Common Chinese Materia Medica: Volume 7 (Common Chinese Materia Medica, 7) 9811658994, 9789811658990

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Common Chinese Materia Medica Volume 7 Huagu Ye Chuyuan Li Wencai Ye Feiyan Zeng Editors

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Common Chinese Materia Medica

Huagu Ye • Chuyuan Li • Wencai Ye Feiyan Zeng Editors

Common Chinese Materia Medica Volume 7

Editors Huagu Ye South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Chuyuan Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited Guangzhou, China

Wencai Ye Coll Pharm Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Feiyan Zeng South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

ISBN 978-981-16-5899-0    ISBN 978-981-16-5900-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3 Jointly published with Chemical Industry Press The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the print book from: Chemical Industry Press. © Chemical Industry Press 2022, corrected publication 2022 B&R Book Program This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Participating Units

SOUTH CHINA BOTANICAL GARDEN, THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES GUANGZHOU PHARMACEUTICAL HOLDINGS LIMITED JINAN UNIVERSITY Honorary Editor-in-Chief: Changxiao Liu Associate Honorary Editor-in-Chief: Hai Ren Editor-in-Chief: Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng Associate Editor-in-Chief: Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, Jianrong Li Editorial Board Members: Ling Ma, Faguo Wang, Guoping Wang, Jun Wang, Xiyong Wang, Linke Yin, Ye Lu, Wencai Ye, Huagu Ye, Yushi Ye, Yun Ye, Mingliang Shen, Shaozhi Fu, Lin Fu, Guohua Bai, Jibin Zhu, Qiang Zhu, Jian Quan, Fangfang Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Mei Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Shangchuan Sun, Shiquan Ling, Xiaojie Li, Shuyuan Li, Shiyu Li, Ruliang Li, Chengwen Li, Haitao Li, Cehong Li, Zexian Li, Jianrong Li, Haitao Li, Cehong Li, Chuyuan Li, Yi Yang, Xiaoling Yu, Bo Xiao, Haiyan Gu, Bin Zou, Fengqiu Zhang, Shupeng Zhang, Qiuying Zhang, Xiaoqi Zhang, Huiye Zhang, Yushun Chen, Hongyuan Chen, Haishan Chen, Xiaojing Fan, Chunlin Fan, Sirong Yi, Shimin Duan, Xinsheng Qin, Han Jia, Lei Xu, Jing Xia, Zhihai Huang, Ya Huang, Xiujuan Tang, Ning Kang, Song Lu, Feiyan Zeng, Jingjin Cai, Kaiyun Guan, Wenbo Liao, Xueying Wei, Yujie Liao, Liyun Nie, Xueying Wei, Minghui Cai

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Preface

Traditional Chinese medicine, a generic term for all medicines used by Chinese ethnic groups, including Han and minority races, reflects the Chinese nation’s understanding of life, health, and diseases. Also, it is a pharmaceutical system that has a long tradition of unique theories and technical methods. Traditional Chinese medicine is the cream of the crop of the Chinese culture, which has played a very important role in the reproduction and prosperity of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. With the research and development of traditional Chinese medical resources, many folk drugs are also added into the inventory of traditional Chinese medicine, making it encompass microbes, plants, animals, and minerals used for the prevention and treatment of diseases on the basis of Chinese traditional medical theories as well as other substances processed from them. Either produced in China or foreign lands, medications commonly used in traditional medical therapies and circulated in the market of medicinal materials are collectively called traditional Chinese medicine, but those folk medicines which are not expansively acknowledged are commonly referred to as herbal medicines. In recent years, owing to the changes in health concepts and medical models, the effects of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of common, frequent, chronic, and major diseases have been progressively acknowledged and accepted by the international community. At present, Chinese medicines have spread to 183 countries and regions. The discovery of artemisinin by Professor Youyou Tu, winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, is a good indicator of the outstanding contribution made by traditional Chinese medicine to human health. Traditional Chinese medications are time-honored, widely distributed, tremendously diverse, and complex in origins. These factors, coupled with the uneven quality of medical works in history as well as different conventions in drug use contributed to the common phenomena that several drugs are namesakes and the same drug is given many names. What adds to the complication is that novel drug varieties are emerging, resulting in contentions among professionals and unassured qualities of traditional Chinese medications.

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In an effort to fully demonstrate the growing environment and attributes of the original plants and animals contained in this series of books, systematically introduce their origins, and clarify main differences between approximate species and the easily confused species, compilers visited places throughout China, against unimaginable hardships. A large number of unedited color pictures were taken in plant habitats, which vividly reflected the original appearance of the plants in different growing periods. Thousands of high-resolution pictures of commonly used traditional Chinese medications were taken, which remarkably and scientifically presented distinguishing features of medicinal materials. Experts in the application of Chinese herbal medicines have scoured a colossal number of materials to carefully codify exhaustive information related to the medicines, including the alias, sources, morphology, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods, medicinal properties, tastes, functions, use and dosages, cautions in use, and prescription samples and notes. This series of books is arranged in a systematic way—from algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, resins, and animals to minerals. For the convenience of readers, the book will be published in 10 volumes. This book series seeks to describe the habitat distributions and historical evolution of traditional Chinese medicine from a global perspective. In combination with contemporary scientific research results, this book series provides reference for the protection and scientific use of traditional Chinese medical resources. Due to reasons like the large assortment of traditional Chinese medications and the editors’ knowledge limitations, errors and incompleteness are inevitable. We welcome critical remarks from readers in the medical arena both at home and abroad. Editorial committee of Common Chinese Materia Medica (I–X). Guangzhou, China August, 2019  

Huagu Ye Chuyuan Li Wencai Ye Feiyan Zeng

Abstract

This volume discribes 248 species of 9 families of medicinal plants, mainly including Adina rubella, Gardenia jasminoides, Hedyotis diffusa, Morinda officinalis, Rubia cordifolia, Uncaria hirsuta, Uncaria macrophylla, Uncaria rhynchophylla, Uncaria sessilifructus, Uncaria sinensis of Rubiaceae; Lonicera confusa, Lonicera hypoglauca, Lonicera macranthoides, Lonicera japonica of Caprifoliaceae; Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Patrinia villosa, Nardostachys jatamansi of Valerianaceae; Dipsacus asperoides of Dipsacaceae; Arctium lappa, Artemisia annua, Artemisia argyi, Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia scoparia, Atractylodes lancea, Atractylodes macrocephala, Dendranthema indicum, Dendranthema morifolium, Eupatorium chinense, Eupatorium fortunei, Inula helenium, Saussurea costus, Saussurea involucrata, Senecio scandens, Serratula chinensis, Siegesbeckia orientalis, Solidago decurrens, Taraxacum mongolicum, Tussilago farfara, Xanthium sibiricum of Compositae; Gentiana crassicaulis, Gentiana manshurica, Gentiana rigescens, Gentiana scabra, Swertia pseudochinensis of Valerianaceae; Lysimachia christinae of Primulaceae and Plantago asiatica of Plantaginaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

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Contents

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Medicinal Angiosperms of Rubiaceae����������������������������������������������������    1 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 Medicinal Angiosperms of Rubiaceae (Cont. I)������������������������������������   73 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 Medicinal Angiosperms of Caprifoliaceae, Valerianaceae, and Dipsacaceae����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  145 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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Medicinal Angiosperms of Compositae��������������������������������������������������  201 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 Medicinal Angiosperms of Compositae (cont. I) ����������������������������������  287 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 Medicinal Angiosperms of Compositae (cont. II)����������������������������������  363 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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 Medicinal Angiosperms of Compositae (cont. III)��������������������������������  439 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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Medicinal Angiosperms of Gentianaceae����������������������������������������������  525 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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Medicinal Angiosperms of Primulaceae������������������������������������������������  565 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

10 Medicinal  Angiosperms of Plumbaginaceae and Plantaginaceae��������  591 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li Correction to: Medicinal Angiosperms of Caprifoliaceae, Valerianaceae, and Dipsacaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Chapter 1

Medicinal Angiosperms of Rubiaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 1.1  F  amily: Rubiaceae 1.1.1  Adina pilulifera 1.2  Family: Rubiaceae 1.2.1  Adina rubella 1.3  Family: Rubiaceae 1.3.1  Catunaregam spinosa 1.4  Family: Rubiaceae 1.4.1  Cephalanthus tetrandrus 1.5  Family: Rubiaceae 1.5.1  Chassalia curviflora 1.6  Family: Rubiaceae 1.6.1  Coffea arabica

   3    3    5    5    7    7  10  10  12  12  14  14

H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_1

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2 1.7  Family: Rubiaceae 1.7.1  Coptosapelta diffusa 1.8  Family: Rubiaceae 1.8.1  Damnacanthus indicus 1.9  Family: Rubiaceae 1.9.1  Diplospora dubia 1.10  Family: Rubiaceae 1.10.1  Emmenopterys henryi 1.11  Family: Rubiaceae 1.11.1  Galium aparine 1.12  Family: Rubiaceae 1.12.1  Galium bungei 1.13  Family: Rubiaceae 1.13.1  Galium trifidum 1.14  Family: Rubiaceae 1.14.1  Gardenia jasminoides 1.15  Family: Rubiaceae 1.15.1  Gardenia stenophylla 1.16  Family: Rubiaceae 1.16.1  Hedyotis acutangula 1.17  Family: Rubiaceae 1.17.1  Hedyotis auricularia 1.18  Family: Rubiaceae 1.18.1  Hedyotis cantoniensis 1.19  Family: Rubiaceae 1.19.1  Hedyotis caudatifolia 1.20  Family: Rubiaceae 1.20.1  Hedyotis chrysotricha 1.21  Family: Rubiaceae 1.21.1  Hedyotis costata 1.22  Family: Rubiaceae 1.22.1  Hedyotis corymbosa 1.23  Family: Rubiaceae 1.23.1  Hedyotis diffusa 1.24  Family: Rubiaceae 1.24.1  Hedyotis hedyotidea 1.25  Family: Rubiaceae 1.25.1  Hedyotis mellii 1.26  Family: Rubiaceae 1.26.1  Hedyotis pinifolia 1.27  Family: Rubiaceae 1.27.1  Hedyotis tenelliflora 1.28  Family: Rubiaceae 1.28.1  Hedyotis verticillata 1.29  Family:Rubiaceae 1.29.1  Ixora chinensis 1.30  Family: Rubiaceae 1.30.1  Lasianthus chinensis References

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1  Medicinal Angiosperms of Rubiaceae

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This chapter introduces 30 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Adina pilulifera, Adina rubella, Catunaregam spinosa, Cephalanthus tetrandrus, Chassalia curviflora, Coffea arabica, Coptosapelta diffusa, Damnacanthus indicus, Diplospora dubia, Emmenopterys henryi, Galium aparine, Galium bungei, Gardenia jasminoides, Gardenia stenophylla, Hedyotis acutangula, Hedyotis auricularia, Hedyotis diffusa, Hedyotis hedyotidea, Hedyotis mellii, Hedyotis tenelliflora, Hedyotis verticillata, Ixora chinensis, Lasianthus chinensis, Morinda officinalis, and Morinda parvifolia of Rubiaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part of herbal medicines of each species.

1.1  Family: Rubiaceae 1.1.1  Adina pilulifera Chinese Name(s): shui tuan hua, da ye shui yang mei. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Adina pilulifera (Adina pilulifera (Lam.) Franch. ex Drade). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, up to 5 m in height. The apical buds are inconspicuous and are loosely included by lax stipules. The leaves are opposite, thick papery, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 4–12 cm in length, 1.5–3 cm in width, apically acute to acuminate with tip usually ultimately blunt, basally obtuse or cuneate, sometimes gradually narrowed, abaxially glabrous, or sparsely puberulent. The lateral veins are in 6–12 pairs, sparsely puberulent in axils of the vein. The petioles are 2–6 mm long, glabrous or pubescent. The stipules are deeply bifid, caducous. The flowering heads are obviously axillary, very rarely terminal, 4–6 mm in diameter across calyces. The inflorescence axis is solitary, unbranched. The bracteoles are linear to linear-clavate, glabrous. The peduncles are 3–4.5 cm long, with five vernal bracteoles below middle. The calyx tubes are basally puberulent, scattered hairs on the upper part. The sepals are linear-oblong or spatulate. The corollas are white, narrow funnelform, corolla tubes being puberulent and corolla lobes being ovate-oblong. There are five stamens. The filaments are short, inserted at the corolla throat. The ovaries are two-celled. The styles are exserted, stigmas being small, globose or ovoid. The fruiting heads is 8–10 mm diameter. The capsules are cuneate in outline, 2–5 mm long. The seeds are oblong, with narrow wings at both ends. The flowering period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows under a sparse forest in a valley or on a road in the wilderness, beside a stream.

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Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Guizhou, and Yunnan, as well as in Japan and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis, and relieving pain, the root is used for treatment of cold and fever, mumps, sore throat, and rheumatic pain. The flower and fruit are used for bacterial dysentery, acute gastroenteritis, and trichomonas vaginalis. The leaf and stem barks are used for bruise, fracture, furuncle, and skin eczema. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.2  Family: Rubiaceae 1.2.1  Adina rubella Chinese Name(s): shui yang mei, shui shi liu, xiao ye tuan hua, bai xiao mu, yu chuan sai. Source: This medicine is made of infructescence with flowers of Adina rubella (Adina rubella Hance). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, 1–3 m high. The branchlets are slender, reddish-brown, and pilose. The leaves are opposite, subsessile, membranous, ovate-lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 2.5–4  cm in length, 8–12  mm in width, apically often acuminate, basally subrounded or broadly cuneate, entire at margins, abaxially slightly deflexed when dry, sparsely pilose along veins, or abaxially glabrescent. The stipules are small and deciduous. The flowers are blooming in summer, purplish red, subsessile, integrated to globose heads which are terminal or sometimes axillary, with long peduncles, 1.5–2 cm in diameter. The calyx tubes are sparsely pubescent, five-lobed, lobes being spatulate or spatulate-clavate. The corollas are 3–5  mm long, lobes being subtriangular. The fruiting heads are globose, 8–12 mm in diameter. The capsules are ovate-cuneate, 3–4 mm long. The flowering and fruiting period: May to December. Habitat: It grows in low-elevation sparse forests or open areas. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions south of the Yangtze River and Taiwan, as well as in North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The infructescence are harvested from September to December, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is spherical, shaped like bayberry, with a diameter of 0.3–1 cm. It is brownish yellow and rough on surfaces. The capsule, which falls off if slightly rubbed, showing a spherical and hard axis of fruit sequence,

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is cuneate, 3–4 mm long, light yellow, with brown five-lobed calyx eaves at the top, and the lobes are spiny lobes, with several seeds inside. The flowers are occasionally seen. It is slight in odor and bitter in taste. The products large, complete, and yellowish brown are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the lungs and large intestine. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of fever due to infection, sore throat, mumps, rheumatism and bone pain, bacterial dysentery, hepatitis, acute gastroenteritis, and trichomoniasis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysentery—(a) Adina rubella whole plants 30 g, decocted in water for oral use, three times a day. (b) flower and infructescence 15 g, decocted in water for oral use, three times a day. (c) Adina rubella tablet, each tablet containing 0.25 g of dry extract. Take four to six tablets each time, with warm boiled water after meal, three times a day. The dosage should be reduced for children. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: swelling and pain of gums—Adina rubella, Japanese raspberry root, each 12 g, screw tree root, and Radix zanthoxyli 9 g each, gypsum 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Trichomonas vaginalis—(a) 20% liquid extract is made from Adina rubella flower, and infructescence is applied to the vagina. (b) Use 3 g of Adina rubella extract tablet and put it into the vagina.

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1.3  Family: Rubiaceae 1.3.1  Catunaregam spinosa Chinese Name(s): shan shi liu, zhu du lei, jia shi liu, ci zi, shan pu tao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, leaves, and fruits of Catunaregam spinosa (Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng [Randia spinosa (Thunb.) Poir.]). Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a small tree, 1–10 m tall, sometimes climbing-­ like, multibranched. The branches are stout, puberulent to glabrescent. The thorns are axillary, paired, stout, 1–5 cm long. The leaves are papery or subleathery, opposite or clustered on the lateral short branches that are suppressed, obovate or oblong-obvate, rarely ovate to spatulate, 1.8–11.5 cm long, 1–5.7 cm wide, apically obtuse or mucronate, basally cuneate or decurrent, glabrous to strigillose on both surfaces, or sparsely

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hirsute at least along principal veins, often with pilosulous domatia in abaxial axils, and entire or often shortly ciliate at margins. The slender lateral veins are in 4–7 pairs. The petioles are 2–8 mm in length, puberulent to glabrous. The stipules are membranous, ovate, apically acute to aristate, 3–4 mm long, caducous. The inflorescences are terminal on lateral short shoots together with tufted leaves, one- to three-flowered. The pedicels are 2–5 mm in length, brown villous. The calyx tubes are campanulate or ovate, 3.5–7 mm long, 4–5.5 mm wide, brown villous outside, limbs being slightly dilated, five-lobed, lobes being broadly elliptic, acute to rounded at the apex, 5–8 mm in length, 3–6  mm in width, with three veins, brown villous outside, hispidulous inside. The corollas are white at first, then becoming yellowish, campanulate, densely sericeous outside, tubes being broad and about 5 mm long, sparsely villous in the throat, fivelobed, lobes being ovate or ovate-oblong, 6–10  mm long, 5.5  mm wide, apically rounded. The anthers are linear–oblong, exserted, about 3 mm long. The ovaries are two-­loculed, each locule being with many ovules. The styles are about 4 mm long, and the stigmas are fusiform, the head being two-cleft, about 2 mm long. The berries are large, globose, 2–4  cm in diameter, glabrous or puberulent, apically with persistent sepals, often with thick pericarps. The seeds are numerous. The flowering period is from March to June. The fruiting period is from May to January of the following year. Habitat: It grows in the thickets of hilly wilderness, also cultivated as hedges. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Taiwan, Guangdong, Hainan, Macau, Hong Kong, Guangxi, and Yunnan, as well as in Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Eastern Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up all year-round and used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property, and poisonous. Functions: Removing blood stasis and swelling, it’s often used for treatment of injury and blood stasis caused by knocks and falls by applying stir-fried fresh roots with wine to the affected areas. Use and Dosage: For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.4  Family: Rubiaceae 1.4.1  Cephalanthus tetrandrus Chinese Name(s): feng xiang shu, jia yang mei, zhu hua shu, shui ke mu, ma yan shu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, leaves, and inflorescences of Cephalanthus tetrandrus (Cephalanthus tetrandrus (Roxb.) Ridsd et Bakh. f. [Nauclea tetrandra Roxb.]). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub or a small tree, 1–5 m in height. The shoots are subangled, pubescent, and the old branches are terete, brown, glabrous. The leaves are opposite or whorled, subleathery, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 cm long, 3–5 cm wide, apically mucronate, basally rounded to subcordate, adaxially glabrous to sparsely puberulent, abaxially usually glabrous, or densely pilose. The lateral veins are in 8 to 12 pairs, often with pilosulous domatia in axils. The petioles are 5–10  mm long, pilose to subglabrous. The stipules are broadly ovate, 3–5 mm long, apically cuspidate, densely tomentose, often with a black terminal gland. The flowering heads are 8–12 mm in diameter across, terminal or axillary. The peduncles are 2.5–6 cm long, unbranched or 2–3-branched, pilose. The bracteoles are clavate to clavate-spatulate. The calyx tubes are 2–3  mm long, sparsely pubescent, often basally pubescent. There are four sepals, which are apically obtuse, densely pubescent, often with one black gland in sinuses. The corollas are white, tube being 7–12 mm long, glabrous outside, pubescent inside, lobes being oblong, usually with a black gland in sinuses. The stigmas are clavate, exserted. The fruiting heads are 10–20  mm in diameter. The mericarps are 4–6  mm long, with persistent calyx eaves at the apex. The seeds are brown. The flowering period is at late spring and early summer. Habitat: It grows near a slightly shaded ditch or stream and wetland. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Taiwan, as well as in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and northern Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, leaves, and inflorescences are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: The root functions in clearing heat and detoxicating, removing blood stasis and pain, stopping bleeding and promoting granulation, dispelling phlegm, and relieving coughing. The leaf functions in clearing heat and detoxicating. The inflorescence functions in clearing heat and dampness. The roots are used for the treatment of influenza, upper respiratory tract infection, sore throat, pneumonia, cough, orchitis, mumps, and mastitis, as well as for external treatment of injuries caused by falls (or root barks soaked in wine for 1–2 days, baked and ground to powder for application, which functions in stopping bleeding and relieving pain), boils, and fractures. The inflorescences are often used for enteritis and bacterial dysentery. The leaves are used for external treatment for injury and fracture.

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Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots, 15–20 for inflorescences, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh root barks and leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.5  Family: Rubiaceae 1.5.1  Chassalia curviflora Chinese Name(s): wan guan hua, chai sha li, jia jiu jie mu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Chassalia curviflora (Chassalia curviflora Thwaites). Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, erect, 1–2 m tall. The leaf blades are membranous, oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, 10–20 cm long, 2.5–7 cm wide, apically acuminate to long acuminate, basally cuneate, entire at margins, yellow-green when dry. The lateral veins are in 8–10 pairs, slender, adaxially clearly visible. The petioles are 1–4 cm in length, glabrous. The stipules are persistent, broadly ovate or triangular, 4–4.5  mm long, mucronate or obtuse, entire or shortly bifid, basally short-connate. The cymes are multiflowered, terminal, 3–7 cm long, with slightly flattened axis, axis being purplish-red. The bracts are small, lanceolate. The flowers are subsessile, trimorphic: with exserted anthers and included stigmas, with included anthers and exserted stigmas, or with exserted both anthers and stigmas. The calyxes are obovate, 1–1.5  mm long, and the eaves are five-lobed, lobes being less than 0.5 mm, mucronate. The corolla tubes are pubescent inside and outside, 4–5-lobed, lobes being ovate-triangle, ca. 2 mm long, apically thickened. The drupes are oblate, 6–7 mm long. The flowering period is in spring and summer. Habitat: It grows on wetlands in low-altitude forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in Indochina Peninsula, India, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Kalimantan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating and dispelling wind and dampness, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism, pneumonia, coughing, ear disease, eye disease, and sore throat. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.6  Family: Rubiaceae 1.6.1  Coffea arabica Chinese Name(s): ka fei, xiao li ka fei. Source: This medicine is made of the seeds of Coffea arabica (Coffea arabica Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a small tree or a large shrub, 5–8 m tall. The leaves are thin leathery, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 6–14 cm in length, 3.5–5 cm in width, apically long acuminate, the acuminate parts being 10–15 mm long, basally cuneate or slightly obtuse, rarely rounded, entire or shallowly undulate at margins, glabrous on both surfaces, with or without domatia in the axils of the dorsal veins. The midveins are obviously raised on both surfaces, and the lateral veins are in 7–13 pairs. The petioles are 8–15 mm long. The stipules are broadly triangular, apically aristate on youngest branches, often cuspidate on the old branches. The inflorescences are with one to several cymes in each axil, each cyme being two- to five-flowered, sessile, or shortly pedicellate. The flowers are fragrant, with pedicels 0.5–1 mm long. The bracts are more or less connate, dimorphic, two of which are broadly triangles, subequal in length and width, and others are lanceolate, twice as long as wide, leaflike. The calyx tubes are 2.5–3 mm long, limbs being truncate or five-denticulate. The corollas are white, various in length by different variety, generally 10–18 mm long, often five-lobed at the apex, rarely four-lobed or six-lobed, the lobes often being longer than the corolla tube, obtuse. The anthers exserted, 6–8 mm long. The styles are 12–14 mm, stigmas being two-cleft, 3–4 mm long. When mature, the berries are broadly ellipsoid, red, 12–16 mm long, 10–12 mm in diameter, exocarps being hard and mesocarps being fleshy, sweet. The seeds are abaxially obviously

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raised, adaxially flat, and with longitudinal grooves, 8–10 mm in length. The diameter is 5–7 mm. The flowering period is from March to April. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan and originated from Ethiopia. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds are collected in autumn and winter and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Helping digestion and promoting diuresis, it’s often used for treatment of dyspepsia and dysuria. Use and Dosage: 1–3 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.7  Family: Rubiaceae 1.7.1  Coptosapelta diffusa Chinese Name(s): liu su zi, niu lao yao, niu lao yao teng, liang teng, mian bi teng, chou sha teng. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Coptosapelta diffusa (Coptosapelta diffusa (Champ. ex Benth.) Van Steenis). Morphology: The plant is a climbing shrub, 2–5  m long. The branches are numerous, terete, with obvious nodes, pubescent or glabrous, densely covered with hispids when young, hispids being yellow-brown and appressed. The leaf blades are papery to leathery, ovate, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 2–9.5 cm long, 0.8–3.5 cm wide, apically mucronate, acuminate to tail-acuminate, basally rounded, yellowish green when dry, adaxially rather shiny and glabrous except strigose to hirsute along costa, abaxially glabrous except strigose to hirsute on principal veins, and the margins being glabrous or sparsely ciliate. The lateral veins are in three to four pairs. The petioles are 2–5 mm long, hirsute to strigose or rarely glabrous. The stipules are lanceolate, 3–7  mm long, deciduous. The flowers are solitary in leaf axils, often opposite. The pedicels are slender, 3–18 mm long, glabrous or pilose, often with a pair of bractlets about 1 mm long at the upper part. The calyxes are 2.5–3.5 mm long, glabrous to strigillose, and the tubes are ovate. The limbs are five-lobed, the lobes being ovate-triangular, 0.8~1 mm in length. The corollas are white or yellow, outside sericeous, 1.2–2 cm in length. The corolla tubes are cylindrical, 0.8–1.5 cm long, 1.5 mm wide, pilose inside; there are five corolla lobes, which are oblong, 4–6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, pilose on the middle of the inner surface, reflexed when opening. There are five stamens. The filaments are short. The anthers are linear-­ lanceolate, 3.5–4 mm long, exserted. The styles are about 13 mm long, glabrous, stigmas being spindle-shaped, 2.5–3  mm long, exserted. The capsules are compressed globose, with one shallow groove in the middle, 5–8  mm in diameter, 4–6  mm in length, light yellow, the pericarp being hard, woody, with persistent sepals on the apex, carpopodia being slender stalks, up to 2 cm in length. The seeds are numerous, suborbicular, thin and flattened, brown-black, 1.5–2 mm in diameter, fringed at margins. The flowering period is from May to July. The fruiting period is from May to December. Habitat: It grows in forests or thickets of mountains or hills at an elevation of 100–1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, cool in property.

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Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness and stopping itching, it’s often used for treatment of eczema, pruritus, dermatitis, urticaria, rheumatoid arthralgia, and scabies. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.8  Family: Rubiaceae 1.8.1  Damnacanthus indicus [1] Chinese Name(s): hu ci, xiu hua zhen, huang jiao ji. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Damnacanthus indicus (Damnacanthus indicus Gaertn. f.). Morphology: The plant is evergreen shrub, armed, up to 1 m in height. The roots are fleshy, usually moniliform. The branchlets are densely hispidulous, with needle-­like prickles that up to 2 cm long at nodes. The stipules are triangular, apically two- to four-lobed. The leaves are opposite, and the large and small leaves arranged alternately, ovate, cordiform, or rounded, up to 2.5  cm long, apically mucronate, basally rounded, or cordate, entire at margins. The lateral veins are in three to four pairs, and the petioles are very short or subsessile. The flowers are axillary, usually 1–2, with short pedicel. The calyxes are broadly campanulate, four-lobed, lobes being triangular or subulate, persistent. The corollas are white, about 10 mm long, and the corolla tubes are about 6.5 mm long, four-lobed at the limb, lobes being elliptic. There are four stamens, which inserted on the corolla tubes. The ovary is inferior. The drupes are globose and red when mature. Habitat: It grows in sparse or dense forests on hills or mountains near the water. Distribution: It’s distributed in Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, and so on of China, as well as in northern India and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested all year-round, removed the impurities, and washed and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The root of this product is cylindrical, moniliform often, and dark brown. The stem is cylindrical, 1  cm in diameter at the base, grayish white or blackish brown on surface. It is hard and difficult to break, irregular on cross sections, with thin cortex, grayish white xylem and pith. Most of the branchlets have long prickles of 1–1.5 cm. The leaves are opposite, with short petioles. The leaves are ovate, 1–2 × 0.5–1 cm, leathery. It’s slight in odor, slightly bitter and sweet in taste. The products with many and stout roots are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and lungs. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, activating collaterals, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatic arthralgia, asthma and coughing with phlegm, lung carbuncle, edema, blood stasis and menorrhea, jaundice due to damp heat, infantile malnutrition, icteric infectious hepatitis, periodontitis, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, low back pain, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.9  Family: Rubiaceae 1.9.1  Diplospora dubia Chinese Name(s): gou gu chai, gou gu zai, qiang zao shu, san e mu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Diplospora dubia (Diplospora dubia (Lindl.) Masam). Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a tree, 1–12 m in height. The leaves are leathery, rarely thickly papery, ovate-oblong, oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, 4–19.5 cm long, 1.5–8 cm wide, apically shortly acuminate, abruptly acuminate or mucronate, with tip often ultimately obtuse, basally cuneate or mucronate, entire or slightly revolute at margins, sometimes slightly oblique, glabrous on both surfaces, and often yellowish green and slightly shiny when dry. The lateral veins are slender, in 5–11 pairs, slightly conspicuous on both surfaces, or rarely slightly raised abaxially. The petioles are 4–15 mm long. The stipules are 5–8 mm long, connate at the base, subulate at the apex, and white sericeous inside the stipules. The flowers are axillary, congested-fasciculate, or composed of dense cymes with peduncles. The peduncles are short and pubescent. The pedicels are about 3 mm long and pubescent. The calyx tubes are about 1  mm long, and the limbs are slightly enlarged, four-lobed at the apex, pubescent. The corollas are white or yellow, and the corolla tubes are about 3 mm long, and the lobes are oblong, about as long as the tubes, reflexed. There are four stamens, and the filaments are two to four mm long, nearly as long as the anthers. The styles are about 3 mm long, and the stigmas are two-­ clefted, linear, about 1 mm long. The fruits are berry, subglobose, 4–9 mm in diameter, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, red when mature, with remnants of the calyx limbs at the apex. The fruit stipes are slender, pubescent, 3–8 mm long. There are four to eight seeds, which are nearly ovate, dark red, 3–4 mm in diameter, 5–6 mm long. The flowering period is from April to August. The fruiting period is from May to February of the next year. Habitat: It grows in thicket or forest on hillsides, ravines, or fields. Distribution: It’s distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Japan and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, eliminating swelling, and unblocking meridians, it’s often used for treatment of the scrofula, carbuncle of the back, furuncle of the head, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.10  Family: Rubiaceae 1.10.1  Emmenopterys henryi Chinese Name(s): xiang guo shu, ding mu, da ye shui tong zi, xiao dong gua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and barks of Emmenopterys henryi (Emmenopterys henryi Oliver). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree, up to 30 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter. The barks are grayish brown and scaly. The branchlets are lenticellate, rather stout and expanding. The leaves are papery or leathery, broadly elliptic, broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, 6–30 cm long, 3.5–14.5 cm wide, apically mucronate or abruptly acuminate, rarely obtuse, basally mucronate or broadly cuneate, entire at margins, adaxially glabrous or sparsely strigose, abaxially glaucous, strigillose or hirtellous throughout or only along veins, or glabrous but often clustered hairy in axils of the vein. The lateral veins are in five to nine pairs, prominent abaxially. The petioles are 2–8  cm long, glabrous or pilose. The stipules are large, triangular-­ovate, and caducous. The inflorescences are paniculate cymes, terminal. The flowers are fragrant, and the pedicels are about 4 mm long. The calyx tubes are about 4 mm long, and the lobes are suborbicular, ciliate, and glabrescent. The calycophyll is white, pale red or pale yellow, papery or leathery, spatulate to broadly elliptic, 1.5–8 cm long, 1–6 cm wide, with several longitudinal parallel veins, and the stipes are 1–3 cm long. The corollas are funnelform, white or yellow, 2–3 cm long, yellowish white velutinous, and the lobes are suborbicular, about 7 mm long and 6  mm wide. The filaments are velutinous. The capsules are oblong-ovate or nearly fusiform, 3–5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, glabrous or pubescent, longitudinally weakly ribbed. There are many seeds, which are small and broadly winged. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests and valleys. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and barks are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and pungent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Warming the middle jiao and harmonizing stomach, relieving nausea, and stopping vomiting, it’s often used for treatment of nausea and vomiting. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.11  Family: Rubiaceae 1.11.1  Galium aparine [2] Chinese Name(s): la la teng, zhu yang yang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Galium aparine (Galium aparine Linn. var. echinospermum (Wallr.) Cuf.). Morphology: The plant is a multibranched, procumbent, or climbing herb, usually 30–90 cm in height. The stems are four-angled, inversed aculeate along angles, leaf margins, and veins. The leaves are papery or nearly membranous, in whorls of 6–8, rarely 4–5, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, 1–5.5 cm long, 1–7 mm wide, with needle-like convex tip, tapering at the base, often covered with appressed bristles on both surfaces, often revolute when dry, one-veined, subsessile. The inflorescences are cymes, axillary or terminal, few to several flowered, flowers being small, four-merous, with slender pedicels. The calyxes are covered with glochids, and the limbs are nearly truncate. The corollas are yellow-green or white, rotate, lobes being oblong, less than 1 mm long, arranged valvate. The ovary is pubescent, and the styles are two-lobed to middle part, stigma being capitate. The fruits are dry, with one or two subglobose mericarps, up to 5.5  mm in diameter, swollen, densely covered with glochids, and the fruit stipes are straight, up to 2.5 cm in length, stout, with one flatted and raised seed in the mericarp. The flowering period is from March to July. The fruiting period is from April to November. Habitat: It grows on the roadside or grass. Distribution: It’s distributed in South China, Southwest to Northwest China, as well as in Japan, North Korea, Russia, India, Sikkim, Nepal, Pakistan, Europe, Africa, North America, and other regions. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Cooling blood and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of chronic appendicitis, carbuncle, breast cancer, chest and costal pain, injury caused by bruise and falls, urethritis, hematuria, snakebite, and penis edema in children. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.12  Family: Rubiaceae 1.12.1  Galium bungei Chinese Name(s): si ye la la teng, si ye lu, si ye qi, xiao ju ju teng, hong she er, tian liang cao, she she huang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Galium bungei (Galium bungei (Bl.) Steud.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial, caespitose, erect herb, 5–50 cm in height, with reddish filiform rhizome. The stems are four-angled, unbranched or little branched, often glabrous, or slightly puberulent on nodes. The leaves are papery, in whorls of four, variable greatly in shape, in which upper and lower leaves are different in shape at the same plant, ovate-oblong, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate-oblong, or narrowly oblanceolate, 0.6–3.4 cm long, 2–6 mm wide, apically acute or slightly obtuse, basally cuneate, sometimes thornlike hispid on the midrib and near margins, sometimes strigose on both surfaces, one-veined, subsessile, or shortly stipitate.

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The inflorescences are cymes, terminal and axillary, dense, or slightly sparse. The peduncles are slender, often trichotomously branched, and composed the paniculate inflorescences. The flowers are small, and the pedicels are slender, 1–7 m long. The corollas are yellow-green or white, rotate, 1.4–2 mm in diameter, glabrous, and the corolla lobes are ovate or oblong, 0.6–1  mm long. The fruits are subglobose, 1–2 mm in diameter, usually twinning, tuberculate, small scaly or with short uncinate trichomes, rarely glabrous. The fruit stipes are slender and often longer than the fruits, up to 9 mm long. The flowering period is from April to September. The fruiting period is from May to January of the next year. Habitat: It grows in the valley wetlands, wasteland, or paddy fields. Distribution: It’s often distributed in the middle and lower reaches of China’s Yangtze River and North China, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, stopping bleeding, and helping digestion, it’s often used for treatment of dysentery, urinary tract infection, infantile malnutrition, leucorrhea, and hemoptysis, as well as for external treatment of snakehead whitlow. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: infantile malnutrition—Galium bungei root 30 g, ground into fine powder and divided into six packages. Take 1 bag of medicinal powder and put it into a bowl; mix it with boiled sweet wine; cover it; cool it slightly; take the medicinal powder and wine on an empty stomach in the morning, for 5 continuous days; and steam the sixth bag of powder with pig liver 30 g to take. Generally, the patients will get better after a course of treatment.

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1.13  Family: Rubiaceae 1.13.1  Galium trifidum Chinese Name(s): xiao ye zhu yang yang, san ban zhu yang yang, san lie la la teng xi, ye shi yang yang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Galium trifidum (Galium trifidum Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial, caespitose herb, 15–50 cm in height. The stems are slender, four-angled, multibranched, nearly glabrous. The leaves are

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small, papery, usually in whorls of four, sometimes 5–6, oblanceolate, sometimes narrowly elliptic, 3–14 mm long, 1–4 mm wide, apically rounded or obtuse, rarely nearly mucronate, basally tapering, glabrous or nearly glabrous, sometimes with very minutely inverted bristles at margins, one-veined, subsessile. The inflorescences are cymes, axillary and terminal, unbranched or few branched, usually 1–2 cm long, and sometimes up to 3.5 cm long, usually three- or four-flowered. The peduncles are slender. The flowers are small and about 2 mm in diameter. The pedicels are slender, 1–8 mm long. The corollas are white, rotate, with three lobes, rarely four, ovate, about 1 mm long, 0.8 mm wide. There are usually three stamens. The styles are about 0.5 mm long, apically two-lobed. The fruits are small, with subglobose mericarps, twinning or sometimes solitary, 1–2.5 mm in diameter, black when dry, smooth and glabrous. The fruit stipes are slender and slightly longer, 2–10 mm long. The flowering and fruiting period is from March to August. Habitat: It grows in wilderness, ravine, grassland thicket, and swamp under mountain forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet of China, as well as in Japan, North Korea, Europe, and North America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and summer and used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, unblocking meridians and activating collaterals, promoting diuresis, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of epigastralgia, anemia, abortion, injury caused by knocks and falls, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.14  Family: Rubiaceae 1.14.1  Gardenia jasminoides [3] Chinese Name(s): zhi zi, huang zhi zi, huang zhi zi, huang guo shu. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, up to 3 m in height. The young branches are often pubescent, and the branches are terete and gray. The leaves are opposite, leathery, rarely papery, rarely in whorls of three, leaf shapes being variable, usually oblong-lanceolate, obovate-oblong, obovate or elliptic, 3–25  cm long, 1.5–8 cm wide, apically acuminate, abruptly long acuminate or mucronate and obtuse, basally cuneate or mucronate, glabrous on both surfaces, adaxially bright green, abaxially darker. The lateral veins are in 8–15 pairs, raised abaxially and flat adaxially. The petioles are 0.2–1 cm long and the stipules are membranous. The flowers are fragrant, usually solitary at the terminal, and the pedicels are 3–5 mm long. The calyx tubes are obconic or ovate, 8–25 mm long, with longitudinal ridges. The calyx limbs are tubular, inflated, 5- to 8-lobed at the apex, usually six-lobed, lobes being lanceolate or linear lanceolate, 10–30 mm long, 1–4 mm wide, elongating when fruiting and persistent. The corollas are white or pale yellow, salverform, sparsely pilose in the throat, and the tubes are narrowly cylindrical, 3–5 cm long, 4–6 mm wide, apically 5- to 8-lobed, usually six-lobed, lobes being spreading, obovate or obovate oblong, 1.5–4  cm long, 0.6–2.8  cm wide. The filaments are very short, and the anthers are linear, 1.5–2.2 cm long, exserted. The styles are thick, about 4.5  cm long, stigmas being fusiform,

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exserted, 1–1.5 cm long, 3–7 mm wide, and the ovary is about 3 mm in diameter, yellow, smooth. The fruits are ovoid, subglobose, ellipsoid or oblong, yellow or orange-red, 1.5–7 cm long, 1.2–2 cm in diameter, with 5–9 longitudinal ridges, with persistent calyxes to 4 cm long and 6 mm wide. There are numerous seeds, which are flat, suborbicular and slightly angled, about 3.5 mm long and 3 mm wide. The flowering period is from March to July. The fruiting period is from May to February of the following year. Habitat: It grows in the mountains or by the ditch and is also cultivated in the garden. Distribution: It is distributed in southern and central China, as well as in Japan, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Pacific Islands, and northern America. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is oblong to elliptic, 1.5–3.5  cm long, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, reddish yellow or light brownish red on surfaces, with six wing-like longitudinal ridges, between which there is an obvious longitudinal vein, and with branches. There are residual sepals at the top. The base is slightly acuminate and with residual carpopodia. The pericarp is thin and brittle, slight lustrous. The inner surface is lighter colored and glossy, with two to three raised false septa. The seeds are numerous, mostly compressed ovate, agglomerated into clusters, dark red or reddish yellow, with small verrucous processes on the surface. It’s slightly in odor, slightly sour, and bitter on taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the heart, lungs, and tri-jiao. Functions: Purging intense heat and detoxicating, clearing heat and dampness, cooling blood, and removing blood stasis, it is often used for treatment of high fever, restlessness, toothache due to excessive heat, sore mouth and tongue, epistaxis, hematemesis, conjunctivitis, sore and swelling, icteric infectious hepatitis, uremia, and fava bean disease, as well as for external treatment of traumatic bleeding, sprain, and contusion. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are ground to powder and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: jaundice-type acute infectious hepatitis— fresh Gardenia jasminoides root 60  g, Lophatherum gracile root, Imperata cylindrica root, the and root bark of white mulberry, 30 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bruise—(a) Gardenia jasminoides 250  g, Angelica sinensis 150 g, peach kernel, Carthamus tinctorius, each 150 g, flour and Vaseline, each 250 g, vinegar 500 ml. The first four medicines are ground into fine powder. Put the flour in the pot, add water, stir, and heat it on fire to make a paste. Pour in the medicine powder and mix well. Then add Vaseline and

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rice vinegar and mix well. Apply the paste to the affected areas once a day. (b) Gardenia jasminoides 250  g, Carthamus tinctorius 30  g, Rheum officinale, Rhizoma curcumae longae, each 150  g, ground beetle 30  g, ground into fine powder, added with white wine and applied to the affected area. Change the dressing once a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sprain and contusion of limbs—proper amounts of Gardenia jasminoides, mashed, ground into coarse powder. Mix the Gardenia powder with warm water to make paste, add a little alcohol, spread the paste on gauze for about 0.2 cm thick, and cover all affected areas. Replace once every 3–5  days or once every 2  days if the hematoma is obvious. In cases of dislocation, the patients should be reset before application, and in cases of fracture, it would be improper for application.

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1.15  Family: Rubiaceae 1.15.1  Gardenia stenophylla Chinese Name(s): xia ye zhi zi, ye bai chan, hua mu. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits and roots of Gardenia stenophylla (Gardenia stenophylla Merr.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 0.5–3 m in height. The branchlets are slender. The leaves are thinly leathery, narrowly lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 3–12 cm long, 0.4–2.3 cm wide, apically acuminate and obtuse, basally tapering and often decurrent. The lateral veins are slender, in 9–13 pairs, abaxially slightly conspicuous. The petioles are 1–5 mm long. The stipules are membranous, 7–10 mm long, glabrescent. The flowers are solitary in the leaf axils or terminal, fragrant, up to 4–5 cm in diameter when blooming, and the pedicels are about 5 mm in length. The calyx tubes are obconic, about 1 cm long, and the limbs are tubular, apically five- to eight-lobed, lobes being narrowly lanceolate, 1–2 cm long, elongating when fruiting. The corollas are white, salverform, and the tubes are 3.5–6.5 cm long, 3–4 mm wide, apically five- to eight-lobed, lobes being reflexed when blooming, oblong-­ obovate, 2.5–3.5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, apically obtuse. The filaments are short, and the anthers are linear, exserted, about 1.5 cm long. The styles are 3.5–4 cm long, and the stigmas are rod-shaped, apically inflated, about 1.2 cm long, exserted. The fruits are oblong, 1.5–2.5 cm long, 1–1.3 cm in diameter, with weak to developed longitudinal ridges, yellow or orange-red when mature, with enlarged persistent calyx lobes at the apex. The flowering period is from April to August. The fruiting period is from May to January of the following year. Habitat: It grows at the stream sides. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Anhui, and Zhejiang of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits and roots are harvested in spring and summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the heart and lungs. Functions: Cooling the blood and diminishing inflammation, clearing heat, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of jaundice, epistaxis, nephritis and edema, cold and high fever, bacillary dysentery, mastitis, lymphadenitis, blood micturition, burn, scald, injury caused by falls, epidemic encephalitis, sore, hemoptysis, and hematemesis. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose for fruits, 30–60 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.16  Family: Rubiaceae 1.16.1  Hedyotis acutangula Chinese Name(s): jin cao, rui leng er cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis acutangula (Hedyotis acutangula Champ. ex Benth. [Oldenlandia acutangula (Champ. ex Benth.) Kuntze]). Morphology: The plants are erect, glabrous, usually subshrubs, 25–60  cm in height, with a woody base. The stems are quadrate, four-angled or four-winged. The leaves are opposite, sessile or subsessile, leathery, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5–12 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, apically mucronate or shortly acuminate, basally rounded or cuneate. The midveins are conspicuous, and the lateral and reticulate veins are inconspicuous. The stipules are ovate or triangular, 3–5 mm long, often revolute when dry, entire or glandular-serrulate. The cymes are paniculate or corymbose, terminal, branched with ribs or wings. The bracts are lanceolate, widely spreading. The flowers are four-merous, white, sessile; the calyx tubes are turbinate,

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about 1 mm long, calyx limb lobes being ovate, shorter than calyx lobes. The corollas are about 5 mm long, and the tubes are 2.2–3 mm long, slightly enlarged at the throat, inside velutinous above middle. The corolla lobes are ovate-lanceolate, slightly shorter than or as long as tubes. The stamens are inserted in the throat, hidden inside, without filaments or filaments being very short, anthers being linear oblong, cut-off at two sides. The styles are nearly as long as corollas, powdery pilose, and the stigmas are two-lobed, lobes being nearly elliptic, rough. The capsules are obovoid, 2–2.5 mm long, 1–1.2 mm in diameter, apically flat or with beak, with persistent calyxes, about 0.5 mm long, split into two mericarps when mature, and the mericarps are loculicidal, with several seeds inside. The seeds are suborbicular, angled, and black when dry. The flowering period is from May to August. Habitat: It grows on hillsides and thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, and Hong Kong of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood, and promoting diuresis, it is often used for treatment of excess heat in the liver and gallbladder, sore throat, coughing, dysuria, turbid urine, and hematuresis. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.17  Family: Rubiaceae 1.17.1  Hedyotis auricularia Chinese Name(s): er cao, ji yu dan cao, jie jie hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis auricularia (Hedyotis auricularia Linn. [Oldenlandia auricularia (Linn.) F. Muell.]). Morphology: The plants are perennial, nearly erect, or procumbent stout herbs, 30–100  cm in height. The branchlets are shortly hispid, rarely glabrous, nearly quadrate when young, terete when old, usually rooting at nodes. The leaves are opposite, subleathery, lanceolate or elliptic, 3–8 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, apically mucronate or acuminate, basally cuneate or shortly decurrent, adaxially smooth or rough, abaxially usually powdery pilose. The lateral veins are in four to six pairs, which spread upward at an acute angle to the midrib. The petioles are 2–7 mm long

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or shorter. The stipules are membranous, pubescent, connate into a short sheath, apically five- to seven-lobed, lobes being linear or setiform. The inflorescences are cymes, axillary, glomerulate to congested-cymose, without peduncles. The bracts are lanceolate, minute. The flowers are sessile or with ca. 1-mm-long pedicels. The calyx tubes are about 1 mm long, usually pubescent, and the limbs are four-lobed, lobes being lanceolate, 1–1.2 mm long, puberulent. The corollas are white, and the tubes are 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous outside, tomentose inside. The corollas are four-­ lobed, lobes being 1.5–2 mm long, wide spreading. The stamens are inserted in the throat of corollas tubes, and the filaments are very short, anthers being prominent, oblong, slightly shorter than the filaments. The styles are 1 mm long, hairy, and the stigmas are two-lobed, lobes being rod-shaped, pubescent. The fruits are globose, 1.2–1.5 mm in diameter, sparsely hispidulous or nearly glabrous, undivided when mature, persistent calyxes being 0.5–1 mm long. There are two to six seeds at each chamber, which are with black coat when mature, foveolate. The flowering period is from March to August. Habitat: It grows in grasslands, thickets, at forest margins. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of southern and southwestern China, as well as in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Cooling blood, reducing swelling, clearing heat, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, coughing, sore throat, acute conjunctivitis, enteritis, dysentery, snakebite, bruise, boils, carbuncle, mastitis, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh leaves are mashed for application or decocted for washing the affected areas.

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1.18  Family: Rubiaceae 1.18.1  Hedyotis cantoniensis Chinese Name(s): guang zhou er cao, tian cao, ye gan cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis cantoniensis (Hedyotis cantoniensis How ex Ko).

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Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, 30–60 cm in height, glabrous. The stems are subterete, pale stramineous, 1–2 cm between nodes. The branches and branchlets are subterete, striate. The leaves are opposite, thinly leathery, ovate or oblong elliptic, 3–7 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, mucronate at the apex and base. The midveins are impressed adaxially and raised abaxially, and the lateral veins are very indistinct. The stipules are triangular, 2–3 mm long, connate at the base, entire at margins, minutely glandular-serrate at the apex. The inflorescences are cymes, arranged in narrow and short paniculiform, terminal or in axils of uppermost branchlets, 1–3  cm long and wide. The flowers are four-merous, with short pedicels. The calyxes are 2–2.5 mm long, tubes being globose, and lobes being triangular, slightly shorter than tubes. The corollas are 5–6 mm long, lobes being oblong lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the tubes. The stamens are inserted in the throat of corollas tubes, exserted, and the filaments are ca. 2 mm long, anthers being narrowly oblong, ca. 1.1 mm long. The styles are ca. 2.2 mm long, stigmas being rod-shaped, two-­ lobed, rough. The capsules are globose, with the limb lobes being 2–2.5 mm long, reticulate veined when dry, split into two mericarps when mature, and the mericarps are loculicidal, with several seeds inside, angled. The flowering period is from April to August. Habitat: It grows under the sparse forest on the hillside. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangdong and Jiangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of icteric hepatitis, traumatic bleeding, chronic appendicitis, and infantile malnutrition. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: jaundice hepatitis—Hedyotis cantoniensis 60 g, Caryopteris incana, Pterolobium punctatum root, and pig liver, 60 g each, stewed in water to take. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: traumatic bleeding—appropriate amount of Hedyotis cantoniensis leaf and Lindera glauca leaf, dried and ground to powder, mixed with sesame oil for application. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic appendicitis—Hedyotis cantoniensis 60 g, Hedyotis diffusa 40 g, Andrographis paniculata 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: infantile malnutrition—Hedyotis cantoniensis 30  g, Serissa serissoides 20  g, one egg, decocted in water. Take the egg with soup.

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1.19  Family: Rubiaceae 1.19.1  Hedyotis caudatifolia Chinese Name(s): jian ye er cao, pi zhen xing er cao, shao nian hong, chang wei er cao, qian nian cha, tie sao ba. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis caudatifolia (Hedyotis caudatifolia Merr. et Metcalf. [H. lancea Thunb.]). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, 30–90 cm in height, glabrous. The leaves are opposite, leathery, lanceolate, green adaxially, grayish white abaxially, 6–13 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, apically caudate-acuminate, basally cuneate or decurrent. The petioles are 10–15 mm long. The lateral veins are in four pairs, slender and indistinct. The stipules are broadly ovate, mucronate, 2–3 mm long, entire or glandular-­ serrulate. The inflorescences are cymes, arranged in sparse paniculiform. The bracts are lanceolate or linear lanceolate, mucronate. The flowers are four-merous, shortly pedicellate. The calyx tubes are turbinate, about 3 mm long, and the lobes of limb are ovate-triangular, as long as the calyx, mucronate. The corollas are white or pink, 6–10 mm long, villous at the inner surfaces, tubular, slightly enlarged at the throat,

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4–8 mm long, lobes being lanceolate, glabrous, or hispid inside. The styles are as long as the corollas or slightly longer than corollas, exserted or included, glabrous, with two stigmas, slightly minutely hispid. The fruits are capsules, oblong or ellipsoid, ca. 4 mm long with limb lobes of persistent calyx, about 2 mm in diameter, glabrous, split into two mericarps when mature, and the mericarps are loculicidal, with several seeds inside. The seeds are small, subtriangular, and black when dry. The flowering period is from May to June. Habitat: It grows on dry soil in the jungles and on grasslands. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Hunan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Moistening the lungs to stop coughing, eliminating accumulation, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of bronchitis, hemoptysis, infantile malnutrition, bruise, swelling and pain, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.20  Family: Rubiaceae 1.20.1  Hedyotis chrysotricha Chinese Name(s): huang mao er cao, pu di er di, jin mao er cao, tuo di lian, bai tou zou ma zai, xi zhong jie jie hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis chrysotricha (Hedyotis chrysotricha (Palib.) Merr. [Oldenlandia chrysotricha Palib.]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial procumbent herb, about 30 cm in height, woody at base, yellow hispid. The leaves are opposite, shortly petiolate, thinly papery, broadly lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, 20–28 mm long, 10–12 mm wide, apically mucronate or shortly acuminate, basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, adaxially sparsely shortly hirtellous, abaxially densely yellow velutinous, especially along the veins. The lateral veins are in two or three pairs, very slender, only conspicuous abaxially. The petioles are 1–3  mm long. The stipules are shortly connate, long acuminate at the apex, sparsely toothed at margins, pubescent. The inflorescences are cymes, axillary, with 1–3 flowers, golden yellow sparsely pilose, subsessile. The calyxes are pilose, and the tubes are subglobose, about 13 mm long, calyx lobes being lanceolate, longer than tubes. The corollas are white or purple, funnelform, 5–6 mm long, outside sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous, barbate inside, apically deeply lobed, lobes being linear oblong, acuminate at the apex, equal to or slightly longer than corolla tubes. The stamens are included, and the filaments are very short or absent. The styles are barbate at the middle, the stigmas being rod-­ shaped, two-lobed. The fruits are subglobose, about 2 mm in diameter, hispid, and

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the limb lobes of persistent calyx are 1–1.5 mm long, undivided when mature, with several seeds inside. The flowering period is almost all year-round. Habitat: It grows under the broad-leaved forests in valleys or in thickets on mountain slopes. Distribution: It’s distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Taiwan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, reducing swelling, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of enteritis, dysentery, acute icteric hepatitis, acute nephritis in children, chyluria, functional uterine bleeding, and throat tumor, as well as for external treatment of snakebite and centipede bites, injury caused by knocks and falls, bleeding, sore, and boil. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gastroenteritis—Hedyotis chrysotricha, Loropetalum chinense twig and leaf 60 g, Asiatic plantain, Indigofera bungeana 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute infectious hepatitis—Hedyotis chrysotricha, Juniperus procumbens, each 30 g, dandelion, Japanese ardisia, Imperata cylindrica root, 15 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chyluria—Hedyotis chrysotricha 30 g, Rosa laevigata root 15 g, Asiatic plantain, Cyrtomium fortunei, 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.21  Family: Rubiaceae 1.21.1  Hedyotis costata Chinese Name(s): mai er cao, gan yan cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis costata (Hedyotis costata (Roxb.) Kurz.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, diffusely branched, 30–50  cm in height, densely villous or hirsute with trichomes drying golden yellow. The young branches are flattened, four-angled, and subterete when old. The leaves are opposite, membranous, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 5–8 cm long, 1.5–2.8 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, and decurrent. The lateral veins are in four to five pairs, slender and conspicuous, which spreading upward at an acute angle to the midrib. The petioles are 5–10 mm long. The stipules are membranous, connate at

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the base, with several 3–5 mm linear or setose lobes. The inflorescences are cymes, densely capitate, axillary or several arranged in racemiform, bracts being subulate, up to 1 mm long. The peduncles are 5–12 mm long. The flowers are four-merous, rarely five-merous, fragrant, sessile or subsessile. The calyx tubes are turbinate, 0.5 mm long, and the limb lobes are lanceolate, about 1 mm long. The corollas are tubular, white or purple, 2.2–2.5 mm long, tubes being 1.2–1.5 mm long, pubescent above the throat, lobes being long elliptic, about 1 mm long, acuminate. The stamens are the same number with the corolla lobes, inserted on the throat of corolla tubes, and the filaments are very short, anthers being elliptic, flattened, exserted. The styles are 1.2–1.5  mm long, pubescent above the middle, stigma being two-­ lobed, lobes being linear. The fruits are subglobose, 1–1.5 mm in diameter, undivided when mature, limb lobes of persistent calyx being triangular, widely spreading, 0.5 mm long. There are three to four seeds at each chamber, which are trigonous, black when dry. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to November. Habitat: It grows at the forest margins in valleys, open fields, or grassy slopes. Distribution: It’s distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Tropical Asia, Indochina Peninsula, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, diminishing inflammation, and curing fracture, it’s often used for treatment of malaria, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, rheumatic bone pain, fracture, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: malaria—Hedyotis costata 15  g, downy premna 12 g, red barnyard grass 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hepatitis—Hedyotis costata 15–25  g, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.22  Family: Rubiaceae 1.22.1  Hedyotis corymbosa Chinese Name(s): san fang hua er cao, shui xian cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis corymbosa (Hedyotis corymbosa (Linn.) Lam.). Morphology: The plant is an annual slender herb, diffusely branched, 10–40 cm in height. The stems and branches are four-angled to flattened, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along the angles, many-branched. The leaves are opposite, subsessile, membranous, linear, 1–2 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, apically mucronate, basally cuneate, margins usually shortly revolute when dry, rough on both surfaces, or adaxially sparsely pubescent on midveins, midveins being impressed abaxially. The stipules are membranous, sheath-like, 1–1.5 mm long, with several bristles at the apex. The inflorescences are axillary, usually corymbiform, two- to four-flowered, rarely solitary, with filiform peduncles, 5–10 mm long. The bracts are minute and subulate, 1–1.2 mm long. The flowers are four-merous, with slender pedicels, 2–5 mm long. The calyx tubes are globose, sparsely puberulent, slightly narrow at the base, 1–1.2 mm in diameter, and the limb is lobed, lobes being narrowly triangular, about 1 mm long, ciliate. The corollas are white or pink, tubular, 2.2–2.5 cm long, glabrous at the throat, and the lobes are oblong, short than tubes. The stamens are inserted on the corolla tubes, and the filaments are very short, anthers being included, oblong, 0.6 mm long, truncate. The styles are 1.3 mm long, pubescent above the middle, and stigma two-lobed, lobes being slightly broad and rough. The fruits are capsular, membranous, globose, 1.2–1.8  mm in diameter, with several indistinct longitudinal ridges, apically flattened, and the persistent limb lobes are 1–1.2 mm long, loculicidal at the apex when mature. There are ten or more seeds at each chamber, which are dark brown when dry, angled, smooth. The flowering and fruiting period is almost year-round.

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Habitat: It grows in paddy fields, ridges of farmlands, humid grasslands at altitudes of 100–400 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guizhou, and Sichuan, as well as in tropical Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, slightly cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, promoting blood circulation and killing pain, it’ s often used for treatment of appendicitis, hepatitis, urinary tract infection, bronchitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, and injury caused by knocks and falls, as well as for external treatment of furuncles, carbuncle, and snakebites. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.23  Family: Rubiaceae 1.23.1  Hedyotis diffusa Chinese Name(s): bai hua she she cao, she she cao, she she huang, she zhen cao, she zong guan, er ye lu, she li cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis diffusa (Hedyotis diffusa Willd. [Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.]). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, diffusely branched, 20–50 cm in height. The stems are slightly flattened, branched from the base. The leaves are opposite, sessile, membranous, linear, 1–3  cm long, 1–3  cm wide, apically mucronate, margins usually revolute at least when dry, adaxially smooth, midveins being impressed abaxially, and the lateral veins are not visible. The stipules

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are 1–2 cm long, connate at the base, beak at the apex. The inflorescences are solitary or axillary, four-merous. The peduncles are slightly stout, usually 2–5 mm long, rarely without peduncles or up to 10 mm long. The calyx tubes are globose, 1.5 mm long, and the limb lobed, lobes being oblong-lanceolate, about 1.5–2  mm long, apically acuminate, ciliate. The corollas are white, tubular, 3.5–4 cm long, and the tubes are 1.5–2 mm long, glabrous at the throat, lobes being ovate-oblong, about 2  mm long, obtuse at the apex. The stamens are inserted in the corolla tubes, and the filaments are 0.8–1 mm long, anthers being exserted, oblong, as long as the filaments or slightly longer than the filaments. The styles are 2–3 mm long and stigma being two-lobed, lobes being exserted, papillose. The fruits are capsular, membranous, compressed globose to oblate, 2–2.5 mm in diameter, and the persistent limb lobes are 1.5–2 mm long, loculicidal at the apex when mature. There are about ten seeds at each chamber, which are dark brown when dry, angled, deeply thickly foveolate. The flowering period is in spring. Habitat: It grows in paddy fields, ridges of farmlands, and humid open fields. Distribution: It’s distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Hainan, Anhui, and Yunnan of China, as well as from tropical Asia to Nepal and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, promoting blood circulation, and killing pain, it’ s often used for treatment of asthma and coughing due to tonsillitis, pharyngitis, appendicitis, dysentery, pelvic inflammation, malignant tumor, hepatitis, urinary tract infection, bronchitis, tonsillitis, and injury caused by knocks and falls, as well as for external treatment for furuncles, carbuncle, and snakebites. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, and rectal cancer—Hedyotis diffusa 75 g, semen coicis 30 g, air potato yam 9 g, Lindera aggregata root 3 g, black nightshade 3 g, smoked plum 6 g, and Panax pseudoginseng 1.5 g, decocted in water and taken 1 dose per day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gastric cancer—Hedyotis diffusa, Imperata cylindrica root, each 45  g, semen coicis 30  g, brown sugar 90  g, decocted in water and taken three times, one dose per day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: appendicitis—(a) Simple appendicitis within 1–2 days, Hedyotis diffusa 30–60 g, decocted in water and taken 1–2 doses per day. (b) In severe cases with systemic symptoms, Hedyotis diffusa 30–60  g, Lygodium japonicum rattan, wild chrysanthemum flower, 30–60 g each, decocted in water for oral use. Take three doses in the first day and one dose daily thereaf-

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ter. (c) Hedyotis diffusa 30 g, Chinese violet and Sargentodoxa cuneata 30 g each decocted in water and taken three times a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic pelvic inflammation—Hedyotis diffusa 30 g, Radix zanthoxyli 9 g, and Angelica sinensis 9 g, Cochinchina cudrania root 15 g, and radix fici simplicissimae 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose per day for 3–4 weeks.

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1.24  Family: Rubiaceae 1.24.1  Hedyotis hedyotidea Chinese Name(s): niu bai teng, guang hua er cao, tu wu jia pi, tu teng tou, ya po chao, niu nai teng, tu jia teng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis hedyotidea (Hedyotis hedyotidea (DC.) Merr. [Oldenlandia hedyotidea (DC.) Hand.-Mazz.]). Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous vine, 3–5 m in height, rough. The young branches are flattened to subterete and then often later four-angled, farinose puberulent, cylindrical when old. The leaves are opposite, membranous, long ovate or ovate, 4–10 cm long, 2.5–4  cm wide, apically acute or shortly acuminate, basally cuneate or obtuse, rough adaxially, pubescent abaxially. The lateral veins are in three to five pairs, slender, ascending upward, impressed adaxially, raised abaxially. The petioles are 3–10 mm long, sulcate. The stipules are 4–6 mm long, truncate at the apex, with four to six bristles. The inflorescences are terminal and in axils of uppermost leaves, with 10–20 congested to laxly cymose groups of flowers. The peduncles are 2.5 cm long, or slightly longer, puberulent. The flowers are four-­merous, with 2-mm-long pedicels. The calyxes are puberulent, tubes being turbinate, about 1.5 mm long, and the limb lobes are linear-lanceolate, about 2.5 mm long, mucronate, usually reflexed, with two to three inconspicuous bristles. The corollas are white, tubular, 10–15 mm long, lobes being lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm long, reflexed, outside glabrous, inside sparsely bearded, tubes 2–3  mm. The stamens are included or exserted, included in short styles, and exserted in long styles. The filaments are bearded at the base, and the anthers are linear, two-lobed at the base. The stigmas are two-lobed, lobes being 1 mm long, pubescent. The fruits are capsular, subglobose, about 3 mm long, 2 mm in diameter, with persistent calyx lobes reflexed, split into two mericarps when mature, and the mericarps are loculicidal, apically higher than the limb lobes, with several seeds, minute, angled. The flowering period is from April to July. Habitat: It grows in valleys, thickets, or hill slopes. Distribution: It’s distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, rattan, and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: The root and rattan function in dispelling wind and activating collaterals, reducing swelling, and stopping bleeding. The leaf functions in clearing heat and wind. The root and rattan are often used for treatment of rheumatoid joint pain, hemorrhoids bleeding, furuncle, carbuncle, and bruise. The leaves are used for cold, coughing due to heat in lungs, and enteritis, as well as for external treatment of eczema, pruritus, and herpes zoster. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of leaves are decocted for washing the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatoid arthritis and lumbar muscle strain—Hedyotis hedyotidea 30 g, Radix zanthoxyli 30 g, pennywort 30 g, Tinospora

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sinensis 60 g, Venenum bufonis 4.5 g, myrrh 6 g, Boswellia carterii 6 g, made into 300 plasters. Use one plaster a week, and apply to the affected areas.

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1.25  Family: Rubiaceae 1.25.1  Hedyotis mellii Chinese Name(s): cu mao er cao, juan mao er cao, yao xiao zhu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis mellii (Hedyotis mellii Tutch). Morphology: The plant is an erect stout herb, 30–90 cm in height. The stems and branches are subterete to four-angled, pubescent when young, and nearly glabrescent when old, dark yellow when dry. The leaves are opposite, papery, ovate-­ lanceolate, 5–9 cm long, sometimes longer, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces. The lateral veins are in three to four pairs, conspicuous, spreading upward at an acute angle to the midrib. The stipules are broadly triangular, pubescent, acuminate or three-lobed, lateral lobes being short, marginally entire to long glandular-serrate. The inflorescences are terminal and usually also in axils of uppermost leaves, cymose, paniculate to often racemiform, many-flowered, 3–10 cm long with peduncles. The peduncles are 2–5 cm long, with narrowly bracts. The flowers are four-­ merous, shortly yellow hispid with pedicels when dry. The calyx tubes are cupulate, about 3 mm long, and the limb lobes are ovate-lanceolate, mucronate. The corollas are 6–7 mm long, with short tubes, 2–2.5 mm long, inside villosulous, lobes being lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm long, apically reflexed. The filaments are villous at the base, and the anthers are oblong, rarely exserted. The styles are glabrous, long exserted, stigmas being capitate, slightly two-lobed. The fruits are capsular, ellipsoid, sparsely shortly hirtellous, about 3 mm long, crustaceous to thickly papery, split into two mericarps when mature, and the mericarps are loculicidal, with several seeds, black, angled. The flowering period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows on jungles or thickets on mountains or mountain slopes. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Hunan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and strengthening the stomach, detoxicating, dispelling wind, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of lumbago, dyspepsia, fever, dysentery, snakebite, furuncle, mastitis, and bleeding. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are decocted for application on the affected areas.

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1.26  Family: Rubiaceae 1.26.1  Hedyotis pinifolia Chinese Name(s): song ye er cao, liao ge she. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis pinifolia (Hedyotis pinifolia Wall. ex G. Don). Morphology: The plant is an herb, diffusely branched, 10–25 cm in height. The stems are wiry, sharply four-angled to subterete, black brown when dry. The leaves are tufted, rarely opposite, sessile, stiffly papery to leathery, linear, 12–25 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, apically mucronate, margins markedly revolute at least when dry, rough on both surfaces, rarely pubescent. The midveins are impressed adaxially, and the lateral veins not visible. The stipules shortly fused to petiole bases, lobed with several bristles which are variable in length. The inflorescences are glomerulate, three- to ten-flowered, terminal and axillary, without peduncles. The bracts are lanceolate, 3–4  mm long, sparsely pubescent and ciliate. The flowers are four-­ merous, with 0.8–1 mm long pedicels. The calyx tubes are obconical, 1–1.5 mm long, sparsely hispidulous, and the limbs are tubular at the base, up to 2 mm long, lobes being subulate, about 1 mm long, long acuminate, ciliolate. The corollas are tubular, 8–8.5  mm long, 4–4.2  mm wide, lobes being oblong. The stamens are inserted in the throat of corolla tubes, and the filaments are about 2 mm long, anthers being exserted, oblong, obtuse at two ends, 2/3 shorter than filaments. The styles are 9 mm long, and stigmas two-lobed, lobes being linear, about 1 mm long, exserted, recurved. The fruits are capsular, nearly ovoid, 2.5–3 mm long, 1.5–2 mm in diameter, stiff above the middle part, loculicidal across top, limb lobes of persistent calyx being 1–1.2 mm long, with several seeds, pale brown when dry, angled. The flowering period is from May to August. Habitat: It grows on open fields on hills, on sandy wastelands, and at seaside or riversides. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China, as well as in India, Nepal, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and stopping bleeding, dispersing the knot, and eliminating swelling, it’s often used for treatment of hectic fever and infantile malnutrition. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.27  Family: Rubiaceae 1.27.1  Hedyotis tenelliflora Chinese Name(s): xian hua er cao, xia zi cao, ji kou she. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis tenelliflora (Hedyotis tenelliflora Bl.). Morphology: The plant is an herb, diffusely branched, 15–40 cm in height, glabrous. The distal branches are subterete and sharply four-angled, lower branches being cylindrical. The leaves are opposite, sessile, thinly leathery, linear, or linear-­ lanceolate, 2–5  cm long, 0.2–0.4  cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally cuneate, decurrent, margins being frequently revolute, adaxially black, densely scaberulous near margins, abaxially glabrous, pale. The midveins are impressed adaxially, and the lateral veins are not visible. The stipules are 3–6 mm long, fused to petiole bases, puberulent, with linear or setiform lobes at the apex. The inflorescences are sessile, one- to three-flowered in each axil, with acicular bracts, about 1 mm long, marginally scaberulous. The calyx tubes are obovoid, about 1 mm long, and the limbs are four-lobed, lobes being linear-lanceolate, about 1.8 mm long, ciliolate. The corollas are white, funnelform, about 2 mm long, and the tubes are about 2 mm long, lobes being oblong, 1–1.5 mm long, apically obtuse. The stamens are inserted in the throat, and the filaments are about 1.5  mm long, anthers being exserted, oblong, obtuse, slightly shorter than filaments. The styles are about 4 mm long, and the stigmas are two-lobed, lobes being very short. The fruits are capsular, ovoid or subglobose, 2–2.5 cm long, 1.5–2 mm in diameter, and the limb lobes of persistent calyx are only ca. 1 mm long, loculicidal across top, with numerous seeds at each chamber, minute. The flowering period is from April to November. Habitat: It grows on slopes in valleys or ridges of fields.

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Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Yunnan of China, as well as in India, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Cambodia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, removing blood stasis, and relieving pain, it is often used for treatment of coughing due to heat in lungs, chronic hepatitis, meteorism, intestinal carbuncle, dysentery with blood, injury caused by knocks and falls, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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1.28  Family: Rubiaceae 1.28.1  Hedyotis verticillata Chinese Name(s): cu ye er hua, jie jie hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hedyotis verticillata (Hedyotis verticillata (Linn.) Lam. [H. hispida Retz.]). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, diffusely branched, 25–30 cm in height. The stems are often decumbent, distal branches being subterete, or four-­ angled, and the lower ones are cylindrical, sparsely to densely hispidulous. The leaves are opposite, sessile to petiolate, papery or thinly leathery, elliptic or lanceolate, 2.5–6 cm long, 0.6–2 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally cuneate to obtuse, hispidulous on both surfaces, rough, margins often being revolute at least when dry. There is only one midvein, impressed adaxially, without lateral veins. The stipules are slightly pubescent, shortly fused to petiole bases, with several 3–4 mm linear lobes or bristles. The inflorescences are axillary, glomerulate, sessile, with lanceolate bracts, 3–4 mm long. The flowers are sessile. The calyx tubes are obconical, about 1 mm long, hispid, and the limbs are four-lobed, lobes being lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm long. The corollas are white, funnelform, outside glabrous except lobes sometimes bearded at the apex, 3.8–4 mm long, and the tubes are about 2 mm, four-­lobed, lobes being lanceolate, 1.8–2 mm long. The stamens are inserted in the throat of the tubes, and the filaments are about 2  mm long, anthers being exserted, oblong, obtuse, about 1  mm long. The styles are about 4–4.5  mm long, apically inflated, capitate,

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rough. The fruits are capsular, ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm long, 1.5–2 mm in diameter, hispid, loculicidal across top, with 1.5–2.5 mm limb lobes of persistent calyx, with numerous seeds, pale brown, angled. The flowering period is from March to November. Habitat: It grows in grass or thicket on foothills, roadsides, or sparse forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Zhejiang of China, as well as in Japan, India, Nepal, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Micronesia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, removing blood stasis, and relieving pain, it is often used for treatment of coughing due to heat in lungs, chronic hepatitis, meteorism, intestinal carbuncle, dysentery with blood, injury caused by knocks and falls, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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1.29  Family:Rubiaceae 1.29.1  Ixora chinensis Chinese Name(s): long chuan hua, bai ri hong, ying shan hong, hong ying shu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ixora chinensis (Ixora chinensis Lam.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 0.8–2 m in height. The branchlets are dark brown and shiny when young, gray and striate when old. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate, 6–13  cm long, 3–4  cm wide, apically obtuse or rounded, basally mucronate or rounded. The midveins are flattened adaxially or slightly impressed, abaxially raised, and the lateral veins are in seven to eight pairs, slender, conspicuous, united at margins. The petioles are very short and stout or sessile. The stipules are 5–7  mm long, basally broad, united around the stem to almost interpetiolar, apically long acuminate, with arista. The inflorescences are terminal, many-flowered, subsessile to pedunculate. The peduncles are 5–15 mm long, being red with branches, rarely powdery pilose, often subtended by two reduced leaves or leaflike bracts. The bracts and bracteoles are minute, opposite at the receptacle base. The flowers are subsessile to pedicellate. The calyx tubes are 1–1.5 mm long and limb deeply lobed, lobes being very short, obovate or subrounded, 0.8 mm long, acute or obtuse. The corollas are red or reddish yellow, 2.5–3  cm long when blooming, four-lobed at the apex, lobes being obovate or subrounded, expanded or reflexed, 5–7 cm long, 4–5 mm wide, apically obtuse to rounded. The filaments are very short, anthers being rounded, about 2 mm long, basally two-lobed. The styles are short, exserted, with two stigmas, slightly recurved. The fruits are drupes, reddish black. The seeds are 6–7 cm long, 4–4.5 mm wide, raised adaxially, impressed abaxially. The flowering period is from March to July. Habitat: It grows in thickets or sparse forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Dispersing blood stasis, stopping bleeding, regulating menstruation, and reducing blood pressure, the root and stem are often used for treatment of hemoptysis, stomachache, rheumatoid joint pain, and injury caused by falls. The flower is often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, and hypertension. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots and stems, 9–15 g per dose for flowers, decocted in water for oral use. The pregnant women should not take it.

