Common Chinese Materia Medica: Volume 8 (Common Chinese Materia Medica, 8) 9811659036, 9789811659034

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Common Chinese Materia Medica Volume 8 Huagu Ye Chuyuan Li Wencai Ye Feiyan Zeng Editors

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Common Chinese Materia Medica

Huagu Ye • Chuyuan Li • Wencai Ye Feiyan Zeng Editors

Common Chinese Materia Medica Volume 8

Editors Huagu Ye South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Chuyuan Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited Guangzhou, China

Wencai Ye Coll Pharm Jinan Univ Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Feiyan Zeng South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

ISBN 978-981-16-5903-4    ISBN 978-981-16-5904-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1 Jointly published with Chemical Industry Press The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the print book from: Chemical Industry Press. © Chemical Industry Press 2022, corrected publication 2023 B&R Book Program This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Participating Units

SOUTH CHINA BOTANICAL GARDEN, THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES GUANGZHOU PHARMACEUTICAL HOLDINGS LIMITED JINAN UNIVERSITY Honorary Editor-in-Chief: Changxiao Liu Associate Honorary Editor-in-Chief: Hai Ren Editor-in-Chief: Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng Associate Editor-in-Chief: Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, Jianrong Li Editorial Board Members: Ling Ma, Faguo Wang, Guoping Wang, Jun Wang, Xiyong Wang, Linke Yin, Ye Lu, Wencai Ye, Huagu Ye, Yushi Ye, Yun Ye, Mingliang Shen, Shaozhi Fu, Lin Fu, Guohua Bai, Jibin Zhu, Qiang Zhu, Jian Quan, Fangfang Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Mei Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Shangchuan Sun, Shiquan Ling, Xiaojie Li, Shuyuan Li, Shiyu Li, Ruliang Li, Chengwen Li, Haitao Li, Cehong Li, Zexian Li, Jianrong Li, Haitao Li, Cehong Li, Chuyuan Li, Yi Yang, Xiaoling Yu, Bo Xiao, Haiyan Gu, Bin Zou, Fengqiu Zhang, Shupeng Zhang, Qiuying Zhang, Xiaoqi Zhang, Huiye Zhang, Yushun Chen, Hongyuan Chen, Haishan Chen, Xiaojing Fan, Chunlin Fan, Sirong Yi, Shimin Duan, Xinsheng Qin, Han Jia, Lei Xu, Jing Xia, Zhihai Huang, Ya Huang, Xiujuan Tang, Ning Kang, Song Lu, Feiyan Zeng, Jingjin Cai, Kaiyun Guan, Wenbo Liao, Xueying Wei, Yujie Liao, Liyun Nie, Xueying Wei, Minghui Cai

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Preface

Traditional Chinese medicine, a generic term for all medicines used by Chinese ethnic groups, including Han and minority races, reflects the Chinese nation’s understanding of life, health, and diseases. Also, it is a pharmaceutical system that has a long tradition of unique theories and technical methods. Traditional Chinese medicine is the cream of the crop of the Chinese culture, which has played a very important role in the reproduction and prosperity of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. With the research and development of traditional Chinese medical resources, many folk drugs are also added into the inventory of traditional Chinese medicine, making it encompass microbes, plants, animals, and minerals used for the prevention and treatment of diseases on the basis of Chinese traditional medical theories as well as other substances processed from them. Either produced in China or foreign lands, medications commonly used in traditional medical therapies and circulated in the market of medicinal materials are collectively called traditional Chinese medicine, but those folk medicines which are not expansively acknowledged are commonly referred to as herbal medicines. In recent years, owing to the changes in health concepts and medical models, the effects of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of common, frequent, chronic, and major diseases have been progressively acknowledged and accepted by the international community. At present, Chinese medicines have spread to 183 countries and regions. The discovery of artemisinin by Professor Youyou Tu, winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, is a good indicator of the outstanding contribution made by traditional Chinese medicine to human health. Traditional Chinese medications are time-honored, widely distributed, tremendously diverse, and complex in origins. These factors, coupled with the uneven quality of medical works in history, as well as different conventions in drug use contributed to the common phenomena that several drugs are namesakes and the same drug is given many names. What adds to the complication is that novel drug varieties are emerging, resulting in contentions among professionals and unassured qualities of traditional Chinese medications.

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In an effort to fully demonstrate the growing environment and attributes of the original plants and animals contained in this series of books, systematically introduce their origins, and clarify main differences between approximate species and the easily confused species, compilers visited places throughout China, against unimaginable hardships. A large number of unedited color pictures were taken in plant habitats, which vividly reflected the original appearance of the plants in different growing periods. Thousands of high-resolution pictures of commonly used traditional Chinese medications were taken, which remarkably and scientifically presented distinguishing features of medicinal materials. Experts in the application of Chinese herbal medicines have scoured a colossal number of materials to carefully codify exhaustive information related to the medicines, including the alias, sources, morphology, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods, medicinal properties, tastes, functions, use and dosages, cautions in use, and prescription samples and notes. This series of books is arranged in a systematic way—from algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, resins, and animals to minerals. For the convenience of readers, the book will be published in 10 volumes. This book series seeks to describe the habitat distributions and historical evolution of traditional Chinese medicine from a global perspective. In combination with contemporary scientific research results, this book series provides reference for the protection and scientific use of traditional Chinese medical resources. Due to reasons like the large assortment of traditional Chinese medications and the editors’ knowledge limitations, errors and incompleteness are inevitable. We welcome critical remarks from readers in the medical arena both at home and abroad. Editorial committee of Common Chinese Materia Medica (I–X). Guangdong, China August 2019  

Huagu Ye Chuyuan Li Wencai Ye Feiyan Zeng

Abstract

This volume contains 272 species of 13 families of medicinal plants, mainly such as Adenophora stricta, Adenophora tetraphylla, Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis tangshen, and Platycodon grandiflorus of Campanulaceae; Lobelia chinensis of Lobeliaceae; Hyoscyamus niger, Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum of Solanaceae; Cuscuta australis, Cuscuta chinensis, Erycibe obtusifolia of Convolvulaceae; Lagotis brevituba, Rehmannia glutinosa, Scrophularia ningpoensis of Scrophulariaceae; Aeginetia indica, Cistanche deserticola, Cistanche of Orobanchaceae; Campsis grandiflora, Oroxylum indicum of Bignoniaceae; Andrographis paniculata, Strobilanthes cusia of Acanthaceae; Callicarpa formosana, Callicarpa kwangtungensis, Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum, Clerodendrum fortunatum, Verbena officinalis, Vitex trifolia of Verbenaceae; Agastache rugosa, Ajuga decumbens, Clerodendranthus spicatus, Clinopodium chinense, Glechoma longituba, Lamiophlomis rotata, Leonurus japonicus, Lycopus lucidus var. Hirtus, Mesona chinensis, Perilla frutescens, Pogostemon cablin, Prunella vulgaris, Salvia bowleyana, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Scutellaria baicalensis of Lamiaceae.

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Contents

1

 edicinal Angiosperms of Campanulaceae, Lobeliaceae, M Boraginaceae��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    1 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 edicinal Angiosperms of Solanaceae ��������������������������������������������������   79 M Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 edicinal Angiosperms of Convolvulaceae ������������������������������������������  127 M Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 edicinal Angiosperms of Scrophulariaceae����������������������������������������  175 M Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 edicinal Angiosperms of Orobanchaceae, Gesneriaceae, M Bignoniaceae��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  269 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 edicinal Angiosperms of Pedaliaceae, Acanthaceae��������������������������  321 M Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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Medicinal Angiosperms of Verbenaceae������������������������������������������������  373 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 edicinal Angiosperms of Labiatae������������������������������������������������������  463 M Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 edicinal Angiosperms of Labiatae (Cont. I) ��������������������������������������  535 M Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

10 M  edicinal Angiosperms of Labiatae (Cont. II)��������������������������������������  613 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li Correction to: Medicinal Angiosperms of Scrophulariaceae. . . . . . . . . . .   C1 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Chapter 1

Medicinal Angiosperms of Campanulaceae, Lobeliaceae, Boraginaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 1.1  Family: Campanulaceae 1.1.1  Adenophora divaricata 1.2  Family: Campanulaceae 1.2.1  Adenophora hunanensis 1.3  Family: Campanulaceae 1.3.1  Adenophora liliifolioides 1.4  Family: Campanulaceae 1.4.1  Adenophora polyantha 1.5  Family: Campanulaceae 1.5.1  Adenophora stenanthina 1.6  Family: Campanulaceae 1.6.1  Adenophora stricta, Adenophora tetraphylla 1.7  Family: Campanulaceae 1.7.1  Campanumoea javanica 1.8  Family: Campanulaceae 1.8.1  Campanumoea javanica subsp. japonica 1.9  Family: Campanulaceae 1.9.1  Campanumoea lancifolia

   3    3    5    5    6    6    9    9  11  11  12  12  17  17  19  19  21  21

H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_1

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2 1.10  Family: Campanulaceae 1.10.1  Codonopsis convolvulacea 1.11  Family: Campanulaceae 1.11.1  Codonopsis lanceolata 1.12  Family: Campanulaceae 1.12.1  Codonopsis nervosa 1.13  Family: Campanulaceae 1.13.1  Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis tangshen 1.14  Family: Campanulaceae 1.14.1  Platycodon grandifloras 1.15  Family: Campanulaceae 1.15.1  Wahlenbergia marginata 1.16  Family: Lobeliaceae 1.16.1  Lobelia chinensis 1.17  Family: Lobeliaceae 1.17.1  Lobelia davidii 1.18  Family: Lobeliaceae 1.18.1  Lobelia melliana 1.19  Family: Lobeliaceae 1.19.1  Pratia nummularia 1.20  Family: Boraginaceae 1.20.1  Bothriospermum chinense 1.21  Family: Boraginaceae 1.21.1  Cynoglossum zeylanicum 1.22  Family: Boraginaceae 1.22.1  Ehretia macrophylla 1.23  Family: Boraginaceae 1.23.1  Ehretia thyrsiflora 1.24  Family: Boraginaceae 1.24.1  Heliotropium indicum 1.25  Family: Boraginaceae 1.25.1  Lithospermum erythrorhizon 1.26  Family: Boraginaceae 1.26.1  Thyrocarpus sampsonii 1.27  Family: Boraginaceae 1.27.1  Tournefortia montana 1.28  Family: Boraginaceae 1.28.1  Trigonotis peduncularis References

H. Ye et al.  22  22  24  24  26  26  28  28  36  36  42  42  44  44  47  47  50  50  52  52  54  54  56  56  59  59  61  61  63  63  65  65  70  70  73  73  76  76  77

This chapter introduces 30 species of medicinal plants in three families, mainly including, Adenophora divaricata, Adenophora hunanensis, Adenophora liliifolioides, Adenophora polyantha, Adenophora stenanthina, Adenophora stricta, Campanumoea javanica, Campanumoea lancifolia, Codonopsis convolvulacea, Platycodon grandifloras, Wahlenbergia marginata of Campanulaceae, Lobelia chinensis, Lobelia melliana, Pratia nummularia of Lobeliaceae, Bothriospermum chinense, Cynoglossum zeylanicum, Heliotropium indicum, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Thyrocarpus sampsonii, Tournefortia Montana, and Trigonotis peduncularis of Boraginaceae.

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This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage, and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

1.1  Family: Campanulaceae 1.1.1  Adenophora divaricata Chinese Name(s): zhan zhi sha shen, si ye cai. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Adenophora divaricata (Adenophora divaricata Franch. et Sav.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 50–100 cm tall. The roots are stout. The stems are erect and simple. The basal leaves are withered at anthesis. The cauline leaves are 3–5-verticillate, sessile or subsessile, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-­ elliptic, 4–11 cm long, 2–7 cm wide, basally cuneate, apically acute or acuminate, abaxially often lustrous, coarsely serrate at margins. The inflorescences are conic, with patulous branches; the lower inflorescence branches are usually verticillate; the upper ones are alternate; the rachises are glabrous. The flowers are often nodding; the calyces are glabrous, conic at tubes, apically 5-lobed; the calyx lobes are lanceolate, 5–10 mm long, more than 2 mm wide, entire, reflexed or not reflexed at anthesis; the corollas are campanulate, 1–2 cm long, blue, purple-blue, or light blue, apically 5-lobed. There are five stamens. The styles are puberulent, nearly as long as the corollas; the stigmas are 3-lobed. The disks are short-tubular, ca. 2 mm long. The capsules are compressed-conic. The seeds are ca. 2 mm long, black-brown. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows at forest margins, in thickets, meadows, on hillsides, and roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, as well as in North Korea, the Russian Far East, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, the silt is removed, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and moistening the lungs, resolving phlegm and stopping coughing, replenishing Yin and the stomach, increasing secretion of saliva, and relieving thirst, and it is often used for treatment of cough due to dryness and heat in the lungs, thirst due to hectic diseases, and anorexia. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.2  Family: Campanulaceae 1.2.1  Adenophora hunanensis Chinese Name(s): xing ye sha shen, hu nan sha shen. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Adenophora hunanensis (Adenophora hunanensis Mannf.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, 60–120 cm tall, unbranched, glabrous, or slightly white short-hispid. The cauline leaves are petiolate at least at lower parts, rarely subsessile. The leaves are oval, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, basally usually cuneate-acuminate, or subtruncate and suddenly becoming narrowed, decurrent toward petioles, apically acute to acuminate, sparsely serrate at margins, short-­ hispid on both surfaces, rarely puberulent or glabrous, 3–10(–15) cm long, 2–4 cm wide. The inflorescence branches are long, nearly spreading or archedascending, often arranged in large and sparse panicles, rarely very short or long and erect to form narrow panicles; the pedicels are short and stout, only 2–3 mm long, rarely up to 5 mm long; the rachises and pedicels are pubescent or subglabrous. The calyces are often sparsely or densely white pubescent, rarely glabrous; the tubes are obconic; and the lobes are ovate or long-ovate, 4–7 mm long, 1.5–4 mm wide, overlapping at base. The corollas are campanulate, 1–2.5 mm long; the lobes are triangular-ovate, ca. 1/3 corolla length; the disks are shorttubular, 1–2.5 mm long, apically pubescent or glabrous; the styles are as long as the corolla. The capsules are ellipsoid, or near ovoid, 6–8 mm long, 4–6 mm in diameter. The seeds are ellipsoid, 1-ribbed, 1–1.5 mm long. The flowering period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows in mountain grass or under sparse forest. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Tonifying Yin and clearing heat, moistening the lungs and resolving phlegm, stopping coughing, and it is often used for treatment of cough due to heat in the lungs, dry cough with little sputum, chronic pharyngitis due to asthenia heat, and thirst due to impairment of body fluid. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.3  Family: Campanulaceae 1.3.1  Adenophora liliifolioides Chinese Name(s): chuan zang sha shen. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Adenophora liliifolioides (Adenophora liliifolioides Pax et Hoffm.) Morphology: The stems are often solitary, unbranched, 30–100 cm tall, up to 3 mm in diameter, often hirsute, rarely glabrous. The basal leaves are cordate, with long petioles, roughly serrate at margins. The cauline leaves are ovate, lanceolate to linear, sparsely serrate at margins or entire, 2–11 cm long, 0.4–3 cm wide, abaxially often hispid, rarely glabrous. The inflorescences are narrow panicles with short branches, sometimes only with several flowers; the calyces are glabrous, globose at tubes; the lobes are subulate, basally ca. 1  mm wide, 3–5  mm long, entire, very rarely with verrucose denticles at margins; the corollas are tiny, subtubular or tubular-­campanulate, blue, purple-blue or pale purple, rarely white, 8–12 mm long;

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the disks are narrowly tubular, 3–6.5  mm long, often glabrous. The styles are 15–17  mm long. The capsules are ovoid or ellipsoid, 6–8  mm long, 3–4  mm in diameter. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows in hillside meadows, thickets, and on rocks at 2400–4600 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Tibet, Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, the fibrous roots are removed, dead branches and leaves are removed, and dried in the sun or over slow fire. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slight bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and stomach. Functions: Clearing heat tonifying Yin, moistening the lungs and stopping coughing, benefiting the stomach and increasing secretion of body fluid, expelling phlegm. It is often used for treatment of cough due to heat and dryness in the lungs, cough due to consumptive disease, sore throat, chronic cough due to deficiency of Yin, cough and hemoptysis of tuberculosis, chronic pharyngitis due to asthenia heat, thirst due to impairment of body fluid, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.4  Family: Campanulaceae 1.4.1  Adenophora polyantha Chinese Name(s): shi sha shen, cao e sha shen. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Adenophora polyantha (Adenophora polyantha Nakai). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are single or several from one root, often simple, 20–100 cm tall. The basal leaves are reniform, basally cordate, irregularly serrate at margins, basally decurrent along petioles. The cauline leaves are sessile, ovate or lanceolate, sparsely and triangularly serrate at margins or nearly serrate, 2–10  cm long, 0.5–2.5  cm wide. The cymes are always without branches forming a pseudoraceme, or in a narrow panicle with short inflorescence branches; the pedicels are short and usually less than 1 cm long. The calyces are usually hairy; the hairs are sometimes on the whole calyx, sometimes just at tubes, dense or sparse, short or papillate; the tubes are obconic; the lobes are narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 3.5–6 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide. The corollas are purple or dark-blue, campanulate, slightly constricted at throat, 14–22 mm long; the lobes are often short, up to 1/4 as long as the whole corolla, often straight and then reflexed. The disks are tubular, 2–4  mm long. The styles are usually slightly exserted or sometimes as long as the corolla when flowers are large. The capsules are ovate-­ ellipsoid, ca. 8 mm long and 5 mm in diameter. The seeds are yellow-brown, ovate-­ ellipsoid, slightly compressed, 1.2 mm long. The flowering period is from August to September. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows on the open grass on the sunny slope. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, as well as in North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, the silt is removed, washed, and used when fresh or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and stomach. Functions: Clearing heat tonifying Yin, expelling phlegm and stopping coughing, and it is often used for treatment of cough due to heat and dryness in the lungs, cough due to consumptive disease, sore throat, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.5  Family: Campanulaceae 1.5.1  Adenophora stenanthina Chinese Name(s): chang zhu sha shen. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Adenophora stenanthina (Adenophora stenanthina (Ledeb.) Kitag.) Morphology: The stems are several, caespitose, 40–120  cm tall, sometimes branched above, often inverted-strigose. The basal leaves are cordate, deeply and irregularly serrate at margins. The cauline leaves are filiform to broadly elliptic or ovate, 2–10 cm long, 1–20 mm wide, entire or sparsely serrulate at margins, often strigose on both surfaces. The inflorescences are unbranched, thus presenting pseudoracemes, or presenting panicles when branched; the calyces are glabrous, obovate, or obovate-short-round at tubes; the lobes are subulately triangular or subulate, 1.5–5(–7) mm long, 5–8 mm in diameter, pale blue, blue, blue-purple, or purple. The stamens and corollas are subequal. The disks are narrowly tubular, 4–7  mm long, glabrous or pilose. The styles are 2–2.2 cm long. The capsules are ellipsoid, 7–9  mm long, 3–5  mm in diameter. The flowering period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows in mountain meadows, grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, as well as in Mongolia and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and stomach. Functions: Clearing heat and tonifying Yin, moistening the lungs and stopping coughing, and it is often used for treatment of impairment of body fluid due to hectic disease, thirst, cough due to heat in the lungs, and anorexia. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. It is not suitable to be used with Veratrum. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough with little sputum due to heat in the lungs, dry throat: Adenophora stenanthina, Folium mori, Ophiopogon japonicus, each 12 g, apricot kernel, fritillary, Eriobotrya japonica, 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.6  Family: Campanulaceae 1.6.1  Adenophora stricta [1], Adenophora tetraphylla [1] Chinese Name(s): nan sha shen, xing ye sha shen. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Adenophora stricta (Adenophora stricta Miq.)

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Morphology: A. Adenophora stricta: The plant is a herb, 40–80 cm tall, simple, often hispidulous or villous, rarely glabrous. The basal leaves are cordate, large, and with long petiole. The cauline leaves are sessile, but sometimes lower ones have extremely short, winged petiole. The leaf blades are elliptic or narrowly ovate, basally cuneate and rarely obtuse, apically acute or shortly acuminate, irregularly serrate at margins, sparsely hispidulous, hirsute, or subglabrous on both surfaces, 3–11 cm long, 1.5–5 cm wide. The flowers are often in a pseudoraceme, or the inflorescences have short branches and thus in an extremely narrow panicle, very occasionally with long branches and panicle. The pedicels are less than 5  mm. The calyxes are puberulent, verrucose-hairy, or less often glabrous, hypanthium often being obovoid or rarely obconic, calyx lobes being typically subulate, less often linear-lanceolate, 6–8 cm long, up to 1.5 mm wide. The corollas are broadly campanulate, blue or purple, 1.5–2.5 cm long, glabrous or hirsute at least along veins outside, lobes being ca. 1/3 as long as the tube, deltoid-ovate. The disks are shortly tubular, 1–1.8 mm, glabrous. The styles are usually slightly longer (rarely shorter) than corolla. The capsules are ellipsoid-globose (very rarely ellipsoid), 6–10 mm long. The seeds are brown-yellow, slightly compressed, ca. 1.5 mm long. The flowering period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows in meadows, along forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian in China, as well as in Japan.

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Morphology: B. Adenophora tetraphylla: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 1.5  m tall, simple, glabrous, less often white hispidulous. The cauline leaves are 3–6-verticillate, sessile, or subsessile. The leaf blades are ovate to linear-lanceolate, 2–14 cm long, serrate or serrulate at margins, sparsely puberulent or glabrous on both surfaces. The inflorescences are narrow panicles, branches (cymes) being mostly verticillate. The calyxes are glabrous, hypanthium being obconic, calyx lobes being subulate, 1–2.5(–4) mm long, entire at margins. The corollas are tubular or narrowly funnelform, slightly constricted at throat, blue to purple, 7–11  mm, lobes being deltoid, ca. 2 mm long. The disks are narrowly tubular, 2–4 mm long. The styles are ca. 20  mm long. The capsules are obovoid or broadly obovoid, 5–7 mm long, 4–5 mm in diameter. The seeds are yellow-brown, oblong, slightly compressed, ca. 1 mm long. The flowering period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows in grassy places and scrub. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast China, North China, South China, and Southwest China, as well as in North Korea, Japan, Russia, and Vietnam.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is conic or cylindrical, slightly curved, 7–27 cm long and 0.8–3 cm in diameter, yellowish white or light brownish yellow on surfaces, often with residual thick skin in the recesses, deep horizontal lines and intermittent rings in the upper part and longitudinal lines in the lower part. There are

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1 or 2 rhizomes apically. It is light and loose in quality, easy to break, uneven, and yellowish white in the cross-section, with many cracks. It is slight in odor and sweet in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and stomach. Functions: Tonifying Yin and Clearing heat, moistening the lungs and resolving phlegm, relieving coughing, promoting lactation, and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of cough due to heat in the lungs, cough with little sputum due to dryness, sore throat due to deficiency-heat, impairment of body fluid, thirst, insufficient lactation. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. It is not suitable to be used with Veratrum. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough with little sputum due to heat in the lungs, dry throat: Adenophora stenanthina, Folium mori, Ophiopogon japonicus, each 12 g, apricot kernel, fritillary, Eriobotrya japonica, 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use.

1.7  Family: Campanulaceae 1.7.1  Campanumoea javanica [2] Chinese Name(s): da hua jin qian bao, tu dang shen. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Campanumoea javanica (Campanumoea javanica Bl.) Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous liana, twining, lactiferous, with carrot-­ shaped roots. The stems are glabrous, multibranched. The leaves are opposite, rarely alternate, long petiolate, cordate or cordate-ovate, dentate or crenate, or rarely entire at margins, 3–11 cm long, 2–9 cm wide, glabrous or abaxially sometimes sparsely villous. The flowers are axillary, simple, and glabrous throughout. The corollas are large, (1.8–) 2–3  cm long. The calyxes are free from ovary, 5-cleft nearly to the base, lobes being ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate. The corollas are epigynous, white or yellow-green, purple or reddish inside, campanulate, cleft to middle. The stigmas are 4- or 5-fid. The ovaries and berries are 5-locular. The berries are (12–) 15–20 mm in diameter, dark violet or violet suffused with red, globose. The seeds are irregular in shape, often short columnar, and reticulate on the surface. The flowering period is from May to August, or September to November. Habitat: It grows on mountains, and in valleys, sparse forests or thickets along ditches. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan of China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying middle-Jiao and Qi, moistening the lungs, and promoting secretion of body fluid, and it is often used for treatment of fatigue due to Qi deficiency diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, cough due to lungs deficiency, infantile malnutrition, and insufficient lactation. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fatigue due to Qi deficiency, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency: Campanumoea javanica 15–30  g, Dioscorea oppositifolia, jujube 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough due to deficiency of lungs: fresh Campanumoea javanica 30  g, Stemona japonica 9  g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: insufficient lactation: Campanumoea javanica, Codonopsis lanceolate, Ficus pumila (all fresh product), each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.8  Family: Campanulaceae 1.8.1  Campanumoea javanica subsp. japonica [2] Chinese Name(s): tu dang shen, jin qian bao, gui dang shen. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Campanumoea javanica (Campanumoea javanica Bl. subsp. japonica (Makino) Hong). Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous liana, twining, lactiferous, with carrot-­ shaped roots. The stems are glabrous, multibranched. The leaves are opposite, rarely alternate, long petiolate, cordate or cordate-ovate, dentate or crenate, or rarely entire at margins, 3–11 cm long, 2–9 cm wide, glabrous or abaxially sometimes sparsely villous. The flowers are axillary, simple, and glabrous throughout. The corollas are large, (1.8–) 2–3  cm long. The calyxes are free from ovary, 5-cleft nearly to the base, lobes being ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate. The corollas are epigynous, white or yellow-green, purple or reddish inside, campanulate, cleft to middle. The stigmas are 4- or 5-fid. The ovaries and berries are 5-locular. The berries are (12–) 15–20 mm in diameter, dark violet or violet suffused with red, globose. The seeds are irregular in shape, often short columnar, and reticulate on the surface. The flowering period is from May to August, or September to November. Habitat: It grows on mountains, in valleys, sparse forests, or thickets along ditches. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan of China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying middle-Jiao and Qi, moistening the lungs, and promoting secretion of body fluid, and it is often used for treatment of fatigue due to Qi deficiency diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, cough due to lungs deficiency, infantile malnutrition, and insufficient lactation. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fatigue due to Qi deficiency, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency: Campanumoea javanica 15–30  g, Dioscorea oppositifolia, jujube 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough due to deficiency of lungs: fresh Campanumoea javanica 30  g, Stemona japonica 9  g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: insufficient lactation: Campanumoea javanica, Codonopsis lanceolate, Ficus pumila (all fresh product), each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.9  Family: Campanulaceae 1.9.1  Campanumoea lancifolia [3] Chinese Name(s): tao ye jin qian bao, chang ye lun zhong cao, jian ye jin qian bao, pi zhen jin qian bao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Campanumoea lancifolia (Campanumoea lancifolia (Roxb.) Merr.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, lactiferous, up to 3 m tall, hollow, branches being multiple, horizontal, or pendulous. The leaves are opposite, rarely in whorls of 3, shortly petiolate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6–15 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, apically acuminate, serrate, dentate, or crenate at margins. The flowers are usually solitary, terminal, or both terminal and axillary, sometimes in a cyme of 3. The pedicels or peduncles are 1–10 cm long, with a pair of filiform bracteoles in distal half of pedicels or flower base. The calyxes are adnate to the lower part of ovary, (4 or) 5(–7)-lobed, lobes being far away from each other, filiform or linear, with ramiform teeth at margins. The corollas are white or pale red, tubular-­ campanulate, ca. 1  cm long, 5- or 6-cleft to middle, lobes being ovate to ovate-­ triangular. There are 5 or 6 stamens. The filaments are equal to anthers in length, basally dilated into lamellar part, villous-ciliate at margins. The styles are glabrous or hairy, stigma being (4 or) 5- or 6-fid, ovary being (4 or) 5- or 6-locular. The berries are purple-black when mature, globose, (4 or) 5- or 6-locular, 5–10  mm in diameter. The seeds are extremely numerous, subglabrous. The flowering period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows on grassy slopes, along ditches, and in moist places in forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, as well as in Southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying Qi, removing blood stasis, and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of fatigue due to Qi deficiency, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, stewed with meat or soaked in wine to take. For external treatment, proper amounts of product is mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.10  Family: Campanulaceae 1.10.1  Codonopsis convolvulacea Chinese Name(s): ji dan shen, niu wei shen, bu xue cao. Source: This medicine is made of the rhizomes underground of Codonopsis convolvulacea (Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The caudexes are very short, and with a few tuberculous stem scars. The roots are tuberous, ovoid-globose or ovoid, 2.5–5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The stems are twining or suberect, simple, or few branched, up to more than 1 m, glabrous or hairy. The leaves are alternate or sometimes opposite, evenly distributed along stems or densely clustered in the middle and lower part of stems. The petioles are absent or to 5.5  cm long. The leaf blades are linear-lanceolate to ovate, basally cuneate, rounded, or cordate, apically obtuse, acute, or acuminate, margins being entire, subentire, sinuous-crenate, or serrate, 2–10 cm long, 0.2–10 cm wide. The flowers are solitary, terminal on main stems and branches, pedicels being 2–12 cm long, glabrous. The calyx tubes are adnate to apex of ovary, obconical, 3–7 mm long, 4–10 mm in diameter, glabrous, lobes being epigynous, narrowly triangular-lanceolate, apically acuminate or acute, entire at margins, 0.4–1.1 cm long, 1–5 mm wide, glabrous. The corollas are rotate, 5-fid to near base, lobes being elliptic, 1–3.5 cm long, 0.6–1.2 cm wide, pale blue or blue-purple, apically acute. The filaments are slightly dilated and ciliate at base, densely villous inside, slender in distal half, 1–2 mm long. The anthers are 4–5 mm long. The superior part of capsules are broadly conical, valves ca. 4 mm long, and the inferior part of capsules are obconical, 1–1.6 cm long, ca. 8 mm in diameter, 10–ribbed, glabrous. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October.

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Habitat: It grows on grassy slopes, and in thickets at altitudes of 1000–3000 m, around tall grass or shrubs. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, as well as in Myanmar. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are dug up in autumn, the silt is removed, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet, slightly bitter and astringent in taste, slightly cool in property. Functions: Tonifying Qi and blood, strengthening the spleen, promoting secretion of body fluid, and clearing heat, and it is often used for treatment of cold, cough, tonsillitis, chest pain, loss of appetite, and malnutrition. Use and Dosage: 50–100 g per dose, decocted in water and stewed with meat to take.

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1.11  Family: Campanulaceae 1.11.1  Codonopsis lanceolata Chinese Name(s): yang ru, si ye shen, nai shen, shan hai luo, ru tou shu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Codonopsis lanceolata (Codonopsis lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Trautv.) Morphology: The plant is a liana, glabrous throughout. The roots are usually thickened, fusiform-thickened, and with a few small lateral roots, 10–20  cm long, 1–6 cm in diameter. The stems are twining, ca. 2 m long, and often branched, yellow-­ green but with purplish shade. The leaves on main stems are alternate, lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic, 0.8–1.4 cm long, 3–7 mm wide. The leaves on top of branchlets are usually 2–4-fascicled, subopposite or verticillate, with 1–5 mm long petioles, ovate, narrowly ovate, or elliptic, 3–10 cm long, 1.3–4.5 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally attenuate, usually entire or sparsely sinuate at margins, abaxially gray-green, adaxially green, veins being obvious. The flowers are solitary or paired on top of branchlets. The pedicels are 1–9 cm long. The calyxes are adnate to ovary by half, tubes being hemispherical, sinus between calyx lobes being acute or gradually becoming broader after anthesis, lobes being ovate-deltoid, 1.3–3 cm long, 0.5–1 cm wide, acute, entire. The corollas are broadly campanulate, 2–4 cm long, 2–3.5 cm in diameter, shallowly lobed, lobes being deltoid, revolute, 0.5–1 cm long, yellow-green or milk-white, with purple spots. The disks are fleshy, dark green. The filaments are subulate, slightly dilated at base, 4–6 mm long, anthers being 3–5 mm long, ovaries being inferior. The capsules are hemispherical at base, rostrate toward the apex, 2–2.5 cm in diameter. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to August. Habitat: It grows in the mountains, grasslands, thickets, sparse forests, or moist places of ditch edges. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions from south China, southwest China to northeast China, as well as in eastern Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in autumn, the fibrous roots and residual stems are removed, and dried in the sun. Or dried to half, and kneaded once a day until completely dry. Or sliced when fresh, and dry in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying the kidneys and promoting lactation, expelling sepsis, and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of weakness after illness, insufficient lactation, mastitis, lungs abscess, carbuncle, furuncle, and sores. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: weakness after illness: Codonopsis lanceolate 60 g, lean pork 15 g, stewed with water. Take the meat with soup. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: insufficient lactation: Codonopsis lanceolate 120 g, pig’s feet 2, stewed with water. Take the meat with soup for 1–2 doses. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: carbuncle, boils, sores and mastitis: Codonopsis lanceolate 120 g, decocted in water and taken for 3–7 days. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: beginning of acute mastitis: Codonopsis lanceolate 15 g, dandelion 15 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: lungs abscess: Codonopsis lanceolate 60 g, Semen Benincasae 30 g, reed root 30 g, Coix lacrymajobi 15 g, Dendranthema indicum 9 g, Lonicera japonica 9 g, Platycodon grandifloras 6 g and licorice 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.12  Family: Campanulaceae 1.12.1  Codonopsis nervosa Chinese Name(s): mai hua dang shen, chai dang, gao shan dang shen, chou dang shen. Source: This medicine is made of the root of Codonopsis nervosa (Codonopsis nervosa (Chipp) Nannf.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The roots are usually thickened, terete, 15–25  cm long, 1–2  cm diameter, gray-yellow on the surface. The main stems are erect or ascending, fertile, 20–30 cm long, 2–3 mm in diameter, sparsely white villous. The lateral branches are aggregated in lower part of main stem, only with leaves. The leaf blades are broadly cordate-ovate, 1–1.5  cm in length and width, apically acute or obtuse, basally cordate. The flowers are solitary, terminal on main stems and branches, slightly pendent. The pedicels are 1–8 cm long, purulent. The calyxes are adnate to ovary by half, tubes being hemispherical, lobes being ovate-lanceolate, 7–20  mm long, 2–7  mm wide. The corollas are subglobose-­ campanulate, pale blue, often with red-purple spots at base inside, 2–4.5 cm long, 2.5–3 cm in diameter, lobes being obtuse, deltoid. The filaments are slightly dilated at base, ca. 5 mm long, anthers being 4–5 mm long. The capsules are hemispherical at base, conical toward apex. The seeds are elliptoid, brownish yellow, glabrous. The flowering period is from July to September. The fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows in meadows, thickets, forest margins or thin forests on mountain slopes at altitudes of 2400–4500 m.

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Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, the dead branches and leaves are removed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying the middle Jiao and Qi, strengthening the spleen, and benefiting the lungs, and it is often used for treatment of spleen and stomach deficiency, Qi and blood deficiency, fatigue and weakness, anorexia, thirst, diarrhea, anal prolapse, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.13  Family: Campanulaceae 1.13.1  Codonopsis pilosula, Codonopsis tangshen Chinese Name(s): dang shen, dong dang, tai dang, lu dang, kou dang. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Codonopsis pilosula (Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf.), and Codonopsis tangshen (Codonopsis tangshen Oliv.) Morphology: A. Codonopsis pilosula: The plant is a herbaceous liana. The roots are usually thickened, fusiform or fusiform-cylindrical, less branched or slightly branched below middle, 15–30 cm long, 1–3 cm in diameter, gray-yellow on the surface, densely with fine ring marks on the upper part of 5–10 cm, and sparsely transverse-lenticellate on the lower part, fleshy. The stems are twining, 1–2 m long, lateral branches being 15–30  cm long, branchlets being 1–5  cm long, foliferous, sterile or fertile, yellowish green or yellowish white, glabrous. The leaves on main stems and branches are alternate, but those on branchlets are subopposite. The

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petioles are 0.5–2.5 cm long, sparsely shortly setose. The leaf blades are ovate or narrowly ovate, 1–6.5  cm long, 0.8–5  cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally subcordate, crenulate at margins, those on branchlets being apically acuminate and basally rounded or cuneate, abaxially gray-green, adaxially green, sparsely villous on both surfaces. The flowers are solitary and terminal on branches, pedicellate. The calyxes are adnate to ovary up to middle, tubes being hemispherical, lobes being broadly lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 1–2 cm long, 6–8 mm wide, apically obtuse or acute. The corollas are superior, broadly campanulate, 1.8–2.3  cm long, 1.8–2.5  cm in diameter, yellow-green, with purple spots inside, shallowly lobed, lobes being deltoid, apically acute. The filaments are slightly dilated at base, ca. 5 mm long. The anthers are elongate, 5–6 mm long. The stigmas are white setose. The capsules are hemispheric at base, conical toward the apex. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Shanxi, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and Northeast provinces and regions. There is a small amount of cultivation in south China.

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Morphology: B. Codonopsis tangshen: The plant is a herbaceous liana, nearly glabrous throughout except the densely puberulent leaf blade. The caudexes are slightly dilated and with numerous tuberculous stem scars. The roots are usually thickened, fusiform or fusiform-cylindrical, 15–30 cm long, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, fleshy. The stems are twining, up to 3 m long, multibranched, lateral branches being 15–50 cm long, branchlets being 1–5 cm long, yellowish green or slight purple. The leaves on main stems and branches are alternate, but those on branchlets are subopposite. The petioles are 0.7–2.4 cm long. The leaf blades are ovate, narrowly ovate, or lanceolate, 2–8 cm long, 0.8–3.5 cm wide, abaxially gray-green, adaxially green. The flowers are solitary and terminal on branches, alternate or subopposite to

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petiole. The calyxes are nearly entirely free from ovary, lobes being oblong-lanceolate, 1.4–1.7 cm long, 5–7 mm wide. The corollas are campanulate, 1.5–2 cm long, 2.5–3 cm in diameter, yellow-green, with purple spots inside, lobes being deltoid. The filaments are slightly dilated at base, 7–8 mm long. The anthers are 4–5 mm long. The ovaries are 5–1.4 cm in diameter. The capsules are spheric at base, shortly conical toward apex, 2–2.5  cm in diameter. The seeds are numerous, elliptoid, wingless, small, smooth, tan. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October. Habitat: It grows in forest thickets of mountain areas at altitudes of 900–2300 m. It is also cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, and Shaanxi.

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Acquisition and Processing: Generally, it is harvested in autumn, 2–3 years after planting. The roots are dug up, the stems, leaves, and fibrous roots are removed, shook off the soils, straightened, and dried in the sun. Morphology: Codonopsis pilosula: The product is long cylindrical, slightly curved, 10–35  cm in length, 0.4–2  cm in diameter, yellowish brown to grayish brown on surfaces, with many verrucous protuberances of stem marks and buds on the head of the root. The apexes of stem marks are concave and punctate, and there are dense annular rings below the root head, which gradually become sparse, and some of the rings reached half the whole length of root. There are few or no rings in the cultivated products. All products are with longitudinal wrinkles and scattered long transverse lenticel-like protuberance. There is black brown gelatinous substance in the broken place of branch root. It is slightly hard or tough in texture, and the section is slightly flat, with cracks or radial texture. The cortex is yellowish white to light brown, and the xylem is light yellow. It is especially aromatic, and slightly sweet in taste. Codonopsis tangshen: The product is 10–45 cm in length and 0.5–2 cm in diameter, grayish yellow to yellowish brown on surfaces with obvious irregular longitudinal grooves. It is soft and firm in texture, with few cracks on the section, and the cortex is yellowish white. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of spleen and lungs. Functions: Tonifying the spleen, replenishing Qi, and promoting fluid production, and it is often used for treatment of spleen deficiency, anorexia, loose stool, fatigue, palpitation, shortness of breath, thirst, spontaneous sweating, anal prolapse, and uterine prolapse.

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Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose (to 30 g when used alone), decocted in water for oral use. It should not be used with Veratrum. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic diarrhea (due to deficiency of spleen and stomach): Codonopsis pilosula, Poria cocos, Atractylodes macrocephala, roasted licorice, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Terminalia chebula, lotus-seed kernel each 9 g, halloysitum rubrum 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: anal prolapse: Codonopsis pilosula 30  g, Cimicifuga heracleifolia 9 g, licorice 6 g, decocted twice in water and taken once in the morning and once in the evening. Take another 30 g of mirabilite, 9 g of licorice, 2500–3000 ml of water, heated until boiling for 5 min, wait until proper temperature, and used for hip bath once in the morning and evening. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: thrombocytopenic purpura (deficiency of Yang and Qi syndrome): Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus mongholicus, Atractylodes macrocephala, Paeonia alba, Angelica sinensis, Polygonum multiflorum, Zizyphus jujuba, Rubia cordifolia and cattail pollen, 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: aural vertigo (Qi deficiency syndrome): Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus mongholicus, Angelica sinensis, Poria cocos, longan meat, each 9 g, Polygala tenuifolia, Zizyphus jujuba, Radix Aucklandiae, liquorice, 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use.

1.14  Family: Campanulaceae 1.14.1  Platycodon grandifloras Chinese Name(s): jie geng, bao fu hua, ling dang hua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Platycodon grandifloras (Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 120 cm tall, usually glabrous, rarely densely puberulent, simple, rarely branched above. The leaves are cauline, 3- or 4-verticillate, opposite, or alternate, sessile or shortly petiolate. The leaf blades are ovate, ovate-elliptic, or lanceolate, 2–7  cm long, 0.5–3.5  cm wide, basally

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broadly cuneate or rounded, apically acute or acuminate, adaxially glabrous and green, abaxially glabrous (rarely puberulent along veins) and glaucous, margins being serrate. The flowers are terminal, solitary, or aggregated into terminal or axillary inflorescences that appear racemose or paniculate. The hypanthium is hemispherical, obovoid, or obconic, glaucous. The calyx lobes are triangular or narrowly triangular, sometimes toothlike. The corollas are large, 1.5–4.0  cm long, blue or purple. The capsules are globose, obconic, or obovoid, 1–2.5 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diameter. The flowering period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows in stone mountains with deep soil, or barren mountain grass slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of South and Northeast China, Yunnan, as well as in North Korea, Japan, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, the silt washed off, the aboveground stems and small roots are removed, the scarfskin is scraped off with a bamboo knife or porcelain chip (do not use iron items), and dried in the sun. Morphology: The product is cylindrical or slightly fusiform, attenuate to the lower part, with or without branches, slightly twisted, 7–20 cm long, 0.7–2 cm in diameter, white or light yellowish white on surfaces, or yellowish brown to grayish brown if the scarfskin is not scraped off, with longitudinal wrinkling groove, and transverse long lenticel like marks. There are transverse stripes on the upper part, and sometimes with short rhizomes and several semilunar stem marks. It is brittle texture, uneven on the sections. The cambium ring is brown. The cortex is white, with cracks, and the xylem is yellowish white. It is slight in odor, sweet and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Ventilating the lungs, dispersing cold, expelling sputum, and discharging pus. It is often used for treatment of exogenous cough, ungratifying coughing of phlegm, sore throat, chest tightness, abdominal distension, bronchitis, lungs abscess, and pleurisy. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sore throat: Platycodon grandifloras 6  g, mint, Arctium lappa, each 9 g, raw licorice 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: externally contracted cough, ungratifying coughing of phlegm: Compound Platycodon grandiflorum tablets, 0.5 g per tablet, 1–3 tablets per dose, 3 times a day, taken after meals. All patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer should be used with caution.

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1.15  Family: Campanulaceae 1.15.1  Wahlenbergia marginata Chinese Name(s): lan hua shen, wa er cao, xi ye sha shen. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or whole plants of Wahlenbergia marginata (Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, lactiferous. The roots are elongate, white outside, carrotlike, up to 4 mm in diameter, ca. 10 cm long. The stems are basally multibranched, erect or ascending, 10–40  cm long, glabrous or sparsely hirsute below. The leaves are alternate, sessile or with petiole up to 7  mm long, mostly on lower part of stem. The leaf blades in distal half are spatulate, oblanceolate, elliptic, and the lower ones are linear-lanceolate, or elliptic, 1–3  cm long, 2–8  mm wide, margins being sinuate, sparsely serrulate, or entire, glabrous or sparsely hirsute. The pedicels are extremely long, thin and straight, up to 15  cm long. The calyxes are glabrous; the calyx tubes are obovoid or conic; the calyx lobes are triangular or subulate. The corollas are campanulate, blue, 5–8 mm long, cleft for 2/3 its length, lobes being obovate-oblong. The capsules are obconic, obovoid, obscurely 10-ribbed, 5–7 mm long, ca. 3 mm in diameter. The seeds are oblong or ellipsoid, smooth, yellow-brown, 0.3–0.5 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from February to May. Habitat: It grows on wastelands and fields. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces from south China and Yunnan to the south of Shaanxi, as well as in tropical and subtropical Asia and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots or whole plants are dug up in spring and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying Qi and curing deficiency, eliminating phlegm, and preventing attack of malaria, and it is often used for treatment of deficiency after illness, infantile malnutrition, coughing due to deficiency of lungs, bronchitis, malaria, hypertension, postpartum hemorrhage, and leucorrhea. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tertian malaria: whole plants of Wahlenbergia marginata 30–45 g, decocted in water and taken twice a day, 2–4 h before the onset of malaria. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: infantile disease caused by worms/malnutrition: fresh Wahlenbergia marginata 15–30 g (9–15 g for dried product), stewed with meat or eggs to take, 1 dose daily.

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1.16  Family: Lobeliaceae 1.16.1  Lobelia chinensis Chinese Name(s): ban bian lian, xi mi cao, ji jie suo, zi hua lian. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lobelia chinensis (Lobelia chinensis Lour.) Morphology: The plant is a small perennial herb. The stems are slender, decumbent, lower nodes being rooted, branches being erect, 6–15 cm tall, glabrous. The leaves are alternate, sessile or subsessile, elliptic-lanceolate to linear, 8–25  mm long, 2–6  mm wide, apically acute, basally rounded to broadly cuneate, margins being entire or obviously serrate at upper part, glabrous. The flowers are usually solitary, axillary at upper leaves of branches. The pedicels are slender, 1.2–2.5(–3.5) cm long, with 2 bracteoles at the base, which are ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, or absent. The hypanthium is narrowly obconical, base attenuate, not well distinguished from pedicel, 3–5 mm long, glabrous. The calyx lobes are lanceolate, ± as long as the tube, margins being entire or with a pair of denticles. The corollas are rose, or white, 10–15 mm long, divided to base at back, white villous below throat, lobes being all spreading in a plane on anterior side, lateral 2 lobes being lanceolate, longer than others, central 3 ones being elliptic-lanceolate, shorter. The filament tubes are ca. 8  mm long, connate above middle, glabrous, laterally pilose on the unconnected parts; anther tube being ca. 2 mm long, back glabrous or sparsely villous. The capsules are obconic, ca. 6  mm long. The seeds are broadly elliptic, slightly compressed, yellowish pink. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to October. Habitat: It grows by streams, paddy fields, among wet grasses. Distribution: It is distributed in the middle and lower reaches and southern provinces and regions of the Yangtze River, as well as in East to Southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is often entangled into a ball. The rhizome is short, about 1 mm in diameter, light brownish yellow on surfaces, smooth or with fine longitudinal lines. The root is small, yellow, and the lateral roots are fine. The stem is slender, branched, grayish green, with obvious nodes, and some with epiphytic fine roots. The leaves are alternate and sessile. The leaf blades are mostly shrunken and greenish brown. After flattening, the leaves are narrowly lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm long and 2–5 mm wide, sparsely serrated or entire on margins. The pedicels are slender, and the flowers are small, single, inserted in leaf axils. The corollas are tubular at base, 5-lobed on the upper, inclined to one side, light purple red, and the corolla tube are white and tomentose inside. It is slightly special in odor, slightly sweet and pungent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of snake bite, liver cirrhosis ascites, advanced stage of schistosomiasis ascites, nephritis, edema, tonsillitis, appendicitis, as well as external treatment for injuries, carbuncle, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, appropriate amounts of fresh product are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: snakebite: A. Lobelia chinensis, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, Glechoma longituba (all fresh products) in equal amounts, mixed and mashed to take the juice for oral use, and meanwhile the residues are applied around the wound. b. Lobelia chinensis 240  g, Processed Semen Crotonis, Blumea balsamifera, Cortex Phellodendri, Rhizoma Pinelliae, each 120  g, 39 centipedes mixed, ground to powder and made into pills. Take 1  g orally for adults, 2 g for severe cases and 0.5 for children, once per day generally. If the stool is still blocked after 6 h of medication, it can be repeated until watery diarrhea. Later, in cases of constipation or dry stool, it should be used as appropriate to maintain the principle of thin stool. It should be used with caution for pregnant women or patients with severe gastrointestinal diseases. The wounds should be treated with knife pricking and detoxification therapy combined with external application of other related herbs. 2. Multiple furuncles in children: Lobelia chinensis 30 g, Viola 15 g, Chrysanthemum indicum 9  g, honeysuckle 6  g, decocted in water for oral use. Take the third decoction and used for washing the affected areas with. 3. Ascites due to advanced schistosomiasis cirrhosis: Lobelia chinensis 30  g, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.17  Family: Lobeliaceae 1.17.1  Lobelia davidii Chinese Name(s): jiang nan shan geng cai, ku cai, jie jie hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lobelia davidii (Lobelia davidii Franch.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 180 cm tall. The taproots are stout, and the lateral roots are fibrous. The stems are erect, simple or branched, young branches being with raised stripes, glabrous or scaberulous or densely pubescent. The leaves are spirally arranged, and the lower ones are usually caducous. The leaf blades are ovate-elliptic to linear-lanceolate, up to 17 cm long and 7 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate. The petioles are winged, basally tapering, up to 4 cm long. The racemes are terminal, 20–50 cm long, and rachises being glabrous to densely hispidulous. The bracts are ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, longer than flowers. The pedicels are 3–5 mm long, usually hispidulous, with 1 or 2 min bracteoles near base. The hypanthium is obovoid, ca. 4 mm long, basally rounded, scaberulous. The calyx lobes are linear-lanceolate, 5–12  mm long, 1–1.5  mm wide, denticulate at margins. The corollas are nearly 2-lipped, upper lobes being linear, lower lobes being narrowly elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, with obvious ribs, glabrous or puberulent, villous below throat. The stamens are connate above base, filament tubes being glabrous or puberulent near anthers; lower 2 anthers being barbate apically. The capsules are globose, 6–10 in diameter, glabrous or puberulent. The seeds are yellow-brown, slightly compressed, one side thicker than other. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to October. Habitat: It grows in the shadow of the valley at altitudes of 500–1350 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and pungent in taste, neutral in property, a little toxic. Functions: Expelling phlegm and relieving coughing, clearing heat and detoxication, promoting diuresis, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of cough with excessive phlegm, edema, furuncle, carbuncle, lower limb ulceration, and venomous snake bite.

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Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, appropriate amounts of fresh product are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.18  Family: Lobeliaceae 1.18.1  Lobelia melliana Chinese Name(s): xian e shan geng cai, dong nan shan geng cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lobelia melliana (Lobelia melliana E. Wimm.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 80–150  cm tall. The taproots are stout, and the lateral roots are fibrous. The stems are straw color, glabrous, simple or branched. Leaves are spirally arranged, ± falcate-ovate to falcate-lanceolate, 6–15 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, thinly papery, glabrous, apically caudate-acuminate, basally broadly cuneate, margins being ciliate-denticulate, sub-sessile or shortly petiolate. The racemes are terminal, 15–40 cm long, lax; the lower bracts are conformable with leaves in shape, and the upper ones are tapering to linear, longer than flowers, ciliate-denticulate at margins. The pedicels are compressed, 3–5 mm long, with 2 subulate bracteoles at middle. The hypanthium is semi-ellipsoid, 3–4 mm long, glabrous. The calyx lobes are narrowly linear, 13–21 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, entire at margins, spreading at fruiting. The corollas are reddish, 12–17 mm long, limbs being 2-lipped, upper lobes being ascending, linear-lanceolate, as long as the tube, inside villous, and the lower ones being lanceolate-elliptic, ca. 2/3 as long as the tube, inside densely villous, spreading. The stamens are densely villous at base, connate into tube above base, filament tubes being glabrous, anther tubes being ca. 4 mm long, back sparsely villous, only lower anthers being barbate apically. The capsules are sub-globose, erect, 5–6 mm in diameter, glabrous. The seeds are oblong, slightly compressed, ca. 0.6  mm long, foveolate. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to October. Habitat: It grows in ravines, by streams or wet places in forests below 1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Ventilating the lungs and resolving phlegm, clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of cough with phlegm, edema, mastitis, carbuncle swelling, bedsore, snake bite, and bee sting. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.19  Family: Lobeliaceae 1.19.1  Pratia nummularia Chinese Name(s): tong chui yu dai cao, di niu zi, di qie zi, kou zi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Pratia nummularia (Pratia nummularia (Lam.) A. Br et Aschers.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, lactiferous. The stems are prostrate, 12–55 cm long, villous, simple or branched at base, nodes being rooted. The leaves are alternate, orbicular, reniform, or ovate, 0.8–1.6 cm long, 0.6–1.8 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally obliquely cordate or rarely truncate, margins being serrate or crenulate, rounded, puberulent on both surfaces. The veins are palmate to palmate-pinnate. The petioles are 2–7 mm long, puberulent. The flowers are solitary and axillary; the pedicels are 0.7–3.5 cm long, glabrous. The hypanthium is urceolate, 3–4 mm long, 2–3 mm wide, glabrous; the calyx lobes are linear-triangular, 3–4 mm long, margins being with 2 or 3 pairs of denticles. The corollas are purple-­ red, pale purple, green, or yellow-white, 6–7(–10) mm long; the tubes are glabrous outside, villous inside; the limbs are 2-lipped; the upper 2 lobes are linear-­triangular; the lower 3 lobes are lanceolate. The stamens are connate in distal half; the filament tubes are glabrous; the anther tubes are ca. 1 mm long, villous at the back; the lower 2 anthers are barbate apically. The berries are purple-red, ellipsoid or globose, 1–1.3 cm long. The seeds are numerous, suborbicular, slightly compressed, reticulate. The flowering and fruiting periods are all year round. Habitat: It grows in the valleys, by grass roadsides, in forests and wet places on hills, stone gaps. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of Southwest, South China to East China and Hunan, Hubei, Taiwan, Tibet, as well as in India, Nepal, and Myanmar to New Guinea.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatic pain, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, spermatorrhea, as well as external treatment for injuries caused by knocks and falls, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Pregnant women should not take it.

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1.20  Family: Boraginaceae 1.20.1  Bothriospermum chinense Chinese Name(s): ban zhong cao, ha ma cao, xi die zi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Bothriospermum chinense (Bothriospermum chinense Bge.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, annual, rarely biennial, 20–30 cm tall. The roots are straight, slender, unbranched. The stems are several, cespitose, erect or ascending, branched above or simple. The basal and lower stem leaves are long petiolate, spatulate or oblanceolate, usually 3–6  cm long, 1–1.5  cm wide, apically obtuse, basally attenuate, margins being crisped or entire; the middle and upper stem leaves are sessile, oblong to narrowly oblong, 1.5–2.5 cm long, 0.5–1 cm wide, apically acute, basally cuneate to broadly cuneate. The inflorescences are 5–15 cm long; the bracts are ovate to narrowly ovate. The pedicels are short, 2–3 mm long in flower, elongated in fruit. The calyxes are 2.5–4 mm long; the lobes are lanceolate, cleft to near base. The corollas are pale blue, 3.5–4 mm long; the limbs are 4–5 mm in diameter; the lobes are orbicular, ca. 1 mm long and wide; the throat appendages are trapeziform, slightly 2-cleft at apex. The stamens are very short, insert ca. 1 mm above base; the anthers are ovate to oblong, ca. 0.7 mm long. The styles are short, ca. 1/2 as long as the calyx. The nutlets are reniform, ca. 2.5 mm long, wrinkled, densely tuberculate, apertures being transversely elliptic. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows by roadsides, in Hillside meadows and forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, and Gansu. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, washed and dried in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Detoxicating and relieving swelling, promoting diuresis, and stopping itching, and it is often used for treatment of hemorrhoids, swelling and pain of anus, eczema, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the decoctum is used for washing the affected areas with.

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1.21  Family: Boraginaceae 1.21.1  Cynoglossum zeylanicum Chinese Name(s): liu li cao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl.) Thunb. ex Lehm.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, erect, 40–70 cm tall. The stems are single or several and cespitose, densely yellowish brown strigose. The basal and lower stem leaves are petiolate, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 12–20 cm long, 3–5 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally attenuate, densely appressed pubescent; the upper stem leaves are sessile, smaller, densely appressed pubescent. The inflorescences are terminal and axillary, subdichotomously branching; the branches are spreading at obtuse angle, ebracteate, elongate to be racemose in fruit. The pedicels are 1–2 mm long, shorter than calyx in fruit, densely strigose. The calyxes are 1.5–2 mm long, slightly enlarged to ca. 3 mm in fruit; the lobes are ovate to ovate-oblong, densely strigose outside. The corollas are blue, funnelform, 3.5–4.5 mm long; the limbs are 5–7 mm in diameter; the lobes are oblong, apically rounded; throat appendages are trapeziform, ca. 1  mm long, apically retuse, margins being densely white pilose. The anthers are oblong, ca. 1 long, 0.5 mm wide; the filaments are basally expanded, insert at the 1/3 of corolla tubes. The styles are fleshy, somewhat tetragonous, ca. 1 mm long, up to 2.5 mm in fruit, shorter than calyx. The nutlets are ovoid-globose, 2–3 long, 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter, abaxially concave, with dense glochids, margins being wingless or winged below middle. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to October. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, roadsides, sandy soil of river banks, or forest grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Southwest, South China, East China to Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu of China, as well as in South and Southeast Asia.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of carbuncle, sores and furuncles, metrorrhagia, hemoptysis, injuries caused by knocks and falls, traumatic bleeding, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 9–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.22  Family: Boraginaceae 1.22.1  Ehretia macrophylla Chinese Name(s): cu kang shu, mao ye hou ke shu, cu hou ke shu, yun nan hou ke shu. Source: This medicine is made of the barks of Ehretia macrophylla (Ehretia macrophylla Wall. [E. dicksoni Hance]). Morphology: The plant is a tree, ca. 15 m tall; the barks are gray-brown, fissured; the branches are brown; the branchlets are light brown, pubescent. The leaf blades are broadly elliptic, elliptic, ovate, or obovate, 8–25 cm long, 5–15 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate or rotund, margins being serrate, abaxially densely and minutely hispid, hairs being discoid at base and extremely scabrous, adaxially densely pubescent. The petioles are 1–4 cm long, pubescent. The cymes are terminal, corymbose or paniculate, 6–9 cm wide, bracteate or not; the bracts are linear, ca. 5 mm long, pubescent. The flowers are sessile or nearly so. The calyxes are 3.5–4.5 mm long, parted nearly to half; the lobes are ovate or oblong, pubescent. The corollas are tubular-campanulate, white to pale yellow, fragrant, 8–10 mm long, basally ca. 2  mm in diameter; the throats are 6–7  mm in diameter; the lobes are oblong, 3–4 mm long, shorter than tube. The stamens are exserted from corolla; the anthers are 1.5–2 mm long; the filaments are 3–4.5 mm long, insert at 3.5–5.5 mm of corolla tubes base. The styles are 6–9 mm long, glabrous, rarely appressed pubescent, branches being 1–1.5 mm long. The drupes are yellow, sub-globose, 1–1.5 cm in diameter; the endocarps are divided into 2 2-seeded pyrenes at maturity. The flowering period is from March to May. The fruiting period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows in an open field on the edge of the village. Distribution: It is distributed in Southwest China, South China, East China, Taiwan, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai of China, as well as in Japan, Vietnam, Bhutan, and Nepal. Acquisition and Processing: The barks are harvested in summer and autumn, and used when fresh. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Dispersing blood stasis and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of injuries caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.23  Family: Boraginaceae 1.23.1  Ehretia thyrsiflora Chinese Name(s): hou ke shu, da hong cha, da gang cha. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves, branches and heartwoods of Ehretia thyrsiflora (Ehretia thyrsiflora (Sieb. et Zucc.) Nakai). Morphology: The plant is a tree, up to 15 m tall; the barks are black-gray, laciniate; the branches are light brown, smooth; the branchlets are brown, glabrous, with distinct lenticels; the axillary buds are elliptic in outline, compressed, often solitary. The leaf blades are elliptic to obovate or oblong-obovate, 5–13 cm long, 4–6 cm wide, apically acute or apiculate, basally broadly cuneate, margins being regularly serrate with teeth curved upward, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. The petioles are 1.5–2.5 cm long, glabrous. The cymes are paniculate, 8–15 cm long, 5–8 cm wide, short pubescent or subglabrous. The flowers are numerous, crowded, small, fragrant. The calyxes are 1.5–2 mm long; the lobes are ovate, ciliate. The corollas are campanulate, white, 3–4  mm long; the lobes are oblong, spreading, longer than tube. The stamens are exserted; the anthers are ovate, ca. 1 mm long; the filaments are 2–3 mm long, insert on 0.5–1 mm upper part of base. The drupes are yellow or orange, 3–4 mm in diameter; the endocarps are wrinkled, divided into 22-seeded pyrenes at maturity. Habitat: It grows in hills, flat lands, villages or sparse forests in mountain. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan of China, as well as in Japan, Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The barks are harvested in summer and autumn, and used when fresh. Medicinal Properties:

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The leaf if sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. The heartwood is sweet and salty in taste, neutral in property. The branch is bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The leaf functions in clearing heat and relieving summer heat, removing putrefaction, and generating muscle, and it is often used for treatment of cold and migraine. The heartwood functions in breaking blood stasis to promoting tissue regeneration, relieving pain, and promoting granulation. It is often used for treatment of traumatic swelling, fracture, carbuncle, and sore. The branch functions in astringing to arrest diarrhea and is used for treatment of enteritis and diarrhea. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.24  Family: Boraginaceae 1.24.1  Heliotropium indicum Chinese Name(s): da wei yao, xiang bi cao, quan chong cao, gou wei chong, zhou mian cao. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves, branches and heartwoods of Heliotropium indicum (Heliotropium indicum Linn.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 20–50 cm tall. The stems are stout, erect, many branched, and strigose. The leaves are alternate or sub-opposite, ovate or elliptic, 3–9 cm long, 2–4 cm, apically acute, basally rounded or truncate, decurrent to petiole, margins being undulate, undulate, pubescent or strigose on both

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surfaces, sometimes sparsely hispid; the veins are conspicuous, and the lateral veins are in 5–7 pairs, adaxially depressed and abaxially raised, hispid and strigose. The petioles are 2–5 cm long. The cymes are scorpioid, 5–15 cm long, solitary, ebracteate. The flowers are sessile, crowded, unilaterally arranged in 2 rows. The sepals are lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm long, strigose. The corollas are light blue or blue-purple, salverform, 3–4  mm long, basally ca. 1  mm wide; the throats are contracted to ca. 0.5 mm wide; the limbs are 2–2.5 mm in diameter; the lobes are small, rotund, ca. 1 mm in diameter, margins being crispate. The anthers are narrowly ovate, ca. 1 mm long, insert ca. 1 mm above base. The ovaries are glabrous. The styles are ca. 0.5 mm long; the stigmas are short, conical, and pubescent. The fruits are glabrous or nearly so, ribbed, 3–3.5 mm long, deeply 2-cleft; the endocarps are divided into 2 1-seeded pyrenes. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to October. Habitat: It grows near the villages, in the open fields or among weeds. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Yunnan of China, as well as in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Acquisition and Processing: The barks are harvested in summer and autumn, and used when fresh. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The leaf if sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. The heartwood is sweet and salty in taste, neutral in property. The branch is bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The leaf functions in clearing heat and relieving summer heat, removing putrefaction and generating muscle. It is often used for treatment of cold and migraine. The heartwood functions in breaking blood stasis to promoting tissue regeneration, relieving pain and promoting granulation. It is often used for treatment of traumatic swelling, fracture, carbuncle, and sore. The branch functions in astringing to arrest diarrhea and is used for treatment of enteritis and diarrhea. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.25  Family: Boraginaceae 1.25.1  Lithospermum erythrorhizon Chinese Name(s): zi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The roots are rich in purple dyes. There are usually 1–3 stems, which are erect, 40–90 cm tall, short strigose, hairs being appressed or spreading, branching distally. The branches are ascending,

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frequently slightly curved. The leaves are sessile, ovate-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 3–8 cm long, 7–17 mm wide, apically acuminate, basally attenuate, short strigose; the veins are prominent abaxially, more densely strigose. The inflorescences are terminal, 2–6 cm long, elongated in fruit; the bracts are similar to leaves but smaller. The calyx lobes are linear, ca. 4 mm long, to 9 mm in fruit, short strigose outside. The corollas are white, 7–9 mm long, sparsely pubescent outside; the tubes are ca. 4 mm long; the limbs are ca. as long as the tube; the lobes are broadly ovate, 2.5–3  mm long, spreading, margins being entire or subundulate, apically sometimes retuse; the throat appendages are semiglobose, glabrous. The stamens are insert slightly above middle of corolla tube; the filaments are ca. 0.4 mm long; the anthers are 1–1.2  mm long. The styles are 2.2–2.5  mm long, with capitate stigma. The nutlets are ovoid, white or pale yellowish brown, ca. 3.5  mm long, smooth, shiny, concave adaxially with center line forming a longitudinal groove. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows in forest margins, thickets and gravel slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu, as well as in North Korea and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and salty in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood and activating blood circulation, promoting eruption of rash, and fighting cancer, and it is often used for treatment of febrile disease with rash, jaundice of damp-heat type, carbuncle, sore, inadequate measles eruption, scarlatina, eczema, pruritus, purpura, hematemesis, hematuria, epistaxis, strangury, dysentery with bloody stool, douche, dysentery, constipation of stool, scald, erysipelas, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Annotations: Patients with deficiency-cold of spleen and stomach and diarrhea should not use this medicine. The product is often used with isatis leaf, cicada ecdysis and Forsythia suspensa in treatment of inadequate measles eruption, with Trichosanthes seed in treatment of carbuncle, sore, and constipation, with raw Rehmannia glutinosa, peony bark, and red peony root in treatment of macula and rash due to heat-toxin.

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1.26  Family: Boraginaceae 1.26.1  Thyrocarpus sampsonii Chinese Name(s): dun guo cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Thyrocarpus sampsonii (Thyrocarpus sampsonii Hance). Morphology: The plant is a herb. The stems are single to several, erect to ascending, 20–45 cm tall, frequently branched below, spreading hirsute, minutely hispid. The basal leaves are fasciculate, short petiolate, spatulate, 3.5–19 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, margins being entire or sparsely serrulate, hirsute, minutely hispid, hairs being discoid at basally; the stem leaves are smaller, sessile, narrowly oblong to oblanceolate. The cymes are 7–20 cm long, axillary or extra-axillary; the bracts are narrowly ovate to lanceolate. The pedicels are 1.5–3 mm long. The calyxes are ca. 3 mm long; the lobes are narrowly elliptic, spreading minutely hispid outside, short appressed pubescent. The corollas are light blue or white, longer than calyx; the tubes are ca. 2/5 as long as the limb; the limbs are 5–6 mm in diameter; the lobes are spreading, suborbicular; the throat appendages are linear, ca. 0.7 mm long, fleshy, papillose, apically emarginated. There are 5 stamens, which insert at the middle of corolla tube. The filaments are ca. 0.3 mm long; the anthers are ovate-oblong, ca. 0.5 mm long. There are 4 nutlets, which are black-brown, ca. 2 mm long, outside layer of disc margins being pale, teeth being straight and not inflated, inside layer margins being not inwardly constricted. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to July. Habitat: It grows in grasses or thickets on hillsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties:

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of carbuncle, sores, sore throat, diarrhea, and dysentery. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.27  Family: Boraginaceae 1.27.1  Tournefortia montana Chinese Name(s): zi dan, you yi cao, ai guo cao, ju he cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Tournefortia montana (Tournefortia montana Lour.) Morphology: The plant is a climbing shrub, 1–2 m tall; the branchlets are pubescent. The leaf blades are lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 8–14 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, apically acuminate to caudate-acute, basally cuneate to rounded, sparsely strigose. The petioles are 5–10 mm long. The cymes are scorpioid, terminating leafy branches, with sparse branches, strigose, 2–15 cm long, 4–10 cm wide. The flowers are sessile, unilateral. The calyxes are ca. 2 mm long, parted to middle or slightly below, strigose; the lobes are lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate. The fruits are subglobose, ca. 5 mm in diameter; the endocarps are divided into 2 2-seeded mericarps at maturity, and usually there is 1 sterile seed. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, as well as in India and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Dispelling pathogenic wind and activating blood circulation, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatic bone pain. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.28  Family: Boraginaceae 1.28.1  Trigonotis peduncularis Chinese Name(s): fu di cai, di hu jiao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Trigonotis peduncularis (Trigonotis peduncularis (Trev.) Benth. ex Baker et Moore). Morphology: The plant is a herb, annual or biennial. The stems are usually numerous, rarely single, crowded, diffuse, 5–30 cm tall, many branched at basally, short strigose. The basal leaves are rosulate, petiolate, spatulate, 2–5 cm long, strigose, apically rounded to obtuse, basally cuneate to attenuate; the upper stem leaves are oblong to elliptic, sessile or short petiolate. The inflorescences are terminal, circinate when young, gradually elongated, 5–20 cm long, usually 1/2 to 4/5 of the whole length of stem; the basal 2 or 3 flowers have leaflike bracts. The pedicels are short, elongate to 3–5 mm long after anthesis, apically thickened, clavate in fruit. The calyx lobes are ovate, 1–3 mm long, apically acute. The corollas are light blue or pink; the tubes are very short; the limbs are 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter; the lobes are flat, obovate, apically rounded to obtuse; there are 5 throat appendages, which are white or yellowish. The anthers are ovate, ca. 0.3  mm long, apically mucronate. There are 4 nutlets, which are oblique subulate, trigonous-tetrahedral, 0.8–1  mm long, short pubescent or glabrous; the abaxial surfaces are triangular-ovate, acutely 3-ribbed; the two sides of the ventral surface are sub-equal; the bottom surfaces are smaller and convex; the stipes are ca. 1 mm long, curved. The flowering period is from early spring, very long. Habitat: It grows on plains, hilly grasslands or at forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xinjiang, as well as in North Korea and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and astringent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Warming and strengthening the stomach, relieving swelling and pain, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of stomachache, sour regurgitation, hematemesis, injury caused by knocks and falls, and fracture. Use and Dosage: 3–6  g per dose, decocted in water. Or 0.9–1.5  g per dose, grounded to powder and taken after mixing it with water. For external treatment proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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References 1. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 228) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 2. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 49 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975. 3. Xie Z W et  al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 2: 2142 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975.

Chapter 2

Medicinal Angiosperms of Solanaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 2.1  Family: Solanaceae 2.1.1  Datura stramonium 2.2  Family: Solanaceae 2.2.1  Hyoscyamus niger 2.3  Family: Solanaceae 2.3.1  Lycianthes lysimachioides 2.4  Family: Solanaceae 2.4.1  Lycium barbarum 2.5  Family: Solanaceae 2.5.1  Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense 2.6  Family: Solanaceae 2.6.1  Lycium ruthenicum 2.7  Family: Solanaceae 2.7.1  Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_2

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80 2.8  Family:Solanaceae 2.8.1  Physalis angulata 2.9  Family: Solanaceae 2.9.1  Physalis minima 2.10  Family: Solanaceae 2.10.1  Physalis peruviana 2.11  Family: Solanaceae 2.11.1  Solanum americanum 2.12  Family: Solanaceae 2.12.1  Solanum boreali-sinense 2.13  Family: Solanaceae 2.13.1  Solanum coagulans 2.14  Family: Solanaceae 2.14.1  Solanum indicum 2.15  Family: Solanaceae 2.15.1  Solanum lyratum 2.16  Family: Solanaceae 2.16.1  Solanum melongena 2.17  Family: Solanaceae 2.17.1  Solanum nigrum 2.18  Family: Solanaceae 2.18.1  Solanum torvum 2.19  Family: Solanaceae 2.19.1  Tubocapsicum anomalum References

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This chapter introduces 20 species of medicinal plants in one family, mainly including Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger, Lycianthes lysimachioides, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense, Lycium ruthenicum, Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii, Physalis angulata, Physalis minima, Physalis peruviana, Solanum americanum, Solanum boreali-sinense, Solanum coagulans, Solanum lyratum, Solanum melongena, Solanum nigrum, Solanum torvum, and ubocapsicum anomalum of Solanaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage, and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

2.1  Family: Solanaceae 2.1.1  Datura stramonium Chinese Name(s): man tuo luo, feng qie hua, go he tao, wan tao hua, yang jin hua. Source: This medicine is made of the flowers, fruits, and leaves of Datura stramonium (Datura stramonium Linn.)

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Morphology: The plant is a herb, or a subshrub, 0.5–1.5 m tall, glabrous throughout or glabrescent partly. The stems are robust, terete, light green or purplish, lower lignified. The leaf blades are broadly ovate, apically acuminate, basally asymmetric, cuneate, margins being irregularly sinuous or dentate-lobed, lateral veins being in 3–5 pairs, 8–17 cm long, 4–12 cm wide. The petioles are 3–5.5 cm long. The flowers are solitary in leaf axils or in branch forks, erect, short pediculate. The calyxes are tubular, 4–5  cm long, 5-ribbed, slightly indented between two ribs, slightly inflated at base, apically enclosing corolla tube, 5-lobed; the lobes are triangular, broken from near base after flowering, persistent portion being increased with fruit and reflexed outward. The corollas are funnelform, greenish at base, white or pale purple, sometimes purple distally; the limbs are 5-lobed, 3–5 cm in diameter; the lobes are apically mucronate, 6–10 cm long. The stamens are not extended. The filaments are ca. 3  cm long; the anthers are ca.4  mm long; the ovaries are densely pilose, styles being ca. 6 cm long. The capsules are erect, ovoid, 3–4.5 cm long, 2–4 cm in diameter, with copious prickles, rarely smooth, pale yellow when ripe, dehiscent by four equal valves. The seeds are ovate or discoid, ca. 4 mm in diameter, black. The flowering period is from June to October. The fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows near houses, by roadsides, and in grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of Southwest to Southeast China. It is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and cultivated in the temperate regions. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers, fruits, and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is astringent and bitter in taste, warm in property, toxic. Functions: It functions in anesthesia, analgesia, reliving asthma, and coughing, and is often used for treatment of bronchial asthma, chronic asthmatic bronchitis, stomachache, toothache, rheumatic pain, pain caused by injury, and surgical anesthesia. Use and Dosage: 0.3–0.6 g per dose, decocted in water, or made into tincture and extract to take.

