronzeze i t l iche H ortfunde N orddeu tsch lands

Ka ta loge d es Rö m isch-Ger man ischen Z en tra l museu ms z u

Ma inz .

S prockhof f , E ., 1 938 .

' D ie S p ind lersfe lder F ibe l ' .

e d . E . S prockhof f . S prockhof f , E ., 1 941 . e uropas ' .

B er lin/Le ipz ig .

3 1 .

I n , Marburger S tudien ,

Dar mstadt , 2 05-234 . ' N iedersachsens B edeutung f ür d ie B ronzeze i t Wes t-

BRGK , 1 -138 .

S prockhof f , E ., 1 951 .

' Pfah lbaubronzen i n d er S üdzone d es Nordischen K re ises

Während d er j ungeren B ronzeze i t '. S prockhof f , E ., 1 953 .

A rchaeo log ia Geograph ica 2 , 1 20-128 .

' Ar mringe mi t k re isfor m iger E rwe i terung ' .

B e i träge z ur ä lteren E uropä ischen K u ltur-Gesch ich te . Rudo lf E gger, e d . G . Moro , I . S prockhof f , E ., 1 954 .

I n ,

F estschrif t f ür

K lagenfurt , 1 1-28 .

' Nordisches B ronzeze i t u nd F rühes G riechentu m ' .

JRGZ M 1 , 2 8-110 . S prockhof f , E ., 1 955 .

' Das b ronzene Z ierband v on K ronshagen b e i K ie l '.

O f fa 1 4 . S prockhof f , E ., 1 956 .

J ungbronzeze i t l iche H ortfunde d er S t idzone d es N ordischen

K re ises ( Periode V ) . Ka ta log 1 6 .

Rö m isch-Ger man isches Z entra l museu m z u Ma inz .

Ma inz .

S prockhof f , E ., 1 959 .

' Pestruper B ronzen ' .

v on Mü l ler a nd W . N age l . 2 . B er l in , 1 52-167 .

I n , Gandert-Fes tschrif t , e d . A .

B er liner B ei träge z ur V or- u nd F rühgesch ich te

6 73

S prockhof f , E ., 1 966.

' E in G eschenk a us d em N orden ' .

I n , V og t F estschrif t ,

1 01-110 . S ta mpfuss , R ., 1 939 .

Das H üge lgräberfe ld Rhe inberg .

westdeu tschen V or- u nd F r I thgesch ich te 2 .

Q ue l lenschrif ten z ur

L e ipz ig .

S tead , I . M ., 1 965 .

The L a f ene c u ltures o f e astern Y orksh ire .

S tead , I . M ., 1 968 .

' An I ron Age h i l l-fort a t G rim thorpe , Y orksh ire ,

E ng land ' .

Y ork .

PPS 3 4 , 1 48-190 .

S te iner , P ., 1 930 E rwerbungen .

' Jahresber ich t d es P rov inz ia l museu ms z u T rier . A , V orrö m isches i .

S tephan , E ., 1 956 .

D ie ä ltere B ronzeze i t i n d er A lt mark .

d es L andes museu ms Ph. .V orgesch ich te i n Ha l le 1 5 . S tevens , S ., 1 976 .

I V

T rierer Z e i tschrif t 5 , 1 63-165 . Veröf fen t l ichungen

Ha l le .

' Ma jor d iscovery o f B ronze Age imp le ments a t D over ' .

Kent A rchaeo log ica l Rev iew 4 3 , 6 7-73 . S t jernqu is t , B ., 1 961 . 5 .

S i mris I .

Ac ta A rchaeo log ia L undens ia , S eries i n 4° ,

L und .

S t jernquis t , B ., 1 967 . D if fus ion .

C iste a c ordon i ( R ippenz is ten ) :

P roduk t ion-Funk t ion-

Ac ta A rchaeo log ica L undens ia , S eries i n 40 ,6 , L und/Bonn .

S t jernquis t , B . , 1973 .

Rev iew o f Randsborg 1 968 a nd 1 972 .

F ornvännen 6 8,

1 12-116 . S tone , J . F . S ., 1 935-37 .

' A L a te B ronze Age h ab i ta t ion s i te o n Thorny D own ,

Win terbourne G unner , S . Wi lts . S truve , K . W ., 1 971 .

WAM 4 7 , 6 40-660 .

D ie B ronzeze i t , P eriode I I I I .

G esch ich te S ch lesw ig-

H o ls te ins , Zwe i ter B and , E rste L ieferung , e d . 0 . K lose .

Neu münster .

S tubbings , F . H ., 1 970 . ' Chrono logy . I I The Aegean B ronze Age ' . C a mbridge Anc ient H istory 3 I /1 . C ambridge , 2 39-247 . S udho lz , G ., 1 964 . weser .

I n ,

D ie ä ltere B ronzeze i t zw ischen N iederrhe in u nd Mi tte l-

Wins tersche B e i träge z ur V orgesch ich tsforschung 1 .

S u l i mirsk i , T ., 1 961 .

' D ie

y then i n Mit t le- u nd Wes teuropa ' .

H i ldeshe im . I n , B erich t

ü ber d en V . i n terna t iona len K ongress f ür V or- u nd F rühgesch ich te , Ha mburg 1 958 , e d . G . B ersu . S u mner , H ., 1 927 . S undwa l l , J ., 1 943 . S y lves t , B ., 1 957 .

Berl in , 7 93-799 .

' Bronze h oard i n t he New F ores t ' . D ie ä l teren i ta lischen F ibe ln .

B erlin .

' En s vaerdskede f ra a e ldre B ronzea lder ' .

Tackenberg , K ., 1 939 .

I n , U rgesch ich tstud ien b e iderse i ts d er N iedere lbe ,

K . H . J acob-Friesen g ew id me t , e d . G . S chwan tes . N iedersachsens U rgesch ich te 4 . Tackenberg , K ., 1 961-63 .

Dars te l lungen a us

H i ldeshe im , 1 53-157 .

' D ie n ordischen Ras ier messer d er j üngeren B ronze-

z e i t i n N ordwestdeu tsch land ' . Tackenberg , K ., 1 971 .

K i 2 . 2 _ n 1,44-48 .

' D ie zwe ihenk ligen T errinen d er j üngeren B ronzeze i t

u nd ä lteren E isenze i t ' .

I . D ie B ronzen .

An t . J . 7 , 1 92-193 .

A rchaeo logia Geograph ica 1 0-11, 7 -18.

D ie j üngere B ronzeze i t i n N ordwes tdeutsch land .

VUSLH 1 9 .

H i ldeshe im . 6 74

Te i l

Tackenberg , K ., 1 974 .

D ie .. Te i l I .

D ie F e lsgeste inger ne .

VUSLH 1 9F .

H i ldeshe im . Tackenburg , K ., 1 975 .

' Ein L eder messer v on B eckdorf , K r . S tade ' .

A rch .

K orr . 5 , 1 95-196 . Tackenberg , K ., 1 976 .

' Ergänzungen z u d en Abhand lungen v on K . H . B randt

u nd K . T ackenberg ü ber d ie n ackengebogenen Ax te N ordwestdeu tsch lands ' N 'NU 4 5 , 3 1-44 . Ta lbot d e Ma lah ide , t he L ord , 1 852 . I re land ' .

' A r e markab le b ronze p a ls tave f ound i n

A rch . J . 9 , 1 94-195 .

Ta l lgren , A . M ., 1 937 .

' The A rc t ic b ronze Age i n E urope ' .

E uras ia S epten-

t r iona l is Ant igua 1 1 , 1 -46 . Tay lor , J . J ., 1 968 .

' Ear ly B ronze A ge g o ld n eck-rings i n western E urope ' .

PPS 3 4 , 2 59-265 . Thenot , A ., 1 976 .

' Les c iv i l isa t ions d e 1 'Age d u F er e n C hampagne ' .

I n ,

G u i la ine 1 976a , 8 26-836. Tho mas , C ., 1 964 . H e ls ton a rea ' .

' An u nrecorded " Orna men t H orizon" h oard f ro m t he The L izard 2 /4 , 4 -6 .

Tho mas , N ., 1 966-67 .

' A L a te B ronze Age s ocke ted c h ise l f ro m B arford ' .

T ransac t ions o f t he B irm ingham a nd Warw icksh ire A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty 8 3 , 3 8-41 . Tho mas , N ., 1 974 . t o I ron Age ' .

' An a rchaeo log ica l g aze t teer f or Warw icksh ire :

Neo li th ic

T ransac t ions o f t he B ir mingha m a nd Warw icksh ire A rchaeo-

l og ica l S oc ie ty 8 6, 1 6-48 . Thrane , H ., 1 958 .

' The r a t t le p endan ts f ro m t he P arc-y- Me irch h oard ' .

PPS 2 4 , 2 21-227 . Thrane , H ., 1 960 .

' Dre i Dän ische h ortfunde d er j üngeren B ronzeze i t mi t

e inhe im ischen u nd f re mden f or men '. T hrane , H ., 1 962a .

Ac ta A rch . 3 1, 1 -62 .

' The e ar l ies t b ronze v esse ls i n Den mark 's B ronze Age ' .

Ac ta A rch . 3 3 , 1 09-163 . T hrane , H ., 1 962b .

' H ju lgraven f ra S torehS j v ed TobS 1 iR ibe Am t '.

Ku m l

8 0-112 . Thrane , H ., 1 963 .

' De e s te b ronceb ids ler ime l le m- o g n ordeuropa ' .

Aarb 9 Sger , 5 0-99 . Thrane , H ., 1 965 .

' Dän ische F unde f re mder B ronzegefässe d er j t ingeren

B ronzeze i t ( Periode I V ) ' . Thrane , H ., 1 968 . B ronzeze i t ' .

Ac taArch . 3 6, 1 57-207 .

' E ingeführte B ronzeschwerter a us D äne marks j üngere Ac ta A rch . 3 9 , 1 43-218 .

Thrane , H ., 1 972a .

' E t n y t d epotfund f ra S v fnder jy l land o g d anske f und a f

s kaf t lap-Okser f ra y ngre b roncea lder ' . Thrane , H ., 1 972b .

Aarb eer , 7 1-134 .

t Urnenfe lder messer a us Dän marks j üngerer B ronzeze i t '.

Ac ta A rch . 4 3 , 1 65-228 . 6 75

Thrane , H ., 1 975 .

E uropae iske f orb inde lser .

A rkaeo log isk-h is torisk r aekke , 1 6 . T odd , M., 1 972 . V anda ls .

Na t iona l museets S kr if ter ,

Kdbenhavn .

The e veryday l i fe o ft he b arbarians; G oths , F ranks a nd

L ondon/New Y ork .

T odd , M ., 1 975 .

The n orthern b arbarians .

L ondon .

T orbrügge , W ., 1 959a .

' D ie B ronzeze i t i n B ayern '.

T orbrügge , W ., 1 959b .

D ie B ronzeze i t i n d er O berpfa lz .

T orbrUgge , W ., 1 965 .

4 0 .

BRGK , 1 -78 . MBV 1 3 .

' Vo l lgrif fschwerter d er U rnenfe lderze i t ' .

Ka l lm t inz .

B ayerische

V orgesch ich tsb lä t ter 3 0 , 7 1-105 . Torbrügge , W ., 1 970-71 .

' Vor- u nd F rühgesch ich t liche F lussfunde ' . 5 1.-52 .

BRGK , 1 -146 . Tou louze , E ., 1 891 . A rch .

3

' Etude s ur l a b a ta i l le n ava le d e Morsang-Sa in try ' .

Rev .

1 8/2 , 1 63-186 . ' Second r eport o n K ing 's Weston H i l l , B ris to l ' .

T ra t man , E . K ., 1 922-25 . PUBSS 2 , 2 38-243 .

' The o rig in a nd d eve lop ment o f B ri t ish Midd le

T ru mp , B . A . V ., 1 962 . B ronze Age r ap iers ' . T ru mp , B . A . V ., 1 968 .

PPS 2 8, 8 0-102 . ' Fen land r ap iers ' .

I n , S tud ies i n a nc ien t E urope .

E ssays p resen ted t o S tuart P iggot t , e d . J . M. C o les a nd D . D . A . S i mpson , L e icester , 2 13-225 . Ty leco te , R . F ., 1 962 .

Me ta l lurgy i n a rchaeo logy .

L ondon .

Ty leco te , R . F ., 1 967 .

' Me ta l lurg ica l e xa m ina t ion o f as ocke ted a xe a nd

t hree l u mps o fb ronze f ro m G i l lan , S t . Anthony-in- Meneage ' .

C orn ish

A rchaeo logy 6 , 1 10-111 . Ty leco te , R . F ., 1 976 . Uenze , 0 ., 1 960 .

L ondon .

H irten u nd S a lze ider ( Bronzeze i t ) .

N ordhessen 3 . U ndse t , I . , 1 882 . U nz , C ., 1 973 .

A h is tory o f me ta l lurgy .

V orgesch ich te v on

Marburg-Lahn . Das e rs te Auf tre ten d es E isens i n N ord-Europa .

H a mburg .

' D ie s pä tbronzeze i t liche Kera m ik i n S üdwestdeu tsch land , i n

d er S chwe iz u nd i n O stf rank re ich ' . v on U s lar , R ., 1 939 . d em Rhe in land ' .

PZ 4 8, 1 -124 .

' Zwe i n eue G räber d er a l teren U rnenfe lderku ltur a us Ger man ia 2 3 , 1 3-18 .

Var ley , W . J ., 1 964 .

C hesh ire b efore t he R o mans .

C hes ter .

Var ley , W . J ., 1 968 .

' Bar ms ton a nd t he H o lderness c rannogs ' .

E ast R iding

A rchaeo log is t 1 /1, 1 1-26 . Ver meersch , D . a nd E ., 1 975 .

' Les r echerches a rcheo log iques s ur l e s i te

Ga l lo-Ro ma in e t h a l ls ta t t ien d e F amechon ( So m me ) ' . Verron , G ., 1 971 . Mari t i me .

RAU 6 , 4 0-43 .

Musse Depart men ta le d es Ant iqui tes d e l a S e ine-

An t iqui tes P reh istoriques e t P rotoh istoriques .

6 76

Rouen .