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1.30  Family: Rubiaceae 1.30.1  Lasianthus chinensis Chinese Name(s): cu ye mu, ji shi shu, mu ji shi teng, shu ji shi teng, ji shi mu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Lasianthus chinensis (Lasianthus chinensis Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a small tree, 2–6 m in height. The branches and branchlets are stout, brown pubescent. The leaves are subleathery or thick papery, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rarely elliptic, 12–25 cm long, 2.5–6 cm wide, apically acute nearly mucronate, basally cuneate or obtuse, glabrous adaxially, black brown when dry, shiny, abaxially yellow pubescent on midveins, lateral veins and minute veins. The midveins are stout, and the lateral veins are in 9–14 pairs. The petioles are stout, about 8–12 cm long, yellow pilose. The stipules are triangular, about 2.5 mm long, yellow velutinous. The flowers are sessile, usually three- to five-flowered in each axil, without bracts. The calyx tubes are ovoid or broadly campanulate, 4–4.5  mm long, densely velutinous, and the limb are usually four-­ lobed, lobes being ovate-triangular, about 1 mm long, rarely up to 1.5 mm, becoming recurved, inside glabrous. The corollas are usually white, sometimes pink, nearly tubular, velutinous, and the tubes are 8–10 mm long, densely villous at the throat, with five or six lobes, lanceolate, 4–5 mm long, apically incurved, with a ca. 1 mm bristle. There are six stamens, which inserted in the tube throat, and the filaments are very short, anthers being linear, about 1.8 mm long. The ovaries are six-­ loculed, and the styles are 6–7 mm long, stigmas being linear, 1.5–2 mm long. The fruits are drupes, nearly ovoid, 6–7 mm in diameter, blue or blue black when mature, usually with six pyrenes. The flowering period is in May. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in forests and shaded and wet places.

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Distribution: It’s distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying the kidneys, promoting circulation of blood and Qi, expelling wind, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism, lumbago, and bone pain. Use and Dosage: 90–120 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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References 1. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 539 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975. 2. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 837 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975. 3. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 231) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015.

Chapter 2

Medicinal Angiosperms of Rubiaceae (Cont. I) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 2.1  F  amily: Rubiaceae 2.1.1  Morinda officinalis 2.2  Family: Rubiaceae 2.2.1  Morinda parvifolia 2.3  Family: Rubiaceae 2.3.1  Morinda umbellata 2.4  Family: Rubiaceae 2.4.1  Mussaenda esquirolii 2.5  Family: Rubiaceae 2.5.1  Mussaenda kwangtungensis 2.6  Family: Rubiaceae 2.6.1  Mussaenda pubescens

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_2

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74 2.7  Family: Rubiaceae 2.7.1  Nauclea officinalis 2.8  Family: Rubiaceae 2.8.1  Neanotis hirsuta 2.9  Family: Rubiaceae 2.9.1  Ophiorrhiza cantoniensis 2.10  Family: Rubiaceae 2.10.1  Ophiorrhiza japonica 2.11  Family: Rubiaceae 2.11.1  Ophiorrhiza pumila 2.12  Family: Rubiaceae 2.12.1  Ophiorrhiza sichuanensis 2.13  Family: Rubiaceae 2.13.1  Paederia foetida 2.14  Family: Rubiaceae 2.14.1  Paederia scandens 2.15  Family: Rubiaceae 2.15.1  Paederia scandens var. tomentosa 2.16  Family: Rubiaceae 2.16.1  Pavetta hongkongensis 2.17  Family: Rubiaceae 2.17.1  Psychotria asiatica 2.18  Family: Rubiaceae 2.18.1  Psychotria serpens 2.19  Family: Rubiaceae 2.19.1  Rubia cordifolia 2.20  Family: Rubiaceae 2.20.1  Rubia podantha 2.21  Family: Rubiaceae 2.21.1  Rubia wallichiana 2.22  Family: Rubiaceae 2.22.1  Serissa japonica 2.23  Family: Rubiaceae 2.23.1  Serissa serissoides 2.24  Family: Rubiaceae 2.24.1  Sinoadina racemosa 2.25  Family: Rubiaceae 2.25.1  Tarenna attenuata 2.26  Family: Rubiaceae 2.26.1  Tarenna mollissima 2.27  Family: Rubiaceae 2.27.1  Uncaria hirsute, Uncaria macrophylla, Uncaria rhynchophylla, Uncaria sessilifructus, and Uncaria sinensis 2.28  Family: Rubiaceae 2.28.1  Uncaria rhynchophylloides 2.29  Family: Rubiaceae 2.29.1  Wendlandia uvariifolia References

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This chapter introduces 34 species of medicinal plants in 8 families, mainly including Morinda officinalis, Morinda parvifolia, Morinda umbellata, Mussaenda esquirolii, Mussaenda pubescens, Nauclea officinalis, Neanotis hirsuta, Ophiorrhiza cantoniensis, Ophiorrhiza sichuanensis, Paederia foetida, Paederia scandens, Pavetta hongkongensis, Psychotria asiatica, Psychotria serpens, Rubia cordifolia, Rubia wallichiana, Serissa japonica, Sinoadina racemosa, Tarenna attenuate, Uncaria hirsuta, Uncaria macrophylla, Uncaria sinensis, Uncaria rhynchophylloides, and Wendlandia uvariifolia of Rubiaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part of herbal medicines of each species.

2.1  Family: Rubiaceae 2.1.1  Morinda officinalis [1] Chinese Name(s): ba ji tian, ji chang feng, ji yan teng, hei teng zuan, tu zai chang, san jiao teng, kang teng. Source: This medicine is made of the fleshy roots of Morinda officinalis (Morinda officinalis How). Morphology: The plant is a liana, and the roots are purple-red, becoming purple-­ blue when dry. The leaves are thin or slightly thick, papery, becoming brown when dry, oblong, ovate-oblong or obovate-oblong, 6–13 cm long, 3–6 cm wide, apically acute or mucronulate, basally obtuse, rounded or cuneate, entire, adaxially sparsely appressed hirsute to glabrescent, midveins linearly raised, with bristles, abaxially glabrous or sparsely hirtellous along principal veins, glabrous, or with tufts of hairs in axils of veins. The lateral veins are in four or five to seven pairs. The petioles are 4–11 cm long, abaxially densely hirtellous. The stipules are 3–5 mm long, truncate, membranous. The inflorescences are terminal capitulum, three to seven umbellate. The peduncles are 5–10 cm long, pubescent, basally usually subtended by one stipuliform bract. The inflorescences are four- to ten-flowered, flowers being (2-)3(-4)-merous. The calyxes are obconical, apically with two to three lobes, triangular-­lanceolate, sometimes markedly unequal on an individual flower. The corollas are white, campanulate, slightly fleshy, 6–7 mm long, 3–4 mm wide, apically urceolate, usually three-lobed, sometimes two- or four-lobed. The stamens have the same number with corolla tubes, inserted at the lobe base, and the filaments are very short, anthers being dorsifixed, about 2 mm long. The styles are short, rod-­ shaped, lobed from the apex to the middle or base, lobes being subequal, and the

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ovary is (2-)3(-4)-loculed, with one ovule at each chamber. The aggregate fruits are subglobose or oblate, red, 5–11 mm in diameter. There are (2-)3(-4) mericarps in drupes, which are trigonous. The seeds are black, slightly trigonous, glabrous. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows in sparse or dense forests and thickets on mountains, also cultivated. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi, as well as in Indochina Peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is oblate, slightly curved, different in length, 5–20  mm in diameter, grayish yellow or dark gray on surface, with longitudinal lines and transverse cracks, and sometimes the cortex is horizontally broken, showing the xylem inside. It is tough, with thick cortex which is purple or lavender, and easy to be peeled from the xylem. The xylem is hard, yellowish brown or yellowish white, and 1–5 mm in diameter. It’s slight in odor, sweet, and slightly astringent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and sweet in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the kidneys and liver. Functions: Invigorating the kidney Yang, strengthening the muscles and bones, and dispelling wind and dampness, it’s often used for treatment of kidney deficiency and impotence, abdominal cold pain, arthritis due to wind, cold and dampness, sore of the lumbar and knee, neurasthenia, infertility due to cold of the uterine, premature ejaculation and spermatorrhea, and irregular menstruation. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.2  Family: Rubiaceae 2.2.1  Morinda parvifolia [2] Chinese Name(s): bai yan teng, ji yan teng, xiao ye ba ji tian, wu yan zi. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Morinda parvifolia (Morinda parvifolia Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a liana, climbing, twining, or prostrating. The young branches are densely hispidulous or hirtellous, becoming weakly angled, brown to slightly purplish blue. The leaves are variable in leaf shape, obovate, linear-­ oblanceolate, sublanceolate, obovate-oblanceolate, oblanceolate, or obovate-­oblong, 2-5(-7) cm long, 0.3–3 cm wide, apically acute, shortly abruptly acuminate or mucronulate, basally cuneate, entire or sparsely ciliolate at margins, both surfaces glabrous or infrequently moderately to sparsely hirsute or hirtellous, and the lateral veins are inconspicuous adaxially, conspicuous abaxially, in three or four to six pairs. The stipules are cylindrical, 2–4 mm long, drying membranous, apically truncate and on each side with one or two bristles. The inflorescences are terminal capitulum, (2-)3-9 umbellate. The peduncles are 0.6–2.5 cm long, puberulent, often subtended by one stipuliform bract at the base. The capitulum are globose, nearly conical, rarely cylindrical, 5–8 mm in diameter, 3-15(-17)-flowered, four- to five-­merous. The calyxes are rounded at the apex, often with one to three needle-like or sinuate denticulate, sometimes without denticulate, abaxially often with one to three bristle-like or linear bracts. The corollas are white, 6–7 mm long, glabrous inside tubes, apically four- to five-lobed, lobes being oblong, apically rostrate, densely villous from middle to the throat inside. The stamens are the same number as corolla lobes, inserted at the lobe base, and the anthers are oblong, 1.5–2 mm long, exserted, filaments being 1.8–3 mm long. The styles are exserted, stigmas being oblong, two-­lobed, reflexed, or without styles. The ovary is two- to four-loculed, with one ovule at each chamber. The aggregate fruits are orange to orange red, subglobose, 6–15 mm in diameter. There are two to four mericarps in drupes, which are trigonous. The seeds are glabrous. The flowering period is from April to June. The fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows in hilly areas. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, and Guangxi of China, as well as in the Philippines and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, resolving phlegm and relieving coughing, dispersing blood stasis, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of cold, cough, bronchitis, pertussis, diarrhea, bruise, lumbar muscle strain, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bronchitis and pertussis—Morinda parvifolia 30–60 g (30 g for pertussis, added with a little sugar), decocted in water for oral use.

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2.3  Family: Rubiaceae 2.3.1  Morinda umbellata Chinese Name(s): yang jiao teng, wu wan teng, jia ba ji tian, yin du yang jiao teng. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or whole plants of Morinda umbellata (Morinda umbellata Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a liana. The leaves are papery or leathery, obovate, obovate-lanceolate, obovate-oblong, 6–9 cm long, 2–3.5 cm wide, apically acuminate or mucronulate, basally acute or cuneate, entire, adaxially shiny and glabrous, abaxially pale brown, or straw-colored, both surfaces glabrous or sometimes puberulent along principal veins, lateral veins being in four or five pairs, usually with pilosulous domatia. The petioles are 4–6 mm long, often with inconspicuous granular sparse hair. The stipules are fused into a tube, 4–6 mm long, drying membranous, apically truncate. The inflorescences are terminal, 3–11 umbellate. The peduncles are 4–11  mm long, pubescent. The heads are 6–10  mm in diameter, 6–12-flowered. The flowers are four- to five-merous, without pedicels. The calyxes are fused at the base, apically rounded, truncate, without denticulate. The corollas are white, slightly campanulate, about 4 mm long, and the limbs are four- to five-­ lobed, lobes being oblong, apically hooked recurved, outside glabrous, inside densely villous from middle to the throat, tubes being broadly, about 2 mm in length and diameter. The stamens are the same number as corolla lobes, inserted at the lobe base, and the anthers are 1.2 mm long, filaments being 1.5 mm long. The styles are usually absent, stigmas being conical, usually two-lobed. The ovary is connate with the calyx at the base, two- to four-loculed, with one ovule at each chamber. The fruit stipes are 5–13 mm long. The aggregate fruits are developed by three to seven flowers, red when mature, subglobose or compressed globose, 7–12 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows in hilly areas. Distribution: It’s distributed from southwest to southeast of China, as well as in India, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, relieving pain, and stopping bleeding, it’s used for treatment of stomach pain and rheumatoid arthritis pain. The leaves are used for external treatment of traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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2.4  Family: Rubiaceae 2.4.1  Mussaenda esquirolii Chinese Name(s): da ye bai zhi shan, gui zhou yu ye jin hua. Source: This medicine is made of the branches and leaves of Mussaenda esquirolii (Mussaenda esquirolii Lévl.). Morphology: The plant is a climbing shrub, 1–3  m in height. The leaves are opposite, thinly papery, broadly ovate, or broadly elliptic, 10–20 cm long, 5–10 cm wide, apically abruptly acuminate or acute, basally cuneate or rounded, both surfaces sparsely strigillose to glabrescent with pubescence denser along veins. The lateral veins are in nine pairs, arched upward. The petioles are 1.5–3.5  cm long, pubescent. The stipules are ovate-lanceolate, often deeply two-lobed or shallowly two-lobed, segments being mucronate, sparsely strigillose outside. The inflorescences are terminal, pedunculate, sparsely flowered. The bracts are stipule, minute, and the bracteoles are linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5–10 mm long, pubescent. The pedicels are about 2  mm long. The calyx tubes are turbinate, about 4  mm long, densely strigose, lobes being subleaflike, white, lanceolate, long acuminate or mucronate, up to 1 cm long, 2–2.5 mm wide, pubescent outside. The calycophyll blades are obovate, shortly acuminate, 3–4 cm long, nearly glabrous, and the petioles being 5  mm long. The corollas are yellow, and the tubes are 1.4  cm long, inflated at the apex, outside densely strigillose, inside with densely rod-shaped hairs. The tube lobes are ovate, mucronate, 2 mm long, basally 3 mm wide, outside pubescent, inside densely yellow papillose. The stamens are inserted in the middle of corolla tubes, anthers being included. The styles are glabrous, stigmas being two-­ lobed, slightly exserted. The berries are subglobose, about 1 cm long in diameter. The flowering period is from May to July. The fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows under the low mountain forest. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Anhui, Fujian, and Zhejiang. Acquisition and Processing: The branches and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, and promoting diuresis, it’s often used for treatment of furuncle, pharyngitis, dysentery, dysuria, and nameless swelling and toxin. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.5  Family: Rubiaceae 2.5.1  Mussaenda kwangtungensis Chinese Name(s): guang dong yu ye jin hua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Mussaenda kwangtungensis (Mussaenda kwangtungensis Li). Morphology: The plant is a climbing shrub, 1–2.5 m in height. The branches are terete, brown, densely pubescent. The leaves are opposite, thinly papery, lanceolate-­ elliptic, 7–8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, apically long acuminate, basally tapering, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous on both surfaces, with pubescence denser along principal veins. The lateral veins are in four to six pairs, curved upward, conspicuous on both surfaces. The petioles are about 5 mm long, densely pubescent. The stipules are caducous, 1.5–2 mm, densely pubescent, deeply two-lobed, lobes being linear, 1.5–2 mm long. The inflorescences are cymes, terminal, slightly branched, densely flowered, peduncles being 2–10 mm long. The flowers are subsessile, and the calyx tubes are oblong, 2–2.5 mm long, pubescent, lobes being linear, about 3–3.5 mm long, densely pubescent. The calycophyll blades are oblong-ovate, 3.5–5 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, apically acute, basally cuneate, with five longitudinal veins, stipes being 1.5 cm long. The corollas are yellow, and the tubes are 4 cm long, 1 cm wide, upper inflated, outside pubescent, inside densely with rod-shaped hairs, lobes being ovate, 5 mm long, outside pilose, inside densely yellow papillose, acuminate. The stamens are included, and the anthers are 5 mm long. The styles are very short, ca. 3 mm long, and the stigmas are two-lobed. The flowering period is from May to September. Habitat: It grows on roadsides, in fields, and in wilderness. Distribution: It’s distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, and Hunan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating and relieving exterior symptoms, it’s often used for treatment of fever due to fever caused by exogenous pathogens. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.6  Family: Rubiaceae 2.6.1  Mussaenda pubescens [3] Chinese Name(s): yu ye jin hua, bai zhi shan, shan gan cao, liang kou cha, xian gan teng, hu die teng, liang teng zi. Source: This medicine is made of the stems and roots of Mussaenda pubescens (Mussaenda pubescens Ait). Morphology: The plant is a climbing shrub, and the young branches are densely appressed pubescent. The leaves are opposite or perhaps rarely whorled, membranous or thinly papery, ovate-oblong, ovate-lanceolate, 5–8 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, adaxially sparsely strigillose to glabrescent on lamina, abaxially densely pubescent. The petioles are 3–8 mm long, pubescent. The stipules are triangular, 5–7 mm long, deeply two-lobed, lobes being narrowly subulate. The inflorescences are terminal, many-flowered. The bracts are linear, hirsute, about 4 mm long. The flowers are sessile or subsessile. The calyx tubes are turbinate, 3–4 mm long, pilose, lobes being linear, usually two times longer the calyx tubes, pilose to sparsely pilose. The calycophyll blades are broadly elliptic, 2.5–5 cm long, 2–3.5 cm wide, with five longitudinal veins, apically obtuse to acute, basally tapering, stipes being 1–2.8 cm, pilose on both surfaces. The corollas are yellow, and the tubes are about 2 mm long, outside appressed pubescent, the throat being densely clavate pubescent inside, lobes being oblong-lanceolate, about 4 mm long, adaxially densely golden yellow papillose, acuminate. The styles are very short, included. The berries are subglobose, 8–10 cm long, 6–7.5 mm in diameter, sparsely pilose, smooth or finely lenticellate, calyx limbs being caducous, black when dry, sometimes stipitate with stipe to 5 mm. The flowering period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows in thickets in ravines, on hill slopes, or at village margins or roadsides.

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Distribution: It’s distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Taiwan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The stems and roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and relieving summer heat, cooling blood, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of heatstroke, cold, bronchitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, nephritis, edema, enteritis, metrorrhagia, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. For prevention of heatstroke: Mussaenda pubescens 60–90 g, decocted in water and taken instead of tea. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold, fever, coughing—take 1 pack (9 g) of Mussaenda pubescens granules every time, twice a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold, heatstroke—Mussaenda pubescens rattan, negundo chaste tree leaf in equal amounts, dried and added with a little mint and drink with water. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysuria due to dampness and heat—Mussaenda pubescens 30 g, fresh honey suckle rattan 60 g, Asiatic plantain 60 g, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: diarrhea due to summer dampness—Mussaenda pubescens 60 g, Eucalyptus robusta 18 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take one dose every day, three times a day. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: metrorrhagia—Mussaenda pubescens 15 g, decocted in water for oral use or chewed in the mouth to take the juice freshly.

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2.7  Family: Rubiaceae 2.7.1  Nauclea officinalis Chinese Name(s): wu tan, dan mu, shan xiong dan, xiong dan shu, shu huang bai. Source: This medicine is made of the branches, trunks, and barks of Nauclea officinalis (Nauclea officinalis (Pierrc ex Pitard) Merr. et Chun). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 4–15 m in height. The branchlets are slender, glabrescent. The terminal buds are obovate. The leaves are papery, elliptic, rarely obovate, 7–9 cm long, 3.5–5 cm wide, apically shortly acuminate with tip slightly blunt, basally cuneate, adaxially dark brown when dry, abaxially pale brown. The lateral veins are in five to seven pairs, slender, connected at the margins, slightly raised on both surfaces. The petioles are 10–15 cm long. The stipules are caducous, obovate, 6–10 mm long, apically rounded. The inflorescences are terminal capitulum, and the peduncles are 1–3 cm long, bracts being caducous in the lower part. The infructescences are merged with multiple fruits, yellow brown when mature, 9–15 mm in diameter, with surface rough. The seeds are about 1 mm long, ellipsoid, flatted on one surface, arched on the other surface, with testa shiny black, foveolate. The flowering period is in summer. Habitat: It grows in mountainous woody forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The branches, trunks, and barks are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, relieving swelling, and stopping pain, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, acute tonsillitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, enteritis, and cholecystitis, as well as external treatment for mastitis, carbuncle, and abscess. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application or decocted for washing the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: upper respiratory tract infection—Nauclea officinalis injection (1 ml equivalent to 1 g of crude drug), injected intramuscular, 2 ml each time, once a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: leptospirosis—(a) Nauclea officinalis injection (containing 3  g of ethanol extracted Nauclea officinalis per ml), injected intramuscular once every 8  h, 2–3  ml each time, until 2–3 days after normal temperature. In cases with bleeding tendency, add 30  g of Callicarpa macro-

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phylla Vahl, decoction water, and take three times a day. (b) Nauclea officinalis mixture: Nauclea officinalis, isatis leaf, Elephantopus scaber and Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl, 60–90 g each (reduce for children), added with three bowls of water, decocted into one bowl, and taken three times. Nauclea officinalis injection could be used in addition to the mixture.

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2.8  Family: Rubiaceae 2.8.1  Neanotis hirsuta Chinese Name(s): bo ye xin er cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Neanotis hirsuta (Neanotis hirsuta (Linn. f.) W. H. Lewis). Morphology: The plant is herbs, and the lower stems are often adventitious. The stems are angled, slender. The leaves are ovate or elliptic, 2–4 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, apically mucronate, basally decurrent to petioles, glabrous or nearly glabrous. The stipules are membranous, connate at the base, broadly and short, apically lobed with bristles. The inflorescences are terminal or axillary, with one to several flowers, densely capitate, 5–10 cm long, with slender and unbranched peduncles. The flowers are white or pale purple, sessile or subsessile. The calyx tubes are tubular, limb lobes being linear-lanceolate, apically reflexed, slightly longer than tubes. The corollas are funnelform, 4–5  cm long, lobes being broadly lanceolate, apically mucronate, slightly shorter than tubes. The styles are slightly exserted, stigmas being slightly two-lobed. The capsules are compressed globose, 2–2.5  cm in diameter, apically truncate, with 1.2 mm persistent calyx limb lobes. The seeds are minute, plano-convex, foveolate. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October. Habitat: It grows in wet sites at streamside or in forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, and Jiangxi of China, as well as in India, Japan, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing away heat and improving eyesight, eliminating phlegm, and promoting diuresis, it’s often used for treatment of red swelling and pain of eyes and frequent urination.

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Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

2.9  Family: Rubiaceae 2.9.1  Ophiorrhiza cantoniensis Chinese Name(s): guang zhou she gen cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ophiorrhiza cantoniensis (Ophiorrhiza cantoniensis Hance). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 60 cm in height. The leaves are papery, oblong-elliptic, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate-oblong, 10–15  cm long, apically acuminate to abruptly acuminate, basally cuneate or tapering, entire, glabrous throughout or sometimes shortly strigose abaxially. The lateral veins are in 9–12 pairs. The petioles are 1.5–4 cm, compressed. The inflorescences are paniculiform to corymbose, terminal, many-flowered, densely puberulent to pilosulous, peduncles being 2–7 cm long. The flowers are distylous. Long-style flowers: The flowers are subsessile or with pedicels to 0.5–1.5 mm, densely pubescent. The calyxes are pubescent, and the calyx tubes are turbinate, 1.3–1.5 mm long, about 2 mm wide, five-ribbed, with five lobes, lobes being triangular, 0.4–0.5 mm long, obtuse. The corollas are white or pink, often drying yellow or pale red, subtubular, and the tubes are usually 1–1.2 cm long, rarely up to 1.5 cm long, slightly swollen at the throat, inside villous near middle of tubes, with five lobes, lobes being triangular, 3–4 mm long. There are five stamens. The disks are highly convex, two-lobed. The styles are subequal to corolla tubes, stigma more or less exserted, two-lobed, lobes being rounded and ovate, thin or slightly thick, 1–1.5 mm long. Short-style flowers: The calyx, corolla, and disk are short-styled. The stamens are inserted in the lower part of corolla throat, and the filaments are about 2.5 mm long, anthers and filaments being subequal, apically exserted. The styles are about 3.5 mm long, stigma lobes being lanceolate, about 3  mm long. The capsules are mitriform, 3–4  cm long, 7–9 mm wide, subglabrous. There are several seeds, which are minute and angled.

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The flowering period is in winter and next spring. The fruiting period is in spring and summer. Habitat: It grows in dense forests and valleys at altitudes of 350–1100 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and stems are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing the lungs and stopping coughing, calming the mind, reducing swelling, and relieving pain, it often used for treatment of coughing, cholera, diarrhea, restlessness, irregular menstruation, and injury caused by falls and knocks. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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2.10  Family: Rubiaceae 2.10.1  Ophiorrhiza japonica Chinese Name(s): she gen cao, xue he san, xue li mei, si ji hua, ri ben she gen cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ophiorrhiza japonica (Ophiorrhiza japonica Bl.) Morphology: The plant is an herb, 20–40 cm in height. The leaves are papery, ovate, elliptic-ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, 4–8 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, apically acuminate or shortly acuminate, basally cuneate or nearly rounded obtuse, pale green adaxially, becoming red abaxially, sometimes becoming red or yellow green on both surfaces, usually glabrous on both surfaces, villosulous abaxially along the midveins and lateral veins. The midveins are flatted adaxially, compressed abaxially, and the lateral veins are in six to eight pairs. The petioles are compressed, usually 1–2 cm long, sometimes to 3 cm or longer, glabrous or pilose. The stipules are caducous. The inflorescences are terminal, many-flowered, and the peduncles are 1–2 cm, pilose, and the branched are short, helicoid. The flowers are distylous. Long-style flowers: The pedicels are 1–2 mm long, usually pubescent. The calyxes are glabrous or pubescent, and the tubes are subturbinate, about 1.3  mm long, 1.4 mm wide, five-ribbed, lobes being triangular or nearly lanceolate, 0.7–1.2 mm long. The corollas are white or pink, funnelform, outside glabrous, and the tubes are 1–1.3 cm long, slightly swollen at the throat, inside pubescent, with five lobes, lobes being triangular ovate, 2.5–3 mm long, apically recurved. There are five stamens. The styles are 9–11 mm long, sparsely pilose, and the stigmas are two-lobed, lobes being subrounded or broadly ovate, about 1  mm long, included. The short-style flowers: Calyxes and corollas are similar to long-style flowers. The stamens are inserted in the lower part of the corolla throat, and the filaments are about 2–2.5 mm long, anthers being 2.5 mm long, included. The styles are about 3 mm long, stigma lobes being lanceolate, about 3 mm long. The capsules are mitriform, about 3–4 cm

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long, 7–9 mm wide, subglabrous. The flowering period is in winter and next spring; the fruiting period is in spring and summer. Habitat: It grows under the dense forest, on the rocks by the creek or the ditch. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Taiwan, and Shaanxi of China, as well as in Japan and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Relieving cough and eliminating phlegm, promoting blood circulation, and regulating menstruation, it’s often used for treatment of tuberculosis hemoptysis, tracheitis, and irregular menstruation, as well as for external treatment for sprain and contusion. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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2.11  Family: Rubiaceae 2.11.1  Ophiorrhiza pumila Chinese Name(s): duan xiao she gen cao, bai hua she she cao, he bao cao, ji guan cao, lv she gen cao, xiao she gen cao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Ophiorrhiza pumila (Ophiorrhiza pumila Champ. ex Benth.). Morphology: The plant is an herb, usually about 10 cm in height, sometimes up to 30 cm. The stems and branches are slightly fleshy, drying gray or grayish yellow, weakly rugose, pilose. The leaves are papery, ovate, lanceolate, elliptic or oblong, 2–5.5  cm long, 1–2.5  cm wide, apically obtuse or rounded, basally cuneate and generally decurrent, adaxially grayish green or dark grayish brown, subglabrous to sparsely strigillose, abaxially pale, densely puberulent to tomentulose or sometimes glabrescent. The midveins are broad and flatted abaxially, and the lateral veins are in five to eight pairs, slender. The petioles are usually 0.5–1.5 cm long, pilose. The stipules are caducous. The inflorescences are terminal, many-flowered, helicoid branched, densely pubescent with the branches, with 1 cm peduncles. The flowers are homostylous. The pedicels are 0.5–1.5 mm long, bracteoles being caducous or absent. The calyxes are small and hispidulous, and the tubes are 1.2 mm long, five-­ ribbed, lobes being subtriangular, about 0.6 mm long. The corollas are white, nearly tubular, 5 mm long, outside pubescent, slightly swollen at the base of the throat, with villous ring in the throat to villosulous throughout inside, lobes being ovate-­ triangular, 1.2–1.5 mm long, dorsally weakly ribbed. The stamens are inserted in the middle of the throat, and the filaments are 1.5–2  mm long, anthers being linear, exserted. The styles are 3.5–4 mm long, hispid, and the stigmas are two-lobed, lobes being ovate, 0.8–1  mm long, slightly thick, equal to the anthers in length. The

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capsules are mitriform or somewhat obcordate, 2–2.5 cm long, 6–7 mm wide, drying brownish yellow, hispidulous. The flowering period is in early spring. Habitat: It grows in valleys, creeks, forests, and grass rocks at altitudes of 150–800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Diminishing inflammation, clearing heat, moistening intestines and relieving constipation, and calming the liver and harmonizing blood, it’s often used for treatment of tuberculosis hemoptysis, tracheitis, pertussis, hematuria, hemorrhoids bleeding, dysentery, abdominal pain due to heat stagnation, sore throat, tonsillitis, malnutrition, gum swelling, red eye, rheumatism pain, scald, furuncle, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.12  Family: Rubiaceae 2.12.1  Ophiorrhiza sichuanensis Chinese Name(s): si chuan she gen cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ophiorrhiza sichuanensis (Ophiorrhiza sichuanensis Lo.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are procumbent in lower portion, ascending above, subglabrous or puberulent. The leaves are thickly papery, broadly ovate, 1.5–5 cm long, 1.2–3.2 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally rounded to obtuse, margin irregularly dentate or rarely entire, glabrous on both surfaces. The petioles are 0.8–2 cm long. The stipules are subulate, 1.5–2 mm long, acuminate. The inflorescences are terminal, one- to two-flowered. The bracteoles are linear, 4–6 mm long, inserted at the base of pedicels. The pedicels are slender, 6–8 mm long. The calyx tubes are turbinate, about 2.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, five-­ ribbed, lobes being linear, 3.5–4 mm long, slightly obtuse. The corollas are purple red, funnelform, 3.2–3.5 cm long, outside glabrous, swollen at the throat, ca. 8 mm in diameter, white villous inside, with five lobes, lobes being broadly ovate-­ triangular, about 6 mm long, 6 mm wide at the base. There are five stamens, which is inserted in the middle of the tube, and the filaments are ca. 1 mm long, anthers being linear, about 2.2  mm long. The ovaries are two-loculed, and the styles are 12–13  mm long, stigmas being 0.8  mm long, two-lobed, lobes being thick. The flowering period is in April. The fruiting period is in June. Habitat: It grows on the edge of a forest edge or under the forest rock at altitudes of 1200–1600 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Leibo in Sichuan province and Jinfo Moutain in Chongqing of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, removed the impurities, and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, activating blood circulation, and regulating menstruation, it’s often used for treatment of phthisis, hemoptysis, coughing, asthma with phlegm, hemafecia, irregular menstruation, vomiting and diarrhea, bruise, and other injuries. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.13  Family: Rubiaceae 2.13.1  Paederia foetida Chinese Name(s): chou ji shi teng, ji shi teng, niu pi dong, jie shu teng, gou pi teng, chou teng. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or whole plants of Paederia foetida (Paederia foetida Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a vine, glabrous or pilose. The leaves are opposite, membranous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally rounded, or sometimes cordulate to cordate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially puberulent at least on principal veins. The lateral veins are in four to five pairs, slender adaxially, raised abaxially. The petioles are 1–3 cm long. The stipules are ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, apically two-lobed. The inflorescences are axillary or terminal, paniculate, 6–18 cm long, expanding. The bracteoles are minute, ovate or conical, ciliolate. The flowers are pedicellate in dichotomous to scorpioid, lax to somewhat congested cymules. The calyxes are campanulate, limb lobes being obtuse toothed. The corollas are pale purple blue, 12–16  mm long, mealy tomentulose, lobes being short. The fruits are broadly ellipsoid, compressed, 4–7 cm long and wide, glabrescent, apically with a conical disk and minute persistent calyx lobes. The pyrenes are light black, with one broad wing. The flowering period is from May to June. Habitat: It is often entangled in the bushes of shrubbery. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian, as well as in Vietnam and India.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slight bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, eliminating food stagnation and accumulation, relieving cough, and relieving pain, it is often used for treatment of rheumatism, muscle and bone pain, bruise, traumatic pain, hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal colic, icteric hepatitis, enteritis, dysentery, dyspepsia, infantile malnutrition, hemoptysis due to tuberculosis, bronchitis, and leukopenia caused by radiation reaction and pesticide poisoning, as well as for external treatment for dermatitis, eczema, sore, and swelling. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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2.14  Family: Rubiaceae 2.14.1  Paederia scandens Chinese Name(s): ji shi teng, ji shi teng, niu pi dong, jie shu teng, gou pi teng, chou teng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Paederia scandens (Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr.). Morphology: The plant is a vine. The stems are 3–5 m long, glabrous or nearly glabrous. The leaves are opposite, papery to subleathery, variable in shapes, ovate or ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 5–10 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally cuneate, rounded, truncate, or sometimes cordulate to cordate, glabrous or nearly glabrous on both surfaces, or sometimes clustered hairy in axils of the vein abaxially. The lateral veins are in four to six pairs, slender. The petioles are 1.5–7 cm long. The stipules are 3–5 mm long, glabrous. The inflorescences are axillary or terminal, paniculate, expanding, branched with higher-order axes, dichotomous or often scorpioid. The bracteoles are lanceolate, about 2  mm long. The flowers are sessile to pedicellate. The calyx tubes are turbinate, 1–1.2 mm long, the limb five-lobed, lobes being triangular, 0.8–1 mm long. The corollas are pale purple, and the tubes are 7–10 mm long, outside densely mealy puberulent or mealy tomentulose, inside mealy tomentulose, apically five-lobed, lobes being 1–2  mm long, apically acute and straight. The anthers are dorsifixed, and the filaments are unequal in length. The fruits are globose, 5–7 cm in diameter, nearly yellow when mature, shiny and smooth, apically with a conical disk and minute persistent calyx lobes. The pyrenes are light black, without wings. The flowering period is from May to July.

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Habitat: It is often entangled in the bushes in the shrubbery. Distribution: It’s distributed in the provinces south of the Yangtze River in China, as well as in Vietnam and India. Acquisition and Processing: The roots or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slight bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, eliminating food stagnation and accumulation, relieving coughing, and killing pain, it is often used for treatment of rheumatism, muscle and bone pain, bruise, traumatic pain, hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal colic, icteric hepatitis, enteritis, dysentery, dyspepsia, infantile malnutrition, hemoptysis due to tuberculosis, bronchitis, and leukopenia caused by radiation reaction and pesticide poisoning, as well as for external treatment of dermatitis, eczema, and sore. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic Paederia scandens 30 g, Radix stemonae 15  g, loquat leaves 9  g, decocted in water, added with a little salt for internal use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: organophosphorus pesticide poisoning— Paederia scandens 90 g, mung bean 30 g, decocted in water and concentrate to three large bowls. Take 1 bowl at first and another bowl every 2–3 h. The patients may have the reaction of vomiting or diarrhea after taking the medicine. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: all kinds of pain—Paederia scandens injection, intramuscular injected 2–5 ml every time, once every 4 h. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic skin ulcer—fresh Paederia scandens leaves or buds in proper amounts (depending on the scope of the lesion), mashed and used for rubbing the affected area, 5 min each time, two to three times a day for 7 days. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: boils and cellulitis—Paederia scandens 60 g, Euphorbia thymifolia 30 g, mixed and ground to coarse powder, soaked in 95% ethanol, filtered 24 h later, and made into compound Paederia scandens wine of 100  ml. Moisten the gauze with the solution, and hydropathic compress the affected areas.

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2.15  Family: Rubiaceae 2.15.1  Paederia scandens var. tomentosa Chinese Name(s): mao ji shi teng. Source: This medicine is made of the roots or whole plants of Paederia scandens (Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. var. tomentosa (Bl.) Hand.-Mazz.). Morphology: The plant is a vine. The stems are 3–5 m long, pilose or tomentulose on branchlets. The leaves are opposite, papery to subleathery, variable in shapes, ovate or ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 5–10 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally cuneate, rounded, truncate, or sometimes cordulate to cordate, adaxially glabrous or puberulent, abaxially tomentulose or nearly glabrous. The lateral veins are in four to six pairs, slender. The petioles are 1.5–7 cm long. The stipules are 3–5  mm long, glabrous. The inflorescences are axillary or terminal cymes, paniculate, pubescent, branched with higher-order axes dichotomous or often scorpioid. The bracteoles are lanceolate, about 2 mm long. The flowers are sessile to pedicellate. The calyx tubes are turbinate, 1–1.2 mm long, the limb five-­ lobed, lobes being triangular, 0.8–1 mm long. The corollas are pale purple, and the tubes are 7–10 mm long, outside densely mealy puberulent or tomentulose, apically five-lobed, lobes being 1–2 mm long, apically acute and straight. The anthers are dorsifixed, and the filaments are unequal in length. The fruits are globose, 5–7 cm in diameter, nearly yellow when mature, shiny and smooth, apically with a conical disk and minute persistent calyx lobes. The pyrenes are light black, without wings. The flowering period is in summer and autumn. Habitat: It grows in mountains, hills, wilderness forests, and thickets or at forest margins at altitudes of 200–1000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Jiangxi of China.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, eliminating phlegm and coughing, regulating Qi and dissipating accumulation, activating blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, it’s often used for treatment of migraine, jaundice due to dampness and heat, hepatitis, dysentery, food accumulation and distention, bruise and injury, coughing, heatstroke, BHC, DDT, and ammonia poisoning and used externally for detoxification and detumescence. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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2.16  Family: Rubiaceae 2.16.1  Pavetta hongkongensis Chinese Name(s): xiang gang da sha ye, qian mu, guang dong da sha ye, da ye man tian xing. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, leaves, or whole plants of Pavetta hongkongensis (Pavetta hongkongensis Bremek.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a small tree, 1–4 m in height. The leaves are opposite, membranous, oblong to elliptic-obovate, 8–15 cm long, 3–6.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially nearly glabrous, or pubescent in the vein axils and along the midrib. The lateral veins are in seven pairs, flatted adaxially, raised abaxially. The petioles are 1–2 cm long. The stipules are broadly ovate-triangular, about 3  mm long, outside glabrous, inside white tomentulose, apically acute. The inflorescences are terminal on lateral branches, many-flowered, 7–9  cm long, 7–15  cm in diameter. The flowers are pedicellate, pedicels being 3–6 mm long. The calyx tubes are campanulate, about 1 mm long, limbs being swollen, shallowly lobed at the apex, lobes being triangular. The corollas are white, tubes being 15 mm or longer, outside glabrous, inside sparsely pilose at the throat. The filaments are very short, anthers being exserted, linear, about 4 mm long, partly twisted when flowering. The styles are about 35 mm or longer, stigmas being rod-shaped, entire. The fruits are globose, 6  mm in diameter. The flowering period is from March to April. Habitat: It grows in valleys and thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, leaves, or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, promoting blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, it’s often used for treatment of heatstroke, cold, fever, hepatitis, and injury. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.17  Family: Rubiaceae 2.17.1  Psychotria asiatica Chinese Name(s): jiu jie, shan da yan, jiu jie mu, shan da dao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Psychotria asiatica (Psychotria asiatica Linn. [P. rubra (Lour.) Poir.]) Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a small tree, up to 5 m in height. The leaves are papery to leathery, oblong, elliptic-oblong, oblanceolate-oblong, or rarely oblongobovate, 5–23.5  cm long, 2–9  cm wide, apically acute to acuminate or obtuse then abruptly narrowed and acuminate, basally cuneate, entire, slightly shiny when fresh, dark red when dry, or abaxially pale green, adaxially red brown, midveins and lateral veins being impressed adaxially, raised abaxially, usually with fascicular hairs in the axils. The lateral veins are in 5–15 pairs, free or weakly forming a broadly looping, incomplete submarginal vein. The petioles are 0.7–5 cm long, glabrous, rarely pubescent. The stipules are membranous, interpetiolar or shortly united around stem, 6–8 mm long, 6–9 mm wide, caducous. The inflorescences are terminal, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, many-flowered, apparently tripartite to shortly pedunculate, corymbiformrounded to broadly pyramidal, 2–10 cm long, 3–15 cm wide. The pedicels are 1–2.5 mm long. The calyx tubes are cupulate, about 2 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, swollen at the throat, subtruncate to five-­denticulated. The corollas are white, tubes being 2–3 mm, 2.5 mm wide, white villous inside the throat, lobes being triangular, 2–2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, reflexed. The stamens are alternate with the corolla lobes, anthers being rounded, exserted, and the filaments are 1–2 mm long. The stigmas are two-lobed, exserted or included. The drupes are globose or broadly ellipsoid, 5–8 cm long, 4–7 mm in diameter, ribbed, red. The fruit stipes are 10 mm long. The pyrenes are raised abaxially, ribbed, flatted, and smooth adaxially. The flowering and fruiting periods are year-round. Habitat: It often grows in mountain forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Hunan, Guizhou, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and India. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of diphtheria, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, dysentery, intestinal typhoid, stomachache, and rheumatic and bone pain. The leaf is also used for external treatment of bruise, swelling and pain, traumatic bleeding, snakebite, sore, and ulcer of the lower limb. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots, 30–90 g per dose for fresh tender leave decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s):

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1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: diphtheria – fresh tender leaves of Psychotria asiatica, 36 g for patients within 1 year old, 72 g for 1–3 years old, 90 g for 4–5 years old, 150 g for 6–10 years old, decocted in water for oral use and taken four times. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: leg ulcer – fresh tender leaves of Psychotria asiatica, scalded in boiling water to make them soft. Adhere the abaxial surface of leaves to the ulcer if there is carrion on the ulcer surface and adaxial surface if there isn’t. Change the medicine every morning and evening. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: typhoid fever  – the roots or leaves of Psychotria asiatica are dried and ground to powder. Take 2–3 g for adults (0.5 g for children) three times a day.

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2.18  Family: Rubiaceae 2.18.1  Psychotria serpens Chinese Name(s): man jiu jie, pu tao jiu jie, chuan gen teng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Psychotria serpens (Psychotria serpens Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a climbing or creeping vine or liana, appressed to substrate with adventitious roots. The leaves are opposite, papery to leathery, variable in shapes, ovate or obovate on juvenile stems and elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or obovate-oblong on reproductive stems, 0.7–9  cm long, 0.5–3.8  cm wide, apically acute, obtuse, or sharply acuminate, basally acute to obtuse, margins being plane or sometimes thinly revolute, adaxially pale green or dark red brown when

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dry, abaxially paler. The lateral veins are in four to ten pairs, slender, inconspicuous or slightly conspicuous abaxially. The petioles are 1–10  mm long, glabrous or scurfy pubescent. The stipules are membranous, interpetiolar or shortly united around stem, 2–3 mm long, 2–5 mm wide, caducous. The inflorescences are terminal cymes, scurfy pubescent, apparently tripartite to shortly pedunculate, corymbiform-­rounded to broadly pyramidal, 1.5–5 cm long, 1–5.5 cm wide. The peduncles are up to 3 mm long, few- to many-flowered. The bracts and bracteoles are linear-lanceolate, and the bracts are up to 2 mm long, bracteoles being 0.7 mm long, usually opposite. The pedicels are 0.5–1.5 mm long. The calyxes are obconic, about 2.5 mm long, swollen at the throat, apically weakly five-lobed, lobes being triangular, about 0.5 mm long. The corollas are white, tubes being nearly equal to lobes in length, 1.5–3 mm long, lobes being oblong, white villous inside the throat. The filaments are ca. 1 mm long, anthers being oblong, 0.8 mm long. The bacciform drupes are globose or ellipsoid, 4–7 cm long, 2.5–6 mm in diameter, ribbed, white. The fruit stipes are 1.5–5 mm long. The pyrenes are raised abaxially, ribbed, flatted, and smooth adaxially. The flowering period is from April to June. The fruiting period is year-round. Habitat: It often climbs on trees or rocks with aerial roots. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Japan, North Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s astringent and slight sweet in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind, relieving pain, relaxing muscles, and activating collaterals, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lumbago, limb abdominal pain, and lumbar muscle strain and dysfunction after injury. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.19  Family: Rubiaceae 2.19.1  Rubia cordifolia Chinese Name(s): qian cao, fu qian cao. Source: This medicine is made of roots and rhizomes of Rubia cordifolia (Rubia cordifolia Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous vine, climbing or scrambling, usually 1.5–3.5 m in height, with red rhizomatous base and roots. The stems are several to many from base, often many-branched, slender, quadrangular, with ribs rounded to thinly winged, sparsely to densely inverted aculeolate. The leaves are in whorls of four, papery, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, 0.7–3.5 cm long, apically obtuse and apiculate to acuminate, basally cordate, serrulate-aculeolate at margin, scaberulous on both surfaces, minute aculeolate along the veins. There are three principal veins, which are palmate, laterally rarely with a pair of veins. The petioles are usually 1–2.5 cm long, inversed aculeolate. The inflorescences are thyrsoid, terminal and axillary, many-branched, ten-flowered or more, slender, minute aculeolate. The corollas are pale yellow, light brown when dry, limbs being 3–3.5  mm in diameter when blooming, lobes being nearly ovate, spreading, about 1.5 mm, outside glabrous. The fruits are globose, 4–5 mm in diameter, becoming orange when mature. The flowering period is from August to September. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows at forest margins, in thickets, and on roadsides, hillsides, and grasslands. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Sichuan, Xinjiang, and Tibet, as well as in North Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and rhizomes are dug up in spring and autumn, removed the silt, cut into segments, washed, dried, and set aside for use or stir-fried into carbon and set aside. Morphology: The rhizome of this product is nodular and clustered with roots of different thickness. The root is cylindrical, slightly curved, 10–25 cm long, 2–10 mm in diameter, reddish brown or dark brown on surface, with fine longitudinal wrinkles and small root marks and yellowish red when peeled. It is brittle, easy to break, flat on sections, with narrow cortex of purplish red, and broad xylem of light yellowish red, and many conduit holes. It’s slight in odor, slightly bitter in taste, and tongue-numbing when chewed for a long time. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Promoting circulation of qi, stopping bleeding, activating meridians and collaterals, stopping coughing, and eliminating phlegm, it’s often used for treatment of hematochezia, hematuria, hematemesis, metrorrhagia, amenorrhea, edema, bruise, hepatitis, jaundice, carbuncle, sores, urticaria, herpes, swelling and pain, chronic tracheitis, rheumatoid arthritis, neurodermatitis, etc. Use and Dosage: 5–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Notes: Patients with deficiency of the spleen and stomach and without stagnation should not take it.

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2.20  Family: Rubiaceae 2.20.1  Rubia podantha Chinese Name(s): bing hua qian cao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and rhizomes of Rubia podantha (Rubia podantha Diels). Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous vine, climbing or scrambling. The stems and branches are quadrangular, with inverted aculeolate ribs or narrow wings. The leaves are in whorls of four, papery, narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, apically mucronate or acuminate, basally cordate. There are three to five principal veins, which are palmate, laterally with a pair of slender veins, usually disappear at the middle part. The petioles are 1–5 cm long, ribbed and inversed aculeolate. The inflorescences are

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thyrsoid, paniculate, terminal and axillary, axes and branches being strigillose to glabrous, ribbed, longer than leaves. The bracteoles are lanceolate or nearly ovate, 3–5 mm long, acuminate or mucronate, strigillose, rarely glabrous. The calyx tubes are globose, ca. 0.8 mm in diameter, subglabrous. The corollas are purplish red or yellowish white, cupulate, outside sparsely hirsutulous, fused part being 0.8–1 mm long, five-lobed, lobes being ovate to lanceolate, about 1–1.5 mm, strongly reflexed, apically caudate to shortly acuminate, three-veined, densely papillose. The berries are globose, simple or twinning, 4–5 mm in diameter, becoming black when mature. The flowering period is from April to June. The fruiting period is from June to September. Habitat: It grows at forest margins, in sparse forests, or on grasslands at altitudes of 1000 to 3000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and rhizomes are dug up in autumn and winter, washed, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood to stopping bleeding, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and dispelling wind and dampness, it’s often used for treatment of dysentery, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematemesis, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, rheumatic bone pain, injury caused by falls and knocks, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.21  Family: Rubiaceae 2.21.1  Rubia wallichiana Chinese Name(s): duo hua qian cao, hong si xian, san zhua long. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rubia wallichiana (Rubia wallichiana Decne [R cordifolia auct. non Linn.]). Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous vines, climbing or scrambling. The stems and branches are four-angled, papillose, inverted aculeolate or inconspicuous aculeolate, glabrous or puberulent at nodes. The leaves are in whorls of four to six, thinly papery to nearly membranous, lanceolate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 2–7  cm long, 0.5–2.5  cm wide, apically acuminate or long acuminate, basally rounded-­ cordate or subrounded, denticulate-aculeolate to smooth at margins, adaxially glabrous and sparsely scaberulous, abaxially becoming pale and glabrous when dry, denticulate-aculeolate along the veins. There are five principal veins, which are palmate, laterally with a pair of slender veins, inconspicuous. The petioles are 1–6 cm long, rarely longer, slender, inversed aculeolate. The inflorescences are thyrsoid, paniculate, with terminal and axillary, many-flowered cymes, and the peduncles are stout, four-ribbed, subglabrous. The bracteoles are lanceolate, 2–3.5 mm long. The pedicels are slender, about 3–4 mm long, elongating when fruiting. The calyx tubes are subglobose, weakly two-lobed, black when dry. The corollas are purplish red, greenish yellow, or white, rotate, fused part being short, lobes being lanceolate, about 1.3–1.5 mm, apically acuminate. The berries are globose, simple or twinning, 3.5–4 mm in diameter, black. Habitat: It grows in thickets at low altitude. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi, and Tibet of China, as well as in tropical Asia, south to Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Cooling blood and stopping bleeding, activating blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, it’s often used for treatment of bleeding, emesis, hematochezia, metrorrhagia, irregular menstruation, abdominal pain, rheumatoid arthritis pain, and hepatitis, as well as for external treatment of enteritis, bruise, furuncle, and neurodermatitis. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are ground to powder for application or decocted to wash the affected areas.

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2.22  Family: Rubiaceae 2.22.1  Serissa japonica Chinese Name(s): liu yue xue, bai ma gu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Serissa japonica (Serissa japonica (Thunb.) Thunb. [S. foetida (Linn. f.) Lam.]). Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, 60–90  cm in height, odorous. The leaves are leathery, ovate to oblanceolate, 6–22 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, apically mucronate to long acuminate, entire, glabrous. The petioles are short. The flowers are solitary to several fascicled in terminal or axillary, bracts being sinuate at margins, pubescent. The calyx lobes are minute and conic, pubescent. The corollas are pale red or withe, 6–12 mm long, and lobes expanding, apically three-lobed. The stamens and styles are exserted, stigmas being two-lobed, straight and slightly separated. The flowering period is from March to July. Habitat: It grows by streams, at forest margins, or in thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Fujian of China, as well as in Japan and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland and slightly astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Dispelling wind, clearing heat and dampness, relaxing the muscles, and activating collaterals, it’s often used for treatment of cold, coughing, toothache, acute tonsillitis, pharyngitis, acute and chronic hepatitis, enteritis, dysentery, infantile malnutrition, hypertension, headache, migraine, rheumatoid arthritis, and leucorrhea. It’s also used for treatment of corneal pannus by burning the stem to ash for eye dropping. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.23  Family: Rubiaceae 2.23.1  Serissa serissoides Chinese Name(s): bai ma gu, man tian xing, lu bian jiang, tian xing mu, lu bian jing, ji gu chai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Serissa serissoides (Serissa serissoides (DC.) Druce). Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, up to 1 m in height. The branches are stout, gray, pilosulous to glabrescent or puberulent. The leaves are usually in clusters, thinly papery, obovate or oblanceolate, 1.5–4 cm long, 0.7–1.3 cm wide, apically acute or subacute, basally fused to short petioles, glabrous except sparsely pubescent abaxially. The lateral veins are two to three pairs, raised on both surfaces, veinlets being inconspicuous. The stipules are lobed, lobes being subulate, about 2 mm, broad at the base, membranous, sparsely pubescent. The flowers are sessile, terminal, with bracts. The bracts are membranous, obliquely quadrate-elliptic, about 6 mm, long acuminate, sparsely ciliolate. The calyxes are glabrescent. The limbs are five-lobed, lobes being extended and lanceolate-subulate, about 4  mm, sharply acute, ciliate. The corolla tubes are about 4 mm, outside glabrous, pubescent at the throat, with five lobes, lobes being oblong-lanceolate, about 2.5 mm. The anthers are exserted, 1.3 mm long, and the styles are slender, about 7 mm long, two-lobed, lobes being 1.5 mm. The flowering period is from April to June. Habitat: It grows in forests or thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Guangxi of China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland and slightly astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Dispelling wind, clearing heat and dampness, relaxing the muscles, and activating collaterals, it’s often used for treatment of cold, coughing, toothache, acute tonsillitis, pharyngitis, acute and chronic hepatitis, enteritis, dysentery, infantile malnutrition, hypertension, headache, migraine, rheumatoid arthritis, and leucorrhea. It’s also used for the treatment of corneal pannus by burning the stem to ash for eye dropping. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold – Serissa serissoides 30 g, Herba Pteridis multifidae, Ajuga ciliata, each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: influenza – Serissa serissoides 15 g, climbing groundsel, Achyranthes aspera, cogon rhizome, each 15 g, Mentha spicata 3 g, decocted in water for oral use and taken two times, one dose per day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute icteric infectious hepatitis  – Serissa serissoides 30 g, Gardenia root 30 g, Japanese ardisia 15 g, decocted in water for oral use and taken one dose per day.

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4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: enteritis  – Serissa serissoides 18.5 kg, Glochidion puberum 11 kg, Indigofera bungeana 3.75 kg, decocted for three times, filtered, concentrated to 15000 ml, added with 75 g of benzoic acid, dissolved in 3000 ml of alcohol, added with 10 g of saccharin, mixed well and set aside. Take 15–20 ml every time, three times a day. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dental inflammation (periodontitis, gingivitis, pericoronitis, and pulpitis) – Serissa serissoides, snow, dandelion, Viola japonica, 15  g each, Clematis chinensis 9  g, decocted twice. Take one dose every morning and evening. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute keratitis and corneal pannus  – (a) Scraped off the coarse barks of Serissa serissoides root, take the second layers of barks, add milk, mash and take the juice, and then filter with gauze. Drop the medicinal juice into eyes three to five times a day, one to two drops each time. (b) Scraped off the coarse barks of Serissa serissoides root, burn into ash, tap the white ash on surface gently, remove the rest, dip the ash with a new writing brush on to the pannus, and after half an hour, brush it away gently with the writing brush, once or twice a day until the pannus is clear.

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2.24  Family: Rubiaceae 2.24.1  Sinoadina racemosa Chinese Name(s): ji zai mu, shui dong gua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, stems, and leaves of Sinoadina racemosa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Ridsd. [Adina racemosa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Miq.]). Morphology: The plant is a semievergreen to fully deciduous tree, 4–12 m in height. The terminal young buds are pyramidal or subulate. The barks are gray, rough, and the branchlets are glabrous. The leaves are opposite, thinly leathery, ovate, ovate-oblong, or elliptic, 9–15  cm long, 5–10  cm wide, apically acute to

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acuminate, basally cordate to obtuse, sometimes slightly inequilateral, adaxially glabrous or infrequently sparsely hirtellous, abaxially glabrous to white pubescent. The lateral veins are in 6–12 pairs, glabrous or sparsely hirtellous, sometimes with foveolate or to pilosulous domatia. The petioles are 3–6 cm long, glabrous or pubescent. The stipules two-lobed, lobes being suborbicular, caducous. The inflorescences are heads, 4–7 mm in diameter across corollas, usually about ten arranged in cymose panicles, with bracteoles. The calyx tubes are densely white villosulous, and the lobes are densely villosulous. The corollas are pale yellow, 7 mm long, outside densely pale woolly puberulent, lobes being triangular, outside densely pale woolly puberulent. The fruiting heads are 11–15 mm in diameter. The capsules are obovoid-­cuneate, about 5 mm long, sparsely hirtellous. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to December. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, and other provinces of China, as well as in Japan, Thailand and Myanmar. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, stems, and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, promoting diuresis, relieving swelling, dissipating blood stasis, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of cold, flu, mumps, laryngitis, dysentery, stomachache, hernia, arthritis, furuncle, injury caused by knocks and falls, fracture, eczema, edema, and dysuria. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.25  Family: Rubiaceae 2.25.1  Tarenna attenuata Chinese Name(s): jia gui wu kou shu, shu jie. Source: This medicine is made of whole plants of Tarenna attenuata (Tarenna attenuata (Voigt) Hutchins). Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a tree, 1–8  m in height. The leaves are papery or thinly leathery, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-obovate, lanceolate, or obovate, 4.5–15 cm long, 1.5–6 cm wide, apically acuminate or abruptly shortly acuminate, basally cuneate or acute, entire, or sometimes thinly revolute at margins, blackish brown when dry, glabrous on both surfaces, or sometimes abaxially pubescent in the axils of veins, and somewhat shiny adaxially. The midveins are usually impressed adaxially, and the lateral veins are in five to ten pairs, slender. The petioles are 0.5–1.5 cm long. The stipules are 5–8 mm long, shortly united around the stem, apically acuminate to cuspidate. The inflorescences are congested-cymose, pyramidal to corymbiform, 2.5–5 cm long, 4–6 cm wide, shortly pedunculate, and flowers are subsessile to pedicellate in trichotomous cymules. The bracts and bracteoles are minute, subulate, about 1–5 mm wide. The pedicels are 2–5 mm long or subsessile. The calyx tubes are turbinate, about 2 mm long, lobes being minute and triangular, about 0.5 mm long, apically acute. The corollas are white or pale yellow, and the tubes are 2–2.5 mm long, villosulous at the throat, apically five-lobed, lobes being oblong, about 5 mm long. The styles are glabrous or pubescent, about 8 mm long, stigmas being exserted, about 6 mm, with one ovule at each cell. The berries are subglobose, 5–7  mm in diameter, purplish black when mature, with persistent calyxes at the apex, with two seeds. The flowering period is from April to December. The fruiting period is from May to January of the next year. Habitat: It grows in forests or thickets at stream sides, on hills and mountains, or in fields at altitudes of 15–1000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China, as well as in India, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent, sour, and slightly bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving swelling, removing blood stasis, and killing pain, it’s often used for treatment of injuries caused by falls and knocks, rheumatism, cellulitis, abscess, and gastrointestinal colic. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.26  Family: Rubiaceae 2.26.1  Tarenna mollissima Chinese Name(s): bai hua ku deng long, mi mao wu kou shu, mao da lun mu. Source: This medicine is made of roots and leaves of Tarenna mollissima (Tarenna mollissima (Hook. et Arn.) Rob.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a small tree, 1–6 m in height, densely gray or brown pilosulous or tomentulose, becoming glabrescent when old. The leaves are papery, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-elliptic, 4.5–25  cm long, 1–10  cm wide, apically acuminate or long acuminate, basally cuneate, acute, or obtuse, becoming blackish brown when dry. The lateral veins are in 8–12 pairs. The petioles are 0.4–2.5 cm long. The stipules are 5–8 mm long, ovate to triangular, apically acute to cuspidate. The inflorescences are corymbose, terminal, 4–8 cm long, many-­flowered. The bracts and bracteoles are linear. The pedicels are 3–6 mm long. The calyx tubes are nearly campanulate, about 2  mm long, with five lobes, lobes being triangular, about 0.5 mm. The corollas are white, about 1.2 cm long, densely villous at the throat, with four or five lobes, lobes being oblong, equal to or longer than tubes in length, reflexed. There are four or five stamens, and the filaments are 1–1.2 mm long, anthers being linear, about 5 mm long. The styles are densely villous in the middle part, stigmas being exserted, with several ovules per cell. The berries are subglobose, 5–7 mm in diameter, pilosulous, black, with 7–30 seeds. The flowering period is from May to July. The fruiting period is from May to February of the next year. Habitat: It grows in forests or thickets at stream sides and on hills or mountains. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Guizhou, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, nourishing Yin, and raining down fire, it’s often used for treatment of tuberculosis hemoptysis, hectic fever, acute

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tonsillitis, cold and fever, coughing, stomachache due to heat, hernia, sciatica, gunshot wound, and sore. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.27  Family: Rubiaceae 2.27.1  U  ncaria hirsute, Uncaria macrophylla, Uncaria rhynchophylla, Uncaria sessilifructus, and Uncaria sinensis Chinese Name(s): gou teng, dao diao feng teng, Taiwan feng teng. Source: This medicine is made of the hooks or stems and branches with hook of Uncaria hirsute (Uncaria hirsuta Havil.), Uncaria macrophylla (Uncaria macrophylla Wall.), Uncaria rhynchophylla (Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil.), Uncaria sessilifructus (Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb.), and Uncaria sinensis (Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil.). Morphology: (A) Uncaria hirsuta – The plant is a liana, and the young stems are slender, terete or weakly four-angled, sparsely to densely strigillose, strigose, or hirsute. The leaves are leathery, ovate or elliptic, 8–12 cm long, 5–7 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally obtuse, adaxially slightly rough and sparsely puberulent-­ scabrous, abaxially sparsely to densely strigose with trichomes. The lateral veins are in seven to ten pairs, abaxially strigose, usually with hirtellous domatia. The petioles are three to ten mm long, pubescent. The stipules are broadly ovate, two-lobed for at least 2/3, outside sparsely puberulent, inside glabrous, basally with hirtellous domatia, lobes being ovate, apically acuminate. The inflorescences are axillary heads, 20–25 mm in diameter across corollas, and the peduncles are simple or often branched to one order, 2.5–5 cm long, bracts being 10 mm long. The bracteoles are linear or spatulate. The flowers are subsessile, and the calyx tubes are about 2 mm long, outside densely pilose, lobes being linear-oblong, densely pubescent. The corollas are pale yellow or pale red, and the corolla tubes are 7–10 mm long, outside pubescent, lobes being oblong, outside densely pubescent. The styles are exserted, and stigmas being oblong and rod-shaped. The fruiting heads are 45–50  mm in diameter. The capsules are fusiform, 10–13 mm long, pubescent. The flowering and fruiting periods are from January to December. Habitat: It grows in thickets or forests at streamside in valleys. Distribution: It’s distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Guangxi, and Guizhou of China.

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Morphology: (B) Uncaria macrophylla  – The plants are large lianas, and the young stems are weakly to markedly quadrangular, sparsely hispid. The leaves are opposite, subleathery, ovate or broadly elliptic, 10–16 cm long, 6–12 cm wide, apically mucronate or acuminate, basally rounded, subcordate, or cordate, adaxially glabrous except yellowish brown strigillose along veins, abaxially sparsely to densely yellowish brown hirsutulous with pubescence denser along veins. The lateral veins are in six to nine pairs, usually with pilosulous domatia. The petioles are 3–10 mm, glabrous to sparsely pubescent. The stipules are ovate, deeply two-lobed for 1/2 or 2/3, lobes being narrowly ovate, outside pubescent, inside glabrous or sparsely pubescent, basally with pilosulous domatia. The flowering heads are solitary and axillary, and the peduncles are 3–7 cm long. The heads are 15–20 mm in diameter across corollas, densely pubescent on peduncles, bracteoles being absent. The pedicels are 2–5 mm long. The calyx tubes are funnelform, 2–3 mm long, pale yellow brown pubescent, lobes being linear-oblong, 3–4 mm long, pubescent. The corollas are 9–10 mm long, outside pale white pubescent, lobes being oblong, about 2 mm long, pubescent. The styles are 6 mm long, exserted, stigmas being oblong. The fruiting heads are 8–10 cm in diameter. The capsules are about 20 cm long, pale white pubescent, with persistent calyx lobes, linear, stipes being 12–18 mm long. The seeds are 6–8 mm (including the wings), with white membranous wings, wings being two-lobed at one side. The flowering period is in summer.

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Habitat: It grows on canopy crowns in lateral forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Hainan of China, as well as in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, northern Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.

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Morphology: (C) Uncaria rhynchophylla – The plant is a large liana, and the young stems are weakly to markedly quadrangular, glabrous. The leaves are papery, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 5–12 cm long, 3–7 cm wide, glabrous on both surfaces, often red brown or dark red when dry, often glaucous abaxially, apically mucronate or abruptly acuminate, basally cuneate to truncate, sometimes decurrent. The lateral veins are in four to eight pairs, sometimes with pilosulous domatia. The petioles are 5–15 mm long, glabrous. The stipules are narrowly triangular, deeply two-lobed for 2/3, outside glabrous, inside glabrous or basally with pilosulous domatia, lobes being linear to triangular-lanceolate. The flowering heads are 5–8 mm in diameter across corollas, axillary, and the peduncles are simple or often branched to one order, axillary, 5 cm long, bracts being minute. The bracteoles are linear or linear-­ spatulate. The flowers are subsessile. The calyx tubes are sparsely pubescent, lobes being triangular, 0.5 mm long, sparsely pubescent, apically acute. The corolla tubes are glabrous outside or sparsely pubescent, lobes being oval, outside glabrous or slightly glaucous pubescent, ciliate. The styles exserted, stigmas being rod-shaped. The fruiting heads are 10–12 cm in diameter. The capsules are about 5–6 cm long, pubescent, with persistent calyx lobes, nearly triangular, 1 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to December. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or thickets at stream sides in valleys. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, and Guizhou, as well as in Japan.

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Morphology: (D) Uncaria sessilifructus – The plant is a large liana, and the young stems are slender, terete or weakly four-angled, sparsely pubescent. The leaves are subleathery, ovate, elliptic, or elliptic-oblong, 8–12 cm long, 4–6.5 cm wide, apically mucronate or acuminate, basally cuneate to rounded, glabrous on both surfaces, abaxially often glaucous abaxially. The lateral veins are in four to seven pairs, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, usually with pilosulous domatia. The petioles are 5–10 mm long, glabrous. The stipules are narrowly triangular, two-lobed for at least 2/3, outside glabrous or sparsely pubescent, inside with pilosulous domatia at the base, lobes being narrowly triangular, apically acuminate. The inflorescences are heads, 5–10 mm in diameter across corollas, axillary, and the peduncles are simple or often branched to one order, axillary, up to 15 cm long. The bracteoles are linear or subspatulate. The flowers are subsessile, and the calyx tubes are 1–2 mm long, outside densely pale white pilose, lobes being oblong, apically obtuse, 1 mm long, usually sparsely or densely pubescent. The corollas are yellowish white, salverform, and the corolla tubes are 6–10  mm long, outside glabrous or sparsely pilose, lobes being oblong, 2 mm long, outside pale or golden sericeous. The styles are exserted, stigmas being long rod-shaped. The fruiting heads are 25–35 mm in diameter. The capsules are fusiform, 10–14 mm long, pubescent, with lingulate persistent calyx lobes, about 1 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from March to December.

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Habitat: It grows in dense forests or thickets in valleys at middle altitude. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan, as well as in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, northern Vietnam, and Laos.

Morphology: (E) Uncaria sinensis – The plant is a liana, and the young stems are slender, terete or weakly four-angled, glabrous. The leaves are thinly papery, elliptic, 9–14 cm long, 5–8.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally rounded or obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces. The inflorescences are solitary in the leaf axils, and the peduncles are simple or often branched to one order, axillary, 3–6 cm long, with minute bracteoles. The flowering heads are 10–15 mm in diameter across corollas, peduncles being densely pubescent. The bracteoles are linear or subspatulate. The flowers are subsessile, and the calyx tubes are 2 mm long, outside densely pale white pilose, lobes being linear-oblong, about 1.5 mm long, usually sparsely or densely pubescent. The corolla tubes are 7–8  mm long, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, outside the lobes being pubescent. The styles are exserted, stigmas being long rod-shaped. The fruiting heads are 20–30 mm in diameter. The capsules are 8–10 mm long, pubescent. The flowering and fruiting periods are from June to October. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or wet lateral forests at middle elevations. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Sichuan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Shaanxi, and Gansu. Acquisition and Processing: The hooks or stems and branches are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Morphology: The product is cylindrical or nearly square, 2–3  cm long and 2–5 mm in diameter, reddish brown to purplish red on surfaces, with fine longitudinal lines, smooth and glabrous. The yellowish green to grayish brown ones are with white punctate pores and yellowish brown pilose. On most of the branches, there are two opposite downward curved hooks or one hook on one side and a raised scar on

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the other. The hook is slightly compressed or slightly round, apically acute, basally broad. On the branches at the base of the hook, there are dot-like marks of the leafstalk and annular marks of stipules. It’s tough in quality, yellowish brown on the cross sections. The cortex is fibrous, and the medulla is yellow white or hollow. It is slight in odor and bland in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and pericardium. Functions: Clearing heat and calming the liver and relieving dizziness, high fever, infantile convulsions, and epilepsy, it is often used for treatment of convulsion due to high fever in children, hypertension in adults, children’s cry with fright, cold with convulsions, pregnancy eclampsia, headache, and vertigo. Use and Dosage: 3–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use (decoct later).

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2.28  Family: Rubiaceae 2.28.1  Uncaria rhynchophylloides Chinese Name(s): jia gou teng, hou gou teng. Source: This medicine is made of branches with hooks of Uncaria rhynchophylloides (Uncaria rhynchophylloides How). Morphology: The plant is a liana, up to 13 m in height. The young stems are quadrangular, glabrous. The hooked spines are about 1 cm long, glabrous. The leaves are thickly papery, ovate, or elliptic-ovate, 6–9 cm long, 3–4.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally obtuse, rounded, rarely cuneate, glabrous on both surfaces, dark brown when dry. The lateral veins are in five pairs, usually with pilosulous domatia. The petioles are 5–7 mm long, glabrous. The stipules are deeply two-­lobed, lobes being triangular, 3–4 mm long, glabrescent. The inflorescences are solitary in the leaf axils, and the peduncles are simple or often branched to one order, axillary, 5–7 cm long, with minute bracteoles. The flowering heads are ca. 11 mm in diameter across corollas. The bracteoles are linear or linear-spatulate. The flowers are subsessile. The calyx tubes are 3–4  mm long, obconic, densely yellow brown hirsute, lobes being oblong, about 1.5 mm long, densely golden sericeous or strigillose, apically obtuse. The corolla tubes are 12 mm long, outside glabrous or sparsely puberulent, lobes being obovate or oblong-obovate, 2–2.5 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, outside glabrous or glaucous pubescent. The stamens are inserted in the throat of the corolla tubes, and the filaments are short, anthers being oblong, about 2 mm, apically acute, basally two-cuspidate. The styles are exserted, and stigmas being long rod-shaped,

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about 2  mm. The fruiting heads are 16–20  mm in diameter. The capsules are sessile, obovoid-ellipsoid, 8–10 mm long, 3–3.5 mm wide, sericeous to strigillose, with persistent calyx lobes. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to December. Habitat: It grows at forest margins, in forests or thickets of mountains and hills at altitudes of 90–600 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The branches with hooks are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and pericardium. Functions: Expelling wind, clearing heat, and relieving spasm, the stem hooks are used for treatment of high fever of children, convulsion, nocturnal fretfulaness in infants, headache due to wind heat, dizziness, hypertension, and nervous headache. The roots are used for treatment of rheumatic joint pain and injury caused by falls and knocks. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose for stem hooks, 15–30 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: nervous headache—Uncaria rhynchophylloides 60 g, added with water, decocted to 100 ml, cooled, and set aside. Transfer with direct current (front-occipitalia or eye-occipitalia), once a day, ten times as a course of treatment. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hypertension: (A) Uncaria rhynchophylloides 12 g, mulberry leaf, chrysanthemum, Prunella spike, 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use. (b) Uncaria rhynchophylloides, India Canna root, and purple perilla, each 24 g, and Siegesbeckia orientalis 12 g, ground to fine powder, added with honey to make pills (each pill weighs 6 g) and taken one pill three times a day.

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2.29  Family: Rubiaceae 2.29.1  Wendlandia uvariifolia Chinese Name(s): shui jin shu, zhu xue mu, fan tang mu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Wendlandia uvariifolia (Wendlandia uvariifolia Hance). Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a tree, 2–15 m in height, and the branchlets are ferruginous hirtellous. The leaves are papery, broadly elliptic, oblong, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, 7–26 cm long, 4–14 cm wide, apically shortly to abruptly acuminate, basally cuneate or acute, adaxially sparsely hispidulous and ferruginous pubescent along veins, abaxially grayish brown pilosulous. The lateral veins are in 8–12 pairs, recurved upward, usually disappear or anastomosing with the veinlets near the margins. The petioles are 0.5–3.5 cm long, densely ferruginous hirtellous. The stipules are persistent, basally broad, apically spreading to reflexed, rounded, two times wider than branchlets, hispid. The inflorescences are paniculate, pyramidal in outline, terminal, broadly branched, many-flowered, grayish brown hirtellous. The bracteoles are linear-lanceolate, pilosulous. The flowers are small, sessile, several clustered. The calyxes are 1.5–2  mm long, densely grayish hirtellous, lobes being ovate-triangular. The corollas are white, funnelform, 3.5–4  mm long, glabrous outside, inside upper part and throat white hirsute, and lobes are about 1 mm long, reflexed, shorter than corolla tubes. The anthers are elliptic, about 0.8 mm, partially exserted, filament being short. The styles are equal to or slightly longer than corollas, and the stigmas are two-lobed, usually exserted. The capsules are small, subglobose, 1–2 mm in diameter, pubescent. The flowering period is from January to May. The fruiting period is from April to October. Habitat: It grows in the forests or by stream side. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, removing blood stasis and swelling, stopping bleeding, and promoting granulation, the roots are used for treatment of rheumatic arthritis and injury caused by knocks and falls. The leaves are used for external treatment of traumatic bleeding, chronic sore, and ulcer. Use and Dosage: 12–15 g per dose for roots, decocted in half water and half wine. The fresh leaves are mashed for application. For the sores festered, the decoctum is used for washing the affected areas with.

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References 1. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 75) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 2. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 345 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975. 3. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 247 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975.

