Common Chinese Materia Medica: Volume 4 (Common Chinese Materia Medica, 4) 9811658838, 9789811658839

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Common Chinese Materia Medica Volume 4 Huagu Ye Chuyuan Li Wencai Ye Feiyan Zeng Editors

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Common Chinese Materia Medica

Huagu Ye • Chuyuan Li • Wencai Ye Feiyan Zeng Editors

Common Chinese Materia Medica Volume 4

Editors Huagu Ye South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Chuyuan Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited Guangzhou, China

Wencai Ye Coll Pharm Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

Feiyan Zeng South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

ISBN 978-981-16-5883-9    ISBN 978-981-16-5884-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6 Jointly published with Chemical Industry Press The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the print book from: Chemical Industry Press. © Chemical Industry Press 2022, corrected publication 2022 B&R Book Program This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Participating Units

SOUTH CHINA BOTANICAL GARDEN, THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES GUANGZHOU PHARMACEUTICAL HOLDINGS LIMITED JINAN UNIVERSITY Honorary Editor-in-Chief: Changxiao Liu Associate Honorary Editor-in-Chief: Hai Ren Editor-in-Chief: Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng Associate Editor-in-Chief: Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, Jianrong Li Editorial Board Members: Ling Ma, Faguo Wang, Guoping Wang, Jun Wang, Xiyong Wang, Linke Yin, Ye Lu, Wencai Ye, Huagu Ye, Yushi Ye, Yun Ye, Mingliang Shen, Shaozhi Fu, Lin Fu, Guohua Bai, Jibin Zhu, Qiang Zhu, Jian Quan, Fangfang Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Mei Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Shangchuan Sun, Shiquan Ling, Xiaojie Li, Shuyuan Li, Shiyu Li, Ruliang Li, Chengwen Li, Zexian Li, Jianrong Li, Haitao Li, Cehong Li, Chuyuan Li, Yi Yang, Xiaoling Yu, Bo Xiao, Haiyan Gu, Bin Zou, Fengqiu Zhang, Shupeng Zhang, Qiuying Zhang, Xiaoqi Zhang, Huiye Zhang, Yushun Chen, Hongyuan Chen, Haishan Chen, Xiaojing Fan, Chunlin Fan, Sirong Yi, Shimin Duan, Xinsheng Qin, Han Jia, Lei Xu, Jing Xia, Zhihai Huang, Ya Huang, Xiujuan Tang, Ning Kang, Song Lu, Feiyan Zeng, Jingjin Cai, Kaiyun Guan, Wenbo Liao, Xueying Wei, Yujie Liao, Liyun Nie, Xueying Wei, Minghui Cai

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Preface

Traditional Chinese medicine, a generic term for all medicines used by Chinese ethnic groups, including Han and minority races, reflects the Chinese nation’s understanding of life, health, and diseases. Also, it is a pharmaceutical system that has a long tradition of unique theories and technical methods. Traditional Chinese medicine is the cream of the crop of the Chinese culture, which has played a very important role in the reproduction and prosperity of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. With the research and development of traditional Chinese medical resources, many folk drugs are also added into the inventory of traditional Chinese medicine, making it encompass microbes, plants, animals, and minerals used for the prevention and treatment of diseases on the basis of Chinese traditional medical theories as well as other substances processed from them. Either produced in China or foreign lands, medications commonly used in traditional medical therapies and circulated in the market of medicinal materials are collectively called traditional Chinese medicine, but those folk medicines which are not expansively acknowledged are commonly referred to as herbal medicines. In recent years, owing to the changes in health concepts and medical models, the effects of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of common, frequent, chronic, and major diseases have been progressively acknowledged and accepted by the international community. At present, Chinese medicines have spread to 183 countries and regions. The discovery of artemisinin by Professor Youyou Tu, winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, is a good indicator of the outstanding contribution made by traditional Chinese medicine to human health. Traditional Chinese medications are time-honored, widely distributed, tremendously diverse, and complex in origins. These factors, coupled with the uneven quality of medical works in history, as well as different conventions in drug use contributed to the common phenomena that several drugs are namesakes and the same drug is given many names. What adds to the complication is that novel drug varieties are emerging, resulting in contentions among professionals and unassured qualities of traditional Chinese medications.

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In an effort to fully demonstrate the growing environment and attributes of the original plants and animals contained in this series of books, systematically introduce their origins, and clarify main differences between approximate species and the easily confused species, compilers visited places throughout China, against unimaginable hardships. A large number of unedited color pictures were taken in plant habitats, which vividly reflected the original appearance of the plants in different growing periods. Thousands of high-resolution pictures of commonly used traditional Chinese medications were taken, which remarkably and scientifically presented distinguishing features of medicinal materials. Experts in the application of Chinese herbal medicines have scoured a colossal number of materials to carefully codify exhaustive information related to the medicines, including the alias, sources, morphology, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods, medicinal properties, tastes, functions, use and dosages, cautions in use, and prescription samples and notes. This series of books is arranged in a systematic way—from algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, resins, and animals to minerals. For the convenience of readers, the book will be published in 10 volumes. This book series seeks to describe the habitat distributions and historical evolution of traditional Chinese medicine from a global perspective. In combination with contemporary scientific research results, this book series provides reference for the protection and scientific use of traditional Chinese medical resources. Due to reasons like the large assortment of traditional Chinese medications and the editors’ knowledge limitations, errors and incompleteness are inevitable. We welcome critical remarks from readers in the medical arena both at home and abroad. Editorial committee of Common Chinese Materia Medica (I–X). Guangzhou, China  August, 2019  

Huagu Ye Chuyuan Li Wencai Ye Feiyan Zeng

The original version of this book was revised. An correction to this book can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_11

Abstract

This volume describes 256 species of medicinal plants from 5 families, mainly including Agrimonia pilosa, Amygdalus persica, Armeniaca mume, Armeniaca vulgaris, Armeniaca sibirica, Chaenomeles sinensis, Eriobotrya japonica of Rosaceae; Chimonanthus praecox of Calycanthaceae; Albizia julibrissin, Archidendron clypearia, Entada phaseoloides, Bauhinia championii of Mimosoideae; Caesalpinia sappan, Cassia tora, Gleditsia sinensis of Caesalpiniaceae; Abrus cantoniensis, Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus, Dalbergia odorifera, Desmodium caudatum, Desmodium styracifolium, Erythrina variegata, Euchresta japonica, Flemingia prostrata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza inflata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Lablab purpureus, Sophora japonica, and Spatholobus suberectus of Butterflyaceae.

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Contents

1 Medicinal Angiosperms of Rosaceae������������������������������������������������������    1 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li 2 Medicinal Angiosperms of Rosaceae (cont. I)����������������������������������������   55 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li 3 Medicinal Angiosperms of Rosaceae (cont. II)��������������������������������������  107 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li 4 Medicinal Angiosperms of Rosaceae (cont. III)������������������������������������  145 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li 5 Medicinal Angiosperms of Calycanthaceae, Mimosaceae��������������������  209 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li 6 Medicinal Angiosperms of Caesalpiniaceae������������������������������������������  237 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li 7 Medicinal Angiosperms of Papilionaceae����������������������������������������������  295 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li 8 Medicinal Angiosperms of Papilionaceae (Cont. I)������������������������������  377 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

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9 Medicinal Angiosperms of Papilionaceae (Cont. II) ����������������������������  461 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li 10 Medicinal Angiosperms of Papilionaceae (Cont. III)����������������������������  545 Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li Correction to: Common Chinese Materia Medica – Volume 4. . . . . . . . . . . . C1 Huagu Ye

Chapter 1

Medicinal Angiosperms of Rosaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 1.1  F  amily: Rosaceae 1.1.1  Agrimonia pilosa 1.2  Family: Rosaceae 1.2.1  Amygdalus persica 1.3  Family: Rosaceae 1.3.1  Armeniaca mume 1.4  Family: Rosaceae 1.4.1  Armeniaca vulgaris, Armeniaca vulgaris var. ansu, Armeniaca sibirica, Armeniaca mandshurica 1.5  Family: Rosaceae 1.5.1  Cerasus humilis 1.6  Family: Rosaceae 1.6.1  Cerasus japonica

   2    2    5    5    9    9  13  13  20  20  22  22

H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_1

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1.7  Family: Rosaceae 1.7.1  Chaenomeles cathayensis 1.8  Family: Rosaceae 1.8.1  Chaenomeles sinensis 1.9  Family: Rosaceae 1.9.1  Chaenomeles speciosa 1.10  Family: Rosaceae 1.10.1  Crataegus pinnatifida, Crataegus pinnatifida var. major, Crataegus cuneata 1.11  Family: Rosaceae 1.11.1  Duchesnea indica 1.12  Family: Rosaceae 1.12.1  Eriobotrya japonica 1.13  Family: Rosaceae 1.13.1  Fragaria ananassa 1.14  Family: Rosaceae 1.14.1  Fragaria nilgerrensis 1.15  Family: Rosaceae 1.15.1  Geum aleppicum 1.16  Family: Rosaceae 1.16.1  Kerria japonica 1.17  Family: Rosaceae 1.17.1  Laurocerasus phaeosticta References

 24  24  27  27  29  29  33  33  38  38  41  41  43  43  45  45  47  47  50  50  52  52  54

This chapter introduces 22 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Agrimonia pilosa, Amygdalus persica, Armeniaca mume, Armeniaca vulgaris, Armeniaca vulgaris var. ansu, Armeniaca sibirica, Armeniaca mandshurica, Cerasus humilis, Cerasus japonica, Chaenomeles cathayensis, Chaenomeles sinensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, Crataegus pinnatifida, Crataegus pinnatifida var. major, Crataegus cuneata, Eriobotrya japonica, Kerria japonica of Rosaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

1.1  Family: Rosaceae 1.1.1  Agrimonia pilosa [1] Chinese Name(s): xian he cao, zhi xue cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Agrimonia pilosa (Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. [Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb var. japonica (Miq.) Nakai]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 30–100 cm tall, densely pubescent. Its leaves are alternate, imparipinnate, with 5–7 leaflets and many small leaflets

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attached to the axes. The leaflets are obovate-elliptic, obovate or long-elliptic, 3–6.5 × 1.5–3 cm, with serrated margins, densely pubescent on both sides, glandular punctate abaxially, sessile. The pedicels are 1–2 cm long, pilose as the axes. The stipules are distinct and ovate. The inflorescences are racemes, terminal, or axillary. The flowers are yellow, 0.6–1 cm in diameter. The bracts are slender. The hypanthia are cupular, grooved outside, prickled apically. There are 5 calyx lobes, 5 petals, 10 stamens, and 2 carpels. The achenes are obconic, with persistent calyx lobes. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to December. Habitat: It grows on wild hillsides and roadsides and open lands. Distribution: It is distributed throughout China, as well as in countries of North Korea, Japan, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are 50–100 cm in length, white pubescence throughout. The proximal parts of stems are cylindrical, subwoody, 4–6  mm in diameter, and reddish brown, while the distal parts of stems are square-to-­cylindrical, slightly grooved on all sides, brown, with obvious nodules. It is light in weight, hard in quality, easy to break, hollow in cross sections. The leaves are imparipinnate, alternate, dark green, often crinkled, and folded. The lobules are brittle and fragile, with two sizes, bigger or smaller, alternating on the axis of the leaves. The apical lobules are the largest. The complete lobules are oval or long oval when flattened, serrated on margins. There are 2 stipules, which are obliquely ovate. The inflorescences are slender racemes. The calyces are cylindrical at lower part. The hypanthia are prickled distally and 5-lobed apically. The petals are yellow. It’s slightly odored, slightly bitter in taste. The products tender and with more leaves are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and lungs. Functions: Astringency and hemostasis, anti-inflammation and dysentery; the winter-buds function in repelling insect. It’s often used in treatments of hematemesis, hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematuria, hematochezia, functional uterine bleeding, gastroenteritis, dysentery, intestinal trichomonas, as well as in external treatment of carbuncle and vaginal trichomonas. Use and Dosage: 15–50 g per dose (100 g for fresh herbs), decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh herbs are mashed or made into concentrated juice and ointment for application to the affected areas. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis: fresh Agrimonia pilosa 50 g, fresh Eclipta herba 15 g, Cacumen biotae 16 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: gastroenteritis and dysentery: Agrimonia pilosa 50 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: taeniasis: (1) Lime water extract from winter buds of Agrimonia pilos (2 g for adults and 1.6 g for children) are used with phenolphthalein (0.5 g for adults and 0.3 g for children). If the patient was given

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magnesium sulfate for catharsis, it should be taken after an interval of 1.5 hours. (2) Petroleum ether extract from winter buds of Agrimonia pilos was given once daily in the morning on an empty stomach, 1.5–1.7 g for adults and 1–1.3 g for children. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Trichomonas vaginalis: The whole plants of Agrimonia pilos is made into 200% concentrated solution, dipped with cotton wool, smeared to the vagina once a day, 7 days as a course of treatment. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: furunculosis and inflammatory external hemorrhoids: whole plant of Agrimonia pilos made into ointment and applied to the affected part once a day.

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1.2  Family: Rosaceae 1.2.1  Amygdalus persica [2] Chinese Name(s): tao ren. Source: This medicine is made of the mature seeds of Amygdalus persica (Amygdalus persica Linn. [Prunus persica (Linn.) Batsch]). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, up to 8 m tall. Its branchlets are green or brown, glabrous. The winter buds are conical, often 3 fascicled. The leaves alternate, and the leaf blades are oblong or obovate lanceolate, 5–16 cm long, apically acuminate, basally broad cuneate, marginally serrated, with both sides being glabrous or pubescent in axil of veins abaxially. There are 6–12 lateral veins on each side. The petioles are 1–2 cm long, often glandular. The flowers are solitary, subsessile, open without leaves, pink, 2–2.5 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are campanulate, pubescent outside, 5-lobed on eaves, with oval to oblong lobes. There are 5 petals, which are oval or obovate, and 20–30 stamens, whose anthers are red. The ovaries are superior, pubescent. The drupes are ovoid, 3–7 cm long or larger, light green to yellowish, with red tinge on exposed side, densely pubescent. The kernels are oblate-to-spherical, apically acute, longitudinally and transversely furrowed, and pitted on surface. The flowering period is from March to April, and the ripening period of fruit varies with varieties, usually from July to September. Habitat: It is mainly cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated commonly throughout the country. This plant originated in China and is widely cultivated in the world. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in summer and autumn when ripe. The seeds are taken out and dried in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: This product is compressed long ovoid or ellipsoid, 1.2–1.8 × 0.8–1.2 × 0.2–0.4 cm, acute on one end, obtuse and slightly oblique on the other, thinner on margins. It is yellow-brown or reddish-brown on surfaces, with wrinkles and many granular protrusions. Many longitudinal vascular bundles scatter from the chalazal point, and a short line umbilical cord is located on one side of the tip. The seed coat is thin and crisp, with two cotyledons, milky white, and rich in oil. It’s slightly odored, slightly bitter in taste. The products with large, flat and full grains, and no oil spilt are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and sweet in taste, neutral in property belonging to the meridians of heart, liver, and large intestine. Functions: Promoting blood circulation, eliminating phlegm, moistening intestines and relieving constipation. It is often used in treatment of amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, bumps, blood stasis, swelling and pain, injury, constipation due to dryness of intestine, cough, and asthma. Use and Dosage: 5–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: amenorrhea due to blood stasis: Amygdalus persica 9 g, safflower 9 g, Salvia miltiorrhiza 15 g, Achyranthes bidentata 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: postpartum lochia prolonged: Amygdalus persica 4.5  g, safflower 6  g, Salvia miltiorrhiza 12  g, Leonurus herb 12  g, Ligusticum wallichii 3 g, Paeonia lactiflora 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: injury: Amygdalus persica, Radix bupleuri, safflower, Salvia miltiorrhiza, 15  g each, trichosanthes root 12  g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: constipation: Amygdalus persica 9 g, hemp seed 15 g, bush-cherry seed 12 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.3  Family: Rosaceae 1.3.1  Armeniaca mume [3] Chinese Name(s): wu mei, mei shi, mei gan. Source: This medicine is made of the submature fruits of Armeniaca mume (Armeniaca mume Sieb. [Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.]). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, up to 10 m tall. The branchlets are light green or brown, smooth, and glabrous. Its leaves alternate, and the leaf blades are ovate or oval, 4–8 cm long, apically caudate, basally rounded, marginally sharply serrated, pubescent on both sides when young, glabrous, or pubescent only at axils of veins. The lateral veins are 4–5 in pairs. The petioles are 1–2 cm long, often glandular. The flowers blossom without leaves in winter and spring, and are solitary, sparsely twined, white. The pedicels are 1–3  mm long. The hypanthia are broad campanulate, green or green-purple, 5-lobed on eaves, with ovate lobes. There are 5 petals, which are obovate, inserting at the mouth of hypanthia. The stamens are numerous, filaments separated. There is 1 pistil. The ovaries are superior and densely pubescent. The styles are single, and stigmas are capitate. The drupes are subspherical, 2–3 cm in diameter, yellow at maturity. The kernels are elliptic flat-­ spherical, longitudinal furrowed, and pitted on surface. The flowering period is in winter and spring and fruiting from May to June. Habitat: It is mainly cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated commonly in most areas of China. Native to south of China, it’s now distributed in countries of Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are picked when submature in spring and summer. Roast them with gentle fire or smoke, keep the temperature around 40°C for 2–3 days and nights, and then cover for 2–3 days. The fruits turn black after the process.

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Medicinal Properties: The products are irregular spherical or oblate spherical, 1.5–3 cm in diameter. Its surfaces are brown-black to dark-black, rugose and uneven, with fine hairs visible under a magnifying glass. There are round stipe marks at one end. The pulp is soft, dark black or dark brown. The kernel is hard, oval, brown and yellow, with small pits on the surface. It contains one pale yellow seed, which resembles almond in shape and odor. It is slight or smoky in odor, extremely sour in taste. The products that are large, heavy, thick, dark, complete, and extremely sour are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour and pungent in taste, warm in property belonging to the meridians of liver, spleen, lungs, and large intestine. Functions: Astringing lungs and intestine, nourishing body fluid and stopping thirst, dispelling ascaris and stopping dysentery. It’s often used in treatment of chronic cough due to lungs deficiency, dry mouth, thirst, biliary ascariasis, cholecystitis, bacterial dysentery, chronic diarrhea, menorrhea, cancer, psoriasis, as well as in external treatment of sores and ulcers not healed for a long time, corns, pterygium, headache, and psoriasis. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g, decocted in water. For external use, appropriate amounts of fruits are burnt into charcoal and ground into powder for application. Or wet Armeniaca mume meat mashed and smeared to the affected areas. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: biliary ascariasis: (1) Armeniaca mume 45 g, Coptis chinensis (or Phellodendron amurense) 9–12  g, Radix Aucklandiae, Capsicum annuum 6–9  g each, Rhubarb, Ginger 9  g each, Asarum 1.8–3  g, Quisqualis indica 12–15  g, Areca catechu 12  g, Melia azedarach root barks 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose a day, or 2 doses one time, 4 to 6 times for severe cases. (2) Armeniaca mume, Melia azedarach bark, and Paeonia lactiflora, 9 g each, Fructus Aurantii 6 g, Bupleurum chinense 4.5 g of and Licorice 3 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take one dose daily at morning or evening on an empty stomach. For patients with constipation, Chinese rhubarb and mirabilite were added to the formula. For patients with vomiting, Coptis chinensis and ginger were added to the formula. For patients with white greasy tongue coating, Zanthoxylum schinifolium were added. For patients with severe abdominal pain, atropine was injected. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute bacillary dysentery: Armeniaca mume decocted into 10% soup, add with a little brown sugar. Take 100 ml each time, 3 times a day, 7 days as a course of treatment. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and biliary tract infection: Armeniaca mume, Schisandra chinensis 30 g each, Kadsura longipedunculata 15 g, decocted twice until 400 ml left. Take the decoctum in two times. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: nasal polyps: Armeniaca mume charcoal and borax, 9  g each, borneol 1  g, mixed and made into fine powder. Sprinkle the medicated powder to the affected areas, or mix the powder with sesame oil for application.

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5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: penile and cervical cancer: Armeniaca mume 27, brine1000 ml is placed in a casserole or enamel jar, boiled for about 20 minutes. Place the decoctum for 24 hours to filter. Take 3 ml each, 6 times a day, 1 time before and after meals. It can also be used as liniment for external use. Irritating foods such as brown sugar, liquor, acid, and spicy are not allowed during medication. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: psoriasis: Armeniaca mume 2500 g, decocted in water, removed the core, and concentrated into 500 g ointment. Take 9 g (half a spoon) each, add some sugar, flush with boiling water, or swallow directly, 3 times a day. 7. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: corns and foot pads: Armeniaca mume 30 g, salt 9 g, vinegar 15 ml, warm boiled water 50 ml. Firstly, dissolve salt in warm boiled water and soak the Armeniaca mume for 24 hours (12 hours for fresh ones), then removed the core, mash the Armeniaca mume meat into mud with vinegar, and then it can be used externally. Before application, soak the affected areas in warm boiled water and scrape off the cuticle with a knife. Change the dressings once a day for 3 to 4 consecutive times.

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1.4  Family: Rosaceae 1.4.1  A  rmeniaca vulgaris, Armeniaca vulgaris var. ansu, Armeniaca sibirica, Armeniaca mandshurica Chinese Name(s): ku xing ren, xing ren. Source: This medicine is made of the mature seeds of Armeniaca vulgaris (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. [Prunus armeniaca Linn.]), Armeniaca vulgaris var. ansu (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. var. ansu (Maxim.) Yu et Lu.), Armeniaca sibirica

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(Armeniaca sibirica (Linn.) Lam.), and Armeniaca mandshurica (Armeniaca mandshurica (Maxim.) Skv.). Morphology: A. Armeniaca vulgaris: The plant is a small tree, generally 5–8 m tall. Its barks are grayish brown, longitudinally cracked. The branchlets of the first year are reddish brown, glabrous, lenticulate. The leaf blades are ovate to subrounded, 5–9  ×  4–8  cm, apically acute to shortly acuminate, basally cuneate to rounded, marginally crenate, glabrous on both sides or sometimes pubescent in axils of veins abaxially. The petioles are 2–3.5 cm long with 2 nectaries near the top. The flowers are white or reddish, solitary, 2–3  cm in diameter. The pedicels are 1–3 mm long, pubescent. There are 5 hypanthium lobes, oval or long-oval, apically mucronate to obtuse-rounded, reflexed after anthesis. There are 5 petals, orbicular to obovate, marginally shortly unguiculate. There are 20–45 stamens, which are slightly shorter than petals. The ovaries are oval, pubescent, with styles being slightly long than or as long as stamens, hairy proximally. The drupes are subspherical, about 2.5 cm in diameter, yellow white or yellow red at maturity, often tinged red, slightly pubescent, grooved, not cracked at maturity, succulent. The endocarps are globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, compressed laterally, smooth or slightly scabrous on the surface. The seeds are oblate. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting from June to July. Habitat: It’s mainly cultivated. Distribution: It’s distributed all over China as well as the world, most of them are cultivated and a few are wild.

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Morphology: B. Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. var. ansu: The Armeniaca vulgaris var. ansu is different from Armeniaca vulgaris in the shape of leaf blades, which are

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cuneate or broadly cuneate at base. There are usually 2 flowers, which are light red. The drupes are subspherical, red. The endocarps are globose, separated from mesocarps, rough and reticulated on surface, often acute at ventral suture. Habitat: It’s mainly cultivated. Distribution: It’s mainly produced in the north of China as well as Japan and North Korea. Most of them are cultivated and a few are wild.

Morphology: C. Armeniaca sibirica: Armeniaca sibirica is a shrub or small tree, 2–5  m tall. Its barks are dark gray, branchlets are sparsely pubescent when young, glabrescent, grayish brown, or reddish brown. The leaf blades are ovate or suborbicular, 5–10 × 3–7 cm, apically long acuminate to caudate, basally rounded to subcordate, marginally obtusely minutely serrate, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely pubescent abaxially in axils of vein. The petioles are 2–3.5 cm long, glabrous, with or without small nectaries. The flowers are solitary, 1.5–2 cm in diameter, opening before leaves. The pedicels are 1–2 mm in length. The hypanthia are

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purplish red outside, campanulate, glabrous, or slightly pubescent at base s. The sepals are oblong-elliptic, apically acute, recurved at anthesis. The petals are suborbicular to obovate, white or pinkish. The stamens are equal to petals in length. The ovaries are pubescent. The drupes are compressed globose, 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter, yellow to orangish red, sometimes tinged red, pubescent. The mesocarp are dry and compact, splitting along ventral suture at maturity, bitter, inedible. The endocarps are globose, easy to be separated from the mesocarp, laterally compressed, apically obtuse, basally asymmetric, smooth on the surface, wide and acute on the ventral suture. The seeds are bitter. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting from June to July. Habitat: It grows on dry sunny hillside, hilly grassland or mixed with deciduous trees and shrubs at altitudes of 700–2000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Hebei, Shanxi, etc., in China, as well as in the East and southeast of Mongolia, the Far East of the Soviet Union and Siberia.

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Morphology: D. Armeniaca mandshurica: The Armeniaca mandshurica is a tree, 15 m tall. Its barks are dark gray, deeply splitting. The branchlets are glabrous, reddish brown or greenish. The leaf blades are broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, 5–13 × 3–6 cm, apically acuminate to caudate, basally broadly cuneate, rounded, or sometimes cordate, marginally irregularly acutely elongate biserrate, glabrous or pubescent but gradually glabrescent and only abaxially pubescent in axils of vein with age. The petioles are 1.5–3 cm long, with 2 nectaries. The flowers are solitary, 2–3 cm in diameter, opening before leaves. The pedicels are 7–10 mm long, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent when young. The hypanthia are reddish brown, campanulate, often glabrous. The sepals are oblong to elliptic-oblong, apically obtuse to acute, marginally inconspicuously minutely serrate. The petals are broadly obovate or suborbicular, pink or white. The stamens are numerous, nearly as long to slightly longer than petals. The ovaries are densely pubescent. The drupes are subglobose, 1.5–2.6 cm in diameter, yellow, sometimes white tinged red or with reddish spots on exposed side, pubescent. The mesocarps are slightly fleshy to dry, sour or somewhat bitter, edible in large-fruited forms, fragrant. The endocarps are subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 1.3–1.8  ×  1.1–1.8  cm, compressed laterally, apically obtuse to mucronate, basally subsymmetric, slightly rugose on surface, obtuse on ventral suture, with lateral ribs being not developed, dorsal ribs being suborbicular. The seeds are bitter, rarely sweet. The flowering period is in April, and the fruiting period is from May to July. Habitat: It grows under the shrubbery or miscellaneous trees on the sunny hillsides at altitudes of 400–1000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Jilin, Liaoning in China, as well as in the Far East of the Soviet Union and the north of North Korea.

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Acquisition and Processing: The mature fruits are harvested in summer, removed off the mesocarps and endocarps, taken out the seeds, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are oval or elliptical, compressed, 1–1.9 × 0.8–1.5 × 0.5–0.8 mm, apically acute, basally obtuse, relatively thick and asymmetric, yellowish brown to dark brown, with short line navel on one side of the upper end, and most dark brown veins at the junction of the lower end. The testa is thin. There are 2 milky white cotyledons in the testa, which are oily. The products that are odorless, bitter, full, and complete are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, warm in property, a little toxic, belonging to the meridians of lungs and large intestine. Functions: Relieving cough and asthma, moistening intestines, it’s often used in treatment of cough, asthma, and constipation.

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Use and Dosage: 4.5–9 g, decocted in water, better to be decocted later. Don't overdose. It should be used with caution in infants. Prescription Example: Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: cough and asthma: Armeniaca vulgaris 9 g, Perilla frutescens Seed 9 g, ephedra 6 g, Fritillaria 6 g, and licorice 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. Annotation: This product contains amygdaline, which produces toxic hydrocyanic acid after hydrolysis, there for, it should not be used overdose.

1.5  Family: Rosaceae 1.5.1  Cerasus humilis Chinese Name(s): ou li. Source: This medicine is made of the seeds of Cerasus humilis (Cerasus humilis (Bge.) Sok.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, 0.4–1.5 m tall. Its branchlets are grayish brown or dark brown. The winter buds are ovate, sparsely pubescent, or subglabrous. The leaves are oblong or obovate lanceolate, 2.5–5 × 1–2 cm, with the distal half being wider, apically acute or short acuminate, basally cuneate, single or double serrated at the edge, dark green and glabrous adaxially, light green and glabrous or sparsely pubescent abaxially. There are 6–8 pairs of lateral veins. The petioles are 2–4 mm long. The stipules are linear, 5–6 mm long, glandular at margins. The flowers are solitary or 2–3 flowered in a fascicle, opening at same time as leaves. The pedicels are 5–10  mm long, sparsely pubescent. The hypanthia are nearly equal in length and width, about 3 mm long, sparsely pubescent outside. The sepals are triangular and oval, acute, or blunt on apex. The petals are white or pink, oblong or obovate. There are 30–35 stamens. The styles are nearly as long as stamens. The drupes are subspherical, red or purplish red, 1.5–1.8 cm in diameter, with no ridges on surfaces except for the backside. The flowering period is from April to May, and the fruiting period is from July to August. Habitat: It grows on the sandy lands of sunny slopes, mountain shrubs, and semifixed sand dunes. Distribution: It’s distributed in Three provinces in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hebei, Shandong, and Henan. Acquisition and Processing: The mature fruits are harvested in summer, removed off the mesocarps and endocarps, taken out the seeds, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent, bitter and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Moistening intestines to relieving constipation, and promoting uresis to reducing swelling, it is often used to treat dryness of body and intestines, food accumulation and qi stagnation, abdominal distention and constipation, lower abdominal edema, beriberi, stranguria, angina pectoris and colic, pannus, old age infirmity, body deficiency after illness, postpartum blood deficiency, etc.

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Use and Dosage: 3–10 g, decocted in water. Proper amounts for external use. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: chronic nephritis, swelling of lower extremities, constipation, and oliguria: Cerasus humilis, semen coicis 15 grams each, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: constipation: Cerasus humilis, hemp seed, Semen Platycladi 12 g each, peach kernel 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Another formula: Cerasus humilis, hemp seed, 15 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: swelling and dysuria: pericarpium citri 50 g, Cerasus humilis, Areca catechu, Poria cocos, and Atractylodes macrocephala each 50 g, Euphorbia kansui 25 g, ground into powder. Take 10 g each time with ginger and jujube soup.

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1.6  Family: Rosaceae 1.6.1  Cerasus japonica Chinese Name(s): yu li ren, yang li. Source: This medicine is made of the mature seeds of Cerasus japonica (Cerasus japonica (Thunb.) Lois. [Prunus japonicus Thunb.]). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, about 1.5 m tall. Its branchlets are slender, grayish brown, glabrous. The leaves are simple, alternate. The leaf blades are ovate or ovate lanceolate, 3–7 × 1.5–2.5 cm, apically acuminate, basally rounded or cuneate, marginally acutely incised biserrate, glabrous. There are 5–8 pairs of lateral veins. The petioles are 2–3 mm long. The stipules are linear, 4–6 mm long, with glandular teeth on margins, caducous. 2–3 flowers grow fasciately in axils of the

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leaves, with a diameter of 1.5 cm. The pedicels are 5–10 mm long and glabrous. The hypanthia are turbinate, nearly equal in length and width, glabrous or pubescent, with 5 lobes, which are elliptic, longer than the hypanthia, and reflexed after anthesis. The petals are white or light red, obovate. There are many stamens, which are free, shorter than the petals. The styles are as long as or longer than the stamen, glabrous. The drupes are subglobose, about 1 cm in diameter, dark red when mature, lustrous. The flowering period is in May and fruiting from July to August. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Fujian in China, as well as in countries of Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The mature fruits are harvested in summer, removed off the mesocarps and endocarps, taken out the seeds, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is oval, 5–7  mm long or slightly over, 3–5 mm in diameter, yellow white or light brown, apically acuminate, basally obtuse and rounded. The hilum is at the top, linear. The junction is on base, with many longitudinal veins upward. The testa is thin, and there are 2 oily milky white cotyledons. It’s slightly odored and bitter in tastes. The products with full grains, uniform size, complete, yellow white, or gray white are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent, bitter and sweet in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs, large, and small intestine. Functions: Moistening intestines to relieving constipation, lowering Qi and promoting diuresis, reducing swelling, it’s often used in treatment of large intestine qi stagnation, bowel dryness and constipation, edema and distension of abdomen, beriberi, and dysuria. Use and Dosage: 3–10  g per dose, decocted in water. The pregnant women should use with caution.

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1.7  Family: Rosaceae 1.7.1  Chaenomeles cathayensis Chinese Name(s): mao ye mu gua, xi nan mu gua, xia ye mu gua. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Chaenomeles cathayensis (Chaenomeles cathayensis (Hemsl.) Schneid.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub to a small tree, 2–6  m tall. Its branches are erect, shortly prickled. The leaves are oval, lanceolate to obovate

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lanceolate, 5–11 × 2–4 cm, apically acute, basally cuneate to broad cuneate, glabrous adaxially and densely villous abaxially when young. The stipules are herbaceous, reniform, auricular or semicircular, marginally fine serrated, brown villous abaxially. The flowers open without leaves, 2–3 flowers clustered on the biennial branch. The pedicels are short and thick or subsessile. The flowers are 2–4 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are campanulate, glabrous outside or sparsely pubescent. The sepals are erect, oval to elliptical, 3–5 × 3–4 mm, apically blunt to truncate. The petals are obovate or subrounded, 10–15 × 8–15 mm, reddish or white. There are 45–50 stamens, which are about half the length of the petals. There are 5 styles, which are connate at base. The fruits are ovoid or subcylindrical, apically protuberant, 8–12 × 6–7 cm, yellow tinged red, fragrant. The flowering period is from March to May and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows at the edge of hillside forests and roadsides at altitudes of 900–2500 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The submature fruits are harvested from September to October, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Harmonizing stomach and resolving dampness, relaxing muscles and activating collaterals. It’s often used in treatment of vomiting and diarrhea, lumbago and knee pain, swelling and beriberi, gastrocnemius spasm. Use and Dosage: 5–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.8  Family: Rosaceae 1.8.1  Chaenomeles sinensis Chinese Name(s): guang pi mu gua, mu tao. Source: This medicine is made of the mature fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis (Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne). Morphology: The plant is a large shrub or small tree, 5–10 m tall. Its branchlets are purplish red or purplish brown, pilose when tender. The leaves are alternate, papery, oval or oval oblong, rarely obovate, 5–8 × 3.5–5.5 cm, apically mucronate, basally cuneate, marginally sharply serrated, with glandular teeth on apex. The

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tender leaves are tomentose. The petioles are usually less than 1 cm long, glandular. The flowers are pink, 5–10 mm pedunculated, solitary in leaf axils. The hypanthia are campanulate, glabrous, with acuminate lobes, slightly reflexed. The corollas are large, 2.5–3  cm in diameter. The male flowers are numerous, with 4 or 5 styles, which are connate at base. The pome is subelliptical, 10–15 cm long, woody, almost brown, fragrant when mature, 5-locular, with numerous seeds. The flowering period is in April, and the fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It mainly cultivated. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Hainan, Guangdong, Shandong, Shaanxi, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are picked in summer and autumn when green and yellow, split into two or four portions, scalded in boiling water and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are mostly stripe shaped or broad strip shaped, 2–3.5 × 4–9 cm. The outer surface is reddish brown, smooth, slightly scabrous. The sections are flat, and the pulps are granular and thick. The seeds are numerous, 40–50 per locule, dense and reddish brown. It’s slightly odored, astringent and slightly sour in taste, with a sense of sand when chewing. The products solid in quality and sour in taste are better. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour and astringent in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and spleen. Functions: Harmonizing the spleen and arresting cough, soothing the liver and relaxing tendons, relieving pain, clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind and dampness, it’s often used to treat gastrocnemius spasm, lumbago and arthritis, diarrhea and abdominal pain, rheumatism, pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis, cough, bruise, and sprain. Use and Dosage: 5–10 g per dose, decocted in water.

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1.9  Family: Rosaceae 1.9.1  Chaenomeles speciosa Chinese Name(s): mu gua, tie geng hai tang. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Chaenomeles speciosa (Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, up to 2 m tall. Its branchlets are spreading, brown, glabrous, prickled. The leaves are simple and alternate, ovate to elliptic, 3–10 × 1.5–5 cm, apically acute to blunt, basally cuneate or wide cuneate, marginally sharply serrated, the teeth being acute and spreading, glabrous on both sides, or pubescent abaxially along veins on leaves of shoots. The stipules are large, herbaceous, usually reniform or semicircular, 0.5–1 cm long, double serrated, usually caducous. The petioles are 3–15 mm long. The flowers are in fascicles, opening

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without leaves or with leaves. The petioles are about 3 mm long or subsessile. The flowers are 3–5 cm in diameter. The sepals are upright, about half of the length of the hypanthia, apically blunt and rounded, marginally entire or dentate, yellow villous on the inner surface or along the margins. The petals are scarlet, sparsely light red or milky white, obovate or subrounded, basally shortly clawed. There are 5 styles, which are connate at base, glabrous or slightly pubescent. The fruits are globose or ovoid, 4–6 cm in diameter, yellow or yellow green, fragrant, shortly pedunculate or subsessile. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting period from September to October. Habitat: It grows on a hillside, under a forest, or at the edge of a forest. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan etc. in China, and is now cultivated in many areas. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are picked in summer and autumn when green and yellow, scald in boiling water until the skin appears gray white, split into halves, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The dried products are oval or oblong, usually split to two halves lengthwise, 4–9  ×  2–5  ×  2–8  mm. The outer skin is brownish red or purplish red, deep folded and rugose due to shrinkage. The edge curled inward. The sections are light reddish brown, delicate, with concave locules of ovaries in the center. Most of the seeds have fallen off. The seeds are triangle, slightly compressed and reddish brown. It’s slightly odored, sour and astringent in taste. The products big, rugose skinned and purple red are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and spleen. Functions: Soothing the liver and relaxing tendons, harmonizing the spleen and clearing dampness. It’s often used to treat arthritis and fixed pain cause by dampness, pain of waist and knee, diarrhea and muscle rotation, edema of beriberi. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water. Prescription Example: Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: rheumatoid arthritis: Chaenomeles speciosa 9 g, Siegesbeckia orientalis 9 g, Geranium wilfordii 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.10  Family: Rosaceae 1.10.1  C  rataegus pinnatifida, Crataegus pinnatifida var. major, Crataegus cuneata Chinese Name(s): shan zha, nan shan zha, shan zha zi, shan zha li. Source: This medicine is made of the mature fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.), Crataegus pinnatifida var. major (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. major N. E. Br.), or Crataegus cuneata (Crataegus cuneata Sieb. et Zucc.). Morphology: A. Crataegus pinnatifida: the plant is a deciduous tree, 6 m tall, and with thorns 1–2 cm. The leaves are broadly ovate or triangular ovate, sparsely rhombic ovate, 5–10 × 4–7.5 cm, apically acuminate and basally broad cuneate. There are usually 3–5 pinnate lobes on both sides, with ovate lanceolate or banded lobes, apically short acuminate, marginally sharply sparsely irregularly double serrated, with 6–10 pairs of lateral veins. The petioles are 2–6 cm long, glabrous. The stipules are herbaceous, falcate, and serrate on margins. The inflorescences are corymbose, many flowered, with a diameter of 4–6 cm. The total peduncles and pedicels are all pubescent. The length of the pedicels is 4–7 mm. The diameters of the flowers are about 1.5 cm. The hypanthia are campanulate, with a length of 4–5 mm, densely pubescent outside. The sepals are triangular ovate to lanceolate, apically acuminate, entire, as long as the hypanthia, glabrous on both sides, or apically bearded. The petals are obovate or nearly round, 7–8 × 5–6 mm, white. There are 20 stamens, which are shorter than petals, with pink anthers. The fruits are subspherical or pyriform, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, dark red with pale spots. There are 3–5 small pyrenes, which are slightly ridged on the outside and smooth on both sides of the inside wall. The sepals are late deciduous, apically deeply roundly furrowed. The flowering period is from May to June, and the fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the hillside forests or bushes at altitudes of 100–1500 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, etc. in China, as well as in North Korea and Siberia of Russia.

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Morphology: B. Crataegus pinnatifida var. major: In comparison with Crataegus pinnatifida, the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major are larger, the lobes are shallower, and the fruits are larger, which is 2.5 cm in diameter. Habitat: It is mainly cultivated. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, etc. in China.

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Morphology: C. Crataegus cuneata: the plant is a deciduous shrub, to 1~1.5 m tall, usually with slender thorns of 5–8 mm. The branches are pilose when young, glabrous when old. The leaves are alternate, with stipules, papery or slightly leathery, broad obovate or oblong obovate, 2–6 × 4.5 cm, basally cuneate, with upper margins being sharply double serrated, usually 3–7 lobed, abaxially sparsely pubescent, glabrescent. The petioles are with wings of 4–15  mm. The flowers are white, about 1.5 cm in diameter, arranged in terminal corymbs. The peduncles and pedicels are all pubescent. The petals are subrounded or compressed rounded. The stamens are numerous, and the filament are connate at base. The pomes are subglobose or depressed-globose, 1.5–2  cm in diameter, red or yellow, with sepals being often persistent, reflexed, containing 4–5 smooth nuclei. The flowering period is from May to June. the fruiting period is from September to November. Habitat: It grows in valleys or mountain thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Henan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, etc., in China, as well as in Japan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The matured fruits are picked in summer and autumn sliced and dried in the sun, or scald in boiling water and then compressed and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are round slices, rugose, 1–2.5 cm in diameter and 2–4 mm in thickness. The skin is red, rugose, with small gray spots. The pulps are dark yellow to light brown. There are 5 light yellow kernels on middle cross sections, but most of them are fell off. There are short and thin pedicels or calyces remains on some of the slices. It’s a bit fragrant in odor, sour and slightly sweet in taste. The products with uniform size, red color and no pedicels are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and spleen. Functions: Eliminating food stagnation, dissipating blood stasis and relieving pain, reducing lipid, it’s often used in treatment of stagnation, dyspepsia, diarrhea and abdominal pain, infantile malnutrition, bacterial dysentery, enteritis, stasis and amenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, tapeworm disease, chilblain.

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Use and Dosage: 10–16 g per dose, decocted in water. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: abdominal distention and dyspepsia: stir fried Crataegus pinnatifida, stir fried Fructus hordei germinatus, stir fried Raphanus seed, Pericarpium citri reticulatae, 10 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: bacillary dysentery: Crataegus pinnatifida, brown sugar 50 g each, black tea 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hyperlipidemia: Crataegus pinnatifida root, Camellia sinensis root, Shepherdspurse inflorescence and corn stigma, 50  g each, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose per day. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: tapeworm disease: fresh Crataegus pinnatifida 1000  g (500  g for dried fruit, dosage reduced for children). Remove the pyrenes, wash and start to take at 3 pm, finish at 10 pm, do not take dinner. In the next morning, decoct 100 g of Areca catechu with water until 1 small teacup of liquid left, take the decoctum and rest in bed. Try to hold for a while when having a bowel movement, thus, the complete tapeworm can be discharged.

1.11  Family: Rosaceae 1.11.1  Duchesnea indica Chinese Name(s): she mei, she pao cao, she pan cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Duchesnea indica (Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke). Morphology: The herb is perennial, white pilose throughout. Its rhizomes are robust. The stems are long and slender, spreading. The leaves are ternately compound, alternate. The petioles of basal leaves are 6–10 cm long, while the petioles of cauline leaves are 1–7  cm long. The lobules are ovate rhombic or obovate, 1.5–4 cm × 1–3 cm, the lobules bilateral are small, apically obtuse, basally cuneate and oblique, marginally obtusely serrate, sparsely pubescent on both sides, or glabrous adaxially. The stipules are ovate or ovate lanceolate, sometimes notched on margins, separated from the petioles. The flowers are solitary in axils of the leaves, yellow, 1–2 cm in diameter. The petioles flowers are longer than that of the leaves, fragile. There are 5 epicalyces, which are elliptic, 3 lobed apically, green. There are 5 sepals, which are smaller than the epicalyx, alternating with the epicalyx, persistent. There are 5 petals, which are obovate. The stamens are numerous. The pistils are also numerous, free, inserting on slightly raised receptacles. The achenes are small and numerous, located on the fleshy receptacle with spherical protuberance and integrated into aggregate fruits, which are subspherical or oblong, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, bright red, surrounded by persistent calyces. The flowering period is in April and the fruiting period from May to June.

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Habitat: It grows in the moist and fertile lands beside the hillsides and village roads. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces from the east to the southwest of China, as well as in areas from Afghanistan to Japan, to India and Indonesia in the south, Europe and America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are picked in summer and autumn, washed and dried in the sun, or used when fresh. Medicinal Properties: The dried whole grasses are mostly crinkled and curled, all covered with white sericeous hair. The stolons are slender, yellowish brown. The leaves are mostly shrunk and broken, ternately compound, basal or alternate. The petioles are 5–8 cm long. There are two broad lanceolate stipules at the base of the petioles. The complete leaflets are rhomboid ovate, 1.5 cm–3 cm × 1.2–2 cm, obtuse at top, broad cuneate at base, mucronate at margins, sparsely pubescent on both sides or glabrous adaxially. The flower stems inserted in the axil of the leaves, and the pedicels are 5.5 cm long. The petals and calyces mostly fell off, leaving a spherical receptacle with bulged protuberance. It’s slightly odored and bitter in taste is bitter. The products dry, grayish green, leafy and without impurities are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, cold in property, a little toxic, belonging to the meridians of liver and spleen. Functions: Clearing heat, cooling blood, detumescence, and detoxication, it’s often used in treatment of fever, convulsion, cough, high fever and convulsion in children, sore throat, diphtheria, icteric hepatitis, bacterial dysentery, amebic dysentery, menorrhagia, hematemesis, as well as in external treatment for mumps, snake bite, conjunctivitis, furuncle, herpes zoster, scald, eczema. It can also be used to treat cancer. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water or mashed for juice for oral take. For external use, the products are smashed for application or ground to powder for sprinkle to the affected areas. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: diphtheria: The fresh Duchesnea indica are washed (whole grasses) with cold water, mashed into mud, added with twice its weight of cold boiled water and soaked for 4–6 hours, filtered to make 50% extract, which can be seasoned with sugar. Take it 4 times a day. For patients under 3 years old, take 50 ml for the first time, 20–30 ml later. For patients of 3–5 years old, take 80 ml for the first time, 40–50 ml later. For patients of 6–10 years old, take 100 ml for the first time, 60 ml later. For patients over 10 years old, take 150 ml for the first time, 100 ml later. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute bacillary dysentery: fresh Duchesnea indica (whole grass) 100–200 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.12  Family: Rosaceae 1.12.1  Eriobotrya japonica Chinese Name(s): pi pa ye, lu ju. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.). Morphology: The plant is an evergreen small tree, 5–7 m tall. Its branchlets are robust and dense rusty tomentose. The leaves are leathery, oblong or obovate, 12–30 cm × 3–9 cm, apically acuminate or mucronate, basally cuneate, decurrent marginally sparsely serrated, glabrous adaxially, densely grayish brown villous abaxially. There are 11–20 pairs of lateral veins. The petioles are 6–10 mm long. The inflorescence are panicles, terminal, 10–15 cm long. The pedicels and peduncles are densely rusty villous. The flowers are white, fragrant. The calyces are urceolate, villous, 5-lobed. There are 5 petals, which are ovate. There are about 20 stamens, and the ovaries are inferior, with 5 styles, which are free. The fruits are oval or spherical, 2–3.5 cm in diameter, yellow or orange when mature. The flowering period is from October to December and the fruiting from May to June. Habitat: It is mainly cultivated. Distribution: It’s cultivated in Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, and provinces on south of the Yangtze River, as well as in countries of Japan, India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are picked all year round, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The leaves are seldom broken, obovate or long ovate, 12–30 cm × 4–9 cm, sparsely hairy on margins, prominent protuberant along the midvein, grayish green to yellowish brown and glossy adaxially, hairy abaxially. It is leathery, very brittle, easy to break. It’s slightly odored, sweet, and bland in taste. The products grayish green, glossy, unbranched, and unbroken are better in quality Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and stomach. Functions: Resolving phlegm and relieving cough, harmonizing the stomach and lowering qi, it’s often used in treatment of bronchitis, asthma, cough and asthma due to lungs heat, vomiting due to stomach heat, dysphoria and thirst of heat. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: bronchitis: Eriobotrya japonica 15  g, Flos chrysanthemi indici 15 g, cogon rhizome 9 g, eclipta 9 g, Semen Platycladi 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose per day. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: chronic tracheitis: Eriobotrya japonica 2.1 g, Astragalus membranaceus and tangerine peel 1.3  g each, fried aconite root, Paeonia lactiflora and roasted licorice 0.9 g each, Cinnamomum cassia and ginger 0.8 g each. The above medicines are mashed to fine powder and made into pills with water as a daily dose. Take it in two times for two months.