Verron , G ., 1 973 .

' I nfor mat ions a rc heo log iques .

e t Basse Nor mandie ' . Verron , G ., 1 975a .

1 6, 3 61-399 .

' Le d epö t d e h aches ' at a lon d e L a C hape l le-du-Bois-des-

F aulx ( Eure ) '. Verron , G .,

Ga llia P reh ist .

C ir c onscript ion d e Haute

Nouve l les d e PEure 5 6, 5 6-69 .

1 975b.

' I nfor ma t ion a rcheo log iques .

e t Basse Nor mandie ' . Veron , G ., 1 976a .

C ir c onscript ion d e Haute

Ga l lia P reh ist . 1 8, 4 71-510 .

' Les c iv i lisa t ions d e l 'Age d u B ronze e n N or mandie ' . I n ,

G u i la ine 1 976a , 5 85-600 . Verron , G ., 1 976b .

' Les c iv i l isa t ions d e l‚Age d u F er e n Nor mandie '.

I n ,

G ui laine 1 976a , 8 02-815 . Verwers , G . J ., 1 966a .

' A L a te B ronze Age/Ear ly I ron Age u rnf ie ld a t

G oir le , P rov . Noord-Brabant '. Verwers , G . J ., 1 966b . u rnf ie lds ' .

APL 2 , 3 3-48 .

' Non-c ircu lar monu ments i n t he s outhern Dutch

APL 2 , 4 9-57 .

Verwers , G . J ., 1 966c .

' Tu mu li a t t he Z evenbergen n ear Oss , g em . Berghe m ,

P rov . N oord-Brabant '. Verwers , G . J ., 1 969. Rh ine a rea ' .

APL 2 , 2 7-32 .

' The b eg inning o ft he La te B ronze Age i n t he l o wer

BROB 1 9 , 1 7-25 .

V erwers , G . J ., 1 972 . u nd E isenze i t .

Das Ka mps Ve ld i n Haps i n N eo li th iku m , B ronzeze it

L e iden .

= APL 5 .

Verwers , G . J ., 1 974 .

' Ka lenderberg '.

Verwers , G . J ., 1 975 .

' Urnenve ld e n n ederzet t ing t e L aag S pu l , g em .

H i lvarenbeek '. V insk i , Z ., 1 955 . S yr m ien ' .

Westerhee m 2 3 , 1 5-19 .

APL 8 , 2 3-43 . ' Der " Thrako- K im merische" F und v on Adaievc i i n

RVM 4 , 2 7-42 .

V izda l , J ., 1 972 .

' Ers te b i ld liche Darste l lung e ines zweir a ligen Wagens

v om E nde d er mi t t leren B ronzeze i t i n d er S lovake i '.

S lovenska Archeolög ia

2 0/1, 2 23-231. V ladar , J ., 1 973 .

' Osteuropä ische u nd Medi terrane E inf lüsse im Gebei t d er

S lowake i während d er B ronzezei t '. V 1Cek , E . a nd Ha jek , L ., 1 963 .

S lovenska Archeolögia 21 /2 , 2 53-357 .

' A r itua l we l l a nd t he f i nd o f a n Early B ronze

Age i ron d agger a t Ganovce n ear P oprad ( Czechos lovak ia ) ' . B osch-G i mpera , e d . S . Genoves .

I n , A Pedro

Mex ico, 4 27-439 .

V oge l , J . C . a nd Wa terbo lk , H . T ., 1 963 .

' Groningen r adiocarbon d a tes IV.

Radiocarbon 5 , 1 63-202 . Voge l , J .

C . a nd Wa terbo lk , H . T ., 1 964 .

' Groningen r adiocarbon d a tes V '.

Radiocarbon 6 , 3 49-369 . V og t , E ., 1 942 .

' Der Z ierst i l d er s pä ten P fah lbaubronzen '.

Ze i tschrif t f ür

S chwezerische A rchaeo log ie u nd Kuns tgesch ich te 4 , 1 93-206 . Vua i l la t , D ., 1 969 . e n F rance .

' Les e pees d ' Auvern ier e t d e Tach lov ice , l eur r epart it ion

E ta t d e l a q uest ion e n 1 968 ' . 6 77

BSPF 6 6, 2 83-292 .

V ua i l la t , D ., 1 977 .

L a n ecropo le t u mu la ire d e C haveria ( Jura ) .

L i t tera ires d e l 'Un ivers i te d e B esançon 1 89 .

Pa ris .

Vu lpe , R ., 1 970 .

D ie Ax te u nd B e i le i n Ru män ien I .

V u lpe , R ., 1 975 .

D ie Ax te u nd B e i le i n Ru män ien I .

v an d er Waa ls , J . D ., 1 962 . Ape l ( GR . ) ' .

Anna les

PBF D C/2 .

München .

PBF D C/5 .

München .

' A b ronze sword o f E rbenhe im t ype f ro m Ter

H e l iniu m 2 , 1 18-120 .

v an d er Waa ls , J . D ., 1 964 .

P reh istoric d isc whee ls i n t he N e ther lands .

G ron ingen . v an d er Waa ls , J . D . a nd B ut ler , J . J ., 1 976 .

' Bargeroos terve ld ' .

I n ,

Rea l lex ikon d er G er manischen A ltertu mskunde 2 2 , 5 4-58. Wadding ton , Q ., 1 933 .

' Vest iges o f p re-Ro man L ondon ' .

J ourna l o f t he

B ri t ish Archaeo log ica l A ssoc ia t ion 2 3 9 , 3 82-401 . Wa inwrigh t , G . J ., 1 967 .

C oygan C a mp .

C ard if f .

Wa inwrigh t , G . J . a nd L ongworth , I . H ., 1 967-70 .

' The e xcava t ion o f a

g roup o fr ound b arrows o n Amp leforth Moor , Y orksh ire '.

YAJ 4 2 , 2 83-

2 94 . Wa inwrigh t , G . J . a nd S pra t ling , M . G ., 1 973 . G ussage A l l S a in ts ' . Wa l ler , J . G ., 1 873 . H i l l , Kent ' .

' The I ron Age s e t t le ment o f

Ant iqu i ty 4 7 , 1 09-130 .

' Re marks o n s o me b ronze o b jec ts f ound a t Haynes

A rch . J . 3 0 , 2 79-283 .

Wa mser , G ., 1 975 .

' Zur Ha l ls ta t tku ltur i n Os tf rankre ich ' .

Ward-Perk ins , J . B ., 1 940 .

' The p ot tery o f G ergov ia i n r e la t ion t o t ha t o f

o ther s i tes i n c en tra l a nd s outh-western F rance ' . Ware , S ., 1 846.

BRGK 5 6, 1 -178 .

A rch . J . 9 7 , 3 7-87 .

' Ba t t le-axe-heads , f ound n ear C lare , S uf f o lk ' .

A rchaeo log ia

3 1, 4 96-497 . Warre , F ., 1 849-50 .

' Anc ien t e arthwork a t N orton F i tzwarren ' .

P roceed ings

o f t he S p merse tsh ire A rchaeo log ica l a nd Na tura l H is tory S oc iety 1 /2 , 3 8-47 . Wa terbo lk , H . T ., 1 961a . E lp ( Drenthe ) ' .

' Bronzeze i t liche d re isch if f ige Ha l lenhäuser v on

H e liniu m 1 , 1 26-132 .

Wa terbo lk , H . T ., 1 961b . ( Drenthe ) ' .

' Aardewerk u i t d e H a l ls tat t D -periode v an Z e i jen

He l in iu m 1 , 1 37-141.

Wa terbo lk , H . T ., 1 962 .

' Haup tzüge d er e isenze i t lichen B esied lung d er

n ord lichen N ieder lande ' .

O f fa 1 9 , 9 -46 .

Wa terbolk , H . T ., 1 964 . 9 7-131.

' The B ronze Age s et t le ment o f E lp ' .

Wa terbo lk , H . T ., 1 965 .

' E in e isenze i t liches G raberfe ld b e i Ru inen , P rov inz

D renthe , N ieder lande ' . z um 6 5 .

I n , S tudien a us A lteuropa U .

Geburs tag , e d . R . v on U s lar .

He l in iu m 4 ,

Kurt T ackenberg

Be ihef te d er B J 1 0/ I I .

K ö ln/

G raz , 3 4-53 . Wa terbo lk , H . T ., 1 975 . p ro toh is tor ic h ouses '.

' Ev idence o f c a t t le s ta l l ing i n e xcava ted p re- a nd I n , Archaeozoo log ica l S tud ies , e d . A . T . C lason .

Ams terdam/Ox ford/New Y ork , 3 83-394 . 6 78

Wa terbo lk , H . T . a nd v an Z e is t , W ., 1 961. r a ised b og a t B argeroos terve ld ( Dr . ) ' . Wa ter man , D . M ., 1 944-47 .

' A B ronze Age s anc tuary i n t he He l iniu m 1 , 5 -19 .

' An I t a l ian b rooch f ro m B it terne ' .

PHFC 1 6,

1 89-190 . Wa ter man , D . M . ,K ent , B . W . J . a nd S t ick land , H . J ., 1 952-55 .

' Two

i n land s i tes w i th I ron Age A p o t tery i n t he Wes t R id ing o f Y orksh ire ' . YAJ 3 8 , 3 83-397 . Wa tk ins , T ., 1 976 .

' Wessex w i thout C yprus :

" Cypriot d aggers" i n E urope ' .

I n , P iggot t F es tschr if t , 1 35-143 . Way , A ., 1 849 .

' Anc ien t a rm i l lae o fg o ld r ecen t ly f ound i n B uck ingha msh ire

a nd i n n orth B ri ta in : B r i t ish i s lands ' .

w i th n o t ices o f o rna ments o f g o ld d iscovered i n t he

A rch . J . 6 , 4 8-61 .

v an d er Weerd , H ., 1 938 .

' B i jlen u i t h e t b rons t i jdperk ' .

L 'Ant • C lass . 7 ,

3 46-347 . Whee ler , R . E . M ., 1 924 .

' Rare s ocke ted c e lts ' .

Whee ler , R . E . M ., 1 925 .

P reh istoric a nd Ro man Wa les .

Whee ler , R . E . M ., 1 929 .

'" O ld E ng land", B rentford ' .

Whee ler , R . E . M ., 1 931 .

' Preh istoric S carborough ' .

S carborough , e d . A . Rowntree .

Oxford . An t iqui ty 3 , 2 0-32 .

I n , The H istory o f

L ondon/Toronto , 9 -39 .

Whee ler , R . E . M . a nd R ichardson , K . M ., 1 957 . F rance .

Ant . J . 4 , 1 51.

H i l l-forts o fn orthern

Reports o ft he Research C omm it tee o f t he S oc ie ty o f A nt iquaries

o f L ondon 1 9 .

Oxford .

Wickham , H ., 1 877 .

' Ce lt ic r e ma ins f ound i n t he h undred o f H oo ' .

A rchaeo log ia

C an t iana 1 1 , 12 3-125 . v an Wi jngaarden-Bakker , L . H ., 1 975 .

' Horses i n t he Dutch Neo li th ic ' .

A rchaeozoo log ica l S tud ies , e d . A . T . C lason . Y ork , 3 41-344 . =I PP P ub l ica t ie 1 74 . Wi lhe lm i , K ., 1 974 .

Amsterda m/Oxford/New

' Zur Verbre i tung u nd A usrichtung s chüsse l loch for m iger

G raban lagen d er j üngeren B ronzeze i t n ordwestdeu tsch lands ' . 4 , 3 39-347 . Wi l le msen , F ., 1 957 . 3 . B er lin .

I n ,

D re ifusskesse l v on O ly mp ia .

A rch . K orr .

O lymp ische F or s chungen

Wi l le t t , F ., 1 954 . ' Three t anged b ronze s ick les i n t he Manches ter Museu m ' . Man 5 4 , 1 06-108 . Wi l l iams , A ., 1 937 .

' Bronze imp le men ts f ro m S wansea , G la morgan ' .

A rch . C a mb . 9 2 , 3 33-334 . Wi lson , A . E ., n .d .

Ag u ide t o t he B ronze Age c o l lec t ion .

Museu m P ub lica t ions 2 . d e Wi t , C ., 1 964.

2

Worth ing

Worth ing .

' De p reh istorie v an o nze k us ts treek ' .

Westerhee m 1 3 , 2 -7.

Wocher , H ., 1 965 . ' Ein s pn tbronzeze i t l icher G rabfund v on K ressbronn , K r . Te t tnang ' . Ger mania 4 3 , 1 6-32 . 6 79

Wo lse ley , G . R . a nd Sm i th , R . A ., 1 924 .

' D iscoveries n ear C issbury t .

An t . J . 4 ,347-359 . Wo lse ley , G . R ., Sm i th , R . A . a nd Haw ley , W ., 1 926-27 . R o man s et t le ments o n P ark B row ' . Wo ltering , P . J ., 1 973 .

' Preh is tor ic a nd

A rchaeo log ia 7 6 , 1 -40 .

' Wonen r ond d e H oge B erg ; p reh is torie e n v roegs te

g esch iedenis v an Texe l ' . Worsaae , J . J . A ., 1 866 .

T exe l 6 /2 , 2 -20 . = ROB Overdruk 5 3 .

' Om n og le mosefund f ra b roncea lderen ' .

A arb eer ,

3 13-326 . Worsfo ld , F . H ., 1 943 .

' A r eport o n t he L a te B ronze Age s i te e xcava ted a t

Minn is B ay , B irch ing ton , K ent , 1 938-40 ' . Wr igh t , E . V . a nd C . W ., 1 947 . E ast Yorksh ire ' .

' Preh istoric b oa ts f ro m N orth F erriby ,

PPS 1 3 , 1 14-138 .

Wrigh t , E . V ., 1 972 . f i nds i n B ri ta in . Reports 6 .

PPS 9 , 2 8-47 .

' The b oa ts o f N orth F erriby ' . Na t iona l Mari t i me Museu m .

I n , Three ma jor a nc ien t

Marit i me monographs a nd

L ondon , 3 -7 .

Wrigh t , E . V . a nd C hurch i l l , D . M ., 1 965 .