Chapter 3

Medicinal Angiosperms of Caprifoliaceae, Valerianaceae, and Dipsacaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 3.1  F  amily: Caprifoliaceae 3.1.1  Abelia chinensis 3.2  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.2.1  Lonicera acuminata 3.3  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.3.1  Lonicera confusa [1], Lonicera hypoglauca [1], Lonicera macranthoides [1] 3.4  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.4.1  Lonicera japonica [2]

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The original version of the chapter has been revised. A correction to this chapter can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_11

H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022, corrected publication 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_3

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146 3.5  F  amily: Caprifoliaceae 3.5.1  Lonicera pampaninii [3] 3.6  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.6.1  Lonicera rhytidophylla 3.7 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.7.1  Lonicera tangutica 3.8 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.8.1  Lonicera trichosantha 3.9 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.9.1  Lonicera webbiana 3.10  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.10.1  Sambucus chinensis 3.11  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.11.1  Sambucus williamsii 3.12  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.12.1  Viburnum brachybotryum 3.13  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.13.1  Viburnum cylindricum 3.14  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.14.1  Viburnum dilatatum 3.15  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.15.1  Genus: Viburnum 3.16  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.16.1  Viburnum odoratissimum 3.17  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.17.1  Viburnum plicatum 3.18  Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.18.1  Viburnum setigerum 3.19  Family: Valerianaceae 3.19.1  Nardostachys jatamansi 3.20  Family: Valerianaceae 3.20.1  Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Patrinia villosa 3.21  Family: Dipsacaceae 3.21.1  Dipsacus asperoides References

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This chapter introduces 24 species of medicinal plants in 3 families, mainly including Abelia chinensis, Lonicera acuminata, Lonicera macranthoides, Lonicera hypoglauca, Lonicera macranthoides, Lonicera japonica, Lonicera pampaninii, Lonicera rhytidophylla, Lonicera tangutica, Lonicera trichosantha, Lonicera webbiana, Sambucus chinensis, Sambucus williamsii, Viburnum brachybotryum, Viburnum cylindricum, Viburnum dilatatum, and Viburnum setigerum of Caprifoliaceae; Nardostachys jatamansi, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, and Patrinia villosa of Valerianaceae; and Dipsacus asperoides of Dipsacaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of

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these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

3.1 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.1.1 Abelia chinensis Chinese Name(s): nuo mi tiao, da ye bai gu ma. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and flowers of Abelia chinensis (Abelia chinensis R. Br.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, deciduous and highly branched, up to 2 m in height. The young branches are slender, red-brown, pubescent, barks being longitudinal split when old. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three, rounded-ovate to elliptic-ovate, 2–5 cm long, 1–3.5 cm wide, apically acute to long acuminate, basally rounded or cordate, remotely crenate-serrate at margins, abaxially densely white villous at the base of the midvein and lateral veins. The inflorescences are a large terminal panicle of paired flowers, and the peduncles are pubescent, glabrescent when fruiting. The flowers are fragrant, with three pairs of bracteoles at the base of paired ovaries. The bracteoles are oblong or lanceolate, ciliate. The calyx tubes are cylindrical, pubescent, slightly flatted, with longitudinal stripes, and limbs five-­ lobed, lobe being elliptic or obovate-oblong, 5–6 mm long, turning red at fruiting stage. The corollas are white to red, funnelform, 1–1.2  cm long, about one time longer than calyx lobes, outside pubescent, with five lobes, lobes being rounded-­ ovate. The stamens are inserted in base of corolla tubes, and the filaments are slender, exserted. The styles are slender, stigmas being capitate. The achenes are crowned with persistent and slightly enlarged calyx lobes. Habitat: It grows under forests or shrubs or by streams and is also cultivated in gardens. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and flowers are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, a boil on the nape, infantile malnutrition, macula, mumps due to heat and toxin, caries, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematochezia, influenza, injury due to knocks and falls, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the decoctum is used for washing the affected areas with.

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3.2 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.2.1 Lonicera acuminata Chinese Name(s): dan hong ren dong, ba dong ren dong. Source: This medicine is made of the buds of Lonicera acuminata (Lonicera acuminata Wall. [L. henryi Hemsl.]). Morphology: The plant is a climber. The branches, petioles, and peduncles are densely covered with curved or spreading brown-yellow stiff hairs, sometimes interspersed with long glandular hairs. The leaves are papery or leathery, ovate-­ oblong, ovate-elliptic, or lanceolate, 4–8.5 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, apically acuminate to caudate, basally rounded to cordate, sparsely strigose on both surfaces, or brown-yellow hirsute at least on the midvein adaxially, ciliate at margins. The petioles are 3–5 mm long. The flowers are paired, axillary at apices of branchlets, sometimes paniculate. The peduncles are 5–18  mm. The bracts are linear or subulate, slightly shorter or longer than calyx tubes. The bracteoles are broadly ovate or obovate, 1–1.5 mm long, apically obtuse or impressed, ciliate. The flowers are yellowish white, tinged red. The calyx tubes are 2.5–3 mm long, glabrous or slightly shortly strigose, lobes being ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous or ciliate at margins. The corollas are bilabiate, 1.5–2.4 cm long, usually shortly strigose and sparsely glandular, and the tubes are broadly and shallowly gibbous toward the base, the upper lip being irregularly four-lobed and erect, lobes being orbicular-­ ovate, the lower lip being recurved. The stamens are exserted, and the styles are hirsute at least in lower half. The berries are blue-black, ovoid, 6–7 mm in diameter. The flowering period is in April. The fruiting period is in November. Habitat: It grows on valleys, hillsides, and roadsides. Distribution: It’s distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, and the eastern Himalayas of China, as well as in Myanmar, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The buds are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the spleen, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind, cooling blood, and stopping dysentery, it’s often used for treatment of carbuncle, sore throat, mastitis, intestinal carbuncle, cold, and dysentery with blood. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.3 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.3.1 Lonicera confusa [1], Lonicera hypoglauca [1], Lonicera macranthoides [1] Chinese Name(s): shan yin hua, jin yin hua, tu yin hua. Source: This medicine is made of the buds of Lonicera confusa (Lonicera confusa (Sweet) DC.), Lonicera hypoglauca (Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.), and Lonicera macranthoides (Lonicera macranthoides Hand. - Mazz.). Morphology: (A) Lonicera confusa: The plant is a climber. The branches, petioles, peduncles, calyx tubes, and bracts are densely covered with curved or spreading brown-yellow pubescence, sometimes interspersed with glandular hairs. The leaves are papery, ovate, or ovate-oblong, 3-6(-7) cm long, 2–4 cm wide, apically acute, sometimes mucronate, basally rounded, truncate, or cordate, pubescent on both surfaces, becoming glabrous except on the midveins adaxially when old, abaxially densely pubescent, thinly revolute at margins when dry, ciliate. The lateral veins are in three to four, and the petioles are 5–8 mm long. The flowers are paired, axillary at the apex of branchlets, sometimes densely short racemose, with visible bracts. The peduncles are 2–8 mm. The bracts are lanceolate, 1–2 mm long. The bracteoles are ovate or suborbicular-ovate, about 1  mm long, densely pubescent, and the flowers are white, becoming yellow when dry. The corollas are bilabiate, 3.2–5 cm long, tubes being erect or slightly recurved, outside inversed pubescent and glandular, lips being shorter than tubes. The stamens and styles are exserted, the filaments being glabrous. The berries are ellipsoid or subglobose, 6–10 mm in diameter, black when mature. The flowering period is from April to May and September to October (the second flowering). The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows in the mountain shrubs at altitudes of 800 m and in the plains. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi of China, as well as in Vietnam and Nepal.

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Morphology: (B) Lonicera hypoglauca: The plant is a climber. The branches, petioles, and peduncles are densely covered with curved or spreading brown-yellow pubescence and stiff hairs. The leaves are papery, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 6–9 cm long, 2.5–3.5  cm wide, apically acuminate or acute, basally rounded or cordate, slightly oblique, with dense curved or spreading brown-yellow pubescence and stiff hairs adaxially on the midveins and abaxially, with sessile or petiolate yellow or orange glands. The lateral veins are in four to five pairs, and the petioles are 5–12 mm long. The flowers are paired, axillary at apices of branchlets, sometimes densely short racemose. The peduncles are 5–20 mm long. The bracts are linear-­ lanceolate, about 3 mm long, shortly strigose and ciliate. The bracteoles are ovate or suborbicular-ovate, about 1 mm long, ciliate. The flowers are white, becoming yellow when dry, and the calyx tubes are pubescent or glabrous, about 3 mm, lobes

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being triangular-lanceolate or long-triangular, 1.5–2 mm long, ciliate. The corollas are bilabiate, 3.5–4 cm long, lips being shorter than tubes, inversed pubescent and sparsely glandular. The stamens and styles are exserted. The berries are subglobose, 8 mm in diameter, black when mature, glaucous. The flowering period is from April to May and September to October (the second flowering). The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows in mountains, valley shrubs, or sparse forests at altitudes of 200–700 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan, as well as in Japan.

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Morphology: (C) Lonicera macranthoides: The plant is a climber. The branchlets are tomentose-strigose when young, sometimes interspersed with glandular hairs. The leaves are leathery, ovate, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 5–14  cm long, 2–4.5 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally rounded or subcordate, entire and thinly revolute at margins, adaxially glabrous or only pubescent on the midveins, abaxially densely white or yellow-brown tomentose-strigose, interspersed with orange glandular hairs. The lateral veins are in five to six pairs, and the petioles are 6–10 mm long, densely tomentose-strigose. The flowers are paired, axillary at apices of branchlets, sometimes arranged in racemes, paniculate with leaf. The peduncles are 1–5 mm, densely tomentose, and ciliate with bracts, bracteoles, and calyx lobes. The bracts are lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2–4 mm long, and the bracteoles are ovate or ovate-triangular, about 1/2 of the tubes in length. The flowers are white or pale yellow. The calyx tubes are 2 mm long, usually glaucous, glabrous or pubescent, or adaxially pubescent, lobes being triangular or subulate, 1–2 mm long. The corollas are bilabiate, 3.5–5 cm long, outside strigose, sometimes with orange glandular hairs, tubes being slender, equaling to or longer than lips, inside strigose, upper lip being ovate and irregularly four-lobed, subequal in length, lobes being 4–8 mm long, the lower lip being oblanceolate, recurved. The stamens and styles are exserted, glabrous. The berries are globose, 6–10 mm in diameter, black when mature, glaucous. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows in valleys, hillsides, roadside shrubs, or sparse forests at altitudes of 300–1200 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guizhou, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The buds are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: Lonicera confusa—The product is clavate and slightly curved, 1.6–3.5 cm long and 0.5–2 mm in diameter, densely grayish white hairy on the calyx tube and corolla, and hairy on the ovary. Lonicera hypoglauca: The product is clavate and slightly curved, 2.5–4.5  cm long, 2 mm in diameter in the upper part, and 1 mm in diameter in the lower part. The surface is greenish brown to yellowish white. The main pedicels are fascicled, and the corolla lobes are less than half of the full length when blooming. It’s hard in quality, slightly elastic when pressed, fragrant in odor, slightly bitter, and sweet in taste. Lonicera macranthoides: It is clavate and slightly curved, 3–4.5  cm long and 0.8–2 mm in diameter, yellowish white to yellowish brown on surfaces, glabrous or sparsely hairy, apically five-lobed, with the lobes being long triangular and tomentose. The lower lip of the corolla reversed in flowers opening, and the style is glabrous. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the spleen, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind, cooling blood, and stopping dysentery, it is often used for treatment of carbuncle, swelling, sore throat, erysipelas, dysentery with blood due to heat, cold of wind heat type, and epidemic febrile diseases. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold—(Yinqiao powder) Lonicera macranthoides and Forsythia suspensa each 12  g, Lophatherum gracile 15  g, Schizonepeta spike 6 g, peppermint and liquorice 3 g each, fermented soybean 9  g, Arctium fruit, Platycodon grandiflorum 11  g, Rhizoma phragmitis 18  g, mixed and ground to powder, 18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: leptospirosis—(a) Prevention: Lonicera macranthoides and Forsythia suspensa each 30  g, Imperata cylindrica root 60  g, Scutellaria 18 g, Agastache rugosus 12 g, decocted in water and taken one dose per day three times during the period of contact with the epidemic water. (b) Treatment: the former formula reduced citronella root and added with 15 g of cape jasmine, 12 g of Lophatherum gracile (or tender Lophatherum leaf), 9 g of Tetrapanax papyrifer, added with 500 ml of water, decocted for half an hour. Take the decoctum, add cold boiled water to 600 ml; take 100 ml every 4 h during the fever. After abatement of fever, take 150 ml every 6 h for 3–5 days to consolidate the curative effect. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute simple appendicitis—Lonicera macranthoides 60–90 g, dandelion 30–60 g, licorice 9–15 g, decocted in water and taken one dose daily two times in the morning and evening. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemorrhagic measles—Lonicera macranthoides, Alkanna tinctoria, Paeonia veitchii, moutan bark, and Radix rehmanniae, licorice 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: surgical suppurative diseases—Lonicera macranthoides injection, once every 4–6 h, 2–4 ml per dose, added with 1–2 ml of 2% procaine for intramuscular injection. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cervical erosion—Lonicera macranthoides powder 1000 g, soaked in 40% alcohol 1500 ml for 48 h, filtrated and decocted to 400 ml. Smear on the affected area one to two times a day, 7–12 days as a course of treatment. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: infectious osteomyelitis—Lonicera macranthoides 30 g, Forsythia suspensa 24 g, Chinese violet 15 g, wild graperoot, each 15 g, Scutellaria 9 g, moutan bark 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

3.4 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.4.1 Lonicera japonica [2] Chinese Name(s): jin yin hua, ren dong teng, tu yin hua, shuang hua, er hua, er bao hua. Source: This medicine is made of the buds of Lonicera japonica (Lonicera japonica Thunb.). Morphology: The plant is a climber. The young branches are dark red, with dense spreading stiff hairs, sometimes interspersed with glandular hairs. The leaves are papery, ovate, elliptic-ovate, rarely obovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3–6 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, rarely subcordate, ciliate, usually with dense dark yellow short stiff hairs on both surfaces when young, glabrescent, adaxially glabrous or only pubescent on the veins,

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abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, and the lateral veins are in three to five pairs. The petioles are 4–8  mm long, densely pubescent. The flowers are paired, axillary at apices of branchlets, sometimes arranged in cymes, racemose. The peduncles are 2–4  mm, densely pubescent and interspersed with glandular hairs. The bracts, bracteoles, and calyx lobes are densely pubescent and interspersed with glandular hairs. The bracts are leaflike, 2–3 mm long, and the bracteoles are ovate or rounded, about 1.5 mm long. The flowers are fragrant, white, becoming yellow when dry. The calyx tubes are 2 mm long, glabrous, ovate-triangular or long-triangular. The corollas are bilabiate, 3–4.5 cm long, and tubes are slightly longer than lobes, spreading hairy with interspersed long glandular hairs outside, the upper lip lobes being obtuse at the apex, the lower lip being linear, recurved. The stamens and styles are exserted. The berries are globose, 6–7 mm in diameter, blue-black when mature, shiny. The flowering period is from April to June and August to September (the second flowering). The fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows on roadsides and hillside shrubs or in sparse forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in China from Liaoning in the north to Shaanxi in the west to Guangxi in the south to Yunnan and Guizhou in the southwest, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The buds and flowers are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the spleen, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing wind heat, cooling blood, and stopping dysentery, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, tonsillitis, acute mastitis, lobar pneumonia, lung abscess, bacillary dysentery, leptospirosis, acute appendicitis, carbuncle, abscess, erysipelas, traumatic infection, and cervical erosion. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold—(Yinqiao powder) Lonicera japonica, Forsythia suspensa, each 12 g, Lophatherum gracile 15 g, Schizonepeta spike 6  g, peppermint, liquorice 3  g each, fermented soybean 9  g, Arctium fruit, Platycodon grandiflorum 11 g, Rhizoma phragmitis 18 g, mixed and ground to powder, 18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: leptospirosis—(a) Prevention: Lonicera japonica and Forsythia suspensa each 30 g, Imperata cylindrica root 60 g, Scutellaria 18 g, Agastache rugosus 12 g, decocted in water and taken one dose per day three times during the period of contact with the epidemic water. (b) Treatment: the former formula reduced citronella root and added with 15 g of cape jasmine, 12 g of Lophatherum gracile (or tender Lophatherum leaf), 9 g of Tetrapanax papyrifer, added with 500 ml of water, decocted for half an hour. Take the decoctum, add cold boiled water to 600 ml; take 100 ml every 4 h during the fever. After abatement of fever, take 150 ml every 6 h for 3–5 days to consolidate the curative effect.

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3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute simple appendicitis—Lonicera japonica 60–90 g, dandelion 30–60 g, licorice 9–15 g, decocted in water and taken one dose daily two times in the morning and evening. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemorrhagic measles—Lonicera japonica, Alkanna tinctoria, Paeonia veitchii, moutan bark and Radix rehmanniae, licorice 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: surgical suppurative diseases—Lonicera japonica injection, once every 4–6 h, 2–4 ml per dose, added with 1–2 ml of 2% procaine for intramuscular injection. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cervical erosion—Lonicera japonica powder 1000 g, soaked in 40% alcohol 1500 ml for 48 h, filtrated and decocted to 400 ml. Smear on the affected area one to two times a day, 7–12 days as a course of treatment. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: infectious osteomyelitis—Lonicera japonica 30 g, Forsythia suspensa 24 g, Chinese violet 15 g, wild graperoot, each 15 g, Scutellaria 9 g, moutan bark 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.5 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.5.1 Lonicera pampaninii [3] Chinese Name(s): duan bing ren dong. Source: This medicine is made of the buds of Lonicera pampaninii (Lonicera pampaninii Lévl.). Morphology: The plant is a climber. The young branches and petioles are densely covered with shortly curved brown-yellow stiff hairs, becoming brown purple and glabrescent. The leaves are occasionally three-whorled, thinly leathery, oblong-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 3–10  cm long, apically

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acuminate to caudate, basally subcordate, with short stiff hairs along midveins on both surfaces, abaxially sparsely shortly strigose when young, revolute and ciliate at margins. The petioles are short, 2–5 mm long. The flowers are paired, axillary at apices of branchlets, fragrant. The peduncles are very short or subsessile. The bracts, bracteoles, and calyx lobes are shortly strigose. The bracts are narrowly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes leaflike, 5–15 mm long. The bracteoles are suborbicular-ovate or ovate, 1/2–2/3 of the calyx tubes in length. The calyx tubes are less than 2 mm long, lobes being ovate-triangular to long-triangular, shorter than calyx tubes, outside shortly strigose, ciliate at margins. The corollas are white-­ tinged red, becoming yellow, bilabiate, 1.5–2  cm long, outside densely inversed shortly strigose and glandular, and the lips being slightly shorter than tubes, recurved. The stamens and styles are slightly exserted, and the filaments are pilose at the base, anthers being 2 mm long, styles being glabrous. The berries are ovoid, blue or black, 5–6 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows under forests or shrubs at altitudes of 150–800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The buds are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the spleen, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of cold, coughing, and pharyngitis. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.6 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.6.1 Lonicera rhytidophylla Chinese Name(s): zhou ye ren dong. Source: This medicine is made of the flowers of Lonicera rhytidophylla (Lonicera rhytidophylla Hand.-Mazz. [L. reticulata Champ.]). Morphology: The plant is a climber. The young branches, petioles, and inflorescences are covered with short brown-yellow stiff hairs. The leaves are leathery, broadly elliptic, ovate, or ovate-oblong to oblong, 3–10  cm long, apically subrounded or obtuse and mucronate, basally rounded to broadly cuneate, rarely truncate, revolute at margins, adaxially midveins being conspicuously impressed and wrinkled, glabrous except the midveins, abaxially pubescent, becoming yellow-­ white when dry. The petioles are 8–15 mm long. The flowers are paired, axillary at apices of branchlets, rorymbose or paniculate, with bracts in the base of peduncles. The bracts are linear-lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, equaling to or slightly longer than calyx tubes, densely short strigose and ciliate with bracteoles and calyx lobes. The bracteoles are narrowly ovate to suborbicular-ovate, apically acute, equaling or subequaling to calyx tubes. The calyx tubes are suborbicular-ovate, about 2  mm long, glabrous or sometimes short strigose, pink blue, lobes being subulate, 1–2 mm long, apically acute. The corollas are white, becoming yellow, 2.5–3.5(–4.5) cm long, outside densely appressed inversed shortly strigose and glandular, bilabiate, pilose in the lower part of lips and tubes, upper lips being erect, lower lips being recurved. The stamens are slightly exserted, and the filaments are glabrous or white pilose inside, anthers being 2.5–3  mm long. The styles are exserted, glabrous, with stout stigmas. The berries are ellipsoid, blueblack, 7–8 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows in shrubs of valleys and creeks and by roadsides at altitudes of 400–600 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Hunan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The buds are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the spleen, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it is often used for treatment of carbuncle, swelling, sore throat, erysipelas, blood dysentery due to heat and toxin, cold of wind heat type, and epidemic febrile diseases. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.7 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.7.1 Lonicera tangutica Chinese Name(s): tang gu te ren dong, ai jin yin hua, gui lian ci, long zhai ren dong. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Lonicera tangutica (Lonicera tangutica Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, up to 2–4 m in height. The leaves are papery, oblanceolate to oblong, apically obtuse, basally tapering, 1–4 cm long, with short stiff hairs on both surfaces. The petioles are 2–3 mm long. The peduncles are inserted in the leaf axils of young branches, slightly curved, 1.5–3 cm long. The bracteoles are 1/4–1/5 of the calyx tubes in length. The calyx tubes are connated from the middle part, tubes being ellipsoid or oblong, 2–4 mm long, glabrous, limbs being cupulate, apically triangular denticulate. The corollas are white, yellow-­ white, or tinged red, tubular funnelform, and the tubes are broadly and shallowly gibbous toward the base, lobes being erect, orbicular-ovate, 2–3 mm long. The stamens are inserted in the middle of tubes, anther being exserted, and the styles are exceeding the corolla lobes. The fruits are red, 5–6 mm in diameter. The seeds are pale brown, ovoid or oblong-globose, 2–2.5 mm long. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows in hillside grasslands, shrubs by streams, or mixed forests at altitudes of 1600–3900 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in autumn, removed the coarse barks, washed, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, and stopping malaria, it’s often used for treatment of orchitis, asthma, furuncle, carbuncle, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.8 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.8.1 Lonicera trichosantha Chinese Name(s): mao hua ren dong. Source: This medicine is made of the branches and leaves of Lonicera trichosantha (Lonicera trichosantha Bur. et Franch.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, up to 3–4  m in height, and the branches are horizontally spreading. The leaves are papery, abaxially glaucous, oblong to obovate-oblong, 2–6 cm long, apically obtuse, basally rounded, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces. The peduncles are 2–6 mm long, shorter than petioles, elongating when fruiting. The bracts are linear-lanceolate, equaling to calyx tubes. The bracteoles are suborbicular-ovate, about 2 mm long, apically truncate, basally connate. The calyx tubes are separated, limbs being campanulate, 1.5–2 mm long, lobes being triangular. The corollas are yellow, 12–15 mm long, bilabiate, tubes being 4 mm long, often shallowly gibbous toward the base, outside strigose and glandular hairy, upper corolla lip lobes being shallowly rounded, lower lips being oblong, 8–10 mm. The filaments are inserted in the throat of corollas, and the styles are about 1 cm long, stigmas being discoid. The fruits are orange-red to red, globose, 6–8 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from May to July. The fruiting period is in August. Habitat: It grows in the thickets of forests, at forest margins, and by riversides or field side at altitudes of 2700–4100 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Tibet, and Shaanxi and other provinces of China. Acquisition and Processing: It’s harvested in spring and summer when the branches and leaves are luxuriant and the followers didn’t bloom, cut off, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it is often used for treatment of pulmonary disease, eye disease, Baconic’s disease, dysentery, sores, and furuncles. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.9 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.9.1 Lonicera webbiana Chinese Name(s): hua xi ren dong, lie ye ren dong, lv zi ren dong. Source: This medicine is made of the buds of Lonicera webbiana (Lonicera webbiana Wall. ex DC.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, up to 3–4 m in height. The leaves are ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 4–9  cm long, apically acuminate, basally rounded. The bracts are linear, 2–5 mm long. The bracteoles are ovate to oblong, less than 1 mm long. The calyx tubes are separated, sinuate denticulate. The corollas are purple red, about 1 cm long, bilabiate, outside sparsely pubescent, tubes being short, often shallowly gibbous toward the base, the upper corolla lip being erect, lobes being rounded, lower lips being 1/3 longer than the upper lips, recurved. The

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stamens are equaling to corollas, pilose at the lower part of filaments and styles. The fruits are turning from red to black, globose, ca. 1 mm in diameter. The seeds are ellipsoid, 5–6 mm long, foveolate. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows in needle-leaved and broad-leaved mixed forests and scrub and on grassy slopes at altitudes of 1800–4000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in southeastern Europe, Afghanistan, and Bhutan. Acquisition and Processing: The buds are collected in the flowering period from May to June when about to open, removed the impurities, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cold in property. Functions: Dispelling wind, clearing heat, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of cold, coughing, sore throat, conjunctivitis, lungs carbuncle, mastitis, eczema, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.10 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.10.1 Sambucus chinensis Chinese Name(s): jie gu cao, lu ying, zou ma jian, zou ma feng, ba leng ma, ba li ma, chou cao, shuo diao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Sambucus chinensis (Sambucus chinensis Lindl. [S. javanica Bl.]). Morphology: The plant is a large herb or subshrub, 1–2 m in height. The stems are obviously striate, with white pith. The leaves are imparipinnate. The stipules are leaflike or sometimes reduced to blue glands. The lateral leaflets are in two to three pairs, alternate or opposite, narrowly ovate, 6–13 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, adaxially sparsely pubescent when young, apically long acuminate, basally obtuse and oblique, serrulate at margins, often with one to several glandular teeth from below middle nearly to the base. The terminal leaflets are ovate or obovate, basally cuneate, sometimes connected with next lower leaflets, basal pair of leaflets being shortly petiolulate. The stipules are absent of leaflets. The inflorescences are terminal, compound umbellate cymes, lax, pedunculate, with leaflike bracts at the base of peduncle, with three to five slender rays, with sparse yellow pubescence. Some flowers modified into persistent urceolate nectaries. The calyx tubes are urceolate, lobes being triangular. The corollas are white, connate at the base. The anthers are yellow or purple. The ovaries are three-loculed, and the styles are short or nearly absent, stigmas being three-lobed. The fruits are red, subglobose, 3–4  mm in diameter. There are two to three pyrenes, which are ovoid, about 2.5 mm, verrucate. The flowering period is from April to May. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on mountain slopes, grasslands, in forests, by streamsides, at altitudes of 300–2600 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet of China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are collected in the summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The root functions in removing blood stasis and swelling, dispelling, wind and activating collaterals. The stem and leaf function in promoting diuresis and reducing swelling, promoting blood circulation, and relieving pain. The root is often used for treatment of bruise, sprain, swelling and pain, fracture, and rheumatic joint pain. The stem and leaf are often used for treatment of nephritis, edema, lumbago, and knee pain, as well as for external treatment of injury caused by knocks and fall. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by knocks and falls—Sambucus chinensis root 60 g (120 g for fresh product), decocted in water. In addition, appropriate amounts of fresh leaves shall be mashed and applied to the affected area. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: nephritis and edema—whole plants of Sambucus chinensis 30–60 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis—fresh Sambucus chinensis stem and leaf 120 g, decocted three times in water, concentrated and taken three times, 10 days as a course of treatment.

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3.11 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.11.1 Sambucus williamsii Chinese Name(s): jie gu mu, mu shuo diao, xu gu cao, jiu jie feng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Sambucus williamsii (Sambucus williamsii Hance). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub or a small tree, 5–6 m in height. The old branches are reddish brown, with conspicuous, narrowly elliptic lenticels, with brownish pith. The leaves are imparipinnate. The leaflets are in 2–3 jugate. The lateral leaflets are ovate-orbicular or narrowly elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, 5–15 cm long, 1.2–7  cm wide, apically acute to acuminate or caudate, basally cuneate or rounded, sometimes cordate, asymmetrical, irregularly serrate at margins, sometimes with one to several glandular teeth at the base or below middle. The lowest pair of leaflets is sessile or petiole to about 0.5  cm, and the terminal leaflet is ovate or obovate, apically acuminate or caudate, basally cuneate, petiolule about 2 cm, adaxially sparsely pubescent when young, glabrescent. The stipules are narrowly linear or reduced to bluish protrusions. The inflorescences are terminal cymose panicles, 5–11 cm long, 4–14 cm wide, pedunculate, sometimes sparsely pubescent, soon glabrescent. The flowers are appearing simultaneously with leaves, dense. The calyx tubes are urceolate, about 1  mm long, lobes being triangular-­lanceolate, slightly shorter than tubes. The corollas are pinkish in bud, white or yellowish when open, and the tubes are short, lobes being oblong or narrowly ovate-­orbicular, about 2 mm. The stamens are spreading, about as long as corolla lobes. The filaments are slightly dilated at the base, and the anthers are yellow. The ovary is three-loculed, and styles are short, stigmas being three-lobed. The fruits are red, rarely bluish or purplish

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black, ovoid or subglobose, 3–5 mm in diameter. There are two or three pyrenes, which are ovoid to ellipsoid, 2.5–3.5 mm long, slightly rugose. The flowering period is from April to May. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in mountain slopes, scrub, by stream sides, roadsides, beside houses at altitudes of 500–1600 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Henan. Acquisition and Processing: The stems and branches are collected in the summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatic arthralgia, gout, Kashin-Beck disease, acute and chronic nephritis, rubella, injury caused by knocks and falls, fracture, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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3.12 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.12.1 Viburnum brachybotryum Chinese Name(s): duan xu jia mi, duan qiu jia mi, qiu hua jia mi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Viburnum brachybotryum (Viburnum brachybotryum Hemsl.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub or a small tree, evergreen, up to 8 m in height. The young branchlets, buds, inflorescences, calyxes, outside the corollas, bracts, and bracteoles are yellow-brownish stellate-pubescent. The leaves are leathery, obovate, obovate-oblong, or oblong, 7–20  cm long, apically acuminate or acute, basally broadly cuneate to subrounded, marginally remotely serrate except at the base, sometimes subentire, adaxially intense green and lustrous, abaxially sparsely yellow-brownish stellate-pubescent or subglabrous. The lateral veins are in five to seven jugate, pinnate, arched, rarely branched, anastomosing near margin, conspicuously raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, veinlets being transverse, conspicuous abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially. The petioles are 1–2 cm long, sparsely stellate-pubescent, glabrescent. The inflorescences are paniculate, usually pyramidal, terminal or axillary on short branches, erect or nodding, 5–11(–22) cm long, 2.5–8.5(–15) cm wide. The rays are opposite, decussate, with two rays in the first node of inflorescences, lax, large, yellow-brownish stellate-pubescent, without large sterile radiant flowers. The bracts and bracteoles are persistent. The flowers are on rays of second and third orders, not fragrant, sessile or shortly pedicellate. The calyx tubes are tubular-campanulate, about 1.5 mm, lobes being ovate, about 1 mm long, apically obtuse. The corollas are white, rotate, 4–5(–6) mm in diameter, and tubes are very short, lobes being spreading, ovate to oblong-ovate, about 1.5 mm, about two times as long as tubes, apically obtuse. The anthers are yellow-whitish, ellipsoid. The stigmas are capitate, three-lobed, obviously exceeding calyx lobes. The fruits are initially turning yellow, maturing red, ovoid, about 1 cm long, 6 mm in diameter, apically acuminate, basally rounded, often stellate-pubescent. The pyrenes are slightly compressed, ovoid or narrowly ovoid, about 8  cm long, 5  mm in

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diameter, apically acuminate, with a deep ventral groove. The flowering period is from January to March. The fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows in dense forests, scrub at altitudes of 400–1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are collected in the summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, dispelling wind and dampness, astringing, and relieving diarrhea, it’s often used for treatment of enteritis, dysentery, rheumatoid joint pain, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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3.13 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.13.1 Viburnum cylindricum Chinese Name(s): shui hong mu, gou lei ba, ban jiu shi, ban jiu zhe, chao mian ye, che bai ye. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Viburnum cylindricum (Viburnum cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don.). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, up to 8–15 m in height. The barks are reddish or light brown, with sparse, small lenticels. The branchlets are glabrous or initially sparsely stellate-pubescent. The winter buds have a pair of separate scales. The leaves are leathery, elliptic to oblong or ovate-oblong, 8–16 cm long, apically acuminate or acute, basally gradually angustate to rounded, entire or irregularly shallowly dentate at margins, usually glabrous, abaxially with dispersed reddish or yellow minute glandular dots (sometimes compressed to appear like lepidote scales), with one to several glands on both sides of the midvein near the base. The lateral veins are in 3–5(–18) jugate, pinnate, arched. The petioles are 1–3.5(–5) cm long, glabrous or stellate-pubescent. The inflorescences are compound umbel-like cymes, terminal, 4–10(–18) cm in diameter, with whorled rays. The peduncles are 1–6  cm long. The first node of inflorescence is usually with seven rays, and the bracts and bracteoles are usually caducous. The flowers are usually on rays of third order. The calyx tubes are ovoid-orbicular or obconical, about 1.5 mm, sometimes with minute glandular dots, lobes being very small and inconspicuous. The corollas are white or reddish, campanulate, 4–6  mm, with minute lepidote glands, lobes being erect, orbicular-ovate, about 1 mm long. The stamens are 3 mm longer than corollas, and the anthers are purple, oblong, 1–1.8 mm long. The fruits are initially turning red, blue-black when mature, ovoid, about 5  mm. The pyrenes are compressed ovoid, about 4  cm long, 3.5–4  mm in diameter, with two shallow dorsal grooves and one shallow ventral groove. The flowering period is from June to October. The fruiting period is from October to December. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or thickets on hillsides. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, as well as in India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, and Indochina. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are collected in the summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation, unblocking collaterals, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of traumatic injury, rheumatism, stomachache, hepatitis, urinary tract infection, infantile pneumonia, and bronchitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.14 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.14.1 Viburnum dilatatum Chinese Name(s): jia mi, zi suan tang gan, ku chai. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, branches, and leaves of Viburnum dilatatum (Viburnum dilatatum Thunb.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, 1.5–3 m in height. The branchlets of the current year, buds, petioles, and inflorescences are densely yellow-brown or yellowish green, spreading bristlelike hairy and stellate-pubescent. The branchlets of the previous year are dark purple-brown, terete, sparsely hairy, or subglabrous, with dispersed, small, rounded lenticels. The leaves are papery, broadly obovate, obovate, or broadly ovate, 3–10(–13) cm long, apically acute, basally rounded to obtuse or slightly cordate, sometimes cuneate, serrate at margins, adaxially appressed hairy, abaxially yellowish forklike pubescent and stellate-pubescent,

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denser along the veins, usually with dispersed yellowish or nearly colorless transparent glandular dots, with some circular glands on both sides of the midvein near the base. The lateral veins are in six to eight jugate, pinnate, straight or slightly arched, branched, ending in teeth, conspicuously raised abaxially, impressed adaxially. The petioles are (5–)10–15 mm long, stipules being absent. The inflorescences are compound umbel-like cymes, dense, at apices of short branchlets with a pair of leaves, 4–10 cm in diameter, rays being whorled. The first node of inflorescences is with five rays, and the flowers are on rays of third and fourth orders, fragrant, densely bristlelike hairy and stellate-pubescent outside bracts and bracteoles. The peduncles are 1–2(–3) cm. The calyx tubes are narrowly tubular, about 1 mm long, stellate-pubescent, lobes being ovate. The corollas are white, rotate, about 5 mm in diameter, lobes being orbicular-ovate. The stamens are conspicuously exceeding corolla, and the anthers are yellow-whitish, broadly elliptic, small. The styles are exceeding calyx lobes. The fruits are maturing red, elliptic-ovoid, 7–8 cm long. The pyrenes are compressed, ovoid, 6–8 cm long, 5–6 mm in diameter, with two shallow dorsal grooves and three shallow ventral grooves. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows under the forest or in thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, branches, and leaves are collected in the summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The branch and leaf are sour in taste, slightly cold in property. The root is pungent and astringent in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: The branch and leaf function in clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind, and relieving exterior symptoms and are often used for treatment of sores, fever, and cold of wind heat type, as well as for external treatment for allergic dermatitis. The root functions in removing blood stasis and swelling and is often used for treatment of lymphadenitis (caused by filariasis) and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in half water and half wine for oral use.

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3.15 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.15.1 Genus: Viburnum 3.15.1.1  Viburnum fordiae Chinese Name(s): nan fang jia mi, huo chai shu, huo zhai, man shan hong, cang ban zi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Viburnum fordiae (Viburnum fordiae Hance). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, up to 5 m in height. The young branchlets, buds, inflorescences, calyxes, outside the corollas, bracts, and bracteoles are dark yellow or yellow-brownish stellate-tomentose. The leaves are papery to thickly papery, broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate, 4–8  cm long, apically obtuse or shortly

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acute to shortly acuminate, basally rounded to obtuse or broadly cuneate, rarely cuneate, marginally often denticulate except at the base, adaxially with dispersed red-brown glandular dots, stellate-pubescent or forklike pubescent, abaxially densely stellate-pubescent. The lateral veins are in five to eight jugate, pinnate, straight or slightly arched, branched, ending in teeth, raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially. The leaves of stout branches are leathery, basally broad, abaxially tomentose, sparsely shallowly serrate, or entire at margins. The petioles are 5–15  mm long, sometimes shorter, stipules being absent. The inflorescences are compound umbel-like cymes, terminal or at apices of lateral branchlets, with a pair of leaves, 3–8 cm in diameter, and the peduncles are 1–3.5 cm or very rarely nearly absent, rays being whorled. The first node of inflorescences is usually with five rays, and the flowers are on rays of third and fourth orders. The calyx tubes are obconical, lobes being triangular, apically obtuse. The corollas are white, rotate, 4–5 mm in diameter, lobes being ovate, about 1.5 mm, exceeding tubes. The stamens are equaling or slightly exceeding corolla, and the anthers are suborbicular, small. The styles are exceeding calyx lobes, stigmas being capitate. The fruits are maturing red, ovoid, 6–7 mm. The pyrenes are compressed, about 6 cm long, 4 mm in diameter, with one dorsal groove and two ventral grooves. The flowering period is from April to May. The fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows in valleys, hillside forests, or shrubs at altitudes of 200–800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, Hunan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and stems are collected in the summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Dispelling wind, clearing heat, dispersing blood stasis, and activating blood circulation, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, and irregular menstruation, as well as for external treatment of hypertrophic spondylitis, rheumatoid arthralgia, and fracture. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are soaked in wine and used for smearing onto the affected areas.

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3.16 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.16.1 Viburnum odoratissimum Chinese Name(s): shan hu shu, sha tang mu, xiang bing mu, feng fan shu, ma you xiang, zao he shu, zhu er mu. Source: This medicine is made of the barks and roots of Viburnum odoratissimum (Viburnum odoratissimum Ker-Gawl.). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, up to 10 m in height. The leaves are leathery, elliptic to oblong or oblong-obovate to obovate, sometimes suborbicular, 7–20 cm long, apically shortly acute to obtusely acute and mucronate, sometimes obtuse or subrounded, basally broadly cuneate, rarely rounded, without glands, irregularly serrate except at the base or subentire at margins, becoming intense green and lustrous adaxially, glabrous or sparsely stellate-pubescent on veins on both surfaces, abaxially sometimes with sparse, dispersed dark red minute glands, midvein raised and conspicuous abaxially. The lateral veins are in five to six jugate, pinnate, arched, branched, anastomosing near margin, conspicuously raised abaxially. The petioles are 1–2 cm, glabrous or stellate-pubescent. The inflorescences are paniculate, pyramidal, terminal, or at apices of short lateral branchlets with one-­ jugate leaves, 5–13.5 cm long, 4–6 cm wide, glabrous or stellate-pubescent, and the peduncles are 10 cm long. The bracts are less than 1 cm long, 2 mm wide. The flowers are usually on rays of second and third orders, fragrant, sessile or shortly pedicellate. The calyx tubes are tubular-campanulate, 2–2.5 mm, glabrous, lobes being broadly triangular. The corollas are white, later yellow-whitish, sometimes reddish, rotate, about 7 mm in diameter, and tubes are about 2 mm, lobes being reflexed, orbicular-ovate, 2–3  mm, apically rounded. The stamens are slightly exceeding corolla lobes, and the anthers are yellow, oblong, nearly 2  mm. The stigmas are capitate, not exceeding calyx lobes. The fruits are initially turning red, maturing nigrescent, ovoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, about 8  cm long, 5–6  mm in diameter. The flowering period is from April to May. The fruiting period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Fujian, and Hunan of China, as well as in India, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The barks and roots are collected in the summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, activating meridians and unblocking collaterals, extracting toxin, and promoting granulation, it’s often used for treatment of cold, rheumatism, bruise, injury, and fracture. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose for roots, 30–60 g per dose for barks, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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3.17 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.17.1 Viburnum plicatum Chinese Name(s): hu die xi zhu hua, hu die hua, hu die shu, hu die jia mi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and stems of Viburnum plicatum (Viburnum plicatum Thunb. var. tomentosum (Thunb.) Miq.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, up to 3 m in height. The branchlets of current year are light brown, quadrangular, densely or sparsely yellowish brown stellate-tomentose. The branchlets of the previous year are gray-brownish or gray-­ blackish, terete, spreading, with dispersed, small, rounded lenticels. The winter buds are lanceolate-triangular, with a pair of adnate scales. The leaves are broadly ovate, oblong-ovate, or elliptic-obovate, sometimes acuminate on both ends, abaxially glaucous, lateral veins being in 6–12(–17) jugate. The inflorescences are 4–10 cm in diameter, outside composed of fertile flowers with six to eight large sterile radiant flowers, with long peduncles. The corollas are up to 4 cm in diameter, four- to five-lobed. The fertile flowers are 3 mm in diameter, and the calyx tubes are about 15 mm, with rotate

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corollas, lobes being broadly ovate, about as long as tubes, stamens being exceeding corolla, anthers being suborbicular. The fruits are initially turning red, maturing black, broadly ovoid-orbicular or obovoid-orbicular, 5–6 cm long, 4 mm wide. The pyrenes are compressed, obtuse at both ends, with a broad ventral groove. The flowering period is from April to May. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows in hillsides and mixed forests of valleys and shrubs near valleys at altitudes of 300–500 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Shaanxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and stems are collected in the summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour, pungent, and bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, strengthening the spleen, eliminating accumulation, and dispelling wind and dampness, it is often used for treatment of sore, lymphadenitis, infantile malnutrition, rheumatism and arthralgia, and injuries caused by falls and knocks. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.18 Family: Caprifoliaceae 3.18.1 Viburnum setigerum Chinese Name(s): cha jia mi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Viburnum setigerum (Viburnum setigerum Hance). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, 1.5–3.5 m in height. The leaves are papery or thinly leathery, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rarely ovate, 7–12 cm long, 3–5.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, marginally remotely serrate except at the base, adaxially long hairy, glabrescent, abaxially yellowish adpressed long hairy only on the midvein and lateral veins, with one or two circular glands on both sides of the midvein near thebase. The lateral veins are in six to eight jugate. The petioles are 1–2  cm long, grayish black, sparsely

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appressed long hairy or subglabrous. The inflorescences are compound umbel-like cymes, often nodding, terminal, 2.5–4  cm in diameter, sparsely appressed long hairy or glabrous. The peduncles are 1–2.5 cm long, and the first node of inflorescence is usually with five rays. The flowers are on rays of second or third order, with 5-mm-long petioles or sessile. The calyx tubes are tubular, about 1.5 mm, glabrous, without glands, lobes being ovate, about 0.5 mm long. The corollas are white, rotate, 4–6 mm in diameter, black or dark brown when dry, glabrous, lobes being ovate, about 2.5  mm, exceeding tubes. The stamens are subequaling to corolla, styles being not exceeding calyx lobes. The fruits are maturing red, globose or ovoid, 9–11 mm. The pyrenes are very compressed, ovoid, 8–10 cm long, 5–7 mm wide, slightly impressed on ventral side. The flowering period is from April to May. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in valleys, sparse forests next to streams, and shrubs on hillsides at altitudes of 200–1000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, and Shaanxi. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are collected in the summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, promoting diuresis, activating blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, it’s often used for the treatment of strangury and turbid urine, lung carbuncle, coughing and blood abscess, and amenorrhea due to heat and stasis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.19 Family: Valerianaceae 3.19.1 Nardostachys jatamansi Chinese Name(s): gan song, gan song xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 5–50 cm in height. The rhizomes are woody, stout, densely covered with fiber and strongly aromatic. The leaves are rosulate, narrowly spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, 3–25 cm long, 0.5–2.5 cm wide. The cauline leaves are mostly one to two paired, lowermost ones being

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elliptic to obovate, basally attenuate into petiole, and the uppermost ones are sessile, oblanceolate to lanceolate. The capitula are 1.5–2 cm in diameter, terminal, with four to six involucral bracts at the base, lanceolate, with narrowly ovate to ovate bracts at the base of flowers, subequal to flowers in length. The calyxes are five-lobed, enlarged at fruiting. The corollas are purple-red, campanulate, 4.5–9  mm long, five-­lobed, lobes being broadly ovate to oblong, 2–3.8 mm long, villous inside the tubes. The stamens are subequaling to corollas and styles in length, stigmas being capitate. The achenes are obovoid, 3–4 mm, pubescent. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in alpine shrubs and grasslands at altitudes of 2600–5000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and rhizomes are dug up in the spring and autumn, removed the impurities and silt, and dried in the sun or shade. Medicinal Properties: This product is slightly conic, mostly curved, 5–18 cm long. The rhizome is short and small, with residue of the stem and leaf at the upper end, which is long and narrow membranous sheet-like or fibrous. It is black brown on the outer layer and brown or yellow in the inner layer. The roots are single or several intertwined, branched, or juxtaposed, 3–10  mm in diameter, brown in surface, shrunk, with fine roots and fibrous roots. It is crisp and easy to break. The cortex is dark brown, often dehiscent, and the xylem is yellowish white. It’s special in odor, bitter, and pungent in taste, with a feeling of cool. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and slightly sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Regulating Qi, relieving pain, relieving depression, and refreshing the spleen, it is often used for treatment of abdominal distention, anorexia, vomiting, toothache, swelling of feet, etc. Use and Dosage: 4–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are soaked in water for gargling, or decocted in water for washing the feet with, or ground to powder and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: vertigo due to phlegm—Pinellia leaven 100 g, rhizoma arisaematis 100 g, Nardostachys jatamansi 50 g and tangerine peel 75 g, ground to fine powder, decocted in water, added with flour, and made into pellets as big as Chinese parasol seed. Take 20 pellets each time, and serve with ginger soup. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hysteria, neurasthenia, gastrointestinal spasm, etc.—Nardostachys jatamansi 30 g, tangerine peel 7.5 g, added with 500 ml of water and immersed in boiling water for 3 h. Take it 12 times, six times a day.

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3.20 Family: Valerianaceae 3.20.1 Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Patrinia villosa Chinese Name(s): bai jiang, huang hua long ya, bai jiang cao, long ya bai jiang, ku zhai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Patrinia scabiosaefolia (Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. ex Trev.) and Patrinia villosa (Patrinia villosa Juss.). Morphology: (A) Patrinia scabiosifolia: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 150 cm in height, white hispidulous to glabrescent. The rhizomes are horizontal and slender. The basal leaves are rosulate, broadly ovate, serrate at margins, petiolate. The cauline leaves are opposite, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 5–15 cm, 2–5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, and attenuate into petiole, usually pinnatifid or pinnatisect, with two to three pairs of segments, terminal segments being ovate or elliptic, large, lateral segments being small, narrowly elliptic or linear. The inflorescences are corymbiform, terminal. The flowers are small, 2–4 mm in diameter, yellow. The calyxes are inconspicuous, small. The corolla tubes are short, five-­lobed. There are four stamens, which are almost as long as the corolla tubes. The achenes are oblong, about 5  mm in diameter, compressed, without wings. The flowering period is from July to September. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the grass on the hillside. Distribution: It’s distributed throughout China, as well as in Mongolia, North Korea, Japan, and Russia.

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Morphology: (B) Patrinia villosa: The plant is a perennial herb, 50–90 cm in height or slightly longer. The stems are erect, inversed white hispidulous, unbranched or few branched in the upper stems, usually with adventitious root at the lower nodes. The basal leaves are rosulate, long petiolate, leaves being ovate, 3–10 cm long, 1.5–5  cm wide, apically mucronate, basally decurrent, marginally coarsely serrate, hispidulous on both surfaces. The upper leaves are narrowly elliptic, subsessile. The flowers are white, small, arranged in terminal or axillary paniculiform or corymbiform. The calyxes and corollas are five-lobed, corolla tubes being short. There are four stamens. The ovary is three-loculed, with one developed. The achenes are obovoid, about 5  mm long, pubescent, with sterile ovary enlarged into membranous-­rounded wings. The flowering period is from July to September. The fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows in grasses in valleys, ravines, and hillsides. Distribution: It’s distributed in Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Henan, and Guizhou of China, as well as in Japan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn before the flowers bloom, dried to half dry, bundled, and then dried in the shade.

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Medicinal Properties: Patrinia scabiosaefolia: It’s 50–100 cm in total length. The rhizome is cylindrical, with a diameter of 0.3–1 cm, dark brown to purplish brown, and no more than 2 cm between internodes, where there are adventitious roots on. The stem is cylindrical, 2–8 mm in diameter, yellowish green to yellowish brown, inverted hirsute. It is brittle and easy to break, with pith in the middle or a small hole of disappeared pith. The leaves are mostly shrunk or broken. After flattening, the whole cauline leaf is pinnate lobed to parted, with five to seven lobes. The top lobes are obviously larger, and the lateral lobes are narrow and small, with rough serrations on the edge, adaxially dark green or yellowish brown, abaxially lighter, sparsely white pubescent on both surfaces, and slightly amplexicaul at the petiole base. The corymbose cymose are often at the top of stems and branches. The flowers are yellow. It’s special in odor and bitter in taste. The products with long roots and many leaves, green-colored, and aromatic are better in quality. Patrinia villosa: The stem is white strigose, glabrescent. The cauline leaves are unlobed. The flowers are white, and the rest of the properties are the same as those of Patrinia scabiosaefolia. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, stomach, and large intestine. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxicating and discharging pus, promoting blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, it is used for treatment of appendicitis, dysentery, enteritis, hepatitis, conjunctivitis, postpartum blood stasis, abdominal pain, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for dried products or 60–120 g per dose for fresh products, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: appendix abscess—Patrinia scabiosaefolia, honeysuckle, viola, purslane, dandelion, prepared rhubarb, 15 g each, decocted in water for oral use.

3.21 Family: Dipsacaceae 3.21.1 Dipsacus asperoides Chinese Name(s): xu duan. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Dipsacus asperoides (Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M. Ai). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 1 m in height. The stems and branches are four to eight ridged, sparsely covered with retrorse spines on ridges. The basal leaves are rosulate, pinnatisect, and the cauline leaves are opposite, deeply three- to five-lobed. The terminal segments are largest, basally decurrent into wings, marginally coarsely serrate, white hispidulous on both surfaces, abaxially with spines on the midveins and petioles. The flowers are white and pale yellow, arranged

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in terminal capitulas, globose. The involucral bracts are linear-lanceolate, with several bracts, long obovate, hispidulous, rostrate, rostrum being setose at the apex. The calyxes are four-lobed, disk-shaped. The corollas are funnelform, shorter than bracts, pubescent, with four lobes, two being slightly larger. There are four stamens exserted. The ovary is inferior, included in the involucral bracts with the achenes, slightly exserted. The flowering period is from July to September. The fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows on the margins of a ditch, grass, and forest wasteland. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Jiangxi, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in autumn, removed the root heads and fibrous roots and soil, baked in slow fire until half dry, piled until turning dark green, and baked again or dried in the sun. It could also be dried directly, thus the meat is nearly white, and the quality is inferior to that of the former. Medicinal Properties: The product is cylindrical and slightly compressed, sometimes slightly curved, usually unbranched, 5–15 cm long, 0.4–2.5 cm in diameter, grayish brown or dark brown on surfaces, with obvious twisted longitudinal wrinkles and grooves, and transverse cracks, lenticels, and a few fibrous root marks. It is pliable and turns hard after being placed for a long time, easy to break, uneven on the cross section. The cortex is greenish brown or light brown, and the xylem is yellowish brown. It is slightly fragrant in odor and bitter, slightly sweet, and astringent in taste. The products with thick root, soft in texture, grayish brown, and greenish brown inside the cortex are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and kidneys. Functions: Tonifying the liver and kidneys, strengthening the muscles and bones, promoting Qi circulation and eliminating swelling, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of lumbago and knee pain, threatened abortion, morbid leucorrhea, spermatorrhea, incised wound, bruise, furuncle, and swelling. Use and Dosage: 5–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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References 1. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 28) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 2. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 205) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 3. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 576 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975.

Chapter 4

Medicinal Angiosperms of Compositae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 4.1  F  amily: Compositae 4.1.1  Adenostemma lavenia 4.2  Family: Compositae 4.2.1  Ageratum conyzoides 4.3  Family: Compositae 4.3.1  Anaphalis margaritacea 4.4  Family: Compositae 4.4.1  Arctium lappa 4.5  Family: Compositae 4.5.1  Artemisia annua 4.6  Family: Compositae 4.6.1  Artemisia anomala

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_4

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202 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10  4.11  4.12  4.13  4.14  4.15  4.16  4.17  4.18  4.19  4.20  4.21  4.22  4.23  4.24  4.25  4.26  4.27  4.28  4.29  4.30  4.31 

H. Family: Compositae 4.7.1  Artemisia argyi Family: Compositae 4.8.1  Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia scoparia Family: Compositae 4.9.1  Artemisia carvifolia Family: Compositae 4.10.1  Artemisia indica Family: Compositae 4.11.1  Artemisia japonica Family: Compositae 4.12.1  Artemisia lactiflora Family: Compositae 4.13.1  Artemisia lavandulaefolia Family: Compositae 4.14.1  Artemisia princeps Family: Compositae 4.15.1  Aster baccharoides Family: Compositae 4.16.1  Aster tataricus Family: Compositae 4.17.1  Atractylodes lancea Family: Compositae 4.18.1  Atractylodes macrocephala Family: Compositae 4.19.1  Bidens bipinnata Family: Compositae 4.20.1  Bidens biternata Family: Compositae 4.21.1  Bidens pilosa Family: Compositae 4.22.1  Bidens pilosa var. radiata Family: Compositae 4.23.1  Bidens tripartita Family: Compositae 4.24.1  Blumea balsamifera Family: Compositae 4.25.1  Blumea formosana Family: Compositae 4.26.1  Blumea lacera Family: Compositae 4.27.1  Blumea laciniata Family: Compositae 4.28.1  Blumea lanceolaria Family: Compositae 4.29.1  Blumea megacephala Family: Compositae 4.30.1  Blumea mollis Family: Compositae 4.31.1  Blumea oblongifolia

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This chapter introduces 31 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Adenostemma lavenia, Ageratum conyzoides, Anaphalis margaritacea, Arctium lappa, Artemisia annua, Artemisia anomala, Artemisia argyi, Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia carvifolia, Artemisia indica, Artemisia japonica, Artemisia lactiflora, Artemisia princeps, Aster baccharoides, Atractylodes lancea, Atractylodes macrocephala, Bidens bipinnata, Blumea balsamifera, Blumea laciniata, Blumea lanceolaria, Blumea megacephala, Blumea mollis, and Blumea oblongifolia of Compositae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

4.1  Family: Compositae 4.1.1  Adenostemma lavenia Chinese Name(s): xia tian ju, bai long xu, shui hu jiao, jian zhong xiao, feng qi cao, han su ma. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Adenostemma lavenia (Adenostemma lavenia (Linn.) O. Kuntze). Morphology: The plant is an herb, annual, up to 100 cm in height. The basal leaves are persistent or withered at anthesis. The median leaves are large, long elliptic-­lanceolate, 4–12 cm long, 2–5 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally broadly or narrowly cuneate, narrowly winged at petioles, 0.5–4 cm long, marginally crenate, sparsely puberulent or glabrescent on both surfaces, usually rather densely hairy on veins. The upper and lower leaves are smaller, shortly petiolate. The capitula are few, rarely many, small, in a lax or dense corymb or panicle, stout branched. The peduncles are 0.8–3 cm long, gray white, or ferruginous puberulent. The involucres are hemispheric, 4–5 cm long, 6–8 mm–10 mm wide at fruiting. The phyllaries are two-seriate, green, subequal, narrowly elliptic, thin, nearly membranous, outer phyllaries being mostly connate, sparsely white villous, denser at base. The corollas are about 2.5 cm, lower part being viscid-glandular, enlarged at upper part, with five lobes, pubescent. The achenes are blackish brown when mature, oblanceolate, about 4 cm long, 1 mm wide, glandular, sometimes densely tuberculate, contracted at base, apically obtuse. There are four pappi, which are clavate, about 1.1 mm long, basally connate into a ring, apically fulvous viscid-glandular. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to October. Distribution: It’s distributed in Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, and Sichuan of China, as well as in India, Indochina Peninsula, the Philippines, Japan, North Korea, and Australia.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxicating, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of cold, high fever, bronchitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and icteric hepatitis, as well as for external treatment of carbuncle, furuncle, sore, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute icteric infectious hepatitis—Adenostemma lavenia 30–60 g (90–120 g for fresh product), decocted in water and taken one dose per day. When the jaundice subsides and the urine is unstained, add 30 g of lean meat to the former formula. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold and high fever—Adenostemma lavenia 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.2  Family: Compositae 4.2.1  Ageratum conyzoides Chinese Name(s): sheng hong ji, xian xia hua, bai hua xiang cao, bai hua chou cao, bai hua cao, yu xiang cao, qi xing ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Ageratum conyzoides (Ageratum conyzoides Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 50–100 cm in height, erect, simple, or branched from middle. The branches are reddish or green toward apex, white powdery puberulent, or densely spreading long tomentose. The leaves are alternate or sometimes alternate at the upper part, and the median leaves are ovate, elliptic, or oblong, 3–8 cm long, 2–5 cm wide, apically acute, crenate at margins, basally obtuse or broadly cuneate, basally three-veined or obscurely five-veined, petioles being 1–3 cm long, sparsely white puberulent and yellow gland-dotted on both surfaces. The upper leaves are gradually smaller, oblong, usually densely white puberulent on petioles. The capitula are four to many, in dense or sparse terminal corymbs, powdery puberulent. The involucres are campanulate, and the phyllaries are two-seriate, oblong or lanceolate-­ oblong, glabrous, marginally lacerate. The corollas are white or purplish, limbs being five-lobed. The achenes are black, five-angled, sparsely white setuliferous. There are five or six pappi. The flowering and fruiting periods are year-round. Habitat: It grows in low mountains, on hills, and on plains. Distribution: It’s widely distributed in the provinces south of the Yangtze River Basin, escaping around the world, native to Central and South America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property.

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Functions: Dispelling wind, clearing heat, relieving pain, stopping bleeding, and removing urinary calculus, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, acute gastroenteritis, stomachache, abdominal pain, metrorrhagia, urinary calculus, bladder stone, eczema, thrush, carbuncle, cellulitis, lower extremity ulcer, otitis media, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application, or died products are ground to powder and sprinkled to the affected areas, or squeezed for juice and dripped in to the ear, or decocted in water and used for washing. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gastric ulcer and acute and chronic abdominal pain—Ageratum conyzoides, calcined and kept the nature (outside carbonized, inside sallow), ground to powder, bottled, and set aside. Take 1.5  g per dose, once a day; chew and swallow; do not drink within half an hour. The analgesic effect is preferable. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cellulitis (without fever)—Ageratum conyzoides, Zehneria japonica, Schizocapsa plantaginea Hance (all fresh) in equal amounts, mixed, mashed, and applied to the swelling part, wrapped with oil paper lest it stain the cloth. A thin layer is applied to the affected areas rather than the ulcers. Change the dressing once a day. If complicated by fever, the medicine function in clearing the heat and detoxicating at the same time.

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4.3  Family: Compositae 4.3.1  Anaphalis margaritacea Chinese Name(s): zhu guang xiang qing, da huo qing, mao nv er cao, da ye bai tou weng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Anaphalis margaritacea (Anaphalis margaritacea (Linn.) Benth. et Hook. f.). Morphology: The plant is an herb, 30–60 cm in height, rarely up to 100 cm, ash gray cottony tomentose, basally woody. The lower leaves are withered by anthesis, apically obtuse. The middle leaves are expanding, linear or linear-lanceolate, 5–9 cm long, 0.3–1.2 mm wide, rarely wider, basally attenuate or sharply narrowed, somewhat amplexicaul, marginally flat, apically acuminate with small tip. The upper leaves are gradually smaller with long tip. All leaves are slightly leathery,

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abaxially densely ash gray to reddish brown lanuginous, adaxially arachnoid or later glabrous, one-veined, or three- or five-veined. The capitula are numerous, arranged in compound corymbiform (or corymbiform) synflorescences. The peduncles are 4–17 mm. The involucres are broadly campanulate or semispherical, 5–8 cm long, 8–13 mm in diameter. The phyllaries are five to seven seriate, somewhat expanding, upper parts being white, outer phyllaries being up to 1/3 of involucre, ovate, cottony tomentose. The middle ones are ovate to oblong, about 5 cm long, 2.5 mm wide, up to 3 mm wide in male plants, apically rounded or acuminate. innermost ones being linear-lanceolate, about 0.5  mm wide, with a claw up to 3/4 of full length. The receptacles are alveolate. The predominantly female capitula have many florets, with 3–20 central male florets and many rows of marginal female florets. The predominantly male capitula have many florets, with all central male florets or few rows of marginal female florets. The corollas are 3–5 mm. The achenes are oblong, about 0.7  mm, with glandular dots. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to November. Habitat: It grows on barren grass slopes. Distribution: It’s distributed in the southern, southwest, western, and central provinces of China, as well as in India, Japan, North Korea, the Russian Far East, and northern America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, dispelling wind, unblocking collaterals, and expelling insects, it’ s often used for treatment of cold, toothache, dysentery, rheumatoid arthritis, and ascariasis, as well as for external treatment of knife cut, injury caused by knocks and falls, and cervical lymph node tuberculosis. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed for application or ground to powder and sprinkled to the affected areas.

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4.4  Family: Compositae 4.4.1  Arctium lappa Chinese Name(s): niu bang zi, e shi, da li zi. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Arctium lappa (Arctium lappa Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a biennial herb, with stout, fleshy rhizome. The stems are erect, stout, 1–2 m in height, sparsely cobwebby, with yellow glandular dots. The leaves are alternate, papery, broadly ovate, apically obtuse, basally cordate, denticulate at margins, abaxially grayish white tomentose. The basal leaves are 40–50 cm long, 30–40 cm wide, with petiole about 32 cm. The uppermost cauline leaves are small, shortly petiolate. The midveins are stout, lateral veins being curved. The capitula are corymbose, terminal, with stout peduncles. The involucres are ovoid, about 2 cm in diameter. The phyllaries are multi-striate, lanceolate or long subulate, subequal, apically hooked. The corollas are purplish red, about 1.4 cm, limbs five-lobed. The styles are linear, reflexed. The achenes are obovoid, 5–7 mm long. The pappus bristles are short, basally connate into a ring to glabrescent. The flowering period is from June to September. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, valleys, forest margins, rivers, villages, roadsides, or wasteland. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Hunan, Henan, Fujian, and Jiangxi, as well as in other parts of Asia and Europe. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is ovate, slightly compressed, 5–7×2–25 mm, grayish brown on surfaces, with scattered purplish black patches and several longitudinal ridges, usually the middle one or two being conspicuous. It is slightly broader, obtuse and rounded distally, apically with an obvious ring, and in the center, there is a point-shaped style mark. The proximal part is slightly narrow, slightly oblique on the bottom, curved a little. The pericarp is hard. It has two cotyledons, which are white or bluish white, oily. It’s slight in odor, bitter and pungent in taste. The product large, plump, and grayish black skinned are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the lungs and stomach. Functions: Dispelling wind and heat, ventilating the lungs and promoting eruption of rash, detoxicating, and benefiting the pharynx, it’s often used for treatment of cold due to wind and heat, coughing with phlegm, headache, sore throat, mumps, and incomplete appearance of rashes, carbuncle, boils, and sores. Use and Dosage: 5–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sore throat—Arctium lappa 9 g, Isatis root 15 g, Platycodon grandiflorum 6 g, peppermint 3 g, and licorice 3 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Arctium lappa, Pueraria thomsonii, each 6 g, cicada slough, peppermint, Schizonepeta, each 3 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.5  Family: Compositae 4.5.1  Artemisia annua Chinese Name(s): huang hua hao, chou hao, cao hao, jiu bing cao, ma niao hao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Artemisia annua (Artemisia annua Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, up to 1.5 m in height, subglabrous. The stems are erect, cylindrical, with shallow grooves, greenish when young, becoming withered yellow when old, basally woody, many-branched in the upper part. The cauline leaves are alternate, three-pinnatipartite, apically acute, adaxially green, yellow green abaxially, rachis being narrowly winged, and the upper leaves are smaller, minutely lobed. The capitula are globose, recurved, arranged in pyramidal paniculiform, denser in the upper part. The capitula are many, shortly pedunculate, closely subtended by whorl of bracteoles, nodding. The involucres are smooth and glabrous, with two to three striate phyllaries. The receptacles are oblong, with many tubiform florets, yellow, with many rows of marginal female florets, only one pistil. The central florets are bisexual, and the corollas are apically five-lobed, with five stamens, anthers being connate, filaments being short, inserted in the middle inside the corolla tubes, with one pistil, styles being filiform, stigmas being two-­ lobed, forklike. The achenes are ovoid, minute, pale brown, with longitudinal raised stripes. The flowering period is from August to October. The fruiting period is from October to November. Habitat: It grows on wilderness, hillsides, roadsides, and river banks. Distribution: It’s distributed in most parts of China, as well as in temperate, cold, and subtropical regions in Europe, Asia, and North America.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stem is cylindrical, yellowish green or grayish brown on the surface, with obvious linear ridges. It is slightly hard in quality and easy to break. The cross sections are yellowish white and the medulla is white. The leaves are yellowish green, mostly shrunk and broken, and the intact ones are ternately pinnate and parted, shortly hairy on both surfaces, brittle and exfoliated. Most of the flowers on the inflorescence are caducous, leaving only the yellow involucre, which is about 0.1 cm in diameter, brittle and fragile. It’s extremely aromatic, bitter and cool in taste. The products yellowish green, with dense flowers, strong fragrance, and no thick stems, are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing heat and cooling blood, relieving deficiency heat, and relieving summer heat, it’s often used for treatment of heat caused by evil of summer heat or deficiency of Yin, night fever abating at dawn, hectic fever due to yin— deficiency, cold and heat due to malaria, jaundice due to damp and heat, scabies and sores, and hectic fever due to tuberculosis. It can also kill mosquitoes. Use and Dosage: 6–12  g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. To treat malaria, 30 g of fresh Artemisia annua are mashed with cold boiled water or ground with cold boiled water and taken. The artemisinin in Artemisia annua will lose efficacy when heated. Annotations: Before the formation of modern classification, Artemisia annua is confused with Artemisia apiacea due to the lack of cognition of people. In fact, Artemisia annua and Artemisia apiacea are different species, for the reason that Artemisia annua contains artemisinin and Artemisia apiacea doesn’t. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hectic fever due to tuberculosis—Artemisia annua 6 g, turtle shell 15 g, Rehmannia glutinosa 12 g, Anemarrhena asphodeloides 6 g, and Moutan bark 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: malaria—(a) fresh Artemisia annua 30  g, mashed and taken with cold water, one dose per day. (b) Artemisia annua leaves, dried and ground to powder. Take 3 g per day, 4 hours before the onset of malaria, once a day for 5 continuous days. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: heatstroke—Artemisia annua 15–30  g, soaked in water or mashed and taken with cold boiled water. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: summer cold—Artemisia annua 9 g, peppermint 3 g, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pruritus, urticaria, seborrheic dermatitis—fresh Artemisia annua 5 kg, washed, chopped, put into the pot, added with 10 kg of water, decocted to 3–3.5 kg, added 5 g ice tablet (dissolve with ethanol first) per 500 g solution, and applied to the affected area cotton ball three to four times a day.

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4.6  Family: Compositae 4.6.1  Artemisia anomala Chinese Name(s): qi hao, liu ji nu, nan liu ji nu, qian li mi, liu yue shuang, yi xing hao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Artemisia anomala (Artemisia anomala S. Moore). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are simple, rarely two or several, up to 150  cm in height, with longitudinal ribs, yellow brown or purple brown, many-branched, puberulent to glabrescent. The leaves are thickly papery or papery. The middle leaves are ovate, long-ovate, ovate-lanceolate, 9–22 cm long, 2.5–4 cm wide, apically acute or long acuminate, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, serrulate at margins, adaxially sparsely pubescent to glabrescent, abaxially arachnoid tomentose to glabrescent. The petioles are short, and the uppermost leaves are smaller. The synflorescences are oblong or ovoid, 2–2.5 mm in diameter, arranged in narrow or spreading panicles. The involucres are membranous or semi-­ membranous, yellowish abaxially, glabrous, without ribs. There are four to six marginal female florets and six to eight disk bisexual florets. The achenes are obovoid or obovoid-oblong. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to November. Habitat: It grows at forest margins and ditch edges, by roadsides, and on river banks, shrubs, and barren slopes at altitudes of 310–900 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Guizhou of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, unblocking collaterals, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of heatstroke, headache, enteritis, dysentery, amenorrhea, abdominal pain, rheumatism pain, and injury caused by falls and knocks, as well as for external treatment of traumatic bleeding and mastitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed or dried products ground to powder and applied to the affected areas. The pregnant women shouldn’t take it.

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4.7  Family: Compositae 4.7.1  Artemisia argyi Chinese Name(s): ai ye, qi ai. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Artemisia argyi (Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are erect, 80–150 cm in height, with longitudinal ribs. The stems and branches are densely tomentose. The leaves are thick, and the lower leaves are withered by anthesis. The middle leaves are ovate or long-ovate, 6–10 cm long, 4–8 cm wide, pinnatipartite to two-partite, with two or three pairs of segments, ovate, usually serrate, adaxially gray white pubescent and white gland-dotted, abaxially densely gray arachnoid tomentose,

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basally attenuate or petiolate. The uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts are pinnatipartite to three-partite or entire. The synflorescences are ovate-ellipsoid, in narrow panicles. The phyllaries are 3-4 seriate, abaxially densely tomentose, becoming brown after flowering, with 5–10 marginal female florets and 8–15 disk bisexual florets, narrowly tubular to tubular. The achenes are obovoid. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows in wastelands, roadsides, and hillsides in low to mid-­ altitude areas. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Sichuan, Fujian, Guizhou, Guangdong, Shandong, Shanxi, Qinghai, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Hebei, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, and other places, as well as in Mongolia, North Korea, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are collected in summer when flourish and the inflorescences didn’t ear, removed the impurities and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product shrinks and is mostly broken. The intact leaves are short petiolate, ovate or oblong after flattening, pinnate parted or three-­ lobed, the lobes are elliptic-lanceolate, and the edges have irregular coarse serrations, sometimes two- to three-lobed, adaxially grayish green or dark yellowish green, with slightly sparse arachnoid villi and glandular spots, abaxially covered with dense grayish white arachnoid villi. It’s soft in texture, fragrant in odor, and bitter in taste. The products with large leaves, grayish green, and no impurities are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, stomach, and kidneys. Functions: Dispelling cold and dampness, warming meridian, and stopping bleeding, it is often used for treatment of cold pain of the heart and abdomen, premonitory abortion, dysmenorrhea, uterine cold infertility, hematemesis, bleeding, multiple metrorrhagia, irregular menstruation, and functional uterine bleeding, as well as external treatment for eczema and itchy skin. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are decocted and used for washing the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: functional uterine bleeding and abdominal pain—(a) Artemisia argyi charcoal 6 g, Cyperus rotundus and Paeonia lactiflora each 9 g, Angelica sinensis and Corydalis ambigua each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. (b) Fresh Artemisia argyi root 90  g, chopped and stir-baked to brown, decocted in vinegar and water to one bowl, and taken orally. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: premonitory abortion—Artemisia argyi charcoal 6 g, semen cuscutae and parasitic Loranthus each 15 g, Angelica sinensis 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pruritus of the skin: Artemisia argyi 30  g, Zanthoxylum bungeanum 9 g, summer cypress fruit 15 g, Dictamnus dasycarpus 15 g, decocted in water and used for fumigating the affected area.

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4.8  Family: Compositae 4.8.1  Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia scoparia Chinese Name(s): yin chen, mian yin chen, hua yin chen. Source: This medicine is made of the tender branches and leaves of Artemisia capillaris (Artemisia capillaris Thunb.) and Artemisia scoparia (Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.), those harvested in spring is called “mian yin chen,” and those in autumn is called “hua yin chen.” Morphology: (A) Artemisia capillaris—The plant is a subshrublike herb, strongly aromatic, 40–120  cm tall; the basal leaves, adaxial cauline leaves, and branches are densely covered with pale brown or grayish yellow sericeous pubescence, later glabrescent on adaxial cauline leaves. The leaves are oblong-ovate or ovate, 2–5 cm long, 1.5–3.5 cm wide, two- or three-pinnatisect; there are two to four lobes on each side; the lobes are divided into three to five; the segments are filiform, usually slender, 5–10 mm long, 0.5–1.5(–2)mm wide; the petioles are 3–7 mm long; the leaves are deciduous in anthesis. The capitula are ovoid or sometime subglobose, many, 1.5–2 mm in diam., shortly pedunculate, with linear bracteoles, often arranged in racemes, forming a spreading and wide panicle on distal portion of the stem; the phyllaries are three- or four-seriate; the involucres are herbaceous, ovate or elliptic, light yellow abaxially, with green midribs, glabrous, membranous at

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margins; the receptacles are small, raised. There are sic to ten female florets; the corollas are narrowly tubular or narrowly conic, with two- to three-toothed limb; the styles are slender, exserted from the corolla. There are three to seven bisexual florets, which are sterile; the corollas are tubular; the anthers are linear, apically with acute appendages, narrowly triangular, basally obtuse; the styles are short, apically rod-shaped two-lobed, not forked; the reduced ovaries are small. The achenes are oblong or ovate. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows on the hillside, wilderness, and roadside at an elevation of 300–1000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Fujian, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Jiangxi, and Hubei, as well as in Inner Mongolia and Eurasia temperate and subtropical regions.

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Morphology: (B) Artemisia scoparia—The plant is a shrublike herb, strongly aromatic, 40–100 cm tall, longitudinal striped; the basal leaves and branches are densely covered with pale brown or grayish yellow sericeous pubescence on both surfaces. The leaves are suborbicular or ovate-oblong, two- to three-pinnatisect, with long petiole, deciduous in anthesis. The lower cauline leaves are covered with densely pale brown or grayish yellow sericeous pubescence on both surfaces, later glabrescent; the leaf blades are ovate-oblong or elliptic, 1.5–3.5 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, two- to three-pinnatisect; there are three to four lobes on each side. The capitula are subglobose or sometime ovoid, many, 1–1.5(–2) mm in diam., shortly pedunculate or sessile, basally with linear bracteoles, often arranged in raceme or spike, forming a spreading and wide panicle on distal portion of the stem; the phyllaries are three- or four-seriate; the outer phyllaries are herbaceous, ovate, green abaxially, glabrous, membranous at margins; the middle and inner phyllaries are ovate-oblong or elliptic, semi-membranous; the receptacles are small, raised. There are five to seven female florets; the corollas are narrowly tubular or narrowly conic, two- to three-toothed; the styles are linear, exserted from the corolla, apically two-­forked. There are four to ten bisexual florets, which are sterile; the corollas are tubular; the anthers are linear, apically with acute appendages, narrowly triangular, basally obtuse; the styles are short, apically inflated, two-lobed, not forked; the reduced ovaries are unobvious. The achenes are obovoid or oblong. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows on the hillside, wilderness, and roadside at an elevation of 300–1000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Fujian, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Jiangxi, and Hubei, as well as in Inner Mongolia and Eurasia temperate and subtropical regions.