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1.13  Family: Rosaceae 1.13.1  Fragaria ananassa Chinese Name(s): cao mei, feng li cao mei, hong mei, yang mei, di mei. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Fragaria ananassa (Fragaria ananassa Duch.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 10–40 cm tall. The stems are lower than or equaling leaves, densely spreading yellow villous. The leaves are ternate compound, with leaflets being shortly petiolate, thick, obovate or rhombic, rarely suborbicular, 3–7 × 2–6 cm, apically obtuse, basally broad cuneate on central leaflet, oblique on lateral ones, marginally acutely incised serrate, dark green and subglabrous adaxially, pale green and sparsely hairy but dense along the vein abaxially. The petioles are 2–10 cm long, densely spreading yellow villous. The inflorescences are cymose, 5–15 flowered, proximally with a shortly petiolate, leafletlike bract. The flowers are bisexual, 1.5–2 cm in diameter. The sepals are ovate, slightly longer than the epicalyx segments. The epicalyx segments are elliptic lanceolate, entire on margins, 2 lobed, enlarged in fruit. The petals are white, subrounded or obovate elliptic, not prominently clawed at the base. There are 20 stamens, which are unequal in length. The pistils are very numerous. The aggregate fruits are large, 3 cm in diameter, bright red, with persistent sepals erect, appressed to aggregate fruits. The achenes are acutely ovoid, glabrous. The flowering period is from April to May, and the fruiting from June to July. Habitat: It is mainly cultivated. Distribution: It’s cultivated in provinces on south China, and native to America. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in winter and spring, and taken freshly.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and a little sour in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and quenching thirst, invigorating stomach and promoting digestion. It’s often used for treatment of thirst, loss of appetite, and indigestion. Use and Dosage: Proper amounts of fresh fruits are taken orally.

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1.14  Family: Rosaceae 1.14.1  Fragaria nilgerrensis Chinese Name(s): huang mao cao mei, xiu mao cao mei, ye cao mei. Source: This medicine is made of the whole grass of Fragaria nilgerrensis (Fragaria nilgerrensis Schltdl. ex J. Gay). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, stout, densely tufted, 5–25 cm tall. Its stems are densely yellow-brown sericeous, nearly equaling leaves. The leaflets are shortly petiolulate, obovate or elliptic, 1–4.5 × 0.8–3 cm, apically obtuse, basally cuneate on central leaflet, oblique on lateral ones, dark green adaxially, light green abaxially, yellowish brown sericeous. The petioles are 4–18  cm long, densely yellow-­brown sericeous. The inflorescences are cymose, 2–5 flowered, proximally with a petiolate, 1- or 3-foliolate bract. The flowers are bisexual, 1–2 cm in diameter. The sepals are ovate lanceolate, as broad as or broader than epicalyx segments. The epicalyx segments are lanceolate, marginally entire or 2-fid, enlarged in fruit. The

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petals are white, orbicular, base tapering into a short claw. There are 20 stamens, unequal in length. The aggregate fruits are round, white, tinged yellow or red, with persistent sepals erect, appressed to aggregate fruits. The achenes are ovoid, glabrous. The flowering period is from April to July and the fruiting from June to August. Habitat: It grows in hillside grasslands or ditches, forests at altitudes of 700–3000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed provinces of Shaanxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou and Taiwan in China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole grasses are collected from May to October, washed, cut into sections, and dried in the shade. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Dispelling pathogenic wind and relieving cough, clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for the treatment of cough due to wind heat, pertussis, stomatitis, dental ulcer, dysentery, hematuria, furuncle, lumbar tuberculosis, fracture, infantile malnutrition, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.15  Family: Rosaceae 1.15.1  Geum aleppicum Chinese Name(s): lu bian qing. Source: This medicine is made of the whole grass or roots of Geum aleppicum (Geum aleppicum Jacq.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 40–80 cm tall. Its stems are erect, hirsute and spreading, rarely glabrescent. The basal leaves are irregular lyrate-­ pinnate, with 3–13 leaflets. The terminal leaflets are the largest, broadly rhombic-­ ovate or compressed orbicular, 4–8  ×  5–10  cm, marginally lobed or irregularly coarsely serrate, green on both surfaces, sparsely hirsute. There are 3–5 cauline leaves, which are ternately lobed or pinnately lobed. The cauline stipules are large, ovate, irregularly coarsely serrate on margins. The flower is single and terminal with pubescent pedicels, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The petals are yellow, suborbicular, longer than the sepals. The sepals are ovate triangular. The epicalyx segments are narrow and minute, lanceolate, apically acute, rarely 2-fid, ca. 1/2 as long as sepals, abaxially pubescent and villous. The styles are linear, terminal, twisted at joint ca. 1/4 way from apex, with distal section being deciduous at fruit maturity. The aggregate fruits are obovoid and the achenes are hirtellous. The styles are persistent with hooked beak on apex. The flowering period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows on hillside grasslands, forest edges, or beside streams. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions on the north and southwest of China, and is widely distributed in temperate and warm temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Acquisition and Processing: The whole grasses or roots are dug up in Summer, cut into sections, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and sweet in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving swelling and stopping pain, it’s often used in treatment of enteritis, dysentery, infantile convulsion, lumbago and leg pain, bruise, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, as well as in external treatment of acne and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 6–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh herbs are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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1.16  Family: Rosaceae 1.16.1  Kerria japonica Chinese Name(s): ditang hua, ditang, hua mei gang. Source: This medicine is made of the twigs, tender leaves, flowers and roots of Kerria japonica (Kerria japonica). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, 1–2(–3) m tall. Its branchlets are green, terete, glabrous, usually arcuate, angled when young. The leaves are alternate, triangular ovate or ovate, apically acuminate, basally rounded, truncate or subcordate, marginally sharply doubly serrated, green on both sides, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pilose, abaxially pilose on veins or in axils of veins. The petioles are 5–10 mm long, glabrous. The stipules are membranous, lorate lanceolate, ciliate, caducous. The flowers are single, terminal on the lateral branches of the current year, 2.5–6 cm in diameter, with glabrous pedicels. The sepals are oval, sharp tip, apically acute, marginally entire, glabrous, persistent in fruit. The petals are yellow, broadly elliptic, apically emarginate, 1–4 times as long as the sepals. The achenes are obovate to hemispherical, brown or dark brown, glabrous, rugose. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting from June to August. Habitat: It grows in a mountain stream, rock, or thicket. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan in China, etc. Acquisition and Processing: The twigs, tender leaves, flowers and roots are collected in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: The flowers function in resolving phlegm and relieving cough. The stems and leaves function in dispelling wind and dampness and detoxicating. The flowers function in curing tuberculosis and cough. The stems and leaves are often used for treatment of rheumatism and joint pain, dyspepsia in children. carbuncle, boils, swelling, urticaria, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 6–9  g per dose for flowers, 9–18  g per dose for stems and leaves, decocted in water for oral use.

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1.17  Family: Rosaceae 1.17.1  Laurocerasus phaeosticta Chinese Name(s): xian ye gui ying, xian ye ye ying, hei xin ying, mo dian gui ying, mo dian ying tao, xian ye chou li. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Laurocerasus phaeosticta (Laurocerasus phaeosticta (Hance) S. K. Schenid. [Prunus phaeosticta]). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, 4–12 m tall. The leaves are subleathery, narrowly elliptic, oblong or oblong lanceolate, or rarely obovate oblong, 6–12 × 2–4 cm, apically long caudate, basally cuneate, marginally entire. Sometimes the leaves on the seedlings or sprouting branches are acutely serrated, glabrous on both surfaces, abaxially scattered black punctate. There are usually 2 large flat nectaries near margin, 6–10 pairs of lateral veins, which are abaxially somewhat elevated, adaxially slightly prominent. The petioles are 4–8 mm long, glandular and glabrous. The stipules are small, glabrous and caducous. The racemes are solitary in the axil of leaves, several to 10-flowered or more, about 4–6 cm long, glabrous. The cataphylls are small, soon caducous, and the bracteal leaves are persistent. The pedicels are 3–6 mm long. The bracts are 4 mm long, glabrous, caducous. The flowers are 4–6 mm in diameter. The hypanthia are glabrous outside, cupular. The sepals are ovate triangle, 1–2 mm long, obtuse at the apex, ciliate or minutely serrate on margins. The petals are subrounded, white, 2–3 mm in diameter, glabrous. There are 20–35 stamens, which are 5–6 mm long. The ovaries are glabrous. The styles are about 5 mm long. The fruits are subspherical or transversely ellipsoid, 8–10 mm in diameter, slightly larger than the longitudinal diameter, purple black, glabrous. The

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endocarps are thin and smooth. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting from July to October. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The plants function in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, relieving cough and inducing diuresis. The seeds function in activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, moistening dryness and relaxing the bowels. It’s often used in treatment of amenorrhea, carbuncle and constipation. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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References 1. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Part 1: 94) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 2. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Part 1: 260) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 3. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Part 1: 73) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015.

Chapter 2

Medicinal Angiosperms of Rosaceae (cont. I) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 2.1  Family: Rosaceae 2.1.1  Malus asiatica 2.2  Family: Rosaceae 2.2.1  Malus doumeri 2.3  Family: Rosaceae 2.3.1  Malus halliana 2.4  Family: Rosaceae 2.4.1  Malus hupehensis 2.5  Family: Rosaceae 2.5.1  Malus prunifolia 2.6  Family: Rosaceae 2.6.1  Malus sieboldii 2.7  Family: Rosaceae 2.7.1  Malus yunnanensis

                                         

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_2

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56 2.8  Family: Rosaceae 2.8.1  Neillia sinensis 2.9  Family: Rosaceae 2.9.1  Photinia glabra 2.10  Family: Rosaceae 2.10.1  Photinia serrulate 2.11  Family: Rosaceae 2.11.1  Potentilla anserine 2.12  Family: Rosaceae 2.12.1  Potentilla chinensis 2.13  Family: Rosaceae 2.13.1  Potentilla discolor 2.14  Family: Rosaceae 2.14.1  Potentilla freyniana 2.15  Family:Rosaceae 2.15.1  Potentilla fruticosa 2.16  Family: Rosaceae 2.16.1  Potentilla kleiniana 2.17  Family: Rosaceae 2.17.1  Prunus salicina 2.18  Family: Rosaceae 2.18.1  Pyracantha atalantioides 2.19  Family: Rosaceae 2.19.1  Pyrus betulaefolia 2.20  Family: Rosaceae 2.20.1  Pyrus calleryana 2.21  Family: Rosaceae 2.21.1  Pyrus pyrifolia 2.22  Family: Rosaceae 2.22.1  Pyrus serrulata References

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This chapter introduces 22 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Malus asiatica, Malus doumeri, Malus halliana, Malus hupehensis, Malus prunifolia, Malus sieboldii, Malus yunnanensis, Neillia sinensis, Photinia glabra, Prunus salicina, Pyracantha atalantioides, Pyrus betulaefolia, Pyrus calleryana, Pyrus pyrifolia of Rosaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

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2.1  Family: Rosaceae 2.1.1  Malus asiatica Chinese Name(s): hua hong, lin qin. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Malus asiatica (Malus asiatica Nakai). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, 4–6  m tall. Its branchlets are robust, terete, densely pubescent when young, purplish brown when old, glabrous. The winter buds are densely pubescent. The leaves blades are ovate or elliptic, 5–11 × 4–5.5 cm, apically acute, basally rounded, marginally serrulate at the edge, densely puberulous on both sides. The stipules are small, membranous, lanceolate, caducous. The corymbs are 4–7 flowered, inserting at apices of branchlets. The pedicels are 1.5–2 cm long, densely pubescent. The flowers are 3–4 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are campanulate, densely pubescent outside. The sepals are triangular lanceolate, 4–5 mm long, apically acuminate, marginally entire, densely pubescent on both surfaces. The petals are obovate or oblong obovate, 8–13 × 4–7 mm, basally shortly clawed, apically rounded. There are 17–20 stamens, with filaments being unequal and shorter than petals. There are 4–5 styles, which are villous at base. The fruits are ovoid or subglobose, 4–5 cm in diameter, yellow or red. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting from August to September. Habitat: It grows in sunny hillsides, plain sand lands or is cultivated at altitudes of 50–2800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Xinjiang in China. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in autumn when mature, sliced and dried in the sun, or used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Quenching thirst, removing stagnation and arresting seminal emission, it’s often used in treatment of thirst, diarrhea, and spermatorrhea. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.2  Family: Rosaceae 2.2.1  Malus doumeri Chinese Name(s): jian zui lin qin, jian zui hai tang, tai wan lin qin, tai wan hai tang, shan zha, ye shan zha. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits and leaves of Malus doumeri (Malus doumeri (Bois) A. Chevalier). Morphology: The plant is a tree, to 15 m tall. Its branchlets are terete, villous when young, dark gray brown or purple brown and glabrous when old, with sparse longitudinal lenticels. The winter buds are ovate, apically acute, pubescent, or only pubescent along margin of scales, reddish purple. The leaves are oblong ovate to ovate lanceolate, 9–15 × 4–6.5 cm, apically acuminate, basally rounded or cuneate, marginally irregularly serrated, white tomentose on both surfaces when young, glabrescent. The petioles are 1.5–3 cm long, tomentose when young, glabrescent. The stipules are membranous, linear lanceolate, apically acuminate, entire on margins, glabrous, caducous. The inflorescences are umbel-like, 4–5 flowered. The pedicels are 1.5–3 cm long, white villous. The bracts are membranous, linear lanceolate, apically obtuse, marginally entire, glabrous. The flowers are 2.5–3 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are campanulate, abaxially tomentose. The sepals are ovate lanceolate, apically acuminate, entire on margins, about 8 mm long, white villous inside, ca. as long as or slightly longer than hypanthia. The petals are ovate, basally shortly clawed, yellow white. There are about 30 stamens, and anthers are yellow. There are 4–5 styles, which are long tomentose basally, longer than stamens. The stigmas are semicircular. The fruits are globose, 4–5.5 cm in diameter, yellowish red. The persistent hypanthia are tubular. The sepals are reflexed, and protuberant on apex. The pyrenes are free, punctate on the outside, and the pedicels are 1–3 cm long. Habitat: It grows in the mountain forests at altitudes of 200–1600 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits and leaves are harvested in winter and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing food retention, invigorating stomach, and helping in digestion, it is often used in treatment of spleen and stomach weakness, food stagnation. Use and Dosage: 30–50 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.3  Family: Rosaceae 2.3.1  Malus halliana Chinese Name(s): chui si hai tang. Source: This medicine is made of the flowers of Malus halliana (Malus halliana Koehne). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, up to 5 m tall. Its crown spreads. The branchlets are slender, slightly curved, puberulous when young, glabrescent, purple or purplish brown. The leaves are simple and alternate. The petioles are 5–25 mm

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long. The stipules are membranous, lanceolate, caducous. The leaves are ovate to narrowly elliptic, 3.5–8  ×  2.5–4.5  cm, marginally obtusely serrulate, dark green adaxially, glossy, and often tinged purple. The flowers are bisexual. The inflorescences are corymbose, 4–6 flowered. The pedicels are slender, 2–4 cm long, pendulous, sparsely pubescent, purple. The pollens are red, 3–3.5  cm in diameter. The hypanthia are glabrous abaxially. The sepals are triangular ovate, densely tomentose adaxially. The petals are obovate, about 1.5 cm long, shortly clawed at base, often more than 5. There are 20–25 stamens, and the filaments are unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. There are 4 or 5 styles, which are longer than stamens, long tomentose basally. The pistils are sometimes absent at the top flower. The pomes pyriform or obovoid, 6–8 mm in diameter, purplish, with sepals falling off at maturity. The fruiting pedicels are 2–5 cm. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the hillside forests or beside the middle mountain streams at an altitude of 50–1200 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, etc., in China. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are harvested in full bloom from March to April and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bland and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Regulating menstruation and blood, it’s often used in treatment of metrorrhagia. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.4  Family: Rosaceae 2.4.1  Malus hupehensis Chinese Name(s): hu bei hai tang, ye hai tang, shan jing zi, ye hua hong. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Malus hupehensis (Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.) Morphology: The plant is a tree, up to 8  m tall. The branchlets are initially puberulous, glabrous and purple to purplish brown when old. The leaves are ovate to ovate elliptic, 5–10 × 2.5–4 cm, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, acutely serrated at margins, sparsely puberulous when young, purplish red. The petioles are 1–3 cm long, sparse pubescent when young, glabrescent. The stipules are herbaceous to membranous, linear lanceolate, apically acuminate, sparse pubescent, and caducous. The inflorescences are corymbose, 4–6 flowered. The pedicels are 3–6 cm long, glabrous or slightly villous. The bracts are membranous, lanceolate, caducous. The flowers are 3.5–4 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are glabrous or slightly villous adaxially. The sepals are triangular ovate, apically acuminate or acute, 4–5  mm long, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent, slightly purplish. The petals are obovate, about 1.5 cm long, shortly clawed at base, pink or nearly white. There are 20 stamens, the filaments are unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. There are 3(–4) styles, which are long tomentose basally, slightly longer than stamens. The pomes are oval or subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam, yellowish green, tinged red, with caducous sepals. The fruiting pedicels are 2–4 cm long. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting from August to September. Habitat: It grows in hillsides or valley jungles below 2900 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are collected from August to September and used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and strengthening the stomach, eliminating accumulation and stagnation, and invigorating spleen, it’s often used in treatment of food retention, dyspepsia, dysentery, malnutrition, sprain of muscles and bones, etc. Use and Dosage: 60–90 g fresh fruits are taken freshly.

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2.5  Family: Rosaceae 2.5.1  Malus prunifolia Chinese Name(s): qiu zi, hai tang guo. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Malus prunifolia (Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous small tree, 3–8 m tall. The branchlets are robust, terete, purple or gray brown when old. The winter buds are ovate. The leaves are ovate or oval, 5–9 × 4–5 cm, apically acuminate or acute, basally broadly cuneate and marginally acutely serrated. The petioles are 1–5 cm long, densely puberulous when tender, glabrescent. The inflorescences are almost umbels, 4–10 flowered. The pedicels are 2–3.5 cm long and pubescent. The bracts are membranous, linear lanceolate, apically acuminate, slightly puberulent, and caducous. The flowers are 4–5 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are pubescent adaxially. The sepals are lanceolate or triangular lanceolate, 7–9  cm long, apically acuminate, entire on margins, pubescent on both surfaces. The sepals are longer than hypanthia. The petals are obovate or elliptic, 2.5–3 × 1.5 cm, short clawed at the base, white, pink in bud. There are 20 stamens, and the filaments are unequal, ca. 1/3 as long as petals. There are 4–5 styles, long tomentose basally, longer than stamens. The pomes are ovate, 2–2.5 cm in diameter, red, apically acuminate, slightly protuberant, the sepals are persistent and thick, and the fruiting pedicels are slender. The flowering period is in May, fruiting from August to September. Habitat: It grows in hillside miscellaneous wood forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Gansu in China. Acquisition and Processing: The matured fruits are collected in August to September and used freshly or dried in the sun for storage. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Invigorating the stomach and eliminating accumulation, removing blood stasis, and relieving pain, it’s often used in treatment of food accumulation, distention of chest and abdomen, dysentery, diarrhea, hernia, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.6  Family: Rosaceae 2.6.1  Malus sieboldii Chinese Name(s): san ye hai tang, ye li zi, shan zha li. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Malus sieboldii (Malus sieboldii (Regel) Rehd.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 2–6 m tall. Its leaves are ovate, elliptic, or narrowly elliptic, 3–7.5 × 2–4 cm, apically acute, basally rounded and broad cuneate, marginally serrated, often 3-lobed and 5-lobed on the new branches, puberulous on both surfaces when young, abaxially puberulous along midvein and lateral veins when old. The petioles are 1–2.5 cm, puberulous. The stipules are herbaceous, narrowly lanceolate, apically acuminate, marginally entire, pubescent. There are 4–8 flowers, gathered at apices of branchlets. The pedicels are 2–2.5 cm long, pubescent or subglabrous. The bracts are membranous, linear lanceolate, apically acuminate, marginally entire, adaxially pubescent, caducous. The flowers are 2–3 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are subglabrous or pubescent adaxially. The sepals are triangular ovate, apically caudate-acuminate, marginally entire, 5–6  mm long, glabrous adaxially, densely tomentose abaxially, ca. as long as or slightly longer than hypanthium. The petals are long obovate, 1.5–1.8 cm long, shortly clawed at the base, light pink, darker in buds. There are 20 stamens, unequal, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. There are 3–5 styles, villous at the base, slightly longer than the stamens. The fruits are subglobose, 6–8 mm in diameter, red or brown yellow, with sepals being caducous, 2–3  cm pedunculated. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting from August to September. Habitat: It grows in mountain shrubs or forests at an altitude of 450–900 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan and Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are collected in autumn and winter and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Promoting digestion and strengthening stomach, it’s often used in treating food stagnation. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.7  Family: Rosaceae 2.7.1  Malus yunnanensis Chinese Name(s): dian chi hai tang, yun nan hai tang. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Malus yunnanensis (Malus yunnanensis (Franch.) C. K. Schneid.). Morphology: The plant is a tree, up to 10 m tall. Its branchlets are robust, slightly ridged, densely tomentose when young, dark purple or purplish brown when old. The leaves are ovate, wide ovate to long elliptic ovate, 6–12 × 4–7, apically acute, basally rounded to cordate, sharply double serrated on margins, each side 3–5 lobed, abaxially tomentose or subglabrous, adaxially subglabrous. The petioles are 2–3.5 cm tomentose. The stipules are membranous, linear, 6–8 mm long, apically acute, sparsely glandular denticulate at the margin and white villous abaxially. The inflorescences are umbel like corymb, 8–12 flowered. The peduncles and pedicels are all tomentose, and the pedicel length is 1.5–3 cm. The bracts are membranous, linear lanceolate, apically acuminate, sparsely glandular denticulate on margins, adaxially tomentose. The flowers are about 1.5 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are campanulate, abaxially tomentose. The sepals are triangular ovate, 3–4 mm long, apically acuminate, marginally entire, tomentose on both surface, ca. as long as hypanthium. The petals are subrounded, about 8  mm long, shortly clawed at the base, white. There are 20–25 stamens, unequal, slightly shorter than petals. There are 5 styles, nearly as long as stamens, glabrous basally. The pomes are globose, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, red, white punctate with persistent sepals. The fruiting pedicels are 2–3 cm long. The flowering period is in May and fruiting from August to September. Habitat: It grows in the mountain side miscellaneous wood forests at an altitude of 1600–3800 m or beside valleys. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, and Chongqing in China, as well as in Myanmar. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are collected from August to September and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and strengthening stomach, eliminating accumulation and stagnation, and harmonizing stomach and spleen, it’s often used in treatment of food accumulation, dyspepsia, dysentery, malnutrition, sprain of muscles and bones, etc. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.8  Family: Rosaceae 2.8.1  Neillia sinensis Chinese Name(s): zhong hua xiu xian mei. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Neillia sinensis (Neillia sinensis Oliv.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, up to 2 m tall. Its branchlets are terete, glabrous, purplish brown when young, dark gray brown when old. The winter buds are ovate, blunt at the apex, pubescent or subglabrous, reddish brown. The leaves are ovate to ovate-elliptic, 5–11 × 3–6 cm, apically long acuminate, basally rounded or subcordate, marginally irregularly lobed or parted, doubly serrated, rarely entire,

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glabrous on both surfaces or abaxially pubescent in axils of veins. The petioles are 7–15 mm long, slightly puberulent or subglabrous. The stipules are linear or ovate lanceolate, apically acuminate or acute, marginally entire, 0.8–1 cm long, caducous. The racemes are 4–9 cm, terminal. The pedicels are 3–10 mm long, glabrous. The flowers are 6–8 mm in diameter. The hypanthia are cylindric, 1–1.2 cm long, abaxially glabrous or glandular, pubescent abaxially. The sepals are triangular, apically acute to caudate-acuminate, marginally entire, 3–4 mm long. The petals are obovate, 3 × 2 mm, apically blunt, light pink. There are 10–15 stamens, which are unequal, inserted on the edge of hypanthia, arranged in two irregular whorls. There are 1–2 endocarps. The ovaries are pubescent at apex. The styles are erect, with 4–5 ovules. The follicles are long ellipsoid, with hypanthia being persistent, adaxially sparsely glandular hairy. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting from August to September. Habitat: It grows in the forests beside the ditches at a middle altitude. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are collected all year round and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter, sour and sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Inducing diuresis to reduce dampness, clearing heat and hemostasis, it’s often used in treatment of edema and hemoptysis. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.9  Family: Rosaceae 2.9.1  Photinia glabra Chinese Name(s): guang ye shi nan, jia si tao, bian gu mu, guang zao shu, hong meng zi. Source: This medicine is made of the branches and leaves of Photinia glabra (Photinia glabra (Thunb.) Maxim.) Morphology: The plant is an evergreen tree, 3–5  m tall, up to 7  m. The old branches are gray black, glabrous, with scattered brownish black orbicular lenticels. The leaves are leathery, red when young or old, oval, oblong or oblong obovate, 5–9 × 2–4 cm, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, marginally with sparse, shallowly crenulate teeth, glabrous on both sides. There are 10–18 pairs of lateral veins. The petioles are 1–1.5 cm long and glabrous. The compound corymbs are terminal, 5–10 cm in diameter, numerous flowered. The peduncles and pedicels are glabrous. The flowers are 7–8 mm in diameter. The hypanthia are cupular, abaxially glabrous.

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The sepals are triangle, 1 mm in length, apically acute, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent. The petals are white, revolute on margins, obovate, 3 mm in length, apically obtuse, adaxially white tomentose near base, basally shortly clawed. There are 20 stamens, nearly as long as or slightly shorter than petals. There are 2(–3) styles, which are basally free or connate. The stigmas are capitate. The ovaries are pilose apically. The fruits are ovate, about 5 mm long, red and glabrous. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the mountain forests at altitudes of 150–1150 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of Japan, Thailand and Myanmar. Acquisition and Processing: The branches and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and cold, strengthening waist and knees, tonifying deficiency, relieving pain and cooling fever, it’s often used in treatment of rheumatism arthralgia. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.10  Family: Rosaceae 2.10.1  Photinia serrulate [1] Chinese Name(s): shi nan, shi nan ye, zao mu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Photinia serrulate (Photinia serrulata Lindl.). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, 4–6 m tall, sometimes up to 12 m. The branches are brown gray, glabrous. The winter buds are ovate, brown scaly, glabrous. The leaves are leathery, long oval, long obovate or obovate oval, 9–22  ×  3–6.5  cm, apically acutely caudate, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, sparsely glandular serrulate on the margins, subentire, adaxially lustrous, villous along the midvein when young, glabrous on both surfaces when mature. The midveins are conspicuous, 25–30  in pairs. The petioles are thick, pubescent when young, glabrescent. The inflorescences are compound corymbose, terminal,

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10–16 cm in diameter. The peduncles and pedicels are glabrous, and the pedicels are 3–5 mm in length. The flowers are dense, 6–8 mm in diameter. The hypanthia are cupular, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous. The sepals are broadly triangular, ca. 1 mm long, glabrous. The petals are white, suborbicular, 3–4 mm in diameter, glabrous on both surfaces. There are 20 stamens, with the outer ones being longer than petals, inner ones being shorter than petals. The anthers are purple. There are 2–3 styles, basally connate. The stigmas are capitate. The ovaries are pilose apically. The fruits are spherical, 5–6 mm in diameter, red, brownish purple when mature, with 1 seed. The seeds are oval, 2 mm long, brown, smooth. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting in October. Habitat: It grows in mountain miscellaneous forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of Japan and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is pungent and bitter in taste, neutral in property, poisonous. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving pain, it’s often used to treat headache due to pathogenic wind, weakness of waist and knee, rheumatism, pain of muscle and bone. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.11  Family: Rosaceae 2.11.1  Potentilla anserine Chinese Name(s): e rong wei ling cai, jue ma, yan shou guo, lu pao cao, ren shen guo. Source: This medicine is made of the rhizomes of Potentilla anserina (Potentilla anserina Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 15–25 cm tall. The roots are cylindrical or conic, slender, with many fibrous roots. Some of the fibrous roots expanded into fleshy lumps, which are white on the inner surface. The stolons are slender, rooted on the node, sparsely pubescent. The leaves are odd pinnately compound, growing in a fascicle on the basal part or short stems. There are 9–19 leaflets, which are subsessile, ovate oblong or oval leaflets, 1–3 cm × 6–15 mm, apically obtuse,

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basally broadly cuneate, marginally deeply sharply serrated, glabrous or sparsely pilose adaxially, dense white villous abaxially, mixed with tiny leaves between leaflets. The cauline leaves are shortly petiolate, with few leaflets. The flowering stems are solitary in the leaf clumps or axils. The pedicels are 4–12 cm long, villous. There are 5 sepals, which are ovate, about 4 mm long, entire on margins. The epicalyxes are slightly short and narrow, villous. There are 5 petals, which are yellow, widely obovate, entire on margins. There are 20 stamens. The carpels are numerous. The styles are terminal. The receptacles are densely villous. The achenes are ovoid. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting from July to September. Habitat: It grows near ditches, fields, roads, grasslands and villages. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang in China, as well as in temperate zones in the northern hemisphere of Europe, Asia and America, Chile in South America, New Zealand in Oceania, and Tasmania in South America. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Nourishing Qi and blood, strengthening the spleen and stomach, helping produce saliva and slaking thirst, promoting uresis, it’s often used for treatments of anemia, malnutrition, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, rheumatism and arthralgia. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: amoebic dysentery: Potentilla anserina (dried whole grass) 25–50 g, decocted in water for oral administration. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: burn and scald: Potentilla anserina (dried clean whole grass) are ground into powder. Take 50 g of the powder, mix with sesame oil or add with 10 g limewater (take the supernatant of the hydrated lime precipitated with water), and then add sesame oil to apply to the affected areas.

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2.12  Family: Rosaceae 2.12.1  Potentilla chinensis Chinese Name(s): wei ling cai, yi bai cao, sheng xue dan, pu di hu, wu hu qin xue, tian qing di bai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole grass of Potentilla chinensis (Potentilla chinensis Ser.). Morphology: The herb is perennial. The flowering stems are erect or ascending, 20–70  cm tall, sparsely pubescent and white silky villous. The basal leaves are

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pinnately compound. There are 5–15 pairs of leaflets, which are at intervals of 0.5–0.8 cm, 4–25 cm long together with the petioles, the petioles are pubescent and sericeous villous. The leaflets are opposite or alternate, with upper ones being longer, gradually attenuate toward base, sessile, oblong, obovate or oblong lanceolate, 1–5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, marginally pinnately lobed, the lobes being triangular ovate or oblong lanceolate, apically acute or blunt, marginally revolute, adaxially green, pubescent or glabrous, white villous abaxially, white sericeous villous along the veins. The cauline leaves resemble radical ones but with fewer leaflets. The basic leaf stipules are submembranous, brown, adaxially white sericeous villous, and the cauline leaves stipules are herbaceous, green, marginally sharply serrated. The inflorescences are corymbose-cymose. The pedicels are 0.5–1.5 cm long. The flowers are usually 0.8–1(–1.3) cm in diameter. The sepals are triangular ovate, apically acute. The epicalyx segments are fascicular or lanceolate, apically acute, ca. 1/2 as long as sepals, adaxially pubescent and slightly sericeous-pilose. The petals are yellow, broadly obovate, apically emarginated. The styles are subterminal. The achenes are ovoid, dark brown, markedly rugose. The flowering and fruiting period is from April to October. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, grasslands, valleys and forest edges. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces all over the country except for Xinjiang and Qinghai. It’s also distributed in Russia's Far East, Japan, and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole grasses are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The roots of this product are cylindrical or conic, slightly twisted, some are branched, 5–17 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm in diameter, dark brown or dark purplish red on surfaces, with longitudinal lines, and flaking off coarse velamina. The rhizome is slightly dilated. It’s hard and easy to break. The cortex of section is thin, dark brown, often separated from the xylem, and with radially rays. The leaves are basal and oddly pinnate, fragrant and petiolate. The leaflets are 12–31 in pairs, oblong elliptic, pinnatipartite at the margin, grayish white at the abaxial surface and petioles, densely grayish white villous. It’s slightly odored, astringent and bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Cooling blood, stopping dysentery, clearing heat and detoxicating, it is often used to treat dysentery, abdominal pain, lingering dysentery, hemorrhoids, bleeding, sore, carbuncle, and swelling. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh herbs are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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2.13  Family: Rosaceae 2.13.1  Potentilla discolor [2] Chinese Name(s): fan bai cao, ji tui gen, tian ou, fan bai wei ling cai. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of whole grass with roots of Potentilla discolor (Potentilla discolor Bunge). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 15–40 cm tall. The whole plant is densely white pubescent and sometimes villous, except for the adaxial surface which is sparsely villous and glabrous when old. The roots are enlarged, fusiform, many branches, dark brown or light brown on surface, white on cross sections. The stems are usually erect, ascending, or subspreading, with many branches at the base, which are purplish red. The leaves are odd and pinnately compound. There are usually 2–4 pairs of leaflets on the basal leaves. The petioles are 15 cm long. The leaflets are oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5–6 × 0.6–2 cm, apically rounded, basally broad cuneate, obtusely or incised serrated at margins, sessile. The cauline leaves usually ternately compound. The stipules are membranous. The inflorescences are cymose, yellow, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. There are 5 sepals, which are ovate lanceolate. The epicalyx segments are linear lanceolate, shorter than sepals, glabrous abaxially, densely villous adaxially. There are 5 petals, which are broad obovate, 3–5 × 3 mm, repand or emarginate on the top, spreading in full bloom. The stamens are numerous, composed of many single carpels, 1-locular. The ovaries are glabrous. The styles are terminal, conic. The achenes are reniform, numerous, borne on dry receptacle and forming aggregate fruits. The flowering period is from May to August and the fruiting period from June to September. Habitat: It grows on a mountain top, hillside, or grass field from low to medium altitude.

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Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Liaoning, Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong in China, as well as in countries of Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole grasses with roots are harvested in summer and autumn before blossom, removed the soils, washed, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are dried grasses with roots. The roots are fusiform or conic, often branched, 3–8 × 0.4 cm-1 cm, dark brownish red or yellowish brown on the surface, with twisted longitudinal furrows. The heads of the root are often 2–3 branched, with dense white lanate leaves and petioles on the top. It is solid, milky white on cross sections, powdery, with thin cortex, and thick xylem. The leaves shrunk or curled, and are light grayish green, densely white pubescent mingled with villi, brittle and fragile. When flattening, the leaves are odd pinnately compound. The basal leaves are with 5–9 leaflets, which are long oval, serrated on margins. And the cauline leaves are with 3 leaflets, which are dark green adaxially, grayish white abaxially, densely villous. It’s slightly smelly in odor, slightly astringent in taste. The products dry, dark brown red (root) and no flowering stems are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet and bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of stomach and large intestine. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, stopping bleeding and relieving swelling, it’s often used in treatment of dysentery, malaria, pulmonary abscess, hemoptysis, hematemesis, metrorrhagia, carbuncle, ringworm, and tuberculosis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water of soaked in alcohol for oral use. For external use, fresh herbs are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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2.14  Family: Rosaceae 2.14.1  Potentilla freyniana [3] Chinese Name(s): san ye wei ling cai. Source: This medicine is made of the whole grass of Potentilla freyniana (Potentilla freyniana Bornm.). Morphology: The herb is perennial, with slender or inconspicuous stolons. The flowering stems are slender, erect or ascending, 8–25 cm tall, spreading pilose or densely spreading villous. The basal leaves are palmately ternately compound. The petioles are 4–30 × 1–4 cm. The leaflets are oblong, elliptic, ovate, apically obtuse or acute, basally cuneate or broadly so, marginally acutely many serrate or obtusely crenate, green on both surfaces, sparsely and appressed pubescent, more densely so on veins abaxially. There are 1–2 cauline leaves. The leaflets are similar to the basal

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leaves, but with shorter petioles and the less serrations at margins. The stipules of basal leaves are membranous, brown, sparsely villous adaxially. The stipules of cauline leaves are herbaceous, green, acutely incised serrate, sparsely villous. The inflorescences are terminal, laxly corymbose-cymose, many flowered, loose, with slender pedicels, 1–1.5  cm long, sparsely pubescent adaxially. The flowers are 0.8–1 cm in diameter. The sepals are triangular ovate, apical acuminate. The epicalyx segments are lanceolate, apically acuminate, nearly equaling sepals, abaxially appressed pilose. The petals are light yellow, oblong obovate, apically emarginate or rounded. The styles are subterminal, thickened distally, thin at base. The mature achenes are ovoid, 0.5–1 mm in diameter, markedly rugose. The flowering and fruiting period is from March to June. Habitat: It grows in mountains and hillside grasses. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of Russia, Japan, and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole grasses are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Stopping pain and bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of enteritis, toothache, stomachache, lumbago, gastrointestinal bleeding, irregular menstruation, postpartum or post abortion bleeding, osteomyelitis, bruise, traumatic bleeding, bone tuberculosis, burn, scald, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh herbs are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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2.15  Family:Rosaceae 2.15.1  Potentilla fruticosa Chinese Name(s): jin lu mei, jin lao mei, jin la mei. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves and flowers of Potentilla fruticosa (Potentilla fruticosa Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 0.5–2 m tall, many branched, barks peeling longitudinally. The branchlets are reddish brown, villous when young. The leaves are pinnately compound, with 2 pairs of leaflets, rarely 3-foliolate, decurrent and adnate to rachis in apical pair of leaflets. The petioles are sericeous or sparsely pilose. The leaflets are oblong, obovate oblong or ovate lanceolate, 0.7–2 × 0.4–1 cm, marginally entire and flat, apically acute or obtuse, basally cuneate, green on both

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surfaces, sparsely sericeous or pilose or subglabrous. The stipules are membranous, large, adaxially villous or glabrescent. The inflorescences are terminal, 1- to several flowered. The pedicels are densely villous or sericeous. The flowers are 2.2–3 cm in diameter. The sepals are oval, apically acute to shortly acuminate. The epicalyx segments are lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, apically acuminate to acute, nearly equaling sepals, adaxially sparsely sericeous. The petals are yellow, broadly obovate, apically rounded and obtuse, longer than sepals. The styles are subbasal, clavate, thin proximally, constricted at base of dilated stigma. The achenes are subovate, brownish brown, 1.5 mm long, and pubescent. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting period from August to October. Habitat: It grows in sunny hillside grasslands. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Xizang in China. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer, washed and dried in the sun, and the flowers are harvested in summer at the beginning of blossom, and dried in the shades. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The leaves are slightly sweet in taste, neutral in property. The flowers are bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: The leaves function in clearing summer heat, clearing heat in the heart, benefiting brain, regulating meridians, and invigorating stomach. The flowers function in invigorating the spleen and eliminating dampness. The leaves are often used in treatment of vertigo due to heat, blurred vision, disharmony of stomach qi, stagnation of diet and irregular menstruation. The flowers are often used in treatment of leucorrhea with reddish discharge, dyspepsia, and edema. Use and Dosage: 3–5 g per dose for leaves, 3–6 g per dose for flowers, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.16  Family: Rosaceae 2.16.1  Potentilla kleiniana Chinese Name(s): she han wei ling cai, she han, wu zhua long, fan bai cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole grass of Potentilla kleiniana (Potentilla kleiniana Wight. et Arn). Morphology: The herb is annual or perennial. The basal leaves are 5-foliolate, which are similar to bird's feet, 3–20 cm long together with the petioles. The petioles are sparsely pilose or spreading villous. The leaflets are subsessile or shortly petiolulate, obovate or oblong obovate, 0.5–4  ×  0.4–2  cm, apically rounded and obtuse, basally cuneate, marginally acute or rounded or obtusely many serrate, green on both sides, sparsely pilose, or densely villous along the vein abaxially. The

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lower cauline leaves are 5 5-foliolate, while the upper ones are 3-foliolate. The leaflets are similar to the basal leaflets, but with shorter petioles. The basal leaf stipules are membranous, light brown, sparsely pilose adaxially or glabrous. The cauline leaf stipules are herbaceous, green, ovate to ovate lanceolate, entire, rarely 1–2 teethed, apically acute or acuminate, sparse villous adaxially. The inflorescences are terminal, cymose, congested, pseudoumbellate. The pedicels are 1–1.5  cm long, densely spreading villous, bracteate. The flowers are 0.8–1  cm in diameter. The sepals are triangular ovate, apically acute or acuminate. The epicalyx segments are lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the top, sparsely villous adaxially. The petals are yellow, obovate, slightly emarginate at the top, longer than sepals. The styles are subterminal, conic basally thickened. The stigmas are dilated. The achenes are subglobose, flattened on 1 side, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter rugose. The flowering and fruiting period is from April to September. Habitat: It grows on hills or wild grassland at altitudes of 300–600 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Xizang in China, as well as in countries of North Korea, Japan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole grasses are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving cough and resolving phlegm, it’s often used in treatment of exogenous cough, pertussis, sore throat, high fever and convulsion in children, malaria and dysentery, as well as in external treatment for mumps, snake bite, shingles, furuncles, hemorrhoids, and traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 5–50 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh grasses are mashed or ground for juice and smeared to the affected areas. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: bacillary dysentery and amebic dysentery: Potentilla kleiniana 100 g, decocted in water and mixed with honey for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: malaria: 2–7 Potentilla kleiniana, washed and brewed in boiling water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: sores: proper amounts of fresh Potentilla kleiniana leaves, added with a little salt, mashed, and apply to the affected areas. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: corneal ulcer: 3 fresh Potentilla kleiniana, washed and mashed, applied to the eyebrow arch. Change the dressing once a day or twice.