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2.2  Family: Solanaceae 2.2.1  Hyoscyamus niger Chinese Name(s): tian xian zi, lang dang, lang dang zi, jiu ya zi, ya tong zi. Source: This medicine is made of the seeds of Hyoscyamus niger (Hyoscyamus niger Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, biennial, to 1  m tall, with sticky glandular hairs throughout. The roots are sometimes stout, fleshy then fibrous, 2–3  cm in diameter. The annual stems are extremely short. The basal leaves are forming a rosette; the blades of rosette leaves are ovate-lanceolate or oblong, to ca. 30  cm long, to 10  cm wide, apically acute, margins being coarsely dentate or pinnately lobed or parted, main veins being flat and broad, lateral veins being in 5–6 pairs, to the tip of lobes, winged petiolate, basally nearly clasping. The biennial stems are

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elongated and branched in spring, and the lower parts are gradually lignified. The stem leaves are ovate or deltate-ovate, apically obtuse or acuminate, sessile, basally nearly clasping or broadly cuneate, margins being pinnate-lobed or deeply lobed, shallowly undulate at leaves that are toward tip of stem; the lobes are triangular, apically obtuse or acute, except sticky glandular hairs on both surfaces, pilose along veins, 4–10 cm long, 2–6 cm wide. The flowers are solitary, axillary, and densely terminal. The calyxes are tubular-campanulate. The corollas are campanulate, pale yellow-green, usually with purple veins. There are five unequal stamens. The anthers are dark purple; the ovaries have two loculus. The capsules are ovoid-­ rounded, ca. 1.2  cm in diameter. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on slopes, fields, by ditches, and roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of North, Northwest, Southwest, and East China, as well as in Mongolia, Russia, Europe, and India. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are picked when the peel turns yellow and red in summer and autumn, exposed to direct sunlight, beaten to get the seeds, sifted off the peels and branches, and dried. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, warm in property, toxic, belonging to the meridians of heart, stomach and liver. Functions: Relieving spasm pain, and calming the mind, and it is often used for treatment of stomach spasm and pain, wheezing cough, and mania. Use and Dosage: 0.06–0.6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Patients with cardiac disease, tachycardia, glaucoma, and pregnancy should not take it. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: stomachache: appropriate amount of Hyoscyamus niger is ground to powder and taken 0.6 g each time, once a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: caries: appropriate amount of Hyoscyamus niger is ground to powder and put into the caries cavity, about 0.2 g each time.

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2.3  Family: Solanaceae 2.3.1  Lycianthes lysimachioides Chinese Name(s): dan hua hong si xian. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lycianthes lysimachioides (Lycianthes lysimachioides (Wall.) Bitter). Morphology: The plant is a herba, perennial. The stems are slender, trailing, prostrate, rooting at nodes. The leaves are unequal paired, ovate, elliptic to ovate-­ lanceolate, apically acuminate, basally cuneate decurrent to the petiole to form narrow wings; the major leaves are 4.5–7 cm long, 2.5–7.5 cm wide, with 8–25 mm long petioles; pubescent on both surfaces or glabrescent abaxially, ciliate, rounded, or cordate, or acute; blade of the minor leaves are 2–4.5 cm long, 1.2–2.8 cm wide, with 5–18 mm long petioles; all are membranous, adaxially green, pubescent, single hairs being membranous, transparent, nodded and dispersive, abaxially light green, densely ciliate at margins. The lateral veins are in 4–5 pairs. The inflorescences are 1- (or 2)-flowered fascicles; peduncle absent. The pedicels are 0.8–1 cm long, with white, transparent, and dispersive single hairs. The calyxes are cup-shaped to campanulate, ca. 5 mm long, ca. 7 mm in diameter, obviously 10-veined, 10-teethed, teeth being subulate-linear, slightly unequal, 3–5 mm long, with white, transparent, and dispersive single hairs. The corollas are white to pale yellow, stellate, ca. 1.8 cm in diameter; the limbs are ca. 1.1 cm long, deeply 5-lobed; the lobes are lanceolate, 10 mm long, 3–4 mm wide, apically reflexed, abaxially puberulent; the tubes are 1.5 mm long, conceal in calyx. There are five stamens, which insert at the throat of corolla tube. The filaments are ca. 1 mm long, glabrous; the anthers are oblong, ca. 4 mm long, ca. 1.2 mm wide, basally cordate. The ovaries are sub globose, ca. 1 mm in diameter, glabrous. The styles are slender, ca. 9 mm long, longer than stamen, apically bent or erect, stigmas being thickened and capitate. Habitat: It grows in forests or by streams.

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Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and used when fresh. Medicinal Properties: Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is astringent in taste, warm in property. Functions: It functions in detoxification and detumescence, and is often used for treatment of carbuncle, sores, nose sores, ear sores. For external treatment, the fresh products are applied to the affected areas or decocted in water and used for washing with. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.4  Family: Solanaceae 2.4.1  Lycium barbarum [1] Chinese Name(s): gou qi zi, hong guo zi, ci guo zi, xi gou qi, ming mu zi. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Lycium barbarum (Lycium barbarum Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 50–150 cm tall, and the canopy is round in outline. The stems are stout, and the branches are slender, curved or pendulous, thorny. The leaves are solitary or sometimes fasciculate on short branch, ovate-­ lanceolate or narrowly obovate, long elliptic, 2–8 cm long, 0.5–3 cm wide, entire at margins, glabrous, short petiolate. The inflorescences are solitary or 2–6-flowered, clustered on short branch. The pedicels are slender. The calyxes are campanulate, 4–5 mm long, apically usually 2–3-lobed, rarely 4–5-lobed; the lobes are broadly ovate or ovate triangular, apically often 2-dentate. The corollas are funnelform; the tubes are ca. 8 mm long, obviously longer than lobes, tapering at the lower part of the tube, 5-lobed. There are five stamens, which insert on the corolla tube, exserted. The berries are oblong or ovoid, 1–2 cm long, red when ripe. The seeds are numerous, reniform, flat. Habitat: It grows in humid, strong sunshine, deep soil loess gully banks and hillsides. It is mostly for cultivation. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in hot-blast air or in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: The product is fusiform or ovate, 6–20 mm in length and 3–10  mm in diameter, red or dark red on surfaces, with small protuberant style marks at the top and white fruit stalk marks at the base. The peel is flexible and wrinkled. The sarcocarp is fleshy and moist. There are 20–50 seeds, which are reniform, 1.5–1.9 mm long and 1–1.7 mm wide, light yellow or brown yellow on surface. It is slight in odor and sweet in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs, liver and kidneys. Functions: Nourishing liver and kidneys, tonifying essence, and improving eyesight, and it is often used for treatment of insufficiency of blood essence due to kidneys deficiency, lumbago, neurasthenia, dizziness, and vision loss. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: deficiency of liver and kidneys, dim sight: Lycium barbarum, chrysanthemum each 10  g, prepared rehmannia root 15  g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: liver-kidneys deficiency, sore of waist and spermatorrhea: Lycium barbarum, Ligustrum lucidum, Rosa laevigata, Dipsacus asperata, 10 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: deficiency of liver and kidneys, dizziness, night sweating, piphora induced by wind: Lycium barbarum, chrysanthemum, Rehmannia glutinosa, Dioscorea opposita, each 12 g, Cornus officinalis, Cortex Moutan, Alisma orientalis, each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: low back pain due to kidneys deficiency: Lycium barbarum, rhizoma cibotii, each 12 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.5  Family: Solanaceae 2.5.1  Lycium barbarum [2], Lycium chinense [2] Chinese Name(s): di gu pi. Source: This medicine is made of the root barks of Lycium barbarum (Lycium barbarum Linn.) and Lycium chinense (Lycium chinense Mill.) Morphology: A. Lycium barbarum: The plant is a shrub, 50–150 cm tall, and the canopy is round in outline. The stems are stout, and the branches are slender, curved or pendulous, thorny. The leaves are solitary or sometimes fasciculate on short branch, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly obovate, long elliptic, 2–8 cm long, 0.5–3 cm wide, entire at margins, glabrous, short petiolate. The inflorescences are solitary or 2–6-flowered, clustered on short branch. The pedicels are slender. The calyxes are campanulate, 4–5 mm long, apically usually 2–3-lobed, rarely 4–5-lobed; the lobes are broadly ovate or ovate triangular, apically often 2-dentate. The corollas are funnelform; the tubes are ca. 8 mm long, obviously longer than lobes, tapering at the lower part of the tube, 5-lobed. There are five stamens, which insert on the corolla tube, exserted. The berries are oblong or ovoid, 1–2 cm long, red when ripe. The seeds are numerous, reniform, flat. Habitat: It grows in humid, strong sunshine, deep soil loess gully banks and hillsides. It is mostly cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang.

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Morphology: B. Lycium barbarum: The plant is a shrub, deciduous, sprawling, 50–80 cm tall. The branches are angular, sparsely with black spots, with thorns. The leaves are solitary or several in clusters, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–4  cm long, 5–15 mm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally cuneate to broadly cuneate, glabrous. The petioles are less than 1 cm long. The inflorescences are 1–8-flowered fasciculate, axillary. The pedicels are ca. 6 mm long. The calyxes are campanulate, 5-divided to halfway, persistent. The corollas are funnel-form, 5-lobed. There are five stamens, which insert on corolla tube. The anthers are free, longitudinally divided. The berries are ovoid, red when ripe. There are 10–30 seeds, which are reniform and flat. Habitat: It is cultivated.

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Distribution: It is distributed throughout China, as well as in North Korea, Japan, and Europe.

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Acquisition and Processing: The root barks are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The original medicinal material of this product is cylindrical, less branched, with stem residues on the top, gray or yellowish gray, rough, with slight uplifted fine root traces and irregular longitudinal wrinkles. It is hard in quality, not easy to break, light yellow on the section, and darker in the middle sometimes. The medicine slices are yellow. The medicine is with a wolfberry aroma, and slightly sweet in taste. The original strip large, with few aboveground stems, and fibrous roots are better in quality. If cut into thin slices, the ones yellow or thin are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and bringing down a fever, cooling blood, and lowering blood pressure, and it is often used for treatment of low fever caused by tuberculosis, fever due to heat in the lungs, diabetes, and hypertension. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hectic fever due to Yin deficiency: Lycium barbarum, Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Radix Bupleuri, each 9 g and turtle shell 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough due to heat in the lungs: Lycium barbarum 12  g, Morus alba, Anemarrhena asphodeloides each 9  g, Scutellaria baicalensis, licorice, each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: malaria: fresh Cortex Lycii 30  g, tea 3  g, decocted in water and taken 2–3 h before the attack.

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2.6  Family: Solanaceae 2.6.1  Lycium ruthenicum Chinese Name(s): hei guo gou qi, zi guo gou qi, hei gou qi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or fruits of Lycium ruthenicum (Lycium ruthenicum Murray). Morphology: The plant is a copiously armed shrub, 0.2–1.5 m tall. The stems are many branched; the branches are grayish or whitish, hard; the branchlets are apically thorny; the thorns are 0.3–1.5 cm, insert on nodes. The short branches are located on both sides of the thorns, not obvious on the young branches, but nodular on the old branches, with leaves or flowers and leaves at the same time which are tufted and caducous. The leaves are in fascicles of 2–6 on short shoots, solitary and alternate on young branches, succulent, subsessile, linear, linearlanceolate, or linear-­ oblanceolate, sometimes narrowly lanceolate, apically obtuse, basally tapering, sometimes slightly downward at sides, midribs being inconspicuous, 0.5–3  cm long, 2–7  mm wide. The flowers are 1 or 2 on short shoots. The pedicels are slender, 0.5–1 cm long. The calyxes are narrowly campanulate, 4–5 mm long, slightly inflated into being hemispherical and enclosing the lower portion of the fruit when fruiting, irregularly 2–4-lobed, lobes being membranous and sparsely ciliate at margins. The corollas are funnelform, pale purple, ca. 1.2 cm long, slightly enlarged from tube to limb, 5-lobed; the lobes are oblong-ovate, 1/3–1/2 as long as corolla tube, not ciliate, lugs being obscure. The stamens are slightly exserted, insert at the middle of corolla tube; the filaments are sparsely villous above basally as well as corolla inside at the same height; the styles are sub-equal to stamen. The berries are purple-black, globose, sometimes apically emarginate, 4–9 mm in diameter. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to October. Habitat: It grows on saline-alkaline wastelands, sands, or roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in spring, washed, sectioned, and dried in the sun. The fruits are harvested in autumn and winter when mature, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat in the lungs, relieving coughing, and curing inflammation, and it is often used for treatment of heat in the heart, heart disease, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, hypotension, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose for roots, 6–9 g per dose for fruits, decocted in water for oral use.

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Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: asthmatic tracheitis: Lycium ruthenicum root 1.5 portions, mulberry bark 1 portion, licorice 0.5 portion, tangerine 1 portion, lepidium seed 0.5 portion, radish seed 3 portions, ground to powder and taken 4–7 g per dose, twice a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough: Lycium ruthenicum root 100g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gingival bleeding: Lycium ruthenicum (fruit), taken more than 10 each time, 3 times a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold, cough, fever: Lycium ruthenicum root 45 g, mulberry bark 30 g, tangerine 30 g, licorice 15 g, radish seed 90 g, gypsum 90 g, ground to powder and taken 4 g each time, in the morning and evening.

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2.7  Family: Solanaceae 2.7.1  Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii [3] Chinese Name(s): jin deng long, deng long cao, deng long guo. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or fruits of Physalis alkekengi (Physalis alkekengi Linn. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino). Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial, often prostrate and rooted at base. The stems are 40–80 cm tall, slightly woody at basally, little branched, nodes sometimes being inflated, mostly pubescent and denser on the younger ones. The leaf blades are 5–15 cm long, 2–8 cm wide, narrowly to broadly ovate, sometimes rhomboid ovate, apically acuminate, basally oblique, cuneate, margins being entire or coarsely dentate, sometimes with salient, unequal deltate lobes, ciliate. The petioles are 1–3 cm long. The pedicels are 6–16 mm long, glabrescent, or puberulent. The calyxes are broadly campanulate, ca. 6 mm long, tubes being sparingly pubescent except the densely pubescent lobes. The corollas are rotate, white, 15–20 mm in diameter; the lobes are spreading, broad and short, apically abruptly narrowed into triangular cusp, pubescent outside, ciliate. The stamens and styles are shorter than corolla. The fruiting pedicels are 2–3 cm long, more or less persistent villous; the fruiting calyxes are glabrescent. The berries are globose, orange-red, 10–15 mm in diameter, soft, juicy. The seeds are reniform, pale yellow, ca. 2 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from May to September. The fruiting period is from June to October. Habitat: It is cultivated, or naturalized. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Henan, Gansu, Shaanxi, as well as in Eurasia. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is lantern shaped and compressed, 3–4.5 cm long and 2.5–4 cm wide, orange yellow on surfaces, with five obvious longitudinal ridges, and reticulate veinlets between the ridges, apically acuminate, slightly 5-clefted, basally truncated, and with fruit stalk in the sunken center. It is light weighed, flexible, hollow, or with brownish red or orange red fruits inside. The fruit is spherical, mostly compressed, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The pericarp is shrunk and the seeds are numerous. It is slight in odor, and the persistent calyx is bitter. The fruit is sweet and slightly sour in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour and bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, benefiting throat and resolving phlegm, promoting diuresis and relieving strangury, and it is often used for treatment of acute tonsillitis, sore throat, hoarse voice, cough due to heat in the lungs, dysuria, strangury, as well as external treatment for pemphigus and eczema. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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2.8  Family:Solanaceae 2.8.1  Physalis angulata Chinese Name(s): ku zhi, deng long cao, deng long guo. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Physalis angulata (Physalis angulata Linn.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, 30–50 cm tall. The stems are many branched, branches being slender. The petioles are 1–5 cm long; the leaf blades are ovate to elliptic, apically acuminate or acute, basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, margins being entire or dentate, glabrescent, 3–6 cm long, 2–4 cm wide. The pedicels are 5–12 mm long, slender, pubescent. The calyxes are pubescent, 4–5 mm long, 5-lobed, divided about halfway; the lobes are lanceolate, ciliate. The corollas are pale yellow, pruple spotted in throat, 4–6 mm long, 6–8 mm wide. The fruiting calyxes are ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter, thinly papery. The berries are ca. 1.2 cm in diameter. The seeds are discoid, ca. 2 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to December. Habitat: It grows in valleys, villages, wastelands, and roadsides where fertile and moist soils exist. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces from East to Southwest of China. It is also found in India, Vietnam, Japan, Australia, and the America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, reducing swelling and dissipate binds, and it is often used for treatment of sore throat, mumps, gingivitis, acute hepatitis, and bacillary dysentery. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.9  Family: Solanaceae 2.9.1  Physalis minima Chinese Name(s): xiao suan jiang, deng long cao, gua jin deng, deng long guo. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Physalis minima (Physalis minima Linn.)

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Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, roots being fibrous. The stems are shortened, apically dichotomous; the branches are prostrate spreading or ascending obliquely, pubescent. The petioles are slender, 1–1.5 cm long; the leaf blades are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, often oblique, margins being entire, sinuate, or with a few coarse teeth, pubescent along veins. The pedicels are slender, ca. 5  mm long, pubescent. The calyxes are campanulate, 2.5–3 mm long, pubescent outside; the lobes are deltate, short acuminate, densely ciliate. The corollas are yellow, ca. 5 mm long. The anthers are light yellow, ca. 1 mm long. The fruiting pedicels are less than 1 cm long, pendulous. The fruiting calyxes are subglobose or ovoid, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The berries are globose, ca. 6  mm in diameter. The flowering period is summer. The fruiting period is autumn. Habitat: It grows in fields, slopes, and open wastelands. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, as well as in India, Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, eliminating phlegm and relieving coughing, resolving hard lump, and it is often used for treatment of jaundice hepatitis, cholecystitis, cold, fever, sore throat, bronchitis, lungs abscess, mumps, orchitis, cystitis, hematuria, cervical lymph tuberculosis, as well as for external treatment of pustules, eczema, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, appropriate amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas, or decocted for washing with, or calcined on the outside to ash and applied. The pregnant women should not take it. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mumps: Physalis minima, emilia sonchifolia each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: orchitis: whole plants of Physalis minima, Clausena lansium root, 30 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: senile chronic tracheitis: appropriate amount of Physalis minima whole plants (dry) are decocted in water to make syrup, and added with appropriate amounts of preservatives. Take 50 ml per dose, 3 times a day, 10 days as a course of treatment. After an interval of 3 days, repeat the treatment, and do systematic follow-up observation, for three courses in all.

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2.10  Family: Solanaceae 2.10.1  Physalis peruviana Chinese Name(s): deng long guo, xiao guo suan jiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Physalis peruviana (Physalis peruviana Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 45–90 cm tall. The stems are erect, sparingly branched, densely pubescent. The leaf blades are thick, broadly ovate to cordate, 6–15  cm long, 4–10  cm wide, apically short acuminate basally cordate, margins being entire or with a few indistinct teeth, densely pubescent; the petioles are 2–5 cm long. The flowers are solitary, axillary. The pedicels are ca. 1.5 cm long. The calyxes are broadly campanulate, densely pubescent as pedicel, 7–9 mm long; the lobes are lanceolate, subequal to tube. The corollas are broadly campanulate, 1.2–1.5 cm long, 1.2–2 cm in diameter, yellow, spotted in throat, 5-lobed; the lobes are subtriangular, pubescent outside, ciliate. The filaments and anthers are blue-­ purple; the anthers are ca. 3 mm long. The fruiting calyxes are ovoid, 2.5–4 cm long, thinly papery, light green or light yellow, pubescent. The berries are 1–1.5 cm in diameter, yellow at maturity. The seeds are discoid, yellow, ca. 2 mm in diameter. The flowering and fruiting periods are summer. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It escapes to wild in Yunnan provinces, and it is cultivated in South China. It is native to South America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving inflammation, and promoting diuresis, and it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, mumps, bronchitis, acute pyelonephritis, orchitis, herpes, furuncle, sores, and hernia. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.11  Family: Solanaceae 2.11.1  Solanum americanum Chinese Name(s): shao hua long kui, yi niu kou, bai hua cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Solanum americanum (Solanum americanum Miller [ S. photeinocarpum Nakamura et Odashima]). Morphology: The plant is a herb, glabrous or glabrescent, ca. 1 m tall. The leaf blades are thin, ovate to ovate-oblong, 4–8 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, apically acute, basally cuneate and decurrent to petiole to be winged, margins being entire or sparingly dentate, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, or sometimes abaxially glabrescent. The petioles are slender, 1–2 cm long, sparsely pubescent. The inflorescences are subumbellate, extra-axillary, 1–6-flowered; the peduncles are 1–2 cm long. The pedicels are 5–8  mm. the flowers are small, 7  mm in diameter. The calyxes are green, cup-shaped, 1.5–2  mm in diameter, 5-lobed nearly halfway; the lobes are ovate, apically obtuse, ca. 1 mm long, ciliate. The corollas are white, tubes being concealed in calyx, less than 1mm long, limbs being about 3.5 mm long, 5-lobed halfway or more; the lobes are ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm long. The filaments are extremely short; the anthers are yellow, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm long, about 3–4 times as long as the filament, apical pore being inward. The ovaries are suborbicular, less than 1mm in diameter; the styles are slender, ca. 2 mm long, white villous below middle; the stigmas are small, capitate. The berries are globose, ca. 5 mm in diameter, green when young, and black when ripe. The seeds are ovate, compressed, 1–1.5  mm in diameter. The flowering and fruiting periods are nearly throughout the year. Habitat: It grows in fields, wastelands and open lands near villages. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi of China, as well as in Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole branches and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, slightly cold in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, calming the liver, promoting diuresis, and fighting cancer, and it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, headache, sore throat, cough, chronic bronchitis, dysuria, cystitis, leucorrhea, dysentery, injury, hypertension, rabies bite, and cancer of liver and esophagus. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.12  Family: Solanaceae 2.12.1  Solanum boreali-sinense Chinese Name(s): guang bai ying. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Solanum boreali-sinense (Solanum boreali-sinense C. Y. Wu et S. C. Huang). Morphology: The plant is a climbing subshrub, 30–70 cm tall, woody at basally, slightly branched. The stems are khaki with bluish white, striate with scattered lenticels. The leaf blades are alternate, membranous, ovate to broadly ovate, to 9 cm long, to 6 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally broadly cordate to rounded, abruptly decurrent, margins being entire, adaxially green and glabrous, only gradually hirsute along veins, ciliate, abaxially glabrous. The petioles are ca. 3  cm long, narrowly winged in distal half, glabrous. The inflorescences are extra-axillary, many-flowered panicles; the peduncles are ca. 3 cm long. The pedicels are 0.6–1 cm long, puberulent. The calyxes are cup-shaped, ca. 3  mm in diameter, puberulent adaxially, 5-lobed; the teeth are slightly square, ca. 1  mm long, mucronate. The corollas are purple, 1.5–2 cm in diameter; the tubes are concealed within calyx, ca. 1 mm long; the limbs are ca. 10 mm long, apically 5-lobed; the lobes are lanceolate, ca. 7 mm long. There are five stamens, which insert at throat of corolla tube. The filaments are ca. 1 mm long, free; the anthers are united into a tube, ca. 4.5 mm long. The styles are filiform, ca. 6 mm long. The stigmas are capitate. The berries are red when ripe, ca. 0.8 cm in diameter. The seeds are ovate, compressed, ca. 3 mm long, 2.3 mm wide. The flowering and fruiting periods are autumn. Habitat: It grows in mountain grasslands, forest margins, thickets.

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Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of China’s northeast, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, as well as in Siberia. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, toothache, chronic bronchitis, dysentery, urinary tract infection, mastitis, leucorrhea, cancer, as well as for external treatment for carbuncle, furuncle, pemphigus, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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2.13  Family: Solanaceae 2.13.1  Solanum coagulans Chinese Name(s): ye qie, huang dian qie, huang shui qie, ding qie, huang tian qie. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits or whole plants of Solanum coagulans (Solanum coagulans Forsk.) Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, 0.5–2 m tall. The branchlets, leaves abaxial surfaces, petioles, and inflorescences are densely villous with grayish-brown stellate hairs. The branchlets usually sparingly armed with prickles when young. The leaves are unequal paired, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 5–13 cm long, 4–7 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally oblique, obtuse, truncate or subcordate, margins being 5(-7)-sinuate lobed, abaxially green, densely tomentose with stellate hairs, adaxially celandine green, tomentose with stellate hairs; the midribs are abaxially obviously raised, with short stout prickles on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in 3–4 pairs. The petioles are 1–3 cm long. The inflorescences are extra-axillary, few-­ flowered scorpioid racemes, ca. 2.5 cm long; the peduncles are very short. The flowers are andromonoecious and the fertile ones are solitary at base of inflorescence. The pedicels are ca. 1.7 cm long. The calyxes are campanulate, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, densely stellate hairy and prickly outside, glabrous inside except apex of lobe, 5-lobed; the lobes are deltate-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm long, apically acuminate, basally broad. The corollas are stellate-rotate, purple-blue, ca. 1.8  cm long, ca. 3  cm in diameter; the tubes are 3 mm long; the limbs are ca. 1.5 cm long, 5-lobed; the lobes are broadly deltate, ca. 1 cm long and wide, with stellate hairs. The filaments are

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1.5–1.8 mm long, glabrous; the anthers are elliptic; the stigmas are capitate. The berries are globose, glabrous, and yellow. The fruiting pedicels are 2.5–5 cm long, apically enlarged. The flowering period is summer. The fruiting period is winter. Habitat: It grows at the edge of villages, roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, warm in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Clearing dampness, relieving swelling, and killing pain, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, orchitis, and toothache. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.14  Family: Solanaceae 2.14.1  Solanum indicum Chinese Name(s): ci tian qie, zi hua qie, jin niu kou, xiao dian qie. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or whole plants of Solanum indicum (Solanum indicum Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 0.5–2 m tall. The branchlets, leaves abaxial surfaces, petioles, and inflorescences are densely villous with stellate hairs and

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prickly. The leaves are ovate, 5–8 cm long, 2.5–7 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally cordate, truncate or oblique, margins being 5–7-sinuate lobed, green and tomentose with short-stalked, stellate hairs adaxially, grayish green and with long-­ stalked hairs abaxially, with straight subulate prickles along middle and lateral veins, prickles being 2–6 mm long; the lateral veins are in 3–4 pairs; the petioles are 2–4 cm long, with stellate hairs and 1–2 subulate prickles. The inflorescences are scorpioid racemes, extra-axillary, 3.5–6 cm long; the peduncles are 2–8 mm long. The pedicels are not less than 1.5 cm long, densely with stellate hairs and straight subulate prickles. The flowers are blue-purple, sometimes white, ca. 2 cm in diameter. The calyxes are cup-shaped, ca.1 cm in diameter, 4–6 mm long, 5-lobed; the lobes are ovate, 3–5 mm long, apically pointed, pubescent and prickly as on pedicels are. The corollas are rotate; the tubes are ca. 1.5  mm long, included within calyx; the limbs are ca. 1.3 cm long, deeply 5-lobed; the lobes are ovate, ca. 8 mm long, outer being densely villous with branched stipitate or sessile stellate hairs, inner upper and middle veins being sparsely villous with less branching and sessile stellate hairs, rarely the same as on the outside. The filaments are ca. 1 mm long, slightly broad at base, the anthers are yellow, about 7 times as long as filaments; the ovaries are oblong, ribbed, apically with stellate hairs; the styles are filiform. The berries are globose, shiny orange, ca. 1 cm in diameter. The persistent calyxes are revolute. The flowering and fruiting periods are throughout the year. Habitat: It grows on slopes, in valleys, gullies, or sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong, and south of the Yangtze River basin. Acquisition and Processing: The roots or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Detoxicating, swelling, dispersing blood stasis and relieving pain, it is often used for treatment of tonsillitis, laryngitis, lymphadenitis, toothache, stomachache and injuries caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Annotations: This product is toxic. If used overdose, it may cause poisoning symptoms such as dry mouth, thirst, dysphagia, increased body temperature, dry and red skin, pupil enlargement, and blurred vision. In severe cases, the patient may die of dyspnea, circulatory depression, and even respiratory failure.

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2.15  Family: Solanaceae 2.15.1  Solanum lyratum Chinese Name(s): bai ying, shan tian cai, man qie, bei feng teng, bai jia. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Solanum lyratum (Solanum lyratum Thunb.) Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous vine, 0.5–1  m long. The stems and branchlets are villous with nodiferous hairs. The leaves are alternate, mostly lyrate, 3.5–5.5 cm long, 2.5–8 cm wide, basally deeply 3–5-lobed, lobes being entire at margin, the lateral lobes being attenuate to the base and apically obtuse, the middle lobes being larger, ovate, apically acuminate, villous with white shiny hairs, midribs being prominent, lateral veins being clearly defined below, and usually in 5–7 pairs; rarely cordate on distal half of branchlets, small, 1–2  cm long. The petioles are 1–3  cm long, villous. The inflorescences are terminal, or extra-axillary, few- to many-flowered panicles; the peduncles are 2–2.5 cm long, nodiferous-villous. The pedicels are 0.8–1.5 cm long, villous, apically slightly inflated, basally jointed. The corollas are blue-purple or white, ca. 1.1  cm in diameter; the tubes are included within calyx, ca. 1 mm long; the limbs are ca. 6.5 mm long, deeply 5-lobed; the lobes are elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, apically puberulent. The filaments are ca. 1 mm long; the anthers are oblong, ca. 3 mm long. The ovaries are ovoid, less than 1 mm in diameter; the styles are filiform, ca. 6 mm long; the stigmas are small, capitate. The berries are globose, red-black, ca. 8 mm in diameter. The seeds are discoid, flat, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter, reticulate. The flowering period is from summer to autumn. The fruiting period is late autumn. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, as well as in Japan and North Korea, Indochina peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving swelling and killing pain, promoting diuresis, and reliving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of vaginal erosion, carbuncle, scabies, jaundice, erysipelas, cancer, snakebite, acute gastroenteritis, scrofula, leucorrhea, conjunctivitis caused by wind-fire, toothache, goiter, pyogenic osteomyelitis, and hemorrhoids. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: jaundice hepatitis: Solanum lyratum, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, 30  g each, Damnacanthus indicus root 15  g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: lungs cancer: Solanum lyratum, Sedum sarmentosum, each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use, 1 dose a day.

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2.16  Family: Solanaceae 2.16.1  Solanum melongena Chinese Name(s): qie, qie zi gen, bai qie, wu jiao qie, wu zhi qie. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Solanum melongena (Solanum melongena Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a subshrub to 1 m tall. The branchlets, petioles, and pedicels all are pubescent with stellate hairs which are 6–8(-10)-branched, flattened or with short stalks. The branchlets are purple, with prickles. The leaf blades are ovate to oblong-ovate, 8–18  cm long, 5–11  cm wide, apically obtuse, basally oblique, margins being sinuate-lobed, adaxially tomentose with stellate hairs which are 3–7(-8)-branched, flattened and with short stalks, abaxially villous with stellate hairs which are 7–8-branched, flattened and with long stalks. The lateral veins are in 4–5 pairs, as the midveins are, adaxially tomentose with stellate hairs, denser abaxially, or sometimes with a few fine prickles on both surfaces. The petioles are 2–4.5  cm long, sometimes with prickles. The fertile flowers are solitary, and the pedicels are 1–1.8  cm long, densely hairy, drooping after flowering; the infertile

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flowers are reduced racemes, appear simultaneously with fertile flowers. The calyxes are subcampaniform, ca. 2.5 cm in diameter, stellate tomentose, often with ca. 3 mm prickles abaxially; the lobes are lanceolate, apically acute, sparsely stellate tomentose inside. The corollas are rotate, denser stellate tomentose abaxially, adaxially sparsely stellate tomentose only on apex of lobe; the tubes are ca. 2 mm long; the limbs are ca. 2.1 cm long; the lobes are deltate, ca. 1 cm long. The filaments are ca. 2.5 mm long; the anthers are ca. 7.5 mm long. The ovaries are rounded, apically densely stellate hairy. The styles are 4–7 mm long, stellate tomentose in low middle part, stigmas being lobed. The berries are greatly variable in form and size. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated throughout China. It is native to tropical Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, expelling wind and relieving coughing, astringing, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, senile chronic tracheitis, edema, cough, dysentery, leucorrhea, spermatorrhea, hematuria, hematochezia, as well as external treatment for chilblain. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted for washing with. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic rheumatoid arthritis: Solanum melongena 15  g, decocted in water for oral use, or Solanum melongena root 90  g, soaked in 250 g of wine for 7 days. Take 15 g each time, twice a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: frostbite: Solanum melongena root 120  g, decocted and used for washing the affected areas with, 1–2 times a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: senile chronic tracheitis: Solanum melongena root syrup is taken 2–3 times a day, 50 ml each time, 10 days as a course of treatment, for three continuous courses. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fissure of nipple: proper amounts of frosty small Solanum melongena are baked to dry, added with sesame oil and applied to the affected areas.

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2.17  Family: Solanaceae 2.17.1  Solanum nigrum Chinese Name(s): long kui, tian qie zi, ku kui. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Solanum nigrum (Solanum nigrum Linn.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, up to 1 m. The stems are obscurely angular or not, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent. The leaf blades are ovate or ovate-­ elliptic, 3–10 cm long, 2–5.5 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, decurrent, entire or coarsely dentate, glabrescent or sparsely pubescent. The lateral veins are in 5–6 pairs. The petioles are 1–2.5 cm long. The inflorescences are scorpioid umbels, extra-axillary, 3–6(-10)-flowered; the peduncles are 1–2.5 cm long. The pedicels are ca. 5  mm, glabrescent or pubescent. The calyxes are shallowly cup-shaped, 1.5–2 mm in diameter, 5-lobed; the lobes are ovate, apically obtuse. The corollas are white; the hypanthium is included, less than 1 mm long; the tubes are ca. 1 mm long; the limbs are ca. 2.5 mm long, deeply 5-lobed; the lobes are ovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm long. There are five stamens, which inserted at corolla throat. The anthers are ca. 1.2 mm long, yellow. The ovaries are ovoid; the styles are ca. 1.5 mm long, white villous below middle; the stigmas are small, capitate. The berries are globose, dull black, ca. 8 mm in diameter. The seeds are compressed, nearly ovoid, 1.5–2 mm in diameter. The flowering and fruiting periods are throughout the year. Habitat: It grows on hillside, wasteland, field edge and open land near villages. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Hebei, Yunnan and Guizhou. It is also distributed in temperate regions of Europe, Asia and America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, a little toxic, belonging to the meridians of lungs and spleen. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, toothache, chronic bronchitis, dysentery, urinary tract infection, mastitis, leucorrhea, cancer, as well as for external treatment of carbuncle, furuncle, pemphigus, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 19–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms:chronic tracheitis: 50g of Solanum nigrum, 9g of Platycodon grandiflorus and 3g of licorice, decocted in water for oral use, 1 dose per day, 10 days as a course of treatment. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute mastitis: Solanum nigrum 60 g, decocted in water and taken 2 times, 1 dose per day. The symptoms may disappear within 3–7 days.

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3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hydrothorax and ascites caused by cancer: fresh Solanum nigrum 500 g (or 120 g for dry), decocted in water for oral use, 1 dose daily. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: snakebite: Solanum nigrum and fresh Serissa japonica leaf, 30 g each, mashed for juice and taken orally, and the dregs are applied externally for 2 consecutive days.

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2.18  Family: Solanaceae 2.18.1  Solanum torvum Chinese Name(s): shui qie, jin niu kou, shan dian qie, ci qie. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Solanum torvum (Solanum torvum Sw.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–3 m tall, densely pubescent overall with grayish stellate hairs. The leaves are solitary or paired, ovate to elliptic, 6–15 cm long, 4–9 cm wide, apically acute, basally cordate or cuneate, margins being sinuate or usually 5–7-lobed, adaxially green, abaxially greyish-green, with yellow, stalked, many-branched stellate hairs, middle veins being armed or unarmed. The lateral veins are in 3–5 pairs. The petioles are 2–4 cm long, with 0–2 prickles. The inflorescences are extra-axillary, many-flowered racemose panicles; the peduncles are mostly 1- or 2-branched, 1–1.5 cm long, with 0–1 erect prickle. The pedicels are 5–10 mm long, bearing simple glandular hairs and stalked stellate hairs. The flowers are white. The calyxes are cup-shaped, ca. 4 mm, bearing simple glandular hairs and stalked stellate hairs, 5-lobed; the lobes are ovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm long, apically cuspidate. The corollas are rotate, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter; the tubes are included within calyx, ca. 1.5 mm long; the limbs are ca. 1.5 cm long, 5-lobed; the lobes are ovate-lanceolate, apically acuminate, 0.8–1 cm long, stellate pubescent abaxially. The filaments are ca. 1 mm long; the anthers are 4–7 times as long as filaments. The ovaries are ovoid, smooth. The styles are 6–8 mm long. The stigmas are truncate. The berries are yellow, smooth, glabrous, globose, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The fruiting calyxes are sparsely pubescent with stellate hairs. The fruit pedicels are ca. 1.5 cm long, enlarged in distal half. The flowering and fruiting periods are throughout the year. Habitat: It grows in the villages, roadsides or hillsides, wastelands. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Taiwan of China, as well as in Tropical Asia and America. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is astringent in taste, slightly cool in property, a little toxic. Functions: Removing blood stasis, unblocking meridians, relieving swelling, relieving pain and stopping coughing, the root is used for treatment of injury caused by knocks and falls, strain of psoas muscle, stomachache, toothache, amenorrhea, chronic coughing, decocted in water or soaked in wine to take. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. The leaves are mashed and applied externally in the treatment of nameless swellings. Patients with glaucoma should not take it orally, so as to not increase intraocular pressure and worsen the condition.

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2.19  Family: Solanaceae 2.19.1  Tubocapsicum anomalum Chinese Name(s): long zhu, deng long zhu cao, ye dian qing, chi zhu, gu jiao cao, ye dian cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Tubocapsicum anomalum (Tubocapsicum anomalum (Franch. et Sav.) Makino.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, glabrescent, up to 1.5 m tall. The stems are to 1.5  cm in diameter at base, branching dichotomously. The leaf blades are thinly papery, ovate, elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 5–18 cm long, 3–10 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate and oblique, decurrent. The lateral veins are in 5–8 pairs. The petioles are 0.8–3 cm long. The inflorescences are solitary or 2–6-­flowered clusters. The pedicels are 1–2  cm long, nodding, slightly thicker distally. The calyxes are ca. 3 mm in diameter, ca. 2 mm long, enlarged and persistent in fruit. The corollas are 6–8 mm in diameter; the lobes are ovate-deltate, apically acute, recurved, minutely ciliolate. The stamens are slightly exserted. The ovaries are ca. 2 mm in diameter. The styles are sub squeal to stamen. The berries are 8–12 mm in diameter, red. The seeds are pale yellow. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to October. Habitat: It grows in roadsides, valleys, or hillside forests at altitudes of 400–1500 m.

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Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou of China, as well as in North Korea, Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating and promoting diuresis, it is often used for treatment of strangury, dysentery, and sores. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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References 1. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 232) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 2. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 115) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 3. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 939 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975.

Chapter 3

Medicinal Angiosperms of Convolvulaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 3.1  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.1.1  Aniseia biflora 3.2  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.2.1  Argyreia acuta 3.3  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.3.1  Argyreia obtusifolia 3.4  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.4.1  Calonyction aculeatum 3.5  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.5.1  Calystegia hederacea 3.6  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.6.1  Calystegia sepium

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_3

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128 3.7  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.7.1  Cuscuta australis, Cuscuta chinensis 3.8  Family:Convolvulaceae 3.8.1  Cuscuta japonica 3.9  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.9.1  Dichondra micrantha 3.10  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.10.1  Erycibe obtusifolia, Erycibe schmidtii 3.11  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.11.1  Evolvulus alsinoides 3.12  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.12.1  Ipomoea aquatica 3.13  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.13.1  Ipomoea cairica 3.14  Family:Convolvulaceae 3.14.1  Ipomoea digitata 3.15  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.15.1  Ipomoea pes-caprae 3.16  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.16.1  Merremia hederacea 3.17  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.17.1  Operculina turpethum 3.18  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.18.1  Porana racemosa 3.19  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.19.1  Porana sinensis References

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This chapter introduces 21 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, namely Aniseia biflora, Argyreia acuta, Argyreia obtusifolia, Calonyction aculeatum, Calystegia hederacea, Calystegia sepium, Cuscuta australis, Cuscuta chinensis, Cuscuta japonica, Dichondra micrantha, Erycibe obtusifolia, Erycibe schmidtii, Evolvulus alsinoides, Ipomoea aquatica, Ipomoea cairica, Ipomoea digitata, Ipomoea pes-­ caprae, Merremia hederacea, Operculina turpethum, Porana racemose, and Porana sinensis of Convolvulaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage, and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

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3.1  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.1.1  Aniseia biflora Chinese Name(s): xin e shu, man shan xiang, hei mian teng, ya deng tang, hua tuo hua, le fan shu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants or seeds of Aniseia biflora (Aniseia biflora (Linn.) Choisy). Morphology: The plant is a twining herb. The stems are slender, 1.5–4 mm in diameter, ribbed, grayish hirsute. The leaf blades are cordate or deltate-cordate, 4–9.5 cm long, 3–7 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cordate, margins being entire, rarely slightly 3-lobed, hirsute-villous. The lateral veins are in 6–7 pairs, raised on both surfaces. The third veins is nearly parallel, small. The petioles are 1.5–8 cm long, grayish hirsute. The inflorescences are axillary, 1–3-flowered; the peduncles are (0–) 3–15 mm long; the bracts are small, linear-lanceolate, hirsute. The pedicels are slender, 8–15 mm long, grayish hirsute. There are 5 sepals, which are slightly enlarged in fruit; the outer 3 are deltate-lanceolate, 8–10  mm long, 4–5 mm wide, basally auriculate, abaxially grayish hirsute-villous, ciliate, adaxially subglabrous; the inner 2 are linear-lanceolate, ca. as long as or longer than outer 3. The corollas are white, narrowly campanulate, 1.2–1.5 cm long; the limbs are shallowly lobed, lobes being rounded; the midpetaline bands are pubescent. There are five stamens, which are not exserted, ca. 3  mm long; the filaments are gradually expanded toward base; the anthers are ovoid-deltoid, basally sagittate. The ovaries are conical, glabrous; the styles are clavate, 3 mm long; the stigmas are capitate, 2 lobed. The capsules are ± globose, ca. 9 mm in diameter, glabrous. Habitat: It grows on mountain slopes, roadsides, in forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants or seeds are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The whole plant functions in clearing heat and detoxicating, eliminating malnutrition and accumulation, and is used for treatment of cold, mosquito bite and infantile malnutrition. The seed functions in detoxicating, promoting blood circulation, and is often used for treatment of injury and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose for whole plant, 10–15 g per dose for seeds, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed decocted in water for oral use.

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3.2  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.2.1  Argyreia acuta [1] Chinese Name(s): bai he teng, bai bei si chou, yi pi chou. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves or whole plants of Argyreia acuta (Argyreia acuta Lour.) Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub. The stems are terete; axial parts are silvery sericeous when young, later yellowish or glabrescent. The leaf blades are elliptic or ovate, 5–13  cm long, 3–10  cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally rounded, slightly cordate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially silvery sericeous, margins being entire; the lateral veins are in to nine pairs, adaxially obscure, abaxially raised as midvein; the reticulate veins are obscure. The petioles are 1.5–6 cm long, silvery

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sericeous. The cymes are axillary or terminal; the peduncles are 3.5–8  cm long, angular or compressed; the secondary and tertiary peduncles are 5–8  mm long, ribbed, silvery sericeous; the pedicels are ca. 5  mm long, silvery sericeous; the bracts are elliptic or obovate, apically obtuse, abaxially silvery sericeous, 8–12 mm long, 4–8 mm wide. The sepals are ovate, apically obtuse, unequal; the outer ones are 9–10 mm long, 6–7 mm wide; the inner ones are 6–7 mm long, 4–5 mm wide, silvery sericeous abaxially. The corollas are funnelform, ca. 2.8  cm long, white, silvery sericeous outside; the limbs are deeply 5-lobed; the lobes are oblong, ca. 15 mm long, apically acuminate; the tubes are 6–7 mm long. The stamens insert at 6–7 mm of base; the filaments are ca. 15 mm long, mastoid, extended toward base; the anthers are oblong, ca. 4 mm long. The ovaries are glabrous, 2-loculed, 4-ovuled. The styles are ca. 2 cm long; the stigmas are capitate, 2-lobed. The berries are globose, ca. 8 mm in diameter, red, enclosed by enlarged sepal, the sepals are raised, red inside. The flowering period is from August to October. The fruiting period is from October to January of the following year. Habitat: It grows on slopes, in valleys, by stream sides, in thickets or under open forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan of China, as well as in India, Vietnam, and Laos. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter and sour in taste, cool in property. Functions: Expelling wind and promoting diuresis, resolving phlegm and relieving coughing, stopping bleeding and activating collaterals, removing toxin and promoting granulation, it is often used for treatment of nephritis, edema, cirrhosis, ascites, rheumatic pain, hematemesis caused by internal injury, metrorrhagia, leucorrhea, acute and chronic tracheitis, injury caused by knocks and falls, as well as for external treatment of mastitis, sores, abscesses, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose for whole plant. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are scalded in water and applied to the affected areas, or decocted in water and used for washing with.

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3.3  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.3.1  Argyreia obtusifolia Chinese Name(s): yin bei teng, huang mao bai he teng, chun ye bai he teng. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Argyreia obtusifolia (Argyreia obtusifolia Lour.) Morphology: The plant is a scandent liana; the branches are less, the young parts being pubescent, the old parts being glabrous, pale yellow, wrinkled. The leaf blades are ovate, elliptic to oblong, 5–10 cm long, 2–5.5 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally broadly cuneate, adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially densely silvery white sericeous-tomentose; the lateral veins are in 7–11 pairs, pubescent. The petioles are 1.5–3.8 cm long. The cymes are 5–8-flowered, axillary or terminal; the peduncles are 2–3 cm long; the bracts are early deciduous. The sepals are ovate, apically obtuse, ca. 8 mm long, 6–7 mm wide, subequal, inner ones being smaller, densely sericeous-lanose abaxially, glabrous adaxially. The corollas are funnelform, 4–5  cm long, appressed pubescent outside, densely villous at midpetaline bands, glabrous inside; the limbs are shallowly 5-lobed. The stamens and pistil much shorter than corolla; the stamens insert at ca. 7 mm above base; the filaments are filiform, ca. 25 mm long, slightly enlarged at base, densely villous. The anthers are oblong, ca. 3.5 mm long. The disks are annular, 0.7 mm in height. The ovaries are glabrous; the styles are ca. 32 mm long; the stigmas are capitate. The berries are subglobose, red, 4-loculed, 4-ovuled. The flowering period is from August to October. The fruiting period is from November to February of the following year. Habitat: It grows in dense or sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, northern Thailand to south-central Burma and the Malay Peninsula.

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Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly pungent and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, it is often used for treatment of injury caused by knocks and falls, leucorrhea, hematemesis caused by internal injury, blocked collaterals. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

3.4  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.4.1  Calonyction aculeatum Chinese Name(s): yue guang hua, tian qie er. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants or seeds of Calonyction aculeatum (Calonyction aculeatum (Linn.) House). Morphology: The plant is an annual large twining herbaceous liana, to 10  m long, lactiferous. The stems are green, terete, smooth or with soft prickles. The leaf blades are ovate, 10–20  cm long, apically attenuate-acuminate, basally cordate, margins being entire, slightly angular to lobed. The flowers are large, nocturnal, fragrant, 1- to several flowered in a cyme. The sepals are ovate, green, apically with a spreading awn; the outer 3 sepals are 5–12 mm long, awns being longer; the inner 2 sepals are 7–15  mm long, mucronate. The corollas are large, white, extremely beautiful, with greenish bands; the tubes are 7–12 cm long, ca. 5 mm in diameter, enlarged or not in distal half; the limbs are shallowly 5-undulate, spreading, 7–12 cm in diameter. The pistils and stamens are exserted; there are 5 stamens; the filaments are terete, insert in corolla tube; the anthers are large, sagittate basally, pale yellow. The disks are annular, thick, and fleshy. The ovaries are narrowly conical. The styles

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are cylindrical, white. The stigmas are 2-lobed, globose. The capsules are ovoid, ca. 3 cm long, apiculate, basally enclosed by enlarged calyx. The stipes are thick. The seeds are large, glabrous, ca. 1 cm long, 7–8 mm wide. The flowering period is from August to October. The fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It is cultivated or escapes into the wild. Distribution: It is cultivated in Chinese gardens. It is native to tropical America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants or seeds are harvested in summer and autumn, and used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, the whole grass is used for treatment of snakebite; the seed is used for treatment of swelling and pain caused by injury, and fracture. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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3.5  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.5.1  Calystegia hederacea [2] Chinese Name(s): da wan hua, xiao xuan hua, tu er cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Calystegia hederacea (Calystegia hederacea Wall. ex Roxb.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, glabrous, usually little, 8–30(–40) cm tall, often branched from base, with slender white roots. The stems are thin, prostrate, with fine ribs. The basal leaves are oblong, 2–3(–5.5) cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally hastate; the ones in distal half are 3-lobed, the middle lobes being oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the lateral lobes being subtriangular, margins being entire or with 2(or 3) acute angles, basally cordate or hastate. The petioles are 1–5 cm long. The flowers are axillary, solitary. The peduncles are exceeding petiole, with fine ribs. The bracts are broadly ovate, 0.8–1.6  cm long, apically obtuse or acute to acuminate; the sepals are oblong, 0.6–1 cm long, apically obtuse or mucronate; the inner sepals are slightly shorter. The corollas are purplish or pale pink, campanulate, 2–4 cm long. The limbs are subtruncate or slightly lobed. The stamens are sub equal; the anthers are enlarged at base, adnate to the base of corolla tube, covered with small scales; the ovaries are glabrous; the stigmas are 2-lobed, lobes being oblong, flattened. The capsules are ovoid, ca. 1 cm long, subequal or slightly shorter to persistent sepals. The seeds are dark brown, 4–5  mm long, with small warts on the surface. The flowering and fruiting periods are from March to September. Habitat: It grows in farmlands, wastelands, roadside weeds. Distribution: It is distributed throughout China, as well as in East Africa, South Asia, East Asia and Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: It is often used for treatment of deficiency of spleen and stomach, dyspepsia, infantile vomiting, malnutrition, and irregular menstruation. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the product is used for treatment of toothache. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: toothache: fresh Calystegia hederacea 1  g, mashed and mixed with 0.3 g of white pepper powder, and inserted into the gingival cavity. In cases of toothache of wind-fire syndrome, put the medicine on the painful teeth, clench the upper and lower teeth tightly, spit it out and rinse the mouth after a few minutes, repeat the course if necessary.

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3.6  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.6.1  Calystegia sepium Chinese Name(s): xuan hua, li tian jian, mian gen teng. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and flowers of Calystegia sepium (Calystegia sepium (Linn.) R. Br.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, glabrous throughout. The stems are twining, elongate, with fine ribs. The leaves are various in shape, triangular-ovate or broadly ovate, 4–10(–15) cm long, 2–6(–10) cm wide or wider, apically acuminate or acute, basally hastate or cordate, margins being entire or basally slightly extended into lobes with 2–3 large teeth. The Petioles are often shorter than leaf blades or subequal in length. The flowers are axillary, solitary. The pedicels are usually slightly longer than petioles, to 10 cm long, with fine ribs or sometimes narrowly winged. The bracts are broadly ovate, 1.5–2.3 cm long, apically acute. The sepals are ovate, 1.2–1.6 cm long, apically acuminate or sometimes acute. The corollas are usually white or sometimes reddish or purple, funnelform, 5–6 cm long; the limbs are slightly lobed. The stamen and filaments enlarged at base, covered with small scaly hairs. The ovaries are glabrous; the stigmas are 2-lobed, lobes being ovate, flattened. The capsules are ovate, ca. 1  cm long, enclosed by enlarged persistent bracts and sepals. The seeds are dark brown, ca. 4 mm long, with small warts on the surface. Habitat: It grows in wastelands or fields by stream. Distribution: It is distributed throughout China, as well as in Northern United States, Europe, Russia, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and flowers are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, regulating Qi and strengthening the spleen, it is often used for treatment of acute conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, leucorrhea, and hernia. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.7  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.7.1  Cuscuta australis [3], Cuscuta chinensis [3] Chinese Name(s): tu si zi. Source: This medicine is made of the mature seeds of Cuscuta australis (Cuscuta australis R. Br.) and Cuscuta chinensis (Cuscuta chinensis Lam.) Morphology: A. Cuscuta australis: The plant is an annual parasitic herb. The stems are twining, golden yellow, slender, ca. 1 mm in diameter, leafless. The inflorescences are lateral, compact cymose glomerules, few to many flowered, subsessile. The bracts and bracteoles are small, scaly. The pedicels are slightly stout, 1–2.5 mm long. The calyxes are cupular, basally connate, 3–4(–5)-lobed; the lobes are oblong or suborbicular, usually unequal, 0.8–1.8  mm long, apically rounded. The corollas are milky or pale yellow, cupular, ca. 2 mm long; the lobes are ovate or oblong, apically rounded, subequal to corolla tube, erect, persistent. The stamens insert at sinus of corolla lobes, slightly shorter than corolla lobes; the scales are small, margins being fimbrillate. The ovaries are depressed globose; there are two styles, which are equal or slightly unequal in length; the stigmas are globose. The capsules are depressed globose, 3–4 mm in diameter, enclosed by persistent corolla in lower half, irregularly opening at maturity, not circumscissile. There are four seeds, brownish, ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm long, scabrous.

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Habitat: It grows in junggar basin, and is parasitic on herbaceous or shrubby plants of Fabaceae, Asteraceae and other herbs or small shrubs. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Xinjiang, as well as in Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Oceania. Morphology: B. Cuscuta chinensis:The plant is an annual parasitic herb. The stems are twining, golden yellow, slender, ca. 1 mm in diameter, leafless. The inflorescences are lateral, compact cymose glomerules, few to many flowered, subsessile. The bracts and bracteoles all are small, scaly. The pedicels are slightly stout, only 1 mm long. The calyxes are cupular, basally connate; the lobes are triangular, ca. 1.5 mm long, apically obtuse. The corollas are white, urceolate, ca. 3 mm long; the lobes are triangular-ovate, apically acute or obtuse, reflexed, persistent. The stamens insert at sinus of corolla lobes; the scales are oblong, fimbrillate. The ovaries are subglobose; there are two styles, which are equal or slightly unequal in length; the stigmas are globose. The capsules are globose, ca. 3 mm in diameter, enclosed by persistent corolla in all, regularly opening at maturity, circumscissile. There are 2–49 seeds, which are brownish, ovoid, ca. 1  mm long, scabrous. The flowering period is from July to September. The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It is parasitic on herbs or small shrubs. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Xinjiang of China, as well as in Iran, Afghanistan, east to Japan, North Korea, south to Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in autumn when mature, dried in the sun, beaten to obtain the seeds, and the impurities are removed. Medicinal Properties: The product is spherical in shape, 1–2 mm in diameter, grayish brown to brown on surfaces, rough, with a hilum of linear or oblate. It is solid and not easy to crush with nails. It is slight in odor and bland in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of liver, kidneys, and spleen. Functions: Nourishing the liver and kidneys, strengthening essence and reducing urorrhagia, preventing miscarriage, improving eyesight and stopping diarrhea, and it is often used for treatment of impotence and spermatorrhea, dripping urine, enuresis and frequent micturition, weakness of waist and knees, dizziness and tinnitus, threatened abortion due to kidneys deficiency, unstable fetal movement, diarrhea due to spleen and kidneys deficiency, as well as external treatment of vitiligo. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: low back pain caused by kidneys deficiency, impotence, spermatorrhea: Cuscuta australis 15 g, Lycium chinense seed, Eucommia ulmoides 12 g, Stamen Nelumbinis, semen allii tuberosi, Schisandra chinensis, each 6 g, Psoralea corylifolia 9 g, decocted in water for oral use or made into honey pills, and taken 9 g per dose, 2–3 times a day.

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3.8  Family:Convolvulaceae 3.8.1  Cuscuta japonica Chinese Name(s): ri ben tu si zi, jin deng teng, da tu si zi. Source: This medicine is made of the seeds of Cuscuta japonica (Cuscuta japonica Choisy). Morphology: The plant is an annual parasitic herb. The stems are slightly stout, fleshy, 1–2  mm in diameter, yellow or often with purplish spots, glabrous, many branched, leafless. The flowers are sessile or subsessile. The inflorescences are spicate, ca. 3 cm long; the bracts and bracteoles are scalelike, ovate, ca. 2 mm long, apically acute, margins being entire, thickened abaxially. The calyxes are cupular, flashy, ca. 2 mm long, deeply 5-divided. The sepals are ovate to circular, equal or unequal, apically acute, purplish tuberculate abaxially. The corollas are campanulate, pink or greenish white, 3–5 mm long, shallowly 5-lobed; the lobes are ovate-­ triangular, apically obtuse erect or reflexed, much shorter than 2–2.5 times of tube. There are five stamens, which insert at throat; the anthers are ovate-circular, yellow; the filaments are very short or absent; there are five scales, which are oblong, fimbriate, insert at base of tube, reaching middle of tube. The ovaries are globose, smooth, glabrous, 2-loculed. The styles are slender, united into one, longer than or as long as ovary; the stigmas are 2-cleft. The capsules are ovoid, ca. 5 mm long, circumscissile near base. There are two seeds, which are smooth, 2–2.5  mm long, brown. The flowering period is August. The fruiting period is September. Habitat: It is parasitic on herbs or small shrubs. Distribution: It is distributed throughout China, as well as in Vietnam, North Korea, and Japan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of liver, kidneys, and spleen. Functions: Tonifying the kidneys and supplementing essence, stopping diarrhea, and killing insects, and it is often used for treatment of impotence, spermatorrhea, leucorrhea, and conjunctivitis. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: low back pain caused by kidneys deficiency, impotence, spermatorrhea: Cuscuta australis 15 g, Lycium chinense seed, Eucommia ulmoides 12 g, Stamen Nelumbinis, semen allii tuberosi, Schisandra chinensis, each 6 g, Psoralea corylifolia 9 g, decocted in water for oral use or made into honey pills, and taken 9 g per dose, 2–3 times a day.

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3.9  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.9.1  Dichondra micrantha Chinese Name(s): ma ti jin, huang dan cao, xiao jin qian cao, niu zi cao, xiao ma xiang, yu qi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Dichondra micrantha (Dichondra micrantha Urban [D. repens Forst.]) Morphology: The plant is a little herb, perennial. The stems are slender, sparsely pubescent with gray hairs, rooting at nodes. The leaf blades are reniform to circular, 4–25 mm in diameter, apically broadly rounded or emarginate, basally broadly cordate, adaxially puberulent, abaxially sparsely appressed pilose, margins being

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entire. The petioles are 3–5(–6) cm long. The flowers are solitary axillary. The pedicels are shorter than petiole, filiform. The sepals are obovate-oblong to spatulate, apically obtuse, 2–3 mm long, abaxially pubescent, margins being densely pubescent. The corollas are campanulate, shorter or longer than calyx, yellow, deeply 5-lobed, lobes being oblong-lanceolate and glabrous. There are five stamens, which insert at sinus of corolla lobes. The filaments are short, equal. The ovaries are pilose, 2-loculed, 4-ovuled. There are two styles. The stigmas are capitate. The capsules are subglobose, small, shorter than calyx, ca. 1.5 mm long, membranous. There are 1–2 seeds, which are yellow to brown, glabrous. Habitat: It grows at the edge of the hillside forests or villages, by roadsides, and on damp fields. Distribution: It is distributed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan of China. It is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of both hemispheres. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bland in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispersing wind and cold, promoting Qi circulation, breaking accumulation, and relieving pain, it is often used for treatment of cold of wind-cold type, malaria, abdominal pain due to heatstroke, urolithiasis, acute and chronic hepatitis, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.10  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.10.1  Erycibe obtusifolia, Erycibe schmidtii Chinese Name(s): ding gong teng, guang ye ding gong teng, bao gong teng. Source: This medicine is made of the rattans of Erycibe obtusifolia (Erycibe obtusifolia Benth.) or Erycibe schmidtii (Erycibe schmidtii Craib).

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Morphology: A. Erycibe obtusifolia: The plant is a large woody liana, to 30 m long. The branchlets are tawny when dry, distinctly striate-angular, and glabrous. The leaf blades are leathery, elliptic or obovate, 6.5–9 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, glabrous; the lateral veins are in 4–6 pairs, slightly raised abaxially. The petioles are 0.8–1.2 cm long, glabrous. The inflorescences are axillary or terminal, not longer than half of the leaf length; the axillary flowers are few to many; the terminal flowers arrange in a raceme. The rachises and peduncles are pilose with lightly brown hairs. The pedicels are 4–6 mm long. The calyxes are globose. The sepals are circular, ca. 3 mm long, dull yellow pubescent abaxially, ciliate. The corollas are white, ca.1 cm long; the lobules are oblong, entire or undulate. The stamens are unequal; the filaments are to 1.5  mm long, ca. as long as anthers, apically acuminate. The ovaries are ellipsoid. The stigmas are conical, adnate to ovary, subequal. The fruits ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 1.4 cm long. Habitat: It grows in mountains, valleys and dense forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, and Guangxi.

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Morphology: B. Erycibe schmidtii: The plant is a large scandent shrub. The branchlets are terete, grayish brown, ± angular, glabrescent or appressed puberulent. The leaf blades are leathery, ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 7–12  cm long, 2.5–6 cm wide, glabrous, apically abruptly acuminate, basally broadly cuneate to obtuse, glabrous; the lateral veins are in 5–6 pairs, adaxially indistinct, netting to margin; the reticulated veins are slightly raised abaxially. The petioles are 1–2(–3.5) cm long, puberulent to glabrescent. The inflorescences are terminal or axillary, racemose or paniculate, much shorter than the leaves, 2–7  cm long, densely rust-­ colored puberulent with 2-armed hairs. The pedicels are 2–5 mm long. The sepals are nearly circular, ca. 3 mm long, densely rust-colored puberulent abaxially; the inner ones are much densely rust-colored velutinous abaxially, ciliolate. The corollas are white, fragrant, ca. 8  mm long, deeply 5-lobed, midpetaline bands being sericeous with yellowish-brown hairs; the lobules are oblong, margins being erose. The filaments are ca. 1 mm long, dilated basally; the anthers are 1.8–2 mm long, conical, apically long acuminate, basally cordate. The pistils are ca. 2 mm long; the ovaries are terete; the stigmas are coronal, lobed at margins. The berries are globose, dark and brown after drying, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter. Habitat: It grows in mountains, dense forests of valleys. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, as well as in India.

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Acquisition and Processing: The rattans are harvested all year round, the branches and leaves removed, obliquely sliced or sectioned, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is made of the slices or sections of stems, 1–10  cm in diameter, grayish yellow, grayish brown or light brown on surfaces, slightly rough, with shallow grooves and irregular longitudinal cracks or turtle cracks. The lenticels are punctate or verrucous, yellowish white, and the old cork is flaking off. It is hard and fibrous, not easy to break. The section is elliptical, yellowish brown or light yellowish brown. The vascular bundles are flower like or massive, and the xylem vessels are punctate. It is slight in odor and bland in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property, poisonous, belonging to the meridians of liver, spleen, and stomach. Functions: Dispersing wind and dampness, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals, relieving swelling, and killing pain, and it is often used for the treatment of rheumarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, sciatica, hemiplegia, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in half water and half wine for oral use. It could be made into medicinal liquor for oral or external use. Pregnant women should not take it. Clinically, the triptolide has preferable effect on primary glaucoma. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, sciatica, Erycibe obtusifolia injection (2 ml per ampoule, equivalent to 5 g of crude drug), injected intramuscularly. 1–2 times a day, 2 ml each time, and the dosage should be reduced for children.

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3.11  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.11.1  Evolvulus alsinoides Chinese Name(s): tu ding gui, yin si cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Evolvulus alsinoides (Evolvulus alsinoides (Linn.) Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are several to numerous, prostrate or ascending, slender, with appressed hairs. The leaf blades are oblong, elliptic, or spatulate, 1–2.5 cm long, 5–10 mm wide, apically obtuse and mucronulate, basally rounded or tapering, more or less sparsely appressed pilose on both surfaces, or sometimes subglabrous adaxially, middle veins being prominent abaxially and obscure adaxially, lateral veins being obscure on both surfaces. The leaves are petiolate or subsessile. The peduncles are filiform, shorter or much longer than leaves, 2.5–3.5 cm long, appressed puberulent. The cymes are 1- to few flowered. The pedicels are as long as sepal or usually longer than sepal. The bracts are linear-­ subulate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5–4  mm long. The sepals are lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, 3–4 mm long, villous. The corollas are rotate, 7–8(–10) mm in diameter, blue or white. There are five stamens, which are included. The filaments are filiform, ca. 4 mm long, adnate to base of corolla tube. The anthers are oblong-­ ovate, apically acuminate, basally obtuse, ca. 1.5  mm long. The ovaries are glabrous. There are two styles, which are 2-cleft. The stigmas are terete, or slightly clavate. The capsules are globose, glabrous, 3.5–4 mm in diameter, 4-valved. The seeds are 4 or fewer, black, smooth. The flowering period is from May to September. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of south of the Yangtze River. It is also distributed from tropical East Africa, Madagascar, via India, Indochina peninsula, Malaysia to the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Relieving coughing and asthma, clearing heat and dampness, dispersing blood stasis and relieving pain, it is often used for treatment of bronchial asthma, cough, jaundice, stomachache, dyspepsia, acute enteritis, dysentery, urinary tract infection, leucorrhea, injury caused by knocks and falls, and low back and leg pain. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.12  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.12.1  Ipomoea aquatica Chinese Name(s): weng cai, tong xin cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ipomoea aquatica (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, repent or floating. The stems are terete, with hollow nodes, rooting at nodes, glabrous. The leaf blades are variable, ovate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 3.5–17 cm long, 0.9–8.5 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, mucronulate, basally cordate, sagittate or hastate, occasionally truncate, margins being entire or undulate, glabrous or rarely pilose. The petioles are 3–14 cm long, glabrous. The inflorescences are axillary, 1–3(–5)-flowered; the peduncles are 1.5–9 cm long, basally pubescent; the bracts are squamiform, 1.5–2  mm long. The pedicels are 1.5–5  cm long, glabrous. The sepals are subequal, ovate, 7–8 mm long, glabrous, apically obtuse, mucronulate, and glabrous outside. The corollas are white, pink, or lilac, funnelform, 3.5–5 cm long. The stamens are unequal. The filaments are hairy at base. The ovaries are conical, glabrous. The capsules are ovoid to globose, ca. 1 cm in diameter, glabrous. The seeds are densely grayish pubescent, sometimes glabrous. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of South China. It is cultivated all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis and stopping bleeding, it is often used for treatment of food poisoning, and poisoning of Daemonorops margaritae, Gelsemium elegans, arsenic, and wild mushroom, dysuria, hematuria, epistaxis, hemoptysis, as well as external treatment of sores and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 60–120 g of fresh products are decocted in water for oral use. For treatment of the former poisoning, 500–1000  g of fresh root or fresh whole plants of Ipomoea aquatica is mashed for juice to take, for external use, appropriate amounts of fresh products is mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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3.13  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.13.1  Ipomoea cairica Chinese Name(s): wu zhua jin long, wu ye teng, wu ye shu. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves and rhizomes of Ipomoea cairica (Ipomoea cairica (Linn.) Sweet). Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous liana, glabrous throughout, with a tuberous root when old. The stems are slender, up to 5 m long, thinly angular, ± tuberculate or smooth. The leaf blades are palmately 5-parted to base; the lobes are

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ovate-lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, middle lobes being larger, 4–5 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide, basal pair ones being smaller, apically acute or obtuse, mucronulate, basally cuneate and tapering, entire or minutely undulate, basal pair lobes being usually again lobed or parted. The petioles are 2–8 cm long, basally with leafy pseudostipules. The inflorescences are axillary, 1- or several flowered; the peduncles are 2–8 cm long; the bracts and bracteoles are small, squamiform, early deciduous. The pedicels are 0.5–2  cm long, sometimes verruculose. The sepals are unequal; the outer 2 sepals are shorter, ovate, 5–6 mm long, abaxially sometimes verruculose; the inner ones are wider, 7–9 mm long, margins being paler, scarious, apically obtuse, or abaxially ± verruculose. The corollas are reddish purple, purple, or pink, rarely white, funnelform, 5–7 cm long. The stamens are unequal. The filaments are basally slightly extended, decurrent, adnate above base of corolla tube, hairy. The ovaries are glabrous. The styles are slender, longer than stamens. The stigmas are 2-lobed, globose. The capsules are ± globose, ca. 1 cm in height, 2-loculed, 4-ovuled. The seeds are black, ca. 5 mm long, brownish tomentose at margins. Habitat: It grows in flatlands, on mountains, by villages, in roadside thickets, and along forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan of China, as well as in Africa and tropical Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves and rhizomes are harvested in summer and autumn, and used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving coughing, treating strangury and promoting diuresis, it is often used for treatment of hectic fever due to yin—deficiency, cough, hemoptysis, swelling, edema, dysuria, carbuncle, sore and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. The patients with deficiency and cold should not use it.

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3.14  Family:Convolvulaceae 3.14.1  Ipomoea digitata Chinese Name(s): qi zhua long, teng shang lu, ye qian niu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ipomoea digitata (Ipomoea digitata Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous liana. The roots are stout and slightly fleshy. The stems are terete, thinly angular, and glabrous. The leaf blades are 7–18 cm long, 7–22 cm wide, usually palmately 5–7-divided to or beyond middle, but not to base; the segments are lanceolate or elliptic, entire or irregularly undulate, apically acuminate or acute, mucronulate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along midvein. The petioles are 3–11 cm long, and glabrous. The inflorescences are axillary, glabrous, few to many flowered; the peduncles are longer than leaves; the bracts are early deciduous. The pedicels are 0.9–2.2 cm long. The sepals are unequal, outer ones being oblong, 7–9 mm long, inner ones being broadly ovate, 9–10 mm long, apically obtuse. The corollas are pink or reddish purple, funnelform, 5–6 cm long; the corolla tubes are cylindric, basally tapering; the limbs are spreading. The stamens and the filaments are hairy at base. The ovaries are glabrous. The capsules are ovoid, ca. 1.2 cm in height, 4-loculed, 4-ovuled. There are 4 seeds, which are dark brown, ca. 6 mm long, woolly-sericeous with long hairs being about 1 time longer than the seed and easily detached. Habitat: It grows in slightly shaded sparse forests or thickets of valleys or villages. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan of China, as well as in Vietnam and tropical Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves and rhizomes are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, poisonous. Functions: Detoxicating and dissolving lumps, promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, it is often used for treatment of edema, abdominal distension, constipation, as well as for external treatment of mastitis, carbuncle sores, lymph node tuberculosis. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application, or ground with wine and smeared to the affected areas. Pregnant women and people in poor health should not take it.

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3.15  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.15.1  Ipomoea pes-caprae Chinese Name(s): hou teng, ma an teng, er ye hong shu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ipomoea pes-caprae (Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) Sweet). Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous liana, glabrous. The stems are prostrate, sometimes twining. The leaf blades are fleshy, thick papery after drying, ovate, elliptic, circular, reniform or ± quadrate to oblong, 3.5–9 cm long, 3–10 cm wide, apically emarginated, or shallowly or deeply 2-lobed, lobes being rounded, sometimes mucronulate, basally broadly cuneate, truncate, or shallowly cordate, 2-­glandular abaxially. The lateral veins are in 8–10 pairs. The petioles are 2–10 cm long. The inflorescences are pleiochasium, axillary, sometimes only with 1 developing flower; the peduncles are stout, 4–14 cm long; the pedicels are 2–2.5 cm long; the bracts are small, early broadly deltate, deciduous. The sepals are thick papery, ovate, apically obtuse, mucronulate; the outer ones are 7–8 mm long; the inner ones are 7–11 mm long. The corollas are purple or reddish purple, funnelform, 4–5 cm long. The stamens and styles are included. The capsules are globular, 1.1–1.7 cm in height, 4-loculed, pericarps being leathery, 4-ovuled. The seeds are trigonous-­ globose, 7–8 mm long, densely brownish tomentose. Habitat: It grows in beaches and the villages of coastal areas, grasses of embankment. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, and Zhejiang of China. It is also distributed widely over the world’s tropical coastal areas. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, detoxicating, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of cold of wind-cold type, rheumatoid arthritis, lumbar muscle strain, as well as for external treatment for sores and boils, and hemorrhoids. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Pregnant women should not take it.

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3.16  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.16.1  Merremia hederacea Chinese Name(s): li lan wang, yu huang cao, xiao hua shan zhu cai, mo luan teng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Merremia hederacea (Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hall. f.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, twining or prostrate, fibrous rooting on the lower part of stems when prostrate. The stems are slender, with fine ribs, glabrous or sparsely hirsute, sometimes only hairy at nodes, sometimes sparsely minutely tuberculate. The leaf blades are cordate-ovate, 1.5–7.5 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, apically obtuse, acuminate or long acuminate, mucronulate, basally cordate or broadly cordate, margins being entire, irregularly crenate, or 3-lobed, subglabrous to sparsely puberulent. The petioles are slender, 1–5 cm long, glabrous or pubescent. The cymose are axillary, (1-) or few to many flowered; the peduncles are thicker than petioles, 0.8–5 cm long. The pedicels are 2–5 mm long, minutely tuberculate as the peduncles. The bracts are early deciduous. The sepals are broadly obovate to spatulate or oblong; the outer two sepals are ca. 3.5 mm long; the inner 3 ones are ca. 5 mm long, glabrous, apically truncate and distinctly mucronate, mucro being directed outward. The corollas are yellow, campanulate, 0.8 cm long, outside glabrous, inside villous basally. The stamens are ca. as long as corolla; the filaments are enlarged and sparsely villous basally. The ovaries are globose, glabrous; the styles are ca. as long as corolla; the stigmas are globose. The capsules are depressed globose or broadly conical, 4-valved, wrinkled, within four seeds. The seeds are trigonous-­globose, ca. 3.5 mm long, rusty-puberulent on the surface, woolly along angles and at hilum.

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Habitat: It grows in plain, hilly thickets, grasslands, and open fields. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan of China. It is also distributed in tropical Africa, Masklin Islands, tropical Asia from India, Sri Lanka, east via Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, through the whole Malaysia, the Caroline Islands to Australia’s Queensland, and Christmas Island of the central Pacific Ocean. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, and benefiting the throat, it is often used for treatment of cold, acute tonsillitis, laryngitis, and acute conjunctivitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.17  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.17.1  Operculina turpethum Chinese Name(s): he guo teng, jia shu teng. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or whole plants of Operculina turpethum (Operculina turpethum (Linn.) S. Manso). Morphology: The plant is a perennial twining herb. The stems are terete, sometimes spirally twisted, narrowly 3–5 winged, tomentose or densely pilose-­tomentose on young parts. The leaf blades are variable, cordate-circular, ovate, broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, the large ones are 4–14 cm long, 3.5–14 cm wide, and the small ones are 4–5.5 cm long, 1.2–2.5 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, mucronulate, basally cordate, truncate or obtuse, margins being entire or undulate, adaxially appressed pilose to glabrous, abaxially pubescent. The lateral veins are in six pairs. The petioles are 2–10 cm long, often narrowly winged, densely pubescent to glabrous. The inflorescences are cymose, axillary, often 2-flowered; the peduncles are 0.5–3 cm long; the bracts are obvious, oblong to ovate-oblong, 1–2.5 cm long, mucronulate, pubescent. The pedicels are stout, 1.5–2 cm long, densely pubescent as the peduncles. The sepals are ovate to broadly ovate, unequal; the outer 2 sepals are leather, 1.5–2 cm long, abaxially pubescent; the inner 3 sepals are shorter, nearly membranous, subglabrous, enlarged in fruit, 2.5–3 cm long. The corollas are white, pink, purple, broadly funnelform, ca. 4 cm long, glabrous, minutely yellowish glandular outside; the limbs are 5-lobed, lobes being rounded. The stamens are included. The filaments are pubescent basally; the anthers are twisted. The styles are included. The capsules are depressed globose, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter. The flowering and fruiting periods are year-round. Habitat: It grows in bushes by rivers, ditches and hillsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Guangxi, Yunnan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, relaxing muscles, and activating collaterals, and it is often used for treatment of edema and constipation. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. To treat tendon contracture in the later stage of fracture, proper amounts of whole plants are decocted and used for washing with.