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Acquisition and Processing: The tender branches and leaves are harvested in spring, when the height of seedlings is 6–10 cm, removed the old stems and impurities, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: “mian yin chen”—The product is mostly curled into clusters and is grayish white or grayish green, all covered with densely white hairs, which are soft as velvet. The stem is small, 1.5–2.5 cm long and 1–2 mm in diameter. There are obvious longitudinal lines after removing the white hairs on the surface. It is brittle and easy to break. The leaves are petiolate, one to three pinnately

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lobed when flattening. The leaf blades are 1–3 cm in length and 1 cm in width. The lobes are ovate or slightly oblanceolate, strip-shaped and acute apically. It is fragrant in odor and slightly bitter in taste. “hua yin chen”: The stem is cylindrical, multibranched, 30–100 cm long, 2–8 mm in diameter, lavender or purple on surfaces, with longitudinal stripes and pubescence. It is light, crisp, and white in the sections. The leaves are dense or mostly exfoliated. The proximal leaves are two to three pinnately parted, and the lobes are strip-shaped or linear, white pubescent on both surfaces. The cauline leaves are one to two pinnately divided, amplexicaul at the base, and the lobes are filiform. The inflorescences are head, ovate, mostly integrated into panicles, 1.2–1.5 mm long, 1–1.2 mm in diameter, shortly petiolate. There are three to four layers of involucral bracts, which are ovate, and the bracts are three-lobed. There are 6–10 female flowers on the outer layer, sometimes up to 15, and 2–10 hermaphrodite flowers on the flesh layer. The achenes are oblong, yellowish brown. It is fragrant in odor and slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the spleen, liver, stomach, and kidneys. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness and normalizing gallbladder to cure jaundice, it’s often used for treatment of jaundice, dysuria, eczema, pruritus, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. It is not suitable to be used for patients with yellow skin which caused by spleen deficiency and blood deficiency rather than jaundice. Prescription Example(s): 1. Prevention of hepatitis: Artemisia capillaris 500 g, decocted for three times with water, filtrated and mixed together, concentrated into 500 ml. Take 16 ml each time, twice a day, for 3 continuous days. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: icteric hepatitis (excessive heat syndrome)— Artemisia capillaris 30 g, cape jasmine 9 g, raw rhubarb 9 g, talc 9 g, Lygodium japonicum 15 g, radix isatidis 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hepatocyte jaundice—Artemisia capillaris 60 g, dandelion 30 g, radix isatidis 15 g, cape jasmine 9 g, Coptis chinensis 3 g decocted in water for oral use. In cases of constipation, 9 g of rhubarb can be added into the prescription. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute attack of chronic cholecystitis—Artemisia capillaris 30 g, dandelion 30 g, Scutellaria baicalensis 9 g, cape jasmine 9 g, raw rhubarb 9 g, Fructus aurantia 9 g, Lygodium japonicum 9 g, Rhizoma alismatis 9  g, Curcuma aromatica\ 12  g, compound of Glauber’s salt and liquorice 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute infectious hepatitis in children—(a) Artemisia capillaris 24 g; cape jasmine 9 g; prepared rhubarb 3 g; medicated leaven, malt, and hawthorn each 9 g; rice sprout 12 g; liquorice 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. (b) Artemisia capillaris 24 g, cape jasmine 6 g, liquorice 9 g, jujube 4, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute infectious hepatitis—(a) compound Artemisia capillaris syrup, take 20 ml each time, twice a day, 20–25 days as a course of treatment. (b) Chuangan granule (Artemisia capillaris decoction for jaundice), one bag (20 g) for adults, twice a day, half a bag (10 g) for children, twice a day, taken with warm boiled water.

4.9  Family: Compositae 4.9.1  Artemisia carvifolia Chinese Name(s): qing hao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Artemisia carvifolia (Artemisia carvifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. [A. apiacea Hance]). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are solitary, 30–150 cm tall, with many branches on distal portion. The middle cauline leaves are oblong, oblongovate, or elliptic, 5–15 cm in length, 2–2.5 cm in width, two- to three-­pinnatifid; the lobes are in four to six pairs, oblong, basally cuneate; each lobe has many segments; the segments are narrowly triangular, with pectinate teeth, or small and slightly linearlanceolate, apically acute, small serrate at the central axis and rachis. The petioles are 4–8 cm in length; the uppermost leaves are smaller, glabrous on both surfaces. The capitula are hemispherical or nearly hemispherical, 3.5–4  mm in diam., forming a spreading panicle on the uppermost stem; the involucres are green abaxially, glabrous; there are 10–20 female florets and 30–40 disk florets. The achenes are oblong to elliptic. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows at low elevation of river bank sandy, valley forest edge, roadside, and coastal areas. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Henan, and Guizhou, as well as in Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, and Nepal.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Dispersing wind and fire, relieving summer heat, and stopping night sweating, it’s often used for treatment of fever caused by exogenous pathogen of summer heat, hectic fever due to Yin deficiency, night sweat, malaria, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.10  Family: Compositae 4.10.1  Artemisia indica Chinese Name(s): wu yue ai, xiao ye ai, da ai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Artemisia indica (Artemisia indica Willd.). Morphology: The plant is an herb or subshrub, strongly aromatic. The stems are erect, solitary or few, 80–150 cm tall, brown or reddish on the distal portion, obviously with longitudinal ribs, many-branched. The branches and leaves are puberulent, later sparse or glabrescent, adaxially densely gray or yellowish tomentose; the basal and lowermost leaves are ovate or oblong-ovate; the leaves are withered at anthesis; the middle cauline leaves are ovate, oblong-ovate, or elliptic, 5–8 cm long, 3–5  cm wide, one- or two-pinnatipartite; the lobes are elliptic-lanceolate,

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linear-­lanceolate, or linear; the uppermost leaves are pinnatipartite. The capitula are ovate, oblong-ovate, or broadly ovate, 2–2.5 mm in diam., in compound spikelike or racemelike panicles; the phyllaries are three- or four-seriate; the outer involucres are slightly small; the middle and inner bracts are ovate or oblong-ovate; the receptacles are small and raised; the female corollas are narrowly tubular; the styles are exserted out of the corolla; the bisexual corollas are tubular, glandular outside, with purple limb; the anthers are linear; the styles are slightly longer than corolla, apically twoforked, revolute after anthesis. The achenes are oblong or obovoid. The flowering and fruiting period is in spring and summer. Habitat: It grows on the mountain, road, or open land. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Henan, and Tibet of China, as well as in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, warm in property, and a little poisonous, belonging to the meridians of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Functions: It’s often used for treatment of functional uterine bleeding, threatened abortion, dysmenorrhea, and irregular menstruation, as well as for external treatment of eczema and pruritus. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are decocted for fumigation.

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4.11  Family: Compositae 4.11.1  Artemisia japonica Chinese Name(s): mu hao, qi tou hao, tu chai hu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Artemisia japonica (Artemisia japonica Thunb.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, strongly aromatic. The stems are solitary or few, 50–130 cm tall, with longitudinal ribs, purple brown or brown, branched at the upper parts; the branches are 5–20  cm long, usually oblique; the stems and branches are puberulent, later sparsely puberulent or glabrescent. The leaves are papery, glabrous on both surfaces, or pubescent to glabrescent; the basal and lower cauline leaves are obovate or broadly spatulate, 4–6 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide, obliquely pinnatipartite or cleft from apex to base; the lobes are usually toothless or few serrate apically, shortly petiolate, withered at anthesis; the middle cauline leaves are spatulate, 2.5–3.5 cm long, 0.5–2 cm wide, apically with three to five shallowly or deeply oblique lobes. The capitula are many, ovoid or subglobose, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., sessile or shortly pedunculate, with linear bracts at base, usually in spikes on the branches, forming narrow or spreading panicle on the stem; the phyllaries are three- or fourseriate; the outer involucres are slightly small; the outer and middle involucres are ovate or oblong-ovate, glabrous abaxially, green on the midribs, membranous at margins; the inner involucres are glabrous, submembranous. There are three to eight female florets; the corollas are narrowly conic, with two- to three-toothed limb; the styles are exserted out of the corolla, two-forked at apex. There are five to ten bisexual florets, which are sterile; the corollas are tubular; the anthers are linear, apically with acute appendages, narrowly triangular, basally obtuse; the styles are short, apically slightly inflated, two-lobed, not forked; the reduced ovaries are unobvious. The achenes are small, obovoid. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows in the wilderness grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hong Kong, Fujian, Taiwan, Henan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in Japan, North Korea, Afghanistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Kashmir, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, cooling blood, and relieving summer heat, it’s often used for treatment of fever due to cold, heatstroke, malaria, hectic fever due to tuberculosis, and hypertension, as well as for external treatment for traumatic bleeding and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application. Prescription Example(s):

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Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hectic fever due to tuberculosis and chronic low fever—Artemisia japonica 9 g, Lycium chinense bark 15 g, decocted in water for oral use.

4.12  Family: Compositae 4.12.1  Artemisia lactiflora Chinese Name(s): bai bao hao, ya jiao ai, si ji cai, tian cai zi, liu ji nu, bai hua hao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Artemisia lactiflora (Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are usually solitary, erect, rarely two to few, 50–150(–200) cm tall, obviously with longitudinal ribs; the stems and branches are sparsely covered with white arachnoid tomentum, then glabrescent. The leaves are thinly papery or papery, adaxially sparsely obscurely

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glandular-­pubescent, abaxially sparsely pubescent when young, then glabrescent; the basal and lowermost leaves are broadly ovate or narrowly ovate, one- or twopinnatisect, with long petioles; the leaves are mostly withered at anthesis; the middle leaves are ovate or narrowly ovate, 5.5–12.5(–14.5) cm long, 4.5–8.5(–12) cm wide, one- to two-pinnatisect, rarely pinnatiparted; there are three to four (five) lobes on each side. The inflorescence is oblong, 1.5–2.5(–3) mm in diam., sessile, without bracts basally, several or more than ten arranged in dense spikes on branchlets, in compound spikes on branches, and in open or slightly spreading panicles on the uppermost stems, rarely in narrowly conic panicles; the involucral bracts are three- to four-seriate, nearly membranous, glabrous abaxially; the outer bracts are slightly shortly ovate; there are three to six female florets; the corollas are narrowly tubular; the styles are slender, apically two-forked, blunt on the fork end; there are four to ten bisexual florets; the corollas are tubular; the anthers are elliptic, apically with acute appendages, narrowly triangular, basally obtuse; the styles are as long as the corollas, apically two-forked, slightly truncate and ciliate at the fork end. The achenes are obovoid or obovoid-oblong. The flowering and fruiting period is August to November. Habitat: It grows on the grassy slopes, forest edge, and wilderness. Distribution: It’s distributed in west, southwest, south, southeast of China, and south of Shaanxi, as well as in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Singapore, India, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Regulating qi, promoting blood circulation, regulating meridians, promoting diuresis, detoxicating, and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, nephritis, edema, leucorrhea, urticaria, abdominal distention, and hernia, as well as for external treatment of bruises, bleeding, burn, sore, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 9–18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application or dried products ground to powder and sprinkled to the affected areas. The pregnant women shouldn’t take it.

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4.13  Family: Compositae 4.13.1  Artemisia lavandulaefolia Chinese Name(s): ye ai hao, yin di hao, ye ai, xiao ye ai, xia ye ai. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Artemisia lavandulaefolia (Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, aromatic, 50–120 cm tall, with longitudinal ribs; the stems and branches are covered with gray white arachnoid pubescence. The leaves are papery, green, with dense white glands, sparsely gray white

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arachnoid pubescent, then glabrous or subglabrous; the basal and the lowermost leaves are broadly ovate or subrounded, 8–13 cm long, 7–8 cm wide, two-pinnatisect or two-pinnatipartite, long petiolate, withered at anthesis. The middle leaves are ovate, oblong, or subrounded, 6–8 cm long, 5–7 cm wide, one- to two-pinnatisect or two-pinnatipartite, two- to three-lobed on each side. The capitula are many, elliptic or oblong, 2–2.5 mm in diam., short or subsessile, with small bracts, in dense spikes or compound branches, forming a narrowly and sparsely spreading panicle on the stems; the involucral bracts are three- to four-seriate; the outer involucral bracts are slightly small, ovate or narrowly ovate, abaxially gray white or grayish yellow arachnoid pubescent, narrowly membranous at margins; the middle involucral bracts are narrowly ovate, abaxially sparsely arachnoid pubescent, broadly membranous at margins; the inner involucral bracts are narrowly rounded or ovate, nearly membranous, abaxially nearly glabrous; the peduncles are small, raised; there are four to nine female florets; the corollas are narrowly tubular, with two teeth at brim ministry, purplish red; the styles are linear, exserted out of the corolla, apically twoforked, acute at the fork end; there are 10–20 bisexual florets; the corollas are tubular, brim ministry being purple red; the anthers are linear, apically with acute appendages, narrowly triangular, basally mucronulate; the styles are as long as or slightly longer than corolla, apically two-forked, flat at the fork end, fan-shaped. The achenes are narrowly ovate or obovate. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on roadsides, forest margins, hillsides, grasslands, valleys, and bushwood in low to medium elevations. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Henan, as well as in Japan, Korea, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Warming the meridians and stopping bleeding, dispersing cold and relieving pain, dispelling dampness, and stopping itching, it is often used for treatment of hematemesis, hemorrhage, hemoptysis, hematochezia, metrorrhagia, bleeding during pregnancy, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, restless fetal movement, cold pain in the heart and abdomen, chronic diarrhea, cholera cramp, morbid leucorrhea, eczema, scabies, hemorrhoids, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application, or dried products made into moxa stick for moxibustion, or decocted in water for washing the affected areas.

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4.14  Family: Compositae 4.14.1  Artemisia princeps Chinese Name(s): kui hao, ai hao, ye peng tou, wu yue ai. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Artemisia princeps (Artemisia princeps Pamp.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are few, in a rosette or solitary, 60–150 cm tall, sparsely arachnoid puberulent, then glabrescent on lowermost stem. The leaves are thickly papery or papery, adaxially dark green, glabrous, abaxially densely gray white arachnoid tomentose; the lowermost leaves are ovate or elliptic-ovate, one- or two-pinnatipartite, with two lobes on each side; the lobes are oblong or oblong-elliptic, long petiolate, withered at anthesis; the middle leaves are ovate or ovate-elliptic, 6–12 cm long, 4–8 cm wide, pinnatipartite or rarely pinnatisect; the segments are in two (or three) pairs. The capitula are many, oblong or narrowly ovate, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., dense, decumbent, with minute bracteoles at base; the involucral bracts are three- to four-seriate, imbricate; the outer involucral bracts are small, ovate or narrowly ovate, abaxially green and sparsely arachnoid puberulent, narrowly membranous at margins; the middle involucral bracts are oblong or elliptic, abaxially sparsely arachnoid puberulent, with green midrib, broadly membranous at margins; the inner involucral bracts are oblong-obovate, semi-membranous, lacerate at margins; the receptacles are small, raised; there are five to seven female florets; the corollas are narrowly tubular, with two teeth at brim ministry; the styles are exserted out of the corolla, apically two-forked, acute at the fork end; there are four to nine bisexual florets; the corollas are tubular, yellow or brim ministry being purplish red, sparsely glandular outside; the anthers are linear, apically with acute appendages, narrowly triangular, basally slightly acute; the styles are subequal to corolla, apically two-forked, truncate at the fork end, ciliate. The achenes are elliptic or obovate-elliptic. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows in wilderness, valley, and hillside grassland. Distribution: It’s distributed in southwest, south, and east of China, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Liaoning, and other provinces, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Expelling wind and swelling, relieving pain and itching, regulating menstruation, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of migraine, irregular menstruation, rheumatism, cold, and cough. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.15  Family: Compositae 4.15.1  Aster baccharoides Chinese Name(s): bai she zi wan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Aster baccharoides (Aster baccharoides Steetz.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial subshrub. The stems are erect, 50–100 cm tall, many-branched; the young branches are densely strigose; the old branches are grayish brown, angled, glabrescent. The lowermost leaves are oblong, 4–10  cm long, 1–1.8 cm wide, sparsely serrate to serrulate at margins; the middle leaves are oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2–2.5 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm wide, apically acute, entire or serrulate on the upper part, attenuate to rounded at base, adaxially strigose, abaxially with short hair or minutely stipitate glandular, or only strigose on the vein, midvein being prominent abaxially; the lateral veins are in three to four pairs, sessile or shortly petiolate; the upper leaves are small, nearly entire at margins. The capitula are 1.5–2 cm in diam., in terminal or axillary corymbiform to paniculiform synflorescences; the peduncles are short or long; the bracts are very small and dense; the bracts are triangularly cup-shaped; the phyllaries are four- to seven-seriate; the outer bracts are ovate-orbicular, apically acute; the inner bracts are lanceolate-­ oblong, apically obtuse, abaxially or distally densely strigose, membranous and ciliate at margins; there are more than ten ray florets, which are white; the disk florets have five lobes at brim ministry; the styles have appendages apically. The achenes are narrowly oblong, slightly compressed, with ribs on both surfaces, with short hairs; the pappi are white, one-seriate, with some subequal or a few short slender bristles. The flowering period is from July to October; the fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on hillside, roadside, grassland, and sandy land at an elevation of 50–900 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Zhejiang of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, bleeding of gums, boils, and scabies. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.16  Family: Compositae 4.16.1  Aster tataricus Chinese Name(s): zi wan, xiao bian er. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and rhizomes of Aster tataricus (Aster tataricus Linn. f.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 50–120 cm tall, with short and thick rhizome, oblique, densely with many fibrous roots. The stems are erect, stout, usually unbranched or distally branched, with longitudinal ribs, sparsely strigose. The

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basal leaves are tufted, long petiolate, elliptic-spatulate, basally decurrent, about 20–50 cm long, 4–13 cm wide; the cauline leaves are alternate, sessile or slightly winged petiolate, oblong or lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate at margins, strigillose on both surfaces, midvein prominent abaxially. The capitula are many, in corymbiform synflorescences, 2.5–3.5 cm in diam.; the peduncles are covered with short bristle; the bracts are linear. The involucres are hemispherical; the phyllaries are three- to four-seriate, imbricate, linear or linear-lanceolate; there are ray florets at margins, female, blue purple; the laminae are 1.5–1.8 cm in length, 2.5–3.5 mm in width; the tubes are about 2 mm in length; there is one style, with forked stigma; the disk florets are bisexual, yellow, 6–7  mm long, apically fivetoothed; the anthers are slender; the ovaries are inferior, with forked stigma. The achenes are compressed, white. The flowering period is from August to September; the fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in low mountains, shady slopes, wetlands, grasslands, ditches, and other places. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, and Gansu, as well as in North Korea, Japan, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and rhizomes are dug up in late autumn, when the leaves on the ground wither; removed the stems, leaves, hairy adventitious roots, and withered leaf residues; washed and dried in the sun or dried for a while; braided; and then dried thoroughly in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The rhizome of this product is irregular block with different sizes, with residues of the stem and leaf on the top. It’s slightly hard in quality. The rhizomes are clustered with many fine roots, which are 3–15  cm long, 1–3 mm in diameter, mostly braided. It is purplish red on surfaces, with longitudinal wrinkles, relatively flexible, slightly fragrant in odor, and sweet and slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. Functions: Moistening the lungs and lowering Qi, dispelling phlegm, and stopping coughing, it’s often used for treatment of cough and asthma with phlegm, acute and chronic coughing, over-strained cough, and hemoptysis. Use and Dosage: 5–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough due to tuberculosis and blood in phlegm—Aster tataricus, Anemarrhena, Fritillaria thun-bergli, donkey-hide gelatin (stir-fried with clam powder), radix glehniae, radix stemonae, 10 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: deficiency and cold of lung qi, cough, and wheeze—Aster tataricus 10 g, almond 10 g, Codonopsis pilosula 12 g, Astragalus 12 g, rhizoma zingiberis, Schisandra chinensis, each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.17  Family: Compositae 4.17.1  Atractylodes lancea Chinese Name(s): cang shu, chi shu. Source: This medicine is made of the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea (Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, with horizontal or ascending rhizome. The stems are erect, stout, (15–)30–100 cm tall, solitary or tufted, often purplish red in adaxial portion, unbranched or apically few-branched, sparsely arachnoid hairs or glabrous. The leaves are papery or nearly leathery; the basal leaves are withered at anthesis; the lower cauline leaves are ovate or long-ovate, 8–12 cm long, 5–8 cm wide, undivided or divided almost to base, basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, subsessile or attenuate into shortly petiolate; the lateral segments are in 1–2(–4) pairs, unequal or nearly equal, ovate or elliptic, 1.5–4.5 cm wide; the middle and upper leaves are narrowly obovate, narrowly obovate-elliptic or oblanceolate, undivided, sometimes the basal lobes have small spiny, apically shortly acuminate, basally cuneate, glabrous on both surfaces. The capitula are solitary on top of stems and branches; the involucres are campanulate, and the basal bracts are pinnatisect or deeply lobed; the segments have spines at apex; the phyllaries are five- to seven-seriate; the outer phyllaries are ovate or ovate lanceolate; the middle and inner phyllaries are narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic or linear, apically obtuse or rounded, basally with sparse arachnoid hairs, sometimes red purple on distal portion; the corollas of disk floret are white. The achenes are obovoid, with white hairs; the pappi are brown or gray white, connate into a ring at base. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to October. Habitat: It grows in grasslands, forests, thickets, and rock crevices at low to medium elevation. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Sichuan, as well as in North Korea and Russia.

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Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are harvested in spring and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is irregular, filiform or nodular cylindrical, slightly curved, occasionally branched, 3–10 cm long and 1–2 cm in diameter, grayish brown, with wrinkles, transverse lines, and residual fibrous roots on surfaces and with stem marks or residual stem base apically. It’s solid, yellowish white or grayish white on cross sections, scattered with many orange-yellow or brownish red vittae. If exposed for a little longer, there are white fine needle-like crystals precipitated. It’s special in odor, sweet, pungent, and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian of the spleen, stomach, and liver. Functions: Drying dampness and invigorating the spleen, dispelling wind-damp, and brightening the eyes, it’s often used for treatment of the spleen and stomach stranded by dampness, languor and sleepiness, abdominal distension, nausea, poor appetite, diarrhea and weakness, phlegm and retained fluid, dampness and swelling, exterior syndrome with dampness, no perspiration, pain and heaviness of the head and body, rheumatism and arthralgia, and sore of limbs. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Patients with Yin deficiency and internal heat, in addition to qi deficiency and hidrosis, are improper to use it.

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4.18  Family: Compositae 4.18.1  Atractylodes macrocephala Chinese Name(s): bai shu, yu shu, dong shu, zhe shu, zhong shu. Source: This medicine is made of the rhizomes of Atractylodes macrocephala (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 80 cm; the rhizomes are thick, often tuberous. The stems are erect, with longitudinal stripes, long-branched, basally wooden, glabrous. The leaves are alternate, leathery, undivided at distal portion, elliptic or oblong, 5–12 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally narrow and decurrent, densely spiny serrate at margins, green on both surfaces, glabrous; the petioles are about 3 cm long; the lower leaves are large, divided near the base

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into three to five segments, margins being the same spiny serrate as distal leaves; the petioles are 6 cm long or longer. The capitula are solitary and terminal, 3–4 cm in diam.; the involucres are campanulate; the phyllaries are nine- to ten-seriate, imbricate, apically obtuse, with arachnoid hairs at margins; the middle and outer phyllaries are triangular or narrowly ovate; the inner phyllaries are lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, apically purplish red; there are one-seriate bracts surrounding the phyllaries, which are green, 3–4 cm long, pinnatisect. The bisexual disk florets open in autumn, purplish red; the corollas are about 1.5 cm long, limb being deeply five-­ lobed; the styles are shortly branched, triangular. The achenes are compressed, obconic, about 8  mm long, with white hairs. The pappi are gray white, feathery, connate into a ring at base. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on hillside at an elevation of 800–1800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi, and northern Guangdong. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are harvested in winter, when the lower leaves are yellow and withered and the upper leaves become brittle, removed the silt, dried in the sun or over fire, and then cut off the fibrous roots. Medicinal Properties: The product is nodular, shaped like a fist, 3–13 cm long and 2–7 cm in diameter, brownish yellow or grayish brown on surfaces, with nodular protuberances, fine longitudinal wrinkles, and fibrous root marks. There is residue of stem base apically. It is hard, difficult to break, uneven on sections, yellowish white to light brown, with cracks and brown vittae, fragrant in odor, sweet, pungent in taste and slightly sticky. The products stout, plump, solid, and heavy are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian of the spleen and stomach. Functions: Invigorating the spleen and qi, drying dampness and promoting diuresis, stopping perspiration, and preventing miscarriage, it’s often used for treatment of spleen deficiency, loss of appetite, abdominal distention, diarrhea, dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea, phlegm, edema, spontaneous sweating, and fetal irritability. Use and Dosage: 4.5–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic diarrhea—Atractylodes macrocephala 12 g, Codonopsis pilosula 12 g, Psoralea corylifolia 9 g, medicated leaven 9 g, baked ginger 6 g, prepared licorice 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fetal irritability—Atractylodes macrocephala, Angelica sinensis, Scutellaria baicalensis, Paeonia lactiflora, each 9  g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: otogenic vertigo—Atractylodes macrocephala 30 g, Codonopsis pilosula 15 g, Poria cocos 12 g, Rhizoma alismatis 18 g, Achyranthes bidentata 9 g, decocted in water for ora1 use, one dose per day.

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4.19  Family: Compositae 4.19.1  Bidens bipinnata Chinese Name(s): po po zhen, gui zhen cao, ci zhen cao, mang chang cao, yi bao zhen, zhan shen cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Bidens bipinnata (Bidens bipinnata Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect, 30–120 cm tall, slightly four-angled at lower part, glabrous or sparsely pilose on distal portion, 2–7 cm in diameter at base. The leaves are opposite, abaxially slightly raised or flat, adaxially grooved, sparsely pubescent at margins and inside, 5–14  cm long,

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two-pinnatifid, deeply lobed to the middle rib at first, and pinnatifid again; the segments are triangular or lanceolate, one to two pairs notched or deeply lobed, apically acuminate, sparsely and irregularly serrate at margins, sparsely hirtellous on both surfaces, petiolate; the petioles are 2–6 cm long. The capitula are 6–10 mm in diam.; the peduncles are 1–5 cm long; the involucres are cupulate, basally pilose; there are five to seven outer phyllaries, which are linear, 2.5 mm long in anthesis, 5 mm long in fruit, herbaceous, apically obtuse, densely pubescent; the inner phyllaries are membranous, elliptic, 3.5–4 mm long, elongated to narrowly lanceolate after anthesis, 6–8 mm long at fruit, abaxially brown, pubescent, yellow at margins; the paleae are narrowly lanceolate, about 5 mm long, up to 12 mm long at fruit; there are usually one to three ray florets, which are sterile; the laminae are yellow, elliptic or obovate lanceolate, 4–5  mm long, 2.5–3.2  mm wide, apically two- to three-toothed; the disk florets are tubular, yellow, 4.5  mm long, limb being five-­ toothed. The achenes are linear to linear-fusiform, slightly compressed, three- to four-angled, 12–18  mm long, ca. 1  mm wide, with bristles and tuberculate; the pappi are in (two or) three or four erect to divergent, 3–4 mm long, with retrorsely barbed awns. Habitat: It grows on roadside, wasteland, hillside, and ridge. Distribution: It’s distributed widely throughout China, as well as in Asia, Europe, America, and eastern Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind, and activating blood circulation, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, sore throat, acute appendicitis, acute icteric infectious hepatitis, dyspepsia, rheumatoid joint pain, and malaria, as well as for external treatment of sore and boil, snakebite, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute icteric infectious hepatitis—Bidens bipinnata 75 g, Glechoma longituba 60 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute gastroenteritis—Bidens bipinnata 15–30 g, Asiatic plantain 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. In cases with vomiting, add five pieces of ginger to the prescription, and in cases with abdominal pain, add two koji. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: simple dyspepsia in children—(a) Bidens bipinnata 3–15 g, decocted for two times, and taken two to four times. In cases with vomiting, add two pieces of ginger, and in cases of diarrhea, add 6 g of Asiatic plantain. (b) Three to six fresh plants of Bidens bipinnata, decocted in water and concentrated and put in the bucket with the dregs. Fumigate the feet of

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the child while the decoctum is hot, generally three to four times, for about 5 minutes each time. Fumigate to the arch of the foot at the age of 1–5, and fumigate to the instep of the foot at the age of 6–15. In severe cases with diarrhea, the patient could be fumigated to the leg. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute appendicitis—The whole plant of Bidens bipinnata is cut up, added with or soaked in 75% alcohol for 2–3 days, and then applied to the affected areas.

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4.20  Family: Compositae 4.20.1  Bidens biternata Chinese Name(s): jin zhan yin pan, gui zhen cao, huang hua wu, huang hua mu, xia qian cao, jin bei yin zhan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Bidens biternata (Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. et Sherff.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect, 30–150 cm tall, slightly four-angled, glabrous or loosely crisp pilose, 1–9 mm in diam. at base. The leaves are one-pinnatifid; the terminal segments are ovate to narrowly obovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–7 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, densely serrate at margins, sometimes deeply lobed to a small segment on one side, soft pubescent on both surfaces; the lateral leaflets are in one to two pairs, ovate or ovate-oblong; the pair of leaflets near apex are slightly smaller, usually undivided, basally decurrent, sessile or shortly petiolate; the lower pair leaflets are subequal to terminal ones, obviously petiolate, ternate or only one-lobed on one side, with elliptic segments, serrate at margins; the petioles are 1.5–5 cm long, glabrous or sparsely pilose. The capitula are 7–10  mm in diam.; the peduncles are 1.5–5.5  cm long, 4.5–11 cm long at fruit; the involucres are pubescent at base; there are eight to ten outer phyllaries, which are herbaceous, linear, 3–6.5 mm long, apically acute, abaxially densely pubescent; the inner phyllaries are elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 5–6 mm long, abaxially brown, with longitudinal stripes, pubescent; there are usually three to five ray florets, which are sterile; the laminae are yellowish, narrowly elliptic, about 4  mm long, 2.5–3  mm wide, apically three-toothed, or sometimes without ray florets; the disk florets are tubular, 4–5.5  mm long, limb being five-­ toothed. The achenes are linear, black, 9–19  mm long, 1  mm wide, four-angled, slightly narrow at both ends, with many small bristles; there are three to four pappus awns, which are 3–4 mm long, retrorsely barbed. Habitat: It grows along roadside and on wasteland, hillside, and ridge. Distribution: It’s distributed throughout China, as well as in Asia, Europe, America, and eastern Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind, and activating blood circulation, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, sore throat, acute appendicitis, acute icteric infectious hepatitis, dyspepsia, rheumatoid joint pain, and malaria, as well as for external treatment of sore and boil, snakebite, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.21  Family: Compositae 4.21.1  Bidens pilosa Chinese Name(s): gui zhen cao, ci zhen cao, mang chang cao, yi bao zhen, nian shen cao, po po zhen, gang cha cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Bidens pilosa (Bidens pilosa Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect, branched, pubescent, 30–100 cm tall. The leaves are petiolate, pinnately one-lobed, with three (five or seven) leaflets, sometimes simple on the lower part; the terminal leaflets are large, oblong or ovate-oblong, 3.5–7 cm long, 2.5–3.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate or subrounded, with petiole 1–2 cm long; the lateral leaflets are usually small, elliptic or ovate, 2–4.5 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, apically acute, serrate at margins, glabrescent on both surfaces, shortly petiolate; the upper leaves are small, three-lobed or undivided, serrate at margins. The capitula are subglobose; the peduncles are 1–6 cm long, 3–10 cm at fruit; there are seven to eight phyllaries, which are herbaceous, slightly hairy at base and margins; the outer phyllaries are lanceolate, scarious; the inner phyllaries are linear-lanceolate; the ray florets are absent; the disk florets are bisexual; the corollas are yellow brown, apically five-­toothed. The achenes are oblong, slightly compressed, about 1 cm long, black, angulate, sparsely tuberculate-hispidulous to strigillose on the upper half; the pappi are three to four retrorse barbed awns. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to November. Habitat: It grows beside village, road, and wasteland. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions in East China, central China, South China, and southwest China, as well as in the tropics of Asia and America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind, and activating blood circulation, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, sore throat, acute appendicitis, acute icteric infectious hepatitis, dyspepsia, rheumatoid joint pain, and malaria, as well as for external treatment of sore and boil, snakebite, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute icteric infectious hepatitis—Bidens bipinnata 75 g, Glechoma longituba 60 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute gastroenteritis—Bidens bipinnata 15–30 g, Asiatic plantain 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. In cases with vomiting, add five pieces of ginger to the prescription, and in cases with abdominal pain, add two koji. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: simple dyspepsia in children—(a) Bidens bipinnata 3–15 g, decocted for two times and taken two to four times. In cases

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with vomiting, add two pieces of ginger, and in cases of diarrhea, add 6 g of Asiatic plantain. (b) Three to six fresh plants of Bidens bipinnata, decocted in water and concentrated and put in the bucket with the dregs. Fumigate the feet of the child while the decoctum is hot, generally three to four times, for about 5 minutes each time. Fumigate to the arch of the foot at the age of 1–5, and fumigate to the instep of foot at the age of 6–15. In severe cases with diarrhea, the patient could be fumigated to the leg. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute appendicitis—The whole plant of Bidens bipinnata is cut up, added with or soaked in 75% alcohol for 2–3 days, and then applied to the affected areas. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: burn and scald—Appropriate amount of Bidens pilosa leaves, mashed and taken the juice to smear on the affected area. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by knocks and falls—Fresh Bidens pilosa 60 g, added with y of white wine, decocted in water. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Bidens pilosa 30  g, jujube 5, decocted in water for oral use twice a day.

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4.22  Family: Compositae 4.22.1  Bidens pilosa var. radiata Chinese Name(s): san ye gui zhen cao, gui zhen cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Bidens pilosa var. radiata (Bidens pilosa Linn. var. radiata Sch.-Bip.). Morphology: The plants are annual herbs. The stems are erect, 30–100 cm tall, four-angled, glabrous or sparsely pilose on the upper half, up to 6 mm in diam. at base; the lower cauline leaves are smaller, three-lobed or undivided, usually withered before anthesis; the middle leaves have 1.5–5-cm-long wingless petioles, pinnately compound, with three leaflets or sometime 5(–7) leaflets; the leaflets are elliptic or ovate-elliptic on both sides, 2–4.5  cm long, 1.5–2.5  cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate or subrounded, sometimes oblique, shortly petiolate, serrate at margins; the terminal leaflets are large, oblong or ovate, 3.5–7 cm long, apically acuminate, base tapering into subrounded, with a 1–2-cm-long petiole, serrate at margins, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; the upper leaves are small, three-­ lobed or undivided, lanceolate. The capitula are 8–9 mm in diam.; the peduncles are 1–6 cm long, 3–10 mm long in fruit; there are five to seven ray florets at margins of capitula; the laminae are elliptic-obovate, white, 5–8 mm long, 3.5–5 mm wide, apically obtuse or notched. The involucres are pubescent at base; there are seven to eight phyllaries, which are spatulate, slightly wider on the upper half, 3–4 mm long in anthesis, 5 mm long in fruit, herbaceous, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous; the outer paleae are linear-lanceolate, 5–6  mm long in fruit, scarious, abaxially brown, yellow at margins; the inner paleae are narrow, linear-lanceolate. The achenes are black, linear, slightly compressed, angulate, 7–13 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, sparsely tuberculate-hispidulous to strigillose on the upper half; the pappi are three to four retrorse barbed awns, 1.5–2.5 mm long. Habitat: It grows beside village, road, and wasteland.

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Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions in East China, central China, and southwest China, as well as in the tropics of Asia and America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind, and activating blood circulation, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, sore throat, acute appendicitis, acute icteric infectious hepatitis, dyspepsia, rheumatoid joint pain, and malaria, as well as for external treatment of sore and boil, snakebite, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute icteric infectious hepatitis—Bidens bipinnata 75 g, Glechoma longituba 60 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute gastroenteritis—Bidens bipinnata 15–30 g, Asiatic plantain 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. In cases with vomiting, add five pieces of ginger to the prescription, and in cases with abdominal pain, add two koji. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: simple dyspepsia in children—(a) Bidens bipinnata 3–15 g, decocted for two times and taken two to four times. In cases with vomiting, add two pieces of ginger, and in cases of diarrhea, add 6 g of Asiatic plantain. (b) Three to six fresh plants of Bidens bipinnata, decocted in water and concentrated and put in the bucket with the dregs. Fumigate the feet of the child while the decoctum is hot, generally three to four times, for about 5 minutes each time. Fumigate to the arch of the foot at the age of 1–5, and fumigate to the instep of the foot at the age of 6–15. In severe cases with diarrhea, the patient could be fumigated to the leg. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute appendicitis—The whole plant of Bidens bipinnata is cut up, added with or soaked in 75% alcohol for 2–3 days, and then applied to the affected areas.

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4.23  Family: Compositae 4.23.1  Bidens tripartita Chinese Name(s): lang ba cao, dou zha cai, lang ye cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Bidens tripartita (Bidens tripartita Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are 20–150 cm tall, cylindric or angled, slightly quadrate, 2–7 mm in diam. at base, glabrous, green or purplish, branched on the upper half or sometimes at base. The leaves are opposite, smaller in lower half, undivided, serrate at margins, usually withered at anthesis; the middle leaves are petiolate; the petioles are 0.8–2.5 cm long, narrowly winged; the leaves are glabrous or sparsely hirtellous, 4–13 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, rarely undivided or shallowly lobed into two small lobes near the base, usually deeply three- or five-lobed, lobed near to the midrib; the segments are lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate on both surfaces, 3–7 cm long, 8–12 mm wide; the terminal segments are large, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 5–11  cm long, 1.5–3  cm wide, narrowed on both surfaces; the lateral segments are sparsely serrate at margins; the upper leaves are smaller, lanceolate, trifid or undivided. The capitula are solitary, 1–3 cm in diam., 1–1.5 cm long, with long peduncles; the involucres are discoid; there are five to nine outer phyllaries, which are linear or spatulate oblanceolate, 1–3.5 cm long, apically obtuse, ciliate, leaflike; the inner phyllaries are oblong or ovate lanceolate, 6–9 mm long, membranous, brown, with longitudinal stripes, hyaline or light yellow at margins; the paleae are linear-lanceolate, nearly equaling to achenes, with brown stripes abaxially, hyaline at margins; the florets are tubular and bisexual, without ray florets; the corollas are 4–5 mm long, apically four-lobed; the anthers are basally blunt, apically with elliptic appendages; the filaments are wider on the upper half. The achenes are compressed, cuneate or obovate cuneate, 6–11 mm long, 2–3 mm wide; there are retrorse barbs at margins; there are usually

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two or rarely three of four barbed awns at apex, which are 2–4  mm long, with retrorse barbs on both surfaces. Habitat: It grows on wild roadsides and in fields and wetlands. Distribution: It’s distributed in Northeast China, North China, East China, central China, Southwest China, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, and other places, as well as in Mexico, North Korea, Britain, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, nourishing Yin and arresting sweating, it’s often used for treatment of cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, enteritis, dysentery, hepatitis, urinary tract infection, tuberculosis, night sweating, and amenorrhea, as well as for external treatment for furuncle, eczema, and dermatophytosis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, appropriate amounts of fresh herbs are mashed for application or ground and taken the juice for smearing to the affected areas.

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4.24  Family: Compositae 4.24.1  Blumea balsamifera Chinese Name(s): ai na xiang, bing pian ai, da feng ai, da wen ai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Blumea balsamifera (Blumea balsamifera (Linn.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, 1–3 m tall, grayish brown, longitudinally ribbed, densely lanate-villous, with yellowish white hairs. The lower and middle cauline leaves are broadly elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 22–25 cm long, 8–10 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, serrulate at margins, basally attenuate, abaxially densely silky-lanate, adaxially rugose and pilose with obtuse multicellular hairs; the main veins are abaxially raised; the lateral veins are in (10)11–15 pairs; the reticulate veins are inconspicuous; the petioles are short, with three to five pairs of narrowly linear appendages on two sides; the upper cauline leaves are oblong-­lanceolate or ovatelanceolate, 7–12 cm long, 1.5–3.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, margins being entire, serrulate or pinnatifid, basally slightly attenuate, sessile or shortly petiolate, often with three to five pairs of narrowly linear appendages on two sides. The capitula are 5–8  mm, many; the peduncles are 5–8  mm long, densely yellow brown pilose, in spreading pyramidal panicles; the involucres are campanulate; the phyllaries are about six series, herbaceous; the outer phyllaries are oblong, apically obtuse or mucronulate, abaxially densely pilose; the middle and inner phyllaries are linear, apically slightly acute, abaxially sparsely pilose, longer than the outer phyllaries; the receptacles are alveolate; the female florets are many; the corollas are tubular, with two- or

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four-toothed limb, glabrous; the disk florets are few; the corollas are yellow, with fivetoothed limb, lobes being pubescent. The achenes are cylindric, five-angled, densely pilose; the pappi are reddish brown, hispid. The flowering period is year-round. Habitat: It grows on the hillside. Distribution: It’s distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and slightly bitter in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to meridians of the heart, spleen, and lungs. Functions: Dispelling wind and swelling, promoting blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, it’s often used for treatment of cold, rheumatoid arthritis, postpartum pain due to wind, and dysmenorrhea, as well as for external treatment for bruise, furuncle, carbuncle, eczema, and dermatitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, appropriate amounts of fresh leaves are mashed for application or decocted and used for washing the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatoid arthritis—Blumea balsamifera 30 g and Spatholobus stem 30 g, radix zanthoxyli 6 g, decocted in water or alcohol for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysmenorrhea—Blumea balsamifera root 30 g, Leonurus heterophyllus 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pustules—Blumea balsamifera, Sophorae flavescentis, Elephantopus scaber, and Schizonepeta each 15  g, Dictamnus dasycarpus and honeysuckle leaf each 30 g, piper betel leaf 9 g, cape jasmine 12 g, decocted in water and used for washing the affected area, one dose per day.

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4.25  Family: Compositae 4.25.1  Blumea formosana Chinese Name(s): tai bei ai na xiang, tai wan ai na xiang, li bai ai na xiang, mei li ai na xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Blumea formosana (Blumea formosana Kitam.). Morphology: The plant is an herb. The stems are erect, 40–100 cm tall, white villous. The basal leaves withered at anthesis; the middle leaves are subsessile, papery or thinly papery, narrowly or broadly obovate-oblong, 12–20  cm long, 4–6.5  cm wide, basally attenuate, apically mucronulate or obtuse, regularly and remotely mucronulate at margins, puberulent adaxially, appressed white lanate

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abaxially, with dense glands; the midveins are raised on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in 9–11 pairs; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, oblong or oblong-­ lanceolate, 5–12 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, basally attenuate, apically mucronulate or acuminate. The capitula are few to many, about 1 cm in diam., in lax terminal panicles; the peduncles are 5–10  mm long, white pilose; the involucres are globose-­ campanulate, about 1  cm long; the phyllaries are in three or four series, nearly membranous, green; the outer phyllaries are linear-lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, apically slightly acute or obtuse, with numerous sessile glands and multicellular hairs on the surfaces; the middle phyllaries are linear-oblong, 4–5  mm long, apically obtuse; the inner phyllaries are linear, about 8.5  mm long, apically caudate-­ acuminate; the receptacles are flat, ca. 3 mm in diam., alveolate, glabrous; the florets are yellow; the female florets are many; the corollas are tubular, about 6 mm long, with three-toothed limb, glabrous; the bisexual florets are few; the corollas are tubular, about 7 mm long, with shallowly five-toothed limb; the lobes are ovate-triangle, with dense glands. The achenes are cylindric, ten-angled, about 1 mm long, white glandular hairy; the pappi are gray yellow or yellow white, strigose, about 6 mm long. The flowering period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on roadside, wasteland, field edge, valley, and hilly grass at low elevation area. Distribution: It’s distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Taiwan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and bland in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of coughing due to heat in lungs, dysentery due to damp heat, abdominal pain, diarrhea, carbuncle, sore, and pyretic strangury. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.26  Family: Compositae 4.26.1  Blumea lacera Chinese Name(s): jian shuang huang, hong tou cao, huang hua di dan tou. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Blumea lacera (Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, with thick roots and many-branched. The stems are erect, 18–100 cm tall, unbranched or mostly short branched at the upper half, ribbed, densely velutinous with white silky hairs or glandular trichomes.

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The lower and middle cauline leaves are sessile or petiolate, obovate or obovate-­ oblong, 7–15 cm long, 3–10 cm wide, apically obtuse, doubly serrate or sometimes slightly variously lyrately lobed at margins, basally cuneate or long cuneate, decurrent into petiole-like, adaxially covered with white silky hairs or short hairs, abaxially densely silky hairs or tomentose; the midveins are slightly raised abaxially; the lateral veins are in four to six pairs; the reticulate veins are inconspicuous; the middle and upper leaves are obovate-oblong or oblong, undivided, apically rounded or mucronulate, irregularly various serrate at upper margins, or sometimes entire, covered with white silky hairs on both surfaces, sessile or shortly petiolate. The capitula are many, 5–6.5 mm in diam., in axillary and terminal dense to lax panicles; the involucres are narrowly tubular; the phyllaries are in two or three series, linear, herbaceous or inside scarious at margin, reflexed after anthesis, densely covered with white silky hairs outside, densely ciliate; the receptacles are flat, glabrous; the female florets are many; the corollas are finely tubular, with three-toothed limb, glabrous; there are about 15 sexual disk florets; the corollas are yellow, with shallowly five-toothed limb, with sparse hairs and glands. The achenes are oblong, slightly angulate, glabrous or sparsely hairy; the pappi are white, strigose. The flowering period is from February to June. Habitat: It grows on wet grassy slope. Distribution: It’s distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in southeast Africa, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, reducing swelling, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of tonsillitis, stomatitis, gingival abscess, mumps, pneumonia in children, carbuncle, and pruritus. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tonsillitis and laryngitis—Blumea lacera 9–15 g (fresh product 15–30 g), decocted in water and taken one dose every day three times. The dosage should be reduced for children.

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4.27  Family: Compositae 4.27.1  Blumea laciniata Chinese Name(s): liu er ling, zou ma feng, diao zhong huang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Blumea laciniata (Blumea laciniata (Roxb.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a robust perennial herb. The stems are 0.5–1.5 m tall. The basal and lower cauline leaves are obovate-oblong or obovate, 10–30 cm long, 4–6 cm wide, apically mucronulate, runcinate lyrate on lower half; the terminal segments are large, ovate or ovate-oblong; the lateral segments are in two to three pairs, triangular to triangular-oblong, irregularly serrate or distantly dentate at margins, basally attenuate, decurrent into a winged petiole, adaxially strigose, abaxially sparsely pilose or glabrescent; the main veins are abaxially raised; the lateral veins are in five to seven pairs; the reticulate veins are unobvious or obvious; the petioles are 2–4 cm long; the middle and lower leaves are of the same shape, 6–10 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, irregularly serrate at margins, sometimes shallowly runcinate-lyrate, sessile; the upper leaves are very small, undivided, entire or toothed. The capitula are many, 6–8 mm in diam.; the peduncles are pilose with multicellular hairs and stipitate glands, in terminal, dense to lax panicles; the involucres are tubular to campanulate; the phyllaries are in five or six series, purplish red, often reflexed after anthesis; the outer phyllaries are linear, apically slightly obtuse, densely villous or sometimes with stipitate glands outside; the middle phyllaries are oblong-­lanceolate, acuminate, scarious at margins; the inner phyllaries are linear, abaxially sparsely hairy on the upper half; the receptacles are flat to slightly raised, alveolate, pubescent; the female florets are many; the corollas are tubular, with two- to three-toothed

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limb; the disk floret corollas are yellow, with five-lobed limb; the lobes are triangular, sparsely hairy. The achenes are cylindric, ten-ribbed, sparsely hirsute; the pappi are white, strigose. The flowering period is from October to May of the following year. Habitat: It grows in valleys and wilderness and on roadsides. Distribution: It’s distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indochina Peninsula, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Hawaii. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slight pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, unblocking meridians, and activating collaterals, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism, bone pain, headache, bruise, eczema, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute infections such as carbuncle, furuncle, cellulitis and erysipelas—Blumea laciniata, Senecio scandens, Melicope pteleifolia, each five portions, Dysphania ambrosioides two portions (Chenopodiaceae), ground into fine powder, added with rice wine to make wet powder, mixed with Vaseline, and smeared to the affected area.

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4.28  Family: Compositae 4.28.1  Blumea lanceolaria Chinese Name(s): qian tou ai na xiang, da ye ai na xiang, huo you cao, zou ma feng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Blumea lanceolaria (Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb or subshrub. The stems are erect, 1–3  m tall, longitudinally angulate, branched, glabrate or puberulent particularly on younger parts and in synflorescences. The lower and middle cauline

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leaves are thinly leathery, oblanceolate, narrowly oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, 15–30 cm long, 5–8 cm wide, apically mucronulate or acuminate, minutely or distantly serrate-­dentate at margins, basally attenuate and decurrent or sometimes attenuate into auriculate petiole, adaxially often rugose and glabrous, black when dry, abaxially glabrate, or puberulent with sparse multicellular hairs; the lateral veins are fine, in 13–20 pairs; the reticulate veins are obvious; the petioles are 2–3 cm long; the upper leaves are narrowly lanceolate or linearlanceolate, 7–15 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, basally gradually attenuate and decurrent into winged. The capitula are many, 6–10 mm in diam., sessile or shortly pedunculate, terminal, in a pyramidal panicle; the involucres are tubular to campanulate; the phyllaries are in five or six series, green or purplish red; the outer phyllaries are ovate lanceolate, apically slightly acute or obtuse, abaxially pubescent; the middle phyllaries are narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, apically acute, scarious at margins; the inner phyllaries are linear, sparsely hairy; the receptacles are flat, alveolate, densely pilose; the female florets are many; the corollas are tubular, with three-toothed limb, glabrous; the disk florets are few; the corollas are yellow, shallowly with five-lobed limb, with remote multicellular hairs. The achenes are cylindric, five-ribbed, pubescent; the pappi are light yellow to yellow brown, strigose. The flowering period is from January to April. Habitat: It grows in wet woodland or beside valley stream. Distribution: It’s distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, and Taiwan of China, as well as in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina Peninsula, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste and neutral in property and smells like kerosene. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, reducing swelling, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism, bone pain, headache, bruise, and postpartum joint pain. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by knocks and falls— Appropriate amount of fresh Blumea lanceolaria leaves are mashed, stirfried with wine for application, or decocted in water for washing the affected areas. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fresh Blumea lanceolaria leaf 60 g, decocted in water and taken with 15–30 g of wine.

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4.29  Family: Compositae 4.29.1  Blumea megacephala Chinese Name(s): da tou ai na xiang, dong feng cao, bai hua jiu li ming, hua ai na xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Blumea megacephala (Blumea megacephala (Randeria) Chang et Tseng). Morphology: The plant is a scandent subshrub. There are many branches, which are obviously grooved, sparsely covered with hairs or glabrescent. The lower and middle cauline leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong, 7–10 cm long, 2.5–4 cm wide, apically acute, remotely mucronulate or mucronulate-denticulate at margins, basally rounded, glabrous or minutely pilose adaxially, shiny, light black when dry,

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abaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulent; the main veins are abaxially raised; the lateral veins are in five to seven pairs; the reticulate veins are very obvious; the petioles are short; the upper leaves are small, ovate or ovate-oblong, mucronulate-­ denticulate at margins. The capitula are 1.5–2 cm in diam., in terminal and axillary lax panicles; the involucres are campanulate; the phyllaries are in three or four series; the outer phyllaries are thickly papery, small, ovate, abaxially densely covered with hairs; the middle and inner phyllaries are thinly papery, narrowly oblong, about two to three times as long as the outer ones; the receptacles are flat, densely white pilose; the female florets are many; the corollas are narrowly tubular, with two- to four-toothed limb, pubescent; the disk floret corollas are yellow, with white multicellular hairs, slightly enlarged at the upper half, with five-toothed limb. The achenes are cylindric, sparsely strigose, ten-ribbed; the pappi are white, strigose. The flowering period is from August to December. Habitat: It grows in valley thickets or forest margins. Distribution: It’s distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slight bitter and bland in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation, and regulating menstruation, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism and bone pain, injury caused by knocks and falls, postpartum metrorrhagia, and irregular menstruation, as well as for external treatment of sores and boils. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.30  Family: Compositae 4.30.1  Blumea mollis Chinese Name(s): rou mao ai na xiang, hong tou xiao xian, zi bei dao ti hu, zi hua cao, zi se cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Blumea mollis (Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merr.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are erect, 60–90 cm tall, branched or rarely unbranched, grooved, white villous, with glandular hairs. The lower cauline leaves are obovate, 7–9 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, apically obtuse, closely doubly serrate at margins, basally cuneate and gradually attenuate, densely silky villous on both surfaces, more denser abaxially; the midveins are abaxially obviously raised; the lateral veins are in five to seven pairs; the reticulate veins are obvious on both surfaces or only abaxially; the petioles are 0.5–1.5 cm long; the middle leaves are

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obovate to obovate-oblong, 3–5 cm long, 2.5–3 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally cuneate, shortly petiolate; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, subsessile. The capitula are many, 3–5 mm in diam., without peduncle or shortly pedunculate, usually three to five fascicled in the branches, forming a densely spiciform panicle, densely villous; the involucres are campanulate; the phyllaries are in three or four series, purple to reddish, reflexed after anthesis; the outer phyllaries are linear, abaxially densely softly villous and with multicellular hairs and glands; the middle and inner phyllaries are narrowly linear, scarious at margins, abaxially sparsely hairy; the receptacles are flat, without peduncle; the female florets are many; the corollas are tubular, with three-toothed limb, glabrous; there are ten disk florets, which are hermaphroditic, purplish red or white on the lower half of the corolla, limb being shallowly five-lobed, pubescent. The achenes are cylindric, pubescent; the pappi are white, strigose. The flowering period is year-round. Habitat: It grows on the dry shady slopes and roadsides. Distribution: It’s distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indochina Peninsula, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Northern Oceania. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Relieving inflammation, clearing heat, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of pneumonia, coughing and asthma, stomatitis, pleurisy, mastitis, and spring-warm syndrome due to wind heat. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: stomatitis—Several fresh leaves of Blumea mollis are rubbed, brewed in hot water, and swallowed slowly.

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4.31  Family: Compositae 4.31.1  Blumea oblongifolia Chinese Name(s): chang yuan ye ai na xiang, da huang cao, da hong cao, bai ye. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Blumea oblongifolia (Blumea oblongifolia Kitam). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 0.5–1.5 m tall, ribbed, velutinous particularly on the upper part; the internodes are 2–4 cm long. The basal leaves are withered or persistent at anthesis, usually smaller than the middle ones; the middle leaves are oblong or narrowly elliptic-oblong, 9–14  cm long, 3.5–5.5  cm wide, basally cuneate and gradually attenuate, subsessile, apically obtuse or mucronulate, reflexed and irregularly doubly serrate at margins, pubescent adaxially, villous abaxially; the midveins are raised on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in five to seven pairs; the reticulate veins are usually obvious abaxially; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, sessile, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 4–5.5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, with sharp teeth or sparse teeth at margins, sometimes entire. The capitula are many, 8–12 mm in diam., in a terminal spreading panicle; the peduncles are 2 cm long, densely villous; the involucres are globose-campanulate, about 1 cm long; the phyllaries are about four-seriate, green; the outer phyllaries are linear-lanceolate, 4–5 mm long, apically caudate-acuminate, abaxially densely villous; the middle and inner phyllaries are linear or linear-lanceolate, 7–7.5  mm long, apically caudate, scarious at margins, abaxially pilose; the receptacles are slightly raised, about 5 mm in diam., alveolate, remotely pilose; the florets are yellow; the female florets are many; the corollas are tubular, 5–5.5  mm long, with three- to four-toothed limb, lobes being glabrous; the central florets are few; the corollas are tubular, about 6 mm long, gradually expanding to the upper part, with five-lobed limb; the lobes

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are triangular, with dense glands and white multicellular hairs. The achenes are cylindric, 1–1.1 mm long, sparsely white hirsute, ribbed; the pappi are white, strigose, 5–6 mm long. The flowering period is from August to April of the next year. Habitat: It grows on roadsides, fields, grasslands, valleys, and streams at low elevation. Distribution: It is distributed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, and Taiwan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly pungent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of acute tracheitis, dysentery, enteritis, acute glomerulonephritis, urinary tract infection, multiple boils, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

Chapter 5

Medicinal Angiosperms of Compositae (cont. I) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 5.1  F  amily: Compositae 5.1.1  Carpesium abrotanoides 5.2  Family: Compositae 5.2.1  Carpesium cernuum 5.3  Family: Compositae 5.3.1  Carpesium divaricatum 5.4  Family: Compositae 5.4.1  Carthamus tinctorius 5.5  Family: Compositae 5.5.1  Centipeda minima 5.6  Family: Compositae 5.6.1  Cichorium intybus

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_5

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288 5.7  Family: Compositae 5.7.1  Cirsium japonicum 5.8  Family: Compositae 5.8.1  Cirsium lineare 5.9  Family: Compositae 5.9.1  Cirsium setosum 5.10  Family: Compositae 5.10.1  Cissampelopsis volubilis 5.11  Family: Compositae 5.11.1  Crossostephium chinense 5.12  Family: Compositae 5.12.1  Dendranthema indicum 5.13  Family: Compositae 5.13.1  Dendranthema morifolium 5.14  Family: Compositae 5.14.1  Dichrocephala auriculata 5.15  Family: Compositae 5.15.1  Eclipta prostrata 5.16  Family: Compositae 5.16.1  Elephantopus scaber 5.17  Family: Compositae 5.17.1  Elephantopus tomentosus 5.18  Family: Compositae 5.18.1  Emilia prenanthoidea 5.19  Family: Compositae 5.19.1  Emilia sonchifolia 5.20  Family: Compositae 5.20.1  Epaltes australis 5.21  Family: Compositae 5.21.1  Erigeron annuus 5.22  Family: Compositae 5.22.1  Eupatorium chinense 5.23  Family: Compositae 5.23.1  Eupatorium fortunei 5.24  Family: Compositae 5.24.1  Eupatorium japonicum 5.25  Family: Compositae 5.25.1  Eupatorium lindleyanum 5.26  Family: Compositae 5.26.1  Farfugium japonicum 5.27  Family: Compositae 5.27.1  Galinsoga parviflora 5.28  Family: Compositae 5.28.1  Gerbera anandria 5.29  Family: Compositae 5.29.1  Gerbera piloselloides

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This chapter introduces 29 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Carpesium abrotanoides, Carpesium cernuum, Carpesium divaricatum, Carthamus

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tinctorius, Centipeda minima, Cichorium intybus, Cirsium japonicum, Cirsium lineare, Cissampelopsis volubilis, Crossostephium chinense, Dendranthema indicum, Dendranthema morifolium, Dichrocephala auriculata, Eclipta prostrata, Elephantopus scaber, Emilia sonchifolia, Epaltes australis, Erigeron annuus, Eupatorium chinense, Eupatorium fortunei, Eupatorium japonicum, Eupatorium lindleyanum, Farfugium japonicum, Galinsoga parviflora, and Gerbera anandria of Compositae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part of herbal medicines of each species.

5.1  Family: Compositae 5.1.1  Carpesium abrotanoides Chinese Name(s): he shi, bei he shi, tian man qing. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Carpesium abrotanoides (Carpesium abrotanoides Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a robust perennial herb. The stems are 60–100 cm tall, cylindric, woody at lower part, subglabrous, densely pubescent at upper part, with longitudinal stripes, many-branched. The basal leaves are withered at anthesis; the lower cauline leaves are broadly elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 8–16 cm long, 4–7 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally cuneate, dark green adaxially, pubescent, scabrid, deciduous when old, rarely glabrous, light green abaxially, densely pubescent and with small glands, irregularly blunt teeth at margins; the petioles are 5–15 mm long, densely pubescent; the upper cauline internodes are 1–2.5 cm long, with dense leaves, narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, apically acuminate or acute, basally broadly cuneate, sessile or shortly petiolate. The capitula are many, in terminal or axillary spikes, subsessile; there are two to four bracts in axillary capitula, which are oblong or lanceolate, 6–15 mm long; there are zero or one to two small bracts on the stems and branches of terminal capitula; the involucres are campanulate-­globose, basally wider, slightly contracted on upper part, spreading to oblate at maturity, 6–8 mm in diam.; the phyllaries are about three-seriate; the outer phyllaries are short, ovate, apically obtuse or shortly acuminate, membranous or herbaceous apically, ciliate, pubescent abaxially; the inner phyllaries are oblong, apically obtuse or inconspicuously erose-denticulate; the female florets are narrowly tubular, 1.5 mm long; the disk florets are bisexual, 2–2.5 mm long, limb being five-toothed. The achenes are about 3.5 mm long. Habitat: It grows near the village, roadside, wasteland, and forest edge of stream at low elevation.

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Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of East China, central China, Hebei, Shaanxi, and Tibet, as well as in North Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, Iran, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn, dried in the sun, and removed the impurities. Medicinal Properties: The product is cylindrical, small, 3–4 mm long and less than 1  mm in diameter, yellowish brown or dark brown on surfaces, with many ridges, apically shrank into a beak, basally acute, with marks of insertion. The pericarps are thin and fibrous; the seed coats are thin and transparent; there are two cotyledons, which are white and slightly oily. It is special in odor and slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property, a little toxic. Functions: Curing inflammation and killing insects, it’s often used for treatment of roundworm, pinworm, tapeworm, and enterozoic abdominalgia. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. The decoctum of whole plants could be used externally as a skin disinfectant. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: ascaris, pinworm—Carpesium abrotanoides, Areca catechu, Quispualis indica, 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: handwashing before operation and skin disinfection in operation field—whole plants of Carpesium abrotanoides 1.5 kg, added with about 4 kg of water, decocted for 2 hours until 1500 ml left, filtered. The concentration is 100%, resembling strong tea. Generally, it can be stored for about 10 days for handwashing before operation and skin disinfection in operation field.

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5.2  Family: Compositae 5.2.1  Carpesium cernuum Chinese Name(s): yan guan tou cao, yan dai cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Carpesium cernuum (Carpesium cernuum Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 50–100 cm tall, densely white villous and crisp puberulent at lower part of stem, sparsely pubescent at distal portion of stem, then gradually glabrescent, with longitudinal stripes, many-branched. The basal leaves are withered at anthesis, rarely persistent. The lower cauline leaves are large, with long petiole; the petioles are about subequal or 2/3 length of the leaf blade; the lower cauline leaves are narrowly winged, oblong or spatulate-oblong, 6–12 cm long, 4–6 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally attenuate and decurrent, adaxially green, densely white villous, abaxially light green, often densely villous on the midribs and petioles, with glands on both surfaces, irregularly doubly serrate at margins, mucronulate; the middle cauline leaves are elliptic to oblong, 8–11 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, apically acuminate or acute, basally cuneate, shortly petiolate; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, nearly entire at margins. The capitula are terminal and solitary on branches and stems, pendulous at anthesis; the bracteal leaves are many, variable in sizes, two to three of which are larger, elliptic-lanceolate, 2–5 cm long, attenuate at both ends, shortly pedunculate, densely covered with hairs and glands; the other bracteal leaves are smaller, linear-lanceolate or linear-spatulate, slightly longer than involucre; the involucres are cupuliform, 1–2 cm in diam., 7–8 mm in length; the phyllaries are four-seriate; the outer phyllaries are leaflike, lanceolate, equal or slightly longer than the inner phyllaries, herbaceous or basally scarious, densely villous, apically obtuse, usually reflexed; the middle and inner phyllaries are scarious, narrowly oblong, apically obtuse, irregularly mucronulate; the female florets are narrowly

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tubular, about 1.5 mm long, slightly contracted at both ends; the bisexual florets are tubular, limb being five-toothed. The achenes are 4–4.5 mm long. Habitat: It grows on montane slopes, roadside, and valley grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast China, East China and Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Taiwan of China, as well as in North Korea and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, curing inflammation, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of cold, abdominal pain, acute enteritis, swelling of inguinal lymph nodes, mastitis, dog bite, snakebite, acute laryngitis, mumps, sore, boils, gangrene, and herpes zoster. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.3  Family: Compositae 5.3.1  Carpesium divaricatum Chinese Name(s): jin wa cao, chu zhou he shi, jin wa er. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Carpesium divaricatum (Carpesium divaricatum Sieb. & Zucc. [C. atkinsonianum Hemsl.]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 1.5  m tall, densely white pubescent, sparser afterward, branched above middle. The basal leaves withered at anthesis; the lower cauline leaves are ovate to ovate-oblong, 5–12 cm long, 3–7 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally rounded or slightly cordate, sometimes broadly cuneate, irregularly mucronulate-dentate at margins, adaxially dark green and pubescent, sparser when old, slightly scabrid adaxially, light green abaxially, densely white pubescent, and sparsely villous on the midribs; the petioles are shorter or subequal to leaves, narrowly winged, wingless at lower part; the middle leaves are oblong, apically acuminate, basally cuneate; the petioles are short and wingless; the upper leaves are much smaller, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, gradually attenuate on both ends, subsessile. The capitula are terminal and solitary on the branches and stems; there are three to five bracteal leaves, which are lanceolate to elliptic, two of which are larger, two to five times longer than involucre, densely covered with pubescence and glands; the involucres are ovoid, basally wider, slightly contracted at upper part, 5–6  mm long, 6–10  mm in diam.; the phyllaries are four-seriate, imbricate; the outer phyllaries are shortly and broadly ovate, scarious or apically slightly herbaceous, abaxially pilose; the middle phyllaries are narrowly oblong, scarious, apically obtuse; the inner phyllaries are linear; the female florets are narrowly tubular, 1.5–2 mm long, apically four- to five-toothed; the bisexual florets are tubular, 3–3.5 mm long, slightly wider upward, apically five-toothed. The achenes are 3–3.5 mm long.

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Habitat: It grows on hillside roadside and valley grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions in East China, South China, central China, Southwest China, and Northeast China, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, curing inflammation, and expelling phlegm, it’s often used for the treatment of cold and fever, sore throat, toothache, Ascaris lumbricoides abdominal pain, acute enteritis, dysentery, urinary tract infection, and lymph node tuberculosis, as well as for external treatment of sore, boils, mastitis, herpes zoster, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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5.4  Family: Compositae 5.4.1  Carthamus tinctorius Chinese Name(s): hong hua, cao hong hua, chuan hong hua. Source: This medicine is made of the inflorescences of Carthamus tinctorius (Carthamus tinctorius Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, up to 1.5 m tall. The stems are erect, apically branched, stem and branches white or pale white, smooth, glabrous. The middle and lower cauline leaves are lanceolate or oblong, 7–15 cm long, 2.5–6 cm wide, large serrate, doubly serrate, small serrate or entire at margins; the teeth are very rarely pinnatipartite, apically with 1–1.5  mm spinules; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, lanceolate, spinosely toothed at margins, with spinules much longer on teeth apical, up to 3 mm long, herbaceous and hard; the leaf blades are rigid, leathery, glabrous and glandular on both surfaces, smooth, sessile. The capitula are many, in a terminal corymbose synflorescence on branches and stems, surrounded by bracteal leaves; the bracteal leaves are elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, with apical spinules, about 2.5–3 cm long, spinose at margins, about 1–3 mm long, or without spinules, apically gradually longer, with pectinate spinules, about 2 mm long. The involucres are ovoid, 2.5 cm in diam.; the phyllaries are four-seriate; the outer phyllaries are lyrate; the middle or inner phyllaries are constricted at lower and middle part, green and herbaceous at upper half, without spinules or with pectinate spinules at margins, spinules being 3 mm long, apically acuminate, 1–2 mm long; the middle or lower phyllaries are rigidly scarious, oblanceolate-elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, ca. 2.2 cm long, apically acuminate; all of the bracts are glabrous and without gland; the florets are red, orange, all bisexual; the corollas are ca. 2.8 cm long; the tubes are ca. 2 cm long. The achenes are obovate, ca. 5.5 mm long, 5 mm wide,

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creamy white, four-angled, without pappus. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to August. Habitat: It is widely cultivated and occasionally naturalized in sandy loam with good drainage. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Tibet. It is widely cultivated in Tibet. It is originated in Egypt. Acquisition and Processing: The tubular flowers are taken when changing from yellow to red and dried in the shade or in the sun and set aside. Pay attention not to damage the ovary at the base. Morphology: This product is tubular flower without ovary, 1–2 cm long, reddish yellow or red on surfaces. The corolla tube is long and thin, apically five-lobed, and the lobes are linear, 5–8 mm in length. There are five stamens. The anthers are connate into tube and yellow white. The stigma is long and cylindrical and slightly bifurcated at the apex. It’s soft, slightly fragrant in odor, and slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the heart and liver. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and unblocking meridians, removing blood stasis, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, lochia, angina pectoris of coronary heart disease, bruise, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, and stabbing pain of the chest and flank. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Pregnant women shouldn’t use it. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea—Carthamus tinctorius, peach kernel, Angelica sinensis, and Paeonia lactiflora each 9  g, Ligusticum wallichii 6 g, prepared Rehmannia root 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: angina pectoris of coronary heart disease— Carthamus tinctorius, Ligusticum wallichii, paeony glycoside and Dalbergia wood 15 g each, Salvia miltiorrhiza 30 g, made into extract. Take the former dosage one day three times for 2 to 4 continuous weeks. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: blood stasis, swelling, and pain—Carthamus tinctorius 3 g (or 5 g) is made into injection of 100 ml. Inject 2 ml each time intramuscularly and 0.3–0.5 ml each time for acupoint injection. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: swelling due to too much milk in the breast— Carthamus tinctorius, Chinese angelica root tip, paeony glycoside, tangerine pith, and Achyranthes bidentata 3 g each, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.5  Family: Compositae 5.5.1  Centipeda minima Chinese Name(s): e bu shi cao, qiu zi cao, di hu jiao, san ya ji, xiao quan tou. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Centipeda minima (Centipeda minima (Linn.) A. Br. et Aschers). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are prostrate, manybranched, 5–20 cm long, 2–3 mm in diam., sparsely covered with arachnoid hairs or sometimes glabrous. The leaves are alternate, sessile, obovate, 7–18  mm long, 3–6 mm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, sparsely serrate at margins, slightly arachnoid hairy, or glabrous abaxially; the lateral veins are usually in two to three pairs. The capitula are oblate, 3 mm in diam., sessile or shortly pedunculate, solitary in leaf axil; the involucre are hemispheric; the phyllaries are in two series, green, narrowly lanceolate, hyaline, and membranous at margins; the outer phyllaries are large; the florets are discoid; the outer female florets are in many seriate, yellow green; the corollas are slender tubular, apically finely two- o three-toothed; the central bisexual florets are several, light purple; the corollas are tubular, with enlarged limb, ovate four-lobed. The achenes are nearly cylindric, basally slightly attenuate, about 1 mm long, pilose, pappus being absent. The flowering and fruiting period is from April to October. Habitat: It grows in fields, riverbanks, roadsides, wilderness, and overcast wetlands. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast China, North China, East China, Central China, South China, and Southwest China, as well as in Korea, Japan, India, Malaysia, and Oceania. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn in flowering, removed the silt, and dried in the sun. Morphology: This product is often twisted and tangled. The root is thin and light yellow. The stem is thin and branched. It is brittle and easy to break, with yellow white cross sections. The leaves are small, nearly sessile, mostly shrunk or broken, and the intact ones are obovate or cochlear after flattening, grayish green or brown, with three to five serrations on the margins. The head is yellow brown. It is slightly fragrant in odor at first, stink and nose-choking later, bitter and pungent in taste. The products grayish green with strong irritant odor are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian lungs. Functions: Unblocking orifice and removing cold, dispelling wind and dampness, dissipating blood stasis, and reducing swelling, it’s often used or the treatment of cold, nasal obstruction, acute and chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, pertussis, chronic bronchitis, ascariasis, bruise, rheumatoid arthritis, and snakebite.

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Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose for dried products, 9–15 g per dose for fresh products, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are mashed and plugged into the nostril or applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rhinitis—20% Centipeda minima liquid, 0.25% chloramphenicol, mixed and dropped into the nostril, two to three times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: allergic rhinitis—Centipeda minima 30  g, added with proper amount of water, mashed and wrung for juice, filtrated, added with water to 100 ml, and added with 0.1 g of diphenhydramine hydrochloride, 0.5  g of ephedrine hydrochloride, and 1  g of sodium chloride. Drop into the nostril three to four times a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: atrophic rhinitis—Centipeda minima powder 5 g, 100 ml of paraffin oil, evenly mixed and dripped into the nose, two to three drops per side of nasal cavity, three times a day until cured. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pertussis (a) Centipeda minima 6  g, sweet broomwort herb 9 g, Leucas zeylanica 12 g, radix asparagi 15 g and radix stemonae 15  g, respectively. The above amount is 1 day’s dosage for children. The decoction is taken two to three times. (b) Fresh Centipeda minima 500 g, added with 1000 ml of water, decocted and concentrated to 500 ml, filtered and cooled, added with 2% benzoic acid and flavoring agent, and set aside. Take 3–4 ml each time for children under 1 year old; take 5–7 ml for 1–2 years old, 8–10 ml for 3–4 years old, 11–15 ml for 5–6 years old, and 10–20 ml for 7–8 years old, three times a day. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis—Centipeda minima 60 g, fresh Pyrrosia lingua 60  g, fresh loquat leaves (depilated) 30  g. Wash each medicine separately. Firstly, distill the Centipeda minima to obtain light brown volatile oil; the leaves of pyrrosia lingua and loquat (both cut finely) were then decocted twice with water and concentrated; at last combine the decoction, filter, and set for 4–8 hours. After that, the clear liquid was taken, concentrated to 1:1 by indirect heating, added with proper amount of sugar and with the volatile oil of Centipeda minima in 1% proportion after cooling, and sealed. Shake before take, 30 ml every time, three times a day, 10 days as a course of treatment. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: incomplete intestinal obstruction of ascaris— Centipeda minima 30  g, realgar 12  g, ground into fine powder, sieved with 100–200 mesh, mixed well, and made into water pill. Take 0.3–0.5 g for children, 1–2 g for adults, once in the morning and once in the evening, commonly for 2–3 days. Generally, the discharge of insect starts after taking the medicine for two to four times. Except for the burning sensation in the stomach of individual patients, there is generally no special side effect.

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5.6  Family: Compositae 5.6.1  Cichorium intybus Chinese Name(s): ju ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Cichorium intybus (Cichorium intybus Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 40–100 cm tall. The stems are erect, solitary, apically branched, strigose. The basal leaves are rosulate, not withered at anthesis, oblong, 15–34 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, basally narrowly winged and petiolate, undivided to usually runcinate pinnatipartite; the cauline leaves are few and small. The capitula are many, terminal, solitary, or few fascicled in the stem; the involucres are cylindric, 8–12 mm long; the phyllaries are two-seriate; the outer phyllaries are lanceolate; the inner phyllaries are linear-lanceolate; the ray florets are blue, about 14 mm long, spotted. The achenes are obovoid, three- to five-ribbed, apically brownish black. The pappi are in two- to three-seriate. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to October. Habitat: It grows by coastal wasteland, river, ditch, or hillside. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Beijing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Jiangxi, and other places, cultivated in many parts of China, as well as in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Morphology: The stem of this product is smooth on the surface. The cauline leaves are small in number and oblong-lanceolate. The capitula are few, fascicled. The bracts are shorter on the outside and longer inside, glabrous or thinly hairy at the top. The achenes are scaly, with short pappi of 0.2–0.3 mm. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing away liver fire and gallbladder heat, strengthening the stomach and promoting digestion, helping diuresis, and reducing swelling, it’s often

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used for treatment of dyspepsia, abdominal distention, damp heat jaundice, stomachache and loss of appetite, edema, and oliguria. Use and Dosage: 9–18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.7  Family: Compositae 5.7.1  Cirsium japonicum Chinese Name(s): da ji, da ci er cai, da ci gai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants or roots of Cirsium japonicum (Cirsium japonicum DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 30–100 cm tall or more. The roots are long conic, fascicled. The stems are erect, longitudinally ribbed, covered with white multicellular hairs at base. The basal leaves have petioles, not withered at anthesis, rosulate, oblanceolate or obovate-elliptic, 12–30  cm long, pinnately divided; the segments are in five to six pairs, oblong and lanceolate or ovate, toothed, teeth being with marginal and apical spines, green adaxially, with sparse multicellular hairs, gray green abaxially, with sparse multicellular hairs along veins; the middle leaves are sessile, amplexicaul, pinnately divided, spinose at margins; the upper leaves are gradually smaller. The capitula are solitary or few fascicled, terminal on the branches, in a panicle, flowering in summer; the involucres are campanulate, 1.5–2 cm long, 2.5–4 cm wide, cobwebby; the phyllaries are long lanceolate, in many seriate; the florets are bisexual, tubular, purplish red, five-lobed; there are five stamens; the anthers have apical appendages, with tail at base. The achenes are oblong, about 3 mm long; the pappi are feathery, dark gray. Habitat: It grows on hillside, roadside, etc. Distribution: It is distributed in Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Japan and North Korea.