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2.17  Family: Rosaceae 2.17.1  Prunus salicina Chinese Name(s): li, shan li zi, jia qing zi, jia ying zi, yu huang li. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and kernel of Prunus salicina (Prunus salicina Lindl.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree, 9–12 m tall. Its leaves are oblong obovate, narrowly elliptic, rarely oblong ovate, 6–10 × 3–5 cm, apically acuminate, acute or shortly caudate, basally cuneate, marginally doubly crenate and often mixed with simple gland-tipped teeth when young, dark green and glossy adaxially. There are 6–10 pairs of lateral veins, which do not reach the margins of the leaves, and are glabrous on both sides, sometimes sparsely pubescent along the midvein or strigillose in the vein axil. The stipules are membranous, linear, apically acuminate, marginally glandular, caducous. The petioles are 1–2  cm long, usually glabrous, with 2 nectaries or not at the top, sometimes glandular at the edge of leaf base. The flowers are usually 3 in a fascicle, 1.5–2.2 cm in diameter. The pedicels are 1–2 cm, usually glabrous. The hypanthia are campanulate. The sepals are long and oval, about 5 mm long, apically acute or obtuse, sparsely serrated on the edge, equaling the length of hypanthia. Both of the hypanthia and sepals are glabrous adaxially, and sparsely pilose at the base of hypanthia abaxially. The petals are white, oblong and obovate, apically erose, basally cuneate, obviously purple striate, and shortly clawed, inserted at the edge of hypanthia, and are 2–3 times longer than it. The stamens are numerous. The filaments are unequal, irregularly arranged in 2 whorls, shorter than petals. There is only 1 pistil. The stigmas are discoid, and the styles are slightly longer than stamens. The drupes are globose, ovoid, or conical, 3.5–5 cm in diameter, sometimes to 7 cm in horticultural forms, yellow or red, sometimes green or purple, slightly acute apically, longitudinal grooved at the base, covered with wax powder. The peduncles imbed in the drupes. The endocarps are ovoid to oblong, rugose. The flowering period is in April and the fruiting from July to August. Habitat: It is mainly cultivated. Distribution: It’s widely cultivated in provinces and regions all over China except for Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, and Inner Mongolia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and kernels are harvested in summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots are bitter in taste, cold in property and the kernels are bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The root functions in clearing away heat and dampness, detoxicating, and relieving pain. The kernel function in promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, moistening the intestines and diuresis. The roots functions in treating toothache, thirst, dysentery, and leucorrhea. The kernel functions in treating bruise, blood stasis, constipation and swelling. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose for the roots, 9–12 g per dose for the kernels, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.18  Family: Rosaceae 2.18.1  Pyracantha atalantioides Chinese Name(s): quan yuan huo ji, jiu jun liang, mu gua ci. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Pyracantha atalantioides (Pyracantha atalantioides (Hance) Stapf). Morphology: The tree is an evergreen shrub or small tree, up to 6 m tall, with thorny branches, sparsely unarmed. The branchlets are initially yellowish brown or gray pubescent, glabrous when old. The leaf blades are oval or oblong, rarely oblong obovate, 1.5–4 × 1–1.6 cm, apically apiculate or obtuse, sometimes slightly aristate, basally broadly cuneate or rounded, marginally usually entire, sometimes inconspicuously serrulate. Both surfaces are initially yellowish-brown pubescent, glabrescent, glossy, abaxially becoming slightly glaucescent. The veins are obvious, and the midvein is obviously raised. The petioles are 2–5  mm long, usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent. The inflorescences are compound corymb, 3–4 cm in diameter. The pedicels and hypanthia are yellowish- brown pubescent. The pedicels are 5–10 mm long and the flowers are 7–9 mm in diameter. The hypanthia are campanulate, pubescent adaxially. The sepals are lobed, broadly ovate, apically obtuse, sparsely pubescent adaxially. The petals are white, ovate, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, apically slightly apiculate and basally shortly clawed. There are 20 stamens. The filaments are 3 mm long and anthers are yellow. There are 5 styles, which equals the stamens. The ovaries are densely white villous distally. The pomes are oblate, 4–6 mm in diameter, bright red. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting period from September to November. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests or thickets at an altitude of 200–900 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Guangdong in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour and bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Detoxicating, drawing out the pus, reducing swelling and relieving pain, it’s often used for the treatment of gangrene, osteomyelitis and cold. Use and Dosage:15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.19  Family: Rosaceae 2.19.1  Pyrus betulaefolia Chinese Name(s): du li, tang li, hai tang li, ye li zi, tu li. Source: This medicine is made of the branches, leaves and fruits of Pyrus betulaefolia (Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge). Morphology: The plant is a tree, up to 10 m tall. The leaves are rhomboid ovate to oblong ovate, 4–8 × 2.5–3.5 cm, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, sparsely subrounded, marginally roughly serrated, densely gray white villous on both surfaces when young, glossy and glabrous adaxially, pubescent or subglabrous abaxially when old. The petioles are 2–3 cm long and grayish white villous. The stipules are membranous, linear lanceolate, about 2  mm long, tomentose on both sides, caducous. The inflorescences are umbel-like raceme, 10–15 flowered, the peduncles and pedicels are gray white villous. The pedicels are 2–2.5 cm in length. The bracts are membranous, linear, 5–8 mm long, slightly villous on both sides, caducous. The flowers are1.5–2 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are densely grayish white villous. The sepals are triangular ovate, about 3 mm long, apically acute, entire on margins, densely villous on both surfaces. The petals are broad ovate, 5–8 × 3–4 mm, apically obtuse and rounded, basally shortly clawed, white. There are 20 stamens. The anthers are purple, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. There are 2–3 styles, sparsely pubescent basally. The pomes are subglobose, 5–10 mm in diameter, 2- or 3-loculed, brown, with light spots, and caducous sepals. The fruiting pedicels are 1–2.5  cm, gray tomentose. The flowering period is in April and the fruiting period from August to September. Habitat: It grows in the sun of a plain or hillside. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Hubei in China. Acquisition and Processing: The branches and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. The fruits are harvested in autumn and winter and used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour, sweet and astringent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Promoting digestion and stopping dysentery, the fruits are used for treating diarrhea; the branches and leaves are often used for treatment of cholera, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Use and Dosage:50 g per dose for the fruits, 20–30 g per dose for branches and leaves, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.20  Family: Rosaceae 2.20.1  Pyrus calleryana Chinese Name(s): dou li, lu li, yang sui, chi li, tang li, du li. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, leaves, and fruits of Pyrus calleryana (Pyrus calleryana Decne.). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 5–8 m tall. Its branchlets are robust and terete, initially tomentose, soon glabrescent, and the biennial branches are gray brown. The winter buds are triangular ovate, apically shortly acuminate, sparsely tomentose. The leaves blades are broadly ovate to ovate, rarely oblong ovate, 4–8 × 3.5–6 cm, apically acuminate, rarely acute, basally rounded to broadly cuneate, marginally obtusely serrated and glabrous on both surfaces. The petioles are 2–4 cm long, glabrous. The stipules are linear lanceolate, 4–7 mm long, glabrous. The inflorescences are umbel-like racemes 6–12 flowered. The flowers are 4–6 mm in diameter, with glabrous peduncles and pedicels, which are 1.5–3 cm in length. The bracts are membranous, linear lanceolate, 8–13 mm in length, adaxially tomentose. The flowers are 2–2.5 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are glabrous. The sepals are lanceolate, apically acuminate, marginally entire, glabrous adaxially, tomentose abaxially, marginally densely tomentose. The petals are ovate, 1.3 × 1 cm, basally shortly clawed, white. There are 20 stamens, which are slightly shorter than petals. There are 2(or 3) styles, basally glabrous. The pomes are globose, ca. 1  cm in diam, blackish brown, speckled, and sepals are caducous, 2(or 3)-loculed, with slender carpopodia. The flowering period is in April and the fruiting period from August to September. Habitat: It grows in the mountain forests with an altitude of 200–800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi in China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, while the fruits in winter and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots and leaves are slightly sweet and astringent in taste, cool in property, and the fruits are sour, sweet and astringent in taste, cold in property. Functions: The roots and leaves function in moistening the lungs to stop coughing, clearing heat, and detoxicating. The fruits function in benefiting stomach and stopping diarrhea. The roots and leaves are used for treatment of cough due to dryness and acute conjunctivitis. The fruits are used for treatment of food stagnation and diarrhea. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.21  Family: Rosaceae 2.21.1  Pyrus pyrifolia Chinese Name(s): li, sha li, ma an li, dang shan li, su li, xue li. Source: This medicine is made of the pericarps of Pyrus pyrifolia (Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 7–15  m tall. The winter buds are long and ovate, apically rounded and obtuse, and the scales are tomentose at margin and apex. The leaf blades are ovate-elliptic or ovate, 7–12  ×  4–6.5  cm, apically long acute, basally rounded or subcordate, rarely broadly cuneate, marginally spinulose-­ serrated. The petioles are 3–4.5 cm long, initially tomentose, glabrescent. The stipules are membranous, linear lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm long, apically acuminate, entire and villous at margins, caducous. The inflorescences are umbel-like racemes, 6–9 flowered, 5–7 cm in diameter. The peduncles and pedicels are slightly pilose when young. The pedicels are 3.5–5 cm in length. The bracts are membranous, linear, villous on margins. The flowers are 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter. The sepals are triangular ovate, about 5 mm in length, apically acuminate, marginally glandular denticulate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially brown tomentose. The petals are ovate, 15–17 mm in length, basally shortly clawed, apically erose, white. There are 20 stamens, ca. 1/2 of petals. There are 5 styles, rarely 4, glabrous, nearly as long as stamens. The legumes are subglobose, light brown, with pale dots, slightly sunken on apex, and the sepals are caducous. The seeds are oval, slightly compressed, 8–10 mm long, dark brown. The flowering period is in April and fruiting in August. Habitat: It grows on hills, plains, or forest margins in low elevation. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian in China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The pericarps are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing away summer heat, quenching thirst, and promoting the secretion of saliva and body fluid, it’s often used for treatment of dry cough, fever, thirst, and sweating. Use and Dosage: 60–120 g per dose for fresh pericarps, 9–15 g for dry products, decocted in water for oral use.

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2.22  Family: Rosaceae 2.22.1  Pyrus serrulata Chinese Name(s): sha li, xue li, dan shui li. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Pyrus serrulata (Pyrus serrulata Rehd.). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 8–10 m tall. Its leaf blades are ovate to narrowly ovate, 5–11 × 3.5–7.5 cm, apically acuminate, basally cuneate or rounded, marginally serrulate, the tip of the teeth closing inward, abaxially brown tomentose when young, soon glabrescent. There are 7–13 pairs of lateral veins, and the reticular veins are obvious. The petioles are 3.5–7.5  cm long, brown tomentose when young, soon glabrescent. The stipules are membranous, linear lanceolate, adaxially brown tomentose, caducous. The inflorescences are umbel-like raceme, 6–11 flowered, with pedicels of 3–5 cm. The peduncles and pedicels are brown tomentose, soon glabrescent. The bracts are membranous, linear lanceolate, 5–10  mm long, apically acuminate, glandular denticulate on margins and brown tomentose adaxially. The flowers are 2–3  cm in diameter. The hypanthia are sparsely tomentose abaxially. The sepals are triangular ovate, about 3 mm long, apically acuminate or acute, marginally denticulate, adaxially sparsely tomentose, abaxially densely tomentose. The petals are wide ovate, 10–12  cm long, apically obtuse, shortly clawed on margins, white. There are 20 stamens, ca. 1/2 as long as petals. There are 3(or 4) styles, which are ca. as long as stamens, sparsely pubescent basally. The fruits are subglobose or obovoid, 1.5–2.2 cm in diameter, dark brown, with light brown glands, 3- or 4-loculed. The fruiting pedicels are 3–4 cm long. The flowering period is in April and the fruiting period from June to August. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Guangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in summer and autumn and used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly sour in taste, cool in property. Functions: Moistening the lungs and clear the heart, eliminating phlegm and fire, quenching thirst, relieving alcoholism, it’s often used in treatment of cough due to phlegm and heat, fever, thirst, constipation, alcoholism, etc. Use and Dosage: 150–200 g of fresh fruit, cooked and taken orally.

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References 1. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 263 [M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1975. 2. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 991[M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1975. 3. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1: 364[M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1975.

Chapter 3

Medicinal Angiosperms of Rosaceae (cont. II) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 3.1  Family: Rosaceae 3.1.1  Rhaphiolepis indica 3.2  Family: Rosaceae 3.2.1  Rosa chinensis  3.3  Family: Rosaceae 3.3.1  Rosa cymosa 3.4  Family: Rosaceae 3.4.1  Rosa davurica 3.5  Family: Rosaceae 3.5.1  Rosa hugonis 3.6  Family: Rosaceae 3.6.1  Rosa laevigata 3.7  Family: Rosaceae 3.7.1  Rosa laxa

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

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108 3.8  Family: Rosaceae 3.8.1  Rosa lucidissima 3.9  Family: Rosaceae 3.9.1  Rosa moyesii 3.10  Family: Rosaceae 3.10.1  Rosa multiflora 3.11  Family: Rosaceae 3.11.1  Rosa roxburghii 3.12  Family: Rosaceae 3.12.1  Rosa rugosa  3.13  Family: Rosaceae 3.13.1  Rosa sericea 3.14  Family: Rosaceae 3.14.1  Rosa webbiana 3.15  Family: Rosaceae 3.15.1  Rosa xanthina References

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This chapter introduces 16 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Rhaphiolepis indica, Rosa chinensis, Rosa cymosa, Rosa davurica, Rosa hugonis, Rosa laevigata, Rosa laxa, Rosa lucidissima, Rosa moyesii, Rosa multiflora, Rosa roxburghii, Rosa rugosa, Rosa sericea, Rosa webbiana, Rosa xanthina of Mimosaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

3.1  Family: Rosaceae 3.1.1  Rhaphiolepis indica Chinese Name(s): che lun mei, shi ban mu, chun hua mu, yin du shi ban mu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Rhaphiolepis indica (Rhaphiolepis indica (Linn.) Lindl.). Morphology: The plant is an evergreen shrub, rarely small trees, to 4 m tall. The leaves are in fascicles at the apex of branches. The leaf blades are ovate, oblong, sparsely obovate or oblong lanceolate, 3–8 cm × 1.5–4 cm, apically obtuse, acute, acuminate or long caudate, basally attenuate, connected to the petioles, marginally crenulate, adaxially lustrous and glabrous, with inconspicuous or sunken reticulate veins, abaxially pale, glabrous or sparsely tomentose, with slightly prominent veins

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and conspicuous reticulate veins. The petioles are 5–18 mm long, subglabrous. The stipules are subulate, 3–4 mm long, deciduous. The inflorescences are panicle or raceme, terminal. The peduncles and pedicels are rusty tomentose. The pedicels are 5–15 mm long. The bracts and bracteoles are narrow lanceolate, 2–7 mm long, subglabrous. The flowers are 1–1.3 cm in diameter. The Hypanthia are tubular, 4–5 mm long, brown tomentose at margin and on both surfaces or glabrous. There are 5 sepals, which are triangular lanceolate to linear, 4.5–6  mm long, apically acute, slightly brown tomentose or glabrous both surfaces. There are 5 petals, which are white or light red, obovate or lanceolate, 5–7  ×  4–5  mm, apically acute, basally pubescent. There are 15 stamens, which are ca. as long as or shorter than petals 2–3 styles, connate at base, subglabrous. The pomes are globose, purplish black, about 5 mm in diameter. The fruiting pedicels are stout, 5–10 mm long. The flowering period is in April and the fruiting period from July to August. Habitat: It grows in the thickets or forests of mountains and hills at an altitude of 20–1800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Hainan, Guangdong, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of Japan, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun, or used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and astringent in taste, cold in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation, reducing swelling, cooling blood, and detoxicating, it’s often used to treat injuries, osteomyelitis and arthritis, as well as external treatment of bleeding of knife wounds. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.2  Family: Rosaceae 3.2.1  Rosa chinensis [1] Chinese Name(s): yue ji hua, yue yue hong. Source: This medicine is made of the flowers of Rosa chinensis (Rosa chinensis Jacq.). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub, 1–2 m tall. It’s branchlets are robust, with abundant hooked prickles or sometimes absent. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, alternate. There are 3–5(–7)leaflets, which are 5–11 cm including petioles, broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, 3–6  ×  1–3  cm, apically acuminate, basally broad cuneate or subrounded, marginally acutely serrated, glabrous, with terminal leaflets being stipitate, lateral sessile. The petioles and rachis are sparsely prickly and glandular-pubescent. The stipules are mostly attached to petioles,

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glandular-pubescent margins. The flowers are solitary or fasciculate, slightly fragrant, red or rose red, ca. 5  cm in diameter. The pedicels are 2.5–6  cm long, glandular-­pubescent. There are 5 sepals, which are ovate, pinnately lobed, marginally glandular-pubescent. The petals are double, obovate, apically emarginate, basally cuneate. The stamens are numerous, inserting around the disks. The styles are free, extending out of the hypanthia. The hips are ovoid or pyriform, 1.5–2 cm long, red when mature. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It’s cultivated all over the country. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are harvested all the year round at early stage of blossom and dried in the shade or at low temperature. Medicinal Properties: The products are shortly globose, 1.5–2.5 cm in diameter. The receptacles are oblong. There are 5 sepals, which are dark green, pinnately lobed, apically caudate. The corollas are double petaled, and most or part of the petals are deciduous, obovoid, purplish red or pink, with obvious veins. The stamens are numerous, yellow. It is light, crisp and fragile in quality, fragrant in odor, bland, and slightly bitter in taste. The products that are complete, purple red, and fragrant are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian of liver. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, detoxicating and eliminating swelling, it is often used to treat irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, carbuncle, furuncle, and tuberculosis of lymph nodes. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: irregular menstruation and dysmenorrhea: Rosa chinensis, Leenurus heterophyllus, 9 g each, decocted in water. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: leuhorrhagia with reddish discharge:9–15 g of Rosa chinensis radix, decocted in water.

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3.3  Family: Rosaceae 3.3.1  Rosa cymosa Chinese Name(s): xiao jin ying zi. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Rosa cymosa (Rosa cymosa Tratt.) Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, 2–5 m tall. Its branchlets are slender, with curved hooked prickles. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, alternate. There are 3–5(–7) leaflets, which are ovate lanceolate or elliptic, 1–6 × 0.8–2.5 cm, apically acuminate, basally subrounded, marginally acutely serrulate, glabrous on both sides. The petioles and rachis scattered with hooked prickles. The stipules are linear, separated from petioles, caducous. The petioles are 1–2 cm long. The flowers are numerous, in compound corymbs, white, ca. 2 cm in diameter. The pedicels are pubescent. There are 5 sepals, whose lobes are ovate lanceolate, abaxially sparsely prickled. There are 5 petals, which are obovate oblong, emarginated on the apex. The stamens are numerous. The ovaries are superior, and the style exserted out of the receptacles. The fruits are small, subglobose, ca. 4–10 mm in diameter, red at maturity. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting period from June to July. Habitat: It grows in thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in June and July when ripe and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are subglobose, 0.4–1 cm in diameter, dark brown on the outer surface, smooth and sometimes wrinkled, with long and thin fruiting pedicels at the base, and compressed brown black discoid residual calyx at the apex. The receptacles are thin and crispy. After cutting, there are bright golden villi attached to the inner wall of the hypanthia, and 10–25 small achenes. The achenes are rhombic, reddish brown or pale yellow, golden villous on the surface, solid in texture, 1 seeded. It is slightly odored, sour and astringent in taste. The products that are dry, big, dark brown and without impurities are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian of liver. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, astringency, it’s often used for treatment of coughing due to wind and phlegm, and bruise. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the fruits are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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3.4  Family: Rosaceae 3.4.1  Rosa davurica Chinese Name(s): shan ci mei, ci mei qiang wei, shan mei gui. Source: This medicine is made of the flowers, fruits, and roots of Rosa davurica (Rosa davurica Pall.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, about 1.5 m tall, many branched. The branchlets are terete, purplish brown or grayish brown, with yellow prickles, which are dilated at the base and slightly curved, often paired at the base of branchlets or petioles. There are 7–9 leaflets, which are 4–10 cm long with petioles, oblong or broad lanceolate, 1.5–3.5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, apically acute or obtuse, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, marginally simple and doubly serrate. The petioles and rachis are pubescent, glandular-pubescent, sparsely prickly. The stipules are mostly attached to petioles, with the separated parts being ovate, glandular serrate on margins. The flowers are solitary in the axils of leaves, or 2–3 fascicled. The bracts are ovate, glandular serrate on margins, abaxially pubescent, and glandular punctate. The pedicels are 5–8 mm long. The flowers are 3–4 cm in diameter. The hypanthia are subrounded. The sepals are lanceolate, apically leaflike, abaxially sparsely pubescent and shortly glandular-pubescent, adaxially pubescent, marginally irregularly serrate or glandular-pubescent. The petals are pink, obovate, uneven on the top, basally broadly cuneate. The styles are free, pubescent, much shorter than stamens. The hips are subglobose or ovoid, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, red, lustrous, with persistent, erect sepals. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting period from August to September. Habitat: It grows in the places of hillside bushes, mountain roads, rivers, ditches, under forests, forest edges, etc., often in clusters and areas. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi in China, as well as in North Korea, Russian Far East and Siberia, and Mongolia. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in autumn when ripe, removed the impurities, and used freshly or dried in the sun. The flowers are collected in summer, removed the impurities, and used freshly or dried in the shade. The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, removed the soils, cut into sections, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The flowers are sweet and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridian of kidneys, bladder, and large intestine. The fruits are sour in taste, warm in property. The roots are bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The flowers function in hemostasis and promoting blood circulation, invigorating the spleen and regulating qi, regulating menstruation, relieving cough and eliminating phlegm, stopping dysentery. It’s often used in treatment of

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menorrhagia, hematemesis, intercostal pain, dysmenorrhea, etc. The fruits function in invigorating the spleen and eliminating the accumulation, regulating the meridians, and relieving stranguria. Fruits are often used to treat children’s food accumulation, dyspepsia, inappetence, stomachache, diarrhea, stranguria, and irregular menstruation. Roots function in stopping coughing and eliminating phlegm, stopping dysentery and bleeding. It’s often used in treatment of chronic tracheitis, enteritis, bacillary dysentery, gastric dysfunction, cystitis, uterine bleeding, and bruise. Use and Dosage: 5–10 g per dose for flowers, 15–20 g per dose for fruits and roots, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: bacillary dysentery, enteritis: Rosa davurica root 600 g, add with 4 L of water, decocted to 1 L, and then added with some sugar. Take 50–100 ml every time, 3 times a day. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: functional uterine bleeding: Rosa davurica root 25 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: frostbite, scald, head sore: the external application of Rosa davurica root cream has excellent effect (folk method of Inner Mongolia Yiminhe). 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: menorrhagia: 3–6 flowers of Rosa davurica, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hematemesis: petals of 100 Rosa davurica flower, added with two bowls of water, decocted into half a bowl, removed the dregs, and added with sugar of 250 g. Take them on an empty stomach for six times, twice a day. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: pain due to liver and stomach qi stagnation: Rosa davurica flower 25 g, or added with 25 g of Cyperus rhizome, decocted in water. Take twice a day.

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3.5  Family: Rosaceae 3.5.1  Rosa hugonis Chinese Name(s): huang qiang wei, da ma qie zi, hong yan ci. Source: This medicine is made of the flowers of Rosa hugonis (Rosa hugonis Hemsl.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, up to 2.5 m tall. Its branches often arched. The branchlets are terete, compressed prickly, intermixed with smaller prickles and bristles. There are 5–13 leaflets, which are 4–8  cm including petioles. The leaf blades are ovate, elliptic or obovate, 8–20 × 5–12 mm, apically obtuse, marginally acutely serrate, glabrous on both surfaces. The stipules are long and narrow, mostly adnate to petioles, with auricular free parts. The flowers are solitary, 4–5.5 cm in diameter. The pedicels are 1–2 cm long. The sepals are lanceolate, adaxially slightly

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pubescent. The petals are yellow, broadly obovate, apically emarginate, basally broadly cuneate. The stamens inserted around the mouth of the altar-shaped hypanthia. The styles are free, white villous. The hips are oblate, 1.2–1.5 cm in diameter, purplish red to dark brown, lustrous, with persistent and reflexed sepals. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting from July to August. Habitat: It grows in the sunny hillsides and forest edge shrubs at an altitude of 600–2300 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan in China. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are harvested from May to June at anthesis and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, promoting blood circulation and hemostasis, harmonizing stomach, it is used to treat summer heat, hematemesis, thirst, diarrhea, malaria, thirst, stomachache, carbuncle and furuncle, irregular menstruation, etc. Use and Dosage: 5–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.6  Family: Rosaceae 3.6.1  Rosa laevigata [2] Chinese Name(s): jing ying zi, jing yiing zi, jin ying rou. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Rosa laevigata (Rosa laevigata Michx.) Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, up to 5 m tall. The branches are often arched, scattered with compressed curved prickles. The leaves alternate, and are leathery, imparipinnately compound. There are 3–5 leaflets, which are oval or obovate, 2–6 × 1.2–3.5 cm, and the terminal leaflets usually are the largest, apically

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acute or obtuse, marginally acutely serrated. The leaflets and rachis are prickly and glandular bristly. The stipules are mostly adnate to petioles. The flower is solitary on the apex of the lateral branches, white, 5–7  cm in diameter. The pedicels are 1.8–3 cm long. The calyces are often glandular bristly. There are 5 sepals, which are ovate lanceolate, and the margins are pinnately lobed or entire. The petals are broadly obovate, apically emarginate. The stamens and carpels are numerous. The styles are free, much shorter than stamens. The hips are pyriform or obovoid, densely glandular bristly, with persistent sepals, purple green, orange yellow when mature. The flowering period is from April to June and fruiting from July to November Habitat: It grows in low altitude mountain forests or shrubs. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting period from July to November. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Shaanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, etc., in China. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are picked in late autumn and early winter when red and ripe, scalded with boiling water, dried, and burred. Medicinal Property: The products are oval or obovate, 2–3.5 × 1–2 cm, dark brown-red or reddish yellow, lustrous. There are pot-shaped protuberances remaining after the shedding of bristles. There are trumpet-like persistent calyx or discoid calyx residues on the top, and yellowish style bases slightly prominent in the middle. It is hard, and the endocarps are light red yellowish villous, containing 30–40 achenes with light yellow villous. It’s slightly odored, sweet and sour, slightly astringent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and sour in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of kidneys, bladder and large intestine. Functions: Tonifying kidneys and controlling nocturnal emission, astringing intestines and relieving diarrhea, it’s often used in treatment of deficiency of liver and kidneys, weakness of waist and knee, neurasthenia, hypertension, neurogenic headache, chronic cough, spontaneous perspiration, night sweating, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, chronic nephritis, spermatorrhea, enuresis, stranguria, leucorrhea, and metrorrhagia. Use and Dosage: 3–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Diarrhea due to spleen deficiency: Rosa laevigata 9  g, Codonopsis pilosula, Poria cocos, lotus seed, Semen euryales, and Atractylodes macrocephala, each 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: spermatorrhea and leucorrhea: Rosa laevigata and Euryale ferox in equal quantity, ground into fine powder, and added with honey to make pills. Each pill weighs 9 g. Takes 1 pill twice a day. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: pyelonephritis: Rosa laevigata 30  g, Desmodium styracifolium 30  g, Herba Hedyotidis Chrysotrichae 15  g, Anoectochilus roxburghii 15 g, Desmodium triquetrum 3 g, added with 500 ml of water, decocted into 200 ml, taken 2–3 times, 1 dose per day.

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4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: chyluria: Rosa laevigata root 15  g, Herba Hedyotidis Chrysotrichae 30 g, Cyrtomium fortune, Plantago asiatica 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use. Take one dose per day. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Uterine prolapse: Rosa laevigata root 30–60 g, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Scald: (1) Rosa laevigata root oil: the fresh roots are decocted in water, removed the residue, continue to decoct into half flow extract, added with peanut oil in the proportion of 4:1, and sterilized under high pressure. (2) Rosa laevigata Root Decoctum: Rosa laevigata dry root 500 g, soaked in water for 2–3 inches, and decocted into 0.75–1 kilogram of thick juice. Apply the decoctum into wounds for 4–5 times a day. Annotation: The roots of Rosa laevigata are also used as medicine, which is sour and astringent in taste, neutral in property, function in strengthening kidneys and astringing essence, removing wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation, and removing blood stasis.

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3.7  Family: Rosaceae 3.7.1  Rosa laxa Chinese Name(s): shu hua qiang wei. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits, flowers, leaves and roots of Rosa laxa (Rosa laxa Retz.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–2 m tall. The branchlets of the current year are grayish green. The prickles are fine and straight initially and gradually turn strong and hooked in the shape of sickles, broadened at base, and light yellow. There are 5–9 leaflets, which are elliptic, ovate or oblong, rarely obovate, 1.5–4 × 1–2 cm, apically obtuse, basally subrounded or broad cuneate, marginally single serrated, glabrous on both sides or slightly villous abaxially. The petioles are sparsely prickly, glandular-pubescent, puberulous. The stipules are auriculate, marginally glandular serrate. The flowers are often 3–6  in corymb, sometimes solitary, white or light pink. The bracts are ovate, pilose and glandular hispid. The pedicels are often with small prickles and bristles. The receptacles are ovoid or oblong, often smooth, sometimes glandular hairy. The sepals are lanceolate, entire, sparsely pilose and glandular hispid. The hips are ovoid or oblong, 1–1.8 cm in diameter, red, with persistent sepals. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting period from July to August. Habitat: It grows on the side of hillside shrubs, forest edge sand dry ditches. Distribution: It’s distributed in region of Xinjiang, as well as in Siberia, Central Asia, and Mongolia. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers, leaves, roots, and fruits are picked and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The fruits function in controlling nocturnal emission and urination, stopping diarrhea. The leaves function in detoxification and detumescence. The roots function in activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, dispelling wind and dampness, detoxification and astringency, killing insect. The fruits are also good for the spleen and stomach and help in digestion. It’s often used in treatment of lungs deficiency, asthma and cough, bruise and swelling, spontaneous sweating and night sweating, as well as metrorrhagia. Use and Dosage: 5–15 g per dose for flowers, 50–100 g per dose for fruits and roots, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.8  Family: Rosaceae 3.8.1  Rosa lucidissima Chinese Name(s): liang ye yue ji. Source: This medicine is made of the flowers of Rosa lucidissima (Rosa lucidissima Lévl.). Morphology: The plant is an evergreen or semi-evergreen scandent shrub. Its branchlets are robust, glabrous when old. The prickles are sparse, curved, flat, gradually tapering to base. There are usually 3 to 5 leaflets. The petioles are 6–11 cm long. The leaflets are long, round or oval, 4–8 × 2–4 cm, apically caudate-acuminate or acute, basally subrounded, marginally acutely serrate, glabrous on both sides, dark green and lustrous adaxially, pale green abaxially. The petioles are shortly prickly, sparsely glandular-pubescent. The stipules are mostly adnate to petioles, apically free, and the free parts are lanceolate. The flowers are solitary, 3–3.5 cm in diameter. The sepals are ca. as long as petals, oblong lanceolate, apical caudate acuminate, abaxially densely pilose, reflexed after anthesis. The petals are purplish red, broadly obovate, apically slightly emarginate, basally cuneate. The stamens are numerous, inserted on protuberant disks. The carpels are numerous. The styles are purplish red. The hips are pyriform or obovoid, black purple. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting from May to August. Habitat: It grows in the hillside mixed forest or shrub at an altitude of 400–1400 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are collected in anthesis, removed impurities, branches and leaves, and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, it’s often used in treatment of menstrual disorders, dysmenorrhea, abdominal pain, leucorrhea, bruises, carbuncle, gangrene, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.9  Family: Rosaceae 3.9.1  Rosa moyesii Chinese Name(s): hua xi qiang wei, hong hua qiang wei. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rosa moyesii (Rosa moyesii Hemsl. & E. H. Wilson). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–4 m tall. Its branchlets are terete, glabrous, or sparsely puberulous. The prickles are straight or slightly curved, flat, tapering below to broad base. There are 7–13 leaflets, which are 7–13 cm long with petioles, ovate, elliptic or oblong ovate, 1–5 × 0.8–2.5 cm, apically acute, basally subrounded marginally acutely serrate, adaxially glabrous and abaxially pubescent only along prominent veins. The stipules are broad and flat, mostly adnate to petioles, and the free parts are long ovate, marginally glandular serrate. The flowers are solitary or 2–3 fasciculate. The bracts are oblong and ovate, 2 cm long, apically acute or acuminate, marginally glandular-pubescent. The pedicels are 1–3 cm long. The pedicels and hypanthia are usually glandular pubescent, rarely glabrous. The flowers are 4–6 cm in diameter. The sepals are ovate, abaxially glabrous or with a few glandular bristles at base, adaxially pubescent, pinnately lobed. The petals are deep red, broadly obovate, apically emarginate, broadly cuneate at the base. The styles are free, pubescent. The hips are oblong ovoid or ovoid, 1–2  cm in diameter, with a short neck at apex, purplish red, with persistent, erect sepals. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It grows in hillsides or thickets at an altitude of 2000–3800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Chongqing in China.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up all year round, washed, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: It’s often used in treatment of nocturnal diarrhea, toothache, lungs carbuncle, traumatic bleeding, spermatorrhea, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.10  Family: Rosaceae 3.10.1  Rosa multiflora Chinese Name(s): ye qiang wei, duo hua qiang wei, xiao jin ying, chi le, ying shi. Source: This medicine is made of the flowers, leaves, roots, and fruits of Rosa multiflora (Rosa multiflora Thunb.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub. Its branchlets are terete, usually glabrous, with short, stout, slightly curved prickles. There are 5–9 leaflets, sometimes 3 near the inflorescence, which are 5–10 cm long with petioles. The leaflets are obovate, oblong or ovate, 1.5–5 × 0.8–2.8 cm, apically acute or rounded-obtuse, basally rounded or cuneate, marginally simply serrate or mix with double serrations, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent. The petiole and rachis are puberulous or glabrous, with scattered glandular hairs. The stipules are pectinate, mostly adnate to petioles, marginally glandular-pubescent or not. The flowers are numerous in corymb. The pedicels are 1.5–2.5  cm long, glabrous or glandular-pubescent, sometimes with pectinate bracteoles at the base. The flowers are 1.5–2 cm in diameter. The sepals are lanceolate, sometimes with 2 linear lobes in the middle, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent. The petals are white, broadly obovate, apex emarginate, basally cuneate. The styles are connate in column, exserted, slightly longer than stamens, glabrous. The hips are subglobose, 6–8 mm in diameter, reddish brown or purplish brown, glossy, glabrous, with caducous sepals. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Shandong, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of Japan and North Korea.

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Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are collected in spring, and the leaves, roots, and fruits are collected in autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots are bitter in taste, neutral in property. The leaves are bitter in taste, cold in property. The flowers are bitter and astringent in taste, cold in property. The fruits are sour in taste and warm in property. Functions: The roots function in dispelling wind and activating blood circulation, regulating menstruation and astringing essence. The leaves function in clearing heat and detoxification. The flowers function in clearing heat and thirst, stop bleeding. The fruits function in dispelling wind and dampness, benefiting joint. The roots are often used in treatment of rheumatism joint pain, bruise injury, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, and enuresis, as well as in external treatment of burn, scald, and bleeding. The leaves are often used for external treatment of carbuncle, furuncle, and sore. The flowers are often used for treatment of heatstroke, thirst, hematemesis. The fruits are often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis pain and nephritis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots, 3–9 g per dose for flowers and fruits, decoct in water for oral use. For external use, appropriate amount of fresh root barks and leaves are mashed or dried products made into powder and applied to the affected areas.

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3.11  Family: Rosaceae 3.11.1  Rosa roxburghii Chinese Name(s): sao si hua, ci li zi, wen guang guo, ci bing lang gen, mu li zi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and fruits of Rosa roxburghii (Rosa roxburghii Tratt.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–2.5  m tall. Its barks are grayish brown, flaking in pieces. The branchlets are terete, ascending-spreading, with slightly flat and paired prickles. There are 9–15 leaflets, which are 5–11 cm long with petioles, oval or oblong, rarely obovate, 1–2 × 0.6–1.2 cm, apically acute or obtuse, basally broadly cuneate, marginally acutely simply serrulate, glabrous on both sides, abaxially with prominent veins and scattered small prickles on the rachis and petioles. The stipules are mostly adnate to petioles, with free parts being subulate, glandular-­ pubescent on margins. The flowers are solitary or 2 or 3 and fasciculate apically on branches, 5–6  cm in diameter. The pedicels are short. There are 2–3 bracteoles, which are ovate, marginally glandular-pubescent. The sepals are usually broadly ovate, apically acuminate, pinnately lobed, adaxially tomentose, abaxially densely prickly. The petals are double to half double, light red or pink, slightly fragrant, obovate, and the outer petals are large and inner ones small. The stamens mostly inserting on margins of hypanthia. The carpels are numerous, inserting at base of receptacles. The styles are free, not exserted, shorter than stamens, pubescent. The fruits are depressed-globose, 3–4 cm in diameter, green-red, densely prickly, with persistent, erect sepals. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting period from August to October. Habitat: It is mainly located in the side of the gullies, roadsides, and shrubs. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, and Hubei in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and fruits are collected in autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The roots function in promoting digestion and strengthening spleen, astringing and relieving diarrhea. The fruits function in relieving heat and promoting digestion. The roots are used to treat food accumulation, abdominal distention, dysentery, enteritis, sweating, night sweating, spermatorrhea, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, hemorrhoid bleeding. The fruit are used for vitamin C deficiency, cancer, and senility. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots, 3–5 fruits per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: food and abdominal distention: flowers of Rosa roxburghii and brown sugar 30 g each, decocted in water for oral use.

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2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: dysentery, enteritis: flowers of Rosa roxburghii, Agrimonia pilosa, Kalimeris indica 500  g each, added with 4500  ml water, decocted into 1500 ml. Take 50–100 ml each time, twice a day.

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3.12  Family: Rosaceae 3.12.1  Rosa rugosa [3] Chinese Name(s): mei gui hua, ci ke, chuan xin mei gui, ci mei hua, chi qiang wei. Source: This medicine is made of the buds of Rosa rugosa (Rosa rugosa Thunb.). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub, about 2 m tall. The stems are stout, erect or curved, prickly and glandular pubescent, with densely tomentose twigs. The leaves are pinnately compound, with 5–9 leaflets, which are oval or oval obovate, 2–5  ×  1–2  cm, apically acute, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, marginally acutely serrate adaxially wrinkled, glabrous, shiny, abaxially tomentose and glandular. The petioles and rachis are tomentose, sometimes with a few, short prickles and bristles. The stipules are mostly adnate to petiole, and the free parts are ovate, marginally serrulate. The flowers bloom in spring and summer, single or 3–6 fasciculate, red or white, fragrant, 6–8 cm in diameter. The pedicels are 5–25 mm long, tomentose and glandular. The sepals are ovate lanceolate, apically caudate-acuminate, abaxially pubescent and stipitate glandular. The petals are obovate, double or semi-double. The stamens are numerous, inserting around the disks. The styles are free, shorter than stamens, hairy. The hips are depressed-­globose, 2–2.5 cm in diameter, dark red when ripe, with persistent sepals. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting period from August to September. Habitat: It is mainly cultivated. Distribution: It’s cultivated all over the country, as well as in countries of North Korea and Japan. It originated in the north of China. Acquisition and Processing: The buds are picked in batches in late spring and early summer, and dried at low temperature in time. Medicinal Properties: The products are slightly subglobose, with 5 sepals, which are ovate lanceolate, yellow green or brownish green, puberulent. The petals are wide ovate, wrinkled, purplish red, or sometimes yellowish brown. The stamens are mostly yellow brown, inserting around the receptacles. It is light and brittle in texture, fragrant in odor, and slightly bitter in taste. The products that are large, complete, purple red flower, no pistils exerted, and strongly fragrant are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slight bitter in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and spleen. Functions: Regulating qi and promoting blood circulation. It’s often use for the treatment of pain caused by liver and stomach qi stagnation, epigastric fullness, bruise and injury, irregular menstruation. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Example: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: stomachache: Rosa rugosa 9 g, Sichuan chinaberry 9 g, Paeonia Lactiflora 9 g, Cyperus rotundus 12 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: irregular menstruation: Rosa rugosa 9  g, Chinese rose 15 g, Leenurus heterophyllus, and the root of red-rooted salvia each 15 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.13  Family: Rosaceae 3.13.1  Rosa sericea Chinese Name(s): juan mao qiang wei, feng tang guan, shan ci li. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rosa sericea (Rosa sericea Lindl.) Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub, 1–2 m tall. The branches are robust and arched. The prickles are in pairs below leaves and scattered, abruptly flaring to a broad base, sometimes very dense. There are 7–11 leaflets, 3.5–8 cm long with petioles. The leaflets are ovate or obovate, 8–20 × 5–8 mm, apically obtuse, basally broad cuneate. The rachis and petioles are sparsely prickly and glandular-pubescent. The stipules are mostly adnate to petioles, only free on the apex, which is auriculate. The flowers are solitary in the axil of the leaf, and the bracts are absent, 2.5–5 cm in diameter. The sepals are ovate lanceolate apically acuminate or acute. The petals are white, broadly obovate, apically emarginate, basally broadly cuneate. The styles are free and villous, slightly exserted, shorter than the stamens. The hips are obovoid or globose, 8–15 mm in diameter, red or purplish brown, with persistent erect sepals. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting period from July to August. Habitat: It grows on the mountain tops, valley slopes or sunny dry lands at an altitude of 2000–3800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Xizang in China, as well as in countries of India, Myanmar, and Bhutan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up from August to October, washed, sliced, and dried at low temperature. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slight sour and astringent in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: Eliminating food stagnation, strengthening spleen and stopping dysentery, it is often used to treat abdominal distention and diarrhea. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

3.14  Family: Rosaceae 3.14.1  Rosa webbiana Chinese Name(s): da guo qiang wei, cang bian qiang wei. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Rosa webbiana (Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–2  m tall. The branches are scattered or paired prickly. The prickles are usually straight, terete, to 1 cm, stout, rarely fine, yellow and white. There are 5–9 leaflet, 3–4 cm long with petioles. The leaflets are

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round, obovate or oval, 6–20  ×  4–12  mm, apically rounded-obtuse, basally subrounded or cuneate, marginally simply serrate, glabrous or abaxially sparsely puberulous along veins. The petioles are sparsely prickly. The stipules are mostly adnate to petioles, and the free parts are oval, marginally glandular. The flowers are solitary, rarely 2 or 3 and fasciculate, 3–5  cm in diameter. The bracts are ovate, marginally glandular serrate. The pedicels are 1–1.5  cm long. The pedicels and receptacles are glabrous or glandular hairy. The sepals are triangular lanceolate, apically caudate, entire on margins, abaxially glandular-pubescent, adaxially densely puberulous. The petals are rose red or pink, broadly obovate, apically emarginate basally cuneate. The styles are free, villous. The hips are subglobose or ovoid, 1.5–2 cm in diameter, pendulous, red, with persistent sepals. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting period from July to September. Habitat: It grows on dry slopes and thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Xinjiang, Xizang, as well as in Central Asia, India, Kashmir, and Afghanistan. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in autumn when ripe and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Astringing essence, stopping diarrhea, strengthening spleen and stomach, helping digestion, it’s often used to treat lungs deficiency, asthma and cough, self -sweating, night sweating, and metrorrhagia. Use and Dosage: 50–100 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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3.15  Family: Rosaceae 3.15.1  Rosa xanthina Chinese Name(s): huang ci mei. Source: This medicine is made of the fruits of Rosa xanthina (Rosa xanthina Lindl.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–1.5 m tall. The branchlets are dense, purplish brown, glabrous, with scattered prickles, which are straight, abruptly flaring to an elliptic base, with bristles being absent. There are 9–15 leaflets, which are 3–5 cm long with petioles, subrounded or broadly ovate, rarely elliptic, 8–1.2 × 5–10 mm, apically rounded-obtuse, basally rounded, marginally obtusely serrate, abaxially sparsely pubescent when young, adaxially glabrous. The petioles are sparsely pubescent, sometimes with small prickles. The stipules are lanceolate, adnate to petiole in the middle and bottom, glandular hairy and serrate on margins. The flowers are single in leaf axils, about 4 cm in diameter, and the bracts are absent. The pedicels are 1.5–2 cm long, glabrous, not glandular. The hypanthia are globose. The sepals are apically acuminate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely pubescent, marginally entire. The petals are yellow, double, obovate, apically emarginate basally broadly cuneate. The styles are free, slightly exserted. The fruits are subglobose, about 1 cm in diameter, purple brown. The sepals are reflexed. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting period from July to August. Habitat: It’s mainly cultivated. Distribution: It’s distributed in Northeast, North China to Northwest. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in autumn when ripe and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s astringent in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: Strengthening the spleen and stomach, helping digestion, and moistening the lung, it’s often used for treatment of asthma and cough due to lungs deficiency, abdominal distention, abdominal pain and loss of appetite. Use and Dosage: 50–100 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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References 1. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 70) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 2. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 206) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 3. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Part 1: 185) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015.

Chapter 4

Medicinal Angiosperms of Rosaceae (cont. III) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 4.1  Family: Rosaceae 4.1.1  Rubus alceaefolius 4.2  Family: Rosaceae 4.2.1  Rubus bambusarum 4.3  Family: Rosaceae 4.3.1  Rubus buergeri 4.4  Family: Rosaceae 4.4.1  Rubus chingii 4.5  Family: Rosaceae 4.5.1  Rubus cochinchinensis 4.6  Family: Rosaceae 4.6.1  Rubus columellaris 4.7  Family: Rosaceae 4.7.1  Rubus corchorifolius

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_4

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146 4.8  Family: Rosaceae 4.8.1  Rubus coreanus 4.9  Family: Rosaceae 4.9.1  Rubus lambertianus 4.10  Family: Rosaceae 4.10.1  Rubus leucanthus 4.11  Family: Rosaceae 4.11.1  Rubus parvifolius 4.12  Family: Rosaceae 4.12.1  Rubus lutescens 4.13  Family: Rosaceae 4.13.1  Rubus niveus 4.14  Family: Rosaceae 4.14.1  Rubus pectinellus 4.15  Family: Rosaceae 4.15.1  Rubus reflexus 4.16  Family:Rosaceae 4.16.1  Rubus rosaefolius 4.17  Family: Rosaceae 4.17.1  Rubus setchuenensis 4.18  Family: Rosaceae 4.18.1  Rubus suavissimus 4.19  Family: Rosaceae 4.19.1  Rubus sumatranus 4.20  Family: Rosaceae 4.20.1  Rubus tephrodes 4.21  Family: Rosaceae 4.21.1  Rubus wallichianus 4.22  Family: Rosaceae 4.22.1  Sanguisorba alpina 4.23  Family: Rosaceae 4.23.1  Sanguisorba officinalis 4.24  Family: Rosaceae 4.24.1  Sorbaria arborea 4.25  Family: Rosaceae 4.25.1  Sorbaria sorbifolia 4.26  Family: Rosaceae 4.26.1  Sorbus tianschanica 4.27  Family: Rosaceae 4.27.1  Spiraea canescens 4.28  Family: Rosaceae 4.28.1  Spiraea chinensis

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This chapter introduces 28 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Rubus alceaefolius, Rubus bambusarum, Rubus buergeri, Rubus chingii, Rubus cochinchinensis, Rubus columellaris, Rubus corchorifolius, Rubus coreanus, Rubus lambertianus, Rubus leucanthus, Rubus parvifolius, Rubus lutescens, Rubus niveus, Rubus pectinellus, Rubus reflexus, Sanguisorba alpine, Sanguisorba officinalis, Sorbaria arborea, Sorbaria sorbifolia, Sorbus tianschanica, Spiraea canescens, Spiraea chinensi of Rosaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal

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plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

4.1  Family: Rosaceae 4.1.1  Rubus alceaefolius Chinese Name(s): cu ye xuan gou zi, da ye she pao le, gou tou pao, lao hu pao, ba yue pao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Rubus alceaefolius (Rubus alceaefolius Poir.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, 5  m tall. The leaves are simple, subrounded or broadly ovate, 6–16 × 5–14 cm, apically obtuse, rarely acute, basally cordate, adaxially sparsely villous and distinctly bullate between veins, abaxially yellowish gray to rust colored tomentose, villous along the veins, marginally irregular 3–7-lobed, and the lobes are obtuse or acute, unevenly coarsely serrate, basally 5-veined. The petioles are 3–4.5 cm long, grayish yellow or rusty tomentose-­villous, with sparse, minute prickles. The stipules are large, about 1–1.5 cm long, deeply digitately or pinnately divided, and the lobes are linear or linear lanceolate. The inflorescences are terminal, narrow cymose panicles or subracemes, and sometimes few flowers are in axillary clusters, rarely solitary. The peduncles, pedicels, and rachis are light yellow to rust colored tomentose-villous. The bracts are large, pinnatifid to pinnatipartite, and the lobes are linear to lanceolate, or divided again. The flowers are 1–1.6 cm in diameter. The sepals are broadly ovate, light yellow to rust colored villous, with apex and margin of outer sepals being palmately or pinnately laciniate, rarely undivided, and the inner sepals entire, shortly pointed. The petals are broadly obovate or suborbicular, white, nearly equaling to sepals. The stamens are numerous. The filaments are broad and complanate. The anthers have few long hairs. The pistils are numerous. The ovaries are glabrous. The fruits are subglobose, 1.8 cm in diameter, fleshy, red. The pyrenes are rugose. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting period from October to November. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests or thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangsu, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of Japan, Myanmar to Indonesia, Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing away heat and dampness, promoting blood circulation, and removing blood stasis, it’s often used in treatment of hepatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, stomatitis, mastitis, dysentery, enteritis, bruise, rheumatism and bone pain, and traumatic bleeding.

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Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the products are mashed to powder for application.

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4.2  Family: Rosaceae 4.2.1  Rubus bambusarum Chinese Name(s): zhu ye ji zhua cha, lao lin cha, duan bing ji zhua cha. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rubus bambusarum (Rubus bambusarum Focke). Morphology: The plant is an evergreen scandent shrub. Its branches are with slightly curved prickles, tomentose-villous when young, glabrescent, glabrous in age. The leaves are palmately compound, 3–5-foliolate, leathery. The leaflets are narrowly lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 7–13 × 1–3 cm, apically acuminate, basally broadly cuneate, glabrous adaxially, densely gray or yellowish gray villous abaxially, and the midveins are protuberant and brown, marginally sparsely serrate. The petioles are tomentose when young. The stipules are caducous. The inflorescences are terminal or axillary, subracemes. The rachis and pedicels are grayish white or yellowish gray villous, with sparse minute prickles. The bracts are ovate lanceolate, membranous, and pilose. The calyces are densely sericeous-villous. The sepals are ovate lanceolate, apically acuminate, often reflexed in fruit. The flowers are 1–2 cm in diameter. The petals are purplish red to pink, obovate or broadly elliptic, basally puberulous. The stamens are many, soft hairy. There are 25–40 pistils. The styles are villous. The aggregate fruits are subglobose, reddish black, with persistent villous styles. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting period from July to August. Habitat: It grows in the open areas or forests in the mountainous areas at an altitude of 1000–3000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Shaanxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested all year round, washed, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Cooling blood and stopping bleeding, activating blood circulation and regulating menstruation, astringing and detoxicating, it’s often used to treat toothache, sores, furuncle and carbuncle, irregular menstruation. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.3  Family: Rosaceae 4.3.1  Rubus buergeri Chinese Name(s): han mei, han ci pao, shan huo mei. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Rubus buergeri (Rubus buergeri Miq.). Morphology: The plant is a creeping small shrub. Its stems often root in the nodes. The stolons are 2 m long, densely tomentose-villous. unarmed or with sparse, minute prickles with flowering branchlets. The leaves are simple, ovate to subround, 5–11 cm in diameter, apically obtuse to acute, basally cordate, adaxially slightly soft hairy or only hairy along veins, abaxially densely tomentose, with soft hairs along veins when young, marginally 5–7-lobed, and the lobes are obtuse, with uneven sharp serrations, palmately 5 veined at the base. The lateral veins are 2 or 3 in pairs. The petioles are 4–9 cm in length, densely tomentose-villous, with sparse prickles or not. The stipules are free, caducous, palmatipartite or pinnatipartite, with linear or linear lanceolate and pilose lobes. The inflorescences are in racemes, terminal or axillary, few flowered, or flowers several clustered in leaf axils. The rachis and pedicels are densely tomentose-villous, with sparse prickles or not. The pedicels are 0.5–0.9 cm long. The flowers are 0.6–1 cm in diameter. The calyces are abaxially yellowish villous and tomentose. The sepals are lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, apically acuminate, with outer sepals being often lobed apically, inner sepals entire, erect in fruiting period, rarely reflexed. The petals are obovate, white, nearly as long as or slightly longer than sepals. The stamens are numerous, and the filaments are linear, glabrous. The pistils are glabrous, longer than stamens. The aggregate fruits are subglobose, 6–10  mm in diameter, purplish black, glabrous, with coarsely rugose pyrenes. The flowering period is from July to August and the fruiting period from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the forests or thickets of mountains and hills at an altitude of 300–900 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and sour in taste, cool in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation, stopping bleeding, clearing heat, and detoxicating, the roots are often used for treatment of jaundice hepatitis, stomachache, irregular menstruation, postpartum fever, infantile high fever, hemorrhoids; the leaves are often used for hemoptysis caused by tuberculosis, as well as in external treatment for traumatic bleeding, impetigo. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh leaves are mashed or dried leaves made into powder for application.