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3.18  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.18.1  Porana racemosa Chinese Name(s): fei e teng, ma lang hua, da mi hua, bai hua teng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Porana racemosa (Porana racemosa Wall.) Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub. The stems are twining, herbaceous, terete, up to 10 m tall, ±yellowish strigose, then tuberculate, or glabrescent. The leaf blades are ovate, 6–11 cm long, 5–10 cm wide, apically acuminate or caudate, with obtuse or acute mucro, basally deeply cordate, sparsely appressed puberulent on both surfaces, abaxially puberulent to tomentellous. There are 7–9 palmate basal veins. The petioles are not longer than leaves, puberulent to glabrous. The panicles are axillary, few to many flowered; the bracts are leaflike, sessile or short stipitate, amplexicaul, glabrous or sparsely pilose; the bracteoles are subulate. The pedicels are longer than sepal, 3–6  mm long, glabrous or sparsely pilose. The sepals are equal, lanceolate-linear, 1.5–2.5  mm long, pubescent abaxially. The calyxes are enlarged in fruits; the sepals are oblong-spatulate, apically rounded-obtuse, apiculate, basally tapering, up to 12–15(–18) mm long, or shorter, 3–4 mm wide, with thrree rigid longitudinal veins, sparsely pilose especially at base. The corollas are funnelform, ca. 1 cm long, white, yellow in tube, glabrous, 5-lobed to middle; the lobes are spreading, oblong. The stamens are included; the filaments are shorter than anther. The ovaries are glabrous; there is 1 style, entire, longer than ovary; the stigmas are clavate, 2-lobed. The capsules are ovoid, 7–8 mm long, apiculate, glabrous, with 1 seed. The seeds are ovoid, ca. 6 mm long, dark brown or black, smooth. The flowering period is from summer to fall. The fruiting period is from fall to winter. Habitat: It grows in valleys, by streams, and at forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces on the south of the Yangtze River to Shaanxi, Gansu, as well as in Indonesia, India, Nepal, Vietnam, and Thailand. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Relieving exterior symptoms, detoxicating, promoting circulation of Qi and blood, and it is often used for treatment of cold of wind-cold type, abdominal distension caused by food stagnation, and nameless unidentifiable sores or boils. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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3.19  Family: Convolvulaceae 3.19.1  Porana sinensis Chinese Name(s): da guo fei e teng, yi e fei e teng. Source: This medicine is made of the stems of Porana sinensis (Porana sinensis Hemsl.) Morphology: The plant is a woody climber; the young parts are velutinous; the old parts are terete, dark brown, subglabrous. The leaf blades are ovate, papery, 5–10 cm long, 4–6.5 cm wide, apically acute or cuspate, basally cordate, adaxially sparsely but abaxially densely stained yellow or rust-colored pubescent; there are five palmate basal veins, which slightly raised abaxially; the lateral veins are in 1–2 pairs. The petioles are adaxially sulcate, slightly flattened, 2–2.5 cm long. The flowers are pale blue, or violet. The raceme are solitary, axillary, 2–3-flowered, sometimes up to 30 cm long, ebracteate. The pedicels are shorter than flower, 5–6 mm long, densely stained yellow pubescent, apically with 2–3 bracteoles; the bracteoles are ovate, acute, ca. 3 mm long. The sepals are stained yellow pubescent, unequal; the outer 2 sepals are larger, oblong, and obtuse; the inner 3 sepals are smaller, ovate, and acuminate. The corollas are broadly funnelform, 1.5–2  cm long, to 2.5 cm in width when opening; the tubes are short, ca. 8 mm long; the limbs are shallowly ±5-lobed, velutinous outside. The stamens are equal or unequal, glabrous, shorter than corolla, insert below the middle of the tube; the filaments are filiform; the anthers are sagittate. The ovaries are sparsely villous in distal half, 1-locular, 4-ovule; the styles are sparsely pilose in proximal half; the stigmas are capitate, 2-lobed. The capsules are globose; the two outer sepals are very enlarged at maturity, oblong, 6.5–7 cm long, 1.2–1.5 cm wide, apically rounded, slightly constricted

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at base, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, with five distinct parallel longitudinal veins; the three smaller inner sepals are subequal, hardly enlarged, apically nearly acute, pubescent, slightly toothed. Habitat: It grows in valleys, by streams, and along forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, and Gansu. Acquisition and Processing: The stems are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Relaxing the tendons and unblocking collaterals, relieving swelling and pain, it is often used for treatment of injury caused by knocks and falls, and rheumatoid arthritis. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and decocted for washing the affected areas with.

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References 1. Xie Z W et  al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 2: 1002[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975. 2. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 250[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975. 3. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 290) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015.

Chapter 4

Medicinal Angiosperms of Scrophulariaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 4.1  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.1.1  Adenosma glutinosum 4.2  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.2.1  Adenosma indianum 4.3  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.3.1  Antirrhinum majus 4.4  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.4.1  Bacopa monnieri 4.5  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.5.1  Brandisia hancei 4.6  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.6.1  Buchnera cruciata

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The original version of the chapter has been revised. A correction to this chapter can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_11 H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022, corrected publication 2023 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_4

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176 4.7  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.7.1  Centranthera cochinchinensis 4.8  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.8.1  Digitalis purpurea 4.9  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.9.1  Dodartia orientalis 4.10  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.10.1  Lagotis brevituba 4.11  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.11.1  Limnophila aromatica 4.12  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.12.1  Limnophila rugosa 4.13  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.13.1  Lindernia anagallis 4.14  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.14.1  Lindernia angustifolia 4.15  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.15.1  Lindernia antipoda 4.16  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.16.1  Lindernia ciliata 4.17  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.17.1  Lindernia crustacea 4.18  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.18.1  Lindernia ruellioides 4.19  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.19.1  Mazus japonicus 4.20  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.20.1  Odontites serotina 4.21  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.21.1  Paulownia fortunei 4.22  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.22.1  Pedicularis cyathophylloides 4.23  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.23.1  Pedicularis latituba 4.24  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.24.1  Pedicularis roylei 4.25  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.25.1  Pedicularis trichoglossa 4.26  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.26.1  Rehmannia glutinosa 4.27  Family:Scrophulariaceae 4.27.1  Scoparia dulcis 4.28  Family:Scrophulariaceae 4.28.1  Scrophularia ningpoensis 4.29  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.29.1  Siphonostegia chinensis 4.30  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.30.1  Striga asiatica 4.31  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.31.1  Torenia concolor 4.32  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.32.1  Torenia fournieri 4.33  Family:Scrophulariaceae 4.33.1  Torenia violacea

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4  Medicinal Angiosperms of Scrophulariaceae 4.34  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.34.1  Veronica anagallis-aquatica 4.35  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.35.1  Veronica arvensis 4.36  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.36.1  Veronica ciliata 4.37  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.37.1  Veronica eriogyne 4.38  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.38.1  Veronica linariifolia 4.39  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.39.1  Veronica polita 4.40  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.40.1  Veronica undulata 4.41  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.41.1  Veronicastrum caulopterum 4.42  Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.42.1  Veronicastrum stenostachyum subsp. plukenetii

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This chapter introduces 42 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Adenosma glutinosum, Adenosma indianum, Bacopa monnieri, Brandisia hancei, Buchnera cruciata, Centranthera cochinchinensis, Digitalis purpurea, Dodartia orientalis, Lagotis brevituba, Limnophila aromatica, Limnophila rugosa, Lindernia anagallis, Lindernia angustifolia, Lindernia ruellioides, Mazus japonicus, Odontites serotina, Paulownia fortunei, Pedicularis cyathophylloides, Pedicularis latituba, Pedicularis trichoglossa, Rehmannia glutinosa, Scoparia dulcis, Scrophularia ningpoensis, Siphonostegia chinensis, Striga asiatica, Torenia concolor, Veronica anagallis-aquatica, Veronica arvensis, Veronica polita, and Veronicastrum stenostachyum subsp. plukenetii of Scrophulariaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage, and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

4.1 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.1.1 Adenosma glutinosum Chinese Name(s): mao she xiang, she xiang cao, lan hua mao she xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Adenosma glutinosum (Adenosma glutinosum (Linn.) Druce). Morphology: The plant is a herb, densely villous with eglandular and glandular hairs, 30–100 cm tall. The leaf blades are opposite, more or less alternate in distal half, with petioles 3–20 mm long, lanceolate-ovate to broadly ovate, 2–10 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, apically acute, basally cuneate, truncate, or subcordate, margins being

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irregularly serrate and sometimes doubly serrate, adaxially villous with flattened multicellular hairs, densely pubescent along midrib recess, abaxially also villous with multicellular hairs, especially along the midrib and lateral veins, and densely yellow punctate glandular, leaving brown recess after glandular points fall off. The flowers are axillary and solitary or in dense racemes apically on the stems and branches. The pedicels are 0.5–1.5 cm long, to 2 cm in fruit. The bracts are leaflike and small, and terminal ones are linear and entire. The bracteoles are linear, 5–9 mm long, adnate to base of calyx tube. The calyxes are 5-lobed, 7–13 mm long, slightly enlarged and persistent in fruit; the lobes are entire, villous with multicellular and glandular hairs as the pedicels, bracteoles, and punctate. The corollas are purple-red to violet, 9–28 mm long; upper lips are ovate-orbicular, apically truncate to emarginated; lower lips are 3(or 4)-lobed; the lateral lobes are slightly larger than middle lobes, apex obtuse or emarginated. The posterior pair of stamens are stout and short, anthers being with both locules fertile. The anterior pairs are longer, anthers being with 1 fertile locule, the other compartment reduced to glandular. The capsules are ovoid, apically beaked, 2-grooved, 5–9.5 mm long, 3–6 mm wide. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October. Habitat: It grows on barren hills, grassy slopes, or under sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao, Yunnan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Fujian of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving pain, removing blood stasis and reducing swelling, detoxicating and relieving itching, it is often used for treatment of poliomyelitis in the early stage, abdominal pain due to cold, and rheumatic bone pain. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment of injury and swelling, carbuncle and furuncle, and wasp sting, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. For external treatment of eczema and urticaria, the products are decocted for washing with. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: paddy field dermatitis: Adenosma glutinosum, Euphorbia hirta, Eclipta prostrata, Glochidion eriocarpum, Breynia fruticosa, Zanthoxylum nitidum, Andrographis paniculate in equal amounts. Grind Adenosma glutinosum and Andrographis paniculata into fine powder and set aside. The other drugs are decocted in water for 4–5 h, the residue removed and filtered. Add the powder of the two medicines into the decoction, and decoct for a while (better 500  g of powder added into 500  g of liquid). Apply it to the affected areas, 4–5 times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatic pain: appropriate amounts of Adenosma glutinosum are decocted in water and used for washing the affected areas with.

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4.2 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.2.1 Adenosma indianum Chinese Name(s): qiu hua mao she xiang, da tou chen, di song hua, hei tou cao, shi la. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Adenosma indianum (Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Merr). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 19–60(–100 or more) cm tall, densely covered with white multicellular hairs. The stems are erect, branched. The petioles are 2–6 mm long; the leaf blades are ovate to oblong, 15–45 mm long, 5–12 mm wide, apically obtuse, margins being serrate, adaxially villous with multicellular hairs and blackish when dry, abaxially villous along veins and brown when dry, densely glandular hairy. The flowers are sessile. The inflorescences are globose to cylindric spicate, dense, 7–20  mm long, 7–11  mm wide; the bracts are narrowly ovate, forming an involucre at base of spikes. The bracteoles are linear, 3–4 mm long. The calyxes are 4–5  mm long; the lobes are narrowly ovate to oblong-­ lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, apically acuminate. The corollas are pale purple to dark blue, ca. 6 mm long; the throat is hairy; the upper lips are retuse to 2-lobed; the lower lip lobes are equal, suborbicular, ca. 1 mm long, 1–1.2 mm wide. The anterior pair of stamens are longer, anthers being with 1 fertile locule, and the other locule is small or absent. The posterior pair of stamens are shorter, anthers with 1 or 2 locules being fertile. The ovaries are narrowly ovoid, basally supported by an askew cup-shaped disk. The styles are apically enlarged, narrowly winged; the stigmas are

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capitate. The capsules are oblong-ovoid, ca. 3 mm long, 2-grooved. The seeds are numerous, yellow, and reticulate. The flowering and fruiting periods are from September to November. Habitat: It grows on barren lands, dry mountain sides, along streams, and fields at altitudes of 100–500 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China, as well as in South and Southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving exterior symptoms, resolving phlegm and stagnation, and it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, headache, dyspepsia, enteritis, and abdominal pain. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Prevention of influenza: Adenosma indianum 15 g, decocted in water and taken instead of tea. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: common cold and influenza: Adenosma indianum 15 g and Ilex asprella root 15 g, Vitex negundo 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.3 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.3.1 Antirrhinum majus Chinese Name(s): jin yu cao, xiang cai que, long kou hua, long tou hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Antirrhinum majus (Antirrhinum majus Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial erect herb. The stems are sometimes basally lignified, up to 80 cm high, glabrous at base, glandular hairy in distal half, basally sometimes branched. The leaves are opposite in proximal half, often alternate in distal half, shortly petiolate, glabrous, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2–6  cm long, entire. The racemes are terminal, densely covered with glandular hairs. The pedicels are 5–7 mm in length. The calyxes and pedicels are subequal, 5-lobed, lobes being ovate, obtuse, or acute. The corollas have various colors, from red, purple to white, 3–5 cm long, decurrent into a hood at base; the upper lips are erect, broad, 2-cleft; the lower lips are shallowly 3-lobed, raised to the upper lip in the middle; the throats are closed, in order to make corolla become personate. There are four stamens, which are didynamous. Habitat: It is cultivated, sometimes escapes into the wild. Distribution: It is cultivated in gardens from the east to the south of China. It is native to the Mediterranean. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood and relieving swelling, it is often used for treatment of bruises, sprains, sores, and swelling. Use and Dosage: The fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.4 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.4.1 Bacopa monnieri Chinese Name(s): jia ma chi xian, bai zhu mu cai, bai xian cao, she lin cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Bacopa monnieri (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell). Morphology: The plant is a creeping herb, rooting at nodes, succulent, glabrous. The leaves are sessile, oblong-oblanceolate, 8–20 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, apically rounded, margins being entire or rarely dentate. The flowers are axillary. The pedicels are 0.5–3.5 cm long. There are two bracteoles, which are linear, below calyx. The lower and upper sepals are ovate-lanceolate; and the lateral 2 sepals are lanceolate to linear, ca. 5 mm long. The corollas are blue, purple, or white, 8–10 mm long, obscurely 2-lipped; the upper lips are 2-cleft. There are four stamens, which are didynamous. The stigmas are capitate. The capsules are narrowly ovoid, apically acute, enveloped in persistent calyx. The seeds are ellipsoid, truncate at one end, yellow-brown, longitudinally striate. The flowering period is from May to October. Habitat: It grows in the field, by water, wet places, sandy beaches. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan of China. It is widespread in the tropics. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bland and slightly sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and cooling blood, detoxicating, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of dysentery, conjunctivitis, erysipelas, swelling, and pain of hemorrhoids, as well as external treatment for elephantiasis. Use and Dosage: 15–45 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted and used for washing the affected areas with.

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4.5 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.5.1 Brandisia hancei Chinese Name(s): lai jiang teng, mi tang guan, mi tong hua, mao hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Brandisia hancei (Brandisia hancei Hook. f.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 2–3  m tall, densely dull yellow stellate tomentose throughout. The leaf blades are ovate-lanceolate, 3–10  cm long, 1.3–3.2 cm wide. The flowers are axillary, solitary. The calyxes are broadly campanulate, ca. 1 cm long and wide, dull yellow stellate tomentose outside, densely

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sericeous inside; the lobes are wide and short, the width being larger than the length or subequal, broadly ovate to triangular-ovate, apically acute. The corollas are orange-red, ca. 2 cm long, stellate tomentose outside; upper lips are wide, 2-lobed, lobes being triangular; lower lips are lower 4–5 mm than upper lips, 3-lobed, lobes being ligulate. The stamens are as long as upper lip. The ovaries are ovoid-globose, stellate pilose. The capsules are ovoid-globose, stellate pilose. The flowering period is from November to February of the following year. The fruiting period is from March to April. Habitat: It grows in forests and forest margins at altitudes of 500–2600 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of Central China, Southwest China, South China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sectioned, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat detoxicating, dispelling wind and dampness, and it is often used for treatment of osteomyelitis, periostitis, jaundice hepatitis, injury caused by knocks and falls, rheumatic muscle and bone pain, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–20  g per dose, decocted in water or soaked in wine for oral use.

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4.6 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.6.1 Buchnera cruciata Chinese Name(s): hei cao, gui yu jian, yu jian cao, hei gu cao, ke cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Buchnera cruciata (Buchnera cruciata Buch.—Ham.) Morphology: The plant is an erect herb, 8–50 cm tall, with curved hairs. The stems are cylindric, slender, and coarse. The basal leaves are rosulate, obovate, 2–2.5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, basally tapering. The cauline leaves are linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.5–4.5 cm long, 3–5 mm wide; lower ones are often opposite and wider, margins being often with two to few obtuse teeth; upper ones are alternate or nearly opposite, narrow and entire at margins. The spikes are cylindric to subquadrangular, terminal, 1–4.5 cm long, up to 6.5 cm in fruit; the bracts are ovate, ca. 4.8  mm long, densely villous at margins and outside. The bracteoles are linear, 2–3 mm long, villous. The calyxes are 4–4.5 mm long, slightly curved, villous; the lobes are narrowly triangular, subequal. The corollas are blue-purple, narrowly tubular, somewhat ribbed, slightly curved, 6–7 mm long; the throats are constricted, villous; the lobes are obovate to oblanceolate, 1.5–2 mm long. The anthers are ca. 1 mm long, apically mucronate. The ovaries are ovoid, 2–2.5 mm long. The capsules are somewhat cylindrical, ca. 5 mm long. The seeds are numerous, triangular-­ ovate or elliptic, spirally striate. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to January of the following year. Habitat: It grows on barren lands or mountain slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan of China, as well as in South Asia, Southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sectioned and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bland and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing summer heat, it is often used for treatment of influenza, abdominal pain due to heat stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and urticaria. Use and Dosage: 9–15  g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Pregnant women should not take it.

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4.7 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.7.1 Centranthera cochinchinensis Chinese Name(s): hu ma cao, lan hu ma cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Centranthera cochinchinensis (Centranthera cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.) Morphology: The plant is an erect herb, 30–60 cm tall, rarely only 13 cm. The stems, leaf blades, bracts, and calyces are setiferous. The stems are basally subterete, subquadrate in distal half, channeled, usually branched at or above middle. The leaves are opposite, sessile, midrib being abaxially bulging, margins being entire and somewhat revolute, linear-lanceolate, middle ones being 2–3  cm long and 3–4  mm wide, gradually reduced toward ends. The flowers have short pedicels, borne above middle of stem, solitary, axillary. The calyxes are 7–10  mm long, 4–5  mm wide, apically constricted, slightly curved; the lobes are reduced to 3 mucros. The corollas are 15–22  mm long, usually yellow; the lobes are broadly elliptic, ca. 4 mm long, 7–8 mm wide. The anterior stamens ca. 10 mm long; and the posterior stamens are 6–7 mm long; the filaments are all woolly. The ovaries are glabrous. The stigmas are linear-elliptic, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, pilose. The capsules are ovoid, 4–6 mm long, apically mucronate. The seeds are small, yellow, spirally striate. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October. Habitat: It grows on wastelands and grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in the eastern and southern provinces of China, as well as in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour and slightly pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Relieving swelling and dissipating blood stasis, stopping bleeding, and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of hemoptysis, hematemesis, blood stasis caused by external and internal injuries, and rheumatoid arthritis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.8 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.8.1 Digitalis purpurea Chinese Name(s): mao di huang, yang di huang. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Digitalis purpurea (Digitalis purpurea Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, annual or perennial, gray-white pubescent and glandular hairy except for corolla and sometimes for subglabrous stems, 60–120 cm tall. The stems are one or few and cespitose. The basal leaves are mostly rosulate; the petioles are narrowly winged, to 15 cm long; the leaf blades are ovate to oblong-­ elliptic, 5–15 cm long, apically acuminate to obtuse, basally tapering, margins being crenate and rarely serrate. The stem leaves are similar to basal leaves in shape, decreasing in size upward, sessile or short petiolate, and forming bracts. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 1 cm long, slightly enlarged in fruits, 5-lobed to base; the lobes are oblong-ovate, apically obtuse to acute. The corollas are purplish red, inside spotted, 3–4.5 cm; the lobes are very short, apically white pubescent. The capsules are ovate, ca. 1.5 cm long. The seeds are clavate, honeycombed, puberulent. The flowering period is from May to July. The fruiting period is from June to August. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It was introduced into cultivation in China and has been wild in some areas. It is native to Europe. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested when they are thick, green, rough, and stop growing, 2–4 times a year. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Strengthening the heart and promoting diuresis, and it is often used for treatment of heart failure and cardiac edema. Use and Dosage: 0.2–0.3 g per dose for powder, taken with water. Or it is made into tablet and injection to use.

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4.9 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.9.1 Dodartia orientalis Chinese Name(s):ye hu ma. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or whole plants of Dodartia orientalis (Dodartia orientalis Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, erect, 15–50 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely villous when young. The roots are stout, elongated to 20 cm long, somewhat succulent, with few fibers. The stems are simple or fascicular, with brown-yellow scales near base; there are four branches from base to apex, which are straight, slender, angled, broomlike. The leaves are sparse, basally opposite or subopposite, apically often alternate, broadly linear, 1–4 cm long, margins being entire or sparsely toothed. The racemes are terminal, elongated, 3–7-flowered, sparse. The pedicels are short,

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0.5–1 mm long. The calyxes are subleathery, ca. 4 mm long; the lobes are broadly triangular, subequal. The corollas are purple to dark purple-red, 1.5–2.5 cm long; the corolla tubes are long; the upper lips are short and straight, ovate, apically 2-lobed, and the lower lips have plaits, densely glandular hairy; the lateral lobes are suborbicular, and the middle lobes are prominent, ligulate. The anthers are purple, reniform. The ovaries are ovoid-globose, ca. 1.5 mm long. The styles are straight, glabrous. The capsules are rounded, ca. 5 mm in diameter, brown to dark brown, apically apiculate. The seeds are ovoid, 0.5–0.7 mm long, black. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to September. Habitat: It grows in low mountain belts, fields, slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Sichuan, as well as in Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Iran. Acquisition and Processing: The roots or whole plants are harvested in fruiting, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing wind, and relieving itching, and it is often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, pneumonia, tracheitis, tonsillitis, lymphadenitis, urethral infection, neurasthenia, as well as for external treatment of pruritus, urticaria, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 16–32 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the product is decocted and used for washing the affected areas with.

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4.10 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.10.1 Lagotis brevituba Chinese Name(s): hong lian, zang huang lian. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants with roots of Lagotis brevituba (Lagotis brevituba Maxim.) Morphology: The plant is a dwarf perennial herb, 5–15 cm tall. The root crowns are often with scaly remnants of old petioles. There are 4–7 basal leaves, which are long petiolate; the petioles are narrowly winged. The leaf blades are ovate to ovate-­ oblong, 1.6–4 cm long, apically obtuse, basally broadly cuneate; the stem leaves are born near inflorescence, short petiolate to subsessile, isomorphic but smaller than basal leaves. The spikes are capitate to oblong, 2–3 cm long, to 6 cm in fruit, dense

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flowered; the bracts are suborbicular, apically rounded. The calyxes are floriferous, the upper ones are as long as bracts, and the posterior ones are dehiscent; the lobes are ovate-orbicular. The corollas are pale blue and purplish, 8–13  mm long; the tubes are straight, subequal to lips; the upper lips are obovate-oblong; the lower lips are 2-lobed, lobes being linear-lanceolate. There are two stamens. The anthers are reniform. The styles are concealed. The stigmas are capitate. The fruits are narrowly ovoid, ca. 5 mm long, dark brown. The flowering and fruiting periods are from June to August. Habitat: It grows in alpine grasslands, sandy slopes at an altitudes of 3000–4420 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants with roots are harvested from July to September, washed, sectioned, and dried in the sun. Morphology: This product is 5–15 cm long. Its rhizome is cylindrical, slightly curved, close between internodes, similar to silkworm. It is grayish brown or light purplish brown on surfaces, brittle and easy to break, brown or grayish yellow on cross-section, with 3–4 white punctate vascular bundles arranged in a ring. The roots are slender, cylindrical, twisted, light yellowish brown or grayish brown on surfaces, with longitudinal wrinkles. The basal leaves are long petiolate, and the leaves are mostly curly and broken. The intact leaves are round or ovate after spreading, apically rounded and obtuse, marginally crenate, basally broadly cuneate. The spikes are terminal. The fruits are oblong, dark brown. It is slightly bitter in taste, slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood, and regulating menstruation, and it is often used for treatment of hepatitis, hypertension, breast cancer, fever, nephritis, lungs disease, atherosclerosis, irregular menstruation, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.11 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.11.1 Limnophila aromatica Chinese Name(s): zi su cao, xiang shi long wei, shui fu rong, ma que cao, shui bo he, tong guan cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Limnophila aromatica (Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr.) Morphology: The plant is an annual or perennial herb. The stems are 30–70 cm tall, glabrous or glandular, basally decumbent, and rooting from nodes. The leaves are sessile, opposite or in whorls of 3, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic or lanceolate, 10–50 mm long, 3–15 mm wide, margins being crenate and serrate, basally semiamplexicaul, veins being pinnate. The flowers are pedicellate, solitary in leaf axils or in terminal or axillary racemes. The pedicels are 5–20 mm long, glabrous or glandular. The bracteoles are linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm long. The calyxes are 4–6 mm long, glabrous or glandular pubescent, with raised veins in fruit. The

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corollas are white, blue-purple, or pink, 10–13 mm long, sparsely and finely glandular outside, white villous inside. The styles are apically dilated; the stigmas are extremely short, 2-lamellate. The capsules are ovoid, ca. 6 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from March to September. Habitat: It grows around reserviors and other moist places. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi of China, as well as in Japan, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants with roots are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and stopping coughing, relieving exterior symptoms and swelling, and it is often used for treatment of cold, cough, whooping cough, snake bite, carbuncle, sore and swelling. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mixed with rice wine, mashed and applied to the affected areas, or fresh products are mashed for application.

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4.12 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.12.1 Limnophila rugosa Chinese Name(s): da ye shi long wei, shui hui xiang, shui bo he, shui ba jiao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Limnophila rugosa (Limnophila rugosa (Roth) Merr.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 10–50 cm tall, with transverse rhizomes and numerous fibrous roots. The stems are from rhizomes, 1 to few, fascicled, erect or ascending, usually unbranched, slightly square, glabrous. The leaves are opposite; the petioles are 1–2  cm long, narrowly winged; the leaf blades are ovate, rhomboid-elliptic, or elliptic, 3–9 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, margins being crenate, adaxially glabrous or sparsely hispidulous and with whitish foamy projections, abaxially hispidulous along veins; the veins are pinnate, and the lateral veins are in ca. 10 pairs, abaxially raised. The flowers are sessile, without bracteoles, usually appearing capitate, sometimes solitary in leaf axils. The peduncles are 2–30  mm long; the bracts are subspatulate-oblong, margins being entire or apically undulate-­ toothed, sessile at base, ciliate, with flattened membranous glands. The calyxes are 6–8 mm long, without raised veins in fruit or with five raised longitudinal veins and flattened membranous glands, margins being ciliate. The corollas are purple-red to blue, to 16 mm in length. The styles are slender, apically cylindric, pubescent, with a membranous auricle on each side in the lower part. The capsules are ovoid, more or less laterally flat, ca. 5 mm long, pale brown. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to November. Habitat: It grows in mountain valleys, grasslands, and adjacent to water. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Hunan, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Japan, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and relieving exterior symptoms, dispelling wind and dampness, relieving coughing and pain, it is often used for treatment of cold, sore throat, heat in the lungs, cough, bronchitis, stomachache, as well as for external treatment for pemphigus. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of leaves are mashed for application. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: epigastric flatulence, stomachache: Limnophila rugosa, Schisandra root, Cynanchum paniculatum, each 9 g, added with dutchmanspipe root, Lindera aggregate in cases with stomachache, decocted in water for oral use.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Edema (including nephritis edema): Limnophila rugosa, Clerodendrum fragrans root, Lygodium japonicum stem, Paederia scandens, Raphanus sativus, Imperata cylindrica root, decocted in water for oral use. For patients with ascites, Limnophila rugosa 30 g, added with Veronicastrum axillare, Lagenaria siceraria shell, and Lobelia chinensis, each 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysfunction of spleen and stomach impaired by dampness: Limnophila rugosa 15 g, added with Agastache rugosa, tangerine peel, Schisandra chinensis root, Cinnamomum camphora root, each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. The prescription functions in resolving dampness and strengthening the spleen.

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4.13 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.13.1 Lindernia anagallis Chinese Name(s): chang shu mu cao, ya zui huang, xiao jie gu, chang guo mu cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lindernia anagallis (Lindernia anagallis (Burm. f.) Pennell [L. cordifolia (Colsm.) Merr.]) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 10–40  cm long. The roots are fibrous. The stems are simple at first, soon branched, lower creeping, rooting from nodes, with rhizomes, striate, glabrous. The leaves are short petiolate to subsessile, triangular-­ovate, ovate, or oblong, 4–20  mm long, 7–12  mm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally truncate or subcordate, margins being shallowly crenate; the lateral veins are in 3–4 pairs, spreading at an angle of 45°, glabrous on both surfaces. The flowers are axillary, solitary. The pedicels are 6–10  mm

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long, to 2 cm in fruit, glabrous. The calyxes are ca. 5 mm long, basally connate, 5-lobed; the lobes are narrowly lanceolate, glabrous. The corollas are white or light purple, 8–12 mm long; the upper lips are erect, ovate, 2-lobed; the lower lips are spreading flat, 3-lobed; the lobes are subequal, slightly longer than upper lips. There are four fertile stamens. The filaments are of anterior stamens basally with a clavate appendage. The stigmas are 2-lobed. The capsules are linearovoid, ca. 2 times as long as persistent calyx, locules being 2-lobed. The seeds are ovoid, tuberculate. The flowering period is from April to September. The fruiting period is from June to November. Habitat: It grows in the edges of forests, along streams, rice fields, wet places. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan of China, as well as in Southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxicating, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, cough, enteritis, dyspepsia in children, carbuncle, sore, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed for application. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: diarrhea in children: Lindernia anagallis 60–120 g, decocted in water, taken 1 dose a day.

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4.14 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.14.1 Lindernia angustifolia Chinese Name(s): xia ye mu cao, yang jiao tao, mo shang fan jiao, tian su xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lindernia angustifolia (Lindernia angustifolia (Benth.) Wettst.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, up to 40 cm tall. The roots are fibrous, abundant. The stems are usually erect, rarely suberect, few to numerous branched, ascending, striate, glabrous. The leaves are sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1–4  cm long, 2–8  mm wide, glabrous, apically acuminate and obtuse, basally

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cuneate forming a very short narrow wing, margins being entire or somewhat irregularly serrate. There are 3–5 main veins from the base. The middle ones are widened, and the lateral 1–2 ones are thin, but apparently straight to base, glabrous on both surfaces. The flowers are axillary, solitary. The pedicels are long, to 35 mm in fruit, glabrous, striate. The calyxes are 5-lobed, basally connate, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm long, up to 4 mm long in fruit, apically rounded, obtuse or acute, glabrous. The corollas are purple, blue-purple, or white, ca. 6.5 mm long; the upper lips are 2-lobed, ovate, apically rounded; the lower lips are spreading flat, 3-lobed, and only slightly longer than upper lip. There are four fertile stamens. The filaments of anterior stamens have a filiform appendage. The styles are persistent forming a thin beak. The capsules are striate, up to 14 mm long, more than 2 times as long as persistent calyx. The seeds are oblong brownish, honeycombed. The flowering period is from May to October. The fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows in wet areas like rice fields, riversides. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou of China, as well as in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, removing blood stasis and swelling, and it is often used for treatment of acute gastroenteritis, dysentery, hepatitis, pharyngitis, and injuries. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed for application. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute gastroenteritis: fresh Lindernia angustifolia, fresh Hypericum japonicum, each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute laryngitis and tonsillitis: fresh Lindernia angustifolia, fresh Bidens pilosa, and Centella asiatica, each 30 g, decocted in water and taken with rock sugar. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury: fresh Lindernia angustifolia 30  g, decocted in water and taken with yellow rice wine, or added with fresh Wedelia chinensis 60 g, and decocted in water and taken with yellow rice wine.

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4.15 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.15.1 Lindernia antipoda Chinese Name(s): ni hua cao, ya li cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lindernia antipoda (Lindernia antipoda (Linn.) Alston). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The roots are fibrous, fascicled. The stems are suberect when young, many branched when grown, or prostrate basally and rooting from lower nodes then ascending, to 30 cm tall, channeled, glabrous. The leaf blades are oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate, or linear-­ lanceolate, 0.3–4 cm long, 0.6–1.2 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally decurrent and nearly amplexicaul, margins being obscurely to sharply serrate or subentire, glabrous. The petioles are short and wide. The racemes are terminal, to 15 cm long, 2–20-flowered; the bracts are subulate. The pedicels are striate, apically thickened, up to 1.5 cm long, ascending, spreading, flat to deflexed in fruit. The calyxes are basally connate, 5-lobed; the lobes are linear-lanceolate, hispidulous along midrib and edges. The corollas are purple, purplish white, or white, to 1 cm long; the tubes are to 7 mm long; the upper lips are 2-lobed; the lower lips are 3-lobed; the lobes all are subequal. The posterior pair of stamens are fertile, but the anterior pair of stamens are reduced and the anthers disappear; the filaments are slightly curved, glandular. The styles are thin. The stigmas are flat, lamellate. The capsules are cylindric, 2 times or more as long as persistent calyx. The seeds are irregularly triangular-­ ovoid, brown, seed coats being reticulate. The flowering and fruiting periods are from spring to autumn. Habitat: It grows in wet grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Taiwan of China, as well as in tropical and subtropical areas from India to Northern Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis and relieving strangury, promoting blood circulation and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of cough caused by heat in the lungs, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, carbuncle, injury caused by knocks and falls, snake bite, sore, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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4.16 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.16.1 Lindernia ciliata Chinese Name(s): ci chi ni hua cao, chi ye mu cao, ju chi cao, wu yue lian. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lindernia ciliata (Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect or diffuse, many branched, up to 20 cm tall; the branches are decumbent, sometimes rooting from last node. The leaves are sessile or short petiolate and amplexicaul, oblong to lanceolate-­oblong, 7–45 mm long, 3–12 mm wide, apically acute or obtuse, margins being densely aristate-serrate, teeth being slightly keratinized and slightly thickened at margins, glabrous. The racemes are terminal; the bracts are lanceolate, ca. 1/2 as long as pedicels are. The pedicels are striped, glabrous. The calyxes are ca. 5 mm long, basally connate; the lobes are narrowly lanceolate, with a spinelike tip, slightly membranous at margins. The corollas are small, light purple or white, ca. 7  mm long; the tubes are thin, to 4.5 mm long, slightly enlarged upward; the upper lips are ovate; the lower lips are almost as long as upper lips, often unequally 3-lobed; the middle lobes are larger than other lobes, exserted, apically rounded. There are two fertile stamens, which are posterior; there are two reduced stamens, which are anterior, forming prominent plaits on base of lower lip. The styles are as long as fertile stamens. The capsules are cylindric, apically mucronate, ca. 3 times as long as persistent calyx. The seeds are numerous, irregularly triangular. The flowering and fruiting periods are from summer to winter. Habitat: It grows in open fields, grasslands, or under sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Tibet, Fujian, Taiwan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Myanmar, and India to the tropical and subtropical north of Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, removing blood stasis and swelling, stopping pain, and it is often used for treatment of snake bite, injury, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, as well as for external treatment of sores and furuncles. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for juice to take, or mashed and applicated to the affected areas.

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4.17 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.17.1 Lindernia crustacea Chinese Name(s): mu cao, si fang quan cao, si fang cao, she tong guan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lindernia crustacea (Lindernia crustacea (Linn.) F. Muell). Morphology: The plant is a herb. The roots are fibrous. The stems are 10–20 cm tall, widely spreading into dense clusters, many branched. The branches are flexurally ascending, subquadrangular, deeply sulcate, and glabrous. The petioles are 1–8 mm long; the leaf blades are triangular-ovate to broadly ovate, 10–20 mm long,

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5–11 mm wide, apical obtuse to subacute, basally broadly cuneate to rounded, margins being shallowly crenate or serrate, adaxially subglabrous, abaxially pilose along veins to subglabrous. The flowers are axillary and solitary or in short apical racemes. The pedicels are slender, 5–22 mm long, subglabrous. The calyxes are urnlike, 3–5 mm long, shallowly 5-lobed; the lobes are triangular-ovate, with obvious mid-ribs, sparsely pubescent outside. The corollas are purple, 5–8  mm long; the tubes are slightly longer than calyx; the upper lips are erect, ovate, obtuse, sometimes shallowly 2-lobed; the lower lips are 3-lobed, middle lobes being larger and slightly longer than upper lip. There are four stamens, all of which are fertile and didynamous. The styles are fugacious. The capsules are broadly ellipsoid, almost as long as persistent calyx. The seeds are subglobose, pale yellow-brown, obviously scrobiculate. The flowering and fruiting periods are throughout the year. Habitat: It grows in rice fields, moist areas like streamsides or ditchsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Tibet of China. It is widespread in the tropics and subtropics. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, promoting diuresis, and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of bacillary dysentery, enteritis, dyspepsia, hepatitis, nephritis, edema, leucorrhea, as well as for external treatment of carbuncle and furuncle, etc. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applicated to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute and chronic bacillary dysentery: Lindernia crustacea 30–60 g (90–150 g for fresh product), decocted in water, taken in 3 times, 1 dose a day.

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4.18 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.18.1 Lindernia ruellioides Chinese Name(s): han tian cao, ding jing cao, jian xi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lindernia ruellioides (Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 10–15 cm tall. The stems are rarely erect, usually branched, rooting from nodes, subglabrous. The stolons are to 30 cm. The petioles are 3–20 mm long, distally thicker, somewhat basally subamplexicaul; the leaf blades are oblong, elliptic, ovate-oblong, or orbicular, 1–4  cm long, 0.6–2  cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally broadly cuneate, margins being above base densely and regularly acute-serrate, scabrous pubescent to subglabrous.

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The racemes are terminal, 2–10-flowered; the bracts are lanceolate-linear. The pedicels are short, distally gradually thicker, and glabrous. The calyxes are ca. 6 mm long, to 10 mm in fruit, basally connate; the lobes are linear-lanceolate, glabrous. The corollas are purple-red, 10–14 mm long; the tubes are 7–9 mm long; the upper lips are 2-lobed; the lower lips are 3-lobed; the lobes are subequal or the middle lobes are slightly larger than other lobes. There are two sterile stamens, which are anterior. There are two fertile stamens, which are posterior, unappendaged. The stigmas are flattened. The capsules are cylindrical, apically acuminate, ca. 2 times as long as persistent calyx. The seeds are ellipsoid, brown. The flowering period is from June to September. The fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows in forests, grasslands, roadsides, streamsides. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Regulating Qi and activating blood circulation, reducing swelling and relieving pain, it is often used for treatment of amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, stomach pain, mastitis, cervical lymph node tuberculosis, as wells as for external treatment of injuries caused by knocks and falls, carbuncle, snake bite, rabies bite. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applicated to the affected areas.

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4.19 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.19.1 Mazus japonicus Chinese Name(s): tong quan cao, nong pao yao, tang shi cao, zhu hu jiao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Mazus japonicus (Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) Kuntze). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, up to 30 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. The primary roots are elongated, perpendicular or shortened; the fibrous roots are slender, numerous, scattered or tufted. The stems are 1 or more, erect, ascending, or procumbent-ascending, rooting from prostate nodes, branching widely and diffusely, few unbranched. The basal leaves are few to numerous and sometimes rosulate or early deciduous, obovate-spatulate to ovate-oblanceolate, membranous to papery, 2–6  cm long, apically entire or obscurely and sparsely toothed basally cuneate and decurrent, margins being coarsely and irregularly toothed or pinnately parted with 1 or 2 lobules. The stem leaves are opposite or alternate, few, similar to or nearly as large as basal leaves. The racemes are terminal, elongated to apically fascicled, usually 3–20-flowered, lax. The pedicels are up to 10  mm in fruit, shorter in distal half. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 6  mm, enlarged in fruit or not; the lobes are almost as long as tube, ovate, apically acute. The corollas are white, purple, or blue, ca. 10  mm long; the upper lip lobes are ovate-triangular; the lower lip middle lobes are smaller than lateral lobes, slightly exserted, obovate. The ovaries are glabrous. The capsules are globose. The seeds are small and numerous, yellow, seed coats being with irregular reticulation. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to October. Habitat: It grows in waste fields, trailsides, wet places. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Yunnan of China. It is also distributed in Vietnam, Russia, North Korea, Japan, and Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Invigorating the stomach, relieving pain and detoxicating, it is often used for treatment of migraine, dyspepsia, pemphigus, and scald. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applicated to the affected areas.

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4.20 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.20.1 Odontites serotina Chinese Name(s): liao chi cao, chi ye cao. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Odontites serotina (Odontites serotina (Lam.) Dum). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 15–40 cm tall, entirely with appressed white hairs. The stems are quadrangular above, often branched. The leaves are opposite, sometimes alternate in distal half, sessile, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,

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2-4 cm long, ca. 6 mm wide, apically acuminate, margins being sparsely dentate. The spikes are terminal; the bracts are leaflike. The calyxes are campanulate, 4–7 mm long, equally 4-lobed; the lobes are narrowly triangular, 2–3 mm long. The corollas are purple-red, 8–10 mm long, 2-lipped; the upper lips are erect, slightly galeate, apically 2-lobed or slightly concave; the lower lips are spreading, 3-lobed. There are four stamens, which are didynamous, subequal to upper lips; the anthers are orange red, and the anther locules are decurrent, pointed at base. The capsules are oblong, 5–7 mm long, slightly compressed, apically emarginate. The seeds are numerous, brown. The flowering period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows in Meadows and along water. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi, North and Northeast China, as well as in Europe to Mongolia. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are cut in summer and autumn when blooming, the impurities removed, and dried in shade. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property, and a little toxic. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, it is often used for treatment of febrile disease, stasis and heat in the liver and gallbladder, pain caused by blood stasis. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: headache due to extreme heat, headache caused by rhinitis and sinusitis, migraine: Terminalia chebula, Carthamus tinctorius, Dianthus superbus or Odontites serotine, each 30 g, Radix Aucklandiae, Resin Commiphorae muakulis (Guggulum), musk, each 15 g, made into water-­ bindered pills. Take 1.5–3 g each time, 2–3 times a day, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: menstrual bleeding and other bleedings due to heat in the blood: Arnebia euchroma and Euphorbia humifusa 25 g each, bear gall and Gentiana straminea flower, 15  g each, and Dianthus Superbus or Odontites serotine 20 g, ground into powder. Take 3–5 g each time, 1–3 times a day, decocted and cooled for oral use.

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4.21 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.21.1 Paulownia fortunei Chinese Name(s): pao tong. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and fruits of Paulownia fortunei (Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl). Morphology: The plant is a tree, up to 30 m tall; the young shoots, leaves, inflorescences, and fruits all are yellowish brown stellate tomentose. But the petioles, leaves adaxial surfaces, and the pedicels are then becoming glabrous. The leaf blades are narrowly ovate-cordate, occasionally ovate-cordate, to 20 cm long, apically long acuminate or acute, mucros being up to 2  cm long, 2-parted on new shoots, abaxially stellate hairy or glandular, tomentose when mature, and rarely sparsely hairy or glabrous. The petioles are ca. 12 cm long. The thyrseses are narrow and long, subcylindric, ca. 25 cm long; the cymes are 3–8-flowered; the peduncles are not shorter than pedicels. The calyxes are obconical, 2–2.5 cm long, gradually glabrous after flowering; the lobes are 1/4–1/3 of calyx length, ovate to triangular-­ ovate, narrowly triangular in fruit. The corollas are tubular-funnelform, white, only slightly with purple or light purple at the back, 8–12 cm long; the tubes are enlarged upward gradually, slightly bent forward, stellate pilose outside ventrally weakly ridged, densely with purple fine patches inside. The stamens are 3–3.5  cm long, sparsely glandular hairy. The ovaries are glandular, occasionally stellate hairy. The styles are ca. 5.5 cm long. The capsules are oblong to oblong-ellipsoid, 6–10 cm long; the beaks are up to 6 cm long; the persistent calyxes are spreading or funnel-­ shaped; the pericarps are woody, 3–6  mm thick. The seeds are 6–10  mm long including wing. The flowering period is from March to April. The fruiting period is from July to August.

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Habitat: It grows in mountains, valleys, or open forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Laos. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and fruits are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: The root functions in dispelling wind and detoxicating, reducing swelling and relieving pain. It is often used for treatment of muscle and bone pain, sores and boils, metrorrhagia and leucorrhea. The fruit functions in resolving phlegm and relieving coughing, and it is often used for the treatment of tracheitis. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis: 240 g fresh Paulownia fortune fruit, Stemona japonica 18  g, Platycodon grandiflorus 15  g, Canarium album 15 g, pig bile 1.8 g. Firstly, decoct the Paulownia fruit with water and remove the residue. Then decoct Stemona japonica, Platycodon grandifloras, and Canarium album in water and remove the residue. Mix the decoctums with pig bile, then heat and concentrate into paste, at last, add appropriate amount of preservative to make a paste of 45 ml. Take 15 ml each time, 3 times a day, 10 days as a course of treatment. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: metrorrhagia and leucorrhea: Paulownia fortune root and Akebia quinata root (fresh) each 120 g, cut and cooked with half a kilogram of pork. Take the meat and soup in 2 days, 2 times a day, or add appropriate amount of sugar, but do not put salt into it. Do not take cold and spicy food during the medication.

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4.22 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.22.1 Pedicularis cyathophylloides Chinese Name(s): ni dou ye ma xian hao Source: This medicine is made of the flowers of Pedicularis cyathophylloides (Pedicularis cyathophylloides Limpr.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial. The roots are stout. The stems are pubescent. The stems and branches are triangular or quadrangular. The leaves are in whorls of 3 or 4; the petioles are basally enlarged, connate, and cupular; the leaf blades are narrowly ovate or broadly lanceolate, pinnate divided; the segments are in 10 pairs, linear. The flowers are whorls few in the cupulas. The calyxes are cylindric, ca. 1.1 cm long, 5-lobed; the lobes are ovate-lanceolate. The corollas are pink; the tubes are 1.5–2.5 cm long; the lower lips are slightly longer than galea, 3-lobed;

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the middle lobes are oblong or obovate, and the lateral lobes are oblique-rounded. The filaments are villous. The capsules are semi-ovoid, with two unequal locules, brown, glabrous, up to 22 mm long, basally rounded, apically acute. The seeds are long ovoid, honeycombed finely reticulate, ca. 3  mm long, 1–1.5  mm wide. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows in the semi-shade of a mixed forest with Picea forests and Betula woodlands at altitudes of 3200–3850 m. Distribution: It is endemic species and only distributed in NE Tibet and NW Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are harvested in summer when blooming, removed the dead leaves and impurities, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Dispelling heat and dampness, promoting diuresis, and controling nocturnal emission, it is often used for treatment of hepatitis, cholecystitis, hematuresis, pyuria, edema, spermatorrhea, tinnitus, thirst, carbuncle, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.23 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.23.1 Pedicularis latituba Chinese Name(s): cu guan ma xian hao Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Pedicularis latituba (Pedicularis latituba Bonati.) Morphology: The plant is a low herb, barely 10  cm tall. The rhizomes are 1–2 cm long, and the roots are conical or cylindrical, 2–3 cm long, unbranched. The stems are 2–5 cm tall, furrowed. The leaves are basal and cauline, with winged petioles. The leaf blades are lanceolate-oblong, abaxially with scurfy hairs, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect; the segments are in 5–11 pairs, triangular-ovate to ovate, 2–4 mm long. The calyxes are tubular, 1/3–1/2 cleft anteriorly; the tubes are 8–10 mm long. The corollas are purple-red; the tubes are 3–4.5 cm long, ca. 2 mm wide, purple pubescent; the galeas are twisted-falcate, somewhat crested in front, apically constricted and beaked; the beaks are semicircular, ca. 5 mm long, obscurely 2-toothed. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the plateau slopes and grasslands at altitudes of 2800–3700 m. Distribution: It is endemic to China, distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer when blooming, the dead leaves and impurities removed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is astringent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, promoting diuresis, controlling nocturnal emission, it is often used for treatment of hepatitis, cholecystitis, hematuresis, pyuria, edema, spermatorrhea, tinnitus, thirst, carbuncle, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.24 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.24.1 Pedicularis roylei Chinese Name(s): luo shi ma xian hao, qing zang ma xian hao, rou gen ma xian hao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Pedicularis roylei (Pedicularis roylei Maxim.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial, 7–15 cm tall. The stems are erect, basally with ovate scales, longitudinally ribbed. The basal leaves are cespitose; the petioles are to 3–6 cm long. The stem leaves are in whorls of 3 or 4; the petioles are barely 2–2.5 cm long. The leaf blades are oblong to ovate-oblong, 2.5–4 cm long, pinnatipartite; the segments are in 7–12 pairs. The inflorescences are racemose, to 6 cm long. The flowers are 17–20 mm long. The calyxes are campanulate, 8–9 mm long, densely white villous. The corollas are purple-red, 17–19 mm long; the tubes are 10–11 mm long, decurved at the 3–4 mm of base, expanded apically, ca. 5 mm in diameter; the galeas are slightly falcate, 5–6 mm long; the lower lips are 8–9 mm long; the middle lobes are subrounded, ca. 4  mm long, and the lateral lobes are elliptic. The filaments insert at the base of corolla tube. The capsules are ovoid-­ lanceolate, ca. 12 mm long. The seeds are brownish yellow, 1.2–1.5 mm long, with honeycombed voids. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows moist alpine meadows at altitudes of 3700–4500 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in autumn, the dead leaves and impurities removed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Supplementing Qi and promoting the production of body fluid, nourishing the heart and quieting the spirit, it is often used for treatment of deficiency of Qi and blood, sweating caused by deficiency of body, palpitation, etc. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.25 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.25.1 Pedicularis trichoglossa Chinese Name(s): mao kui ma xian hao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Pedicularis trichoglossa (Pedicularis trichoglossa Hook. f.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial, 30–60 cm tall, black when dry. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, 2–7 cm long, 3–15 mm wide, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite. The inflorescences are racemose, 6–18 cm long; axis densely pubescent; the bracts are linear. The calyxes are oblique-campanulate, 8–10  cm long, densely blackish purple villous, lobes being triangular-ovate. The corollas are blackish purple; the tubes are bent basally; the lower lips are 3-lobed; the middle lobes are broadly rounded, and the lateral lobes are nephroid; the galeas are densely long pubescent apically, with purple-red hairs; the beaks are slender, glabrous, incurved. The capsules are broadly ovoid, slightly exceeding persistent calyx, 12–15  mm long, ca. 9  mm wide. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows alpine meadows and sparse forests at altitudes of 3600–5000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in autumn, washed and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Tonifying Qi and blood, strengthening muscles and bones, strengthening spleen and stomach, it is often used for treatment of dizziness and tinnitus, palpitation, shortness of breath, flaccidity of hands and feet, pain of muscles and bones, malnutrition, etc.

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4.26 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.26.1 Rehmannia glutinosa Chinese Name(s): di huang, sheng di, shu di. Source: This medicine is made of the rhizomes of Rehmannia glutinosa (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial erect herb, 10–30 cm tall, densely villous with glandular and eglandular hairs. The leaves are basal, rosette, sometimes alternate at lower part of stem, papery, obovate-oblong to obovate-elliptic, 3–110  cm long, 1.5–4.5  cm wide, apically obtuse or subrounded, basally tapering, margins being obtusely serrate to toothed, wrinkled. The flowers are usually purplish red, arranged in terminal racemes. The bracts are large below, longer than pedicels, sometimes leaflike, small above. The pedicels are somewhat ascending. The calyx tubes are oblate; the limbs are 5-lobed. The corollas are ca. 4 cm long, white villous; the coronal tubes are slightly inflated on one side; the limbs are 2-lipped; the upper lips are inverted, 2-lobed; the lower lip suberect, 3-lobed, lobes being oblong, 0.8–1 cm long. There are 4 paired stamens; the anthers are 2-loculed, locules being basally divaricate. The capsules are ovoid, ca. 1 cm long, containing many brownish seeds. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to July. Habitat: It grows in sandy loams, mountain slopes, trailsides at altitudes of 50–1100 m, and is now mostly cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, and Hubei. It is cultivated in South China.

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Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are put on the heated brick bed to dry and set aside. Or the rhizomes are steamed or steamed with rice wine (prepared rehmannia root) and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Rehmannia glutinosa: The products are round or oblong irregular blocks, with enlarged middle and slightly thin ends, about 6–12 cm long and 2–6 cm in diameter. Some are small, oblong, compressed and slightly twisted. It is grayish black or brownish gray, with deep wrinkles and transverse creases. It is weight, soft and tough, not easy to break, brownish black or black on the cut section, glossy and sticky. It is slight in odor and slightly sweet in taste. The product big, round, weight, thin skinned, soft in texture, glossy on section, black and sweet are better in quality. Prepared rehmannia root: The products are irregular pieces, fragments in different sizes and thickness, black on surface, glossy and sticky. It is soft and tough, not easy to break, black and glossy on sections. It is slight in odor and slightly sweet in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The rehmannia glutinosa is sweet and bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of heart, liver and kidneys. The prepared rehmannia root is sweet in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and kidneys. Functions: Rehmannia glutinosa functions in clearing heat and tonifying Yin, cooling the blood to stop bleeding, it is often used for treatment of high fever, hematemesis, bleeding, canker, short voidings of reddish urine, anemia, irregular menstruation, low back pain, spermatorrhea, dizziness and tinnitus, febrile disease, dryness and thirst, crimson tongue and lips, metrorrhagia, constipation, Yin deficiency with internal heat, diabetes, sore throat, heart failure, etc. Prepared rehmannia root functions in nourishing Yin and blood, replenishing essence and marrow. It is often used for treatment of blood deficiency and pale complexion, palpitation, irregular menstruation, metrorrhagia, deficiency of liver and kidneys Yin, weakness of waist and knees, hectic fever, night sweating and spermatorrhea, diabetes with internal heat, dizziness, tinnitus, premature graying hair. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose for Rehmannia glutinosa, 9–15 g per dose for Prepared rehmannia root, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dizziness and tinnitus due to kidneys deficiency, tenderness and weakness of waist and knees, spermatorrhea: (Liuwei Dihuang decoction, pill), Prepared rehmannia root 12 g, yam, Cornus officinalis, Poria cocos 9 g each, Alisma orientalis, peony bark, each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: headache and dizziness due to Yin deficiency and Yang hyperactivity: raw Rehmannia glutinosa, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Cassia obtusifolia, each 15 g, Prunella vulgaris, red ochre, Achyranthes bidentata, parasitic loranthus, each 9  g, Eucommia ulmoides and chrysanthemum 6  g each, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sore throat, dry mouth: raw Rehmannia glutinosa 12 g, Radix Scrophulariae, Radix Ophiopogonis, each 9 g, Tinospora sagittata, licorice, each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: diphtheria: fresh Rehmannia glutinosa 30 g, Scutellaria baicalensis, Forsythia suspensa, each 18 g, Radix Ophiopogonis 9 g, Radix Scrophulariae 15 g, decocted for two times in water, 1 dose a day, taken in 4 times. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: angina pectoris: (Qingxin Decoction) raw Rehmannia glutinosa, Radix Scrophulariae, Ligusticum chuanxiong, each 15 g, Scutellaria baicalensis, Leaf of Chinese Holly, safflower, Curcuma rcenyujin, each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use, 1 dose daily. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hematemesis, bleeding: raw Rehmannia glutinosa, Imperata root, each 30 g, Cirsium setosum, Agrimonia Pilosa, 15 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: favism: raw Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica sinensis, 15 g each, white peony root and lotus root node, each 9 g, Imperata root, Agrimonia Pilosa, each 30 g, 5 jujube, pine needles in appropriate amounts, decocted in water and taken in 2 times, 1 dose per day. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic urticaria: raw Rehmannia glutinosa, Polygonum multiflorum, each 15 g, Angelica sinensis, Paeonia alba, Polygonatum odoratum, each 9  g, cortex moutan 6  g, fried Schizonepeta 4.5  g, jujube 5, decocted in water for oral use. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: lupus erythematosus: raw Rehmannia glutinosa 15 g, Radix Scrophulariae 12 g, Radix Ophiopogonis 12 g, Cortex Moutan, Cortex Phellodendri, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Ligustrum Lucidi, Eclipta, Poria cocos, each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. In cases with Qi deficiency, added with Radix Codonopsis pilosula and Astragalus membranaceus 9  g each, in cases with kidneys yang deficiency, added with Curculigo orchioides and Epimedium brevicornu 9 g each. In severe cases, it is necessary to use with adrenocortical hormone treatment.

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4.27 Family:Scrophulariaceae 4.27.1 Scoparia dulcis Chinese Name(s): ye gan cao, bing tang cao, tu gan cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Scoparia dulcis (Scoparia dulcis Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, erect, up to 1 m in height. The branches are ribbed or narrowly winged, glabrous, or puberulent at nodes. The leaves are opposite or 3 arrange in a whorl, rhomboid-ovate to rhomboid-lanceolate, up to 35 mm in length and 15  mm in width, apically obtuse or sometimes mucronate, basally decurrent into a short petiole, margins being serrate above middle, glabrous on both surfaces, sparsely impressed or slightly prominent purple glandular. There are 1–5 flowers, which are axillary. The pedicels are glabrous, 5–8 mm long. The calyxes are ca. 2 mm long, deeply 4-lobed to near the base, lobes being ovate-oblong, margins being membranous, densely puberulent. The corollas are white, ca. 3 mm long, 4-lobed; the upper lobes are slightly larger; the tubes are short, densely hairy at throats. There are four stamens, which are subequal, exserted. The ovaries are globose, with numerous ovules. The capsules are ovoid to globose, up to 3  mm in width, 2–3-valved. The flowering period is from April to August. The fruiting period is from May to October. Habitat: It grows on open lands, waste places, or besides trails or villages. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Macao, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Fujian of China, as well as in tropical regions all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, dispersing wind and relieving itching, it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, cough due to lungs heat, enteritis, bacillary dysentery and dysuria, as well as external treatment for prickly heat and eczema. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use, for external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed for juice and smeared to the affected areas.

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Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bacillary dysentery: Scoparia dulcis 30  g, Emilia sonchifolia, and Oryza sativa 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use, 1 dose a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold and cough: fresh Scoparia dulcis 30 g, mint 9 g, Houttuynia cordata 15 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.28 Family:Scrophulariaceae 4.28.1 Scrophularia ningpoensis Chinese Name(s): xuan shen, yuan shen, wu yuan shen, hei shen. Source: This medicine is made of the dried roots of Scrophularia ningpoensis (Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.) Morphology: The herb is perennial, erect and large, up to 1 m tall. The roots are fleshy, fusiform or conical, often few fascicled. The stems are quadrangular, with straight grooves. The leaves are opposite, or alternate at the upper part of stems, papery, ovate or sometimes lanceolate, 10–18 cm long, apically acuminate, basally with cuneate tips, orbicular or cordate, margins being serrulate and rarely irregularly double serrate. The petioles are up to 4 cm in length. The flowers are brownish purple, forming terminal, broad and lax thyrses; the inflorescence axes and branches are glandular hairy. The small cymes are often 2–4 times dichotomously branched. The calyxes are 2–4 mm long, deeply 5-lobed to near the base, lobes being orbicular, margins being membranous, imbricate. The corollas are 8–9 mm long; the tubes are slightly dilated; the limbs are bilabiate; the upper lips are 2-lobed, and distinctly longer than the lower ones. There are four stamens, which are fertile, slightly exserted. The capsules are ovoid, 8–9 mm long. The flowering period is from June to October. The fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows on bamboo forests, along streams, thickets or tall grasses below 1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in late autumn and early winter when the stems and leaves withered, removed the stems, leaves, fibrous roots and buds, dried in the sun to half dry, piled for 3–4 days, and then dried in the sun to 80–90% dry, piled again till the heart is blackened and oily, then dried fully in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: The product is fusiform or subcylindrical, some curved like a sheep horn, dilated in the middle, attenuated at the lower end, obtuse apically, or attenuate downward, 6–20 cm in length, 1–3 cm in diameter. Most of the reed heads have been trimmed, brown or grayish yellow on surfaces, with obvious longitudinal grooves and transverse lenticels, and occasionally with fibrous root residues. It is solid, not easy to break, slightly flat on the sections, black, and slightly glossy. It smells slightly like caramel, and tastes sweet and slightly bitter. Immersed in water, it dyes the water black. The product is thick, thin skinned, solid, black inside, with short reed head and no fibrous roots are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and salty in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs, stomach, and kidneys. Functions: Nourishing Yin, raining down fire, generating body fluid and detoxicating, it is often used for treatment, polydipsia, plaque of fever, gingivitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, carbuncle, acute lymphadenitis, intestinal dryness and constipation. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. It should not use together with Veratrum nigrum. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: impairment of fluid in fever, dry mouth, and constipation: Scrophularia ningpoensis, Ophiopogon japonicus, Rehmannia glutinosa, each 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: lymph node tuberculosis: Scrophularia ningpoensis 15 g, oyster shell 15 g, Fritillaria thunbergii 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic pharyngitis: Scrophularia ningpoensis 9  g, Platycodon grandiflorum 4.5  g, liquorice 3  g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gingivitis: Scrophularia ningpoensis, Rehmannia glutinosa, gypsum (decocted firstly) 15 g, Ophiopogon japonicus, Achyranthes bidentate, each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use,1 dose a day. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dermatitis medicamentosa: Scrophularia ningpoensis 15 g, Smilax glabra 30 g, Rehmannia glutinosa 18 g, Radix Isatidis, Flos Lonicerae, Cortex Phellodendri, prepared Rhubarb, Atractylodes Lancea, each 9 g, raw licorice 4.5 g, decocted in water for oral use, 1 dose daily.

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4.29 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.29.1 Siphonostegia chinensis Chinese Name(s): yin xing cao, tu yin chen. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Siphonostegia chinensis (Siphonostegia chinensis Benth.) Morphology: The herb is annual, erect, up to 80 cm in height, black when dry, with dense rusty short hairs. The leaves are opposite, thickly papery, broadly ovate, 2-pinnatisect, ca. 8–55 mm in length and ca. 4–60 mm in width, with dense short hairs on both surfaces; the midribs are adaxially slightly impressed and abaxially distinctly prominent. The inflorescences are racemes. The bracts are foliaceous, shorter than calyxes, pinnately parted or pinnatisect, with dense short hairs. The pedicels are short, ca. 1–2 mm long, slender, with dense short hairs; the pedicels have a pair of bracteoles, linear, ca. 10  mm long. The calyx tubes are extremely long, apically slightly constricted, ca. 10–15 mm long, thickly membranous, with dense short hairs; there are 10 midveins, which are thick and stout, distinctly raised, the membranous parts between midveins are concave to grooves, not reticulate; there are five calyx teeth, which are green, thick, with dense short hairs, 1/4–1/3 the length of calyx tubes; the sepals are linear-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, subequal, margins being entire or sometimes 1–2 serrate. The corollas are ca. 22–25 mm long; the upper lips are reddish purple, and the lower ones are yellow, outside being densely long ciliate and inside being shortly hairy; the tubes are straight, slender, ca. 12–14 mm long, apically slightly inflated, slightly exserted from calyx tubes; the upper lips are falciform curved. The lower lips are nearly equaling or slightly longer than the upper lips, apically 3-lobed, lobes being ovate. The stamens are didynamous. The ovaries are long ovoid, ca. 4  mm long; the stigmas are capitate. The capsules are enclosed by persistent calyxes, nearly as long as calyx tubes, lanceolate-­ oblong, ca. 15 mm in length and 2.5 mm in diameter, apically suboblique, mucronulate, blackish brown, slightly shiny, and with 10 inconspicuous longitudinal grooves. The flowering period is from June to August. Habitat: It grows on slope grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of Inner Mongolia, north, northeast, central, south, and southwest China, as well as east to Japan, North Korea, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood to stop bleeding, removing blood stasis, it is often used for treatment of jaundice hepatitis, cholecystitis, favism, urinary calculi, dysuria, hematuria, hemafecia, postpartum abdominal pain caused by blood stasis, as well as for external treatment of traumatic bleeding, burns, and scalds.

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Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are ground to powder and applied or smear to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Jaundice hepatitis: Siphonostegia chinensis, Hypericum monogynum, Corydalis cheilanthifolia, each 50 g, old radish root 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.30 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.30.1 Striga asiatica Chinese Name(s): du jiao jin, gan ji cao, huang hua cao, xiao mi chong. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Striga asiatica (Striga asiatica (Linn.) O. Kuntze). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, semiparasitic, 10–20(–30)  cm tall, erect, entirely hirsute. The stems are simple, rarely branched. The leaves are narrow, only the basal ones are narrowly lanceolate, while the others are linear, 0.5–2 cm long, sometimes reduced to scales. The flowers are solitary in axils or forming spikes at the apexes of stems. The calyxes are 4–8  mm long, 10-ribbed, 5-lobed almost to middle, lobes being subulate. The corollas are often yellow, rarely red or white, 1–1.5 cm long; the apexes of tubes are strongly curved; the upper lips are shortly 2-lobed. The capsules are ovoid, enclosed by persistent calyxes. The flowering period is autumn. Habitat: It grows on mountain slopes, hills, grasslands, fields, parasitic on the roots of other plants. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan of China, as well as in tropical Asia and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stem is simple or branched below the middle, slender, 8–15  cm long, grayish brown, strigose, with sparse fine fibrous roots on the stem, slightly flexible. The leaves are small, alternate, linear or lanceolate, bigger on the upper stems, about 5–10 mm long, often attached to the stem, smaller and scaly on the lower stems. The flowers are yellow or purple, axillary or arranged in sparse spikes. The bracts are distinct, longer than the calyx. The calyx tube is 10 veined. It is odorless and bland in taste. The product is grayish black, tender, and with spikes that are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and killing insects, strengthening spleen and eliminating accumulation, it is often used for treatment of infantile malnutrition, icteric hepatitis, infantile summer fever, and infantile diarrhea. Use and Dosage: 9–15  g per dose for adults, 3–9  g per dose for children, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: infantile malnutrition: equal amount of Striga asiatica, Hypericum japonicum, Polygala japonica, Cassia mimosoides, and Desmodium heterocarpum are ground to powder, 6–9 g each day, steamed with pig lean meat or liver, taken in 3 times, or decocted in water and taken after filtration.

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4.31 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.31.1 Torenia concolor Chinese Name(s): dan se hu die cao, lan zhu er, dan se yi e, hu die cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Torenia concolor (Torenia concolor Lindl.) Morphology: The plant is a small herb, annual, creeping. The stems are 4-angled, rooting from nodes. The branches are ascending or erect. The leaves are petiolate, 2–10  mm long. The leaf blades are triangular-ovate or long ovate, rarely ovate-­ orbicular, 1–4  cm long and 0.8–2.5  cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally

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broadly cuneate or subtruncate, margins being serrate or crenate-serrate, glabrous or sparsely pilose. The flowers are pedicellate, 2–3.5 cm long, up to 5 cm in fruit; the flowers are solitary, axillary or terminal, rarely in umbel. The calyxes are 1.2–1.5 cm long, up to 2.3 cm in fruit, with five wings that slightly more than 1 mm in width, basally decurrent. There are two calyx teeth, which are long triangular, with five small lobes evident at maturity. The corollas are 2.5–3.9 cm long, exceeding calyx teeth by 11–21 mm, blue or bluish purple. Each one of the pair of anterior filaments has appendage; the appendages are 2–4 mm long, linear. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to November. Habitat: It grows on mountain valleys, along streams, and ditches or waste places. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Fujian, and Taiwan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieve dampness and coughing, harmonizing the stomach and stop vomiting, and removing blood stasis, and it is often used for treatment of jaundice, strangury complicated with hematuria, vomiting, diarrhea, cough due to wind-heat, injury caused by knocks and falls, snakebite, and sore. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: vomiting due to heat stroke: Torenia concolor 24 g, Houttuynia cordata root, Premna microphylla, Serissa japonica, Buddleja lindleyana, each 15 g, ginger 2500 g, decocted in water and taken with red sugar. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: jaundice, strangury complicated with hematuria cough due to wind heat, diarrhea: whole plants of Torenia concolor 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by knocks and falls: whole plants of Torenia concolor 60 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: snakebite and sore: fresh Torenia concolor is mashed and applied to the affected areas. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough due to wind-heat: Torenia concolor 60 g, Citrus reticulata leaf, Folium Mori each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: diarrhea: fresh Torenia concolor 30  g, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.32 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.32.1 Torenia fournieri Chinese Name(s): lan zhu er. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Torenia fournieri (Torenia fournieri Linden. ex Fourn.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, erect, 15–20 cm tall. The stems are glabrescent, narrowly quadrangular, internodes being often 6–9  cm long, simple or branched above middle. The leaves are long ovate or ovate, 3–5  cm long and 1.5–2.5  cm wide, glabrous, apically shallowly cuspidate or shortly acuminate, basally cuneate, margins being coarsely serrate with short tips. The petioles are 1–2 cm long. The racemes are terminal. The bracts are linear, 2–5 mm long. The pedicels are 1–2 cm long. The calyxes are elliptic, green or slightly purplish red at apex and margins, 1.3–1.9 cm long and 0.8 cm wide; there are five wings, which are nearly decurrent, ca. 2 mm wide, but up to 3 mm at maturity. There are two calyx teeth, which are nearly triangular, subequal with each other, sometimes apically slightly lobed. The corollas are 2.5–4 cm long, exceeding calyx teeth by 10–23 mm; the tubes are pale violet, abaxially yellow. The upper lips are erect, pale blue, broadly obovate, 1–1.2  cm long and 1.2–1.5  cm wide, apically emarginate. The lower lips are oblong or suborbicular, subequal with each other, ca. 1 cm long and 0.8 cm wide, purplish blue; the middle lobes have a yellow patch near the base. The filaments are unappendaged. The capsules are long ellipsoid, ca. 1.2 cm long and 0.5 cm wide. The seeds are small, yellow, terete, or globose, seed surfaces being scrobiculate. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to December. Habitat: It grows on roadsides or in fields. Distribution: It is cultivated or sometimes occurring in the provinces and regions of south China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving dampness and coughing, harmonizing the stomach and stopping vomiting, removing blood stasis, and it is often used for treatment of jaundice, stranguria complicated with hematuria, vomiting, diarrhea, cough due to wind-heat, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.33 Family:Scrophulariaceae 4.33.1 Torenia violacea Chinese Name(s): zi e hu die cao, lan zhu er, tong fei cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Torenia violacea (Torenia violacea (Azaola) Pennell) Morphology: The plant is a herb, annual, erect or somewhat decumbent, 8–35 cm tall, branched near base. The leaves are petiolate, 5–20 mm long. The leaf blades are ovate to long ovate, apically acuminate, basally cuneate or somewhat truncate, 2–4 cm long and 1–2 cm wide, decreasing in size upward, margins being serrate with shallow short tips, sparsely pilose on both surfaces. The flowers are pedicellate, ca. 1.5 mm long, but up to 3 cm long in fruit; the flowers are in terminal umbels or solitary in leaf axils, rarely in racemes at the same time. The calyxes are oblong-­fusiform, 1.3–1.7 cm long and 0.6–0.8 cm wide, but up to 2 cm long and 1 cm wide in fruit, 5-winged; the wings are up to 2.5 cm and slightly purplish red, rarely decurrent, basally orbicular, apically 5-lobed. The corollas are 1.5–2.2  cm long, exceeding calyx teeth only by 2-7 mm, pale yellow or white. The upper lips are somewhat erect, suborbicular, ca. 6 mm in diameter. The lower lips are 3-lobed and the lobes are subequal with each other, ca. 3 mm long and ca. 4 mm wide, with a blueish purple patch; the central of middle lobes have a yellow patch; the filaments are unappendaged. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on mountain slope grasslands, under forests, along fields, or wet places of trailsides between 200 and 850 m. Distribution: It is distributed in eastern, southern, south-western, and central China as well as in Taiwan island. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Helping digestion, relieving summer heat, and clearing the liver, and it is often used for treatment of infantile malnutrition, vomiting caused by heat stroke, diarrhea, and conjunctivitis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.34 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.34.1 Veronica anagallis-aquatica Chinese Name(s): bei shui ku mai, shui ku mai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants, roots or fruits of Veronica anagallis-aquatica (Veronica anagallis-aquatica Linn.) with gall fruits. Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial or rarely annual, usually entirely glabrous, rarely sparsely glandular hairy on inflorescence axes, pedicels, calyxes and capsules. The rhizomes are horizontal. The stems are erect or procumbent at base, branched or not, 10–100 cm tall. The leaves are sessile, amplexicaul upward, mostly elliptic or long ovate, less ovate-oblong, rarely lanceolate, 2–10 cm long and 1–3.5 cm wide, margins being entire or sparsely serrulate. The inflorescences are longer than leaves, many flowered. The pedicels are nearly as long as bracts, ascending, at an acute angle with inflorescence axes, curved upward in fruit and thus capsules close to inflorescence axes; the inflorescences are often no more than 1 cm in width. The sepals are ovate-lanceolate, acute, ca. 3 mm long, erect or divergent, not appressed to capsules in fruit. The corollas are pale blue, pale purple or white, 4–5 mm in diameter, lobes being broadly ovate. The stamens are shorter than corollas. The capsules are subglobose, nearly as long as wide, and nearly as long as calyxes, apically obtuse and emarginate; the styles are ca. 2 mm long. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on wet grasslands or along ditches. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants and roots are dug up in summer and autumn, washed, and used when fresh or dried in the sun. The fruits are harvested in autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Activating blood circulation, stop bleeding, detoxicating, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of laryngeal moth, pulmonary tuberculosis, hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematemesis, dysmenorrhea, dysentery, strangury complicated with hematuria, rheumatic pain, postpartum wind cold, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, blood stagnation, dysmenorrhea, hernia, thrombocytopenic purpura, injury caused by knocks and falls, hypertension, fracture, and carbuncle, decocted in water or soaked in wine to take. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.35 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.35.1 Veronica arvensis Chinese Name(s): zhi li po po na. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Veronica arvensis (Veronica arvensis Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a small herb, stems being erect or ascending, unbranched or diffuse, 5–30 cm tall, with white multicellular hairs often concentrated along two lines. The leaves are in 3–5 pairs; the lower leaves are short petiolate, and sessile above middle, ovate to ovate-orbicular, 5–15 mm long and 4–10 mm wide, hirsute on both surfaces. The racemes are up to 20 cm in length, many flowered, with white glandular hairs. The calyxes are 3–4 mm long, lobes being linear-­ elliptic. The corollas are bluish purple or blue, ca. 2 mm long, lobes being orbicular

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to long oblong. The capsules are obcordate, 2.5–3.5 mm long, 3–4 mm wide, margins being glandular ciliate, apically notch very deep. The seeds are oblong, ca. 1 mm long. The flowering period is from April to May. The fruiting period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows on trailsides or waste grassy places below 2000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of east and central China, and Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan, as well as in the regions of north temperate zone. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving swelling, clearing heat, and eliminating malaria, and it is often used for treatment of malaria, mastitis, dysentery, injuries, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.36 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.36.1 Veronica ciliata Chinese Name(s): chang guo po po na. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Veronica ciliata (Veronica ciliata Fisch.) Morphology: The plant is 10–30  cm in height. The stems are cespitose, unbranched or branched at base. The leaf blades are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3.5 cm long and 0.5–2 cm wide, acute at both ends, pilose on both surfaces. The racemes are lateral on stem apex. The bracts are broadly linear, longer than pedicels; the pedicels are 1–3 mm long. The lobes of calyxes are linear-lanceolate, 3–4 mm at anthesis and slightly elongated in fruit, up to 1.5 mm in width. The corollas are blue or bluish purple, 3–6 mm long; the tubes are short, 1/5–1/3 the length of corolla, glabrous inside; the lobes are obovate-orbicular to long oblong. The filaments are almost entirely free. The capsules are ovoid-conical, long, apically obtuse and emarginate, 5–8  mm long and 2–3.5  mm wide, almost entirely hirsute; the styles are 1–3 mm long. The seeds are oblong-ovoid, 0.6–0.8 mm long. The flowering period is from June to August. Habitat: It grows on alpine meadows between 2000 and 4500 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of northwest China, and Sichuan and Tibet, as well as in Mongolia, Siberia of Russia, and Central Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, washed off the silt, dried in the sun, and sliced. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, cold in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind and dampness, and it is often used for treatment of hepatitis, cholecystitis, rheumatism, arthralgia, mastitis, injury caused by knocks and falls, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.37 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.37.1 Veronica eriogyne Chinese Name(s): mao guo po po na, tang gu la po po na. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Veronica eriogyne (Veronica eriogyne H. Winkl). Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial, 20–50 cm tall. The stems are erect, unbranched. The leaf blades are lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2–5 cm long and 4–15  mm wide, margins being regularly and shallowly serrate. The racemes are lateral on stem apex, 2–7 cm long, flowers being crowded, elongated to 20 cm in fruit. The bracts are broadly linear, much longer than pedicels. The lobes of calyxes are broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, 3–4  mm long. The corollas are purple or blue, ca. 4 mm long; the tubes are 1/2–1/3 the length of corollas, puberulent inside; the lobes are obovate-orbicular to long oblong. The filaments adnate to corolla for most of their length. The capsules are long ovoid, the upper parts are tapering, apically obtuse, hairy, 5–7 mm long and 2–3.5 mm wide; the styles are 2–3.5 mm long. The seeds are ovoid-oblong, 0.6 mm long. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on alpine meadows between 2500 and 4500 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Gansu. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer, the impurities removed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and slightly sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting granulation and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of febrile disease, sore and boil, traumatic bleeding, furuncle, etc. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.38 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.38.1 Veronica linariifolia Chinese Name(s): xi ye po po na, shui man jing. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Veronica linariifolia (Veronica linariifolia Pall. ex Link). Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial; the rhizomes are short, 30–80 cm tall. The stems are erect, simple or rarely two, usually unbranched, usually with white curly hairs. The leaves are alternate, rarely opposite at lower part; the leaf blades are linear, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2–6 cm long and 2–7 cm wide; the lower leaves are entire at margins, and the upper ones being coarsely and sparsely dentate at margins, glabrous or white pilose. The racemes are terminal, long spicate; the pedicels are short, pilose. The calyxes are deeply 4-lobed, lobes being lanceolate, ciliate. The corollas are blue or purple, 5–6 mm long; the tubes are ca. 1/3 the length of corolla, pilose at throats; the lobes are unequal, the posterior ones are orbicular, while the other 3 are ovate. The capsules are ovoid, slightly compressed, apically emarginate. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on forest margins, meadows, slope grasslands, and thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer, sectioned, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, slightly cold in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving coughing, resolving phlegm, and promoting diuresis, it is often used for the treatment of chronic tracheitis, lungs abscess, cough, vomiting, purulent blood, acute nephritis, urinary tract infection, hemorrhoids, skin eczema, rubella pruritus, furuncle, carbuncle, and sore. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted, and used for washing the affected areas with.