' The b oa ts f ro m N orth F erriby ,

Y orksh ire , E ng land , w i th a r ev iew o f t he o rig ins o ft he s ewn b oa ts o f t he B ronze Age ' .

PPS 3 1 , 1 -24 .

Wyss , R ., 1 971 . Ypey , J . ,1 956 .

' Technik , Wirtschaf t u nd H ande l ' .

I n , UFAS , 1 23-144 .

' Een b ronzen zwaard u i t d e omgev ing v an P u t ten ' .

Wes ter-

h ee m 5 , 1 03-107 . Ypey , J ., 1 960-61 .

' Een g orde ldoos u i t D rouwen ' .

BROB 1 0-11, 5 61-562 .

Ypey , J ., 1 962-63 .

W erkwaardige v onds ten u i t O pheusden , G e lder land ' .

BROB 1 2-13 , 1 87-192 . Ypey , J ., 1 967 .

' Archeo log ia u i t d e c o l lec t ie Mr J . W . F rederiks i n b ru ik leen

a an h e t Museu m B oymans-van B eun ingen '.

B u l le t in Museu m B oymans-

v an B euningen 1 8/3 , 9 8-143 . = ROB Overdruk 7 . Z iegert , H ., 1 963 .

Z ur C hrono log ie u nd G ruppeng liederung d er wes t lichen

H üge lgräberbronzeze i t . 7 .

B er liner B e i träge z ur V or- u nd F rühgesch ich te

B er lin .

Z i m mer mann , K ., 1 969-70 . H istorischen Museu m ' .

' Spu lennade ln a us d er B ronzeze i t im B ern ischen J ahrbuch d es B ern ischen H istorischen Museu ms

4 9-50 , 2 31-250 . Z ippe lius , A ., 1 953 . Mi t te leuropa ' .

' Das v or m i t te la lter l iche d re isch if f ige H a l lenhaus i n

B J 1 53 , 1 3-45 .

Z u ms te in , H ., 1 966.

L 'Age d u B ronze d ans l e Departe men t d u Hau t-Rh in .

B onn . = RAECE 1 5 , 1 964 , 7 -66 a nd 1 61-213; Z u ms te in , H ., 1 976 . F rance .

1 6, 1 965 , 7 -56 .

' Les c iv i lisa t ions d e PAge d u B ronze d ans P E s t d e l a

A -L es c iv i lisa t ions d e l 'Age d u B ronze e n A lsace ' .

I n ,

G u i la ine 1 976a , 6 30-639 . Z Urn , H ., 1 942 .

' Zur C hrono log ie d er s pä ten H a l lsta t tze i t ' .

1 16-124 . 6 80

G er man ia 2 6 ,

Z ürn , H ., 1 952 .

' Zu m U bergang v on S pü tha l ls tat t z u L a t ' ene A im s üd west-

d eutschen Rau m ' . Z ürn , H ., 1 970 .

G er mania 3 0 , 3 8-45 .

Ha l ls tat tforschungen i n N ordwürt te mberg .

Veröf fent lichungen

d es S taa t l ichen Am tes f t ir Denk ma lpf lege S tuttgart , Re ihe A , 1 6 .

6 81

S tut tgart .

I NDEX OF F INDS

T h is i ndex i nc ludes f i nds men t ioned i n t he t ex t a nd i n t he c a ta logue .

C a ta logue

n u mbers a re i n b racke ts a t t he e nd o f t he r e levan t e n tr ies . Aadu m Mose ,

Amesbury ,

4 4

Aarscho t-Langdorp ,

2 87

AasbU t te l ,

6 4

Abbev i l le ,

7 1 ,73 , 7 8-9 1 47 1 91

s ee N eerpe l t-Ache l

Ache l-Pas toorsbos , Ache Ise D i jk ,

2 16

A dabrock ,

Museu m ,

4 4 ,48,57, ( 65 )

Andover ,

( 130 )

Andrup ,

2 69

Ange ls lo ,

2 75 1 09 6 1

Ang le D i tch ,

4 9 ,276

Anner To l ,

3 8, 5 7 1 93 ,224 ,239 ,268 ,393 ,

2 74

An twerp ,

7 3

Museu m ,

( 222 ) A daievc i , Aesch ,

Anz in ,

1 93-4

A dding ton ,

Apa ,

9 7

A f ferde Agu l lana ,

4 8

1 9 2 37

Appe lscha , App leby ,

1 38

1 01,112 ,131 ,358, ( 109 )

ArbonB le iche ,

3 75

A ldbourne , A ldre th ,

6 6 ,140

3 76

A lber tv i l le ,

9 7 ,126 ,362 , ( 114 )

Appe ls ,

1 64-5

Age ler B roek ,

1 40

Anzyle-Duc ,

8 ,199 ,386

Ard le igh ,

5

7 8,276 ,344

2 81 ,286

Argan i l ,

1 45

2 92

3 26

Angerv i l le ,

1 51

( 184 )

Ac ton P ark ,

7 7-9 ,120 ,135 ,162 ,202 , ( 176)

Angers ,

2 03

Acho lshaussen , Ach te l ,

Area ,

Anda ,

Absberg-Bierbau m , Ache l ,

7 6 ,111,135 ,162 ,218,241,261

Amp lefor th Moor ,

Museu m , 1 06 Ab i ldho lt ,

2 4 ,40 ,79

Am iens ,

5 5 ,99

A ldro ,

3 90

Argen tonle-Creuse ,

A le m ,

1 24

Ar mancour t ,

A lha ma d e Aragön ,

1 44 ,147

A l l C ann ings C ross ,

1 2-15 ,204 ,

2 21-2 2 36 ,257,292 A l les IS ,

2 74 , ( 73)

A lsenborn , A l ton ,

s ee H oo 2 33 ,425

7 3 ,95 ,101-2 ,112 ,

3 56,358,(112 ) Ambo ise ,

2 14 ,347 ,375 ,390 ,395 ,

4 11 Ame lsbüren ,

9 7

7 6

Ar thog ,

1 91-2

Arz i l l iers ,

1 93 , ( 167)

Asenkofen ,

1 7 ,332

Auch tertyre ,

7 0

Amb les ide ,

Arroymo l inos ,

Aubergenv i l le ,

2 62-3

Amberg ,

7 7-8 .

Arre ton Down , 5 ,8 Arry ,

3 79

A l l Ha l lows , A lphen ,

Arneburg ,

Augus t in ,

4 8 ,321-3 ,353 , ( 69 ) 5 ,213 , ( 159)

1 37

Au lnay-aux-P 1a nches , Auray ,

3 36

Auvern ier , 1 71

2 61

6 5 ,118

Auvers , 6 83

1 88

1 67,198

9 9-100

Auxerre ,

Beauva is Museu m ,

1 21

Museu m ,

Becke c lorf ,

1 25

3 32

2 3,363

1 88

Beddge ler t ,

Axeho l me , s ee Burr ingha m

Behringen ,

Ay lesford , ( 155 ) Ay ls ha m , 3 90

Be l-A ir , s ee E tap les

Avenches ,

Be l leek ,

Azayle-R ideau ,

1 63 ,190 ,208-9 ,

1 22,358

Bennw ihr ,

1 22

Berge i jk ,

2 19 ,406,408

7 2 2 3

2 05

Bergen Baar lo , Babb in ,

2 50-1

K r . C e l le ,

3 50

R t igen , 1 66, 2 34 Berg-en-Terbli jt ,

Bad e gow , 1 44 Bad Ho mburg , Baexe m ,

1 93,216

Berkha ms tead, Ber lin ,

1 61,192 ,387

Ba i l leu l-sur-Thera in ,

3 8,40 ,

6 8, ( 54 ) BMk ,

1 77

Bakkeveen ,

1 65

Ba l looerve ld , Ba l lybo ley ,

8 5-6, ( 78)

Bernage-en-Saint-Vaury ,

4 4-5 ,48,57, ( 66)

Bernf eres d 'Ai l ly ,

1 18

Bern -K irchenfe ld,

1 50

Berste t t , Best ,

3 78

8 5

Beuron ,

1 18

Ba ls myr Mose ,

1 69

Bew try ,

4 1

1 16

B iebeshe im , B iez ,

2 41 8 4 ,100 ,133 ,

1 54 ,165 , ( 143) , ( 198) , ( 199) Barg loy ,

2 1,205 ,219 ,222

Barrien-Bu lten ,

1 33 ,138

B i l lingshurst ,

B irch ing ton ,

6 0-1

B irse , 2 37

1 69

4 9

B izovac ,

Barton Bendish ,

8 0 ,88,368

B lackmoor ,

Bas land,

1 65 ,

Ba t te l ,

1 69, 1 77

Ba t tersea ,

1 45 6 7

B laru ,

7 6-7,120 ,327,332-3 ,338, ( 43) Baven ,

B ler ick ,

2 33,239, ( 214 ) 2 4

6 5

B lödeshe im , Böck ,

7 8

4 9 ,59,87 ,89-90 ,319 ,328,

4 8, ( 70 )

B leckmar ,

Baux-Sa inte- C ro ix , 3 ,49 ,65 ,

1 32,137 ,140 ,145 ,157

3 40 , ( 34 ) B landford ,

1 20

6 0-1,221 , 3 68-9 ,372

1 35 ,191

B lackrock ,

2 06,208,400

Ba t t legore ,

1 36

1 2,53 ,56,276,319,321,

B ishops land ,

Bars löv/Va l luv ,

. 7 )asse-Yutz ,

3 19,323,328,340 , ( 31)

1 10

3 25 ,334 , ( 23 )

1 54

Barsinghausen ,

5 3

B ingu la-D ivos ,

2 38

Barr ing ton ,

1 88

B i l lingha m , B ingen ,

3 46

Bar mston ,

8 ,158,189,211,244-5 ,

3 86 1 07,112-3 ,176,

Bargeroos terve ld ,

Barrow ,

Bex ley H ea th ,

1 09

Bardouv i l le ,

8 8

2 03 ,260 ,286

6 ,215 ,224 , ( 145 )

Ba mberg-Gaustadt ,

4 11

1 78

Beachy Head ,

6 ,8

Bodrogkeresztür ,

Beaudrev i l le ,

1 76

Boerakker ,

Beaulieu Hea th , Beaune ,

2 37

6 4

Bernay-Pon tho i le ,

Ba l mashanner ,

Barbing ,

2 62

Museu m D lr . Vö lkerkunde ,

Berw ick S t J ohn ,

2 15

Ba l lykeaghra ,

1 34 ,159 ,164 ,177,

1 81,216-7, ( 209)

2 37

Bagmoor ,

2 4 ,81

2 89

6 8-9,347

Bognor ,

3 19 ,328,340 , ( 33)

Bog o f C u l len ,

6 84

1 15

1 40 1 76

Bo is-d 'Ageux ,

Buendorf ,

2 60 ,291

Bo is-de-Less ines ,

8 7-8,120 ,126,

Buh l,

3 59 , ( 121 ) Bo issy-aux-Ca i l les , Boker ly Dyke , Bonnerveen ,

1 96,206-7

1 03

5 0

6 2

Buoux ,

3 98

Bures ,

2 50

1 81,210 ,212 ,391 ,

Bur ley ,

3 8,43 ,52 , ( 10 )

Burnha m ,

( 183 ) Bonstorf ,

s ee Oxford

Burgess 's Meadow ,

4 15 , ( 200 )

Bonnev i l le ,

2 2

Buggene m ,

5 6,325 ,334 , ( 2 )

Burringha m ,

2 3

9 5 ,101,131

Boo m ,

1 88

Burton u pon S ta ther ,

Boran ,

1 08-9 ,115

Bush Barrow ,

Borsbeek , Böse l ,

2 15 Cabärceno ,

2 32

Boshoven , Bou logne ,

C aen ,

6 4

7 0 ,88-9

Caix ,

7 6,134 ,137,153,181,418, ( 140 )

C aka ,

( 227)

Bournev i l le ,

3 20 ,329 , ( 45 )

C a mbra i a rea ,

1 37,142 ,

1 53-4 , ( 133 ) 8 6

Bach t ,

5 0

Brain tree ,

Ca merton ,

2 91

Cannes-Ec luse ,

6 9

3 1,96-100 ,107,123,143,

1 56,360 ,362

2 13 , ( 144 )

Hoard I ,

9 6,118-9

Can te leu , 1 33,150 ,375 , ( 139)

1 61 9 8,100 ,140 ,143

C anterbury ,

5 3 ,82 ,319 ,321,325 ,332 ,

3 34 ,340 , ( 24 )

1 39

Bray-sur- S om me , Brebach ,

4 1

Bren tford ,

C ardif f , Car i me l ,

2 23

s ee a lso , O ld E ng land S ion R each Breuvanne ,

2 63 2 61

2 34 ,239 ,264-5 ,420-1, ( 217) 4 4 ,48,334-5

Carisbrooke C ast le Museu m , Car le ton Rode , C ar lipa ,

2 60 ,288

1 61,174-6

Carr Moorside ,

2 57

Brincovenest i ,

1 91-2

C arse Loch ,

1 39

2 77-8

9 5 ,168

1 36 ,168

Cascina Ranza ,

1 77,397

Br it ish Museu m ,

Caster ley C a mp ,

7 2 ,348 1 99

Brixworth ,

1 10

Cast le Dawson ,

Broadness ,

7 ,178,182

C a t tabrega d i C rescenzago ,

6 ,194 ,198

Cha l lans ,

Broadward,

1 80 ,183 ,209 , ( 2 .05 )

Bru i ere- S a int-Job , Bucyle-Long , Bude l- Weert ,

2 64 ,287

2 77-8 2 74

C ha lton ,

1 63,167 ,189,234 4 8,320 , ( 71)

1 96 ,207,212

Cha mpber trand ,

6 85

2 08

5 4 ,90-1,321

C ha mbourcy , C ha mery ,

( 22)

1 27

Carrefour d 'Au mont ,

2 01,285

Br igh ton ,

Caranda ,

Carcassonne ,

2 08,411

1 62

Brugge len ,

2 22

7 8

Ca mp d u C esar ,

1 72

Brans ton , Bras les ,

8 2-3 ,98,329, ( 3 )

Hoard I ,

Braes o f G igh t ,

4 8, ( 53)

1 25-6,129

Ca mbronne ,r es-R ibecourt ,

1 35 ,153 , ( 132 )