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4.4  Family: Rosaceae 4.4.1  Rubus chingii Chinese Name(s): zhang ye fu pen zi, da hao jiao gong, niu nai mu, hua dong fu pen zi. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Rubus chingii (Rubus chingii Hu). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1.5–3  m tall. The branches are slender, prickly, glabrous. The leaves are simple, subrounded, 4–9 cm in diameter, pubescent along veins on both surfaces or subglabrous, basally cordate, marginally palmately (3-) 7-lobed, and the leaves are elliptic to rhombic-lanceolate, apically acuminate, basally contracted toward base. The terminal lobes are slightly longer than lateral lobes, doubly serrate, palmately 5-veined. The petioles are 2–4 cm long, slightly pubescent or glabrous, with sparse prickles. The stipules are linear lanceolate. The flowers are single in leaf axils, 2.5–4  cm in diameter. The pedicels are 2–3.5 cm long, glabrous. The hypanthia are sparsely pubescent or sub glabrous. The sepals are narrowly ovate to ovate-oblong, apically acute, densely pubescent adaxially. The petals are elliptic or ovate-oblong, white, apically obtuse, 1–1.5(–2.5) × 0.7–1.5 cm. The stamens are numerous, and the filaments are broad, complanate. The pistils are numerous, pilose. The aggregate fruits are subglobose, red, 1.5–2  cm in diameter, densely gray pubescent. The pyrenes are rugose. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting from May to June. Habitat: It grows in hillsides and thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi and Guangdong in China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in summer when ripe and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is aggregate fruit, composed of many small drupes, conic or oblate conic, 0.6–1.3 cm tall and 0.5–1.2 cm in diameter, yellowish green or light brown on surfaces, apically obtuse and rounded, concave at the center of the base. The persistent calyxes are brown, with peduncle mark below. The small fruit is easy to peel off, and each small fruit is semilune, and densely grayish white hairy on the back, with obvious reticulate lines on both surfaces, and protruding ridges on the abdomen. It is light in weight and hard in quality, slightly odored, sour and astringent in tastes. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and sour in taste, warm in property. Functions: Tonifying the liver and kidneys, reducing urination, reinforcing Yang, consolidating essence, and improving eyesight, it’s often used in treatment of enuresis due to kidneys deficiency, frequent urination, impotence, premature ejaculation, and spermatorrhea. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.5  Family: Rosaceae 4.5.1  Rubus cochinchinensis Chinese Name(s): she pao le, yue nan xuan gou zi, xiao meng hu, ji zu ci. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Rubus cochinchinensis (Rubus cochinchinensis Tratt.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub. The branches, petioles, inflorescences, and midvein of leaves are with sparse, curved small prickles. The branches are yellow tomentose when young, gradually glabrescent. The leaves are palmately compound, 5-foliolate, sometimes 3-foliolate in the upper part. The leaflets are elliptic, obovate elliptic or elliptic lanceolate, 5–12 × 2–4 cm. The central leaflets are slightly larger than lateral leaflets, apex shortly acuminate, basally cuneate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely brown-yellow tomentose, marginally irregularly sharply serrate. The petioles are 4–5 cm long, tomentose when young, glabrescent when old, 3–6  mm long. The stipules are broad, 5–7  mm long, flabellate, palmately divided, and the lobes are lanceolate. The inflorescences are terminal panicles, or axillary subracemes, sometimes several flowers clustering in leaf axils. The rachis, pedicel, and calyx are yellow tomentose. The pedicels are 4–10  mm long. The bracts are caducous, palmately or pectinately divided. The flowers are 8–12 mm in diameter. The calyces are campanulate, without prickles. The sepals are oval, apically acuminate, and the outer sepals are apically 3-lobed. The petals are suborbicular, white, shorter than the sepals. The stamens are numerous, and the filaments are subulate, glabrous, shorter than sepals and petals. There are 30–40 pistils, glabrous, and the styles are longer than sepals. The aggregate fruits are globose, red when young, black when matured. The flowering period is from March to May and the fruiting period from July to August. Habitat: It grows in forests or thickets of mountains and hills from low to medium altitude. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi in China, as well as in countries of Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, promoting Qi circulation, it’s often used for treatment of lumbago, arthralgia, rheumatism and bone pain, as well as external treatment of bruise and swelling. Use and Dosage: 6–18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.6  Family: Rosaceae 4.6.1  Rubus columellaris Chinese Name(s): xiao zhu xuan gou zi, san ye diao gan pao. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Rubus columellaris (Rubus columellaris Tutch.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, 1–2.5  m tall. The leaves are 3-­ foliolate, sometimes single, subleathery, elliptic or oval lanceolate, 3–13 × 1.5–5 cm. The terminal leaflets are 16 cm long, much longer than the lateral ones, apically acuminate, basally rounded or cordate. The lateral veins are 9–13 in pairs, glabrous on both sides or sparsely appressed pubescent adaxially, marginally coarsely serrate. The petioles are 2–4 cm long, and the petiolules of terminal leaflet are 1–2 cm. The lateral leaflets are shortly petiolulate or subsessile. The stipules are lanceolate, glabrous, and sparsely pubescent. The inflorescences are 3–7-flowered, corymbose, terminal on the lateral branches or axillary. The rachises are 3–4 cm long, and the pedicels are 1–2 cm long, glabrous, rarely puberulent, with sparse, small prickles. The flowers are large, 3–4 cm in diameter in blossom. The calyces are glabrous. The sepals are ovate lanceolate or lanceolate, and the inner sepals are yellowish gray tomentose at margin, reflexed after anthesis. The petals are spatulate-­ oblong or narrowly obovate, longer than the sepals, white, base clawed. There are many stamens, which are arranged in several whorls, with somewhat broader filaments. The pistils are to 300 or more, glabrous. The central part of receptacle is protuberant and capitate, with a petiole of 5 mm long at the base. The aggregate fruits are subglobose or slightly oblong, 1.5–1.7  cm in diameter, orange-red or brown-yellow, glabrous. The pyrenes are shallowly rugose. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting period in June. Habitat: It grows in valley forests or thickets at an altitude of 200–750 m.

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Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and sour in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used in treatment of dysentery, gastritis, enteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, mastitis, and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.7  Family: Rosaceae 4.7.1  Rubus corchorifolius Chinese Name(s): shan mei, san yue pao, wu yue pao, shu mei, shan pao zi, niu nai pao, sa yang pao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Rubus corchorifolius (Rubus corchorifolius Linn. f.). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub, 1–3 m tall. The branches are prickly and pubescent when young. The leaves are simple, ovate to ovate lanceolate, 5–12 × 2.5–5 cm, apically acuminate, basally slightly cordate, sometimes subtruncate or subrounded, adaxially pale, finely pubescent along veins, abaxially somewhat darker, densely finely pubescent when young, gradually glabrescent, with sparse, small prickles along midvein, marginally undivided or 3-lobed, usually 3-divided on sterile branches, irregularly sharply serrate to doubly serrate. The petioles are 1–2 cm long, sparsely prickly, densely villous when young. The stipules are linear lanceolate and pilose. The inflorescences are 1-flowered or few flowers inserting terminal on short lateral branchlets. The pedicels are 0.6–2  cm long, finely pubescent. The flowers are up to 3 cm in diameter. The calyces are abaxially densely finely pubescent, without prickles. The sepals are ovate or triangular ovate, 5–8 mm long, apically acute to acuminate. The petals are oblong or elliptic, white, apically obtuse., 0.9–1.2 cm × 6–8 mm, longer than sepals. The stamens are numerous, and the filaments are short and complanate. The pistils are numerous, and the ovaries are pubescent. The aggregate fruits are composed of many small drupelets, which are subglobose or ovoid drupelets, 1–1.2 cm in diameter, red, densely pubescent. The pyrenes are rugose. The flowering period is form February to March and fruiting from April to June. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests or thickets at an altitude of 100–600 m. Distribution: It’s distributed all over the country except for the northeast, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Xizang. It’s also distributed in North Korea, Japan, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots are bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property, and the leaves are bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: The roots function in promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, stopping bleeding, and clearing wind and dampness. The leaves function in detumescence and detoxification. The roots are often used for treatment of hematemesis, hematochezia, enteritis, dysentery, rheumatoid joint pain, bruise, irregular menstruation, and leucorrhea. The leaves are often used for external treatment of carbuncle, furuncle, and swelling. Use and Dosage:15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.8  Family: Rosaceae 4.8.1  Rubus coreanus Chinese Name(s): cha tian pao, cha tian pao, gao li xuan gou zi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rubus coreanus (Rubus coreanus Miq.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–3 m tall. Its branches are robust, reddish brown, glaucous, with flattened curved prickles. The leaves are 3- or 5-foliolate, ovate, rhombic ovate, or broadly ovate, 3–8 × 2–5 cm, apically acute, basally cuneate to subrounded, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent or shortly tomentose only along veins, marginally irregularly coarse serrate to incised coarsely serrate, sometimes 3-lobed on terminal leaflet. The petioles are 2–5 cm long, and the terminal petioles are 1–2  cm long. The lateral leaflets are subsessile. The stipules are linear lanceolate and pilose. The inflorescences are terminal on lateral short branchlets, corymbose, several to more than 30-flowered. The rachis and pedicels are gray pubescent. The pedicels are 5–10 mm long. The bracts are linear and pubescent. The flowers are 7–10 mm in diameter. The calyces are abaxially gray pubescent. The sepals are ovate to ovate lanceolate, 4–6 mm long, apically acuminate, marginally tomentose, spreading at anthesis, reflexed in fruit. The petals are obovate, reddish to dark red, nearly as long as or somewhat shorter than sepals. The stamens are shorter than or ca. as long as petals. The filaments are pinkish. The pistils are numerous. The styles are glabrous, and the ovaries are sparsely pubescent. The fruits are subspherical, 5–8  mm in diameter, dark red to purple black, glabrous or subglabrous. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting period from June to August. Habitat: It grows in valleys and mountain thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Guizhou, Xinjiang in China, as well as in countries of North Korea and Japan.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and then dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation, stopping bleeding, and clearing wind and dampness, it’s often used for treatment of injuries, fractures, irregular menstruation, hematemesis, epistaxis, rheumatism, arthralgia, edema, dysuria, and scrofula. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. The patients who are weak or without blood stasis should use with caution.

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4.9  Family: Rosaceae 4.9.1  Rubus lambertianus Chinese Name(s): gao liang pao, xi yan tong zi, yang pao zi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Rubus lambertianus (Rubus lambertianus Ser.) Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, 3 m tall. Its branchlets are thinly pubescent or subglabrous, with sparse, curved minute prickles. The leaves are simple, broad ovate, rarely oblong ovate, 5–10 × 3–8 cm, apically acuminate, basally cordate, adaxially pilose, more densely so along veins, abaxially sparsely pilose, more densely so along veins. The rachises are sparsely prickly, marginally 3–5 lobed or undulate, serrulate. The petioles are 2–4(–5)cm, thinly pubescent or subglabrous, with sparse, minute prickles. The stipules are free, laciniate-parted nearly to base, thinly pubescent or subglabrous, caducous. The inflorescences are terminal or axillary, with those ones on in the axil of the upper branches usually being racemose, sometimes few flowers inserting in clusters in leaf axils. The rachis and pedicels are thinly pubescent. The pedicels are 0.5–1 cm long. The bracts are similar to the stipules. The flowers are about 8 mm in diameter. The sepals are ovate lanceolate, apically acuminate, marginally entire, margins of outer sepals. The inner sepals are white pubescent, and margins of the inner sepals are gray tomentose. The petals are obovate, white, glabrous, slightly shorter than sepals. The stamens are numerous, slightly shorter than petals and the filaments are broad and complanate. There are 15–20 pistils, usually glabrous. The aggregate fruits are small, subglobose, 6–8 mm in diameter, composed of many drupelets, glabrous, red at maturity. The pyrenes are small, about 2 mm long, prominently rugose. The flowering period is from July to August and the fruiting period from September to November. Habitat: It grows in hills or mountain forests and thickets at an altitude of 200–1600 m.

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Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, and Yunnan in China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, reducing swelling, and detoxicating, it’s often used in treatment of postpartum abdominal pain, menorrhagia, puerperal fever, dysmenorrhea, sciatica, rheumatoid arthritis, and hemiplegia. The leaves are also used in external treatment of traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: postpartum hemorrhage, puerperal fever, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea: Rubus lambertianus root, Ficus pandurata root, Hibiscus syriacus root, Polygonum convolvulus root, 15  g each, decocted in water and added with brown sugar or rice wine to enhance the efficacy. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: uterine bleeding: Rubus lambertianus root 60 g, black bean 60 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.10  Family: Rosaceae 4.10.1  Rubus leucanthus Chinese Name(s): bai hua xuan gou zi, pao teng, bai gou le teng, nan she le. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rubus leucanthus (Rubus leucanthus Hance). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, 1–3 m tall. The branches are purplish brown, glabrous, and sparsely curved prickly. The leaves are 3-foliolate, sometimes simple apically on branchlets or basally in inflorescences. The leaves blades are leathery, ovate or ovate-elliptic. The terminal leaflets are slightly longer than or nearly as long as lateral leaflets, leathery, 4–8 × 2–4 cm, apically acuminate to caudate, basally rounded, glabrous on both surfaces. There are 5–8 pairs of lateral veins, which are slightly pubescent adaxially, marginally sharply coarsely serrate.

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The petioles are 2–6 cm long, glabrous and hooked prickly, and those of the terminal leaflets are 1.5–2 cm long, those of the lateral leaflets short. The stipules are subulate and glabrous. The inflorescences are corymbose, 3–8 flowered, terminal on lateral short branchlets, rarely flowers inserting solitary in leaf axils. The pedicels are 0.8–1.5 cm long, glabrous. The bracts are similar to stipules. The flowers are 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The sepals are ovate, apically acute, shortly pointed, and the inner sepals are marginally tomentose, erect and spreading in anthesis and fruiting. The petals are narrowly ovate or suborbicular, white, basally puberulous, clawed, nearly as long as or slightly longer than sepals. The stamens are many, and the filaments are broad and complanate. There are 70–80 pistils, sometimes to 100 or more. The styles and ovaries are glabrous or pilose only at ovary apexes and style bases. The receptacles are protuberant and subspherical in the center, sessile or almost sessile at base. The fruits are subglobose, 1–1.5  cm in diameter, red. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting period from June to July. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests or thickets at an altitude of 200–700 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Inducing diuresis and stopping diarrhea, it’s often used for treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, scald, and metrorrhagia. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.11  Family: Rosaceae 4.11.1  Rubus parvifolius Chinese Name(s): she pao le, da yue pao, hong mei xiao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rubus parvifolius (Rubus parvifolius Linn). Morphology: The plant is a scandent subshrub, 1–2 m tall. Its branches are arching, hairy, and prickly. The leaves alternate, and are imparipinnate, 3–5-foliolate. The leaflets are rhombic-orbicular, 1.5–5 × 2–6 cm wide, apically obtuse or acute, marginally unevenly coarsely serrate or coarsely incised-doubly serrate, adaxially

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appressed-pilose, abaxially densely gray tomentose. The petioles are 2.5–5 cm long. The terminal leaflets are 1–2  cm, petiolulate, lateral leaflets subsessile, with soft hairs and sparse, minute prickles. The stipules are linear. The inflorescences are corymbose. The flowers are 4–8 cm, bisexual, pink, ca. 1 cm in diam. The aggregate fruits are composed of many small drupes, ovoid-globose, about 1.5 cm in diameter, red. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting period from July to August. Habitat: It grows in mountainous wastelands, roadsides, sparse forests or shrubs. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, etc., in China, as well as in countries of Japan, North Korea, and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: It can be dug up all year round, but better in autumn and winter. The roots are dug out, removed fibrous roots and silt, cut into short sections when fresh, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are irregular cylindrical, twisted, 2.5–4 cm × 0.4–1.2 cm. The root head is relatively large, with residual stem base between them. It’s grayish brown on surfaces, longitudinally rugose. Sometimes, the outer skin flakes off, exposing reddish brown endothelium. It is hard and not easy to break. The cross sections are slightly flat, light yellow, with radial texture. It is slightly odored and astringent in taste. The products that are robust, without overground stems, brown and solid are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of bladder, lungs, and liver. Functions: Clearing heat and cooling blood, dispersing knots, relieving pain, inducing and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatments of cold and fever, sore throat, hemoptysis, hematemesis, dysentery, enteritis, hepatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, nephritis and edema, urinary tract infection and stones, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, rheumatism and bone pain, bruise and swelling pain, as well as in external use for eczema and dermatitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas, or decocted for washing with. Prescription examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: urinary calculus: 120 g fresh Rubus parvifolius root, washed and sliced, added with 120 g rice wine and proper amounts of water, decocted for 1 hour, removed the dregs. Take the juice in two times, until stones discharge or symptoms disappear. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: allergic dermatitis: appropriate amount of Rubus parvifolius and alum respectively. Rubus parvifolius made in to decoctum, added with alum, and used for washing on the affected areas, once a day.

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4.12  Family: Rosaceae 4.12.1  Rubus lutescens Chinese Name(s): huang se xuan gou zi. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Rubus lutescens (Rubus lutescens Franch.). Morphology: The plant is a low subshrub, 10–50 cm tall. The stems are upright solitary. The flower bearing branchlets arise from rhizome, finely pubescent, with sparse, unequal long straight or somewhat curved prickles. There are 7–11 leaflets, which are broadly ovate or rhomboid ovate, 1.5–5 × 1–3 cm, abaxially denser along veins, with sparse, minute prickles along veins. There are usually 1–4 flowers, which are 2–3 cm in diameter. The calyces are finely tomentose. The hypanthia are

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covered with sparse minute prickles. The sepals are ovate lanceolate to lanceolate, spreading in anthesis and fruiting. The petals are obovate or suborbicular, white and light yellow. The filaments are linear, and the anthers are light yellow. The ovaries are densely grayish white hairy. The aggregate fruits are yellowish red, globose, 1.4–2  cm in diameter, densely thinly pubescent. The pyrenes are ovoid-globose, shallowly reticulate. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting from July to August. Habitat: It grows on the edge of hillside forests or under the forests at an altitude of 2500–4300 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Xizang in China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and washed, chopped, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s salty and sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, clearing heat and detoxicating, astringing and stopping diarrhea, it’s often used to treat rheumatism arthralgia, sore throat, scrofula, dysentery, diarrhea, hemafecia, hematemesis, rabies, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.13  Family: Rosaceae 4.13.1  Rubus niveus Chinese Name(s): hong pao ci teng, bai zhi pao, hong ci pao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rubus niveus (Rubus niveus Thunb.) Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–2.5 m tall. Its branches are often purplish red, pruinose, with sparse hooked prickles. The leaves are7–9-foliolate, elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or rhombic-elliptic. The terminal leaflets are ovate to elliptic, 2.5–6 × 1–3 cm, apically acute, basally cuneate to rounded, abaxially gray tomentose, marginally coarsely serrate. The petiolules of terminal leaflets are 0.5–1.5 cm. The lateral leaflets are subsessile. The petiolules and rachises are tomentose, with sparse, curved minute prickles. The stipules are linear-lanceolate, pilose. The inflorescences are terminal or axillary, corymbs, rarely short thyrses. The rachis and pedicels are tomentose. The pedicels are 0.5–1 cm long. The bracts are lanceolate or linear, pubescent. The flowers are up to 1 cm in diameter. The calyces are abaxially densely tomentose, with intermixed soft hairs. The sepals are triangular ovate or triangular lanceolate, erect and spreading in anthesis and fruiting. The petals are suborbicular, red, basally shortly clawed. There are about 55–70 pistils. The styles are purplish red. The ovary and style base are densely gray tomentose. The aggregate fruits are semiglobose, 0.8–1.2 cm in diameter, dark red when immature, black at maturity, densely gray tomentose. The pyrenes are shallowly rugose. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting from July to September. Habitat: It grows in hillside thickets, sparse forests or beside valleys, beaches, and streams with altitudes of 500–2800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Shaanxi, Gansu, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Xizang in China, as well as in

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countries of Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in autumn, cut into sections, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, activating blood circulation, and relieving pain. It is often used to treat rheumatism, bruise, abdominal distention, dysentery, dystocia, mazischesis, dampness, etc. In many ethnic medicines, the whole plant of Rubus niveus is used to treat abdominal distention, dysentery, dystocia, tonsillitis, icteric hepatitis, irregular menstruation, etc. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.14  Family: Rosaceae 4.14.1  Rubus pectinellus Chinese Name(s): huang pao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plants of Rubus pectinellus (Rubus pectinellus Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, 8–20  cm tall. The stems are creeping, rooting at nodes, villous, and sparsely slightly curved prickly. The leaves are simple, cordate to subrounded, 2.5–4.5 × 3–5 cm, apically obtuse, basally cordate, sparsely villous on both surfaces, abaxially with needle-like prickles along veins. The flowers are solitary, terminal, 2 cm in diameter. The calyces are 1.5–2 cm long, abaxially villous and with needle-like prickles. The petals are narrowly obovate, white, basally clawed, slightly shorter than sepals. The stamens are numerous, erect, glabrous. The pistils are numerous. The apexes of ovary and bases of style are slightly puberulous. The aggregate fruits are red, globose, 1–1.5  cm in diameter, with reflexed sepals. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting from July to August. Habitat: It grows in the mountain forests with altitudes of 1000–3000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of Japan and the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested throughout the year, washed and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and a bit sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, detoxificating, it is often used to treat acute conjunctivitis, mumps, unknown swellings and toxin, rheumatism arthralgia, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.15  Family: Rosaceae 4.15.1  Rubus reflexus Chinese Name(s): xiu mao mei, hong pao ci, chuan mei, hong mao xuan gou zi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rubus reflexus (Rubus reflexus Ker Gawl.) Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, up to 2 m tall. The branches are rusty tomentose, with sparse, minute prickles. The leaves are simple, cordate to long ovate, 7–14 × 5–11 cm, adaxially glabrous or sparsely soft hairy along veins, prominently rugose, abaxially rust colored tomentose, with long hairs along veins,

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marginally 3–5 lobed or -parted, unevenly coarsely serrate to doubly serrate, basally cordate. The terminal lobes are longer, larger, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, apically obtuse or acute. The petioles are 2.5–5 cm, pubescent, and sparsely prickly. The stipules are broadly obovate, 1–1.4 cm in length and width, villous, comb like or irregularly palmately divided, and the lobes are lanceolate or linear lanceolate. The inflorescences are short subracemes, terminal or several flowers in clusters in leaf axils. The rachis and pedicels are rusty villous. The pedicels are very short, 3–6 mm long. The bracts are similar to stipules. The flowers are 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The outer sepals are densely rusty and villous. The sepals are oblong to suborbicular. The outer sepals are often apically palmately lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate. The inner sepals are often entire. The petals are oblong to suborbicular, white, nearly as long as sepals. The stamens are short, and the filaments are broad and complanate. The anthers are glabrous or apically hairy. The pistils are glabrous. The aggregate fruits are subglobose, dark red. The pyrenes are rugose. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting period from August to September. Habitat: It grows in hillside forests or thickets at altitudes of 300–1000  m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Zhejiang, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Guangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation and reducing swelling, it’s often used in treatment of fracture, bruise, dysentery, abdominal pain, fever, and headache. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.16  Family:Rosaceae 4.16.1  Rubus rosaefolius Chinese Name(s): kong xin pao, qiang wei mei, bai hua san yue pao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, twigs, and leaves of Rubus rosaefolius (Rubus rosaefolius Smith). Morphology: The plant is an erect or scandent shrub, 2–3 m tall. The branchlets are soft hairy or subglabrous, often with pale yellowish glands and sparsely straight prickles. The leaves are usually 5–7-foliolate, ovate lanceolate or lanceolate, 3–5 (7) × 1.5–2 cm, apically acuminate, basally rounded, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, glabrous when old, with light yellow shiny glands, and sparse, minute prickles along the midvein adaxially, marginally sharply incised or doubly serrate. The petioles are 2–3 cm long. The terminal petioles are 0.8–1.5 cm long, pilose and minute prickly as on the leaf axis, sometimes subglabrous, covered with light yellow glands. The stipules are ovate lanceolate or lanceolate, pubescent. There are usually 1–2 flowers, which are terminal or axillary. The pedicels are 2–3.5 cm long, sparsely or densely hairy, with sparse, minute prickles, sometimes glandular. The flowers are 2–3 cm in diameter. The calyces are abaxially soft hairy and glandular.

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The sepals are lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, apically long caudate, reflexed after anthesis. The petals are oblong, narrowly obovate, or suborbicular, 0.8–1.5 × 0.8–1.2 cm, white, clawed at base, longer than sepals, pubescent adaxially, glabrous. The filaments are broad and complanate. The pistils are many. The styles and ovaries are hairless. The receptacles are shortly stalked. The aggregate fruits are ovoid or oblong ovoid, 1–1.5 cm long, red, shiny, glabrous. The pyrenes are deeply foveolate. The flowering period is from March to May and the fruiting period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests or thickets at 50–500 m above sea level. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hainan, as well as in Japan, South to Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, twigs, and leaves are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter, sweet and a little astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, relieving coughing, stopping bleeding and removing wind dampness, it is often used to treat cough due to lungs heat, pertussis, hemoptysis, night sweating, toothache, pain of muscles and bones, and injuries. It’s often used for external treatment of burn and scald. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment of arthralgia, pain of muscles and bones, injury and bruises, the roots are soaked in wine for oral use. For external use, the twigs are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.17  Family: Rosaceae 4.17.1  Rubus setchuenensis Chinese Name(s): chuan mei, dao sheng gen, da wu pao, si chuan xuan gou zi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rubus setchuenensis (Rubus setchuenensis Bureau et Franch.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, 2–3 m tall. Its branchlets are cylindrical, densely yellowish tomentose-villous, gradually glabrescent, unarmed. The leaves are simple, suborbicular or broadly ovate, 7–15  cm in diameter, apically obtuse or subtruncate, basally cordate, adaxially scabrous, abaxially densely gray tomentose, palmately 5-veined, with 2–3 pairs of lateral veins, marginally 5–7-­ lobed, and the lobes are acute to rounded, shallowly divided again. The petioles are yellowish tomentose-villous, unarmed. The stipules are ovate lanceolate. The

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inflorescences are terminal or axillary, narrow cymose panicles. The rachises and pedicels are densely yellowish tomentose-villous. The pedicels are about 1 cm long. The bracts are similar to stipules. The flowers are 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The calyces are abaxially yellowish tomentose. The sepals are ovate lanceolate, apically caudate, marginally entire or outer sepals shallowly laciniate apically. The petals are obovate or subrounded, purplish red, clawed at the base. The stamens are short, and the filaments are linear. The pistils are glabrous, and the styles are longer than stamen. The fruit is semiglobose, about 1  cm in diameter, black, glabrous, often enclosed in persistent calyx. The pyrenes are smooth. The flowering period is from July to August, fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in hillsides, roadsides, forest margins or thickets with altitudes of 500–3000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn, washed, sliced, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour and a little salty in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, stopping vomiting, and promoting blood circulation, it is often used to treat the symptoms of bleeding, irregular menstruation, fishy breath, scrofula, eye shadow after pox, dog bites, etc. Use and Dosage: 25–50 g per dose, decocted in water, soaked in wine or stewed with pork for oral use.

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4.18  Family: Rosaceae 4.18.1  Rubus suavissimus Chinese Name(s): tian ye xuan gou zi, tian cha. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Rubus suavissimus (Rubus suavissimus S. Lee). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, erect or oblique, prickly, 1–3 m tall. Its stems and branches are pruinose, purple red when young, green at maturity. The leaves are very sweet, simple and alternate. The primary leaves of seedlings are 5 -parted, and the grown leaves are papery, subrounded, 5.2–11 × 5–13 cm, basally sub-cordate or narrowly cordate, palmately 5–7-parted, rarely 6- or 8-parted. The

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lobes are lanceolate or elliptic. The middle lobes are longer, apically caudate acuminate, marginally double serrated, pubescent on both surfaces, adaxially slightly sparser, intermixed with 1–2 prickles. The stipules are persistent, with proximal part being adnate to petioles. The flowers are white, solitary on apex of short branches, pendulous. The aggregate fruits are globose, orange red when ripe. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting in June. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests or thickets at altitudes of 200–900  m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong and Guangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, clearing the lungs, tonifying, inducing diuresis, relieving swelling and pain, astringing, promoting blood circulation and dispelling pathogenic wind, it’s often used for the treatment of cold, fever, cough, sore throat, dyspepsia in children, sore and swelling, snake bite, diabetes, nephritis, dysuria, rheumatism, osteodynia, gastroenteritis, dysentery, hypertension, and alcoholism. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.19  Family: Rosaceae 4.19.1  Rubus sumatranus Chinese Name(s): hong xian xuan gou zi, ma pao, hong ci tai, niu nai mei. Source: This medicine is made of the roots and leaves of Rubus sumatranus (Rubus sumatranus Miq.) Morphology: The plant is an erect or scandent shrub. Its branchlets, rachises, petioles, pedicels and inflorescences are purplish red glandular hairy, pubescent and prickly. The length of glandular hairs varies from 4–5 mm for the elder to 1–2 mm for the shorter. The leaves are 5–7 foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate, ovate lanceolate to lanceolate, 3–8 × 1.5–3 cm, apically acuminate, basally rounded, sparsely pilose on both surfaces, denser along midvein, abaxially with small prickles along the midvein, marginally irregular sharp serrate. The petioles are 3–5 cm long and terminal petioles are 1 cm long. The stipules are lanceolate or linear lanceolate, with soft hairs and intermixed glandular hairs. The inflorescences are corymbose, 3- to several flowered, rarely flowers being solitary. The pedicels are 2–3 cm long. The bracts are lanceolate. The flowers are 1–2 cm in diameter. The calyces are villous, with intermixed glandular hairs. The sepals are lanceolate, 0.7–1 × 0.2–0.4 cm, apically long caudate, reflexed in the fruit. The petals are narrowly obovate or spatulate, white, clawed at the base. The filaments are linear. The pistils are up to 400. The styles and ovaries are hairless. The aggregate fruits are round, 1.2–1.8  cm long, orange red, glabrous. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting period from July to August. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests or thickets at altitudes of 200–900  m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Xizang in China, as well as in countries of North Korea, Japan, Nepal, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cold in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, invigorating stomach and promoting diuresis, it’s often used for treatment of postpartum cold and fever, postpartum abdominal pain, poor appetite, body swelling, otitis media, eczema, and impetigo. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.20  Family: Rosaceae 4.20.1  Rubus tephrodes Chinese Name(s): hui bai mao mei, hui lv xuan gou zi, wu long bai wei, dao shui lian, she wu bao. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, leaves, and seeds of Rubus tephrodes (Rubus tephrodes Hance). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, up to 3–4 m tall. The branches are densely grayish white tomentose, with sparse, curved prickles, and unequal long

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glandular hairs and bristles, of which the ones on the old branches are longer. The leaves are simple, subrounded, about 5–8 (11) cm in length and width, apically acute or obtuse, basally cordate, adaxially sparsely pilose or glandular hairy, abaxially densely gray tomentose, with 3–4 pairs of lateral veins, and sometimes small prickles and bristles along the midvein, palmately 5-veined at the base, marginally 5–7-lobed and irregularly serrate. The petioles are 1–3 cm long, with sparse, minute prickles or glandular hairs or bristles. The stipules are small, free, caducous, marginally laciniate or pectinately parted, tomentose-villous. The cymose panicles are terminal. The rachises and pedicels are densely tomentose or tomentose-villous, usually only with sparse, glandular hairs and bristles at the lower part of the rachis. The pedicels are short, ca.1 cm long. The bracts are similar to stipules. The flowers are ca.1 cm in diameter. The calyxes are densely gray tomentose, usually without glandular hairs and bristles. The sepals are ovate, apically acute, entire on margins. The petals are small, white, suborbicular to oblong, slightly shorter than the sepals. The stamens are numerous, and the filaments slightly broadened toward base. The pistils are about 30–50, glabrous, longer than the stamens. The fruits are globose, large, 1.4  cm in diameter, purplish black, glabrous, and composed of with many drupelets. The pyrenes are rugose. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting period from August to October. Habitat: It grows in mountains, hills or thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, leaves, and seeds are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The root functions in dispelling wind and dampness, activating blood circulation, and regulating menstruation. The leaf functions in stopping bleeding and detoxicating. The seed functions in nourishing Qi and essence. The root is often used for treatment of rheumatic pain, chronic hepatitis, diarrhea, dysentery, bruise, and irregular menstruation. The leaf is often used for external treatment for traumatic bleeding, carbuncle, boils, and sores. The seed is often used for treatment of deficiency of body and neurasthenia after illness. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose for the roots, 15–30 g per dose for the seeds, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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4.21  Family: Rosaceae 4.21.1  Rubus wallichianus Chinese Name(s): hong mao xuan gou zi, huang ci pao, gui xuan gou zi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Rubus wallichianus (Rubus wallichianus Wight et Arn.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, 1–2 m tall. Its branchlets are robust, densely covered with reddish brown bristles, pubescent, and sparse prickly. The leaves are usually 3-foliolate, elliptic, ovate and sparse obovate, 4–9  ×  2–7  cm, adaxially purplish red, abaxially sparsely pubescent, prickly, and bristly along veins. The inflorescences are in clusters of 4–8 flowers in leaf axils. The bracts are linear or linear-lanceolate, and the bracts are linear or linear lanceolate, pubescent.

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The flowers are 1–1.3 cm in diameter. The calyces are abaxially densely tomentose. The sepals are ovate, erect in fruit. The petals are elliptic-obovate, white, clawed at the base, longer than the sepals. The stamen filaments are complanate, almost as long as the pistils. The apex of ovary and base of style are soft hairy. The aggregate fruits are globose, 5–8 mm in diameter, golden or reddish yellow at maturity, glabrous. The pyrenes are deeply rugose. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting period from May to June. Habitat: It grows in hillside shrub, miscellaneous wood forest or forest margin at altitudes of 500–2200 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Taiwan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, and Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, washed, chopped, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sour and a little salty in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, removing blood stasis, and tonifying the kidneys, it’s often used in treatment of rheumatic joint pain, knife injury, hematemesis, irregular menstruation, impetigo, impotence due to kidneys deficiency, hematuria, tuberculosis of lymph nodes, etc. Use and Dosage: 30–50  g per dose, decocted in water or soaked in wine for oral use.

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4.22  Family: Rosaceae 4.22.1  Sanguisorba alpina Chinese Name(s): gao shan di yu. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Sanguisorba alpina (Sanguisorba alpina Bge.) Morphology: The plan is a perennial herb, 30–80 cm tall. The roots are robust and terete. The stems are simple or distally branched, basally slightly hairy. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, 11–17 foliolate. The leaflets are elliptic or long elliptic, 1.5–7  ×  1–4  cm, basally subcordate to truncate, apically rounded, marginally acutely incised serrate, green on both surfaces, glabrous. The cauline leaves are

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similar to basal leaves. The stipules of basal leaves are membranous, yellowish brown, while the stipules of stem leaves are herbaceous, green, ovate or hemispherical, marginally sharply incised serrate. The inflorescences are spicate, cylindrical, rarely ellipsoid, flowering from base to apex, elongated to 5  cm after anthesis, 1–5 cm × 0.6–1.2 cm. The bracts are light yellow, ovate lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, pubescent abaxially and at margins. The sepals are petallike, white or yellow green, or slightly pink, ovate. There are 4 stamens, filaments gradually dilated from base, 2–3 times as long as sepals. The achenes are pilose, angulate, with persistent sepals. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting in September. Habitat: It grows in the grasslands and valley thickets of the middle mountain zone. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Ningxia, Gansu and Xinjiang in China, as well as in Central Asia, Siberia, and Mongolia. Acquisition and Processing: It can be harvested in spring and autumn 2 or 3 years after sowing. The plants are dug out before germination in spring, or before withering in autumn, removed off the overground parts, washed and dried, or sliced when fresh and dried. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and sour in taste, cold in property, non-toxic. Functions: Cooling blood, stopping bleeding, clearing heat, detoxicating, reducing swelling and astringing sores, it’s often used for treatment of hematemesis, hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematuria, hematochezia, hemorrhoids, haemodysentery, metrorrhagia, leucorrhea, sore, carbuncle, eczema, pruritus, scald, snake and insect bite. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose for dried products, 30–120 g per dose for fresh products, decocted in water for oral use, or made into pills, powder or ground for juice for oral administration. For external treatment, the products are decocted or mashed for juice to smear on the affected area, or ground for powder or mashed for application. Annotation: People with deficiency and cold syndrome should not take it.

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4.23  Family: Rosaceae 4.23.1  Sanguisorba officinalis Chinese Name(s): di yu. Source: This medicine is made of the succulent roots of Sanguisorba officinalis (Sanguisorba officinalis Linn.). Morphology: The herb is perennial. Its roots are robust, usually fusiform, purplish red when fresh. The stems are erect, angular. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, with 5–19 foliolate. The basal leaves are larger, with long petioles, and the stipules are small and membranous, brown. The cauline leaves are smaller, alternate, with short petioles, enlarged at base and amplexicaul. The stipules are larger, leaflike, obliquely ovate. The leaflets are ovate or oblong-ovate, 2–6 × 1–3 cm, apically obtuse, basally cordate, marginally serrate, glabrous on both surfaces. The inflorescences are terminal corymbose spicate, terete, 1.5–3 × 1 cm, many flowered. The hypanthia are constricted at throat, 4 lobed, petal-like, purplish red, elliptic or ovate, hairy at base, apetalous. There are 4 stamens, as long as sepals. The achenes are ovate, ca. 3  mm long, brown, longitudinally angulate, enclosed in persistent sepals. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, wasteland thickets or grasses at an altitude of 30–3000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei etc. in China, as well as in Japan, North Korea, and Europe. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn removed the stems and fibrous roots, cleaned the soils and dried, or sliced when fresh and dried. Medicinal Properties: The products are irregular terete or fusiform, slightly bent or twisted, 5–25 × 0.5–2 cm, grayish brown, brown or purplish brown on surface, scabrous, with longitudinal wrinkles, transverse cracks and fibrous root marks. The epidermis is not easy to peel. It is hard in quality, not easy to break. The slices are about 0.2–0.5 cm in thickness, round or elliptic in shape, light brown or light yellow at sections. The cambia are obvious, and the xylems are with obvious radial texture. It is bland in odor, bitter in taste. The products that are robust or large, with no residual stem, hard and pink on cross sections, are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter, sour and astringent in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver, kidneys, stomach, and large intestine. Functions: Cooling blood, stop bleeding, astringing, and stopping diarrhea, it’s often used for treatment of hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematochezia, hematuria, haemorrhoids, disfunctional uterine bleeding, leucorrhea, dysentery, chronic inflammation, as well as for external treatment for burn and scald.

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Use and Dosage: 4.5–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of the products are ground for powder or mashed for smearing or application. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: leucorrhea: Sanguisorba officinalis, Commelina communis, 60 g each, Cirsium japonicum 30 g, Plantago asiatica 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Appropriate amount for external use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: burn and scald: carbonized sanguisorba root, gypsum rubrum, Rheum officinale, golden cypress, each 90  g, borneol 9  g, ground to powder, added with sesame oil to make paste and applied to the affected area. Change the dressing once a day or every other day. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: disfunctional uterine bleeding: Sanguisorba officinalis 9  g, Agrimonia pilosa, garden columbine, each 15  g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: bacterial dysentery: Sanguisorba officinalis 5000 g, Potentilla chinensis 5000 g, Berberis vulgaris 2500 g, Capsella bursa-­ pastoris 1250 g (ground to fine powder), ground to corse powder, decocted for 3 times, concentrated into extract, added with Capsella bursa-pastoris to make tablet, 0.5 g each tablet. Take 2–3 tablets each time, 3 times a day. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: enterotyphus in children: Sanguisorba officinalis 30 g, Hedyotis diffusa 15 g, added with three bowls of water and decocted to 50 ml. Take the decoctum in 2–3 times. Reduce the dosage by half for children under 4 years old. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: cervical erosion: carbonized sanguisorba root 50 g, burnt alum, Sulfanilamide powder, each 25 g, added with Bletilla striata glue to make paste before use. Corrode the erosive part of cervix with silver nitrate first, then coat with Sanguisorba paste, once every other day, five times as a course of treatment. 7. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: eczema: (1) fresh Sanguisorba officinalis 30 g, added with about 600 ml water, decocted into about 300 ml, cooled. Use gauze (laminated into several layers) to dip the liquid medicine, slightly wring it dry, and apply to the affected area with exudate. After about half an hour, take it off when the gauze is dry, and then dip the liquid medicine to apply again, repeat 3–4 times a day until there is no exudate. (2) Sanguisorba powder 60 g, calcined gypsum 60 g, and burnt alum 3 g, ground to fine powder, added with a proper amount of vaseline to make 40–50% ointment, which was applied to the affected area 1–2 times a day (suitable for treating eczema of various types, when the exudate had been reduced after wet application). 8. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: rabies: fresh Sanguisorba officinalis 30  g, black bamboo rhizome 9 g, ginseng, Radix angelicae tuhuo, peucedanum root, Poria cocos, liquorice, ginger, bupleurum, each 9  g, Fructus aurantii 6  g, Platycodon grandiflorum, Ligusticum wallichii, decocted in water in water for oral use.

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4.24  Family: Rosaceae 4.24.1  Sorbaria arborea Chinese Name(s): gao cong zhen zhu mei, gan chai lang, huo tong chai, zhen zhu hua. Source: This medicine is made of the barks of Sorbaria arborea (Sorbaria arborea Schneid.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, up to 6 m tall. Its branches are spreading and branchlets are terete. The leaves are pinnately compound, 13–17 foliolate, 20–32 cm long with petioles. The leaflets are opposite, 2.5–3.5 cm apart, lanceolate to oblong lanceolate, 4–9 × 1–3 cm, apically acuminate, basally broadly cuneate. The stipules are triangular ovate, 8–10  ×  4–5  mm, apically acuminate, basally broadly cuneate. The inflorescences are terminal large panicles, branching, 15–25 cm in diameter, 20–30 cm in length. The rachis and the pedicels are slightly densely stellate hairy. The bracts are linear lanceolate to lanceolate, 4–5  mm in length. The flowers are 6–7 mm in diameter. The hypanthia are shallowly cupular, and the sepals are oblong to ovate, apically obtuse, slightly shorter than hypanthia. The petals are subrounded, basally cuneate, 3–4  mm in length, white. There are 20–30 stamens, inserted at the edge of disk. The follicles are cylindric, ca. 3 mm long, styles bended. The sepals are persistent, reflexed. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the hillside thickets with altitudes of 2500–3500 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Xizang in China. Acquisition and Processing: The skin of stems and branches are harvested in spring and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property.

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Functions: Promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, eliminating swelling and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of fractures, bruises, joint sprains, swelling pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and so on. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.25  Family: Rosaceae 4.25.1  Sorbaria sorbifolia Chinese Name(s): zhen zhu mei, hua qiu zhen zhu mei, dong bei zhen zhu mei. Source: This medicine is made of the stem barks and the fruit clusters of Sorbaria sorbifolia (Sorbaria sorbifolia (Linn.) A. Br.) Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, up to 2 m tall. Its branches are spreading and branchlets are tere. The winter buds are ovate. The leaves are pinnately compound, 11–17 foliolate, 13–23 cm long with petioles, 10–13 cm wide. The leaflets are opposite, 2–2.5  cm apart, lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, 5–7  cm  ×  1.8–2.5  cm, apically acuminate, rarely caudate, basally subrounded or broadly cuneate, rarely slightly oblique, marginally with sharp double serrations, and the veins are pinnately reticulate with 12–16 pairs of lateral veins. The leaflets are sessile or subsessile. The stipules are leaflike, ovate lanceolate to triangular lanceolate, 8–13  ×  5–8  mm. The inflorescences are terminal large panicles, and the branches are erect, 10–20 cm long, 5–12 cm in diameter. The bracts are ovate lanceolate to linear lanceolate, 5–10 × 3–5 mm, apically long acuminate, marginally entire or shallowly dentate. The pedicels are 5–8  mm long. The flowers are 10–12 mm in diameter. The hypanthia are campanulate. The sepals are triangular ovate, apically obtuse or acute, as long as hypanthia. The petals are oblong or obovate, 5–7 × 3–5 mm, white. There are 40–50 stamens, inserting on the edge of disk. There are 5 carpels. The follicles are oblong, and the sepals are persistent and reflexed. The flowering period is from July to August and the fruiting in September. Habitat: It grows in the vicinity of river banks, valleys, hillside streams, forest edges, and patches.

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Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia in China. Acquisition and Processing: The skin of stems is peeled in spring and autumn, removed impurities, cut into sections, washed and dried. The fruit clusters are picked in autumn and winter, removed impurities and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, reducing swelling and relieving pain. It’s often used for treatment of fractures, bruises, joint sprains, swelling pain and rheumatoid arthritis. Use and Dosage: 15–25  g for stem skin, 1–2  g for fruit clusters, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, appropriate amounts of products are ground to powder and applied to the affected areas.