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4.39 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.39.1 Veronica polita Chinese Name(s): po po na. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Veronica polita (Veronica polita Fries [Veronica didyma Tenore]). Morphology: The plant is a herb, diffuse and branched, ± villous, 10–25 cm tall. The leaves are opposite, 1–4 pairs, with short petioles 1–5 mm long; the leaf blades are cordate to ovate, 5–10 mm long and 6–7 mm wide, with 2–4 deeply incised teeth per side, and white villous on both surfaces. The racemes are extremely long. The bracts are leaflike, alternate basally or opposite entirely. The pedicels are slightly shorter than bracts. The lobes of calyxes are ovate, apically acute, slightly enlarged in fruit, 3-veined, sparsely short hirsute. The corollas are pale purple, blue, pink or white, 4–5 mm in diameter, lobes being orbicular to ovate. The stamens are shorter than corollas. The capsules are reniform, with dense glandular hairs, slightly shorter than calyxes, 4–5 mm wide, apically notched at an acute angle; the lobes are orbicular basally; the veins are inconspicuous; the persistent styles are as high as notches or slightly exserted. The seeds have transversely rugose on dorsal side, ca. 1.5 mm long. The flowering period is from March to October. Habitat: It grows on waste places, trailsides. Distribution: It is distributed in east China, central China, south China, southwest China, northwest China and Beijing. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Tonifying the kidneys and strengthening waist, detoxicating and relieving swelling, it is often used for treatment of, low back pain due to kidneys deficiency, hernia, testicular swelling, leucorrhea, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.40 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.40.1 Veronica undulata Chinese Name(s): shui ku mai, mang zhong cao, shui xian tao cao, shui wo ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Veronica undulata (Veronica undulata Wall. [Veronica anagallis Linn.]) Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial; the stems, inflorescence axes, calyxes and capsules are ± covered with capitate glandular hairs. The leaves are sessile, opposite, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 4–7 cm long and 8–15 mm wide, apically obtuse or acute, margins being serrate, basally slightly amplexicaul. The racemes are axillary, 5–15  cm long. The bracts are elliptic, small, alternate. The flowers are pedicellate. The calyxes are 4-lobed, lobes being narrowly elliptic, apically obtuse. The corollas are pale purple or white, with pale purple lines. There are

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two stamens, which are shorter than corolla. There is 1 pistil; the ovaries are superior; there is 1 style; the stigmas are capitate. The capsules are subglobose, apically slightly notched, the length is slightly longer than width, usually with small parasitic worms, and the fruits are often dilated to globose after parasitization. There are numerous small seeds included in fruits, which are ellipsoid, flattened, and glabrous. The flowering period is from April to June. Habitat: It grows on rice fields or by water. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, as well as in North Korea, Japan, Nepal, India, and north Pakistan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, activating blood circulation and relieving pain, detoxicating, and reducing swelling, and it is often used for treatment of sore throat, tuberculosis, hemoptysis, rheumatic pain, irregular menstruation, thrombocytopenic purpura, injury caused by knocks and falls, as well as external treatment of fractures, carbuncle, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sore throat: Veronica undulata 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis: Veronica undulata 30  g lotus root node 30 g, Agrimonia Pilosa 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by knocks and falls: proper amount of Veronica undulata is ground to powder. Take 4.5 g per dose, twice a day, or take with yellow wine. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea: Veronica undulata 15 g, Leonurus japonicus 12 g, Angelica sinensis 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.41 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.41.1 Veronicastrum caulopterum Chinese Name(s): si fang ma, si fang qing, si leng cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Veronicastrum caulopterum (Veronicastrum caulopterum (Hance) Yamazaki). Morphology: The plant is a herb, erect, glabrous entirely, up to 1 m in height. The stems are many branched, with wings that up to 1 mm in width. The leaves are alternate, subsessile to petiolate that up to 4 mm long; the leaf blades are oblong, ovate to lanceolate, 3–10 cm long and 1.2–4 cm wide. The inflorescences are terminal on main stems or on lateral branches, long caudate. The pedicels are no more than 1 mm in length. The calyx lobes are subulate-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm long. The corollas are red, purplish red or dark purple, 4–5 mm long; the tubes are ca. half of

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corolla length; the posterior lobes being ovate-orbicular, and the anterior ones being lanceolate. The capsules are ovoid to ovoid-globose, 2–3.5 mm long. The flowering period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on valleys, along ditches and under forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, and it is often used for treatment of mumps, laryngitis, enteritis, dysentery, lymph node tuberculosis, as well as external treatment for the skin eczema, burns, carbuncle, furuncle, and bruise. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.42 Family: Scrophulariaceae 4.42.1 Veronicastrum stenostachyum subsp. plukenetii Chinese Name(s): fu shui cao, jian du xiao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Veronicastrum stenostachyum subsp. plukenetii (Veronicastrum stenostachyum (Hemsl.) Yamazaki subsp. plukenetii (Yamazaki) Hong). Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial; the stems are terete, glabrescent or with dense short curly hairs. The leaf blades are ovate, 9–17 cm long and 4–8 cm wide, apically caudate, basally orbicular or cuneate, margins being serrate, glabrous on both surfaces or with short curly hairs. The petioles are ca. 4  mm long. The spikes are axillary, 3–5 cm long; the bracts are subulate, ca. 4 mm long. The calyxes are ca. 4 mm long, lobes being subulate, apically caudate. The corollas are purple or white, tubular, ca. 5 mm long, lobes being regularly triangular, ca. 1 mm long. There are two stamens, which are exserted. The ovaries are glabrous apically; the styles are persistent. The capsules are ovoid, ca. 3 mm long. The seeds are globose, reticulate. The flowering period is from June to October. Habitat: It grows on valleys, under forests, or stones along streams. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of coughing due to heat in the lungs, hepatitis, edema, as well as for external treatment of injuries, snakebite, burn, and scald.

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Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Pregnant women should not take this medicine.

Chapter 5

Medicinal Angiosperms of Orobanchaceae, Gesneriaceae, Bignoniaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 5.1  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.1.1  Aeginetia indica 5.2  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.2.1  Cistanche deserticola, Cistanche tubulosa 5.3  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.3.1  Cistanche sinensis 5.4  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.4.1  Lathraea japonica 5.5  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.5.1  Orobanche coerulescens 5.6  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.6.1  Aeschynanthus acuminatus 5.7  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.7.1  Boea hygrometrica

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_5

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270 5.8  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.8.1  Chirita eburnea 5.9  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.9.1  Chirita fimbrisepala 5.10  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.10.1  Corallodiscus kingianus 5.11  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.11.1  Didymocarpus hancei 5.12  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.12.1  Hemiboea subcapitata 5.13  Family:Gesneriaceae 5.13.1  Paraboea crassifolia 5.14  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.14.1  Paraboea sinensis 5.15  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.15.1  Campsis grandiflora 5.16  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.16.1  Catalpa ovata 5.17  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.17.1  Incarvillea mairei 5.18  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.18.1  Incarvillea younghusbandii 5.19  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.19.1  Oroxylum indicum 5.20  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.20.1  Radermachera sinica 5.21  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.21.1  Tecoma capensis

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This chapter introduces 22 species of medicinal plants in three families, mainly including Aeginetia indica, Cistanche deserticola, Cistanche tubulosa, Cistanche sinensis, Lathraea japonica, Orobanche coerulescens of Orobanchaceae, Aeschynanthus acuminatus, Boea hygrometrica, Chirita eburnean, Corallodiscus kingianus, Didymocarpus hancei, Hemiboea subcapitata, Paraboea crassifolia, Paraboea sinensis of Gesneriaceae, Campsis grandiflora, Catalpa ovata, Incarvillea mairei, Oroxylum indicum, Radermachera sinica, and Tecoma capensis of Bignoniaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage, and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

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5.1  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.1.1  Aeginetia indica Chinese Name(s): ye gu, she jian cao, shao bu si. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Aeginetia indica (Aeginetia indica Linn [Aeginetia japonica Sieb. et Zucc.]) Morphology: The plant is a parasitic herb, annual, 15–40(−50) cm tall. The rhizomes are slightly fleshy, with small branches. The stems are yellowish brown or purplish red. The mesophyll is red, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5–10 mm long and 3–4  mm wide, glabrous on both surfaces. The flowers are terminal at stem apexes, slightly drooping. The pedicels are stout, often erect, 10–30(−40) cm long and ca. 3 mm in diameter, glabrous, often with purplish red strips. The calyxes are cleft to near base at one side, 2.5–4.5(−6.5) cm long, purplish red, yellow and yellowish white, purplish red striate, apically acute or acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces. The corollas are often as same color as calyxes, or sometimes white at lower part and purple at upper part, greenish black after deciduous, blackened when dry, 4–6 cm long, indistinctly bilabiate; the tubes are broad, slightly curved, apically 5-lobed; the upper lips and the lateral lobes of the lower ones are more short, suborbicular, entire; the middle lobes of lower lips are slightly larger. There are 4 stamens, which are included; the filaments are borne next to tube bases by 1.4–1.5 cm, 7–9 mm long, purple, glabrous; the anthers are yellow, adherent by pairs, only one cell being fertile; the connective bases of a pair of lower stamens are elongated to spurs. The ovaries are 1-locular, with 4 parietal placentas; the styles are glabrous, 1–1.5 cm long; the stigmas are dilated, fleshy, pale yellow, peltate. The capsules are conical or long ovoid-globose, ca. 2–3 cm long, dehiscing by 2 valves. The flowering period is from April to August. The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It is parasitic on roots of species of Poaceae in wet places. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Macao, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan of China, as well as in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippine, Malaysia and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property, a little toxic. Functions: Detoxicating and relieving swelling, clearing heat and cooling blood, it is often used for treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, urinary tract infection, osteomyelitis, as well as external treatment for snakebite and sores. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.2  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.2.1  Cistanche deserticola, Cistanche tubulosa Chinese Name(s): rou cong rong, rou song rong, zong rong, di jing, jin sun, da yun. Source: This medicine is made of the fleshy stem with scaly leaves of Cistanche deserticola (Cistanche deserticola Y.  C. Ma) and Cistanche tubulosa (Cistanche tubulosa (Schrenk)Wight). Morphology: A. Cistanche deserticola. The herb is perennial, parasitic and tall, 40–160  cm tall. The stems are unbranched or 2–3 branched from base. The leaf blades are broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, 0.5–1.5 cm long and 1–2 cm wide. The inflorescences are spicate, 15–50 cm long. There are 2 bracteoles, which are ovate-­ lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, as long as calyxes or slightly longer. The calyxes are campanulate, 1–1.5  cm long, apically 5-lobed, lobes being suborbicular. The corollas are tubular-campanulate, 3–4  cm long, apically 5-lobed, margins being slightly revolute, various in colors, pale yellowish white or purple, often turning brown after drying. There are 4 stamens; the filaments are 1.5–2.5 cm long, curved villous basally; the anthers are long ovoid, densely villous. The ovaries are ellipsoid, ca. 1  cm long; the styles are slightly longer than stamens; the stigmas are subglobose. The capsules are ovoid-globose, dehiscing by 2 valves. The seeds are ellipsoid or subovoid, surfaces being reticulate, shiny. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows on sandy places, slopes and lakesides of desert zones. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, and Ningxia.

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Morphology: B. Cistanche mongolica. The herb is perennial, parasitic, 60–75 cm tall. The stems are unbranched, 2–3 cm in diameter at base. The leaves are triangular-­ lanceolate, 2–3 cm long and ca. 0.5 cm wide, gradually narrowed upward. The inflorescences are spikes, 13–25  cm long and 4–5  cm in diameter; the bracts are triangular-lanceolate, 1.5–2 cm long and ca. 0.6 cm wide. There are 2 bracteoles, which are linear-lanceolate, 1.1–1.3 cm long and 1–1.5 cm wide. The calyxes are tubular, ca. 4 mm long, apically 5-cleft to middle, lobes being subequal, long ovate or long elliptic, ca. 6  mm long and ca. 4  mm wide. The corollas are tubular-­ funnelform, ca. 3.5 cm long, apically 5-lobed, lobes being subequal, suborbicular, ca. 5 mm long and ca. 7 mm wide, glabrous. There are 4 stamens; the filaments are borne next to tube bases by 8–9  mm, 1.5–1.7  mm long, basally slightly dilated, densely yellowish white villous; the anthers are ovoid-globose, 4–5  mm long, densely yellowish white pubescent, 2–3 mm long, basally obtuse-orbicular, without small tips. The capsules are oblong, ca. 1.5 cm long and ca. 1 cm in diameter. There are numerous seeds, which are subglobose, 0.8–1 mm long, blackish brown, reticulate outside, shiny. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows on desert margins of Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin, parasitic on the roots of species of Tamarix L. Distribution: It is distributed in the province of Xinjiang, as well as in Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, India, and Kazakhstan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The products are mostly dug up in spring when the seedlings were not unearthed or just unearthed, the inflorescences removed, cut into segments, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Cistanche deserticola: The product harvested in spring is irregular flat columnar, often curved, 10–20 cm long, densely covered with fleshy scaly leaves or their residues. It is heavy, firm and tough, not easy to break, light brown or brownish black on section, with radial or wavy patterns, and a medullary heart in the center. It is slight in odor, with the smell of bean paste, and a little sweet in taste. The product harvested in autumn is similar to that in spring, but dark brown on surfaces and covered with white salt frost. It is soft and moist, easy to break, blackish brown or black on section. It is slight in odor and salty in taste. Cistanche tubulosa: The product is fusiform, oblate fusiform or oblate columnar, slightly curved, 5–25 cm in length and 2.5–9 cm in diameter, brown to dark brown, granular on the cross section, grayish brown to brown, with scattered punctate vascular bundles. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and salty in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of kidneys and large intestine. Functions: Tonifying kidneys Yang, boosting essence blood, moistening intestines, and relieving constipation, and it is often used for treatment of impotence, infertility, waist and knee weakness, myasthenia, constipation due to intestinal dryness. Use and Dosage: 6–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use, or made into pills, powder, or soaked in wine to take. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: impotence due to kidneys deficiency: Cistanche deserticola, leek seed each 30 g, made into powder and decocted in water, 3–5 g each time, 1–2 times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: habitual constipation: Cistanche deserticola 100 g, Cannabis sativa seed, Angelica sinensis each 50 g made into powder and decocted in water, 3–5 g each time, 1–2 times a day.

5.3  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.3.1  Cistanche sinensis Chinese Name(s): sha cong rong, cong rong, rou cong rong. Source: This medicine is made of the fleshy stems of Cistanche sinensis (Cistanche sinensis G. Beck). Morphology: The herb is perennial. The stems are erect, fleshy, terete, yellow, unbranched or 2-branched from base, the upper parts are unbranched. The leaves are scalelike, ovate, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate. The spikes are terminal, terete. The bracts are oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, white or yellowish white arachnoid pilose abaxially and along margins. There are 2 bracteoles, which

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are linear or narrowly oblong-lanceolae, basally attenuate. The calyxes are campanulate, 4-lobed, deeply parted to base adaxially. The corollas are tubular-­ campanulate, pale yellow, lobes being rarely pale red; the place that stamens inserted on has a ring of long hairs in corolla tube. The filaments are 1.4–1.6 cm long, villous at base. The capsules are deeply 2-lobed. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows on sandy places or hills slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, etc. Acquisition and Processing: The products are mostly dug up in spring when the seedlings were not unearthed or just unearthed, removed the inflorescences, cut into segments and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and salty in taste, warm in property. Functions: Tonifying Yang, boosting essence, moistening intestines, and relieving constipation, and it is often used for treatment of consumptive disease, internal injury, spermatorrhoea, impotence of men, infertility, waist and knee cold pain of women. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water or made into pills and powder to take.

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5.4  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.4.1  Lathraea japonica Chinese Name(s): chi lin cao, jia tian ma. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lathraea japonica (Lathraea japonica Miq.) Morphology: The herb is parasitic, fleshy, 20–30 cm tall, densely yellow-brown glandular pubescent entirely. The stems are 10–20 cm tall. The leaves are white, borne at stem base, rhomboid, broadly ovate or semiorbicular, 0.5–0.8 mm long and 0.7–0.9 cm wide; the upper leaves are narrowly lanceolate, 1–2 mm wide. The inflorescences are racemes, narrowly terete, 10–20 cm long and 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter. There is 1 bract, borne at pedicel base, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 0.6–0.9 cm long. The calyxes are campanulate, 7–9 mm long, irregularly 4-lobed, lobes being triangular, 4–5 mm long. The corollas are purple or bluish purple, 1.5–1.7 cm long, tubes being white, longer than calyxes. There are 4 stamens; the filaments are borne next to corolla tube bases by 6–7 mm, 5–7 mm long, pilose; the anthers are long ovoid, 1.8–2 mm long, densely white villous, mucronulate basally, slightly divergent. The ovaries are obovoid, 1.5–2.5 mm long; the styles are 1.2–1.4 cm long; the stigmas are 2-lobed. The capsules are obovoid, 5–7 mm long and 3–4 mm in diameter, with short beaks at apex. There are 4 seeds, which are pale yellow after drying, irregularly globose, 1.8–2 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from March to May. The fruiting period is from May to July. Habitat: It grows on trailside and wet places under forests between 1500–2200 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Guangdong, Chongqing, and Guizhou, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The products are dug up from March to April when the flowers are not in full blossom, washed off the soils and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, it is often used for treatment of rheumatic joint pain, injury caused by knocks and falls, etc. Use and Dosage: 8–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.5  Family: Orobanchaceae 5.5.1  Orobanche coerulescens Chinese Name(s): lie dang, cao cong rong. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Orobanche coerulescens (Orobanche coerulescens Steph.) Morphology: The herb is parasitic, annual, 14–23 cm tall, villous entirely. The stems are erect, stout, fleshy, yellowish brown or dark brown. The leaves are scalelike, narrowly ovate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, yellowish brown, apically acute. The spikes are terminal, 7–10 cm long and 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter. The bracts are ovate-lanceolate, slightly shorter than flowers, apically caudate-acuminate. The calyxes are 1.0–1.2 cm long, deeply 2-lobed to base, each lobe being 2-lobed. The corollas are tubular, ca. 2 cm long, bluish purple or pale purple; the tubes are slightly curved; the limbs are bilabiate; the upper lips are broad, apically emarginate; the lower ones are 3-lobed; the middle lobes are larger. There are four stamens, which are borne below middle of corolla tubes; the filaments are ca. 1 cm long, hairy at base; the anthers are glabrous. The ovaries are superior, ellipsoid, ca. 7 mm long; the stigmas are capitate. The capsules are ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm long, 2-valved. The flowering time is July. The fruiting time is August. Habitat: It grows on sandy places, mountain slope grasslands, along fields, ditches, and banks. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of northeast, north, northwest China and Shandong, Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The products are dug up in summer, removed the soils and dried to 80% in the sun, tied into small bundles, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Tonifying liver and kidneys, strengthening muscles and bones, moistening intestines to relieve constipation, and stopping diarrhea, and it is often used for treatment of liver and kidneys insufficiency, dizziness and tinnitus, weakness of waist and knee, impotence, spermatorrhea, intestinal dryness, constipation, diarrhea, and dysentery. Use and Dosage: 6–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: liver and kidneys deficiency, waist and knee weakness: Orobanche coerulescens, prepared Fallopia multiflora, Taxillus sutchuenensis, Dipsacus asper, each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: impotence due to kidneys deficiency: Orobanche coerulescens 9  g, Cistanche deserticola, Epimedium brevicornu, Lycium chinense each 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: enteritis, bacillary dysentery: Orobanche coerulescens 30 g, added with 1000 ml of water, boiled for 10–20 min, cooled for a while, and used for washing the feet for 5–10 min, once a day.

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5.6  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.6.1  Aeschynanthus acuminatus Chinese Name(s): mang mao ju tai, da ye rong teng, shi rong. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Aeschynanthus acuminatus (Aeschynanthus acuminatus Wall. ex A. DC. [A. chinensis Garden. et Champ.]) Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, epiphytic. The stems are ca. 90  cm long, glabrous, often many branched. The branches are opposite, gray or glaucous. The leaves are opposite, glabrous. The leaf blades are thin papery, oblong, elliptic or narrowly oblanceolate, 4.5–9 cm long and 1.7–3 cm wide, apically acuminate or shortly acuminate, basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, margins being entire; there are ca. 5 lateral veins per side. The petioles are 2–6 mm long. The inflorescences are axillary on stem apex, with 1–3 flowers. The peduncles are 0.8–3 cm long, glabrous. The bracts are opposite, broadly ovate, 3–9 mm long and 4–10 mm wide, apically obtuse or orbicular, glabrous. The pedicels are ca. 10  mm long, glabrous. The calyxes are 2.5–7 mm long, glabrous, 5-lobed to base, lobes being narrowly ovate to ovate-oblong, 2–3  mm wide, apically obtuse or orbicular. The corollas are red, 1.5–2.2 cm long, glabrous outside, inside being puberulent at mouth and the base of lower lips. The tubes are 8–16 mm long; the mouth are 5–6 mm in diameter. The upper lips are 4–6 mm long, 2-lobed; the lower ones are slightly longer, 3-lobed, lobes being narrowly ovate. The stamens are exserted; the filaments are borne slightly below middle of corolla tubes, 1.2–2.2 cm long, with sparse short glandular hairs at lower part and apex; the anthers are 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous. The staminodes are filiform, 1.2–2 mm long, glabrous. The pistils are linear, 1.6–2 cm long, glabrous. The capsules are linear, 6.5–10 cm long, glabrous. The seeds are narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 0.6 mm long, with 1 hair at each end; the hairs are 1.4–4 mm long. The flowering period is from October to December.

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Habitat: It grows on valley forests or rocks. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet of China, as well as in Bhutan, India, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The products are harvested in summer and autumn, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Nourishing Yin and calming the mind. It is often used for treatment of neurasthenia and chronic hepatitis. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.7  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.7.1  Boea hygrometrica Chinese Name(s): xuan shuo ju tai, mao er duo, niu er cao, shi hua zi. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Boea hygrometrica (Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R. Br.) Morphology: The herb is perennial. The leaves are basal entirely, arrange in rosette, sessile, suborbicular, orbicular-ovate or ovate, 1.8–7 cm long and 1.2–5.5 cm wide, adaxially appressed white villous, abaxially appressed white or pale brown woolly, apically orbicular, margin being shallowly dentate; the veins are inconspicuous. The cymes are umbelliform, with 2–5 flowers per inflorescence. The peduncles are 10–18 cm long, pale brown pubescent and glandular pilose. There are 2 bracts, which are tiny or inconspicuous. The pedicels are 1–3 cm long, pubescent. The calyxes are campanulate, 5-cleft to near base, lobes being slightly unequal; the upper 2 lips are slightly smaller, linear-lanceolate 2–3  mm long and ca. 0.8  mm wide, pubescent outside, apically obtuse, margins being entire. The corollas are pale bluish purple, 8–13 mm long and 6–10 mm in diameter, glabrescent outside; the tubes are ca. 5 mm long; the limbs are slightly bilabiate; the upper lips are 2-lobed, lobes being equal, oblong, ca. 4 mm long, shorter and narrower than the lower lip lobes; the lower lips are 3-lobed, lobes being equal, broadly ovate or ovate, 5–6 mm long and 6–7 mm wide. There are 2 stamens, whose filaments being flattened, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous, borne next to corolla base by 3 mm; the anthers are ovoid-­ globose, ca. 2.5  mm long, apically coherent. The pistils are ca. 8  mm long, not exserted from corollas; the ovaries are ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 4.5  mm long and ca. 1.2 mm in diameter, pubescent; the styles are ca. 3.5 mm long, glabrous; there is 1 stigma, capitate. The capsules are oblong, 3–3.5 cm long and 1.5–2 mm in diameter, pubescent outside, spirally twisted. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting time is September. Habitat: It grows on mountain slope trailside rocks. Distribution: It is distributed in Fujian, Jiangxi, Hong Kong, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Sichuan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The products are harvested in summer and autumn, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Dispersing blood stasis and stopping bleeding, clearing heat and detoxicating, resolving phlegm, and relieving cough. It is often used for treatment of traumatic bleeding, injury caused by knocks and falls, vomiting and diarrhea, otitis media, infantile malnutrition, food accumulation, cough, and asthma. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: enteritis: the whole plants of Boea hygrometrica are washed with cold water, added with 500  ml water and boiled for 5–10 min, cooled and used for washing the feet with, 10–15 strains for adults and 5–10 for children, once a day, for 2–3 days (the solution was heated and then washed), and there was no side effect after washing. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: otitis media: the fresh products are mashed and dripped into the ear.

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5.8  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.8.1  Chirita eburnea Chinese Name(s): niu er duo, yan bai cai, shi hu er. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Chirita eburnea Hance (Chirita eburnea Hance [Didymocarpus eburneus (Hance) Lévl.]) Morphology: The herb is perennial. The leaves are basal entirely, fleshy. The leaf blades are ovate or narrowly ovate, 3.5–17 cm long and 2–9.5 cm wide, apically mucronulate or obtuse, basally attenuate or broadly cuneate, margins being entire, appressed pubescent on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in ca. 4 pairs. The petioles are flattened, 1–8 cm long and up to 1 cm in width, densely pubescent. The inflorescences are cymes, unbranched or 1-time dichotomously branched, with 2–13 flowers per inflorescence. The peduncles are 6–30 cm long, pubescent. There are 2 bracts, which are opposite, ovate, broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, 1–4.5 cm long and 0.8–2.8  cm wide, densely pubescent. The pedicels are up to 2.3  cm in length, densely pubescent and with short glandular hairs. The calyxes are 0.9–1 cm long, 5-cleft to base, lobes being narrowly lanceolate, 2–2.5 mm wide, pubescent and with glandular hairs outside, sparsely pilose inside. The corollas are purple or pale purple, sometimes white; the throats are yellow, 3–4.5 cm long, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces; the tubes are 2–3 cm long; the mouths are 1–1.4 cm in diameter. The adaxial lips are 5–9 mm long, 2-lobed; the abaxial ones are 1.2–1.8 cm long, 3-lobed. The filaments of stamen are borne next to corolla bases by 1.2–1.6 cm, 9–10 mm long, broad at lower part, sparsely pilose, gradually narrowed upward; the anthers are ca. 5 mm long. There are 2 staminodes, which are 4–6 mm long, sparsely pilose. The pistils are 2.2–3 cm long; the ovaries and the lower part of styles are densely pubescent; the stigmas are 2-lobed. The capsules are 4–6 cm long, pubescent. The flowering period is from April to July.

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Habitat: It grows on limestone or along streamsides in forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing the lungs and relieving coughing, cooling the blood and stopping bleeding, detoxicating, and diminishing carbuncle, and it is often used for treatment of coughing due to Yin deficiency of the lungs, pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis, metrorrhagia, and leucorrhea. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: coughing due to Yin deficiency: fresh Chirita eburnea 120 g, stewed with meat to take. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis due to pulmonary tuberculosis: Chirita eburnea root 9 g of bovine ear root, ground in water to make thick juice, and swallowed. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Chirita eburnea 60  g, stewed with meat to take.

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5.9  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.9.1  Chirita fimbrisepala Chinese Name(s): ma huang qi, jie e chang shuo ju tai, shi pang xie. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and stems of Chirita fimbrisepala (Chirita fimbrisepala Hance). Morphology: The herb is perennial, with stout rhizomes. The leaves are basal entirely. The leaf blades are herbaceous, not zygomorphic, ovate, broadly ovate or suborbicular, 4–10 cm long and 3.5–11 cm wide, apically acute or slightly obtuse, basally obliquely cuneate or truncate, or one side being obtuse or broadly cuneate, while another side being cordate, margins being small or coarsely dentate; the leaf

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blades are adaxially densely pubescent and scattered strigose, abaxially sparsely pubescent; there are 3–4 lateral veins on narrowed side. The petioles are 2–8.5 cm long, sparsely pilose. There are 1–5 cymes, which are 2–5 flowered. The peduncles are 6–28  cm long, pilose. The bracts are narrowly ovate to narrowly triangular, 5–11 mm long and 1–7 mm wide, pilose. The pedicels are 0.5–3.8 cm long, pilose. The calyxes are 7–11  mm long, 5-cleft to base, lobes being lanceolate-linear, 1.5–3 mm wide, margins being denticulate, pilose. The corollas are pale purple or purple, 3.5–6.4 cm long, sparsely pilose at the lower part, inside with 2 longitudinal hairs below adaxial lip on purple lines. The tubes are finely funnelform, 2.5–3.8 cm long; the mouths are 0.8–1.4 cm thick. The adaxial lips are 0.7–1.2 cm long; the abaxial lips are 1.5–2.4 cm long. The filaments of stamens are borne next to corolla base by 1.3–1.6 cm, ca. 1.3 cm long; the anthers are ca. 4 mm long, sparsely pubescent basally. The staminodes are ca. 4 mm long, glabrous. The pistils are 2.7–3 cm long; the ovaries and styles are densely pubescent; the stigmas are ca. 2 mm, 2-lobed. The capsules are 6–8 cm long, ca. 2.5 mm thick, pubescent. The seeds are fusiform, 6–8 mm long. The flowering period is from March to April. Habitat: It grows on rocks of mountain forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and stems are harvested in summer and autumn, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Invigorating spleen to promote digestion, clearing heat and dampness, relieving swelling and pain, and cooling blood, and it is often used for treatment of stomachache, dysentery, malnutrition, bruise, hepatitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, hemoptysis, knife wound bleeding, and nameless sores. Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application.

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5.10  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.10.1  Corallodiscus kingianus Chinese Name(s): juan si ju tai, da ye shan hu ju tai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Corallodiscus kingianus (Corallodiscus kingianus (Craib) Burtt). Morphology: The herb is perennial. The rhizomes are stout and short. The leaves arrange in rosette, leathery, narrowly rhomboid-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–9 cm long and 1.4–3  cm wide, apically acute, basally cuneate, abaxially rust-brown woolly. There are 2–6 cymes, which are with 7–20 flowers per inflorescence. The calyxes are campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, lobes being oblong, 2–3 mm long and ca.

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0.6 mm wide. The corollas are tubular, pale purple or purplish blue, 15–16 mm long, inside with 2 deep brown spotted striae on one side of adaxial lip; the tubes are 8–13 mm long and 3–4 mm in diameter. The adaxial lips are 2-lobed, lobes being semiorbicular; the abaxial lips are 3-lobed, lobes being ovate to suborbicular. There are 4 stamens; the upper ones are ca. 3 mm long, and the lowers ones are ca. 6 mm long; the filaments are glabrous; the anthers are oblong, ca. 0.5 mm long. The staminodes are ca. 1.5 mm long. The pistils are glabrous; the ovaries are oblong, ca. 3 mm long; the styles are ca. 6 mm long; the stigmas are capitate. The capsules are oblong, ca. 2 cm long. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on mountain slope grasslands or under forest rocks between 2800–4600 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan, as well as in India and Bhutan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, the dead leaves and impurities removed, washed, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, tonifying the kidneys, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of febrile diarrhea, impotence, premature ejaculation, menstrual disorder, leucorrhea, and can detoxicate wild vegetables, meat, and Aconitum poisoning. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.11  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.11.1  Didymocarpus hancei Chinese Name(s): dong nan chang shuo ju tai, shi ma po zi cao, shi jie cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Didymocarpus hancei (Didymocarpus hancei Hemsl.) Morphology: The herb is perennial. The rhizomes are terete, ca. 4 cm long. The leaves are 4–16-foliolate, basal entirely, petiolate. The leaf blades are papery, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 2.2–10 cm long and 1–3.6 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate,

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basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, margins being densely denticulate, with short appressed hairs on both surfaces, denser along veins abaxially; there are 5–7 lateral veins per side. The petioles are 1.8–8 cm long, stout, short strigose. The cymes are umbel-like, 2–4 cymes, 2–3-times dichotomously branched, with 4 to numerous flowers per inflorescence. The peduncles are 7–18 cm long, sparsely pubescent. The bracts are opposite, linear, 5–14 mm long and 1–1.5 mm wide, with short appressed hairs. The pedicels are 5–12 mm long, pubescent. The calyxes are 4.5–7 mm long, 5-cleft to base, lobes being narrowly linear, 0.5–1.2  mm wide, with sparse short appressed hairs outside, glabrous inside. The corollas are 1.5–2 cm long, sparsely pubescent outside, glabrescent inside. The tubes are narrowly campanulate, 1.1–1.3 cm long; the mouths are 4–6 mm in diameter. The adaxial lips are 3–5 mm long, 2-lobed to middle, lobes being obliquely flattened triangular; the abaxial lips are 4–8.5 mm long, 3-lobed to middle, lobes being ovate. The stamens are glabrous, and filaments borne next to corolla base by 6–7 mm, ca. 0.5 mm long. The disks are ring-shaped, ca. 0.6 mm tall. The pistils are 1.6 cm long, with sparsely small glands; the ovaries are ca. 5.5 cm long, sessile; the stigmas are ca. 10 mm long, oblate. The capsules are linear, 2–3.4 cm long, glabrous. The seeds are narrowly ellipsoid or fusiform, 0.4–0.5 mm long. The flowering time is ca. April. Habitat: It grows on valley forests, rocks or stony cliffs of mountain slope. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Hunan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Dispersing wind and heat, reducing swelling and detoxicating, it is often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cold of wind-heat type, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and cough. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.12  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.12.1  Hemiboea subcapitata Chinese Name(s): xiang long cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hemiboea subcapitata (Hemiboea subcapitata Clarke). Morphology: The herb is perennial. The stems are 10–40 cm tall, fleshy, scattered purplish brown spotted, unbranched. The leaves are alternate. The leaf blades are slightly fleshy, elliptic, ovate-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 3–22 cm long and 1.4–8 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally cuneate or decurrent, dark green, abaxially pale green or purplish red. There are vermiform sclereids dispersed in leaf mesophyll. The cymes are axillary or pseudoterminal; the peduncles are 2–4 cm long, glabrous. The involucres are globose, 1.5–2.2 cm in diameter, apically cuspidate. The pedicels are stout, 2–5  mm long. There are 5 sepals, which are long elliptic, 6–9 mm long and 3–4 mm wide. The corollas are white, purple spotted, 3.5–4.2 cm long; the tubes are 2.8–3.5 cm long, sparsely glandular pubescent outside, inside with a ring of hairs above base by 5–6 mm. The mouths are 13–15 mm in diameter, and 5–6 mm in diameter above base. The adaxial lips are 2-lobed, lobes being semiorbicular; the abaxial lips are 3-lobed, lobes being semiorbicular. The filaments of stamens are narrowly linear; the anthers are ellipsoid. There are 3 staminodes; the central one is ca. 2 mm long, while the lateral two are 5–8 mm long. The pistils are 3.2–3.5 cm long; the ovaries are linear, stigma being obtuse and slightly wider than styles. The capsules are linear-lanceolate, somewhat curved, 1.5–2.2 cm long, 3–4 mm wide at base, glabrous. The flowering period is from September to October. The fruiting period is from October to December. Habitat: It grows on rocks in valley forests or wet places along streams between 100–2100 m.

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Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, washed, cut up, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property, a little toxic. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting secretion of body fluid, relieving coughing and promoting diuresis, It is often used for treatment of heat, snake bites, swelling of sore and boil, burn and scald. Use and Dosage:15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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5.13  Family:Gesneriaceae 5.13.1  Paraboea crassifolia Chinese Name(s): hou ye zhu mao ju tai, hou lian pi, shi tou cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Paraboea crassifolia (Paraboea crassifolia (Hemsl.) Burtt). Morphology: The herb is perennial. The rhizomes are terete, 0.5–1.5 cm long and 5–9 mm in diameter, with many fibrous roots. The leaves are basal, subsessile. The leaf blades are thick and fleshy, narrowly obovate, 3.5–9 cm long and 1.5–3.2 cm wide, apically orbicular or obtuse, basally attenuate, adaxially glaucous woolly, abaxially pale brown cobwebby woolly. There are 2–4 cymes, which are with 4–12 flowers per inflorescence. The peduncles are 8–12 cm long, pale brown cobwebby woolly. The calyxes are ca. 3 mm long, 5-cleft to near base, lobes being equal. The corollas are purple, glabrous, 1–1.4 cm long and ca. 9 mm in diameter. The tubes are short and broad, 6–7 mm long and ca. 6 mm in diameter. The limbs are bilabiate, the adaxial lips are 2-lobed, lobes being equal, 3–4  mm long; the abaxial lips are 3-lobed, lobes being suborbicular, 3–4 mm long. There are 2 stamens, which borne near base of corolla; the filaments are narrowly linear; the anthers are narrowly oblong, 2.5–3  mm long and 1–1.2  mm wide. There are 2 staminodes, which are 2–2.5  mm long, borne next to corolla base by 1.5  mm. The pistils are glabrous, 8–10  mm long; the ovaries are oblong, shorter than styles, 3–4  mm long and 0.8–1 cm in diameter; the styles are 5.5–6 mm long; the stigmas are capitate. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on stony cliffs on mountains ca. 700 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hubei, Chongqing, and Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested all year round, washed, used when fresh or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, relieving coughing and asthma, It is often used for treatment of jaundice hepatitis, cough, bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery. Use and Dosage:6–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are decocted for washing with or ground to powder for application to the affected areas.

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5.14  Family: Gesneriaceae 5.14.1  Paraboea sinensis Chinese Name(s): zhu mao ju tai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Paraboea sinensis (Paraboea sinensis (Oliv.) B. L. Burtt).

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Morphology: The plant is a small shrub. The stems are often curved, up to 30 cm in height; the young branches are brown pannose, internodes being short. The leaves are opposite, petiolate. The leaf blades are oblong, oblong-oblanceolate or lanceolate, 5.5–25  cm long and 2.4–9  cm wide, apically mucronate, basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, adaxially glaucous or pale brown woolly, then glabrous, abaxially densely pale brown pannose. The cymes are axillary by pairs, with ca. 10 flowers. The peduncles are 2.5–5.5 cm long; the pedicels are 8–10 mm long. The calyxes are greenish white, often purplish. The corollas are purplish blue, 1.5–2 cm long and ca. 1.5 cm in diameter. The tubes are 1–1.3 cm long. The limbs are broad, bilabiate; the adaxial lips are short, 2-lobed, lobes being ca. 7 mm long and ca. 5 mm wide; the abaxial lips are 3-lobed, lobes being ca. 5 mm long and ca. 5.5 mm wide. The upper parts of filaments are dilated, while the lower parts are flattened. The anthers are narrowly oblong, ca. 4 mm long and ca. 2 mm wide. There are 1 or 3 staminodes, which are 2–3 mm, borne next to corolla base by 2 mm. The pistils are glabrous, 6.5–10 mm long. The ovaries are oblong, ca. 5 mm long and ca. 1.2 mm in diameter. The styles are terete, ca. 5 mm long; the stigmas are capitate. The capsules are linear, 3.5–4.5 cm long and 2–3 mm in diameter, spirally twisted. The seeds are narrowly oblong, ca. 0.7  mm long. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting time is August. Habitat: It grows on crevices of rocks or on cliffs in mountain forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing, and Hubei, as well as in Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested all year round, washed, used when fresh or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, relieving cough and asthma, it is often used for treatment of jaundice hepatitis, cough, bronchitis, asthma, and dysentery. Use and Dosage:6–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are decocted for washing with or ground to powder for application to the affected areas.

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5.15  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.15.1  Campsis grandiflora Chinese Name(s): ling xiao hua, hong hua dao shui lian, shang shu long. Source: This medicine is made of the dried flowers of Campsis grandiflora (Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) Schum.) Morphology: The plant is a woody liana, deciduous, usually climbing trees or walls by aerial roots. The leaves are opposite, odd-pinnately compound, often 7–9-foliolate. The leaflets are opposite, papery, ovate or narrowly ovate, 4–6  cm long and 1.5–4  cm wide, apically acuminate, basally broadly cuneate, margins being serrate. There are 5–8 lateral veins per side. The petiolules are ca. 5 mm long. The flowers are red, large, forming terminal panicles, lax. The calyxes are campanulate, leathery, ca. half of corollas length, deeply 5-lobed to near middle; the lobes are triangular, acuminate. The corollas are funnelform-campanulate, 4–6.5 cm long or slightly longer, ca. 5  cm long at anthesis; the limbs are 5-lobed, lobes being orbicular, subequal, spreading. There are 4 stamens, 2 longer ones and 2 shorter ones, which do not exserted. The capsules are loculicidial, with numerous winged seeds. The flowering period is from May to August. Habitat: It grows on valleys, streamside, and sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the Yangtze River Basin, and Taiwan, Fujian, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Guangdong of China, as well as in Japan, Vietnam, and India. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are collected in summer and autumn when blooming, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is mostly curved, about 5 cm long when flattened. The calyx is fusiform, leathery, about 2 cm long, dark brown, with 5 long and acute lobes and 5 obvious longitudinal veins. The corolla is yellowish brown, campanulate, bell shaped, 5-lobed, lobes being semicircular, with brownish red veinlets and brown patches on the outside. There are 4 stamens, which inserted to the corolla tube, 2 longer ones and 2 shorter ones. It is slightly fragrant, slightly bitter and slightly sour in taste. The products complete and yellowish brown are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and pericardium. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and unblocking meridians, cooling blood and expelling pathogenic wind, and it is often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, abdominal distention and pain, leucorrhea, rubella, and pruritus. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose for flowers, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas. Pregnant women should use it with caution.

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Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: irregular menstruation, amenorrhea due to blood stasis: Campsis grandiflora, rose each 9  g, Leonurus japonicus, Salvia miltiorrhiza each 15 g, Carthamus tinctorius 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute gastroenteritis: Campsis grandiflora root 30 g, ginger 3 tablets, decocted in water for oral use, one dose a day.

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5.16  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.16.1  Catalpa ovata Chinese Name(s): zi shu, chou wu tong, huang jin shu, jiang dou shu. Source: This medicine is made of the root barks of Catalpa ovata (Catalpa ovata G. Don.) Morphology: The plant is a tree, up to 15 m in height. The crowns are umbel-­ like; the stems are erect; the young branches are sparsely pilose. The leaves are opposite or nearly so, sometimes whorled, broadly ovate, nearly as long as wide, ca. 25 cm long, apically acuminate, basally cordate, margins being entire or sinuolate, often 3-lobed; the leaf blades are coarse on both surfaces, puberulent or glabrescent; the lateral veins are in 4–6 pairs, palmately 5–7-veined basally. The petioles are 6–18 cm long. The panicles are terminal. The peduncles are sparsely puberulent, 12–28 cm long. The calyxes are globose in bud, bilabiate, 6–8 mm long. The corollas are campanulate, pale yellow, yellow 2-striate and purple spotted inside, ca. 2.5  cm long and ca. 2  cm in diameter. There are 2 fertile stamens; the filaments inserted at corolla tubes; the anthers are divergent. There are 3 staminodes. The ovaries are superior, rod-shaped. The styles are filiform; the stigmas are 2-lobed. The capsules are linear, nodding, 20–30 cm long and 5–7 mm thick. The seeds are long ellipsoid, 6–8  mm long and ca. 3  mm wide, with flattened long hairs at both ends. Habitat: It is usually cultivated near villages or trailside. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of the Yangtze River Basin, and north of it, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The root barks are collected in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, downbearing counterflow and checking vomiting, killing insects, and relieving itching, and it is often used for treatment of damp heat jaundice, inverse of stomach Qi and vomiting, scabies, eczema, and skin itching. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose for flowers, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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5.17  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.17.1  Incarvillea mairei Chinese Name(s): ji rou shen, tu di huang, shan yang shen, dian chuan jiao hao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Incarvillea mairei (Incarvillea mairei (Lévl.) Grierson). Morphology: The herb is perennial, 30–40  cm tall. The leaves are basal, 1-­pinnately compound. The lateral leaflets are in 2–3 pairs, ovate; the terminal leaflets are 2–3 times larger than lateral ones, broadly ovate, apically obtuse, basally slightly cordate, 7–11 cm long and 6–9 cm wide, margins being obtuse dentate. The inflorescences are racemes, 2–4-flowered. The inflorescence axes are up to 22 cm in length. The bracteoles are linear, ca. 1 cm long. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 2.5 cm long, calyx teeth being triangular, apically acuminate. The corollas are purplish red and pink, 7–10 cm long and 5–7 cm in diameter; the tubes are 5–6 cm long, yellowish at lower part; the lobes are orbicular. There are 4 stamens, which are didynamous; each pair of anthers are adherent and surrounding styles; the anthers are extremely divergent. The ovaries are 2-loculed. The styles are 5.5–6.5 cm long. The capsules are conical, 6–8 cm long and ca. 1 cm thick. The seeds are broadly obovoid, ca. 4 mm long and ca. 6 mm wide, pale brown, margins being winged. The flowering period is from May to July. The fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows on alpine gravels, trailside in sunny slopes at an altitude of 2400 ~ 4500m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in autumn and winter, washed, used when fresh or sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Cooling blood and producing body fluid, replenishing blood, and regulating menstruation, and it is often used for treatment of fracture, swelling and pain, postpartum lactation, deficiency, weakness after illness, dizziness, anemia, dyspepsia, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.18  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.18.1  Incarvillea younghusbandii Chinese Name(s): zang bo luo hua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Incarvillea younghusbandii (Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague). Morphology: The plant is a herb, small, with perennial roots, 10–20  cm tall, stemless. The roots are fleshy, stout, 6–11 mm thick. The leaves are basal, 1-­pinnately compound; the terminal leaflets are ovate to ovate-orbicular, 3–5 cm in length and in width, apically obtuse-orbicular, basally cordate; the lateral leaflets are ovate-­ elliptic, 1–2 cm long and ca. 1 cm wide. The flowers are solitary, or 3–6 flowers clustered in leaf axils. The calyxes are campanulate, 8–12 mm long; the mouths are ca. 3 mm in diameter; there are 5 calyx teeth, which are 5–7 mm long. The corollas are slender, funnelform, 4–5 cm long, ca. 3 mm in diameter at base, and ca. 8 mm in diameter in middle; the tubes are yellow, lobes being orbicular. There are 4 stamens, which are borne at base of corolla tubes. The pistils are exserted from corollas; the stigmas are flabellate. The capsules are crescent, 3–4.5 cm long, 4-angled. The seeds are ellipsoid, ca. 5 mm long and ca. 2.5 mm wide. The flowering period is from May to August. The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on alpine sandy meadows or cushion thickets of slope gravels between 3600–5400 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Qinghai and Tibet, as well as in Nepal. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in autumn and winter, washed, used when fresh or sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, warm in property.

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Functions: Nourishing and strengthening the body, it is often used for treatment of postpartum lactation, weakness after illness, dizziness, anemia, and so on. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.19  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.19.1  Oroxylum indicum Chinese Name(s): mu hu die, qian ceng zhi, qian zhang zhi. Source: This medicine is made of the seeds of Oroxylum indicum (Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Kurz.) Morphology: The plant is a tree, deciduous, 6–12  m tall or taller, with more thick barks. The leaves are large, opposite, 2- or 3-segmented, odd-pinnately compound, 60–120 cm long. The leaflet blades are thin leathery or subpapery, ovate or elliptic, 5–13 cm long, apically mucronate to acuminate, basally orbicular to broadly cuneate, margins being entire. The flowers are large, purple or white and purple striate, forming terminal racemes by numerous flowers; the peduncles are stout, longer than inflorescence axes, ca. 30 cm long. The pedicels are 6–25 mm long. The calyxes are fleshy, campanulate, ca. 25 mm long, apically truncate or denticulate. The corollas are fleshy, with foul smell, subcampanulate, often dilated on one side, ca. 6 cm long; the limbs are slightly bilabiate, 5-lobed, lobes being orbicular, subequal in size, margins being undulate rugose, with serrate notches. There are 5 stamens, which are all fertile, slightly exserted. The disks are fleshy. The capsules are large, linear, extremely flattened, 30–90  cm long and 5–8.5  cm wide, septifragal to 2-valved at maturity. There are numerous seeds, which are discoid, with membranous broadly wings. Habitat: It grows on valleys, streamside, slopes, or sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, as well as in tropical regions through Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The mature fruits are harvested in autumn, exposed to the sun until cracking. Take out the seeds and then dry them in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product appears as butterfly-shaped sheets, with wings of 3.5–4 cm wide and 5–8 cm long, extending from three sides except the base, yellowish white on surface. The wings are translucent, sericeous, with clear veins of radiation, and often broken on margins. The kernel is in the center. After peeling off the seed coat, there is a layer of membranous endosperm and embryo in it. There are 2 cotyledons, which are butterfly shaped, yellowish green or yellow, 1–1.5 cm long. It is slight in odor and slightly bitter in taste. The products large and complete, white and glossy are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and sweet in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs, stomach, and liver. Functions: Moistening the lungs, soothing the liver, harmonizing the stomach, and promoting granulation, and it is often used for treatment of coughing due to heat in lungs, acute laryngitis, bronchitis, pertussis, hoarseness, abdominal pain, sores, and carbuncles. Use and Dosage: 5–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.20  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.20.1  Radermachera sinica Chinese Name(s): cai dou shu, she shu, dou jiao shu, jie gu liang san. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Radermachera sinica (Radermachera sinica (Hance) Hemsl.) Morphology: The plant is a tree, up to 10 m in height. The petioles, leaf rachises, and inflorescences are glabrous. The leaves are 2-pinnately compound, rarely 3-­pinnately compound; the petioles are ca. 30 cm long. The leaflet blades are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4–7 cm long and 2–3.5 cm wide, apically caudate-acuminate, basally broadly cuneate, margins being entire; the lateral veins are in 5–6 pairs, ascending upward, glabrous on both surfaces; the lateral leaflets have sparse glands at one side near base. The lateral petiolules are no more than 5 mm in length; the terminal ones are 1–2 cm long. The panicles are terminal, erect, 25–35 cm long and 30 cm wide. The bracts are linear-lanceolate, up to 10 cm in length, caducous; the bracteoles are linear, 4–6 cm long. The calyxes are enclosed in bud, conical; there are 5 calyx teeth, which are ovate-lanceolate; midribs being conspicuous, ca. 12 mm long. The corollas are campanulate-funnelform, white to pale yellow, ca. 6–8 cm long, there are 5 lobes, which are orbicular, wrinkled, ca. 2.5 cm long. There are 4 stamens, which are didynamous, smooth, with staminodes, filiform. The ovaries are smooth, 2-loculed, the ovules are 2-rowed per locule; the styles are exserted; the stigmas are 2-lobed. The capsules are slender, nodding, terete, slightly curved, with numerous grooves, acuminate, up to 85 cm in length and ca. 1 cm in diameter; the pericarps are thin leathery, with small extremely inconspicuous lenticels. The seeds are ellipsoid, ca. 2  cm long and ca. 5  mm wide including wings. The flowering period is from May to September. The fruiting period is from October to December. Habitat: It often grows in sparse forests of limestone slope. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Bhutan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of heat-stroke, as well as for external treatment of fractures, snakebite, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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5.21  Family: Bignoniaceae 5.21.1  Tecoma capensis Chinese Name(s): ying gu ling xiao, zhu lin biao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants or flowers of Tecoma capensis (Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl. [Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach].) Morphology: The plant is a climbing shrub. The leaves are opposite, odd-­ pinnately compound, with no more than 7-foliolate. The petioles are 3–6 cm long; the petiolules are short. The leaflets are ovate to broadly elliptic, 1–2.5 cm long, apically mucronate or obtuse, basally broadly cuneate, margins being extremely irregularly serrate, glabrous or woolly along vein axils abaxially. The racemes are terminal. The calyxes are campanulate, 5-dentate. The corollas are funnelform, slightly curved, orange-red to red, with deep red longitudinal stripes, ca. 4 cm long; the upper lips are concave. The stamens are raised. The capsules are linear, 2.5–5 cm long, slightly compressed. The flowering period is from August to November. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in the provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan; native to Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants and flowers are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The stems and leaves are pungent in taste, neutral in property, and the flowers are sour in taste, cold in property. Functions: The stem and leaf functions in dissipating blood stasis and relieving swelling, and are often used for treatment of fractures, and injuries caused by knocks and falls. The flower functions in unblocking meridians and promoting diuresis, and is often used for treatment of tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, and sore throat. Use and Dosage: 10–15  g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Pregnant women should not take it.

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Chapter 6

Medicinal Angiosperms of Pedaliaceae, Acanthaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 6.1  Family: Pedaliaceae 6.1.1  Sesamum indicum 6.2  Family: Acanthaceae 6.2.1  Acanthus ilicifolius 6.3  Family: Acanthaceae 6.3.1  Acanthus mollis 6.4  Family: Acanthaceae 6.4.1  Andrographis paniculata 6.5  Family: Acanthaceae 6.5.1  Asystasiella neesiana 6.6  Family: Acanthaceae 6.6.1  Barleria cristata

                                   

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. cn; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_6

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322 6.7  Family: Acanthaceae 6.7.1  Clinacanthus nutans 6.8  Family: Acanthaceae 6.8.1  Justicia adhatoda 6.9  Family: Acanthaceae 6.9.1  Justicia gendarussa 6.10  Family: Acanthaceae 6.10.1  Justicia championii 6.11  Family: Acanthaceae 6.11.1  Justicia procumbens 6.12  Family: Acanthaceae 6.12.1  Justicia ventricosa 6.13  Family:Acanthaceae 6.13.1  Peristrophe bivalvis 6.14  Family: Acanthaceae 6.14.1  Peristrophe japonica 6.15  Family: Acanthaceae 6.15.1  Rhinacanthus nasutus 6.16  Family: Acanthaceae 6.16.1  Rungia pectinata 6.17  Family: Acanthaceae 6.17.1  Strobilanthes cusia 6.18  Family: Acanthaceae 6.18.1  Strobilanthes dimorphortrichus 6.19  Family: Acanthaceae 6.19.1  Strobilanthes tetraspermus

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This chapter introduces 19 species of medicinal plants in 2 families, mainly including Sesamum indicum of Pedaliaceae, Acanthus ilicifolius, Acanthus mollis, Andrographis paniculata, Asystasiella neesiana, Barleria cristata, Clinacanthus nutans, Justicia adhatoda, Justicia gendarussa, Justicia championii, Justicia procumbens, Justicia ventricosa, Peristrophe bivalves, Peristrophe japonica, Rhinacanthus nasutus, Rungia pectinata, Strobilanthes cusia, Strobilanthes dimorphortrichus, and Strobilanthes tetraspermus of Acanthaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage, and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

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6.1  Family: Pedaliaceae 6.1.1  Sesamum indicum Chinese Name(s): zhi ma, hu ma, you ma. Source: This medicine is made of the seeds of Sesamum indicum (Sesamum indicum Linn. [Sesamum orientale Linn.]) Morphology: The herb is annual, erect, 60–150 cm tall, branched or not, hollow or with white pith, glabrescent. The leaves are oblong or ovate, 3–10 cm long and 2.5–4 cm wide; the lower leaves are often palmately three-lobed; the middles ones are notched; the upper ones are nearly entire. The petioles are 1–5 cm long. The flowers are solitary, or 2–3 flowers clustered in leaf axils. The calyx lobes are lanceolate, 5–8 mm long and 1.6–3.5 mm wide, pilose. The corollas are 2.5–3 cm long, tubular, ca. 1–1.5 cm in diameter and 2–3.5 cm long, white, pink, or mauve-pink with darker marking. There are four stamens, which are included. The ovaries are superior, four-loculed, pilose. The capsules are oblong, 2–3 cm long and 6–12 mm in diameter, longitudinal ridged, erect, hairy, dehiscent to middle or base. The seeds are black or white. The flowering time is late summer and early autumn. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated through provinces and regions of China; native to tropical Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The seeds are sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying the liver and kidneys, nourishing blood, moistening intestines and promoting lactation, and it is often used for treatment of liver and kidneys insufficiency, dizziness, anemia, constipation, and agalactia. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use, or ground into powder to take, or made into pills to take.

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6.2  Family: Acanthaceae 6.2.1  Acanthus ilicifolius Chinese Name(s): lao shu le, shui lao shu le. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or whole plants of Acanthus ilicifolius (Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, erect, up to 2 m in height. The leaves are subleathery, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 6–14 cm long and 2–5 cm wide, apically acute, basally cuneate, margins being 4–5-pinnatifid, glabrous on both surfaces; the midvein is adaxially impressed; the secondary veins are conspicuously raised abaxially; there are 4–5 lateral veins per side, which raised to acute hard spines from lobe apex. The petioles are 3–6 mm long. The stipules are prickly. The spikes are terminal. The bracts are opposite, broadly ovate, 7–8 mm long, caducous. The bracteoles

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are ovate, ca. 5 mm long, leathery. The calyxes have four lobes; the outer pairs of lobes are broadly ovate, 10–13 mm long, apically emarginate, margins being thin, sometimes crispate, ciliate; the inside pairs of lobes are ovate, ca. 10  mm long, entire. The corollas are white, 3–4 cm long; the tubes are ca. 6 mm long; the adaxial lips are reduced; the abaxial ones are obovate, ca. 3 cm long, thin leathery, apically three-lobed, pilose outside, inside with trichomes on two sides above middle adaxially, 3–4  mm wide. There are four stamens, which are subequal; the anthers are one-loculed, longitudinal split, with a line of trichomes on both surfaces of suture; the filaments are stout and thick, 1.5  cm long, ca. 2  mm at broadest, nearly soft bony. The ovaries are soft bony at apex; the styles have longitudinal stripes, 2.2 cm long. The stigmas are two-fid. The capsules are ellipsoid, 2.5–3 cm long, with four seeds. The seeds are flattened, globose-reniform, pale yellow. Habitat: It grows on swamps near sea and wet places that tides reach. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian of China, as well as in Vietnam and Malay Peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants and roots are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly salty in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing swelling and nodules, relieving cough, and asthma, and it is often used for treatment of lymphadenopathy, acute and chronic hepatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, stomachache, cough, and asthma. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: scrofula: apply the medicinal plaster to the affected area. scrofula ointment: Acanthus ilicifolius, Euonymus japonicus, Eclipta prostrata, Senecio scandens and dandelion, 125  g each, Bidens biternate 64  g, soaked in 2.5 kg of tea oil for 15 days. Then put the oil in a pot, heat and fry to extract its effective ingredients. Take out the medicine residues when they are burnt yellow. Continue to fry until the water drop turns into bead when dripped in. Add 10 kg of mature rosin, and keep stirring until it melts, and then cool.

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6.3  Family: Acanthaceae 6.3.1  Acanthus mollis Chinese Name(s): ha ma hua, ya zui hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Acanthus mollis (Acanthus mollis Linn.) Morphology: The herb is perennial, erect, cespitose, evergreen, unbranched, 50–150 cm tall; the stems are stout, glabrous. The leaves are basal, large, longer than 80 cm in length, oblong to oblong-elliptic, deeply pinnatifid, glabrous; there are ca. 10 lateral veins per side; the midvein is impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially. The leaves have long petioles, more than 50  cm in length, glabrous, impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially. The inflorescences are spike, erect, with ca. 10 flowers. The bracts are large, pale purplish brown. The calyxes are thickly membranous, apically emarginate. The lateral lobes are ovate. There are numerous small flowers, which are white to reddish brown; the corollas are bilabiate; the adaxial lips are tiny and one-lipped; the abaxial ones are large, spreading. The flowering times is spring. The fruiting time is summer. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated through provinces and regions of south China; native to south Europe, north Africa, and subtropical regions of southwest Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and used when fresh, or washed and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling pathogenic wind and activating blood circulation, dispersing blood stasis, relieving pain, and healing fracture, and it is often used for treatment of fracture, sprain, rheumatism, arthralgia, and low back pain. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.4  Family: Acanthaceae 6.4.1  Andrographis paniculata Chinese Name(s): chuan xin lian, lan he lian, yi jian xi, ku cao, si fang cao. Source: This medicine is made of the dried aboveground parts of Andrographis paniculata (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees.) Morphology: The herb is annual, erect, many branched, glabrous except flowers. The branches are quadrate, obscurely angled. The leaves are opposite, soft papery, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, often 2–8 cm long, 0.5–2.5 cm wide or wider, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, margins being entire. There are 3–5 lateral veins per side. The flowers are open in summer and autumn, white or slightly purplish, rowed in terminal or axillary raceme; the racemes are clustered in panicles that large, terminal and foliate; the inflorescences are often somewhat curved, slender. The pedicels are 3–6 mm long. The calyxes are deeply five-lobed, lobes being linear or linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm long, with gland-tipped hairs. The corollas

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are ca. 1–1.2  cm long, limbs being bilabiate; the adaxial lips are reflexed, two-­ lobed; the abaxial lips are nearly erect, three-lobed, lobes being subovate. The stamens are exserted; the filaments have a line of pubescence; the anthers are two-loculed, unequal. The capsules are linear-oblong, compressed, ca. 1.5 cm long, 3 to numerous seeds per locule. The flowering period is from July to September. The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated through provinces and regions of south China; native to India and Indo-China Peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are harvested in autumn when the flowers are not in blossom, washed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stem of this product is square and columnar, with paired branches, grayish green to dark green, slightly enlarged at nodes. It is brittle, easy to break, yellowish white on the cross sections, with white pith in the center. The leaves are mostly broken. The intact leaves are ovate to elliptic, 3–8 cm long and 1–3 cm wide, apically acute and the basally attenuate, sessile or petiolate on the lower leaves, adaxially dark green or grayish green, abaxially slightly lighter colored. The flowers are white and purple, and mostly have fallen off. It is slight in odor, extremely bitter in taste. The products with more leaves, dark green and without flower branches are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of heart, lungs, liver and spleen. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, and it is often used for treatment of tonsillitis, laryngitis, mumps, bronchitis, pneumonia, pertussis, lungs abscess, bacillary dysentery, acute gastroenteritis, toxic dyspepsia, enterotyphoid fever, urinary tract infection, acute pelvic inflammatory disease, conjunctivitis, leptospirosis, as well as for external treatment for carbuncle, furuncle, pustular sore, suppurative otitis media, infection of wound, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. 1.5–3 g per dose for powder, taken with warm water. Or it is made into pills, tablets, and injections to use. Or appropriate amount of product is used externally. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: various inflammation and infection: (a) Andrographis paniculata 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. (b) Andrographis paniculata tablets, taken 4–6 tablets per dose, 3–4 times a day. (c) Andrographis paniculata injection, injected intramuscularly, 2 ml each time, 1–2 times a day. It can be used either orally or in combination with injection. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bronchopneumonia: Andrographis paniculata, Mahonia bealei 15 g, Citrus reticulata peel 9 g, decocted in water to 100 ml, taken in two times. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: epidemic encephalitis B: Andrographis paniculata, Dicliptera chinensis, 6  g each, for patients of 2–4 years old. Andrographis paniculate 12  g, Dicliptera chinensis 15  g for 5–10 years old, decocted in water and taken with sugar.

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6.5  Family: Acanthaceae 6.5.1  Asystasiella neesiana Chinese Name(s): bai jie gu, jie gu dan, yu jie gu, xiang pi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or whole plants of Asystasiella neesiana (Asystasiella neesiana (S.  Moore) E.  Hoss. [Asystasiella chinensis (Wall.) Lindau]). Morphology: The plant is a herb, with white, sticky, and bamboo-shaped rhizomes. The stems are up to 1 m in height, slightly four-angled. The leaves are ovate to elliptic-oblong, 5–20  cm long, apically acute to acuminate, margins being sinuate-­crenate to subdentate, basally decurrent into petioles; the leaf blades are papery; the lateral veins are in 6–7 pairs, raised on both surfaces, sparsely puberulent. The inflorescences are racemes, or branched at base, terminal, 6–12 cm long. The flowers are solitary or opposite. There are two bracts, which are tiny, 1–2 mm long. There are five sepals, which are ca. 6 mm long; the main inflorescence axes and calyxes have gland-tipped hairs. The corollas are pale purplish red, funnelform, with sparse gland-tipped hairs outside; the tubes are slender, 3.5–4 cm long; there are five lobes, which are subequal, ca. 1.5 cm long. The stamens are didynamous; the longer filaments are 3.5 mm long, and the shorter ones are 2 mm long, borne at corolla throat. The capsules are 18–22 mm long, with four seeds above middle, the lower parts are solid and slender, similar to petioles. Habitat: It grows on valleys, under forests or shaded places along streams. Distribution: It is distributed in south of Funiu Mountain in Henan provinces, east to Jiangsu, south to Guangdong, and southwest to Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants or rhizomes are harvested in summer and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis, stopping bleeding, and promoting diuresis, and it is often used for treatment of tuberculosis, sore throat, diabetes, ascites, as well as for external treatment of trauma, bleeding, sprain, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas, or dried and ground to powder for smearing to the wounds. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sore throat: Asystasiella neesiana, wild Scrophularia ningpoensis, 30 g each, mashed for juice with wood, and used for gargleing with or swallowing for 2–3 times. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sores and boils: fresh Asystasiella neesiana, mashed and applied to the affected areas. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: traumatic bleeding: fresh Asystasiella neesiana, mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.6  Family: Acanthaceae 6.6.1  Barleria cristata Chinese Name(s): jia du juan, lan hua cao, zi dian, tu hong cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Barleria cristata (Barleria cristata Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, up to 2  m in height. The stems are terete, pilose, branched. The petioles of long shoots are 3–6  mm long; the leaf blades are papery, elliptic, long elliptic or ovate, 3–10 cm long and 1.3–4 cm wide, apically acute, sometimes with acuminate tips, basally cuneate, decurrent, villous on both surfaces, denser on veins, margins being entire; the lateral veins are in 4–5(7) pairs; the leaves on long shoots are usually caducous. The leaves on axillary

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short shoots are small, with short petioles; the leaf blades are elliptic or ovate, 2–4 cm long and 1.5–2.3 cm wide, usually with two flowers borne in leaf axils. The short shoots are branched; the flowers are clustered on short shoots. The bracts are leaflike, sessile. Sometimes the flowers are reduced to two sterile bracteoles. The outer two sepals are ovate to lanceolate, 1.2–2  cm long; the anterior sepals are slightly shorter than posterior sepals, apically acute and spiny, basally orbicular, margins being small spotted; the teeth are spiny apically, veins being especially conspicuous; the inner two sepals are linear or lanceolate, 6–7 mm long, one-veined, ciliate. The corollas are bluish purple or white, two-lipped, usually 3.5–5.5 cm long, sometimes up to 6.5  cm in length; the tubes are terete; the throats are gradually enlarged; the limbs are five-lobed, lobes being subequal, oblong. There are four fertile stamens, two longer ones and two shorter ones, borne at throat base; the anthers of longer stamens are two-loculed and adherent to each other, divergent at lower part; there is 1 sterile stamen; all filaments are sparsely pilose, denser toward lower part. The ovaries are compressed, long ellipsoid, glabrous; the disks are cup-­ shaped, included in lower part of ovaries; the styles are linear, glabrous; the stigmas are slightly inflated. The capsules are oblong, 1.2–1.8 cm long, acute at both ends, glabrous. The flowering period is from November to December. Habitat: It grows on trailside of dry slopes or thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in south of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan, as well as in southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sectioned and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing the lungs and resolving phlegm, stopping bleeding, preventing malaria, expelling wind and dampness, reducing swelling and pain, eliminating rash and relieve itching, and healing snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.7  Family: Acanthaceae 6.7.1  Clinacanthus nutans Chinese Name(s): e zui hua, niu xu hua, qing zhu zhi, qing bang, zhu ye qing. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Clinacanthus nutans (Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau). Morphology: The plant is a herb, large, erect or sometimes climbing. The stems are terete, yellow when dry, with fine and dense longitudinal striae, glabrescent. The leaves are papery, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5–11 cm long and 1–4 cm wide, apically caudate-acuminate, basally slightly oblique, subentire, glabrous on both surfaces. There are 5–6 lateral veins per side, which are slightly prominent on both surfaces when dry. The petioles are 5–7 mm long or longer. The inflorescences are 1.5 cm long, with gland-tipped hairs. The bracts are linear, ca. 8 mm long, apically acute. The sepals are ca. 8 mm long, acuminate. The corollas are dark red, ca. 4 cm long, pubescent. The stamens and pistils are smooth and glabrous. The flowering times are spring and summer. Habitat: It grows on sparse forests or slope thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan, as well as in Indo-China Peninsula, Malaysia, Java, and Kalimatan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet, slightly bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, relieving swelling and pain, and removing blood stasis, and it is often used for treatment of jaundice, rheumatism arthralgia, irregular menstruation, as well as for external treatment for bruises, fractures, knife wounds, shrapnel into the flesh. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh whole plants are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.8  Family: Acanthaceae 6.8.1  Justicia adhatoda Chinese Name(s): ya zui hua, da bo gu, da bo gu xiao, niu she lan, long tou cao, da jie gu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Justicia adhatoda (Justicia adhatoda Linn. [ Adhatoda vasica Nees.]) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, up to 3 m in height. The stems are terete, gray, lenticellate, pilose on young part, nodes being slightly inflated. The leaves are papery, elliptic to oblong, sometimes ovate or lanceolate, 8–20 cm long and 3–8 cm wide, apically acuminate, sometimes slightly caudate, basally broadly cuneate,

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often glabrous adaxially, puberulent abaxially. The midvein is sulcate adaxially; there are ca. 12 lateral veins per side. The petioles are up to 2 cm in length. The spikes are axillary, ovoid or broadly ovoid; the peduncles are 5–10 cm long. The bracts are ovate or broadly ovate, 1–3 cm long; the basal pairs are usually somewhat leaflike, puberulent. The calyxes are deeply five-lobed to near base, lobes being linear-lanceolate, 5–6 mm long. The corollas are white, with purple stripes, 2.5–3 cm long, tubular-ovoid, slightly shorter than limbs; the adaxial lips are emarginate; the abaxial ones are deeply three-cleft. There are two stamens. There are four seeds per capsule. The flowering time is spring. Habitat: It is cultivated in yards and hedges, sometimes escape to the wild. Distribution: It is cultivated in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Taiwan and Jiangsu of China; native to India, now cultivated in tropical regions in the world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling pathogenic wind and activating blood circulation, dissipating blood stasis, relieving pain, and healing fracture, and it is often used for treatment of fracture, sprain, rheumatic arthralgia, and low back pain. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fracture: proper amounts of fresh Justicia adhatoda flower, Gendarussa vulgaris, Marsilea, Drynaria fortunei, and Glechoma longituba, mashed together, stir-fried, and added with a little 50% ethanol, applied to the affected area after reset. Change the dressing once in 1–2 days.