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Acquisition and Processing: The wild products are dug up with roots in spring and summer before blooming, washed, and dried in the sun. The cultivated products are collected in the second year after planting. Morphology: The stem of this product is cylindrical, up to 12 mm in diameter at base, greenish brown or brown on the surface, longitudinal ridged, sericeous hairy, grayish white on the sections, with loose pith or hollow. The leaves are shrunk and mostly broken. After flattening, the intact leaves are oblanceolate or obovate elliptic, pinnately parted, with unequal prickles on the margin. The leaves are grayish green or yellowish brown, abaxially lighter colored, and grayish white sericeous on both surfaces. The capitula are terminal, globose or elliptic. The involucres are yellowish brown. The feathery pappi are gray. The roots are in clusters, fusiform, grayish brown or grayish yellow on surfaces, and with light longitudinal wrinkles. It’s hard; brittle and easy to break, even on sections; and slightly granular. It has a special fishy smell. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Cooling blood and stopping bleeding, dispersing blood stasis, and eliminating swelling, it’s often used for treatment of bleeding, hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria, functional uterine bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, hepatitis, nephritis, mastitis, and bruise, injury, as well as external treatment for traumatic bleeding, carbuncle, furuncle, and swelling. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are mashed for application or smearing to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: upper gastrointestinal bleeding—Cirsium japonicum root 250 g (ground into powder), sugar 50 g, spices in proper amounts, mixed well and taken 3 g per dose, three times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis of phthisis—Cirsium japonicum, field thistle, lotus leaf, cacumen biotae leaf, Perotis indica, radix rubiae, cape jasmine, Rheum officinale, moutan bark, hemp palm, etc., stir-fried until there are charcoal on the surfaces, and ground into fine powder. Mix 15–25 g of the medicated powder with white lotus root juice or raw radish juice, and take after meals. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: functional uterine bleeding, menorrhagia— Cirsium japonicum, field thistle, Rubia, stir-fried cattail pollen, 15  g each, Ligustrum lucidum and Eclipta 20 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: postpartum bleeding—Cirsium japonicum, Chinese fir charcoal, and plant soot 25 g each, decocted two times and taken one dose every day. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic nephritis—Cirsium japonicum root 50 g, Chinese Mosla scabra 20 g, Asiatic Centella, Selaginella involvens, and Asiatic plantain, 25 g, respectively, added with some lean pork, stewed in water, and taken in the morning and evening.

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5.8  Family: Compositae 5.8.1  Cirsium lineare Chinese Name(s): xian ye ji, xiao ji, tiao ye ji. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Cirsium lineare (Cirsium lineare (Thunb.) Sch.-Bip.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are erect, ribbed, 7 mm in diam. at base, 60–150 cm tall, branched from above, sturdy, cobwebby. and with long crispate hairs to glabrous. The lower and middle cauline leaves are oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 6–12 cm long, 2–2.5 cm wide, sometimes up to 23 cm long and 5 cm wide; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, lanceolate, oblanceolate, narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, broadly linear or narrowly linear, undivided, apically acute or obtuse or caudate-acuminate, basally gradually attenuate, long or shortly winged petiolate at lower and middle cauline leaves; the upper leaves are sessile, with different color on both surfaces, adaxially green, with long and short crispate hairs, abaxially pale or grayish white, sparsely cobwebby at upper cauline leaves, shallowly toothed at lower cauline leaves on both sides or regularly spinulose at margins; the spinules are recurved or unequally spreading. The capitula are terminal on the branches and stems, in a sparsely conic corymbose; the involucres are ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 1.5–2 cm diam.; the phyllaries are about six-seriate, imbricate, gradually longer; the outer and middle phyllaries are triangular and triangular-lanceolate, 5–8 mm long, 2–5 mm wide, apically with a spinule to 2 mm; the inner phyllaries are lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, 2 mm long; the innermost phyllaries are linear or linear-lanceolate, 1.3–1.5 cm long, apically expanded into a scarious, red; the corollas are purplish red, 2 cm long, with 1 cm long limb, unequal and deeply five-fid. The achenes are inverted pyramidal, 2.5 mm long, apically truncated; the pappi are light brown and many seriate, feathery, 1.5 cm long,

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basally connected into a ring. The flowering and fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in hillside grassland and shrub. Distribution: It is distributed in Liaoning, Henan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Shaanxi of China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Cooling blood and removing blood stasis, detoxicating and promoting granulation, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for the treatment of injuries caused by falls and knocks, furuncles, hematuria, epistaxis, pulmonary abscess, burn, scald, and hematemesis Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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5.9  Family: Compositae 5.9.1  Cirsium setosum Chinese Name(s): ci er cai, xiao ji, ci ji gai, ye hong hua, xiao e ji po. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Cirsium setosum (Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Besser. [Cephalanoplos segetum (Bge.) Kitam.]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 20–50 cm tall, with long rhizomes, dioecious. The stems are erect, sparsely white cobwebby when young. The leaves are alternate, sessile or subsessile; the basal leaves are withered at anthesis; the lower and middle cauline leaves are elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 7–10  cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide, apically obtuse to rounded, densely fringed with tender spinules or nearly entire at margins, basally attenuate or obtuse, adaxially dark green, abaxially light green, with white arachnoid hair on both surfaces. The capitula are terminal, solitary and erect on the branch; the female inflorescences are large; the involucres are about 25 mm long; the male inflorescence are about 18 mm long; the phyllaries are six-seriate; the outer phyllaries are short, oblong-lanceolate; the inner phyllaries are lanceolate, apically long acuminate, spiny; the corollas of male flower are 16–20 mm long; the lobes are 9–10 mm long; the corollas of female flower are purplish red, about 26 mm long. The achenes are elliptic or narrowly ovate, slightly compressed; the pappi are pinnate. The flowering period is from June to July; the fruiting period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows in wasteland and field and by roadside. Distribution: It is distributed widely throughout China, as well as widely distributed in Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Russian Siberia, Far East, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: It’s harvested in summer and autumn, cut off the parts on the ground or uprooted, removed the silt and impurities, cut into sections while fresh, dried in the sun, or used when fresh.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Cooling blood, stopping bleeding, removing blood stasis, and relieving swelling, it is often used for treatment of hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, metrorrhagia, traumatic bleeding, acute infectious hepatitis, carbuncle, and sore. Use and Dosage: 4.5–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hematuria—Cirsium setosum 15  g, raw Rehmannia 24 g, talcum (wrapped), Gardenia jasminoides, lotus joint 12 g each, decocted in water. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: carbuncle—fresh Cirsium setosum 60 g, alum 6 g, mashed together and applied externally. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysentery—fresh Cirsium setosum 120 g are mashed, added with 30  g of brown sugar, and taken orally (or dried Cirsium setosum 60 g, brown sugar 30 g, decocted in water for oral use).

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5.10  Family: Compositae 5.10.1  Cissampelopsis volubilis Chinese Name(s): teng ju, da ye qian li guang, xi mai qian li guang, dian nan qian li guang, mian mao qian li guang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Cissampelopsis volubilis (Cissampelopsis volubilis (Bl.) Miq. [Senecio hoi Dunn]). Morphology: The plant is a liana. The stems are sparsely white arachnoid-­ tomentose and sometimes also sparsely brown setulose. The leaves are ovate or broadly ovate, up to 15 cm in length, up to 12 cm in width, apically acute-­acuminate-­ apiculate, basally cordate or sometimes hastate, minutely to coarsely repand-­dentate at margins, papery or thinly leathery, adaxially green, sparsely arachnoid, glabrescent, sometimes shortly scarious-setulose, grayish with densely to sparsely arachnoid-­floccose tomentose and sometimes also brownish setulose on veins, palmately five- to seven-veined from base; the petioles are 3–6 cm long, stout, tomentose. The capitula are discoid, many, in lax to dense terminal and axillary compound corymbs, divaricately branched; the inflorescence branches are sparsely to densely white tomentose and sometimes also with brownish glandular hairs; the peduncles are slender, 5–15 mm long, arachnoid-tomentose, basally bracteate, three- to five-­ bracteolate; the bracts and bracteoles are linear, 3–4 mm long, pubescent; the involucres are cylindric, 7–8  mm in length, 2–3  mm in width; there are four or five calyculus bracts; there are about eight phyllaries, which are linear-oblong, 1.5–2 mm in width, acute, herbaceous, scarious at margins, sparsely arachnoid or puberulent outside, sometime glabrous; there are eight to ten florets, which are tubular; the corollas are white, pale yellow, or pink, 9–10 mm long, with 4–4.5 mm tube and narrowly funnelform limb; the lobes are oblong-lanceolate, 2  mm long, apically acute; the anthers are 3.5 mm long; the style branches are ca. 3.7 mm long, fringed with rather short papillae, with terminal tuft of hairs much longer than laterals. The

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achenes are cylindric, about 4  mm long, glabrous; the pappi are white, 8–9  mm long. The flowering period is from October to January of the next year. Habitat: It grows under sparse forests and thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Hunan, as well as in Indonesia (Java), northeast India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina Peninsula, and Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and lightly bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Relaxing the muscles, activating the collaterals, and dispelling wind and dampness, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatic arthralgia, contracture of the tendon, and polio sequelae. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.11  Family: Compositae 5.11.1  Crossostephium chinense Chinese Name(s): fu rong ju, qian nian ai, feng cao, bai fu rong, yu fu rong, fu rong hua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Crossostephium chinense (Crossostephium chinense (Linn.) Makino [C. artemisioides Less.]). Morphology: The plant is subshrubs, 10–40 cm tall, many-branched in the upper part, densely gray-white pubescent. The leaves are aggregated at apex of branches, narrowly spatulate or narrowly lanceolate, 2–4  cm long, 5–4  mm wide, entire or sometimes three- or four-lobed at margins, apically obtuse, basally cuneate-­attenuate, densely gray pubescent on both surfaces, thick. The capitula are discoid, about 7 mm in diam., with 6–15 mm long peduncle, in a frondose raceme along branches; the involucres are hemispheric; the phyllaries are three-seriate; the outer and middle phyllaries are equal, elliptic, apically obtuse or acute, herbaceous; the inner phyllaries are oblong, small, abaxially subglabrous, broadly scarious at margins; the marginal florets are female, in one row, tubular, 1.5  mm long, apically two- or three-denticulate, gland-dotted outside; the disk florets are bisexual, tubular, about 1.5  mm long, densely gland-dotted outside, five-lobed. The achenes are oblong, about 1.5  mm long, basally attenuate, five- or seven-ribbed and gland-­dotted; the pappi are about 0.5 mm long, lacerate. The flowering and fruiting period is year-round. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is usually cultivated in south of China. It is distributed in Indochina Peninsula, the Philippines, Japan, Europe, and America. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent, bitter and lightly bitter in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, detoxicating and relieving swelling, stopping coughing, and expelling phlegm, it’s often used for treatment of cold, measles, rheumatic joint pain, stomachache, bronchitis, pertussis, furuncle, and mastitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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5.12  Family: Compositae 5.12.1  Dendranthema indicum Chinese Name(s): ye ju, ye ju hua, lu bian ju, ye huang ju, ku yi. Source: This medicine is made of the inflorescences of Dendranthema indicum (Dendranthema indicum (Linn.) Des Moul. [Chrysanthemum indica Linn.]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 1.3 m tall, with long or short procumbent rhizomes. The stems are erect or diffuse, branched or only corymbose branched at terminal stem; the stem and branches are sparsely covered with pubescence; the upper half and inflorescence axils have more pubescence; the basal leaves and lower leaves are withered at anthesis; the middle cauline leaves are ovate, narrowly ovate, or elliptic-ovate, 3–7 cm long, 2–4 cm wide, pinnatifid to shallowly pinnatipartite into short, obtuse, terminal and lateral lobes, or inconspicuously divided, slightly serrate at margins, basally truncate, somewhat cordate or broadly cuneate, light green on both surfaces or olive when dry, sparsely pubescent or less densely so abaxially; the petioles are 1–2 cm long, basally without auricle or with divided auricle. The capitula are 1.5–2.5 cm in diam., many or few in lax terminal corymbs on the stems; the phyllaries are five-seriate, white or brown, broadly scarious at margins, apically obtuse or rounded; the outer phyllaries are ovate or ovate-­ triangular, 2.5–3 mm long; the middle phyllaries are ovate; the inner phyllaries are narrowly elliptic, ca. 11  mm long; the ray floret are yellow; the laminae are 10–13  mm long, apically entire or two- to three-denticulate. The achenes are 1.5–1.8 mm long. The flowering period is from June to November. Habitat: It grows in the wilderness, roadside, ditch, and other places. Distribution: It is distributed in all provinces and regions, except for the arid areas in Northwest China, as well as in North Korea, Japan, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The inflorescences are harvested in autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is spherical in shape, 3–10 mm in diameter, brownish yellow. The involucre is composed of four to five layers of bracts. The outer bracts are ovate or strip-shaped, gray green or light brown on the outer surface of the middle part, often white hairy, and membranous on margins. The inner bracts are long and oval, membranous, glabrous on the outer surface. At the base of involucre, there remained sometimes pedicels. There is one whorl of ligulate flowers, which are yellow to brownish yellow, crinkled and curled. The tubular flowers are numerous and dark yellow colored. It is light weighted, fragrant in odor, and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and heart. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating and reducing blood pressure, it’s often used for prevention and treatment of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, influenza, hypertension, hepatitis, dysentery, carbuncle, furuncle, boil, and snakebite.

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Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: prevention of influenza—stem and leaf of Dendranthema indicum, Houttuynia cordata, and caulis lonicerae, 30  g each, added with 500 ml of water, decocted to 200 ml. Take 20–40 ml each time, three times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold—Dendranthema indicum, common Bombax flower, radix ilicis asprellae, Atalantia buxifolia, folium viticis negundo (Vitex) leaves, 15 g each, and ramulus et folium Mussaendae pubescentis 3 g, decocted in water and taken for 3 days. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Eczema, dermatitis—Dendranthema indicum 500 g, added with 1000 ml of water, decocted to 500 ml, filtered and wet compressed to the affected areas.

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5.13  Family: Compositae 5.13.1  Dendranthema morifolium Chinese Name(s): ju hua, gan ju hua, huang gan ju, yao ju, bai cha ju, hang ju, huai ju hua. Source: This medicine is made of the inflorescences of Dendranthema morifolium (Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel. [Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.]) and is named “hao ju,” “chu ju,” “gong ju,” and “hang ju” from its different origins. Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 60–150 cm tall. The stems are erect, branched or unbranched, pilose. The leaves are alternate, shortly petiolate, ovate to lanceolate, 5–15  cm long, shallowly pinnatipartite to pinnatifid, basally cuneate, abaxially white pubescent, coarsely serrate or deeply lobed at margins, petiolate. The capitula are solitary or few fascicled in the terminal stems and branches, 2.5–20  cm in diam.; the phyllaries are in many seriate; the outer phyllaries are green, linear, membranous at margins, outside pilose; the ray florets are white or yellow. The flower color has yellow, white and other colors; there are many cultivated varieties with variable capitula and shapes. There are many variety types, such as single petals, flat petals, and spoon petals depending on the different varieties. The stamens, pistils, and fruits are mostly sterile. The flowering period is from September to December. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated throughout China, as well as in Asia, Europe, and America. Acquisition and Processing: The inflorescences are harvested in late autumn and early winter when blooming and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: “hao ju”—It is inverted conic or cylindrical, sometimes slightly compressed and flabellate, 1.5–3 cm in diameter, and discrete. The involucral bracts are disc-shaped, with three to four layers of bracts, ovate or elliptic, herbaceous, yellowish green or brownish green, pubescent outside, membranous on margins. The receptacles are hemispherical, without stipules. There are several layers of ligulate flowers, which are pistillate, located in the periphery, white, straight raised, vertically folded, and scattered with golden gland spots. The tubular flowers are numerous, hermaphrodite, located in the center, hidden by the ligulate flowers, yellow, five-lobed at the top. The achenes are undeveloped and without crest. It is light and soft, crisp when dried, fragrant in odor, sweet and bitter in taste. “chu ju”: It’s irregular or oblate, 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter. The ligulate flowers are white, irregular and twisted, curled inside, shrunk on margins, sometimes with light brown glandular dots, and the tubular flowers are mostly hidden. “Gong ju”: The products are oblate, with a diameter of 1.5–2.5 cm. The ligulate flowers are white or almost white, obliquely ascending, reflexed on the upper part, slightly involuted and shrunk on margins, without glandular spots. The tubular flowers are few and exposed.

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“hang ju”: The products are disk-shaped or oblate, 2.5–4 cm in diameter, and often many connected into pieces. The ligulate flowers are white or yellow, spreading or slightly folded, adhered to each other, often without glandular spots, and the tubular flowers are numerous, exposed. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and heart. Functions: Dispelling wind and heat, clearing the liver and improving eyesight, and curing sore, it’s often used for the treatment of cold, fever, headache, dizziness, conjunctivitis, sore throat, dizziness, tinnitus, boil, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: headache due to cold of wind heat type— Dendranthema morifolium 12  g, mulberry leaf 6  g, forsythia 6  g, mint 6  g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pain of the eye caused by wind heat: Dendranthema morifolium and Tribulus terrestris each 9 g and Saposhnikovia divaricata 4.5 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Dizziness, headache, red eyes, and deafness caused by hyperactivity of the liver Yang—Dendranthema morifolium, concha haliotidis, Rehmannia, and Paeonia lactiflora each 15  g, gentian root 4.5  g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hypertension and arteriosclerosis—Dendranthema morifolium, honeysuckle 24–30 g each, used as 1 day dosage, which can be increased or decreased discretionary. Add 12 g of mulberry leaf in case of dizziness. Add with 12–24 g of hawthorn in case of arteriosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. After 2 weeks of treatment, the dose of Dendranthema morifolium and honeysuckle can be reduced to 9 g, respectively. Mix the medicine evenly, divide into four portions, brew it with boiling water for 10–15 minutes each time, and then taken as tea. Each portion could be brewed twice.

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5.14  Family: Compositae 5.14.1  Dichrocephala auriculata Chinese Name(s): yu yan ju, yu yan cao, hu jiao cao, shan hu jiao ju, fu ling cai, qiu ju cao, ni qiu cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Dichrocephala auriculata (Dichrocephala auriculata (Thunb.) Druce). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, erect or diffuse, 12–50 cm tall. The stems are 2–5 mm in diam. at base; the stems and branches are sparsely to moderately white villous or pubescent, densely hairy on the upper half and inflorescence, or glabrescent in fruit. The leaves are ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, coarsely doubly serrate or incised at margins, sparsely to moderately strigose on both surfaces, abaxially densely, sparsely villous-ciliate or glabrous along the veins; the middle cauline leaves are 3–12 cm long, 2–4.5 cm wide, lyrately pinnatilobate; the terminal lobes are large and 4.5 cm wide; the lateral lobes are in one to two pairs, usually opposite or rarely oblique, basally attenuate into long or shortly petiolate; the petioles are narrowly winged, 1–3.5 cm long; the upper or lower leaves are gradually smaller and homomorphic; the basal leaves are usually undivided and ovate. The capitula are small, globose, 3–5 mm in diam., in lax or dense terminal paniculiform synflorescences on the stems and branches; the peduncles are slender, up to 2–3 cm long; the phyllaries are one- to two-seriate, membranous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly unequal, about 1 mm long, apically acute, fimbriate; the marginal female florets are in many seriate, purple; the corollas are thin, linear, 0.5 mm long, usually two-lobed; the disk florets are yellow green, few, 0.5 mm long, shortly and narrowly tubular, with limb narrowly campanulate, apically four- or five-lobed. The achenes are compressed, oblanceolate, thicken at margins; the pappi are absent or of disk florets sometimes with one or two bristles. The flowering and fruiting period is year-round. Habitat: It grows in the moist fertile soil of hillside and wilderness. Distribution: It is distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, and other places of China, as well as in Asia and tropical and subtropical Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation, regulating menstruation, detoxicating, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, sprain, snakebite, and sore. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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5.15  Family: Compositae 5.15.1  Eclipta prostrata Chinese Name(s): mo han lian, han lian cao, shui han lian, bai hua peng qi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Eclipta prostrata (Eclipta prostrata (Linn.) Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are slightly erect, ascending or prostrate, up to 60  cm tall, branched basally; the stems and branches are strigose-pilose. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3–10  cm long, 0.5–2.5  cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, serrulate or sometimes shallowly undulate, densely strigose-pubescent on both surfaces, shortly petiolate. The capitula are 0.6–0.8  cm in diam.; the peduncles are slender; the phyllaries are green, herbaceous, two-seriate, shortly white strigose on the back and margin; the receptacles are raised; the paleae are lanceolate or linear, puberulent on the upper half; the ray florets are two-seriate, with short laminae, limb being two-toothed or undivided; the tubular florets are many; the corollas are white, with the limb four-­ toothed; the style branches are blunt, papillate. The achenes are dark brown, triangular in ray florets, oblate and four-angled in tubular florets, apically flat, with small tubercles on both surfaces, white ribbed at margins; the pappi are one or three fine teeth. The flowering period is from June to September. Habitat: It grows by roadside, fields, and wetland. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Hubei, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Fujian, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Jiangxi of China, as well as in Japan and tropical and subtropical regions. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is white tomentose. Its stem is cylindrical, with longitudinal ridges, 2–5 mm in diameter, greenish brown or dark green on surfaces. The leaves are opposite, subsessile, crumpled, curled, or broken. The intact ones are oblong-lanceolate when flattening, entire on margins or shallowly dentated, dark green. The capitulum is 2–6 mm in diameter. The achenes are oval and flat, 2–3 mm long, brown or light brown. It’s slight in odor and slightly salty in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and sour in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the kidneys and liver. Functions: Cooling blood, stopping bleeding, tonifying the liver and kidneys, clearing heat, and detoxicating, it is often used for treatment of hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, hemafecia, metrorrhagia, chronic hepatitis, enteritis, dysentery, infantile malnutrition, tinnitus due to kidney deficiency, premature graying hair, and neurasthenia, as well as for external treatment of tinea cruris, eczema, sore, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application or smearing to the affected areas. The patients with cold diarrhea should not take it.

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Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hematemesis, epistaxis—Eclipta prostrata 30 g, lotus leaves 15 g, dry Cacumen biotae 9 g, decocted in water and taken three times. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bleeding from gastric and duodenal ulcer— Eclipta prostrata and Juncus effusus 30 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: functional uterine bleeding—fresh Eclipta prostrata 30 g, fresh Agrimonia pilosa 30 g, carbonized hair 3 g, Areca catechu charcoal (powder) 3 g. The former two medicine are decocted in water firstly, added with the latter two medicated powder, and taken orally. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: paddy field dermatitis—Appropriate amounts of Eclipta prostrata are mashed and used for rubbing on the hands and feet till the skin is slightly black, and then go to work after drying. It can be used for prevention by applying with before and after work every day. The patients with lesion can be cured in 2–3 days.

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5.16  Family: Compositae 5.16.1  Elephantopus scaber Chinese Name(s): di dan cao, cao xie gen, cao xie di, di dan tou, mo di dan, ku di lan, li fei san. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Elephantopus scaber (Elephantopus scaber Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, erect, slightly stout, 30–60 cm tall, densely white adpressed hirsute; the stems are dichotomously branched, sturdy. The leaves are basal, rosulate, spatulate or oblanceolate, 5–13 cm long or longer, 2–4 cm wide, apically rounded or shortly acute, basally gradually attenuate, crenate-serrate at margins, abaxially densely hirsute and glandular, adaxially sparsely

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hirsute; the cauline leaves are few and small, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, progressively smaller toward apex. The synflorescences are many, densely aggregated in terminal compound heads on the stems or branches, basally surrounded by three leaflike bracts; the bracts are green, herbaceous, broadly ovate or oblongovate, 1–1.5  cm long, 0.8–1  cm wide, apically acuminate, with conspicuously raised veins, hirsute and glandular; the involucres are narrow, 8–10 mm long, 2 mm wide; the phyllaries are green or apically purplish red, oblong-lanceolate, apically acuminate and spinescent, one- or three-veined, hirtellous and glandular; the outer phyllaries are 4–5 mm long; the inner phyllaries are about 10 mm long; there are four florets, which are purplish or pink; the corollas are 7–9 mm long; the tubes are 4–5 mm long. The achenes are oblong-linear, about 4 mm long, apically truncate, basally attenuate, angled, puberulent; the pappi are sordid white, of five (or six) basally widened bristles, 4–5  mm long. The flowering period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows in wilderness, on hillside, roadside, valley, and forest edge. Distribution: It is distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan of China, as well as in America, Asia, and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of cold, acute tonsillitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, epidemic encephalitis B, pertussis, acute icteric hepatitis, cirrhosis, acute and chronic nephritis, boils, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas. Pregnant women should take it with caution. Prescription Example(s): 1. Prevention and treatment of cold and upper respiratory tract infection: Elephantopus scaber, Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl, and Breynia fruticosa leaf each 30 g, isatis leaf 15 g. Clausena lansium 15 g, decocted in water and taken two times, one dose a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: epidemic encephalitis B—Elephantopus scaber, Evodia lepta, and Asiatic Centella each 500 g, Uncaria and plantain seed 150 g each, earthworm 90 g, decocted in water for 1.5 h, filtered and concentrated to 3000  ml. Take 30  ml every time, three times a day. The dosage should be reduced in children. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: conjunctivitis—Elephantopus scaber 30 g, Ficus microcarpa leaf, 30  g each, decocted in water for oral use, one dose per day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: diabetes mellitus—Elephantopus scaber ten species, ginger 15 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysentery—Elephantopus scaber 60  g, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pertussis—Elephantopus scaber, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, and Dichondra repens each 9 g, radix Tetrastigma 3 g, decocted in water for oral use. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: malaria—Elephantopus scaber 15  g, Mayodendron igneum bark 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: ascites due to liver cirrhosis—fresh Elephantopus scaber 60 g, stewed with lean pork or cuttlefish. Or Elephantopus scaber 30 g is ground to powder, mixed with one egg, fried and decocted with Codonopsis pilosula 15 g, Poria cocos 9 g, and Angelica 9 g for oral use. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: jaundice due to dampness and heat—fresh Elephantopus scaber 150 g, decocted in water and taken for 4 days. 10. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: swelling and carbuncle of the breast—mash the fresh Elephantopus scaber, and mix with rice vinegar to evenly apply to the affected areas. 11. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: irregular menstruation and amenorrhea— Elephantopus scaber 60 g, brown sugar 60 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.17  Family: Compositae 5.17.1  Elephantopus tomentosus Chinese Name(s): bai hua di dan tou, mao di dan cao, gao di dan cao, yang er cao, bai hua ge zai tou. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Elephantopus tomentosus (Elephantopus tomentosus Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an herb, with robust rhizome. The stems are erect, 0.8–1 m tall or more, multibranched, angled, white villous, glandular. The leaves are sparse on the stems; the basal leaves are withered at anthesis; the lower cauline leaves are oblong-obovate, 8–20 cm long, 3–5 cm wide, apically acute, basally progressively attenuate into winged, rather amplexicaul petiole, mucronate-serrate or rarely entire at margins; the upper cauline leaves are elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 7–8 cm long, 1.5–2 cm wide, nearly sessile or shortly petiolate, mucronate-serrate or rarely entire at margins, adaxially rugose and verrucose, sparsely or densely pubescent, abaxially densely villous and glandular. The synflorescences are laxly corymbose, many, aggregated into compound heads on the terminal branches, surrounded by three leaflike bracts; the involucres are long tubular; the phyllaries are green, sometimes apically purple red; there are four outer phyllaries, which are lanceolate oblong, apically acute, one-veined, glabrous or subglabrous; there are four inner phyllaries, which are elliptic-oblong, apically acute three-veined, sparsely adpressed shortly hairy and glandular; there are four disk florets; the corollas are white; the lobes are lanceolate, glabrous. The achenes are oblong-linear, ten-ribbed, pubescent; the pappi are sordid white, of five bristles, basally triangular. The flowering period is from August to May of the next year.

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Habitat: It grows on the side of village road or open land. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, and Taiwan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of postpartum headache, menstrual pain, laryngeal pain, and measles. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.18  Family: Compositae 5.18.1  Emilia prenanthoidea Chinese Name(s): xiao yi dian hong, xi hong bei cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Emilia prenanthoidea (Emilia prenanthoidea DC.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are slightly procumbent, glabrous, or sparsely pilose. The leaves are slightly fleshy; the lower cauline leaves are ovate or oblong-ovate, 2–4 cm long, 1.2–2 cm wide, apically obtuse, dentate or repand-dentate at margins, basally gradually attenuate into long petiole, abaxially usually purplish red; the middle and upper cauline leaves are ovate to lanceolate, 3–8 cm long, 0.8–3 cm wide, apically obtuse or mucronulate, laxly dentate or nearly entire, basally hastate or broadly auriculate, sparsely pilose or subglabrous on both surfaces. The capitula are arranged in lax terminal corymbs on the stems; the involucres are long tubular, 5–10 mm wide; the phyllaries are linear-lanceolate, apically

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acuminate, membranous at margins, with three to five veinlets outside; the corollas are red or purplish red, with the limb five-lobed; the lobes are linear-lanceolate. The achenes are narrowly cylindric, five-ribbed; the pappi are white, many. The flowering and fruiting period is April to November. Habitat: It grows in sparse forest and on wet and waste slope. Distribution: It is distributed in Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Zhejiang, and Fujian of China, as well as in India and Indochina Peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Killing bacteria and reducing swelling, promoting blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, it’s often used for treatment of respiratory tract inflammation, tonsillitis, mastitis, dysentery, diarrhea, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.19  Family: Compositae 5.19.1  Emilia sonchifolia Chinese Name(s): yi dian hong, hong bei ye, ye xia hong, yang ti cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Emilia sonchifolia (Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is an erect or suberect, annual herb; the roots are vertical. The stems are erect or ascending, 10–40 cm tall, slightly curved, usually branched from base, grayish green, glabrous or sparsely pilose. The leaves are slightly fleshy; the lower leaves are crowded, lyrate-pinnatilobed, 5–10 cm long, 2.5–6.5 cm wide; the terminal segments are large, broadly ovate-triangular, apically obtuse or subrounded, irregularly dentate at margins; the lateral segments are usually one-paired, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apically obtuse or acute, shallowly dentate at margins,

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adaxially dark green, abaxially often purple, crisped-hairy on both surfaces; the middle cauline leaves are sparse and small, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, basally hastately semiamplexicaul, apically acute, entire or irregularly denticulate at margins; the upper leaves are few, linear. The capitula are 10–12  mm long, ca. 14 mm long, pendulous before anthesis, erect later, usually 2–5 cm, not bracteate; the involucres are cylindric, 8–14 mm long, 5–8 mm wide; there are eight to nine phyllaries that in one series, which are oblong-linear or linear, yellow green, nearly equaling to florets, apically acuminate, narrowly scarious at margins, abaxially glabrous; the floret corollas are purple or purplish red; the style branches are semicylindrical. The achenes are about 3 mm long, thinly cylindric, with five longitudinal ribs; the pappi are soft, snow white. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows on hillside grassland, wasteland, field edge, and cultivated land. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in tropical Asia and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is 20–50 cm in total length. The roots are thin and curved, grayish yellow, with fibrous roots. The stem is cylindrical, 2–3 mm in diameter, dark green or yellowish green, hairy at the lower part. After flattening, the basal leaves lyrate lobed, 5–10 cm long, grayish green or dark green, with large top lobes. The stem leaves are smaller, dentate or entire, amplexicaul. There are two to three flower heads arranged in the shape of corymbose, and the involucre is cylindrical, with one layer of involucre, which is linear-lanceolate or nearly linear, about 1 cm long. The flowers are all tubular, brownish yellow. The achenes are narrow, oblong, about 3 mm long, angulate and with white crest. It’s slight in odor and bitter in taste. The products with more leaves and green colored are better in quality Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the heart, liver, and kidneys. Functions: Clearing heat and promoting diuresis, dissipating blood stasis, and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, sore throat, aphthous ulcer, pneumonia, acute enteritis, bacterial dysentery, urinary tract infection, orchitis, mastitis, boils, sores, skin eczema, bruises, and injuries. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: children’s upper respiratory tract infection and acute tonsillitis—Emilia sonchifolia and Streptocaulon griffithii in equal amount, 500 g decocted and concentrated to 500 ml. Take 20–40 ml each time for children from 3 months to 3 years old, and for those over 3 years old, the dosage should be increased. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: lobar pneumonia—Emilia sonchifolia and Ilex asprella each 30 g, Chinese mahonia 15–30 g, decocted in water and taken two times, one dose per day.

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3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: urinary tract infection, orchitis—Emilia sonchifolia and Dicliptera chinensis each 500 g, Asiatic plantain 250 g, added with 1500 ml of water and decocted to 500 ml. Take 20 ml each time, three times a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sty—Emilia sonchifolia, Senecio scandens, and Dendranthema indicum each 9 g, decocted in water and taken two times, one dose each day. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: furuncle, cellulitis, abscess, mastitis, paronychia—Emilia sonchifolia 30 g, Andrographis paniculata, Hedyotis diffusa, Croton crassifolius, and Zanthoxylum bicolor each 30 g, ground to fine powder, disinfected by high pressure, added with 1000 g of Vaseline to make 25% ointment, and applied to the affected area once a day. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: severed finger—Emilia sonchifolia and Senecio scandens in equal amounts, mashed and added with some brown sugar and applied to the affected areas after application, debridement, correct reduction, skin suture, and small splint fixation. Change the dressing once a day, and wash the wounds with 25% Andrographis solution. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute gastroenteritis—Emilia sonchifolia 60 g, cinnamon 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: carbuncle, sore, sore throat—Emilia sonchifolia 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: snake head sore (pyogenic infection of the subcutaneous tissue of the finger endings)—Emilia sonchifolia, added with sugar, mashed and applied to the affected area. 10. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mastitis—fresh Emilia sonchifolia, one onion, a little brown sugar, mashed and applied to the affected areas. 11. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute tonsillitis—Emilia sonchifolia 15  g, Achyranthes aspera 15 g; Bidens pilosa, Kalimeris indica, and Solidago decurrent each 10 g; and Belamcanda sinensis 1.5 g, decocted in water and taken with white sugar as the guide.

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5.20  Family: Compositae 5.20.1  Epaltes australis Chinese Name(s): qiu ju, e bu shi cao, quan tou ju, yi ba ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Epaltes australis (Epaltes australis Less.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems and branches are diffuse or procumbent, 6–20 cm long, 2–3 mm in diameter, basally multibranched, glabrous or sparsely arachnoid; the internodes are about 1 cm long. The leaves are sessile or shortly petiolate; the petioles are 5–7  mm long. The leaf blades are obovate or obovate-oblong, 1.5  cm–3  cm long, 5–11  mm wide, basally gradually attenuate, apically obtuse, rarely mucronulate, irregularly and coarsely serrate at margins, glabrous or sparsely tomentose; the midveins are conspicuous adaxially, slightly raised abaxially; the lateral veins are in two to three pairs, slender, unconspicuous. The capitula are many, oblate, about 5  mm in diameter, without peduncles or shortly pedunculate, solitary or didymous; the involucres are hemispherical, 5–6  mm in diameter, about 3  mm long; the phyllaries are four-seriate, green, scarious, glabrous; the outer phyllaries are ovate, ca. 1.5 mm in length, apically rounded; the inner phyllaries are obovate to obovate-oblong, about 2  mm in length, apically obtuse or slightly acute; the receptacles are slightly raised, glabrous; the female florets are many, about 1  mm long, with three-toothed limb, sparsely glandular; there are about 20 bisexual florets, which are about 2  mm long; the corollas are cylindric, with four-lobed limb; the lobes are triangular, apically slightly obtuse, gland-dotted; there are four stamens. The achenes are nearly cylindric, ten-ribbed, about 1 mm long, verrucate, apically truncated, often basally contracted, sparsely pubescent; the pappi are absent. The flowering period is from March to June; the fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows on fields and vegetable fields. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangxi, and Yunnan of China, as well as in India, Thailand, Indochina Peninsula, Malaysia, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn dried in the sun or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Opening orifice and dissipating cold, expelling wind and dampness, and removing blood stasis and swelling, it’s often used for treatment of cold, nasal obstruction, acute and chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, pertussis, chronic bronchitis, ascariasis, bruise, rheumatoid arthritis, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose for dried products, 9–15 g per dose for fresh products, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and plug into the nostril or applied to the affected areas.

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5.21  Family: Compositae 5.21.1  Erigeron annuus Chinese Name(s): yi nian peng, tian bian ju, lu bian qing. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Erigeron annuus (Erigeron annuus (Linn.) Pers.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are stout, 30–100 cm tall. The basal leaves are withered at anthesis, oblong or broadly ovate, rarely subrounded, 4–17 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide or more, apically acute or obtuse, basally attenuate into a winged petiole, coarsely serrate at margins; the lower and basal leaves are the same shape, shortly petiolate; the middle and upper leaves are smaller, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1–9 cm long, 0.5–2 cm wide, apically acute, shortly

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petiolate or sessile, irregularly serrate to subentire at margins; the uppermost leaves are linear; all the leaves are shortly hispid at margins, strigose-hirsute on both surfaces or sometimes glabrous. The capitula are few or many, in loose paniculiform synflorescences, 6–8 mm long, 10–15 mm wide; the involucres are hemispheric; the phyllaries are three-seriate, herbaceous, lanceolate, 3–5 mm long, 0.5–1 mm wide, subequal or outer shorter, greenish or brownish, abaxially sparsely hirsute and minutely glandular; the marginal florets are female, ligulate, two-seriate, 6–8 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, sparsely hairy above; the laminae are flat, white or sometimes bluish, linear, ca. 0.6 mm wide, apically two mucronate-serrate; the style branches are linear; the central flowers are tubular, bisexual, yellow; the tubes are about 0.5  mm long, with limb nearly obconic; the lobes are glabrous. The achenes are lanceolate, about 1.2 mm long, compressed, sparsely strigillose; the pappi are two-­ seriate; the outer pappi are of scales or setae; the inner pappi are absent in ray florets, of 10–15 long bristles in disk florets. The flowering period is from June to September. Habitat: It grows on roadside, field, and wilderness. Distribution: It is distributed in South China. It is native to America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Helping digestion and stopping diarrhea, clearing heat and detoxicating, stopping malaria, and dissipating stagnation, it’s often used for treatment of abdominal distention and pain, vomiting and diarrhea, gingival swelling, malaria, jaundice due to damp heat, scrofula, snakebite, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and used for application.

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5.22  Family: Compositae 5.22.1  Eupatorium chinense Chinese Name(s): hua ze lan, guang dong tu niu xi, da ze lan, liu yue xue, duo xu gong. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Eupatorium chinense (Eupatorium chinense Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 1–2.5 m long. The lowermost and middle stems are woody, well-branched; the branches are ascending; the upper branches are corymb; the stems and branches are sordid white puberulent; the synflorescence branches and peduncles are more densely hairy; the lowermost stems and branches are glabrescent or sparsely hairy at anthesis. The leaves are opposite, sessile or subsessile, irregularly crenate at margins; the middle cauline leaves are ovate or broadly ovate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 4.5–10  cm long, 3–5  cm wide, basally rounded, apically obtuse or acuminate, scabrid on both surfaces, white puberulent and glandular, densely so abaxially and on veins pinnately veined; the veins are in three to seven pairs; the upper cauline leaves are homomorphic with median leaves but smaller; the basal leaves are withered at anthesis. The capitula are many, in large laxly terminal compound corymbs at the stems and branches, 30 cm in diam.; the involucres are campanulate, about 5 mm long, with five florets; the phyllaries are three-seriate, imbricate; the outer phyllaries are short, ovate or lanceolate, outside puberulent and sparsely glandular, 1–2 mm long; the middle and inner phyllaries are longer, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 5–6 mm long, apically and marginally white, membranous, glabrous, but with yellow glands on the back; the corollas are white, pink or red, 5 mm long, yellow glandular outside. The achenes are pale black brown, elliptic, 3 mm long, five-ribbed, sparsely yellow glandular. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to November. Habitat: It grows in hillside thickets or grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou of China, as well as in Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, washed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The root head of this product is stout and bumpy, with many fibrous roots, which are long linear, 10–20 cm long, 2–3 mm in diameter, yellowish white to yellowish brown, slightly smooth, with transverse cracks. It is hard and tough. The heartwood is very tough and hard to break. The cortex of section is yellowish white, and xylem is deeper colored. It’s slightly fragrant and smells like

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olive a little. The taste is bland and slightly bitter. The products with long and thick fibrous roots, few root heads, yellow and white are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, benefiting pharynx, and resolving phlegm, it is used for treatment of diphtheria, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, cold and high fever, measles, pneumonia, bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis, carbuncle, gangrene, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and used for application. Pregnant women shouldn’t take it. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: diphtheria—Eupatorium chinense root 90 g, Psychotria rubra root 60 g, Sapindus mukorossi root 30 g, added with 2500 ml of water, decocted to 1000 ml, and added some sugar. Daily dosage: 200 ml for 1–2 years old, 250 ml for 3–6 years old, 400–600 ml for 7–12 years old, and 1000 ml for adults. Take it in four to five times. In severe cases, the dosage can be doubled. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis— Eupatorium chinense root 30 g, ilicis asprellae root 30 g, Helictercs angustifolia root 15 g, and liquorice 4.5 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: snakebite—fresh Eupatorium chinense 90 g, Isodon tenuifolius 90 g, fresh Hypericum sampsonii 30 g, mashed, squeezed for juice, and taken with one to two bowls of cold boiled water, and the dregs are applied around the wound. If there is bleeding in the mouth and nose, add 30 g of Polygala glomerata, Cynanchum paniculatum 6–15 g, steam with 100–150 g of Sanhua wine (produced in Guangdong and Guangxi) to take.

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5.23  Family: Compositae 5.23.1  Eupatorium fortunei Chinese Name(s): pei lan, lan cao, ze lan, yuan geng ze lan, sheng tou cao. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Eupatorium fortunei (Eupatorium fortunei Turcz.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 1  m tall, with procumbent rhizome. The stems are erect, green or purplish red, sparsely pubescent. The leaves are opposite, alternate on the upper half, papery; the middle cauline leaves are three-­ sect; the terminal lobes are large, elliptic or lanceolate, 5–10 cm long; the lateral lobes are small; the upper cauline leaves are usually undivided, lanceolate, 6–12 cm long, glabrous on both surfaces, coarsely toothed at margins; the petioles are 1.5–2 cm long. The capitula are about 5 mm in diam. at anthesis, in apical compound corymbs on the stems and branches; the involucres are campanulate; the phyllaries are two- or three-seriate; the outer bracts are short, ovate-lanceolate; the inner phyllaries are gradually longer, narrowly elliptic, purple red, without glands; the florets are reddish; all the florets are bisexual tubular; the corollas are about 5 mm long, apically five-toothed. The achenes are fusiform, five-angled, 3–4 mm long; the pappi are white, about 5 mm long. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to November. Habitat: It is commonly cultivated and rare as a wild plant, in thickets, and by stream and forest margin. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, and Shaanxi, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are harvested twice in summer and autumn, removed the impurities, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stem of this product is cylindrical, 30–100 cm long, 2–5  mm in diameter, yellowish brown or yellowish green, or purple sometimes. There are obvious nodes and longitudinal ridges. It is brittle and easy to break, with white pith in the cross section or hollow. The leaves are mostly shrunk or broken, greenish brown, three-lobed or undivided. The middle lobes are lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, basally narrow, marginally serrated. The intact ones are ovate-­ lanceolate. It’s fragrant in odor and slightly bitter in taste. The products tender in quality, with more leaves, green color, and strong fragrance, are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridian of the spleen, stomach and lungs.

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Functions: Refreshing the mind, removing dampness, and clearing heat, it is often used for treatment of heatstroke, fever, dizziness, chest tightness, abdominal distention, anorexia, sticky mouth, acute gastroenteritis, stomachache, and halitosis. Use and Dosage: 4.5–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: heatstroke—Eupatorium fortunei 9 g, fresh lotus leaf 15 g, talc 18 g, licorice 3 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute gastroenteritis—Eupatorium fortunei, Agastache rugosus, rhizoma atractylodis, Poria cocos, and Berberis wilsoniae each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.24  Family: Compositae 5.24.1  Eupatorium japonicum Chinese Name(s): ze lan, dan ye pei lan, yuan geng ze lan, jian wei feng, shan lan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Eupatorium japonicum (Eupatorium japonicum Thunb.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 50–200  cm tall. The stems are erect, purplish red, usually simple or only corymbose synflorescence branched in the upper part; the stems and branches are white crisped-puberulent, denser on synflorescence branches, glabrescent at anthesis or sparsely hairy in the lower part. The leaves are opposite; the basal leaves are withered at anthesis; the

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middle leaves are elliptic, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, 6–20 cm long, 2–6.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, coarsely or doubly serrate at margins, basally cuneate, scabrid on both surfaces, crisped-villous or puberulent and yellow glandular, more densely hairy abaxially on the veins and petioles, pinnately veined; the pinnate and lateral veins are in seven pairs; the petioles are 1–2 cm long; the upper leaves are small. The capitula are arranged in apically densely corymbose at the stems and branches, rarely forming a large compound corymbose; the involucres are campanulate; the phyllaries are three-seriate, green or purplish red; the outer phyllaries are very short, lanceolate; the middle and inner phyllaries are gradually longer, narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, apically obtuse or rounded; there are five disk florets; the corollas are white, red purple, or pink, with dense yellow glands. The achenes are black brown, elliptic, five-angled, with many yellow glands; the pappi are white. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to November. Habitat: It grows in hillside grasslands or thickets. Distribution: It is cultivated throughout China, except for Xinjiang and Tibet, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property, and fragrant in odor. Functions: Promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, reducing swelling, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of injury caused by knocks and falls, amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, stomachache, and urinary tract infection. Use and Dosage: 20–40 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.25  Family: Compositae 5.25.1  Eupatorium lindleyanum Chinese Name(s): ye ma zhui, jian pei lan, lun ye ze an. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Eupatorium lindleyanum (Eupatorium lindleyanum DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 30–150 cm tall. The stems are erect, red or purplish red in lower and median parts, densely white villous. The leaves are opposite or alternate on upper parts, thick, sessile or subsessile, oblong, narrowly elliptic or linear-lanceolate, 5–17 cm long, 5–15 mm wide, apically mucronulate, basally cuneate, sparsely serrate at margins, with yellow glands and white scabrous on both surfaces, basally three-veined. The capitula are many, five-flowered, in apical dense corymb at the stems and branches; the peduncles are purple red, densely shortly white pubescent; the involucres are campanulate; the phyllaries are three-­ seriate; the outer phyllaries are short, ovate-lanceolate; the inner phyllaries are narrowly lanceolate, three to four times longer than the outer one; the florets are reddish or white, bisexual, tubular; the corollas are about 4.5 mm long, the limb being five-­ lobed, with yellow glands; the apical anthers have membranous appendages, basally obtuse; the style branches elongate, filiform, slightly compressed inside. The achenes are cylindric, basally attenuate, five-ribbed, about 3 mm long; the pappi are one-seriate, white, nearly equal to corollas. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to December. Habitat: It grows in the valley, shady land, water wetland, or grassland at an elevation of 300–600 m. Distribution: It is distributed in North and South of China (except Xinjiang), as well as in North Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, India, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn when just bloom and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stem of this product is cylindrical, 30–90 cm long, 0.5  cm in diameter, yellowish green or purplish brown, with longitudinal ridges, densely grayish white tomentose. It’s hard in quality, easy to break, fibrous on sections, with white medulla. The leaves are opposite, sessile, mostly shrunk, linear-­ lanceolate when flattened, marginally sparsely serrated, adaxially green brown, abaxially yellowish green, hairy on both surfaces, with glandular dots. The capitula are numerous. It is slight in odor, bitter and astringent in taste. The products green, with more leaves and blooming flowers, are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridian of the lungs.

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Functions: Clearing the lungs, stopping coughing, relieving asthma, and lowering blood pressure, it’s often used for treatment of bronchitis, cough and asthma with phlegm, and hypertension. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis—(a) Eupatorium lindleyanum 30–60  g, decocted in water or added with Perilla seed, Inula japonica, Pardanthus, Pinellia ternata, etc. to make various preparations, 10–14 days as a course of treatment. (b) The flavonoid and alkaloid compounds of the extract were pressed into tablets (each tablet is equivalent to 10 g of the raw medicine) respectively. Take two to three tablets each time, three times a day. Or mix the two components, and take two tablets each time, three times a day.

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5.26  Family: Compositae 5.26.1  Farfugium japonicum Chinese Name(s): da wu feng cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Farfugium japonicum (Farfugium japonicum (Linn. f.) Kitam.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, with stout rhizome, about 12 mm in diam.; the scapes are up to 70  cm tall, densely pale yellow pilose when young, glabrescent later, basally pale yellow pilose. The leaves are all basal, rosulate; the petioles are 15–25  cm long, basally inflated and amplexicaul; the sheaths are densely villous inside; the leaf blades are reniform or rounded reniform, 9–13 cm long, 11–22 cm wide, apically rounded, entire or dentate to palmatilobed at margins, thinly leathery, gray puberulent when young on both surfaces, glabrescent

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later; the veins are palmate; there are one to three cauline leaves, which are bracteal, oblong or linear-lanceolate, 1–2  cm long. The capitula are radiate, two to seven in sparse corymbs; the peduncles are 2–13 cm long, puberulent; the involucres are campanulate, 12–15 mm long, the mouth being 15 mm in diam.; there are 12–14 phyllaries two-seriate, which are oblong, puberulent outside, apically acuminate; the inner phyllaries are brown membranous at margins; there are 8–12 marginal female florets, ligulate, one-seriate, yellow; the laminae are 15–22 mm long, 3–4 mm wide, apically rounded or acute, tube being 6–9 mm long; the central florets bisexual, tubular, usually 10–12 mm long, tube being about 6 mm long, with limb five-lobed; the anther appendages are apically oblong, obtuse, basally caudate, and the filaments are smooth; the style branches are rounded, shortly hairy. The achenes are cylindric, ca. 7 mm long, longitudinally ribbed, shortly hairy; the pappi are white, strigose. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to March of the next year. Habitat: It grows under forests, valleys, and grass. Distribution: It is distributed in Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent, sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, eliminating swelling, and dissipating stagnation, it’s often used for treatment of cold, sore throat, cough and hemoptysis, hemafecia, hematuria, irregular menstruation, mastitis, scrofula, carbuncle, furuncle, sore, eczema, injury caused by knocks and falls, and snake injury. Use and Dosage: 9–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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5.27  Family: Compositae 5.27.1  Galinsoga parviflora Chinese Name(s): niu xi ju, la zi cao, xiang yang hua, zhen zhu cao, tong chui cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Galinsoga parviflora (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 10–80 cm tall. The leaves are opposite, ovate or oblong-ovate, 2.5–5.5  cm long, 1.2–3.5  cm wide, basally rounded, broadly or narrowly cuneate, apically acuminate or obtuse, basally three-veined or obscurely five-veined, abaxially slightly prominent, adaxially flat, petiolate; the

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petioles are 1–2 cm long; the upper leaves and lower half leaves of inflorescence become gradually smaller, lanceolate; the stems and leaves are scabrid on both surfaces, sparsely white pubescent, more densely hairy on veins and petioles, crenate-­ serrate or shallowly undulate at margins, sometimes entire or nearly entire. The capitula are hemispherical, long pedunculate, in apical loose corymbs at the stems and branches, about 3 cm in diam.; the involucres are hemispheric or campanulate, 3–6  mm wide; there are five phyllaries, which are one- to two-seriate; the outer phyllaries are short, ovate-orbicular to ovate; the inner phyllaries are 3 mm long, apically obtuse, white, membranous. There are four to five ray florets, which are with white laminae, apically three-toothed; the tubes are thin tubular, densely white pubescent outside; the disk floret corollas are about 1  mm long, yellow, densely white pubescent on the lower half; the paleae are oblanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate, papery, apically three-lobed or undivided. The achenes are 1–1.5 mm long, trigonous or four- to five-ribbed, black or dark brown, compressed, white pubescent; the ray flower pappi are hairy, deciduous; the disk floret pappus are membranous, white, lanceolate, fimbriate, connected into a ring. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows on nearby road and in field and wilderness. Distribution: It is a common weed distributed in South China. It is native to South America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, acute icteric hepatitis, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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5.28  Family: Compositae 5.28.1  Gerbera anandria Chinese Name(s): da ding cao, xiao huo cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gerbera anandria (Gerbera anandria (Linn.) Sch.-Bip. [Leibnitzia anandria (Linn.) Nakai].). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, dimorphic. The leaves are in basal rosette, variable in shape, usually oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, 2–6  cm long, 1–3  cm wide, apically obtuse, often mucronulate, basally gradually attenuate, obtuse, subtruncate or sometimes shallowly cordate, denticulate, sinuate, lyrate-­ pinnatilobed at margins; the lobes are distant; the terminal lobes are large, ovate, denticulate, abaxially arachnoid lanate, adaxially arachnoid-tomentose or subglabrous; the lateral veins are in four to six pairs; the petioles are 2–4 cm long or sometimes longer, white lanate. The scapes are solitary or tufted, erect or nodding, slender, rod-shaped, 5–20  cm long, with arachnoid hairs; the bracteal leaves are sparse, linear or linear-subulate, 6–7  mm long, usually covered with hairs. The capitula are solitary and terminal, obconic, 10–15 mm in diam.; the involucres are slightly shorter than the pappus; the phyllaries are three-seriate; the outer phyllaries are linear, about 4 mm in length; the inner phyllaries are long, linear-lanceolate, ca. 8 mm in length; the receptacles are flat, glabrous, 3–4 mm in diam.; the corollas of female flower are ligulate, 10–12  mm in length; the lips are oblong, 6–8  mm in length, apically irregularly three-toothed or sometimes obtuse, purplish red, two-­ lobed, filiform, 1.5–2 mm long; the tubes are slender, 3–4 mm long, without staminode. The corollas of bisexual flower are tubular, bilabiate, 6–8 cm long; the outer lips are broad, about 3 mm long, apically three-toothed; the inner lips are two-lobed, filiform, 2.5–3 mm long; the anthers are apically rounded, basally caudate; the style branches are about 1 mm long, compressed inside, apically obtuse. The achenes are fusiform, with longitudinal ribs, white strigose, 5–6 mm long; the pappi are scabrid, sordid white, 5–7 mm long. The flowering season is spring and autumn. Habitat: It grows on hillside, roadside, and forest grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou of China, as well as in Russia, Japan, and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxicating, reducing swelling, and relieving coughing, it’s often used for treatment of cough due to heat in the lungs, enteritis, dysentery, urinary tract infection, and rheumatoid joint pain, as well as for external treatment for mastitis, carbuncle, boils, sores, burns, scald, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are ground to powder or mashed for application to the affected areas.

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5.29  Family: Compositae 5.29.1  Gerbera piloselloides Chinese Name(s): mao da ding cao, bai wei, yi zhu xiang, tu er feng, xiao yi zhi jian, bai mei. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gerbera piloselloides (Gerbera piloselloides (Linn.) Cass.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, velutinous, tufted, with stout root. The leaves are in basal rosette, shortly petiolate, oblong or ovate, 5–10 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, entire at margins, adaxially velutinous when young, often glabrous when old, abaxially velutinous. The scapes are 15–30 cm long, sometimes up to 40 cm long, and become gradually thicker upward, velutinous; the involucres are campanulate, 16–18  mm long; the phyllaries are linear-­lanceolate, 10–18 mm long, pilose or velutinous, rarely glabrous at margins; the florets are many, small; the female florets are two-seriate; the outer floret corollas are ligulate; the inner floret corollas are tubular and bilabiate, white. The achenes are fusiform, with slender beak, nearly equaling to fruit at mature; the pappi are orange red, slightly scabrid, persistent, about 11 mm long, connate into a ring at base. The flowering period is from February to May; the fruiting period is from August to December. Habitat: It grows on hillside grassland and forest edge. Distribution: It’s distributed in Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Fujian of China, as well as in Japan, Nepal, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Australia, and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The rhizome of this product is stout and clustered with grayish brown, crooked fibrous roots. The leaf fascicled rosulate on the rhizome and shrunk. After flattening, the leaf blades are oblong ovate, basally acuminate, entire on margins, dark brown apically, abaxially brown and yellow white pilose. The flower stem is 15–25 cm long, single, brownish yellow, hollow. The capitulum is globose, with a diameter of 4 cm, white or yellow white. It smells like kerosene and tastes astringent. The products dark brown with more leaves are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and lungs. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving coughing and resolving phlegm, activating blood, and dispersing blood stasis, it’s often used for treatment of cold and fever, coughing with phlegm, dysentery, dysuria, infantile malnutrition, and acute conjunctivitis, as well as for external treatment for injury caused by knocks and falls and snakebites.

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Use and Dosage: 15–24 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: trichomonal vaginitis—Gerbera piloselloides and honeysuckle 15–30 g each, decocted in water and used for fumigation and washing to the affected area, 3–4 days after menstruation for 3 continuous months. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pharyngitis, tonsillitis—Gerbera piloselloides 15 g, fresh lily, drilgrass, Phaseolus calcaratus, Asiatic plantain 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pertussis for children—Gerbera piloselloides 9 g, radix stemonae 9 g, decocted in water, removing the dregs, added with some honey, and taken orally. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis, epistaxis—Gerbera piloselloides and Curculigo orchioides each 3–5 g, Rhizoma phragmitis 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute nephritis: fresh Gerbera piloselloides, mashed with some salt, applied to the navel, removed after 2 hours, and used once a day for 3 days. On the first day, moxibustion with ginger should be done at the navel firstly and the patient should not take salt. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: edema—Gerbera piloselloides 30  g and Elephantopus scaber each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: phthisis—Proper amounts of Gerbera piloselloides are cooked with pork to take. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: infantile malnutrition—Gerbera piloselloides 9 g, stewed with one chicken liver or 60 g of pig liver. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: coughing and asthma—Gerbera piloselloides 30 g, steamed with honey and taken frequently.

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Chapter 6

Medicinal Angiosperms of Compositae (cont. II) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 6.1  F  amily: Compositae 6.1.1  Glossogyne bidens 6.2  Family: Compositae 6.2.1  Gnaphalium adnatum 6.3  Family: Compositae 6.3.1  Gnaphalium affine 6.4  Family: Compositae 6.4.1  Gnaphalium japonicum 6.5  Family: Compositae 6.5.1  Gnaphalium polycaulon 6.6  Family: Compositae 6.6.1  Gynura bicolor

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_6

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364 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10  6.11  6.12  6.13  6.14  6.15  6.16  6.17  6.18  6.19  6.20  6.21  6.22  6.23  6.24  6.25  6.26  6.27  6.28  6.29 

H. Ye et al. Family: Compositae 6.7.1  Gynura divaricata Family: Compositae 6.8.1  Gynura japonica Family: Compositae 6.9.1  Helianthus annuus Family: Compositae 6.10.1  Hemisteptia lyrata Family: Compositae 6.11.1  Inula cappa Family: Compositae 6.12.1  Inula helenium Family: Compositae 6.13.1  Inula japonica, Inula lineariifolia Family: Compositae 6.14.1  Kalimeris indica Family: Compositae 6.15.1  Laggera alata Family: Compositae 6.16.1  Laggera pterodonta Family: Compositae 6.17.1  Lapsana apogonoides Family: Compositae 6.18.1  Paraixeris denticulata Family: Compositae 6.19.1  Petasites japonicus Family: Compositae 6.20.1  Pterocypsela indica Family: Compositae 6.21.1  Saussurea cauloptera Family: Compositae 6.22.1  Saussurea costus Family: Compositae 6.23.1  Saussurea deltoidea Family: Compositae 6.24.1  Saussurea hypsipeta Family: Compositae 6.25.1  Saussurea involucrata Family: Compositae 6.26.1  Saussurea likiangensis Family: Compositae 6.27.1  Saussurea medusa Family: Compositae 6.28.1  Saussurea wellbyi Family: Compositae 6.29.1  Saussurea stella

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This chapter introduces 29 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Glossogyne bidens, Gnaphalium adnatum, Gnaphalium affine, Gnaphalium japonicum, Gnaphalium polycaulon, Gynura bicolor, Gynura divaricata, Gynura

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japonica, Helianthus annuus, Hemisteptia lyrata, Inula cappa, Inula helenium, Inula japonica, Kalimeris indica, Laggera alata, Lapsana apogonoides, Paraixeris denticulata, Pterocypsela indica, Saussurea cauloptera, Saussurea involucrata, Saussurea likiangensis, Saussurea medusa, Saussurea wellbyi, and Saussurea stella of Compositae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part of herbal medicines of each species.

6.1  Family: Compositae 6.1.1  Glossogyne bidens Chinese Name(s): lu jiao cao, jin suo chi, yao ying zhua, xiang ru. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Glossogyne bidens (Glossogyne bidens (Ratz.) Veldkamp [G. tenutfolia Cass.]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 15–30 cm tall, with fusiform roots. The stems are tufted; the branches are ascending or spreading, glabrous. The basal leaves are dense, 4–8 cm long, usually pinnately parted, glabrous on both surfaces; the segments are in two to three pairs, linear, 7–15 mm long, apically slightly obtuse; the petioles are 2–4.5 mm long, connected with the leaf axis; the middle cauline leaves are few, pinnately parted, shortly petiolate; the upper leaves are small, linear. The capitula are solitary, terminal, 6–8  mm in diam.; there is one bracteal leaf, which is linear-oblong; there are about seven outer phyllaries, oblong lanceolate, ca. 3 mm long after anthesis, striped, apically obtuse, membranous at margins, slightly ciliate; the inner phyllaries are narrow, long, and round, slightly longer than outer one, 3.5  mm long, apically obtuse, membranous at margins; the corollas of ray flower are ligulate, yellow, 4 mm long; the lips are developed, broadly elliptic, about 3 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, apically three-lobed; the disk florets are ca. 3 mm long; the corollas are apically three-lobed; the anthers are basally blunt; the style branches have long appendages covered with small bristles. The achenes are black, glabrous, flat, linear, 7–8 mm long, with many stripes; there are usually two barbed awns on the apex. The flowering period is from June to July; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on hills and slopes or hard sand and open sand by the sea. Distribution: It’s distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan of China, as well as in the Philippines, Indochina Peninsula, Australia, Malaysia, and Oceania.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: It functions in clearing heat and detoxicating, removing dampness and reducing swelling, removing blood stasis, and activating blood circulation. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application and minced for juice and smeared to the affected areas.

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6.2  Family: Compositae 6.2.1  Gnaphalium adnatum Chinese Name(s): kuan ye shu qu cao, di gao cao, bai ye zi, da bai ai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gnaphalium adnatum (Gnaphalium adnatum (Wall. ex DC.) Kitam). Morphology: The plant is a stout herb. The stems are erect, 0.5–1 m in height, 4–8  mm in diam. at base, usually unbranched or rarely branched at lower half, corymbose-­branched at upper half, white lanate; the internodes are 1–2 cm long. The basal leaves are withered at anthesis; the middle and lower leaves are oblong or obovate-oblong, 4–9 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, basally gradually attenuate, amplexicaul at the lower part, without auricle, apically mucronulate, nearly leathery, white lanate on both surfaces; the midveins are raised on both surfaces; the lateral veins are one-paired, obscurely densely floccose; the leaves of upper inflorescence are small, linear, 1–3  cm long, 2–5  mm wide, apically mucronulate, white lanate on both surfaces. The capitula are few or many, 5–6 mm in diam., aggregated in terminal globose at the top of branches, arranged in a large corymbose at the upper stem; the involucres are subglobose, 5–6 mm in diam.; the phyllaries are three- or four-­ seriate, scarious, pale yellow or yellow white; the outer phyllaries are obovate or oblanceolate, apically rounded, about 4 mm long; the inner phyllaries are oblong or narrowly oblong, about 4  mm long; the female florets are numerous, stout; the corollas are filiform, 3 mm in length, apically three- or four-toothed, with gland-­ dotted; the style branches are slender; there are usually few bisexual florets, five to seven in number; the corollas are tubular, about 3 mm long, slightly enlarged at the upper half, with limb five-lobed; the lobes are rounded, with gland-dotted. The achenes are cylindric, about 0.5  mm long, papillate; the pappi are white, about 3 mm long. The flowering period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, roadsides or bushes. Distribution: It’s distributed in Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan. It is also distributed in Indochina Peninsula, Myanmar and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxicating and dissipating stagnation, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of dysentery due to dampness heat, carbuncle, sore, scrofula, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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6.3  Family: Compositae 6.3.1  Gnaphalium affine Chinese Name(s): shu qu cao, huang hua qu cao, qing ming cai, tian ai, fo er cao, tu yin chen, jiu qu rong. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gnaphalium affine (Gnaphalium affine D. Don). Morphology: The plants are annual herbs. The stems are erect or ascending at lower branches, 10–40 cm tall, about 3 mm in diam. at base; the upper stems are unbranched, grooved, densely white lanate; the internodes are 8–20 mm long. The leaves are sessile, spatulate-oblanceolate or obovate, 5–7 cm in length, 11–14 mm in width; the upper leaves are 15–20 mm in length, 2–5 mm in width, basally gradually attenuate, slightly decurrent, apically rounded and spiny mucronate, white lanate on both surfaces, adaxially usually thinner, and abaxially unobvious,

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one-­veined. The capitula are few or many, 2–3 mm in diam., subsessile, in dense terminal corymbs at the branches; the florets are yellow to pale yellow; the involucres are campanulate, about 2–3 mm in diam.; the phyllaries are three- to four-seriate, golden or lemon yellow, membranous, shiny; the outer phyllaries are obovate or spatulate-obovate, abaxially white lanate, apically rounded, basally gradually attenuate, about 2  mm long; the inner phyllaries are long spatulate, abaxially usually glabrous, 2.5–3  mm long, apically obtuse; the center receptacles are slightly impressed, glabrous; the female florets are numerous; the corollas are slender tubular, about 2 mm long, apically enlarged, three-toothed; the lobes are glabrous; the bisexual florets are few, tubular, about 3  mm long, and become gradually wider upward, with limb five-lobed; the lobes are triangular-acuminate, glabrous. The achenes are obovate or obovate cylindric, about 0.5 mm long, papillate; the pappi are scabrid, sordid-white, easily deciduous, about 1.5 mm long, basally connate into two bunches. The flowering period is from January to April and from August to November. Habitat: It grows on ridges, wasteland, and roadside. Distribution: It is distributed in Taiwan, east China, central China, south China, north China, and northwest and southwest of China, as well as in Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Indochina Peninsula, and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Relieving coughing and asthma, lowering blood pressure, and dispelling wind dampness, it’s often used for treatment of cold, coughing, bronchitis, asthma, hypertension, fava bean disease, rheumatism, lumbago, and leg pain, as well as for external treatment of injuries caused by knocks and falls and snakebites. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold and cough—Gnaphalium affine 30  g, Artemisia apiacea 15 g, and mint 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: asthma and cough—Gnaphalium affine 30 g, Rorippa indica 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis—(a) Gnaphalium affine 9  g, Tussilago farfara, Rosaceae, Peucedanum praeruptorum 9  g, Fritillaria thunbergii 3  g, ephedra 3  g, decocted in water for oral use. (b) Gnaphalium affine, Chinese sumac, thorny Elaeagnus fruit, loquat leaf, Cynanchum glaucescens, each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: favism—Gnaphalium affine 60  g, Asiatic plantain 30  g, Herba Pteridis multifidae 30  g, capillary artemisia 15  g, added with 1200 ml, decocted to 800 ml, added with sugar as beverage. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: prevention of hepatitis—Gnaphalium affine 30 g, decocted in water and added with 15 g of water and taken in early spring every year.

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6.4  Family: Compositae 6.4.1  Gnaphalium japonicum Chinese Name(s): xi ye shu qu cao, bai bei shu qu cao, tian qing di bai cao, fan bai cao, ri ben shu qu cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gnaphalium japonicum (Gnaphalium japonicum Thunb.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, slender, 8–27 cm in height, 1 mm in diam. at base, finely grooved, white lanate; the internodes are basally obscure; the scape internodes are 1–3 cm in length, sometimes up to 9 cm. The basal leaves are persistent in anthesis, rosulate, linear-oblanceolate, 3–9  cm long, 3–7  mm wide, basally gradually attenuate, decurrent, apically mucronulate, reflexed at margins, adaxially green, sparsely white lanate, abaxially white, densely white lanate; there is one vein, which is often impressed or unobvious adaxially, abaxially obviously raised; the cauline leaves are few, linear-oblong, 2–3 cm long, 2–3 mm wide, similar to basal leaves; there are three to six linear or lanceolate leaflets arranged in radiate or stellate shape under the compound inflorescence. The capitula are few, 2–3 mm in diam., sessile, in dense terminal spherical shape at the branches, arranged in a headlike corymb, with yellow florets; the involucres are nearly campanulate, about 3  mm in diam.; the phyllaries are three-seriate; the outer phyllaries are broadly elliptic, scarious, reddish brown, about 3  mm long, apically obtuse, abaxially sparsely hairy; the middle phyllaries are obovate-oblong, reddish brown at the upper half, about 4 mm long, basally gradually attenuate, apically obtuse or mucronulate; the inner phyllaries are linear, about 5 mm long, apically obtuse and reddish brown, pale green below; the female florets are many; the corollas are filiform, 4 mm long, apically three-toothed; the bisexual florets are few; the corollas are tubular, about 4 mm long, apically slightly enlarged, with limb five-lobed; the lobes are apically abruptly contractive and mucronulate. The achenes are fusiform, about 1 mm long, densely covered with rod-shaped glands; the pappi are scabrid, white, about 4 mm long. The flowering period is from January to May. Habitat: It grows on hillside meadow or roadside. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Anhui, as well as in North Korea, Japan, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxicating, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of conjunctivitis, leukoplakia, cold, coughing, sore throat, and urethritis, as well as external treatment for mastitis, carbuncle, furuncle, swelling, and poisonous snakebite.

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Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: corneal leukoplakia—Gnaphalium japonicum 3 g, soaked in 100 ml of water, evaporated in water for 30 minutes, filtered, and dropped into eyes, two drops per hour for new patients and three drops per hour for old patients.