Boves ,

Area ,

1 00 ,118,

Hoard I , L a J ust ice ,

Briod ,

6 4

Ca mbr idge ,

Hoard I , P as loup ,

Brigg ,

1 19

Ca lvados ,

3 23 ,328-9 , ( 44 )

Bout igny

Breda ,

5 7

1 04

Museu m ,

Bray ,

1 47

C addonsh i ll ,

2 87

Bosserfe ld ,

Bour lay ,

1 69

5

9 7,362

1 06

C ha mp-Co lo mbe , s ee Rea l lon

Co t tingha m ,

C ha mpcue i l ,

C ourde manges ,

1 38,150 , ( 134 )

C ha mpigny ,

2 11-2 1 53

C o Rosco m mon ,

1 53

1 57,170

1 08

C ourt H i l l ,

C haren ton ,

1 78

C ourt-Sa int-Et ienne ,

C harp igny ,

1 62 ,172

Cha mp lay ,

C ha teauroux-sur-Durance , C ha te l-Ge:ard ,

2 50

2 86-7 ,421,425 ,427-9,(228) , ( 229 )

1 89 ,196,219 ,405

4 9,58-9 ,72 ,95 ,354 , ( 5 )

C re mieu ,

1 27

C uiryles C haudardes ,

1 00 1 40

1 99-200

LBA1 h oard ,

4 8,101,107, ( 120 )

LBA3 h oard ,

1 74 ,180 ,208,

( 181) 1 92 1 96,206-8,211 ,382

C hrzypsko ,

2 36

C ierna n ad T isou , C iry-Sa lsogne ,

1 19

2 62

1 4 ,42 ,77,262

C o ld e n C o m mon ,

1 68

C o ld K i tchen H i l l ,

2 37,259

1 00 ,133 ,139-40 ,154 ,

1 57,181,270 , ( 1 64 ) 6 5 ,101,232

La J ust ice , ( 168) L e Por t Varin , Roya l lieu , F ores t ,

2 41, ( 1 69)

2 41

2 18,261,363 ,277-8,332

C onch i lle-Te mp le ,

2 78

C onde-sur-No ireau ,

9 8

C on iston , Con they , Cookha m , Corbe i l,

1 69 4 9

C orran ,

3 31

Dah lenburg ,

1 46

Da lduf f ,

1 00 ,176 1 88-9 ,414

7 7

Cö tes-du- Nord ,

1 94

6 ,169,188 2 78

6 , ( 146)

6 6

Da lhei m ,

4 18

Danebury ,

2 35 ,264-5 3 72 9 0

2 08 3 86,391

Dave ,

3 63 , ( 123)

Dea l ,

1 4

De De l len ,

6 5 ,182-3 , ( 206)

De Ha mer t , Dehnsen ,

2 60

2 57

De lv ine ,

2 33

Den Burg ,

5 1, ( 84 )

Dender monde ,

1 14

Denderw indeke , Dendra ,

1 01

1 18

Denhead,

1 39

Denterghe m ,

8 8

De Roosen ,

s ee N eerpe lt-De Roosen

Derrinboy ,

3 68

Derry ,

6 3

Corce le t tes ,

Daar leveen ,

Dar tford ,

2 59

C o mpiegne ,

1 36

Darsekau ,

4 9

C o mbon ,

C zabapur ta ,

Da le ,

6 1 ,276-7

1 14

Dar mstadt-Arhe i ligen ,

2 32 , ( 219)

C o lchester ,

C ut ts,

Danes Dyke ,

1 08

C laugh ton ,

C u mber low Green , C ysla-Co m mune ,

C ho isyle-Ro i

C lynnog ,

3 69

1 03

2 64

C hezy-sur- Marne ,

C lucy ,

1 81-2,194 ,

C redi ton ,

C ho isy-au-Bac ,

C lans ,

5 7

C reancy ,

C hev i l ly-Larue ,

C houssy ,

2 12,215 , ( 1 60 )

1 84 ,190 6 5

C horYn ,

1 05

C ovesea ,

C rapon e n P languenoua l ,

C haux-sur-Cresi l le , C hedigny ,

C oveney ,

C ra ig-a-Bhoda ich ,

6 5

C haver ia , C he l les ,

4 9

7 0 ,113

C haussoy ,

1 90 ,198,205 ,

2 16,233-4 ,239-40 ,247-9,253-6,267,

C ha teau d es E vgques , s ee L azer

C ha tha m ,

2 84

2 59

Derry macash , Derrynigg in , Des te lbergen ,

1 92 1 0 2 88

Desvres , 4 1,45 , ( 56 ) Deurne , 1 74-5 ,219, ( 196 ) 6 86

Deutsch-Evern , Devere l ,

E astbourne ,

2 4

E a ton ,

2 73

Dev i l le-r es-Rouen ,

1 35 ,147,162 ,

1 2-4 ,292

1 61,169 ,253

E bbers ton ,

6 ,289 ,

1 76,178,183,190 ,194-9 ,208,

E bbesbourne ,

2 17,227,229,382 ,393 , ( 173 )

E bna l ,

De Weper ,

E breu i l ,

2 92

4 6,48

Dew lish ,

4 9,59 , ( 6 )

E cha l lans ,

De Z i lk ,

6 5-6

E ch t ,

D inorben ,

1 24 ,126,129,265

D irnis maning , D it ton ,

1 65-6

Dobiany , 2 51

E erse l ,

Dö l linghausen ,

E gha m

Do m m iers ,

7 3

E g lesha m Meadow ,

3 30

E g lwyseg Rocks ,

4 1

Dorchester , Oxfordshire , Dossenhe im ,

2 13

E gu ishei m ,

1 64

1 31 ,134 ,313 , ( 108) Downha m Market ,

9 5 ,98, ( 110 )

3 24

6 ,9 ,191-2

1 93

E h lbeck ,

2 4

E ibingen ,

1 71

E igenb i lzen ,

2 52

E i lingswa ld ,

1 50

4 9

E indhoven ,

Drangs te c lt ,

2 64

E it lbrunn , E kse l ,

1 01

Dresden-Dobri tz,

1 03 ,110

E h ingen ,

Dragsho lrn; Drenthe ,

1 55 , ( 7 )

1 01,131, ( 104 )

E hestorf , 9 1

3 ,95-8,101,112 ,120 .128,

Downpatr ick ,

1 67, 2 86

1 97-9,219 ,222 ,

2 85-6

1 38

Dorchester , Dorset , Museu m ,

2 88

R unny mede Br idge ,

7 1

Doncaster ,

5 ,89

Pet ter 's S ports F ie ld ,

4 4 ,48,57, ( 42 )

Donauber ,

Down s ,

2 15

E ding ton Burt le ,

2 54

Dover ,

2 5

2 51

E de nordinary ,

s ee Tha mes D i t ton

Doba ,

1 72

E dde lstorf , E de ,

3 45

8 2

1 0

6 5

E lbeuf ,

1 91

1 82 1 20

8 2

Dresden-Johanstaf t ,

3 43

E l menhorst ,

Dreui l-r es-A m iens ,

2 ,178,180 ,

E lp , 7 5 ,78-9 ,89,277 ,415 , ( 76)

2 03 ,208,210-2 ,217-8,380 ,410 ,

E ly ,

( 177)

E lzen ,

Dr if f ie ld ,

1 88 2 09 ,217 ,413 , ( 211)

E lzener Veen ,

5 1

1 65 ,180 , ( 212)

Em merco mpascuu m ,

Drouwen MBA1 b ur ia l ,

9 1,311 ,344 ,346,

1 98,209 ,216,220-2 ,

3 11,414 ,418, ( 201) Dru me ttaz-C larafond ,

2 05

6 1,64 ,69,72

Ducove ,

Em mer Dennen , E rnst ,

( 75 ) LBA3 f i nd,

Duau lt ,

2 64

1 19

Duddingston Loch , Du mfr ies ,

5 7

Dunaverny ,

6 ,9,192

E pe ,

5 1

8 9

7 5 4 4 ,50-1,53 ,165 , ( 83)

E prave ,

1 59 ,163,409 ,412 , ( 193)

E quihen ,

2 86

E ra mecourt , E rfurt ,

6 2

E rica ,

1 41

E r iswe l l ,

2 77-8,314

1 03 ,112 ,114-5 ,130-1,147-

8,( 111)

2 53

Dungiven ,

1 70

E rkra th ,

Durnford ,

8 5

E ronde l le ,

2 41,259,286, ( 118)

E schborn ,

1 23

E schwege ,

1 71,177

Durta l ,

3 90

D t isse ldorf ,

5 0

6 87

1 67,232-3

E sp lugas d e F ranco li , E squer mes , E ssonne ,

1 53

2 16

E stavayer-le-Lac ,

7 6,249

L e B lanc-Pave , E t t ing ,

Gab le Head,

Evora ,

4 7,49 ,52,54 ,56,59 ,81-3 ,

3 21-3 ,324-5 , ( 12)

1 60

Ga mbach ,

1 40

2 10

Ga m mer t ingen ,

1 44

Eynsha m ,

1 57

2 90

2 47 ,249

E t t lingen ,

2 06-7

F u lbourn C o m mon ,

2 91

4 1

1 21,329

4 3-4 ,53 , ( 100 )

F rouard,

E tap les

E ure ,

F riedr ichsruhe , F rS jk ,

1 66

Be l-A ir ,

1 76

F resne PArchgveque ,

1 00

E tab les ,

F re is t- R e id ew itz , 1 60 F resnela- Mere ,

Ganovce ,

1 17

1 42

8 4

Gar lstedt ,

2 63

F a ir le igh , s ee N ewport/Fa ir le igh

Gasteren ,

1 25-6,129 ,154 ,221 ,280

F ahrenkrug ,

Gaubicke lhe im ,

7 1

F a mechon ,

2 91

Gedinne ,

s ee F osse aux- Morts

Ge ist ingen ,

F arnha m

1 63-4 , ( 190 )

Green L ane ,

4 17

Geneva ,

J unc t ion P i t ,

2 78

Gen tbrugge ,

F ay-les-Ne mours , F ehrhop ,

4 8, ( 63 )

1 11 1 47

Geraardsbergen , Gern linden ,

2 4

F e ltwe ll F en ,

1 47-8,161,219 ,224 ,

Geseke ,

F enga te ,

4 ,12 ,14 ,258,286

F enny Bent ley , F fynhonnau , F lagey ,

1 53,201-2

9 5 ,100 ,102 ,131, ( 102)

1 23,150

Ghent ,

1 72 ,183

Gh lin ,

1 78

G irau mont , G irbova ,

2 61

1 91

G isors a rea ,

F lobecq ,

G ladbach ,

2 41

3 ,53 ,57,82,319 ,323, ( 47)

2 51

G la morgan ,

F on t Ma jor , s ee E sp lugas d e F ranco li F ore t d e Bords , F orst Has te ,

3 8,40 ,43 , ( 50 )

1 89

G lentanar ,

1 93 ,285

G lentroo l ,

6 7,77-8

G lesen ,

4 14-5

Göggenhofen ,

1 65

F orsthaus S chor lenberg ,

s ee

Go ir le ,

1 7

4 ,203,219 ,257,282 ,286

Go l lern ,

A lsenborn

4 15

1 80 ,182 ,186,270 , ( 170 )

F lax Bour ton , 6 1 2 49

6 5 ,107

1 66,171

Geve linghausen ,

3 58

F on t ,

6 7

2 2 ,363

Go madingen ,

4 27

1 01-4 ,120 ,124 ,127,153 ,176 ,

Go m mev i l le ,

2 52

2 00-2 ,206,222 ,227,269 ,276-8,

Gonce lin ,

2 81,286,292 ,392 ,274 , ( 136)

Gonfrev i l le-POrcher ,

F or t-Harrouard ,

7 8-9,88-9 ,91-2 ,

Fortr ie o f Ba lnoon ,

1 99

Forty Acre Brickf ie ld , Worth ing F osse-aux- Mor ts , Fou ls ha m , F owey ,

1 61

F rankfur t Museu m , 3 22 , ( 14 )

Gore E nd Bay , s ee

1 94

4 1

Gosberg ,

3 76

Gospor t ,

3 2 ,46,49,52,54 ,59,322-3 , ( 11)

Gourdan , 6 7

6 4

Görk i , s ee G urki

Goudhurst ,

7 7,322 ,326

F rankfur t -Höchst , F ra tton ,

2 64

3 75

3 40 , ( 25 ) 1 37

Gours-aux-L ions , Graf ton ,

1 4 ,222

Gra m mond,

6 88

6 4

2 19

Grand-Gard , ( 124 )

Ha l lsta tt ,

3 3,35-7,200 ,252-3 ,259,262

G randes Ma lades ,

Ha m H i l l ,

1 94 ,258

Ha m mer ,

3 33

Grantha m ,

1 77,418

2 32

Grav i l le-Sa int-Honorine ,

1 62 ,176 ,

Ha m mers mi th ,

1 93 ,197,200 ,210 ,217,219 ,242,

Ha mon t ,

2 45 ,406,(174 )

Hanau ,

Grays ,

1 78,180-1,189 ,

Thur loe Wa lk ,

1 96, ( 149)

Grea t Wakering , s ee

Hannover , 1 65 Han-sur-Lesse ,

4 12,416,418,(194 ) Haps ,

1 19

Greyfriars C hurch , Gri mes Graves ,

s ee Du mfries

2 92

4 9 ,59 ,82, ( 8 )

Gro t te d e Roucadour , Grunty F en ,

6 ,185 ,204 1 11

1 22 ,129 ,168

Haa mstede ,

7 7-9

Hea thery Burn C ave ,

6 0

1 50

Hagbourne H i l l ,

2 03

s ee De De l len 2 03

Heidenau ,

2 3

7 3

1 27,216

He i l ly ,

1 84 ,281

He i loo ,

1 78,417, ( 208) 1 77

He i misw i l ,

4 0 ,42 , ( 89)

9 9,125

6 4

He l leved ,

1 89

He l mond ,

1 65

He l msdorf-Rudo lf fsp lan ,

Heppeneert , Hericke ,

6 89

1 54

8 5 , ( 41)