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6.9  Family: Acanthaceae 6.9.1  Justicia gendarussa Chinese Name(s): xiao bo gu, jie gu mu, bo gu dan, guo li qiao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Justicia gendarussa (Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. [Gendarussa vulgaris Nees.]) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb or a subshrub, ca. 1.5 m in height. The stems are terete, swollen at nodes; the young branches are usually dark purple. The leaf blades are papery, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, 5–10 cm long

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and 0.5–1.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally attenuate, entire. The lateral veins are in 6–8 pairs, dark purple or sometimes translucent. The petioles are 0.3–1 cm long. The spikes are terminal, flowers being clustered, slightly interrupted at base. The bracts are opposite, and one or two pairs of which below middle of inflorescences are leaflike, longer than calyxes; the upper bracts are small, linear-­lanceolate, shorter than calyxes, included two to several flowers. The calyxes are five-lobed, lobes being lanceolate-linear, ca. 4 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pilose. The corollas are white or pink, 1.2–1.4 cm long; the limbs are two-lipped; the adaxial lips are oblong-ovate, two-lobed, and the abaxial ones are three-lobed. There are two stamens, which exserted from corollas; the anthers are two-loculed, divergent at base; the lower locule is slightly larger, with aristate appendages. The capsules are ca. 1.2 cm long, glabrous. The flowering period is spring. Habitat: It is usually cultivated as hedge, common along villages and trailside. Distribution: It is cultivated in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Guangxi and Yunnan of China, as well as in Philippine Islands. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sectioned and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Connecting meridians and healing fracture, and relieving swelling and pain, and it is often used for treatment of fracture, sprain, and rheumatoid arthritis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.10  Family: Acanthaceae 6.10.1  Justicia championii Chinese Name(s): yuan bao du gen teng, du gen teng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Justicia championii (Justicia championii T. Anderson [Calophanoides chinensis (Champ.) C. Y. Wu et H. S. Lo ex Y. C. Tang]) Morphology: The plant is a herb; the stems are erect or diffuse, up to 50 cm in height. The leaf blades are elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 2–12 cm long and 1–3 cm wide, apically slightly obtuse to acuminate. The spikes have one to several flowers, clustered, borne in upper leaf axils. The bracts are orbicular, obovate-spatulate, shortly petiolate, 6–8 mm long, leaflike, pinnately veined. The bracteoles are absent or small, subulate or triangular, yellow puberulent. The calyxes have five lobes, lobes being linear-lanceolate, ca. 7 mm long, puberulent or small hispid. The corollas are white, puberulent outside, 8–12  mm long, two-lipped; the lower lips are three-lobed. There are two stamens; the anther locules are unequal in height, and the lower one has white small spur. The capsules are ca. 8 mm long, with four seeds at upper part, solid at lower part. The seeds are oblong, verrucose. Habitat: It grows on mountains, valleys and sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Yunnan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly sweet and bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Invigorating spleen and improving appetite, dispersing blood stasis and stopping bleeding, relieving swelling, and detoxicating, and it is often used for

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treatment of asthenia, anorexia, hematemesis, bleeding, bruise and pain, sores, swelling, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.11  Family: Acanthaceae 6.11.1  Justicia procumbens Chinese Name(s): jue chuang, xiao qing cao, liu jiao ying. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Justicia procumbens (Justicia procumbens Linn. [ Rostellularia procumbens (Linn.) Nees]). Morphology: The plant is a herb; the stems are procumbent basally, often short hispid, 20–50 cm in height. The leaf blades are elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 1.5–3.5 cm long and 1.3–2 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally broadly cuneate to suborbicular, often short hispid on both surfaces. The petioles are short, 3–5 mm long, shortly hispid. The spikes are terminal or borne in upper leaf axils, 1–3 cm long and 6–12  cm wide. There are one bract and two bracteoles, which are all lanceolate, 4–5 mm long, ciliate. There are four calyx lobes, which are linear, nearly as long as bracts, with membranous margins and ciliate. The corollas are pink, ca. 7 mm long, two-lipped; the lower lips are three-lobed. There are two stamens; the anther locules are unequal in height, and the lower one has spur. The capsules are ca. 5 mm long, with four seeds at upper part, the lower part is solid and stalklike. The seed surfaces are tuberculate rugose. Habitat: It grows in wastelands, sparse forests and thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan of China, as well as in southeast Asia to Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn when the stems and flowers are luxuriant, removed the impurities and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, malaria, sore throat, infantile malnutrition, dysentery, enteritis, hepatitis, nephritis, edema, urinary tract infection, chyluria, as well as for external treatment for carbuncle, furuncle, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: influenza: Justicia procumbens, Solanum lyratum, Solidago decurrens, each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chyluria: Justicia procumbens 60–90  g, Parthenocissus tricuspidata 60 g, Wedelia chinensis 60 g, Plantago plantaginis 45 g, decocted in water for oral use, 3 months as a course of treatment, or change to one dose every other day after urine turns normal, for another 3 months in order to consolidate the curative effect.

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6.12  Family: Acanthaceae 6.12.1  Justicia ventricosa Chinese Name(s): da bo gu, hei ye jue chuang, da jie gu cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Justicia ventricosa (Justicia ventricosa Wall. [Adhatoda ventricosa (Wall.) Nees]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb or a shrub, ca. 1.5 m tall, glabrous except inflorescences. The stems are terete, nodes being inflated. The leaf blades are papery, elliptic or obovate, 10–17 cm long and 2–6 cm wide, apically shortly acuminate or acute, basally attenuate, entire, yellow or greenish yellow when dry, often granular-raised. The midvein are stout, slightly raised adaxially, semicolumnar raised abaxially; the lateral veins are in 6–7 pairs. The petioles are 0.5–1.5 cm long. The spikes are terminal, flowers being clustered. The bracts are imbricate, broadly ovate to suborbicular, 1–1.5 cm long and ca. 1 cm wide, puberulent. The bracteoles are small. The calyxes are five-lobed, lobes being lanceolate-linear, ca. 3 mm long. The corollas are white or pink, 1.5–1.6 cm long; the limbs are two-lipped; the upper lips are oblong-ovate, and the lower ones are three-lobed. There are two stamens, which exserted from corollas; the anthers are two-loculed, subequal, the lower one has a small raised appendage at base. The capsules are ca. 8 mm long, pubescent. The flowering time is winter. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests along villages, hedges, or thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of south and southwest China, as well as in southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn sliced and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The tender branch of this product is square and columnar, obtuse in four corners, grayish brown to yellowish brown, with a diameter of 5–9 mm, smooth or longitudinal wrinkled, with white small patches, protuberant lenticels, and knee-like swollen nodes. It is slightly brittle, easy to break, uneven on cross-section. The pith is spongy, white. The leaves are opposite, elliptic, leathery,

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grayish green or yellowish green, obvious veined, and glabrous. It is odorless and slightly pungent in taste. The products with grayish green leaves, thin stems and branches are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and spleen. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, connecting tendons and healing fracture, dispelling wind, relieving swelling and pain, and it is often used for treatment of blood stasis, swelling and pain, irregular menstruation, lumbago and leg pain, traumatic bleeding, fracture, traumatic injury, rheumatoid arthritis, nameless swelling, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fracture: Justicia ventricosa 30 g, Gendarussa vulgaris 30 g, Oxalis corniculata 30 g, and Zanthoxylum nitidum root (all fresh) 30 g, mashed, added with a little rice wine, applied to the affected areas after fracture reduction, fixed with small splint. Change the dressing once a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by knocks and falls: Justicia ventricosa root 15 g, Dendrobenthamia japonica 15 g, of Aralia decaisneana 6 g, soaked in 60 ml of wine, taken a little orally, or rubbed on the affected part externally. Or Justicia ventricosa root 15  g, Dendrobenthamia japonica 15  g, Glechoma longituba 15  g, Lycopus lucidus 15  g, Teucrium viscidum 15  g, Zanthoxylum nitidum 9 g, decocted in water and taken with wine. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: traumatic bleeding: the leaves of Justicia ventricosa are dried in the sun and ground to powder and sprinkled to the wounds. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatic bone pain: Justicia ventricosa 60 g, Curcuma aeruginosa 90 g, Cyperus rotundus 30 g, mashed and stir-fried with wine for application to the affected areas. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fracture and rheumatic bone pain: Justicia ventricosa 60 g, Heteropanax brevipedicellatus 90 g, Croton crassifolius 15 g, mashed and stir-fried with wine for application to the affected areas.

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6.13  Family:Acanthaceae 6.13.1  Peristrophe bivalvis Chinese Name(s): hong si xian, guan yin cao, hong lan, hong xian cao, si xian cao, ran se jiu tou shi zi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Peristrophe bivalvis (Peristrophe bivalvis (Linn.) Merr. [Peristrophe baphica (Spreng) Bremek; Peristrophe roxburghiana (Schult.) Bremek.]) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 0.5–1.5 m tall. The upper leaves are usually unequal in size. The larger leaf blades are elliptic-ovate, oblique, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, gradually tapering to narrow wing on petiole, ca. 9–15 cm long and 3.5–6 cm wide. The petioles are ca. 2–4 cm long. The larger leaf blades are broadly ovate, apically shortly acuminate, basally broadly orbicular and soon sharply and narrowly decurrent onto petioles and forming narrow wings, 2.5–4 cm long and 2–3 cm wide, membranous, margins being entire; the leaf blades are green adaxially, pubescent, grayish green abaxially. The petioles are ca. 0.5–1 cm long. The inflorescences are usually 2–3 flowers or rarely 4–5 flowers borne in leaf axils. The pedicels are short, ca. 5–8 mm long. The calyxes are cup-shaped, ca. 3 mm long and ca. 3.5 mm in diameter; there are ten calyx teeth, which are subulate-linear, ca. 2 mm long, pubescent on both surfaces. The corollas are pale purple or white, stellate, ca. 10–12 mm in diameter, apically deeply five-lobed, lobes being lanceolate, apically acute, ca. 6 mm long and ca. 1.5 mm wide, with appressed short and sharp single hairs above middle and at margins outside. The corolla tubes are included in

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calyxes, ca. 1.5 mm long; the limbs are ca 7.5 mm long, with darker spots basally; the filaments are ca. 1 mm long, smooth; the anthers are subelliptic, ca. 3 mm long and 1 mm wide, often puberulent inside. The ovaries are ovoid, ca. 2 mm long and 1.8 mm wide, smooth; the styles are slender, ca. 8 mm long, smooth; the stigmas are capitate. The fruit stalks are ca. 1–1.5 cm long; the berries are globose, ca. 6–8 mm in diameter, scarlet at maturity; the persistent calyxes are discoid, calyx teeth being ca. 4–5 mm long, hairy. The flowering period is from May to August. The fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows on slopes, wastelands, wet places of trailsides. Distribution: It is usually cultivated in provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan; native to India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn when flourish, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, relieving coughing, and cooling blood, and it is often used for treatment of cough due to dryness and heat in the lungs, hemoptysis, tuberculosis, diabetes, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.14  Family: Acanthaceae 6.14.1  Peristrophe japonica Chinese Name(s): jiu tou shi zi cao, jiu jie li, la ye qing yao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Peristrophe japonica (Peristrophe japonica (Thunb.) Bremek.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, 20–50  cm tall. The leaf blades are ovate-­ oblong, 5–12 cm long and 2.5–4 cm wide, apically acuminate or caudate, basally obtuse or acute. The inflorescences are terminal or borne in axils of distal leaves, consisting of 2–8(10) cymes. There are two involucral bracts per cyme basally, which are unequal in size, ovoid or nearly obovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm long and 5–12 mm wide, apically acute, basally broadly cuneate or truncate, entire, glabrescent, pinnately veined conspicuously, included one to several flowers. The calyxes have five lobes, lobes being subulate, ca. 3 mm long. The corollas are pink to slightly purple, 2.5–3  cm long, sparsely pubescent outside, two-lipped, and the lower ones are

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three-lobed. There are two stamens, whose filaments being long, exserted, anthers being hirsute, two locules being folded, unequal in height. The capsules are 1–1.2 cm long, sparsely pubescent, four-seeded. The seeds are tuberculate. Habitat: It grows on trailsides, grasslands, or shady places under forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Guizhou, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Relieving exterior symptoms and sweating, detoxicating, reducing swelling, and relieving spasm, and it is often used for treatment of cold and fever, sore throat, diphtheria, dyspepsia in children, febrile convulsions in children, as well as for external treatment of carbuncle, furuncle, snake bite, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.15  Family: Acanthaceae 6.15.1  Rhinacanthus nasutus Chinese Name(s): bai he ling zhi cao, ling zhi cao, xian cao. Source: This medicine is made of the branches and leaves of Rhinacanthus nasutus (Rhinacanthus nasutus (Linn.) Kurz.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial and erect herb, or subshrubs. The stems are stout, densely pubescent, yellowish green when dry. The leaf blades are elliptic or ovate-elliptic, rarely lanceolate, apically shortly acuminate or acute, sometimes slightly obtuse, basally cuneate, margins being entire or slightly undulate, 2–7(–11) cm long and 8–30 mm wide, papery, sparsely pilose or nearly glabrous adaxially, and densely pilose abaxially. There are 5–6 lateral veins per side, which are obliquely ascending, not reaching to the margin. The petioles are 5–15 mm long; the larger leaves are on main stems, and the smaller ones are on branches. The panicles are consisting of small cymes, terminal or sometimes axillary. The peduncles are 2–3 times dichotomously branched, densely pubescent. The bracts and bracteoles are ca. 1 mm long. The calyxes are pubescent on both surface, lobes being ca. 2 mm long. The corollas are white, ca. 2.5 cm long, pilose; the upper lips are linear-lanceolate, shorter than lower lips, apically usually recurved; the lower lips are deeply three-­ lobed to middle, the lobes of limbs are obovate, subequal in size; the filaments are glabrous, pollens being long globose. The styles and ovaries are sparsely pilose. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in provinces of Yunnan, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The branches and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing the lungs and relieving coughing, dispelling dampness, and relieving itching, and it is often used for treatment of early stage of pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as external treatment of tinea corporis and eczema. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed with kerosene or 75% alcohol for application, or decocted and used for washing the affected areas with. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: scrotal eczema: Rhinacanthus nasutus 60 g Andrographis paniculate 120 g and Bauhinia hainanensis 120 g (can be replaced with Melastoma candidum), and Euphorbia hirta 90  g, added with water and decocted for 2  h, removed the residue, cooled to 50–60  °C, and washed the affected areas, 1–2 times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tuberculosis: Rhinacanthus nasutus 60  g, Andrographis paniculata and Euphorbia hirta 30 g, rock sugar 15 g, added with 500 ml of water, decocted to 200 ml, and taken in two times, 30 days as a course of treatment. Continue the second course after a break of 5 days.

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6.16  Family: Acanthaceae 6.16.1  Rungia pectinata Chinese Name(s): hai er cao, gan ji cao, lan se cao, tu xia ku cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Rungia pectinata (Rungia pectinata (Linn.) Nees). Morphology: The plant is a slender herb, annual. The stems are terete, yellow when dry, glabrous. The leaf blades are thin papery; the lower leaves are long ovate, 4–6 cm long, apically obtuse, basally attenuate or sometimes subacute, appressed sparsely pilose on both surfaces. There are five lateral veins per side, which are usually inconspicuous. The petioles are 3–4 mm long or longer. The spikes consisting of clustered flowers, terminal or axillary, 1–3 cm long. The bracts are four-ranked, but only two-ranked being flowered; the flowered bracts are suborbicular or broadly ovate, ca. 4 mm long, villous adaxially, margins being membranous and ca. 0.5 mm

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long, ciliate; the bracts without flowers are oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6.5 mm long, with hard tips at apex, and with membranous margins and cilia on one side or sometimes two sides. The bracteoles are slightly smaller. The lobes of calyxes are linear, equal in size, ca. 3 mm long. The corollas are pale blue or white, ca. 5 mm long, glabrous except lower lips; the upper lips are sharply constricted apically, and the lobes of lower ones are subtriangular. The capsules are ca. 3 mm long, glabrous. The flowering time is early spring. Habitat: It grows on grassland, trailsides or wastelands. Distribution: It is distributed in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan of China, as well as in Sri Lanka, India and Indo-China Peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, promoting digestion, and dispelling food stagnation, and it is often used for treatment of infantile malnutrition, dyspepsia, hepatitis, enteritis, cold, sore throat, conjunctivitis, cervical lymph node tuberculosis, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.17  Family: Acanthaceae 6.17.1  Strobilanthes cusia Chinese Name(s): ma lan, ban lan gen, da qing gen. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Strobilanthes cusia (Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) O. Kuntze [Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek.]) Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial, ca. 1 m tall; the stems are erect or decumbent basally, slightly woody, usually branched by pairs; the young part and inflorescences are covered with rusty and scalelike hairs; the leaves are soft, papery, elliptic or ovate, 10–20(–25) cm long and 4–9 cm wide, apically shortly acuminate, basally cuneate, margins being slightly coarsely serrate, glabrous on both surfaces, black when dry. There are ca. eight lateral veins per side, which are prominent on both surfaces. The petioles are 1.5–2 cm long. The spikes are erect, 10–30 cm long. The bracts are opposite, 1.5–2.5 cm long. The corollas are blue. The capsules are 2–2.2 cm long, glabrous. The seeds are ovoid, 3.5 mm long. The flowering period is from November to January of next year. Habitat: It grows under forests, valleys, or wet places along streams. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Hainan, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou of China. It is wildly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia previously. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is subcylindrical, 10–25  cm long and 0.5–1 cm in diameter, thin on the lower part and the branch root, often curved, apically with residual aboveground stems, which dilated at the nodes, and there are

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often thick or thin adventitious roots on the nodes, and branches between the roots. It is grayish brown, with light blue on surfaces, smooth and with fine longitudinal wrinkles. It is hard and brittle, could be broken, with the cross sections being light blue, and the pulp being blue and white. The cortex is thin and the medulla is large. It is weak in odor, and bland in taste. The products long and even on thickness are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of heart, liver, and stomach. Functions: Cooling blood and benefiting throat, clearing heat, and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of macula due to damp-toxin, cold of wind-heat type, sore throat, influenza, mumps, epidemic encephalitis B, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, acute infectious hepatitis, sore throat, and erysipelas. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mumps: Strobilanthes cusia 60–120  g (30–60 g for children), decocted in water for oral use, 1 dose a day. Strobilanthes cusia can also be prepared into 30% solution for external application. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mumps: Strobilanthes cusia, Scutellaria baicalensis, Forsythia suspensa, Prunella vulgaris, Scrophularia ningpoensis, each 9 g, Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia, Mentha haplocalyx, Platycodon grandiflorum each 4.5 g, raw licorice 3 g. In cases of testicular swelling and pain, add tangerine seeds and litchi seed each 9 g to the formula. Another formula is to decoct Strobilanthes cusia or Lygodium japonicum 30 g in water, once a day. For external treatment, the Taraxacum mongolicum, Portulaca oleracea, Houttuynia, Commelina communis, are mashed and applied to the affected area. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute tonsillitis: Strobilanthes cusia 15  g, Lonicera japonica, Forsythia suspensa, Euchresta japonica, Scrophularia ningpoensis, each 9 g, mint 4.5 g, raw licorice 3 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: epidemic encephalitis B: Strobilanthes cusia 60  g (60–120  g for patients over 13 years old), added with 200  ml of water, decocted to 100 ml and taken once a day, or in two times for 2–3 weeks. For patients in coma, nasal feeding was used. For those with high fever and convulsion, rapid acupuncture can temporarily stop spasm and cool the temperature (0.5–1  °C). Besides, the patient is given with routine treatment of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, such as dehydrating agent, antibiotics, and supportive therapy. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: vegetable solar dermatitis: Strobilanthes cusia 12  g, Scutellaria baicalensis, Arctium lappa, Platycodon grandiflorus, Platycodon grandiflorum each 9 g, Coptis chinensis, Bombyx mori, Bupleurum chinense each 6 g, tangerine peel, raw licorice, Mentha haplocalyx, Cimicifuga heracleifolia each 3 g, Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia 4.5 g, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute conjunctivitis: 5%, 10% Southern Strobilanthes cusia eye drops, dropped into eyes, six times a day.

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6.18  Family: Acanthaceae 6.18.1  Strobilanthes dimorphortrichus Chinese Name(s): qiu sui ma lan, qiu hua ma lan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Strobilanthes dimorphortrichus (Strobilanthes dimorphortrichus Hance). Morphology: The plant is a herb, up to 1 m in height, often zigzag nearly stem apex. The leaves are unequal in size, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, apically long acuminate, basally cuneate-attenuate, margins being serrate or soft narrowly serrate; each pair of upper leaves are unequal in size, with conspicuous cystoliths on both surfaces, glabrous, adaxially dark green, appressed white puberulent, abaxially glaucous, smooth and glabrous except midvein, midvein being appressed hispid, conspicuously scattered hairs that extremely narrow at apex and 2–3-segmented; the lateral veins are in 5–6 pairs, joined by parallel veinlets. The larger leaves are 4–15 cm long and 1.5–4.5 cm wide; the petioles are ca. 1.2 cm long; the smaller leaves are 1.3–2.5 cm long. The inflorescences are capitate, subglobose, included in bracts; 1–3 inflorescences are borne at a peduncle, with 2–3 flowers per inflorescence. The bracts are ovate, the outer ones are 1.2–1.5  cm long, apically shortly acuminate, glabrous. The bracteoles are tiny; the bracts and bracteoles are caducous. The calyxes have five lobes, lobes being lanceolate, 7–9 mm long, but enlarged to 15–17 mm in fruit, with glandular hairs. The corollas are purplish red, ca. 4 mm long, slightly curved; the limbs have five lobes, lobes being nearly equal in size, apically emarginate. The stamens are glabrous; the anterior stamens extend up to corolla throat, and the posterior ones extend up to middle of corollas. The styles are nearly not exserted. The capsules are oblong, rod-shaped, 14–18  mm long, with glandular hairs. There are four hairy seeds. Habitat: It grows in valleys, sparse forests along road. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood, and removing macula, and it is often used for treatment of febrile disease, polydipsia, vomiting, coughing due to heat in the lungs, sore throat, aphtha, erysipelas, mumps, carbuncle, sore, diarrhea caused by damp-heat, arthralgia of heat type, hepatitis, and leptospirosis. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.19  Family: Acanthaceae 6.19.1  Strobilanthes tetraspermus Chinese Name(s): si zi ma lan, huang jing cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Strobilanthes tetraspermus (Strobilanthes tetraspermus (Champ. ex Benth.) Druce). Morphology: The plant is a herb, erect or procumbent. The stems are slender, glabrescent. The leaves are papery, ovate to subelliptic, apically obtuse, basally attenuate or slightly constricted, margins being crenate, 2–7 cm long and 1–2.5 cm wide. There are 3–4 lateral veins per side. The petioles are 5–25  mm long. The spikes are short and dense, usually only with several flowers. The bracts are leaflike, obovate or spatulate, pinnately veined, ca. 15 mm long; the bracts, two bracteoles that linear and 5–6 mm long, and calyx lobes have spreading and fimbriate cilia at margins. The calyxes are five-lobed, lobes being 6–7 mm long, with slight obtuse tips. The corollas are pale red or pale purple, ca. 2 cm long, pubescent outside, villous inside; the lobes of limbs are subequal in size, ca. 3 mm in diameter, ciliate. There are four stamens, which are didynamous; the filaments are joined by membranes at base, with one staminode remnant; the pollens are globose. The capsules are ca. 10 mm long, apically pilose. The flowering time is autumn. Habitat: It grows on mountains and sparse and dense forests in valleys. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi and Sichuan of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, cold in property.

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Functions: Dispersing wind heat, activating collaterals, and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of cold of wind-heat, rheumatic bone pain, injuries, sore, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

Chapter 7

Medicinal Angiosperms of Verbenaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 7.1  Family: Verbenaceae 7.1.1  Callicarpa arborea 7.2  Family: Verbenaceae 7.2.1  Callicarpa bodinieri 7.3  Family: Verbenaceae 7.3.1  Callicarpa brevipes 7.4  Family: Verbenaceae 7.4.1  Callicarpa cathayana 7.5  Family: Verbenaceae 7.5.1  Callicarpa dichotoma

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_7

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374 7.6  Family: Verbenaceae 7.6.1  Callicarpa formosana 7.7  Family: Verbenaceae 7.7.1  Callicarpa giraldii 7.8  Family: Verbenaceae 7.8.1  Callicarpa kochiana 7.9  Family: Verbenaceae 7.9.1  Callicarpa kwangtungensis 7.10  Family: Verbenaceae 7.10.1  Callicarpa macrophylla 7.11  Family: Verbenaceae 7.11.1  Callicarpa nudiflora 7.12  Family: Verbenaceae 7.12.1  Callicarpa rubella 7.13  Family: Verbenaceae 7.13.1  Caryopteris incana 7.14  Family: Verbenaceae 7.14.1  Caryopteris mongholica 7.15  Family: Verbenaceae 7.15.1  Caryopteris terniflora 7.16  Family: Verbenaceae 7.16.1  Clerodendrum bungei 7.17  Family: Verbenaceae 7.17.1  Clerodendrum canescens 7.18  Family: Verbenaceae 7.18.1  Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum 7.19  Family: Verbenaceae 7.19.1  Clerodendrum fortunatum 7.20  Family: Verbenaceae 7.20.1  Clerodendrum kwangtungense 7.21  Family: Verbenaceae 7.21.1  Clerodendrum inerme 7.22  Family: Verbenaceae 7.22.1  Clerodendrum japonicum 7.23  Family: Verbenaceae 7.23.1  Clerodendrum philippinum 7.24  Family: Verbenaceae 7.24.1  Clerodendrum philippinum var. simplex 7.25  Family: Verbenaceae 7.25.1  Clerodendrum serratum 7.26  Family: Verbenaceae 7.26.1  Lantana camara 7.27  Family: Verbenaceae 7.27.1  Phyla nodiflora 7.28  Family: Verbenaceae 7.28.1  Premna ligustroides 7.29  Family: Verbenaceae 7.29.1  Premna microphylla 7.30  Family: Verbenaceae 7.30.1  Premna puberula 7.31  Family: Verbenaceae 7.31.1  Stachytarpheta jamaicensis 7.32  Family: Verbenaceae 7.32.1  Verbena officinalis

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7  Medicinal Angiosperms of Verbenaceae 7.33  Family: Verbenaceae 7.33.1  Vitex canescens 7.34  Family: Verbenaceae 7.34.1  Vitex negundo 7.35  Family: Verbenaceae 7.35.1  Vitex negundo f. alba 7.36  Family: Verbenaceae 7.36.1  Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia 7.37  Family: Verbenaceae 7.37.1  Vitex trifolia, Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia

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This chapter introduces 38 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Callicarpa arborea, Callicarpa bodinieri, Callicarpa brevipes, Callicarpa cathayana, Callicarpa dichotoma, Callicarpa formosana, Callicarpa giraldii, Callicarpa kochiana, Callicarpa nudiflora, Callicarpa rubella, Caryopteris incana, Clerodendrum bungei, Clerodendrum canescens, Clerodendrum fortunatum, Clerodendrum kwangtungense, Clerodendrum inerme, Clerodendrum philippinum, Clerodendrum philippinum var. simplex, Clerodendrum serratum, Lantana camara, Phyla nodiflora, Premna ligustroides, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Verbena officinalis, Vitex canescens, Vitex negundo, Vitex trifolia, and Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia of Verbenaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage, and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

7.1  Family: Verbenaceae 7.1.1  Callicarpa arborea Chinese Name(s): mu zi zhu, ma ta pi, bai ye zi shu, bai ye mu shu, dou chi shu, zi zhu shu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Callicarpa arborea (Callicarpa arborea Roxb.) Morphology: The plant is a tree, ca. 8 m tall. The branches are spreading, and the branchlets are four-angled, densely grayish yellow pulverulent tomentose, the hairs being long and verticillately branched. The leaf blades are thin leathery, larger, elliptic or oblong, 15–35 cm long and 7–15 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally broadly cuneate, margins being entire, with very sparse obtuse teeth; the young leaf blades adaxially have grayish yellow scurfy stellate tomentose hairs, then glabrous or only tomentose on veins, abaxially densely grayish yellow stellate tomentose; the lateral veins are in 8–10 pairs; the midveins, lateral veins and veinlets are prominent

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at the back. The petioles are stout, 3.5–6 cm long, ca. 3–5 cm in diameter, densely grayish yellow stellate tomentose, with grooves adaxially. The cymes are stout, 6–8 times dichotomously branched, 8–10  cm in diameter, with same pubescence as branchlets. The peduncles are equal or slightly longer than petioles, stout, four-­ angled. The flowers are small, purple or pale purple. The pedicels are ca. 1.5 mm in length. The bracts are small, linear. The calyxes are campanulate, obscurely four-­ lobed, ca. 1.5 mm long, outside being glaucous stellate tomentose. The corollas are purple, ca. 3 mm long, outside being slightly tomentose, with small cilia at margins. The filaments are exserted from corollas, ca. 6 mm long; the anthers are 1 mm long, with yellow glands along connective, longitudinal split. The ovaries are globose, white puberulent, slightly puberulent or glabrescent at apex, ca. 0.3 mm in diameter; the styles are ca. 8 mm long. The fruits are ca. 2 mm in diameter, glabrous, purplish brown at maturity. The seeds are orangish yellow. The fruiting period is from May to July. The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on the sunny slopes of mountain sparse forests from 150 to 1800 m, usually grows in secondary forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi, as well as in Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Andaman Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested all year round and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Dispersing blood stasis and stopping bleeding, relieving swelling and pain, the leaf is often used for treatment of epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, women’s metrorrhagia, and traumatic bleeding; the root is used for treatment of swelling and pain cause by knocks and falls, as well as rheumatic bone pain. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.2  Family: Verbenaceae 7.2.1  Callicarpa bodinieri Chinese Name(s): zi zhu, zhen zhu feng, da ye ban jiu mi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Callicarpa bodinieri (Callicarpa bodinieri Lévl.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, ca. 2 m in height. The branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences are covered with scurfy stellate tomentose hairs. The leaf blades are long ovate-elliptic to elliptic, 7–18  cm long and 4–7  cm wide, apically long acuminate to mucronate, basally cuneate, serrulate at margins, adaxially dark brown when dry, short tomentose, abaxially grayish brown, densely stellate tomentose, and densely dark red or red glandular. The petioles are 0.5–1 cm long. The cymes are 3–4.5 cm wide, 4–5 times dichotomously branched; the peduncles are no more than

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1 cm in length. The bracts are small, linear. The pedicels are ca. 1 mm long. The calyxes are ca. 1 mm long, outside being stellate tomentose and dark red glandular, calyx teeth being obtusely triangular. The corollas are purple, ca. 3 mm in length, stellate tomentose and dark red glandular. The stamens are ca. 6  mm long; the anthers are elliptic, small, ca. 1 mm long, with dark red glands on connective, anther chambers being longitudinal split. The ovaries are pubescent. The fruits are globose, purple at maturity, glabrous, ca. 2 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on slopes, trailsides, and thickets along streams. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of southwest, south, and east of China, and north to south of Henan province, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and slightly pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Astringing and stopping bleeding, restoring menstrual flow, detoxicating, and reducing swelling, and it is often used for treatment of dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, rheumatic arthralgia, bruise, traumatic bleeding, epistaxis, hemoptysis, irregular menstruation, and leucorrhea. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea: Callicarpa bodinieri 30 g, rose 9 g, motherwort, Cynan chum hancockianum, each 15 g, soaked in wine to take. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: stomach bleeding: Callicarpa bodinieri, Agrimonia pilosa, lotus root node, each 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sores, burns, scalds: appropriate amount of Callicarpa bodinieri powder, mixed with vegetable oil and applied externally. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: metrorrhagia: Callicarpa bodinieri, Pyrrosia lingua, each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury and bone pain, muscle swelling: fresh Callicarpa bodinieri, mashed, added with wine and applied to the affected areas.

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7.3  Family: Verbenaceae 7.3.1  Callicarpa brevipes Chinese Name(s): duan bing zi zhu, zhai ye zi zhu, bai zhu lan, jian wei feng. Source: This medicine is made of whole plants of Callicarpa brevipes (Callicarpa brevipes (Benth.) Hance.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–2.5 m in height. The young branchlets are covered with yellowish brown stellate pubescence, but glabrous on old branches, slightly four-angled. The leaf blades are lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 9–24 cm long and 1.5–4  cm wide, apically acuminate, basally obtuse, rarely cuneate or slightly cordate, adaxially glabrous, with yellow glands at the back, veins being stellate tomentose, with sparse small teeth above the middle of margin; the lateral veins are in 9–12 pairs. The petioles are ca. 5 mm long. The cymes are 2–3 times dichotomously branched, ca. 1.5  cm wide; the peduncles are slender, nearly as long as

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petioles, yellowish brown stellate tomentose. The pedicels are ca. 2 mm long, glabrous. The bracts are linear, sometimes lanceolate. The calyxes are cup-shaped, subglabrous, with yellow glands, calyx teeth being obtusely triangular or nearly truncate-­capitate. The corollas are white, glabrous, ca. 3.5 mm long. The filaments are nearly as long as corollas; the anthers are oblong, basally sagittate, with dense yellow glands at the back, anther chambers being porous dehiscence. The ovaries are glabrous; the stigmas are slightly longer than stamens. The fruits are 3–4 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from April to June. The fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It usually grows on streamsides or in sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Hunan, S Zhejiang of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, resolving phlegm, and relieving coughing, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and bronchitis. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.4  Family: Verbenaceae 7.4.1  Callicarpa cathayana Chinese Name(s): hua zi zhu. Source: This medicine is made of leaves or roots of Callicarpa cathayana (Callicarpa cathayana H. T. Chang). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1.5–3  m tall. The branchlets are slender, slightly stellate tomentose when young, but deciduous after old. The leaf blades are elliptic, elliptic-ovate or ovate, 4–8 cm long and 1.5–3 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally narrow or cuneate, serrulate at margins, glabrous on both surfaces, and conspicuously red glandular, the lateral veins are in 5–7 pairs, slightly prominent on both surfaces, veinlets and reticulate veins being impressed. The petioles are 4–8 mm long. The cymes are ca. 1.5 cm long, 3–4 times dichotomously branched; the peduncles are 4–7 mm long. The calyxes are cup-shaped, stellate tomentose and red glandular; the sepals are inconspicuous or obtusely triangular. The corollas are purplish red, with red glands and sparsely stellate pubescence. The stamens are slightly exserted; the anthers are ca. 1  mm long, anther chambers being porous dehiscence. The ovaries are glabrous, styles being slightly longer than anthers. The fruits are globose, ca. 2 mm in diameter, purple at maturity. The flowering period is from May to July. The fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on slopes, valleys, and thickets along streams. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves or roots are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter, astringent, and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Stopping bleeding and removing stasis, dispelling wind and dampness, the leaf is used for treatment of sore, bleeding, hemoptysis, hematemesis, all kinds of haemorrhage. The root is used for treatment of traumatic injuries, rheumatism arthralgia, and so on. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.5  Family: Verbenaceae 7.5.1  Callicarpa dichotoma Chinese Name(s): bai tang zi shu, zi zhu cao, zhi xue cao. Source: This medicine is made of roots, stems and leaves of Callicarpa dichotoma (Callicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) K. Koch). Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, ca. 1(–3) m in height, many branched. The branchlets are slender, stellate tomentose at young part. The leaf blades are obovate or lanceolate, 2–6 cm long and 1–3 cm wide, apically mucronate or caudate, basally cuneate, several coarsely serrate in distal half at margins, adaxially subscabrous and abaxially glabrous, with dense yellow small glands. The lateral veins are in 5–6 pairs. The petioles are no more than 0.5 cm in length. The cymes are axillary, 1–2.5 cm wide; the peduncles are ca. 1 cm long, stellate tomentose at first, but glabrous in fruit. The bracts are linear. The calyxes are small, cup-shaped, glabrous, apically obscurely four-lobed or nearly truncate. The corollas are purple, 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous. The filaments are ca. two times as long as corollas; the anthers are small, ovate, anther chambers being longitudinal split. The ovaries are glabrous, sparsely yellow glandular. The fruits are globose, purple, ca. 2  mm in diam. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows on mountain streamsides or in hill thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in east China, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Taiwan of China, as well as in Japan and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, stems and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis, and fighting inflammation, and it is often used for treatment of epistaxis, hemoptysis, gastrointestinal

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bleeding, metrorrhagia, upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, as well as for external treatment of traumatic bleeding, and burn. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis, gastric and duodenal ulcer bleeding: Callicarpa dichotoma leaf, Bletilla striata in equal amount, ground into fine powder, and taken 6 g per dose, three times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis, gastric and duodenal ulcer bleeding, epistaxis: the extract of Callicarpa dichotoma leaf 150 ml, medicinal starch 100 g, calcium carbonate 48.5 g, magnesium stearate 3 g, pressed to tablets of 0.3 g. Take 6–8 tablets, three times a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gastrointestinal bleeding, surgical incision bleeding and postoperative bleeding: Callicarpa dichotoma injection, intramuscular injected, 2–3 times a day, 2–4 ml each time. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: thrombocytopenic hemorrhage (purpura, hemoptysis, haemorrhage, gingival bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding): Callicarpa dichotoma leaf 60 g, Platycladus orientalis 60 g, decocted in water for oral use, one dose a day. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: trauma bleeding: Callicarpa dichotoma leaf, ground into fine powder and sprinkled onto the wound. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, pneumonia, bronchitis: Callicarpa dichotoma leaf, Ardisia japonica each 15 g, Fraxinus rhynchophylla bark 9 g, decocted in water for oral use, one dose a day. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: vaginitis, cervicitis: Take 10  ml of 150% Callicarpa dichotoma leaf solution each time, smear to the vagina, or use a vaginal suppository, once a day, 1 week was a course of treatment. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcer, trachoma: 50% Callicarpa dichotoma leaf solution 100  ml, added with normal saline 500 ml, filtered and dripped into the eyes.

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7.6  Family: Verbenaceae 7.6.1  Callicarpa formosana Chinese Name(s): du hong hua, zi zhu cao, ya que fan, zi zhu ye. Source: This medicine is made of stems, roots, and leaves of Callicarpa formosana (Callicarpa formosana Rolfe [ Callicarpa pedunculata R. Br.]). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, ca. 1–3 m in height. The branchlets, petioles, inflorescences and calyxes are densely covered with grayish yellow stellate hairs and branched hairs. The leaf blades are nearly papery, ovate-elliptic or elliptic, 6–15 cm long and 3–8 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally obtuse or orbicular, serrulate at margins, adaxially covered with short hairs, slightly rough, abaxially grayish yellow stellate tomentose, with scattered small yellow glands. The lateral veins are in 8–12 pairs. The petioles are stout, 1–2.5 cm long. The cymes are 3–4 cm wide, usually 4–5 times dichotomously branched; the peduncles are 1.5–2.5  cm

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long. The bracts are small. The calyxes are cup-shaped, sepals being obtusely triangular. The corollas are purple or pale purple, ca. 2.5 mm long, glabrous, lobes being obtusely orbicular, ca. 1 mm long. The stamens are one time longer than corollas or slightly longer than it; the anthers are elliptic, anther chambers being longitudinal split. The ovaries are glabrous. The fruits are purple, subglobose, ca. 2 mm in diameter. the flowering period is from May to July. The fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows at mountain forest margins or in thickets along streams. Distribution: It is distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Japan and Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The stems, roots, and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is mostly wrinkled, curled and mostly broken. The leaves are ovate-elliptical or elliptical in shape, 6–15 cm long and 3–8 cm wide, adaxially grayish green or brownish green, stellate-hairy and hirsute, rough, abaxially light green or light brownish green, densely covered with yellowish brown stellate hairs and golden yellowish glandular spots. The main veins and lateral veins raised, and the small veins reached to the apex of teeth. It is acuminate on apex, obtuse at base, and serrate on margins. The petioles are 1–2.5 cm long. The product is slight in odor, slightly bitter and astringent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of liver, lungs, and stomach. Functions: Removing blood stasis and reducing swelling, stop bleeding, and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of bleeding, hemoptysis, gastrointestinal bleeding, metrorrhagia, upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, as well as for external treatment for traumatic bleeding, and burns. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are ground to powder and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis, gastric and duodenal ulcer bleeding: Callicarpa dichotoma leaf, Bletilla striata in equal amount, ground into fine powder, and taken 6 g per dose, three times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis, gastric and duodenal ulcer bleeding, epistaxis: the extract of Callicarpa dichotoma leaf 150 ml, medicinal starch 100 g, calcium carbonate 48.5 g, magnesium stearate 3 g, pressed to tablets of 0.3 g. Take 6–8 tablets, three times a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gastrointestinal bleeding, surgical incision bleeding and postoperative bleeding: Callicarpa dichotoma injection, intramuscular injected, 2–3 times a day, 2–4 ml each time.

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7.7  Family: Verbenaceae 7.7.1  Callicarpa giraldii Chinese Name(s): lao ya hu, yu dan, zi zhu, xiao mi tuan hua. Source: This medicine is made of whole plants of Callicarpa giraldii (Callicarpa giraldii Hesse ex Rehd. [C. bodinieri Lévl. var. giraldii]). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, ca. 1–3(–5) m in height. The branchlets are terete, grayish yellow, with stellate hairs. The leaf blades are papery, broadly elliptic to lanceolate-oblong, 5–15 cm long and 2–7 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate or decurrent and narrowly cuneate, serrate at margins, adaxially yellowish green, slightly puberulent, abaxially pale green, with sparsely stellate hairs and yellow small glands; the lateral veins are in 8–10 pairs; the primary veins, lateral veins and veinlets are prominent at the back, veinlets being nearly parallel. The petioles are 1–2 cm long. The cymes are 2–3 cm wide, 4–5 times dichotomously branched, with same stellate hairs as branchlets. The calyxes are campanulate, covered with sparsely stellate hairs, often deciduous after old, with yellow glands, ca. 1.5 mm long, calyx teeth being obtusely triangular. The corollas are purple, slightly hairy and yellow glandular, ca. 3 mm long. The stamens are ca. 6 mm long; the anthers are ovoid, anther chambers being longitudinal split, with yellow glands on connective. The ovaries are covered with hairs. The fruits are globose, with sparse stellate hairs at first, glabrous at maturity, purple, ca. 2.5–4 mm in diameter. The fruiting period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows on hills, mountain slopes, and trailside thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Stopping bleeding, dispelling wind, removing dampness, dispersing blood stasis and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatic joint pain, injury, traumatic bleeding, hematuria, metrorrhagia, sore, and arthroncus of knee. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: arthritis: Callicarpa giraldii root 60 g, pig’s hoof 300 g, rice wine 60 g, added with water, decocted for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by knocks and falls: fresh Callicarpa giraldii leaf, mashed and applied to the affected areas. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: traumatic bleeding: Callicarpa giraldii leaf and fruit, dried in the sun and ground to powder for application, or fresh leaf mashed and applied to the wounds. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: internal bleeding: powder of dried Callicarpa giraldii leaf, 3 g each time, three or four times a day, taken after mixed with water. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hematuria: Callicarpa giraldii leaf, Imperata cylindrica root, Glechoma longituba each 30 g, Loropetalum chinense leaf 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: subcutaneous bleeding: fresh Callicarpa giraldii leaf and stem, each 250 g, decocted and used for washing the affected areas with. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chilblain: a handful of Callicarpa giraldii leaf decocted for fumigation with, or wipe the affected area with, once or twice a day. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: snakebite: Callicarpa giraldii root 60  g, chopped, decocted in water to take.

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7.8  Family: Verbenaceae 7.8.1  Callicarpa kochiana Chinese Name(s): pi ba ye zi zhu, chang ye zi zhu, lie e zi zhu, ye pi ba. Source: This medicine is made of leaves of Callicarpa kochiana (Callicarpa kochiana Makino [ C. loureiri Hook. et Arn.]) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–4 m in height. The branchlets, petioles and inflorescences are covered with densely yellow-brown stellate tomentose hairs. The leaf blades are oblong-elliptic, ovate-elliptic or long elliptic-lanceolate, 12–22 cm long and 4–8 cm wide, apically acuminate or acute, basally cuneate, serrate at margins, adaxially glabrous or slightly pilose especially on veins, abaxially densely yellowish brown stellate tomentose, with inconspicuous yellow glands on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in 10–18 pairs, prominent at the back. The petioles are 1–3 cm long. The cymes are 3–6 cm wide, 3–5 times dichotomously branched. The peduncles are 1–2  cm long. The flowers are subsessile, clustered on the apex of branches. The calyxes are tubular, tomentose, calyx teeth being linear or acute and narrowly triangular, teeth being 2–2.5 mm long. The corollas are pale red or purplish red, lobes being densely tomentose. The stamens are exserted from corolla tubes; the filaments are ca. 3.5 mm long; the anthers are ovoid, ca. 1 mm long. The styles are longer than stamens; the stigmas are enlarged. the fruits are globose, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter, nearly included in persistent calyxes. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from September to December. Habitat: It grows on valley streamsides and in wilderness thickets or sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Henan of China, as well as in Japan and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, astringing and stopping bleeding, It is often used for treatment of rheumatism arthralgia, cough of wind-cold syndrome, headache, gastrorrhagia, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.9  Family: Verbenaceae 7.9.1  Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chinese Name(s): guang dong zi zhu. Source: This medicine is made of stems and leaves of Callicarpa kwangtungensis (Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, ca. 2 m in height. The young branches are sparsely covered with stellate hairs, often purplish, yellowish gray when old, glabrous. The leaf blades are narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, lanceolate or linear-­ lanceolate, 15–26 cm long and 3–5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, often glabrous on both surfaces, abaxially densely with conspicuous small yellow glands; the lateral veins are in 12–15 pairs, serrulate in distal half at margins. The petioles are 5–8 mm long. The cymes are 2–3 cm wide, 3–4 times dichotomously branched, with sparse stellate hairs; the peduncles are 5–8 mm long; the calyxes are slightly covered with stellate hairs at anthesis, but sometimes glabrous at maturity; the calyx teeth are obtusely triangular; the corollas are white or purplish red, ca. 4 mm long, sometimes with slightly stellate hairs. The filaments are nearly as long as corollas or slightly shorter than it; the anthers are long elliptic, anther chambers being longitudinal split. The ovaries are glabrous, with yellow glands. The fruits are globose, ca. 3 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows in mountain slope thickets or on hill trailsides. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The stems and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: The stem of this product is cylindrical with few branches, 10–20 cm in length and 2–15 mm in diameter, grayish green or grayish brown on surfaces, gray white punctate, with fine longitudinal wrinkles and many ovate and slightly protuberant lenticels. There are opposite triangular petiole marks on the tender branches, and the axillary buds are obvious. It is hard, with fibrous cortex and large white pulp in the middle. Though most of the leaves have fallen off or crumbled, the intact ones are narrowly elliptic or ovate lanceolate shape, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, serrated on margins. There are yellow glandular spots on the abaxial surfaces of the leaves. The petioles are 5–12 mm long. It is slight in odor, slightly bitter and astringent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter, sour and astringent in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of liver, lungs and stomach. Functions: Relieving pain and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of stomachache, hematemesis, chest pain, measles, migraine, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.10  Family: Verbenaceae 7.10.1  Callicarpa macrophylla Chinese Name(s): da ye zi zhu, zi zhu cao, da feng ye. Source: This medicine is made of stems and leaves of Callicarpa macrophylla (Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, rarely small trees, 3–5  m in height. The branchlets are nearly four-angled, densely gray scurfy and stellate tomentose, with slightly odor. The leaf blades are long elliptic, ovate-elliptic or long elliptic-­ lanceolate, 10–25 cm long and 5–11 cm wide, apically shortly acuminate, basally obtusely orbicular or broadly cuneate, serrulate at margins, adaxially covered with short hairs especially on veins, abaxially densely glaucous stellate tomentose, glands being included in hairs; the lateral veins are in 8–14 pairs, the veinlets are adaxially slightly impressed. The petioles are stout, 1–3 cm long, densely gray stellate tomentose. The cymes are 4–8 cm long, 5–7 times dichotomously branched, densely unevenly gray stellate tomentose; the peduncles are stout, 2–3 cm long. The bracts are linear. The calyxes are cup-shaped, ca. 1 mm long, with gray stellate hairs and yellow glands, calyx teeth being obscurely or obtusely triangular. The corollas are purple, ca. 2.5 mm long, with sparse stellate hairs. The filaments are ca. 5 mm long; the anthers are ovoid, with yellow glands on connective, anther chambers being longitudinal split. The ovaries are slightly puberulent, styles being ca. 6 mm long. The fruits are globose, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter, glandular and puberulent. The flowering period is from April to July. The fruiting period is from July to December. Habitat: It grows on mountain slopes, village sides, or in trailside thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan of China, as well as in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Mascarene Islands and Reunion Island. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: This product is mostly wrinkled, curled and broken. The leaves are elliptic to elliptic lanceolate when flattened, 10–25 cm long and 5–11 cm wide, adaxially grayish green or brownish green, shortly hairy and rough, abaxially light green or light brownish green, densely covered grayish white tomentose. The main and lateral veins raised, with the small veins reaching to the apexes of teeth. There are glandular spots on both surfaces. It is apically acuminate, basally cuneate or obtuse, marginally serrate, with petioles of 1–3 cm long, slight in odor, pungent and slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of liver, lungs and stomach. Functions: Dispersing blood stasis, stopping bleeding, relieving swelling and pain, it is often used for treatment of hematemesis, hemoptysis, haemorrhage, hematochezia, and external treatment of traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the dried leaves are ground to powder and sprinkled to the affected areas.

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7.11  Family: Verbenaceae 7.11.1  Callicarpa nudiflora Chinese Name(s): luo hua zi zhu, bai hua cha, bai hua po, xi ye ban jiu hua. Source: This medicine is made of leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora (Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. et Arn.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub to small trees, 2–4(–7) m in height. The old branches are glabrous, with conspicuous lenticels; the branchlets, petioles and inflorescences are densely covered with grayish brown stellate tomentose hairs. The leaf blades are ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 12–22 cm long and 4–7 cm wide, apically mucronate or acuminate, basally obtuse or slightly orbicular, adaxially dark green, black when dry, and glabrescent except for stellate hairs on midvein, abaxially densely grayish brown tomentose and stellate hairs; the lateral veins are in 14–18 pairs, prominent at the back, with sparse teeth or slightly undulated at margins. The petioles are 1–2  cm long. The cymes are spreading, 6–9 times dichotomously branched, 8–13  cm wide; the peduncles are 3–8  cm long; the peduncles are ca. 1 mm long. The bracts are linear or lanceolate. The calyxes are cup-shaped, often glabrous, apically truncate or obscurely four-dentate. The corollas are purple or pink, glabrous, ca. 2 mm long. The stamens are 2–3 times longer than corollas; the anthers are elliptic, small, anther chambers being longitudinal split. The ovaries are glabrous. The fruits are subglobose, ca. 2 mm in diameter, red, and black when dry. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruiting period is from August to December. Habitat: It grows on mountain slope trailsides or in sparse forests.

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Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi of China, as well as in Indo-China Peninsula, Malay Peninsula and Singapore. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Stopping bleeding, relieving pain, removing blood stasis and reducing swelling, and it is often used for treatment of hepatitis, knife bleeding, hemoptysis, gastrointestinal bleeding, swelling and pain caused by sprain, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, traumatic bleeding, rheumatic swelling and pain. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.12  Family: Verbenaceae 7.12.1  Callicarpa rubella Chinese Name(s): hong zi zhu, xiao hong mi guo. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Callicarpa rubella (Callicarpa rubella Lindl.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, ca. 2 m in height. The branchlets are covered with yellowish brown stellate hairs and scattered polycellular glandular hairs. The leaf blades are obovate or obovate-elliptic, 10–16 cm long and 4–8 cm wide, apically caudate or acuminate, basally cordate, sometimes oblique, serrulate or irregularly serrate at margins, adaxially with polycellular single hair, abaxially stellate tomentose, and scattered single hair and glandular hair, yellow glandular; the lateral veins are in 6–10 pairs; the midveins, lateral veins and veinlets are slightly prominent on both surfaces. The petioles are extremely short or subsessile. The cymes are 2–4 cm across, with same hairs as branchlets. The peduncles are 1.5–3 cm long; the bracts are small. The calyxes have stellate hairs or glandular hairs, yellow glandular, calyx teeth being obtusely triangular or inconspicuous. The corollas are purplish red, yellowish green or white, ca. 3 mm long, outside with fine hairs and yellow glands. The stamens are two times as long as corollas, anther chambers being longitudinal split. The ovaries are covered with hairs. The fruits are purplish red, ca. 2 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from May to July. The fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows on valleys, forests margins, streamsides or trailsides at the foot of mountains. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of southwest, south, and east China, as well as in India, Indo-China Peninsula, and Malay Peninsula.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Expelling Ascaris lumbricoides, reducing swelling and relieving pain, stopping bleeding and healing fracture, and it is often used for treatment of tumefaction, blood stasis, hemoptysis, fracture, traumatic bleeding, sores and ascariasis. In the folk, the Callicarpa rubella root is stewed with meat for the treatment of amenorrhea and leucorrhea. The tender buds are used for rubbing on the ringworms. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.13  Family: Verbenaceae 7.13.1  Caryopteris incana Chinese Name(s): lan xiang cao, you, shan bo he, jiu ceng lou. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Caryopteris incana (Caryopteris incana (Thunb.) Miq.) Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, 25–60 cm tall; the young branches are terete, slightly purplish, grayish white pubescent, old branches being glabrous. The leaf blades are thickly papery, lanceolate, ovate or oblong, 1.5–9  cm long and 0.8–4 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally cuneate or suborbicular to truncate, margins being serrate, pubescent, with yellow glands on both surfaces. The petioles are 0.3–1.7 cm, pilose. The cymes are dense, axillary or terminal, without bracts or with bracteoles. The calyxes are cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm long, villous or glandular, apically five-lobed, lobes being oblong-lanceolate, longer than calyx tubes. The corollas are pale purple or pale blue, bilabiate, outside being villous and glandular; the tubes are ca. 3.5 mm long, with a ring of hairs in throat, apically five-lobed; the middle lobes of lower lips are larger, margin being fringed. There are four stamens; the stamens and styles are exserted from corolla tubes. The ovaries have short hairs at apex; the stigmas are two-lobed. The capsules are obovoid-globose, hirsute, ca. 2.5  mm in diameter; the nutlets have broadly wings. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to October. Habitat: It grows on foothills, trailsides and mountain slope grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi of China, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: The product is mostly cut into segments of 2–4 cm long. The stems and branches are slightly rectangular columnar, obtuse on angles, 2–4 mm in diameter, grayish brown or brownish purple. The tender branches are densely pubescent. It is brittle and easy to break. Most of the leaves have been cut into pieces, and the intact ones are ovate oblong to oblong, 2–5 cm long, densely grayish pubescent on both surfaces, mostly wrinkled, grayish brown to dark brown, easy to twist. It is especially pungent in odor, bitter and cool in taste. The products with more leaves, grayish brown and strongly aromatic are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and spleen. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving exterior syndromes, stopping coughing and expelling phlegm, dispersing blood stasis, and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, whooping cough, bronchitis, rheumatism, arthralgia, gastroenteritis, tumbling pain, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, snake bite, eczema, and skin itching. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pertussis: Caryopteris incana (whole plant), 30 g for patients of 1–3 years old, 45 g for 3–5 years old, or dosage increased for more than 5 years old, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Caryopteris incana (whole plant) 30  g, Sanguisorba officinalis 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: drug reaction of “antimony - 273”: Caryopteris incana (whole plant), Ardisia japonica, each 300 g, Lysimachia christinae 75 g, jujube 60 g, added with 5000 ml of water, decocted into 200 ml of concentrated solution. Take 10 ml per dose, twice a day for 10 days. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis: Caryopteris incana 40%, Pyrrosio, sheareri 40%, Stemona japonica 20%, ground into fine powder, mixed with honey to make pills. Take 18–27 g each time, three times a day, 10 days was a course of treatment. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold: Caryopteris incana 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: lumbago: Caryopteris incana 90 g, decocted in water for oral use. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough: Caryopteris incana 15  g, Capsella bursa-pastoris 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: impairment by overeating and diarrhea: appropriate amount of Caryopteris incana, decocted in water for oral use. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis: Caryopteris incana 4 portions, Pyrrosia lingua 4 portions, Stemona sessilifolia 2 portions, grounded together into powder and added with honey to make mung bean sized pills. Take 18 ~ 27 pills each, 3 times a day, 10 days as a course of treatment.

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7.14  Family: Verbenaceae 7.14.1  Caryopteris mongholica Chinese Name(s): meng gu you, shan lang du, bai sha hao, lan hua cha. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Caryopteris mongholica (Caryopteris mongholica Bunge). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, 15–40 cm tall. The stems are erect; the old branches are grayish brown, with longitudinal stripes; the young branches are usually purplish brown. The leaves are simple, opposite, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 1.5–6  cm long and 3–10  cm wide, apically obtusely acute, basally cuneate, margins being entire, adaxially pale green, abaxially gray. The cymes are terminal or axillary; the corollas are bluish purple, tubular, 6–8 mm long, zygomorphy; there are five lobes, one of which being larger, and fringed at apex, and the others are obtusely acute at apex. There are four stamens, which are didynamous, exserted from corollas. The pistil is consisting of two carpels; the ovaries are superior; the styles are slender; the stigmas are two-lobed. The capsules are globose, dividing into four nutlets and narrowly winged at maturity. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on dry slopes on mountains, foots of mountain and dry riverbeds. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, the impurities removed, and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Warming the middle Jiao and regulating Qi, dispelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, activating Qi and promoting diuresis, and it is often used for treatment of epigastric distension, dyspepsia, rheumatic arthralgia, strangury, tinea pedis, edema, swelling and toxin. Use and Dosage: 5–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use, or taken instead of tea. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted and used for washing with.

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7.15  Family: Verbenaceae 7.15.1  Caryopteris terniflora Chinese Name(s): san hua you, feng zi cao, feng han cao, liu yue han. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Caryopteris terniflora (Caryopteris terniflora Maxim). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, erect, and branched from base, 15–60 cm tall. The stems are quadrate, densely grayish white recurved pilose. The leaf blades are papery, ovate to long ovate, 1.5–4 cm long and 1–3 cm wide, pilose and glandular on both surfaces. The cymes are axillary, often three-flowered. The calyxes are campanulate, 8–9 cm long, pubescent and glandular on both surfaces, lobes being lanceolate. The corollas are purplish red or pale red, 1.1–1.8 cm long, outside being sparsely pilose and glandular, bilabiate, lobes being entire. The ovaries are pilose at apex; the styles are longer than stamens. The capsules are four-valved, the valves are obovoid-navicular. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to September. Habitat: It grows on slopes, flatland, ditches or streamsides from 550 to 2600 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, and Yunnan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer when blooming, used when fresh or dried in the shade. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Relieving exterior syndromes and cold, dispersing the lungs Qi and stopping coughing, promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, clearing heat and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of exogenous rheumatism, cough, scald, postpartum abdominal pain, cold, cough, chronic bronchitis, irregular menses, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.16  Family: Verbenaceae 7.16.1  Clerodendrum bungei Chinese Name(s): chou mu dan, chou wu tong, chou feng gen, da hong pao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Clerodendrum bungei (Clerodendrum bungei Steud.)

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Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–2 m tall, odor. The inflorescence axes and petioles are densely covered with brown, yellowish brown or purple deciduous hairs. The branchlets are suborbicular, with conspicuous lenticels. The leaf blades are papery, broadly ovate or ovate, 8–20 cm long and 5–15 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally broadly cuneate, truncate or cordate, margins being serrate or serrulate; the lateral veins are in 4–6 pairs, adaxially scattered short pubescent, abaxially sparsely short pubescent or scattered glands or glabrous, with several discoid glands in axils of vein basally. The petioles are 4–17 cm long. The corymbiform cymes are terminal, dense. The bracts are leaflike, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm long, caducous or persistent at anthesis; the peduncles have raised scars after caducous; the bracteoles are lanceolate, ca. 1.8 mm long. The calyxes are campanulate, 2–6 mm long, shortly pubescent and with several discoid glands; the calyx teeth are triangular or narrowly triangular, 1–3 mm long. The corollas are pale red, red or purplish red; the tubes are 2–3 cm long, lobes being obovate, 5–8 mm long. The stamens and styles are exserted from corollas. The styles are shorter than, equal or slightly longer than stamens. The stigmas are two-lobed; the ovaries are four-­ loculed. The drupes are subglobose, 0.6–1.2 cm in diam., blue-black at maturity. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to November. Habitat: It grows on slopes, forest margins, along ditches or in waste places near village. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of north, northwest, south, and southwest China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. The leaves are used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, detoxicating, and removing blood stasis; the roots are used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, injury caused by knocks and falls, hypertension, dizziness, headache, and lungs abscess; the leaves are used externally for carbuncle, furuncle, sore, hemorrhoids, inflammation, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: eczema: The product is dried in the sun, sandwiched in a single layer of gauze, soaked with warm boiled water, then applied to the affected area, and soaked with warm boiled water frequently to keep moist. Change fresh dressing once a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hypertension: Clerodendrum bungei 12  g, Prunella vulgaris 15 g, Capsella bursa-pastoris 15 g, Stephania tetrandra 9 g, added with water and made into pills. Take 6 g per dose, three times a day.

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7.17  Family: Verbenaceae 7.17.1  Clerodendrum canescens Chinese Name(s): hui mao da qing, nian mao cheng tong, mao cheng tong, shi zi zhu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Clerodendrum canescens (Clerodendrum canescens Wall. [C. viscosum Vent.]) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–3.5  m tall, densely flattened or grayish brown tomentose. The branchlets are slightly four-angled, with inconspicuous longitudinal grooves; the piths are lax, not hollow after drying. The leaf blades are cordate or broadly ovate, rarely ovate, 6–18 cm long and 4–15 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cordate or subtruncate, pilose on both surfaces; the veins are densely covered with flattened grayish brown hairs, distinct abaxially. The petioles are 1.5–12 cm long. The cymes are clustered, capitate, usually 2–5 cymes borne on branch apex; the peduncles are more robust, 1.5–11 cm long. The bracts are leaflike, ovate or elliptic, shortly petiolate or sessile, 0.5–2.4 cm long. The calyxes are green when young, red when mature, campanulate, five-angled, ca. 1.3  cm long, with several glands, deeply five-lobed to middle of calyxes, lobes being ovate or broadly ovate, acuminate. The corollas are white or pale red, outsides with glandular hairs or pilose; the tubes are ca. 2  mm long, slender, lobes being spreading outward, obovate-oblong, 5–6  mm long. There are four stamens; stamens and styles are exserted from corollas. The drupes are subglobose, ca. 7 mm in diam., green, dark blue or black at maturity, included in persistent calyxes that red and enlarged. The flowering and fruiting period is from April to October. Habitat: It grows in slope sparse forests and shrubberies. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan of China, as well as in India and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn. sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Replenishing the vital essence and removing heat, dispersing lungs Qi and eliminating phlegm, cooling blood to stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of hemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis, cold, high fever, dysentery with or without blood. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.18  Family: Verbenaceae 7.18.1  Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Chinese Name(s): da qing, da qing mu, da qing ye, zhu niao qing, bai hua gui deng long. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum (Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, rarely small trees, up to 10 m in height. The young branches are shortly pubescent, branches being yellowish brown, with robust piths. The winter buds are conical, bud scales being brown, pubescent. The leaf blades are papery, elliptic, ovate-elliptic, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6–20  cm long and 3–9  cm wide, apically acuminate or acute, basally orbicular or broadly cuneate, often entire, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely pubescent along vein, abaxially often glandular; the lateral veins are in 6–10 pairs. The petioles are 1–8 cm long. The corymbiform cymes are terminal or axillary, 10–16 cm long and 20–25 cm wide. The bracts are linear, 3–7 mm long. The flowers are small, orange fragrant. The calyxes are cup-shaped, outside yellowish brown tomentose and obscurely glandular, 3–4 mm long, apically five-lobed, lobes being triangular-ovate, ca. 1 mm long. The corollas are white, outside sparsely puberulent and glandular; the tubes are slender, ca. 1 cm long, apically five-lobed, lobes being ovate, ca. 5 mm long. There are four stamens; the filaments are ca. 1.6 mm long; stamens and styles are exserted from corollas. The ovaries are four-loculed, with one ovule per locule,

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often incompletely fertile. The stigmas are two-fid. The fruits are globose or obovoid, 5–10 mm in diam., green, blue-purple at maturity, supported by red persistent calyx. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to February of next year. Habitat: It grows on hills, plains, open lands, barren slopes or in thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan of China, as well as in North Korea, Vietnam and Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn. and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, removing blood stasis and detoxicating, andit is often used for treatment of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, epidemic encephalitis B, cold, headache, measles complicated with pneumonia, mumps, tonsillitis, infectious hepatitis, dysentery, and urinary tract infection. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Prevention of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis: Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum root 1500 g, Imperata cylindrica, Strobilanthes cusia, Lonicera japonica vine, reed root, Dryopteris crassirhizoma each 250  g, added with 15  kg of water, detocted into 13.5 kg, as the dosage for 50 people. Take 250 g each person in three times. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: epidemic encephalitis B: leaves or roots of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum 15–30 g (depending on the patient’s age), decocted in water to take, once every 4 h. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: upper respiratory tract infection: Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum leaf, Dryopteris crassirhizoma each 500 g, mixed, and added with 5000 ml of water, decocted to 2000 ml. Take 100 ml each time, double for the first dose, 3–4 times a day.

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7.19  Family: Verbenaceae 7.19.1  Clerodendrum fortunatum Chinese Name(s): bai hua deng long, deng long cao, gui deng long. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, stems and leaves of Clerodendrum fortunatum (Clerodendrum fortunatum Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–2.5 m tall. The branchlets are dark brown, pubescent when young; the piths are lax, not hollow after drying, long elliptic to obovate-lanceolate, 5–17 cm long and 1.5–5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, entire or undulate, adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially densely small yellow glandular, pubescent along veins. The petioles are 0.5–3 cm long, rarely up to 4 cm, densely pubescent. The cymes are axillary, often shorter than leaves, 3–9-flowered; the peduncles are 1–4  cm, densely pubescent. The bracts are linear, densely pubescent. The calyxes are purplish red, with five longitudinal ridges, 1–1.3  cm long, pubescent, apically deeply five-lobed, lobes being broadly ovate; the corollas are pale red or white that slightly purplish, outside pubescent; the tubes are equal or slightly longer than calyxes, apically five-lobed, lobes being oblong, ca. 6 mm long. There are four stamens; stamens and styles are exserted from corollas. The stigmas are two-fid. The drupes are subglobose, ca. 5  mm in diam., dark blue at maturity, outside with prominent reticulate veins, included in calyx tubes. The flowering and fruiting period is from April to November. Habitat: It grows along villages, trailsides, or in open lands, wastelands and thickets below 1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi of China, as well as in Philippines and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, stems and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, eliminating swelling and removing blood stasis, it is often used for treatment of cold of wind-heat type, bronchitis, pharyngitis, stomachache, abdominal pain, rheumatism, carbuncle, sore, migraine, jaundice, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.20  Family: Verbenaceae 7.20.1  Clerodendrum kwangtungense Chinese Name(s): guang dong da qing, guang dong cheng tong, guang dong chou mu dan. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Clerodendrum kwangtungense (Clerodendrum kwangtungense Hand. - Mazz.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 2–3 m tall. The branchlets are slightly flatten, pubescent when young, piths being robust. The leaf blades are membranous, ovate to oblong, 6–18 cm long and 2–7 cm wide, apically acuminate to caudate, basally obtusely orbicular, broadly cuneate or subtruncate, entire or irregularly serrate or undulate at margins, glabrous on both surfaces or pubescent along veins; there are three basal veins. The petioles are 1–4 cm long, rarely up to 6–7 cm in length. The corymbiform cymes are axillary on top of branches, 7–12 cm long and 8–15 cm wide, 3–4 times dichotomously branched, densely pubescent. The bracts are ovate-­ lanceolate. The calyxes are shallowly cup-shaped, 6–7  mm long, red, outside slightly pubescent, apically five-lobed, lobes being lanceolate to triangular, 4–5 mm long, enlarged in fruit. The corollas are white, outside densely pubescent and glandular; the tubes are slender, 2–3 cm long, apically five-lobed, lobes being elliptic or oblong, ca. 4  mm long. There are four stamens; stamens and styles are exserted from corollas; the anthers are red; the stigmas are two-fid. The drupes are globose, 5–6 mm in diam., included in enlarged persistent calyxes. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows in hillside forests or forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, strengthening waist and kidneys, and it is often used for treatment of arthralgia caused by wind, cold, and dampness, numbness of limbs, muscle and bone pain, kidneys deficiency, low back pain, rheumatism, and weakness of lower limbs. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.21  Family: Verbenaceae 7.21.1  Clerodendrum inerme Chinese Name(s): xu shu, jia mo li, gang wa lin, ku ye zi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, stems and leaves of Clerodendrum inerme (Clerodendrum inerme (Linn.) Gaertn.) Morphology: The plant is a climbing shrub, erect or procumbent, up to 2 m in height. The young branches are four-angled, yellowish gray, pubescent. The branchlets piths are hard. The leaf blades are thin leathery, ovate, elliptic or elliptic-­ lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, 3–7 cm long and 1.5–4.5 cm wide, apically obtusely tipped, basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, entire, often slightly reflexed, adaxially dark green, abaxially pale green, glabrous or abaxially sparsely pubescent along veins, with scattered small yellow glands on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in 4–7 pairs, upcurved and confluent with each other near margins. The petioles are ca. 1 mm long. The cymes are often three-flowered, borne in leaf axils or leaf axils at apex of branches. The flowers are very fragrant; the peduncles are 2–4 cm long. The bracts are linear, ca. 2 mm long, opposite or nearly so. The calyxes are campanulate, outside finely hairy, apically slightly five-lobed or subtruncate at anthesis; the calyx tubes are ca. 7 mm long. The corollas are white, apically five-lobed, lobes being long elliptic, ca. 7 mm long; the tubes are 2–3 cm long, outside glabrescent, with inconspicuous glands, inside densely silky pilose. There are four or sometimes six stamens; the filaments are purplish red, slender; stamens and styles are exserted from corollas; the styles are longer than or subequal with filaments; the stigmas are two-fid. The drupes are obovoid, 7–10  cm in diam., with shallow longitudinal grooves, succulent, with four pyrenes inside, exocarps being yellowish gray, calyxes being persistent. The flowering and fruiting period is from March to December. Habitat: It grows on sea coastal, beaches, ponds and ditch edges. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan of China, as well as in Southeast Asia to North Oceania, and islands of the Pacific Ocean. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, stems and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, a little toxic. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind and dampness, removing blood stasis, and activating collaterals, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, low back and leg pain, sciatica, stomachache, cold, fever, malaria, hepatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, as well as for external treatment of skin eczema, swelling and pain, traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are mashed for application or decocted and used for washing the affected areas with.

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7.22  Family: Verbenaceae 7.22.1  Clerodendrum japonicum Chinese Name(s): cheng tong, zhuang yuan hong, bai ri hong, zhen tong hua, he bao hua, hong hua dao xue lian. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Clerodendrum japonicum (Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–4 m tall. The branchlets are four-angled, with deep grooves after drying, old branches being glabrescent or pubescent, densely villous between same pair petioles; the branches are not hollow after drying. The leaf blades are orbicular-cordate, 8–35 cm long and 6–27 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally cordate, margins being sparsely short dentate, adaxially with sparse appressed hairs, densely rusty brown pubescent at base of veins, abaxially with dense rusty yellow peltate glands, and sparsely pubescent on veins. The petioles are 0.5–15 cm long, rarely up to 27 cm in length, densely yellow-brown pubescent. The panicles are terminal, large and spreading, consisting of dichasia, 15–34 cm long and 13–35 cm wide; the last lateral branches of inflorescences are racemes, 16  cm long; the bracts are broadly ovate, ovate-lanceolate, obovate-­ lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, petiolate or not; the bracteoles are linear. The calyxes are red, outside sparsely pubescent, with scattered peltate glands, 1–1.5 cm long, deeply five-lobed, lobes being ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 0.7–1.3  cm long, spreading, with 1–3 veinlets, pubescent on veins, glabrous inside, with sparse sandy glands. The corollas are red, rarely white; the tubes are 1.7–2.2  cm long, pubescent on veins, inside glabrous, apically five-lobed, lobes being oblong, spreading, 1–1.5 cm long. The stamens are three times as long as corolla tubes. The ovaries are glabrous, four-loculed; the stigmas are two-fid; stigmas and stamens are exserted from corollas. The fruits are ellipsoid-globose, green or blue-black, 7–10  mm in diam., often dividing into 2–4 pyrenes; the persistent calyxes are enlarged, including fruits at first, then reflexed to stellate, the flowering and fruiting period is from May to November.

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Habitat: It grows in mountain forests or wet places along streams. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, as well as in Southeast Asia and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. The leaves are used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: The root functions in dispelling wind and dampness, removing blood stasis and reliving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatic bone pain, lumbar muscle strain, injury caused by knocks and falls, coughing due to tuberculosis, and hemoptysis. The leaf functions in detoxicating and expelling pus. It is often used for external treatment for furuncle and sore. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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7.23  Family: Verbenaceae 7.23.1  Clerodendrum philippinum Chinese Name(s): chong ban chou mo li, da ji po, chou mu dan. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and stems of Clerodendrum philippinum (Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 50–120 cm tall. The branchlets are obtusely four-angled or subterete; the young branches are pilose. The leaf blades are broadly ovate to subcordate, 9–22 cm long and 8–21 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally truncate, broadly cuneate or shallowly cordate, margins being sparsely coarsely dentate, adaxially densely strigose, abaxially densely pilose, denser on veins, or sometimes sparsely hairy on both surfaces; there are three basal veins, which are with several discoid glands in axils of vein. The petioles are 3–17 cm long, pubescent, sometimes densely tomentose. The corymbiform cymes are clustered and terminal; the peduncles are tomentose. The bracts are lanceolate, 1.5–3  cm long, pubescent and with several verrucose or discoid glands. The calyxes are campanulate, 1.5–1.7 cm long, pubescent and with several verrucose or discoid glands; the calyx lobes are linear-lanceolate, 0.7–1 cm long. The corollas are red, pale red or white, fragrant, tubes being short, lobes being ovate; the stamens often turn into petals that forming double flowers. Habitat: It grows along village, trailsides, open lands or forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian and Taiwan of China, as well as in tropical Asia, Mauritius and Hawaii. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and stems are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatic arthralgia, uterine prolapse, and adnexitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.24  Family: Verbenaceae 7.24.1  Clerodendrum philippinum var. simplex Chinese Name(s): chou mo li, bing hao (dai language), bai hua chou mu dan, chou mu dan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Clerodendrum philippinum var. simplex (Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer. var. simplex Wu et R. C. Fang.) Morphology: The plant is a subshrub. The cymes are tight, many flowered. There are numerous bracts, which are 1.8–2.5  cm long. The calyxes are large, 1.5–2.5 cm long, calyx teeth being 1–1.6 cm long. The corolla tubes are 2.5–3 cm long, exserted from calyxes; the flowers are simple. The stamens and styles are exserted from corollas, styles being longer than stamens. The drupes are subglobose or globose, ca. 8 mm in diam., included in enlarged persistent calyxes. The flowering period is from March to November. The fruiting period is from August to December. Habitat: It grows in slope sparse forests, valley thickets or wet places near village trailsides from 130 to 2000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up all year round, washed, sliced and dried in the sun, or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property, smelly. Functions: Dispelling wind and promoting blood circulation, strengthening muscle and bone, relieving swelling, and lowering hypertention, and it is often used

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for treatment of rheumatism, beriberi, soreness and weakness of limb, hypertension, leucorrhea, carbuncle, hemorrhoids, mastitis, and measles. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application or decocted in water and used for washing with. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatoid arthritis, low back and leg pain, paralysis, beriberi: Clerodendrum philippinum root (dried) 10–20 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatic osteoma, beriberi, leucorrhea, hypertension, bronchitis: Clerodendrum philippinum roots and leaves 50–100 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: edema and pain of feet: Clerodendrum philippinum root is stewed with chicken to take. Take it two or three times a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemorrhoids, prolapse of anus: proper amounts of Clerodendrum philippinum roots are decocted in water and used for hip bath. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pruritus, scabies, scar and rash: proper amounts of Clerodendrum philippinum leaves, decocted in water and washing the affected areas with. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic osteomyelitis: Clerodendrum philippinum root 100 g, Artemisia argyi 50 g, decocted in water with pork to take, one dose a day. And at the same time, two portions of thistle root and one portion of ginger are mashed for external application, once in the morning and once in the evening. After the symptoms are relieved, 100 g of Callicarpa root and 50 g of Lonicera japonica are stewed with pork. To consolidate the curative effect, take two to three doses continuously.

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7.25  Family: Verbenaceae 7.25.1  Clerodendrum serratum Chinese Name(s): san dui jie, san tai hong hua, dui jie sheng, da ye tu chang shan, san duo.