6.5  Family: Compositae 6.5.1  Gnaphalium polycaulon Chinese Name(s): duo jing shu qu cao, xia ye shu qu cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gnaphalium polycaulon (Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are many-branched, decumbent or ascending at lower part, 10–25 cm tall, 1–2 mm in diam. at base, longitudinally ribbed, densely white lanate-tomentose or sometimes more or less glabrous basally; the internodes are short, 1–1.5 cm long. The lower leaves are oblanceolate, 2–4 cm in length, 4–8 mm in width, basally narrowed, decurrent, sessile, apically mucronate, entire or sometimes undulate, white lanate-tomentose on both surfaces or glabrous adaxially; the middle and upper leaves are smaller, obovate-oblong or spatulate-oblong, 1–2 cm in length, 2–4 mm in width, downward attenuate, and apically mucronulate. The capitula are many, 2–3 mm long, 2–2.5 mm in diam., in a dense spike at tips of stems and branches; the involucres are ovate, about 2  mm wide; the phyllaries are two-seriate, stramineous or reddish brown, membranous;

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the outer phyllaries are oblong lanceolate, about 2  mm long, apically apiculate, abaxially reddish stripe thicken along the ridge at the lower part, lanate-tomentose; the inner phyllaries are linear, nearly equal to outer phyllaries, apically mucronulate, basally slightly reflexed, abaxially sparsely hairy or subglabrous; the receptacles are flat when dry or only slightly impressed in the center, glabrous; the female florets are many, filiform, about 1.5 mm long, apically three-toothed; the bisexual florets are few; the corollas are tubular, about 1.5 mm long, and become gradually wider upward, with limb five-lobed; the lobes are apically acute, glabrous. The achenes are cylindric, about 0.5  mm long, papillate; the pappi are silky, sordid-­ white, basally separated, easily deciduous, about 1.5 mm long. The flowering period is from January to April. Habitat: It grows on the edge of farmland, wasteland, and roadside. Distribution: It is distributed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, and other provinces of China, as well as in Egypt, India, Thailand, Australia, and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, relieving coughing and resolving phlegm, and dispersing wind and swelling of the throat, it’s often used for treatment of chronic coughing with phlegm, rheumatism, arthralgia, diarrhea, edema, fava bean disease, sores and carbuncle, itch of the scrotum, urticaria, rubella, hypertension, and infantile food stagnation. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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6.6  Family: Compositae 6.6.1  Gynura bicolor Chinese Name(s): zi bei san qi, hong feng cai, liang se san qi cao, hong cai, zi bei cai, hong fan xian. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gynura bicolor (Gynura bicolor (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 50–100 cm tall, glabrous. The stems are erect, flaccid, rather woody at base, corymbosely branched in the upper part, striate when dry. The leaves are petiolate or subsessile; the blades are obovate or oblanceolate, rarely oblong lanceolate, 5–10 cm long, 2.5 cm–4 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally cuneate and gradually attenuate into winged petioles or subsessile and expanded, but not auriculate, irregularly repand-dentate or mucronulate at margins, rarely pinnatifid near base; the lateral veins are in seven to nine pairs, reflexed, adaxially green, abaxially purple when dry, glabrous on both surfaces; the upper leaves and branches are small, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, shortly petiolate or subsessile. The capitula are many, 10 mm in diam., in terminal lax corymbs at the stems and branches; the peduncles are slender, 3–4 cm long, with one to two filiform bracts; the involucres are narrowly campanulate, 11–15  mm long, 8–10 mm wide; there are seven to nine bracts of calyculus at base, which are linear; there are about 13 involucres, which are one-seriate, linear-lanceolate or linear, 11–15  mm long, 0.9–1.5  mm wide, apically acute or acuminate, scarious at margins, conspicuously three-ribbed, glabrous; the small florets are orange to reddish; the corollas are distinctly exceeding involucres, 13–15 mm long; the tubes are

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slender, 10–12  mm long; the lobes are ovate-triangular; the anthers are basally rounded or slightly acute; the style branches are subulate, papillose. The achenes are cylindric, brownish, about 4 mm long, 10–15-ribbed, glabrous; the pappi are many, white, silky, easily deciduous. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to October. Habitat: It grows under hillside forest and rock and wet place of the river at an elevation of 600–1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and astringent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Cooling blood, stopping bleeding, clearing heat, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of hemoptysis, metrorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, postpartum fever and abdominal pain, pyelonephritis, lumbago, bronchitis, pelvic inflammation, heatstroke, and amebic dysentery, as well as for external treatment for traumatic bleeding, chronic ulcer, furuncle, carbuncle, and paronychia. Use and Dosage: 60–120 g per dose for fresh products, 15–30 g per dose for dried products, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed, or dried leaves are ground to powder and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis, bronchitis, heatstroke—fresh Gynura bicolor whole plants 60–120 g, decocted in water for oral use 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: amoebic dysentery—fresh Gynura bicolor whole plants 60–120 g, decocted with sour bamboo shoots or water for oral use 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysmenorrhea—fresh Gynura bicolor whole plants 60–120 g, stir-fried with wine, decocted in water, and taken before meals 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tender leaf of Gynura bicolor 30  g, Salvia substolonifera Stib 15 g, decocted in water for oral use 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pyelonephritis and low back pain—fresh Gynura bicolor whole plants 60  g, Herba Hedyotis chrysotricha, Agrimonia pilosa, each 15 g, decocted in water for oral use 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sores and carbuncle—appropriate amounts of fresh Gynura bicolor, added with a little salt or sugar, mashed, and applied to the affected areas 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: paronychia—proper amount of fresh Gynura bicolor, mashed and added with a little white wine, and applied to the affected areas 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: traumatic bleeding—fresh Gynura bicolor, mashed for application

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6.7  Family: Compositae 6.7.1  Gynura divaricata Chinese Name(s): bai zi cai, bai bei san qi, bai dong feng, yu pi pa, san bai bang, hou mian pi, ji cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gynura divaricata (Gynura divaricata (Linn.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 30–60 cm tall. The leaves are thick, ovate, elliptic or oblanceolate, 2–15  cm long, 1.5–5  cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally cuneate-attenuate or decurrent into petiole, nearly truncate or slightly cordate, coarsely dentate at margins, sometimes lyrately lobed, rarely entire, adaxially green, abaxially purplish; the lateral veins are in three to five pairs; the veinlets are often coalescent into subparallel oblong reticulate veins, with conspicuous black lines when dry, short on both surfaces; the petioles are 0.5–4 cm long, pubescent, with ovate or half-moon-shaped, dentate auricle at base; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, bractlike, narrowly lanceolate or linear, pinnatifid, sessile, slightly amplexicaul. The capitula are 1.5–2  cm in diam., usually three to five laxly corymbose-­paniculate at the stem or branch end, often divaricately branched; the peduncles are 1–15 cm long, densely shortly pubescent; there are one to three linear bracts; the involucres are campanulate, 8–10 mm long, 6–8 mm wide, with several linear or filiform bracteoles at base; there are 11–14 involucres, which are one-­ seriate, narrowly lanceolate, 8–10 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, apically acuminate, narrowly triangular, scarious at margins, three-veined abaxially, sparsely shortly pubescent or subglabrous; the small florets are orange yellow, fragrant, slightly extending the involucre; the corollas are 11–15  mm long; the tubes are thin, 9–11 mm long, enlarged on the upper part; the lobes are oblong ovate, apically red, acute; the anther are basally obtuse or slightly hastate; the style branches are slender, with conic appendages, papillose. The achenes are cylindric, about 5 mm long, brown, ten-ribbed, puberulent; the pappi are white, silky, 10–12 mm long. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on a wasteland, grassy slope, or field edge. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Macao, Hainan, and Yunnan of China, as well as in Vietnam, India, and Indochina Peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cold in property, a little toxic. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relaxing muscles and curing fracture, cooling blood, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of bronchopneumonia, infantile high fever, pertussis, inflammation and swelling of the eye, rheumatoid joint pain, and metrorrhagia, as well as for external treatment of bruises, fractures, bleeding, mastitis, sores, boils, burns, and scalds. Use and Dosage: 9–15  g per dose, decocted in water or soaked in wine. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.8  Family: Compositae 6.8.1  Gynura japonica Chinese Name(s): ju san qi, ju ye san qi, xue dang gui. Source: This medicine is made of the dried rhizomes of Gynura japonica (Gynura japonica (Linn. f.) Juel [Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr.]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 60–150 cm tall. The leaves are elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 10–30 cm long, 8–15 cm wide, pinnately parted; the terminal lobes are large, obovate, oblong to oblong lanceolate; the lateral lobes are in three to six pairs, elliptic, oblong to oblong-linear, 1.5–5 cm long, 0.5–2 cm wide, apically acuminate or acute, coarsely dentate or sharply dentate or incised at margins, rarely entire, adaxially green, abaxially green or purplish, pubescent or subglabrous on both surfaces; the upper leaves are smaller, pinnatifid, gradually bractlike. The capitula are many, 1.5–1.8 cm in diam., in corymbose-paniculate at stems and branches; each inflorescence branch has three to eight capitula; the peduncles are slender, 1–4 cm long, pubescent; there are one to three linear bracts; the involucral bracts are narrowly campanulate or campanulate, 10–15 mm long, 8–15 mm wide, with 9–11 linear bracteoles at base; there are 13 phyllaries, which are one-seriate, linear-lanceolate, 10–15 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, apically acuminate, scarious at margins, glabrous or sparsely pubescent abaxially; there are 50–100 florets; the corollas are yellow or orange yellow, 13–15 mm long, narrowly tubular, 10–12 mm long, enlarged on upper part; the lobes are ovate, apically acute; the anthers are basally obtuse; the style branches have subulate appendages, papillose. The achenes are cylindric, brown, 4–5  mm long, ten-ribbed, with puberulence; the pappi are many, white, silky, easily deciduous. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on the mountain road, grassland, or sparse forest. Distribution: It is distributed in Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou of China, as well as in Japan and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are dug up in autumn when the stems and leaves withered, removed the sediment and fibrous roots, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are irregular blocks, which are 3–7  cm long, 2–5 cm in diameter, grayish brown or brownish yellow on surface, nodular protuberant, and with discontinuous longitudinal grooves and fibrous root marks. It’s heavy weighted, hard in quality, difficult to break, uneven on sections, yellowish white to light brown, slightly horny, slight in odor, and slightly bitter in taste.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and stomach. Functions: Dispersing blood stasis, stopping bleeding, detoxicating, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria, hematochezia, functional uterine bleeding, postpartum blood stasis, abdominal pain, Kashin-Beck disease, as well as external treatment of injuries caused by falls, carbuncle, boils and sores, snakebites, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water or soaked in wine. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application. Pregnant women should take with caution. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Kashin-Beck disease—Fresh Gynura japonica leaves, 6–12 g, decocted in water for oral use, 30 days as a course of treatment, and take an interval of 7 days between two treatments. Or take 10% tincture 20–30 ml per dose, three times a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: traumatic bleeding—Gynura japonica is dried, ground into powder, and applied to the wound. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fracture—Fresh product of Gynura japonica root, Sambucus chinensis root barks, Silene adenantha root barks, and Gonostegia hirta root, 250 g, respectively, mashed and stir-fried with white wine, applied to the wound, dressed, and fixed after fracture reduction.

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6.9  Family: Compositae 6.9.1  Helianthus annuus Chinese Name(s): xiang ri kui, kui hua, xiang yang hua, wang ri kui, zhuan ri lian. Source: This medicine is made of the receptacles of inflorescence (disks), roots, piths, leaves, and seeds of Helianthus annuus (Helianthus annuus Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are 1–3 m tall, white hispid, often unbranched, sparsely branched on the upper part. The leaves are alternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 10–30 cm in length, 10–30 cm in width, apically acute or

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acuminate, coarsely serrate at margins, cordate or truncate at base, three-veined from base, shortly hirsute on both surfaces, long petiolate. The capitula are very large, about 20–35  cm in diam., solitary; the phyllaries are many seriate, herbaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apical caudate-acuminate, long hispid or ciliate; the receptacles are flat or slightly raised; the paleae are semi-membranous; the ray florets are many, with yellow lips, spreading, oblong ovate or oblong, sterile; the disk florets are many; the corollas are brown or purple. The achenes are obovate or ovate-oblong, compressed, finely ribbed, often white pubescent; there are two membranous pappus, which are easily deciduous. The flowering period is from July to September; the fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in south and north provinces of China. It is native to North America. Acquisition and Processing: The receptacles (disks) and seeds are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The receptacle functions in nourishing the liver and kidneys, lowering blood pressure, and relieving pain. The root and stem pith function in clearing heat and promoting diuresis and relieving coughing and asthma. The leaf functions in clearing heat and detoxicating. The seed function in nourishing Yin, stopping dysentery, and curing rash. The leaf functions in preventing attack of malaria. The receptacles are often used for treatment of hypertension, headache, dizziness, kidney deficiency, tinnitus, toothache, stomachache, abdominal pain, and dysmenorrhea. The roots and stem piths are often used for treatment of strangury, urinary calculus, chyluria, coughing and asthma with phlegm, edema, and leucorrhea. The seeds are often used for treatment of anorexia, headache due to weakness, bloody flux, and measles without adequate eruption. The leaves are often used for treatment of malaria, as well as for external treatment for scalding. Use and Dosage: 30–90 g per dose for receptacles, 15–30 g per dose for roots and piths, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chorioepithelial carcinoma and malignant hydatidiform mole—Helianthus annuus receptacles 90 g, Herba Pteridis multifidae, Adina rubella (whole grass) 60 g each, decocted in water and taken one dose per day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: headache due to wind heat with dampness— Helianthus annuus receptacles 24–30  g, decocted in water for oral use, twice a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: high blood pressure—(a) Helianthus annuus receptacle 60 g, corn stigma 30 g, decocted in water and taken with ice sugar. (b) Helianthus annuus leaf 30 g (60 g for fresh product), Achyranthes aspera 30 g (60 g for fresh product), decocted in water for oral use.

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4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chyluria—Helianthus annuus stem pith 2 feet, Oenanthe javanica root 60 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take once a day for several days. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: coughing and asthma with phlegm—Helianthus annuus stem pith 90 g, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: stomachache—Helianthus annuus root 15 g, Foeniculum vulgare 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: stranguria—Helianthus annuus root 30  g, decocted for a while and taken. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: leucorrhea—(a) Helianthus annuus stem (peeled and sliced) 15–30  g, decocted in water and taken with sugar. (b) Helianthus annuus pith, kilned on tile. Take 4.5 g each time, two to three times a day, with a small amount of sugar and boiled water. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: measles without adequate eruption—(a) small glass of Helianthus annuus seed, removed the shell, mashed, and taken with boiling water.

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6.10  Family: Compositae 6.10.1  Hemisteptia lyrata Chinese Name(s): ni hu cai, jian dao cao, shi hui cai, rong qiu, hua ku mai cai, ku lang tou. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Hemisteptia lyrata (Hemisteptia lyrata (Bunge) Bunge [H. carthamoides (Ham.) Benth.]). Morphology: The plant is an annual herbs. The stems are often solitary, 30–100 cm tall, sparsely arachnoid tomentose, branched at the upper part, rarely unbranched. The basal leaves are narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, withered at anthesis; the lower and middle cauline leaves are narrowly elliptic, obovate, spatulate, oblanceolate or lanceolate, 4–15  cm long or longer, 1.5  cm–5  cm wide or wider, lyrately pinnately divided or pinnatisect; the lateral segments are in (2–)4–6 pairs, rarely one-paired or undivided; the terminal segments are often triangularly serrate or double serrate; the lateral segments are often sparsely serrate or entire; the basal leaves and lower cauline leaves are long petioles; the upper leaves have short petioles, adaxially glabrous or subglabrous, abaxially densely tomentose. The capitula are many, 1.5–3.5  cm in diam.; the involucres are broadly campanulate; the phyllaries are many seriate; the outer and middle phyllaries are ovate-elliptic to elliptic, with cristate appendages near apex; the appendages are purplish red; the tubular corollas are slender tubular, purple or red. The achenes are small, cuneate, 15-ribbed; the outer pappus are feathery; the inner pappus are membranous. The flowering and fruiting period is from March to August. Habitat: It grows in roadside wasteland or fields. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Jiangsu of China, as well as in Korea, Japan, Indochina, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Reducing swelling, dissolving lumps, clearing heat, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of mastitis, cervical lymphadenitis, carbuncle, furuncle, rubella, and pruritus. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application or decocted for washing the affected areas.

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6.11  Family: Compositae 6.11.1  Inula cappa Chinese Name(s): yang er ju, niu bai dan, shan bai zhi, bai mian feng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Inula cappa (Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub; the rhizomes are thick and branched. The stems are erect, 70–200 cm tall, thick, sordid-white or pale brown silky or lanate velutinous, branched at the upper part or from middle, with dense leaves; the lower leaves are deciduous at anthesis; the buds are white or sordid-white lanate. The leaves are oblong or oblong lanceolate, spreading; the middle leaves are 10–16 cm long; the petioles are about 0.5  cm long; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, subsessile; the base leaves are rounded or nearly cuneate, apically obtuse or acute, remotely serrulate at margins, adaxially sparsely coarsely pubescent at base, densely pubescent along the midvein, sordid-white or whitish lanate abaxially; the midvein are raised abaxially; the lateral veins are in 10–12 pairs, raised abaxially; the reticulate veins are obvious. The capitula are obovate, 5–8  mm wide, many, in dense corymbs at the stems and branches, densely silky tomentose, with linear bracteal leaves; the involucres are nearly campanulate, 5–7  mm long; the phyllaries are about five-seriate, linear-lanceolate; the outer phyllaries are three to four times shorter than inner one, apically slightly acute, sordid-white or brown silky tomentose; the florets are 4–5.5 mm; the marginal floret lips are short, three- to four-lobed, or lips being absent but with four staminodes; the central florets are tubular, with triangular-ovate lobes on the upper part; the pappi are sordid-white, nearly equaling to disk floret corolla, strigillose. The achenes are long cylindric, about 1.8 mm long,

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white tomentose. The flowering period is from June to October; the fruiting period is from August to December. Habitat: It grows on mountains and grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang of China, as well as in Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is mostly cylindrical short section, 2–5 cm long, 0.3–1.5 cm in diameter, grayish black on surface, and grayish brown when scraped off the cortex. It is hard and can be broken. The xylem of the cross section is grayish yellow with yellow oil spots, and the pith is spongy. It is fragrant in odor, spicy and slightly bitter in taste. The products stout rooted, without stem and branch, and aromatic are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, spleen, and stomach. Functions: Dispelling cold and relieving external symptoms, dispelling wind and relieving swelling, promoting circulation of Qi, and killing pain, it’s often used for treatment of cold, cough, nervous headache, stomachache, rheumatism, lumbago and leg pain, injury caused by knocks and falls, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, schistosomiasis, chronic nephritis, furuncle, and scabies. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: schistosomiasis—Inula cappa (whole plant) 30 g, Xanthium sibiricum (root, stem) 30 g, decocted in water and taken two times, one dose per day, 20–30 days as a course of treatment.

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6.12  Family: Compositae 6.12.1  Inula helenium Chinese Name(s): tu mu xiang, qing mu xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Inula helenium (Inula helenium Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, with tuberous rhizome, branched. The stems are erect, 60–150 tall, thick, ca. 1 cm in diam.; the internodes are 4–15 cm in length; the basal and lower leaves are often persistent at anthesis, basally decurrent to strongly winged petioles, with wings up to 20 cm long, 30–60 cm in length, 10–25 cm in width; the leaves are elliptic-lanceolate, irregularly serrate or doubly serrate at margins, apically acute, adaxially scabrid, and yellow green densely hairy; the midveins are raised abaxially; the lateral veins are in about 20 pairs, raised

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abaxially; the reticulate veins are obvious; the middle leaves are ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 15–35 cm long, 5–18 cm wide, basally cordate, semiamplexicaul; the upper leaves are smaller, lanceolate. The capitula are few, 6–8 cm in diam., in corymbs; the peduncles are 6–12 cm in length, surrounded by many bracteal leaves; the phyllaries are five- to six-seriate; the outer phyllaries are herbaceous, broadly ovate, apically obtuse, reflexed, velutinous, 6–9 mm in width; the inner phyllaries are oblong, progressively narrower, apically triangular-ovate, scarious, abaxially velvety hairy, ciliate, three times longer than outer phyllaries; the innermost phyllaries are linear, apically slightly enlarged or narrowed; the laminae are linear, 2–3 cm long, 2–2.5 mm wide, apically three- to four-lobed; the disk florets are about 9–10 mm long, with lanceolate lobes; the pappi are of sordid-white, 8–10 mm long, barbellate bristles or setiform scales. The achenes are tetragonous or pentagonal, ribbed and finely grooved, glabrous, 3–4 mm long. The flowering period is from June to September. Habitat: It grows on the mountains and grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Xinjiang and cultivated in other areas. It is also distributed in Europe (central, northern, southern), Asia (western, central), and western Siberia of the Soviet Union to northern Mongolia and North America. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in autumn, washed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is conical, slightly curved, 5–20 cm long, yellow brown or dark Cambodian, with longitudinal wrinkles and fibrous roots. The root head is thick, with residual dents and leaf sheath on the top and cylindrical branch roots around. It is hard, difficult to break, slightly flat on sections, yellowish white to light grayish yellow, with concave vittae. It is slightly fragrant in odor, bitter, and pungent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and spleen. Functions: Invigorating the spleen and stomach, promoting circulation of Qi to relieve pain, and preventing miscarriage, it’s often used for treatment of abdominal distention and pain, vomiting and diarrhea, contusion of the chest and flank, and spain due to stagnation of Qi and threatened abortion. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, made into pills or decocted in water for oral use.

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6.13  Family: Compositae 6.13.1  Inula japonica, Inula lineariifolia Chinese Name(s): jin fei cao, jin fo cao, liu yue ju, gu zi hua. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Inula japonica (Inula japonica Thunb.) and Inula lineariifolia (Inula lineariifolia Turcz.). Morphology: (A) Inula japonica Thunb. The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are solitary, sometimes two- to three-fascicled, erect, 30–70 cm tall, sometimes with adventitious roots at base, 3–10  mm in diam. at base, finely grooved, appressed pilose or sometimes subglabrous at the lower part, with branches ascending or spreading at the upper part, leafy; the internodes are 2–4 cm long. The base leaves are usually small and withered at anthesis; the middle leaves are oblong, oblong lanceolate or lanceolate, 4–13 cm long, 1.5–3.5 cm wide, rarely up to 4 cm, basally narrowed, with rounded semiamplexicaul auricles, sessile, apically slightly acute or acuminate, remotely serrulate or entire at margins, sparsely pilose or subglabrous adaxially, gland-dotted and sparsely pilose abaxially; the midvein and lateral veins are densely covered with long hairs; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, linear-­ lanceolate. The capitula are 3–4 cm in diam., many or a few, in open corymbs; the peduncles are slender; the involucres are subglobose, 13–17 mm in diam., 7–8 mm in length; the phyllaries are about six series, linear-lanceolate, subequal; the outermost phyllaries are usually herbaceous and longer; the outer phyllaries are basally leathery, herbaceous on the upper part, abaxially appressed pilose or subglabrous,

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ciliolate; the inner phyllaries are scarious except for green midvein, acuminate, glandular, ciliolate; the ray florets are yellow, 2–2.5 times longer than involucre; the laminae are linear, 10–13 mm long; the corollas of disk florets are about 5 mm long, with triangular-lanceolate lobes; the pappi are one-seriate, strigillose, white, nearly equaling to disk florets. The achenes are 1–1.2 mm long, cylindric, ten-ribbed, truncate apically, sparsely pubescent. The flowering period is from June to October; the fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows on hillside, roadside, wet grassland, river bank, and ridge at an elevation of 150–1400 m. Distribution: It is widely distributed in the north, northeast, central, south, and southwest of China, but not found in Hainan and Yunnan. It is also distributed in Mongolia, Korea, Russia, Siberia, and Japan.

Morphology: (B) Inula lineariifolia Turcz. The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are erect, simple or two- to three-fascicled, 30–80 cm tall. The basal leaves and the lower leaves are often persistent in anthesis, linear-lanceolate, sometimes elliptic-lanceolate, 5–15 cm long, 0.7–1.5 cm wide, gradually attenuate into long petioles at the lower part, often reflexed at margins, sometime with fine rare denticles, apically acuminate, thick, glabrous adaxially, gland-dotted abaxially; the midvein are slightly impressed adaxially, sometimes with obvious reticulate veins; the middle leaves are gradually sessile; the upper leaves are gradually smaller, linear-­ lanceolate to linear. The capitula are 1.5–2.5 cm in diam., solitary or three to five arranged in corymbose at the branches; the peduncles are short or slender; the involucres are subglobose, 5–6 mm long; the phyllaries are in four series, subequal or shorter than outer phyllaries, linear-lanceolate, glandular, pubescent, herbaceous at the upper part, leathery at the lower part, sometimes outermost leaflike, slightly longer than involucres; the inner phyllaries are narrow, apically acute, scarious except for the midvein, ciliate; the ray florets are two times longer than involucres;

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the laminae are yellow, oblong-linear, up to 10  mm long; the disk florets are 3.5–4 mm long, with triangular lobes; the pappi are one-seriate, white, as long as the corolla of disk florets, strigillose. The achenes and ovaries are cylindric, ribbed, pubescent. The flowering period is from July to August; the fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on hillside, roadside, roadside, and riverbank. Distribution: It is distributed in northeast China, north China, south central China, and east China, as well as in Mongolia, North Korea, Far East Russia, and Japan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Inula japonica—The leaf blades are elliptic-lanceolate, 1–2 cm wide, marginally unreversed. The capitula are large, 1–2 cm in diameter, with crest of about 5 mm. Inula lineariifolia: The stem is cylindrical, branched on the upper part, 30–70 cm long, 2–5 mm in diameter, greenish brown or brown on surfaces, sparsely pubescent, with many fine longitudinal lines. It’s crisp in quality, yellow white on the cross sections, hollow. The leaves are alternate, linear, or linear-lanceolate, 5–10 cm long, apically acuminate, basally amplexicaul, entire, marginally reversed, adaxially subglabrous, abaxially pubescent. The capitulum is terminal, 5–10 mm in diameter, with white crest of about 2 mm long. It’s slight in odor and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and salty in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the lungs, liver, and stomach. Functions: Dispelling phlegm and promoting diuresis, lowering Qi, and stopping vomiting, it’s often used for treatment of cold of wind-cold type, coughing or asthma with phlegm and mucus, vomiting and hiccup, chest distention, and hypochondriac pain.

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Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, wrapped with gauze and decocted in water or filtered with the hair; take orally. Patients with coughing due to deficiency of Yin and wind heat are improper to use it.

6.14  Family: Compositae 6.14.1  Kalimeris indica Chinese Name(s): ma lan, yu qiu chuan, ni qiu chuan, tian bian ju, lu bian ju, ji er chang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Kalimeris indica (Kalimeris indica (Linn.) Sch.-Bip. [Aster indicus Linn.]). Morphology: The rhizome is stoloniferous. The stems are erect, 30–70 cm tall. The cauline leaves are oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, basally attenuate into long-­ winged petioles; the upper leaves are smaller, entire, basally abruptly attenuate, sessile; all the leaves are slightly thin. The capitula are solitary on top of branches, in sparse corymbiform synflorescences; the involucres are hemispheric, 6–9 mm in diam.; the phyllaries are two- to three-seriate, imbricate; the outer phyllaries are oblanceolate; the inner phyllaries are oblanceolate-oblong, herbaceous on the upper part, sparsely puberulent, membranous at margins, ciliate; the receptacles are conic; there are 15–20 ray florets, which are one-seriate, with purplish lips; the disk florets are densely puberulent. The achenes are obovate-oblong, compressed, brown, thickly ribbed and light at margins, glandular and pubescent on the upper part; the pappi are 0.1–0.8 mm long, easily deciduous, unequal. The flowering period is from May to September; the fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on hillside, roadside, or wasteland. Distribution: It is distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Fujian, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Liaoning of China, as well as in Korea, Japan, Indochina Peninsula, and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis, stopping bleeding, and dissipating accumulation, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, cough, acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, mumps, infectious hepatitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, infantile malnutrition, enteritis, dysentery, hematemesis, hemorrhage, metrorrhagia, and irregular menstruation, as well as for external treatment of sore, boils, swelling, mastitis, and traumatic bleeding.

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Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Prevention of influenza: Kalimeris indica 9  g, Japanese ardisia 12  g, Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz root, cape jasmine root, and Caulis Lonicerae 15 g each, decocted in water and taken once or twice a day. The former is one day’ dosage for adults and most people as well. Take for 3–5 days during the epidemic period. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mumps—Kalimeris indica 60  g (90  g for fresh products), decocted and taken in three times, one dose per day. In addition, fresh Kalimeris indica leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute infectious hepatitis—Kalimeris indica, Glechoma longituba, Imperata cylindrica, and Artemisia scoparia 500 g each, ground to powder, added with honey and made into pills, each pill weighing 5 g. Take five pills every time, three times a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: traumatic bleeding—Appropriate amount of fresh Kalimeris indica is mashed and applied to the affected areas. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute lymphangitis, lymphadenitis—Kalimeris indica and Rostellularia procumbens 30 g each, Siegesbeckia orientalis and Celastrus orbiculatus 15 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gastric and duodenal ulcer—Fresh Kalimeris indica 30 g, Acorus tatarinowii 6 g, Euscaphis japonica 15 g, decocted in water. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemafecia—Kalimeris indica and Salvia plebeian 30 g, respectively, decocted in water for oral use. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: purpura—Kalimeris indica, Herba Euphorbiae humifusae, 15 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute bronchitis—Kalimeris indica 60–120 g, tofu one to two pieces, added with salt to cook. 10. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: infectious hepatitis—Fresh Kalimeris indica 50 g, Oxalis corniculata, Hypericum japonicum, Selaginella involvens, 15–30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 11. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: stranguria—Fresh Kalimeris indica 30–60 g, Pogonatherum crinitum 30 g, Evolvulus alsinoides and Scaphium scaphigerum 15 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 12. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sore throat—Kalimeris indica root and Oenanthe javanica root 30 g each, added with a little sugar, mashed, and taken the juice. 13. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold—Kalimeris indica 50 g, Artemisia carvifolia 6 g, Helictercs angustifolia 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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14. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: stomatitis—Kalimeris indica 30  g and Lygodium japonicum 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 15. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute conjunctivitis—Fresh Kalimeris indica leaves 60 g, mashed, mixed with a bid tea oil to take. 16. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute orchitis—Fresh Kalimeris indica 60–90 g, Salvia plebeian 10 g, decocted in water for oral use. 17. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute mastitis—Fresh Kalimeris indica root 50 g, added with some sweet wine, decocted in water for oral use. In addition, fresh Kalimeris indica, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, Potentilla kleiniana in equal amounts, mashed and applied to the affected areas. 18. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: furuncle—Fresh Kalimeris indica, added with some salt, mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.15  Family: Compositae 6.15.1  Laggera alata Chinese Name(s): liu leng ju, bai cao wang, san leng ju, liu er ling, si leng feng, liu da cao, ji zhao ku. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Laggera alata (Laggera alata (DC.) Sch.-Bip.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are thick, about 1 m tall, many-branched on the upper part, grooved, densely yellowish glandular pubescent. The leaves are oblong or spatulate-oblong, 8–18 cm long, 2–7.5 cm wide, apically obtuse, sparsely denticulate at margins, basally attenuate, decurrent on the stems and branches into entire wing, wings being sessile, densely covered with long glandular hairs on both surfaces; the midveins are thick, raised on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in eight to ten pairs; the reticulate veins are obvious; the upper cauline leaves are small, narrow, oblong or linear, apically obtuse or acute, sparsely denticulate or toothless at margins. The capitula are many, ca. 1 cm in diam., pendulous, densely glandular pubescent, forming a large cymose at top of stems and branches; the involucres are nearly campanulate; the phyllaries are about six-­seriate; the outer phyllaries are herbaceous, oblong or ovate-oblong, apically shortly acuminate, abaxially densely glandular and pubescent; the inner phyllaries are scarious, linear, abaxially sparsely gland-dotted and shortly pubescent; the female florets are many seriate; the corollas are narrowly tubular, with limb three- or four-toothed; the disk florets are many; the corollas are purplish, with five-toothed limb, sparsely papillary gland dots or pubescent; the ovaries are sterile. The achenes are cylindric, ten-ribbed, sparsely white pilose; the pappi are white, easily deciduous. The flowering period is from October to February of the following year. Habitat: It grows on the roadside, hillside, and ridge. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions in the east, south, and southwest of China.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, activating blood circulation, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, amenorrhea, nephritis, and edema, as well as for external treatment for carbuncle, boil, injury caused by knocks and falls, burn, snakebite, and skin eczema. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application or decocted and used for washing the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: coughing due to wind cold—Dried inflorescence of Laggera alata 15 g, stir-fried with honey, and decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: vertigo—Laggera alata 30 g, Pholidota chinensis 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hematemesis due to consumptive disease—a bunch of fresh Laggera alata is mashed for juice, mixed with wine to take. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: abdominal pain and diarrhea—Laggera alata 9  g, Potentilla glabra 4.5  g, ginger three pieces, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: swelling and pain of the joint—Laggera alata 60 g, Helictercs angustifolia root 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: multiple abscesses—Laggera alata 45  g, Helictercs angustifolia 30 g, Scutellaria barbata 30 g, stewed with yellow wine to take. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: eczema and furuncle of the skin—Laggera alata, Kalimeris integrifolia, Carduus crispus, and Lonicera japonica each 30  g, decocted and taken two times. Its dregs can be decocted and used for washing the affected areas. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: scrofula—Laggera alata 500 g, added with 1000 ml of water, decocted and removed the dregs, stewed with one hen and a little brown sugar, and taken in three to four times. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: multiple neurofibroma—Laggera alata, Scutellaria barbata, and Dendranthema indicum, decocted in water for oral use. After taking five doses, added with 12 g of Chinese angelica root tip, 9 g of elephant skin (decocted first), 9 g of pangolin, two centipedes, and 6 g of scorpion and decocted in water. 10. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: breast fibroma—Laggera alata, Scutellaria barbata, and Dendranthema indicum each 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. After taking three doses, added with 15 g of Isodon lophanthoides and 15 g of Polygala japonica, respectively, decocted in water for oral use. 11. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by bruises and knocks—Laggera alata 30 g, added with 250 ml of wine, stewed in water.

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12. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: amenorrhea—30  g fresh Laggera alata, added with some old wine and stewed in water to take.

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6.16  Family: Compositae 6.16.1  Laggera pterodonta Chinese Name(s): chou ling dan cao, chou ling dan. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and whole plants of Laggera pterodonta (Laggera pterodonta (DC.) Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 0.3–1.5 m tall. The stems are single, erect, 5–10 mm, basally thick, many-branched at the upper part, with longitudinal ribs on the stems and branches, sparsely pubescent, with glandular hairs, rarely glabrous, winged, irregularly toothed or coarsely dentate or sharply dentate or incised at margins. The leaves are alternate, elliptic, narrowly elliptic or obovate-­ elliptic, 7–15 (–25) cm long, 2–7(–12) cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, with long mucrones, basally long attenuate and decurrent into the wing along the stem, with irregular acute or obtuse teeth, with pubescence and glandular hairs on both surfaces; the midveins are thick; the lateral veins are in 7–12 pairs; the reticulate veins are obvious; the upper leaves and branches are smaller, narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, sparsely toothed to entire at margins. The capitula are 1–1.5 cm in diam., pendulous, in a large panicle at the top of the stems and branches; the peduncles are 1–3 cm long, densely pubescent and with short glandular hairs; the involucres are broadly campanulate, 0.8–1 3 cm in diam.; the phyllaries are five- to seven-seriate; the outer phyllaries are herbaceous, green, lanceolate, 3–5 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, apically acute, revolute at anthesis, with short glandular hairs; the inner phyllaries are scarious, linear, 7–9 mm long, apically acuminate, abaxially with short glandular hairs to subglabrous, purplish red on apex and upper margins; the innermost phyllaries are very narrow; the receptacles are flat, 4–6 mm in diam.; the female floret pappus are tubular, white, 6–7 mm long, apically three- to five-dentate; there are 15–20 bisexual florets; the corollas are slender tubular, white, 6–7  mm long, with short limb, apically five-lobed; the lobes are purplish red, puberulent outside;

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the corollas are slender, basally green white. The achenes are oblong, about 1 mm long, ten-ribbed, white puberulent; the pappi are white, 5–6 mm long. The flowering and fruiting period is year-round. Habitat: It grows on hillside grassland, wasteland, village side, roadside, or field at an elevation of 250–2400 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Yunnan, Hubei, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Tibet, as well as in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina Peninsula, and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, washed, and used when fresh or dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is 50–150 cm long, light yellow glandular hairy and pilose throughout. The stems are cylindrical, with four to six longitudinal wings, which are serrated at margins and easy to break. The leaves are alternate, shortly stipitate. The leaf blade is elliptic, dark green, apically mucronate or acuminate, basally cuneate, descended into a wing, marginally serrate. The capitulum inserted at the top of branch. It’s special in odor and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving cough, and resolving phlegm, it’s often used for treatment of cold due to wind heat, sore throat, and cough due to heat in the lungs. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.17  Family: Compositae 6.17.1  Lapsana apogonoides Chinese Name(s): dao cha cai, e li yan, hui ji. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lapsana apogonoides (Lapsana apogonoides Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is an annual dwarf herb, 7–20  cm tall, rosulate. The stems are slender, branched from base, distantly leafy; the stems and branches are soft, pubescent, or glabrous. The basal leaves are elliptic, narrowly elliptic or narrowly spatulate, 3–7 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, lyrately pinnatisect or nearly pinnatisect, with 1–4 cm long petioles; the terminal lobes are ovate, rhombic, or elliptic,

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sparsely mucronulate at margins, or narrowly elliptic and large serrate at margins, apically mucronulate; the lateral lobes are in two to three pairs, elliptic, subentire to mucronulately sinuate-dentate at margins; the cauline leaves are few, similar to basal leaves, gradually upward smaller, undivided; all the leaves are soft, green on both surfaces or light green abaxially, subglabrous. The capitula are small, nodding in fruit, few, in loose paniculiform-corymbiform at the top of stems and branches; the peduncles are slender; the involucres are elliptic or oblong, about 5 mm long; the phyllaries are two-seriate; the outer phyllaries are ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1 mm long, 0.5  mm wide; the inner phyllaries are elliptic-lanceolate, 5  mm long, 1–1.2  mm wide, apically beaklike; all the involucre are herbaceous, glabrous outside; the ray florets are yellow, bisexual. The achenes are light yellow, slightly compressed, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, 12-ribded, slightly strigillose on the ribs, usually lateral main ribs apically prolonged into two slender hooked 0.2–1 mm appendages or rarely absent. The flowering and fruiting period is from January to June. Habitat: It grows in the fields and wastelands and by roadsides and ditches at an elevation of 900 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan, as well as in Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Detoxicating, curing carbuncle, promoting eruption of rash, and clearing away heat, it’s often used for treatment of sore throat, sore and boil, snakebite, and measles. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.18  Family: Compositae 6.18.1  Paraixeris denticulata Chinese Name(s): huang gua cai, ku mai cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Paraixeris denticulata (Paraixeris denticulata (Houtt.) Nakai [Ixeris denticulate (Houtt.) Stebb.]). Morphology: The plant is an annual or biennial herb, 30–120 cm tall. The basal and lower cauline leaves are withered and deciduous at anthesis; the middle and lower cauline leaves are ovate, lyrately ovate, elliptic, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, undivided, 3–10  cm long, 1–5  cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, broadly winged petiolate, basally rounded, conspicuously auriculately amplexicaul or sessile, entire or large serrate or double serrate at margins; the upper and the uppermost cauline leaves are similar to lower and middle cauline leaves, but gradually smaller, entire or large serrate or double serrate at margins, sessile, wider near base, basally auriculately amplexicaul; all the leaves are glabrous on both surfaces. The capitula are many, corymbiform or paniculiform at the top of stems and branches, with 15 ray florets; the involucres are cylindric, 7–9 mm long; the phyllaries are two-seriate; the outer phyllaries are very small, ovate, less than 0.5 mm long and wide, apically acute; the inner phyllaries are long, lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 7–9 mm long, 1–1.4 mm wide, apically obtuse, sometimes corniculate under apex outside, abaxially spongiform thickened along the midvein; all the involucres are glabrous outside; the ray florets are yellow. The achenes are narrowly elliptic, compressed, black or dark brown, ca. 2.1 mm long, with 10–11 raised ribs, with small bristles on the upper vein, apex attenuate into a thick beak, ca. 0.4 mm long; the pappi are white,

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strigillose, ca. 3.5  mm long. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to November. Habitat: It grows on the mountain and roadside at an elevation of 500–1200 m. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hebei, and Shandong of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly sour and astringent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis, relieving pain, stopping bleeding, and treating leukorrhagia, it’s often used for treatment of cervical erosion, leucorrhea, uterine bleeding, lymphangitis of the lower leg, bruise, nameless swelling and sore, boil, carbuncle, burn, scald, and trichomoniasis of the vagina. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose (30 g for fresh product), decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas, and the dried products are ground to powder, mixed with oil for smearing (burn, scald) or decocted in water for fumigation (trichomoniasis of the vagina). Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: leukorrhagia due to heat and dampness— Paraixeris denticulata 9–15  g (30  g for fresh product), decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by knocks and falls—fresh Paraixeris denticulata root 30  g, decocted in water and taken with wine. The dregs are mashed and applied to the wounds.

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6.19  Family: Compositae 6.19.1  Petasites japonicus Chinese Name(s): feng dou cai, hu lu ye, feng dou ye. Source: This medicine is made of the rhizomes of Petasites japonicus (Petasites japonicus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb; the rhizomes are procumbent, with subterranean creeping branches, with numerous fibrous roots, dioecious. The male plant stems are 10–30 cm tall after anthesis, unbranched, densely or laxly brown pubescent, 7–10 mm in diameter at base. The basal leaves have long petiolate; the leaf blades are rounded, 15–30 cm long and wide, basally deeply cordate, adaxially crisped pubescent, abaxially arachnoid; the male scapes are 10–30  cm tall after anthesis, brown pubescent. The capitula are many, in dense terminal corymb; the involucres are tubular, about 6 mm in length, 7–8 mm in width; the phyllaries are two-seriate, subequal, narrowly oblong, apically obtuse, glabrous; the florets are tubular, bisexual, unfruitful; the corollas are white, 7–7.5 mm in length; the female scapes are 15–20 cm tall, densely bracteate, often elongated after anthesis, about 70 cm tall; the female florets are many, filiform, about 6.5 mm long; the styles are distinctly exserted from the corolla, apically capitate, two-fid, papillose. The achenes are cylindric, about 3.5  mm long, glabrous; the pappi are white, about 12 mm long. The flowering period is from April to May, and the fruiting period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows on stream edge, grassland, or shrub, often cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, Fujian, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, and Shaanxi, as well as in North Korea, Japan, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are dug up in summer and autumn, washed and used when fresh, or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dissipating blood stasis, and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of sore throat, carbuncle, swelling, poisonous snakebites, and injury caused by falls and knocks. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas or decocted for gargling. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tonsillitis—Petasites japonicus 15 g, decocted in water and used for gargling frequently. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury caused by falls and knocks—fresh Petasites japonicus 15–25 g, mashed and taken the juice or decocted in water for oral use, and the dregs are used for application to the affected areas.

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6.20  Family: Compositae 6.20.1  Pterocypsela indica Chinese Name(s): chi guo ju, shan wo ju, ku mai cai, ku wo ju, shan ma cao, ye wo ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Pterocypsela indica (Pterocypsela indica (Linn.) Shih [Lactuca indica Linn.]). Morphology: The plant is an annual or biennial herb. The roots are vertical and straight, with many fibrous roots. The stems are erect, solitary, 0.4–2  m tall, 3–10 mm in diameter at base, paniculate or racemose-paniculate on the upper part, glabrous. The middle cauline leaves are 21 cm long or longer, 0.5–1 cm wide, entire or mucronulate or sparsely denticulate or acute toothed at base or on both sides below middle; all the cauline leaves are narrowly linear-elliptic or narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic, apically long acute or acuminate, basally cuneate and attenuate, sessile, glabrous on both surfaces. The capitula are ovoid in fruit, in paniculiform to racemiform-paniculiform at the top of stems and branches; the involucres are ca. 1.5 cm long, 9 mm wide; the phyllaries are four-seriate, with purplish margins; the outer phyllaries are ovate or narrowly ovate, 3–3.5  mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, apically acute or obtuse; the middle and inner phyllaries are long lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, ca. 1  cm long or longer, 1–2  mm wide, apically obtuse or rounded; there are 25 ray florets, which are yellow. The achenes are elliptic, 3–5 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, black, compressed, broadly winged at margins, sharp or apically acute or acuminate to a subfiliform 0.5–1.5 mm beak, with one prominent rib on each surface; the pappi are two-seriate, white, 8 mm long. The flowering and fruiting period is from April to November. Habitat: It grows in fields, thickets, and coastal areas or by roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Guizhou, Shanxi, Xinjiang, and Taiwan of China, as well as in the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxifying, promoting blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, it’s often used for treatment of appendicitis, tonsillitis, cervicitis, postpartum ecchymosis, swelling and pain, metrorrhagia, hemorrhoids, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.21  Family: Compositae 6.21.1  Saussurea cauloptera Chinese Name(s): chi jing feng mao ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Saussurea cauloptera (Saussurea cauloptera Hand.-Mazz.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 50–60 cm tall. The stems are erect, simple, unbranched, glabrous, narrowly winged. The basal cauline leaves withered at anthesis. The middle cauline leaves are petiolate, petioles being winged, entire at margins. The leaves are papery, ovate to elliptic, 7–11 cm in length, 3.5–6 cm in width, apically acute, basally cuneate-attenuate to truncate, denticulate at margins, green adaxially, brown after dry, scaberulous, abaxially gray, and dense glaucous pilose. There are four to ten capitula, which grow in a clustered corymbiform synflorescence and are shortly pedunculate or sessile. The involucres are ovoid, narrowly cupulate after flowered, 6 mm in diameter, brown or light brown after dry. The phyllaries are in four or five rows, leathery, brown pilose or arachnoid. The outer phyllaries are ovate, apically being with black mucro, long oblong to lanceolate. The florets are red, 9–10 mm in length. The achenes are 3 mm long, glabrous, apically without crowns. The pappus are in two rows, light brown; the outer rows are short and scabrid; the inter rows are long and feathery. The flowering and fruiting periods are from September to October. Habitat: It grows under the sparse forest on the slopes of 1700–2950 m above sea level. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Shaanxi and Chongqing. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn, washed, sectioned, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, unblocking meridians, strengthening the spleen, and eliminating malnutrition, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatic arthralgia, leucorrhea, diarrhea, dysentery, infantile malnutrition, and stomach cold pain. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.22  Family: Compositae 6.22.1  Saussurea costus Chinese Name(s): mu xiang, guang mu xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Saussurea costus (Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipech.). Morphology: The plant is a large perennial herb, 1.5–2  m tall. The principal roots are sturdy, 5–8 mm in diameter. The stems are erect, angulate, up to 2 cm in diameter basally, upward with sparse pubescence. The basal cauline leaves are petiolate, petioles being long-winged. The leaves are cordate or hastate-triangle, 15–24 cm in length, 18–26 cm in width. The lower and middle cauline leaves are ovate or triangular-ovate, 30–50 cm in length, 10–30 cm in width. The upper leaves are gradually smaller, triangular or ovate. The capitula are solitary at the end of stems or branches. The involucres are 3–4 cm in diameter, hemispheric, black, initially arachnoid, then glabrous. The phyllaries are in seven rows. The outer rows are long triangle, 8 mm in length, 1.5–2 mm in width. The middle rows are lanceolate or elliptic, 1.4–1.6 cm in length, about 3 mm in width. The inner rows are linear long-elliptic, 2  cm in length, 3  mm in width. The florets are dark purple, about 1.5 cm in length, 7 mm long at thin tubes. The limbs are about 8 mm long. The achenes are brown, triangulate, about 8  mm in length, with black spots, apically truncate, with denticulate crowns. The pappi are in one row, brown, feathery, about 1.3  cm in length. The flowering period is from July to September. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows on slopes at forest margin at 1500 m above sea level. Distribution: It is cultivated in provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, and other places. It is native to Kashmir. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up from autumn to early spring of the next year; removed the stems, leaves, and silts; cut transversely into short sections or cut longitudinally too into two to four portions for the thick ones; and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is conic, cylindrical or semicylindrical, 5–15 cm long, 1.2–2.5 cm in diameter, yellowish brown to grayish brown on the outer surface, with obvious reticular wrinkles, longitudinal grooves, and lateral root marks. It’s hard in quality and difficult to break, flat on sections, grayish yellow to dark brown in color. The cortex is thin, grayish yellow or light brownish yellow. The formation layer is annular. The xylem is broad, scattered with brown oil spots and

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wheel-like rays. It is special in odor and slightly bitter in taste. The products solid, rich oily, and strong fragrant are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the spleen, stomach, large intestine, triple energizer, and gall bladder. Functions: Promoting circulation of Qi, relieving pain, strengthening the spleen, and helping digestion, it’s often used for treatment of chest pain, diarrhea with rectal heaviness, indigestion, and dyspepsia. Use and Dosage: 4–8 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: infantile abdominal pain with opisthotonos— Saussurea costus, Boswellia carterii, and Commiphora myrrha each 1.5  g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: all kinds of distention and fullness of the abdomen and flank, and difficult defecation—Saussurea costus 90  g, Citrus aurantium 60 g, Rheum palmatum 120 g, Pharbitis nil seed 120 g, Terminalia chebula peel 90 g, mixed and ground to powder mess, added with honey to make pills as big as Dryandra seeds. Take 30 pills each dose with ginger soup before meal. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Swelling and edema due to all internal organs, tingling of two flanks, distention and fullness of the stomach, and dizziness could be treated by chatiao powder, as well as the following prescription—Saussurea costus, Areca catechu, Citrus reticulata, Pericarpium citri reticulatae, and Coptis chinensis each 30 g, Phellodendron chinense and Rheum palmatum each 90  g, Cyperus rotundus and Pharbitis nil seed each 120  g, ground to powder and made into pills as big as beans. Take 30 pills each dose with ginger soup. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: weakness of the stomach and intestine; unadjusted cold and hot; diarrhea with thirst; indigestion; abdominal distention and borborygmus; stuffy of the chest, diaphragm, and flanks or dysentery with pus and blood; tenesmus; frequent night urine and dyspepsia; dysuria; fatigue of the limbs; and loss of weight—Coptis 600 g, Saussurea costus 122 g, ground to fine powder, added with vinegar to pills as big as Dryandra seeds. Take 20 pills per dose with thick rice soup, three times a day on an empty stomach.

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6.23  Family: Compositae 6.23.1  Saussurea deltoidea Chinese Name(s): san jiao ye feng mao ju, shan niu bang, fan bai ye. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Saussurea deltoidea (Saussurea deltoidea (DC.) Sch.-Bip.). Morphology: The plant is a biennial herb, 0.4–2  m in length. The stems are erect, with rusty short hairs and ribs. The middle and lower leaves are petiolate which is 3–6 cm long, with rusty hairs. The leaves are lyrately pinnately divided; the

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terminal segments are triangular hastate, 20 cm in length, 15 cm in width; the lateral lobes are in one to two pairs, long-elliptic or triangular. The rachis has narrow wings. The upper cauline leaves are small, undivided. The capitula are solitary at the end of stems or forming panicles. The involucres are hemispherical or broadly campanulate, 3–4 cm in diameter, sparsely arachnoid. The phyllaries are in five to seven rows. The outer rows are ovate-lanceolate. The middle rows are long-lanceolate. The inner rows are linear-lanceolate. The florets are mauve and white, 8–11.5 mm in length, about 6 mm long at thin tubes, about 5.5 mm long at brim ministry, with pale yellow glands outside. The achenes are obconic, about 5.5  mm long, black, four-angled, apically truncate, with denticulate crowns. The pappi are in one row, white, plumous, 0.9–1.2 cm in length. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to November. Habitat: It grows at hillsides, grasslands, undergrowth, thickets, wastelands, pastures, mixed wood forests, and river valley of forest margins at 800–3400  m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Tibet, as well as in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Nepal. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, unblocking meridians and collaterals, strengthening the spleen, and treating malnutrition, it’s often used for treatment of postpartum hypogalactia, leukorrhagia, dyspepsia, abdominal distention, infantile malnutrition, fracture, and rheumatic bone pain. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.24  Family: Compositae 6.24.1  Saussurea hypsipeta Chinese Name(s): hei mao xue tu zi. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Saussurea hypsipeta (Saussurea hypsipeta Diels.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 5–13 cm high. The caudexes have dense black petiole remnant and several rosettes. The stems are covered with light brown hairs. The leaves of rosette and lower stems are narrow oblanceolate or spatulate, 3–6 cm long, 1 cm wide, pinnately lobed, basally tapered into stalk. The leaves

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are covered with densely black hairs on both surfaces. The capitula are hemispherical, clustered at dilated stem ends. The racemes are up to 4 cm in diameter. The phyllaries are in three rows, covered with long cotton wool outside. The outer rows are 7  mm long, 1  mm wide. The middle rows are long lanceolate, 8  mm long, 1.5 mm wide. The inner rows are elliptic, 7–8 mm long, 1–2 mm wide. The phyllaries are purple outside. The florets are purple-red, about 9 mm in length; the tubes are about 4 mm long. The limbs are about 5 mm long. The achenes are 3 mm long. The pappi are black, 1.5 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to September. Habitat: It grows at alpine screes at 4700–5400 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Sichuan, Qinghai, Tibet, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer, removed the dead leaves and impurities, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, removing dampness, unblocking collaterals, and strengthening the heart, it’s often used for treatment of menstrual disorders, anthrax, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, placenta retention, mountain reaction, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.25  Family: Compositae 6.25.1  Saussurea involucrata Chinese Name(s): tian shan xue lian hua, xue lian hua. Source: This medicine is made of the aboveground parts of Saussurea involucrata (Saussurea involucrata (Kar. et Kir.) Sch.-Bip.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 35 cm in length. The caudexes are stout, unbranched, densely covered with fibrous remains of petioles. The stems are sturdy, 2–3 cm in diameter basally, glabrous. The leaves are congested, sessile,

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elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 14  cm in length, 2–3.5  cm in width, apically obtuse or cuneate, basally decurrent, serrulate, glabrous on both surfaces. The uppermost leaves are membranous, yellowish, broad-ovate, 5.5–7  cm in length, 2–7  cm in width, surrounding inflorescence, serrulate at margins. There are 10–20 capitula, which form a hemispheric synflorescence densely at stem apex, without peduncles or with short peduncles. The involucres are hemispherical, 1 cm in diameter. The phyllaries are in three to four rows, purple-brown or only at margins, acute apically, outside sparsely villous. The outer rows are oblong, 1.1  cm in length, 5  mm in width. The middle and inner rows are lanceolate, 1.5–1.8 cm in length, 2 mm in width. The florets are purple, 1.6 cm long, 7 mm long at tubes, 9 mm at brim ministry. The achenes are oblong, 3 mm in length. The pappi are dark white, in two rows. The outer rows are small and hirsutulous, 3 mm in length. The inner rows are plumous, 1.5  cm in length. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to September. Habitat: It grows at mountain slopes, valleys, waterside, and meadows at 2400–3470 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in Russia and Kazakhstan. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts are harvested in autumn and winter and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stem of this product is cylindrical, 2–35 cm long, 0.5–3 cm in diameter, longitudinal ridged and hollow in sections. The cauline leaves are densely arranged, sessile, or with residues after abscission. The complete leaves are oblong or broad lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces, serrate and ciliate on margins, with obvious main veins. The capitulum is terminal, 10–20 formed spherical, sessile. The involucral bracts are oblong ovate or ovate, sessile, concave and navicular in the middle, membranous and semitranslucent. The involucral bracts are three to four in layers, lanceolate, equal in length. The outer layer is mostly purplish brown, and the inner layer is brownish yellow or yellowish white. The flowers are tubular, purplish red, and the stigmas are two-lobed. The achenes are cylindric, longitudinally angulate, pinnately two-crested. It is light and brittle, slightly fragrant in odor, and slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Functions: Restoring menstrual flow, activating blood circulation, dispersing cold and dampness, stopping bleeding, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of impotence, weakness of the waist and knee, irregular menstruation, metrorrhagia, rheumatoid arthritis, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: irregular menstruation, metrorrhagia, and leucorrhea—For the advanced menstruation, Saussurea involucrata is soaked in wine with Cordyceps sinensis to take, while for the delayed menstruation, the

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product is mixed with Anthriscus sylvestris and Codonopsis pilosula and stewed with chicken. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: abdominal cold pain of women, amenorrhea, retained afterbirth—Saussurea involucrata 15 g, soaked in 100 ml of white wine or yellow wine for 7 days. Take 10 ml each time, twice a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cough due to cold in the lungs with white phlegm—whole plants of Saussurea involucrata 1–1.5 g, ground to powder and taken with water, three times a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatism arthralgia, disadvantages in flexion and extension of the joint—Saussurea involucrata 50 g, cut into sections, soaked in 500 ml of liquor for 10 days. Take 10 ml each time, twice a day. Or Saussurea involucrata injection, injected intramuscularly, 2–4  ml each time, which has a certain effect on rheumatoid arthritis. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: snow blindness, toothache—Saussurea involucrata 6–12 g, taken directly or decocted in water. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: traumatic bleeding—Appropriate amount of Saussurea involucrata is mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.26  Family: Compositae 6.26.1  Saussurea likiangensis Chinese Name(s): li jiang feng mao ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Saussurea likiangensis (Saussurea likiangensis Franch.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 10–80  cm tall. The caudexes are covered with dark brown remains of petioles. The stems are white arachnoid. The basal leaves are narrow oblong, 6–18 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, pinnately lobed, triangular, green adaxially, sparsely arachnoid, abaxially densely white lanate. The petioles are expanding to sheathlike basally. There are two to five cauline leaves, which are shortly petiolate to sessile, gradually smaller upward on the stem. The uppermost leaves are narrowly elliptic to linear. There are 3–12 capitula, which are subsessile, and clustered in a corymbiform or globose synflorescence at stem ends, 0.8–1.2 cm in diameter. The involucres are ovoid, 10–12 mm long. The phyllaries are apically blackish purple, puberulent, ovate-lanceolate, apically acuminate. The

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outer rows are 7–8 mm long, about 2 mm wide. The inner rows are nearly equal to outer rows. The flowers are purple, 1.3–1.5 cm long. The achenes are 2.5–4 mm long. The pappi are light brown; the outer rows are short and scabrid; the inter rows are feathery. The flowering periods are from May to June. The fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows at alpine grassland, forest margins, and under thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer, removed the dead leaves and impurities, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and cooling blood, promoting diuresis, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of hepatobiliary inflammation, gastroenteritis, internal bleeding, cold and fever, jaundice due to dampness, diarrhea, hematemesis, hematochezia, jaundice, cholecystitis, conjunctivitis, furuncle, and fever caused by infectious diseases. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.27  Family: Compositae 6.27.1  Saussurea medusa Chinese Name(s): shui mu xue tu zi, shui mu xue lian hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Saussurea medusa (Saussurea medusa Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The caudexes are covered with dark brown residual petioles. The stems are densely covered with white cotton wool. The leaves are congested. The lower leaves are obovate, flabellate to rhombic, up to 10 cm long including petioles, 0.5–3 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally cuneate. The upper leaves are gradually smaller. The whole leaves are covered with dense white long cotton wool. There are numerous capitula, which clustered at stem ends to forming hemispheric inflorescences. The bracts are linear-lanceolate, covered with white long cotton wool on both surfaces. The involucres are narrow-cylindric, 5–7  mm in diameter. The phyllaries are in three rows; the outer rows are long-­ elliptic, purple, about 11 mm long, about 2 mm wide, covered with white cotton wool on outer surfaces; the middle rows are oblanceolate, about 10 mm in length, about 4 mm wide, apically obtuse; the inner rows are lanceolate, about 11 mm long, about 2 mm wide, apically obtuse. The florets are blue-purple, about 10 mm long. The thin tubes are equal to brim ministry in length. The achenes are fusiform, light brown, 8–9 mm long. The pappi are white, in two rows; the outer rows are scabrid, about 4 mm long; the inner rows are feathery, about 12 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to September. Habitat: It grows at gravel hillsides, alpine screes at 3000–5600  m above sea level.

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Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up from June to July when blooming, removed the sediment, and dried. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Strengthening tendons and activating collaterals, invigorating the kidneys and strengthening Yang, restoring menstrual flow, and activating blood circulation, it’s often used for treatment of impotence, weakness of the waist and knees, metrorrhagia and leukorrhagia, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, retained afterbirth, rheumatoid arthritis, traumatic bleeding, coughing due to cold in the lungs, inadequate measles eruption, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.28  Family: Compositae 6.28.1  Saussurea wellbyi Chinese Name(s): qiang tang xue tu zi. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Saussurea wellbyi (Saussurea wellbyi Hemsl.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial stemless herb. The caudexes are covered with brown residual leaves. The leaves are in rosette, linear-lanceolate, 2–5 cm long, 2–8 mm wide, apically long-acuminate, basally widened, ovate, about 8 mm wide, adaxially white pilose in basal part, densely white pilose abaxially. The capitula are clustered to hemispherical synflorescence, up to 4 cm in diameter. The involucres are cylindrical, about 6 mm in diameter. The phyllaries are in five rows; the outer rows are long-elliptic or oblong, about 7  mm long and 4  mm wide, purple-red, densely villous outside; the middle rows are oblong, about 1.2 mm long and 2.5 mm wide; the inner rows are long-lanceolate, about 9 mm long and 2 mm wide. The florets are purple-red, about 1 mm long. The thin tubes and limbs are about 5 mm long. The achenes are cylindrical, dark brown, about 3 mm long. The pappi are light brown. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to September. Habitat: It grows at alpine screes, hillside sandy land, or hillside grassland at 4800–5500 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Qinghai, Xinjiang, Sichuan, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer, removed the dead leaves and impurities, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of eczema, scabies, and furuncle with effusion, sore throat, rheumatism, fracture, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.29  Family: Compositae 6.29.1  Saussurea stella Chinese Name(s): xing zhuang xue tu zi, xing zhuang feng mao ju, fu di feng mao ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Saussurea stella (Saussurea stella Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is a stemless rosette herb, glabrous. The roots are obconic, dark brown. The leaves are in rosette, linear-lanceolate, 3–19  cm long, 3–10 cm wide, entire, purple-red on both surfaces, glabrous. The capitula are numerous, clustered in hemispherical racemes in the center of leaf rosette, 4–6  cm in diameter. The involucres are cylindrical, 8–10 mm in diameter. The phyllaries are in five rows, imbricate; the outer rows are long ellipsoid, about 9  mm long, about 3 mm wide; the middle rows are narrow-orbicular, about 10 mm long and 5 mm wide; the inner rows are linear, about 1.2 cm long and 3 mm wide. The florets are purple, about 1.7 cm long. The thin tubes are about 1.2 cm long. The limbs are about 5 mm long. The achenes are cylindrical, about 5 mm long, the apex being with a membranous crown ca. 1 mm. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to September. Habitat: It grows at alpine meadows, mountain thickets, riverside or marsh meadows, and beaches at 2000–5400 m above sea level.

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Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in India and Bhutan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn, removed the dead leaves and impurities, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and drying dampness, invigorating Yang, regulating menstruation, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism, osteodynia, toxic febrile diseases, fracture, impotence, weakness of the waist and knee, metrorrhagia and leukorrhagia, irregular menstruation, traumatic bleeding, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Chapter 7

Medicinal Angiosperms of Compositae (cont. III) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 7.1  Family: Compositae 7.1.1  Senecio cannabifolius 7.2  Family: Compositae 7.2.1  Senecio scandens 7.3  Family: Compositae 7.3.1  Serratula chinensis 7.4  Family: Compositae 7.4.1  Serratula polycephala 7.5  Family: Compositae 7.5.1  Siegesbeckia glabrescens, Siegesbeckia orientalis, Siegesbeckia pubescens 7.6  Family: Compositae 7.6.1  Silybum marianum

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_7

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440 7.7  Family: Compositae 7.7.1  Sinacalia tangutica 7.8  Family: Compositae 7.8.1  Solidago decurrens 7.9  Family: Compositae 7.9.1  Sonchus arvensis 7.10  Family: Compositae 7.10.1  Sonchus asper 7.11  Family: Compositae 7.11.1  Sonchus oleraceus 7.12  Family: Compositae 7.12.1  Soroseris glomerata 7.13  Family: Compositae 7.13.1  Spilanthes paniculata 7.14  Family: Compositae 7.14.1  Stemmacantha uniflora 7.15  Family: Compositae 7.15.1  Syncalathium chrysocephalum 7.16  Family: Compositae 7.16.1  Syneilesis aconitifolia 7.17  Family: Compositae 7.17.1  Tagetes erecta 7.18  Family: Compositae 7.18.1  Tagetes patula 7.19  Family: Compositae 7.19.1  Taraxacum mongolicum 7.20  Family: Compositae 7.20.1  Taraxacum sikkimense 7.21  Family: Compositae 7.21.1  Tephroseris kirilowii 7.22  Family: Compositae 7.22.1  Tephroseris palustris 7.23  Family: Compositae 7.23.1  Tithonia diversifolia 7.24  Family: Compositae 7.24.1  Tussilago farfara 7.25  Family: Compositae 7.25.1  Vernonia cinerea 7.26  Family: Compositae 7.26.1  Vernonia cumingiana 7.27  Family: Compositae 7.27.1  Vernonia patula 7.28  Family: Compositae 7.28.1  Vernonia solanifolia 7.29  Family: Compositae 7.29.1  Wedelia chinensis 7.30  Family: Compositae 7.30.1  Wedelia urticifolia 7.31  Family: Compositae 7.31.1  Wedelia prostrata 7.32  Family: Compositae 7.32.1  Xanthium sibiricum 7.33  Family: Compositae 7.33.1  Youngia japonica

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This chapter introduces 35 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Senecio cannabifolius, Senecio scandens, Serratula chinensis, Serratula polycephala, Siegesbeckia glabrescens, Siegesbeckia orientalis, Silybum marianum, Sinacalia tangutica, Solidago decurrens, Sonchus arvensis, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Soroseris glomerata, Spilanthes paniculata, Stemmacantha uniflora, Syncalathium chrysocephalum, Syneilesis aconitifolia, Tagetes erecta, Taraxacum mongolicum, Taraxacum sikkimense, Tephroseris kirilowii, Tephroseris palustris, Tithonia diversifolia, Tussilago farfara, Vernonia cinerea, Vernonia cumingiana, Wedelia chinensis, Xanthium sibiricum, and Youngia japonica of Compositae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part of herbal medicines of each species.

7.1  Family: Compositae 7.1.1  Senecio cannabifolius Chinese Name(s): ma ye qian li guang, kuan ye fan hun cao, fan hun cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Senecio cannabifolius (Senecio cannabifolius Less.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, rhizomatous. The stems are erect, solitary, 1–2 m tall. The basal and lower cauline leaves are withered by anthesis. The median stem leaves are petiolate, 11–30 cm long, 4–15 cm wide, oblong-lanceolate, margin being undivided or pinnately divided into four to seven lobes, apically acute or acuminate, basally cuneate, serrate at margins, papery. The upper leaves are gradually smaller upward, undivided or divided into three lobes. The petioles are short, basally auriculate; there are two auricles, which are circular or semicircular, small. The capitula are radiate, numerous, arranged in broad terminal compound corymbs. The peduncles are thin, 10–20  mm long, with two or three linear bracteoles that are 2–3 mm long. The involucres are cylindrical, 5-6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, with outer bracts. There are three to four bracts, which are linear. There are eight to ten phyllaries, which are oblong-lanceolate, 5 mm long. There are eight to ten ray florets; the tubes are 3  mm long; the laminas are yellow, about 10  mm long, apically three-denticulate, with four veins. There are about 21 disk florets. The corollas are yellow, 8 mm long, 4 mm long at tubes. The limbs are funnelform. The lobes are ovate-lanceolate, 1.5  mm long. The anthers are 2–3  mm, basally shortly hastate. The achenes are cylindrical, 3.5–4 mm long. The pappi are 6 mm long, straw-colored. The flowering period is from August to September. The fruiting period is from September to October.

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Habitat: It grows in wet meadows, under forests, or near forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Inner Mongolia, as well as in the Far East and eastern Siberia of Russia, North Korea, Japan, and Aleutian Islands. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, removed the impurities, cut into sections, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing blood stasis and eliminating swelling, lowering Qi and restoring menstruation flow, stopping bleeding, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of blood stasis, coughing with phlegm and asthma, bruise, pulmonary heart disease, chronic bronchitis, infectious diseases, analgesia before delivery, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the products are ground to powder for application.

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7.2  Family: Compositae 7.2.1  Senecio scandens Chinese Name(s): qian li guang, jiu li ming, man huang wan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Senecio scandens (Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don). Morphology: The plant is a perennial, scandent herb. The leaves are petiolate, ovate-lanceolate to long triangular, 2.5–12 cm long, 2–4.5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally broadly cuneate, truncate, hastate, or rarely cordate, margins being rarely subentire, usually shallowly or deeply dentate, sometimes lobulate or pinnatifid, at least toward base, with one to three smaller lateral lobes, shortly pubescent to glabrous on both surfaces. The veins are pinnate, with seven to nine pairs of lateral veins, obvious. The petioles are 0.5–1–2) cm long, villous or near glabrous, without auricles or auriculate basally. The upper leaves are smaller, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, apically attenuate. The capitula have numerous ray florets, in terminal compound thyrses. The branches and peduncles are densely to sparsely puberulent. The peduncles are 1–2 cm long, with bracts. There are often one to ten bracteoles, which are linear-subulate. The involucres are cylindrical campanulate, 5–8 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, with outer bracts. There are about eight bracts, which are linear-subulate, 2–3 mm long. The phyllaries are linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margin being broadly scarious, acuminate and ciliate-puberulent on upper margins and apex, dry-membranous, villous or glabrous abaxially, with three veins. There are eight to ten ray florets, which are 4.5 mm long at tubes. The laminas are yellow, oblong, 9–10 mm long, 2 mm wide, obtuse, three-denticulate, with four veins. The disk florets are numerous. The corollas are yellow, 7.5 mm long, 3.5 mm long at tubes. The limbs are funnelform. The lobes are ovate-oblong, acute apically, papillose. The anthers are about 2.3  mm long, basally obtuse-auriculate. The style branches are about 1.8 mm long, apically truncate, papillose. The achenes are cylindrical, about 3 mm long, villous. The pappi are white, about 7.5 mm long.

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Habitat: It grows at roadside or wilderness areas. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces or regions of Hainan, Guangdong, Tibet, Shaanxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, and Taiwan, as well as in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina Peninsula, the Philippines, and Japan Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stem of this product is slender, slightly zigzag, with the upper part and branches being herbaceous and the base being woody. It’s often more than 1 m long, grayish green or purplish brown on surfaces, longitudinally angulate, densely grayish white pilose. The leaves are alternate, and the leaf blades are often curly, oblong or ovate-lanceolate after flattening, with irregular serrations on the edge and pubescence on both surfaces. The flower is yellow. The capitula are numerous, arranged into corymbose. It’s slight in odor and bitter in taste. The products with more leaves and green color are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridian of the lungs, liver, and large intestine. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood and reducing swelling, clearing the liver, and brightening the eyes, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, dysentery, enteritis, appendicitis, acute lymphangitis, erysipelas, furuncle, eczema, allergic dermatitis, and hemorrhoids. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are ground for application or decocted in water and used for washing. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: various inflammatory diseases—Senecio scandens tablet, taken four times a day, three tablets each time (equivalent to 30 g of crude drug). 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute, subacute, chronic conjunctivitis, trachoma—50% Senecio scandens eye drops, dripped into eyes, one to two drops every 2–4 h. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute appendicitis—whole grass of Senecio scandens 500 g, added with water and decocted for 15 min, filtered, and concentrated to 500 ml. Take 20–30 ml each time for adults and 10–20 ml for children, three times a day for 5–7 continuous days. Generally, the symptoms will gradually disappear in 3 days. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pruritus, allergic dermatitis—Senecio scandens 90 g, decocted in water and used for washing. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute infection such as furuncle, carbuncle, cellulitis, and erysipelas—five portions of Senecio scandens, three portions of Melicope pteleifolia, six portions of Blumea laciniata, two portions of Chenopodium ambrosioides, mixed and ground to the fine powder, added with some rice wine and blended into wet powder, added with some Vaseline and mixed well, and then smeared to the affected area.

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7.3  Family: Compositae 7.3.1  Serratula chinensis Chinese Name(s): hua ma hua tou, guang dong sheng ma. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Senecio Serratula chinensis (Serratula chinensis S. Moore). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 60–120 cm tall. The caudexes are short, with numerous fusiform and straight roots, 8–12 mm in diameter. The stems are erect, upper branched. All the stems and branches are sparsely arachnoid or glabrate to glabrous. The middle cauline leaves are elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or long elliptic, few obovate, 9.3–13 cm long, 3.5–7 cm wide, rare up to 22 cm long and 8 cm wide, basally cuneate, with 1.5–2.5(–4.5) cm long petioles. The upper leaves are small, sessile or subsessile, homomorphic as middle cauline leaves. All the leaves have serrate margins, scabrid on both surfaces, covered with multicellular hairs and brown-yellow glands on both surfaces. The capitula are few, solitary apically, not arranged in obvious corymbs. The involucres are bowl-shaped, upper without constriction, ca. 3 mm in diameter. The phyllaries are in six to seven rows; the outer phyllaries are ovate to long elliptic, 5–13  mm long, 3–5  mm wide; the inner and innermost phyllaries are oblong to linear oblong, 2–2.6 mm long, 3–5 mm wide; the whole phyllaries are membranous, glabrous, apically rounded or obtuse, without spinules, purple-red. The florets are bisexual. The corollas are purple-red, 3 cm long, thin tubes being ca. 1.3 cm long, limbs being 1.7 cm long. The corolla lobes are linear, ca. 9  mm long. The achenes are long ellipsoid, dark brown, ca. 7 mm long, 2 mm wide. The pappi are brown, in numerous rows, unequal in length, up to 1.6 cm long; the bristles are slightly serrated, disperse deciduous. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October.

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Habitat: It grows on hillsides and roadsides and in jungles. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, and south of Shaanxi and other places. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, removed the residual part of stem and fibrous roots, and dried in the sun or over fire. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet, pungent, and slightly bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Elevating Yang, dispersing wind, detoxicating, and promoting eruption of rash, it’s often used for treatment of headache due to wind fire, sore throat, inadequate measles eruption, chronic diarrhea, anal prolapse, and uterine prolapse. Use and Dosage: 2–5 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.4  Family: Compositae 7.4.1  Serratula polycephala Chinese Name(s): duo hua ma hua tou. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Serratula polycephala (Serratula polycephala Iljin). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 40–80 cm tall. The stems are erect, cylindrical, angulate, glabrous, or covered with white crinkled hairs at the lower part, upper branched. The leaves are papery, long petiolate or subsessile. The basal leaves are oblong, 14.5–17  cm long, 6–7  cm wide, pinnatipartite, pinnatilobate or entire, hirtellous on both surfaces. The marginal serrations are apically acute, withered at anthesis. The cauline leaves are pinnatisect or pinnatipartite. There are two to ten pairs of lateral lobes, which are ovate-linear or oblong-linear, apically obtuse or acuminate, margins being entire, few toothed. The uppermost leaves are entire or slightly toothed. The capitula are numerous, erect, growing at the apex of branches. The involucres are

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narrowly cylindric-campanulate or narrowly cylindric, 2–2.5 cm long, 0.5–1 cm wide, upper slightly narrow, basally slightly dilated and cuneate. The phyllaries are in seven rows; the ones in outermost rows are the shortest, gradually longer toward inner, glabrous outside, with apical spinule; the ones in inner rows are linear, apically with white membranous appendages, erect, entire at margins, acute apically. The corollas are purple, bisexual, tubular, apically five-lobed; the lower tubes are 10–14 mm long; the upper tubes are 12–15 mm long. The achenes are obconical, glaucous-yellow, striate. The pappi are hirsutulous, in numerous rows, light brown; the ones in outer rows are short; the ones in inner rows are long, up to 8 mm long. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on dry meadows, hillsides, and roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, and Shanxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, removed the impurities, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, carbuncle, furuncle, sore throat, cold and fever, urinary tract infection, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.5  Family: Compositae 7.5.1  Siegesbeckia glabrescens, Siegesbeckia orientalis, Siegesbeckia pubescens Chinese Name(s): xi xian, fei zhu cao, fei zhu cai, nian cang zi, nian hu cai, huang hua zai, nian bu zha. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Siegesbeckia glabrescens (Siegesbeckia glabrescens Makino), Siegesbeckia orientalis (Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn.), and Siegesbeckia pubescens (Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino). Morphology: (A) Siegesbeckia glabrescens –The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect, slightly thin, 30–80 cm tall, often branched upward, shortly appressed pilose, sometimes denser upward. The basal leaves are withered at anthesis. The median cauline leaves are ovate, triangular-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–11  cm long, 1.5–7 cm wide, basally broadly acuminate or obtuse, sometimes decurrent to form petioles, petioles being winged and 0.5–0.6 cm long, apically acuminate, regularly toothed at margins. The upper leaves are tapering, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm long and 0.5  cm wide, sparsely toothed or entire at margins, shortly petiolate or

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sessile. The whole leaves are pubescent on both surfaces, basally triplinerved; the veins are slightly raised abaxially. The capitula are 10–18 mm in diameter, numerous, arranged in sparsely panicles apically. The peduncles are thin, sparsely appressed pubescent. The involucres are campanulate. The phyllaries are in two rows, foliaceous, abaxially densely glandular pilose with purple-brown petiolate hairs. There are five bracts in outer row, which are linear spatulate, 6–9  mm long. The inner bracts are obovate-oblong, ca. 3 mm long. The female corollas are ca. 0.8 mm long at tubes. The bisexual corollas are campanulate, apically four- to five-lobed. The achenes are obovate, tetragonous, about 2.5 mm long. The flowering period is from August to September. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows on the side of the road, in wilderness, and in thickets on hillsides. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in Japan and North Korea.

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Morphology: (B) Siegesbeckia orientalis—The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect, up to 1 m tall. The branches are ascending. The upper branches are often dichotomous. The whole branches are gray white pubescent. The basal leaves are withered at anthesis. The median cauline leaves are triangular-ovate or ovatelanceolate, 4–10 cm long, 1.8–6.5 cm wide, basally broadly cuneate, decurrent to form petioles, petioles being winged, apically acuminate, regularly lobed or serrate at margins, papery, green adaxially, light green abaxially, with glands, hairy on both surfaces, basally triplinerved, with obvious lateral and reticulate veins. The upper leaves are tapering, ovate-oblong, undulate or entire at margins, subsessile. The capitula are 15–20 mm in diameter, numerous, clustered apically, arranged in foliate panicles. The pedicles are 1.5–4  cm long, densely pubescent. The involucres are broadly campanulate. The phyllaries are in two rows, foliaceous, abaxially covered with purple-brown stipitate-glandular hairs. There are five to six outer bracts, which are linear-spatulate or spatulate, about 5 mm long and 1.5–2.2 mm wide. The outer paleae are oblong, recurved. The inner paleae are obovate-oblong. The flowers are yellow. The female corolla tubes are ca. 0.7 mm long. The bisexual disk florets are campanulate, with four to five ovate lobes. The achenes are obovoid, tetragonous, apically gray-brown ring-shaped raised, 3–3.5 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide. The flowering period is from April to September. The fruiting period is from June to November. Habitat: It grows on the roadside and grass of the wilderness. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Fujian, Guizhou, Anhui, Liaoning, Gansu, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Taiwan of China as well as in Vietnam, North Korea, India, Australia, Europe, and North America.

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Morphology: (C) Siegesbeckia pubescens—The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect, sturdy, 30–110 cm tall, upper multibranched, gray-white villous, and strigose. The basal leaves are ovate-lanceolate, withered at anthesis. The central cauline leaves are ovate, 3.5–12 cm long, 1.8–6 cm wide, basally broadly cuneate, decurrent to form petioles, petioles being winged and 1–3 cm long, apically acuminate, serrate at margins. The upper leaves are tapering, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. The whole leaves are adaxially dark green, abaxially light green, basally triplinerved, with obvious lateral and reticulate veins, with short appressed pubescence on both surfaces, villous along veins. The capitula are 18–22 mm in diameter, mostly terminal, arranged in loose panicles. The peduncles are long, densely glandular pilose or villous. The involucres are broadly campanulate. The phyllaries are in two rows, foliaceous, abaxially purple-brown glandular pilose; the ones in outer rows are linear-spatulate or broadly linear, 7–14 mm long; the ones in inner rows are ovate-oblong, ca. 3.5 mm long. The ray florets are 1–1.2 mm long at corolla tubes, apically two- to three-lobed at lips, sometimes five-lobed. The bisexual disk florets are about 2.5 mm long, limbs being campanulate, apically four- to five-lobed. The achenes are obovoid, quadrangulate, apically gray ring-shaped raised. The flowering period is from May to August. The fruiting period is from June to October. Habitat: It grows on the roadside and grass of the wilderness. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Fujian, Guizhou, Anhui, Liaoning, Gansu, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Taiwan of China as well as in Vietnam, North Korea, India, Australia, Europe, and North America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The whole plants of this product is 60–100 cm long, with stems of nearly square columnar, much branched, light greenish yellow to purplish brown, with fine longitudinal stripes and straight grooves, densely pubescence and glandular hairy. It’s light in weight, slightly brittle, easy to break, with yellowish white section, and hollow pith. The leaves are usually curled, shrunk, or broken, and the intact leaves are ovate triangular to lanceolate, grayish green, apically acuminate, basally descendent, marginally obvious denticulate or irregularly lobed, pubescent on both surfaces. The capitulum is 3–6 mm in diameter, terminal, usually arranged in dichotomous cymose, 2–3 cm pedunculate and glandular pilose. The bracts are dark green. It’s slight in odor and bitter in taste. The product with luxuriant branches and leaves and some flowers are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Dispelling wind dampness, unblocking collaterals, and lowering blood pressure, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatic joint pain, weakness of the waist and knee, numbness of limbs, hemiplegia, hypertension, neurasthenia, acute icteric infectious hepatitis, and malaria, as well as for external treatment of boils and sores.