Hennef-Geist ingen ,

4 28

Ha l le-O ldendorf ,

4 16

Hengistbury Head ,

3 27

Ha l lens lev ,

1 81

Heib loe m ,

He lston ,

2 3

Ha idforst ,

Hea throw ,

He i mbach- M it te lweg ,

4 2-3,338,2 .51, ( 88)

Hade marschen ,

6 ,175 ,178,192-3 ,

1 97 ,199-201,206,224 ,367-8,381

Hei mbach ,

1 79

Haghorf ,

1 88,386

He ideshe im ,

1 48

2 21

Habshe im ,

Hagen ,

1 03

3 72

( 19)

Hayne Wood ,

Heerde ,

1 91

Gy ldensgard ,

Hader ,

Hay lands ,

2 50 ,255

Heeger m t lh le ,

1 66

Haasse l,

1 65-7,180 ,232 , ( 202 )

Haydon Br idge ,

5 ,49 ,59 ,95 , ( 103)

G uyans-Vennes ,

( 166)

2 64 ,288

Have lterberg ,

1 57,369,375 ,(131)

Gw i th ian ,

1 97,200 ,202 ,216,

Have lte ,

5 ,133-4 ,137,146-7,

Gus ter ita ,

1 92

2 52

8 6

s ee Kerga l K erhar

Haarle ,

1 03 ,150-1,191

Ha tf ie ld B road Oak ,

Hausberge , 1 9,42-3,348, ( 90 )

2 56

G ro t te d e Bu issf eres ,

Gurki ,

Hart a n d er A lz ,

Hau lzy ,

7 8

Grosvenor C rescen t ,

Gui lsf ie ld,

2 20

Hau lchin ,

Grosse ibstadt ,

G uide l ,

2 74

Harender mo len ,

Ha t ten ,

2 01

8 4

Gröfhausen ,

2 49-50 ,260 ,267-8,288,291, ( 230 )

Harde lo t ,

2 18

GrSdeby ,

1 00 ,102-4 ,121,149 ,

2 22 ,227,242,245 ,280 ,283,312 ,363 ,

1 02

Crobbendonk ,

7 7-8,279, ( 35)

1 96-8,200 ,203 ,206,214-5 ,219-20 ,

8 0 ,195

Green L ane , s ee F arnha m

Gr i mstone ,

1 71

1 53 ,163,171,174 ,177,180-2 ,190 ,

S hoebury/Grea t Wakerin .g Green E nd Road ,

Gresine ,

1 93

Hangen- We ishe im ,

Han ley C ross Barrow ,

2 12 ,390 ,(148)

Grenob le ,

2 88 2 07

Dun lopge lande ,

4 6,59, ( 9 )

Grays Thurrock ,

Gref fern ,

6 8,189 ,258

1 82

1 2 ,14 ,236 1 03

1 62 ,170

Her lhe im ,

H uinen ,

1 09

Herringsdorf ,

1 63

Herr lishe im , Hersta l,

H u l l ,

H unstanton ,

2 08

1 93,198,202-3 ,210 ,

2 15 ,217 Herve lingen ,

2 75

Herzsprung ,

1 16

Hesdin ,

3 32

Hesepe ,

1 70

Heu men ,

Heuquev i l le ,

6 0 ,98, ( 38) 7 9 ,344 , ( 77)

LBA3 h oard ,

1 98 ,209 , ( 203 )

H i jkers m i lde ,

2 09

I l s moor ,

I re land ,

Hohenböddenstedt , Hohenb t instorf , Hohenpr itz ,

1 79

2 4

2 3,345

HS jby ,

1 36

Ho l licondane ,

7 9-80 6 1

6 2

1 20 ,129

Hooge insche Bergen ,

1 95

Hraden in , Hue lva ,

s ee Wee lde

1 63 ,404 ,412 , ( 185 ) 1 95 , ( 162 ) 5 7

J aeren ,

6 0

3 26 6 6 s ee N antes

1 66,188 1 91

1 60

J e meppe ,

1 63 ,210 ,408-10 , ( 195) 1 20

J ordan H i l l ,

2 58

J ouy-sur-Eure , J unc t ion P i t , J utphaas ,

2 59

s ee F arnha m

6 9

J uv incourt ,

1 44 ,176,178,180-1 ,218,

4 04 , ( 163 ) 2 56 ,390 ,420

1 18,139 ,141,187 2 59

2 62,290

J onches ,

Ho tham C arr ,

1 99-202 ,222,284

1 27,252 ,263

J aegerspr is ,

J e ls ,

1 05 ,111

J ernhy t , 8 0

6 ,218

H f gve ,

I v inghoe Beacon ,

J äskara jenö ,

2 03

4 2

5

2 57-8

I ssy-les- Mou lineaux ,

J ar lshof ,

2 4-5

Hoogs tra ten ,

s ee Burringha m

6 ,161,176

J ardin d es P lantes ,

Ho mberg-Ackenbach ,

Hove ,

I s lip ,

J anv i l le ,

2 81

Horsehope ,

1 0 ,61,87,98,126,129,132-5,

I s le o f Harty ,

I wuy ,

s ee R a msga te

Ho l lingbury ,

Hönö ,

1 96

I xworth ,

1 60

Hohne ,

Ho ming ton ,

7 5 ,78

I s le o f Axeho l me ,

2 52

1 60 ,171,187,189,217,

Ho lzendorf ,

6 1

1 98-9 ,205 ,224 ,270 ,285 ,370-2 ,375 ,

4 07

Ho lthusen ,

9 1

3 30

3 90 ,413, ( 127)

1 76

Ho lterberg ,

1 0

I psw ich Museu m ,

1 47

Ho ls loo t ,

5 1 1 9 ,38,42-3 ,51,53, ( 92)

I nsoch Wood ,

5 0

Hochstadt ,

( 165 )

1 37-8,145-51,153-4 ,157 ,178,194 ,

Hoch m iche le ,

Huest ,

I l sing ton ,

I s leha m ,

1 89

H jerup ,

1 09

4 27

I ng leton,

MBA1 b ur ia l ,

Hoo ,

2 54

I ng J ongbunburg ,

H i jken

I go ,

I bos ,

I nch I s land ,

1 4 ,178

H insbeck ,

1 06 ,154

I l lkofen ,

( 60 )

H i l lw i t ,

4 2-3, ( 91)

H uy ,

I l lev i l le-sur- Mon tfor t ,

4 5 ,321-3 ,325 ,328-9

H ighworth ,

7 7,82 ,120 , ( 28)

I l e- S ain t-Ouen , 1 07

2 50 ,252

H ighdown ,

H t ivede ,

I l e d e R ay ,

1 14

Heuneburg ,

1 41

9 7

Ka isers lautern , Ka isten ,

6 90

1 50

1 60 ,162 ,171,178

Ka lbenste inberg ,

Kö lpin ,

1 49

1 66,232

K an turk ,

7 3

Kön igsbruck ,

Kappe ln ,

3 54

Konz ,

1 71

Kopu

,

2 20

Kösch ing ,

3 32

Ka t tenbüh l , Keadby ,

1 64

1 61

Ke lhe i m-A ltmüh lfe ld , Ken id jack , Ken t ,

Kö then ,

Kre mpen ,

2 58

1 19

Kerbu lic e n P lo meur , Kerga l e n G uide l,

1 63 9 8,355

1 02 ,133-4

Kerguerou e n Redene , K erhar e n G uide l ,

2 35 1 63

K ernaour e n Me I lac ,

6,79 Kernonen e n P louvern , 2 6 7

Kersaint-P labennec ,

1 50

Kronshagen ,

1 41

K un isowce , K urd,

s ee Te mpe lburg

3 88

1 91

K üt ten-Drobi tz , L aag S pu l ,

5 8,135-6

2 82 1 04-5

La Breche au-D iab le , La But te , La Ca mbe ,

2 59 4 4 ,48,53 ,57,319-23 ,

3 28-9 ,332 ,334 ,338,353 ,(46)

1 15

La C haussee-T irancourt , s ee T irancourt

s ee Kö lpin

K i l leonan ,

2 53

La C o lo mbine ,

K i l murry ,

2 59

Lacro ix-Sa int-Ouen ,

K imber ley ,

1 08,127

L a F arigour iere ,

6 9 ,347

K ing° ldru m ,

La Fo lie ,

9 8

6 8

2 61

L agore ,

K ings ton ,

1 14 ,188

La Grande Paro isse ,

K in le i th ,

K irchberg ,

1 89,244 ,246

K irksta l l Road , K irto my ,

5 7

K iss ing ,

1 09

s ee L eeds

9 9

L akenhea th , La Loubiere ,

2 14 ,377 2 33

2 44

2 74

Knocknague ,

1 65

La Poype , L aren ,

7 1

La R o le , L arnaud,

2 3

1 02

Kö ln-R ieh l ,2 51

4 8,320 , ( 72 )

1 21,363 1 44

L a R iv iere-Drugeon , 1 44

9 7

8 6,118,135 ,147,181,191,205 ,

3 69 ,409 La Roche t te ,

1 42

La Torche e n P lo meur ,

6 91

3 29

1 21

L a Queue-les-Yve lines ,

5

Ko lbenste inberg ,

8 8,250

2 86

L a Po m mera ie C hena mbau lt ,

2 15, 2 22

Kn igh ton Down ,

5 8

1 35 ,330

La P ieure ,

1 42

K luisberg ,

Ko lno ,

4 8,335

L aon Museu m ,

K l in t b ei H ich thausen ,

Ko lkhagen ,

4 8, ( 55 )

La J ossa is ,

Langs jon ,

K le inb lit tersdorf ,

K negse l ,

L a Here l le ,

Land S targard ,

1 52

K len tnice ,

7 1

L a J ust ice , s ee C o mp iegne

2 76

K irke S e lby ,

K iv ik ,

2 55

2 65

1 27

3 1

K ingha m ,

K ing 's Weston H i l l ,

2 00

2 37

La C hape l le ,

1 62,172

K ie lpina ,

Kressbronn ,

La Bou i l le ,

6 1

Keszöh idegk i it ,

1 71

4 06

Ker leone t e n S pezet , Ker mengoues ,

3 1,137

3 61

5 0

K rzyzowinik i ,

2 12 ,406

Kergof f e n N oya l-Pont ivy ,

K erzers ,

1 02

Krefe ld-L inn ,

8 1-3

K ergoustance ,

6 1

Kra iburg a . I nn ,

1 99

Ken t 's Cavern , Ker ,

Kosziderpad läs ,

2 9

1 59

K ensington ,

7 1,76

1 75

L a t toon ,

Lochham ,

2 23

L a T uf f iere ,

Lo m me l ,

2 08

L aunceston Down , L auterecken ,

2 73

s ee a lso , Tha mes Longcha mps ,

2 08

8 9

d ' Ageux

4 9 ,59 , ( 20 )

L e B lanc-Pave , s ee E tap les

Longuev i l le ,

L e C o mb Bernard ,

L ong Wit tenha m ,

9 0

Longy ,

1 34

L e F o lgon t ,

1 4 ,117,292

1 74 ,182 ,212 ,235 ,239

L onsle-Saunier ,

1 66-7

L e Grand Mara is , s ee Bucyle-Long

L ossa ,

L e Hanouard ,

Lough Gur ,

4 9,82 ,327, ( 59 )

1 16,190 ,249

1 58,160 ,172,270

Low thorpe ,

1 92

9 6

2 33

LSvska l ,

4 1,218 , ( 150 )

L e ins ter ,

9 6-7,100 ,143 ,156,362 ,

3 98

L eckw ith , s ee C ardif f

L e igh ,

4 9,82 , ( 49)

Longeu i l-Sa inte- Mar ie , s ee Bois-

L eav ington House ,

L eeds ,

5 1,100 ,108,113,115 ,126,128-

9 , 2 18 ,248,252-3 ,267

6 7,69 ,72

3 26

L ay-Sa in t-Re my , L azer ,

2 60 ,265,291,

2 93 L ondon ,

4 8

L a V ico mte-sur-Rance , L ayha m ,

1 15-6

Lo m me l-Ka t tenbosch ,

9 6,101,107,356, ( 117 )

L a Varenne ,

( 191)

Lo m me lev ,

2 07

L a Vaquerie ,

1 7,103 ,344-5 ,347

1 34

L e Marteau , s ee P ontaver t

L t ibz ,

L engenfe ld,

L u lworth ,

1 88,205 ,218,253,404

Lens-Sain t-Serva is , 2 02

L us magh ,

1 76

L enzers l ige ,

L ut tre ,

2 55 1 96

9 0 ,329

2 49

Leopo ld S tree t , s ee Oxford

L uzarches ,

L e P or t Varin , s ee C o mpiegne

Lyon ,

L e Rocher ,

L yze l ,

L erskov ,

2 59

L es Roches ,

1 2 ,34 ,259-60 ,292

L everkusen- Manfor t ,

Maase ik ,

2 74

Maastr ich t ,

s ee V ide l les

L es S auvageons e n H enon ,

L iege ,

1 80 ,210 ,214 ,216-7,222 , ( 172 )

1 60

L es J ogasses ,

L ho tka ,

1 50 , ( 141)

6 6

3 60

2 32-3

Mäcon ,

1 42,164 ,232

6 4

Madrid Museu m , Maentwrog ,

1 02

Magda lenenberg ,

1 63

L iesb i lt te l ,

6 4

Mag leby ,

Ma iden C ast le ,

L i l le

Ma in , ( 225 )

Museu m , L i mburg , L ingen , L iss ,

8 8 2 20

2 81,395

3 1,39,46,48,62 ,72 ,83 ,86-8,

9 0-1,97 ,121,338 Man tes ,

1 35

L i t t le Wit tenha m , L ive t ,

9 7 ,111,123 ,125 ,208,369

Ma izy-sur-A isne , Ma lassis ,

8 2-3

L i t t lepor t ,

9 0

1 11

Ma inz ,

2 11,218,235 , ( 226)

2 72

1 73

L ignieres , 5 8 Area ,

1 38

1 01,131

1 18

Man t lach ,

1 03

1 17

Marcheles-Da mes ,

2 15

3 ,324 ,328, ( 48)