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Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants, roots, and leaves of Clerodendrum serratum (Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon). Morphology: The plant is a shrub. 1–4 m tall. The branchlets are four-angled or shallowly four-angled; the young branches are densely covered with yellow hairs, especially on nodes; the old branches are dark brown or grayish yellow, gradually glabrous, with lenticels. The piths are tight, not hollow after drying. The leaf blades are thickly papery, opposite or in 3  in a whorl, obovate-oblong or long elliptic, 6–30 cm long and 2.5–11 cm wide, apically acuminate or acute, basally cuneate or decurrent to narrowly cuneate, margins being serrate, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, and abaxially denser on veins; the lateral veins are in 10–11 pairs, abaxially conspicuously prominent. The petioles are 0.5–1 cm long or subsessile. The Inflorescences are terminal thyrses, erect and spreading, 10–30  cm long and 9–12 cm wide, densely yellowish brown pilose. The bracts are leaflike, persistent; the bracts are 2–3 in a whorl on inflorescence axes, ovate, broadly ovate or ovate, sessile, 1.5–4.5 cm long and 0.5–1.8 cm wide. The bracteoles are small, ovate or lanceolate. The calyxes are campanulate, pubescent, ca. 5 mm long, apically truncate or obtusely 5-dentate. The corollas are pale purple, blue or white, nearly bilabiate; the tubes are thick, ca. 7 mm long; there are five lobes, which are unequal in size, obovate to oblong, 0.6–1.2  cm long. There are four stamens, which are ca. 2.4 cm long, basally rod-shaped, hairy. The ovaries are glabrous, styles being two-­ fid; stamens and filaments are exserted from corollas. The drupes are subglobose, green, then black, and dividing into four ovoid pyrenes, 0.4–1 cm in diam., persistent calyxes being slightly enlarged. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to December. Habitat: It grows in hillside sparse forests or thickets along valley streams between 210 and 1800 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, as well as in East Africa and its coastal islands, and eastward to the Malay Peninsula and the South Pacific Islands. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants, roots and leaves are harvested all year round, washed, chopped, used when fresh or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property, a little toxic. Functions: Clearing away heat and detoxicating, preventing attack of malaria, healing a fracture, dispelling wind and dampness, and it is often used for treatment of tonsillitis, laryngitis, rheumatic bone pain, malaria, hepatitis, stomachache, severe cold, as well as for external treatment carbuncle, furuncle, fracture, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 30–50 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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7.26  Family: Verbenaceae 7.26.1  Lantana camara Chinese Name(s): ma ying dan, wu se mei, ru yi hua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, branches and leaves of Lantana camara (Lantana camara Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, erect or creeping, 1–4 m tall, sometimes lianoid, up to 4 m tall. The branches and stems are quadrate, pubescent, often with short and recurved prickles. The leaves are simple, opposite; the leaf blades are ovate to ovate-oblong, 3–8.5 cm long and 1.5–5 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally cordate or cuneate, margins being serrate, adaxially rough wrinkled and shortly pubescent, abaxially with small stiff hairs; the lateral veins are in ca. five pairs. The petioles are ca. 1 cm long. The Inflorescences are 1.5–2.5 in diameter. The peduncles are stout, longer than petioles. The bracts are lanceolate, 1–3 times as long as calyxes, outside with rough hairs. The calyxes are tubular, membranous, ca. 1.5  mm long, apically extremely short dentate. The corollas are yellow or orange-yellow, turning into deep red soon after opening; the tubes are ca. 1  mm long, with fine and short hairs on both surfaces, 4–6 mm in diameter. The ovaries are glabrous. The fruits are globose, ca. 4 mm in diameter, purplish black at maturity. The flowering period is all year. Habitat: It grows on low mountains, hills, open waste lands or along village. Distribution: It is cultivated in courtyards across China, but sometimes wild in southern provinces; native to tropical America.

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Acquisition and Processing: It is harvested in summer and autumn. The roots area harvested in summer and autumn, and the branches and leaves are used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: The root functions in clearing heat and detoxicating, dissolving lumps and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of high fever due to cold, long-term fever, cervical lymph node tuberculosis, rheumatic bone pain, stomach pain, and injuries caused by knocks and falls. The branch and leaf function in dispelling wind and relieve itching, detoxicating and reducing swelling. For external treatment, the products are used for treatment of eczema, dermatitis, skin itching, furuncle, injury. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of branched and leaves are decocted and used for washing with or the leaves mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold and fever: Lantana camara root, Glochidion puberum root, Ilex asprella root, each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: skin eczema: branches and leaves of Lantana camara, Zanthoxylum nitidum, Perilla frutescens leaf, Adenosma glutinosum, mint leaf, Platycladus orientalis leaf, Eclipta prostrata, 30 g each, ground into powder, for treatment of general cases, added with half wine and half water, mixed and smeared to the affected areas, for treatment of severe cases, added with vinegar and water, and changed the dressing three times a day. In cased with viscous yellow fluid, added with 30 g of talc, and 15 g of Rhus chinensis, 9 g of realgar and 9  g of dry alum, ground to fine powder, and sprinkled to the affected areas.

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7.27  Family: Verbenaceae 7.27.1  Phyla nodiflora Chinese Name(s): guo jiang teng, ku she cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Phyla nodiflora (Phyla nodiflora (Linn.) Greene [Lippia nodiflora (Linn.) L. C. Rich.]) Morphology: The herb is perennial, with woody perennial roots and many branches, appressed T-shaped strigose entirely. The leaves are subsessile; the leaf blades are spatulate, obovate to oblanceolate, 1–3 cm long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide, apically obtuse or suborbicular, basally narrowly cuneate, margins being sharply serrate above middle leaves. The spikes are axillary, ovoid or terete, 0.5–3 cm long and 0.6 cm wide; the peduncles are 1–7 cm long. The bracteoles are broadly obovate, ca. 3  mm wide. The calyxes are membranous, ca. 2  mm long. The corollas are white, pink to purplish red, glabrous entirely. The stamens are short and small, not exserted from corollas. The ovaries are glabrous. The fruits are pale yellow, ca. 1.5 mm long, included in membranous calyxes. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to October. Habitat: It grows on seasides, streamsides, along ponds, field and wet places in banks. Distribution: It is distributed in the Yangtze River and south of it, east to Taiwan, west to Tibet of China, as well as in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of dysentery, acute tonsillitis, cough, hemoptysis, injury caused by knocks and falls, as well as external treatment of carbuncle, gangrene, herpes zoster, and chronic eczema. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are decocted and applied to the affected areas.

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7.28  Family: Verbenaceae 7.28.1  Premna ligustroides Chinese Name(s): chou huang jing. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Premna ligustroides (Premna ligustroides Hemsl.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–3  m tall, with many branches. The leaf blades are ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5–8  cm long and 1–3  cm wide, with sparse hairs on both surfaces, and abaxially with purplish red glands. The terminal panicles are consisting of cymes, pilose, 3.5–6 cm long and 2–3 cm wide; the basal branches are 0.5–1 cm long. The calyxes are cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm long, hairy and glandular outside, and sparsely glandular inside. The corollas are yellow, 3–5 mm long, tomentose and yellow glandular on both surfaces; the lobes of upper lips are broad; the lobes of lower lips are slightly unequal in size. There are four stamens, in which two stamens are slightly longer. The upper parts of ovaries have yellow glands. The styles are ca. 4 mm long. The capsules are obovoid-globose, 2.5–5 mm long and 2.5–4 mm wide, with yellow glands apically. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to September. Habitat: It grows in slope forests or forest margins between 500 and 1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, and Jiangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested all year round, the stems and fibrous roots removed, washed, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxicating, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of dysentery, malaria, headache of wind-heat syndrome, edema due to nephritis, hemorrhoids, anal prolapse, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.29  Family: Verbenaceae 7.29.1  Premna microphylla Chinese Name(s): dou fu chai, dou fu mu, fu bi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Premna microphylla (Premna microphylla Turcz.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, erect. The young branches are pilose and turning into glabrous when old. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, ovate or obovate, 3–13 cm long and 1.5–6 cm wide, apically acute to long acuminate, basally attenuate and decurrent to two sides of petioles, margins being entire to irregularly coarsely dentate, glabrous to pubescent. The petioles are 0.5–2 cm long. The terminal conical panicles are consisting of cymes. The calyxes are cup-shaped, green, sometimes purplish, with dense hairs to glabrescent, but often ciliate, nearly regularly five-lobed. The corollas are pale yellow, pilose and glandular outside, pilose inside, and denser in throats. The drupes are purple, globose to obovoid. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to October. Habitat: It grows on slope forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of east, central south, south, and southwest China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, astringing, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of malaria, dysentery, appendicitis, Tripterygium poisoning, as well as external treatment for burns, scald, lymphadenitis, carbuncle, sores, furuncles, snake bites, and traumatic bleeding Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: burn: (a) Premna microphylla root barks or leaf, dried and ground into fine powder, mixed with cottonseed oil or camellia oil for application, 1–2 times a day. (b) Premna microphylla leaf, soaked in sesame oil for more than half a month. Take the oil and smear to the wounds. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute simple appendicitis: fresh Premna microphylla leaf or root 30–60 g, chopped, added with rice wine or water, steaming in a container to take.

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7.30  Family: Verbenaceae 7.30.1  Premna puberula Chinese Name(s): hu chou chai. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and stems of Premna puberula (Premna puberula Pamp.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, erect or climbing, 1–3.5  m tall. The leaf blades are papery to hardly papery, ovate-elliptic, ovate or oblong-elliptic, often entire or deep undulate-dentate, serrate or deeply lobed in distal half, 2.5–11 cm long and 1.5–5.5 cm wide, apically acute to caudate, basally cuneate, broadly cuneate or suborbicular, rarely shallowly cordate, green, brownish when dry, glabrescent to sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, without glands. The petioles are flattened adaxially and prominent abaxially, 1–3.5  cm long, usually glabrous. The conical panicles are consisting of cymes, borne at apex of branchlets, 4–14 cm long and 2–9 cm wide, glabrous to sparsely pilose. The bracts are lanceolate or linear. The flowers are petiolate, 1–3 mm long. The calyxes are cup-shaped, 1.5–2.5 mm long, outside pubescent and yellow glandular, apically five-lobed, lobe teeth being triangular, ciliate. The corollas are pale yellow, purple or brown striate, 5–7 mm long, four-lobed to bilabiate; the lower lips are three-lobed, the upper ones are orbicular, apically emarginate, with dense glands outside; the tubes are ca. 4 mm long. The stamens are didynamous, borne bellow middle of corolla tubes, exserted from corollas, filaments being glabrous. The ovaries are globose, glabrous, apically glandular; the styles are shorter than stamens, glabrous; the stigmas are two-lobed. The drupes

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are from purple to black, obovoid, verrucose; the fruit calyxes are 1/3 of drupe length. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to August. Habitat: It grows on slopes and trailsides. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and stems are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind dampness and strengthening kidneys Yang, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatic arthralgia, hypertrophic spondylitis, scapulohumeral periarthritis, impotence due to kidneys deficiency, and menstrual delay. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.31  Family: Verbenaceae 7.31.1  Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Chinese Name(s): jia ma bian, yu long bian, niu bian cao, da zhong ma bian cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Linn.) Vahl). Morphology: The plant is a perennial and stout herb, or subshrub, 0.6–2 m tall. The young branches are four-angled, with sparse short hairs. The leaf blades are thickly papery, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2.4–8  cm long, apically shortly acute, basally cuneate, margins being coarsely serrate, with scattered short hairs on both surfaces; there are 3–5 lateral veins per side, which are prominent abaxially. The petioles are 1–3 cm long. The spikes are terminal, 11–29 cm long. The flowers are solitary in bract axils, in spiral arrangement. The bracts are membranous, ciliate at margins, with awns at the tip. The calyxes are tubular, membranous, transparent and glabrous, ca. 6 mm long. The corollas are dark blue-purple, 0.7–1.2 cm long, with hairs on the upper part inside, apically five-lobed, lobes being spreading. There are two stamens, whose filaments are short; the anthers are two-lobed. The styles are exserted; the stigmas are capitate. The ovaries are glabrous. The fruits are included in membranous calyxes, two-valved after maturity, one seed per valve. The flowering time is August. The fruiting period is from September to December. Habitat: It grows on low mountains, hills, wastelands, along villages or trailsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and Fujian of China, as well as in southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and reliving strangury, and it is often used for treatment of urinary tract infection, urinary calculi, rheumatism, muscle and bone pain, laryngitis, acute conjunctivitis, as well as external treatment for carbuncle and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.32  Family: Verbenaceae 7.32.1  Verbena officinalis Chinese Name(s): ma bian cao, tie ma bian, ma bian zi, ma bian shao, tou gu cao, ha ma luo. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Verbena officinalis (Verbena officinalis Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, perennial, 30–120 cm tall. The stems are quadrate, orbicular near base, hirsute on nodes and ridges. The leaf blades are ovate-­ orbicular to obovate or oblong-lanceolate, 2–8 cm long and 1–5 cm wide; the basal leaves are often coarsely serrate and notched at margins; the cauline leaves are usually deeply three-lobed, lobes being irregularly serrate at margins, hirsute on both surfaces, especially on veins abaxially. The spikes are terminal or axillary, slender, up to 25 cm in fruit. The flowers are small, sessile, clustered at first, sparse in fruit.

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The bracts are slightly shorter than calyxes, hirsute. The calyxes are ca. 2 mm long, hirsute, five-veined. The corollas are pale purple to blue, 4–8 mm long, puberulent outside, with five lobes. There are four stamens, which borne at middle of corolla tubes, filaments being short. The ovaries are glabrous. The fruits are oblong, ca. 2 mm long; the exocarps are thin, four-valved at maturity. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows at mountain feet, along trailsides or wastelands villages. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xinjiang and Tibet of China, as well as in temperate zone and tropics all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is 30–80  cm or more in total length. The stem is square columnar, with longitudinal furrows on all sides, with many branches, greenish brown or grayish green, rough. It is hard and brittle, easy to break, fibrous in cross section, medullary or hollow. The leaves are opposite, shrunken or broken, greenish brown. After flattening, the leaves are 3–5 parted and dentate on margins. The spike is long and thin, about 10–25 cm, with many yellow-brown flowers. It is odorless, bitter in taste. The products greener are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and spleen. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, preventing attack of malaria and killing insects, promoting diuresis and reducing swelling, unblocking meridians, and removing blood stasis, and it is often used for treatment of malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, cold and fever, acute gastroenteritis, bacillary dysentery, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, ascites, nephritis, edema, urinary tract infection, scrotal swelling and pain, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, periodontitis, diphtheria, sore throat, as well as external treatment for traumatic injuries, and sores. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: malaria: (a) fresh Verbena officinalis 60–100  g (reduced by half for dried product), decocted and concentrated to 300 ml, taken once 4 and 2 h before attack malaria for 5–7 days. The curative effect of P. vivax was better than that of P. falciparum. (b) Verbena officinalis one portion, Vitex negundo two portions, dried and ground into powder, taken two times a day, 9–15 g each time for 1 week. (c) Verbena officinalis injection: 3  ml for adults, (reduce for children), intramuscular injected 2  h before the attack. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysentery: fresh Verbena officinalis 60  g, Achyranthes aspera 15 g, decocted in water and taken one dose a day. The pregnant women should use it with caution.

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3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute gastroenteritis: fresh Verbena officinalis 60 g, fresh Houttuynia cordata 30 g, washed, mashed, added with proper amount of cold boiled water, mixed well, ground for juice to take, twice a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: filariasis: Verbena officinalis 18  g, Perilla frutescens 15  g, Artemisia carvifolia 12  g, added with 150  ml of water and concentrated to 80 ml. Take it before meals in the morning and in the evening. The dosage should be reduced for children and 7–10 days is a course of treatment. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: periodontitis, pulpitis, alveolar abscess: Verbena officinalis 30 g, decocted in water for oral use, one dose a day. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute hepatitis: Verbena officinalis 45  g, decocted in water and taken in three times. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: diphtheria: Verbena officinalis (whole grass) 30 g, added with 2000 ml of water, decocted and concentrated to 300 ml. Take 150 ml or adults, twice a day, 100 ml for 8–10 years old, twice a day, 30 ml for children under 8 years old, 3–4 times a day, 3–5 days as a course of treatment. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease: Verbena officinalis, Houttuynia cordata and Solidago decurrens, 15  g each, decocted in water for oral use. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: furuncle: fresh Verbena officinalis 60  g, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh Verbena officinalis, washed, added with a little sugar, mashed and applied to the affected area, twice a day. 10. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold and fever: Verbena officinalis 9–15 g, decoctied in water and taken three times a day.

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7.33  Family: Verbenaceae 7.33.1  Vitex canescens Chinese Name(s): hui mao mu jing, hui mu jing, hui bu jing. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Vitex canescens (Vitex canescens Kurz). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 3–15  m tall; the bark is black-brown; the branchlets are tetragonous, densely gray-yellow pubescent. The leaves are 3–5-­foliolate; the petioles are 2.5–7  cm long. The leaflets are ovate, elliptic, or elliptic-­lanceolate, 6–18  cm long, 2.5–9  cm wide, apically acuminate to acute, basally broadly cuneate to subrounded and sometimes oblique, entire, adaxially pubescent, abaxially densely gray-yellow pilose and yellow glandular; the lateral veins are in 8–19 pairs, abaxially conspicuously raised; the petiolules are 0.5–3 cm long. The panicles are terminal, 10–30 cm long; the peduncles are densely gray-­ yellow pilose; the bracts are deciduous; the calyces are minutely five-dentate, outside densely pubescent and glandular, inside pubescent; the corollas are yellowish, outside densely pubescent and glandular. There are four stamens, which are didynamous, inserted at throat of corolla tube; the filaments are hairy at base. The ovaries are apically glandular. The drupes are subglobose or oblong-obovoid, pale yellow or purplish black, lustrous; the persistent calyces are hairy outside. The flowering period is from April to May; the fruiting period is from May to June. Habitat: It grows in valleys and forests. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xizang, as well as in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, warm in property.

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Functions: Dispelling wind, promoting circulation of Qi, and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of cold, cough, asthma, rheumatism, arthralgia, malaria, stomachache, hernia, hemorrhoids, and fistula. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.34  Family: Verbenaceae 7.34.1  Vitex negundo Chinese Name(s): huang jing, wu zhi gan, bu jing. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits and whole plants of Vitex negundo (Vitex negundo Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub or small tree; the branchlets are four-angled, densely gray tomentose. The palmately compound leaves are five-foliolate, rarely three-foliolate; the leaflets are oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, entire or sparsely coarse serrate at margins, adaxially green, abaxially densely gray tomentose; the central leaflet is 4–13 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, and the lateral ones become smaller in turn; if there are five leaflets, the central 3 ones are petiolulate, and the lateral 2 are sessile or subsessile. The cymes are arranged in panicles, terminal, 10–27 cm long; the peduncles are densely gray tomentose; the calyx is campanulate, apically five-dentate, outside gray tomentose; the corolla is purplish, outside puberulent, apically five-lobed, two-lipped; the stamens are exserted from the corolla tube; the ovary is subglabrous. The drupes are subglobose, ca. 2 mm in diameter; the persistent calyx is close to the length of the fruit. The flowering period is from April to June; the fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows on mountains, hills, plains, hillside, in forests or thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and the south of the Yangtze River.

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Acquisition and Processing: The fruits and whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots and stems are bitter and slightly pungent in taste, neutral in property. The leaves are bitter in taste, cool in property. The fruits are bitter and pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: The root and stem function in clearing heat and relieving cough, resolving phlegm and stopping malaria, and are often used for treatment of bronchitis, malaria, and hepatitis. The leaf functions in clearing heat and relieving exterior symptoms, removing dampness and stopping malaria. It is often used for treatment of cold, enteritis, dysentery, malaria, and urinary tract infection, as well as for external treatment of eczema, dermatitis, tinea pedis by decocted in water and used for washing with. The fresh leaves are often mashed and applied to the wounds of insect, snake bite, and use for mosquito control. The fruit functions in relieving cough and asthma, regulating Qi and relieving pain and is often used for treatment of cough, asthma, stomachache, dyspepsia, enteritis, and dysentery. Use and Dosage: 15–30  g per dose for roots and stems, 9–30  g per dose for leaves, 3–9 g per dose for fruits, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Malaria prevention: Vitex negundo leaf 30  g, Clausena lansium leaf 15  g, decocted in water and taken once a day for 5 days. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis: (a) fresh Vitex negundo root 120 g (60 g for dried roots), decocted in water for 2–3 h, filtered to remove residue, and added with 20% brown sugar, concentrated into 100 m and taken twice a day, 50 ml each time, 10 days as a course of treatment for two continuous courses. (b) Vitex negundo seed (shelled and ground into powder) 15 g, dried human placenta 6 g and yam 6 g, ground into fine powder, mixed evenly, added with appropriate amount of maltose, made into pills as the dosage for 1 day, and taken three times, 10 days as a course of treatment for two courses. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysentery, enteritis, dyspepsia: Vitex negundo seed 500 g, distiller’s yeast 30 g, sugar 250 g. Stir fry the seeds of Vitex negundo and distiller’s yeast separately, grind together to fine powder, mix well with sugar. Take 4–6 g each time (1–2 g for children), four times a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gastrointestinal colic, postoperative pain: Vitex negundo seed 180  g, ground to powder and taken 6  g each time, three times a day. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tinea pedis: fresh Vitex negundo leaf 250 g, placed in a washbasin; add boiling water to soak Vitex negundo leaves every night before going to bed until the water is light green; add warm water to half a basin, and then immerse the feet in the water for 5–6 min; wipe the toes with dry cloth after soaking.

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7.35  Family: Verbenaceae 7.35.1  Vitex negundo f. alba Chinese Name(s): bai hua jing tiao, huang jing tiao, bai mao huang jing, bai ye huang jing. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, branches, leaves and fruits of Vitex negundo f. alba (Vitex negundo Linn. f. alba Z. S. Qin). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub or a small tree; the branchlets are four-angled, densely gray tomentose. The palmately compound leaves are five-­ foliolate, rarely three-foliolate; the leaflets are oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, notched-serrate at margins, lobed to deeply lobed, abaxially densely gray tomentose; the central leaflet is 4–13 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, and the lateral ones become smaller in turn; if there are five leaflets, the central 3 ones are petiolulate, and the lateral 2 are sessile or subsessile. The cymes are arranged in panicles, terminal, 10–27  cm long; the peduncles are densely gray tomentose; the calyx is campanulate, apically five-dentate, outside gray tomentose; the corolla is white, outside puberulent, apically five-lobed, two-lipped; the stamens are exserted from the corolla tube; the ovary is subglabrous. The drupes are subglobose, ca. 2 mm in diameter; the persistent calyx is close to the length of the fruit. The flowering period is from June to July; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on hillside or by road, and gets together into a large community. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, washed and dried in the sun. The branches are cut in spring and autumn, sectioned and dried in the sun. The leaves are picked before flowering in summer, used when fresh or dried in the shade. The fruits are picked in autumn, the impurities removed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: The root function in relieving exterior symptoms, dispelling wind and dampness, regulating Qi and relieving pain, preventing malaria, and expelling insects. It is often used for treatment of cold, cough, rheumatism, stomachache, abdominal pain of eruptive disease, malaria, pinworm disease, etc. The branch functions in dispelling wind and relieving exterior symptoms, relieving swelling and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of cold, cough, sore throat, rheumatism, bone pain, toothache, scald, etc. For external treatment, the branches are mashed for application, or calcinated until the surfaces turning carbonized, then ground to powder for application. The leaf functions in clearing heat and exterior symptoms, removing dampness and stopping malaria. It is often used for treatment of cold, enteritis, dysentery, malaria, urinary tract infection, eczema, dermatitis, tinea pedis, rheumatism, swelling and pain, and snake bite. The fruit functions in relieving cough and asthma, regulating Qi and relieving pain. It is often used for treatment of cough, asthma, stomachache, dyspepsia, enteritis, dysentery, etc.

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Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose for roots, 5–10 g for branches, 25–40 g for leaves, 10–20 g for fruits, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh branches and leaves are decocted and used for washing with or mashed for application the affected areas.

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7.36  Family: Verbenaceae 7.36.1  Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia Chinese Name(s): mu jing, wu zhi gan, bu jing. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Vitex negundo Linn. var. cannabifolia (Vitex negundo Linn. var. cannabifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hand.-Mazz. [V. cannabifolia Sieb. et Zucc. ]). Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a small tree; the branchlets are tetragonous, densely gray tomentose. The palmately compound leaves are five-foliolate, rarely three-foliolate; the leaflets are oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, entire or coarsly serrate at margins, adaxially green, abaxially densely gray tomentose; the central leaflet is 4–13 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, and the lateral ones become smaller in turn; if there are five leaflets, the central 3 ones are petiolulate, and the lateral 2 are sessile or subsessile. The cymes are arranged in panicles, terminal, 10–27 cm long; the peduncles are densely gray tomentose; the calyces are campanulate, apically five-dentate, outside gray tomentose; the corollas are purplish, outside puberulent, apically five-lobed, two-lipped; the stamens are exserted from the corolla tube; the ovaries are subglabrous. The drupes are subglobose, ca. 2 mm in diameter; the persistent calyx is close to the length of the fruit. The flowering period is from April to June. The fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows on mountains, hills, plains, hillsides, along forest margin or in thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, and the south of the Yangtze River. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are collected all year round and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The leaves are palmately compound, five or three foliate, lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate. The middle leaflet is 4–13  cm long and 1–4  cm wide. The bilateral leaflets are smaller, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, coarsely serrated on margins, adaxially green, abaxially light green tomentose along veins on both surfaces, but denser on the back. The peduncle is 2–6 cm long, with a shallow groove, densely grayish tomentose. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. Functions: Eliminating phlegm, stopping coughing and relieving asthma, and it is often used for treatment of cough with phlegm. Use and Dosage: 9–30  g per dose decocted in water for oral use. The fresh leaves are also used for extraction of Vitex negundo oil.

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7.37  Family: Verbenaceae 7.37.1  Vitex trifolia, Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia Chinese Name(s): man jing zi, wan jing zi, jing zi. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Vitex trifolia or Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia (Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia Cham. or Vitex trifolia Linn.) Morphology: A: Vitex trifolia Linn. var. simplicifolia: The plant is a creeping shrub with elongated branches and adventitious roots at nodes. The leaves are simple and opposite, rarely compound and two or three-foliolate; the leaflets are obovate, 3–6  cm long, 1.5–3  cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally broadly cuneate, entire at margin, adaxially green and pubescent, abaxially densely gray tomentose. The flowers are arranged in densely terminal panicles; the calyx is campanulate, ca. 3 mm long, apically slightly five-dentate, outside gray puberulent; the corolla is purple, 6–10 mm long, hairy outside and at throat, two-lipped; the middle lobe of lower lip is larger; there are four stamens, which exserted from the corolla; the stigmas are two-lobed. The drupes are globose, ca. 5 mm in diameter, glandular, black when mature, with persistent calyx. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on beaches, plains and by rivers. Distribution: It is distributed from the south to the northeast coast of China, as well as in Southeast Asia, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

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Morphology: B: Vitex trifolia: The plant is a deciduous shrub, rarely a small tree, 1.5–5 m tall, with fragrance. The branchlets are tetragonous, densely puberulent. The compound leaves are usually three-foliolate; the leaves are sometimes simple on the lateral branches; the petioles are 1–3 cm long; the leaf blades are ovate, obovate, or obovate-oblong, 2.5–9 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally cuneate, entire, adaxially green, glabrous or puberulent, abaxially densely gray tomentose; the lateral veins are in ca. eight pairs, slightly raised on both surfaces; the leaflets are sessile or sometimes decurrent of the middle leaflet into short stalks. The panicles are terminal, 3–15 cm long; the peduncles are densely gray tomentose; the calyces are campanulate, apically five-lobed, tomentose outside; the corollas are pale-purple or blue-purple, 6–10 mm long, hairy outside and at throat, densely villous inside corolla tube, apically five-lobed, two-lipped; the middle lobe of lower lip is larger. There are four stamens, which exserted from corolla. The ovaries are glabrous, densely glandular; the styles are glabrous; the stigmas are two-lobed. The drupes are subround, ca. 5 mm in diameter, black when ripe; the fruit calyces are persistent, white tomentose outside. The flowering period is from June to July; the fruiting period is from September to November.

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Habitat: It grows on deserts, hillsides, plains, meadows, and by rivers. Distribution: It is distributed in China’s coastal provinces and Yunnan, as well as in India, Vietnam, the Philippines and Australia.

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Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are collected in autumn when premature, the branches and stem removed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is round and spherical with a diameter of 0.4–0.6 cm, grayish black or dark brown and grayish white pruinose on surfaces, with four shallow longitudinal grooves, supported by gray white persistent calyx which is about 1/3–2/3 of fruit on the base, and densely villous. It is light, tough and hard to break. On the cross section, the outer pericarp is grayish black, and the flesh is yellowish white, with brown oil spots. The fruit is four loculated with one seed in each locule. It is especially aromatic, bland and slightly pungent in taste. The products large, plump and fragrant are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property, fragrant, belonging to the meridian of bladder, liver and stomach. Functions: Dispelling wind and clearing heat, relieving pain and tranquilizing the mind, preventing malaria, and it is often used for treatment of cold and fever, cephalalgia nervosa, gingival swelling and pain, conjunctivitis, blurred eyes, dizziness, pain of eyes, infantile convulsion, rheumatism, bruise, wound, carbuncle, and malaria. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose decocted in water for oral use.

Chapter 8

Medicinal Angiosperms of Labiatae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 8.1  Family: Labiatae 8.1.1  Agastache rugosa 8.2  Family: Labiatae 8.2.1  Ajuga bracteosa 8.3  Family: Labiatae 8.3.1  Ajuga ciliata 8.4  Family: Labiatae 8.4.1  Ajuga decumbens 8.5  Family: Labiatae 8.5.1  Ajuga lupulina 8.6  Family: Labiatae 8.6.1  Ajuga nipponensis

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_8

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464 8.7  Family: Labiatae 8.7.1  Amethystea caerulea 8.8  Family: Labiatae 8.8.1  Anisomeles indica 8.9  Family: Labiatae 8.9.1  Bostrychanthera deflexa 8.10  Family: Labiatae 8.10.1  Clerodendranthus spicatus 8.11  Family: Labiatae 8.11.1  Clinopodium chinense, Clinopodium polycephalum 8.12  Family: Labiatae 8.12.1  Clinopodium confine 8.13  Family: Labiatae 8.13.1  Clinopodium gracile 8.14  Family: Labiatae 8.14.1  Coleus carnosifolius 8.15  Family: Labiatae 8.15.1  Dracocephalum heterophyllum 8.16  Family: Labiatae 8.16.1  Dracocephalum moldavicum 8.17  Family: Labiatae 8.17.1  Dracocephalum tanguticum 8.18  Family: Labiatae 8.18.1  Dysophylla sampsonii 8.19  Family: Labiatae 8.19.1  Elsholtzia argyi 8.20  Family: Labiatae 8.20.1  Elsholtzia ciliata 8.21  Family: Labiatae 8.21.1  Elsholtzia splendens 8.22  Family: Labiatae 8.22.1  Eriophyton wallichii 8.23  Family: Labiatae 8.23.1  Glechoma longituba 8.24  Family: Labiatae 8.24.1  Gomphostemma chinense 8.25  Family: Labiatae 8.25.1  Holocheila longipedunculata 8.26  Family: Labiatae 8.26.1  Hyptis suaveolens

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This chapter introduces 27 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including, Agastache rugosa, Ajuga bracteosa, Ajuga ciliata, Ajuga decumbens, Ajuga lupulina, Ajuga nipponensis, Amethystea caerulea, Anisomeles indica, Bostrychanthera deflexa, Clerodendranthus spicatus, Clinopodium chinense, Clinopodium confine, Clinopodium gracile, Coleus carnosifolius, Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Dracocephalum moldavicum, Dracocephalum tanguticum, Dysophylla sampsonii, Elsholtzia ciliate, Elsholtzia splendens, Glechoma longituba, Gomphostemma chinense, Holocheila longipedunculata, and Hyptis suaveolens of Labiatae.

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This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage, and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

8.1  Family: Labiatae 8.1.1  Agastache rugosa Chinese Name(s): huo xiang, tu huo xiang, pai xiang cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Agastache rugosa (Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et Mey.) O. Kuntze). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 0.5–1.5  m tall, tetragonous. The leaves are cordate-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 4.5–11  cm long, 3–6.5  cm wide, gradually reduced upward, apically caudate-acuminate, basally cordate or rarely cuneate, coarsely dentate at margin, papery, adaxially olive-green, subglabrous, abaxially slightly lighter, puberulent, glandular; the petioles are 1.5–3.5 cm long. The verticillasters are many-flowered, forming terminal dense cylindrical spikes on the main stem or lateral branches; the spikes are 2.5–12  cm long, 1.8–2.5  cm in diameter; the bracteal leaves on base are not longer than 5  mm, 1–2  mm wide, oblanceolate, linear, long-acuminate; the bracts are similar to bracteal leaves, smaller, 2–3 mm long. The verticillasters have short pedicels; the peduncles are ca. 3 mm long, glandular puberulent; the calyces are tubular-obconical, ca. 6 mm long, ca. 2  mm wide, glandular puberulent, small yellow glandular, more or less pale purple or purplish red, slightly oblique at throat; the calyx teeth are triangular-­ lanceolate, with three posterior teeth ca. 2.2  mm and two anterior teeth slightly shorter. The corollas are purplish blue, ca. 8 mm long, puberulent outside; the tube base is ca. 1.2 mm wide, slightly exserted, gradually dilated to ca. 3 mm wide at throat; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is outside straight, apically emarginate; the lower lip is three-lobed; the middle lobe of lower lip is larger, ca. 2 mm long, ca. 3.5 mm wide, spreading, undulate at margin, basally wide; the lateral lobes are semicircular. The stamens are exserted from corollas; the filaments are slender, flat, glabrous. The styles are subequal to stamen, filiform, apically two-­ lobed; the disk is thick-ring; the ovary lobes are apically pubescent. The ripe nutlets are ovate-oblong, ca. 1.8  mm long, ca. 1.1  mm wide, adaxially ribbed, apically bristly, brown. The flowering period is from June to September; the fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in the northern and southern provinces of China, as well as in Russia, North Korea, Japan, and North America.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridian of stomach. Functions: Relieving summer heat and dampness, promoting circulation of Qi and harmonizing the stomach, it is often used for treatment of heatstroke, fever, headache, chest tightness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: headache and fever, chest and abdominal distension and pain, vomiting, and diarrhea: Agastache rugosa, Atractylodes macrocephala, Poria cocos, pericarpium arecae, each 9 g, tangerine peel, Platycodon grandiflorum, perilla, licorice, Pinellia ternata, Magnolia officinalis, Angelica dahurica each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. Or take Huoxiang Zhengqi pills, 1–2 pills each time. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pimple gastritis: Agastache rugosa, eupatorium, Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis each 9 g, tangerine peel 6 g, prepared magnolia obavata 4.5  g, decocted in water for oral use, in case of in digestion, added with malt 15  g; in cases of vomiting, added with stir-baked caulis bambusae in teaniam with ginger juice 9 g, Coptis chinensis 3 g; in cases of abdominal pain, added with Radix Aucklandiae 6 g. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: jaundice-free hepatitis (syndrome of dampness): Agastache rugosa, Rhizoma atractylodis, prepared Cyperus rotundus, Curcuma rcenyujin each 9 g, isatidis root, dandelion each 15 g, Magnolia, and tangerine peel each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tinea manus and tinea pedis: Agastache rugosa 30 g, Polygonatum sibiricum, rhubarb, soap alum each 12 g. Soak the medicine in 1 kg of rice vinegar for 7–8 days, remove the residue and set aside. When using, immerse the affected part in the liquid medicine completely for 30 min each time, three times a day. Do not wash with soapy water or alkaline water after soaking.

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8.2  Family: Labiatae 8.2.1  Ajuga bracteosa Chinese Name(s): jiu wei yi zhi hao, di dan cao, li ji cao, li zhi hao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Ajuga bracteosa (Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are basally branched, which with flowers are erect, ca. 10 cm tall, gray villous or lanate-villous. The basal leaves have petioles, and the others are sessile. The leaves are hard papery; the basal leaf blades are spatulate or oblanceolate, 2–4 cm long, 0.7–1.2 cm wide; the stem leaves are obovate or ovate, 1–1.5 cm long, 0.6–1 cm wide. The verticillasters are axillary above the middle of stem, apically in dense spikes; the bracts and bracteoles are spatulate, 2–8 mm long, 1–2.5 mm wide; the calyces are campanulate, 4.5–6 mm long, pilose outside, glabrous inside; the corollas are purple; the corolla brim are two-lipped; the upper lip is short; the lower lip is broad. There are four stamens,

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which are didynamous, slightly exserted from corolla; the filaments are stout. The styles are apically two-lobed; the ovaries are four-lobed, glabrous. The nutlets are oblong to oblong-obovoid, trigonous. The flowering period is from April to June; the fruiting period is from May to June. Habitat: It grows in sparse short grass of open slopes at altitudes between 1500 and 3300 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xizang, as well as in Afghanistan, India, Nepal and Myanmar. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested from April to June when blossom, washed and dried in the sun or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, It is often used for treatment of cold, bronchitis, tonsillitis, mumps, bacillary dysentery, traumatic bleeding, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose decocted in water for oral use.

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8.3  Family: Labiatae 8.3.1  Ajuga ciliata Chinese Name(s): jin gu cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ajuga ciliata (Ajuga ciliata Bunge). Morphology: The herb is perennial, 25–40 cm tall; the stems are tetragonous, basally slightly woody, purplish red or greenish purple, usually glabrous. The leaves are papery, ovate-elliptic to narrowly elliptic, 4–7.5 cm long, 3.2–4 cm wide, basally cuneate-decurrent, apically obtuse or acute, coarsely dentate at margin, ciliate, adaxially sparsely strigose, abaxially strigose or sparsely pubescent; the lateral veins are in ca. four pairs; the petioles are ca. 1 cm long, sometimes purplish red, basally amplexicaul. The spicate cymes are terminal, 5–10 cm long; the bracts are large, leaflike, sometimes purplish red, ovate, 1–1.5 cm long, apically acute, basally cuneate; the pedicels are short, glabrous; the calyces are funnelform-campanulate, 7–8  mm long, only pilose and ciliate outside of teeth, with five calyx teeth; the corollas are purple, bluish striped; the corolla tubes are as long as calyces or longer, outside sparsely pilose, inside puberulent, villous-annulate near base; the corolla

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brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is short, erect, apically rounded, emarginate; the lower lip is enlarged, elongate, three-lobed; the middle lobe is obcordate; the lateral lobes are linear oblong. There are four stamens, which are didynamous, slightly exserted from corolla, inserted at throat of corolla tube; the filaments are stout, straight, glabrous. The styles are slender, exserted from stamens, glabrous, apically two-lobed; the lobes are apiculate. The disks are ring; the lobes are inconspicuous, finger-like swollen in front. The nutlets are oblong or ovoid-trigonous, adaxially areole, abaxially raised at middle; the areolas are large, covering almost entire adaxial side. The flowering period is from April to August; the fruiting is from July to September. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, meadows, deserts, by valleys or streams. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested from April to June when blossom, washed and dried in the sun or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, It is often used for treatment of cold, bronchitis, tonsillitis, mumps, bacillary dysentery, traumatic bleeding, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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8.4  Family: Labiatae 8.4.1  Ajuga decumbens Chinese Name(s): jin chuang xiao cao, jin gu cao, ku di dan, san xue cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ajuga decumbens (Ajuga decumbens Thunb.) Morphology: The herb is annual or biennial, prostrate or ascending, stoloniferous; the stems are 10–20 cm long. The basal leaves are numerous, longer than stem leaves. The leaf blades are thinly papery, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, 3–6 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, sometimes up to 14 cm long, 5 cm wide, apically obtuse to rounded, basally attenuate-decurrent, irregularly undulate-crenate or entire at margins, ciliate, sparsely strigose to pilose on both surfaces and densely on vines; the lateral veins are in 4–5 pairs, obliquely ascending; the petioles are 1–2.5 cm long. The verticillasters are many flowered, basally widely spaced, apically crowded in interrupted spikes 7–12 cm; the lower floral leaves are isomorphic to stem, spatulate; the upper ones are bractlike, lanceolate; the pedicels are short. The calyx is funnelform, 5–8 mm long, sparsely pilose only at calyx teeth and at margins, with ten veins and five calyx teeth. The corolla is pale blue or reddish purple, rarely white, tubular, straight, basally slightly swollen, 8–10  mm long, sparsely pilose outside, sparsely puberulent only at the corolla tube inside, villous-annulate near base; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is short, straight, circular, apically emarginate; the lower lip is broad, elongated, three-lobed; the middle lobe of lower lip is narrowly flabellate to obcordate, and the lateral lobes are oblong to subelliptic. There are four stamens, which are didynamous, slightly curved, exserted, with thin filaments, sparsely pilose or subglabrous; the styles are beyond stamens, slightly curved, apically two-lobed, and the lobes are tapered; the disc is annular, with inconspicuous lobes, slightly digitate-swollen in front; the ovary is four-lobed, glabrous. The nutlets are obovoid-trigonous, with reticulate wrinkles at back and fruit navels in abdomen; the fruit navels are nearly 2/3 as large as adaxial side of nutlet. The flowering period is from March to July. The fruiting period is from May to November. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, meadows, deserts, by valleys or streams. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of south of the Yangtze River, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and summer when blooming, the silt removed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is 10–35  cm long. The root is small and dark yellow. The aboveground parts are grayish yellow or yellowish green, densely white pubescent. The stems are tufted, soft and flexible, not easy to break. The leaves are opposite, most of which are wrinkled and broken, and the intact ones are cochlear or obovate lanceolate, 3–6 cm long and 1.5–2.5 cm wide, greenish brown, with undulate coarse teeth on the margins and narrow wings on the petiole. The

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inflorescences are cymose, axillary, florets being two-lipped, yellowish brown. It is bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, cooling blood, and soothing the liver, and it is often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, lungs abscess, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, appendicitis, mastitis, acute conjunctivitis, and hypertension, as well as for external treatment of injuries, trauma bleeding, carbuncle, sore, burn, scald, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, pneumonia: Ajuga decumbens is made into tablets, each tablet equivalent to 5 g crude drug. Take five tablets each time, three times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis: Ajuga decumbens tablets (the crude powder of Ajuga grass is extracted by reflux with 0.5% acid ethanol for 2–3 times, filtrated, the ethanol retrieved from the filtration, concentrated into extract, added with hot water to remove impurities, filtrated, concentrated, dried, made into granulation, and pressed into tablets (each containing 2–2.5 g of crude drug). Take three times a day, five tablets each time. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute simple appendicitis: Ajuga decumbens, Caulis Spatholobus each 30  g, honeysuckle, Chinese violet, chrysanthemum each 15 g, Schisandra sphenanthera root, Corydalis tuber each 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take two doses a day for sever cases.

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8.5  Family: Labiatae 8.5.1  Ajuga lupulina Chinese Name(s): bai bao jin gu cao, ta ta hua, bai bao jin cao, shen dou. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ajuga lupulina (Ajuga lupulina Maxim.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, rhizomatous. The stems are 18–25 cm tall, tetragonous; the angles and nodes are white villous. The petioles are narrowly winged, basally amplexicaul; the leaf blades are lanceolate-oblong,

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5–11 cm long, 1.8–3 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate-decurrent. The spicate cymes are terminal; the bracts are ovate or broadly ovate, 3.5–5  cm long, 1.8–2.7 cm wide. The calyx is campanulate, 7–9 mm long, slightly swollen in front, with narrowly triangular tooth, ciliate. The corolla is white or whitish yellow, with purple lines, narrowly funnelform, 1.8–2.5 cm long; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is two-lobed, with subcircular lobes; the lower lip is three-lobed, with narrowly flabellate middle lobe and semicircular lateral lobes. There are four didynamous stamens, which inserted at middle of corolla tube; the anthers are kidneys-­ shaped, one-loculed; the styles are slightly two-lobed at apex; the ovary is four-lobed, villous. The nutlets are obovoid, with reticulate wrinkles at back. The flowering period is from July to September; the fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on sandy lands by river and alpine meadows, or in steep stone crevice of 1300–3500 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and summer when blooming, washed and dried in the sun or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting blood circulation and relieving swelling, It is often used for treatment of acute hectic disease, cold, fever, sore throat, cough, hypertension, syphilis, anthrax, injury caused by knocks and falls, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.6  Family: Labiatae 8.6.1  Ajuga nipponensis Chinese Name(s): zi bei jin pan, po xue dan, san xue cao, tui xue cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ajuga nipponensis (Ajuga nipponensis Makino.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are 10–20 cm tall, villous or sparsely pilose, tetragonous, basally often purple. The basal leaves are absent or few; the cauline leaves are petiolate; the petioles are 1–1.5 cm long; the leaf blades are broadly elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 2–4.5  cm long, 1.5–2.5  cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, sparsely strigose on both surfaces, abaxially often purple. The verticillasters are many flowered; the bracteoles ovate to broadly lanceolate, 0.8–1.5 cm long, green; the calyces are campanulate, 3–5 mm long, with five teeth, narrowly triangular or triangular; the corollas are bluish or blue-purple, 8–11 mm long, basally slightly swollen, outside sparsely pubescent; the corolla brim are two-­ lipped; the upper lip is short, two-lobed; the lower lip is elongated, three-lobed; the stamens are four, didynamous, exserted; the filaments are sturdy; the styles are apically two-lobed; the lobes are apiculate; the disks are ring. The nutlets are ovoid and trigonous. The flowering period is from December to March of the following year; the fruit period is from January to May. Habitat: It is grown at an altitude of 100–2800 m in fields, low meadows, forests and sunny slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in East China, South China and southwest provinces and northwest to the Southern slope of Qinling and Hebei, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and summer when blooming, washed and dried in the sun or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting blood circulation, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of acute hectic disease, cold, fever, sore throat, cough, hypertension, syphilis, anthrax, injury caused by knocks and falls, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.7  Family: Labiatae 8.7.1  Amethystea caerulea Chinese Name(s): shui ji zhen. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Amethystea caerulea (Amethystea caerulea Linn.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 0.3–1 m tall, pyramidally branched. The stem is tetragonous. The petioles are 0.7–2 cm long; the leaf blades are papery or submembranous, triangular or subovate, deeply three-lobed, rarely unlobed or five-lobed; the lobes are lanceolate, coarsely serrate or double-serrate at margin; the middle lobes are 2.5–4.7 cm long; the lateral lobes are 2–3.5 cm long. The panicles are composed of lax, long pedunculate cymes; the bracts are isomorphic with stem leaves, decrescent; the bracteoles are minute, linear, ca. 1 mm long; the pedicels are short, 1–2.5 mm long; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 2 mm long, with ten veins, with five calyx teeth, nearly regular and triangular; the corollas are blue or purplish blue; the tubes are clustered or slightly longer than calyx; the corolla brim is two-­ lipped; the upper lip is two-lobed, oblong-ovate or ovate; the lower lip is slightly larger, three-lobed; the middle lobe is suborbicular; the lateral lobe is isomorphic with upper lip. There are four stamens, the anterior pair of which is fertile; the filaments are slender, extending stamens ca. 1/2; the anthers are two-loculed, longitudinally dehiscent. The disk is annular, with equal lobes. The nutlets are abaxially netted-wrinkled, adaxially ribbed, smooth; the areoles are ca. 1/2 as long as nutlets. The flowering period is from August to September; the fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It is grown in fields, by roadsides and forests, on thickets and wet grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Hubei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, and Xinjiang, as well as Iran, Russia, Mongolia, North Korea, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and summer, the impurities removed, sectioned, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Reliving exterior symptoms, dispersing cold, dispelling wind, and promoting eruption of rash, and it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, sore throat, measles, urticaria, skin itching, etc. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.8  Family: Labiatae 8.8.1  Anisomeles indica Chinese Name(s): guang fang feng, fang feng cao, tu fang feng, pai feng cao, tu huo xiang, luo ma yi, hui cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Anisomeles indica (Anisomeles indica (Linn.) Kuntze [Epimeredi indica (Linn.) Rothm.]) Morphology: The herb is erect and robust, 1–2  m tall. The stems tetragonous, much branched, densely appressed white pubescent. The leaves are opposite, papery, broadly ovate or ovate, 4–9 cm long, 2.5–6 cm wide, apically acute or short-­acuminate, basally broadly cuneate to subtruncate, irregularly dentate at margin, adaxially finely strigose, abaxially densely white minutely tomentose; the petioles are 1–4.5 cm long. The flowers are pale purple, arranged into many-flowered verticillasters in the upper part of stems and branches, which are usually complex into a terminal spike; the bracts are leaflike, gradually decrescent upward; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 6 mm long, hirsute outside, glandular pubescent, yellow glandular, with ten longitudinal veins; the corollas are ca. 1.3 cm long; the corolla tubes are funnelform; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is erect, oblong; the lower lip is more spreading, ca. 9 mm long, three-lobed; the middle lobe is obcordate, bearded. There are four exserted stamens, of which the anterior pair is two-loculed and the posterior pair is one-loculed. The nutlets are globose, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter, black. The flowering period is from August to September; the fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows at an altitude of 100–800 m in the wilderness, village, by roadsides, wasteland and along forest margin. Distribution: It is distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Xizang of China, as well as in southeast Asia. Medicinal Properties: The plant is 70–150 cm long, white pubescent throughout. The stem is square and columnar, 0.5–1.5  cm in diameter, grayish green to purplish brown, with a straight groove on each side, many branched. It is slightly brittle, with coarse fibrous on the fracture surface and a nearly square white pith in the center. The leaves are shrunken and curly, ovate after flattening, 4–10 cm long, grayish brown on both surfaces, obvious reticular veined, and sparsely serrated on margins. The cymose are many flowered, axillary near the top of branches. The corollas are mostly abscised, remaining gray green calyxes. It is fragrant, slightly pungent and bitter in taste. The products with dense branches and leaves and grayish green are better in quality. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and summer, the impurities removed, sectioned, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and spleen. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving exterior symptoms, regulating Qi, and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, rheumatism, arthralgia, stomachache, gastroenteritis, as well as external treatment for skin eczema, neurodermatitis, insect snake bite, and carbuncle.

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Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application or decocted in water for washing the affected areas with. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: neurodermatitis: Anisomeles indica, Rhizoma Pinelliae and Rhizoma Arisaematis each 9 g, and menthol 1 g, soaked in 75% ethanol for 1 week, filtered, and used for rubbing the affected areas with, once a day.

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8.9  Family: Labiatae 8.9.1  Bostrychanthera deflexa Chinese Name(s): mao yao hua, chui hua ling zi xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Bostrychanthera deflexa (Bostrychanthera deflexa Benth.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, 0.5–1.5 m tall. The stems are hard, tetragonous, deeply sulcate, densely retrorse hirtellous. The leaf blades are lanceolate, 8–22  cm long, 1.5–5  cm wide, adaxially sparsely hirtellous, abaxially sparsely pubescent on reticulate veins. The cymes are 7–11 flowered; the calyces are 3.7–4.5 mm long, 2.8–3.5 mm wide, sparsely pubescent at base outside, glabrous inside; the corollas are purplish red, 2.4–3.3 cm long, sparsely hirsute outside; the corolla tubes are ca. 3 mm wide basally, spreading above the middle, up to 1 cm wide at throat; the corolla brims are nearly two-lipped; the upper lip is short, ca. 3.5 mm long, ca. 4.5 mm wide; the lower lip is long, 0.9–1.4 cm long, 1.4–1.9 cm wide. There is one ripe nutlet, drupelike, subglobose, 5–7  mm in diameter. The flowering period is from July to September; the fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows in humid forests at an altitude between 500 and 1400 m. Distribution: It is distributed in Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing, Sichuan and Hubei of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn when blooming, sectioned, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, it is often used for treatment of diarrhea, rheumatic bone pain, and cold. Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.10  Family: Labiatae 8.10.1  Clerodendranthus spicatus Chinese Name(s): shen cha, mao xu cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Clerodendranthus spicatus (Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The leaves are ovate, rhombic-ovate to ovate-oblong, 2–5.5 cm long, 1.3–3.5 cm wide, apically acute, basally broadly

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cuneate, coarsely dentate or remotely crenate at margins, papery, adaxially olive green, abaxially grayish green, sparsely hairy; the lateral veins are in 4–5 pairs; the petioles are 5–15 mm long, pubescent. The verticillasters are six-flowered, arranged into racemes with peduncles 8–12 cm long on the apex of main stems and lateral branches; the bracts are oblong, ca. 3.5 mm long, ca. 3 mm wide, apically acute, entire, longitudinally parallel veined, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely pubescent, ciliate at margins; the pedicels are up to ca. 5 mm long. The calyces are ovoid, 5–6 mm long, ca. 2.5 mm wide, two-lipped; the upper lip is circular, ca. 2.5 mm long and wide, decurrent at margins to calyx tubes; the lower lip has four teeth which is triangular, apically awned, ciliate at margins, and the anterior two teeth are twice as long as lateral two teeth. The fruiting calyces are enlarged, up to 1.1 cm long, to 5 mm wide, with ten distinct veins, with obvious reticulate veins; the upper lip is conspicuously reflexed, and the lower lip is projected. The corollas are light purple or white, puberulent outside, sparsely rust colored glandular on upper lip; the tubes are narrowly tubular, 9–19  mm long, subequal, ca. 1  mm in diameter; the brims are large, two-lipped; the upper lip is large, reflexed, ca. 6 mm in diameter, three-lobed; the middle lobe is larger, apically emarginate; the lower lip is straight, oblong, ca. 5 mm long, ca. 2.5 mm wide, slightly emarginate. There are four stamens. The styles are exserted, apically club-shaped, two-lobed. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to November. Habitat: It grows in moist places under forests, mainly cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Southern Guangxi, southern Yunnan of China, as well as in southestern Asia and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The whole grass is 30–70 cm long. The stems are square columnar, angulate, and slightly expanded on the joint. The old stem is grayish brown to grayish brown on surfaces, with longitudinal wrinkles or longitudinal grooves. The cross section is woody, yellowish white around and with white pith in the center. The tender branches are opposite to the joint, purplish brown to purplish red, pubescent. The leaves are opposite, wrinkled, yellowish green to dark green, pilose on both surfaces, brittle and fragile. The whole leaves are ovate or ovate lanceolate, 2–5.5 cm long and 1.3–3.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, serrated above the middle. The petioles are about 2 cm long. The inflorescences are cymose, with six flowers in each whorl, and most of them are abscised. It is slight in odor, and the stem is bland in taste, and the leaf is slightly bitter. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of spleen, small intestine and bladder. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, expelling stone, and promoting diuresis, and it is often used for treatment of acute nephritis, cystitis, urinary calculi, and rheumatoid arthritis. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.11  Family: Labiatae 8.11.1  Clinopodium chinense, Clinopodium polycephalum Chinese Name(s): duan xie liu, jiu ceng ta, xiong dan cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Clinopodium chinense (Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O.  Kuntze) and Clinopodium polycephalum (Clinopodium polycephalum (Vaniot) C. Y. Wu et Hsuan). Morphology: A. Clinopodium chinense: The plant is a perennial herb. The upper parts of stems are ascending, much branched, ca. 1 m tall, tetragonous, finely sulcate, densely pubescent and glandular puberulent. The leaves are ovate, not obliquely, 2–4 cm long, 1.3–2.6 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally rounded to broadly cuneate, crenate-serrate at margins, hard papery, adaxially olive green, densely appressed minutely hispid, abaxially grayish white, sparsely pilose; the lateral veins are in 5–7 pairs; the petioles are 3–8 mm long, densely pilose. The verticillasters are many flowered, semiglobose; the lower ones are ca. 3 cm in diameter, and the upper ones are ca. 1.5 cm in diameter, widely spaced; the bracteal leaves are leaflike, gradually attenuate upward to bractlike; the bracts are needlelike, 3–6 mm long, numerous, puberulent-ciliate and puberulent; the peduncles are ca. 1–2 mm long, much branched; the pedicels are ca. 2.5 mm long. The calyces are narrowly tubular, often purple-red, ca. 6 mm, with 13 vines, pilose or glandular puberulent outside along veins, pilose inside on teeth, basally slightly swollen on one side in fruit; the upper lip has three teeth, nearly reflexed, narrowly triangular, apically acuminate; the lower lip has two teeth, longer, straight, apically awned. The corollas are purple-red, ca. 9 mm long, puberulent outside, with two rows of hairs inside at

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throat under the lower lip; the corolla tubes are exserted, gradually broadening upward, ca. 2.0 mm wide at throat; the corolla brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is straight, apically emarginate; the lower lip is three-lobed, and the middle lobe is larger. There are four stamens; the anterior pair is slightly longer, hidden or slightly visible; the anthers are two-chambered, slightly divided. The styles are slightly visible, apically unequally two-lobed; the lobes are flat; the ovaries are glabrous. The flowering period is from May to August; the fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, barren hills, and in grass by the roadside. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Shandong, Guangxi of China, as well as in Japan.

Morphology: B. Clinopodium polycephalum: The plant is an erect, perennial herb, 0.3–1 m tall, much branched. The stems are tetragonous, with grooves, spreading hispid and glandular hairy. The leaves are ovate, 2–5 cm long, 1.5–3.2 cm wide, hispid on both surfaces. The verticillasters are globose or spikelike, up to 2 cm in diameter in flower; the calyces are cylindrical, ca. 6 mm long in flower, ca. 1 mm wide, sparsely hispid at throat. The corollas are purple-red, ca. 8  mm long; the corolla tubes are exserted from calyx, puberulent outside; the corolla brims are two-­ lipped; the upper lip is straight; the lower lip is three-lobed. The nutlets are ovoid, ca. 1 mm long, brown, smooth. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows by roadsides of slopes, under forests, or in thickets below 3400 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Xizang. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and dried in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: The stem of this product is square, concave and grooved on all four sides. The branches are opposite, 30–90 cm long and 1.5–4 mm in diameter, grayish white pilose on the upper part, and sparsely hairy on the lower, 2–8 cm between internodes, adaxially grayish green or greenish brown, brittle and easy to break, uneven on the cross-section, medullary or hollow in the center. The leaves are opposite and petiolate. The leaves are shrunken and broken, ovate when flattening, 2–5  cm long and 1.5–3.2  cm wide, serrated on margins, greenish brown on the upper surface, and grayish green on the lower, white pubescent on both surfaces. It is slightly fragrant and the taste is bitter. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridian of liver. Functions: Stopping bleeding, dispelling wind and clearing heat, detoxicating, and stopping dysentery, and it is often used for treatment of uterine fibroids bleeding, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, urine, trauma bleeding, cold, heatstroke, acute cholecystitis, hepatitis, enteritis, dysentery, mumps, mastitis, sore, allergic dermatitis, and acute conjunctivitis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application, or decocted in water for washing the affected areas with; or the dried leaves are ground to powder and used for application.

8.12  Family: Labiatae 8.12.1  Clinopodium confine Chinese Name(s): guang feng lun cai, lin jin feng lun cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Clinopodium confine (Clinopodium confine (Hance) O. Kuntze). Morphology: The herb is diffuse, rooting at base. The stems are tetragonous, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. The leaves are ovate, 9–22  mm long, 5–17  mm wide, apically obtuse, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, 5–7-crenate-serrate at margin above base, thinly papery, glabrous on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in 3–4 pairs, obvious on both surfaces as middle veins; the petioles are 2–10 mm long, sparsely puberulent. The verticillasters are many flowered, subglobose, up to 1–1.3 cm in diameter, widely spaced; the bracteal leaves are leaflike; the bracts are very small; the pedicels are 1–2 mm long, puberulent. The calyxes are subcylindric, narrower at base, ca. 5  mm long in flower, slightly dilated in fruit, glabrous or sparsely hairy along veins, finely pilose inside throat; the upper lip has three teeth, triangular, ciliate; the lower lip has two teeth, narrowly triangular, slightly longer, ciliate. The corollas are pink to purple-red, slightly longer than calyx, ca. 4  mm long, puberulent outside, slightly hairy or subglabrous inside under lower lip; the corolla tubes are gradually broadening upward, ca. 1.2  mm wide at throat; the corolla brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is straight, ca. 0.6  mm long, apically emarginate; the lower lip is as long as the upper one, three-lobed, and the middle

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lobe is larger, apically emarginate. There are four stamens, which are hidden inside; the anterior pair is fertile; the posterior pair is rudimentary; the anthers are two-­ chambered, slightly divided. The styles are slightly thickened apically, two-lobed; the lobes are flat; the disks are flat; the ovaries are glabrous. The nutlets are ovoid, ca. 0.8 mm long, brown, smooth. The flowering period is from April to June; the fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows in the wilderness, by the road, or on the grass. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Henan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, and Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of carbuncle furuncle, mastitis, nameless swelling and poison, and knife wound, as well as for external treatment of urticaria and allergic dermatitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application, or decocted in water for washing the affected areas with. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: carbuncle furuncle, folliculitis, cellulitis: fresh Clinopodium confine, fresh Houttuynia cordata, fresh Senecio leaves of the same amount, washed, added with cold boiled water and appropriate amount of vinegar, mashed, applied to the affected areas, twice a day; or the former medicines are dried, ground to powder, and set aside, prepared temporarily if necessary. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mastitis: Clinopodium confine, Cortex Ulmi Parvifoliae each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use; in addition, the fresh products are washed and mashed for application externally. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: knife wound, nameless swelling and poison: fresh Clinopodium confine is mashed, or added with a little salt for application externally.

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8.13  Family: Labiatae 8.13.1  Clinopodium gracile Chinese Name(s): shou feng lun cai, xi feng lun cai, bao ta cai, jian dao cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Clinopodium gracile (Clinopodium gracile (Benth.) Matsum.) Morphology: The herb is slender. The blades of basal leaves are circular-ovate, small, ca. 1 cm long, 0.8–0.9 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally rounded, remotely crenate at margin; the blades of lower and mid stem leaves are ovate, larger, 1.2–3.4  cm long, 1–2.4  cm wide, apically obtuse, basally rounded or cuneate, remotely dentate or crenate-serrate at margin, thinly papery, adaxially olive-green, subglabrous, abaxially pale green, sparsely minutely hispid on veins; the lateral veins are in two or three pairs; the petioles are 0.3–1.8 cm; the blades of upper stem

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leaves are ovate-lanceolate, apically acute, serrate at margin. The verticillasters are few flowered, lax or crowded in short terminal raceme; the bracts are needlelike, far shorter than pedicels; the pedicels are 1–3 mm long, puberulent. The calyces are tubular, basally rounded, ca. 3 mm long at anthesis, declinate and basally slightly swollen on one side in fruit, ca. 5 mm long, with 13 vines, puberulent or subglabrous, minutely hispid on veins, sparsely fine pilose inside throat; the upper lip has three teeth, short, triangular, reflexed in fruit, ciliate; the lower lip has two teeth, slightly longer, apically subulate, horizontally spreading, ciliate. The corollas are white to purple-red, ca. 1/2 longer than calyx, puberulent outside, puberulent inside at throat; the corolla tubes are gradually broadening upward; the corolla brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is straight, apically emarginate; the lower lip is three-­ lobed, and the middle lobe is larger. There are four stamens; the anterior pair is fertile, as tall as the upper lip; the anthers are two-chambered, slightly divided. The styles are slightly thickened apically, two-lobed; the ovaries are glabrous. The nutlets are ovoid, brown, smooth. The flowering period is from June to August; the fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows in the wilderness, by the road, or in the grass. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan of China, as well as in southeast Asia and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Dispersing blood stasis and detoxicating, expelling wind and heat, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of dysentery, enteritis, mastitis, haemorrhage, cold, headache, heatstroke, abdominal pain, injury, and allergic dermatitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.14  Family: Labiatae 8.14.1  Coleus carnosifolius Chinese Name(s): rou ye qiao rui hua, jia hui cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Coleus carnosifolius (Coleus carnosifolius (Hemsl.) Dunn). Morphology: The plant is a perennial, fleshy herb. The stems are rather robust, erect, ca. 30 cm tall, much branched. The leaves are fleshy, broadly ovoid or suborbicular, 1.2–3.5 cm in diameter, apically obtuse or rounded, basally truncate or suborbicular, rarely acute, remotely crenate to undulate-crenate at margin, greenish or purple on both surfaces, slightly hairy, red-brown glandular; the lateral veins are in 3(4) pairs, arcuate, slightly raised with middle veins on both surfaces; the petioles are shorter than or as long as leaf blades, compressed, winged, slightly hairy. The verticillasters are many flowered, 3–4 cm in diameter in fruit, arranged in racemes, up to 18 cm long; the pedicels are elongated, 3–6 mm long, densely puberulent with short peduncles and rachis; the bracts are obovate, ca. 4 mm long, ca. 3 mm wide, apically mucronate, deciduous, with five veins, outside densely glandular-­puberulent and red-brown glandular; the calyces are ovoid-campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm long at anthesis, outside densely glandular-puberulent and red-brown glandular, inside glabrous; the calyces are enlarged and elongating in fruit, tubular-campanulate, conspicuously declinate, slightly curved, up to 8 mm long, with five subequal teeth; the

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posterior 1 is conspicuously enlarged, triangular-ovate, reflexed in fruit; the other four teeth are oblong-lanceolate, apically acuminate; the corollas are pale purple or dark purple, puberulent outside, ca. 1.2  cm long; the corolla tubes are less than 1 mm wide at base, abruptly recurved beyond calyx, gradually broadening upward, up to 2.5 mm wide at throat; the brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is shallowly four-lobed; the lower lip is entire, elongating. There are four stamens, which are hidden inside; the filaments are nearly connate at base. The nutlets are ovoid-­ globose, smooth, dark brown or black. The flowering period is from September to October; the fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows on forests of limestone regions. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hunan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Dispelling cold and relieving exterior symptoms, dispelling phlegm and stopping coughing, detoxicating, and relieving swelling and pain, and it is often used for treatment of sore throat, infantile malnutrition, external use to treat sore and abscess, furuncle, snake bite, and scabies. Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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8.15  Family: Labiatae 8.15.1  Dracocephalum heterophyllum Chinese Name(s): bai hua zhi zi hua, yi ye qing lan, mi guan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Dracocephalum heterophyllum (Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth.) Morphology: The herb is perennial, 10–30 cm tall. The roots are robust, grayish brown. The stems are numerous, erect or oblique, tetragonous, pale purple or green, densely puberulent. The leaves are opposite, triangular-ovate to oblong, 1.5–3 cm long, 0.7–2 cm wide, apically obtuse or rounded, basally cordate or truncate, shallowly crenate or serrate at margin, pubescent on both surfaces; the petioles are nearly as long as leaf blades. The verticillasters are crowded on apex of stem, 4–10 cm long, 4–8-flowered per whorl; the bracts are leaflike, petiolate, obovate or oblanceolate, 1.0–1.2  cm long, spinescent-serrulate at margin; the flowers are shortly pedunculate; the calyces are two-lipped; the upper lip is three-lobed; the lower lip is short, two-lobed; the lobe teeth are apically with awn-like spines; the corolla tubes are nearly as long as lips, pale yellow or white, pubescent outside; there are four stamens, which are nearly as long as corolla; the styles are exserted from corolla. There are four nutlets, which are black, trigonous, apically truncate, basally slightly mucronate. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on stony slopes, hills. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Northwestern Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, removed the silt, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Relieving coughing, clearing the liver, and dispersing nodules, and it is often used for treatment of heat in the lungs, cough, headache due to liver fire, goiter and tumor, scrofula, and sores. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the decoctum is used for gargling with. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: swelling pain of head-eye due to liver fire: Dracocephalum heterophyllum, raw Paeonia alba, Uncaria rhynchophylla (decocted later), cassia seed, each 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: scrofula: Dracocephalum heterophyllum 12 g, oyster 15 g, 9 g Fritillaria thunbergii and Scrophularia each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: coughing due to heat in the lungs: Dracocephalum heterophyllum, Scutellaria baicalensis each 9  g, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.16  Family: Labiatae 8.16.1  Dracocephalum moldavicum Chinese Name(s): xiang qing lan, qing lan, zhi zi hua, shan bo he, chao mian hua. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Dracocephalum moldavicum (Dracocephalum moldavicum Linn.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 20–45 cm tall. There are many fascicled fibrous roots, which are 1–2 mm in diameter, black on surface. The stems are erect, basally much branched, tetragonous, minutely retrorse hairy. The leaves are opposite; the basal leaves are long-petiolate; the petioles of cauline leaves are 3–8 mm long; the leaf blades are pinnate; the lobes are linear, in 2–3 pairs, 1–3 cm long, 1–3 mm wide, which on apex is longer, white pilose on both surfaces, entire, involute at margins. The verticillasters are on upper parts of branches, clustered into discontinuous spikes; the bracts are leaflike, 5–15 mm long, with 3–5 spiny lobes; the calyces are tubular, apically 5-toothed, with 15 veins, densely white pubescent and golden glandular outside, often purplish; the corollas are lipped, 2.0–2.5  cm long, shortly hairy outside; the upper lip is slightly curved, apically two-lobed; the lower lip is three-lobed, and middle lobe is the largest. There are four stamens; the upper two are longer; the filaments are hairy. There is one pistil; the style is slender; the stigma is two-lobed, exserted from corollas. The nutlets are oblong, smooth. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on slopes, by roadsides, beside gullies, fixed dunes and grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai, as well as in Russia, Eastern and central Europe extending south to the Kashmir region. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are cut in summer and autumn after flowering, the impurities removed, and dried in the sun directly or sectioned. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing the lungs and relieving exterior symptoms, cooling the liver, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, sore throat, tracheitis, asthma, jaundice, hematemesis, haemorrhage, dysentery, and neurasthenia. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: liver heat: safflower, gypsum, bezoar each 10  g, Scabiosa tschiliensis, Dianthus superbus, Dracocephalum moldavicum, trogopterus dung 5 g, made into powder and taken 1.5–3 g each time, 1–3 times a day, with warm boiled water.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gastrorrhagia and gastric ulcer: tophus (prepared), gypsum, safflower, Dracocephalum moldavicum, Scabiosa tschiliensis, Dianthus superbus, trogopterus dung in equal amounts, made into powder and taken 1.5–3 g each time, 1–2 times a day with warm boiled water. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: exogenous headache, fever, sore throat: Dracocephalum moldavicum 30 g (15 g for dried products), decocted in water and taken twice a day.

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8.17  Family: Labiatae 8.17.1  Dracocephalum tanguticum Chinese Name(s): gan qing qing lan, tang gu te qing lan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Dracocephalum tanguticum (Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, fetid. The stems are erect 35–55 cm tall, obtusely four-angled; the internodes are 2.5–6  cm long. The petioles are 3–8 mm long; the leaf blades are elliptic-ovate to elliptic, 2.6–4 cm long × 1.4–2.5 mm wide, pinnatisect; the segments are in two or three pairs, linear, 7–19  mm long, 1–2 mm wide. The verticillasters are terminal, 4–6-flowered, clustered into discontinuous spikes. The calyces are 1–1.4 cm, often purplish, split to 1/3 its length; the upper lips are three-lobed to 2/3 its length, middle tooth being subequal to lateral lobes, broadly lanceolate, lower lip being split to the base; the teeth are lanceolate.

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The corollas are purple-blue to dark purple, 2–2.7  cm long, pubescent outside, lower lips being 2 × as long as upper lip; the filaments are hairy. The flowering period is from June to August; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows by riverbanks, grassy beaches of dry lake beds or along forest edge at an altitude between 1900 and 4000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants with roots are dug up from July to August, the dead leaves and silt removed, and dried in the shade directly or sectioned. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Harmonizing the stomach and soothing the liver, clearing heat and promoting diuresis, stopping coughing, and resolving phlegm, and it is often used for treatment of distention and pain of liver and stomach, damp-heat in the liver and gallbladder, ascites, edema, coughing with phlegm, gastritis, gastric ulcer, hepatitis, and hepatomegaly. Use and Dosage: 3–15 g per dose, decocted in water or made into powder for oral use.

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8.18  Family: Labiatae 8.18.1  Dysophylla sampsonii Chinese Name(s): chi ye shui la zhu, sen shi shui zhen zhu cai, jiang shi shui la zhu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Dysophylla sampsonii (Dysophylla sampsonii Hance). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect to trailing at base, 15–50 cm tall, basally often thicker, with short internodes, obtuse-tetragonous, glabrous, often reddish. The leaves are obovate-oblong to oblanceolate, 0.9–6.2  cm long, 4–8 mm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally attenuate, conspicuously serrate except basal 1/3 entire at margins, basally subentire, hard papery, adaxially olive green, abaxially light green, densely black glandular, glabrous on both surfaces, serrate. The spikes are 1.2–7  cm long, ca. 8  mm wide; the peduncles are glandular pilose; the bracts are ovate-lanceolate, scarcely longer than calyx, reddish; the calyces are broadly campanulate, ca. 1.4  mm long, outside pubescent, basally yellow glandular, purplish red; there are five calyx teeth, which are ovate, more than 1/3 as long as calyx; the corollas are purplish red, ca. 2 mm long; the corolla brims are four-lobed; the lobes are subequal. There are four stamens, which are much exserted; the filament hairs are purplish red. The styles are apically two-­ lobed. The disks are flat. The nutlets are ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, dark brown, shiny. The flowering period is from September to October; the fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows on marshes and waterside wetlands at an altitude of 100–1100 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Detoxicating, cooling blood, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of traumatic bleeding and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water or made into powder for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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8.19  Family: Labiatae 8.19.1  Elsholtzia argyi Chinese Name(s): zi hua xiang ru, ya shua hua, chou cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Elsholtzia argyi (Elsholtzia argyi Lévl.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, 0.5–1 m tall. The stems are tetragonous, with grooves, purple, sparsely or densely white pubescent on grooves. The leaves are ovate to broadly ovate, 2–6 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, apically short-acuminate, basally rounded to broadly cuneate, adaxially green, sparsely pilose, abaxially light green, white pubescent along veins. The spikes are 2–7  cm long, secund, consisting of eight-flowered verticillasters; the bracts are rounded, ca. 5 mm long and wide, white villous outside, often purplish; the calyces are tubular, ca. 2.5 mm long, white villous outside; the corollas are rose-purple, ca. 6 mm long, white villous outside; the corolla tubes are gradually broadening upward, ca. 2.0  mm wide at throat; the corolla brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is erect, apically emarginate, villous at margins; the lower lip is slightly spreading. There are four stamens; of which the anterior pair is exserted; the anthers are dark purple. The nutlets are oblong, ca. 1 mm long, dark brown, minutely tuberculate outside. The flowering and fruiting periods are from September to November. Habitat: It grows in thickets on the slopes at an altitude of 200–1200 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, as well as in Japan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn when the fruits matured, removed the impurities and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Sweating, relieving the exterior symptoms, and promoting diuresis, and it is often used for treatment of cold in summer, acute gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, edema, halitosis, headache due to heatstroke, abdominal distension, diarrhea, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.20  Family: Labiatae 8.20.1  Elsholtzia ciliata Chinese Name(s): xiang ru, jing jie, xiao jing jie, la la xiang, xiao ye su zi. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Elsholtzia ciliata (Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland). Morphology: The herb is erect, 0.3–0.5 m tall. The leaves are ovate or elliptic-­ lanceolate, 3–9 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate-­decurrent into narrow wings, serrate at margins, adaxially green, sparsely minutely hispid, abaxially pale green; the lateral veins are in ca. 6–7 pairs; the petioles are 0.5–3.5 cm long, narrowly winged at margins, sparsely minutely hispid. The spikes are 2–7 cm long, up to 1.3  cm wide, secund, consisting of many-flowered verticillasters; the

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bracts are broadly ovoid or oblate, ca. 4  mm long and wide, apically awned-­ mucronulate, often faded, subglabrous outside, sparsely resinous glandular, glabrous inside, ciliate or ciliolate at margins; the apical mucro is up to 2  mm; the pedicels are slender, ca. 1.2 mm long, subglabrous, densely white pubescent; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm long, sparsely pilose outside, sparsely glandular, glabrous inside; there are five triangular calyx teeth; the anterior two teeth are longer, apically needlelike, ciliate at margins; the corollas are purplish, ca. three times as long as calyx, pubescent outside, sparsely glandular on posterior side, pilose at throat; the corolla tubes are gradually broadening upward, ca. 1.2 mm wide at throat; the corolla brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is erect, apically emarginate; the lower lip is spreading, three-lobed; the middle lobe of lower lip is semicircular, and the lateral lobes are arcuate, shorter than middle lobe. There are four stamens; the anterior pair is longer, exserted; the filaments are glabrous; the anthers are purple-black. The styles are included, apically two-lobed. The nutlets are oblong, ca. 1 mm long, yellow-brown, smooth. The flowering period is from July to October; the fruiting period is from October to January of the following year. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, in open fields, by streams and river banks. Distribution: It is widely distributed all over the country China, except for Xinjiang and Qinghai. It is also distributed in Russia Siberia, North Korea, Japan, India to Indo-China Peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Sweating, relieving summer heat, and promoting diuresis, and it is often used for treatment of cold in summer, fever without sweating, heat stroke, acute gastroenteritis, chest tightness, halitosis, and dysuria. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.21  Family: Labiatae 8.21.1  Elsholtzia splendens Chinese Name(s): hai zhou xiang ru. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Elsholtzia splendens (Elsholtzia splendens Nakai ex F. Maekawa). Morphology: The plant is an erect herb, 30–50  cm tall. The stems are erect, tawny purple, with two rows of pilose hairs, much branched above base; the branches are erect-patent. The leaves are ovate-triangular, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3–6 cm long, 0.8–2.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally broad or narrowly cuneate, decurrent to petiole, sparsely serrate at margins; the petioles are longer on middle leaves of stem, gradually shorter upward, 0.5–1.5 cm long, adaxially pubescent. The spikes are terminal, secund, 3.5–4.5  cm long, consisting of many verticillasters; the bracts are suborbicular or broadly ovate, ca. 5 mm long, 6–7 mm wide, apically caudate-cuspidate, with mucrones 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous except for the ciliate margins, sparsely glandular, tinged purple; the pedicels are less than 1 mm long, subglabrous; the rachis is pubescent; the calyces is campanulate, 2–2.5  mm long, white hispidulous outside, glandular; there are five calyx teeth, which are triangular, subequal, apically spinescent, ciliate at margins; the corollas are rose-purple, 6–7 mm long, slightly incurved, subfunnelform, densely pilose outside, ring-hairy inside; the corolla tubes are ca. 0.5  mm wide at base, gradually broadening upward, less than 2 mm wide at throat; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is erect, apically emarginate; the lower lip is spreading, three-lobed; the middle lobe of lower lip is circular, entire at margins, and the lateral lobes are truncate or subcircular. There are four exserted stamens; the anterior pair is longer; the filaments are glabrous. The styles are longer than stamens, apically two-lobed;

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the lobes are subulate. The nutlets are oblong, 1.5 mm long, dark brown, tuberculate. The flowering and fruiting periods are from September to November. Habitat: It grows by the road of mountains or in thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, as well as in North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Sweating, relieving summer heat, harmonizing the spleen and stomach, and promoting diuresis, and it is often used for treatment of cold caused by summer-dampness, aversion to cold and fever without sweating, abdominal pain, vomiting, edema, and beriberi. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.22  Family: Labiatae 8.22.1  Eriophyton wallichii Chinese Name(s): mian shen, guang gan qiong, jin shen. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Eriophyton wallichii (Eriophyton wallichii Benth.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The roots are thick, terete. The stems are erect, 10–20 cm tall, obtuse-tetragonous, lanate on upper parts. The basal leaves are small, bract-like, glabrous; the upper leaves are large, decussate, rhombic to circular, 3–4 cm long and wide, reduced and acute apically, basally broadly cuneate, densely lanate on both surfaces. The verticillasters are six-flowered; the bracteoles are spinelike, up to 1.2 cm long, densely lanate. The calyces are broadly campanulate, hidden in leaves, outside densely lanate, inside lanate on apex or at margins of calyx teeth. The corollas are 2.2–2.8  cm long, purplish to reddish; the tubes are about half the length of corolla; the corolla brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is broad, densely lanate outside; the lower lip is small, three-lobed. The nutlets are ca. 3  mm long, yellow-brown. The flowering period is from July to September; the fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the stony alluvial fans formed by the weathering and slumping of high mountains at an altitude of 2700–4700 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Qinghai, Tibet, as well as in Nepal and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested from July to August, washed and dried in the shade. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property.