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4.26  Family: Rosaceae 4.26.1  Sorbus tianschanica Chinese Name(s): tian shan hua qiu. Source: This medicine is made of the twigs and fruits of Sorbus tianschanica (Sorbus tianschanica Rupr.). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, 3–5 m tall. Its twigs are robust, brown or grayish brown, the young shoots are reddish brown, puberulous, glabrescent. The buds are oblong-ovoid, large, white pubescent. The leaves are imparipinnate, compound, 6–8 foliolate, ovate lanceolate, 4–6  cm  ×  1–1.5  cm, apically acuminate, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, marginally sharply serrate but entire basally, sometimes serrated above the middle, glabrous on both surfaces, abaxially pale. The leaf axes are narrowly winged, sulcate adaxially, glabrous. The stipules are linear lanceolate, caducous. The inflorescences are compound corymbose. The rachises

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and pedicels are often reddish, glabrous. The sepals are glabrous adaxially. The petals are ovate or elliptic, white. There are 15–20 stamens, which are shorter than petals. There are often 5 styles, which are densely white tomentose basally. The fruits are spherical, about 1 cm in diameter, dark red, pruinose. The flowering period is in May, fruiting from August to September. Habitat: It grows on the edges of forests or open spaces in the forests at altitudes of 1800–2800 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Xinjiang, as well as in Central Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The twigs are harvested in spring and summer and the fruits in autumn when ripe and dried. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cold in property, nontoxic. Functions: Clearing the lungs and stopping coughing, replenishing the spleen, and promoting fluid production, it’s often used for the treatment of tuberculosis, asthma, cough, stomachache, and vitamin deficiency. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose for fruits, 9–15 g for twigs, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.27  Family: Rosaceae 4.27.1  Spiraea canescens Chinese Name(s): xie ye xiu xian ju, tie shua zi, ci yang. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Spiraea canescens (Spiraea canescens D. Don). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, to 2 m tall. The branches are arched and the twigs are angular. The leaves are ovate, obovate to obovate lanceolate, 1–2  ×  0.8–1.2  cm, apically obtuse, basally cuneate. The inflorescences are compound corymbose, 3–5 cm in diameter, many flowered. The pedicels are 4–8 mm in length. The bracts are linear. The flowers are 5–6 mm in diameter. The hypanthia are campanulate, pubescent abaxially. The sepals are triangular, apically acute, pubescent on both surfaces. The petals are subrounded, 2–3  mm in length and width, white or light pink. There are 20 stamens, which subequal the length of petals. The ovaries are slightly pubescent, and the styles are shorter than the stamens. The follicles are slightly spreading, pubescent. The flowering period is from July to August and the fruiting in October. Habitat: It grows in the hillside thickets of the river banks at altitudes of 3000–4000 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in south and Southeast Xizang in China, as well as in countries of Nepal and India. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and summer, removed the soil, and fibrous roots dried. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Benefiting the pharynx and detumescence, dispelling wind, and relieving pain, it’s often used to treat sore throat, rheumatism, and arthralgia. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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4.28  Family: Rosaceae 4.28.1  Spiraea chinensis Chinese Name(s): zhong hua xiu xian ju, tie hei han tiao, hua xiu xian ju, da ye mi shai hua. Source: This medicine is made of the roots of Spiraea chinensis (Spiraea chinensis Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1.5–3 m tall. The branchlets are arched, red-­ brown and yellow tomentose initially, sometimes glabrous. The winter buds are ovate, apically acute, with several scales, pubescent outside. The leaves are rhombic ovate to obovate, 2.5–6 × 1.5–3 cm, apically obtuse to acute, basally broadly cuneate or rounded, marginally deeply sharply incised serrate or inconspicuously 3-lobed, adaxially dark green, pubescent, with deeply incised veins, abaxially yellow tomentose, with raised veins. The petioles are 4–10 mm long, tomentose. The inflorescences are umbels, 16–25 flowered. The pedicels are 5–10 mm long, tomentose. The bracts are linear, pubescent. The flowers are 3–4  mm in diameter. The hypanthia are campanulate, puberulous abaxially, densely pubescent adaxially. The sepals are ovate lanceolate, apically long acuminate, pubescent adaxially. The petals are suborbicular, apically obtuse or emarginate, about 2–3 mm in length and width, white. There are 22–25 stamens, which are shorter than to nearly equaling petals. The disks are undulate annular or irregularly lobed. The ovaries are pubescent, styles shorter than stamens. The follicles are erect or spreading, wholly pubescent. The styles are terminal, erect or slightly obliquely, with erect, rarely reflexed sepals. The flowering period is from March to June and the fruiting from June to October. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests or thickets. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind and removing blood stasis, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism joint pain and sore throat. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Chapter 5

Medicinal Angiosperms of Calycanthaceae, Mimosaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 5.1  F  amily: Calycanthaceae 5.1.1  Chimonanthus nitens 5.2  Family: Calycanthaceae 5.2.1  Chimonanthus praecox 5.3  Family: Mimosaceae 5.3.1  Acacia catechu 5.4  Family: Mimosaceae 5.4.1  Acacia farnesiana 5.5  Family: Mimosaceae 5.5.1  Albizia chinensis 5.6  Family: Mimosaceae 5.6.1  Albizia corniculata 5.7  Family: Mimosaceae 5.7.1  Albizia julibrissin

                                         

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_5

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210 5.8  Family: Mimosaceae 5.8.1  Albizia kalkora 5.9  Family: Mimosaceae 5.9.1  Archidendron clypearia 5.10  Family: Mimosaceae 5.10.1  Archidendron lucidum 5.11  Family: Mimosaceae 5.11.1  Entada phaseoloides 5.12  Family: Mimosaceae 5.12.1  Mimosa pudica

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This chapter introduces 12 species of medicinal plants in 2 families, mainly including Chimonanthus nitens, Chimonanthus praecox of Calycanthaceae, Acacia catechu, Acacia farnesiana, Albizia chinensis, Albizia corniculata, Albizia julibrissin, Albizia kalkora, Archidendron clypearia, Archidendron lucidum, Entada phaseoloides, Mimosa pudica of Mimosaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

5.1  Family: Calycanthaceae 5.1.1  Chimonanthus nitens Chinese Name(s): shan la mei. Source: This medicine is made of the leaves of Chimonanthus nitens (Chimonanthus nitens Oliv.). Morphology: The plant is an evergreen shrub, 1–3 m tall. The young branches are square, while the old branches are sub terete, slightly pubescent, glabrescent. The leaves are papery to subleathery, ovate to ovate lanceolate, rarely oblong lanceolate, 2–13  ×  1.5–5.5  cm, apically acuminate, basally obtuse to acute, slightly rugose and glossy on the surface, glandular hairy at the base, abaxially glabrous, sometimes pubescent on the margins, veins and petioles. The veins are flat adaxially, convex abaxially, and the reticular veins are inconspicuous. The flowers are small, 7–10  mm in diameter, yellow or yellow white. The perianths are round, ovate, obovate, ovate lanceolate or oblong, 3–15 × 2.5–10 mm, pubescent outside and glabrous inside. The stamens are 2 mm long, and the filaments are short, shortly pubescent. The anthers are ovate, bending inward, ca. 1.5 mm, longer than the filaments. The staminodes are 1.5 mm long. The carpels are 2 mm long, sparsely hispid at the base as the styles. The fruits are altar shaped, 2–5 × 1–2.5 cm in diameter, contracted at mouth, grayish brown at maturity, shortly hairy, containing aggregate

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achenes. The flowering period is from October to January of the next year and the fruiting from April to July. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or limestone mountains. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in spring and summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Dispelling the pathogenic wind and relieving the exterior syndrome, and removing dampness with aromatics, it’s often used for the treatment of influenza, heatstroke, chronic bronchitis and mosquito bites. Use and Dosage: 6–18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.2  Family: Calycanthaceae 5.2.1  Chimonanthus praecox Chinese Name(s): la mei, huang mei hua, huang la mei, la mu, tie kuai zi. Source: This medicine is made of the roots, stems and leaves of Chimonanthus praecox (Chimonanthus praecox (Linn.) Link). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, up to 4 m tall. Its young branches are square, while old branches are subterete, grayish brown, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, with lenticels. The leaves are papery to subleathery, ovate, broadly ovate to oval-elliptic, sometimes oblong lanceolate, 5–25 × 2–8 cm, apically acute to acuminate, sometimes caudate, basally acute to rounded, glabrous except for the sparse hairs on the dorsal vein of the leaves. The flowers are born in the axils of the second-year branches, without leaves, fragrant, 2–4  cm in diameter. The perianth pieces are round, oblong, obovate, elliptical or spoon shaped, 5–20 mm in length and 5–15 mm in width, glabrous. The inner perianth pieces are shorter than outer perianth pieces, clawed at the base. The stamens are 4 mm in length. The filaments are longer or equal in length than anthers. Curved inward, the anthers are glabrous, with top of anther septum being short, and the staminodes are 3 mm in length. The base of the skin is sparsely hirsute. The styles are 3 times as long as the ovaries, and the base is hairy. The fruiting receptacle is nearly lignified, jar shaped or obovate elliptic, 2–5  cm long, 1–2.5  cm in diameter, with a contracted mouth and a subulate lanceolate trichome. The flowering period is from November to march of the next year. The fruiting period is from April to November.

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Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It’s cultivated in southern China. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are harvested in winter, while the roots and stems are harvested in summer and autumn and then dried. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The buds are pungent in taste, cool in property, and the roots and root barks are pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: The flower bud function in clearing heat, promoting body fluid, improving appetize, relieving depression and stopping cough. The roots and root barks function in dispelling wind, detoxicating and stopping bleeding. The flower buds are often used in treatment of heat, dizziness, vomiting, distention of stomach qi, measles, pertussis. For external use, it is soaked in peanut oil or vegetable oil to make “Chimonanthus praecox flower oil”, which is used to treat scald and otitis media by rubbing the affected part or dripping into the ear tract. The roots are often used in treatment of wind cold, cold, lumbar muscle strain, rheumatoid arthritis. The root barks are used for external treatment of wound and bleeding due to knife cut. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose for buds, 10–15 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the root barks (scrape off the skin) is ground to powder and applied to the affected area. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: lumbar muscle strain and rheumatoid arthritis: Chimonanthus praecox root injection is intramuscular injected twice a day, 2 ml each time, or administrated according to meridians, 0.5 ml each acupoint, 2–3 points each time.

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5.3  Family: Mimosaceae 5.3.1  Acacia catechu Chinese Name(s): er cha, er cha gao, hai er cha, hei er cha. Source: This medicine is the dry extract of trunk decoctum of Acacia catechu (Acacia catechu (Linn. f.) Willd.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous small tree, 6–10 m tall. The barks are brown, often splitting into laminar strips but not falling off. The branchlets are pubescent, often with a pair of flat, brown, hooked spines below stipules or without spines. The leaves are bipinnately compound. There are leaf glands near petiolar base and between several upper leaflets of rachis. The rachises are villous. The pinnae are 10–30 in pairs, and the leaflets are 20–50 in pairs, linear, 2–6 × 1–1.5 mm, ciliate. The spikes are 2.5–10 cm long, 1–4 in axils of leaves. The flowers are light yellow or white. The calyces are 1.2–1.5 cm long, campanulate. The teeth are deltoid, hairy. The petals are lanceolate or oblanceolate, ca. 2.5 cm, sparsely pubescent. The legumes are strap-shaped, 5–12  ×  1–1.8  cm, brown, glossy, dehiscent, with stalks of 3–7 mm, rostrate on the apex, 3–10 seeded. The flowering period is from April to August and the fruiting from September to January of the next year. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It’s cultivated in southern China, as well as in countries of India, Myanmar and eastern Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are harvested all year round. The trunk is added with water and decocted, and then made into dry extract. Medicinal Properties: This product is square or an irregular in block of different sizes, brown or dark brown on surfaces, smooth and slightly glossy. It is hard and fragile in quality, uneven on cross sections, glossy, finely punctate, and sticky when wet. The product is slightly odored, astringent, bitter, and slightly sweet in tastes. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and phlegm, astringing sores and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for the treatment of cough due to lungs heat, hemoptysis, diarrhea, dyspepsia in children, as well as external treatment of sores, skin eczema, canker sores and tonsillitis. Use and Dosage: 1–3 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of products are ground to powder to sprinkle or applied to the affected area. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Hemoptysis of tuberculosis: Acacia catechu 30 g, alum 24 g, ground to fine powder. Take 0.1–0.2 g per dose, 3 times a day. For cases of moderate hemoptysis (not suitable for large hemoptysis), take 0.2–0.3 g per time, once every 4H.

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2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Sores do not heal for a long time and eczema: Acacia catechu 3 g, keel 3 g, borneol 0.3 g, ground to fine powder and applied to the affected area. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Canker sore: Acacia catechu 3 g, borax 1.5 g, ground to fine powder and applied to the affected area. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Tonsillitis: Acacia catechu 15 g, Persimmon cream 15 g, borneol 0.6 g, dried alum 6 g, ground together to fine powder, added with glycerin to made paste, and smeared to the affected area. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Cervical erosion: Acacia catechu patina, Boswellia carterii, Commiphora Myrrha, 15  g each, calomel 6  g, yellow lead 9 g, borneol 3 g, ground together to fine powder, added with liquid paraffin to make paste. Wipe the secretion with sterilized dry cotton ball, apply the ointment to the affected area with thread cotton ball, pull it out 6 hours later, use once a day.

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5.4  Family: Mimosaceae 5.4.1  Acacia farnesiana Chinese Name(s): jin he huan, ya zao shu, xiao xi hua, jin qian mei, rong zu ci, niu jiao hua, yang mei hua, ci gen. Source: This medicine is the barks, roots and leaves of Acacia farnesiana (Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub or small tree, 2–4 m tall. Its barks are rough and brown. The branches are numerous. The twigs are often zigzag, with small lenticels. The stipules are spinelike, and the spines are 1–2 cm, shorter on short branchlets. The bipinnate leaves are compound, 2–7  cm long. The rachises are sulcate, gray white pubescent and glandular. The pinnae are 4–8  in pairs, 1.5–3.5  cm in diam. The leaflets are 10–20 in pairs, linear oblong, 2–6 × 1–1.5 mm, glabrous. The

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inflorescences are heads, 1 or 2–3 clustering in the axils of the leaves, 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The peduncles are hairy, 1–3 cm in length. The bracts locate at or near tip of peduncle. The flowers are yellow, fragrant. The calyces are 1.5  mm long, 5-toothed. The petals are connate tubes, 2.5 mm in length, 5-toothed. The stamens are about twice the length of the corolla. The ovaries are cylindrical, puberulent. The legumes are turgid, subcylindrical, 3–7  cm  ×  8–15  mm, brown, glabrous, straight or curved. The seeds are numerous, brown, ovoid, ca. 6 mm long. The flowering period is from March to June and the fruiting from July to November. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It’s cultivated in provinces of Hainan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou etc., and is native to Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The barks, roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and died in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly sour and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Discharging pus and curing carbuncles, astringing to stop bleeding, it’s often used for treatment of tuberculosis, cold abscess, and rheumatoid arthritis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1dose each day, the pregnant women should not use it.

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5.5  Family: Mimosaceae 5.5.1  Albizia chinensis Chinese Name(s): ying shu, niu wei mu. Source: This medicine is the barks of Albizia chinensis Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.) Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree, up to 30 m tall. Its branchlets are yellow pubescent. The stipules are large, membranous, cordate, apically mucronate, caducous. The leaves are bipinnate and compound, with 6–12 pairs of pinnae. The rachises and the base of peduncles are glandular. There are 20–35(−40) pairs of leaflets, which are sessile, oblong, 6–10 × 2–3 mm, apically acuminate, basally sub truncated, marginally ciliate, adaxially villous, with main vein being close to upper margin. The inflorescences are heads, 10–20-flowered, arranged in a terminal panicle. The peduncles are long or short, densely villous. The flowers are green white or light yellow, densely yellow-brown tomentose. The calyces are funnel-shaped, ca.3 mm long, shortly 5 toothed. The corollas are about two times as long as the calyx, and the lobes are ovate deltoid. The stamens are about 25 mm long. The ovaries are yellow brown villous. The legumes are flat, 10–15× ca. 2 cm, slightly pubescent when young and glabrous when mature. The flowering period is from March to May and the fruiting from June to December. Habitat: It’s is mostly found in the forests and also in the wildernesses, but it is most suitable to grow in the valleys, rivers and stream banks. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Xizang in China, as well as from South Asia to Southeast Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The barks are harvested in summer and autumn and died in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly sour and pungent in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of large intestine, small intestine and spleen. Functions: Relieving diarrhea, astringing to promoting granulation, it’s often used for treatment of knife injury, hemostasis, dysentery, enteritis, diarrhea and sore. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.6  Family: Mimosaceae 5.6.1  Albizia corniculata Chinese Name(s): tian xiang teng, ci teng, teng shan si. Source: This medicine is the rattans of Albizia corniculata (Albizia corniculata (Lour.) Druce). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub or liana, about 20 m in length. The young branches are sparsely pubescent, often with a curved prickle below petiole. The stipules are small, deciduous. The leaves are bipinnately compound, with 2–6 pairs of pinnae. The petioles are with a complanate gland near base. The leaflets are 4–10 pairs, oblong to obovate, 1.2–2.5 × 0.7–1.5 cm, apically obtuse or emarginate or hardly mucronate., basally oblique, adaxially glabrous, abaxially puberulent. The midveins are in the middle. The inflorescences are heads, 6–12 flowered, arranged in terminal or axillary panicles. The peduncles are soft, sparsely pubescent, 5–10 mm long. The flowers are sessile. The calyces are less than 1 mm, puberulent as the corolla. The corolla is white. The tubes are ca. 4 mm. The lobes are ca. 2 mm, and the filaments are ca. 1 cm. The legumes are strap-shaped, 10–20 × 3–4 cm, flat and glabrous. There are 7–11 seeds, which are oblong and brown. The flowering period is from April to July and the fruiting from August to November. Habitat: It grows in a desert or mountain forest, often clinging to trees. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi and Fujian in China, as well as in countries of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Acquisition and Processing: The stem and rattan are collected all year round and died in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing Qi and blood stasis, stop bleeding, it’s often used to treat injuries and bleeding.

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Use and Dosage: 20–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.7  Family: Mimosaceae 5.7.1  Albizia julibrissin Chinese Name(s): he huan pi, rong hua shu, fu rong hua shu, ma ying hua, ye he hua. Source: This medicine is the barks of Albizia julibrissin (Albizia julibrissin Durazz.) Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree. The branchlets are angular. The branchlets, leaf rachises, and inflorescences are tomentose or pubescent. The stipules are caducous. The leaves are bipinnately compound, with 4–12 pairs of pinnae, sometimes 20 pairs of cultivated ones. The leaflets are 10–30  in pairs, linear to oblong, 6–12 × 1–4 mm, with midvein close to the upper margins, marginally ciliate. The pollen is red. The inflorescences are heads, flowers arranged in terminal panicles. The calyces are tubular, 3 mm long. The corollas are 5-lobed, and the lobes are deltoid, ca. 1.5  mm. The filaments are 2.5  cm long. The legumes are strap-­ shaped, 9–15 × 1.5–2.5 cm. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It grows on hillsides or is cultivated. Distribution: It’s distributed from Northeast China to South China and southwest China, as well as in Africa, Central Asia and East Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The barks are collected in summer and autumn and died in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products curled in a tube or half tube shape, 40–80 cm long and 1–3 mm thick. The outer surface is grayish brown to grayish yellow, slightly longitudinally rugose or dehiscent, with dense and obvious elliptic transverse lenticels, occasionally with round, protruding scars of the falling off twigs, which are often attached with gray white lichen patches. The inner surfaces are light yellow or yellow white, smooth, with fine longitudinal lines. It’s hard and brittle, easy to break, and the sections are fibrous. It’s slightly fragrant, bland and slightly astringent in taste, slightly biting when chewed. The products with thin and tender barks and obvious lenticels are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of heart, spleen, and lungs. Functions: Calming the mind and relieving depression, activating blood circulation, relieving swelling and pain, it’s often used for treatment of restlessness, insomnia, lungs abscess, purulent phlegm, injury of muscles and bones, swelling and pain of carbuncle and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are ground to fine powder and applied to the affected areas. Annotation: The inflorescence and flower buds of Albizia julibrissin are also used for medicine, which is called Albizzia julibrissin flora. It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. It functions in calming the mind and relieving depression. It’s often used for treatment of restlessness, depression and insomnia.

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5.8  Family: Mimosaceae 5.8.1  Albizia kalkora Chinese Name(s): shan he huan, shan huai, hei xin shu, ye hao shu. Source: This medicine is the barks of Albizia kalkora (Albizia kalkora (Roxb.) Prain). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous small tree or shrub, usually 3–8 m tall. Its branches are dark brown, pubescent, with conspicuous lenticels. The leaves are bipinnately compound. There are 2–4 pairs of pinnae. The leaflets are 5–14 in pairs, oblong or oblong ovate, 1.8–4.5  ×  0.7–2  cm, apically obtuse, basally oblique, pubescent on both surfaces, with the midveins being slightly close to upper margin. The inflorescences are heads, 2–7 flowered, axillary or terminal, arranged in panicles. The flowers are white at the beginning, yellow later, with obvious peduncles. The calyces are tubular, 2–3 mm long, 5-toothed. The corolla is 6–8 mm long, connate from the middle, and the lobes are lanceolate. The calyces and corollas are densely villous. The stamens are 2.5–3.5 cm long, basally connate into a tube. The legumes are ligulate, 7–17 × 1.5-3 cm, dark brown. The tender legumes are densely pubescent, glabrous when mature. There are 4–12 seeds, which are obovate. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting period from August to October. Habitat: It grows on streams, roadsides and hillsides. Distribution: It’s distributed from North China, northwest, East China, South China to southwest, as well as in countries of Vietnam, Myanmar and India. Acquisition and Processing: The barks are collected in summer and autumn and died in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Tranquilizing the mind, relieving depression, harmonizing blood and stopping pain, it’s often used for treatment of restlessness, insomnia and

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forgetfulness, lungs abscess, purulent phlegm, injury of muscles and bones, swelling and pain of carbuncle and furuncle, eye disease of wind and fire, unclear vision, swelling and pain of throat. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

5.9  Family: Mimosaceae 5.9.1  Archidendron clypearia Chinese Name(s): hou er huan, jiao long mu, niao tong gong. Source: This medicine is the tender branchlets with leaves of Archidendron clypearia (Archidendron clypearia (Jack.) Nielsen [Pithecellobium clypearia (Jack) Benth.]).

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Morphology: The plant is an evergreen tree, up to 10 m tall. The branchlets are angulate, slightly puberulent. The leaves are bipinnately compound, with 4–7 pairs of pinnae. The rachises are acutely angulate, basally with 1 gland as under each pair of pinnae. The lowermost pinna is with 3–6 pairs of leaflets or more, and the uppermost one with 10–12 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are opposite, and subrhombic, with the upper one being the largest, which is 2–6 × 0.7–3 cm, smaller downward, apically mucronate, adaxially shiny, abaxially subsessile or brown pilose. The inflorescences are terminal and axillary panicles, brownish puberulent. The petioles are short, several clustered into capitulums. The calyces are campanulate, ca. 2  mm long, puberulent, inconspicuous toothed. The corollas are white, 3–4  mm long, brownish puberulent adaxially. The stamens are about 3 times longer than corolla. The legume twisted 2 or 3 times, with its margins being constricted between seeds. The flowering period is 2–6 months and the fruiting period is 4–8 months. Habitat: It grows in sparse or dense forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan in China, as well as in Tropical Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The tender branchlets with leaves are collected all year round and died in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The twigs are longitudinally ridged, slightly square columnar in shape, 0.5–2 cm in diameter, brown to dark brown. It’s solid in quality, but easy to break. The xylem of sections is yellowish white, and the medulla is small, brown. The leaves are alternate, bipinnately compound, with 4–6 pairs of pinnae, sometimes to 11 pairs. The leaflets are often twisted or broken, easy to fall off, subleathery, rhombic. The apical leaflets are the largest, which are 2–6 cm in length, adaxially dark green to brown yellow, slightly glossy, and abaxially pale. It’s odorless, and slightly astringent in taste. The twigs tender with more leaves are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter, and astringent in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of spleen, stomach and liver. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and dysentery, as well as in external treatment for burns, scalds, boils and boils. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, dry twigs are ground to powder and mixed with tea oil to apply to the affected area, or fresh leaves mashed for application.

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5.10  Family: Mimosaceae 5.10.1  Archidendron lucidum Chinese Name(s): liang ye hou er huan, liang ye wei xian shu, niao tong gong, shui Zhong mu, huo tang mu. Source: This medicine is the branchlets and leaves of Archidendron lucidum (Archidendron lucidum (Benth.) Nielsen [Pithecellobium lucidum Benth.]). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 2–10 m tall. Its branchlets are unarmed. The twigs, petioles and inflorescences are shortly brownish tomentose. There are 1–2 pairs of pinnae, which are adaxially with round and sunken glands along the rachises and near and base of petioles. The lower leaflets are with 2 or 3 pairs in pinnae, and the upper with 4 or 5 pairs. The leaflets are obliquely ovate or oblong, 5–9(−11)  ×  2–4.5  cm, with the apical ones being the largest, opposite, proximal ones being smaller, alternate, apically acuminate and mucronate. Basally oblique, glabrous on both surfaces or puberulent on veins, adaxially glossy and dark green. The inflorescences are globose heads, 10–20-flowered, with peduncles of shorter than 1.5 cm, in axillary or terminal panicles. The calyces are less than 2 mm, shortly brown tomentose as on corolla. The petals are white, 4–5 mm long, connate blow the middle. The ovaries are shortly stipitate, glabrous. The legume twisted into a circle, which are 2–3 cm wide, constricted on margins between seeds. The seeds are black, ca. 1.5 × 1 cm. The flowering period is 4–6 months and the fruiting period is 7–12 months. Habitat: It grows mostly in mixed forests or broad-leaved forests. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Zhejiang, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan etc. in China, as well as in countries of India and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The branchlets and leaves are collected in summer and autumn and died in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter, and pungent in taste, cool in property, a little toxic. Functions: Reliving swelling and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism pain, bruise and burn. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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5.11  Family: Mimosaceae 5.11.1  Entada phaseoloides Chinese Name(s): guo gang long, guo gang bian long, guo jiang long, yan jing dou, niu long, zuo you niu, niu gu feng. Source: This medicine is the rattan of Entada phaseoloides (Entada phaseoloides (Linn.) Merr.). Morphology: The plant is a liana. Its leaves are opposite, evenly bipinnately compound, 10–25 cm long, usually with two pairs of pinnae, of which the apical pair transformed into a tendril. Each pinnule are with 2–4 pairs of leaflets, which are opposite, long ovate, 3–8.5  ×  1.5–4.0  cm. The flowers are light yellow, 2–3  mm long, arranged in axillary spikes of 10–25 cm long. Sometimes the spikes combined again into panicles. The calyces are campanulate, 5-toothed. There are 5 petals, which are long oval, light yellow. There are 10 stamens, which are separated and longer than the corolla. The legumes are woody, 1 m × 8–12 cm, curved, complanate and consisting of multiple 1-seeded segments which fall away from persistent. The seeds are orbicular, flat, 4–6 cm in diameter, dark brown, slightly reticulated. The flowering period is from March to June and the fruiting from August to November. Habitat: It grows in mountain streams or hillside mixed forests, scandent on large trees. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan and Xizang in China, as well as in Tropical areas of the eastern hemisphere. Acquisition and Processing: The rattans are cut off all year round, washed, cut into sections, steamed and died in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are irregular pieces of different sizes, 1–2 cm thick or slightly over. The barks are brown or light brown, rugose, with gray and white lichen patches, obvious longitudinal wrinkles or furrows, and punctate lenticels and branch marks. One side of the pieces are often ridged. The cortexes of the cutting surfaces are dark brown, with resin exudation of red brown or brown black, and the xylems are brown or light brown, with many catheter holes and a circle of red-brown resin around the medulla, which located on the ridged side. It is hard in quality, not easy to break. It’s slightly odored and slight astringent in taste. The products with large slices, red color and more resins are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter, and astringent in taste, cool in property, a little toxic, belonging to the meridians of spleen, and liver. Functions: Expelling wind and clearing dampness, activating blood and removing meridian obstruction, it is often used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, bruise and injuries, numbness of limbs. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water or soaked in wine for oral use. For external treatment, the decoctum is used for washing on the affected areas. Annotation: The seeds of Entada phaseoloides are also used as medicine, which is called “mu yao zi” or “gang long zi”. It’s sweet in taste and neutral in property. It

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functions in relieving spasm and pain, and is often used for treatment of stomachache and hemorrhoid pain. It is usually ground to powder for oral use. Take 1–3 g at a time. The seed is poisonous, so it’s not suitable to take overdose.

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5.12  Family: Mimosaceae 5.12.1  Mimosa pudica Chinese Name(s): han xiu cao, gan ying cao, zhi xiu cao, he hu cao, pa chou cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Mimosa pudica (Mimosa pudica Linn.). Morphology: The plant is diffuse, subshrubby, to 1 m tall. The stems are terete, branched, with reflexed bristles and scattered, curved prickles. The stipules are lanceolate, 5–10 mm long, bristly. The pinnae and leaflets are closed and pendulous when touched. The pinnae are usually 2 in pairs, digitate, arranged at the apex of the rachis e, 3–8 cm long. There are 10–20 pairs of leaflets, which are linear oblong, 8–13 × 1.5–2.5 mm, apically acute, marginally ciliate. The inflorescences are capitate, solitary or 2–3 in axils of leaves, globose, ca. 1 cm in diam, with long peduncles. The flowers are small, pink, numerous. The bracts are linear. The calyces are tiny. The corollas are campanulate, with 4 lobes which are pubescent outside. There are 4 stamens, which exserted out of the corolla. The ovaries are shortly stipitate, glabrous. There are 3–4 ovules. The styles are filiform, and the stigmas are small. The legumes are oblong, 1–2 × 0.5 cm, flat, re-curved, marginally undulate, bristly sutured. The segments of legumes fell away when mature while the margins are persistent. The seeds are oval, 3.5 mm long. The flowering period is from March to October and the fruiting period from May to November. Habitat: It grows in the wildernesses.

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Distribution: It’s now distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan etc. in China. It originated from tropical America, and is now widely distributed in the world’s tropical areas. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and died in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and astringent in taste, cool in property, a little toxic. Functions: Clearing heat and diuresis, dissipating phlegm and stopping coughing, calming the mind and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of cold, infantile high fever, acute conjunctivitis, bronchitis, gastritis, enteritis, urolithiasis, malaria, and neurasthenia, as well as for external treatment of bruises, sores and swelling. Use and Dosage: 16–26 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of herbs are mashed and applied to the affected areas. The pregnant women should not use it. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: infantile high fever: Mimosa pudica 9  g decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: chronic tracheitis: Mimosa pudica root (fresh) 100  g, Lycianthes biflora root (fresh) 18  g, decocted in water. Take 1 dose per day, for 2 times, 10  days as a course of treatment, two treatments continuously.

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Chapter 6

Medicinal Angiosperms of Caesalpiniaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 6.1  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.1.1  Bauhinia brachycarpa 6.2  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.2.1  Bauhinia championii 6.3  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.3.1  Bauhinia corymbosa 6.4  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.4.1  Bauhinia glauca 6.5  Family:Caesalpiniaceae 6.5.1  Bauhinia purpurea 6.6  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.6.1  Bauhinia variegta 6.7  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.7.1  Caesalpinia bonduc

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_6

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238 6.8  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.8.1  Caesalpinia crista 6.9  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.9.1  Caesalpinia magnifoliolata 6.10  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.10.1  Caesalpinia millettii 6.11  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.11.1  Caesalpinia minax 6.12  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.12.1  Caesalpinia sappan 6.13  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.13.1  Cassia alata 6.14  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.14.1  Cassia leschenaultiana 6.15  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.15.1  Cassia mimosoides 6.16  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.16.1  Cassia occidentalis 6.17  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.17.1  Cassia surattensis 6.18  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.18.1  Cassia tora 6.19  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.19.1  Cercis chinensis 6.20  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.20.1  Cercis glabra 6.21  Family:Caesalpiniaceae 6.21.1  Gleditsia japonica 6.22  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.22.1  Gleditsia sinensis 6.23  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.23.1  Gymnocladus chinensis 6.24  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.24.1  Lysidice rhodostegia 6.25  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.25.1  Pterolobium punctatum 6.26  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.26.1  Tamarindus indica

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This chapter introduces 26 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Bauhinia championii, Bauhinia glauca, Bauhinia purpurea, Caesalpinia bonduc, Caesalpinia crista, Caesalpinia magnifoliolata, Caesalpinia minax, Caesalpinia sappan, Cassia leschenaultiana, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia tora, Cercis chinensis, Gleditsia japonica, Gleditsia sinensis, Gymnocladus chinensis, Lysidice rhodostegia, Pterolobium punctatum, Tamarindus indica of Caesalpiniaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

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6.1  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.1.1  Bauhinia brachycarpa Chinese Name(s): an ye yang ti jia, ye guan men, ma an ye. Source: This medicine is the roots of Bauhinia brachycarpa (Bauhinia brachycarpa Wall. ex Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub. The branchlets are angulate and puberulent. The leaf blades are subrounded, 3–6 × 4–7 cm, basally subtruncate, apically bifid to ca. 1/2, and the lobes are rounded at apex, sparsely puberulent on the bottom. The stipules are filiform and caducous. The inflorescences are corymbose racemes, lateral, condensed more than ten flowered. The rachis and pedicels are pubescent. The bracts are linear and caducous. The hypanthia are turbinate. The calyces open as a spathe into 2 lobes. The petals are white and oblanceolate. There are 10 fertile stamens, 5 of which are longer, the filaments being 5–6 mm long and glabrous. The ovaries are hairy, shortly stalked. The stigmas are peltate. The legumes are oblong, flat, 5–7.5 cm × 9–12 mm, attenuate on both ends, parallel in the middle, shortly beaked on the apex. There are 2–4 seeds, which are oval, brown and glossy. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting period from August to October. Habitat: It grows in the grass slopes and the shrubs beside the rivers at altitudes of 800–2200 m. Distribution: It’s now distributed in provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Hubei in China, as well as in countries of India, Myanmar and Thailand. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, used freshly or died in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and moistening the lungs, nourishing Yin and tranquilizing the nerves, removing dampness and killing insects, it’s often used for treatment of palpitation, insomnia, night sweat, scrofula, eczema, scabies, pertussis, etc. Use and Dosage: 30–50 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.2  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.2.1  Bauhinia championii Chinese Name(s): yuan guo gang long, guo gang yuan long, yang ti teng, jiu long teng, wu lang teng. Source: This medicine is the rattans of Bauhinia championii (Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a liana, to 10  m, with tendrils on branches. The branchlets and inflorescences are white pubescent. The leaves are papery, ovate or cordate, 5.5–10 × 4–8 cm, apically acuminate, emarginate or 2-lobed, and the lobes are unequal, acute to acuminate, basally slightly concave, cordate, truncate to rounded, abaxially appressed pubescent, glaucous, with 7 veins at the base. The flowers are white, about 8 mm in diameter. The inflorescences are solitary raceme or several racemes joined in a panicle, terminal or axillary, 10–20  cm long. The calyces are tubular, and the lobes are sublanceolate, about 3 mm long. The petals are 4 mm clawed. There are 3 fertile stamens, which equal to the length of calyces, and there are 2 sterile stamens. The legumes are flat, oblong, 7–12 cm long, containing 3–5 seeds. The flowering period is from June to October and the fruiting period from July to December. Habitat: It grows mostly in mixed forests or broad-leaved forests. Distribution: It’s now distributed in provinces and regions of Zhejiang, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of India, Vietnam and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The rattans are harvested all year round, cut into slices or sections and died in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are thick pieces or short sections. The cutting sections are subrounded, 3–8 cm in diameter. The cortexes are brown, while the xylems are light brown, with several circles of circular texture. The pinhole shaped catheters are clearly visible. It’s hard in quality and not easy to break. It’s odorless, bland or slightly astringent in taste. The products large in piece and light brown in color are of better quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and astringent in taste, slightly warm in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and large intestine. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, strengthening spleen and regulating qi, it’s often used to treat bruise and injuries, rheumatic arthralgia, stomachache and infantile malnutrition. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: rheumatoid arthritis: Bauhinia championii, Radix fici simplicissimae, Radix Litsea cubeba, Flemingia philippinensis,15 g each, Pterospermum heterophyllum 9 g, Kadsura coccinea 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: fracture: root barks of Bauhinia championii 4 portions (two-layer skin), root barks of fresh peach root 2 portions, fresh leaves of Zanthoxylum armatum 1 portion, Centipeda minima 1 portion, mashed, mixed with wine and applied to the affected areas. Annotation: The roots and leaves are also used as medicine. The function of roots is the same as that of stems. The leaves can alleviate a hangover.

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6.3  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.3.1  Bauhinia corymbosa Chinese Name(s): shou guan teng, shen lie yang ti jia. Source: This medicine is the leaves of Bauhinia corymbosa (Bauhinia corymbosa Roxb.). Morphology: The plant is a woody liana. The young branches, inflorescences, and one side of tendrils are rusty hirsute. The branches are slender, glabrous. The tendrils are solitary or in pairs. The leaves are papery, subrounded, 2–3(−4) × 2–3(−4) cm, or slightly wider in width, apically bifid to 3/4, rounded, basally truncate to cordate, glabrous on both surfaces or abaxially rusty pubescent on veins and near base. There are 7 basal veins. The petioles are slender, 1–2 cm long. The inflorescences are corymbose-racemose, terminal on lateral branches, ca. 5  cm, many flowered. The peduncles are short. The bracts and bracteoles are linear, ca. 3 mm. The flowers are fragrant. The buds are ovoid, acute, rusty pubescent together with the slender peduncle. The receptacles are slender, 18–25 mm long. The sepals are about 6 mm long, adaxially hairy, reflexed in anthesis. The petals are white with pink stripes, broadly spatulate or suborbicular, 8–11 × 6–8 mm, abaxially sericeous hairy at middle, marginally crisped, shortly clawed. There are 3 fertile stamens, which are with light red filament, about 1 cm long. There are 2–5 staminodes. The ovaries are petiolate, glabrous, with broad and truncated stigma. The legumes are straight or curved, 10 ~ 16(~25) × 1.5–2.5 cm, with neck and thick leathery valves. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting from September to December. Habitat: It grows in the open forests of the valleys or in the sun of the hillsides. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hong Kong, Guangdong and Hainan and cultivated in the tropics and subtropics of the world. Acquisition and Processing: It’s harvested all year round and used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions Clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of dysentery, eczema, scabies, and sores. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.4  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.4.1  Bauhinia glauca Chinese Name(s): fen ye yang ti jia. Source: This medicine is the branches, leaves, or whole plants of Bauhinia glauca (Wall. ex Benth.) Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a woody liana, with slightly compressed, convoluted tendrils. The leaves are papery, subrounded, 5–7 (~9) cm long, bifid to the middle or deeper. The distances between lobes are narrow. The lobes are ovate, and the inner margins are nearly parallel, apically rounded to obtuse, basally broad, cordate to truncate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely pubescent, especially along veins, with 9–11 basal veins and thin petioles which are 2–4 cm long. The inflorescences are corymbose-racemose, terminal or opposite to the leaves, numerous flowered. The rachises are 2.5–6 cm long, pubescent, glabrous later. The bracts and bracteoles are linear, acuminate, 4–5 mm long. The peduncles at the lower part of the inflorescence are 2 cm long. The flower buds are ovate, rusty shortly hairy. The receptacles are 12–15 mm long, 20 mm long at anthesis, sparse pubescent. The sepals are ovate, acute, 6  mm long, rusty tomentose. The petals are white, obovate, subequal in length, with long petioles, marginally undulate, 10–12  mm long, with claws of about 8 mm long. There are 3 fertile stamens, and the filaments are glabrous, far longer than petals. There are 5–7 staminodes. The ovaries are glabrous, shortly stalked. The styles are about 4 mm long. The stigmas are discoid. The legumes are linear, thin, glabrous, indehiscent, 15–20 × 4–6 cm, slightly thick in crevices, and 6–10 mm in neck length. There are 10–20 seeds, arranged in a column in the middle of the legumes, which are oval, extremely compressed, about 1 cm in length. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting period from July to September. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or dense forests or thickets shaded by valleys. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou Yunnan in China, as well as in countries of India, Indochina and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: It’s harvested all year round and the leaves or whole plants are used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent, sweet, sour and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, reducing swelling and pain, astringing and relieving itching, it’s often used for treatment of skin eczema. Use and Dosage: For external use, fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas, or decocted for washing with.

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6.5  Family:Caesalpiniaceae 6.5.1  Bauhinia purpurea Chinese Name(s): yang ti jia. Source: This medicine is the barks, roots and flowers of Bauhinia purpurea (Bauhinia purpurea Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 7–10 m tall. The barks are thick, subglabrous, grayish to dark brownish. The branches are puberulent when young, later glabrescent. The leaves are hard papery, subrounded, 10–15 × 9–14 cm, basally shallowly cordate, apically bifid to 1/3–1/2 of the leaf length, and the lobes are apically obtuse or acute, glabrous on both surfaces or abaxially puberulent, with 9–11 basal veins. The petioles are 3–4 cm long. The inflorescences are racemes, axillary or terminal, with few flowers, 6–12 cm long, sometimes 2–4 flowers inserting on the apex of branches to form complex racemes, brownish sericeous hairy. The flower buds are fusiform, 4- or 5-ridged, apically obtuse. The pedicels are 7–12 mm long. The calyces open as a spathe into 2 lobes, which are 2 ~ 2.5 cm, apically bifid, one with 2 teeth and other 3-toothed. The petals are peach red, oblanceolate, 4–5 cm long, with strips and long stalks. There are 3 fertile stamens. The filaments are as long as o the petals. There are 5–6 staminodes, which are 6–10 mm long. The ovaries are with long petiole, yellowish sericeous hairy, and the stigmas are slightly enlarged, peltate. The legumes are linear, flat, 12–25  ×  2–2.5  cm, falciform, dehiscent when mature. The seeds are poped up by the distort wooden petals when cracked, which are subrounded, flat, 12–15 mm in diameter, with dark brown episperm. The flowering period is from September to November and the fruiting period from February to March. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It’s distributed in the south of China, as well as in countries of Indochina, India, Sri Lanka. Acquisition and Processing: The barks and roots are harvested in summer and autumn, and the flowers are harvested in autumn and winter and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions Clearing away heat, detoxicating and astringing, the barks, flowers and roots function in antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrhea. It’s often used for treatment of diarrhea, burns, abscesses. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.6  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.6.1  Bauhinia variegta Chinese Name(s): yang zi jing, zhu ji shu, yang ti jia. Source: This medicine is the barks, roots, leaves and flowers of Bauhinia variegta (Bauhinia variegta Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree. The young branches are grayish puberulent. The branches are spreading, hard, slightly zigzag, and glabrous. The leaves are subleathery, broad ovate to subrounded, with the width being greater than length, 5–9 × 7–11 cm, basally shallowly to deeply cordate, sometimes subtruncate, apically bifid to 1/3, the lobes being broad, obtuse or rounded, glabrous on both surfaces or slightly gray pubescent abaxially, with (9–)13 basal veins and petioles of 2.5–3.5 cm which are hairy or subglabrous. The inflorescences are raceme, axillary or terminal, short, sometimes corymblike, few flowered, grayish pubescent. The rachises are short and stout. The bracts and bracteoles are ovate and caducous. The flowers are large and subsessile. The buds are fusiform. The calyces are spatulate and pubescent, with one side split into a broad ovate lobe of 2–3 cm long. The receptacles are 12 mm long. The petals are obovate or oblanceolate, 4–5 cm long, clawed, purplish red or light red, mixed with yellow green and dark purple stripes, with proximal ones being the broadest. There are 5 fertile stamens, and the filaments are slender, glabrous, about 4 cm long. There are 1–5 staminodes, which are filiform, short. The ovaries are stalked, puberulent, densely on the suture, with small stigmas. The legumes are linear, flat, 15–25 × 1.5–2 cm, with long stalks and beaks. There are 10–15 seeds, which are sub rounded, flat, about 1 cm in diameter. The flowering period is all year round but blooming in March. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It’s distributed in the south of China, as well as in countries of India and Indochina Peninsula.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots, barks and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and the flowers are harvested in autumn and winter and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots are slightly astringent in taste, cool in property. The barks are bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. The leaves are bland in taste, neutral in property. The flowers are bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: The roots function in stopping bleeding and strengthening spleen. The barks function in invigorating spleen and clearing dampness. The leaves function in moistening the lungss to stop coughing and relieving diarrhea. The flowers function in diminishing inflammation. The roots are often used for treatment of hemoptysis and dyspepsia, the barks for dyspepsia and acute gastroenteritis, the leaves for coughing and constipation and the flowers for hepatitis, pneumonia and bronchitis. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose for roots, 9–15 g per dose for barks, flowers and leaves, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): lientery: Bauhinia variegta bark 15 ~ 30 g, decocted in water with pepper as the supplement.

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6.7  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.7.1  Caesalpinia bonduc Chinese Name(s): ci guo yun shi, da tuo ye yun shi, ci guo su mu, mang guo ding. Source: This medicine is the leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc (Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, yellowish pubescent throughout, with straight or curved prickles. The leaves are 30–45 cm, prickly on the axis. There are 6–9 pairs of pinnae, which are opposite, with short very short petioles, and a prickle at the base. The stipules are large, leaflike, usually lobed, deciduous. There is usually 1 pair of stipule-like prickles at the place where the leaflets are inserted. The leaflets are 6–12 in pairs, membranous, oblong, 1.5–4 × 1.2–2 cm, apically obtuse or mucronate, basally oblique, yellowish pubescent on both surfaces. The inflorescences are racemes, axillary, long pedunculate, densely flowered in upper part and sparsely so in lower part. The peduncles are 3–5 mm long. The bracts are subulate, 6–8 mm long, hairy, reflexed, caducous at anthesis. The receptacles are concave. There are 5 sepals, which are 8 mm long, rusty hairy inside and outside. The petals are yellowish, standard tinged with red spots, oblanceolate, stipitate. The filaments are short, hairy in basal part. The ovaries are hairy. The legumes are leathery, oblong, 5–7 × 4–5 cm, apically rounded and with beak, swollen, with long, slender prickles. There are 2–3 seeds, which are subglobose, lead grayish, shiny. The flowering period is from August to October and the fruiting period from October to March of the next year. Habitat: It grows in mountain forest. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan in China, as well as in the tropics of the world. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Removing stasis, relieving pain, clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of liver dysfunction, acute and chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, carbuncle and furuncle, dyspepsia, and constipation. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.8  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.8.1  Caesalpinia crista Chinese Name(s): hua nan yun shi, ci guo su mu, jia lao hu le, hu er teng, shuang jiao long. Source: This medicine is the roots of Caesalpinia crista (Caesalpinia crista Linn. [C. nuga (Linn.) Ait.]) Roxb.). Morphology: The plant is a woody vine, to 10 m tall. Its barks are blackish with few recurved prickles. The leaves are bipinnately compound, 20–30 cm long, with blackish prickles on rachises. There are 2–3 pairs of pinnae, sometimes 4 pairs, which are opposite. There are 4–6 pairs of leaflets, which are opposite, shortly petiolulate, leathery, ovate or oval, 3–6  ×  1.5–3  cm, apically obtuse-rounded, sometimes emarginate, rarely acute, basally broadly cuneate or obtuse, glabrous on both surfaces, glossy adaxially. The racemes are 10–20 cm long, arranged in terminal, lax, large panicles. The flowers are fragrant. The pedicels are thin, 5–15 mm long. There are 5 sepals, which are lanceolate, about 6 mm long, glabrous. There are 5 petals, which are unequal, with 4 of them being yellow, ovate, glabrous, slightly conspicuously shortly clawed, the upper one being tinged with red stripes, attenuate to claw, inside hairy at central part. The stamens are slightly extended, and the filaments are inflated and hairy at base. The ovaries are hairy, 2-ovuled. The legumes are obliquely ovoid, leathery, 3–4 × 2–3 cm, swollen, reticulate, apically beaked. The seed is solitary, compressed. The flowering period is from April to July and the fruiting period from July to December. Habitat: It grows in the mountain forest at altitudes of 400–1500 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan in China, as well as in countries of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula, Polynesia islands and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Removing blood stasis, relieving pain, clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of acute and chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, carbuncle and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of roots are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.9  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.9.1  Caesalpinia magnifoliolata Chinese Name(s): da ye yun shi, tie teng gen. Source: This medicine is the roots of Caesalpinia magnifoliolata (Caesalpinia magnifoliolata Metc.). Morphology: There are prickly climbers. Its branchlets are rusty puberulent. The leaves are bipinnately compound, with 2–3 pairs of pinnae. The leaflets are 4–6  in pairs, leathery, oblong, 4–15  ×  2.5–7  cm, obtuse at both ends, apically extremely obtuse, adaxially glabrous, glossy, abaxially puberulent. The petioles and petiolules are puberulent. The inflorescences are axillary racemes or terminal panicles. The flowers are yellow. The pedicels are 9–10 mm long. The receptacles are concave. There are 5 sepals, which are ca. 5 × 3 mm. There are 5 petals, which are ca. 10 × 5 mm, shortly clawed. There are 10 stamens, and the filaments are about 1 cm long, pubescent at the bottom. The ovaries are subsessile, glabrous, with styles being about 1  cm long, stigmas being truncated. The legumes are suborbicular, compressed, 3.5–4 × ca. 3.5 cm, dorsal suture extending to both sides and forming a carinate narrow wing. The valves are brown, woody, with robust reticulate veins. The seed is solitary, 2 cm in diameter, compressed, brownish black. The flowering period is in April and the fruiting period from May to June. Habitat: It grows in the shrubberies with altitudes of 500–1300 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are collected in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of injuries and bruise.