Marci l ly-sur-Eure ,

2 60

L langwy l log , L lyn F awr ,

1 99 ,223,255 ,368 2 ,11,192 ,230 ,233 1 -4 ,

Marden ,

1 78

Mar ia Ras t ,

2 9

2 39-40 ,247,252-3 ,255 ,264 ,

Mar ion-des-Roches ,

2 66-7,420 ,425 , ( 218)

Mar lers ,

Lobenhausen ,

1 67

Marquise ,

6 92

2 77

1 74 ,176,178,217-8,412 , ( 180 ) 2 74

Marsha l l E sta te ,

4 9 ,52 ,56,319,

Marsu m , Marzhane ,

7 7-8 4 4 , ( 99)

Monster ,

1 44

Mon te lier ,

Maskov ice , Ma thon ,

Meer ,

1 51 4 2

Monte S a I dda ,

2 80

Meche len ,

2 33

Mon terb lanc ,

2 73

Mautor t ,

3 51

Mo lzbach , 9 0 Monkswood, 8 0 ,88,90-1,327,368

2 4

Masendorf ,

1 02

2 23

Mo l mke ,

2 81

Marxen ,

Mo is la ins , Mo ld,

3 23 ,325,334 ,340 , ( 32 )

1 87-8

Mon tr er e s, 1 06

6 6

Mont-Lasso is ,

2 47

Meerlo ,

2 54 ,287, ( 233 )

Mont macq ,

1 17

Mehrin ,

3 76

Mon t moro t ,

4 9

3 4 ,237,272 ,291

4 4 ,49 ,62 , ( 101)

Montreui l-sur- Mer ,

Me lbourn ,

6

Mon trose Museu m ,

2 36

Me ldre th ,

5 ,161,188,192 ,386

Mon t-Sa in t-Aignan ,

3 ,38,44 ,48,53 ,

Me ikirch ,

Me lksha m , Me l le ,

7 2-3 ,320 ,323,332 ,335 ,352 , ( 61)

2 40 ,266, ( 224 )

Mont-Saint-Quent in ,

1 00 ,188

Me lse le ,

Monza ,

1 62,171

Me m me lsdorf ,

1 60 ,

1 63 , 1 67,206,232 Mengen ,

Men igoute ,

4 18

Mor ienva l ,

3 32 1 49,190 ,398 1 98,247-8,265

Morsang-Sa intry ,

2 51

Mercurey ,

7 4 ,79

1 45 ,249,367

Morvah ,

2 11

Merfe ld,

1 65,209-10

Most ,

Mer lara ,

1 92

Mount Ba t ten ,

Mer lin 's C ave ,

2 22

Me thwo ld ,

6 7,85 ,114-5

Mouy ,

s ee G ro t te d e

Buis s r eres Mezönyek ,

M i th lhe im ,

5 ,8,86,90

Mi lavce ,

1 51 2 33,329 ,274 2 42

Mu lhouse ,

Naarn ,

1 60-2 ,165 ,176,178,

Nance ,

Moh iv i l le ,

1 39 1 80 ,232

4 9

N annau ,

1 91 1 43

6 ,8,252 5 1

Moe lfre U lchaf ,

7 3

Nan tes ,

2 29,285 ,391, ( 156) Minster ,

1 76

3 76

N a mur , 8 2

1 81,206-7,210 ,212,216,225 ,

Mi tcha m ,

2 61

Murtensee ,

Na mpont ,

8 1-3

Mi lton Abbas , Minnis Bay ,

3 97

3 8,40-1,43, ( 51)

Munt e nd am , 2 38

Migda le ,

Mi l lingen ,

2 22

Münster-Grevener S trasse ,

1 95

Mi ldenha l l ,

2 50 ,259

2 81

Muids ,

1 86

Meyrannes ,

Mi lton ,

1 60

Mucking ,

2 50

Meu lan ,

6 5 ,100-1,121,127.

( 135 ) Mor t lake ,

9 6

Merendree ,

Meru ,

1 37

1 88

Mor i moine ,

3 22

Men i l-Fava i , Meppen ,

Morges , Mör igen ,

1 50

1 77

1 07

Moranda is e n N oya l ,

1 03

Menez-Tosta e n Gouesnach ,

7 0

J ardin d es P lan tes ,

1 63,173

Pra ir ie d e Mauves ,

1 47,163,178,

1 89-90 ,199,207-8,210-1 ,213, 4 3 ,350

2 16 ,218,239 ,381,384 ,390 ,

1 80

4 05

6 93

4 00 ,

Oberfe ld ,

Nantes ( contd .) Museu m ,

3 59

Nanteu i l-sur-A isne ,

2 81,283 ,286,

Oberku lm ,

3 95 s ee Bognor

Near C anterbury , Neb le ,

s ee C anterbury

3 79

Neeroe teren ,

9 8, ( 122 )

N eerpe lt-Ache l ,

Neerpe lt-De Roosen ,

2 03 ,217,

N emm in ,

4 16 3 62

N er mier , Nery ,

5 ,7 ,132-5 ,135

N euha ldens leben ,

4 2-3 ,51 , ( 94 )

N ewport/Fa ir le igh ,

5 2 ,56, ( 18)

1 00

2 21

N ieuwrode ,

O lixdorf ,

7 2 4 9

5 0 ,66,75 ,79 ,141,

Ons twedder Ho lte , Orbaek lunde ,

2 04

Orsdorf ,

7 3 6 5 ,71,93 ,95 ,98,101,131, ( 105 )

Oss ,

1 98 ,237,239 ,247-8,250 ,256,258, 4 3-4 ,49 , ( 98)

1 16

Ostrhauderfehn ,

1 08

O tok-Priv laka ,

1 36

O tersen ,

Noordw i jkerhout ,

2 52

Nord d e l a F rance ,

5 0

2 16

Overasse l t ,

2 52

North E l mha m ,

1 61,169

Nor ton F i tzwarren ,

1 15 1 65 ,180 , ( 204 )

Ouroux- Mornay ,

6 8,83 ,86,

1 52

2 51

Overboe Mark ,

Nor tha mpton ,

6 7 2 09 ,415 ,417

Oud-Schoonebeek ,

7 5

Norg , 5 0

1 64

Ov ing ton ,

1 39

Over loon ,

6 5,78-9 , ( 82 )

Oxford

3 27, ( 29 )

Burgess 's Meadow ,

1 35

Leopo ld S treet ,

No tre-Da me-de- L ivoye , No tre-Da me-d 'Or , No t t ingha m ,

5 ,112 ,114-5 ,161,

No t t ingha m H i l l , Nova Mesto ,

2 14 ,261-2

Oxw ick a nd Pat tes ley , Pa mhu le Mark , Pan t in ,

1 18

1 37

4 4 ,49

( 175 )

Parc-y- Me irch ,

1 04

2 59

6 1

5 6,60 ,134

1 67 ,218

3 57,378,387

1 93 ,195,379 ,388,402 ,

( 147) Par is ,

1 77,418

Ny irtura ,

1 85 ,223

Orrock ,

Ostenfe ld ,

Nocera d e l P agani ,

Ny ,

1 60

2 35

Os terhoved Mose ,

Noca j-Sa las ,

Now ton ,

1 66,209, ( 207)

9 1,124 ,345

2 66,287,291,429, ( 231)

4 9

N ipperwe ise ,

Norw ich ,

1 65

0s godby , 2 54

9 1

N itra ,

6 9 , ( 86)

1 85

Onstwedde ,

2 18 ,232 ,242 ,262 Museu m ,

2 4

1 2 ,220 ,222

O lt ingen ,

Orse t t ,

( 186)

7 5

N i j megen ,

s ee H a l le-O ldendorf

O ldendorf , K r . L t ineburg ,

Or leans ,

2 49

N ieder-Rosbach ,

N i jlande ,

4 1,68

Org landes ,

4 13 ,417

N iederraunau , N ierssen ,

s ee N ipperwe ise

O isse l ,

Opheusden ,

1 01,254 ,387

N ieder-O lm ,

1 00

Ogn ica ,

Onnen ,

2 86,290

Newark ,

2 09

O m merschans ,

2 48

N et t leha m ,

Odoorn ,

Odoornerveen ,

O ld E ng land ,

2 60 ,287-8 N enzingen ,

1 03 ,166,210 ,402

O ld e ndorf ,

2 03 ,260

6 4

9 6-7

Ockstadt ,

Near Bognor ,

N im ,

1 20

Obergr t inhagen ,

6 4 ,71,91,100-1 ,107-8,117,120 ,

1 25-7,136,139 ,162 ,201,233 ,237,373,

1 15

3 97, ( 138)

6 94

Park Brow , Pas ly ,

Pontpoint ,

1 2 ,292-3

2 41

Passage d es P echeurs , Pass L ueg , Pas ton ,

6 9

Pont S aint- M iche l ,

1 18

Poo le ,

2 32 , ( 220 )

P ear Tree G reen ,

4 5-6 ,49 ,52-3 ,

Populonia ,

1 87

Por t-Arthur ,

1 51

Pe mbroke House , Penard ,

3 31

9 5 ,98,101-3 ,112-3 ,131 ,

1 69

Por t land ,

( 215 )

s ee L e F o lgöe t

4 5 ,336-7 2 58

1 08

Por ts lade ,

Pesch iera ,

1 24

Porz,

Pe terborough , Pe tershe im ,

5 0

Posterho lt ,

6 1

2 01

Post lingford Ha ll ,

1 59, ( 192)

Pe t i t-V i l la t te ,

1 86

Por trieux ,

Pepinv i l le ,

1 85,206-8,210-1 ,

4 1

P ra ir ie d e Mauves , P recy-sur-O ise ,

4 14 Pe t ter 's S ports F ie ld , P fungstadt ,

s ee E gha m

4 9

P r iepert ,

8 6,88

P ierrefonds ,

1 02

9 0

P rit t lewe l l ,

4 1,337

P innac le Roc ,

6 4

P u l le ,

P laggenburg ,

4 17

P u ls ,

s ee N antes

1 42

9 9,127

P restav lky ,

1 18,281

P ierre C ou ,

P re ist , P resi l ly ,

1 25

P icquigny ,

6 1-2 ,177

1 98,210 ,216, ( 1 87 )

Por tf ie ld ,

Por t- N idau,

( 107) Pen-ar-Pra t ,

1 14

2 75

Porcieu-A mb lagn ieu ,

5 6,59 ,321,(15) Pecka te l ,

1 35 ,137,153 ,176, ( 137)

Pontpo int- Moru , 2 41 Pont-Sa int- Maxence , 2 41

5 2

1 39, ( 142 ) 6 1

P utney ,

2 65 ,420

1 80-1,199 ,210-1,216 ,385 ,396,

Pyr itz ,

4 2-3,347, ( 97)

4 02 ,405 ,408,(178)

Pyrzyce , s ee P yr i tz

P la inseau ,

P la isir ,

7 7 ,98,164 ,176,178,

5 3

P la i tford ,

7 7,122,327 , ( 13)

P lan tee d es Da mes , P lest lin ,

1 98

1 62,170-1

P loneur-Lanvern , P louec 'h ,

1 66

Queenford F ar m ,

2 78

Que migny-sur-Seine ,

1 96

Queste mber t ,

2 63

3 84

1 11

P lougerneau ,

4 2,349-50

P lougrescan t ,

6 9

P lu mpton P lain , P ly mstock ,

Ra insborough , 2 ,285

Ho ll icondane ,

6 ,201

R a .sunda ,

2 45-6

Ra thga l l ,

1 96

Ra th o f F eerwore ,

9 8,277-9 6 9

Pon t d u F landres ,

Rat ibor ,

1 67,180

3 26

Ray-sur-Saöne , Reach Fen , Rea l lon ,

2 61

6 , 1 61,199 ,212

3 77

Pontho i le , s ee Bernay-Pontho i le

Rechte He ide ,

Pon toux ,

Reckerode ,

6 95

2 37

1 36

Ratz lingen , 1 76

Pon t-er-V i l e n Loc mar iaquer ,

1 21,357

2 ,76,273 ,

2 76, ( 27) 7 2

1 03

Pont Baudo t ,

8 1-3,279 , ( 2 6)

S t L awrence 's C o l lege ,

1 35

Pogri le d i Mon tice l li , Po int o f S lea t ,

8 9

Ra msgate

1 15-6

Pockav l je iBrod,

Pontaver t ,

Rac iborz , s ee Ra t ibor

5 ,8,40

P lzen-J ika lka ,

Ponho lz ,

Quantock H i l ls ,

2 1

3 44 , ( 74 )

Reepsho lt ,

Regesboste l , Re inhe im ,

3 27

2 08

Renneberg , Rennes ,

1 85

Rheda ,

1 60

4 14-5 , 4 17

Rheinberg ,

2 05 ,219 ,260

R ie thoven , R ingwou ld ,

1 19

S aint-Just-en -Chaussee ,

9 7,101 ,105-6 ,

Roer mond ,

9 7 , ( 116)

S a int- N ico las , 1 18,191

1 88

2 27,280-1, ( 171)

6 ,194 ,218

S aint-P ierre-en-Por t , S a int -Roch ,

1 74

1 03,181,198-9 ,218,232 ,

4 00 , ( 179 )

3 56 ,359

S a in try ,

1 54 8 2,98,105 ,186,321-3 ,

3 28, ( 62)

s ee Morsang-Saintry

S ain t-Sauveur ,

2 81

S ain t-Sup l ice ,

Rouge mon t iers , Rou mare F orest , Roundhay ,

8 2,327

1 50

S aint-V ia tre ,

3 24

S ain t-V incen t ,

4 5 , ( 58)

1 53,202 ,256,260 ,265 ,

2 88-9 ,292-3

1 34

1 61

S an E steban ,

s ee S i l

Roya l lieu , s ee C o mp iegne

S an ta Mar ine lla ,

R t th low ,

S carborough ,

4 2-3,153, ( 96)

R unnymede Bridge , s ee E gha m Ruschwede l ,

7 2

S a6ne ,

3 ,12-2 ,258,285

S chaerbeek ,

2 50

S che l menhofstedt ,

R ust ing ton ,

S che ldt ,

3 19,323 ,328,340 ,

( 36)

S ch lesw ig ,

3 76

8 1

Ryde , s ee L eav ing ton House

S ch lesw ig-Ho ls tein ,

Rydec ,

S chnega ,

1 11

9 6

s ae king e n- Fi l l hwa ld c hen , S a in t-A ignan , S aint-Brice ,

9 6

S chou lbrouck ,

1 18,120 ,124 ,210 ,237-8 7 0

S chwa ighauser F orst ,

1 44

S ain t-Br ieuc-des-If fs ,

1 71

S chonwar ing , s ee S cowarcz S choonaarde ,

1 44

S cowarz , 1 37-8,

S edan ,

6 3

2 18

1 46,149-50 ,156-7,174 ,199 , .