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Functions: Nourishing and replenishing Qi, promoting lactation, and lifting middle Qi, and it is often used for treatment of anemia, body deficiency after the disease, insufficient breast milk, influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, dysentery, aquatic poisoning, food poisoning, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.23  Family: Labiatae 8.23.1  Glechoma longituba Chinese Name(s): huo xue dan, lian qian cao, jin qian cao, tou gu xiao, jin qian bo he. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Glechoma longituba (Glechoma longituba (Nakai) Kupr [G. brevituba Kupr.]) Morphology: The plant is a perennial creeping herb. The stems are slender, square-columnar, 10–30 cm long, often prostrated on lower parts, rooting on nodes, obliquely ascending on upper parts or suberect, sparely villous on young parts. The leaves are opposite, long-petiolate, grassy, cordate to subreniform; the upper leaves are 1.8–2.6 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, apically obtuse, crenate at margins, pilose or hirsute on both surfaces, abaxially often purple. The flowers are blue or purple, short-petiolate, often simple and axillary, rarely two or three in clusters; the calyces are tubular, 9–11 mm long, 15 longitudinally veined, pilose; the calyx lobes are as long as calyx tube or shorter, apically awned, ciliate. There are two types of corollas; the long-tubed corolla is 1.7–2.2 cm long; the short-tubed corolla is 1–1.4 cm long; the corollas are more or less hairy; the tubes are cylindric on lower part, obviously enlarged to campanulate on upper part; the brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is straight; the lower lip is obliquely spreading; the middle lobe is large, apically emarginate. There are four stamens, which are hidden inside. The nutlets are oblong-­ ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long, dark brown, concealed within persistent calyx. The flowering period is from April to May; the fruiting period is from May to June. Habitat: It grows in forests, by streamside, village side, and roadside, or in other wet places. Distribution: It is distributed in China except for the northwest and Inner Mongolia. It is also distributed in the Russian Far East and North Korea.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: While the product is often wound into a mass, the length of the whole grass is 15–30 cm. The stem is much branched, 1–2 mm in diameter, yellowish white, with four edges, and often intertwined. There are fibrous roots on the lower stem node. It is flexible and not easy to break. The leaf blades are round or reniform cordate, 2–3  cm wide, yellowish green, marginally crenate, papery, often shrunken and curly. The petioles are about 3 cm long. It is slightly fragrant and pungent in taste. The products with more leaves and yellowish green are better in quality, belonging to the meridians of liver, kidneys and bladder. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis and relieving strangury, removing urinary calculus, dispersing blood stasis and reducing swelling, and it is often used for treatment of urinary tract infection, urinary tract stones, stomach, duodenal ulcer, jaundice hepatitis, hepatolithiasis, cold, cough, rheumatoid arthritis, irregular menstruation, Tripterygium wilfordii poisoning, as well as for external treatment of injuries caused by knocks and falls, fractures, sore Soup swelling poison. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute nephritis: Glechoma longituba, Melastoma dodecandrum, Lygodium japonicum stem, Kalimeris indica each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use and taken one dose a day in two times. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: urinary tract stones: fresh Glechoma longituba 30 g, decocted in water for oral use, 1–2 months as a course of treatment. Increase the dosage by days until reaching to 180 g. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Tripterygium wilfordii poisoning: fresh Glechoma longituba 150–500 g, washed and ground for the juice and taken in 3–4 times. The residue can be decocted again and taken instead of tea. Meanwhile, infusion and supplementary of vitamin B, C might be used. In cases with relieving abdominal pain, Atropine can be used too and in cases with edema, plantain and Imperata cylindrica root are decocted and taken instead of tea. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by knocks and falls: fresh Glechoma longituba 60 g, mashed for juice and mixed with sugar for oral use. In addition, take a proper amount of fresh whole grass, mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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8.24  Family: Labiatae 8.24.1  Gomphostemma chinense Chinese Name(s): zhong hua zhui hua, bang hong hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gomphostemma chinense (Gomphostemma chinense Oliv.) Morphology: The plant is a herb. The stems are erect, up to 80  cm tall. The leaves are elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 4–13 cm long, 2–7 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally obtuse to rounded, irregularly coarsely serrate to subentire at margins, adaxially gray-olive-green, stellate villous and sparsely appressed hispidulous, abaxially grayish white, densely stellate tomentose; the petioles are 2–6  cm long, densely stellate tomentose. The cymes are grouped into panicles or solitary, opposite, inserted at base of stems, four- or more flowered, 2.5–10  cm long including the peduncles; the peduncles are short; the bracts are elliptic to lanceolate, 11–16 mm long, 5–7 mm wide, adaxially glabrous, abaxially stellate pubescent, coarsely serrate at margin or entire on apical half; the bracteoles are linear; the calyces are narrowly campanulate in flower, 12–13 mm long, 5–6 mm wide, densely gray stellate tomentose outside; the calyx teeth are lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 6–7 mm, apically acuminate; the corollas are yellowish to white, ca. 5.2 cm long, sparsely puberulent outside, glabrous inside; the corolla tubes are ca. 3 mm wide, abruptly dilated from apical 1/3 to 9 mm wide at throat; the corolla brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is erect, ca. 6 mm long, ca. 8 mm wide, apically rounded and emarginate, slightly upward; the lower lip is 10–14 mm long, 13–19 mm wide, three-lobed; the middle lobe is obovate-subcircular, 7–8 mm long, 6–7 mm wide, irregularly undulate at margins; the lateral lobes are ovate, ca. 5 mm long and wide. The stamens are almost as long as upper lip of corolla; the filaments are complanate. The styles are

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shorter than stamens, slightly thicker on apical 2/3, apically unequally two-cleft. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from October to December. Habitat: It grows in the thick forest of the valley. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing blood stasis, reducing swelling, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of sore mouth and tongue, pharyngolaryngitis, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 9–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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8.25  Family: Labiatae 8.25.1  Holocheila longipedunculata Chinese Name(s): quan chun hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Holocheila longipedunculata (Holocheila longipedunculata S. Chow.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial and erect herb, with prostrated branches, 20–30 cm tall. The stems are simple, obscurely tetragonous, spreading hirsute. The leaves are papery, cordate or oblong-cordate, 2.2–4.9 cm long, 2.5–4.7 cm wide,

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apically obtuse, basally truncate or subcordate, crenate at margin, basally serrate, hirsute on both surfaces; the petioles are 2.2–5.5 cm long, glandular hirsute. The cymes are corymbose, axillary, 7–13-flowered; the peduncles are ca. 2 cm long; the bracts are obovate-lanceolate to linear, entire at margins. The calyces are 5  mm long, 2.5 mm wide, hirsute outside, sparsely pilose inside; the upper lip is three-­ toothed; the upper teeth are ovate-triangular, and the middle lobe is largest; the lower lip is two-toothed, shorter than the upper ones, triangular-subulate. The corollas are pink to purplish red, tubular, up to 1.2 cm long, glabrous outside; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is small, entire; the lower lip is large, undivided, spatulate, concave, apically rounded. The stamens are inserted at corolla throat of the upper lip; the filaments are basally pubescent; the anthers were widely divergent. The ovaries are subglobose, glabrous; the disk is larger than ovary, subentire. The nutlets are only one mature, black, glabrous, finely pitted; the fruit navels are basal-central, concave. The flowering period is from March to June; the fruiting period is about May. Habitat: It grows under forests or in the shade of thickets at an altitude of 1600–3000 m, which is common under mossy forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, and fighting inflammation, and it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, rheumatism, arthralgia, stomachache, gastroenteritis, as well as for external treatment of skin eczema, neurodermatitis, insect and snake bites, carbuncle and sores. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.26  Family: Labiatae 8.26.1  Hyptis suaveolens Chinese Name(s): shan xiang, jia huo xiang, shan bo he. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hyptis suaveolens (Hyptis suaveolens (Linn.) Poit.) Morphology: The herb is annual, aromatic, robust, branched, erect. The stems are 60–160 cm tall, obtuse-tetragonous, four-striate, spreading hispid. The leaves are ovate to broadly ovate, 1.4–11 cm long, 1.2–9 cm wide, which are smaller on branches, apically subacute to obtuse, basally rounded or shallow-cordate, often slightly oblique, irregular-undulate and serrate at margins, thinly papery, adaxially olive-green, abaxially light-green, sparsely pilose on both surfaces; the petioles are slender, 0.5–6 cm long. The cymes are (1- or) 2–5-flowered, in racemes or panicles; the calyces are ca. 5 mm long and 3 mm wide at anthesis, dilated to 12 mm long and 6.5 mm wide, with ten veins very prominent, villous and yellowish glandular outside, pilose inside; there are five calyx teeth, which are broadly triangular, apically long subulate, 1.5–2 mm long, straight; the corollas are blue, 6–8 mm long, puberulent outside except near base of corolla tube; the tubes are ca. 1 mm wide at base, gradually dilated to ca. 2  mm wide at throat; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is apically two-lobed, with lobes reflexed; the lower lip is three-lobed, and the lateral lobes are similar to upper lip; the middle lobe is saclike, slightly shorter. There are four stamens, which are decumbent, inserted into corolla throat; the filaments are complanate, sparely pubescent; the anthers are united into one locule. The styles are apically two-lobed; the disks are wide-ring, slightly undulate at margins; the ovary lobes are oblong, glabrous. The flowering and fruiting periods are throughout the year.

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Habitat: It grows on hills and meadows, near villages, along roads, or on banks and beaches. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangxi of China. It is originally from tropical America, now widely distributed in the tropics. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Dispersing wind and dampness, promoting Qi circulation and dispersing blood stasis, it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, gastroenteritis, dysentery, abdominal distension, as well as for external treatment of swelling and pain, traumatic bleeding, carbuncle, sore, snake bites, eczema, and dermatitis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application or decocted for washing the affected areas with. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold: Hyptis suaveolens 15 g, Oroxylum indicum 1.5 g, Tadehagi triquetrum, Centella asiatica, Elephantopus scaber each 9 g, Blumea balsamifera 6  g, decocted in water and concentrated into 200  ml. Take 100 ml per dose, twice a day.

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Chapter 9

Medicinal Angiosperms of Labiatae (Cont. I) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 9.1  Family: Labiatae 9.1.1  Isodon amethystoides 9.2  Family: Labiatae 9.2.1  Isodon inflexa 9.3  Family: Labiatae 9.3.1  Isodon lophanthoides 9.4  Family: Labiatae 9.4.1  Isodon lophanthoides var. graciliflora 9.5  Family: Labiatae 9.5.1  Isodon nervosus 9.6  Family: Labiatae 9.6.1  Isodon serra

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_9

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536 9.7  Family: Labiatae 9.7.1  Isodon walkeri 9.8  Family: Labiatae 9.8.1  Lagopsis supina 9.9  Family: Labiatae 9.9.1  Lamiophlomis rotata 9.10  Family: Labiatae 9.10.1  Lamium barbatum 9.11  Family: Labiatae 9.11.1  Leonurus japonicus 9.12  Family: Labiatae 9.12.1  Leucas zeylanica 9.13  Family: Labiatae 9.13.1  Lycopus lucidus var. hirtus 9.14  Family: Labiatae 9.14.1  Melissa axillaris 9.15  Family: Labiatae 9.15.1  Mentha canadensis 9.16  Family: Labiatae 9.16.1  Mentha spicata 9.17  Family: Labiatae 9.17.1  Mesona chinensis 9.18  Family: Labiatae 9.18.1  Microtoena insuavis 9.19  Family: Labiatae 9.19.1  Mosla cavaleriei 9.20  Family: Labiatae 9.20.1  Mosla chinensis 9.21  Family: Labiatae 9.21.1  Mosla dianthera 9.22  Family: Labiatae 9.22.1  Mosla scabra 9.23  Family: Labiatae 9.23.1  Nepeta coerulescens 9.24  Family: Labiatae 9.24.1  Nepeta fordii 9.25  Family: Labiatae 9.25.1  Ocimum basilicum 9.26  Family: Labiatae 9.26.1  Ocimum gratissimum var. suave 9.27  Family: Labiatae 9.27.1  Origanum vulgare 9.28  Family: Labiatae 9.28.1  Panzeria alaschanica

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This chapter introduces 28 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Isodon amethystoides, Isodon inflexa, Isodon lophanthoides, Isodon nervosus, Isodon serra, 33 Isodon walkeri, Lagopsis supine, Lamiophlomis rotate, Lamium barbatum, Leonurus japonicus, Leucas zeylanica, Lycopus lucidus var. hirtus, Melissa axillaries, Mentha canadensis, Mentha spicata, Mesona chinensis, Microtoena insuavis, Mosla cavaleriei, Mosla chinensis, Mosla dianthera, Mosla scabra, Nepeta coerulescens, Nepeta fordii, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum gratissimum var. suave, Origanum vulgare, Panzeria alaschanica of Labiatae.

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This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

9.1  Family: Labiatae 9.1.1  Isodon amethystoides Chinese Name(s): xiang cha cai, she zong guan, tie leng jiao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Isodon amethystoides (Isodon amethystoides (Benth.) H. Hara [Rabdosia amethytoides (Benth.) Hara].) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are up to 1.5 m tall, tetragonous, sulcate. The leaves are ovate-orbicular to lanceolate, unequal in size, which in the middle and lower part of main stems are larger, in lateral branches and the upper part of main stems are smaller, 0.8–11 cm long, 0.7–3.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, acute or obtuse, basally abruptly contracted into narrowly winged petioles, crenate at margins except for entire base, herbaceous, adaxially olive-green, sparely and densely hispidulous, sometimes subglabrous, abaxially greenish, sparely pilose or tomentulose, sometimes subglabrous, densely with white or yellow glands on both surfaces; the petioles are 0.2–2.5 cm long. The panicles are terminal; the cymes are loose, many flowered, 2–9 cm long, 1.5–8 cm in diameter, with divaricate and elongated branchlets; the floral leaves are ovate, similar to stem leaves, smaller, subsessile; the bracts are ovate or acicular, small but obvious; the pedicels are 3–8 mm long; the peduncles are 1–4 cm long. The calyces are campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm long and wide, sparsely hirtellous or subglabrous outside, with scattered white or yellow glands; there are five teeth, which are subequal, triangular, ca. 1/3 as long as calyx; the fruiting calyces are erect, broadly campanulate, 4–5 mm long, ca. 5 mm in diameter, basally rounded. The corollas are white bluish, white, or purplish, purple bluish on upper lip, ca. 7 mm long, sparsely puberulent outside, glabrous inside; the corolla tubes are conspicuously slightly saclike-prominent above base, slightly curved, ca. 2 mm wide at throat, ca. 1/2 as long as corolla; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is apically four-lobed; the lower lip is broadly rounded. The stamens and styles are as long as corolla, included. The disk is ring. The ripe nutlets are ovoid, ca. 2 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide, yellow or white glandular. The flowering period is from June to October; the fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows under the forest or in the mountains, along the road, in the grass. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou of China.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants or roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis and reducing swelling, it is often used for treatment of snakebite, swelling and pain, sores and ulcers. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use or taken with yellow wine. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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9.2  Family: Labiatae 9.2.1  Isodon inflexa Chinese Name(s): nei zhe xiang cha cai, shan bo he, shan bo he xiang cha cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Isodon inflexa (Isodon inflexa (Thunb.) H. Hara [Rabdosia inflexa (Thunb.) Hara]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are flexuous, erect, 0.4–1  m tall, much branched basally, obtuse-tetragonous, four-striate. The leaves are broadly triangular-ovate to ovate, 3–5.5 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally broadly cuneate, abruptly attenuate-decurrent, coarsely crenate-­ serrate at margins above base, hard papery; the lateral veins are in four pairs; the petioles are 0.5–3.5 cm long. The narrow panicles are 6–10 cm long, composed of 3–5-flowered and pedunculate cymes; the peduncles are 5 mm long; the bracts are ovate; the bracteoles are linear or linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm long. The calyces are campanulate, ca. 2  mm long; there are five calyx teeth, which are subequal or slightly 3/2 in form; the fruiting calyces are slightly dilated. The corollas are reddish to purplish, ca. 8 mm long; the corolla tubes are ca. 3.5 mm long, slightly saclike above base; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is reflexed, ca. 3 mm long, up to 4 mm wide, apically equally four-lobed; the lower lip is broadly ovate, ca. 4.5 mm long and 3.5 mm wide, concave, navicular. There are four stamens, which are included; the filaments are complanate. The styles are filiform, included, apically equally two-lobed. The disks are ring. The Flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat:It grows in thin forests or sunny places beside valley streams in mountains. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, as well as in North Korea and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, the impurities removed, sectioned, washed, and dried in the shade. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of Acute cholecystitis. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.3  Family: Labiatae 9.3.1  Isodon lophanthoides Chinese Name(s): xian wen xiang cha cai, xi huang cao, xiong dan cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Isodon lophanthoides (Isodon lophanthoides (Ham. ex D. Don) H. Hara [Rabdosia lophanthoides]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, repent at base, with underground globose root. The stems are 15–100 cm tall, erect or ascending, tetragonous, sulcate, pubescent or sparsely pilose. The leaves are herbaceous, ovate, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, 1.5–8.8 cm long, 0.5–5.3 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, rounded or broadly cuneate, rarely shallow-cordate, crenate at margins, abaxially minutely hirsute and densely brown glandular; the petioles are usually as long as

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leaf blades. The panicles are terminal and lateral, composed of cymes; the cymes are 7–20 cm long, 3–6 cm wide, 11–13-flowered, scorpioid, pedunculate; the bracts are ovate, leaflike on the lower part, smaller on the far part; the upper bracts are sessile, shorter than pedicels; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 2 mm long, ca. 1.7 mm in diameter, basally sparsely villous outside, densely red-brown glandular; the calyx teeth are ovate-triangular, 1/3 as long as calyx, and the posterior 3 are smaller; the corollas are white or pink, with purple spots, 6–7 mm long; the upper lip is 1.6–2 mm long, reflexed, deeply four-lobed, and the lobes are nearly oblong; the lower lip is slightly longer, extremely broadly ovate, spreading, flat. The stamens and styles are exserted, or only styles are exserted in flowers with stamens degenerated. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to December. Habitat: It grows by streams, in swamps or under forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang and other places of China, as well as in Bhutan and northeastern India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sectioned and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The whole plants are greenish gray, 30–50 cm long. The stem is tetragonal and shortly hairy. The leaves are opposite and often shrunken. After unfolding, they are oblong ovate, 1.5–8 cm long and 0.5–5.3 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, marginally serrated. The veins are obvious and shortly hairy. After being soaked in water, it could dye the fingers yellow. The cymes are common in old plants. It is slight in odor, slightly sweet and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood and dispersing blood stasis, it is often used for treatment of acute jaundice hepatitis, acute cholecystitis, enteritis, dysentery, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute icteric hepatitis: (a) Isodon lophanthoides, Verbena officinalis, Zornia diphylla each 15 g, decocted in water and added with brown sugar, taken in two times. (b) Isodon lophanthoides, Dichondra micrantha, Abrus cantoniensis and Plantago plantaginis each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute cholecystitis: Isodon lophanthoides 30 g, gentian 9 g, Gardenia jasminoides 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: conjunctivitis caused by wind-fire: Isodon lophanthoides 10 g, decocted in water and used for washing the eyes.

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9.4  Family: Labiatae 9.4.1  Isodon lophanthoides var. graciliflora Chinese Name(s): xian hua xiang cha cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Isodon lophanthoides (Isodon lophanthoides (Ham. ex D. Don) H. Hara var. graciliflora (Benth.) H. Hara [Rabdosia lophanthoides var. graciliflora]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, repent at base. The stems are erect, much branched, up to 110 cm tall, tetragonous, sulcate, pubescent or sparsely pilose. The leaves are herbaceous, ovate-lanceolate, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 5–8.8 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, serrate at margins, adaxially slightly coarse, glabrous, orange-brown glandular, abaxially minutely hirsute on vines, densely orange-brown glandular; the petioles are 0.5–1.5 cm long. The panicles are terminal and lateral, composed of cymes, 7–20 cm long, 3–6  cm wide, scorpioid, pedunculate; the bracts are ovate, leaflike on the lower part, smaller on the far part; the upper bracts are sessile, shorter than pedicels; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 2 mm long, ca. 1.7 mm in diameter, basally sparsely villous outside, densely red-brown glandular; the calyx teeth are ovate-triangular, 1/4 as long as calyx, and the posterior 3 are smaller; the corollas are white or pink, with purple spots, 5–6 mm long; the upper lip is 1.6–2 mm long, reflexed, deeply

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four-lobed, and the lobes are nearly oblong; the lower lip is slightly longer, extremely broadly ovate, spreading, flat. The stamens and styles are exserted, or only styles are exserted in flowers with stamens degenerated. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to December. Habitat: It grows by streams, in swamps or under forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Fujian, as well as in India, Nepal, Myanmar and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sectioned and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The whole plants are greenish gray, 30–60 cm long. The stem is tetragonal and short hairy. The leaves are opposite and mostly shrunken. After being flattening, the leaves are herbaceous, ovate lanceolate, oblong ovate or lanceolate, 5–8.8 cm long and 1.5–4 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate to broad cuneate, marginally serrated, adaxially slightly rugose, glabrous, basally sparsely hirsute along veins, and densely covered with orange brown glandular spots. After being soaked in water, it dyes the fingers yellow. The cymes are common in old plants. It is slight in odor, slightly sweet and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, reducing jaundice, cooling blood and dissipating blood stasis, and it is often used for treatment of acute jaundice hepatitis, acute cholecystitis, enteritis, dysentery, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute icteric hepatitis: (a) Isodon lophanthoides, Verbena officinalis, Zornia diphylla each 15 g, decocted in water and added with brown sugar, taken in two times. (b) Isodon lophanthoides, Dichondra micrantha, Abrus cantoniensis and Plantago plantaginis each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute cholecystitis: Isodon lophanthoides 30 g, gentian 9 g, Gardenia jasminoides 12 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.5  Family: Labiatae 9.5.1  Isodon nervosus Chinese Name(s): xian mai xiang cha cai, mai ye xiang cha cai, lan hua chai hu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Isodon nervosus (Isodon nervosus Kudô [Rabdosia nervosa (Hemsl.) C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 1 m tall. The leaves are decussate, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 3.5–13 cm long, 1–2 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate to narrowly cuneate, coarsely crenate at margins; the lateral veins are in 4–5 pairs, raised on both surfaces; the veinlets are more or less distinct; the leaf blades are thinly papery, adaxially green, puberulent along veins, subglabrous on other places, abaxially pale green, subglabrous, with pale green veins; the lower petioles are 0.2–1  cm long, puberulent; the upper leaves are sessile. The cymes are 5–9-flowered, with peduncles 5–8 mm long, forming dispersed panicles at apex of stem; the pedicels and peduncles are densely puberulent; the bracts are narrowly lanceolate, leaflike, 1–1.5 cm long, densely puberulent; the bracteoles are linear, 1–2 mm long, densely puberulent; the calyces are purple, campanulate, ca. 1.5  mm long, puberulent outside; there are five calyx teeth, which are subequal, lanceolate, acute, as long as calyx tube; the calyces are enlarged into broadly campanulate in fruit, 2.5 mm long, up to 3 mm wide; the calyx teeth are erect, triangular-­ lanceolate, as long as calyx tube, broadly concave between teeth; the corollas are blue, 6–8 mm long, sparsely puberulent outside; the corolla tubes are 3–4 mm long, slightly saclike above base; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is equally four-lobed; the lobes are oblong or elliptic; the lower lip is navicular, slightly longer than upper lip, ca. 4 mm long, elliptic. There are four stamens, which are didynamous, slightly exserted from corolla; the filaments are sparsely puberulent basally; the styles are filiform, exserted from corolla, apically two-lobed; the disk is discoid. The flowering period is from July to October; the fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on hillside, grassland or open land between forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sectioned and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter and bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of acute jaundice hepatitis, acute cholecystitis, snakebite, as well as for

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external treatment of burns, burns, snake bites, pustular sores, eczema, and skin itching. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application or decocted and used for washing the affected areas with. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute jaundice hepatitis: Isodon nervosus 30  g, Origanum vulgare 12  g, Polygala japonica 6–9  g, decocted in 1000  ml of water to get decoctum of 200  ml as the daily dosage, and taken with sugar, twice a day.

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9.6  Family: Labiatae 9.6.1  Isodon serra Chinese Name(s): xi huang cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Isodon serra (Isodon serra Kudô [Rabdosia serra (Maxim.)H. Hara]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The rhizomes are inflated. The stems are erect, up to 2.5 m long, obtuse-tetragonous, four-grooved, thin-striate, purple, basally woody, subglabrous, apically densely puberulent. The leaves are herbaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–10 cm long, 1.6–4.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, incurved obtuse-serrate at margins, adaxially slightly coarse, only puberulent on veins, black glandular, abaxially densely hairy on veins, black glandular; the lateral veins are in 4–5 pairs, raised on both surfaces with middle veins, reticulated near margins; the parallel thin veins between lateral veins are obvious; the petioles are 0.5–3.5 cm long, broadly winged on upper parts, densely puberulent. The panicles are terminal and lateral, 10–20 cm long, composed of five or more-flowered cymes; the peduncles are 0.5–1.5 cm long; the lower bracts are leaflike, short-petiolate, ascending gradually small into bractlike, lanceolate or linear-­lanceolate, subequal to peduncles, puberulent; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm long, densely grayish pilose and glandular; there are five calyx teeth, which are long-triangular, subequal, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, dilated in fruit, broadly campanulate, more or less ampulla, ca. 3 mm long, conspicuous-veined; the corollas are purple, 5–6  mm long, puberulent outside; the corolla tubes are ca. 3  mm long, shallowly saclike above base, ca. 1.2  mm wide at throat; the upper lip of corolla brim is reflexed, ca. 2 mm long, equally four-lobed at apex; the lower lip is broadly ovate, ca. 3 mm long, concave inside. The stamens and styles are included. The nutlets are small, ovoid, ca. 1.3 mm long, apically rounded, glandular and white bearded. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to October. Habitat: It grows in thickets, along forest margin and by streams, etc. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Henan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan of China, as well as in the Russian Far East and in North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sectioned, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood, and dissipating blood stasis, and it is often used for treatment of acute icteric hepatitis, acute cholecystitis, enteritis, dysentery, swelling, and pain. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.7  Family: Labiatae 9.7.1  Isodon walkeri Chinese Name(s): chang ye xiang cha cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Isodon walkeri (Isodon walkeri (Arnott) H. Hara [Isodon stracheyi (Benth. ex Hook. f.) Kudô]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, repent at base. The stems are erect, much branched or unbranched, 40–70 cm tall, tetragonous, sulcate, shortly pubescent or sparsely pubescent. The leaves are herbaceous, narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 2.5–7.5  cm long, 0.6–2.5  cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, obtuse-serrate at margins, adaxially slightly coarse, scaly hispidulous on veins, orange-brown glandular, abaxially scaly hispidulous on veins or subglabrous, densely orange-brown glandular; the petioles are 0.2–1.2 cm long. The panicles are terminal and lateral, consisting of cymes, 4–30 cm long, 3–6 cm wide, 3–15-flowered, apiculate; the bracts are leaflike, ascending gradually small into

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bractlike; the bracteoles are ovate, lanceolate, or linear, much shorter than pedicels; the calyces are campanulate, two-lipped, ca. 2 mm long, ca. 1.6 mm in diameter, conspicuously ten-veined, orange glandular, sparsely scaly hispidulous or glabrous; the calyx teeth are ovate-triangular, 1/4 as long as calyx; the last three teeth are smaller; the corollas are pink or white, 6–7 mm long; the corolla tubes are straight, ca. 3 mm long, basally narrower, enlarged upward; the corolla limb is sparsely red glandular; the upper lip is purple spotted, deeply four-lobed; the lobes are ovate, deflexed; the lower lip is narrowly ovate, extended, flat. The stamens and styles are much exserted. The nutlets are very small, ovate, slightly compressed. The flowering and fruiting periods are from October to December. Habitat: It grows by streams, in swamps, or under forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan, as well as India and Myanmar. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sectioned and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, removing jaundice, cooling blood, and dissipating blood stasis, and it is often used for treatment of acute icteric hepatitis, acute cholecystitis, enteritis, dysentery, injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute icteric hepatitis: (a) Isodon walkeri, Verbena officinalis, Zornia diphylla each 15 g, decocted in water and added with brown sugar, taken in two times. (b) Isodon lophanthoides, Dichondra micrantha, Abrus cantoniensis and Plantago plantaginis each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute cholecystitis: Isodon walkeri 30 g, gentian 9 g, Gardenia jasminoides 12 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.8  Family: Labiatae 9.8.1  Lagopsis supina Chinese Name(s): xia zhi cao, xiao yi mu cao, jia chong wei. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Lagopsis supina (Lagopsis supina (Steph.) Ikonn.-Gal. ex Knorr.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, scattered or ascending, with conical taproot. The stems are 15–50  cm tall, tetragonous, sulcate, purplish red, densely puberulent, often branched at base. The leaves are circular, 1.5–2 cm long and wide, apically rounded, basally cordate, deeply three-lobed; the lobes are crenate or oblong-dentate; sometimes the leaf blades are ovate, shallowly or deeply three-­ lobed; the lobes are entire or sparsely crenate; the leaves are green on both surfaces, adaxially sparsely puberulent, abaxially glandular, villous on veins, ciliate at margins, with veins 3–5 palmate; the petioles are long, which of basal leaves are 2–3 cm long, which of upper leaves are shorter, usually about 1 cm long, flattened, slightly sulcate above. The verticillasters are widely spaced, 6–10-flowered in each whorl, sessile or with short sessile; the bracts are bristlelike, subequal to calyx tube, fine-­ hairy; the calyces are campanulate, densely puberulent outside, short-hairy at throat, five-veined, five-toothed, apically spiny; the upper lip is three-toothed and the lower lip is two-toothed; the corollas are white, campanulate, two-lipped, pubescent outside; the upper lip is slightly longer, erect and the lower lip is spreading. There are four stamens, which are didynamous, included. The styles are apically two-lobed, subequal to stamen. The nutlets are brown, oblong-trigonous. The flowering period is from June to July; the fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows on in low mountain valley, by roadside and village. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast China, North China, Northwest China and provinces of Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, as well as in Russia and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground plants are harvested before or after the Summer Solstice, the impurities removed, and dried in the sun or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Regulating menstruation and harmonizing blood, and it is often used for treatment of blood deficiency, dizziness, hemiplegia, and irregular menstruation. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dizziness caused by blood deficiency: Lagopsis supina, prepared rehmannia 12  g, angelica, Paeonia Alba each 9  g, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.9  Family: Labiatae 9.9.1  Lamiophlomis rotata Chinese Name(s): du yi wei, da bu ba, ye qin jiao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lamiophlomis rotata (Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudô). Morphology: The plant is a herb, 2.5–10 cm tall. The rhizomes are elongate, thick, up to 1  cm in diameter. There are often four blades, which are decussate, rhombic-orbicular to rhombic, 6–13  cm long, 7–12  cm wide, apically obtuse, rounded or acute, basally shallowly cordate or broadly cuneate, decurrent to petiole, crenate at margins, adaxially green, densely white pilose, with wrinkles, abaxially pale green and sparsely pubescent on veins; the lateral veins are in 3–5 pairs; the lower petioles are elongate, up to 8 cm long; the upper ones become shorter, few to sessile, densely pubescent. The verticillasters are densely arranged into short spikes, 4–10 cm long; the rachis are densely pubescent; the bracts are lanceolate or linear, 1–4 cm long, 1.5–6 mm wide, gradually becoming smaller upward; the calyces are tubular, ca. 10 mm long, ca. 2.5 mm wide, purplish-brown when dry; the corollas are ca. 1.2 cm long, puberulent; the corolla tubes are tubular, ca. 1.25 mm wide at base; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is subcircular, ca. 5 mm wide; the lower lip is three-lobed, and the lobes are elliptic, ca. 4 mm long, ca. 3 mm wide. The flowering period is from June to July; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows in the broken stone beach of the plateau or the rocky alpine meadow and river land at an altitude of 2700–4500 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Xizang, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan, as well as in Nepal, India and Bhutan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, the dead leaves removed, washed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The leaves of this product are rosulate and alternate, rolled, fan-shaped or triangular ovate after flattening, 6–13 cm long and 7–12 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally shallowly cordate or broadly cuneate, crenate on the margins, green brown on upper surfaces, and grayish green on the lower surfaces. The veins are fan-shaped, and the veinlets are reticulate and protuberant. The petioles are flat and broad. The inflorescences are slightly pyramidal or short conical, 3–6 cm long. The calyxes are brown, tubular and campanulate, with five ridges and five calyx teeth which are long pointed on the ends. The nutlets are obovate triangular. It is slightly astringent and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridian of liver.

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Functions: Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, reducing swelling and pain, and it is often used for treatment of traumatic injuries, rheumatic arthralgia, fracture, lumbar sprain, joint effusion, muscle pain, Qi stagnation and lumbar sprain, and cancellous bone inflammation. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water or soaked in wine, or made into powder for oral use.

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9.10  Family: Labiatae 9.10.1  Lamium barbatum Chinese Name(s): ye zhi ma, di zao, ye huo xiang, shan su zi. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lamium barbatum (Lamium barbatum Sieb. et Zucc.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial plant. The rhizome has long underground creeping branches. The stems are up to 1 m tall, tetragonous, with shallow grooves. The basal leaf blades are ovate to cordate, 4.5–8.5 cm long, 3.5–5 cm wide, apically caudate-acuminate, basally cordate; the upper stem leaves are ovate-lanceolate,

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longer and narrower than lower leaves, apically caudate-acuminate. The verticillasters are 4–14-flowered; the bracts are narrowly linear or filiform, 2–3 mm long, acute, ciliate; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm long, ca. 4 mm wide, sparsely pubescent outside; the corollas are white or light yellow, ca. 2 cm long, ca. 2 mm in diameter at base of corolla tube. The filaments of stamens are flattened, puberulent; the anthers are dark purple, puberulent. The styles are filiform, apically equally slightly two-lobed; the ovary lobes are oblong. The nutlets are obovoid, apically truncate, basally attenuate, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 1.8 mm in diam., light brown. The flowering period is from April to June; the fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows by roadside, beside the stream, on the ridge and barren slope below 3400 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast China, North China, East China, the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Xizang, as well as in Russia, North Korea and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer, and dried in the sun or in shades. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly sweet in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridian of liver. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, promoting blood circulation and reducing swelling, and it is often used for treatment of heat in the lungs, hemoptysis, leucorrhea, irregular menstruation, infantile asthenic heat, injury caused by knocks and falls, swelling and toxin, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.11  Family: Labiatae 9.11.1  Leonurus japonicus Chinese Name(s): yi mu cao, kun cao, yi mu ai, chong wei. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Leonurus japonicus (Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn [Leonurus artemisia (Lour.) S. Y. Hu ]). Morphology: The plant is an annual or biennial herb, up to 1 m tall. The stems are square-columnar, obtusely four-angled and shallowly four-grooved, retrorse strigose, much branched. The leaves are opposite. The lower stem leaf blades are ovate, basally broadly cuneate, 2 or 3-palmatipartite; the petioles are 2–3 cm long, narrowly winged on the upper parts. The mid stem leaf blades are rhombic, palmatipartite; the lobes are oblong-linear; the petioles are 0.5–2 cm long. The Upper leaves are subsessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, 3–12 cm long, 2–8 mm wide, entire or with a few tooth-like lobes. The verticillasters are 8–15-flowered, pink or mauve; the calyces are tubular-campanulate, 6–8 mm long, puberulent, with distinct longitudinal veins; the lobes are broadly triangular, apically spinescent; the corollas are 1–1.2 cm long, pubescent beyond calyx tube; the upper lip of brim is straight, concave, oblong, ca. 7 mm long, entire; the lower lip is shorter, three-lobed; the middle lobe is obcordate, membranous at margins, basally constricted, with scalelike hairs inside. There are four stamens, which extend under lip. The nutlets are oblong, trigonous, ca. 2.5  mm long, brownish. The flowering period is from June to September; the fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows on the edge of village, by the road, in the open country, or in the waste land. Distribution: It is distributed in north and south provinces and regions of China, as well as in Russia, Japan, North Korea, tropical Asia, Africa and America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, cut into sections and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stems are square columnar, with a longitudinal groove of 30–50 cm on each side, many branched on the upper, densely pilose. It is slightly brittle, with white pith on the cross section. The leaves are mostly shrunken, exfoliated or incomplete. The complete leaves are dark green adaxially, light on the back, tomentose on both surfaces. The leaf blades are generally in three shapes, the lower stem leaves are broadly ovate, 2–3-palmatipartite, three-lobed, long petiolate;

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the middle leaves are trifoliate with linear lobes; the upper leaves are linear, lobed or entire. The cymose are axillary, and bracts are spinose; The calyxes are persistent, yellowish green, 5-dentate on eaves; The corollas are two-lipped, lilac, often exfoliated. The calyxes are with four triangular, brown nutlets. It has an odor of grass, and is spicy, sweet and bitter in taste. The products tender, with more leaves, green colored and haven’t flowered are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and spicy in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and pericardium. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, removing blood stasis and promoting tissue regeneration, promoting diuresis, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, postpartum blood stasis, abdominal pain, nephritis, edema, dysuria, hematuria, as well as for external treatment of sores and swelling. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are ground to powder or fresh products mashed and applied to the affected areas; or decocted in water and used for washing with. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, postpartum and poor recovery of uterus after curettage: (a) fresh Leonurus japonicus 120  g, Spatholobus suberectu 60  g, decoctied in water and taken with brown sugar, one dose a day. (b) Leonurus japonicus tablets: five tablets each time, 2–3 times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute nephritis, edema: fresh Leonurus japonicus 180–240  g (90–120  g for dried products, whole grass), added with 700 ml of water, simmered to 300 ml and taken in two times, one dose daily. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: placenta residue after abortion (Jiawei Shenghua Decoction): Angelica, Leonurus japonicus each 15  g, Ligusticum chuanxiong, peach kernel, safflower, baked ginger, mugwort leaf each 9 g, prepared rehmannia, peony bark each 18 g (Jiawei Shenghua Decoction), one dose per day for mild cases and two doses per day for severe cases. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: postpartum abdominal pain, poor uterine involution: motherwort 12 g, raw Typha angustifolia pollen, Ligusticum chuanxiong each 6 g, angelica, cinder charcoal each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.12  Family: Labiatae 9.12.1  Leucas zeylanica Chinese Name(s): feng wo cao, zhou mian cao, xi lan fang feng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Leucas zeylanica (Leucas zeylanica (Linn.) R. Br.) Morphology: The plant is an erect herb, ca. 40  cm tall. The leaf blades are oblong-lanceolate, 3.5–5  cm long, 0.5–1  cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate-­attenuate, remotely crenate-serrate at margins above base, papery, adaxially green, sparsely strigose, abaxially pale green, densely so on veins and densely yellowish glandular abaxially; the lateral veins are in 3–4 pairs, adaxially slightly impressed and abaxially slightly raised; the petioles are ca. 0.5 cm long, densely

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hispid. The verticillasters are axillary on upper parts of branches, ca. 1.5  cm in diameter, subequal, few flowered, sparsely hispid, with a few bracts; the bracts are linear, shorter than calyx tube, sparsely hispid, hispid at margin, apically somewhat spinescent; the calyces are tubular-campanulate, slightly curved, basally glabrous outside, minutely hispid inside, with ten inconspicuous veins, not hispid; the calyx mouth is oblique, slightly constricted; there are eight or nine teeth, which are spinescent, ca. 1 mm long; the corollas are white or white with purple spots, ca. 1.2 mm long; the tubes are slender, straight, slightly enlarged, densely villous near throat, subglabrous at base outside, villous-annulate inside; the brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is straight, galeate, outside densely white villous, inside glabrous; the lower lip is twice as long as the upper, spreading, three-lobed; the middle lobe is largest, elliptic, undulate at margins; the lateral lobes are small, ovate. There are four stamens. The styles are unequally two-lobed; the disk is equal, wavy; the ovaries are glabrous. The nutlets are ellipsoid, nearly trigonous, chestnut brown, shiny. The flowering and fruiting seasons are throughout the year. Habitat: It grows on the hillside, grassland, by streamside, field side in the thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi of China, as well as in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and spicy in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian of liver and pericardium. Functions: Dispersing wind and cold, resolving phlegm, and relieving coughing, and it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, toothache, cough, laryngitis, pertussis, and bronchial asthma. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute bronchitis: Leucas zeylanica, plantain, erythrina bark each 12 g, Stephania sinica 9 g, brown sugar appropriate, decocted for two times in water, concentrated to 30 ml, and taken in three times. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pertussis: Leucas zeylanica 12  g, Scoparia dulcis 9  g, Stemona sessilifolia and Asparagus cochinchinensis 15  g each, Centipeda minima 6  g, decocted in water, added with appropriate amount of sugar, and taken in 2–3 times.

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9.13  Family: Labiatae 9.13.1  Lycopus lucidus var. hirtus Chinese Name(s): ze lan, di sun, cao ze lan, fang geng ze lan. Source: This medicine is made of the dried above ground parts of Lycopus lucidus var. hirtus (Lycopus lucidus Turcz. var. hirtus Regel). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 1.3 m tall. The rhizomes are creeping, with nodes; there are many fascicled fibrous roots at nodes. The stems are erect, square-columned, usually unbranched, purple at nodes, densely hirsute on

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nodes. The leaves are opposite, with extremely short petioles or subsessile, oblong-­ lanceolate, more or less sickle-curved, 4–8 cm long, 1.2–2.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally acuminate, serrate at margins, ciliate, bright green, densely minutely hispid-hirsute adaxially, mainly on veins and glandular abaxially; there are about 6–7 lateral veins on each side. The verticillasters are without peduncles, densely white-flowered; the bracteoles are multilayered, ovate to lanceolate; the outer ones are ca. 5 mm long, three-veined; the inner ones are 2–3 mm long, one-veined; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 3  mm long, glandular outside; the corollas are ca. 5  mm long; the corolla brim is inconspicuous two-lipped; the upper lip is subrounded; the lower lip is three-lobed, and the middle lobe is the largest. There are two developed stamens, which are exserted; the sterile stamens are rod-shaped, born below the upper lip. The nutlets are obovoid-quadrilateral, thickened at margins, ventral-ribbed. The flowering period is from June to July; the fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows in valleys, ditches, or swamps. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan of China, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, washed and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is about 50–100 cm long. The stem is square columnar, with a shallow longitudinal groove on each side, 2–6 mm in diameter, usually unbranched, yellowish green, purple on nodes, white hirsute. It is brittle, with yellowish white cross-section and hollow pith. The leaves are mostly shrunken, lanceolate or oblong when flattened, about 4–8 cm long, adaxially dark green, and abaxially grayish green, hispidhirsute on both surfaces and serrated on margins. The flowers clustered in the axils of leaves, arranging in whorls. The corollas are mostly exfoliated; the bracts and calyxes are persistent, yellowish brown. It is odorless and tasteless. The products tender, with more leaves and green colored are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and spicy in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and spleen. Functions: Activating blood circulation and resolving blood stasis, eliminating carbuncles, promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, restoring menstrual flow, and it is often used for treatment of amenorrhea, irregular menstruation, postpartum blood stasis, abdominal pain, edema, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: postpartum uterine recovery: Lycopus lucidus 15–30 g, decocted in water and taken with sugar, one dose a day.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis: Lycopus lucidus, radix paeoniae rubra, Corydalis yanhusuo, Typha angustifolia each 9 g, Salvia miltiorrhiza 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: abdominal pain of amenorrhea: Lycopus lucidus, Trapa incisa, Verbena officinalis and Leonurus japonicus each 9 g, 15 g and Achyranthes bidentata 3 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: postpartum persistent lochia, abdominal pain exchanges, and chest tightness and weak breath: Lycopus lucidus, raw and dried rehmannia, angelica, Paeonia lactiflora, ginger each 3 g, Glycyrrhiza 2 g, jujube 14, cut into fine pieces, added with 9 l of water, decocted into 3 l, and taken in three times. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: postpartum faint, coma and blurred vision due to sudden Qi and blood deficient: Lycopus lucidus leaf, ginseng 0.3 g each, Schizonepeta tenusfolia 30 g, Ligusticum chuanxiong 15 g, ground into powder. Take 3 g with half warm wine and half warm soup, the patient will soon regain consciousness.

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9.14  Family: Labiatae 9.14.1  Melissa axillaris Chinese Name(s): mi feng hua, dian jing jie, tu jing jie, jing jie. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Melissa axillaris (Melissa axillaris (Benth.) Bakh. f.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb with underground stems. The stems are tetragonous, shallowly four-grooved, 0.6–1 m tall, pubescent. The petioles are slender, 0.2–2.5 cm long, densely pubescent; the leaf blades are ovate, 1.2–6 cm long, 0.9–3 cm wide, apically acute or short-acuminate, basally rounded, obtuse, subcordate or acute, serrate-crenate at margins, herbaceous, adaxially green and sparsely pubescent, abaxially pale green, purplish along midrib, or sometimes all purple, subglabrous or pubescent only along veins; the lateral veins are in 4–5 pairs, adaxially slightly impressed with midrib. The verticillasters are widely spaced, axillary in stem, branches and leaves; the bracteoles are sublinear, ciliate; the pedicels are ca. 2  mm long, pubescent; the calyces are campanulate, 6–8  mm long, often horizontally projected, villous outside, glabrous inside, 13-veined, 2-lipped; the upper lip is three-toothed, and the teeth are short, acute; the lower lip is almost as long as upper lip, two-toothed, and the teeth are lanceolate; the corollas are white or reddish, ca. 1  cm long, pubescent; the tubes are slightly exserted, broadening at throat; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is erect, apically emarginate; the lower lip is spreading, three-lobed, and the middle lobe is larger. There are four stamens; the anterior pair is longer, not exserted; the anthers are two-loculed, slightly divided; the styles are slightly beyond stamens, apically equally two-lobed, and the lobes are deflexed; the disk is discoid, four-lobed. The nutlets are ovoid, ventral-ribbed. The flowering and fruiting periods are from June to November.

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Habitat: It grows on by roadside, hillside and edge of open forest of mountains at an altitude of 500–1400 m. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xizang of China, as well as throughout southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatism, hematemesis, epistaxis, itching skin, sores, rash, leprosy, and metrorrhagia and metrostaxis. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.15  Family: Labiatae 9.15.1  Mentha canadensis Chinese Name(s): bo he, ye bo he. Source: This medicine is made of the above ground parts of Mentha canadensis (Mentha canadensis Linn. [Mentha haplocalyx Briq.]) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 30–60  cm tall. The rhizomes are prostrate. The stems are square-columned, rooting decumbently, puberulent along

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ribs, much branched. The leaves are opposite, thinly papery, oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 3–5  cm long, 0.8–3  cm wide, apically acute, basally cuneate to subrounded, sparsely coarsely dentate-serrate at margins, usually densely puberulent on veins on both surfaces; the midrib and lateral veins are slightly impressed adaxially; the petioles are 2–10  mm long. The flowers are mauve or white, arranged into densely multi-flowered verticillasters, which on the lower part are usually with peduncles, and on the upper part are sessile; the calyces are tubular-­ campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm long, 10-veined, outside pilose and glandular; the lobes are triangular-subulate, acute; the corollas are ca. 4 mm long; the corolla brim is two-lipped, four-lobed; the upper lobe is larger, apically two-lobulate; the other three lobes are oblong, obtuse. There are four stamens, which are exserted; the anthers are two-lobed; the capsules are parallel. The nutlets are ovoid, yellowish brown. The flowering period is from July to September; the fruiting period is October. Habitat: It grows at the edge of the ditch, field, and wet ground. Distribution: It is distributed in north and south provinces and regions of China, as well as in southern, southeastern and eastern Asia, the Russian Far East, and north and Central America. Acquisition and Processing: The above ground parts are cut in summer and autumn on sunny days, when the stems and leaves are luxuriant. When drying to 50% dry, tie them into small handfuls and air them until they are dry enough. Do not expose them to the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are 30–60 cm long, with square and columnar stems of 0.3–1 cm in diameter. It is purplish red or light green on surfaces, with paired branches on the upper part, white villous. It is crisp, easy to break, white and hollow on the sections; the leaves are opposite, mostly curled or broken. The complete leaf blades are elliptic, 2–5 cm long or over, 0.8–3 cm wide, serrated on margins, and with villi and glandular spots abaxially. It is fragrant in odor, pungent and cool in taste. The products with purple red stems, green leaves and strong aroma are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and liver. Functions: Evacuating the wind and heat, clearing the head and eye, and it is often used for treatment of cold of wind-heat type, headache, cunjunctivitis, sore throat, toothache, skin itching. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold due to wind-heat: Mentha canadensis, Chrysanthemum, Vitex trifolia each 9 g, Schizonepeta tenuifolia 6 g, honeysuckle 12 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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Annotations: Besides used as a medicine, Mentha canadensis is also a famous spice plant. It is widely cultivated and has many varieties. The borneol mint produced in Jiangsu, the spearmint in Beijing and the Chuxiong Mint in Yunnan Province are all famous.

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9.16  Family: Labiatae 9.16.1  Mentha spicata Chinese Name(s): liu lan xiang, xiangcai, lv bo he. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Mentha spicata (Mentha spicata Linn. [M. viridis Linn.]) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are erect, 40–130 cm tall, glabrous or subglabrous, green, obtuse-tetragonous, striate; the sterile branches are only adherent to ground. The leaves are sessile or subsessile, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3–7 cm long and 1–2 cm wide, apically acute, basally broadly cuneate to suborbicular, sharply and irregularly serrate at margins, herbaceous, adaxially green, abaxially gray-green; the lateral veins are in 6–7 pairs, adaxially impressed with midveins, abaxially obviously raised. The verticillasters are in cylindric terminal spikes, 4–10 cm long; the spikes are interrupted at base; the bracteoles are linear, longer than calyx, 5–8  mm long, glabrous; the pedicels are ca. 2 mm long; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 2 mm long with teeth at anthesis, glabrous outside, glandular, glabrous inside, obscurely five-veined; there are five calyx teeth, which are triangular-lanceolate, ca. 1 mm long; the corollas are purplish, ca. 4 mm long, glabrous; the tubes are ca. 2 mm long; the brim is four-lobed; the lobes are subequal, apically emarginate. There are four stamens, which are exserted, subequal; the filaments are filiform, glabrous; the anthers are ovoid, two-loculed. The styles are much exserted from corolla, apically equally two-lobed; the lobes are subulate; the disk is flat; the ovaries are brown, glabrous. The flowering period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows in the valley, the edge of the field in the wet grass. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macao, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Xinjiang of China.

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It is native to southern Europe, and also distributed in the Canary Islands, Madeira Islands, Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and cold, relieving cough, relieving swelling and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of cold, cough, stomachache, abdominal distension, nervous headache, as well as for external treatment of injury caused by knocks and falls, conjunctivitis, pediatric sores, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are mashed and applied to the affected areas, or wringed for juice and dripped into the eyes.

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9.17  Family: Labiatae 9.17.1  Mesona chinensis Chinese Name(s): liang fen cao, xian ren cao, xin cao, xian cao, xian ren dong. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Mesona chinensis (Mesona chinensis Benth.) Morphology: The plant is an erect or prostrate herb, up to 100  cm tall. The leaves are narrowly ovate to broadly ovate or subcircular, 2–5 cm long, 0.8–2.8 cm wide, smaller on branchlets, apically acute or obtuse, basally acute, obtuse or sometimes rounded, serrate at margins, finely bristly or villous on both surfaces, or only abaxially hairy along veins; the petioles are 2–15 mm long, spreading pilose. The verticillasters are numerous, consisting of discontinuous or nearly continuous terminal racemes, 2–10 cm long, with short pedicels; the bracts are circular to rhombic-­ ovate, rarely lanceolate, shorter to slightly longer than flowers, caudate-mucronate, usually lustrous; the pedicels are slender, 3–4 mm long, short-hairy; the calyces are campanulate at anthesis, 2–2.5 mm long, densely white pilose, with obscurely veins, two-lipped; the upper lip is three-lobed; the middle lobe is largest, apically acute to obtuse, and the lateral lobe is small; the lower lip is entire at margins, sometimes emarginate; the fruiting calyces are tubular or urn-shaped cylindric, 3–5 mm long, ten-veined, with most extremely obvious transverse veins, which form concave caves in between, subglabrous or only hairy along veins; the corollas are white or reddish, small, ca. 3  mm long, puberulent outside, slightly puberulent inside the corolla tube below the upper lip; the corolla tubes are very short, extremely enlarged at throat; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is broad, four-toothed, with two higher lateral teeth; the central two teeth are inconspicuous, sometimes subentire; the lower lip is entire, navicular. There are four stamens; the styles are far above stamens, apically unequally two-lobed. The nutlets are oblong, black. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October.

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Habitat: It grows in sandy grass or wet places in open forests. It is cultivated in many areas. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Guangxi of China. Medicinal Properties: The whole plant is greenish gray, 30–60 cm long. The stems are quadrangular with longitudinal grooves, pilose. The leaves are opposite and are often shrunken. The intact leaves are narrowly ovate to broadly ovate or suborbicular, 2–5  cm long and 0.8–2.8  cm wide. The ones on the branchlets are smaller, apically acute or obtuse, basally acute, obtuse or subrounded, marginally serrated, setose or pilose on both surfaces, sometimes hairy only along the abaxial veins. The petioles are 2–15 mm long, spreading pilose. The whorls are numerous, composing of discontinuous or subcontinuous terminal racemes. It is sweet and bland in taste. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood, and relieving summer heat, and it is often used for treatment of acute rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, heatstroke, cold, jaundice, acute nephritis, and diabetes. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.18  Family: Labiatae 9.18.1  Microtoena insuavis Chinese Name(s): guan chun hua, guang lei xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Microtoena insuavis (Microtoena insuavis (Hance) Prain ex Dunn). Morphology: The plant is an erect herbs, 1–2 m tall; the stems are tetragonous, appressed pubescent. The leaf lobes are ovate or broadly ovate, 6–10  cm long, 4.5–7.5 cm wide, apically acute, basally broadly truncate-cuneate, decurrent into a winged petiole, thinly papery, adaxially olive green, abaxially pale green, slightly pubescent on both surfaces, densely on veins, serrate-crenate at margins, apically obscurely mucronulate; the petioles are flat, 3–8.5 cm long, appressed pubescent. The cymes are dichotomous with scorpioid branches, in open terminal panicles on the main stem and lateral branches; the calyces are campanulate at anthesis, small, ca. 2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm in diameter, slightly pilose outside, glabrous inside; there are five teeth, which are triangular-lanceolate, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, subequal; the posterior tooth is somewhat longer; the fruiting calyx is dilated; the corollas are red, with purple helmet, ca. 14 mm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base of the corolla tube, gradually widening upward to about 3 mm wide at the throat; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is ca. 7 mm long, galeate, apically emarginate, basally truncate; the lower lip is longer, apically three-lobed; the middle lobe is longer, ligulate; the lateral lobes are smaller, triangular. There are four stamens, which are subequal, enveloped in helmet; the filaments are filiform, apically unequally two-lobed. The disk is thick-ring. The ovaries are glabrous. The nutlets are ovoid, small, ca. 1.2 mm long, ca. 1 mm in diam., dark brown, slightly corrugate. The flowering period is from October to December; the fruiting period is from December to January of the following year. Habitat: It grows in valley of forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, southern Yunnan and southwestern Guizhou, as well as in Vietnam and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Warming the middle jiao and regulating Qi, and it is often used for treatment of cold, cough, shortness of breath, dyspepsia, bloating, abdominal pain, enteritis, and dysentery. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.19  Family: Labiatae 9.19.1  Mosla cavaleriei Chinese Name(s): xiao hua shi ji zhu, ye xiang ru, xi ye qi xing jian, xiao ye ji zhu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Mosla cavaleriei (Mosla cavaleriei Lévl. [Orthodon cavaleriei (Lévl.) Kudo]). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 25–100 cm tall, branched; the lateral branches with flowers are short, tetragonous, sulcate, sparsely villous and mixed puberulent. The leaves are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–5  cm long and 1–2.5  cm wide, apically acute, basally rounded to broadly cuneate, serrate at margins, entire near base, papery, adaxially olive green, sparsely pubescent, abaxially pale green, glandular; the petioles are slender, 1–2 cm long, sparsely pilose. The racemes are small, terminal on main stem and lateral branches, 2.5–4.5 cm long, up to 8 cm long in fruit; the bracts are very small, ovate-lanceolate, subequal to pedicels or slightly longer than pedicel, sparsely pilose; the pedicels are slender and short, ca. 1 mm long, sparsely pilose; the calyces are ca. 1.2  mm long and wide, pilose outside, slightly two-lipped; the upper lip is three-toothed, minute, triangular; the lower lip two-toothed, slightly longer than upper lip, lanceolate; the calyces are dilated in fruit; the corollas are purple or pink, ca. 2.5 mm long, pubescent outside; the corolla brim is very short; the upper lip is two-round-lobed; the lower lip is slightly longer, three-lobed; the middle lobe is longer. There are four stamens; the posterior pistils are fertile, not more than the upper lip; the anterior stamens are degenerated to very small. The styles are apically two-lobed, slightly exserted from corolla. The nutlets are grayish brown, globose, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter, sparsely reticulate, glabrous. The flowering period is from September to November; the fruiting period is from October to December.

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Habitat: It grows on the hillside meadow. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, as well as in northern Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Sweating, relieving heat, invigorating the spleen and promoting diuresis, relieving itching, and it is often used for treatment of cold, heat stroke, acute gastroenteritis, dyspepsia, edema, as well as for external treatment of eczema, sore and furuncle, injury caused by knocks and falls, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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9.20  Family: Labiatae 9.20.1  Mosla chinensis Chinese Name(s): xiang ru, xiao ye xiang ru, qi xing jian, tu xiang ru. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Mosla chinensis (Mosla chinensis Maxim. [Orthodon chinensis (Maxim.) Kudo]). Morphology: The herb is erect, 9–40 cm tall, slender, much branched from base, or the short plants are unbranched, sparsely white pilose. The leaves are linear-­ oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1.3–3  cm long, 2–5  mm wide, apically acuminate or acute, basally acuminate or cuneate, sparsely but inconspicuously shallowly serrate at margins, adaxially olive green, abaxially light green, sparsely pubescent and brown concave-glandular on both surfaces; the petioles are 3–5 mm long, sparsely pubescent. The racemes are capitate, 1–3 cm long; the bracts are imbricate, occasionally sparsely arranged, obovate, 4–7 mm long, 3–5 mm wide, apically short-­ caudate, entire, sparsely puberulent on both surfaces, abaxially glandular, climate at margins, five-veined, palmate from base; the pedicels are short, sparsely pubescent; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 3  mm long, ca. 1.6  mm wide, white lanate and glandular outside, white lanate inside above the throat, basally glabrous; there are five calyx teeth, which are subulate, as 2/3 long as calyx; the calyces are dilated in fruit; the corollas are purplish, reddish to white, ca. 5 mm long, slightly exserted over bracts, puberulent outside, slightly puberulent on the corolla tube under the lower lip inside, glabrous on the other places. The stamens and pistils are included; the front of the disk is finger-like expansion. The nutlets are globose, ca. 1.2 mm in diam., grayish brown, pitted with small depressions, glabrous. The flowering period is from June to September; the fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows on arid hillsides and meadows.

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Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Shandong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is 15–40 cm long, purple red at base, yellowish green or light yellow on the upper part, all densely white tomentose. The stem is square and columnar, but subrounded at the base, 1–2 mm in diameter, with obvious nodes and internode lengths of 4–7 cm. It is brittle and easy to break. The leaves are opposite, most of which are shrunk or exfoliated. After flattening, the leaf blades are linear oblong to linear lanceolate, 1.3–3 cm long and 2–5 mm wide, apically acuminate or acute, basally attenuate or cuneate, marginally with sparse and obscure serrations, olive green on the adaxial surfaces and light on the back. The petioles are 3–5  mm long and sparsely pubescent. The inflorescences are spikes. There are 4 nuts, which are 0.7–1.1 mm in diameter, nearly spherical and reticulate. It is strong aromatic, and slightly bitter, pungent and cool in property. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and stomach. Functions: Sweating and relieving exterior, dispelling heat and dampness, promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, it is often used for treatment of cold due to heat dampness, fever without sweating, headache, distending pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and edema. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold due to summer heat and dampness: Mosla chinensis, Magnolia officinalis, white lentils each 9  g, licorice 6  g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: prevention of cold: the buccal tablet of Mosla chinensis oil was prepared by steam distillation method, added with appropriate amount of starch, made into tablets, each tablet weighing 0.5 g and containing 1.5 ml of volatile oil. Take 2–3 tablets, 2–3 times a day, 2–3 days as a course of treatment.

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9.21  Family: Labiatae 9.21.1  Mosla dianthera Chinese Name(s): xiao yu xian cao, fei zi cao, re fei cao, jia yu xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Mosla dianthera (Mosla dianthera (Buch. - Ham.) Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, up to 1 m tall, tetragonous, shallowly sulcate, subglabrous, much branched. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate to rhombic-­ lanceolate, sometimes ovate, 1.2–3.5 cm long, 0.5–1.8 cm wide, apically acuminate or acute, basally attenuate, remotely acute-serrate at margins, entire near base, paper, adaxially olive green, glabrous or subglabrous, abaxially grayish white, glabrous, glandular; the petioles are 3–18 mm long, ventral-puberulent. The racemes are terminal on main stems and branches, usually numerous, 3–15  cm long; the bracts are needlelike or linear-lanceolate, apically acuminate, basally broadly cuneate, ribbed, subglabrous, as long as pedicels or slightly longer; the pedicels are ca. 1 mm long, elongated to 4 mm in fruit, finely puberulent; the rachises are subglabrous. The calyces are campanulate, ca. 2 mm long, 2–2.6 mm wide, shortly hispid on outer veins, two-lipped; the upper lip is three-toothed, ovate-triangular; the middle teeth are shorter; the lower lip is two-toothed, lanceolate, nearly as long as upper lip; the calyces are dilated in fruit, ca. 3.5 mm long; the upper lip is reflexed upward; the lower lip is straight. The corollas are purplish, 4–5 mm long, puberulent outside, inside obscurely hairy annulate or without hairy annulus; the corolla brim is two-­ lipped, the upper lip being slightly emarginate; the lower lip is three-lobed, and the middle lobe is larger. There are four stamens; the posterior pair is fertile, with two anther locules, divergent; the anterior pair is degenerate, with obscurely anther locules. The styles are apically two-lobed. The nutlets are grayish brown, subglobose, 1–1.6 mm in diameter, sparsely reticulate. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to November. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, villages, by roadsides, and in wet areas near water. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan of China, as well as in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, and southern Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving exterior symptoms, promoting diuresis and relieving itching, it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, tonsillitis, heatstroke, ulcer and dysentery, as well as for external treatment for eczema, prickly heat, skin itching, sore, furuncle, and centipede bite. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted for washing with, or proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application. The smoke of half dried whole grass is used for dispelling mosquitoes.

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9.22  Family: Labiatae 9.22.1  Mosla scabra Chinese Name(s): shi ji zhu, cu cao ji zhu, tu jin ji, sha chong yao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Mosla scabra (Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C. Y. Wu et H. W. Lu). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 20–100 cm tall, much branched; the branches are slender; the stems and branches are all tetragonous, finely striped, densely pubescent. The leaves are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3.5  cm long, 0.9–1.7  cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, entire at margins near base, serrate above base, papery, adaxially olive green, gray puberulent, abaxially grayish, densely impressed glandular, subglabrous or extremely sparsely pubescent; the petioles are 3–16  mm long, pubescent. The racemes are on main stems and lateral branches, 2.5–15  cm long; the bracts are ovate, 2.7–3.5 mm long, apically caudate-acuminate; the peduncles are ca. 1 mm long at anthesis, up to 3 mm long in fruit, densely finely gray-white pilose along rachis. The calyces are campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm long and 2 mm wide, sparely pilose outside, two-lipped; the upper lip is three-toothed, ovate-lanceolate, apically acuminate, and the middle teeth is slightly smaller; the lower lip is two-toothed, linear, apically acute; the calyces are up to 4 mm long and 3 mm wide in fruit, distinctly veined. The corollas are pink, 4–5 mm long, puberulent outside, hairy annulate near base inside; the corolla tubes are gradually dilated at apex; the upper lip is straight, flat, apically slightly emarginate; the lower lip is three-lobed, and the middle lobe is larger, dentate at margins. There are four stamens; the posterior pair is fertile, with two anther locules, divergent; the anterior pair is degenerate, with obscurely anther locules. The styles are apically equally two-lobed; the front of the disk has finger-­ like expansion. The nutlets are yellowish brown, globose, ca. 1  mm in diameter, pitted with small depressions. The flowering period is from May to November; the fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows on the hillside, village, roadside or open land. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Liaoning, Guangxi, Sichuan of China, as well as in Vietnam and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, slightly warm in property.

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Functions: Dispersing wind and clearing summer heat, promoting Qi and regulating blood circulation, promoting diuresis, and relieving itching, and it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, sore throat, heatstroke, acute gastroenteritis, dysentery, dysuria, nephritis, edema, and leucorrhea. The carbonized (stir-fried) products are used for treatment of hematochezia and uterine bleeding. For external treatment, the products are used for traumatic injuries, bleeding, prickly heat, dermatitis, eczema, tinea pedis, multiple furuncles, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application, or decocted for washing with. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: soft tissue contusion: appropriate amount of Mosla scabra is washed and mashed together with brown sugar. Take the juice for oral use and apply the drug residue to the affected area.

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9.23  Family: Labiatae 9.23.1  Nepeta coerulescens Chinese Name(s): lan hua jing jie. Source: This medicine is made of the dried over ground parts of Nepeta coerulescens (Nepeta coerulescens Maxim.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb; the stems are 25–42 cm tall, pubescent. The leaves are lanceolate-oblong, 2–5 cm long, 0.9–2.1 cm wide, smaller on

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the lateral branches, densely pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially yellow glandular. The verticillasters are on the apical four or five stem nodes, in ovoid spikes; the calyces are 6–7 mm long, hirtellous and yellow glandular outside; the upper lip is slightly three-lobed, with teeth triangular-lanceolate; the lower lip is deeply two-­ lobed, with teeth linear-lanceolate. The corollas are blue, 10–12 mm long, puberulent; the corolla tubes are ca. 6  mm long, ca. 1.5  mm wide; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is ca. 3 mm long, two-round-lobed; the lower lip is ca. 6.5 mm long, three-lobed. The nutlets are ovoid, ca. 1.6 mm long and 1.1 mm wide. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on the grassland of hillside or stone by forests at an altitude of 3300–4400 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: It is harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers are in full blossom and the spikes are green, the impurities removed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispersing blood stasis and relieving swelling, stop bleeding and reducing pain, relieving exterior symptoms, and promoting eruption of rash, and it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, measles, rubella, hemafecia, metrorrhagia, postpartum hematuria, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.24  Family: Labiatae 9.24.1  Nepeta fordii Chinese Name(s): xin ye jing jie, jia jing jie, shan huo xiang, tu jing jie. Source: This medicine is made of the dried aboveground parts of Nepeta fordii (Nepeta fordii Hemsl.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb; the stems are 30–60 cm tall, obtuse-­ tetragonous, deeply sulcate, puberulent. The leaves are triangular-ovate, 1.5–6.4 cm long, 1–5.2 cm wide, hirtellous on both surfaces. The cymes are arranged in loose panicles; the calyces are tubular, minutely hispid, ca. 4  mm long at anthesis,

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0.5–1 mm in diameter; there are five equal calyx teeth, which are lanceolate; the corollas are purple, about twice as long as calyx, pubescent outside; the corolla tubes are ca. 0.8 mm in diameter basally; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is ca. 1.2 mm, two-lobed; the lower lip is longer. The styles are exserted from the upper lip; the disk is very small; the ovaries are glabrous. The nutlets are ovoid, trigonous, ca. 0.8 mm long, ca. 0.6 mm in diameter, dark purple-brown. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to October. Habitat: It grows in thicket of mountains or in damp grass of slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are cut from July to September, dried in shades or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Dispersing cold, removing blood stasis and relieving swelling, stop bleeding and reducing pain, and it is often used for treatment of injuries, hematemesis, bleeding, trauma, snake bite, furuncle, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.25  Family: Labiatae 9.25.1  Ocimum basilicum Chinese Name(s): jiu ceng ta, guang ming zi, xiang cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ocimum basilicum (Ocimum basilicum Linn.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 20–80 cm tall. The leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong, 2.5–5 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, apically subobtuse to acute, basally attenuate, irregularly dentate or subentire at margins, subglabrous on both surfaces, abaxially glandular; the lateral veins are in 3–4 pairs, adaxially flat; the petioles are ca. 1.5 cm long, nearly flat, more or less narrowly winged apically, puberulent. The racemes are terminal, puberulent, usually 10–20 cm long, composed of many six-­ flowered and decussate verticillasters; the pedicels are ca. 3 mm long, to 5 mm in fruit, apically obviously recurved. The calyces are campanulate, ca. 4  mm long, 3.5 mm wide, outside pubescent; the middle tooth of upper lip of calyx brim is subcircular, ca. 2 mm long and 3 mm wide, concave, apically mucronate, decurrent to calyx tube at margins; the lateral tooth are broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long; the two teeth of lower lip are lanceolate, 2 mm long, apically spinescent, ciliate; the fruiting calyces are obviously enlarged, up to 8 mm long, 6 mm wide, conspicuously veined, declinate. The corollas are purplish, ca. 6 mm long, puberulent outside of limb; the corolla tubes are ca. 3  mm long, more or less dilated at throat; the upper lip of corolla brim is ca. 3 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, four-lobed; the lobes are subcircular, crisped-undulate; the lower lip is oblong, ca. 3 mm long, declinate, nearly flat. The filaments of posterior stamens are basally with dentate appendages, puberulent. The nutlets are ovoid, ca. 2.5 mm long, dark brown, glandular foveolate. The flowering period is from July to September; the fruiting period is from September to December. Habitat: It grows on villages, by road or in some open places.

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Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Hebei, Jilin, Xinjiang of China, as well as other warm zones from Africa to Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is 40–80 cm long. The stem is square and columnar, 0.3–0.5 cm in diameter, up to 1 cm for old stems, purple or yellowish purple, with inverted pilose. The fracture sections are fibrous with white pith. Most of the leaves have fallen off. The flowers are numerous, fascinated on the upper nodes of stems and branches. The persistent calyxes are yellowish brown, intermittently arranged into 5–9 layers (so it is called nine-layer tower). It is fragrant and cool. The products with fine stems, long ears and fragrant aroma are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property and functions in inducing perspiration, dispelling wind and dampness, dispersing blood stasis, and relieving pain. The seed (guang ming zi) is sweet and pungent in taste, cool in property, and function in improving eyesight. Functions: It is often used for treatment of cold, headache, stomach distension, dyspepsia, stomachache, enteritis, diarrhea, tumefaction, rheumatism, and arthralgia; , as well as for external treatment of snake bite, eczema, and dermatitis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application or decocted for washing the affected areas with. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fracture: Ocimum basilicum 2 portions, Ardisia crenata 1.5 portion, Eucommia (Oleaceae) 1.5 portion, Ligustrum sinense 4 portions, Elaeagnus angustifolia 1 portion, ground into fine powder. Take appropriate amount of powder, add with wine to make paste, steam in the pot for 10–15 min, put it on the gauze, and apply it to the affected part after the reduction of fracture, then fix it with a small clip. Change the dressing once a day or every other day until a small amount of callus appears. Generally, 5–7 times is necessary. Wash the affected area before changing the dressing to avoid dermatitis.

