Compendium of Meteorology Class I and Class II Meteorological Personnel Physical Meteorology [1/2]

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INDEX

INDEX

INDEX

INDEX

INDEX i

TABLE O F CONTENTS )

Page PdRT 2

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PHYSICAL METEOROLOGY

I n t r o d n c ti on

3

Chap t er

THE COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOCPHERE

I

Aerosols

Water Vapour

1.5 1.6

1.3

Ozone

1.7

Weather and Climate

1.4

Carbon Dioxide

1.1

The Composition o f D r y A i r

1.2

2.1

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c c of t h e Sun

2.2

The Nature of S o l a r

16

2.5

D i c p o s i t i o n of S o l a r

G e o g r a p h i c a l m d Seasonal

R a d i a t i o n under

D i e t r i b u t i o n o f Solar

Clou d l e ss Cond i t i ons 2.8

R a d i a t i on 2.4

Direct-Beam I n s o l a t i o n at the Earth's Surface

2.7

Radia ti on 2.5

2.6

Disposition of Solar

D e p l e t i o n o f Solar

R a d i a t i o n with Cloudy

Radia t i on

Ckies

D i r e c t - B e a m normal Flux

2.9

Mean D i s p o s i t i o n of Solar Radiation

at the Earth's Surface 111

54

TERRESTRIAL RADIATION

3.1 3.2

The C h a r a c t e r i c t i c c o f

3,3

3.4

Simpson's Computntion

T e r c e c t r i d R a d i a t i on

of T e r r e c t r i r l

A b s o r p t i o n of T e r r e s t r i a l

Radia t i o n T r r n s f e r

R a d i a t i on

3. 5

Trnncmission o f T e r r e s t r i d R a d i a t i on t h r o u g h t h e

Atmosp h e r e

e

A i r Pollution

SOLAR R A D I A T I ON

11

5

F l s n ü s er ' s G e n e r a l i z e d

Absorption Coefficient

3.6

R a 6 i P t i v e Heating or Cooling

INDEX ii

Chapter

45

IV

4.1

H i s t o r i c a l ;ind G e o l o g i c n l

4. 7

Greenhoui e Rff e c t

Evidenc e

4.2

Computo t i o n Problems

4.5

S o l e r R a d i a t i on u i d t h e

4 . [J

4.4

Component s of

Troposphere

4.3

Non-Radic t i v e Eff e c t s

P o l e w a d Tr0pospher.i c

Energy T r a n s p o r t

the Mean Heat B d a n c e

4.5 4.L

N e r i d i o n í l Temperrture G r z d i e n t s i n the

Ecr t h - T r o po s p h e r e S ys t em Long-!Jave

The A t m o s p h e r i c

4.1 O

R a d i r? ti o n Mensür cm en t s

from S . t e l l i t e s

Summary o f t h e Mean Hent

B a l a n c e for t h e E a r t h T r o p o s p h e r e System

V

THERMODYNAMICS OF DRY AIR

5.1

B p a n s i o n o f a Gas u n d e r

5.1P

Cons trnt P r e s s u r e 5.2

5.3 5.4 5.5

5.11

S p e c i f i c Iiepts of B-1: Xir

of Energy

5.12

Non-Adiabn t i c P r o c e s c e s in

t h e Atmosphere

Specific Hent

First Law o f Thermodyn:mics

5.13

Adirbr.tic Processes i n t h e Atmosphere

I n t e r n a l E n e r g y o f an

5.14

P o i s s o n ' s E q u e t i o n for Dry A i r

I n t e r n a l E n e r g y o f Real

Gases

5.7

Dry Air

The L r i i of C o n s e r v a t i o n

I d e a l Gas

5.6

Equition of StTte f o r

5.15

A l t e r n a t i v e Formv of t h e F n e r c y Eour t i o n

Adiabatic Processes i n I d e p l Gzses

5.1;

Entropy

5.8

P o t e n t i a l Temper a t u r e

5.17

Dry A d i r b a t i c P r o c e s s

5.9

S p e c i f i c Gas C o n s t o n t f o r Dry A i r

bl

INDEX iii

Chap t er THERMODYNAMICS OF MOIST AiR

VI

6.1

The Three S t a t e s of

6.10

6.3 6.4

L a t e n t Heat

6.11

Dew P o i n t Temperature

The Clausius-Clapeyron

6.12

Wet Bulb T e n p e r a t u r e

Equation

6.15

Equival e n t Temper ature

E q u a t i o n of S t a t e f o r

6.14

A d i a b a t i c Ekpansion of

6.7

.