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Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh roots are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.10  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.10.1  Caesalpinia millettii Chinese Name(s): xiao ye yun shi, ci guo su mu, jia nan she le, nan ka. Source: This medicine is the roots of Caesalpinia millettii (Caesalpinia millettii Hook. et Arn.). Morphology: The plant is a prickly scandent shrub, ferruginous puberulent throughout. The leaves are 19–20 cm. The rachises are with recurved prickles in pairs. The leaflets are 15–20 in pairs, alternate, oblong, 7–13 × 4–5 mm, apically obtuse-rounded, basally obliquely truncate, ferruginous hairy on both surfaces, much denser abaxially. The panicles are axillary, up to 30 cm long. The flowers are numerous, compact in upper part of inflorescence, sparse in lower part. The pedicels are 15  mm long, sparsely pubescent. The receptacles are concave. There are 5 sepals, with the basal one being the largest, which is 8 mm long, and the rests are 5 mm long. The petals are yellow, suborbicular, ca. 8 mm wide, upper one smaller, ca. 4 mm wide, clawed. The stamens are about 1 cm long, and the filaments are pilose in lower part. The pistils are slightly longer than the stamens, ca. 1.3 cm. The ovaries and lower part of styles are pubescent. The stigmas are truncate and shortly hairy. The legumes are obovate, with straight dorsal sutures, narrowly winged, pubescent. The valves are leathery, unarmed, dehiscent along dorsal sutures when mature. The seed is solitary, reniform, brownish red, ca. 11 × 6 mm, glossy, with cyclic veins. The flowering period is from August to September and the fruiting in December. Habitat: It grows in the thickets at the foot of a mountain or beside a stream. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces and regions of Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property.

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Functions: Strengthening the spleen and stomach, eliminating food accumulation. It’s often used for treatment of stomach disease, dyspepsia, rheumatism and arthralgia. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.11  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.11.1  Caesalpinia minax Chinese Name(s): ku shi lian zi, nan she le, shi lian zi, hui guo yun shi, ku shi lian. Source: This medicine is the roots, stems, leaves and seeds of Caesalpinia minax (Caesalpinia minax Hance). Morphology: The plants are prickly bushes, pubescent throughout. The leaves are bipinnately compound, 45 cm long. The stipules are conical and hard. The pinnae are 5–8 in pairs and the leaflets are 6–12, elliptic or oblong, 2–4 × 1.1–1.7 cm, apically obtuse to acute, basally rounded and slightly oblique, pubescence along the midvein on both surfaces. The racemes or panicles are terminal. The bracts are ovate lanceolate, apically shortly acuminate. There are 5 sepals, which are about 13 mm long, densely yellow villous. There are 5 petals, which are white, tinged with purple spots, obovate, ca. 1.8 × 1.2 cm, apically obtuse-rounded, contiguous at base, abaxially and marginally hairy. There are 10 stamens, which are slightly shorter than petals. The filaments are densely pubescent in lower part. The ovaries are with dense, small spines, and the styles are slightly longer than stamens, glabrous. The legumes are oblong, 7.5–13  ×  4–4.5  cm, apically obtuse-rounded, with beak of 5–25 mm, 5–25 mm long. The valves are densely needle-like prickly on the surface. There are 4–8 seeds, which are elliptic, resembling seeds of lotus, slightly concave on one side, with cyclic veins, ca. 1.8 × 1 cm, with kernel in the narrow end. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting period in July. Habitat:It grows in a gully, stream or shrub with altitudes of 400–1500 m. Distribution: It’s distributed in provinces of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Fujian. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, stems, and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and the seeds are harvested in winter, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots, stems, and leaves are bitter in taste, cool in property. The seeds are bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: The roots, stems and leaves function in clearing heat, relieving sunstroke, reducing swelling, pain and itching. The seed kernels function in clearing heat and dampness. The roots, stems and leaves are used for the treatment of cold and fever, rheumatoid arthritis and external treatment for bruise, fracture, sore, swelling, skin itching, and snake bite. The seeds are used for treating acute gastroenteritis, dysentery, and cystitis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose for roots, stems and leaves, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the stems and leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas, or decocted for washing with. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: cold and fever: Caesalpinia minax (stems and leaves) 9  g, licorice 1.5  g, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.12  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.12.1  Caesalpinia sappan Chinese Name(s): su mu, su fang mu. Source: This medicine is the heartwoods of Caesalpinia sappan (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, to 6 m tall, sparsely prickly, puberulent except on old branches, adaxial surface of leaves and legumes. The branches are with dense and significant lenticels. The leaves are bipinnately compound, 30–45  cm long. There are 7–13 pairs of pinnae, which are opposite, 8–12 cm long. There are 10–17 pairs of leaflets, which are closely spaced, sessile, papery, oblong to oblong-­ rhombic, 1–2 cm × 5–7 mm, apically emarginate, basally oblique, inserted at oblique angles to rachis of pinnae. The lateral veins are thin, obvious on both surfaces, contiguous near margin. The panicles are terminal or axillary, ca. as long as leaves. The bracts are large, lanceolate, caducous. The pedicels are 15 mm long, puberulent. The receptacles are shallowly campanulate. There are 5 sepals, which are slightly unequal, with lower one being larger than others, cucullate. The petals are yellow, broadly obovate, ca. 9 mm, with the uppermost one being tinged pink at base, clawed. The stamens are slightly exerted, filaments being densely pilose on the bottom. The ovaries are grayish velutinous, stipitate. The styles are slender, tomentose. The stigmas are truncate. The legumes are woody, slightly compressed, suboblong to oblongobovoid, ca. 7 × 3.5–4 cm, attenuate to base, apically obliquely truncate, with upper margins being with a sharp beak curved extrorse or upward, indehiscent. There are 3–4 seeds, which are oblong, slightly compressed, light brown. The flowering period is from May to October and the fruiting from July to march of the next year. Habitat: It grows in mountain forest. Distribution: It grows wildly or is cultivated in provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan while native to India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula and Sri Lanka.

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Acquisition and Processing: It’s harvested all year round. The trunks or thick branches of the trees with age of more than 5 years are cut off, removed the skin and white sapwood, collected with the red heartwood, sectioned, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is long cylindrical or half cylindrical, 10–100 cm long and 3–12 cm in diameter, yellowish red to brownish red on surfaces, with knife cut marks and longitudinal cracks commonly. It’s hard in quality, slightly glossy on the cross sections, with obvious annual rings, and some with dark brown, spongy and shining piths. It’s slightly odored and astringent in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and salty in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing blood stasis, reducing swelling and pain, it’s often used for treatment of postpartum bleeding or abdominal pain due to blood stasis, internal accumulation of blood stasis after injury, traumatic injury, enteritis, as well as external use for traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the products are ground to powder and sprinkled to the affected areas. It should be used by caution for women with hypermenorrhea and pregnancy.

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6.13  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.13.1  Cassia alata Chinese Name(s): chi jia jue ming, dui ye dou, fei zhou mu tong. Source: This medicine is the leaves of Cassia alata (Cassia alata Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub, 1.5–3  m tall, with thick, greenish branches. The leaves are 30–60 cm long. The ventral sides of petioles and rachis are with two longitudinal ribs and narrow wings. The stipules are triangular. The leaflets are 6–12 in pairs, thinly leathery, obovate oblong or oblong, 8–15 × 3.5–7.5 cm, apically obtuse to cuspidate, basally obliquely truncate, with obviously raised adaxial veins. The petioles are extremely short or subsessile. The inflorescences are terminal and axillary, with long peduncles, solitary or branched, 10–50 cm long. The flowers are about 2.5  cm in diameter, and the buds are covered by long elliptic, membranous bracts. The petals are yellow, tinged with conspicuous purple veins. The distal 3 stamens reduced, and the other 7 stamens developed. The lower 2 stamens are with larger anthers and the lateral 4 with smaller. The legumes are linear, 10–20 × 1.2–1.5 cm, with a broad, membranous wing down middle of each valve. The wings are papery and crenulate. There are 50–60 seeds, which are compressed. The flowering period is from November to January of the next year. The fruiting period is from December to February of the next year. Habitat: It grows on a sparse forests or dry hillsides. Distribution: It grows in Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan and Yunnan. Though native to the tropics of America, it is now widely distributed in the tropics of the world. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested all year round, and used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Killing insects and relieving itching. It’s often used for treatment of neurodermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, pruritus, boils and sores. Use and Dosage: Proper amounts of fresh leaves are mashed for juice and smeared to the affected areas.

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6.14  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.14.1  Cassia leschenaultiana Chinese Name(s): duan ye jue ming, di gan you, niu jiu teng. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Cassia leschenaultiana (Cassia leschenaultiana DC.). Morphology: The plant is a suffrutescent herb, annual or perennial, 30–80 cm tall, sometimes up to 1  m. The stems are erect, branched, and the young branches are densely yellowish pubescent. The leaves are 3–8  cm in length, with an orbicular-­ discoid gland in upper part of petioles. The leaflets are 10–25 in pairs, linear-falcate, 8–13(−15) × 2–3 mm, asymmetric, with mid-vein close to upper border of blade. The stipules are linear-conical, 7–9 mm long, persistent. The inflorescences are axillary, solitary or several flowered. The bracteoles at the apex of the rachis are ca. 5 mm. There are 5 sepals, which are about 1 cm long, lanceolate, sparsely yellowish pubescent outside. The corollas are orange yellow. The petals are slightly longer than or equal to sepals. There are 10 stamens, and sometimes 1–3 reduced. The ovaries are densely whitish pubescent. The legumes are flat, 2.5–5 cm × 5 mm, 8–16 seeded. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting period from September to November. Habitat: It grows in the bushes or grasses beside the mountain roads. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Hainan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan etc. in China, as well as in countries of Vietnam, Myanmar and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slight bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Eliminating food accumulation, clearing heat and detoxicating, and promoting diuresis, it’s often used for treatment of edema, infantile malnutrition, snake bite and paronychia. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.15  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.15.1  Cassia mimosoides Chinese Name(s): han xiu cao jue ming, shan bian dou, xiao bian dou. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Cassia mimosoides (Cassia mimosoides Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual or perennial suffrutescent herb, 30–60 cm tall, multi branched. The branches are slender and puberulent. The leaves are 4–8 cm, with an orbicular-discoid gland in upper part of petioles. The leaflets are 14–25 in pairs, linear-falcate, 3–4 × 1 mm, apically mucronate, asymmetric, with mid-vein close to upper border of blade, reddish brown when dry. The stipules are linear-conic, 4–7  mm long, with obvious ribs, persistent. The inflorescences are axillary, solitary or several flowered. The rachises are with 2 bracteoles of about 3 mm long at the apex. The calyces are 6–8 mm long, apically acute, sparse pubescent on the surfaces. The petals are yellow, unequal, shortly petiolate, slightly longer than the sepals. There are 10 stamens, with 5 long ones and 5 short ones alternated. The legumes are falcate, flat, 2.5–5  cm  ×  4  mm. The carpopodia are 1.5–2 cm long. The fruits are with 10–16 seeds. The flowering and fruiting period is usually from August to October. Habitat: It grows on the edge of open forest at the foot of mountain. Distribution: It is distributed in southeast, south to southwest of China. It is native to tropical America and now widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slight bitter in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, promoting diuresis and relieving constipation, it’s often used for treatment of nephritis edema, thirst, cough and phlegm, habitual constipation and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 9–18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. The decoctum can also be taken instead of tea. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: snake bite: A: oral administration: Cassia mimosoides (whole grass), Herba Polygwing petals Japonicae (whole grass), Polygala tenuifolia (whole grass), Calamus ovale root, soapberry root, Sapium Sebiferum root, 15  g each, Laggera pterodonta (whole grass) 9 g. All dried products above are chopped and soaked in 500 ml rice wine for 20 days. Take two tablespoons every time for adults, once every hour, three to four times a day. Discretionary reduce for children. B: External use: (1) honeysuckle 60 g, Laggera pterodonta 30 g, decocted and used for washing the wounds twice a day. (2) membranes of chicken gizzards, fossil fragments, Angelica dahurica, Concha meretricis sea cyclinae, 6  g each, borneol 0.6  g, ground to fine powder together, and sprinkled appropriate amount on the wounds. Raw and cold food are incompatible for 5 days.

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6.16  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.16.1  Cassia occidentalis Chinese Name(s): wang jiang nan zi, huai dou, yang jiao dou. Source: This medicine is the ripe seeds of Cassia occidentalis (Cassia occidentalis Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub or large herb, 1–2 m tall. The stems are erect, cylindric, distally many branched. The young branches are sparsely pubescent. The leaves are paripinnate compound, alternate, 15–20 cm long. The petioles are with a compressed subulate gland at the base. The stipules are ovate lanceolate, 3–5 foliolate, ovate or ovate lanceolate, 2–6 × 1–2 cm, entire and sparsely ciliated on margins. The petioles are densely villous. The inflorescences are raceme corymbose, terminal or axillary. The flowers are few, with pedicels of about 2 cm. There

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are 5 calyces. The corollas are pseudo-papilionaceous with 5 yellow petals. There are 10 stamens, and the 3 upper ones are sterile. There is 1 stamen, which is tubular, densely white pubescent. The stigmas are punctate. The legumes are strap-shaped, 10–13  cm  ×  7–10  mm, slightly curved, flat, light purplish brown, sparsely short hairy on the surface, with more than 40 parallel diaphragms in the fruit, and 1 seed per diaphragm. The seeds are elliptical, flat, 3–4 mm in diameter, dark green brown, smooth and lusterless. The flowering period is from August to September and the fruiting period from September to October. Habitat: It grows in a sparse forest on a flat open land, village edge, or hill. Distribution: It is distributed in all provinces and regions on the southeast and southwest of China. It is native to tropical America and now widely distributed in tropical areas all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn when the seed are ripe, dried and collected the seeds after the shell cracks, sieved the sediment, winnowed the impurities such as the shell, branches and leaves, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The seeds are flat, broadly ovate, with one end sharp and the other rounded, marginally slightly raised, 3–4 mm diameter, grayish green to grayish brown on surfaces, slightly lustrous, oval patched in the center on both surfaces, the hilum located at the tip. It is hard in quality. After softening by soaking in water and seed coat peeling off, there are 2 yellow cotyledons, which are surrounded by mucilaginous endosperm. It’s slightly odored, bland in taste, slightly fragrant when chewed. The product dry, even sized, full and greenish brown are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, neutral in property, a little toxic, belonging to the meridians of liver and stomach. Functions: Clearing the liver and brightening the eyes, strengthening the stomach, relieving constipation and detoxicating, it’s often used for treating conjunctivitis, dizziness, dyspepsia, stomachache, abdominal pain, dysentery and constipation. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the products are ground to powder and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: headache and constipation caused by high blood pressure: Cassia occidentalis seed 15–30 g, stir-fried slightly and ground, decocted in water for oral used or take instead of tea. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: intractable headache: Cassia occidentalis leaf 30 g, lean pork 150 g, added with a small amount of salt, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose per day. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: snake bite: Cassia occidentalis leaf 30–60 g, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, appropriate amounts of stems and leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Annotation: The stems and leaves are also used as medicine, which are bitter in taste, cold in properties, function in clearing lungs and liver, harmonizing

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stomach, relieving swelling and detoxicating. It is often used to treat cough, asthma, epigastric pain, hematuria, constipation, headache, conjunctivitis, sore and carbuncle, insect and snake bites. 6–9 g per dose, mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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6.17  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.17.1  Cassia surattensis Chinese Name(s): huang huai, huang huai jue ming. Source: This medicine is the leaves of Cassia surattensis (Cassia surattensis Burm. f.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub or small tree, 5–7 m tall, many branched. The young branches are with ribs. The barks are smooth, grayish brown. The young branches, petioles, and rachises of leaves are puberulent. The leaves are 10–15 cm in length. The rachises and petioles are oblate square, with 2 or 3 clavate, long glands of 1–2 mm on rachis between lowest 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets and in upper part of petioles. The leaflets are 7–9 in pairs, ovate to ovate-oblong, 2–5 × 1–1.5 cm, abaxially farina-white, abaxially sparsely pubescent, marginally entire. The petioles are 1–1.5  mm long, pubescent. The stipules are linear, curved, about 1  cm long, caducous. The racemes are in axils of apical leaves. The bracts are ovate-oblong, varied in size, and the inside ones are 6–8  mm, outside ones 3–4  mm, with 3–5 veins. The petals are bright yellow to dark yellow, oval to obovate, 1.5–2 cm long. There are 10 stamens, which are all fertile, lowest 2 with longer filaments. The anthers are oblong, opening by apical slits. The ovaries are linear, puberulent. The legumes are flat, strap-shaped, dehiscent, 7–10× 0.8–1.2 cm, long slender beaked of 5 mm, obvious stalked. There are 10–12 seeds, lustrous. The flowering and fruiting period is throughout the year. Habitat: It’s often cultivated. Distribution: It is often cultivated in Southeast China, and is native to India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, Polynesia, etc. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cold in property, belonging to the meridian of large intestine. Functions: Cooling, detoxicating and moistening the intestines, it’s often used for treatment of constipation due to dryness of intestines. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.18  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.18.1  Cassia tora Chinese Name(s): jue ming zi, cao jue ming. Source: This medicine is the mature seeds of Cassia tora (Cassia tora Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a herb, annual, erect, suffrutescent, 1–2 m tall. The leaves are paripinnate and compound, 4–8 cm long. The petioles are without glands. The rachises are with a club-shaped gland between leaflets. It’s 3 foliolate. The leaflets are papery, inverted cordate or obovate, obovate-oblong, 2–6 × 1.5–2.5 cm, apically rounded and cuspidate, basally attenuate, oblique, pubescent on both surfaces. The petioles are 1.5–2 mm long. The stipules are linear, pubescent, caducous. The racemes are axillary, usually 2 flowered. The rachises are 6–10 mm in length. The pedicels are 1–1.5 cm long, filiform. There are 5 sepals, which are membranous, connate to a short tube at the lower part, adaxially pubescent, about 8 mm long. There are 5 petals, which are yellow, with the lower 2 being slightly longer. There are 7 developed stamens. The ovaries are sessile and white pubescent. The legumes are slender, sublinear, straightly 4-ridged, acuminate on both ends, 5 cm × 3–4 mm. The seeds are rhomboid glossy. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, wildernesses and beach sands. Distribution: It is generally distributed in provinces and regions to the south of the Yangtze River in China, and native to tropical America. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are collected in autumn and winter when ripe, dried, taken the seeds and winnowed the impurities. Medicinal Properties: The products are slightly square or shortly cylindrical, and the two margins are nearly parallel, slightly oblique, 3–7 mm × 2–4 mm, greenish brown or dark brown, smooth and glossy. There is a raised ridge on both surfaces, and two light yellow furrows beside the ridge. It is hard in quality, not easy to

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be broken. There are thin testae and 2 yellow cotyledons of S-shaped in cross section. It’s slightly odored and bitter in taste. The products full and green brown are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver, kidneys, and large intestine. Functions: Clearing the liver and brightening the eyes, strengthening the stomach, relieving constipation and detoxicating, it’s often used for treating conjunctivitis, dizziness, dyspepsia, stomachache, abdominal pain, dysentery and constipation. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.19  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.19.1  Cercis chinensis Chinese Name(s): zi jing, zi jing pi. Source: This medicine is the barks of Cercis chinensis (Cercis chinensis Bunge). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, tufted or solitary, 2–5 m tall. Its barks and twigs are grayish white. The leaves are papery, suborbicular or triangular-orbicular, 5–10 cm long, ca. as long as width or slightly longer than width, apically acute, basally shallowly to deeply cordate, glabrous on both surfaces. The tender leaves are green, only tinged purplish on petioles, marginally transparent, obvious when fresh. The flowers are purplish red or pink, 2–10-fasciled on old branches or especially on trunks, decreased on the upper young branches, usually opening without leaves, but with leaves on the young branches or young plants. The flowers are 1–1.3 cm long with pedicels of 3–9 mm. The keels tinged with deep purple stripes at the base. The ovaries are light green, glabrous and glossy when in budding, and densely puberulent later. There are 6 to 7 ovules. The legumes are narrowly oblong, greenish, 4–8 × 1–1.2 cm, 1.5–2 mm winged, apically acute or shortly acuminate, with slender and curved beak, basally long attenuate, symmetrical or nearly symmetrical sutured on both sides. The fruit claws are 2–4  mm long. There are 2–6 seeds, which are broadly oblong, 5–6× ca. 4 mm, blackish brown, glossy. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It cultivated or seldomly grows in dense forests or limestone areas. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hebei, Shaanxi and other provinces to the south of China. Acquisition and Processing: The barks are collected in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Activating blood circulation and promoting menstruation, relieve swelling and pain, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of menstrual disorders, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, abdominal pain, rheumatoid arthritis, injuries,

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sore throat, as well as external treatment for swelling and pain of hemorrhoids, insect and snake bites. Use and Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of barks are decocted to wash the affected areas or ground to powder for application.

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6.20  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.20.1  Cercis glabra Chinese Name(s): hu bei zi jing. Source: This medicine is the barks of Cercis glabra (Cercis glabra Pampan.). Morphology: The plants are trees, 6–16 m in height, 30 cm in DBH. Its bark and twigs are grayish black. The leaves are large, thick papery or subleathery, cordate or triangular-orbicular, 5–12 × 4.5–11.5 cm, apically obtuse to acute or, basally t shallowly to deeply cordate, purplish red when young. The racemes are short, with rachises of 0.5–1 cm long, 4–12-flowered. The flowers are light purplish red or pink, open without or with the leaves, 1.3–1.5 cm long, with pedicels of 1–2.3 cm long. The legumes are narrowly orbicular, purplish red, 9–14 × 1.2–1.5 cm, 2 mm winged, apically acuminate, basally obtuse, with unequal sutures, dorsal sutures being slightly longer, arched outwards, and some of the legumes are basally acuminate, with equal sutures. The fruits are 2–3 mm clawed. There are 1–8 seeds, which are suborbicular, compressed, 6–7 × 5–6 mm. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting from September to November. Habitat: It grows in sparse or dense forests in mountainous areas with altitude of 600–1900 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang, Anhui etc. in China. Acquisition and Processing: The barks are collected in July and August, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Activating blood circulation and promoting menstruation, reducing swelling and detoxicating, it is often used to treat arthralgia due to wind cold and dampness, women’s amenorrhea, pain caused by blood and Qi stagnation, pharyngitis, gonorrhea, carbuncle and swelling, tinea and scabies, bruises and injuries and snakebites. Use and Dosage: 10–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.21  Family:Caesalpiniaceae 6.21.1  Gleditsia japonica Chinese Name(s): shan zao jia, ri ben zao jia. Source: This medicine is the fruits and shoot thorn of Gleditsia japonica (Gleditsia japonica Miq.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous small tree, to 10 m tall. Its branchlets are purplish brown or grayish green when bark falls off. The shoot thorns are slightly compressed, robust, purplish brown to brownish black, often branched, 2–15.5 cm. The leaves are unipinnate or bipinnate and compound (pinnae 2–6 pairs), 11–25 cm long, 3–10 foliolate. The leaves are papery to thick papery, ovate-oblong or ovate-­ lanceolate to oblong, 2–9 × 1–4 cm (leaflets bipinnate obviously smaller than leaflets unipinnate). The petioles are very short. The flowers are yellowish green, arranging in spikes. The inflorescences are axillary or terminal. The male inflorescences are 8–20 cm long, and female inflorescences 5–16 cm long. The male flowers are 5–6 mm in diameter. The receptacles are 1.5 mm, dark brown. There are 3–4 sepals, which are triangular lanceolate, 4 petals, which are elliptic, and 6–9 stamens. The female flowers are 5–6 mm in diameter. The receptacles are about 2 mm, with 4–5 sepals and petals, which are similar to those of male flowers in shape, 4–8 sterile stamens. The styles are short, incurved. The stigmas are inflated, 2-lobed. The ovules are numerous. The legumes are strap-shaped, flat, 20–35 × 2–4 cm, irregularly twisted or falcate. The seeds are numerous, elliptic. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting period from August to September. Habitat: It grows in sunny hillsides or valleys, beside the riverside roads, etc. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei and Henan. Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan in China, as well as in North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are picked in summer and autumn, removed the impurities and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The fruits are pungent in taste, warm in property, a little toxic. The thorns are pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: The fruits function in dissipating phlegm for resuscitation. The thorns function in promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, eliminating swelling and pus, and promoting lactation. The fruits are often used for treatment of stroke, epilepsy, phlegm and coughing. The thorns are often used for treatment of lymph node tuberculosis, mastitis, malignant sore, and prolonged carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 5–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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6.22  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.22.1  Gleditsia sinensis Chinese Name(s): zao jiao ci, zhu ya zao, zao jiao. Source: This medicine is the spines of Gleditsia sinensis (Gleditsia sinensis Lam.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree, up to 15 m, with spines on the trunk and branches, which are robust, bifid. The leaves are simple pinnately compound, petiole inflated at base. The leaflets are 4–8  in pairs, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 3–6 × 1–4 cm, apically mucronate, to obtuse, basally oblique, marginally serrated, with short petioles. The flowers are yellow and white, about 10 mm long, polygamous, arranged in axillary or terminal racemes of 6–8 cm. The calyces are campanulate, with 4 triangular-lanceolate lobes. There are 4 petals, which are ovate or oblong. There are 8 stamens, with 4 ones longer and 4 shorter. The legumes are leathery, strip-shaped, 12–30 × 3.5 cm, with beak at the apex, brownish purple and

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pruinose. The seeds are numerous, elliptic, 1 cm long, brown. The flowering period is from March to May and the fruiting from May to December. Habitat: It grows at sunny places beside roads, streams, or houses. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, etc. in China. Acquisition and Processing: It’s collected all year round. The spines are cut off and dried in the sun, or sliced when fresh before drying. Medicinal Properties: The complete spines are many branched, and the main one is 3–15 cm long or longer, 0.6–1 cm in diameter on the base. There are several branching spines extending around, which are 2–7 cm long, purplish brown, apically reddish brown, smooth and glossy. It is hard and not easy to break. The products that have been processed into flakes are mostly thin slices cut lengthwise or obliquely, with a thickness of 1–3 mm. The xylem can be seen on the section in yellow white, with large and loose pith and light gray brown. The xylem is brittle and easy to break. The product is odorless, bland in taste. Those ones thin, prickly, reddish brown and glossy are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and salty in taste, warm in property, a little toxic, belonging to the meridians of liver and stomach. Functions: Relieving swelling, detoxicating, discharging purulent and killing insect, it’s often used for treatment of carbuncle and sore. Use and Dosage: 5–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are steamed with vinegar for juice and smeared to the affected areas. Annotation: The mature legumes and seeds of Gleditsia sinensis are also used as medicine. The former is called “da zao jiao”, which function in dispelling wind and phlegm, clearing the orifices, removing dampness and toxin, and killing insects. The latter is called “zao jiao ren”, which function in moistening dryness and relieving constipation, dispelling wind and eliminating swelling.

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6.23  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.23.1  Gymnocladus chinensis Chinese Name(s): fei zao jia, rou zao jiao, fei zao shu, fei zhu zi. Source: This medicine is the barks, roots and seeds of Gymnocladus chinensis (Gymnocladus chinensis Baill.) Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree, unarmed, up to 15 m tall. Its barks are grayish brown, with conspicuous whitish lenticels. The branchlets of current year are ferruginous or whitish puberulent, glabrescent. The leaves are doubly even pinnate and compound, 20–25  cm long, without stipules. The rachis are sulcate pubescent. The pinnae are opposite, subopposite, or alternate, 5–10 in pairs. The leaflets are alternate, 8–12 in pairs, subsessile, with subulate stipules. The blades are oblong, 2.5–5 × 1–1.5 cm, rounded on both ends, sometimes apically emarginate,

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basally slightly oblique, and sericeous on both surfaces. The racemes are terminal, pubescent. The flowers are polygamous, whitish or tinged with purple, long pedicellate, pendulous. The bracts are small or absent. The receptacles are deeply concave, 5–6 mm long, puberulent. The sepals are subulate, slightly shorter than receptacle. The petals are oblong, apically obtuse, slightly longer than sepals, hispid. The filaments are pilose. The ovaries are glabrous, sessile, 4-ovuled. The styles are thick and short. The stigmas are capitate. The legumes are oblong, 7–10 × 3–4 cm, compressed or turgid, glabrous, apically shortly beaked. There are 2–4 seeds, which are subglobose, slightly compressed, ca. 2 cm in diameter, blackish, smooth and glabrous. The fruiting period is in August. Habitat: It grows in hillside miscellaneous wood forest and beside village or rock. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, etc. in China. Acquisition and Processing: The barks, roots and seeds are harvested in autumn and winter and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, promoting blood circulation and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism pain, bruise and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 3–6 g per dose for seeds, 9–15 g per dose for barks and roots, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of barks or root barks are mashed for juice and smeared to the affected areas, or steamed with wine and mashed for application.

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6.24  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.24.1  Lysidice rhodostegia Chinese Name(s): yi hua, tie luo san, dan dao gen, guang tan mu. Source: This medicine is the roots and leaves of Lysidice rhodostegia (Lysidice rhodostegia Hance). Morphology: The plant is a small tree, 2–5 m tall. The leaflets are 3–5 in pairs, papery, oblong or ovate lanceolate, 5–16 × 2–6.5 cm, apically acuminate, basally obtuse. The lateral veins are slender, subparallel, evident on both surfaces. The petioles are robust and short, 2–3 mm long. The panicles are 20–40 cm in length. The rachis, bracts and bracteoles are all sparsely puberulent. The bracts and bracteoles are pink, ovate-oblong or elliptic. The bracts are 1.2–2.8 × 0.5–1.4 cm. The bracteoles are small, 2–5 mm, rarely longer than 5 mm. The hypanthia are 1.2–1.5 cm, much longer than lobes to 1/3 or more. The lobes are oblong, dark purplish red. The petals are purplish red, broadly obovate, about 1.2 cm together with petioles, apically round and emarginate. There are 2 fertile stamens, with anthers of ca. 4 mm. There are usually 4 staminodes, which are subulate. The ovaries are hairy, 6–9-ovuled. The styles are slender and hairy. The legumes are obovoid-oblong, 12–20 cm long, with 2 unequal sutures at the base. The ventral sutures are longer and curved, dehiscent. The valves often spirally twisted. There are 2–7 seeds, which are oblong, 2.2–2.5 × 1.2–1.5 cm, brownish red, marginally not thickened. The testae are thin and fragile. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting from September to November. Habitat: It grows on riversides or in mixed forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan in China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, warm in property, a little toxic. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, eliminating swelling and relieving pain, the roots function in treating rheumatism arthralgia and injury; the roots and leaves function in external treatment for traumatic bleeding. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose for roots, decocted in water or soaked in wine for oral use. For external use, the roots are ground to powder or fresh leaves mashed for application.

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6.25  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.25.1  Pterolobium punctatum Chinese Name(s): lao hu ci, dao zhua ci, shi long hua, dao gou teng, ya po le, you she li. Source: This medicine is the branches and leaves of Pterolobium punctatum (Pterolobium punctatum Hemsl.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub. 3–10  m tall. The branchlets are angulate, with scattered prickles. The axes are 12–20 cm in length. The petioles are 3–5 cm, f with paired blackish stipulaceous spines. The pinnae are 9–14 in pairs, long and narrow. The rachises of pinnae are 5–8 cm, sulcate adaxially. The leaflets are 19–30  in pairs, opposite, narrowly oblong. The blades at middle are 9–10 × 2–2.5 mm, basally slightly oblique, yellowish hairy on both surfaces, abaxially denser. The veins are obscure, and the petioles are short and auriculate. The racemes are pubescent, 8–13 × 1.5–2.5 cm. The bracts are setiform, 3–5 mm long, caducous. The pedicels are slender, 2–4 mm long, spaced at intervals of 1–2 mm. The buds are obovate, 4.5 mm long, tomentose. There are 5 sepals, with the lowest one being longer, navicular, 4 mm long and ciliate, the rest being oblong, 3 mm long. The petals are equal, slightly longer than the calyx, obovate. There are 10 stamens, which are equal in length, exserted, with filaments of 5–6 mm, pubescent from middle downward, anthers being broadly ovoid and 1 mm long. The ovaries are flat, 2-ovuled. The legumes are 4–6 cm long, and the parts containing seeds are rhomboid, 1.6–2 × 1–1.3 cm. The wings are straight on one side and curved on other side, 3–4 × 1.3–1.5 cm, glossy. The seeds are solitary, elliptic, flat, about 8 mm long. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting from September to January. Habitat: It grows on the stones beside the sparse forest roads on the hillsides. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian etc. in China, as well as in Laos. Acquisition and Processing: The branches and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving cough, dispersing wind and dampness, relieving swelling and pain, it is often used to treat sores, cough, sore throat, rheumatism and arthralgia, toothache and bruise. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the decoctum is used to wash the affected areas.

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6.26  Family: Caesalpiniaceae 6.26.1  Tamarindus indica Chinese Name(s): suan dou, luo wang zi. Source: This medicine is the fruits of Tamarindus indica (Tamarindus indica Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 10–25 m in height, 90 cm in DBH. Its barks are dark gray, irregularly longitudinally splitting. The leaflets are 10–20 in pairs, oblong, 1.3–2.8 cm × 5–9 mm, apically rounded or emarginate, basally obliquely rounded, glabrous both surfaces. The inflorescences are racemes, a few flowered, yellowish tinged with purplish red stripes. The rachis and pedicels are yellowish green pubescent. There are 2 bracteoles, which are about 1  cm long, enclosing flower buds before anthesis. The hypanthia are about 7 mm long, lobes on eaves are lanceolate-­ oblong, ca. 1.2  cm, reflexed after anthesis. The petals are obovate, sub-equal to calyx lobes, marginally repand, curled. The stamens are 1.2–1.5 cm long, pubescence on the base. The free parts of the filaments are about 7 mm long. The anthers are elliptic, 2.5 mm long. The ovaries are cylindrical, 8 mm long, slightly incurved and hairy. The legumes are terete-oblong, inflated, brown, 5–14 cm long, straight or arcuate, often irregularly constricted. There are 3–14 seeds, which are brownish, glossy. The flowering period is from May to August and the fruiting from December to May of the next year. Habitat: It’s cultivated or grow in wild. Distribution: It is cultivated or grow wildly in Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi and southern Yunnan, while is native to Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in autumn and winter, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and sour in taste, cool in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and relieving heatstroke, eliminating food accumulation, it’s often used for the treatment of heatstroke, anorexia, infantile malnutrition, pregnancy vomiting and constipation. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Chapter 7

Medicinal Angiosperms of Papilionaceae Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 7.1  Family: Papilionaceae 7.1.1  Abrus cantoniensis 7.2  Family: Papilionaceae 7.2.1  Abrus mollis 7.3  Family: Papilionaceae 7.3.1  Abrus precatorius 7.4  Family: Papilionaceae 7.4.1  Aeschynomene indica 7.5  Family: Papilionaceae 7.5.1  Alhagi sparsifolia 7.6  Family: Papilionaceae 7.6.1  Ammopiptanthus mongolicus 7.7  Family: Papilionaceae 7.7.1  Alysicarpus vaginalis

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_7

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7.8  Family: Papilionaceae 7.8.1  Amorpha fruticose 7.9  Family: Papilionaceae 7.9.1  Amphicarpaea edgeworthii 7.10  Family: Papilionaceae 7.10.1  Apios carnea 7.11  Family: Papilionaceae 7.11.1  Apios fortunei 7.12  Family: Papilionaceae 7.12.1  Arachis hypogaea 7.13  Family: Papilionaceae 7.13.1  Astragalus acaulis 7.14  Family: Papilionaceae 7.14.1  Astragalus adsurgens 7.15  Family: Papilionaceae 7.15.1  Astragalus bhotanensis 7.16  Family: Papilionaceae 7.16.1  Astragalus chinensis 7.17  Family: Papilionaceae 7.17.1  Astragalus complanatus 7.18  Family: Papilionaceae 7.18.1  Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus menbranaceus var. mongholicus 7.19  Family: Papilionaceae 7.19.1  Astragalus pastorius 7.20  Family: Papilionaceae 7.20.1  Bowringia callicarpa 7.21  Family: Papilionaceae 7.21.1  Cajanus cajan 7.22  Family: Papilionaceae 7.22.1  Cajanus scarabaeoides 7.23  Family: Papilionaceae 7.23.1  Campylotropis macrocarpa 7.24  Family: Papilionaceae 7.24.1  Canavalia gladiata 7.25  Family: Papilionaceae 7.25.1  Caragana acanthophylla 7.26  Family: Papilionaceae 7.26.1  Caragana sinica 7.27  Family: Papilionaceae 7.27.1  Christia obcordata 7.28  Family: Papilionaceae 7.28.1  Christia vespertilionis 7.29  Family: Papilionaceae 7.29.1  Clitoria mariana 7.30  Family: Papilionaceae 7.30.1  Codariocalyx gyroides 7.31  Family: Papilionaceae 7.31.1  Codariocalyx motorius 7.32  Family: Papilionaceae 7.32.1  Craspedolobium schochii

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This chapter introduces 33 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Abrus cantoniensis, Abrus mollis, Abrus precatorius, Aeschynomene indica, Alhagi sparsifolia, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Alysicarpus vaginalis, Amorpha fruticose, Amphicarpaea edgeworthii, Apios carnea, Apios fortunei, Arachis hypogaea, Astragalus acaulis, Astragalus adsurgens, Astragalus bhotanensis, Astragalus chinensis, Astragalus complanatus, Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus pastorius, Bowringia callicarpa, Cajanus cajan, Clitoria mariana, Codariocalyx gyroides, Codariocalyx motorius, Craspedolobium schochii of Papilionaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

7.1  Family: Papilionaceae 7.1.1  Abrus cantoniensis Chinese Name(s): ji gu cao, guang zhou xiang si zi. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Abrus cantoniensis (Abrus cantoniensis Hance) removed the legumes (which are toxic). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, 1–2 m tall. Its branches are slender, straight, smooth, white pubescent, glabrescent when old. The leaves are pinnately compound and alternate. The leaflets are 6–11  in pairs, membranous, oblong or obovate oblong, 0.5–1.5  ×  0.3–0.5  cm, apically truncated or slightly emarginate, mucronate, sparsely pubescent adaxially, strigose abaxially. The petioles are short. The racemes are axillary. The flowers are small, about 6 mm long, fascicled at short rachis. The pedicels are short. The corollas are purple-red or light purple. The legumes are oblong, flat, 3 cm × 1.3 cm, apically beaked, sparsely white strigose, light brown when mature. There are 4–5 seeds, which are dark brown. The caruncles are waxy yellow, obvious, with holes in the middle and oblong rings on the margins. The flowering period is in August, fruiting in October. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests, shrubs or hillsides about 200  m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Hainan in China, as well as in Thailand. Acquisition and Processing: It can be harvested all year round. Remove the legumes which are poisonous, wrap the rattan leaves around the main root, tie them into small handlebars and dry them in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The roots of this product are terete or subconical, curved, often nodular on the head, 0.8–1.2 cm in diameter, with slender lateral roots, grayish brown or reddish brown. The main roots are hard, not easy to break, and the sections

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are light yellow. The stems and branches are fasciculate, slender, 0.1–0.2  cm in diameter, adaxially reddish brown, smooth and branched. The leaves are even pinnately compound, with 8–11 pairs of leaflets, which are obovate or oblong, subsessile, apically sub-flat and cuspidate, basally cordate, sparsely strigose adaxially, densely appressed strigose abaxially, easily fell off. It’s slightly odored, bland in taste. The products with reddish brown stems and green leaves are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of liver, spleen, and bladder. Functions: It’s often used for treatment of acute and chronic icteric hepatitis, cirrhosis ascites, stomachache, rheumatic bone pain and snake bite. The decoctum is also used as a cool drink in summer. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute icteric infectious hepatitis: Abrus cantoniensis 30 g Hypericum japonicum 30 g, Capillary artemisia 30 g, Gardenia jasminoides 15 g, decocted in water for oral use, added with membranes of chicken gizzards in patients with poor appetite, added with honeysuckle and Hedyotis diffusa for patients with fever, added with gourd tea for patients with swelling. Take 1 dose per day.

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7.2  Family: Papilionaceae 7.2.1  Abrus mollis Chinese Name(s): mao xiang si zi. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Abrus mollis (Abrus mollis Hance). Morphology: The plant is a small woody liana, 1–2 m tall. The main roots are robust, with a diameter of 12 mm. The stems are long and slender, densely yellowish brown hirsute when young, glabrescent when old. The leaves are even pinnately compound, alternate, 7–12 foliolate. The stipules are opposite, linear lanceolate. The leaflets are membranous or thin papery, oblong or obovate oblong, 5–12  ×  3–5  mm, apically truncate and mucronate, basally subcordate, adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially appressed strigose. The veins raised on both surfaces. The petioles are short. The racemes are axillary and short. The flowers are shortly pedunculate, fascicled on short branches of inflorescence. The calyces are cupulate, about 3 mm long, apically truncate, 4–5 inconspicuously dentate. The corollas are

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purplish red, prominent. The flag petals are oval, about 8 mm long, apically emarginate, and the wings, and keel petals are as long as the flag petals. There are 9 stamens, with lower part of filaments being connate into tubes, upper part being free. The ovaries are subsessile, the styles are short. The legumes are small, oblong, flat, 2.2–3 cm × 7–8 mm, beaked at the top, light yellowish sparsely pubescent, 2-lobed, with 4–7 seeds. The seeds are oblong, flat, blackish brown or yellowish brown, lustrous, 5–6 mm long, with small navels, oblong, surrounded by wax yellow raised caruncles. The flowering period is from July to August and the fruiting from October to December. Habitat: It grows in a sparse forest or bush. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and Hainan in China, as well as in Indochina Peninsula. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, dispelling wind and dampness, it’s often used for treatment of sore throat, excess heat in liver and gall. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.3  Family: Papilionaceae 7.3.1  Abrus precatorius Chinese Name(s): xiang si zi, xiang si dou, hong dou, xiang si teng, hou zi yan, ji mu zhu. Source: This medicine is the seeds, roots, rattans and leaves of Abrus precatorius (Abrus precatorius Linn.). Morphology: The plan is a liana. Its stems are slender, many branched, sparsely whitish rusty strigose. The leaves are pinnately compound. The leaflets are 8–13 in pairs, membranous, opposite, suboblong, 1–2 × 0.4–0.8 cm, apically truncated, and mucronate, basally subrounded, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely whitish strigose, shortly petiolate. The racemes are axillary, 3–8 cm long. The axes of inflorescence are robust. The flowers are small, dense and capitate. The calyces are

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campanulate, 4-toothed, white strigose. The corollas are purple. The claws of flag petals are triangular, and the wings and keel petals are narrow. There are 9 stamens, and the ovaries are hairy. The legumes are oblong, leathery, 2–3.5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, split and 2–6 seeded when mature. The seeds are oval, smooth and lustrous. The upper 2/3 is bright red and the lower 1/3 black. The flowering period is from March to June and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or shrubs. Distribution: It is distributed provinces and regions of Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan in China, and is now widely distributed in the tropics. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds, roots, rattans and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots, rattans and leaves are sweet in taste, neutral in property, and the seeds are bitter in taste, neutral in property, extremely poisonous. Functions: The roots, rattans and leaves function in clearing heat, detoxicating, promoting diuresis. The seeds function in inducing vomiting and killing insects. The roots and rattans are often used for treatment of sphagitis and hepatitis. The leaves are often use for treatment of bronchitis and as an ingredient for herbal tea. The seeds are often used for external treatment of tinea, scabies, carbuncle, and eczema. Use and Dosage: 6–15 g per dose for the roots, rattans and leaves, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of seeds are mashed or ground to powder and mixed with oil for smearing on the affected areas.

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7.4  Family: Papilionaceae 7.4.1  Aeschynomene indica Chinese Name(s): he meng, shui zao jiao, tian zao jiao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Aeschynomene indica (Aeschynomene indica Linn.). Morphology: The plant is herbaceous. The stems are erect, 0.3–1 m tall. The leaves are 20–30 foliolate or more. The stipules are membranous, ovate to lanceolate, about 1 cm long, with auriculate base, usually notched or eroded. The petioles are about 3  mm long. The leaflets are subsessile, thin papery, linear oblong, 5–10 × 2–2.5 mm, densely glandular adaxially, slightly pruinose abaxially, apically obtuse or emarginated, cuspidate, basally oblique, marginally entire. The stipules are extremely small. The racemes are shorter than the leaves, axillary, 1.5–2  cm long. The rachises are 8–12 mm long. The pedicels are about 1 cm long. The bracteoles are ovate lanceolate, persistent. The calyces are membranous, with longitudinal striations, about 4 mm long, glabrous. The corollas are light yellow, with purple longitudinal striations, caducous. The flag petals are large, subrounded, shortly petiolate at the base. The wings are comb shaped and the keel petals are slightly shorter than flag petals, slightly longer or subequaling to the wings. The stamens are diadelphous. The ovaries are flat and linear. The legumes are linear, oblong, straight or curved, 3–4 cm × 3 mm, with the abaxial sutures being straight, and dorsal sutures slightly repand. There are 4–8 articles, which are smooth or tuberculate, indehiscent when mature, fell off one by one at maturity. The seeds are blackish brown, reniform, 3–3.5 × 2.5–3 mm. The flowering period is from July to August and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It grows on a field or wet ground. Distribution: It is distributed in forest areas and their edges all over China except for grassland and desert, as well as in Africa, Oceania and tropical Asia, North Korea and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, promoting diuresis, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of urinary tract infection, dysuria, diarrhea, edema, cloudy vision of old people, conjunctivitis, cholecystitis, jaundice, malnutrition, scabies, urticaria and snake injury. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.5  Family: Papilionaceae 7.5.1  Alhagi sparsifolia Chinese Name(s): luo tuo ci, yang ci mi, cao mi, gei dun luo, ci tang, luo tuo ci tang. Source: This medicine is the sugar granules secreted by Alhagi sparsifolia (Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.). Morphology: The plant is a thorny deciduous shrub. The branches are glabrous or subglabrous, grayish green. The prickles are dense, almost at right angles to the branches, 1.2–2.5  cm long. The leaves are solitary at the base of prickles and branches, broadly obovate, 1.5–3 cm long, apically obtuse, marginally entire, hardly leathery, shortly hairy on both surfaces. The stipules are small and caducous. The racemes are axillary. The rachises are hardened, 1–7 flowered. The flowers are red, 8–10 mm long. The pedicels are short. There is 1 bract at the base of pedicels and 2 bracts at base of calyces. The calyces are campanulate, 2–5 mm long, with 5 teeth, glabrous. The corollas extended out of calyces. The flag petals are obovate, and the keel petals are slightly obtuse on the apex. There are 9 stamens. The ovaries are linear, sessile. The styles are filiform, inflected and the stigmas are capitate. The legumes are beaded, falcate, indehiscent, up to 2.5 cm long, with 1–5 seeds. The flowering period is from June to July. Habitat: It grows in the deserts. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Xinjiang, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia etc.in China, as well as in countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Acquisition and Processing: When there are sugar grains in summer, spread cloth under the plant, knock the plant until the sugar grains falling off, collect the sugar grains and remove impurities.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Astringing intestines and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, ventosity and abdominal pain, hectic fever due to yin deficiency and thirst, headache and toothache. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: dysentery, diarrhea, abdominal pain: Alhagi sparsifolia 15 g, ground to powder, taken with water. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: intractable headache: Alhagi sparsifolia 2 g, Peganum harmala 1 g, Zygophyllum fabago 2 g, ground together into powder, take it three times a day, 1–2 g each time.