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9.26  Family: Labiatae 9.26.1  Ocimum gratissimum var. suave Chinese Name(s): ding xiang luo le, chou cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ocimum gratissimum var. suave (Ocimum gratissimum Linn. var. suave (Willd.) Hook. f.) Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, aromatic, up to 1.5 m tall, tetragonous, villous. The leaves are ovate-oblong or oblong, 5–12 cm long, 1.5–6 cm wide, gradually becoming smaller upward, apically long-acuminate, basally cuneate to

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long-­attenuate, sparsely crenate at margins, densely pilose and golden glandular on both surfaces, pilose-veined; the lateral veins are in 5–7 pairs; the petioles are 1–3.5 cm long, densely pilose. The racemes are 10–15 cm long, terminal and axillary, straightly exserted; the peduncles are 1.5–2.5 cm long, often trifurcate at top of stems and branches; the center one is the longest, which on both sides are shorter, composed of verticillasters. The verticillasters are six-flowered, pilose; the pedicels are conspicuous, ca. 1.5 cm long, pilose. The calyces are campanulate, declinate, up to 4 mm long at anthesis, pilose and glandular outside, pilose inside at throat; the calyx tubes are ca. 2 mm long, with five calyx teeth, two-lipped; the upper lip is three-toothed; the middle tooth is ovate, ca. 2  mm long, 1.5  mm wide, apically acute, decurrent at margins, revolute; the lateral teeth are small, slightly wider than the two teeth of lower lip with thorns; the lower lip is two-toothed. The corollas are yellowish to white, ca. 4.5  mm long, slightly longer than calyx, puberulent and glandular on outer lip, glabrous inside; the corolla tubes are gradually wider upward; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is broad, four-lobed, and the lobes are subequal; the lower lip is slightly longer than upper lip, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm long, entire, flat. There are four stamens, which are free; the styles are exserted from the stamen. The nutlets are subglobose, ca. 1 mm in diam., brown. The flowering period is October; the fruiting period is November. Habitat: It grows on villages, by road or in some open places. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan of China, and Cultivated in tropical areas such as tropical Africa and the West Indies. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Inducing perspiration and relieving exterior symptoms, dispelling wind and dampness, and it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, stomach distension, indigestion, stomachache, enteritis, diarrhea, tumefaction, rheumatism and arthralgia, as well as for external treatment of eczema, dermatitis, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application or decocted for washing the affected areas with.

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9.27  Family: Labiatae 9.27.1  Origanum vulgare Chinese Name(s): tu yin chen, bai hua yin chen, wu xiang cao. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Origanum vulgare (Origanum vulgare Linn.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb or a subshrub, 25–70 cm tall. The stems are numerous, erect or prostrate near base, 25–60  cm, purplish, retrorse pubescent or slightly floccose-pubescent, with a pair of branches at each node. The

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leaves are opposite, nearly papery, ovate to oblong-ovate, 1–4 cm long, 0.4–1.5 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, subrounded to cordate, entire or remotely serrulate at margins, adaxially shiny green tinged purple, hairy and glandular on both surfaces; the veins are obscure adaxially; there are 3–4 lateral veins on each side, abaxially raised. The flowers are purplish red, pale red or white, arranged into terminal, densely multi-flowered corymbose panicles; the bracts are oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, ca. 5 mm long, parallel-veined, often purplish; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 3  mm long, pilose annulate at throat, longitudinally 13-veined; the lobes are triangular; the corollas of bisexual flowers are larger, ca. 7 mm long; the female flowers are smaller, ca. 5 mm long; the corolla brim is conspicuously two-­ lipped. There are four developed stamens, which are didynamous; the anthers are two-loculed, divergent. The nutlets are ovoid, ca. 0.6  mm long, slightly ridged, brown. The flowering period is from July to September; the fruiting period is from October to December. Habitat: It grows on dry slopes, grasslands or in valleys or along roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xizang, Xinjiang of China, as well as in Europe, Asia and northern Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are harvested in summer and autumn when blooming and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is 20–70 cm long. The lower part of the stem is subcylindrical, purplish brown or yellowish brown, and the upper part is square columnar, slightly branched, grayish green, densely appressed pilose. It is brittle and easy to break, yellowish green on sections, hollow. The leaves are opposite, slightly shrunken, ovate-oblong to ovate after flattening, 1–4  cm long, yellowish green or grayish green, with brown black gland dots on both surfaces. The inflorescence terminal; the calyxes are campanulate, five-lobed; the corollas mostly exfoliated. The nutlets are oblate ovate, reddish brown. It is slightly fragrant in odor, and slightly bitter in taste. The products with more leaves and aromatic are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and spleen. Functions: Inducing perspiration and relieving exterior symptoms, clearing summer heat and dampness, and it is often used for treatment of heatstroke, cold, acute gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, vomiting, and edema. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.28  Family: Labiatae 9.28.1  Panzeria alaschanica Chinese Name(s): nong chuang cao, bai long chuan cai, bai hua yi mu cao, bai long cang. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Panzeria alaschanica (Panzeria alaschanica Kupr.) Morphology: The verticillaster is multi-flowered, forming dense long spikes; the calyces are tubular–campanulate, 12–15  cm long, densely white felted-hairy; there are five calyx teeth, which are slightly unequal; the anterior 2 are slightly longer, broadly triangular, apical shortly spinescent; the corollas are light yellow or white, densely filiform villous, two-lipped; the upper lip is galeate, oblong; the

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lower lip is three-lobed with red stripe; the middle lobe is larger, obcordate; the lateral lobes are ovate. There are four stamens, which are didynamous; the anterior are slightly longer; the anthers are yellow; the filaments are puberulent. The ovaries are deeply four-lobed; the styles are slightly shorter than stamens, apically two-­ lobed. The nutlets are ovate-trigonous, verrucous. The flowering period is from May to July; the fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows on sandy places of desert steppe, sandy plains, and hilly lands. Distribution: It is distributed in Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, and other places of China. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are harvested in summer when about to bloom and dried in the sun or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Regulating menstruation, promoting blood circulation, clearing heat, detoxicating, and promoting diuresis, and it is often used for treatment of abdominal pain due to postpartum blood stasis, irregular menstruation, metrorrhagia, edema, injury, carbuncle, sore poison, carbuncle, erysipelas, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use, or concentrated into extract to take. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute mastitis: fresh Panzeria alaschanica in appropriate amount, mashed for external application, or decocted and used for washing the affected area with. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: carbuncle, sore, furuncle, bruise and injury: fresh Panzeria alaschanica rammed like mud, and applied to the affected area. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: menorrhagia: Panzeria alaschanica 15  g, Chenopodium aristatum (or bifurcate cinquefoil) 10  g, decocted in water and taken with brown sugar. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: postpartum weakness: Panzeria alaschanica 15 g, two eggs, decocted and boil with the eggs. Take two doses a day.

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Chapter 10

Medicinal Angiosperms of Labiatae (Cont. II) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 10.1  Family: Labiatae 10.1.1  Paraphlomis javanica 10.2  Family: Labiatae 10.2.1  Perilla frutescens 10.3  Family: Labiatae 10.3.1  Perilla frutescens var. purpurascens 10.4  Family: Labiatae 10.4.1  Phlomis mongolica 10.5  Family: Labiatae 10.5.1  Phlomis umbrosa 10.6  Family: Labiatae 10.6.1  Pogostemon auricularius

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan Universty, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_10

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614 10.7  Family: Labiatae 10.7.1  Pogostemon cablin 10.8  Family: Labiatae 10.8.1  Prunella vulgaris 10.9  Family: Labiatae 10.9.1  Salvia bowleyana 10.10  Family: Labiatae 10.10.1  Salvia cavaleriei 10.11  Family: Labiatae 10.11.1  Salvia chinensis 10.12  Family: Labiatae 10.12.1  Salvia miltiorrhiza 10.13  Family: Labiatae 10.13.1  Salvia plebeia 10.14  Family: Labiatae 10.14.1  Schizonepeta tenuifolia 10.15  Family: Labiatae 10.15.1  Schnabelia oligophylla 10.16  Family: Labiatae 10.16.1  Scutellaria baicalensis 10.17  Family: Labiatae 10.17.1  Scutellaria barbata 10.18  Family: Labiatae 10.18.1  Scutellaria tayloriana 10.19  Family: Labiatae 10.19.1  Stachys baicalensis 10.20  Family: Labiatae 10.20.1  Stachys geobombycis 10.21  Family: Labiatae 10.21.1  Stachys siebolidii 10.22  Family: Labiatae 10.22.1  Teucrium pernyi 10.23  Family: Labiatae 10.23.1  Teucrium quadrifarium 10.24  Family: Labiatae 10.24.1  Teucrium viscidum 10.25  Family: Labiatae 10.25.1  Thymus quinquecostatus References

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This chapter introduces 25 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Paraphlomis javanica, Perilla frutescens, Perilla frutescens var. purpurascens, Phlomis mongolica, Pogostemon auricularius, Pogostemon cablin, Prunella vulgaris, Salvia bowleyana, Salvia cavaleriei, Salvia chinensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Salvia plebeian, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Schnabelia oligophylla, Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria barbata, Scutellaria tayloriana, Stachys baicalensis, Stachys geobombycis, Stachys siebolidii, Teucrium pernyi, Teucrium quadrifarium, Teucrium viscidum, Thymus quinquecostatus.

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This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage, and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

10.1  Family: Labiatae 10.1.1  Paraphlomis javanica Chinese Name(s): jia cao su. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Paraphlomis javanica (Paraphlomis javanica (Bl.) Prain). Morphology: The plant is a herb, rising from slender fibrous roots. The stems are solitary, up to 50  cm tall, obtuse-tetragonous, sulcate, retrorse strigose. The leaves are elliptic or oblong-ovate, 7–15 cm long, 3–8.5 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally rounded to subtruncate, mucronulate and crenate-serrate at margins, adaxially green, abaxially light green, densely pubescent along veins. The verticillasters are many flowered, globose, ca. 3  cm in diam. The bracteoles are subulate, ca. 6 mm long. The calyces are tubular, reddish in fruit; there are five calyx teeth, which are subulate or triangular-subulate, 3–4 mm long. The corollas are yellow or light yellow, 1.2–1.7 cm long; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is oblong; the lower lip is three-lobed, and the middle lobe is larger. There are four stamens; the anterior are longer; the filaments are filiform, slightly pilose; the anthers are ellipsoid. The ovaries are purplish black, apically truncated, slightly concave in center. The nutlets are trigonous, obovoid, black, glabrous. The flowering period is from June to August; the fruiting period is from August to December. Habitat: It grows under or on the edge of mountain forests at 300–1500 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in Chongqing, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan of China, as well as in India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing the liver, relieving exterior symptoms, nourishing Yin and moistening dryness, replenishing blood and regulating menstruation, and it is often used for treatment of cold, fever, strain, irregular menstruation, edema, and bone sticking throat. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.2  Family: Labiatae 10.2.1  Perilla frutescens Chinese Name(s): zi su ye, hui hui su, hong su. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Perilla frutescens (Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, erect, ca. 1 m tall. The stems are green or purple, square-columnar, obtuse-tetragonous, pilose. The leaves are opposite, herbaceous, broadly ovate to subcircular, 7–13 cm long, 4.5–10 cm wide, apically acuminate or cuspidate, basally rounded to broadly cuneate, narrowly to coarsely serrate at margins, purple on both surfaces, or only purple abaxially, violet green adaxially. The racemes are axillary, densely flowered and lateral; the bracts are broadly ovate or suborbicular, ca. 4 mm long, red-brown glandular, glabrous; the calyces are campanulate, straight, ca. 3 mm long, ten-veined, pilose, glandular; the calyx brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is three-lobed; the middle lip is smaller; the lower lip is two-lobed, longer than upper lip. The corollas are 3–4 mm long; the corolla tubes are short, campanulate at throat; the corolla brim is nearly two-lipped; the upper lip is emarginate; the lower lip three-lobed, and the middle lip is larger. There are four stamens; the nutlets are globose, 1.5 mm in diameter, reticulate. The flowering period is from August to November; the fruiting period is from August to December. Habitat: It grows most by cultivation, sometimes on the wild such as the sides of villages, by roadsides, or on wastelands. Distribution: It is cultivated all over China and distributed in southeast Asia. Acquisition and processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn before blossom many times, the impurities removed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The leaves are often shrunk, curled, and broken. The intact ones are 4–13 cm long and 2.5–9 cm wide, apically acute, basally broad cuneate, with lacerated serrations on the margins. The petioles are 2–7 cm long, purple to purplish blue on both surfaces, or purplish green on the upper surface and purple on the lower surface, sparsely covered with grayish white hairs, and with many depressed glandular spots on the lower surface. It is brittle and fragile, fragrant in odor and pungent in taste. The leaves large, purple, without branches and stems, and aromatic are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of spleen and lungs. Functions: Relieving exterior symptoms and dispersing cold, promoting Qi circulation, and harmonizing the stomach, and it is often used for treatment of cold of wind-cold type, cough, vomiting, pregnant vomiting, nasal congestion, headache, and fish and crab poisoning. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s):

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1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold of wind-cold type: Perilla frutescens, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Saposhnikovia divaricata, tangerine peel each 500  g, dried ginger, chive each 250 g, ground together into powder, added with brown sugar 1500 g, water, and evenly pressed into blocks, each weighing 9 g, baked. Infuse 1 block in water, twice a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold: Perilla frutescens leaf, mint, licorice each 6  g, ephedra 4.5  g, Pueraria lobata 9  g, ginger two pieces, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: crab poisoning: Perilla frutescens leaf 60 g, ginger three large pieces, decocted in water and taken frequently. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chest and abdominal distension, nausea and vomiting: Perilla frutescens stem, tangerine peel, Cyperus rotundus, semen Raphani, Pinellia ternata each 9 g, ginger 6 g decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: coughing with phlegm asthma: Perilla frutescens seed, mustard seed, Raphani seed each 9g, decocted in water for oral use. Annotations: Besides Perilla leaves, the stems and mature fruits of Perilla frutescens are also used as medicine (A) Perilla stem: the products are made of the dried stems of Perilla frutescens, square column shaped, obtuse rounded on angles, different in length, 5–15 mm in diameter, purple brown or dark purple on the adaxial surface, with straight grooves and straight lines on all four sides, enlarged on nodes, and with opposite branches and leaf scars, It is light and hard. The products thick and purple brown are better in quality. The nature and taste of Perilla stem: It is spicy in taste, warm in property, belonging to meridians of lungs and spleen. It functions in regulating Qi, relieving pain and relieving miscarriage. It is often used for treatment of chest and diaphragm stuffiness, epigastric pain, belching, vomiting, frequent fetal movement uneasiness, 3–10 g per dose. (B) Perilla frutescens seed: it is made of the mature and dried fruit of Perilla frutescens. The products are small spherical or ovate particles of 1–3 mm in diameter. The surface is grayish brown or grayish black, with raised dark purple reticulated veins and round small bumps. The pericarp is thin, hard and brittle, and easy to crush. The seeds are yellowish white, and the seed coat is membranous; there are two cotyledons, which are oily, and has the aroma of Perilla when rubbed by hands. The products big and full, and black colored are better in quality. The nature and taste of Perilla frutescens seed: It is pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. It functions in reducing Qi, eliminating phlegm, relieving asthma and moistening the intestines. It is often used for treatment of cough, and asthma with phlegm, constipation due to intestinal dryness. 5–15 g per dose.

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10.3  Family: Labiatae 10.3.1  Perilla frutescens var. purpurascens Chinese Name(s): bai su, ye sheng zi su. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Perilla frutescens (Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt. var. purpurascens (Hayata) H. W. Li). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 0.3–2 m tall, green or purple, obtuse-­ tetragonous, sparsely pubescent. The leaves are broadly ovate or orbicular, 4.5–7.5  cm long, 2.8–5  cm wide, apically mucronulate, basally broadly cuneate, narrowly and deeply serrate above base at margins, sparsely pilose on both surfaces, green or purplish; the lateral veins are in 7–8 pairs; the petioles are 3–5 cm long. The verticillasters are two-flowered, arranged in terminal and axillary racemes, 1.5–15  cm long, densely pilose; the bracts are broadly ovate or suborbicular, ca. 4  mm long and wide, apically mucronulate, reddish brown glandular, glabrous, membranous at margin; the pedicels are 1.5 mm long, densely pilose; the calyces are campanulate, 4–5.5  mm long, ten-veined, ca. 3  mm long, straight, pilose at lower part, yellow glandular, pilose annulate inside throat, flat or pendulous, basally swollen on one side; The calyx brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is broad, three-­ toothed, and the middle teeth is smaller; the lower lip is slightly longer than upper lip, two-toothed, lanceolate. The corollas are white to purplish red, 3–4 mm long, puberulent outside, puberulent inside the lower lip at base; the corolla tubes are short, 2–2.5  mm long, obliquely campanulate at throat; the corolla brim is two-­ lipped; the upper lip is emarginate; the lower lip is three-lobed; the middle lobe is larger; the lateral lobes are similar to upper lip. There are four stamens, which are not exserted; the anterior pairs are slightly longer, free, inserted into throat; the filaments are flat; the anthers are two-loculed, parallel, slightly divergent or extremely divergent. The styles are apically equally two-lobed. The nutlets are small, yellow, 1–1.5 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from August to November; the fruiting period is from August to December. Habitat: It grows in moist places by stream and wasteland near the village. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hebei, Shanxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan of China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of spleen and lungs. Functions: Clearing dampness and heat, dispersing pathogenic wind, eliminating carbuncle and swelling, regulating Qi, and resolving phlegm, and it is often used for treatment of cold of wind-cold type, cough, headache, chest tightness, abdominal distension, skin itching and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.4  Family: Labiatae 10.4.1  Phlomis mongolica Chinese Name(s): chuan ling cao, mao jian cha. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants and rhizomes of Phlomis mongolica (Phlomis mongolica Turcz.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The taproots are woody, thick; the lateral roots are globose to fusiform, thickened. The stems are 40–70  cm tall, unbranched or with few branches. The basal leaves are ovate-triangular to triangular-­ lanceolate, 4–13.5 cm long, 2.7–7 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cordate, crenate at margins; the cauline leaves are isomorphous, usually smaller; the bracts are triangular or ovate-lanceolate, gradually reduced to shorter than verticillasters; the verticillasters are densely flowered, numerous, separated from each other; the bracts are linear-subulate, as long as calyx, rigid, spreading ciliate, apically spinescent; the calyces are tubular, ca. 1.4 cm long and 6 mm wide; the teeth are circular, ca. 1.2 mm long, apically emarginate, with spines 2.5–3 mm long; the corollas are purple, ca. 2.2 cm long; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is ca. 1 cm long; the lower lip is ca. 1 cm long and 1 cm wide, three-lobed; the middle lobe is circular-obovate, apically emarginate, ca. 6  mm long and 7  mm wide; the lateral lobes are ovate, irregularly denticulate at margins. The stamens are included; the styles are apically unequally two-lobed. The nutlets are apically hairy. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on the hillside meadow. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn when about to bloom, the impurities removed, sliced, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, activating blood circulation and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of cold, injury, asthenic fever, nameless swelling and poisoning, scald. For external treatment, the products are mashed and applied to the affected area. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.5  Family: Labiatae 10.5.1  Phlomis umbrosa Chinese Name(s): cao su, xu duan, chang shan, bai lian, shan zhi ma. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants and rhizomes of Phlomis umbrosa (Phlomis umbrosa Turcz.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 50–150  cm tall, much branched, tetragonous, often purplish red. The leaves are suborbicular, ovate to ovate-oblong, 5.2–12 cm long, 2.5–12 cm wide, apically acute, rarely acuminate, basally shallow-­ cordate or rounded, serrate-dentate at margins, adaxially olive-green, sparsely

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pilose or stellate pilose, abaxially pale green, sometimes densely hairy; the petioles are 1–12 cm long, densely hispidulous, ventrally impressed and dorsally raised; the bracteal leaves are usually ovate, 1–3.5 cm long, 0.6–2 cm wide, coarsely serrate-­ dentate at margins, with petioles 2–3 mm long. The verticillasters are numerous, 4–8-flowered, born on the main stem and branches; the calyces are tubular, ca. 10 mm long, ca. 3.5 mm wide, stellate puberulent outside, sometimes sparsely hispid on veins, with small spines ca. 1.5  mm long on top of teeth, tufted hairy at margins. The corollas are usually pink; the lower lips are darker, often with red spots, ca. 1.7  cm long; the corolla tubes are ca. 1  cm long, glabrous except for pubescent back outside, pilose annulate on basal 1/3 inside; the corolla brims are two-lipped; the upper lip is ca. 7 mm long, silky-villous outside, irregularly denticulate at margins, bearded inside; the lower lip is ca. 5 mm long, about 6 mm wide, densely silky-villous except for glabrous margin outside, glabrous inside; the lobes are ovate or suborbicular and the middle 1 is larger. The stamens are included. The Nutlets are glabrous. The flowering period is from June to September; the fruiting period is in September. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or on woodland grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Gansu, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Liaoning. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Dispelling phlegm and relieving coughing, clearing heat, and detoxicating, and it is often used for treatment of cough with phlegm, carbuncle, and sore. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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10.6  Family: Labiatae 10.6.1  Pogostemon auricularius Chinese Name(s): shui zhen zhu cao, mao she cao, she wei cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants and rhizomes of Pogostemon auricularius (Pogostemon auricularius (Linn.) Hassk.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are 0.4–2 m tall, prostrate basally, rooting at nodes, ascending, apically much branched, densely yellow spreading hirsute. The leaves are oblong or ovate-oblong, 2.5–7 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally rounded or shallowly cordate, rarely cuneate, nearly serrate at margins, herbaceous, adaxially olive green, abaxially pale green, yellow strigose, with scattered impressed glands; the lateral veins are in 5–6 pairs, adaxially flat and abaxially conspicuous with midrib; the petioles are short, rarely to 1.2  cm, densely yellow hirsute; the upper leaves are subsessile. The spikes are 6–18 cm long, apically caudate-acuminate, ca. 1 cm in diam. in flower, continuous or sometimes interrupted at base; the bracts are ovate-lanceolate, often as long as corolla, strigose at margins; the calyces are campanulate, small, ca. 1 mm long, only sparsely pilose at margins of calyx teeth, glabrous on other parts, yellow glandular; there are five calyx teeth, which are short-triangular, ca. 1/4 as long as calyx tube; the corollas are purplish to white, ca. 2.5 times as long as calyx, glabrous. There are four stamens, which are much exserted, and the exserted parts are bearded. The styles do not exceed stamen, apically equally two-lobed. The disk is ring. The nutlets are subglobose, ca. 0.5 mm in diam., brown, glabrous. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to November. Habitat: It grows by the stream, ditch side of the wet ground. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan and other provinces of China.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Dispelling wind, clearing heat, and dampness, and it is often used for treatment of night sweating of children and the aged, cold, fever, sores, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.7  Family: Labiatae 10.7.1  Pogostemon cablin Chinese Name(s): guang huo xiang, shi pai huo xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants a Pogostemon cablin (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb or subshrub, aromatic, erect, 0.3–1 m tall. The stems are tetragonous, much branched, tomentose. The leaves are herbaceous, circular to broadly ovate, 2–10.5 cm long, 1–8.5 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally cuneate-attenuate, irregularly dentate at margins, adaxially tomentose and gradually sparsely tomentose when old, abaxially tomentose; the lateral veins are about in five pairs, slightly impressed or nearly flat adaxially, raised abaxially; the petioles are 1–6 cm long, tomentose. The verticillasters are ten- to many flowered, arranged in spikes 4–6.5 cm long; the spikes are terminal or paired-­axillary at the end of branches. The peduncles are 0.5–2  cm long, densely tomentose; the bracts and bracteoles are linear-lanceolate, slightly shorter or subequal than calyx, densely tomentose; the calyx tubes are 7–9 mm long, tomentose outside, minutely tomentose inside; the calyx teeth are subulate-lanceolate, ca. 1/3 as long as calyx tube; the corollas are purple-red, ca. 1 cm long; the lobes are villous outside. The stamens are exserted. The styles are apically subequally two-lobed. The disks are ring. The flowering period is in April. Habitat: It is cultivated in paddy fields and slopes. Distribution: It is widely cultivated in southern provinces of China, which is originally from the Philippines.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn and winter, sliced and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The whole plant is densely tomentose, much branched. The main stem is stout, 1.5–2.6 cm in diameter, covered with grayish brown scarfskin. The branches are slightly square columnar, obtuse at angles and slightly curled. It is brittle and easy to break. The leaves are usually broadly ovate, marginally irregularly obtuse serrate, shrunk after drying, slightly thick, yellowish green or golden yellow. It is fragrant and mellow in odor, sweet and bland in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of spleen, stomach and lungs. Functions: Relieving heat and dampness, promoting circulation of Qi and harmonizing stomach, and it is often used for treatment of heat stroke, fever, headache, chest tightness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, as well as for external treatment for tinea manus and tinea pedis. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted and used for washing the affected areas with. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: headache and fever, distention and pain of chest and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea: (Huoxiang Zhengqi pill) Pogostemon cablin, Atractylodes macrocephala, Poria cocos, Areca catechu each 9 g, tangerine peel, Platycodon grandiflorum, Perilla, licorice, Pinellia, Magnolia officinalis, Angelica dahurica each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. Or take Huoxiang Zhengqi pills, 1–2 pills each time. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: simple gastritis: Pogostemon cablin, Eupatorium fortunei, Pinellia ternate, Scutellaria baicalensis each 9 g, tangerine peel 6 g, prepared Magnolia officinalis 4.5 g, decocted in water for oral use. In case of indigestion, added with 15 g of malt; in cases of vomiting, added with 9 g of stir-baked caulis banbusae in teaniam with ginger juice, Coptis chinensis 3 g; in cases with distention and pain, added with 6 g of Radix Aucklandiae. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hepatitis without jaundice (dampness type): Pogostemon cablin, Atractylodes lancea, prepared Cyperus japonicus, Curcuma rcenyujin each 9 g, Radix Isatidis, dandelion each 15g, Magnolia officinalis and tangerine peel each 6 g, decocted in water. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: manus and tinea pedis: Pogostemon cablin 30g, Polygonatum sibiricum, rhubarb, soap alum each 12 g, soaked the medicine in 1 kg of rice vinegar for 7–8 days, removed the residue and set aside. When using, immerse the affected part in the liquid medicine completely, 30 min each time, three times a day. Do not wash with soapy water or alkaline water after soaking.

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10.8  Family: Labiatae 10.8.1  Prunella vulgaris Chinese Name(s): xia ku cao, bang chui cao, mai sui xia ku cao, tie xian xia ku cao, mai xia ku, tie xian xia ku. Source: This medicine is made of the infructescences with flowers of Prunella vulgaris (Prunella vulgaris Linn. [ Brunella vulgaris Linn.])

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Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 20–30  cm tall. The rhizomes are prostrate, rooting at nodes. The stems are ascending, square-columned, shallowly furrowed, purplish-red, glabrous or sparsely strigose, branched from base. The stems and leaves are both opposite, herbaceous, ovate-oblong to ovate, 1.5–6 cm long, 0.6–2.5 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally rounded, broadly cuneate to cuneate, often decurrent into a winged petiole, subentire or undulate-dentate at margins, glabrous or sparsely hispidulous on both surfaces; the petioles are 0.7–2.5 cm long. The flowers are blue-purple or red-purple, terminal, densely flowered, arranged in spikes 2–4 m long; the bracts are conspicuous, purplish, membranous, broadly cordate, ca. 7 mm long, up to 11 mm wide, apically cuspidate, ciliate; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 10  mm long, sparsely hispid; the calyx brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is broad, oblate, slightly three-lobed; the lower lip has two acuminate lobes. The corollas are ca. 13 mm long, glabrous outside; the corolla brim is two-­ lipped; the upper lip is subcircular, ca. 5.5 mm in diameter, more or less galeate; the lower lip is short, three-lobed, and the middle lobe is subobcordate, fringed at margins. There are four stamens, which extended below lip; the filaments of anterior stamen are apically two-lobed; one lobe a fertile chamber, and the other is subulate. The nutlets are ovoid, ca. 1.8 mm long, brown. The flowering period is from April to June; the fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows by hillsides, roadsides, on wasteland or at ridge of fields. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xinjiang of China, as well as in Europe, North Africa, India, Pakistan, Australia and North America. Acquisition and Processing: The infructescence with flowers are harvested in summer, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is clavate and turriform, mostly slightly flattened, 3–7 cm long, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, light brown to brownish red, with stem marks or short stems at the base. The whole panicle is composed of 4–13 rings of persistent calyxes and bracts, half-imbricate arranged and folded into “pagoda” shape. There are two opposite bract s in each whorl, which are flabellate, tail tipped, pale yellow, obviously veined, white hairy on the outer surfaces. There are three flowers in each bract. The corollas had fallen off. The calyxes are labiate, and there are four nuts in it. The fruits are ovoid, brown, glossy, with white protuberances at the tip. It is light, loose and elastic in quality, slight in odor and bland in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing liver and brightening eyesight, clearing heat, and dispersing nodules, and it is often used for treatment of tuberculosis of lymph nodes, goiter, hypertension, headache, tinnitus, swelling and pain of eyes, tuberculosis, acute mastitis, mumps, carbuncle, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s):

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1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: goiter: Prunella vulgaris, seaweed 15 g, kelp 50 g, ground into fine powder, added with honey to make pills. Take 9 g each time, twice a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hypertension: Prunella vulgaris, Cassia obtusifolia, gypsum 30 g each, Sophora japonica, Uncaria rhynchophylla, mulberry leaf, Leonurus japonicus, Scutellaria baicalensis 15 g each, decocted for three times in water, filtered, added 30  g of honey into the extract, concentrated to 120 g of paste and taken in three times, one dose daily, 10 days as a course of treatment. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pulmonary tuberculosis: Prunella vulgaris 30 g, decocted and concentrated into cream, dried in the sun, and then added with 3 g of Artemisia annua powder and 1.5 g of turtle shell powder, mixed well (or made into pills) and taken in three times in a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bleeding: Prunella vulgaris 90 g, Oxalis 60 g, Salvia plebeia 30 g, ground into powder, sprinkled onto the wound and pressed with sterilized bandage for (1–2 min) and wrapped.

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10.9  Family: Labiatae 10.9.1  Salvia bowleyana Chinese Name(s): nan dan shen, dan shen, qi li jiao Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Salvia bowleyana (Salvia bowleyana Dunn). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 40–100 cm tall. The roots are scarlet or purplish red, slightly fleshy. The stems are pubescent. The leaves are odd-pinnate, opposite, 5(–7)-foliolate; the terminal leaflets are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3–7.5 cm long, apically acuminate, basally rounded to cordate, crenate at margins, abaxially pilose; the lateral leaflets are smaller; the petioles are 4–6 cm long, pilose. The flowers are purple, yellow-striate, glandular-hairy, in terminal racemes or panicles; the calyces are tubular, 7–8 mm long; the calyx brim is two-lipped; the corollas are ca. 2 cm long; the tubes are obliquely hairy annulate; the upper lip of brim is large, slightly falcate; the middle lobe of lower lip is obcordate. The stamens are linear; the connectives are ca. 19  mm long; the upper arms are longer, with one anther locule; the lower arms are shorter, without anther locule. The nutlets are apically hairy. The flowering period is from March to July. Habitat: It grows on mountains, stone crevices, under forests or near water. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Guangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn and winter, the aboveground parts and fibrous roots removed, washed, and dried in the sun. In order to make the products soft, they are often piled when 60 or 70% dry, and then dried in the sun again. The roots are brittle, pay attention not to break when digging. Medicinal Properties: The root head is stout, often with a residual stem base at the top and several subcylindrical branch-roots of different lengths in the lower part, which are 8–25 cm long and 0.5–1.4 cm in diameter. It is purplish red to brownish red on surfaces with residual fibrous roots, longitudinal wrinkled, slightly rough, and the outer root barks is often flaky. It is hard and brittle, easy to break, loose on sections, sometimes with cracks. The cortex is brownish red, and the xylem is grayish yellow or sometimes purplish brown, scattered with many white dots. It is slightly bitter and astringent in taste, and dyes the saliva purplish red when chewing. The products stout, heavy and less fibrous are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of heart and liver. Functions: Activating blood circulation and unblocking meridians, expelling pus and promoting granulation, soothing the liver, and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, osteoarthralgia, chest costal distension, insomnia, angina pectoris, carbuncle, erysipelas, neurasthenia, rheumatism, chronic hepatitis, and gastric and duodenal ulcer. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.10  Family: Labiatae 10.10.1  Salvia cavaleriei Chinese Name(s): gui zhou shu wei cao, xue pen cao, fan bei hong, ye xia hong. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Salvia cavaleriei (Salvia cavaleriei Lévl.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are simple or basally branched, 12–32 cm tall, slender, tetragonous, violet, glabrous at lower part, slightly puberulent at upper part. The shapes of leaves are different; the lower stem leaves are pinnate, larger; the terminal leaflets are ovate to lanceolate, 2.5–7.5 cm long, 1–3.2 cm wide, apically obtuse to rounded, basally cuneate or rounded, remotely obtuse-serrate at margins, herbaceous, adaxially green, puberulent or glabrous, abaxially purple-red, glabrous; the lateral leaflets are in 1–3 pairs, often smaller, entire or obtuse-serrate at margins; the upper stem leaves are simple or ternate; the petioles are 1–7 cm long, glabrous. The verticillasters are 2–6-flowered, widely spaced, in terminal racemes or panicles; the bracts are lanceolate, ca. 2 mm long, apically acute, basally cuneate, sessile, entire, purplish, subglabrous; the pedicels are ca. 2 mm long, slightly puberulent with inflorescence axis. The calyces are tubular, ca. 4.5 mm long, glabrous outside, apically strigose inside, two-lipped to ca. 1/4 its length; the upper lip is semicircular-triangular, entire, apically acute; the lower lip is longer than upper lip, parted into two teeth; the teeth are triangular, acute. The corollas are blue-purple or purple, ca. 8 mm long, puberulent outside; the tubes are pilose annulate inside, ca. 5.5 mm long, gradually dilated from base, ca. 1 mm wide at base and ca. 2 mm wide at throat; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is oblong, ca. 3.5 mm long and 2 mm wide, apically emarginate; the lower lip and the upper lip are subequal, up to 4 mm wide, three-parted; the middle lobes are obcordate, apically emarginate; the lateral lobes are ovate-triangular. There are two fertile stamens, which exserted beyond the upper lip of corolla; the filaments are ca. 2 mm long. The nutlets are ellipsoid, ca. 0.8 mm long, black, glabrous. The flowering period is from July to September.

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Habitat: It grows on stony slopes, under forests or by the edge of ditches. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Cooling blood and detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of tuberculosis, hemoptysis, dysentery, as well as for external treatment of injuries and boils. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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10.11  Family: Labiatae 10.11.1  Salvia chinensis Chinese Name(s): shi jian chuan, shi da chuan, yue xia hong, zi shen. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Salvia chinensis (Salvia chinensis Benth.) Morphology: The herb is annual, erect or prostrate at base, 20–65 cm tall. The roots are slightly thickened, purplish brown; the stems are square-columnar, branched or unbranched, pilose. The leaves are opposite, simple or three-foliolate toward stem base; the petioles are up to 7 cm long; the leaf blades of simple leaves and compound leaves are ovate to ovate-elliptic, apically obtuse or mucronulate, basally cordate or rounded, obtusely serrate at margins; the simple leaves are 1.3–7 cm long; the terminal leaflets of compound leaves are 2.5–7.5 cm long, and the lateral leaflets are small, pubescent along veins on both surfaces. The flowers are bluish-purple, crowed in racemes or complex racemes, 5–24  cm long, apically pilose, six-flowered at per node; the calyces are campanulate, 4.5–6 mm long, purple, densely hirsute annulate at throats; the calyx brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is semicircular, three-veined, and the lateral veins are narrowly winged; the lower lip is two-toothed, acuminate; the corollas are ca. 1 cm long, pubescent. There are two developed stamens, which are exserted, with connectives ca. 4.5 mm long; the upper arms are longer, arc-shaped, with one anther locule; the lower arms are shorter, without anther locule. The nutlets are ellipsoid-ovoid, ca. 1.5  mm long, brown. The flowering period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on valleys, under thin forests, on the edge of forests, or in grass. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Shandong, Guangxi, Sichuan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are harvested in summer and autumn, the impurities removed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are about 20–60 cm. The stem is square columnar, more or less branched, 1–4 mm in diameter, grayish green to dark purple, white pilose. It is brittle, easily broken, yellow white on the sections. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, single or terately compound at the base. The leaves are mostly shrunken or broken. The intact leaves are ovate to lanceolate after flattening, 1.5–7 cm long, with crenation on the margins and white pilose on both surfaces. The corollas are two-lipped, blueish purple. It is slight in odor, slightly bitter and astringent in taste. The products with more leaves, green color and flowers are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and spleen. Functions: Activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, clearing heat and promoting diuresis, eliminating the mass, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea,

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metrorrhagia, hematuria, damp-heat jaundice, dysentery with bloody stool, strangury, morbid leucorrhea, rheumatic osteodynia, scrofula, sores, mastitis, herpes zoster, and traumatic injury. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: irregular menstruation: Salvia chinensis 30–60 g, decocted in water and taken with yellow rice wine; or added with 30 g of Agrimonia pilosa and 30 g of motherwort, decocted in water, and taken with brown sugar or yellow rice wine. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bacillary dysentery: Salvia chinensis, dried tangerine peel each 30 g, licorice 3–6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: herpes zoster: fresh leaves Salvia chinensis, mashed for juice, added with spirit and used for external application.

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10.12  Family: Labiatae 10.12.1  Salvia miltiorrhiza Chinese Name(s): dan shen, chuan dan shen, chi shen, ben ma cao, xue shen gen. Source: This medicine is made of the fleshy roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial erect herb. The taproots are thickened, succulent, scarlet outside, white inside, 5–15  cm long, 4–14  mm in diameter, sparsely branched. The leaves are often odd-pinnate; the petioles are 1.3–7.5  cm long, densely retrorse villous; there are 3–5(7) leaflets, which are 1.5–8 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, ovate, elliptic-ovate or broadly lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, basally rounded or oblique, crenate at margins, herbaceous, sparsely

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pubescent on both surfaces; the petiolules are 2–14 mm long. The verticillasters are six- to many flowered, basally crowded, apically remote, in terminal or axillary racemes, which are 4.5–17 cm long, long-pedunculate; the bracts are lanceolate; the pedicels are 3–4 mm long; the rachis is densely pilose or glandular pilose; the calyces are campanulate, purplish, ca. 1.1  cm long, slightly dilated after anthesis, sparsely villous or glandular villous, ciliate at margins, 11-veined, 2-lipped. The corollas are purple-blue, 2–2.7 cm long, outside glandular pubescent, densely so on upper lip; the tubes are imperfectly fine pilose annulate inside, 2–3 mm far away from the base, exserted, shorter than limb, 2 mm wide at base, to 8 mm wide at throat; the limb is two-lipped; the upper lip is 1.2–1.5 cm long, falcate, erect, apically emarginate; the lower lip is shorter, three-lobed. There are two developed stamens; the styles are much exserted, up to 40 mm long, apically unequally two-lobed; the posterior lobes are extremely short; the anterior lobes are linear. The front of disk is slightly enlarged. The nutlets are black, ellipsoid, ca. 3.2 cm long, 1.5 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from April to August; the fruiting period is after flowering. Habitat: It grows on the hillside, under the woods or beside the gully, with an altitude of 120–1300 m. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, and Sichuan. It is also cultivated in other areas. Acquisition and Processing: The fleshy roots are harvested in spring and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The rhizome of this product is stout, and sometimes with stem base remaining at the top. There are several roots, which are long cylindrical, slightly curved, with some branches and with fibrous roots, 10–20  cm long, 3–10 mm in diameter, brownish red or dark brownish red on surfaces, rough, with longitudinal wrinkles. The root barks of old root are loose, mostly purplish brown, and often flakes off. It is hard and brittle. The sections are loose with cracks or slightly flat and dense. The cortex is brownish red, and the xylem is grayish yellow or purplish brown, and the catheter bundle is yellow white and radially arranged. It is slight in odor, slightly bitter and astringent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Removing blood stasis, promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, clearing the heart, and eliminating vexation, and it is often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, abdominal mass, accumulation, postpartum abdominal pain due to blood stasis, neurasthenia, insomnia, upset, palpitation, angina pectoris, hepatosplenomegaly, and joint pain. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. The dosage can be increased to 50 g if decocted alone. It shouldn’t be taken with Veratrum nigrum. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: irregular menstruation: Salvia miltiorrhiza 15 g, Angelica 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysmenorrhea: Salvia miltiorrhiza 15  g, Curcuma rcenyujin 6 g, decocted in water and taken one dose a day in 2 times. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and angina pectoris: (a) Salvia miltiorrhiza 18  g, radix paeoniae rubra, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, safflower each 9 g, Dalbergia odorifera 6 g, decocted in water and taken in two times; for patients with Yin deficiency and Yang hyperactivity, added with 12 g of Scrophularia and 9 g of Lactuca formosana; for patients with deficiency of both Qi and Yin, added with 9 g of Codonopsis pilosula and 15 g of Polygonatum odoratum (b) Compound Shenxiang tablets, Salvia miltiorrhiza 60 g, Angelica 30 g, Acorus calamus 15 g, Dalbergia odorifera 4.5 g, Asarum 1 g. Decoct the former 3 medicine in water and concentrated into extract, and the latter two medicine are ground into powder and mixed with the extract, dried at a low temperature, and pressed into tablets. The above prescription is a daily dosage which should be taken in three times, and continue for 4 weeks. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: early cirrhosis: Salvia miltiorrhiza 12  g, peach kernel, raw rehmannia, rhubarb each 9  g, Eupolyphaga sinensis 6–9  g, Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus membranaceus each 9 g, turtle shell 12–24 g, decocted in water for oral use. Women should stop using the decoction during menstruation. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: thromboangiitis obliterans: Salvia miltiorrhiza, Flos Lonicerae, radix paeoniae rubra, Smilax glabra each 30 g, Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum chuanxiong each 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: neurasthenia insomnia: Salvia miltiorrhiza 800 g, Schisandra chinensis 600 g, soaked in appropriate amount of liquor for 2 weeks and taken three times a day, 5 ml each time. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: ectopic pregnancy (lump type): Salvia miltiorrhiza 9–15 g, radix paeoniae rubra, frankincense, myrrh, peach kernel each 6–9  g, Sparganium, Rhizoma Curcumae each 3–6  g, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.13  Family: Labiatae 10.13.1  Salvia plebeia Chinese Name(s): li zhi cao, xue jian cao, xue li qing, lai zi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Salvia plebeia (Salvia plebeia R. Br.) Morphology: The plant is an annual or biennial herb. The stems are erect, 15–90 cm tall, robust, much branched, retrorse gray pilose. The leaves are elliptic-­ ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, 2–6 cm long, 0.8–2.5 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally rounded or cuneate, crenate, dentate, or serrate at margins, herbaceous, sparsely puberulent, abaxially finely pilose, sparsely yellow-brown glandular; the petioles are 4–15  mm long, densely pilose. The verticillasters are six-flowered, numerous, in racemes or panicles which are 10–25  cm long, apically acuminate, basally acuminate, entire, sparsely pilose on both surfaces, densely so on abaxially, ciliate at margins; the pedicels are ca. 1  mm long, densely sparsely pilose with

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inflorescence axis; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 2.7 mm long, sparsely puberulent outside, sparsely yellow-brown glandular, two-lipped to 1/3 its length; the upper lip is entire, apically three-denticulate; the lower lip is deeply two-toothed, and the teeth are triangular, acute. The corollas are reddish, purplish, purple, blue-­ purple, to blue, rarely white, ca. 4.5 mm long; the tubes are glabrous outside, hairy annulate inside; the brim is two-lipped; the upper lip oblong, ca. 1.8 mm long and 1 mm wide, apically slightly emarginate; the lower lip is ca. 1.7 mm long and 3 mm wide, puberulent outside, three-lobed, with the largest middle lobe. There are two fertile stamens. The nutlets are obovoid, ca. 0.4  mm in diameter, dry when ripe, smooth. The flowering period is from April to May; the fruiting period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows on slopes, by roadsides, by gullies and on moist soil of fields at an altitude of 400–750 m. Distribution: It is distributed in all provinces and regions in China except Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and Tibet, as well as in eastern and southeastern Asia and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, cooling blood, and stopping bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of tonsillitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, hemoptysis, bronchitis, ascites swelling, nephritis, edema, metrorrhagia, hematochezia, thrombocytopenic purpura, as well as for external treatment of carbuncle, hemorrhoids, mastitis, and vaginitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application or decocted for washing the affected areas with. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis: Salvia plebeia 30 g, lean pork 60 g, stewed in water for half an hour, and taken orally. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: thrombocytopenic purpura: Salvia plebeia 15–30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute mastitis: fresh Salvia plebeia in appropriate amount, washed and mashed, stuffed into the nostril coincident to the side of affected breast, 20–30 min each time, twice a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis: (a) Salvia plebeia, Rhododendron simsii, Belamcanda chinensis, plantain, Cirsium setosum each 9 g, decocted in water and taken in three times, 10 days as a course of treatment. (b) Salvia plebeia (fresh) 1000  g, added with 0.75  g of water, decocted into 0.5 kg, precipitated, taken the liquid, added with sugar, and taken 50 ml per dose, twice a day, 10 days as a course of treatment. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: vaginitis, cervical erosion: Salvia plebeia 500  g, washed and cut up, added with 3500  g of water, decocted for 10  min,

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­ ltered and washed the vagina with; or concentrate the liquid to 500 ml, wash the fi vagina, soak the dry cotton ball with concentrated liquid, stuff the ball into the cervix of vagina (cotton ball must be tied with a thread so that it will be easy to pull out). Wash and change cotton ball once a day, 7 days as a course of treatment and repeat the treatment after an interval of 2–3 days.

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10.14  Family: Labiatae 10.14.1  Schizonepeta tenuifolia Chinese Name(s): jing jie, xiao hui xiang, jia su, si leng gan hao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are 0.3–1 m tall, tetragonous, much branched; the nodes on lower part of stems and the base of branchlets are usually reddish. The leaves are usually three-lobed like fingers, unequal in size, 1–3.5 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, apically acute, basally cuneate and decurrent into petiole; the lobes are lanceolate, 1.5–4 mm wide, which in the middle is larger than others, entire, herbaceous; the petioles are 2–10 mm long. The inflorescences are terminal spikes composed of many verticillasters, 2–13 cm long, interrupted, which on the main stem are always larger and more flowered, and that on the side branches are smaller and sparsely flowered; the bracts are leaflike; the lower bracts are larger, homomorphic to leaves; the upper bracts are gradually smaller, even as long as

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flowers; the bracteoles are linear, minute. The calyces are tubular-campanulate, ca. 3 mm long, 1.2 mm in diameter, 15-veined, 5-toothed, triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate, apically acuminate, ca. 0.7  mm long. The corollas are blue-purple, ca. 4.5 mm long; the corolla tubes are extending upward; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is apically two-lobed; the lower lip is three-lobed, and the middle lobe is largest. There are four stamens; the anthers are blue. The styles are apically subequally two-lobed. The nutlets are oblong, nearly trigonous, ca. 1.5 mm long. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on slopes, by roadsides, on the edges of valleys and forests, or on meadows. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, and Sichuan, as well as in North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, the impurities removed, sliced, washed, and dried in the shade. Medicinal Properties: The product is square columnar, branched on the upper part, 50–80 cm long and 2–4 mm in diameter, light yellowish green or light purplish red on surfaces, pubescent. It is light in quality, crisp in texture, and white in cross section. The leaves are opposite, and most of them have exfoliated. The leaves are pinnately divided into 3–5 lobes, which are slender. The inflorescence is terminal, 2–9 cm long and 7 mm in diameter. The corollas are mostly fell off; the persistent calyxes are campanulate, apically five-dentate, light brown or yellowish green, pubescent. The nuts are brown and black. It is fragrant in odor, slightly astringent and pungent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is astringent in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and liver. Functions: Dispelling pathogenic wind and relieving exterior symptoms, promoting eruption of rash, stopping spasm, and bleeding, and it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, sore throat, wind fire, toothache, children fever, convulsion, measles impervious, urticaria, skin itching, tetanus, early stage of carbuncle, vomiting, bleeding, metrorrhagia, postpartum hemorrhage, scabies, tuberculosis of lymph nodes, etc. Use and Dosage: 5–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use; or made into pills to take; for external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted and used for washing the affected areas with.

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10.15  Family: Labiatae 10.15.1  Schnabelia oligophylla Chinese Name(s): si leng jin gu cao, jian yu cao, jian yu shu jin cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Schnabelia oligophylla (Schnabelia oligophylla Hand. - Mazz.) Morphology: The plant is a herb, 60–100  cm tall. The leaves are opposite, papery, ovate or triangular-ovate, rarely digitately trifoliolate, 1–3  cm long, 8–17 mm wide, apically acute or short-acuminate, basally suborbicular or cuneate, sometimes shallowly cordate, serrate at margins, adaxially green, abaxially pale green, sparsely strigose on both surfaces; the upper parts become smaller and narrower; the petioles are 3–9 mm long, slender, strigose. The peduncles are axially on upper stems, only one-flowered, 7–18 mm long with pedicels, sparsely pubescent; the pedicels are 5–7 mm long. The calyces of open flowers are campanulate, 6–9 mm long, puberulent outside, glabrous inside, ten-veined, reticulate; the calyx tubes are very short, five-toothed, linear-lanceolate. The corollas are large, 14–18 mm long, bluish purple or purple-red, pubescent outside; the corolla tubes are slender, ca. 12 mm long and 2 mm in diam., upright, inside pubescent; the corolla brim is two-­ lipped, inside glabrous; the upper lip is erect, two-lobed, with lobes broad-elliptic, ca. 4 mm long and 3 mm wide; the lower lip is three-lobed, obovate-triangular, apically truncate; the middle lobe is ca. 8 mm long; the lateral lobes are ca. 5 mm long and 3 mm wide. There are four stamens, which inserted slightly above middle of corolla tube; the anterior pairs are longer, slightly higher; the filaments are slender, glabrous; the anthers are reniform, bluish purple when mature. The ovaries are pubescent. The flowering period is from April to May; the fruiting period is from May to June. Habitat: It grows in open forests, by streams and in bushes at mid-altitude.

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Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, and Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, the impurities removed, sliced, washed, and dried in the shade. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and sour in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, relaxing muscles, and activating collaterals, and it is often used for treatment of rheumatism, muscle and bone pain, low back pain, limb numbness, and injury and swelling caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.16  Family: Labiatae 10.16.1  Scutellaria baicalensis Chinese Name(s): huang qin, huang jin cai, shan cha gen, lan xin cao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb; the rhizomes are hypertrophic, fleshy, ca. 2 cm in diameter, elongate, branched. The stems are basally stoloniferous, ascending, (15)30–120 cm tall, basally 2.5–3 mm in diameter, obtusely tetragonous, thin-striate, subglabrous or antrorsely to spreading puberulent, green or purplish, much branched from base. The leaves are hard papery, lanceolate to linear-­ lanceolate, 1.5–4.5 cm long, (0.3)0.5–1.2 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally rounded,

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entire, adaxially dark green, glabrous or sparsely appressed to spreading puberulent, abaxially light green, glabrous or sparsely puberulent along midvein, densely impressed glandular; the lateral veins are in four pairs, adaxially impressed and abaxially raised with midvein; the petioles are short, ca. 2 mm long, puberulent. The racemes are terminal, 7–15 cm long; the pedicels are ca. 3 mm long, puberulent with axis; the basal bracts are similar to stem leaves; the upper ones are small, ovate-­ lanceolate to lanceolate, 4–11 mm long, subglabrous; the calyces are ca. 4 mm long at anthesis, with scutellum ca. 1.5 mm tall, densely puberulent outside, ciliate at margins, glabrous inside; the calyces are ca. 5 mm long in fruit, with scutellum ca. 4 mm tall; the corollas are purple, purple-red to blue-purple; the corolla tubes are obviously geniculate near base. There are four stamens, which are didynamous. The nutlets are ovoid, dark brown, tuberculate. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, and other places, as well as in Russia, Mongolia, North Korea, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, the fibrous roots and silt removed, dried and knocked off the coarse barks, and dried again in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is long conic or cylindrical, robust on the head, attenuate downward, twister and curve, 5–25 cm long and 1–3 cm in diameter, brownish yellow on surfaces, with scattered verrucous fine root marks. The upper part is rough, with twisted longitudinal wrinkles or irregular reticulate veins, and the lower part is thinner. It is hard and brittle, easy to break, yellow in the cross section and reddish brown in the middle. The old roots are withered and decayed in the center, showing dark brown or brownish black; sometimes it becomes a cavity, therefor it is called “kuqin”. It is slight in odor and bitter in taste. The products long, solid and yellow are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs, spleen, gallbladder, large intestine and small intestine. Functions: Clearing dampness and heat, purging the pathogenic fire, detoxicating, stopping bleeding, and preventing miscarriage, and it is often used for treatment of fever caused by epidemic febrile diseases caused by dampness and warmness, coughing due to heat in the lungs, pneumonia, hemoptysis, jaundice, diarrhea due to damp-heat, conjunctivitis, threatened miscarriage, hypertension, carbuncle, and sore. Use and Dosage: 5–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute and chronic hepatitis: baicalein injection, intramuscular injected once a day, 2 ml each time, 1 month as a course of treatment. No other drugs should be used during the treatment.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: brucellosis: Scutellaria baicalensis 30  g, Cortex Phellodendri, Clematis chinensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza each 15 g, decocted in water and concentrated to 300 ml. Take 100 ml each time, three times a day, 15 days as a course of treatment. 3. Prevention of scarlet fever: Scutellaria baicalensis 9 g, decocted in water, 2–3 times a day for 3 days. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute enteritis, acute bacillary dysentery: Scutellaria baicalensis 12 g, Paeonia lactiflora 9 g, Glycyrrhiza uralensis 6 g, jujube 5, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: disturbed fetal movement: Scutellaria baicalensis, Angelica, Paeonia lactiflora, Atractylodes macrocephala each 9 g, Ligusticum chuanxiong 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.17  Family: Labiatae 10.17.1  Scutellaria barbata Chinese Name(s): ban zhi lian, bing tou cao, xia ye han xin cao, si fang ma lan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Scutellaria barbata (Scutellaria barbata D. Don). Morphology: The plant is an erect herb, 12–35(55)  cm tall, tetragonous. The leaves are triangular-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes ovate, 1.3–3.2 cm long, 0.5–1.4 cm wide, apically acute, basally broadly cuneate or subtruncate, remotely and obtusely shallow-dentate at margins; the leaves are olive-green, abaxially pale green sometimes purplish, subglabrous to sparsely appressed pubescent along veins; the lateral veins are in 2–3 pairs; the petioles are 1–3 mm long. The flowers are solitary in the axils of upper leaves of stem or branch; the stems with flowers are

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4–11 cm long; the pedicels are 1–2 mm long, puberulent, with a pair of needlelike bracteoles about 0.5 mm long in the middle, ciliate; the calyces are ca. 2 mm long at anthesis, puberulent along veins outside, ciliolate at margins, to 4.5 mm long in fruit, with scutellum ca. 2 mm tall in fruit; the corollas are purplish blue, 9–13 mm long, pubescent outside, sparsely pilose at throat inside; the tubes are saccate in front at base, ca. 1.5 mm wide at middle, gradually dilated to 3.5 mm wide at throat; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is galeate, semicircular, ca. 1.5  mm long, apically rounded; the middle lobe of lower lip is trapeziform, entire, ca. 2.5 mm long and 4 mm wide; the lateral lobes are triangular-ovate, ca. 1.5 mm wide, apically acute. There are four stamens; the anterior pairs are longer, slightly exposed; a half of anther is fertile, and the other degenerate half is inconspicuous; the posterior pairs are shorter, included. The styles are slender; the disks are discoid; the ovaries are four-lobed, and lobes are equal. The nutlets are brown, oblate, ca. 1 mm in diameter, warty. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to July. Habitat: It grows on the edge of paddy fields, streams or wet grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan of China, as well as in northern India, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is 15–35  cm long, glabrous and sparsely hairy. The roots are slender. The stems are tufted, thin, square columnar, dark purple or brownish green on surfaces. The leaves are opposite, shortly petiolate. The leaves are mostly shrunk. After spreading, they are triangular ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.3–3.2 cm long and 0.5–1.4 cm wide, apically acute and basally broadly cuneate or subtruncate, sparsely and obtusely dentate on the margins, dark green on the adaxial surface and grayish green on the abaxial. The flowers are solitary in the upper axils of stems and branches. The calyx lobes are obtuse or rounded. The corollas are two-­ lipped, brownish yellow or light bluish purple, about 12 mm long and hairy. The fruits are compressed spheroid and light brown. It is slight in odor, slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, fighting cancer, and it is often used for treatment of tumor, appendicitis, hepatitis, cirrhosis, ascites, lungs abscess, as well as for external treatment for mastitis, carbuncle, furuncle, venomous snake bite, and injury. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, or up to 60 g, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: lungs cancer: Scutellariae barbatae, Solanum lyratum 30 g each, decocted in water for oral use.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rectal cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer: Compound Scutellaria barbata anticancer injection. 2–4 ml each time, intramuscular or acupoint injected, twice a day. It has good effect on rectal cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer and cervical cancer. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Scutellaria barbata 60 g, Solanum Arnebia euchroma malignant hydatidiform mole: nigrum 30  g, Shicao 15  g, decoct in water, taken two times, one dose per day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: breast fibroma, multiple neurofibroma: Scutellaria barbata, Chrysanthemum indicum, 30 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tumor: Scutellaria barbata two portions, Sophora tonkinensis, the nest of a long-legged wasp, and Sagittaria 1 portion each, ground to pills and taken 15 pills per dose, 2–3 times a day after meal. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute mastitis (early stage): appropriate amount of fresh Scutellaria barbata, washed, mashed and applied to the affected area. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: snakebite: Scutellaria barbata and Cayratia japonica in equal amounts, mashed and ground for juice, applied around the wound or applied to the wound, and other necessary treatment measures were used at the same time.

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10.18  Family: Labiatae 10.18.1  Scutellaria tayloriana Chinese Name(s): pian hua huang qin, tu huang qin. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Scutellaria tayloriana (Scutellaria tayloriana Dunn). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 8–30 cm tall. The leaves are usually only in 3–4 pairs, in a rosette initially, then decussate with the internode elongating; the middle lobe is largest, hard papery, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 4.5–5.5 cm long, 3.8–4.5 cm wide; the lower leaves and leaves near inflorescences become smaller, apically rounded or obtuse, basally cordate to rounded, shallowly undulate-crenate at margins, adaxially green, abaxially pale green, orange glandular, white strigose especially on veins; the lateral veins are about in four pairs, adaxially inconspicuous, abaxially raised; the petioles are 1–5 cm long, longest in middle, flat, densely white villous. The flowers are opposite, arranged in terminal racemes, secund; the racemes are 7–15 cm long, like scape; the rachis is nodular villous; the peduncles are 1–4.5 cm long; the pedicels are ca. 2 mm long, nodular villous; the bracts are small, ovate, gradually narrowed toward inflorescence apex, ca. 4  mm long and 2 mm wide, entire, sessile, pilose and glandular; the calyces are ca. 2.5 mm long, densely pubescent; the corollas are purplish to purple-blue, 1.8–2.5 cm long, bent at base, gradually wider upward, up to 6 mm wide at throat, outside sparsely puberulent, partly glabrous inside, and only the lower lip and the back of the central part of the corolla tube are puberulent; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip is galeate, apically slightly emarginate; the middle lobe of lower lip is semicircular; the lateral lobes are oval. There are four stamens, which are didynamous; the filaments are slender, flat, ciliate below middle. The disk is hypertrophic, inclined, obliquely

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uplift in front; the gynophores are longer or inconspicuous; the styles are slender, glabrous; the ovaries are smooth. The flowering period is from March to May. Habitat: It grows under forests, in thickets, or in fields. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Guangdong. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing the lungs and relieving coughing, drying dampness, and stopping dysentery, and it is often used for treatment of cough due to heat in the lungs, hemoptysis, diarrhea, and dysentery Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.19  Family: Labiatae 10.19.1  Stachys baicalensis Chinese Name(s): mao shui su, shui su cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants and roots of Stachys baicalensis (Stachys baicalensis Fisch. ex Benth.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 40–80 cm tall, with fibrous roots at nodes. The stems are erect, simple, tetragonous, sulcate, densely retrorse to spreading hispid at angles and nodes. The stems and leaves are oblong-linear, 4–11 cm long, 0.7–1.5 cm wide, apically slightly acute, basally rounded, crenulate-serrate at margins; the petioles are short, 1–2 mm long; the bracts are lanceolate. The verticillasters are usually six-flowered, often in spikes, continuous except at base; the bracteoles are linear, spinescent; the pedicels are extremely short, ca. 1 mm long; the calyces are campanulate, ca. 9 mm long with teeth, conspicuously ten-veined; there are five teeth, which are lanceolate-triangular; the corollas are purplish to purple, up to 1.5 cm long; the corolla tubes are straight, subequal, ca. 9 mm long; the corolla brim is two-lipped; the upper lip straight, ovate, ca. 7 mm long; the lower lip is oval, ca. 8 mm long, three-lobed; the middle lobe is subcircular. There are four stamens, all of which extended below the upper lip; the anterior pairs are longer; the filaments are flat; the anthers are ovoid, two-loculed; the locules are divergent. The styles are filiform, slightly beyond stamen, apically two-lobed; the disks are flat on top, undulate at margins; the ovaries are dark brown. The nutlets are brown, ovoid. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on wet grassland, by roadside, along river banks, at the edges of forests or under forests, etc.

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Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, etc, as well as in Siberia of Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, the impurities removed, cut into sections, washed, and used when fresh or dried in the sun. The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, the silt removed, washed, and used when fresh or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The whole plants are pungent in taste, neutral in property. The roots are pungent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Whole plants: dispersing wind and regulating Qi, relieving exterior symptoms and removing blood stasis, stopping bleeding, and fighting inflammation. The root: fighting inflammation, soothing the liver, tonifying the Yin. The whole plants functions in treatment of cold, acute filthy disease, consumptive lungs disease, abscess disorder in pulmonary system, dizziness, halitosis, sore throat, dysentery, excessive gastric acid, postpartum stroke, hematemesis, epistaxis, haemorrhage, metrorrhagia, hematuria, traumatic injury, furuncle and sore. The root functions in treatment of traumatic injury, bruises, sores, tinea, aphasia, cough, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.20  Family: Labiatae 10.20.1  Stachys geobombycis Chinese Name(s): di chan, tu dong chong cao, bai chong cao, gan lu zi, cao shi chan. Source: This medicine is made of the rhizomes of Stachys geobombycis (Stachys geobombycis C. Y. Wu). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 40–50  cm tall. The rhizomes are creeping, fleshy, inflated. The stems are erect, tetragonous, four-striate, sparsely retrorse pilose-hispid at angles and nodes. The leaves are oblong-ovate, 4.5–8 cm

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long, 2.5–3 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally shallowly cordate or rounded, coarsely crenate-serrate at margins, sparsely pilose on both surfaces, abaxially densely hairy on midrib; the lateral veins are about in four pairs, abaxially obscure; the petioles are 1–4.5 cm long, densely sparsely pilose-hispid; the bracts are gradually smaller upward; the lower bracts are lanceolate-ovate, basally rounded, short-petiolate or subsessile; the uppermost bracts are minute, rhombic-lanceolate, usually shorter than calyx, sessile. The verticillasters are six-flowered, in widely spaced and 5–8 cm long spikes; the bracteoles are few, linear-subulate, less than 0.5 mm long, caducous; the pedicels are ca. 1  mm long, puberulent; the calyces are obconical, ca. 5.5 mm long, densely puberulent outside, conspicuously ten-veined; there are five calyx teeth, which are equilaterally, ca. 1.5 mm long; the corollas are pale purple or purplish blue, also reddish, ca. 1.1 cm long; the corolla tubes are cylindric, horizontal and pilose annulate on basal 1/3 inside; the corolla brim is five-lipped, oblong-­ ovate, ca. 4  mm long and 2.5  mm wide, puberulent outside; the lower lip is horizontally spreading, ovate, ca. 5 mm long and 4 mm wide; the middle lobe is ovate, ca. 1.5 mm wide; the lateral lobes are ovate, ca. 1.5 mm wide. The filaments are puberulent below middle; the locules are divergent; the disk is cupulate. The flowering period is from April to May. Habitat: It grows on sandy and wet ground. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangxi of China. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are harvested in spring and summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying Qi and moistening the lungs, nourishing Yin and supplementing blood, clearing heat, and eliminating vexation, and it is often used for treatment of tuberculosis, cough, deficiency of lungs, asthma, hematemesis, night sweating, anemia, and infantile malnutrition. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water to take or stewed with lean pork to take. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic coughing due to tuberculosis of deficient type: Stachys geobombycis, rock sugar each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use, one dose a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pulmonary tuberculosis: Stachys geobombycis and Cirsium setosum each 30 g, decocted in water and taken in 3 days. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: asthma: Stachys geobombycis 30 g, pepper root 15 g, decocted in water and taken one dose daily.

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10.21  Family: Labiatae 10.21.1  Stachys siebolidii Chinese Name(s): gan lu zi, di chan. Source: This medicine is made of the rhizomes of Stachys siebolidii (Stachys siebolidii Miq.) Morphology: The herb is perennial, 30–120 cm tall, with scalelike leaves and fibrous roots on nodes. The stems are erect or inclined, simple, or multi-branched, four-angled. The cauline leaves are ovate or long elliptic-ovate, 3–12 cm long and 1.5–6 cm wide, apically slightly acute or acuminate, basally truncate to shallowly cordate; the lateral veins are in 4–5 pairs; the petioles are 1–3 cm long. The subtending leaves are gradually smaller upward, bractlike. The verticillasters are usually

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six-flowered, and many verticillasters are widely spaced in terminal spikes; the spikes are 5–15 cm long. The bracteoles are linear, ca. 1 mm long. The pedicels are short, ca. 1 mm long. The calyxes are narrowly campanulate, ten-veined, more or less distinct; the calyxes and teeth are 9  cm long; there are five teeth, which are regularly triangular to long triangular. The corollas are pink to purplish red; the lower lips are purple spotted, ca. 1.3 cm long; the corolla tubes are tubular, ca. 9 mm long; the limbs are two-lipped; the upper lips are oblong, 4 mm long; the lower lips are ca. 7 mm in length and width, three-lobed; the middle lobe is larger, suborbicular, ca. 3.5  mm in diam.; the lateral lobes are ovate. There are four stamens; the anterior pair are longer; the filaments are filiform; the anthers are ovoid, two-­loculed. The styles are filiform. The nutlets are ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., blackish brown, tuberculate. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting time is September. Habitat: It grows on slopes, grasslands, roadsides and along villages. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces and regions of northern and northwestern China, and now widely cultivated in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hunan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are dug up in autumn, the silt removed, washed, and used when fresh or dried in the sun. The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, the impurities removed, cut into sections, washed, used when fresh, or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet in taste, neutral in property, non-poisonous. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, activating blood stasis and resolving stasis, dispersing pathogenic wind and relieving swelling, nourishing and strengthening the body, clearing heat, and relieving exterior symptoms, and it is often used for treatment of cold of wind-heat type, pneumonia, tuberculosis, tuberculosis of deficiency type, infantile malnutrition, strangury, sore, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water to take. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted and used for washing the affected areas with, or mashed for application.

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10.22  Family: Labiatae 10.22.1  Teucrium pernyi Chinese Name(s): lu shan xiang ke ke. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Teucrium pernyi (Teucrium pernyi Franch.) Morphology: The herb is perennial, up to 1 m in height. The petioles are 3–7 mm long, as hairy as stems. The leaf blades are ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–5.3 cm long and 1.5–2 cm wide, sometimes to 8.5 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, apically abruptly acuminate or acuminate, basally orbicular or broadly cuneate-decurrent, margins being coarsely serrate, puberulent on both surfaces, abaxially white and slightly curved pubescent on veins; the lateral veins are in 3–4 pairs, sometimes 5, slightly

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conspicuous on both surfaces. The verticillasters are often two-flowered, lax, sometimes to six-flowered, in a spike on stems and axillary branches that shorter than leaves. The bracts are ovate, pubescent, nearly as long as pedicels. The pedicels are 3–4 mm long, pubescent. The calyxes are campanulate, swollen in front at base, ca. 5 mm long and 3.5 mm wide, sparsely puberulent outside, pilose annulate at throat, ten-veined, two-lipped; the upper lips are three-teeth; the middle tooth is well developed, suborbicular, apically acute; the lateral teeth are triangular-ovate, less than 1/2 as long as middle tooth; the lower lips are two-teeth; the teeth are triangular-­subulate, acuminate, as high as middle tooth of upper lip; the sinuses between teeth are deeply cleft to throat; the reticulate lateral veins are well developed in each tooth. The corollas are white, sometimes tinged red, 1 cm long; the corolla tubes are slightly exserted, ca. 4.5 mm long, sparsely puberulent outside; the lips are at right angle to corolla tubes; the middle lobe is well developed, elliptic-spatulate, ca. 4 mm long and 2.6 mm wide, apically acute. The stamens are more than 1 time longer than corolla tubes; the anthers are divaricate and reniform. The nutlets are obovoid, ca. 1.2 mm long, brownish black, conspicuously netted. Habitat: It grows on mountain thickets or along forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, and Guangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Invigorating spleen and promoting diuresis, clearing the lungs and detoxicating, promoting blood circulation, and relieving swelling, and it is often used for treatment of dysentery, infantile convulsion, carbuncle, and injury. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water to take.

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10.23  Family: Labiatae 10.23.1  Teucrium quadrifarium Chinese Name(s): tie zhou cao, si lie shi chan, shan bo he. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Teucrium quadrifarium (Teucrium quadrifarium Buch. - Ham. ex D. Don.) Morphology: The plant is a subshrub. The petioles are often no more than 1 cm long, nearly absent upward; the leaf blades are ovate or oblong-ovate, 3–7.5 cm long and 1.5–4  cm wide; the leaves in distal stems and branches are smaller, apically obtuse or acute, sometimes obtuse-orbicular, basally subcordate, truncate or orbicular, margins being doubly serrulate or doubly crenate, adaxially appressed pubescent, abaxially gray tomentose or densely pubescent except villous on veins and petioles that as villous as stems; the lateral veins are in 4–6 pairs, adaxially as shallowly impressed as midveins and abaxially conspicuous. The inflorescences are dense or sometimes lax, two-flowered, in false spikes, on main stems and axillary branches in leaf axils above apical 2/3 of plants, so in terminal panicles; the peduncles are as villous as stems. The bracts are well developed. The calyxes are campanulate, 4–5 mm long and 2 mm wide, villous or pubescent; there are five calyx teeth, which are two-lipped; the upper lips have three teeth; the middle tooth is well developed, obovate-oblate; the lateral teeth are triangular, small; the two teeth of lower lips are lanceolate; the throats have one upward and white ciliate annule. The corollas are reddish, 1.2–1.3 cm long, sparsely pubescent and scattered pale yellow glandular outside, white puberulent on lower throat inside; the corolla tubes are ca. 1/3 as long as corollas. The stamens are slightly shorter than corollas. The nutlets are obovoid-subglobose; the four nutlets are often unequal in development, ca. 1  mm long, dark brown, abaxially netted. The flowering period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows on sunny slopes, grasslands or thickets.

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Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Fujian, Hunan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan, as well as in northeastern India, Indo-China Peninsula to Sumatrina. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, killing pain, and it is often used for treatment of cold, headache, swelling and pain, snake bite, cough due to heat in the lungs, diarrhea due to heat and toxin, edema, nameless swelling, eczema, traumatic bleeding, snake bite, and bee sting. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water to take. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold and cough: Teucrium quadrifarium, Vitex negundo 15 g each, Serissa japonica, Acorus tatarinowii each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatism arthralgia, rubella itching: Teucrium quadrifarium, Liquidambar formosana, Acorus tatarinowii, ginger, Artemisia argyi, decocted in water and used for washing the affected areas with. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bacillary dysentery: Teucrium quadrifarium 60 g Sea mussel with beads 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bee sting: fresh Teucrium quadrifarium, Senecio stauntonii in appropriate amount, mashed and applied to the affected areas. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: edema: Teucrium quadrifarium 30 g. plantain seed 15 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.24  Family: Labiatae 10.24.1  Teucrium viscidum Chinese Name(s): xue jian chou, shan huo xiang, fei xing cao, bu di jin, zhou mian cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Teucrium viscidum (Teucrium viscidum Bl.) Morphology: The herb is perennial, stoloniferous, 30–70 cm tall. The petioles are 1–3 cm long, subglabrous. The leaf blades are ovate to ovate-oblong, 3–10 cm long, apically acute or abruptly acuminate, basally orbicular, broadly cuneate to cuneate, decurrent, margins being doubly crenate, sometimes deeply incised-curved between several teeth, subglabrous on both surfaces, or sparsely puberulent. The false spikes borne on apical parts of stems or short branches, 3–7 cm long, densely glandular hairy, verticillasters being close together, two-flowered. The bracts are lanceolate, shorter or equaling flowers at anthesis. The pedicels are short, less than 2  mm long, densely glandular villous. The calyxes are small, campanulate, ca. 2.8 mm long and 2.2 mm wide, densely glandular villous outside, sparsely puberulent on lower part of teeth inside, ciliate on teeth margins, ten-veined, including five obscurely lateral veins; there are five calyx teeth, which are straight, subequal, less than 1/2 as long as calyx tubes; the upper three teeth are ovate-triangular, apically obtuse; the lower two teeth are triangular, slightly acute; the calyxes are globose in fruit, ca. 3 mm in diam., sometimes tiny. The corollas are white, pale red or pale purple, 6.5–7.5 mm long; the corolla tubes are 3 mm long, slightly exserted; the limbs are at a large obtuse angle to corolla tubes; the middle lobe is regularly orbicular; the lateral lobes are ovate-triangular, apically obtuse. The stamens are exserted, the anterior pairs are as long as corollas. The styles are as long as stamens. The disks are discoid, slightly four-lobed. The ovaries are globose, apically bullate hairy. The nutlets are oblate, 1.3 mm long, yellowish brown; the commissures are more than 1/2 as long as fruits. The flowering period in the Yangtze River Basin is from July to September, but in the provinces of Guangdong and south Yunnan it is from June to November. Habitat: It grows on slopes, grasslands, foothills, in waste places, or humid places along villages or roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet of China, as well as in northeastern Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and slightly pungent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Cooling blood and stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis and reducing swelling, detoxicating, and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of hematemesis, bleeding, hemafecia, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal

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pain due to blood stasis, as well as for external treatment for traumatic injuries, blood stasis, swelling pain, traumatic bleeding, carbuncle, bedsore, snake bite, and rheumatoid arthritis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water to take. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application or decocted and used for washing with.

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10.25  Family: Labiatae 10.25.1  Thymus quinquecostatus Chinese Name(s): di jiao, wu mai bai li xiang, ya zhou bai li xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the fresh or dried whole plants of Thymus quinquecostatus (Thymus quinquecostatus Celak.) Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, cauducous. The stems are obliquely ascending or subhorizontally spreading. There are numerous fertile branches, 3–15  cm tall, on stems or basal stems, erect or ascending, with numerous internodes, to 15, often shorter than leaves, densely retrorse pilose below inflorescences.

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The leaves are oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, rarely ovate or ovate-­lanceolate, 7–13 mm long and 1.5–4.5 mm wide, rarely to 2 cm long and 8 mm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally attenuate to short petiolate, margins being entire, revolute, long ciliate along lower half or only at base, subleathery, glabrous on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in 2–3 pairs, thick, abaxially raised and adaxially conspicuous; the glands are small, numerous and dense, distinct. The subtending leaves are homomorph, long ciliate on lower half of margins. The inflorescences are capitate or slightly elongated to oblong capitula. The pedicels are up to 4 mm in length, densely retrorse pubescent. The calyxes are tubular-campanulate, 5–6 mm long, adaxially glabrous and abaxially flattened puberulent; the upper lips are slightly longer or subequaling lower lips, the teeth of upper lips are lanceolate, nearly 1/2 as long as lower lips or slightly shorter. The corollas are 6.5–7 mm long; the corolla tubes are shorter than calyxes. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on rocky mountains or sunny dry slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in the provinces of Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi, as well as in North Korea and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, washed and dried in the shade, or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Warming the middle Jiao to disperse cold, dispelling pathogenic wind, and relieving pain, and it is often used for treatment of stomach cold pain, abdominal distension, cough caused by wind-cold, sore throat, toothache, arthritis, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–12 g per dose, decocted in water to take. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are ground into powder and sprinkle to the affected areas or decocted and used for washing with.

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Correction to: Medicinal Angiosperms of Scrophulariaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Correction to: Chapter 4 in Common Chinese Materia Medica – Volume 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1 The book was inadvertently published with incorrect figure in Chapter 4, page 195. This has been updated in the book.

The updated original version of the book can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_4 © Chemical Industry Press 2023 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5904-1_11

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