S eddin ,

3 73

S eeboden ,

S a int-Bugan e n L oudeac , S t C a tharine 's H i l l , 1 2,14

2 35-6

1 39

1 60

S chönberg , 1 87,207,381,397

7 1

1 02 ,141,242

S ch ledebrück , 2 51

1 87

9 6

R u e , s ee Maria R ast

S aben ice ,

1 18,153 ,176,

1 78,180 ,197,200-2 ,206-7,215-7 ,222,

6 5 ,101,104-5 ,127,354 ,

S aar louis ,

7 6

3 32

S a int-P ierre-en-Chastre ,

1 64 ,232

Roseberry Topp ing ,

s ee R a msga te

S t Margare t 's-a t-C lif fe ,

1 06

Rosco m mon , s ee C o Rosco m mon

Rven ice ,

1 67 ,235

6 1

S t Margare then ,

2 73-4

R inyaszen tk irä ly ,

Roxby ,

3 90

S aint-Ger ma in-du-P la in ,

S t L eonards ,

7 0

2 03 ,282

R i mayskä S obo ta ,

R ouen ,

S a int-Georges-d 'O leron ,

S a in t-Leonard,

1 35

Ro tsea ,

7 3 ,160 ,207 ,209 ,406

S t L awrence , J ersey ,

R ied im Oberinnta l ,

Rosnoen ,

2 50

4 02

S t L awrence 's C o l lege ,

1 35 ,372

R ib iers ,

S a in t-Den isle-Fer ment ,

1 21,355 , ( 115 )

2 02

R ibb le ,

8 2 ,327

S aint-Genouph ,

8 7

Reupe lsdorf ,

9 7,120 , ( 113 )

S ain t-Cyr-du- Vaudreui l , S a int-Den is-d 'O leron ,

1 06

Re thw isch ,

Rh ine ,

S a int-Cheron ,

1 66

S ee low , S e ine ,

1 76 ,415 1 91

4 3 , ( 95 ) 7 7,106,140

s ee a lso , Paris 6 96

7 6,88

S en lis ,

2 18

S erup ,

7 0

S tade -Ca mp , S ta ines ,

S es to C a lende , S he lf ,

S tanton S t Bernard ,

2 48

1 34

S hoebury ,

S ta t te ,

1 47

S hoebury/Grea t N V /akering ,

6 ,

1 60 ,209 S id lesha m ,

4 1 ,45-6,59 , ( 37)

s ee Trou d e l L euve

S in t- Ka te li jne- Waver ,

S i t tard ,

1 45 ,201-2 ,237

2 33 ,239, ( 216)

S kurup ,

S t iphout ,

( 197)

S tockhe im ,

9 6-7,111,125

S togursey ,

5 ,133 ,167,169

S toke F erry ,

S töndar ,

3 71

1 41 1 85

2 45-6 2 08,211, ( 157)

S udbrook , 8 8-9 ,102 , ( 79)

7 7

4 8,65 ,322,328, ( 68)

2 58

S urbi ton ,

6 8

S usteren ,

2 17

S ne t t isha m ,

( 2 10 )

S vansha ls , 5 5 S vartarp , 1 95

( 1 61 )

1 44

S vens mark ,

S o lf eres ,

1 63

S v inärky ,

S o meren ,

2 47

Swaffha m ,

7 2,135

S o mpt ing ,

3 6,192 ,232 ,234 ,252-3 ,

S wa l men ,

9 8, ( 126)

S obrefox ,

S Srup ,

Ta la ton ,

S outh C adbury ,

Tan H i l l ,

7 7,258 9 5 ,113 ,130-1,

( 106) 1 61,386

S outh L odge C a mp , S pa lt ,

8 0

5 5

Tarves ,

5 ,204

Taun ton ,

5 ,10 ,55-6,60-1,80 ,137, 3 68 1 45

2 02

Te i l le t-Argenty ,

2 10-1, ( 189 )

S porup lund,

2 4

3 29

Tarbes ,

Tege len ,

3 47

1 86

S piennes ,

Tarbeck ,

Teddington ,

S parkford ,

S tade ,

1 27,327

1 16

S peyer ,

1 72 2 02

Tangendorf ,

1 65 , ( 152 )

Thorpe H a l l , S outh Ky me ,

7 2 ,354

Ta machov ,

1 61

S outhchurch ,

4 9,54 ,59 , ( 16)

2 33

1 15

S outha l l,

3 88

1 02

S wanw ick ,

2 67,423,(223 ) S onderhausen ,

2 13,284

1 33

S ucy-en-Brie ,

9 0 ,329

S lupy ,

5 ,56

S tut tgar t-Bad C ansta t t, 1 23

1 39

Smedrovä ,

1 06

S t ibbard,

S tun tney ,

1 91-2

S leenerzand ,

6 0 , ( 40 )

1 20

S treeton-on-the- F osse ,

8 9

9 7

S koci jan ,

S te inhe im ,

S tour mouth ,

1 48,151

S kendlebury , S ke t ty ,

8 1,88

S to lensch in ,

3 69

S ixpenny Handley , S ka l lerup ,

1 50

S teenode ,

S tokku m ,

2 21

S i tzera th ,

S la te ,

4 08

3 44

S ion R each ,

S taudach ,

S tevensweert ,

3 43

6 4 ,140 ,144

S inzenhof ,

1 05

S teep le L angford,

7 4 ,79

S iegenburg ,

1 08

S tn tzl ing ,

1 60 , ( 151)

S hrew ton ,

( 39)

4 ,13-5 ,198,200 ,221-2 ,

2 55 ,265 ,290

3 90

S h ipton-on-Cherwe l l ,

S insin ,

1 46

S tap le Howe ,

S henstone ,

S i l ,

4 2, ( 93 )

2 69, ( 87)

'

Te mpe lburg , Te mse ,

4 6,48,337

1 70-1

6 5

Te mse-Ve ld mo lenw i jk ,

6 97

1 23,199 ,205

Ten ja ,

Ue l ingen ,

1 36

Tepe G iyan ,

1 96

Ter Wisch ,

2 32

Tha lhe im ,

1 22

T ha mes,

4 3

U ioara d e S us,

6 8,77,82-3 ,126,136,

1 37,191

U l lers lev ,

7 0

U l leske lf ,

1 34-5 ,372

Und ley ,

1 34

1 45 ,149,188,197,238,258,

Un terbuchfe ld,

2 67,357,367

Unterg lauhe im ,

Tha mes D it ton , The mines ,

Unterhach ing ,

7 0 ,97

s ee Gro t te d e Roucadour

Thenford H i l l ,

U nters tedt ,

T h ia is ,

1 62,211 , ( 182 )

Usedo m ,

Th ian t ,

1 84

Uzd ,

Th iverny ,

2 90-1

Thorndon ,

6 ,176,358

T i l loyles-Ca mbra i , T i lshead , T isbury ,

1 02 ,108, ( 1 19)

2 09,211

T itchf ie ld ,

Vag ,

2 79

6 2 6 1

2 44 ,246

Va lkenswaard ,

2 91

2 34

T irancourt ,

1 98

3 77

Vadsby ,

s ee Grays T hurrock

3 87-8

2 22

U pper C hape l ,

1 88

Thur loe Wa lk ,

1 03

2 00

Vä l luv ,

s ee Bars löv

Va lthe ,

2 01

Vasse ,

1 65

Vaudr icourt ,

5 2 ,321

( 57)

T je lta ,

3 26

Vaux-e t-Borse t ,

Tob a ,

1 52

Veenenburg ,

Toddin ,

3 63 , ( 125 )

1 40

To mbe F ourda ine , Too me Bar , Tooradoo ,

Tostedt ,

2 01

Vernon , 8 2,214

1 75 ,237,264

3 8,42 ,44 ,63

7 5

Vester S k jerninge ,

V ic-sur-A isne ,

3 38

V ie i l-Arcy ,

V ide l les ,

Trou d e l 'A mbre ,

2 83

3 88

3 79

1 53

1 99

Trou d e l L euve ,

1 05

2 76-80 2 80-1,395

V i lar Ma ior , 1 44

1 49 ,180 ,197,

2 00 ,202,205 ,219,283 ,411 4 9

Trundho lm ,

Vers ,

4 5 ,48,322-3 ,328, ( 64)

7 0

Vez i l lon ,

4 29

Tro is-Cro ix ,

7 7

Vester Vandet ,

7 7, ( 4 )

Tre msbUt te l ,

4 9

Verneui ll 'E tang ,

6 5 ,100

Trapra in L aw ,

True ,

2 07-12 ,214 ,218-20 ,386,400 ,409 Verna ison ,

2 74

Tourv i l le-la-R iv iere ,

Tr ig li tz ,

1 18,160 ,167,180-1,190 ,195 ,

Verdun ,

1 78

1 52

2 80

Vena t ,

s ee Ken t 's C avern

Tredarvah ,

1 38

Ve lsen ,

2 79

To t ternhoe ,

Trebou l,

Ve jby ,

Ve l 'ke R askovce ,

2 15

To terfout , Tourna i ,

s ee E qu ihen

1 97,237

Tor marton , Torquay ,

2 03

5 0 ,63,87,89 ,121 ,346,

V i l lar-d 'Arene , V i l le-d 'Avray ,

1 53-4 ,395 4 5 ,48, ( 52)

V i l leneuve-Saint-Georges , 1 52

Tu mu lus d es Bagnet tes,

6 6,82 ,120-1,

1 48,182,241,260 ,286 s ee

V i l lers-sur-Auth ie ,

E breui l

3 ,76,79 ,82 ,87,90 ,

3 26-7 , ( 67)

Turnhout ,

2 50 ,412

V i l lers-sur-Coudon ,

Ty Mawr ,

2 05

V i l leth ierry , V i lsingen ,

U dde ler Veen ,

1 65

V inc ly ,

6 98

4 8

1 74 ,260

8 4 ,122-6,200

4 28

V ise , V i tre , V ix ,

Wes tbury-on-Try m ,

8 2 3 36 s ee Mont-Lasso is

Voge lenzang , Voorhout ,

Vorwoh lde ,

7 5 ,274-5

West Ha lton , Wes t Row , We t ten ,

6 2

1 45

5 0

Weybr idge ,

2 51-2

Wh igsborough ,

6 5

Wiche len ,

6 6

Waas munster , Wach tu m ,

1 4

1 76

Wh i tt ingha m , Waa l,

7 2 1 61,386

We ther ingse t t ,

8 4

4 8

V urste ,

3 78

West Har ling ,

V ortenbosch ,

V ron ,

2 3

Wes ter Ord, Westerwanna ,

2 74

4 3,49-50 ,275 ,351,

3 63 , ( 85)

Vouvry ,

Westendorf ,

6 5,100 ,120 ,149

LBA2 h oard , 2 14

2 08,331,401

Wa l lerfangen ,

1 49 ,207 ,217,400 ,

LBA4 h oard ,

( 213) 6 ,184

Wiesbaden ,

Wa l lingford , Wa l ling ton ,

6 4

Wi lbur ton , ( 129)

1 4 7 6,136,326

Wangen a n d er Aare , Wangford ,

1 63

7 ,9-10 ,132 ,134-5 ,138,

1 45-6,148-50 ,194 ,368-9 ,372,375 ,

2 08

Wa ltha mstow , Wandswor th ,

2 48,252-5 ,287,315 ,427, ( 232 )

Wi jk b i j Durstede ,

6 ,284 5 ,134 ,372

Wa l lstadt ,

1 96

Wies loch , Wi jchen ,

4 11

1 45 , ( 128)

Wickha m Park ,

3 63

Wa lda lgeshe im , Wa lders lade ,

1 91 1 85 ,190 ,226,248

Wicken F en

1 66-7

2 32

Wagen ingen ,

8 ,41

1 03

5 8,135

Wi ldeshausen , Wi lstedt ,

4 0 ,55

2 56

Wind s bach , 4 6,96-7,111

Wanku m ,

5 0

Winterbourne Basset ,

Wan tage ,

4 5-6,49 ,59 , ( 1 )

Wistedt ,

3 51

Wi tha m ,

6 ,184-5

Wardböh men , Warnow ,

2 3-4

2 10

Wixhausen ,

Wa ter N ew ton , Wa tford,

2 63

1 61,181,199 ,218,

2 45 ,380 ,388,(154 ) Wa t ton ,

2 32 , ( 221)

Wedderveen , Wee lde ,

2 74 ,277

Weerdinge ,

Wo jc iechow ice ,

7 5 ,79,89 ,91, ( 80 )

Wo l l meshe im ,

Wor lebury C a mp ,

8 6

Wor th ,

1 01 ,113

Wragby ,

1 90 ,198,219 ,260 ,368

We lby ,

1 54

5 ,12,133 ,161,285 ,413 5 3

Wroxe ter ,

7 1

Wye Down ,

4 ,161,192-3 ,199,292,

1 03 ,117,123,214 ,283

1 18,193 8 9 , ( 17)

Wor th ing ,

We isden ,

Wy tha m ,

4 1

2 55

3 93 , ( 158) We l lendorf ,

2 4

We l ling ton ,

5 1

Werne , Werrar , Wese l ,

Xer ma meni l ,

5 0

Ya t tendon ,

( 21)

Ystad,

7 2 ,188

Wes t B uck land ,

7 0

Woo l mer F orest ,

Weerdinger Weg ,

1 54 ,376

1 88

Wo lfhagen-S tadtwa ld,

Weerdinger Veen , 6 6,141 Weert ,

7 5

Wonshe im ,

2 00 ,221

7 1

5 ,54-5 ,86,327,

( 30 ) 6 99

5 ,181

1 51

Yverdon ,

2 06

1 88

Zandbergen , Ze igen ,

9 1

Ze i jen ,

2 91

Ze th lingen ,

1 63 ,210 ,410 ,412 , ( 1 88)

7 7

Zevenbergen , Z ih l ,

2 88

2 44

Z i t taar t , Z su jta , Z ubzow ,

2 01 1 39 1 76

Z uidlaren ,

7 4-5 ,79,202 ,221-2 , ( 81)

Z t ir ich- Wo l lishofen , Zwaagdi jk ,

1 91

7 0

Zwar tenberg ,

2 74

7 00

F ig 1

7

F ig. 1 .