U n s a tur a t e d A i r

Water Vapour

6.5 6.6

Isobaric Processes f o r Moi s t A i r

Water S u b s t a n c e

6.2

74

Moi stur e V a r i a b l e s

6.15

Equation of S t a t e f o r

A d i ñ b a t i c P r o c e s s e s of S a t u r a t e d Air

Moist A i r

6.16

The R e v e r s i b l e F r o c e s s

R e l a t i o n s h i p between R,,

6.17

The I r r e v e r s i b l e P r o c e s s

and Rd

6.18

The Pseudo-Adi 1 bc t i c

6.8

V i r t u a l Temperature

6.9

Comput a t i on o f Vir t u 2 1

Equa t i o n

Temperature RYDROSTATIC EQ3ILIBRIUM

VI1

7.7 7.8

7.1

The F o r c e o f G r a v i t y

7.2

Level Surfaces

7.3 7.4

G e o p o t e n t ia l Equipotential Surface

7.9

The Standard btmosphere

7.5

Pressure i n a Fluid

7.10

Altimetry

at Rest

7.11

Reduction of F r e s s u r e

7.6

Hydro s t a t i c Equi 1ib r i um

The H y d r o s t a t i c Equation Thickness of an Atmosp he r i c Layer

t o Mean Sea Level

94

INDEX

Chapter THERMODYNAMIC DIAGRAMS

VI11

8.1

Use of P r e s s u r e C o - o r d i n a t e s

Y.7

i n the Vertical

108

EvaluP.tion o f U n r e p o r t e d Yunntiti es

D e s i r a b l e P r o p e r t i e s of

O.n

Wet-Bulb T e m p e r n t u r e

Thermod ynemic Diagrams

8.9

E q u i v a l e n t Temper:. tur e

0.5

The T e p h i g r a m

8.10

Conserv? t i o n o f !.ir-Mass

0.4

The E m o g r m

8.5

The Skew T-log p D i r g r ' m

8.6

I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e

8.2

P l o t t ed !.erologi

Prc p e r t i e s 0.11

Pseudo-Potentizl

T ernpe r D t u l e s

cal

Di2 g r a m

VERTICAL STABILITY OF THP ATMCISPHE'RF'

IX

o . 11

Determin? t i o n o f

3.1

Environment L a p s e Rnte

?.2

Non-Adi abr. t i c Proccss e s

S t r b i l i t y fror. -n

9.3 9.4 9.5

Adinbatic Processec

A e r o l o g i c ñ l Ci::g??m

9.6

D r y A d i a b a t i c Lapse R a t e

9.1?

Condi t i o n n l S t r t e

Saturr.ted A d i a b a t i c

9.1'

Latent I n s t a b i l i t y

Lapse Rate

0.14

P o s i t i v e and N e g p t i v e

A d i a b a t i c Lapse R a t e

9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10

Arens

Expre ssi on f or S a t u r z t e d

E q u i l i b r i u m St n t e s

3.15 9.16

S t n b i l i t y o f Lz.yers R e l p t i o n betrieer,

The P a r c e l Method

P o t e n t i a l and L n t r n t

Ver t i c a l Acc e l e r a .t i o n

I n s t P b i 1i t y

of t h e P n r c e l

3.17

The S l i c e Method

A p p l i c a t i o n of t h e P a r c e l

3.16

Diurnrl Varir.tion of

Method

Lapse Rate

1 L4

INDEX V

Chapter CLOlJDS AND PRECIPITATION

X 10.1

Condensation Nuclei

10.7

The Formation o f Clouds

Curvature and S o l u t i o n

10.8

Cloud C l r s s i f i c a t i o n

Eff e c t s

10.9

Fog Formation

10.5

S u p e r c o o l i n g of D r o p l e t c

10.10 S u r f a c e D e p o s i t s

10.4

Ice Nuclei

10.11 Snow Cover

10.5

P r e c i p i t a t i o n from

10.12 A r t i f i c i a l Stimui:! t i o n

10.2

of P r e c i p i t a t i o n

Water Clouds

10.6

P r e c i p i t a t i o n from e

Mixed Cloudc

XI

169

ATMOSPHERIC OFTICS

11.1 Meteorologi c a l V i s i b i l i t y

11.4

A t t e n u a t i o n of Ligtit

11.2

Luminous Ehergy

11.5

V i s u a l Rringe

11.3

Brightness Contrast

11.6

O p t i c a i Phenomenn

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY

XII 12.1

The E l e c t r i c F i e l d of

12.5

The Supply Current

the Earth

12.6

E l e c t r i c a l ChTrge

12.2

Atmospheric I o n i z a t i o n

12.5

The Ionosphere

12.4

The A i r - E a r t h E l e c t r i c

S e p a r a t i o n i n Clouds 12.7

E l e c t r i c Dischmges i n t h e Troposphere

Current

:

Appendix 11 :

Electrornagnetic Radiation

187 188

Appendix 111:

The Gas L a w s

204

Appendix 1

V e r t i c a l D i v i s i o n s of t h e Atmosphere

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