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Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatoid arthritis—Siegesbeckia glabrescens, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Geranium wilfordii, Atractylodes macrocephala, Coix lacryma-jobi, and Davallia mariesii 15 g each; Gentiana macrophylla, Atractylodes Lancea, and Acanthopanar gracilistμlus each 12 g; Notopterygium incisum and Angelica pubescens each 9 g, decocted in water and taken one dose per day three times on an empty stomach. The patients with a high fever should not take it. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms—acute icteric infectious hepatitis: a. Common type: Siegesbeckia glabrescens 30  g, Gardenia jasminoides 9  g, Asiatic plantain, and Desmodium styracifolium each 15 g, added with 1000 ml of water, decocted to 300 ml, and taken two times, one dose a day b. Severe type (close to liver necrosis): Siegesbeckia glabrescens and Hypericum japonicum each 60–120  g, Gardenia jasminoides 9  g, Asiatic plantain and Desmodium styracifolium each 15  g, Emilia sonchifolia 30  g, added with 3000  ml of water, decocted to 300  ml–400  ml, and taken two times, one dose a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hypertension, neurasthenia—Siegesbeckia glabrescens is made into sedative granules and taken one pack per dose or sedative tablets, 0.5  g per tablet, two to four tablets every day two to three times. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Siegesbeckia glabrescens 30 g, decocted in water and taken two times, one dose each day for 3 continuous days.

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7.6  Family: Compositae 7.6.1  Silybum marianum Chinese Name(s): shui fei ji, shui fei zhi. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Silybum marianum (Silybum marianum (Linn.) Gaertn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual or biennial herb, 40–120 cm tall. The stems are erect, multibranched, angulate. The basal leaves are big, in rosette, petiolate. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, 15–40  cm long, 6–14  cm wide, pinnatipartite, with hard spiny serrations at margins, adaxially shiny, with numerous milky white stripes, abaxially pubescent, hirsute on veins. The cauline leaves are smaller, basally clasping. The capitula are terminal, 4–6 cm in diameter. The involucres are broad, subglobose. The phyllaries are in numerous rows, hard, armed, or outer apically being acute. The florets are purple-red, rarely white, ca. 3 cm long, thin tubes being ca. 2.1 cm long, limbs being five-lobed and ca. 6 mm long. The filaments are short and broad, upper free, lower adnate. The achenes are compressed, oblong or obovoid, ca. 7 mm long, ca. 3 mm wide, brown, linear-oblong dark brown spotted. The pappi are in many rows, setaceous, white, longer toward median or inner rows, up to 1.5 cm long. The innermost pappus are very short, pilose, entire at margins, arranged on pappus ring. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to October. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is introduced and cultivated in northwest and north China and native to southern Europe to North Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are mature in summer and autumn when the bracts are yellow and curled into tubes and the crests are slightly open. Cut off the infructescence in time, dry it in the sun, and beat it to get the fruits. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxification, protecting the liver, acting as choleretic, protecting the brain, and preventing damage from the X-ray, it’s often used for treatment of acute or chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, fatty liver, metabolic toxic liver injury, cholelithiasis, cholangitis, and pericholangitis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hepatitis—silibinin (silymarin) 70–140 mg, taken three times a day for at least 5–6 weeks. After the improvement of symptoms, the patients should be given maintenance dose of 35–70 mg, three times a day.

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7.7  Family: Compositae 7.7.1  Sinacalia tangutica Chinese Name(s): hua xie jia, zhu du zi, shui luo bo. Source: This medicine is made of the rhizomes of Sinacalia tangutica (Sinacalia tangutica (Maxim.) B. Nord.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The caudexes are tuberiform, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The stems are robust, 50–100 cm tall, 5–6 mm in diameter, unbranched. The lower cauline leaves are often withered at anthesis. The median leaves are thick papery, ovate or ovate-cordate, 10–16  cm long, 10–15  cm wide, pinnatipartite, adaxially dark green, abaxially light green. The petioles are basally subamplexicaul. The upper cauline leaves are tapering, shortly petiolate. The capitula are mostly arranged in broadly pyramidal paniculoid thyrses. The involucres are cylindric, 8–10 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide. There are five phyllaries, which are linear-oblong, about 8 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide. There are two to three ray florets, which are yellow, about 4.5  mm long at tubes. The lips are oblong-lanceolate, 13–14  mm long, about 2  mm wide, four-veined, apically minutely two-dentate. There are four disk florets, which are yellow, 8–9 mm long, tubes being 2–2.5 mm long; the limbs are funnelform, lobes being oblong-ovate, about 1.5 mm long, apically acuminate. The anthers are oblong, 3.5–3.7 mm long. The styles are branched

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and recurved, about 1.5 mm long, papillose. The achenes are cylindric, about 3 mm long. The pappi are white, 7–8  mm long. The flowering period is from July to September. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows on hillside grasslands, cliffs, gully edges, meadows or forest margins, and roadside at altitudes of 1 250–3 450 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Ningxia, Qinghai, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, and Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are dug up in summer and autumn, washed and used when fresh, or sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property, a little toxic. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, dispersing cold, and unblocking collaterals, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatic lumbago, rheumatic paralysis, hemiplegia, headache, white and bald head sores, and injuries caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.8  Family: Compositae 7.8.1  Solidago decurrens Chinese Name(s): yi zhi huang hua, nian hu cai, po bu ye, jin chai hu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Solidago decurrens (Solidago decurrens Lour.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 30–100 cm tall. The stems are erect, often weak, solitary or rarely fascicled, simple or branched in the upper part. The middle cauline leaves are elliptic, oblong, ovate, or broadly lanceolate, 2–5 cm long, 1–1.5(–2) cm wide, cuneate and tapering downward, petiolate, petioles being winged, serrate above middle or entire at margins. The leaves are tapering upward. The lower leaves and middle cauline leaves are homomorphic, with winged petioles that are 2–4  cm long or longer. The whole leaves are thicker, pubescent on both surfaces, along veins and margins, or glabrous abaxially. The capitula are small, 6–8  mm long, 6–9  mm wide, numerous in terminal, dense or lax racemiform or corymbose-paniculiform synflorescences, 6–25 cm long. The phyllaries are in four to six rows, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate; the middle and inner rows are 5–6 mm long. The ray florets are elliptic, ca. 6 mm long. The achenes are ca. 3 mm long, glabrous, rarely apically sparsely pilose. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to November. Habitat: It grows on grassy slopes and roadsides or at forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Shaanxi, and Taiwan of China.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is 30–100 cm in total length. The stem is cylindrical, 0.2–0.5 cm in diameter, yellow-green, gray-brown, or dark purplish red, with straight lines, hairy on the upper part, and clustered with fibrous roots at the base. It’s brittle, easy to break, fibrous in the cross section, and with pith. The leaves are mostly shrunk or broken, and the intact leaves are elliptical or lanceolate after flattening, 4–7 cm long, abruptly attenuate and decurrent at the base, entire or with irregular sparse serrations. The capitulum is about 0.7 cm in diameter. The involucre is in several layers, which are ovate-lanceolate. The ligulate flowers are yellow, wrinkled and twisted, but usually had fallen off. The achenes are small with crest of yellow and white. It is slightly fragrant and slightly bitter and pungent in taste. The products with more leaves and green are better in quality Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property, a little toxic. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, detoxicating, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, hemoptysis, acute and chronic nephritis, and infantile malnutrition, as well as for external treatment for bruises, snakebites, mastitis, carbuncle, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas or decocted into thick juice and smeared to the affected areas. Pregnant women should not use it. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: upper respiratory tract infection, pneumonia—Solidago decurrens 9  g, Emilia sonchifolia 6  g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: upper respiratory tract infection, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, furuncle, and sore—Solidago decurrens granules, taken 6  g each time, twice a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tonsillitis—Solidago decurrens 30  g, Monochasma savatieri 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: asthmatic bronchitis in children—Solidago decurrens and Oxalis corniculate 15–30 g each, dried Pheretima aspergillum 6 g and Eriobotrya japonica 6 g, proper amount of crystal sugar, decocted in water. Take one dose per day two times. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hemoptysis due to tuberculosis—Solidago decurrens 60 g, proper amount of crystal sugar, decocted in water and taken one dose per day two times.

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7.9  Family: Compositae 7.9.1  Sonchus arvensis Chinese Name(s): ju mai cai, ye ku cai, ku mai cai, ku ku cai, bai jiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Sonchus arvensis (Sonchus arvensis Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The taproots are long conical, with numerous lateral roots, brown. The stems are erect, unbranched, glabrous, often purple-red at the lower part. The basal and lower cauline leaves are oblong, oblonglanceolate or oblanceolate, apically obtuse or acute, basally tapering to winged petioles. The petioles in the lower part of stem are basally slightly expanded to semiamplexicaul, undulately serrate or pinnately shallowly lobed at margins, lobes being irregularly mucronulately dentate at margins, glabrous on both surfaces. The

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middle cauline leaves are similar to lower cauline leaves, basally auriculate-clasping with rounded auricles. The upper cauline leaves are tapering, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. There are four to ten capitula, which are terminal, arranged in lax corymbs. The involucres are broadly campanulate. The phyllaries are in about three rows. The ray florets are yellow. The achenes are long elliptical, slightly complanate, brown. The pappi are white. The flowering and fruiting periods are from January to August. Habitat: It grows near fields, roadsides, ditches, or villages. Distribution: It is widely distributed throughout China and nearly the whole world. Acquisition and Processing: The seedlings are dug out before flowering in April to June, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, removing dampness and expelling pus, cooling blood, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of sore throat, furuncles, hemorrhoids, acute bacillary dysentery, enteritis, lung abscess, acute appendicitis, hemoptysis, urination, hematochezia, and metrorrhagia. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas or decocted and used for washing the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute bacillary dysentery—Sonchus arvensis 50 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute pharyngitis—fresh Sonchus arvensis 50 g (chopped), Juncus effusus 5 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: prolapse and inflammation of internal hemorrhoid—Sonchus arvensis 100 g, decocted in water and used for fumigating to the affected areas once or twice a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: appendicitis—Sonchus arvensis 25–50  g, Sargentodoxa 100 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.10  Family: Compositae 7.10.1  Sonchus asper Chinese Name(s): hua ye dian ku cai, ye ku mai cai, xu duan ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Sonchus asper (Sonchus asper (Linn.) Hill.). Morphology: The plant is an annual or biennial herb. The stems are erect, hollow, 50–100 cm tall, sparsely glandular hairy above middle. The lower and middle cauline leaves are oblong or ovate-elliptic, 15–20 cm long, 3–8 cm wide, undivided or ± irregularly pinnatisect. There are three to five pairs of lateral lobes, which are densely spinulosely dentate at margins. The lower leaves are basally tapering to narrow-winged petioles. The middle leaves are basally expanded to be auriculateclasping with rounded auricles. The upper leaves are long elliptic lanceolate, spiny serrate at margins, basally auriculate-clasping. The synflorescences are densely corymbiform, with five to ten capitula at stem apex, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The peduncles are glabrous or glandular hairy. The involucres are long campanulate. The phyllaries are in two to three rows. The ray florets are numerous, with yellow lips. The achenes are ovate-columnar, slightly compressed, with three pairs of longitudinal ribs on either side. The pappi are white. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to October. Habitat: It grows by roadsides and in fields and wilderness. Distribution: It is nearly distributed throughout China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of furuncle and sore, coughing and asthma in children, and hemoptysis due to tuberculosis.

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Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.11  Family: Compositae 7.11.1  Sonchus oleraceus Chinese Name(s): ku ju cai, ku cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Sonchus oleraceus (Sonchus oleraceus Linn. [Gonchug oleracettg Linn.]). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 30–80 cm tall, with white latex. The roots are conical or fusiform, hollow, longitudinal angulate, simple or branched at the upper part. The leaves are alternate, papery, glabrous, oblong or lanceolate, 10–20 cm long, 3–6 cm wide, pinnatipartite, lyrate or pinnatifid. The terminal lobes are large, broad-triangular, sometimes as large as lateral lobes, rarely undivided, irregularly spinulosely dentate at margins. The lower cauline leaves have shortwinged petioles, basally clasping. The middle and upper leaves are sessile, basally broad, or hastate-clasping. There are several capitula, which are terminal, arranged in corymbiform. The peduncles and lower involucres are sparsely glandular hairy. The involucres are campanulate, 1.0–1.2 cm long, 1.0–1.5 cm wide, dark green. The phyllaries are in three rows; the outer phyllaries are ovate-lanceolate; the inner phyllaries are lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. The ray florets are yellow, about 1.3 cm long, bisexual. The achenes are oblong, 2.5–3.0 mm long, compressed, brown or red-brown, denticulate at margins, with three raised longitudinal ribs. The pappi are white, 6–7 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from June to September. Habitat: It grows at the ridge of fields, roadside, and wasteland and near the village. Distribution: It is distributed throughout China and widely spread all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The aboveground parts of whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, when the flowers are in bloom or not, removed the impurities and silt, and then dried in the sun or sectioned and dried.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, cooling blood, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of dysentery, jaundice, strangury complicated with hematuria, hemorrhoids, and fistula, as well as for external treatment of carbuncle, furuncle, and otitis media. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas or ground for juice and dripped into the ear. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic bronchitis—Sonchus oleraceus 500 g, 20 jujubes. Decoct the Sonchus oleraceus in water, take the decoctum and boil the jujube, take the jujubes out when their skin unfolds, and decoct the remaining liquid into paste. Take one spoon of ointment and one jujube in the morning and evening.

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7.12  Family: Compositae 7.12.1  Soroseris glomerata Chinese Name(s): juan mao ju, kong tong shen, kong dong shen, kong kong shen. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Soroseris glomerata (Soroseris glomerata (Decne.) Stebbins). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 3–20  cm tall. The taproots are ramose or not ramose. The subterranean caudexes are erect, buried with flowstones, covered with reduced cataphylls. The cataphylls are ovate to long lanceolate, 0.7–1.5  cm long, 3–5  mm wide. The aboveground stems are extremely short, densely with rosette leaves. The rosette leaves are spatulate to obovate, 2–3.5 cm long including petioles, 0.4–1 cm wide. There are numerous capitula, which clustered to form glomerulus in rosettes, glomerulus being 3–5  cm in diameter. The involucres are narrow cylindric, ca. 2  mm in diameter. The phyllaries are in two

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rows; the outer phyllaries are linear-lanceolate, 0.9–1.3 cm long; the inner phyllaries are 0.7–1.1 cm long, 2–3 mm wide, sparsely or densely white villose. There are four to six ray florets, which are yellow. The achenes are slightly compressed, long cylindric, about 6  mm long, apically truncate. The pappi are gray or yellowish, about 1 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to September. Habitat: It grows on alpine screes and high mountain meadows at altitudes of 3200–5600 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in India and Nepal. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer, removed the dead leaves and impurities, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly pungent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of cold and fever, sore throat, bronchitis, sore, boil, mastitis, rheumatism and arthralgia, bleeding, metrorrhagia, leukorrhea, injury caused by knocks and falls, etc. Use and Dosage: 6–13 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.13  Family: Compositae 7.13.1  Spilanthes paniculata Chinese Name(s): jin niu kou. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Spilanthes paniculata (Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect or ascending, 15–80  cm tall, purple-red, with obviously longitudinal stripes. The stems and branches are pubescent or nearly glabrous. The leaves are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–5 cm long, 0.6–2.5 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, margins being entire or undulate-serrate or crenate-serrate, basally broad cuneate to rounded. The lateral veins are in two to three pairs, glabrous or subglabrate on both surfaces. The petioles are 0.3–1.5 cm long, puberulent or subglabrous. The capitula are 7–8 mm in diameter, solitary and terminal. The peduncles are 2.5–5  cm long, rarely longer, apically puberulent. The involucres are ovate-campanulate. There are about 8 phyllaries in two rows, which are ovate or ovate-oblong, apically obtuse or subacute, glabrous or ciliate. The receptacles are conic. The paleae are membranaceous, obovate. The ray florets are few or none, with yellow lips, broad-ovate or subrounded, 1–1.5 mm long, limbs being shallowly three-lobed. The disk florets are slightly more; the corollas are four- to five-lobed. The achenes are oblong, slightly compressed, dark brown, basally constricted, white cartilaginous at margins, upper slightly thick, with verrucous glands and sparsely hairy, ciliate at all or unilateral margins. The pappi are of one to two subequal bristles. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to November. Habitat: It grows in mountains, fields, and wastelands, by roadsides, and at forest margins.

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Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Thailand, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Detoxicating and dissolving lumps, relieving swelling and pain, and stopping asthma, it’s often used for treatment of diarrhea, malaria, caries, snakebite, dog bite, carbuncle, cold of wind-cold type, tracheitis, tuberculosis, cough, asthma, toothache, gangrene, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.14  Family: Compositae 7.14.1  Stemmacantha uniflora Chinese Name(s): lou lu, du hua shan niu bang, he shang tou hua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Stemmacantha uniflora (Stemmacantha uniflora (Linn.) Dittrich [Rhaponticum uniflorum (Linn.) DC.]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, up to 100 cm in height. The basal leaves and lower cauline leaves are elliptic, oblong, or oblanceolate, 10–24  cm long, 4–9 cm wide, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect. The petioles are 6–20 cm long. The lateral lobes are in 5–12 pairs, elliptic or oblanceolate, serrate at margins. The

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middle and upper leaves are tapering. The whole leaves are soft, gray white on both surfaces, densely or sparsely arachnoid, and yellow-glandular. The petioles are gray white, densely arachnoid. The capitula are solitary and terminal. The involucres are hemispheric, 3.5–6 cm in diameter. The phyllaries are in about nine rows, imbricate, longer toward inner rows, apically with membranaceous appendages; the phyllaries in outer rows are long triangular excluding apical membranaceous appendages, ca. 4 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide; the ones in middle rows are elliptic to lanceolate, and the ones in inner rows are lanceolate, ca. 2.5 cm long, ca. 5 mm wide; the appendages are broadly ovate or nearly rounded, up to 1 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, light brown. The florets are bisexual, tubular. The corollas are purplered, ca. 3.1 cm long, thin tubes being ca. 1.5 cm long. The corolla lobes are ca. 8 mm long. The achenes are three to four angulate, truncate, 4 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, apically denticulate at margins. The pappi are brown, in many rows, longer toward inner rows, up to 1.8 cm long, basally connate into ring, deciduous. The pappus bristles are scabrid. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to September. Habitat: It grows on sunny slopes, grasslands, and roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in northeast and north China, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, and other provinces. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn, removed the fibrous roots, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, eliminating carbuncle, increasing lactation, relaxing tendons, and unblocking channels, it’s often used for treatment of swelling and pain of mastitis, carbuncle and furuncle on the back, scrofula, breast milk stoppage, arthralgia, and spasm due to dampness. Use and Dosage: 4.5–9  g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Pregnant women should take it with caution. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: early stage swelling and hot pain of carbuncle and boil—Stemmacantha uniflora 9 g, Forsythia suspensa 12 g, Lonicera japonica 12 g, Rheum officinale 6 g, and liquorice 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: breast milk stoppage is blocked, distention, and pain of the breast—Stemmacantha uniflora 9  g, Trichosanthes kirilowii 12 g, Taraxacum mongolicum 12 g, Bolbostemma paniculatum 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.15  Family: Compositae 7.15.1  Syncalathium chrysocephalum Chinese Name(s): huang hua he tou ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Syncalathium chrysocephalum (Syncalathium chrysocephalum (Shih) Shih). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, rosulate, 3–5 cm tall. The uproots are slender. The stems are very short. The leaves are rounded or ovate, 3–8  mm long, 3–7 mm wide, basally truncate or subtruncate, apically obtuse, acute or rounded, serrate at margins, nearly glabrous or more or less pilose on both surfaces, with 1.1 cm long petioles. The capitula have five ray florets, few or more clustered into glomerule in rosettes at stem apex, ca. 2 cm in diameter. The peduncles have one linear bractlet. The involucres are narrowly terete, ca. 3 mm in diameter. There are five phyllaries in one row, which are nearly equaling, oblong, ca. 1.1 cm long and 3 mm wide, apically rounded, white villous upper on outer surfaces, lower hispid or glabrous. There are five ray florets, which are yellow. The achenes are compressed, long-obovoid, with a stripe on one side and two stripes on the other side. The pappi are ca. 7 mm long, slightly serrate. The flowering period is August. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows at alpine screes at altitudes of 4100 m. Distribution: It is distributed in Changdu of Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn, removed the dead leaves and impurities, and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and detoxicating and clearing heat, it’s often used for treatment of exterior wind heat syndrome, wind evil attack, headache, dizziness, injury caused by knocks and falls, swelling, and pain. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.16  Family: Compositae 7.16.1  Syneilesis aconitifolia Chinese Name(s): tu er san, yu san cai, yi ba san, shui e zhang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Syneilesis aconitifolia (Syneilesis aconitifolia (Bunge) Maxim. [Cacalia aconitifolia Bunge]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The caudexes are short, procumbent. The stems are solitary, 40–80 cm tall, glabrous, with longitudinal ribs. There is one basal leave, withered at anthesis. There are two cauline leaves, which are alternate, rounded, peltate, 10–30 cm in diameter, palmately parted, with six to nine lobes, twice two- or three-fid, with two to three segments, or not lobed, irregularly serrate at lobe or lobule margins, glabrous on both surfaces. The bractlike leaves are small. The capitula are numerous. The peduncles are 0.5–2  cm long, with linear small bractlets. The involucres are cylindric; the phyllaries in outer rows are narrow; the ones in inner rows are oblong or oblong-lanceolate, membranous at margins, glabrous. The disk floret corollas are light purple, limbs being five-lobed. The achenes are cylindric, with longitudinal stripes. The pappi are white to light red-brown. The flowering and fruiting periods are from June to October. Habitat: It grows on hillside wasteland, forest edge, and roadside. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, and Jiangxi, as well as in North Korea, Japan, and Russia.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, relaxing muscle and activating blood, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of lumbago and leg pain, as well as injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.17  Family: Compositae 7.17.1  Tagetes erecta Chinese Name(s): wan shou ju, feng wo ju, jin zhan ju, chou ju hua, chou fu rong, fu rong hua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and flowers of Tagetes erecta (Tagetes erecta Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect, 50–150 cm tall, with longitudinal ribs, many-branched. The leaves are 5–10 cm long, 4–8 cm wide, pinnatisect or nearly pinnatisect. The lobes are oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate at margins; the serration apexes of the upper lobes are long aristate, glandular along margins. The capitula are 5–8  cm in diameter. The peduncles are apically thick, claviform. The involucres are long-cylindric. The phyllaries are in one row, connate, apically serrate. The ray floret lips are obovate, yellow or dark orange, apically slightly emarginate, basally contracted into long stalk. The disk floret corollas are yellow. The achenes are obovate-oblong, basally smaller, black or brown, pubescent. There are three to five pappi, one to two of which are long awns and other two to three ones are short and obtuse. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to September. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated throughout China and native to America.

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Acquisition and Processing: It’s harvested in autumn and winter. The flowers are dried in the sun, and the roots are used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: The flower functions in clearing heat and detoxicating, resolving phlegm, and relieving cough and is often used for upper respiratory tract infection, pertussis, tracheitis, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, stomatitis, and toothache. The root functions in detoxicating and relieving swelling and is often used for external treatment for mumps, mastitis, carbuncle, and swelling. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of flowers are ground to powder, mixed with vinegar, and applied to the affected area. The fresh roots are mashed for application. The fresh whole plants are mashed and applied to treat mastitis, nameless swelling and poison, as well as boil.

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7.18  Family: Compositae 7.18.1  Tagetes patula Chinese Name(s): kong que cao, xiao wan shou ju, hong huang wan shou ju, hong huang cao, xiao fu rong hua, teng ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Tagetes patula (Tagetes patula Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are erect, 30–100 cm tall, many-branched. The leaves are 2–9 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide, pinnatisect or nearly pinnatisect. The lobes are linear-lanceolate, serrate at margins, apically thin and long aristate, basally with one gland. The capitula are 3.5–4 cm in diameter. The peduncles are 5–6.5 cm long, apically slightly thick, claviform. The involucres are cylindric. The phyllaries are in one row, connate, apically serrate, with glands. The lamina of ray florets are subrounded, golden or orange, often with red spots, apically slightly emarginate, basally contracted into long stalk. The disk floret corollas are yellow. The achenes are oblong, basally narrowed, black, pubescent. There are three to five pappi, one to two of which are long aristate and other 2-3 ones are scaly, short, or obtuse. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to September. Habitat: It is distributed. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian. It is native to Mexico. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn and winter and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, stopping coughing, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, dysentery, cough, pertussis, toothache, and acute conjunctivitis, as well as for external treatment for mumps and mastitis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water or ground to powder and taken with water several times. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are ground to powder with Paris polyphylla and honeysuckle, mixed with vinegar and applied to the affected areas.

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7.19  Family: Compositae 7.19.1  Taraxacum mongolicum Chinese Name(s): pu gong ying, huang hua di ding, po po ding, huang huang lang, zi hua di ding, gong ying, zheng gong ying. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants with roots of Taraxacum mongolicum (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial stemless herb, with latex. The roots are solitary, vertical, much narrowly fusiform. The leaves are arranged in rosette, elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate-elliptic, 4–18 cm long, 1.5–5.5 cm wide, nearly glabrous, pinnatilobed, lyrately pinnatifid or shallowly lobed. There are four to six lobes on each side, which are triangular or slightly triangular. The leaves are basally tapering into petioles. The capitula are 2–3 cm in diameter. There is one terminal

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inflorescence per scape, including several or more than ten homogeneous and bisexual ray florets. The lips are yellow. The scapes are subequal or slightly longer than leaves, arachnoid. The phyllaries are in two to three rows, linear or lanceolate, with narrow and membranous limbs. The achenes are ovoid, apically with short beak and white pappi. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to September. Habitat: It grows in fields, by roadsides, etc. Distribution: It is distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, northern Fujian, Taiwan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, northern Guangdong, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and other provinces of China, as well as in North Korea, Mongolia, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers are blooming or just bloom, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is a crumpled and curled lump. The root is slightly conical, slightly curved, 4–10  cm long, 3–7  mm in diameter at the root head, with or without brown or yellowish white trichomes, purplish brown, or brown on the surface, irregularly longitudinally wrinkled, brittle and easy to break. Most of the leaves are curled and shrunk, and the intact leaves are oblanceolate, reversed pinnately parted on the margins, grayish green on the surfaces. The capitulum is yellow white and long pedunculate, and the infructescences are often long pedunculate as well. It’s slight in odor, slightly bitter in taste. The products with more leaves, fresh colors, complete roots, and fewer flowers are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and stomach. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, eliminating carbuncle, dispersing lumps, promoting diuresis, and treating strangury, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, acute tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, mumps, mastitis, gastritis, enteritis, dysentery, hepatitis, cholecystitis, acute appendicitis, urinary tract infection, pelvic inflammation, carbuncle, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are washed, mashed, and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: upper respiratory tract infection and tonsillitis—Take Taraxacum mongolicum tablets, four to eight tablets per dose (for children), once every 6–8 hours. Or take dandelion syrup, 8  ml each time, three times a day. The dosage should be reduced for children. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mumps—Taraxacum mongolicum, washed, mashed, and applied to affected areas. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute mastitis (not suppurated in the early stage)—fresh Taraxacum mongolicum 60 g (30 g for dry product), one to two doses per day, decocted in water for oral use. At the same time, appropriate amount of fresh dandelion is washed, mashed, and applied to the affected areas.

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4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic gastritis—Taraxacum mongolicum (whole grass) 15 g, one spoonful of wine, decocted in water for two times. Mix the decoctum, and take it three times after meals. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: enteritis, dysentery, conjunctivitis—Taraxacum mongolicum, Isatis root, gypsum, 15  g each, Coptis chinensis 3  g, Phellodendron chinense 6  g, honeysuckle 9  g. Decoct Isatis root, gypsum, Taraxacum mongolicum, and Phellodendron chinense for three times, filter and concentrate them into extract, mix the Coptis chinensis and honeysuckle powder with the extract, dry them at 60°C and grind them into fine powder, sift through 80 mesh, and put the medicinal powder into capsules, each weighing 0.5 g. Take four capsules every day. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute and chronic appendicitis—Taraxacum mongolicum 30  g, Hypericum japonicum and Chinese lobelia 15  g each, Aconitum gymnandrum and Dutchman’s pipe root 9 g respectively, decocted in water for oral use. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute biliary tract infection—Taraxacum mongolicum 30  g, Bidens bipinnata 30  g, Lygodium japonicum 15  g, Glechoma longituba 15 g, Curcuma aromatica 12 g, Sichuan chinaberry 6 g, decocted twice in water, concentrated to 150 ml. Take 50 ml every time, three times a day. Patients with severe biliary colic were treated with ear acupuncture or small dose atropine acupoint injection and also rehydration in some cases.

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7.20  Family: Compositae 7.20.1  Taraxacum sikkimense Chinese Name(s): xi jin pu gong ying. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Taraxacum sikkimense (Taraxacum sikkimense Hand.-Mazz.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The leaves are basal, oblanceolate, 5–12 cm long, pennatifid to pinnatipartite. The scapes are 5–30 cm long. The capitula are 40–50 mm in diameter. The involucres are campanulate, about 15 mm long. The phyllaries are ± blackish green; the outer phyllaries are lanceolate to ovatelanceolate, equaling to the inner phyllaries in width, apically with narrowly and obviously membranous margins; the inner phyllaries are apically slightly enlarged. The ray florets are yellow, yellowish, or white, apically sometimes blushing; the marginal ligules are striped purplish abaxially. The achenes are obovate-oblong, dark purple, red-brown to orange-red, about 3 mm long, apically constricted into a 6–8 mm thin cone, beak being slender, 6–8 mm. The pappi are white, 5–6 mm long. The flowering period is from July to October. The fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows in hillside grasslands or by roadsides at altitudes of 2800–4800 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in Nepal and Pakistan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer from spring to autumn, removed the impurities, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, reducing swelling, dispersing lumps, promoting diuresis, and treating strangury, it’s often used for treatment of sores and swelling, mastitis, scrofula, conjunctivitis, sore throat, lungs carbuncle, intestinal carbuncle, jaundice of damp-heat type, strangury, etc. Use and Dosage: 30–50 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.21  Family: Compositae 7.21.1  Tephroseris kirilowii Chinese Name(s): gou she cao, qiu gou she cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Tephroseris kirilowii (Tephroseris kirilowii (Turcz. ex DC.) Holub). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The caudexes are ascending, often covered with brown persistent petioles, with numerous fibriform roots. The stems are solitary, subscapiform, erect, 20–60 cm tall. The basal leaves are several, rosulate, shortly petiolate, present at anthesis, oblong or ovate-oblong, 5–10 cm long, 1.5–2.5  cm wide. The cauline leaves are few, progressively smaller upward. The lower leaves are oblanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, 4–8  cm long, 0.5–1.5  cm wide. The upper leaves are small, lanceolate, bractlike, apically acute. The capitula are 1.5–2 cm in diameter, 3–11 of which are arranged in ± umbelliform terminal corymbs. The involucres are subcylindric-campanulate, 6–8  mm long, 6–9  mm long. There are 18–20 phyllaries, which are lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm wide. There are 13–15 ray florets; the corolla tubes are 3–3.5 mm long; the ligules are yellow, oblong, 6.5–7 mm long. The disk florets are numerous; the corollas are yellow, about 8 mm long; the limbs are funnelform. The anthers are ca. 2.2 mm long. The achenes are cylindric, ca. 2.5 mm long. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows on hilly slopes, sunny hills, and grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangdong, and Gansu of China.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, removed the impurities, sliced, washed, and used when fresh or dried in the sun. The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, removed the silts, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis and killing insects, promoting blood circulation, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of lung abscess, nephritis and edema, urinary tract infection, dribbling urination, leukemia, oral ulcer, scabies, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh whole plants are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.22  Family: Compositae 7.22.1  Tephroseris palustris Chinese Name(s): shi sheng gou she cao, shi sheng qian li guang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Tephroseris palustris (Tephroseris palustris (L.) Four.). Morphology: The plant is a biennial or annual herb, with numerous fibriform roots. The stems are solitary, hollow, erect, 20–60 cm tall. The basal leaves are several, petiolate, withered at anthesis. The lower cauline leaves are petiolate; the middle cauline leaves are sessile, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 5–15  cm long, 0.7–1.8  cm wide, apically obtuse, basally semiamplexicaul. The capitula are arranged in dense to lax terminal corymbs. The peduncles are densely glandular pubescent. The involucres are campanulate, 5–7 mm long and wide, without outer bracts. There are 18–20 phyllaries, which are lanceolate, apically acuminate, herbaceous, with membranous margins, green. There are 20–25 ray florets; the corolla tubes are 3–3.5 mm long at tubes; the ligules are yellowish, elliptic-oblong, ca. 5.5  mm long and 2.5  mm wide, apically obtuse, two- or three-denticulate or entire. The disk florets are numerous; the corollas are yellow, ca. 5 mm long; the tubes are ca. 2.5 mm long; the limbs are funnelform; the lobes are ovate-lanceolate, apically acute, papillose. The anthers are linear-oblong, ca. 1.2 mm long. The styles are erect, ca. 0.6 mm long, apically truncate. The achenes are cylindric, ca. 2.5 mm long, glabrous. The pappi are white, 3–3.5 mm long, 12–13 mm long when fruiting. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows in swamps and wet places or pools. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, and Hebei, as well as throughout the world except for Greenland and the northwest of Europe. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced, washed and used when fresh, or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting blood circulation and reducing swelling, relieving spasm, and curing ulcer, it’s often used for treatment of asthma, spasmodic colitis, nerve hypertension, tinnitus, headache, spasmodic constipation, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.23  Family: Compositae 7.23.1  Tithonia diversifolia Chinese Name(s): zhong bing ju, jia xiang ri kui, jin guang ju, yi ye zhong bing ju. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 2–5 m tall. The stems are erect, with stout branches, densely pubescent or often lower glabrous. The leaves are ovate, ovate triangular, or subrounded, 7–20 cm long, three-lobed to five-lobed, with long petioles. The upper leaves are sometimes undivided. The lobes are ovate or lanceolate, serrate at margins, abaxially hispid-pilose, densely villous along veins, triplinerved. The capitula are large, 5–15  cm wide, terminal on long peduncles. The phyllaries are in four rows; the outer rows are elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, basally leathery; the inner rows are long lanceolate. The upper leaves are foliaceous or membranous, apically obtuse. The ray florets are in one row, yellow, with longovate ligules, apically obscurely tridentate. The disk florets are yellow. The achenes are long elliptic, about 4 mm long, compressed, villous. The flowering and fruiting periods are from September to November. Habitat: It grows in the wilderness, by roadside, and on the waste land near village. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and native to Mexico. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested all year-round and used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of ulcers, carbuncle, swelling, and acute gastroenteritis. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.24  Family: Compositae 7.24.1  Tussilago farfara Chinese Name(s): kuan dong hua, dong hua. Source: This medicine is made of the buds of Tussilago farfara (Tussilago farfara Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 10–25  cm tall. The caudexes are long creeping, with numerous fibrous roots. The basal leaves are appearing after anthesis, broadly cordate or ovate, thick, apically obtuse, basally cordate or subrounded, undulate at margins, sparsely brown serrate. The leaves are green, glabrous, abaxially gray white, densely lanate, gradually deciduous. The petioles are red-purple, white lanate. There are several scapes from roots before early spring leaves, which are sparsely or densely lanate, with more than ten alternate scalelike leaves, oblong or lanceolate, red-purple or light purple-brown. The capitula are terminal. The involucres are cylindric-campanulate. The phyllaries are in one to two rows, lanceolate, apically acute, membranous, often purple-red, abaxially lanate. The ray florets are yellow, in numerous rows, female, ligulate. The ligules are filiform. The disk florets are yellow, bisexual; the corollas are tubular, five-lobed. The achenes are cylindric, with longitudinal ribs. The pappi are yellowish. The flowering period is from March to April. Habitat: It grows by river valley and wet ditch. Distribution: It is distributed in northeast, north, east, and northwest China and provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in India, Iran, Pakistan, Russia, Western Europe, and North Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The buds are dug up when the flowers have not unearthed in late autumn and winter, placed in a ventilated place and dried, sifted out the soil when they are half dry, removed the stems and impurities, and dried until completely dry. It is not suitable for washing and drying in the sun and should be strictly prevented from being frozen, in order to avoid discoloration. Medicinal Properties: This product is long clavate, simple or two to three connate at the bases, 1–2.5 cm long and 5–10 mm in diameter, thicker on the upper end, attenuate on the lower end, or with short petioles and with many scales like bracts on the outer surfaces. The bracts are purplish red or light red on the outside and densely white flocculent hairy on the inner surface. It’s light in quality, fragrant in odor, and slightly bitter and pungent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian of lungs. Functions: Moistening the lungs and lowering Qi, stopping coughing, and resolving phlegm, it’s often used for treatment of coughing, wheezing, and blood in sputum. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic coughing, blood in the sputum—Tussilago farfara 120 g, lily 120 g, added with honey to make pills. Take 10 g per dose, twice a day.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Tussilago farfara, Aster tataricus, almond, and Pinellia ternata each 10 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.25  Family: Compositae 7.25.1  Vernonia cinerea Chinese Name(s): ye xiang niu, shang han cao, xiao shan hu. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Vernonia cinerea (Vernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less.). Morphology: The plant is an annual or perennial herb, erect, up to 1  m tall, white or yellowish puberulent. The stems are erect, often branched on the upper part, or rarely branched from base, striate, gray adpressed puberulent, glandular. The leaves are shortly petiolate or subsessile, basally tapering or broad cuneate, denticulate or coarsely serrate at margins or sometimes entire, abaxially gray-white or yellowish puberulent, abaxially denser. The capitula are numerous, ca. 6 mm in diameter, with 19–23 flowers, with long peduncles and numerous purple-red florets arranging into corymbs. The involucres are campanulate. The phyllaries are linear to lanceolate, white puberulent, and glandular. The phyllaries in inner rows are purple apically, acuminate; the ones in outer rows are acute apically. The achenes are slightly compressed, densely white puberulent, often without longitudinal ribs. The pappi are white or slightly yellow; the ones in inner rows are exserted, twice as long as the involucres; the ones in outer rows are numerous, short, persistent. The flowering period is all year-round. Habitat: It is common in hillsides, wilderness, fields, and roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Sichuan of China, as well as in India, Japan, Indonesia, Indochina Peninsula, Malaysia, and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly sweet in taste, cool in property.

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Functions: Dispersing wind heat, cooling blood, detoxicating, and calming the mind, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, cough, dysentery, jaundice hepatitis, and neurasthenia, as well as for external treatment for carbuncle, furuncle, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: neurasthenia—Vernonia cinerea 15  g, Siegesbeckia orientalis 15 g, Marsilea quadrifolia 12 g, Oxalis corniculata 12 g, and Alpinia oxyphylla 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.26  Family: Compositae 7.26.1  Vernonia cumingiana Chinese Name(s): du gen ban jiu ju, xi mai ban jiu ju, guo shan long, teng niu qi, fa sha teng, jing feng hong. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and rattans of Vernonia cumingiana (Vernonia cumingiana Benth. [Vernonia andersonii C. B. Clarke]). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub. The stems are 3–12 m long. The branches are striate, densely ferruginous, or gray fulvous tomentose. The leaves are thickly papery, ovate-oblong, oblong-elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 7–21 cm long, 3–8 cm wide, apically acute or shortly acuminate, entire or rarely remotely sinuate at margins, basally cuneate or subrounded, abaxially with raised veins. The lateral veins are in five to seven pairs, arcuately ascending and joined near margin. The veinlets are conspicuously reticulate. The leaves are adaxially glabrous or

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subglabrous, except puberulent along midrib and lateral veins, abaxially sparsely or more densely ferruginous pubescent, glandular on both surfaces. The petioles are 0.5–1.5  cm long, densely ferruginous tomentulose. The capitula are numerous, arranged in sparse or patent paniculiform cymes. The peduncles are densely ferruginous or gray-brown tomentulose and glandular, often with linear bracts. The phyllaries are in five rows; the phyllaries in outer rows are short; the phyllaries in inner rows are ovate or oblong, apically obtuse or slightly acute, abaxially ferruginous, or fulvous tomentulose. The receptacles are flat, ca. 3 mm in diam., ferruginous puberulent, foveolate. There are 18–21 florets, corollas being reddish or reddish purple, tubular, 8–10 mm, glandular; the lobes are linear-lanceolate, apically glandular. The achenes are subcylindric, ten-ribbed, puberulent. The pappi are red or reddish brown; the ones in outer rows are few or absent, easily deciduous; the inner rows are hirsutulous. The flowering period is from October to April next year. Habitat: It grows under sparse forests or thickets on hillsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Indochina Peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and rattans are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property, a little toxic. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving the exterior symptoms, relaxing muscles and activating collaterals, and stopping malaria, it’ s often used for treatment of rheumatic joint pain, lumbago and leg pain, injury caused by knocks and falls, and malaria, as well as for external treatment for conjunctivitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are decocted and used for washing the eyes. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: malaria—fresh Vernonia cumingiana 60  g, fresh Clausena lansium leaf 65 g, and fresh Achyranthes bidentata 65 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take one dose per day for 3–4 continuous days.

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7.27  Family: Compositae 7.27.1  Vernonia patula Chinese Name(s): xian xia hua, gou zai hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants or roots of Vernonia patula (Vernonia patula (Dryand.) Merr. [V. chinensis Less.]). Morphology: The plant is an annual stout herb, 30–90 cm tall. The stems are erect, basally 4–5 mm in diameter, multibranched. The branches are terete, spreading, conspicuously striate, gray puberulent, and glandular. The basal and lower leaves are usually withered at anthesis. The median leaves have petioles, ovate, ovate-elliptic, rarely subrounded, 2–9  cm long, 1–5  cm wide, apically obtuse or slightly acute, basally broadly cuneate into petioles, crenate-mucronate toothed, or subentire at margins. The lateral veins are in four to five pairs, arcuately ascending. The leaves are adaxially green, sparsely puberulent or glabrous, abaxially gray sericeous, glandular. The petioles are 1–2 cm long, lower wingless. The upper leaves are smaller. There are usually two to three capitula, which clustered at tips of branches terminal or arranged into broad panicles or corymbs, 8–10 mm in diameter, with 75–100 florets. The peduncles are 5–25 mm long, densely sericeous-villous, without bracts. The involucres are compressed spheroidal, 6–7  mm long, 8–10 mm wide, basally rounded, more or less concave. The phyllaries are in four to five rows, green, lanceolate, shorter toward outer rows, outermost ones being spreading, 3–4 mm long, apically subspinelike-acuminate, abaxially green or rather purple, with yellow margins, subleathery, sericeous-villous and glandular; the middle and inner rows are narrowly oblong-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm long, spiculate. The receptacles are slightly convex, foveolate. The florets are red-purple. The corollas are tubular, 4–5 mm long, slightly amplified upward. The lobes are linear-lanceolate, apically acute, puberulent, and glandular outside. The achenes are subcylindric, with four to five ribs, 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous, glandular. The pappi are white, in one row, scabrid, subequal in length, 2–3 mm long, easily deciduous. The flowering period is from July to May next year. Habitat: It often grows in wastelands and wilderness, by villages, or on roads. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan of China, as well as in India, Indochina Peninsula, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants (better roots) are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, removing blood stasis, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, headache, mastitis, acute

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gastroenteritis, and dysentery, as well as for external treatment for furuncle, eczema, urticaria, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: urticaria—appropriate amount of fresh Vernonia patula leaf, mashed and added with water and applied to the affected area. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mastitis—Vernonia patula 60  g, moderate amount of wine, mashed for the juice and warm over fire for oral use. Take it twice at the first day and once later. In severe cases, apply the dregs to the affected area in addition with the internal treatment.

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7.28  Family: Compositae 7.28.1  Vernonia solanifolia Chinese Name(s): qie ye ban jiu ju, ban jiu mu, ban jiu ju, bai hua mao tao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Vernonia solanifolia (Vernonia solanifolia Benth.). Morphology: The plant is an erect large shrub or a small tree. The stems are 8–12 m tall. The branches are spreading, sometimes scandent, densely fulvous, or yellowish tomentose. The leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong, 6–16 cm long, apically obtuse or acute, entire, shallowly repand, or laxly obtusely dentate at margins, basally rounded, subcordate, sometime truncate, more or less oblique. The lateral veins are in seven to nine pairs, and the veinlets are slightly parallel. The leaves are abaxially scabrid, sparsely adpressed hispidulous, ± glabrescent, glandular, adaxially densely yellowish tomentose. The petioles are sturdy, 1–2.5 cm long, densely tomentose. The capitula are numerous, arranged in corymbiform cymes. The peduncles are densely tomentose. The phyllaries are in four to five rows, ovate, elliptic or oblong, apically obtuse, abaxially densely yellowish pubescent. The receptacles are flat, areolate. There are 8–10 disk florets. The corollas are pink or light purple, fragrant. The limb lobes are linear-lanceolate, apically white puberulent. The achenes are slightly compressed, with four to five longitudinal ribs, glabrous, scabridulous. The pappi are yellowish, in two rows; the ones in outer rows are short; the ones in inner rows are scabridulous. The flowering period is from November to April of the next year. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests of valleys or on trees. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan of China, as well as in India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Indochina Peninsula.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, used when fresh or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Cooling blood, stopping bleeding, moistening the lungs, and stopping coughing, the roots are often used for treatment of sore throat, tuberculosis, cough, and hemoptysis. The leaves are often used externally for traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.29  Family: Compositae 7.29.1  Wedelia chinensis Chinese Name(s): peng qi ju, huang hua peng qi ju, huang hua mo cai, huang hua long she cao, tian huang ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Wedelia chinensis (Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck.) Merr.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are decumbent, upward nearly erect, rooting from lower nodes, branched, with wide grooves, sparsely appressed pilose, or glabrous. The leaves are sessile, elliptic, oblong, or linear, 3–7 cm long, 7–13  mm wide, basally narrow, apically acute or obtuse, entire or sparsely mucronulate-serrulate at margins, sparsely appressed pilose on both surfaces. The middle veins are obvious or sometimes inconspicuous on leave surfaces, abaxially slightly raised. The lateral veins are in one to two pairs, without reticulate veins. The capitula are few, 15–20 mm in diameter, solitary, terminal or axillary. The peduncles

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are 3–10 cm long, appressed pilose. The involucres are campanulate, about 1 mm wide and 12 mm long. The phyllaries are in two rows; the phyllaries in outer rows are papery, green, elliptic, 10–12 mm long, apically obtuse or rounded, abaxially sparsely appressed pilose; the phyllaries in inner rows are smaller, oblong, 6–7 mm long, apically acute, ciliate on the upper half. The paleae are folded into linear, about 6 mm long, glabrous, apically acuminate, sometimes three-lobed. The ray florets are in one row, yellow. The ligules are ovate-oblong, about 8 mm long, apically two- or threedentate, tubes being thin and short, as 1/5 long as ligule length. The disk florets are many, yellow, about 5  mm long. The corollas are nearly campanulate, gradually expanded upward. The limbs are five-lobed, with ovate or obtuse lobes. The achenes are obovate, about 4 mm long, more tuberculate, apically slightly constricted. The ray floret achenes have three ribs, thickened at margins. The plants have not pappus, but with denticulated pappus ring. The flowering period is from March to September. Habitat: It grows on roadsides, fields, furrows, or wet grass. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, and Taiwan of China, as well as in India, Indochina Peninsula, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, and Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly sour in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, reducing phlegm and stopping coughing, cooling blood, and calming the liver, it’s often used for prevention of measles, treatment of cold and fever, diphtheria, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, pertussis, hemoptysis, and hypertension, as well as for external treatment for furuncle and sore. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Prevention and control of diphtheria: (a) Prevention—fresh whole plants of Wedelia chinensis 15–30 g, decocted in water and taken for 3 continuous days or mashed and pressed for juice, added with vinegar (1/4 the quantity of medicinal juice), sprayed to the throat or used for gargling, one to two times a day, for 3 continuous days. (b) Treatment: fresh whole plants of Wedelia chinensis 60 g, licorice 6 g, Tetrapanax papyrifer 1.5 g, decocted into thick soup and taken one to four doses per day; in addition, the fresh whole plants are pound for juice, added with vinegar (1/2 the quantity of medicinal juice), and dipped with cotton swab to smear to the pseudomembrane, two to three times per day. 2. Prevention and control of pertussis: (a) Prevention—Wedelia chinensis 1.5 kg, Lonicera japonica 1.5 kg, Uncaria rhynchophylla 0.75 kg, Houttuynia cordata root 250 g, Mussaenda pubescens 500 g, added with 25 kg of water, decocted to 15 kg, as the dosage for 150 people. Take the decoctum once a day for 5 continuous days, after an interval of 1 day; take another 5 days later. (b) Treatment—Wedelia chinensis 18 g, Uncaria rhynchophylla, Houttuynia cordata root, and Mussaenda pubescens each 6 g, Lonicera japonica 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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3. Prevention of measles: Wedelia chinensis 15–60 g, decocted twice in water, and taken one dose per day for 3 continuous days. Take the second course of treatment after 7 days of interval.

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7.30  Family: Compositae 7.30.1  Wedelia urticifolia Chinese Name(s): ma ye peng qi ju, jie gu cao, nv jin dan, xiao xue teng. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Wedelia urticifolia (Wedelia urticifolia DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, ca. 1 m tall, branched, with coarse groove strips, slightly spreading strigose or glabrous at the lower part, with 9–15 cm long internodes. The petioles are 5–40 mm long. The leaves are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 8–11 cm long, 3–7 cm wide, basally often shortly cuneate or rarely rounded, apically acuminate, irregularly serrate or doubly serrate at margins, scabrid on both surfaces, nearly triplinerved from base. The lateral veins are often in one to three

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pairs, reticulate veins often being obvious. The upper leaves are small, shortly petiolate or sessile, lanceolate, 2.5–6 cm long, 1–2.5 cm wide, basally often rounded, rarely cuneate. The capitula are few, 2–2.5 cm in diameter, axillary or terminal. The peduncles are 2–4 cm long, spreading white strigose. The involucres are broadly campanulate or semi-hemispheric, about 15 mm in diameter. The phyllaries are in two rows; the ones in outer rows are foliaceous, green, oblong or oblanceolate, about 8 mm long and 3–4 mm wide, apically acuminate, abaxially densely villous; the ones in inner rows are oblong to obovate-oblong, 5–6 mm long, apically obtuse, sparsely villous. The paleae are folded into oblong, about 8  mm long, apically awned, or central ones abruptly constricted into aristate spines, strigose at margins and on abaxial surface. The ray florets are in one row, yellow. The ligules are ovateoblong, about 11  mm long and 4  mm wide, apically two-toothed, rarely threetoothed. The tubes are short, 3–4 mm long. There are numerous disk florets, which are yellow, five-lobed at limbs, lobes being triangularly acuminate, sparsely villous. The achenes are obovoid, slightly compressed dorsiventrally, about 4  mm long, 2–3  mm wide, brown-red, densely white tuberculate, apically narrower into subrounded, densely villous at contractive parts. There are two to three pappi, which are shortly spiked, unequal, basally with pappus ring. The flowering period is from July to November. Habitat: It grows in the valley, open grasslands, and on slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hunan, as well as in India, Indochina Peninsula, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Tonifying the kidneys, nourishing the blood, and unblocking the collaterals, it’s often used for treatment of kidney deficiency and lumbago, weakness of Qi and blood, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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7.31  Family: Compositae 7.31.1  Wedelia prostrata Chinese Name(s): lu di ju, jian dao cao, huang hua long she cao, long she san jian dao, huang hua dong ju. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Wedelia prostrata (Wedelia prostrata (Hook. et. Arn.) Hemsl.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, creeping. The stems are more than 25–80 cm long, basally with adventitious roots at nodes. The stems and branches are coarsely hirsute. The leaves are lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 0.8–4 cm long, 4–9 mm wide, apically obtuse, irregularly coarsely serrate or serrulate at margins, rarely entire, basally slightly narrow, shortly strigose on both surfaces, nearly triplinerved basally, veins being inconspicuous, subsessile, or with short petioles. The capitula are few, about 0.8–1.5 cm in diameter, solitary, terminal, or axillary. The peduncles are absent or short; the involucres are nearly campanulate. The phyllaries are in two rows; the ones in outer rows are foliaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong, abaxially strigose with hairs which is verrucous at base; the ones in inner rows are obovate or obovate-oblong, apically acute, sparsely strigose at upper parts. The paleae are folded, apically acute, abaxially sparsely strigose on the upper part. The ray florets are in one row; the ligules are yellow, oblong; the limbs are lightly three-lobed; the middle lobes are small. The disk florets are yellow, campanulate, with five-lobed at limbs, lobes being nearly triangular, apically slightly obtuse, sparsely villous. The achenes are obovate-trigonous, apically flat, slightly concaved in the middle, without pappus and pappus ring. The flowering and fruiting periods are from June to October. Habitat: It grows on dry sandy seashores.

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Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Macao, Guangxi, Taiwan, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu of China, as well as in India, Vietnam, the Philippines, North Korea, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and spleen. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, expelling phlegm, and stopping coughing, it’s often used for treatment of influenza, diphtheria, pharyngitis, acute tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess, pneumonia, bronchitis, pertussis, gingivitis, and hypertension. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.32  Family: Compositae 7.32.1  Xanthium sibiricum Chinese Name(s): cang er zi, cang zi, chi tou meng, yang dai gui, shi ma tou. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Xanthium sibiricum (Xanthium sibiricum Patrin. ex Widder). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, ca. 1 m tall. The leaves are triangularovate or cordate, 4–9 cm long, 5–10 cm wide, nearly entire or slightly three-lobed to five-lobed, apically acute or obtuse, basally slightly cordate or truncate, irregularly serrate at margins, triplinerved basally. The lateral veins are arcuate, terminal to leaf margins, adaxially densely strigose. The leaves are green adaxially, abaxially pale, strigose. The petioles are 3–11  cm long. The male capitula are spherical, 4–6 mm in diameter, with or without peduncles. The phyllaries are oblong-lanceolate, 1–1.5  mm long, pubescent. The receptacles are cylindric, with oblanceolate paleae, about 2  mm long, apically acute, pubescent, with numerous male florets. The corollas are campanulate, five-lobed on upper tubes. The anthers are oblonglinear. The female capitula are elliptic; the outer phyllaries are small, lanceolate, about 3  mm long, pubescent; the inner phyllaries are connate with outer paleae, broadly ovate or elliptic, green, light yellow-green or sometimes with red-brown, becoming hard when achenes mature, 12–15  mm long including beak, 4–7  mm wide, sparsely hooked serrate outside, awns being thin and straight, basally slightly thicken or nearly not thicken, 1–1.5 mm long, basally puberulent, often glandular, or glabrous. The beaks are hard, conical, slightly falcate at the upper part, 1.5–2.5 mm long, often unequal in length. There are two achenes, which are obovoid. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows on roadsides, villages, wilderness, or wasteland. Distribution: It is distributed throughout China as well as in Russia, Iran, India, North Korea, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants or fruits are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is fusiform or ovate, 1–1.5  cm long and 4–7 mm in diameter, yellowish brown or yellowish green on surfaces, with barbs throughout, apically with two relatively thick thorns, separated or connate, basally with pedicel marks. It is hard and tough, with a longitudinal septum in the middle of the transverse section, two chambers and one achene in each chamber. The achenes are slightly fusiform, relatively flat on one side, and with one protuberant style base at the top. The pericarp is thin, grayish black, with longitudinal lines. The testa is membranous, light gray. There are two cotyledons, which are oily. It’s weak in odor and slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter, pungent, and sweet in taste, warm in property, a little poisonous, belonging to the meridian of lungs.

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Functions: Inducing perspiration, dispelling wind and dampness, relieving inflammation, and killing pain, it’s often used for treatment of cold, headache, chronic sinusitis, paranasal sinusitis, malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, uterine bleeding, deep abscess, leprosy, and skin eczema. Use and Dosage: 4.5–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic rhinitis and sinusitis—(a) (Xanthium sibiricum powder) Xanthium sibiricum 12 g, Magnolia denudata and Angelica dahurica each 9 g, mint 4.5 g, scallion 3, tea one pinch, decocted in water for oral use. (b) Compound Xanthium cream, taken 10 ml each dose, twice a day, with warm boiled water. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: deep abscess—Xanthium sibiricum plant 60  g, decocted in water for oral use. In cases of fever, added with 30  g of Commelina communis. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: malaria—fresh Xanthium fruit 90 g, washed and mashed, added with water and decocted for 15 minutes, removed the dregs, added with two to three eggs in the decoctum; boil until the yolk is not fully cooked. Take the eggs before the attack of malaria; if not cured, continue to take. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mumps—Xanthium sibiricum 15  g, Strobilanthes cusia, honeysuckle, and Isatis root each 15 g, radix sileris 6 g, and peppermint 6 g, one dose per day, decocted and taken two times. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: functional uterine bleeding—Xanthium sibiricum 30 g (60 g for fresh), decocted for oral use, 1 dose per day, taken for 3––5 days in mild cases and 7–10 days in severe cases. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: leprosy—firstly, the Xanthium sibiricum is made into extract and then made into spill. The components of the extract pills are calculated according to the weight of the decocted crude drugs. Each pill contains 30–60 g crude drugs. At the beginning of treatment, take one to two pills once a day. 3 days later, according to the strength of the patient’s physique and the severity of the disease, the dosage would gradually increase to eight pills a day, taken two times. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysentery—the whole plants of Xanthium sibiricum (the best ones are harvested from the beginning of autumn to the White Dew) 60  g, added with 800–1000  ml of water and decocated to 500–600  ml. Take it three times in a day. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: obstinate eczema—fresh Xanthium sibiricum plant 90 g, alum 1.8 g, decocted into thick juice of 500 ml, taken 10 ml per dose three times a day. At the same time, the affected part was applied with the former liquid three times a day.

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7.33  Family: Compositae 7.33.1  Youngia japonica Chinese Name(s): huang an cai, mao lian lian, ye jie cai, huang hua zhi xiang cao, ye qing cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Youngia japonica (Youngia japonica (Linn.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 10–100 cm tall. The stems are erect, solitary or few, branched from base. The basal leaves are oblanceolate, elliptic, oblong, or broadly linear, 2.5–13  cm long, 1–4.5  cm wide, lyrately pinnatifid or bipinnatisect. The petioles are 1–7 cm long, with narrow or broad wings or without wings. The apical lobes are ovate, obovate, or ovate-lanceolate, apically rounded or acute, serrate or entire at margins. The lateral lobes are in three to seven pairs, elliptic, gradually smaller toward leaf base; the lowermost lateral lobes are auricular; the whole lateral lobes are serrate or serrulate or with mucrones at margins, rarely entire; the cauline leaves are absent or rarely one to two, similar to basal leaves. The whole leaves and petioles are crisped-villous or pubescent. The synflorescences are corymbiform, terminal, usually with many to numerous capitula. The capitula have 10–20 ray florets. The peduncles are capillaceous. The involucres are cylindric, 4–5 mm long, rarely 3.5–4 mm long. The phyllaries are in four rows; the phyllaries in outer and outermost rows are very short, broadly ovate, less than 0.6 mm long and wide, apically acute; the phyllaries in inner and innermost rows are long, 4–5 mm long, rarely 3.5–4 mm long, 1–1.3 mm wide, lanceolate, apically acute, white and broadly scarious at margins. The achenes are fusiform, compressed, brown or reddish brown, 1.5–2 mm long, tapering toward apex, without beak at apex, with 11–13 longitudinal ribs, ribs being unequal in length and finely spiculate. The pappi are

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2.5–3.5  mm long, strigose. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to October. Habitat: It grows on village, roadside, or wasteland. Distribution: It is distributed in Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, and Taiwan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Japan, Indochina Peninsula, India, the Philippines, Malay Peninsula, and North Korea Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slight bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis, reducing swelling, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of pharyngitis, mastitis, toothache, dysuria, and ascites due to cirrhosis, as well as for external treatment of boils and sores. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pharyngitis—(a) Proper amounts of fresh Youngia japonica, mashed for juice, added with vinegar, and gargled (do not take greasy food during the treatment). (b) Fresh Youngia japonica 100  g, mashed for juice, and taken with honey. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mastitis—Fresh Youngia japonica 1000 g, decocted in water and taken with wine. The dregs are mashed and heated for application to the affected areas. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: head boil, herpes zoster—Proper amounts of fresh Youngia japonica are mashed and applied to the affected areas with dregs. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: swelling and pain—Appropriate amount of fresh Youngia japonica, a little of loess and salt, mashed and applied to the affected areas. 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: snakebite, beesting—Appropriate amounts of fresh Youngia japonica are mashed for the juice to take and applied to the affected areas with the dregs. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: thrush—Fresh Youngia japonica root 50 g, washed with the second time rice washing water, mashed for juice and taken with honey. 7. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute nephritis—Two to three fresh Youngia japonica, dried and ground to powder, stir-fried with eggs to take. 8. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: dysentery—Fresh Youngia japonica 60  g, mashed for juice and taken with honey. 9. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hepatocirrhosis, ascites—Fresh Youngia japonica root 12–18 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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10. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sore throat—Fresh Youngia japonica, washed, mashed for juice, added with vinegar, and gargled. 11. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: mastitis—Fresh Youngia japonica 30–60 g, decocted in water, removed the dregs, and taken with wine. The dregs are mashed and heated for application to the affected areas. 12. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: head boil and shingles—Youngia japonica is mashed and applied to the affected areas with the dregs.

Chapter 8

Medicinal Angiosperms of Gentianaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 8.1  Family: Gentianaceae 8.1.1  Canscora melastomacea 8.2  Family: Gentianaceae 8.2.1  Comastoma pulmonarium 8.3  Family: Gentianaceae 8.3.1  Gentiana caelestis 8.4  Family: Gentianaceae 8.4.1  Gentiana crassicaulis, Gentiana dahurica, Gentiana macrophylla, Gentiana straminea 8.5  Family: Gentianaceae 8.5.1  Gentiana davidii 8.6  Family: Gentianaceae 8.6.1  Gentiana loureirii

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_8

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526 8.7  Family: Gentianaceae 8.7.1  Gentiana manshurica, Gentiana rigescens, Gentiana scabra, Gentiana triflora 8.8  Family: Gentianaceae 8.8.1  Nymphoides peltatum 8.9  Family: Gentianaceae 8.9.1  Swertia bimaculata 8.10  Family: Gentianaceae 8.10.1  Swertia pseudochinensis 8.11  Family: Gentianaceae 8.11.1  Veratrilla baillonii

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This chapter introduces 17 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Canscora melastomacea, Comastoma pulmonarium, Gentiana caelestis, Gentiana crassicaulis, Gentiana dahurica, Gentiana macrophylla, Gentiana straminea, Gentiana davidii, Gentiana loureirii, Gentiana manshurica, Gentiana rigescens, Gentiana scabra, Gentiana triflora, Nymphoides peltatum, Swertia bimaculata, Swertia pseudochinensis, and Veratrilla baillonii of Gentianaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part of herbal medicines of each species.

8.1  Family: Gentianaceae 8.1.1  Canscora melastomacea Chinese Name(s): luo xing cao, tang guo cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Canscora melastomacea (Canscora melastomacea Hand.-Mazz.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are 20–150 cm tall, obtusely angled, glabrous. The leaves on the lower part of stems are small, undivided, serrate at margins, withered at anthesis. The middle leaves are 4–13 cm long, deeply threeto five-lobed or shallowly lobed near base with a pair of small lobes; the apical lobes are bigger, lanceolate or long elliptic-lanceolate, 5–11 cm long, 1.5–3 cm wide; the bilateral lobes are slightly smaller, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 3–7 cm long, 8–12 mm wide, rarely undivided, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate; the leaves or lobes are sparsely serrate at margins, glabrous or abaxially sparsely strigose; the petioles

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are narrowly winged at margins. The leaves of the upper part are slightly small, lanceolate, three-lobed or undivided. The capitula are 1–3 cm in diameter; the pedicels are 1–1.5 cm long; there are five to nine bracts outside, which are foliaceous, linear or spatulate-oblanceolate, apically obtuse, ciliate; the inner rows are longelliptic or ovate-lanceolate; the receptacles are linear-lanceolate; the ray florets are absent; the disk florets are bisexual, four-lobed at brim ministries of the corolla; the anthers are basally obtuse, apically with elliptic appendages. The achenes are compressed, truncate or obovate-truncate, with spiny hairs at margins; there are usually two-awned pappi, with spiny hairs on both sides. The flowering and fruiting periods are from June to October. Habitat: It grows on a hillside meadow. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Hunan of China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and relieving swelling, removing blood stasis, and killing pain, it’s often used for treatment of acute cholecystitis, acute enteritis, and acute tonsillitis. Use and Dosage: 9–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment of injury caused by knocks and falls, fracture, and joint pain, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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8.2  Family: Gentianaceae 8.2.1  Comastoma pulmonarium Chinese Name(s): hou mao hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Comastoma pulmonarium (Comastoma pulmonarium (Turcz.) Toyokuni). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 5–30 cm tall. The stems are subquadrilateral. The basal leaves are oblong or oblong-spatulate, 1.5–2.2  cm long, 4.5–7 mm wide, apically rounded, basally gradually narrowed. The stem leaves are ovate-lanceolate, 0.6–2.8  cm long, 0.3–1  cm wide; the upper leaves of the stem become small. The cymes are terminal; the flowers are five-merous. The calyces are unfolded, deeply lobed basally; the lobes are ovate-triangular or narrowly elliptic, 6–8  mm long. The corollas are pale blue, tubular or broadly tubular, 6–7  mm in diameter, 9–23  mm long; the corolla lobes are elliptic-triangular, 5–6  mm long; there is white corona at the throat, 3–4  mm long. The stamens are inserted just above the middle of corolla tube with white filaments and yellow anthers. The ovaries are narrowly oblong, two-lobed at stigmas. The capsules are elliptic-lanceolate, 2–2.7 cm long. The seeds are light brown, subglobose, 0.8–1 mm in diameter. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to November. Habitat: It grows in river banks, hillside meadows, undergrowth, thickets, and alpine meadows at 3000–4800 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Shanxi of China, as well as in Japan and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, removed the impurities, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, clearing heat, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of jaundice, heat in the liver, heat in the gallbladder, heat in the stomach, trauma, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.3  Family: Gentianaceae 8.3.1  Gentiana caelestis Chinese Name(s): tian lan long dan, hua li long dan, tian lan long dan, xue hua long dan. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gentiana caelestis (Gentiana caelestis (Marq.) H. Smith). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 5–8  cm tall. The roots are slightly fleshy. The leaves are in rosette, lanceolate, 4–30 mm long, 3–4 mm wide; the stem leaves are dense; the middle and lower leaves are ovate, 4–8 mm long, 3.5–4.5 mm wide; the upper leaves are linear-lanceolate, 12–18 mm long, 2.5–3 mm wide. The flowers are terminal and solitary; the calyx tubes are obconic-tubular, 10–13 mm long; the lobes are similar to upper leaves, 8–10 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide. The corollas are upper pale blue, lower yellow-green, campanulate, 4–5 cm long. The calyx throats are 1.8–2.2 cm in diameter. The stamens are inserted just below the middle of corolla tube; the filaments are subulate, 11–13 mm long, basally connate into tubes surrounding the ovary; the anthers are narrowly oblong, 2.5–3 mm long. The ovaries are narrowly ellipsoid, 1–1.2  cm long; the style is linear, 4–5  mm long including stigma, two-lobed. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to October. Habitat: It grows in mountain meadows, alpine meadows, and thickets and by ravine roadsides at 2600–4500 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in Southeast Tibet, northern Yunnan, and southwest Sichuan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat in the liver and gallbladder and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of jaundice due to damp heat, red eyes, headache, pharyngitis, asthma, expectoration, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.4  Family: Gentianaceae 8.4.1  G  entiana crassicaulis, Gentiana dahurica, Gentiana macrophylla, Gentiana straminea Chinese Name(s): qin jiao, niu wei qin jiao, luo bo qin jiao, da qin jiao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Gentiana crassicaulis (Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk.), Gentiana dahurica (Gentiana dahurica Fisch.), Gentiana macrophylla (Gentiana macrophylla Pall.), and Gentiana straminea (Gentiana straminea Maxim.). Morphology: (A) Gentiana crassicaulis—The plant is a perennial herb, 30–40 cm tall, basally covered with remains of fibrous sheaths. The branches are cespitose, yellow-green or purple-red. The rosette leaves are ovate-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 12–20  cm long, 4–6.5  cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally acuminate. The stem leaves are ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 6–16 cm, 3–5 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, basally obtuse. The inflorescences are many-­flowered and terminal, clustering into capitula; the calyx tubes are 4–6 mm long, split on one side to spathelike, lobes being dentiform, 0.5–1 mm long; the corollas are yellow-­ white at tubes, blue-purple at brim ministries, spotted inside, urceolate, 2–2.2 cm long; the corolla lobes are ovate-triangular, 2.5–3.5  mm long. The stamens are inserted at the middle of corolla tube; the filaments are linear-subulate, 7–8  mm long; the anthers are narrowly ellipsoid. The ovaries are narrowly ellipsoid; the styles are linear, with two-lobed stigmas. The capsules are hidden inside, ovate-­ ellipsoid, 18–20 mm long. The seeds are red-brown, ellipsoid, 1.2–1.5 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from June to October. Habitat: It grows in hillside meadows at altitudes of 2100–4500 m. Distribution: It is cultivated in provinces of Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Qinghai, Gansu, and Lijing of Yunnan.

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Morphology: (B) Gentiana dahurica—The plant is a perennial herb, 10–25 cm tall, smooth and glabrous, basally surrounded by withered fibrous sheaths. There are numerous fibrous roots, twisted together toward the left into a conical root. The branches are numerous, cespitose, obliquely ascending, yellow-green or purple-red, subrounded, smooth. The rosette leaves are lanceolate or linear-elliptic, 5–15 cm, 0.8–1.4 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally narrowed, scabrous at margins, with three to five veins, obvious on both surfaces and raised abaxially; the petioles are broad, compressed, membranous, 2–4  cm long, surrounded by withered fibrous sheaths. The stem leaves are few, linear-lanceolate to linear, 2–5 cm long, 0.2–0.4 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally narrowed, scabrous at margins, with one to three veins, obvious on both surfaces; the middle veins are abaxially raised; the petioles are broad, 0.5–10 cm long, shortened toward the apex. There are one to three or more flowers, which are terminal on stems into cymes or axillary on the upper axils; the calyx tubes are entire or rarely slightly split on one side. The corollas are blue, 3.5–4 cm long. The ovaries are oblong, with gynophore. The capsules are ellipsoid, nearly as long as corollas. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows in mountain grass, grasslands, and thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in north China, northwest China, Sichuan, Tibet, and other provinces, as well as in Mongolia and Russia.

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Morphology: (C) Gentiana macrophylla—The plant is a perennial herb, 30–60 cm tall. The stems are surrounded by withered fibrous sheaths basally. The branches are yellow-green and purple-red. The rosette leaves are ovate-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 6–28 cm long, 2.5–6 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally gradually narrowed. The stem leaves are elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 4.5–15  cm long, 1.2–3.5 cm wide, smooth at margins. The numerous flowers are terminal, clustering into capitula; the calyx tubes are yellow-green and purple, 7–9 mm long; the corolla tubes are yellow-green, with blue-purple brim ministries, urceolate, 1.8–2 cm long; the corolla lobes are ovate, 3–4 mm long. The anthers are oblong, 2–2.5 mm long. The ovaries are elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly ellipsoid, 9–11 mm long, apically gradually narrowed; the stigmas are linear, two-lobed. The capsules are ovateellipsoid, 15–17  mm long. The seeds are red-brown, ellipsoid, 1.2–1.4  mm long, reticulate on surfaces. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October. Habitat: It grows on river beach, hillside grassland, and meadow, in forests, and at forest edge at altitudes of 400–2400 m.

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Distribution: It is distributed in Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and all over the northeast of China, as well as in Russia and Mongolia.

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Morphology: (D) Gentiana straminea—The plant is a perennial herb, 10–35 cm tall, smooth and glabrous, basally surrounded by withered fibrous sheaths. There are numerous fibrous roots twisted together into a thick and conical root. The majority of stems are cespitose, obliquely ascending, yellow-green, rarely purple-red, subrounded. The rosette leaves are broadly lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, 6–20 cm long, 0.8–4 cm wide, gradually narrowed on both ends, with three to five veins, obvious on both surfaces, abaxially raised; the petioles are broad, membranous. The stem leaves are small, linear-lanceolate to linear. The cymes are terminal and axillary, arranged in sparse inflorescence; the peduncles are obliquely ascending, yellow-­ green, rarely purple-red; the pedicels are up to 4 cm long; the calyx tubes are membranous, yellow-green, 1.5–2.8  cm long; the corollas are yellow-green, with numerous green spots in the throat, sometimes purple or blue outside, funnelform, 3–4.5 cm long; the corolla lobes are ovate or ovate-triangular, 5–6 mm long, apically obtuse, entire; the plicae are oblique, triangular, 2–3 mm long. The stamens are inserted just below the middle of corolla tube. The capsules are hidden inside, ellipsoid-lanceolate, 2.5–3  cm long, apically gradually narrowed, basally obtuse, with 7–12  cm gynophore. The flowering and fruiting periods are from July to October. Habitat: It grows in alpine meadows, thickets, and forests and on rocky dry slopes and river beaches. Distribution: It is distributed in Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, and Western Hubei, as well as in Nepal. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, removed the sediment, softened in the sun, piled until the surface is red and yellow, and then spread and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The morphology of Gentiana crassicaulis is similar to that of Gentiana macrophylla. Gentiana dahurica: The product is conic or cylindrical, 8–15  cm long and 2–10 mm in diameter, brownish yellow on surfaces. There is often one main root and fibrous leaf sheath at the remaining stem base. The lower part is more branched, and the section is yellow and white. Gentiana macrophylla: The product is cylindrical, acuminate to the bottom, twisted, with a length of 10–30 cm and a diameter of 1–3 cm. It is yellowish brown or grayish yellow on surfaces, with longitudinal or twisted wrinkles, residual stem base and fibrous sheath at the top. It is hard and brittle, easy to break, slightly oily in the sections. The cortex is yellow or brownish yellow, and the xylem is yellow. It is bitter and slightly astringent in taste. Gentiana straminea: It is cylindrical, consisted with several small roots, up to 7 cm in diameter, brown on surfaces, rough, with cracks and reticular pores. It is brittle, easy to break, and the cross section is mostly withered and decayed. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of the stomach, liver, and gallbladder.