Burnha m h oard .

F ig 2 A

1 7

F ig 2B

F ig . 2 A .

B urnham h oard .

F ig . 2 B .

Dew l ish h oard .

F ig 3A

F ig 30

F ig 3B

5

1

F ig 3D

2

3

F ig . 3A .

E g lesha m Meadow h oard .

F ig . 3B .

Gr i mstone h oard .

F ig . 3C .

B ur ley h oard .

F ig . 3D .

Gosport h oard .

F ig 4

8

1 9

F ig. 4 .

Gospor t h oard .

F ig 5

1

2

6

1

F ig. 5 .

Gable Head h oard .

7

1 2

F ig 6

1 7

F ig. 6 .

Gable Head h oard .

F ig 7 A

F ig 7 B

3

8

F ig . 7A .

Gab le H ead h oard .

F ig . 7B .

P ear Tree G reen h oard .

4

5

F ig 8 A

2 1

F ig 8B

2

F ig . 8A .

P ear Tree G reen h oard .

F ig . 8B .

Hay lands h oard .

F ig 9A

5

8

F ig 9 B

4

1

F ig . 9A .

N ewport/Fa ir le igh h oard .

F ig . 9 B .

L eaving ton h oard .

F ig 1 0A

7

6

F ig 1 0B

6

F ig . 1 0A .

L eav ing ton h oard .

F ig . 1 0B .

Werrar h oard .

F ig 1

7

1

1 0

1 2

F ig. i i.

B irch ington h oard .

F ig 1 2A

1 5

F ig 1 2B

F ig . 1 2A .

B irch ing ton h oard .

F ig . 1 2B .

N ear C an terbury h oard .

F ig 1 3A

1

F ig 1 3B

1

2

F ig 1 30

1

2

F ig . 1 3A . F ig . 1 3B . F ig . 1 3C .

Goudhurs t h oard . B i l l ingshurs t h oard . N ear B ognor h oard .

F ig 1 4

5

6

1 0

1

1 6

1 4

1 9

1 5

1 2

1 7 F ig. 1 4.

Marsha l l E sta te h oard .

1 8

F ig 1 5A

1

F ig 1 5B

1

2

F ig . 1 5A .

B lackrock h oard .

F ig . 1 5B .

S id lesham h oard .

F ig 1 6A

1

F ig 1 6B

F ig 1 6C

2

F ig . 1 6A .

R us t ing ton h oard .

F ig . 1 6B .

H ighwor th h oard .

F ig . 1 6C .

H e ls ton h oard .

1

F ig 1 7A

4

9

5

8

6

F ig 1 7B

F ig . 1 7A .

Do m m iers h oard .

F ig . 1 7B .

B ournev i l le h oard .

F ig 1 8

1

9

1 0

1

-

F ig. 1 8.

Baux-Sa in te-Cro ix h oard .

-

F ig 1 9A

1

9

F ig 1 9B

2

F ig . 1 9A .

Bour lay h oard .

F ig . 1 9B .

L a C hape l le h oard .

F ig 2 0

/ 1 0

1 5

F ig . 2 0 .

L a Chape l le h oard .

F ig 2 1A

4

1

7

8

F ig 2 1B

2

F ig . 2 1A . F ig . 2 1B .

3

G isors h oard . H euquev i l le h oard .

4

F ig 2 2

5

6

F ig. 2 2.

Heuquev i l le h oard .

F ig 2 3A

2

F ig 2 3B

2

3

F ig . 2 3A .

L ive t h oard .

F ig . 2 3B .

R ouen h oard .

4

5

F ig

-

5 -

6

F ig. 2 4.

8

Mon t-Sa in t-A ignan h oard.

9

2 4

F ig 2 5

F ig. 2 5.

Bernay-Pon tho i le h oard .

F ig 2 6

1

9

7

F ig . 2 6 .

1 . F aubourg d e B res les .

3 . Am iens .

4 . Ba t te l .

7 . Doddington .

5 . H eusden .

8 . N ear Re i ms .

2 . Heur teauv i l le . 6 . C ha lton .

9 . We tteren .

F ig 2 7

6

F ig . 2 7 .

1 . Waas muns ter .

4 . Be irva ld .

2 . L i l le .

5 . S choonaarde .

8 . Ang le D i tch .

3 . Am iens .

6 . H u ise .

7 . A sper .

F ig 2 8

4

C I D F ig . 2 8 . 1 . We t teren . 2 . Maase ick . 3 . B i l lingham . 4 . Ba l l inco l l ig . 5 . Barr ing ton . 6 . ? Pe terborough a rea . 7 . Angerv i l le a rea .

F ig 2 9

0 0 C1 3 '

1

5

2

F ig . 2 9 .

1 . S e ine a t Par is .

3 . Am iens .

2 . O ise a t I l e d u Grand Peup le .

4 . S e ine a t V i l leneuve-Sa int-Georges .

5 . S eine a t Par is .

F ig 3 0

F ig . 3 0 .

1 . Beaune .

2 . K i mber ley .

F ig 3 1

4

1

F ig . 3 1 .

1 . Kn igh ton Down .

3 . S e ine a t Par is .

2 . N oa i l les .

4 . Go t te m .

F ig 3 2

4

2

5

7

6

1 0

F ig . 3 2 .

E3

1 . S e ine a t Par is .

4 . G isors .

2 . L ayham .

5 . S a in t-Cyr-du-Vaudreu i l .

7 . T horny Down . a t P ar is .

8

9

8 . Boves .

3 . S e ine a t Par is . 6 . S outh L odge C amp .

9 . Ma iden C as t le .

1 0 . S e ine

F ig 3 3

2

F ig. 3 3.

3

Orset t h oard.

F ig 3 4

3

7

1 0

1

1 2

F ig . 3 4.

1 3

Dover h oard .

1 4

8

9

F ig 3 5

2 1

2 0

1 7

2 2

-


3 1

3 2

C ID

F ig. 3 5.

Dover h oard .

F ig 3 6A

F ig 3 6B

2

1

3

4

F ig . 3 6A .

E r iswe l l h oard .

F ig . 3 6B .

F ronde I le h oard .

F ig 3 7

1

2

4

5

1 0

1 F ig . 3 7 .

1 . Am iens .

4 . An twerp .

2 . N i j megen .

5 . Dakna m .

8 . C a mbr idge a rea . 1 1 . N r . Annan .

3 . S e ine a t P ar is .

6 . F landers .

9 . Quy F en .

7 . C a mbr idge .

1 0 . K ingo ldru m .

1 2 . Unprovenanced .

1 3 . F landers .

F ig 3 8

3

1

1 2

7

4 5

1 2

1 4

9

2 1

F ig . 3 8 .

2 2

6 . S che ldt a t Wiche len .

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 19

2 4

2 3

1 . Burnha m .

2 . Rouen .

3 .

7 . E r iswe l l .

1 0-11 . S che ldt a t S choonaar 'd e . 1 4 . S choonaarde .

C a mbridge .

1 9-20 . S eine a t P ar is .

2 2 . Tha mes a t S ion Reach .

?London . 8 . Z e le .

1 2 . Wiche len .

Ho mington .

S ain t-Ouen .

1 5

4 -5 . Me l le . 9 . S e ine a t Par is . 1 3 . E bb le a t

1 5-17 . S e ine a t Par is .

2 3- 4 . S e ine a t Par is .

2 6 . S eine a t P ar is .

1 8 . N r .

2 1 . T ha mes a t O ld E ng land . 2 5. . Lacro ix-

2 0

F ig 3 9

3

1

4

2

>

< > •

6

F ig . 3 9 .

1 . S e ine a t V i l leneuve-Sa in t-Georges .

L ondon .

3 . Geraardsbergen .

6 . Dender monde .

4 . Mon tf eres .

2 . Tha mes a t

5 . Me thwo ld .

5

F ig 40

2

F ig. 4 0.

1 -2. Rue Fon ta ine d u Roi.

13

3 . Tren t n r . Not t ingha m .

F ig 4 1

1

F ig . 4 1 .

2

1 . O ise a t Boran .

Por tle-Grand .

2 . S o m me a t

3 . Tha mes a t K ings ton .

3

F ig 4 2

1

F ig. 4 2.

I sleha r r i h oard .

F ig 4 3

1

9

1 3

1 7

F ig. 4 3.

I sleha m h oard.

F ig 4 4

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

CD

2 8

L I C : 13

2 7

3 0

3 2

3 1

F ig. 4 4.

I sleha m h oard .

2 9

C 1 3

F ig 4 5

r

3 4

3 5

0 3 9

4 0

4 3

4 9

4 1

5 2

5 0

5 1

5 3

5 4

0 , vele f i l l tedA le re le t lü l 1 1 1 1 1 1

L c F ig. 4 5.

I sl eha rn h oard .

F ig 4 6A

5 5

5 9

5 6

5 7

6 0

> e n

-— 11

5 8

0

6 1 6 2

CM D

6 3‹ 6 4T

F ig 4 6B

F ig 4 6C

1 F ig . 4 6A .

I s leharn h oard .

F ig . 4 6B .

Wicken F en h oard .

F ig . 4 6C .

Wi lbur ton h oard .

F ig 4 7

7

[3 -

1 3

F ig. 4 7 .

Wi lbur ton h oard .

F ig 4 8

1 7

1 8

0

1 9

2 0

2 3 f 7Z 5-" "7 -77,

2 7

77 : E5 .7 . 1

2 6

2 5

F ig . 4 8.

Wi lbur ton h oard .

2 4

F ig 4 9A

i a1 3

eeY

c ) 2 9

2 8

3 0

c g === J . •

3 1

1

F ig 4 90

2

3

F ig . 4 9A .

Wi lbur ton h oard .

F ig . 4 9B .

Andover h oard .

F ig . 4 9C .

C an te leu h oard .

F ig 5 0

c

>

9

1 0

1 2

1

F ig. 5 0.

S eine a t Par is h oard .

1 3

F ig 5 1

[ 2 12

2

C

9

F ig . 5 1 .

1 . U nprovenanced .

4 . S waf fha m . 7 . L akenhea th . 1 0 .

5 . F aubourg d e Ham . 8 . Unprovenanced .

Am iens a rea .

a t L ondon .

2 . C la iro ix .

1 1 . C arse L och .

3 . U nd ley .

6 . L i t t lepor t . 9 . A bbev i l le a rea . 1 2-13 . Tha mes

)

F ig 5 2

2

4

F ig . 5 2 .

1 . Tha mes ,

2 -5 . S e ine a t Paris . C har e n ton .

?Mor t lake . 6 -7 . S e ine a t

7

. — z.

F ig 5 3

1

4

2

F ig . 5 3 .

1 -2 . S eine

a t Par is .

3 . A lbert .

4 . L iercour t .

F ig 5 4

1

F ig . 5 4 .

1 . A ldre th .

2 . T hames a t T edding ton .

3 . S e ine a t P on t D 'Auster l i tz .

F ig 5 5A

F ig 5 5C

1

F ig 5 5B

1

2

3

1

F ig 5 5D

1

2

F ig 5 5E

1 F ig . 5 5A .

2

3

B raes o f G igh t h oard .

F ig . 5 5D .

Auch ter tyre h oard .

F ig . 5 5B .

Ba l mashanner h oard .

F ig . 5 5E .

C ovesea .

F ig . 5 5C .

Da lduf f h oard .

F ig 5 6

5

0 1

2

4

• •• ••

( = CD

7

9

© 1 0

1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 8

•

_

2 2

1 6

1 9

— 2 0

2 3

2 4

3 2 7

2 8

2 1

2 6

2 5

f F ig. 5 6.

1 7

Grays Thurrock h oard .

2 9

F ig 5 7A

2

T

8

1

5

h

0 _

1 0

9

c n

3

1 2

1 3

7

1 4

F ig 5 7B

1

2

F ig 5 7C

L

F ig . 5 7A .

L e igh h oard .

F ig . 5 7B .

S hoebury h oard .

F ig . 5 7C .

S outhchurch h oard .

F ig 5 8A

1

5

7

F ig 5 8B

2

5 F ig . 5 8A .

Wa tford h oard .

F ig . 5 8B .

Ay lesford h oard .

F ig 5 9

1

3

4

5

7

6

1 2

F ig. 5 9.

Minn is Bay h oard.

F ig 6 0

2 1

2 6

2 5

2 9

2 6

2 7 F ig. 6 0.

2 8 Mi nn is Bay h oard.

3 0

F ig 6 1

-

I

I

I

3 1

3 3

3 4

3 5

3 6

3 7

4 1

3 9

4 2

4 4

4 7

4 8

49

4 5

5 1

5 0

5 9

5 2

4 6

5 3

5 4

5 5

5 6

5 8

5 7

£ 07 s o F ig. 6 1.

Minn is Bay h oard.

F ig 6 2A

1

4

7

2

9

1 0

F ig 6 2B

2

3

4

6

7

8

9 F ig . 6 2A .

S tour mou th h oard .

F ig . 6 2B .

We lby h oard .

1 0

F ig 6 3A

3

r 1

4

2

7

1 1 1 8 1 1 1

0

8

1 4 1 0 1 5

f i l 0 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 0

F ig 6 3B

2 F ig . 6 3A .

Dev i l le h oard .

F ig . 6 3B .

Pan t in h oard .

F ig 6 4

1

5

0

-

9

6

1 0

1

1 2

1 3 1 7

1 8

1 9

F ig. 6 4.

2 0

Dreu il h oard.

2 2

F ig 6 5A

2 4

2 5

2 6

2 7

o ro z 9z, m ez e j ,

2 8

z : e .

2

3 0

2 9

3 2

3 1

3 4

3 3

F ig 6 5B c ; : z )

1

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