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7.6  Family: Papilionaceae 7.6.1  Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Chinese Name(s): sha dong qing, meng gu sha dong qing, meng gu huang hua mu. Source: This medicine is the stems and leaves of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom.) Cheng f.). Morphology: The plant is an evergreen shrub, 1–2 m tall. The branches are yellowish green and the young branches are dense white pubescent, glabrescent later. The leaves are palmately ternately compound, rarely single. The rachises are densely grayish white pubescent. The stipules are small and conic, adnate to the petioles and amplexicaul, densely hairy. The leaflets are sessile, long elliptic, obovate elliptic, rhomboid elliptic or elliptic lanceolate, apically acute to obtuse, sparsely emarginate, basally cuneate, densely silvery white villous on both surfaces. The racemes are

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terminal or lateral. The inflorescence axes are glabrous or subglabrous, with few flowers. The pedicels are glabrous. The calyces are campanulate, with 4 teeth which are very short, upper 1 tooth being larger, glabrous or only hairy on margins. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are obovate, apically emarginate, basally attenuate into short claws. The wings are shorter than flag petals, apically rounded, basally clawed and shortly round auriculate. The two keel petals are separate, apically obtuse, basally clawed and auriculate. The ovaries are stipitate, glabrous. The legumes are long elliptic, flat, apically acute, stipitate. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting from May to June. Habitat: It grows on dry sand slopes, fixed sand dunes and sandy lands. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, etc. in China, as well as in the south of Mongolia. Acquisition and Processing: The stems and leaves are harvested in winter and early spring and used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, warm in property, poisonous. Functions: Expelling wind and dampness, relieving blood stasis, it’s often used or treatment of frostbite, rheumatism and arthralgia. Use and Dosage: For external use, proper amounts of products are made into decoctum or condensed to extractum to smear on the affected areas. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: frostbite: Ammopiptanthus mongolicus 60 g and Aubergine root 60 g, decocted in water and used for fumigation and washing. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: rheumatic arthralgia: Ammopiptanthus, futokadsura stem, Clematis aethusifolia, Caulis Impatientis 30 g each, decocted in water and used for fumigation and washing.

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7.7  Family: Papilionaceae 7.7.1  Alysicarpus vaginalis Chinese Name(s): lian jia dou, jia di dou, gou yi cao, xiao hao ye hua sheng, shan hua sheng. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Alysicarpus vaginalis (Alysicarpus vaginalis (Linn.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, fascicled and many branched at base, 30–90 cm tall, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Its leaves are 1-foliolate. The stipules are linear lanceolate, dry membranous, striate, glabrous, as long as the petioles or slightly longer. The petioles are 5–14 mm long, glabrous. The leaflets vary greatly in shape and size. The leaflets on upper stem are usually oval, oblong lanceolate to linear lanceolate, 3–6.5  ×  1–2  cm, and the leaflets on lower stem are cordate, subrounded or ovate, 1–3  ×  1  cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially slightly pubescent, marginally entire, with 4–5 (−9) lateral veins, which are slightly obvious. The racemes are axillary or terminal, 1.5–7 cm long, 6–12 flowered, arranged in pairs on nodes, with interval of 2–5 mm. The bracts are membranous, ovate lanceolate, 5–6 mm long. The pedicels are 5–4 mm long. The calyces are membranous, 5–6 mm long, slightly longer than the first article of legume, 5-lobed, and the lobes are longer than the hypanthia. The corollas are purple blue, slightly exerted. The flag petals are broad, obovate. The ovaries are pubescent, 4–7 ovuled. The pods are flat and cylindrical, 1.5–2.5 cm × 2–2.5 mm, pubescent, with obscure linear ridges, 4–7-jointed, not constricted between articles. The flowering period is in September and the fruiting from September to November. Habitat: It grows in wildernesses, grassy slopes, roadsides or seaside sands.

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Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and Taiwan in China. It is also widely distributed in tropical areas of the eastern hemisphere. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Activating blood circulation and dredging collaterals, clearing heat and dampness, curing fracture and relieving swelling, removing necrotic tissue and promoting granulation, it’s often used for treatment of hemiplegia, pain of muscle and bone, chronic hepatitis, bruise, injury, and fracture. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh plants are mashed for application on the affected areas. Or the leaves are ground to powder and sprinkled to the affected areas. For prolonged ulcers, fresh Alysicarpus vaginalis are decocted for washing with, or the dried leaves ground to powder and sprinkled to the ulcers. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hemiplegia: Alysicarpus vaginalis root 30–60 g, mashed and decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: pain of muscle and bone: Alysicarpus vaginalis root 45 g, stewed with wine and pig’s feet and taken orally. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: chronic hepatitis: whole plants of Alysicarpus vaginalis 90 g, stewed with pork and taken orally. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: snake bite: whole plants of Alysicarpus vaginalis 50 g and Chinese lobelia 50 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.8  Family: Papilionaceae 7.8.1  Amorpha fruticose Chinese Name(s): zi sui huai, jiao tiao, mian tiao, mian huai, zi huai, huai shu. Source: This medicine is the leaves of Amorpha fruticosa (Amorpha fruticosa Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous shrub, growing in clumps, 1–4 m tall. The branchlets are grayish brown, sparsely hairy, glabrescent later. The twigs are densely pubescent. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, 10–15  cm long, alternate, with 11–25 leaflets, and linear stipules at base. The petioles are 1–2 cm long. The leaflets are ovate or elliptic, 1–4 × 0.6–2 cm, apically rounded, acute or emarginated, with a shortly curved spinose tip, basally broadly cuneate or rounded, abaxially white puberulent, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, black glandular-­dotted. The spikes are usually 1 to several terminal and branch end axillary, 7–15 cm long, densely pubescent. The flowers are shortly petiolate. The bracts are 3–4 mm long. The calyces are 2–3 mm long, sparsely villous or subglabrous, and the lobes are triangular, shorter than the hypanthia. The flag petals are cordate, purple, without wing and keel petals. There are 10 stamens, which combine at lower part into sheaths, divide on the upper, wrap in flag petals, and extend out of corolla. The legumes are pendulous, 6–10 × 2–3 mm, slightly curved, apically mucronate, brown, strongly glandular-dotted on the surfaces. The flowering and fruiting period are from May to October. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in Northeast, north, northwest, Shandong, Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, Sichuan, etc., and originated in the United States.

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Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, astringing and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of burn, scald, carbuncle and eczema. Use and Dosage: The fresh leaves are decocted and used for washing the affected areas.

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7.9  Family: Papilionaceae 7.9.1  Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Chinese Name(s): liang xing dou, ye mao dou, yin yang dou, shan ba dou, shan zi liang xing dou. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Amphicarpaea edgeworthii (Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth.) Morphology: The plant is an annual voluble herb. The leaves are pinnately 3 foliolate. The stipules are small. The petioles are 2–5.5 cm long. The leaflets are thin papery or submembranous. The terminal leaflets are rhomboid-ovate or

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oblate-­ovate, 2.5–5.5 × 2–5 cm, apically obtuse or sometimes with murco, basally rounded, broadly cuneate or subtruncate, adaxially green, abaxially light green, with 3 slender basal veins, short petioles and very small stipules. The lateral leaflets are slightly smaller and usually oblique. The flowers are dimorphic. The normal flowers grow in the upper part of the stem, arranged in short axillary racemes, 2–7 flowered, light brown villous, with slender pedicels of 1–2  mm. The calyces are tubular, 5-lobed, and the lobes are unequal. The corollas are light purple or white, 1–1.7  cm long, with equal petals. The flag petals are obovate, with stipes, and recurved auricles on both sides, the wings are oblong, with stipes and auricles, the keel petals are similar to the wings, apically obtuse, with long stipes. The stamens are dimorphic. The ovaries are hairy. The cleistogamous flowers are under-ground, apetalous. The stigmas bend to contact with the anther, and the ovaries insert into the ground and bear fruits. The legumes are dimorphic: those of nor-mal flowers on the upper part of stems are oblong or obovate-oblong, 2–3.5  ×  ca. 0.6  cm, compressed, slightly curved, light brown pubescent, with 2–3 seeds, which are reniform-orbicular, blackish brown, with small navels. The legumes of cleistogamous flowers are elliptic or suborbicular, indehiscent, 1-seeded. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to November. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, roadsides and grasslands. Distribution: It is cultivated in provinces and regions from Northeast China, North China to Shaanxi and south of Gansu, as well as in countries of Russia, North Korea, Japan, Vietnam and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Eliminating food stagnation, detoxicating and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of abdominal distention, body deficiency, self-perspiration, pain and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.10  Family: Papilionaceae 7.10.1  Apios carnea Chinese Name(s): rou se tu luan er, man tang hong. Source: This medicine is the roots of Apios carnea (Apios carnea (Wall.) Benth. ex Baker). Morphology: The plant is a voluble liana, 3–4 m tall. The stems are slender, striate, hairy when young, glabrescent and subglabrous when old. The leaves are oddly pinnate, compound, usually 5 foliolate, long elliptic, 6–12 × 4–5 cm, apically acuminate, shortly caudate, basally obliquely cuneate to nearly rounded, adaxially green, abaxially grayish green. The petioles are 5–8(−12) cm in length. The racemes are axillary, 15–24 cm long. The bracts and bracteoles are small, linear and deciduous. The calyces are campanulate, 2-lipped, green. The lobes are triangular, shorter than the hypanthia. The corollas are red, reddish purple, or orange, ca. 2 times as long as calyces. The flag petals are the longest, wing petals are the shortest, the keel petals are strip-shaped, curved semicircularly. The styles curved circularly or semicircularly. The stigmas are terminal. The legumes are linear, straight, 16–19 cm × 0.7 cm. There are 12–21 seeds, which are reniform, dark brown and lustrous. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting from August to November. Habitat: It grows in the forests beside the ditches, or roadsides beside streams. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Gansu, Shaanxi and Xizang in China, as well as in countries of Vietnam, Thailand, Nepal and northern India. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, setting the Qi in motion and dispersing congelation, tonifying the kidneys and strengthening tendons, it’s often used for treatment of lumbago and pharyngolaryngitis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.11  Family: Papilionaceae 7.11.1  Apios fortunei Chinese Name(s): tu luan er, tu zi, jiu niu zi, jiu zi yang, tu dan. Source: This medicine is the rhizomes of Apios fortunei (Apios fortunei Maxim.) Morphology: The plant is a voluble herb. The roots are tuberous, globose or ovoid. The stems are slender, sparsely white hirsute. The leaves are oddly pinnate, compound, 3–7 foliolate, ovate or rhomboid ovate, 3–7.5 × 1.5–4 cm, apically acute, mucronate, basally broadly cuneate or rounded, adaxially extremely sparsely pubescent, abaxially subglabrous, sparsely hairy on the veins. The petioles are sometimes hairy. The racemes are axillary, 6–26 cm long. The bracts and bracteoles are linear and short hairy. The flowers are yellowish green or light green, 11 mm long, and the calyces are shallowly 2-lipped. The flag petals are round, shorter, about 10 mm long, the wing petals are round, about 7 mm long, and the keel petals are the longest, curled into semicircle. The ovaries are sparsely short hairy, and the styles are coiled. The legumes are ca. 8 × 0.6 cm. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the hillside thickets with altitudes of 300–1000 m and twines on the trees. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, etc., as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are harvested in autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxifying, resolving phlegm and relieving coughing, it’s often used for the treatment of cold, cough, sore throat, hernia, carbuncle and scrofula, as well as external treatment of snake bite, sore and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh rhizomes are mashed for application on the affected areas, or ground for juice and smeared to the affected areas. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: snake bite: Apios fortunei 15–30 g, mash and applied to the wounds. As for the Agkistrodon bites, added with unprocessed Rhizoma pinelliae, Rhizoma arisaematis and dandelion, each 15 g, mashed and applied to the affected areas. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: children’s cold, coughing and pertussis: fresh Apios fortunei 15–20 g, washed and chopped, added with 15 g of sugar or honey, steamed with water for half an hour to get the juice. Take the juice in three times.

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7.12  Family: Papilionaceae 7.12.1  Arachis hypogaea Chinese Name(s): hua sheng, luo hua sheng, hua dou, di dou. Source: This medicine is the episperms, shells and oils of Arachis hypogaea (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) Morphology: The plant is an annual herb. The roots are with many nodules. The stems are erect or procumbent, 30–80 cm tall. The stems and branches are ribbed, yellowish villous, glabrescent later. The leaves are usually 2 foliolate. The stipules are 2–4 cm long, with longitudinal veins and strips, hairy. The petioles are 5–10 cm long, hairy and amplexicaul at the base. The leaflets are papery, oval to obovate, 2–4 × 0.5–2 cm, apically obtuse, or emarginate and mucronate, basally subrounded, marginally entire, hairy on both surfaces and ciliate on margins. There are about 10 lateral veins on each side of the midveins, which connected reticulately on margins. The petioles are 2–5 mm long, yellowish brown villous. The flowers are about 8 mm long. There are 2 bracts, which are lanceolate. The bracts are lanceolate, about 5  mm long, with longitudinal veins and pubescence. The calyx tubes are thin, 4–6 cm long. The corollas are yellowish or golden yellow. The flag petals are 1.7 cm in diameter, spreading, apically emarginate. The wing petals are separated from the keel petals, which are oblong or obliquely ovate, slender. The keels are oblong, inwardly curved, apically acuminate to coracoid, shorter than wings. The styles extend beyond throat of calyx tubes. The stigmas are terminal, small, sparsely pubescent. The legumes are 2–5  ×  1–1.3  cm, inflated, thick-walled, 0.5–1  cm in diameter. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to August. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated all over China, and originated in Brazil.

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Acquisition and Processing: It’s harvested in summer and autumn, the episperms, shells are dried in the sun, the oils are reserved. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The episperms are sweet, slightly bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. The oils are bland in taste, neutral in property. The shells are bland and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The episperms function in hemostasis, removing blood stasis and reducing swelling. The oils function in moistening intestines and relieving constipation. The shells function in astringing the lungs and stopping coughing. The episperms are used for treatment of hemophilia, primary and secondary thrombocytopenic purpura, hepatomegaly, postoperative bleeding, cancer bleeding, and bleedings of stomach, intestine, lungs, uterus etc. The shells are used to treat chronic cough and asthma, and expectoration with blood. Use and Dosage: 3–6  g per dose for the episperms, 9–30  g per dose for the shells, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hemophilia, thrombocytopenic purpura, epistaxis, gingival bleeding etc.: Take Ningxue syrup, 10–20 ml each time, three times a day. Peanut episperm tablets, 0.3 g per tablet, take 4–6 tablets per time, 3 times a day, after meals. The dosage should be reduced for children. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: ascaris intestinal obstruction: take 240 g peanut oil orally or inject it into gastric tube, repeat every 4–6 h. The dosage should be discretionary reduced for children. Generally, after the second use of peanut oil, use Quhuiling tablets to expelling parasites. Santonin is improper to be used with peanut oils. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: graphic tongue: peanut oil was injected into Zusanli and Shangjuxu acupoints on both legs, 1 ml each acupoint.

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7.13  Family: Papilionaceae 7.13.1  Astragalus acaulis Chinese Name(s): wu jing huang qi. Source: This medicine is the roots of Astragalus acaulis (Astragalus acaulis Baker). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. Its roots are thick and straight, about 1  cm in diameter, light brown. The stems are short, stipules remaining, cushion shaped, 3–5  cm tall. The leaves are oddly pinnate, compound, 21–27 foliolate, 5–7 cm long. The rachises are purple red and whitish villous. The leaflets are lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, 7–9 × 2–4 mm, apically acuminate, basally rounded. The racemes are 2–4 flowered. The rachises are very short, 2–3 mm long. The bracts are linear or narrowly ovate, membranous, 8–10 mm long. The pedicels are 2–4 mm long, glabrous. The calyces are tubular, 8–15 mm long, sparsely white villous or subglabrous. The calyx lobes are narrowly triangle, about 1/2 the length of the

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hypanthia. The corollas are light yellow. The flag petals are 20–25 mm long, broadly ovate or subrounded. The wing petals are approximately as long as flag petals, and narrowly rounded. The keel and wing petals are almost equal in length, and are subovate. The ovaries are linear, shortly petiolate. The legumes are subovate, 35–45 cm × 1.3–1.6 cm. There are 10–16 seeds, which are roundly reniform, about 4 mm long. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to August. Habitat: It grows in alpine grasslands and sand beaches at altitudes of about 4000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Yunnan, Sichuan and Xizang in China, as well as in India. Acquisition and Processing: It’s dug up in spring and autumn, removed the fibrous roots and root heads, cut into sections and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Invigorating Qi for strengthening superficies, promoting diuresis, astringing sore and promoting muscle granulation, it’s often used for Bacon’s disease, ascites, edema belongs to weak syndromes, abdominal pain, food stagnation due to deficiency of spleen, pneumonia, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.14  Family: Papilionaceae 7.14.1  Astragalus adsurgens Chinese Name(s): xie jing huang qi, sha da wang, zhi li huang qi. Source: This medicine is the seeds of Astragalus adsurgens (Astragalus adsurgens Pall.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 20–100 cm tall. The roots are robust, dark brown and sometimes with main roots. The stems are numerous or several in fascicles, erect or obliquely ascending, hairy or subglabrous. The leaves are pinnately compound, 9–25 foliolate. The petioles are shorter than the rachises. The stipules are triangular, acuminate, slightly connate at base or sometimes separated, 3–7  mm long. The leaflets are oblong, sub-elliptic or narrowly oblong, 10–25 × 2–8 mm, basally rounded or subrounded, sometimes slightly acute, adaxially sparsely appressed pubescent, abaxially densely so. The racemes are ellipsoid, spicate, and sometimes sub-capitate, many flowered, densely and sometimes sparsely arranged. The rachises are on the upper part of the stems, longer than or as long as the leaves. The pedicels are extremely short. The bracts are narrowly lanceolate to triangular, apically acute. The calyces are tubular campanulate, 5–6 mm long, blackish brown or whitish hairy, or sometimes mixed blackish and whitish hairy. The calyx lobes are narrowly lanceolate, about 1/3 the length of hypanthia. The corollas are nearly blue or red purple. The flag petals are 11–15 mm, obovoid, apically slightly emarginate, basally acuminate. The wing petals are shorter than the flag petals, ovate, and the auricles are as long as the claws. The keel petals are 7–10 mm long, and the auricles are shorter than the claws. The ovaries are densely hairy, with a very short handle. The legumes are long and round, 7–18 mm long, slightly compressed on both surfaces, grooved at the back seams, apically shortly curved into beaks, black and brown hairy, or mixed with white, pseudo2-locular. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It grows on sunny hillsides, grasslands, ditch edges, field edges and low-lying saline alkali lands. Distribution: It is distributed in northeast, north, northwest China and provinces of Henan, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces. Russia, Mongolia, Japan, North Korea and temperate North America. Acquisition and Processing: It’s harvested in late autumn. Cut the indehiscent legumes with stems, dried in the sun, beat to get the seeds, removed the impurities and dried. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Tonifying kidneys to arrest spontaneous emission, nourishing the liver to improve visual acuity, it’s used for the treatment of liver and kidneys deficiency, waist and knee weakness, dizziness, spermatorrhea, premature ejaculation, enuresis and frequent urination. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.15  Family: Papilionaceae 7.15.1  Astragalus bhotanensis Chinese Name(s): di ba jiao, bu dan huang qi, tu niu xi. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Astragalus bhotanensis (Astragalus bhotanensis Baker). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. Its stems are erect, decumbent or obliquely ascending, 30–100 cm tall, sparsely whitish pubescent or glabrous. The leaves are pinnately compound, 19–29 foliolate, 8–26 cm long. The leaf axes are sparsely covered with white hairs. The leaflets are opposite, obovate or obovate elliptic, 6–23  ×  4–11  mm, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, whitish appressed pubescent abaxially. The racemes are capitate, many flowered. The bracts are broadly lanceolate. The calyces are tubular, about 10 mm long, and the lobes are as long as the hypanthia, sparsely whitish villous. The corollas are red purple, purple, gray blue, white or light yellow. The flag petals are oblanceolate, about 11 × 3.5 mm, apically slightly emarginate, sometimes obtuse, with inconspicuous claws. The wing petals are about 9 mm long, narrowly elliptic, and the auricles are longer than claws. The keel petals are about 8–9 × 2–2.5 mm, and the claws are shorter than the auricles. The ovaries are sessile. The legumes are cylindric, 20–25 × 5–7 mm, glabrous, erect, slightly compressed on both lateral surfaces, black or brown, without necks, incompletely 2-locular. The seeds are numerous, brown. The flowering period is from March to August and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It grows in hillsides, gullies, flood plains, shady and wet areas near the field and under shrubs between 600 and 2800 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guizhou, Yunnan, Xizang, Sichuan, Chongqing, Shaanxi, Gansu in China, as well as in countries of Bhutan and India. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn, washed and dried. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of tonsillitis, moth, edema, toothache, nosebleed, and urticaria. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.16  Family: Papilionaceae 7.16.1  Astragalus chinensis Chinese Name(s): hua huang qi. Source: This medicine is the seeds of Astragalus chinensis (Astragalus chinensis Linn. f.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 30–90 cm tall. Its stems are erect, usually solitary, deeply grooved. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, 17–25 foliolate, 5–12  cm long. The petioles are 1–2  cm long. The stipules are free, slightly adnate to petiole at base, lanceolate, 7–11 mm long. The leaflets are elliptic to oblong, 1.5–2.5 cm × 4–9 mm, apically obtuse and mucronate, basally broad cuneate to rounded. The racemes are densely many flowered, axillary on the upper part of the rachis, shorter than the leaves. The bracts are lanceolate, membranous, 2–3 mm long. The pedicels are 4–5 mm long. The calyces are tubular campanulate, 6–7 mm long, and the lobes are triangular lanceolate, about 2 mm long. The bracteoles are lanceolate. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are broad elliptic or subrounded, 12–16 mm long, apically slightly emarginate, basally attenuate into claws. The wing petals are small, 9–12 mm long, and the auricles are oblong, 2 mm in width, apically obtuse, basally shortly auriculate, with claws of 4–5 mm. The keel petals are nearly as long as the flag petals, with semiovate auricles, and claws of 1/2 the length of auricles. The ovaries are glabrous long petiolate. The legumes are oval, 10–15  ×  5–6  mm. The seeds are reniform, 2.5–3 mm long, brown. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting from July to August. Habitat: It grows on sunny hillsides, roadsides sand and grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and Shanxi.

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Acquisition and Processing: The fruits are harvested in autumn, dried, taken out the seeds, removed the impurities and stored. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Tonifying kidneys to arrest spontaneous emission, nourishing the liver to improve visual acuity, it’s often used for treatment of liver and kidneys insufficiency, lumbago and knee pain, dizziness, enuresis, premature ejaculation, frequent urination, enuresis, hematuria, leucorrhea, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.17  Family: Papilionaceae 7.17.1  Astragalus complanatus Chinese Name(s): sha yuan zi, man huang qi, xia huang qi, bian jing huang qi. Source: This medicine is the seeds of Astragalus complanatus (Astragalus complanatus Bunge). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. Its main roots are cylindrical, up to 1 m long. The stems are decumbent, single to many, 20–100 cm long, angulate, branched. The leaves are pinnately compound, 9–25 foliolate. The stipules are free, lanceolate, 3 mm long. The leaflets are oval or obovate oblong, 5–18 × 3–7 mm, apically obtuse to emarginate, basally rounded. The racemes are 3–7 flowered, longer than leaves. The rachises are 1.5–6 cm long. The bracts are subulate, 1–2 mm long. The pedicels are short. The bracteoles are 0.5–1 mm long. The calyces are campanulate. The hypanthia are 2.5–3 mm long, and the lobes are lanceolate. The corollas are milky white or purplish red. The flag petals are 10–11 × 8–9 mm, with subrounded auricles of 7.5–8 mm long, apically slightly emarginate, basally suddenly contracted. The petioles are 2.7–3  mm long. The wing petals are 8–9  mm long, with oblong auricles of 6–7 × 2–2.5 mm, apically rounded, and claws of 2.8 mm. The keel petals are 9.5–10 mm in length, with subobovate auricles of 7–7.5 mm in length. The ovaries are 1.2–1.5 mm petiolate, and the stigmas are tufted. The legumes are slightly inflated, long and narrow, 35  ×  5–7  mm. The seeds are light brown, reniform and 1.5–2  mm long. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It grows in sunny grasslands, hillsides, roadsides and light alkaline meadows, mostly in dry areas. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Jiangsu, Sichuan in China, as well as in Mongolia. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds are collected when the pericarp of legumes turns green and yellow before frost. Cut the plants 1 inch above the ground, dry in the sun, separate the legumes from stem, and collect the seeds.

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Medicinal Properties: The products are slightly reniform and compressed, 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 × 1 mm, smooth on surfaces, brownish green or grayish brown, with a round hilum on one side of the margins. It is hard and not easy to break. There are 2 cotyledons, which are light yellow. The radicles curved, about 1 mm long. It’s slightly odored and bland in taste. It tastes fishy when chewing. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and kidneys. Functions: Tonifying kidneys to arrest spontaneous emission, nourishing the liver to improve visual acuity, it’s often used for treatment of dizziness, weakness and pain of waist and knees, enuresis, premature ejaculation, frequent urination, enuresis, etc. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: weakness of waist and knee, spontaneous emission: Astragalus complanatus 25 g, Semen Cuscutae 25 g, Fructus psoraleae 15 g, 15 g for Psoralea, and stir fried Eucommia ulmoides, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: premature ejaculation: Astragalus complanatus (stir fried) 100 g, Stamen Nelumbinis 100 g, keel (crispy fried), 50 g, oyster (boiled in salted water for one day and one night, and calcined powder) 50 g respectively. All compositions are ground into powder, mixed with lotus seed powder, made into pills and taken with salt soup. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: dim eyes: Astragalus complanatus 15  g, Fructus Leonuri 10 g, celosia seeds 15 g, ground to fine powder. Take 5 g per dose, twice a day. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: lumbago due to kidneys deficiency: Astragalus complanatus 50 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take twice a day. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: dyspepsia due to deficiency of spleen and stomach, resulting in dampness and heat syndrome: Astragalus complanatus 100  g (stir fried with wine), Chinese Atractylodes 400  g (soaked in water in which rice has been washed for one day, dried and stir fried), ground into fine powder, and taken with rice soup.

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7.18  Family: Papilionaceae 7.18.1  A  stragalus membranaceus, Astragalus menbranaceus var. mongholicus Chinese Name(s): huang qi, guan qi, zheng qi, bei qi. Source: This medicine is the roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge) or Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge var. mongholicus (Bge.) P. K. Hsiao). Morphology: A. Astragalus membranaceus: The plant is a tall herb, 40–150 cm tall or slightly over. The main roots are thin cylindrical, 25–75 cm long, slightly

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twisted. The stems are villous. The leaves are simple oddly pinnate, compound, alternate. The leaf axes are villous. There are 27–31 leaflets, ovate lanceolate or elliptic, 7.5–30 × 4.5–10 mm, apically obtuse and rounded. The stipules are narrow lanceolate, about 6 mm long, white villous. The racemes are axillary, long petiolate, with linear bracts at the base of petioles. The calyces are tubular, about 5 mm long. The corollas are butterfly shaped, white. The flag petals had no claw. Though shorter than the flag petals, the wing petals and keel petals had long claws. The ovaries are petiolate and hairy. The legumes are membranous, dilated, ovate oblong, and black pubescent. Habitat: It grows in grasses and thickets on sunny hillsides. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast China, North China, provinces of Gansu, Sichuan and Xizang, as well as in North Korea and the Far East of Russia.

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Morphology: B. The Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge var. mongholicus (Bge.) P. K. Hsiao is different from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge. Its plants are shorter, the leaflets are smaller, 5–10 × 3–5 mm, and the legumes are hairless. Habitat: It grows in grasses and thickets on sunny hillsides. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and Shanxi in China.

Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, removed the root head and fibrous roots, cleaned the soils and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is usually cylindrical, sometimes branched, 30–70 × 0.5–3 cm, slightly twisted, scabrous, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles and lenticels. The center of the root head often withered into cavities, sometimes with residual stems, light brown yellow or light brown on the surface, solid, slightly tough, not easy to break, fibrous on sections with cracks. The cortex is white or

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grayish white, and the xylem is yellow with radial texture. It’s fragrant in odor and sweet in taste, fishy when chewing. The products strong, without cavities, fragrant and sweet are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and spleen. Functions: Tonifying the spleen and replenishing Qi, strengthening exterior and reducing sweat, diuresis and detumescence, and discharging pus, it’s often used for treatment of deficiency of both qi and blood, palpitation and shortness of breath, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, loose stools and poor appetite, depression of middle Qi, diarrhea and prolapse of anus for a long time, prolonged carbuncle and gangrene, deficiency of blood, flaccidity, and all the syndromes of deficiency of Qi and blood. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: body deficiency and spontaneous perspiration: (Yupingfeng powder) Astragalus membranaceus 15 g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephwing petals 9 g, Saposhnikovia divaricata 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: anemia and deficiency due to blood loss: Astragalus membranaceus 30  g, Angelica sinensis 6  g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: gastroptosis, nephroptosis, uterine ptosis and prolapse of anus caused by weakness of spleen and stomach, deficiency and subsidence of qi: (Buzhong Yiqi Decoction) Astragalus membranaceus 12  g, Codonopsis pilosula, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephwing petals, Angelica sinensis 9  g each, roasted licorice, tangerine peel, Rhizoma cimicifugae, Bupleurum falcatum 4.5 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: thrombocytopenic purpura: Astragalus membranaceus 30 g, Angelica sinensis, longan aril, Schisandra chinensis 15 g, red dates 10, black beans 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: cerebral thrombosis: Astragalus membranaceus 15–30  g, Ligusticum wallichii 6  g, Angelica sinensis, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, earthworm, peach kernel, Achyranthes bidentata, Salvia miltiorrhiza 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: leukopenia and anemia: raw Astragalus membranaceus 60  g, Caulis Spatholobi 60  g, Angelica sinensis 30  g, Codonopsis pilosula 15 g, prepared rehmannia root 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose per day, 2 times a day. The dosage should be reduced for pregnant women. 7. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: insufficient lactation: Astragalus membranaceus 30 g, Angelica sinensis 15 g, the seed of cowherb, Fructus liquidambaris, towel-gourd sponge, Gunmountaina 6 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 8. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: all kinds of neurodermatitis: Astragalus membranaceus, Codonopsis pilosula and Chinese yam 15 g each, Angelica sinensis,

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lotus seed, semen coicis, Schizonepeta, Fructus cnidii, arctium fruit, broom cypress fruit, periostracum cicada 12 g each, licorice 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. Add with 9 g of raw Astragalus membranaceus, and 12 g of Phellodendron in case of infection, Reduce the dosage for the elderly and children. Take 1 dose every morning and evening, and rub the affected part with hot medicine residue.

7.19  Family: Papilionaceae 7.19.1  Astragalus pastorius Chinese Name(s): mu chang huang qi. Source: This medicine is the roots of Astragalus pastorius (Astragalus pastorius Tsai et Yu). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. Its stems are prostrate to ascending, 15–30 cm long, subglabrous. The leaves are pinnately compound, 7–11 foliolate, up to 9 cm long. The leaflets are alternate, elliptic oblong, 12–25 × 6–8 mm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially appressed white pubescent. The racemes are 7–9 flowered, sparsely black pubescent. The calyces are campanulate, brown hairy. The hypanthia are 3–4 mm long, and the lobes are triangular lanceolate, 2–3 mm long. The corollas are purple. The flag petals are 15–16  ×  10–11  mm, with subrounded auricles of 8.5–9 mm long. The wing petals are 11–12 mm long, narrow and round, 8.5–9× 2.5–3.5  mm. The keel petals are 13–13.5  mm long, with subobovate auricles of 8.5–9× 4–5 mm. The ovaries are pubescent, and the stigmas are tufted hairy. The legumes are dilated, oval, 2–2.5 cm × 6–7 mm. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting period from August to October. Habitat: It grows on the river banks, grass slopes and roadside open pastures with altitudes of 3000–3400 m. Distribution: It is distributed in southwest Sichuan and Northwest Yunnan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in autumn, removed the soil, cut off the head, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Tonifying WeiQi, strengthening exterior, promoting diuresis and relieving swelling, promoting pus discharge and tissue regeneration, it’s often used for treatment of spontaneous perspiration, night perspiration, blood stasis, edema, carbuncle and gangrene, prolonged ulceration, diarrhea due to spleen deficiency, anorectal prolapse, etc. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. This medicine should not be used for patients with syndromes of excess or deficient Yin with excessive Yang.

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7.20  Family: Papilionaceae 7.20.1  Bowringia callicarpa Chinese Name(s): teng huai, bao ling dou. Source: This medicine is the roots and leaves of Bowringia callicarpa (Bowringia callicarpa Champ. ex Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub. Its leaves are simple sub-leathery, oblong or ovate oblong, 6–13 × 2–6 cm, apically acuminate or shortly acuminate, basally rounded, glabrous, with obviously raised veins on both surfaces, and 5–6 pairs of lateral veins which confluent in front of the margins. The petioles are slightly inflated on both ends, 1–3 cm long. The stipules are small, ovate triangular, striate. The racemes are in corymbose, 2–5 cm long, sparsely flowered, nearly as long as pedicels. The bracts are small, caducous. The pedicels are slender, 10–13 mm long. The calyces are campanulate, 2–3 × 3–4 mm, and the lobes are small, sharp, apically subtruncated. The corollas are white. The flag petals are nearly round or oblong, 6–8  mm long, apically slightly emarginate or obcordate, with claws of 1–2 mm. The wing petals are slightly longer than flag petals, falcate oblong. The keel petals are the shortest, 5–7 × 3–3.5 mm, oblong, with claws of 2 ~ 3 mm. There are 10 stamens, which are unequal, separated. The anthers are long ovate, inserting on the base. The ovaries are pubescent. The legumes are oval or ovoid, 2.5–3 × 1.5 cm, apically beaked, dehiscent along the sutures, with obvious raised reticulation on the surfaces. There are 1–2 seeds, which are oval, slightly compressed, 12 × 8 × 7 mm, dark brown to black. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting period from July to September. Habitat: It grows on the edges of valley forests or beside rivers and streams.

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Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Hainan in China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and cooling blood, it’s often used for treat of hematemesis and bleeding caused by blood heat. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.21  Family: Papilionaceae 7.21.1  Cajanus cajan Chinese Name(s): mu dou, dou rong, shan dou gen, niu dou. Source: This medicine is the roots of Cajanus cajan (Cajanus cajanError! Bookmark not defined. (Linn.) Millsp). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–3 m tall. The leaves are pinnately 3-­foliolate. The stipules are small, ovate lanceolate, 2–3 mm long. The petioles are 1.5–5 cm long, shallowly furrowed adaxially, finely longitudinally ridged abaxially, slightly pubescent. The leaflets are papery, lanceolate to oval, 5–10  ×  1.5–3  cm, apically acuminate to acute, adaxially shortly grayish white pubescent, abaxially densely pubescent and with inconspicuous yellow glands. The petioles are 1–2 mm long and

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hairy. The racemes are 3–7 cm in length. The rachises are 2–4 cm. The flowers are few, terminal or almost terminal on the inflorescences. The bracts are ovate elliptic. The calyces are campanulate, 7 mm long, with triangular or lanceolate lobes. The inflorescences, rachises, bracts and calyces are all grayish yellow pubescent. The corollas are yellow, about 3 times the length of the calyces. The flag petals are subrounded, with purple brown longitudinal lines on the back and appendages and inflexed auricles at base. The wing petals are slightly obovate, with short auricle. The keel petals are apically obtuse, slightly inflexed. The stamens are diadelphous, with the one across to the flag petals being free, the other 9 being connate. The ovaries are hairy, with several ovules. The styles are long, linear, glabrous, and the stigmas are capitate. The legumes are linear oblong, 4–7 cm × 6–11 mm, with obvious horizontal grooves between the seeds, grayish brown pubescent, apically acuminate, long mucronate. There are 3–6 seeds. The flowering and fruiting period is from February to November. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Hainan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangsu, etc. in China, and native to India. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing dampness and swelling, dissipating blood stasis and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of jaundice hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis pain, bruise injury, swelling and pain due to blood stasis, hematochezia, epistaxis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.22  Family: Papilionaceae 7.22.1  Cajanus scarabaeoides Chinese Name(s): man cao chong dou, zhi xue cao, shui feng cao, di dou cao. Source: This medicine is the leaves of Cajanus scarabaeoides (Cajanus scarabaeoides (Linn.) Thouars [Atylosia scarabaeoides (Linn.) Benth.]). Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous liana. Its leaves are pinnately 3-­foliolate. The stipules are small. The petioles are 1–3  cm long. The leaflets are papery or subleathery, with glandular spots abaxially. The apical leaflets are elliptic to obovate elliptic, 1.5–4 × 0.8–1.5 cm, apically obtuse and rounded. The lateral leaflets are slightly small, oblique elliptic to obovate, sparsely brown pubescent on both surfaces, denser abaxially, 3-basal veins. The stipules are absent. The petioles are extremely short. The racemes are axillary, usually less than 2 cm long, 1–5 flowered. The rachises are 2–5 mm long. The calyces are campanulate, 5-lobed or sometimes 4-lobed with upper 2 incompletely connate, and the lobes are linear lanceolate. The rachises, pedicels and calyces are all yellowish brown to grayish brown villous. The corollas are yellow, about 1 cm long, usually deciduous after anthesis. The flag petals are obovate, with dark purple stripes and toothlike auricles and claws at base. The wing petals are narrow elliptic. The keel petals curved at apex, with claws. The stamens are diadelphous. The anthers are uniform, round. The ovaries are densely sericeous villous, with several ovules. The legumes are oblong, 1.5–2.5 cm × 6 mm reddish brown or grayish yellow villous. The petals are leathery and transversely constricted between seeds. There are 3–7 seeds, which are oval and 4 mm long. The flowering period is from September to October and the fruiting period from November to December. Habitat: It grows in bushes or on wild grass. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Fujian and Taiwan, as well as in Asia, Oceania and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are dug up in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet, pungent, and bland in taste, warm in property. Functions: Clearing heat and promoting diuresis, stop bleeding and promoting granulation. It’s often used to treat cold, rheumatism and edema. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment of wound and bleeding, fresh leaves are mashed or dried leaves ground to powder and applied to the wound.

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7.23  Family: Papilionaceae 7.23.1  Campylotropis macrocarpa Chinese Name(s): hang zi shao. Source: This medicine is the roots, branches and leaves of Campylotropis macrocarpa (Campylotropis macrocarpa (Bunge) Rehd.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–3  m tall. The leaves are ternately compound. The stipules are narrow triangle, lanceolate or lanceolate, 3–6 mm long. The petioles are 1.5–3.5 cm long, sometimes less than 1 cm long. The leaflets are oval or broadly oval, 3–7 × 1.5–3.5 cm, apically rounded, obtuse or retuse and mucronulate, basally rounded, occasionally subtruncated, adaxially glabrous with obvious veins, abaxially pubescent, densely hairy along the midveins. The racemes are solitary, axillary and terminal, 4–10 cm long with the petioles. The rachises are 1–4 cm long. The inflorescences axes are densely appressed or ascending pubescent. The bracts are ovate lanceolate, 1.5–3  mm long. The pedicels are (4–6–12  mm long) with ascending pubescence or puberulent. The calyces are campanulate, 3–4(−5) mm long, slightly lobed or nearly split. The corollas are purplish red or nearly pink, 10–12 mm long. The flag petals are oval, obovate or oblong, basally constricted. The wing petals are slightly shorter than or equaling to the flag petals. The keel petals incurved in right angle or slight obtuse angle. The upper part is 1–3 (3.5) mm and shorter than the lower part (with the claw). The legumes are oblong, obovoid or elliptic, 10–14 × 4.5–5.5 mm, apically acute with short beaks and necks of 1–1.4 mm, glabrous, reticulately veined, ciliated on margins. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to October. Habitat: It grows in hillsides, thickets, forest margins, valley sides and forests with altitudes of 150–1300 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Xizang, etc. in China, as well as in North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, branches and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly pungent, bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and relieving exterior syndrome, promoting blood circulation and unblocking collaterals, it’ often used to treat cold due to wind and cold, acute filthy disease, nephritis, edema, numbness and hemiplegia. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.24  Family: Papilionaceae 7.24.1  Canavalia gladiata Chinese Name(s): dao dou, dao dou ren. Source: This medicine is the mature seeds of Canavalia gladiata (Canavalia gladiata (Jacz.) DC.) Morphology: The plant is an annual twining vine, which is large, leathery, glabrous or sparsely hairy. The leaves are ternately compound. The petioles are 8–12 cm long. The leaflets are broadly ovate or ovate oblong, 8–15 cm × 5–13 cm, entire on margins, laterally asymmetric. The racemes are axillary, long pedunculate. The flowers are numerous, inserting above the middle of the axes, shortly petiolate. The hypanthia are campanulate. The eaves are bilabiate, with the upper lip being about 1 cm long, 2-lobed, lower lip being with 3 small lobes, about 2–3 mm long. The corollas are light red or lavender, butterfly shaped, 3–4 cm long. The flag petals are subrounded. The wing petals are short, almost as long as the keel petals which curved. There are 10 stamens, connate as a whole. The ovaries are shortly petiolate. The legumes are large, compressed stripe shaped, 10–30  ×  3–5  cm, appressed pubescent, marginally ridged, apically hooked, containing 10–14 seeds. The seeds are elliptic, pink or red, and the hilum accounts for about 3/4 of the total length, which are flat and smooth. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting in October. Habitat: It is cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in the south of the Yangtze River in China and is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics while originated in tropical Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds, shells and roots are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are oval or sub-reniform, compressed, 2–3.5 × 1–2 × 0.5–1.2 cm, reddish to reddish purple, slightly wrinkled. The hila are at margins of seeds, black, ca. 2 cm, and with 3 white stripes. It is hard in quality, difficult to break. Its inner surface is brownish green and lustrous when the leathery testa broken. There are 2 cotyledons, which are yellow white and oily. It is odorless, bland in tasteless, and has beany flavor when chewing. The products large, full and light red are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of stomach, large intestine and kidneys. Functions: Warming the spleen and stomach, lowering the adverse Qi, tonifying the kidneys, it’s often used for treatment of hiccup due to deficiency and cold, stomach pain, kidneys deficiency and lumbago. Use and Dosage: 4.5–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Annotation: The husks of Canavalia gladiata are used as medicine, which are called concanavalis shell. It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of stomach and large intestine, functioning in warming the spleen and stomach, lowering the adverse Qi, activating blood circulation, relieving dysentery.

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It’s often used for treatment of nausea, amenorrhea, chronic dysentery, larynx arthralgia and lumbago.

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7.25  Family: Papilionaceae 7.25.1  Caragana acanthophylla Chinese Name(s): ci ye jin ji er. Source: This medicine is the flowers of Caragana acanthophylla (Caragana acanthophylla Kom.).

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Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 0.7–1.5 cm tall, branched from the base. The old branches are dark gray, and the current-year branchlets are bright brown, ridged, appressed pubescent. The leaves are pinnately compound, (2) 3–4 (5) 4–10-­foliolate. The stipules are hardened into needles on long branches, 2–5 mm long, persistent, caducous on short branchlets. The rachises hardened into needles on long branches, 1.5–4 cm long, persistent, robust, slender and caducous on short branches. The leaflets are obovate, narrowly obovate or oblong, 4–12  ×  3–5  mm, apically obtuse, cuspidate, slightly narrow at the base, subglabrous or shortly appressed pubescent on both surfaces. The pedicels are solitary, 1–2.5 cm long, articulate from the middle. The bracts are caducous. The calyces are campanulate, 6–10 mm long, subglabrous. The corollas are yellow, 26–30 mm long. The flag petals are broad and ovate. The wing petals are long and round. The claws are about 1/3–1/2 the length of the auricles which are tooth-like. The claws of keel petals are about 3/4 the length of the auricles which are short. The ovaries are subglabrous. The legumes are 2–3 cm × 4 mm. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting in July. Habitat: It grows in low-lying land, saline alkali land, dry gravel hillside, hillside shrub, valley, river bank, piedmont plain, sandy land, barren mountain, impact fan desert and dry slope grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in province of Xinjiang, as well as in Central Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are harvested in anthesis and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, strengthening spleen and resolving accumulation, tonifying liver and kidneys, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism arthralgia, pain of lumbago and knee, stagnation of food, infantile malnutrition, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea due to deficiency of liver and kidneys. Use and Dosage: 12–18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.26  Family: Papilionaceae 7.26.1  Caragana sinica Chinese Name(s): jin ji er, jin que hua, da xiu hua zhen. Source: This medicine is the roots and flowers of Caragana sinica (Caragana sinica (Buchoz) Rehd.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–2  m tall. Its barks are dark brown. The branchlets angulated, glabrous. The stipules are triangular, hardened into needles, 5–7  mm long. The rachises are caducous hardened into needles, 7–15(−25) mm long. The leaflets are 2 in pairs, pinnate, sometimes pseudopalmate. The upper pair are usually larger than the lower one, thick leathery or hard papery, obovate or oblong obovate, 1–3.5 cm × 5–15 mm, apically rounded or slightly emarginate, with or without spikes, basally cuneate or broadly cuneate, adaxially dark green, abaxially light green. The flowers are solitary. The pedicels are 1 cm long, articulate on the middle. The calyces are campanulate, 12–14 mm × 6–9 mm, basally oblique. The corollas are yellow, often red, 2.8–3  cm long. The flag petals are narrow obovate, with short petioles. The wing petals are slightly longer than flag petals, and the claws are nearly as long as auricles, which are short. The keels are obtuse. The ovaries are glabrous. The legumes are cylindrical, 3–3.5 cm × 5 mm. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting in July. Habitat: It grows on hillsides or cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan in China, as well as in East, southwest China etc. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and flowers are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots are sweet and pungent in taste, neutral in property. The flowers are sweet, warm in property. Functions: The roots function in nourishing and strengthening the body, promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, dispelling wind and dampness. The flowers function in dispelling wind and promoting blood circulation, relieving coughing and resolving phlegm. The roots are often used for treatment of hypertension, dizziness, tinnitus, dim eyesight, weakness, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, hypogalactia, rheumatoid joint pain, injury by falling and hitting. The flowers are often used for dizziness, tinnitus, cough due to deficiency of lungs, and dyspepsia in children. Use and Dosage: 15–30  g per dose for roots, 12–18  g per dose for flowers, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription examples: Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hypertension: a: Caragana sinica root washed, removed the skin and sliced, 24–30 g per day, decocted in water and added with proper amount of sugar, take it in three times. b: Caragana sinica and Semen Cassiae 30  g each, and dutchmanspipe root 15  g, added with 200  ml water, decocted to 100 ml, added with some sugar. Take it in two times, 7 days as a course of treatment.