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Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, clearing dampness and heat, stopping arthralgia, and relieving deficiency heat, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatic arthralgia, stroke, hemiplegia, muscle contracture, arthralgia, jaundice due to damp heat, hectic fever, infantile fever due to malnutrition, etc. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: rheumatic arthralgia, muscle contracture— Gentiana macrophylla, Radix angelicae pubescentis, Radix saposhnikoviae, and papaya each 10 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Gentiana macrophylla, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, and cortex lycii 10 g, Artemisia annua 6 g, licorice 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.5  Family: Gentianaceae 8.5.1  Gentiana davidii Chinese Name(s): wu ling long dan, jiu tou qing, cu hua long dan, luo di he hua. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gentiana davidii (Gentiana davidii Franch.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 5–15 cm tall. The fibrous roots are slightly fleshy. The flower branches are numerous, cespitose, obliquely ascending, purple or yellow-green, hollow, subrounded, basally smooth, apically papillate. The leaves are linear-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, apically obtuse, basally gradually narrowed, slightly revolute at margins, papillate, with one to three veins, obvious on both surfaces. The rosette leaves are 3–9 cm long, 0.6–1.2 cm wide; the petioles are membranous, 0.5–1.1 cm long. The stem leaves are in many pairs, 1.3–5.5 cm long, 0.3–0.8  cm wide; the petioles are 0.4–0.7  cm long; the leaf blades are distinctly larger, and the petioles are shorter toward the apex of the stems. The numerous flowers are terminal, clustered into capitula, surrounded by the uppermost bract-like leaves; the flowers are sessile. The calyces are narrowly obconic, 1.4–1.6 cm long, membranous at calyx tubes, entire at margins; the lobes are green, very unequal, two larger and three smaller, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3–7 mm long, apically acuminate, papillate at margins, truncate. The corollas are blue, without spots and stripes, narrowly funnelform, 2.5–4  cm long; the lobes are ovate-triangular, 2.5–4 mm long, apically acute and caudate, entire; the plicae are oblique, truncate, or triangular, 1–1.5 mm long, entire or with inconspicuous undulate teeth at margins. The stamens are inserted at the basal part of corolla tube; the filaments are linear-subulate, 10–15 mm long; the anthers are narrowly oblong, 1.5–2 mm long. The ovaries are linear- ellipsoid, 10–12 mm long, gradually narrowed on both ends; the gynophore is 5–7 mm long; the style is linear, 4–6 mm long including two-lobed stigmas, linear. The capsules are inside or exposed, narrowly ellipsoid to

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ovate-­ellipsoid, 1.5–1.7 cm long, gradually narrowed on both ends, with carpopodium up to 2.5 cm long. The seeds are light yellow, glossy, subglobose, 0.8–1 mm long. The flowering and fruiting periods are from August to November. Habitat: It grows in hillside grass, by roadside, at forest edge, and under the forest at 350–1200 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, and Guangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, and removing dampness, it’s often used for treatment of infantile convulsion, swelling and pain of the eye, sore throat, hepatitis, dysentery, suppurative osteomyelitis, carbuncle, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: conjunctivitis—Gentiana davidii 15 g, honeysuckle 9 g, Radix cynanchi paniculati 3 g, decocted in water for oral use 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: urinary tract infection—Gentiana davidii 60 g, decocted in water for oral use 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: suppurative osteomyelitis—Gentiana davidii, Ajuga ciliata, Solidago decurrens, dandelion, and Viola 30 g each, chrysanthemum 15 g, decocted in water for oral use 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: furuncle, carbuncle—fresh Gentiana davidii, added with glutinous rice, mashed, and applied to the affected area 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hernia—Wuling gentian 30 g, stewed white feathered chicken to take

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8.6  Family: Gentianaceae 8.6.1  Gentiana loureirii Chinese Name(s): hua nan long dan, lan hua cao, zi hua di ding. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Gentiana loureirii (Gentiana loureirii Griseb.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 3–8 cm tall. The roots are slightly fleshy, strong; the root bark is easily peeled off. The minority of stems are cespitose, purple-red, erect, densely papillate. The basal leaves are not withered at anthesis, in rosette, narrowly elliptic, 15–30 mm long, 3.5–5 mm wide, apically obtuse, densely ciliolate, adaxially minutely papillate, abaxially smooth; the middle veins are thin; the petioles are broad, densely ciliate at margins, 4–7 mm long. The stem leaves are alienated, far shorter than internodes, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 5–7 mm long,

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1–2.5  mm wide, apically obtuse, densely ciliate at margins, adaxially densely minutely papillate, abaxially smooth, densely ciliolate at margins of petioles, abaxially papillate, united into 1–1.5 mm long tubes. There are several flowers, which are solitary at apexes of branchlets; the pedicels are purple-red, densely papillate, 5–12 mm long, naked. The calyces are campanulate, 5–6 mm long; the lobes are erect or spreading, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 mm long, apically acute or obtuse, mucronulate, densely ciliolate at margins; the middle veins are thin, inconspicuous, truncate. The corollas are purple, funnelform, 12–14 mm long; the lobes are ovate, 2–2.5  mm long, apically obtuse; the plicae are ovate-elliptic, 1–1.5 mm long, apically truncate, irregularly and inconspicuously serrate at margins. The stamens are inserted just below the middle of corolla tube, 4.5–5.5 mm long; the anthers are linear, 1.8–2.2 mm long. The ovaries are ellipsoid, 5–6 mm long, gradually narrowed on both ends; the gynophore is 2.5–3 mm long; the style is linear, ca. 2.5  mm long; the stigmas are two-lobed, oblong. The capsules are obovoid, apically rounded, with broad wings and narrow wings at margins on both sides. The flowering and fruiting periods are from February to September. Habitat: It grows on hilly or hillside grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan, and Guangxi of China, as well as in Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxicating, and curing carbuncle, it’s often used for treatment of sore throat, appendicitis, leucorrhea, and hematuria, as well as for external treatment of sores, sore and boil, and lymph node tuberculosis. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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8.7  Family: Gentianaceae 8.7.1  G  entiana manshurica, Gentiana rigescens, Gentiana scabra, Gentiana triflora Chinese Name(s): long dan, dian long dan, ku dan cao, dan cao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Gentiana manshurica (Gentiana loureirii Griseb.), Gentiana rigescens (Gentiana rigescens Franch.), Gentiana scabra (Gentiana scabra Bunge), and Gentiana triflora (Gentiana triflora Pall.). Customarily, the roots of Gentiana manshurica, Gentiana scabra, and Gentiana

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triflora are called “long dan,” and the roots of Gentiana rigescens is called “jian long dan.” Morphology: (A) Gentiana manshurica—The plant is a perennial herb, 20–30 cm tall. The rhizomes are prostrate or erect, narrowed or up to 4 cm long, with numerous fibrous roots stout and slightly fleshy. The lower stem leaves are membranous, light purple-red, scalelike, 5–8 mm long, separated on the upper part and united into sheathlike amplexicaul leaves below the middle part. The middle and upper leaves are subleathery, sessile, linear-lanceolate to linear, 3–10 cm long, 3–10 mm wide, apically acute or nearly acute, basally obtuse, slightly revolute at margins, smooth, adaxially extremely minutely papillate, abaxially smooth, with one to three veins. There are one to two flowers, which are terminal or axillary, sessile or subsessile; there are two bracts under each flower; the bracts are linear-­ lanceolate, subequal with the calyx, 1.5–2 cm long; the calyx tubes are campanulate, 8–10 mm long; the calyx lobes are linear or linear-lanceolate, 8–15 mm long, apically acute, slightly revolute at margins, smooth, with midveins abaxially raised, curved and truncate; the corollas are violet to blue-purple, tubular-campanulate, 4–5 cm long; the corolla lobes are ovate-triangular, 7–9 mm long, apically acuminate, entire; the plicae are obliquely ovate, 3.5–4 mm long, apically obtuse, irregularly denticulate at margins. The stamens are inserted at the basal part of corolla tube, regular; the filaments are subulate, 9–12 mm long; the anthers are narrowly oblong, 3.5–4 mm long. The ovaries are 6–7 mm long, gradually narrowed to both ends, with 7–9 mm petioles; the style is short, 2–3 mm long including stigmas; the stigmas are two-lobed. The capsules are hidden inside, broadly elliptic, obtuse at both ends, with 2-cm-long gynophore. The flowering period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on mountain slope grass and wet grass and by roadside at altitudes of 100–1100 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Guangxi, as well as in North Korea.

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Morphology: (B) Gentiana rigescens—The plant is a perennial herb, 30–50 cm tall. The main stems are stout, branched, cespitose, erect, woody. The basal rosette leaves are absent. The stem leaves are in many pairs; the lower two or four pairs are small, scalelike; the middle to upper leaves are ovate-oblong, obovate or ovate, 1–4 cm long, 0.7–2 cm wide, apically obtuse, basally truncate, papillate or smooth, adaxially dark green, abaxially yellow-green, with one to three veins, adaxially inconspicuous, abaxially raised; the petioles are 5–8 mm long, papillate at margins. The flowers are terminal, solitary, sessile or subsessile, rarely also few in axils of upper leaves. The calyces are narrowly obconic, 10–12 mm long, membranous at tubes; the calyx lobes are very unequal; the larger two lobes are oblong to obovate-­ oblong, 5–8 mm long, apically obtuse, mucronate, basally narrowed, with obvious midveins; the smaller three lobes are linear to lanceolate, 2–3 mm, apically acuminate, basally not narrowed. The corollas are funnelform or campanulate, violet, with numerous dark blue or green spots at brim ministry, 2.5–3 cm long; the lobes are broadly triangular, ca. 5 mm long, apically acute and caudate, entire or denticulate at lower margins; the plicae are oblique, triangular, 1–1.5 mm long, apically obtuse, entire. The stamens are inserted at basal part of corolla tube, regular; the filaments are linear-subulate, 13–15 mm long; the anthers are oblong, 2–3 mm long. The ovaries are linear-lanceolate, 10–13 mm long, narrowed on both ends, with 8–10 mm long petioles; the style is linear, 1–2 mm long, two-lobed at stigmas; the lobes are linear, revolute. The capsules are hidden inside, ellipsoid, 10–12 mm long, apically acute or obtuse, basally obtuse, with 15-mm-long gynophore. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruiting period is from October to December. Habitat: It grows on hillside grasslands, undergrowth, or thickets at 1000–2800 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi.

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Morphology: (C) Gentiana scabra—The plant is a perennial herb, 30–60 cm tall, with stout and slightly fleshy fibrous roots. The lower leaves are membranous, light purple-red, scalelike, 4–6 mm long, apically separated, united into tubularly amplexicaul leaves below the middle parts. The middle and upper leaves are subleathery, sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2–7 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, sometimes only 0.4  cm wide, apically acute, basally cordate or rounded, slightly revolute at margins, scabrous, adaxially densely papillate, abaxially smooth, with three to five veins, adaxially inconspicuous, abaxially raised, scabrous. The inflorescences are many-flowered, terminal or axillary in clusters; the flowers are sessile; there are two bracts under flowers, which are lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, subequal with calyx, 2–2.5 cm long. The calyx tubes are obconic-tubular or broadly cylindric, 10–12 mm long; the calyx lobes are often revolute or spreading, irregular, linear or linear-lanceolate, 8–10 mm long, apically acute, scabrous at margins; the midveins are raised abaxially, curved and truncate. The corollas are blue-purple, sometimes with numerous yellow-green spots in the throat, tubular-campanulate,

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4–5 cm long; the corolla lobes are ovate or ovate-orbicular, 7–9 mm long, apically rounded and apiculate, entire; the plicae are oblique, narrowly triangular, 3–4 mm long, apically acute or slightly two-lobed. The stamens are inserted at the middle of corolla tube; the filaments are subulate, 9–12 mm long; the anthers are narrowly oblong, 3.5–4.5  mm long. The ovaries are narrowly ellipsoid or lanceolate, 1.2–1.4 cm long; the styles are short, 3–4 mm long including stigmas; the stigmas are two-lobed; the lobes are oblong. The capsules are hidden inside, broadly ellipsoid, 2–2.5 cm long, obtuse on both ends, with up to 1.5-cm-long gynophore. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to November. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, roadsides, and wastelands by fields. Distribution: It is distributed in Fujian, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning of China, as well as in Russia, North Korea, and Japan.

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Morphology: (D) Gentiana triflora—The plant is a perennial herb, 35–80 cm tall. The rhizomes are prostrate or erect, with numerous fibrous roots stout and slightly fleshy. The flower branches are solitary, erect; the lower parts are yellow-­ green; the upper parts are purple-red. The lowermost leaves of stems are membranous, pale purple, scalelike, 1–1.2 cm long, united into tubularly amplexicaul leaves below the middle parts; the middle and upper leaves are subleathery, linear-­ lanceolate to linear, 5–10 cm long, 0.4–0.7 cm wide; the more toward the upper part of the stem, the smaller the leaves are, apically acute or nearly acute, with one to three veins. The inflorescences are formed by crowded axillary or terminal clusters, many-flowered, rarely three-flowered; the flowers are sessile; there are two bracts under each flower, which are lanceolate, 8–12 mm long; the calyces are purplish-red outside; the calyx tubes are campanulate, 10–12 mm long; the corollas are blue-­ purple, campanulate, 3.5–4.5 cm long; the corolla lobes are ovate, 5–6 mm long, apically obtuse. The stamens are inserted at the middle of corolla tube; the filaments are subulate, 7–10 mm long; the anthers are narrowly ellipsoid, 4–4.5 mm long. The ovaries are narrowly ellipsoid, 8–10 mm long. The capsules are concealed, broadly ellipsoid, 1.5–1.8 cm long, obtuse at both ends; the gynophores are ca. 1 cm long. The seeds are brown, lustrous, linear or spindle-shaped, 2-2.5  mm long. The

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flowering period is from August to September. The fruit period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows at forest margins, in thickets and meadows, and by roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia, as well as in Russia, North Korea, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: “long dan”—The rhizomes are irregular blocks, 1–3 cm long, 3–10 mm in diameter, dark gray or dark brown on surfaces, with stem marks or residual base at the upper end, and many slender roots around and below. The root is cylindrical, slightly twisted, 10–20 cm long and 2–5 mm in diameter, yellow or yellowish brown on surfaces, with obvious transverse wrinkles in the upper part and longitudinal wrinkles and marks of branch root in the lower part. It is brittle and easy to break. The cross section is slightly flat. The cortex is yellowish white or light yellowish brown. The xylem is lighter in color, arranging in punctate circles. It’s slight in odor and extremely bitter in taste. “jian long dan”: It’s membranous on the outer surfaces without transverse wrinkles and easy to fall off. The xylem is yellowish white and easy to separate from the cortex. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, extremely cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver and gallbladder. Functions: Clearing fire in the liver and gallbladder, eliminating dampness and heat, and invigorating the stomach, it’s often used for treatment of jaundice of damp-heat syndrome, conjunctivitis, headache, deafness, swelling of the ear, hypochondriac pain, sore throat, swelling and itching of the perineal part, diarrhea, hypochondriac pain, bitter mouth, persistent erection, and convulsion. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hypertension (hyperactivity of the liver Yang syndrome)—Gentiana manshurica 6  g, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Uncaria rhynchophylla each 15 g, Prunella vulgaris 18 g, chrysanthemum 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: redness and swelling pain of eyes—Gentiana manshurica 6 g, Rehmannia glutinosa 15 g, Scutellaria baicalensis, chrysanthemum, and Gardenia jasminoides each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: pain of chest and flank, jaundice—Gentiana manshurica 6 g, Bupleurum, Melia toosendan, Citrus aurantium, and Gardenia jasminoides each 9 g, Rhizoma Cyperi 12 g, Artemisia capillaris 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute infectious hepatitis—Gentiana manshurica, Prunella vulgaris, Isatis indigotica, and Lysimachia macrophylla 15  g each, honeysuckle 30 g. Added with 1 kg of water and decocted to 300 ml. Take 100–150 ml per dose for adults and 50–70 ml for children, twice a day.

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8.8  Family: Gentianaceae 8.8.1  Nymphoides peltatum Chinese Name(s): xing cai, jin lian zi, lian ye xing cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Nymphoides peltatum (Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kuntze.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial aquatic herb. The stems are terete, many-­ branched, densely brown-spotted, with roots under nodes. The upper leaves are opposite; the lower leaves are alternate; the leaf blades are floating on water, subleathery, rounded or ovate, 1.5–8 cm in diameter, basally cordate, entire, with inconspicuous palmate veins, abaxially purple-brown, densely with glands, coarse, adaxially smooth; the petioles are terete, 5–10 cm long, sheathlike, semiamplexicaul. The flowers are numerous, crowed at nodes, five-merous; the pedicels are terete, unequal, slightly shorter than petioles, 3–7 cm long; the calyces are 9–11 mm long, lobed near base; the lobes are elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, apically obtuse, entire; the corollas are yellow, 2–3 cm long, 2.5–3 in diameter, lobed near base; the corolla tubes are short, with five bundles of villus at the throat; the lobes are broadly obovate, apically rounded or impressed; the middle thick parts are ovate-oblong, broadly membranous at margins, nearly transparent, irregularly dentate. The stamens are inserted at corolla tubes, regularly; the filaments are basally sparsely villous. When the styles of flowers are short, the pistils are 5–7 mm long; the styles are 1–2 mm long, with small stigmas; the filaments are 3–4 mm long; the anthers are often curved, arrow-shaped, 4–6 mm long. When the styles of flowers are long, the pistils are 7–17 mm long; the styles are up to 10 mm long; the stigmas are large, two-lobed; the lobes are subrounded; the filaments are 1–2 mm long; the anthers are 2–3.5 mm long. There are five glands, which are yellow, surrounding the ovary at base. The capsules are sessile, ellipsoid, 1.7–2.5  cm long, 0.8–1.1  cm wide. The persistent styles are 1–3  mm long, unlobed when mature. The seeds are large, brown, ellipsoid, 4–5 mm long, densely ciliate at margins. The flowering and fruiting periods are from April to October. Habitat: It grows in shallow ponds or non-flowing streams. Distribution: It is distributed in most of China, as well as in Central Europe, Russia, Mongolia, North Korea, Japan, Iran, India, and Kashmir. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and pungent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Sweating and curing rash, promoting diuretic, and treating strangury, clearing heat, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, diaphoresis, measles, edema, dysuria, strangury, various sores, swellings, and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed for application.

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8.9  Family: Gentianaceae 8.9.1  Swertia bimaculata Chinese Name(s): zhang ya cai, da ku cao, hei jie ku cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Swertia bimaculata (Swertia bimaculata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hook. f. et Thoms. ex C. B. Clarke). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 0.3–1.8 m tall. The roots are yellow, fibrous. The stems are erect, rounded, fistulous, 2–6  mm in diameter basally, branched above middle. The basal leaves are withered at anthesis, sessile or short petiolate. The leaf blades are elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–9 cm long, 1–4 cm wide, apically long-acuminate, basally obtuse, with three to five veins, arcuate, abaxially obviously raised; the uppermost leaves are bract-shaped. The inflorescences are panicles of cymes, lax, spreading branched, many-flowered, to 50 cm long; the pedicels are stout, erect or obliquely spreading, unequal, 6–40 mm long; the flowers are five-merous, up to 2.5  cm in diameter. The calyces are green, as 1/4–1/2 length of corollas; the lobes are narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 3–6 mm long, apically acuminate or acute, basally narrowed, usually slightly revolute and narrowly white membranous at margins, abaxially with three to five veins, fine and inconspicuous. The corollas are yellow, with numerous purplish spots on the upper parts; the lobes are elliptic or oblong, 1–1.5 cm long, apically acuminate or acute, basally narrowed; there are two large nectaries at the middle, which are yellow-green, orbicular. The filaments are linear, 5–6.5 mm long; the anthers are ellipsoid, ca. 2.5 mm long. The ovaries are sessile, lanceolate, ca. 8 mm long; the styles are short; the stigmas are small, capitate, two-lobed. The capsules are sessile, narrowly ovoid, up to 2.3 cm long. The seeds are brown, globose, warty on surfaces. The flowering and fruiting periods are from June to November. Habitat: It grows on hillside and roadside grass. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet, as well as in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, invigorating the spleen and gallbladder, and soothing the liver, it’s often used for treatment of dyspepsia, redness and swelling pain of eyes, acute and chronic hepatitis, cholecystitis, urinary tract infection, gastroenteritis, cold and fever, influenza, laryngitis, and toothache. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.10  Family: Gentianaceae 8.10.1  Swertia pseudochinensis Chinese Name(s): dang yao, zhang ya cai, zi hua dang yao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Swertia pseudochinensis (Swertia pseudochinensis Hara). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 10–15 cm tall. The main roots are obvious. The stems are erect, quadrangular, narrowly winged on angles, more branched from the lower parts, basally 2–3 mm in diameter. The leaves are sessile, linear-lanceolate to linear, up to 3.5 cm long and 0.6 cm wide, gradually attenuate on both ends; the midveins are abaxially obviously raised. The inflorescences are panicles of cymes, many-flowered, spreading; the pedicels are erect, quadrangular,

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up to 2 cm long; the flowers are five-merous, up to 2 cm in diameter. The calyces are green, subequal to corolla; the lobes are linear, up to 15 mm long, apically acuminate; the midveins are abaxially obviously raised. The corollas are blue-purple, with dark veins; the lobes are lanceolate, 9–16 mm long, apically acute, basally with two nectaries; the nectaries are rectangular, sulcate, radially elongated, with a narrow scale, and raised margin with many long compound fimbriae. The filaments are linear, 6–8 mm long; the anthers are narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 3 mm long. The ovaries are sessile, narrowly ellipsoid; the styles are short, indistinct, two-lobed at stigmas; the lobes are capitate. The flowering period is from August to September. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in thickets on hillsides, under mixed trees, and on roadside and wasteland. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi, as well as in North Korea, Russia (Far East), and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer and autumn, removed the impurities, washed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is 10–25  cm long. The roots are conic, 2–7 cm long, yellow or yellowish brown, white in the cross section. The stem is square and columnar, often with narrow wings, many-branched, 1–2.5 mm in diameter, yellowish green or yellowish brown with purple, slightly dilated on nodes, brittle, easy to break, hollow in the sections. The leaves are opposite, sessile, intact, lanceolate after flattening, 2–3.5 cm long and 3–6 mm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, entire on margins. The cymes are terminal or axillary. The calyxes are five-parted. The lobes are linear, and the corollas are light purplish blue or dark purple, five-parted, with two glands at the inner base of the lobe, long hairy around the glands. The capsule is elliptic. It is slight in odor and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, stomach, and large intestine. Functions: Clearing heat, dispelling dampness, and strengthening the stomach, it’s often used for treatment of dyspepsia, loss of appetite, gastritis, cholecystitis, jaundice, infectious hepatitis, acute and chronic bacillary dysentery, acute conjunctivitis, toothache, and aphtha. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute icteric hepatitis—Swertia pseudochinensis 25 g, decocted in water for oral use, one dose a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: swelling and pain of sore—The whole plants of fresh Swertia pseudochinensis is pounded and applied externally. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: acute diarrhea—Swertia pseudochinensis 15 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.11  Family: Gentianaceae 8.11.1  Veratrilla baillonii Chinese Name(s): huang qin jiao, dian huang qin, da ku shen, huang long dan. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Veratrilla baillonii (Veratrilla baillonii Franch.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 30–60 cm tall, smooth, basally with withered dark-brown leaves. The principal roots are stout, conical. The basal leaves are in rosette, with long petioles; the leaf blades are oblong-spatulate, 5–14 cm long, 1.2–2.5 cm wide; the stem leaves are in many pairs, ovate-elliptic, 3.5–8 cm long, 1.3–3.5 cm wide. The inflorescences are compound cymes; the female ones are narrow, sparse, few-flowered; the male ones are wide, dense, many-flowered. The flowers are four-merous; the calyx lobes of female flowers are 4–5  mm long, ovate-lanceolate; the calyx lobes of male flowers are 2–2.5  mm long, linear-­ lanceolate; the corollas are yellow-green, 6–7 mm long, 1.5–2 mm long at corolla tubes; the corollas of female flower are often apically concave, basally with two purple gland patches; the stamens of female flower are reduced, only 0.5 mm long; the stamens of male flowers are fertile, with filaments 1.5–2 mm long. The capsules are sessile, ovoid, 6–7 mm long. The seeds are dark brown, subdiscoid, 1.7–2 mm

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in diameter, reticulate on the surface. The flowering and fruiting periods are from May to August. Habitat: It grows on the hillside grassland and in thickets and high mountain thicket meadows at altitudes of 3200–6400 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan, as well as in India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in summer, removed the stems leaves, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property, toxic. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, activating collaterals and relieving pain, relieving inflammation, and killing insects, it’s often used for treatment of heat in the lungs, cough, tonsillitis, gastritis, dysentery, chronic cholecystitis, nephritis, mastitis, Ascaris lumbricoides, burn, injury from knocks and falls, swelling, and pain of carbuncle and sores. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Chapter 9

Medicinal Angiosperms of Primulaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 9.1  Family: Primulaceae 9.1.1  Androsace henryi 9.2  Family: Primulaceae 9.2.1  Androsace umbellata 9.3  Family: Primulaceae 9.3.1  Lysimachia alfredii 9.4  Family: Primulaceae 9.4.1  Lysimachia candida 9.5  Family: Primulaceae 9.5.1  Lysimachia christinae 9.6  Family: Primulaceae 9.6.1  Lysimachia decurrens 9.7  Family: Primulaceae 9.7.1  Lysimachia foenum-graecum

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_9

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566 9.8  Family: Primulaceae 9.8.1  Lysimachia fordiana 9.9  Family: Primulaceae 9.9.1  Lysimachia fortunei 9.10  Family: Primulaceae 9.10.1  Lysimachia paridiformis 9.11  Family: Primulaceae 9.11.1  Pomatosace filicula

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This chapter introduces 11 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Androsace henryi, Androsace umbellata, Lysimachia alfredii, Lysimachia candida, Lysimachia christinae, Lysimachia decurrens, Lysimachia foenum-graecum, Lysimachia fordiana, Lysimachia fortunei, Lysimachia paridiformis, and Pomatosace filicula of Primulaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part of herbal medicines of each species.

9.1  Family: Primulaceae 9.1.1  Androsace henryi Chinese Name(s): lian ye dian di mei, yun wu cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Androsace henryi (Androsace henryi Oliv.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The rhizomes are thick and short, basally with numerous fibriform fibrous roots. The leaves are basal, orbicular to reniform, 3–7 cm in diameter, apically rounded, basally cordate and with sinus penetrating 1/3 into leaf blade, crenate-lobate or doubly serrate at margins, strigose on both surfaces, with three basal vines; the petioles are 6–16 cm long, slightly spreading pubescent. The scapes are usually two to four sprouting from leaves, 15–30 cm tall; the umbels are 12–40-flowered; the bracts are small, linear or linear-lanceolate, 3–9  mm long; the pedicels are slender, nearly equal, 10–18  mm long, densely puberulent; the calyces are funnelform, 3–4 mm long, with minute bristlelike hairs, lobed to 1/2; the calyx lobes are triangular or narrowly ovate-triangular, nearly not enlarged in fruit, with distinct three to five veins; the corollas are white; the corolla tubes are as long as calyx; the lobes are obovate-cordate. The capsules are nearly turbinate, apically nearly truncate. The flowering period is from April to May; the fruiting period is from May to June.

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Habitat: It grows under sparse forests on hillsides, along valleys, and on rocks. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Shaanxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet, as well as in Northern Myanmar. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are dug up in spring and summer, washed, and used when fresh or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxification, relieving coughing, clearing dampness, and stopping itching, it’s often used for treatment of pain of the head and eyes due to heat in the liver, cough due to heat in the lungs, furuncle swelling, eczema, and pruritus. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the product is decocted in water and used for washing the affected areas.

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9.2  Family: Primulaceae 9.2.1  Androsace umbellata Chinese Name(s): dian di mei, hou long cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Androsace umbellata (Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr.). Morphology: The plant is an annual or biennial herb. The principal roots are not obvious, with numerous fibrous roots. The leaves are entirely basal; the leaf blades are suborbicular or ovate, 5–20 mm in diameter, apically obtuse to rounded, basally shallowly cordate to subrounded, triangularly obtusely dentate at margins, appressed pubescent on both surfaces; the petioles are 1–4 cm long, pilose. The scapes are usually many, exserted from leaves, 4–15 cm tall, white pubescent; the umbels are 4–15-flowered; the bracts are ovate to lanceolate, 3–4  mm long; the pedicels are slender, 1–3 cm long, elongating to 6 cm long in fruit, pubescent, and short-stalked glandular; the calyces are cupular, 3–4 mm long, densely pubescent, lobed nearly to base; the lobes are rhomboid-ovate, with three to six longitudinal veins, enlarging and stellately spreading in fruit; the corollas are white, 4–6  mm in diameter, ca. 2 mm long at tubes, shorter than calyx, yellow at the throat; the corolla lobes are obovate-oblong, 2.5–3  mm long, 1.5–2  mm wide. The capsules are subglobose, 2.5–3 mm in diameter; the pericarps are white, nearly membranous. The flowering period is from February to April; the fruiting period is from May to June. Habitat: It grows on open grass by mountain roadsides or fields. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions in northeast China, north China, and south of the Yangtze River, as well as in North Korea, the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, reducing swelling, and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of tonsillitis, laryngitis, stomatitis, acute conjunctivitis, and injury caused by knocks and falls. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: tonsillitis, pharyngolaryngitis, stomatitis— Androsace umbellata and Forsythia suspensa each 15 g, Platycodon grandiflorus and Glycyrrhiza uralensis each 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: toothache—Androsace umbellata 15 g, chrysanthemum 9 g, decocted in water for fumigating. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: traumatic injury or sedentary low back pain— Androsace umbellata 30 g, Veronica peregrina 15 g, ground beetle 9 g, soaked in 250 ml of wine, twice a day, 30 ml each time.

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9.3  Family: Primulaceae 9.3.1  Lysimachia alfredii Chinese Name(s): guang xi guo lu huang, guo lu huang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lysimachia alfredii (Lysimachia alfredii Hance). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are fascicled, erect or sometimes basally prostrate, 10–45 cm tall, simple or branched near base, brown, and multicellular pilose. The leaves are opposite, in which the lower parts of stem are smaller, often rounded; the upper two pairs at stem apex are closely crowded, densely arranged in whorl; the leaf blades are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–11 cm long, 1–5.5 cm wide, apically acute or obtuse, basally cuneate or subrounded, ciliate at margins, very densely or sometimes sparsely strigose on both surfaces, densely black glandular striate, and punctate; the lateral veins are inconspicuous; the petioles are 1–2.5 cm long, densely pilose. The racemes are terminal, shortened, and subcapitate; the rachises are very short, up to 1  cm long; the bracts are broadly elliptic or broadly obovate, 6–25 mm long, 5–14 mm wide, apically obtuse, basally gradually narrowed, densely strigose; the pedicels are 2–3 mm long, densely pubescent; the calyces are 6–8 mm long, lobed near base; the lobes are narrowly lanceolate, membranous at margins, abaxially pubescent, black glandular striate; the corollas are yellow, 10–15 mm long, 3–5 mm long at basally united parts; the lobes are lanceolate, apically obtuse or acute, densely black glandular striate; the filaments are connate basally into a 2.5–3.5 mm high tube, 3–5 mm long at free parts. The capsules are subglobose, brown, 4–5 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from April to May; the fruiting period is from June to August.

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Habitat: It grows in valleys, streams, and forests at 200–600 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, removing urinary calculus, and promoting excretion of bile, it’s often used for treatment of jaundice, hepatitis, urinary tract infection, urinary calculi, etc. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.4  Family: Primulaceae 9.4.1  Lysimachia candida Chinese Name(s): ze zhen zhu cai, bai shui hua, shui peng sha. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lysimachia candida (Lysimachia candida Lindl.). Morphology: The plant is an annual or biennial herb, glabrous. The stems are solitary or fascicled, erect, 10–30 cm tall, simple or branched. The basal leaves are spatulate or oblanceolate, 2.5–6  cm long, 0.5–2  cm wide, with narrowly winged petioles, existed or withered before anthesis. The stem leaves are alternate, rarely opposite; the leaves are obovate, oblanceolate, or linear, 1–5  cm long, 2–12  mm long, apically acuminate or obtuse, basally attenuate, decurrent, entire or slightly crisped at margins, with black or reddish small glands on both surfaces, sessile or subsessile. The racemes are terminal, initially coniform due to dense flowers, elongating, 5–10 cm long in fruit; the bracts are linear, 4–6 mm long; the peduncles are two times as long as bracts; the lowest pedicels are up to 1.5 cm; the calyces are 3–5 mm long, lobed to base; the calyx lobes are lanceolate, membranous at margins, abaxially black glandular striate along the midrib; the corollas are white, 6–12 mm long; the corolla tubes are 3–6 mm long; the lobes are oblong or obovate-oblong, apically rounded and obtuse. The stamens are slightly shorter than corollas; the filaments are adherent to the mid-lower part of corolla, ca. 1.5 mm at the separated parts; the anthers are sublinear, ca. 1.5 mm long. The ovaries are glabrous; the styles are ca. 5  mm. The capsules are subglobose, 2–3  mm in diameter. The flowering period is from March to June; the fruiting period is from April to July. Habitat: It grows at the edge of the field and in moist place of roadside or ridge of the field. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan of China, as well as in Vietnam, Myanmar, Japan, and India.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, reducing swelling, and dispersing lumps, it’s often used for external treatment for nameless swelling and toxin, carbuncle, furuncle, paddy dermatitis, and fracture. Use and Dosage: For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: nameless swelling poison, carbuncle, and furuncle—Appropriate amounts of fresh Lysimachia candida (whole plant) are mashed, or dry whole grass ground into powder, added with distiller’s grains, and stir-fried hot for external application. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: paddy field dermatitis—Fresh Lysimachia candida decocted in water, added with vinegar for washing with. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: fracture—90–120  g fresh whole plants of Lysimachia candida is mashed and applied externally after reduction.

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9.5  Family: Primulaceae 9.5.1  Lysimachia christinae Chinese Name(s): jin qian cao, dui zuo cao, lu bian huang, bian di huang, si chuan jin qian cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lysimachia christinae (Lysimachia christinae Hance.). Morphology: The plant is an herb. The stems are soft, creeping and spreading, 20–60 cm long, glabrous, sparsely hairy, densely with brownish sessile glands at young parts; the lower internodes are shorter, often with adventitious roots; the middle internodes are 1.5–5 cm long. The leaves are opposite, ovate, subrounded to reniform-round, 2–6  cm long, 1–4  cm wide, apically acute, rounded-obtuse or rounded, basally truncate to shallowly cordate, slightly thicker when fresh, with visible transparent gland strips when light passes through, which become black when dry, glabrous or densely strigose on both surfaces; the petioles are shorter or

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subequal to leaf blades, glabrous to densely hairy. The flowers are solitary at axils; the pedicels are 1–5 cm long, usually not longer than leaves, hairy as stems, with some brown and sessile glands; the calyces are 5–7 mm long, lobed near base; the calyx lobes are lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate to linear or apically slightly expanded to nearly spatulate, apically acute or slightly obtuse, glabrous, pilose or only ciliate; the corollas are yellow, 7–15 mm long, 2–4 mm long at basally united parts; the corolla lobes are narrowly ovate to nearly lanceolate, apically acute or obtuse, slightly thicker, with long black gland strips; the filaments are 6–8 mm long, connate into tube at the lower half part; the anthers are ovoid, 1–1.5 mm long; the ovaries are ovoid, with 6–8 mm long styles. The capsules are globose, 4–5 mm long, glabrous, with sparse black gland strips. The flowering period is from May to July; the fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows in barren land, by roadside, ditch edge wet place. Distribution: It is distributed in Yangtze River Basin to Shanxi, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, and other places. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is tangled, glabrous, or sparsely pilose. The stem is twisted, brown or dark brownish red on the surfaces, with longitudinal lines, sometimes with fibrous roots on the lower stem node, and the section is solid. The leaves are opposite to each other, mostly shrunken. After flattening, they are ovate or cordate, 1–4 cm long, slightly concave at the base, entire on margins. The leaf is grayish green or brown adaxially and lighter colored abaxially, with obviously protuberant midvein. After soaking in water, it shows black or brown stripes under light. The petiole is 1–4 cm long. The flowers are yellow, solitary, axillary, and long pedunculate. The capsules are globose. It is slight in odor and bland in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and sour in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and bladder. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting diuresis and removing urinary calculus, activating blood circulation, and dissipating stasis, it’s often used for treatment of the liver, gallstones, cholecystitis, jaundice hepatitis, urinary stones, edema, injury, snakebite, toadstool, and drug poisoning, as well as for external treatment for suppurative inflammation, burn, and scald. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water. For external use, appropriate amounts of fresh products are mashed for application or pound for juice and smeared to the affected area. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: gallstones—Lysimachia christinae 60–120 g, decocted in water for oral use, one dose daily for 2–3 months. Even for patients with severe cholelithiasis, the shadow of gallstone and the clinical symptoms may disappear. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cholecystitis—Lysimachia christinae 45  g, Polygonum cuspidatum 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. In cases with pain, add 15 g for Curcuma aromatica. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: jaundice hepatitis—(a) Lysimachia christinae, Artemisia capillaris, and Polygonum cuspidatum each 9 g, Japanese ardisia

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15  g, Agrimonia pilosa 12  g, decocted in water for oral use. (b) Lysimachia christinae, dandelion, and Isatis indigotica 30  g each, decocted in water and taken two times, dose a day. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: obstructive jaundice: Lysimachia christinae 60  g, Curcuma aromatica 15  g, Saussurea costus 9  g, Citrus aurantium 9  g, Scutellaria baicalensis 9  g, decocted in water and, in cases of constipation, added with raw rhubarb 6–9 g, mirabilite 6 g (mixed with the decoctum). 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: renal calculus—Lysimachia christinae and Plantago asiatica 15 g each, talc 30 g, Rehmannia glutinosa, Dipsacus asperoides, and Taxillus sutchuenensis 12  g each, Psoralea corylifolia, Eucommia ulmoides, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Cyperus rotundus 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: ureteral calculi—Lysimachia christinae, Plantago asiatica, Rehmannia glutinosa, Polygonum aviculare, and Dioscorea septemloba each 15 g; Achyranthes bidentata, Malva crispa seed, Vaccaria segetalis, Angelica sinensis, and Salvia miltiorrhiza 9 g each; talcum 30 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.6  Family: Primulaceae 9.6.1  Lysimachia decurrens Chinese Name(s): yan ye zhen zhu cai, li zi cao, yan ye pai cao, da yang gu sao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lysimachia decurrens (Lysimachia decurrens Forst. f.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, glabrous. The stems are erect, stout, 40–90  cm tall, angled, branched at the upper parts, woody at base. The leaves are alternate, sometimes subopposite, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 6–13 cm long, 1.5–4 cm wide, apically acute or acuminate, basally cuneate, decurrent to petioles into narrow wings, membranous when dry, adaxially green, abaxially light green, with irregular black glands on both surfaces, sometimes only at margins and connected into strips; the petioles are 1–4 cm long, basally decurrent along stems. The racemes are terminal, 10–25 cm long; the bracts are subulate,

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2–3 mm long; the pedicels are 2–9 mm long, obliquely spreading or reclinate, up to 10–18 mm long in fruit; the calyces are 3–4 mm long, lobed near base; the calyx lobes are narrowly lanceolate, glandular-ciliate at margins, abaxially black striate; the corollas are white or light purple, 2.5–4 mm long, with tube 1.5 mm long; the corolla lobes are spatulate-oblong, apically obtuse; the sinus between lobes are subrounded. The stamens are obviously exserted outside corollas; the filaments are densely glandular, adnate to base of corolla lobes, ca. 5 mm long at the free parts; the anthers are ovoid, purple, ca. 1 mm long. The ovaries are globose; the styles are slender, ca. 5 mm long. The capsules are globose or slightly depressed, 3–4 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from April to May; the fruiting period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows on hillside roadsides or under sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan of China, as well as in Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Indochina Peninsula countries. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, it’s often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, as well as external treatment for cervical lymph node tuberculosis and fracture. Use and Dosage: 12–15 g per dose, decocted in water. For external use, appropriate amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: irregular menstruation—Lysimachia decurrens 12–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bruise, fracture—Fresh Lysimachia decurrens is pounded, mixed with wine, stir-fried and for external application. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: lymph node tuberculosis, sore, and boil— Fresh Lysimachia decurrens is added with proper amounts of distillers’ grains, mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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9.7  Family: Primulaceae 9.7.1  Lysimachia foenum-graecum Chinese Name(s): ling xiang cao, pai cao, ling ling xiang, guang ling ling xiang, man shan xiang. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lysimachia foenum-­ graecum (Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 20–60 cm tall, curry-scented when dry. The old stems are creeping, with numerous soft fibrous roots; the yearly stems are uniaxial extension of the old stems, ascending or nearly erect, herbaceous, angular or narrowly winged, green. The leaves are alternate; the upper leaves are often one to two times as large as the lower leaves; the leave blades are broadly ovate to elliptic, 4–11 cm long, 2–6 cm wide, apically acute or slightly obtuse, with mucros, basally attenuate or broadly cuneate, slightly undulate at margins, herbaceous, densely inconspicuously punctate and sparsely minutely brown glandular on both surfaces when dry; the lateral veins are in three to four pairs; the veinlets are usually inconspicuous; the petioles are 5–12 mm long, narrowly winged. The flowers are solitary and axillary; the pedicels are slender, 2.5–4  cm long; the calyces are 7–12 mm long, deeply lobed to base; the lobes are ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2.5–5 mm wide, apically acuminate, sometimes subulate, herbaceous, with brown sessile glands on both surfaces; the corollas are yellow, 12–17 mm long, lobed near the base; the lobes are oblong, 6–9 mm wide, apically obtuse; the filaments are connate basally into a ca. 0.5  mm high ring, free parts very short; the anthers are 4–5 mm long, basally cordate, ca. 1.75 mm wide, opening by apical pores; the styles are 5–7 mm long. The capsules are subglobose, pallid, 6–7 mm in diameter, undivided or apically slightly lobed. The flowering period is May; the fruiting period is from August to September.

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Habitat: It grows in the shade of forest or valley. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan as well as in India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and promoting circulation of Qi, relieving pain, and killing Ascaris lumbricoides, it’s often used for treatment of cold, headache, toothache, sore throat, typhoid fever, chest and abdominal distension, dysentery, nasal congestion, and ascariasis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water. Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: Ascaris lumbricoides—Lysimachia foenum-­ graecum 9–15 g, decocted in water and taken before going to bed. Or 15–30 g of fresh leaves or fresh branch tips are cut up and stewed with eggs to take. The dosage should be reduced in children.

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9.8  Family: Primulaceae 9.8.1  Lysimachia fordiana Chinese Name(s): da ye guo lu huang, da ye pai cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lysimachia fordiana (Lysimachia fordiana Oliv). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The stems are often fascicled, erect, fleshy, 30–50  cm tall, terete, sparsely black glandular punctate, often unbranched. The leaves are alternate; the upper two pairs are compactly crowded, appearing verticillate; the leave blades are elliptic, broadly elliptic to rhomboid-ovate, 6–18  cm long, 3–10 cm wide, apically acute or short acuminate, basally broadly cuneate, adaxially dark green, abaxially pink-green, glabrous, densely minutely black glandular punctate on both surfaces; the lateral veins are in four to six pairs, abaxially slightly raised, with inconspicuous net veins; the petioles are 5–25 mm long; there are one to two pairs of leaves near base which are degenerated and scalelike. The inflorescences are terminal, abbreviated, nearly capitate; the bracts are ovate-­ lanceolate to

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lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm long, densely glandular punctate; the pedicels are very short, up to 6 mm long at the lower part of inflorescence; the calyces are 6–12 mm long, lobed near base; the calyx lobes are oblong-lanceolate, 2–3.5 mm wide, densely black glandular punctate; the corollas are yellow, 1.2–1.9 cm long, with tubes 4–5 mm long; the lobes are oblong or oblong-lanceolate, apically obtuse or slightly acute, black glandular punctate. The filaments are connate basally into a ca. 3-mm-high tube, 3–4 mm long at free parts; the anthers are ovoid, ca. 1 mm long. The ovaries are ovoid, ca. 7 mm long at stigma. The capsules are subglobose, 3–4 mm in diameter, often with black glands. The flowering period is May; the fruiting period is July. Habitat: It grows in valley and stream or under forest shade. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, reducing swelling, and detoxicating, it is used for treatment of traumatic injuries, scrofula, sore throat, carbuncle, snake bite, and jaundice. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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9.9  Family: Primulaceae 9.9.1  Lysimachia fortunei Chinese Name(s): xing xiu cai, da tian ji huang, chi jiao cao, hong gen hua, huang jiao ji. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lysimachia fortunei (Lysimachia fortunei Maxim). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, glabrous. The rhizomes are creeping, purple-red. The stems are erect, 30–70 cm tall, terete, black glandular punctate, basally purple-red, often unbranched, with brown glandular dots on young parts and rachis. The leaves are alternate, subsessile, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 4–11  cm long, 1–2.5  cm wide, apically acuminate or shortly acuminate, basally attenuate, with black glands on both surfaces, slightly raised when dry. The racemes are terminal, slender, 10–20 cm long; the bracts are lanceolate, 2–3 mm long; the pedicels are as long as to slightly shorter than bracts; the calyces are 1.5 mm long, lobed to base; the lobes are ovate-elliptic, apically obtuse, membranous at margins, glandular-ciliate, abaxially with black glands; the corollas are white, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm long at basal connate parts; the lobes are elliptic or ovate-elliptic, apically rounded-obtuse, black glandular punctate; the stamens are shorter than corolla; the filaments are adnate to base of corolla lobes, ca. 1 mm long at free parts. The capsules are globose, ca. 2–2.5 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from June to August; the fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on roadside, ridge, and stream grass. Distribution: It is distributed all over China, as well as in North Korea and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, promoting blood circulation, and regulating menstruation, it’s often used for treatment of cold, cough, hemoptysis, enteritis, dysentery, hepatitis, infantile malnutrition, malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, leucorrhea, mastitis, conjunctivitis, snake bites, and injuries. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bacillary dysentery—Lysimachia fortunei 30 g, Houttuynia cordata, and Pteris multifida each 21 g, decocted in water for oral use, two doses a day. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: injury and pain—fresh whole plants of Lysimachia fortunei 90–150 g, mashed and applied to the wound.

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9.10  Family: Primulaceae 9.10.1  Lysimachia paridiformis Chinese Name(s): luo di mei, chong lou pai cao, si kuai wa, si ye cao, si er feng. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Lysimachia paridiformis (Lysimachia paridiformis Franch.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The two or more stems are often fascicled, erect, 10–45  cm tall, glabrous, unbranched, slightly swollen at nodes. There are four to six leaves in a terminal whorl, rarely with a second whorl; the lower leaves are degenerated, which are scalelike; the leave blades are obovate to

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elliptic, 5–17 cm long, 3–10 cm wide, apically short acuminate, basally cuneate, sessile or subsessile, hard papery when dry, glabrous, with sparse black glandular strips on both surfaces, sometimes the color of which are inconspicuous, only with raised strips; the lateral veins are in four to five pairs, abaxially slightly raised, with obscure net veins. The umbels are terminal, rarely with few flowers in axils of scalelike leaf pair immediately below the terminal whorl; the pedicels are 5–15 mm long; the calyces are 8–12 mm long, nearly lobed to base; the calyx lobes are lanceolate or long-acuminate from ovate base, glabrous or sparsely ciliate, sometimes sparsely black glandular; the corollas are yellow, 12–14 mm long, with tubes ca. 3 mm long; the corolla lobes are narrowly oblong, ca. 4.5 mm wide, apically obtuse or rounded; the filaments are connate basally into a ca. 2 mm high tube, 3–5 mm long at free parts; the anthers are elliptic, ca. 1.5 mm long; the ovaries are glabrous, with 8.5 mm long stigmas. The capsules are subglobose, 3.5–4 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows under the forest and by the wet ditch. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, and Hubei. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s astringent and bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and clearing dampness, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, stopping coughing, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatic pain, epigastric pain, cough, injury, furuncle, boil, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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9.11  Family: Primulaceae 9.11.1  Pomatosace filicula Chinese Name(s): yu ye dian di mei. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Pomatosace filicula (Pomatosace filicula Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 3–9  cm tall, with thick and long main roots and few fibrous roots. The leaves are numerous, linear-oblong, 1.5–9 cm long, 6–15 mm wide, pinnatifid to nearly pinnatisect; the lobes are linear or narrowly triangular-linear, 1–2 mm wide, apically obtuse or slightly acute, entire or with 1–2 teeth. The scapes are usually numerous sprouting from leaves, 3–16 cm tall, sparsely pilose; the umbels are 6–12-flowered; the bracts are linear, 2–6 mm long, sparsely pilose; the pedicels are 1–12  mm long, glabrous; the calyces are cupular or turbinate, 2.5–3 mm long, up to 4–4.5 mm long in fruit, lobed slightly below 1/3; the lobes are triangular, acute, pubescent insides; the corollas are white, ca. 1.8 mm long at tubes, ca. 2 mm in diameter at brim ministries; the lobes are oblong-elliptic, ca. 8 mm wide, apically obtusely rounded. The capsules are subglobose, ca. 4 mm in diameter, lobed into upper and lower half, with 6–12 seeds. The flowering period is from May to June; the fruiting period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows in alpine meadows and on river sandy beach m at 3000–4500 above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, removed the impurities and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Calming liver yang, cooling blood, stopping bleeding, relieving pain, and lowering blood pressure, it’s often used for treatment of hepatitis, hypertension, uterine bleeding, irregular menstruation, hernia, and arthritis. Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Chapter 10

Medicinal Angiosperms of Plumbaginaceae and Plantaginaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 10.1  Family: Plumbaginaceae 10.1.1  Ceratostigma griffithii 10.2  Family: Plumbaginaceae 10.2.1  Limonium aureum 10.3  Family: Plumbaginaceae 10.3.1  Limonium bicolor 10.4  Family: Plumbaginaceae 10.4.1  Plumbago zeylanica 10.5  Family: Plantaginaceae 10.5.1  Plantago asiatica, Plantago depressa 10.6  Family: Plantaginaceae 10.6.1  Plantago lanceolata 10.7  Family: Plantaginaceae 10.7.1  Plantago major

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_10

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592 10.8  Family: Plantaginaceae 10.8.1  Plantago minuta Further Reading

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This chapter introduces 9 species of medicinal plants in 2 families, mainly including Ceratostigma griffithii, Limonium aureum, Limonium bicolor, and Plumbago zeylanica of Plumbaginaceae and Plantago asiatica, Plantago depressa, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, and Plantago minuta of Plantaginaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, and usage and dosage of these medicinal plants and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part of herbal medicines of each species.

10.1  Family: Plumbaginaceae 10.1.1  Ceratostigma griffithii Chinese Name(s): mao lan xue hua, jiao zhu hua, zhuan zi lian, zi jin biao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Ceratostigma griffithii (Ceratostigma griffithii Clarke). Morphology: The plant is an evergreen shrub, 04–1.3 m tall. The branches are hard, red-brown to dark brown when old, often densely rusty-hirsute to red-brown when young. The leaves are obovate to subrhombic, 2–7.6  cm long, 10–22  mm wide, apically acute, basally gradually narrowed into petiole, densely hirsute on both surfaces. The inflorescences are terminal, 10–20-flowered; the bracts are ca. 6–7.5 mm long, 2–2.8 mm wide, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate; the calyces are 8–9.5 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter; the lobes are ca. 2.5 mm long; the corollas are 15–19 mm long, purple at tubes; the tubes are blue, ca. 6–7 mm long, 4.5–5 mm wide, cordately triangular; the ovaries are ovoid; the stigmas are exserted on the upper part. The capsules are light yellow-brown, ca. 6 mm long; the seeds are dark brown, slightly five-angled, coarse. The flowering period is from August to December; the fruiting period is from September to January of next year. Habitat: It grows by the thickets and roadside of the dry and hot valley. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan as well as in Bhutan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, chopped and dried in the sun, or used when fresh. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, removing blood stasis, and promoting granulation, it’s often used for treatment of injury, abdominal pain, fracture, etc. Use and Dosage: 1.5–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.2  Family: Plumbaginaceae 10.2.1  Limonium aureum Chinese Name(s): huang hua ji song, huang hua bu xue cao, jin se bu xue cao, jin chi ye cao. Source: This medicine is made of the flowers of Limonium aureum (Limonium aureum (Linn.) Hill.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 15–30 cm tall, glabrous except for calyces. The stems are often basally covered with persistent petioles and red-brown bud scales. The leaves are withered at anthesis, usually oblong-spatulate to oblanceolate, 1–4 cm long, 0.5–1 cm wide, apically round or obtuse, sometimes acute, basally gradually narrowed into flat petiole. The inflorescences are conic; the rachises are two or more times dichotomously branched, green, often densely verrucose, sometimes only on upper parts, with basal branches sterile; the last sterile branches are short and often slightly flexuous; the spikes are terminal on apical branches, with three to five spikelets; the spikelets are two-or three-flowered; the first bractlet is 1.5–2 mm long, broadly ovate, apically obtuse or acute; the calyces are 5–7 mm long, funnelform, basally oblique, densely villous along all veins and between veins; the calyx limbs are golden, sometimes becoming orange when dry; the calyx lobes are regular triangle, with projecting veins and awned to mucronate, often sparsely puberulent along veins; the corollas are orange, ca. 6.5  mm long, often beyond calyx. The capsules are obovoid, ca. 2.2 mm long, five-angled. The flowering period is from June to August; the fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It often grows in desert plains, mild salinization lowlands, and sandy soils. Distribution: It is distributed in north, northwest China, and northern Sichuan, as well as in Mongolia and Russia.

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Acquisition and Processing: The flower branches are harvested in summer and autumn, dried in the sun, and collected the flower clusters. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and replenishing blood, it’s often used for treatment of neuralgia, hypomenorrhea, tinnitus, insufficient lactation, and cold, as well as for external treatment of toothache and sores, furuncle, and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 5–7.5 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use twice a day. For external treatment, the decoctum is used for gargling or washing. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: cold—Limonium aureum 4.5 g, decocted in water for oral use 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: toothache, alveolus abscess—appropriate amounts of Limonium aureum, decocted in water and used for gargling 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: sores, furuncles, and carbuncle—appropriate amount of Limonium aureum, decocted in water and used for washing

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10.3  Family: Plumbaginaceae 10.3.1  Limonium bicolor Chinese Name(s): er se bu xue cao, bu xue cao, xue jian chou, cang ying hua, ying zi cao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and whole plants of Limonium bicolor (Limonium bicolor (Bunge) O. Kuntze). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 20–50 cm tall, glabrous except for calyces. The leaves are basal, rarely one to three along axis of inflorescences, usually conspicuous at anthesis; the leave blades are spatulate to oblong-spatulate, 3–15 cm long, 0.5–3 cm wide, apically often rounded or obtuse, basally gradually narrowed into flat petiole. The inflorescences are conic; the rachises are solitary or two to five each from a different leaf rosette, usually three- or four-angular, sometimes sulcate, rarely terete at main axis, often branched above the middle parts; the terminal branchlets are two-angled; the sterile branches are usually simple, on the basal part or solitary at forks of rachis, always few and numerous when injured; the spikes are petiolate to sessile, arranged in upper to apex of branches of inflorescences, consisting of 3–5(–9) spikelets; the spikelets are 2–3(–5)-flowered; the bracts are ca. 2.5–3.5 mm long, oblong-ovate, the herbaceous part of which is ovate to oblong; the first inner bractlets are ca. 6–6.5 mm long; the calyces are 6–7 mm long, funnelform, with tubes ca. 1 mm in diameter, densely villous along veins on entire or lower part; the calyx limbs are initially pink to pale purple, becoming white, 3–3.5 mm wide, whose opening diameter is equal to the length of the calyx; the lobes are broadly short and apically usually round, rarely fugaciously soft awned. The lobes are obvious; the veins do not reach the margin of the lobes, gradually becoming colorless toward the apex, puberulent or glabrous along vines; the corollas are yellow. The flowering period is from May to July; the fruiting period is from June to August. Habitat: It grows on hillside, ridge, or roadside. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Gansu, Xinjiang, etc., as well as in Mongolia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested from May to July, and the roots are dug up from September to November and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slight bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tonifying Qi and blood, dispersing blood stasis, and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for weakness after illness, epigastric pain, dyspepsia, irregular menstruation, metrorrhagia, metrostaxis, leucorrhea, hematuria, and bleeding hemorrhoid. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Prescription Example(s): Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: functional uterine bleeding, cervical cancer, pyelonephritis, hematuria—Limonium bicolor 15–30  g, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.4  Family: Plumbaginaceae 10.4.1  Plumbago zeylanica Chinese Name(s): bai hua dan, bai xue hua, bai zao yao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbago zeylanica Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an evergreen herb or shrub, ca. 1–3  m tall, erect, branched. The branches are spreading or lianous, often obviously calcareous, glabrous except for glandular hairs. The leaves are thin, often long-ovate, 5–10  cm long, 2–5 cm wide, apically acuminate, basally cuneate to obtuse; the petioles are sometimes auriculate or not. The spikes are often 25–70-flowered; the peduncles are 5–15 mm long, glandular; the rachis is 3–12 cm long, elongating to twice in fruit, glandular. The bracts are 4–6(–8) mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide, narrowly long-ovate to lanceolate, apically acuminate or caudate; the bractlets are ca. 2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, linear; the calyces are 10.5–11.5 mm long, elongating to 13 mm long in fruit; the calyx tubes are ca. 2 mm in diameter at the middle, apically with five triangular lobes, with calciferous glands almost throughout; the corollas are white or slightly blue-white; the corolla tubes are 1.8–2.2 cm long, 1.2–1.5 mm in diameter at the middle; the corolla limbs are 1.6–1.8 cm in diameter; the lobes are ca. 7 mm long, ca. 4 mm wide, obovate, apically acute. The stamens are as long as corollas; the anthers are ca. 2 mm long, blue. The ovaries are ellipsoid, five-angled; the styles are glabrous. The capsules are long-ellipsoid, light yellow-brown. The seeds are red-­ brown, ca. 7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide and 0.6 mm thick, apically acute. The flowering period is from October to March of next year. The fruiting period is from December to April of next year. Habitat: It grows in a filthy wet place or a half-shaded place. It is often cultivated in local gardens and medicinal gardens. Distribution: It is distributed in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan of China, as well as in South and Southeast Asian countries.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly warm in taste, toxic. Functions: Removing blood stasis and relieving swelling, dispelling wind, and killing pain, the root is often used for treatment of rheumatic bone pain, injury caused by knocks and falls, stomachache, and hepatosplenomegaly. The leaf is used for external treatment of injury caused by knocks and falls, sprain and contusion, and tinea corporis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use. The product should be decocted for over 3–4 h, and the pregnant women should not take it. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected area. Generally, it shouldn’t be applied for over 30  min and should be removed if there is sensation of burning. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: joint sprain and soft tissue contusion—Plumbago zeylanica leaf five pieces, Hypericum japonicum 15–21  g, second-layer bark of pine, and appropriate amount of Melia azedarach leaf (all fresh products). The medicines are mashed and added with wine, stir-fried, and applied to the affected area (avoid the wound), once a day, 30 min each time. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: hepatitis, liver cirrhosis—fresh Plumbago zeylanica radix 150  g, decocted for 7–8 hours in water, removed the residue, concentrated to 1000  ml, added with appropriate amount of sugar, and taken orally, 90–300  ml daily for adults, three times after meals, 10–15  days as a course of treatment (increase the dosage gradually). Two to three courses will be necessary if there is no adverse reaction. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: leukemia—Plumbago zeylanica radix (decocted first), Livistona chinensis, Hedyotis diffusa, and Verbena officinalis each 30 g, Prunella vulgaris 15 g, decocted for a long time, concentrated into extract, and made into 18 small pills. Take six pills each time, three times a day.

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10.5  Family: Plantaginaceae 10.5.1  Plantago asiatica, Plantago depressa Chinese Name(s): che qian zi, niu she cao, zhu er duo cao. Source: This medicine is made of the seeds of Plantago asiatica (Plantago asiatica Linn.) and Plantago depressa (Plantago depressa Willd.). Morphology: (A) Plantago asiatica—The plant is a biennial or perennial herb. The rhizomes are short, slightly thick. The basal leaves are in rosette, prostrate, obliquely spreading or erect; the leaves are thinly papery or papery, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 4–12 cm long, 2.5–6.5 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, undulate, entire, serrate or dentate beneath the middle of margins, basally broadly cuneate or subrounded and decurrent, pubescent on both surfaces, with five to seven veins; the petioles are 2–15 cm long, basally expanded into sheath, sparsely pubescent. There are three to ten inflorescences, which are erect or arched-ascending; the pedicels are 5–30 cm long, with longitudinal stripes, sparsely white pubescent. The spikes are thinly cylindric, 3–40  cm long, loosely to densely flowered, often interrupted basally; the bracts are narrowly ovate-triangular or triangular-lanceolate, 2–3  cm long, the length of which is longer than width, with thick keels, glabrous or apically sparsely pubescent. The flowers are pedicellate; the calyces are 2–3 mm long; the sepals are apically obtuse, rounded, or acute; the keels do not extend to apex; the lower sepals are elliptic, with broad keels; the bilaterals are slightly asymmetrical; the upper sepals are broadly obovate-elliptic or broadly obovate. The corollas are white, glabrous; the tubes are as long as sepals; the lobes are narrowly triangular, ca. 1.5  mm long, apically acuminate or acute, with obvious midveins, reflexed after flowering. The stamens are adnate only to near base of corolla tube, obviously exserted with styles; the anthers are ovate-ellipsoid, 1–1.2  mm long, apically broadly triangularly raised, white, light brown when dry. There are 7–15 seeds. The capsules are fusiform-ovoid, ovoid, or conic-ovoid, 3–4.5 mm long, circumscissile above the base. The flowering period is from April to August; the fruiting period is from June to September. Habitat: It grows in the village side of the road, ditch edge, field ridge, and other places. Distribution: It is distributed in north and south of China, as well as in Europe and Asia.

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Morphology: (B) Plantago depressa—The plant is an annual or biennial herb. The taproots are long, with numerous lateral roots, fleshy; the rhizomes are short. The leaves are basal in rosette, prostrate, obliquely spreading or erect; the leaves are papery, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 3–12  cm long, 1–3.5  cm wide, apically acute or slightly obtuse, repand-crenate, irregularly serrate, dentate at margins, basally broadly cuneate to narrowly cuneate, with five to seven veins; the petioles are 2–6 cm long. There are three to ten inflorescences; the peduncles are 5–18  cm long. The spikes are narrowly cylindric, densely flowered, interrupted basally, 6–12 cm long; the bracts are triangular-ovate, 2–3.5 mm long; the calyces are 2–2.5 mm long, with broad and thick keels; the corollas are white; the tubes are as long as sepals or slightly longer; the lobes are tiny, elliptic or ovate. The stamens are adnate to near apex of corolla tube, obviously exserted with styles; the anthers are ovate-ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 0.6–1.1 mm long, apically broadly triangularly raised. The capsules are ovate-ellipsoid to conic-ovoid, 4–5 mm long. There are four to five seeds, which are ellipsoid, flat on ventral face, 1.2–1.8 mm long, yellow-brown to black; the cotyledons are parallel to ventral side. The flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows on the mountain slopes, roadsides, ridges, near rivers, and houses, often growing together. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Yunnan, Xinjiang, Tibet, and so on, as well as in North Korea, Russia, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Kashmir, and India. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is ovate, irregular oblong or triangular oblong, slightly compressed, 2 mm long and 1 mm wide, yellowish brown to dark brown on surfaces, with fine wrinkles and a gray white concave punctate navel on one side. It’s hard in quality, slight in odor, and bland in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, kidneys, and small intestine. Functions: Clearing heat and promoting diuresis, expelling phlegm and relieving coughing, and improving eyesight, it’s often used for treatment of urinary tract infection, stones, nephritis, edema, dysuria, enteritis, bacillary dysentery, acute jaundice hepatitis, bronchitis, and acute conjunctivitis. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. The whole plant is similar in function to the seed. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: urinary tract infection—Plantago asiatica, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Verbena officinalis each 30 g, Imperata cylindrica, dandelion, and Mahonia fortunei each 9  g, Lonicera japonica, Viola, and Mahonia each 9 g, added with water and decocted into 300 ml, taken six times, one dose per day.

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2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: enteritis—fresh Plantago asiatica 15 g (9 g for dried products), decocted in water, two times a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: children with bacillary dysentery—fresh Plantago asiatica 30 g, added with appropriate amount of water and decocted to 100  ml. Take 30  ml daily, 3–4 days as a course of treatment. Generally, the symptoms may disappear in 2  days, and the frequency of defecation would be normal. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis—Plantago asiatica (dry), washed, decocted twice in water, filtered to remove the residue, concentrated into paste, dried, crushed and granulated, pressed into tablets of 0.5 g. Take two tablets, three times a day (daily dose equivalent to 30 g of dry product). 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic pyelonephritis—Plantago asiatica 30 g, Bupleurum chinense, Scutellaria baicalensis, honeysuckle, dandelion (or Viola philippica), and talc each 15  g, Rehmannia glutinosa 12  g, Dipsacales 12 g, Citrus aurantium 9 g, Angelica sinensis 9 g, licorice 3 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.6  Family: Plantaginaceae 10.6.1  Plantago lanceolata Chinese Name(s): chang ye che qian, zhai ye che qian. Source: This medicine is made of the seeds of Plantago lanceolata (Plantago lanceolata Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. The taproots are long and thick; the rhizomes are short and thick. The leaves are basal in rosette, papery, linear-­lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 6–20 cm long, 0.5–4.5 cm wide, apically acuminate to acute, entire or sparsely serrate at margins, basally narrowly cuneate. There are 3–15 inflorescences; the peduncles are erect or arched-ascending, 10–60 cm long, appressed pubescent; the bracts are ovate or elliptic, 2.5–5 mm long, apically membranous and caudate, with spatulate keels, densely hirsute; the calyces are 2–3.5 mm long; the lower sepals are broadly obovate, 1.5–3  mm long; the upper sepals are broadly ovate; the corollas are white; the tubes are as long as sepals; the lobes are lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3 mm long, apically caudate-acute, reflexed after flowering. The stamens are adnate to near middle of corolla tube, obviously exserted with styles; the anthers are ellipsoid, 2.5–3 mm long, apically white to yellowish. The capsules are narrowly ovoid, 3–4 mm long, circumscissile above base. The seeds are narrowly ellipsoid to oblong, 2–2.6 mm long, brown to dark brown, lustrous. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruiting period is from June to July. Habitat: It is growing on beaches, river beaches, and grassland wetlands below 900 m above sea level or cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Liaoning, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shandong, and other places, as well as in Russia, Mongolia, North Korea, and North America. It is cultivated in provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Chongqing, and other places. Acquisition and Processing: The infructescences are harvested in summer and autumn, dried in the sun, and removed the impurities of fruit stems and shells. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, kidneys, and small intestine. Functions: Clearing heat and improving eyesight, stopping coughing and expelling phlegm, promoting diuretic, relieving diarrhea, and lowering blood pressure, it’s often used for treatment of urinary tract infection, hypertension, calculus, nephritis, edema, dysuria, enteritis, bacillary dysentery, acute jaundice hepatitis, and bronchitis. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.7  Family: Plantaginaceae 10.7.1  Plantago major Chinese Name(s): da che qian, qian chuan cao, qian guan cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants and seeds of Plantago major (Plantago major Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a biennial or perennial herb. The fibrous roots are numerous; the rhizomes are short and thick. The leaves are basal in rosette, prostrate, obliquely spreading, or erect; the leaves are herbaceous, papery, broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 18–30 cm long, 10–21 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, undulate at margins, remotely dentate or subentire, sparsely pubescent or subglabrous on both surfaces, densely villous, with (3–)5–7 veins; the petioles are 10–26 cm long, basally sheathlike, hairy. There are one to several inflorescences; the peduncles are erect or arched-ascending, 5–18(–45) cm long, with longitudinal stripes, pubescent or villous. The spikes are narrowly cylindric, 3–20(–40) cm, usually interrupted basally; the bracts are broadly ovate-triangular, 1.2–2 mm long, glabrous or apically sparsely pubescent, with thick and broad keels. The flowers are sessile; the calyces are 1.5–2.5 mm long, apically rounded, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, membranous at margins; the keels are not extending to apex; the lower sepals are elliptic to broadly elliptic; the upper sepals are broadly elliptic to subrounded; the corollas are white, glabrous; the corolla tubes are as long as sepals or slightly longer; the lobes are lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 1–1.5 mm long, reflexed after flowering. The stamens are adnate only to near base of corolla tube, obviously exserted with styles; the anthers are ellipsoid, 1–1.2 mm long, often initially light purple, rarely white, light brown when dry, with 12 to more than 40 seeds. The capsules are subglobose, ovoid, or broadly ellipsoid, 2–3 mm long, circumscissile at middle or slightly lower parts. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruiting period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows in villages and wilderness and by roadsides, streams, ridges, and other wet places. Distribution: It is distributed in north and south of China, as well as in Europe and Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants and seeds are harvested in summer and autumn, dried in the sun, and removed the impurities of fruit stems and shells. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridians of the liver, kidneys, and small intestine. Functions: Clearing heat and dispelling dampness, promoting diuretic and relieving strangury, and stopping coughing, it’s often used for treatment of urinary tract infection, nephritis, beriberi, cold, cough, bronchitis, enteritis, diarrhea, hypertension, acute conjunctivitis, glaucoma, newborn baby umbilical cord infection, etc. Use and Dosage: 9–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example(s): 1. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: urinary tract infection—Plantago major, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Verbena officinalis each 30 g; Imperata cylindrica, Taraxacum mongolicum, and Lygodium japonicum each 15 g; Lonicera japon-

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ica, Viola philippica, and Mahonia fortunei 9  g each, added with water and decocted to 300 ml. Take one dose per day six times. 2. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: enteritis—fresh Plantago major 15 g (9 g for dried product), decocted in water for oral use, two times a day. 3. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: bacillary dysentery in children—fresh Plantago major 30  g, added with proper amounts of water and decocted to 100 ml. Take 30 ml per day, 3–4 days as a course of treatment. Generally, the symptoms disappear in 2 days, and the frequency of defecation would be normal. 4. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic tracheitis—Plantago asiatica (dry), washed, decocted twice in water, filtered to remove the residue, concentrated into paste, dried, crushed and granulated, pressed into tablets of 0.5 g. Take two tablets, three times a day (daily dose equivalent to 30 g of dry product). 5. Clinical diagnoses and symptoms: chronic pyelonephritis—Plantago asiatica 30 g, Bupleurum chinense, Scutellaria baicalensis, honeysuckle, dandelion (or Viola philippica) and talc, each 15 g, Rehmannia glutinosa 12 g, Dipsacales 12 g, Citrus aurantium 9 g, Angelica sinensis 9 g, licorice 3 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.8  Family: Plantaginaceae 10.8.1  Plantago minuta Chinese Name(s): xiao che qian, che qian. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Plantago minuta (Plantago minuta Pall.). Morphology: The plant is an annual or perennial small herb. The leaves, peduncles, and rachises are densely grayish or yellowish villous, sometimes becoming subglabrous. The taproots are soft, without lateral roots or just few; the rhizomes are short. The leaves are basal in rosette, prostrate or obliquely spreading, rigidly papery, linear, narrowly lanceolate or spatulate-linear, 3–8  cm long, 1.5–8  mm wide, apically acuminate, entire, basally attenuate and decurrent, with three veins, basally expanded into sheathlike; the petioles are inconspicuous. There are two to numerous inflorescences; the peduncles are erect or arched-ascending, (1–)2–12 cm long, thin. The spikes are shortly terete to capitate, 0.6–2 cm long, densely flowered, sometimes with few flowers; the bracts are broadly ovate or triangular, 2.2–2.8 mm long; the keels are extending to apex, apically obtuse, black-brown when dry, densely or sparsely villous with sepals, or only on keels and at margins, persistent or deciduous after flowering, rarely glabrous. The calyces are 2.7–3 mm long, with slightly broad and thick keels, extending to apex; the lower sepals are elliptic to broadly elliptic; the upper sepals are broadly elliptic. The corollas are white, glabrous; the tubes are as long as sepals; the lobes are narrowly ovate, 1.4–2 mm, entire or apically undulate or serrate, with conspicuous middle veins, reflexed after flowering. The stamens are adnate to near apex of corolla tube, obviously exserted with styles; the anthers are yellow when dry, suborbicular, ca. 1 mm long. The capsules are ovoid to broadly ovoid, 3.5–4(–5) mm long, circumscissile near base, with two seeds. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruiting period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows on the Gobi Desert, saline places, gravel beds, sandy areas, and ravines or at the edge of the field at 400–4300 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Tibet, as well as in Russia, the Caucasus, and Kazakhstan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested all year-round and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and promoting diuretic, expelling phlegm, and stopping coughing, it’s often used for treatment of urinary tract infection, calculus, nephritis, edema, dysuria, enteritis, bronchitis, acute conjunctivitis, bacillary dysentery, acute icteric hepatitis, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Further Reading 1. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 2. Chinese medicinal plants, Vol. 1-30 [M], China Chemical Industry Press, 2015~2020. 3. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975. 4. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 2 [M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 1975. 5. Editorial Committee of Chinese Materia Medica of Guangdong. Chinese Materia Medica of Guangdong, Vol. 1 [M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science & Technology Press, 1994. 6. Editorial Committee of Chinese Materia Medica of Guangdong. Chinese Materia Medica of Guangdong, Vol. 2 [M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science & Technology Press, 1994. 7. Ye H G, Zeng F Y et al. Medicinal plants of south China [M]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 2013. 8. Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine. Hunan Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. 1 [M]. Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 1962. 9. Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine. Hunan Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. 2 [M]. Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 1962. 10. Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine. Hunan Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. 3 [M]. Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 1962. 11. Wu Z Y et al. List of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Yunnan [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1993. 12. China National Traditional Chinese Medicine Corporation. Main Record of Chinese medicine Resources in China [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 13. Fang D et al. List of medicinal plants in Guangxi [M]. Nanning: Guangxi People’s Publishing house, 1986. 14. National Chinese Medicine Authority “Chinese Materia Medica” Editorial Board. Chinese Materia Medica: Mongolian Medicine Volume [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2005. 15. National Chinese Medicine Authority “Chinese Materia Medica” Editorial Board. Chinese Materia Medica: Uighur Medicine Volume [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2005. 16. Yi S Y et al. List of medicinal plants in Chongqing [M]. Chongqing: Chongqing Press, 2009. 17. China National Traditional Chinese Medicine Corporation. The Chinese Traditional Medicine Resource [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1995. 18. China National Traditional Chinese Medicine Corporation. The Chinese Traditional Medicine Resource Records [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 19. Liang G L, Yi S Y et al. Wild Medicinal Plant Resources in Jinfo Mountain [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 2013. 20. Chen S C, Tan J, Dai C Y et al. Medicinal Flora of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River [M]. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2016. 21. Wan D G. Sichuan authentic Chinese herbal Materia Medica [M]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 2005. 22. Li Y H et al. Field Handbook of medicinal plant in Xinjiang [M]. Urumqi: Xinjiang People’s Saitary Press, 2013. 23. Zhu Y C. Medicinal plants in North China [M]. Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House, 1989. 24. Editorial Committee of Flora of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Flora of China. Vol. 1-80 (126 Volumes.) [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1959-2004

Correction to: Medicinal Angiosperms of Caprifoliaceae, Valerianaceae, and Dipsacaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Correction to: Chapter 3 in: H. Ye et al. (eds), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_3 1. Page 151: The blackened part should be changed to: confusa The book was inadvertently published with incorrect caption in Chapter 3, page 151. This has been updated in the book.

The updated original version of the book can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_3

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5900-3_11

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