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7.27  Family: Papilionaceae 7.27.1  Christia obcordata Chinese Name(s): pu di bian fu cao, ban bian qian, hu die ye. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Christia obcordata (Christia obcordata (Poir.) Bakh. f. ex Meeuwen). Morphology: The plant is a perennial creeping herb, 15–60 cm. Its stems and branches are very slender, grayish pubescent. The leaves are usually ternately compound, rarely 1-foliolate. The stipules are acicular, about 1 mm long. The petioles are 8–10 mm long, filiform, and sparsely grayish pilose. The leaflets are membranous, and the apical ones are mostly reniform, round triangle or obovate, 5–15 × 10–20 mm, apically truncate and emarginate, basally broadly cuneate. The lateral leaflets are small, obovate, cordate or subrounded, 6–7 × 5 mm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely pilose, with 3–5 lateral veins on each side. The petioles are 1 mm long. The racemes are mostly terminal, 3–18 cm long, 1-flowered at each node. The flowers are small. The pedicels are 2–3 mm long, slender, grayish pilose. The calyces are translucent, grayish pilose, about 2  mm initially and 6–8  mm at fruiting, distinctly reticulate veined, 5-lobed. The lobes are triangular, as long as the hypanthia. The upper 2 lobes are slightly connate. The corollas are blue purple or rose red, slightly longer than the calyces. The legumes are 4- or 5-jointed, wholly enclosed by calyces. The articles are orbicular, about 2.5 mm in diameter, glabrous. The flowering period is from May to August and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the wilderness and on the slope. Distribution: It is distributed in province and regions of Fujian, Hainan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi and Taiwan in China, as well as in countries of India, Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia and northern Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: The whole plants function in clearing away heat and dampness, promoting diuresis, curing leukorrhagia The roots function in cooling blood. The whole plants are used for treating conjunctivitis, dysuria, cystitis, urethritis, chronic nephritis, mastitis, stranguria, leucorrhea, as well as external use for scabies, bruises and snake bites. The roots are often used for treatment of emesis and hemoptysis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, 30–60 g per dose for fresh plants, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: mastitis: Christia obcordata 15–30 g, decocted in water for oral use or fresh whole grass mashed for external application.

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2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: dysuria: whole grass of Christia obcordata 60 g (reduced to 30 g for children), decocted in water and taken instead of tea. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: stranguria: whole grass of Christia obcordate 15–30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: leucorrhea: whole grass of Christia obcordate 30–60 g, stewed with frog meat and taken orally. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: scabies: whole grass of Christia obcordate proper amount, decocted and used for washing with. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: snake bites: fresh leaves of Christia obcordate 60  g, decocted in water for oral use, and mashed for application around the wound.

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7.28  Family: Papilionaceae 7.28.1  Christia vespertilionis Chinese Name(s): bian fu cao, hu die cao, fei xi cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Christia vespertilionis (Christia vespertilionis (Linn. f.) Bakh. f.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, erect, 60–120 cm tall, branched from the base. The branches are slender, and the upper part are slightly grayish pilose. The leaves are usually 1-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate. The stipules are acicular hairy, 5–6 mm long, caducous. The petioles are 2–2.5 cm long, sparsely pubescent. The leaflets are sub-leathery, grayish green, with the terminal ones being rhombic or narrowly rhombic or sellaeform, 0.8–1.5 cm × 5–9 cm, apically broadly truncate, slightly emarginate near the center, basally slightly cordate. The lateral leaflets are obcordate or obtriangular, usually inequi-lateral, 0.8–1.5 × 1.5–2 cm, apically truncate, basally cuneate to subrounded, adaxially glabrous, abaxially slightly pubescent, with 3–4 lateral veins on each side, which spread. The reticulate veins are inconspicuous abaxially. The petioles are 1 mm long. The racemes are terminal or axillary, sometimes arranging in a panicle, 5–15 cm long, pubescent. The pedicels are 2–4 mm long, grayish pubescent, shorter than sepals. The calyxes are translucent, pubescent, enlarged after anthesis, 8–12 mm long, reticulate veined, 5-lobed, and the lobes are triangular, as long as the hypanthia, with upper 2 lobes being slightly connate. The corollas are yellowish white, not exerted outside the sepals. The legumes are 4–5 articulated, elliptic, and the articles are ca. 3 × 2 mm, blackish brown at maturity, reticulate veined, glabrous, completely enclosed by calyces. The flowering period is from March to May and the fruiting from October to December. Habitat: It grows in hillside grasslands or thickets.

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Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi in China, as well as in tropical areas all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, cooling blood and curing bone fracture. It’s often used for treatment of tuberculosis, bronchitis, and tonsillitis. Use and Dosage: 12–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For curing fracture or bruise, mash the fresh whole grass or grind the whole grass into powder, stir fry with wine and applicate externally when hot.

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7.29  Family: Papilionaceae 7.29.1  Clitoria mariana Chinese Name(s): san ye die dou, da ye hu die hua dou, shun qi dou, da shan dou. Source: This medicine is the roots, leaves and flowes of Clitoria mariana (Clitoria mariana Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent, twining subshrubs, sparsely light yellowish strigose, with caducous hairs. The stipules are ovate lanceolate, 5–10 mm long, with longitudinal lines. The petioles are very long, up to 11.5 cm. The leaves are pinnately compound, 3-foliolate. The leaflets are thinly papery, elliptic to ovate elliptic, 4–11  ×  1.5–2.3(−5) cm, apically obtuse to acute, rarely acuminate, with mucro, basally rounded, adaxially green, glabrous, abaxially pale green, sparsely

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pubescent or glabrous, with 7–11 lateral veins on each side. The small stipules are linear lanceolate, 3–7 mm long, with linear lines. The small stipules of the lateral leaflets are usually slightly larger than those of the terminal leaflets, and the petioles are short. The flowers are big, blue, usually single on leaf axils, sparsely in short racemose, often with 4–5 bracts on the base of pedicels. The bracts are ovate to ovate lanceolate, about 2–4 mm long, striate. The bracteoles inserted at the base of calyces, and are similar to bracts, but larger, 5–8 mm long, adaxially slightly pubescent, marginally strigose. The calyces are large, tubular, membranous, with longitudinal stripes, usually glabrous, 5-lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, ca. 1/4 as long as to equal to tube, apically acuminate. The corollas are light blue or purplish red, to 5  cm. The flag petals are broadly elliptic or almost obovate, basally acuminate into claws. The wing petals are similar to the keel petals in shape and length, but far shorter than the flag petals, with slender claws. The stamens are dimorphic. The ovaries and the styles are villous. The legumes are linear-­oblong, 2.5–4.5 × 0.8 cm, apically beaked, sparsely pubescent when young, glabrous afterwards. There are 2–4 seeds, almost cylindric, dark brown. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting from June to August. Habitat: It grows in hillside thickets with altitudes of 1200–2200 m. Distribution: It is distributed in province of Yunnan and Guangxi, as well as in countries of Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, India and North America. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in autumn, washed, sliced and dried in the sun. The leaves are harvested all year round and dried in the sun. The flowers are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Tonifying the kidneys, stopping bleeding, relaxing tendons, activating collaterals, it’s often used for treatment of cold, dizziness due to kidneys deficiency, leucorrhea, edema, intestinal bleeding, rheumatoid arthritis. Use and Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.30  Family: Papilionaceae 7.30.1  Codariocalyx gyroides Chinese Name(s): yuan ye wu cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Codariocalyx gyroides (Codariocalyx gyroides (Roxb. ex Link) Hassk.). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub, 1–3 m tall. Its tender branches are villous, glabrous when old. The leaves are ternately compound. The stipules are narrowly triangular, 12–15× 2–2.5 mm, white sericeous hairy initially, glabrous when old, marginally sericeous hairy. The petioles are 2–2.5  cm, sparsely pilose. The leaflets are papery, with the terminal ones being obovate or oval, 3.5–5 × 2.5–3 cm, and the lateral ones being small, 1.5–2 × 0.8–1 cm, apically obtuse and rounded, sometimes slightly emarginate, basally obtuse, adaxially sparsely pubescent,

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abaxially denser, with 7–9 lateral veins on each side, which do not reach the margins. The stipules are subulate, 4–6 mm long, glabrous on both sides. The petioles are about 2 mm long. The racemes are terminal or axillary, 6–9 cm long, densely flowered above the middle. The bracts are broadly ovate, 6–9.5 × 4–5.5 mm, sparsely white pubescent outside, striate, ciliate on margins. The pedicels are 4–9 mm long, densely yellowish pubescent. The calyxes are campanulate, 2–2.5  mm long. The hypanthia are 1.2–1.7 mm long, with the upper lobes being 2-lobed, about 1 mm long, and the lower lobes being 0.8 mm long. The corollas are purple. The flag petals are 9–11 mm long, almost the same in width and length. The wing petals are 7–9 × 4–6 mm, basally auriculate, shortly clawed. The keel petals are 9–12 mm, with claws of about 5 mm. The stamens are 9–11 mm, and the pistils are 12–14 mm. The ovaries are linear, hairy. The legumes are falcate, 2.5–5 cm × 4–6 mm, with straight abdominal sutures and slightly constricted repand back sutures, long pilose intermixed with dense short hooked hairs, dehiscent along lower sutures when mature, 5–9 articulate. The seeds were 4 mm × 2.5 mm. The flowering period is from September to October and the fruiting from October to November. Habitat: It grows in grasslands and hillside sparse forests with altitudes of 100–1200 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Guizhou in China, as well as in countries of India, Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia and New Guinea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly astringent and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing blood stasis, promoting blood circulation and eliminating swelling, it’s often used to treat bruise, fracture, infantile malnutrition, and rheumatoid bone pain. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.31  Family: Papilionaceae 7.31.1  Codariocalyx motorius Chinese Name(s): wu cao, zhong e dou. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Codariocalyx motorius (Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) Ohashi). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, up to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are ternately compound, and the lateral leaflets are very small or sometimes absent remaining single ones. The stipules are narrowly triangle, 10–14 × 1.7–2.3 mm at the base, usually oblique, glabrous, and sparsely pubescent on margins. The petioles are 1.1–2 cm long, furrowed adaxially, sparsely spreading pubescent. The terminal leaflets are long elliptic or lanceolate, 5.5–10 × 1–2.5 cm, apically acute to rounded, cuspidate, basally obtuse to rounded, adaxially glabrous, abaxially appressed pubescent, with 8–14 lateral veins on each side, which do not reach the leaf margins. The lateral leaflets are very small, long elliptic or linear or sometimes absent. The stipules are subulate, 3–5 mm long, glabrous on both sides. The petioles are about 2 mm long. The panicles or racemes are terminal or axillary, and the rachis are with reflexed uncinate hairs. The bracts are broadly ovate, about 6 mm long, dense, caducous at anthesis. The pedicels are 1–4 mm long at anthesis, extending to 3–7 mm afterwards, spreading pubescent. The calyces are membranous, 2–2.5  mm long, adaxially hairy. The hypanthia are 1–1.5 mm long, with upper lobes deeply 2-toothed at apex, about 1 mm long, lower lobe being about 1 mm long. The corollas are purplish red. The flag petals are 7.5–10 mm in both length and width. The wing petals are 6.5–9.5 × 4–5 mm. The keel petals are about 10 × 3 mm, with long claws. The stamens are 8–11 mm in length, and pistils are 10–12 mm in length. The ovaries are puberulent. The legumes are falcate or straight 2.5–4  cm  ×  5  mm, with straight abdominal sutures and slightly constricted back sutures, dehiscent along lower sutures when mature, sparsely uncinate hairy, 5–9 articulate. The seeds are 4–4.5 × 2.5–3 mm. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting from October to November. Habitat: It grows in hills, hillsides or gullies and thickets with altitudes of 200–1500 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Taiwan in China, as well as in countries of India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly astringent and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing blood stasis, promoting blood circulation, eliminating swelling, relaxing muscles and activating collaterals, it’s often used to treat bruise, fracture, rheumatism and bone pain. Use and Dosage: 15–25 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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7.32  Family: Papilionaceae 7.32.1  Craspedolobium schochii Chinese Name(s): ba dou teng, tie teng, tie xue teng, hei teng, san ye teng, xue teng. Source: This medicine is the roots of Craspedolobium schochii (Craspedolobium schochii Harms.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub, about 3 m tall. Its stems are dark brown, pithy, ridged, appressed puberulent when young, glabrescent when mature, with dense brown lenticels. The leaves are ternately pinnate and compound, 12–18 cm long. The petioles are 4–7 cm long, adaxially furrowed. The stipules are triangular, caducous. The leaflets are obovate to broadly elliptic, 5–9 × 3–6 cm, apically obtuse and cuspidate, basally broadly cuneate to rounded, with terminal ones

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being larger and almost equal, lateral ones being asymmetric, oblique, flat and scattered appressed puberulent or glabrous adaxially, appressed puberulent abaxially but especially dense on veins, The midvein extends straight to the tip of the leaf to form a small spike, The lateral veins are 5–7 in pairs, curved upward on margins. The small veins are reticulate. The petioles are robust, about 4 mm long, puberulent. The pseudoracemes usually congested near apex of branchlets, sometimes several fascicled into large compound inflorescences, 15–25 cm, 3–5 fascicled flowered on nodes. The bracts are triangular ovate, 1.5 mm long, caducous. The bracteoles are triangular, tiny and persistent. The flowers are about 1 cm long. The pedicels are short, 2–3 mm long. The calyces are campanulate, 5 × 3 mm, yellow sericeous as the pedicels and bracts. The calyx teeth are ovate triangular, shorter than hypanthia. The corollas are red, with subequal petals. The legumes are linear, 6–9 × 1.2 cm, densely brown tomentose, apically acute and shortly beaked, basally obtuse and rounded, and the necks are shorter than the hypanthia, abaxially narrowly winged on sutures, 3–5 seeds. The seeds are round reniform, and flat. The flowering period is from June to September and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in evergreen broad-leaved forests, sparse forests or shrubs with soil moisture below 2000 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in province of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Guangxi, as well as in countries of Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in autumn, washed, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Regulating blood circulation, removing wind and dampness, it’s often used for treatment of internal bleeding, irregular menstruation, anemia, bruise, lumbago and leg pain, rheumatoid joint pain, metrorrhagia and leucorrhea. Use and Dosage: 30–50 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Chapter 8

Medicinal Angiosperms of Papilionaceae (Cont. I) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 8.1  Family: Papilionaceae 8.1.1  Crotalaria albida 8.2  Family: Papilionaceae 8.2.1  Crotalaria assamica 8.3  Family: Papilionaceae 8.3.1  Crotalaria calycina 8.4  Family: Papilionaceae 8.4.1  Crotalaria ferruginea 8.5  Family: Papilionaceae 8.5.1  Crotalaria linifolia 8.6  Family: Papilionaceae 8.6.1  Crotalaria pallida 8.7  Family: Papilionaceae 8.7.1  Crotalaria sessiliflora

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_8

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378 8.8  Family: Papilionaceae 8.8.1  Dalbergia balansae 8.9  Family: Papilionaceae 8.9.1  Dalbergia hainanensis 8.10  Family: Papilionaceae 8.10.1 Dalbergia hancei 8.11  Family: Papilionaceae 8.11.1 Dalbergia hupeana 8.12  Family: Papilionaceae 8.12.1 Dalbergia millettii 8.13  Family: Papilionaceae 8.13.1 Dalbergia odorifera 8.14  Family: Papilionaceae 8.14.1 Dendrolobium triangulare 8.15  Family: Papilionaceae 8.15.1 Desmodium caudatum 8.16  Family: Papilionaceae 8.16.1 Desmodium gangeticum 8.17  Family: Papilionaceae 8.17.1 Desmodium heterocarpon 8.18  Family:Papilionaceae 8.18.1 Desmodium microphyllum 8.19  Family: Papilionaceae 8.19.1 Desmodium multiflorum 8.20  Family: Papilionaceae 8.20.1 Desmodium sequax 8.21  Family:Papilionaceae 8.21.1 Desmodium styracifolium 8.22  Family: Papilionaceae 8.22.1 Desmodium triflorum 8.23  Family: Papilionaceae 8.23.1 Dunbaria podocarpa 8.24  Family: Papilionaceae 8.24.1 Dunbaria punctata 8.25  Family: Papilionaceae 8.25.1 Eriosema chinense 8.26  Family: Papilionaceae 8.26.1 Erythrina variegata 8.27  Family: Papilionaceae 8.27.1 Euchresta japonica 8.28  Family: Papilionaceae 8.28.1 Euchresta tubulosa 8.29  Family: Papilionaceae 8.29.1 Flemingia chappar 8.30  Family: Papilionaceae 8.30.1 Flemingia glutinosa 8.31  Family: Papilionaceae 8.31.1 Flemingia macrophylla 8.32  Family: Papilionaceae 8.32.1 Flemingia prostrata

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This chapter introduces 32 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Crotalaria albida, Crotalaria assamica, Crotalaria calycina, Crotalaria ferruginea, Crotalaria pallida, Crotalaria sessiliflora, Dalbergia balansae, Dalbergia hainanensis, Dalbergia hancei, Dalbergia hupeana, Dalbergia millettii, Dalbergia odorifera, Dendrolobium triangulare, Desmodium caudatum, Desmodium heterocarpon, Desmodium microphyllum, Desmodium multiflorum, Desmodium sequax, Desmodium styracifolium, Dunbaria podocarpa, Eriosema chinense, Erythrina variegate, Euchresta japonica, Flemingia chappar, Flemingia glutinosa, Flemingia macrophylla, and Flemingia prostrata of Papilionaceae (cont. I). This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

8.1  Family: Papilionaceae 8.1.1  Crotalaria albida Chinese Name(s): xiang ling dou, huang hua di ding, xiao xiang ling, ma kou ling. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Crotalaria albida (Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth). Morphology: The plant is a perennial erect herb, often woody at base, up to 70 cm tall. The stems sometimes branched above base, usually slender, appressed pubescent. The stipules are small, bristly and caducous. The leaves are single. The leaf blades are obovate, oblong elliptic or oblanceolate, 1–2.5 × 0.5–1.2 cm, apically obtuse to rounded, mucronate, basally cuneate, adaxially green and subglabrous, abaxially dark gray, slightly pubescent. The petioles are subglabrous. The racemes re terminal or axillary, 20–30 flowered. The inflorescences are 20 cm long. The bracts are filiform, about 1 mm long, and the bracteoles are the same as bracts, inserting at the base of calyx tubes. The pedicels are 3–5 mm long. The calyxes are 2-lipped, 6–8 mm long, parted, with adaxial 2 lobes being broader, apically slightly obtuse to acuminate, abaxial 3 lobes being lanceolate, apically acuminate. The corollas are light yellow. The flag petals are oval, 6–8 mm long, barbate at apex, with callosum on the base. The wing petals are oblong, as long as the flag petals. The keel petals are curved to 90 degrees, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a twisted beak. The ovaries are sessile. The legumes are short cylindrical, about 10 mm long, glabrous, slightly exserted beyond calyces. There are 6–12 seeds. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to December. Habitat: It grows on hillside roadsides, in grasses, bushes or rocks. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan in China, as well as in Indochina Peninsula, South Asia and Pacific islands. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, cool in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving cough and asthma, stopping malaria, it’s often used for treatment of urethritis, cystitis, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, dysentery, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, malaria, as well as for external treatment of carbuncle, swelling, sore and mastitis. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: urethritis and cystitis: Crotalaria albida 30–45 g, decocted in water, and taken with liquor as a drug inducer. 2. Treatment of acute icteric hepatitis: Crotalaria albida Heyne 15 g, Verbena officinalis 12 g, Artemisia capillaris 30 g and Polygonum cuspidatum 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: conjunctivitis: The decoctum of Crotalaria albida are used for fumigation. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: mastitis: whole grass of Crotalaria albida in proper amounts, added with a little brown sugar, mashed and applied to the affected area.

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8.2  Family: Papilionaceae 8.2.1  Crotalaria assamica Chinese Name(s): da zhu shi dou, ma ling gen, zi xiao rong, tu jian ye bai he, da zhu shi qing. Source: This medicine is the leaves of Crotalaria assamica (Crotalaria assamica Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a tall herb, erect, up to 1.5  m tall. Its stems and branches are robust, cylindrical, rusty pubescent. The stipules are small and linear, compress on both sides of the petioles. The leaves are single, thin, oblanceolate or oblong, apically obtuse, rounded and mucronate, basally cuneate, 5–15 × 2–4 cm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially rust colored pubescent. The petioles are 2–3 mm long. The racemes are terminal or axillary, 20–30 flowered. The bracts are linear, 2–3 mm long, and bracteoles are similar to bracts, but slightly shorter. The calyxes are 2-lipped, 10–15  mm long, and the lobes are lanceolate-triangular, as long as the calyx tubes, pubescent. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are suborbicular to elliptic, 15–20 mm long, with 2 appendages basally, apically retuse. The wing petals are oblong, 15–18 mm. The keels are rounded through 90°, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long twisting beak which exserted beyond calyx. The ovaries are glabrous. The legumes are oblong, 4–6 × ca. 1.5 cm, 5 mm in neck, and 20–30 seeded. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to December. Habitat: It grows in hillside, roadside and valley grass at altitudes of 50–900 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Taiwan, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou in China, as well as in Indochina Peninsula, South Asia, etc. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, slightly cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, cooling blood, reducing blood pressure, and promoting diuresis, it’s often used for treatment of cough due to heat in lungs and hematemesis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water or stewed with pork for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hypertension: Crotalaria assamica 30–60 g, stewed with pork. Pregnant women should not take it. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: aphtha: fresh leaves of Crotalaria assamica mashed and mixed with honey for external application.

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8.3  Family: Papilionaceae 8.3.1  Crotalaria calycina Chinese Name(s): chang e ye bai he, chang e zhu shi dou, gou ling dou. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Crotalaria calycina (Crotalaria calycina Schrank.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, erect, 30–80 cm tall. Its stems are cylindrical, densely brownish villous. The stipules are filiform, about 1 mm long, persistent or caducous. The leaves are single, subsessile, oblong linear or linear lanceolate, 3–12 × 0.5–1.5 cm, apically acute, basally acuminate, adaxially hairy along the midveins, abaxially densely brown villous. The racemes are terminal, sparsely axillary, usually condensed or capitate, 3–12 flowered. The bracts are lanceolate, 1–2 cm long, slightly ovate-falcate, and the bracteoles are similar to bracts but shorter, inserted at base of calyx tube or on middle or apical part of pedicel. The

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pedicels are thick, 2–4 mm long. The calyxes are bilabiate, 2–3 cm long, parted to base, and the lobes are lanceolate, adaxially densely brownish villous. The corollas are yellow, enclosed in calyxes. The flag petals are obovate or round, 1.5–2.5 cm long, puberulent on the apex or distal parts, with 2 appendages basally. The wing petals are narrowly elliptic, as long as the flag petals. The keels are nearly straight with long beaks. The ovaries are sessile. The legumes are subcylindric, black when mature, about 1.5  cm long, glabrous, 20–30 seeded. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to December. Habitat: It grows on a meadow. Distribution: It is distributed in province of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and Xizang, as well as in Africa, Oceania, tropical and subtropical Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Invigorating the spleen and eliminating food, it’s often used for treatment of infantile malnutrition, dyspepsia, and abdominal distention. Use and Dosage: 3–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.4  Family: Papilionaceae 8.4.1  Crotalaria ferruginea Chinese Name(s): jia di lan, gou xiang ling, xiang ling cao, he zhu cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Crotalaria ferruginea (Crotalaria ferruginea Grah. ex Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a herb, usually woody at the base, 60–120 cm tall. The stems are erect or prostrate, many branched, brownish yellow spreading pilose. The stipules are lanceolate or triangular lanceolate, 5–8 mm long. The leaves are single, elliptic, 2–6 × 1–3 cm, pilose on both surfaces but abaxially more densely so, basally slightly cuneate, apically obtuse to acuminate. The lateral veins are obscure. The racemes are terminal or axillary, 2–6 flowered. The bracts are lanceolate, 2–4 mm long, and the bracteoles are similar to the bracts, inserted at base of calyx tube. The pedicels are 3–5  mm long. The calyxes are 2-lipped, 10–12  mm long, densely pilose, parted to base, and the lobes are lanceolate. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are narrowly elliptic, 8–10 mm long. The wing petals are oblong, 8 mm long. The keel petals are as long as wings, narrowed apically from middle and extended into a long twisting beak included in or exserted slightly beyond calyxes. The legumes are oblong, glabrous, 2–3 cm long, and 20–30 seeded. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to December. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests and grasslands on the hillsides with altitudes of 400–1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Xizang in China, as well as in countries of India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, etc.

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Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants or roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Nourishing liver and kidneys, relieving cough and asthma, regulating menstruation, it’s often used for treatment of dizziness, tinnitus, deafness, spermatorrhea, nephritis, bronchitis, asthma, irregular menstruation and leucorrhea caused by insufficiency of liver and kidneys. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Annotation: In Yunnan, the product is also used as heat clearing and diuretic medicine to treat tonsillitis, mumps, lymphadenitis, dysuria, cystitis and kidneys stones. For external use, it is used to treat acne and swelling by mashing fresh products and applying to the affected areas.

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8.5  Family: Papilionaceae 8.5.1  Crotalaria linifolia Chinese Name(s): xian ye zhu shi dou, tiao ye zhu shi dou, xiao ku shen. Source: This medicine is the roots of Crotalaria linifolia (Crotalaria linifolia Linn. f.) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 50–100 cm tall. Its stems are cylindrical, densely sericeous pubescent. The stipules are small and often caducous. The leaves are simple, oblanceolate or oblong, 2–5 × 0.5–1.5 cm, apically acuminate to obtuse and mucronate, basally acuminate, but not cuneate, sericeous pubescent on both surfaces. The petioles are short. The racemes are terminal or axillary, many flowered, 10–20  cm long. The bracts are lanceolate, 2–3  mm long, and the

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bracteoles are similar to bracts inserted on the base of calyx tube. The calyxes are 2-lipped, 6–7 mm long, parted, with upper 2-lobes being broad lanceolate or broadly cuneate, connate, lower 3-lobes being lanceolate, densely rusty pilose. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are oblong to suborbicular, apically rounded to emarginate, 5–7 mm long, marginally hairy on the base and with 2 cushion-like appendages. The wing petals are oblong, 6–7 mm long. The keels are about 8 mm long, suberect, acuminate from the middle, apically extended into a long beak. The ovaries are sessile. The legumes are rhomboid, 5–6 mm long, glabrous, black when mature, 8–10 seeded. The flowering period is from May to October and the fruiting from August to December. Habitat: It grows in roadsides, fields and open areas. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions in the South and southwest of China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, regulating qi and eliminating accumulation, it’s often used for treatment of abdominal pain, tinnitus, kidneys deficiency, spermatorrhea and women’s consumption due to Yin deficiency. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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8.6  Family: Papilionaceae 8.6.1  Crotalaria pallida Chinese Name(s): zhu shi dou, ye hua sheng, zhu shi qing, tu sha yuan zi, da ma ling. Source: This medicine is the roots, stems, leaves and seeds of Crotalaria pallida (Crotalaria pallida Ait.C. mucronata Desv.]) Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. Its stems are cylindrical, sulcate, densely appressed pubescent. The stipules are very small, setose, and caducous. The leaves are 3-foliolate, with petioles of 2–4 cm. The leaflets are oblong to elliptic, 3–6 × 1.5–3 cm, apically obtuse to emarginate, basally broadly cuneate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially slightly sericeous pubescent, distinctly veined on both surfaces, with petioles of 1–2 mm long. The racemes are terminal, 25 cm, 10–40 flowered. The bracts are linear, about 4 mm long, caducous, and the bracteoles are similar to bracts, about 2 mm long, very small in anthesis, less than 1 mm, inserted in middle or bottom of calyx tubes with pedicels of 3–5 mm long. The calyxes are subcampanulate, 4–6 mm long, 5-lobed, and the lobes are triangular, as long as calyx tubes, densely pubescent. The corollas are yellow, exserted out of calyx. The standard petals are orbicular to elliptic, ca. 1 cm in diam, with appendages at the base. The wing petals are oblong, ca. 8 mm, marginally pilose at the base. The keels are the longest, ca. 1.2 cm, curved to 90°, long beaked, marginally pilose at the base. The ovaries are sessile. The legumes are oblong, 3–4  ×  0.5–0.8  cm, 20–30-seeded, pilose when young but glabrescent, twisted when cracked. The flowering and fruiting period is from September to December. Habitat: It grows in the barren mountain grasslands and sandy soils with altitudes of 100–900 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shandong,

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Zhejiang, Hunan in China, as well as in Americas, Africa, tropical and subtropical Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, stems, leaves, seeds are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: The roots are bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. The seeds are sweet and astringent in taste, cool in property. The stems and leaves are bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: The roots function in detoxicating, dispersing accumulation. The seeds function in nourishing liver and kidneys, brightening eyes and strengthening essence. The stems and leaves function in clearing heat and dampness. The roots are used for treatments of tuberculosis of lymph nodes, mastitis, dysentery, infantile malnutrition. The seeds are used for treatment of dizziness, neurasthenia, spermatorrhea, premature ejaculation, frequency of urination, enuresis and leucorrhea. The stems and leaves are used for treatment of dysentery, diarrhea due to dampness and heat. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose for roots, 6–15 g per dose for seeds, 6–18 g per dose for leaves, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.7  Family: Papilionaceae 8.7.1  Crotalaria sessiliflora Chinese Name(s): nong ji li, zi hua ye bai he, dao gua shan zhi ma, yang shi dan. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Crotalaria sessiliflora (Crotalaria sessiliflora Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, erect, 20–100 cm tall, appressed hairy throughout, coarsely hirsute. The leaves are simple, alternate, narrowly lanceolate or linear lanceolate, sometimes linear, 2.5–8 × 0.5–1 cm, acuminate on both ends, fascicular hairy on the apex, adaxially slightly hairy or glabrous, abaxially sericeous hairy, glossy, with short petioles. The stipules are setose. The flowers are purple blue, many of which forming a terminal or axillary raceme, with 2–20 flowers each inflorescence. The bracts are similar to the bracts, linear, and the bracteoles are slightly hirsute, inserted at base of calyx tube. The pedicels are very short, pendulous in fruiting. The calyxes are 10–15 mm long, densely brownish yellow pilose.

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The corollas are butterfly shaped, purple blue or light blue, as long as the calyxes. The flag petals are oblong. The wing petals are longer than the flag petals, which are obovate oblong. The keels are as long as the wings, bent sharply below middle, apically beaked. There are 10 stamens, which are single. The ovaries are sessile. The styles are slender. The legumes are glabrous, oblong, ca. as long as calyxes, 10–15 seeded. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to February of the next year. Habitat: It grows on the roadside of wastelands and valley grasslands with altitudes of 70–1500 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hong Kong, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Xizang in China, as well as in Indochina Peninsula, South Asia, Pacific Islands, North Korea, and Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn when the fruits matured, removed the impurities and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stems of this product are cylindrical, 20–90 cm long, grayish green, densely gray white sericeous hairy. The leaves are simple, alternate, crinkled, linear lanceolate or linear when flattened, dark green, entire, basally sericeous hairy. The calyxes are 5-lobed, densely brown pilose adaxially. The legumes are oblong, enclosed in calyxes, grayish brown. The seeds are reniform, dark brown, glossy. It’s odorless and tasteless. The plants green and with many fruits are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Nourishing Yin and kidneys, detoxicating and anticancer, it’s often used for treatment of acne, squamous cell carcinoma of skin, esophageal cancer, and cervical cancer. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh product are mashed and applied to the affected area, or made Crotalaria sessiliflora hydrochloride injection for intramuscular injection. 100 mg Intramuscular injected twice a day. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: treatment of tumor a: squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: local application combined with iontophoresis. Proper amounts of Crotalaria sessiliflora whole grass, mashed into paste, or ground into fine powder and mixed with water to make paste, and applied to the affected area twice a day until the surface heals. Iontophoresis is to mash the plants into a paste, spread it on the gauze, put it on the sore surface, and then put on the anode, which is suitable for sensation of slightly pricking. Use once a day, 20–30 minutes at a time, 12 times as a course of treatment, and carry out the next treatment every 7 days. b: Esophageal cancer: inject the sterilized solution of monocrotaline hydrochloride into the muscle, 2 ml containing 50 mg of monocrotaline. Use 4 ml each time, twice a day. Or take tablets and syrup orally, 4–10 tablets each time, 3 times a day, or 20–50 ml of syrup each time, 3–4 times a day. c: Cervical cancer: monocrotaline hydrochloric

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acid sterilization solution 2–4 ml injected to the edge of the lesion once a day, or every other day. It can also be used with oral tablets or syrup.

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8.8  Family: Papilionaceae 8.8.1  Dalbergia balansae Chinese Name(s): nan ling huang tan, nan ling tan, shui xiang si, huang lei shu. Source: This medicine is the heartwoods of Dalbergia balansae (Dalbergia balansae Prain). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 6–15 m tall. Its barks are grayish black, scabrous, with longitudinal cracks. The leaves are pinnately compound, 10–15  cm long. The rachises and petioles are pubescent. The stipules are lanceolate. The leaflets are 6–7 in pairs, papery, oblong or obovate oblong, 2–3(−4) × 2 cm, apically rounded, sometimes sub-truncated, often emarginate, basally broad cuneate or rounded, slightly yellowish-brown pubescent at the beginning, and glabrous then. The panicles are axillary, lax, 5–10 × 5 cm, shortly branched above the middle. The

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peduncles, branches, and pedicels are sparsely yellow brown puberulent or subglabrous. The basal bracteoles are ovate lanceolate and epicalyx bracteoles are lanceolate, both caducous. The flowers are about 10 mm long. The pedicels are 1–2 mm long, yellowish-brown pubescent with calyx. The calyxes are campanulate, about 3 mm long, 5-lobed. The lowest lobes are the longest, apically acute. The rest lobes are triangular, apically obtuse. The distal 2 lobes are connate. The corollas are white, 6–7 mm long, with claws on each petal. The flag petals are round, with 2 small appendages basally, apically emarginate. The wing petals are obovate and the keel petals are nearly half-moon-shaped. There are 10 stamens, which are diadelphous (5 + 5). The ovaries are stipitate, pubescent, 1–5-ovuled. The styles are short. The stigmas are minute, capitate. The legumes are broadly ligulate or oblong, 5–6 × 2–2.5 cm, attenuate on both ends, usually 1 seeded and sparsely 2–3 seeded, inconspicuously reticulate opposite to the seeds. The flowering period is in June. Habitat: It grows in the mixed forests, open forests, among bushes, mountain slopes, riversides, wastelands beside villages with altitude of 300–1700 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang in China, as well as in countries of India (Sikkim), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Relieving pain, detoxification and detumescence, it’s often used to treat the pain of bruise, trauma, carbuncle, gangrene and swelling. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are ground to powder to sprinkle to the affected areas, or fresh products mashed for application.

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8.9  Family: Papilionaceae 8.9.1  Dalbergia hainanensis Chinese Name(s): hai nan tan, hai nan huang tan, hua li gong, hua li mu. Source: This medicine is the heartwoods of Dalbergia hainanensis (Dalbergia hainanensis Merr. et Chun). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 9–16 m tall. Its barks are dark gray, furrowed. The shoots are slightly pubescent. The leaves are pinnately compound, 15–18 cm. The rachises and petioles are brownish pubescent. The leaflets (3–5 pairs) are papery, ovate or elliptic, 3–5.5 × 2–2.5 cm, apically shortly acuminate, obtuse at tip, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, yellowish brown appressed puberulent on both surfaces when young, subglabrous when old. The petioles are 3–4  mm long and brownish pubescent. The panicles are axillary, with peduncles of 4–9(−13) × 4–10 cm,

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slightly brownish pubescent. The flowers are small, initially orbicular. The epicalyx shaped bracteoles are ovate to suborbicular. The calyxes are ca. 5 mm, brownish pubescent with pedicels, 5 lobed, and the lobes are unequal. The corollas are pink. The flag petals are obovate oblong, 9 × 5 mm. The wing petals are rhombic oblong, 9–10 × 3 mm, with auricles decurrent at the inner side. The keels are shorter, auriculate. There are 10 stamens, which are diadelphous (5 + 5). The ovaries are linear, shortly stipitate, densely puberulent except on styles, 1–3-ovuled. The legumes are oblong, oblanceolate or strap-shaped, 5–9 × 1.5–1.8 cm, straight or slightly curved, apically acute, basally cuneate, attenuate to a short stipe, brownish puberulent, obscurely prominent and reticulate opposite 1(or 2) seeds. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests. Distribution: It is distributed in province of Hainan. Acquisition and Processing: The heartwood can be harvested all year round, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Regulating qi, relieving pain and stopping bleeding, it is often used to treat stomachache, pain due to Qi stagnation and bleeding from knife wound. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.10  Family: Papilionaceae 8.10.1  Dalbergia hancei Chinese Name(s): teng tan, teng huang tan, da xiang teng, tong bi ling, chen guo teng, ding xiang chai. Source: This medicine is the stems and roots of Dalbergia hancei (Dalbergia hancei Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a liana. Its branches are slender. The shoots are slightly pubescent. The small branchlets sometimes hooked or twisted. The leaves are pinnately compound, 5–8  cm. The stipules are membranous, lanceolate, and caducous. The leaflets are 3–6  in pairs, narrowly oblong or obovate-oblong, 10–20  ×  5–10  mm, apically obtuse or rounded, emarginate, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, initially sparsely appressed pubescent on both surfaces, soon glabrous adaxially. The racemes are much shorter than compound leaves, initially enclosed in bracts which are early deciduous, scaly, boat-shaped and imbricate. Several racemes often integrated in axillary, compact, short panicles. The pedicels are 1–2 mm long, brown and shortly puberulent with the calyxes and bracteoles. The basal bracteoles are ovate, and the epicalyx-like ones lanceolate, deciduous. The calyxes are broadly campanulate, ca. 3 mm, and the teeth are very short, broadly triangular, obtuse or rounded except for lowest, ciliate. The corollas are green and white, fragrant, ca. 6 mm, rather long clawed. The flag petals are elliptic, slightly truncate on both sides of base, auriculate, attenuate from the middle to broad claws. The wing petals and the keels are oblong. There are 9 stamens monadelphous, or sometimes 10, one of them is opposite to the flag petal. The ovaries are linear, glabrous except for ciliate ventral suture, shortly stipitate. The styles are slightly longer, and the stigmas are small. The legumes are compressed, oblong or strap-shaped, glabrous, 3–7 × 0.8–1.4 cm, attenuate to short stipes at the base, usually 1 seeded, sparsely 2–4 seeded. The seeds are reniform, compressed, ca. 8 × 5 mm. The flowering period is from April to May. Habitat: It grows in hillside thickets or beside valley streams. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The stems and roots are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Regulating Qi and relieving pain, the stems are often used for treatment of pains of stomach, abdominal and chest; the roots are often used for treatment of pains of joint, waist and leg. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose for stems, 2.4–4.5 g per dose for roots, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.11  Family: Papilionaceae 8.11.1  Dalbergia hupeana Chinese Name(s): huang tan, tan shu, huang tan shu. Source: This medicine is the roots of Dalbergia hupeana (Dalbergia hupeana Hance). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 10–20 m tall. Its barks are dark gray and flaky. The shoots are light green, glabrous. The leaves are pinnately compound, ca. 15–25  cm. The leaflets are 3–5  in pairs, subleathery, elliptic to oblong elliptic, 3.5–6 × 2.5–4 cm, apically obtuse or slightly emarginate, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, glabrous on both surfaces. The veinlets are prominent, adaxially glossy. The panicles are terminal or axillary in the uppermost leaves, 15–20 × 10–20 cm

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together with the peduncles, sparsely rusty pubescent. The flowers are dense, 6–7 mm long. The pedicels are ca. 5 mm, sparsely rusty pubescent with the calyxes. The basal and epicalyx-­like bracteoles are ovate and pubescent, deciduous. The calyxes are campanulate, 2–3 mm long, 5-lobed. The upper two lobes are broadly rounded subconnate, the lateral ones ovate, and the lowest ones lanceolate, ca. 2 × as long as the others. The corollas are white or light purple, twice as long as the calyxes. All the petals are clawed. The flag petals are orbicular, emarginate on apex. The wing petals are obovate. The keel petals are half-moon-shaped, auriculate adaxially as the wings. There are 10 stamens, which are diadelphous 5 + 5. The ovaries are shortly stipitate, glabrous except at base and stipe, 2- or 3-ovuled. The styles are slender and the stigmas are small and capitate. The legumes are oblong or broadly ligulate, 4–7 × 1.3–1.5 cm, apically acute, basally attenuate to stipe. The mericarps are thinly leathery, reticulate opposite 1 or 2(or 3) seeds. The seeds are reniform, 7–14 × 5–9 mm. The flowering period is from May to July. Habitat: It grows in forests, thickets, valleys, streams and slopes with altitudes of 600–1400 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, neutral in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, stopping bleeding and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of scabies, snake bite, bacillary dysentery and bruise. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the products are ground to powder and applied to the affected areas.

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8.12  Family: Papilionaceae 8.12.1  Dalbergia millettii Chinese Name(s): xiang gang huang tan, dao gou ci, meng ge teng, xi ye huang tan, you xiang teng, xiang gang teng huang tan, xiao ye tan, ya dou teng huang tan. Source: This medicine is the leaves of Dalbergia millettii (Dalbergia millettii Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a liana. Its branches are glabrous, blackish when dry, sometimes shortly hooked. The leaves are pinnately compound, ca. 4–5  cm. The petioles are glabrous. The stipules are narrowly lanceolate, 2–3 mm long, caducous. The leaflets are 12–17  in pairs, closely set, linear or narrowly oblong, 10–15 × 3–5 mm, apically truncate, sometimes slightly emarginate, basally rounded or obtuse, somewhat unequal on two sides. The terminal leaflets are usually obovate or obovate oblong, basally cuneate, glabrous on both surfaces. The petioles are glabrous. The panicles are axillary, 1–1.5  cm long. The peduncles, rachises, and branches are very sparsely puberulent. The flowers are minute, 2.5–3 mm. The pedicels are extremely short. The basal and epicalyx shaped bracteoles are ovate, persistent and ciliate. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 1 mm, subglabrous, 5 lobed. The lowest lobes are triangular, apically acute, two lateral ones ovate, upper 2 rounded. The corollas are white. The petals are shortly clawed. The flag petals are orbicular, apically emarginate, shortly clawed at base. The wing petals are ovate-oblong. The keel petals are oblong. There are 9 stamens, monadelphous. The ovaries are stipitate, sparsely pilose, 1- or 2-ovuled. The styles are short, and stigmas are small. The legumes are oblong to linear, compressed, glabrous, 4–6  ×  1.2–1.6  cm, apically obtuse to rounded, basally broadly cuneate, stipitate. The mericarps are leathery, all with reticulate veins, but more conspicuously so opposite 1–(2) seed. The seeds are reniform, compressed, 8–12 × ca. 6 mm. The flowering period is in May.

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Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or dense forests in the valley with altitudes of 350–800 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan and Sichuan in China. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of furuncle, carbuncle, cellulitis and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the fresh products are grounded and applied to the affected areas.

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8.13  Family: Papilionaceae 8.13.1  Dalbergia odorifera Chinese Name(s): jiang xiang tan, hua li mu, huang xiang huang tan, hua li mu. Source: This medicine is the trunks and heartwood of roots of Dalbergia odorifera (Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen). Morphology: The plant is a tree, 10–18 m tall, glabrous throughout except for the shoots, inflorescence and ovaries which are slightly pubescent. The barks are brown or light brown, rough, longitudinally furrowed. The branchlets are with small and dense lenticels. The leaves are pinnately compound, 12–25 cm. The petioles are 1.5–3 cm. The stipules are caducous. The leaflets are (3–)4–5(−6) in pairs, subleathery, ovate or elliptic, 3–7× 2–3.5 cm. The terminal leaflets are the largest, others attenuated. The basal pairs are ca. 1/3 as long as distal, apically obtuse to acuminate, basally rounded or broadly cuneate. The petioles are 3–5 mm long. The panicles are axillary, 8–10 × 6–7 cm, and the branches are corymbose. The peduncles are 3–5 cm long. The basal bracteoles are subtriangular, ca. 0.5 mm, and the epicalyx bracteoles are broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm. The flowers are ca.5 mm, initially dense at the top of the inflorescence branches, lax afterward. The pedicels are ca. 1 mm. The calyxes are ca. 2 mm, with the lowest lobes being longer than others lanceolate, and the other lobes being broadly ovate, acute. The corollas are creamy white or pale yellowish, and the petals are subequal in length, with claws of about 1 mm. The flag petals are obcordate, ca. 5 mm including claws, ca. 3 mm wide on the upper part, apically truncate, emarginate. The wing petals are oblong. The keel petals are half-­ moon-­shaped, arcuate on lower side. There are 9 stamens, which are monadelphous. The ovaries are narrowly elliptic, with long stipe ca. 2.5 mm, 1- or 2-ovuled. The legumes are ligulate-oblong, 4.5–8 × 1.5–1.8 cm, slightly hairy on the bottom, apically obtuse or acute, basally abruptly narrowed to slender 5–10  mm stipe. The

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mericarps are leathery, distinctly prominent opposite 1(or 2) seeds, like a chess piece, with a thickness of 5 mm. Habitat: It grows in sparse forests or is cultivated on hillsides at medium altitudes. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hong Kong, Guangdong and Hainan in China. Acquisition and Processing: The trunk and heartwood can be harvested all year round, sliced and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: This product is nearly cylindrical or irregular in block, purplish red or reddish brown on surfaces, with dense texture on the section. It’s hard in quality, oily, slightly fragrant in odor and slightly bitter in taste. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Promoting Qi and activating blood circulation, relieving pain and stopping bleeding, it’s often used to treat abdominal pain, hypochondriac pain due to stagnation of liver Qi, chest pain, bruise and bleeding. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use, and it should to be decocted later. For external use, proper amounts of products are grounded to powder and applied to the affected areas.

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8.14  Family: Papilionaceae 8.14.1  Dendrolobium triangulare Chinese Name(s): jia mu dou, ye ma huang, qian jin bu teng, mu huang dou, ming jin tiao. Source: This medicine is the roots and leaves of Dendrolobium triangulare (Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindl.). Morphology: The plantis a shrub, 1–2 m tall. The twigs are triangular, densely gray sericeous, glabrous when old. The leaves are ternately pinnate and compound. The stipules are lanceolate, ca. 8–20 mm, densely gray sericeous. The petioles are 1–2.5 cm long, furrowed, densely spreading or appressed sericeous. The leaflets are hard papery, with terminal ones being obovate, ca. 7–15 × 3–6 cm, apically acuminate, basally obtuse or broadly cuneate, lateral ones being slightly smaller, basally slightly oblique, adaxially glabrous, abaxially long sericeous especially on veins, with 10–17 lateral veins on each side of midvein, which reached to the margins. The stipules are subulate to narrow triangle, ca. 3–8 mm. The petioles are 0.5–1.5 cm long, densely spreading or appressed sericeous. The umbels are axillary, 20–30 flowered. The bracts are lanceolate. The pedicels are unequal, densely appressed sericeous. The calyxes are ca. 5–9  mm, densely appressed sericeous, with calyx tubes of 1.8–3  mm, lowest 1 lobe being as long as the calyx tubes, others being slightly shorter. The corollas are white or light yellow, about 9 mm long. The flag petals are broadly elliptic, shortly clawed. The wing petals and keels are oblong, basally clawed. The stamens are 8–12 mm. The pistils are 7–14 mm. The styles are 7–12 mm. The ovaries are hairy. The legumes are 2–2.5 cm, slightly arcuate, 3–6 articulate, appressed sericeous. The seeds are elliptic, 2.5–3.5  ×  2–2.5  mm. The flowering period is from August to October and the fruiting from October to December.

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Habitat: It grows in hillsides, shrubberies, or forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan etc. in China, as well as in countries of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, cooling blood, strengthening tendons and bones, fortifying the spleen and disinhibiting dampness, it’s often used for treatment of sore throat, diarrhea, bruise, fracture, internal injury and hematemesis. Use and Dosage: 7.5–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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8.15  Family: Papilionaceae 8.15.1  Desmodium caudatum Chinese Name(s): xiao huai hua, cao xie ban, wei zeng cao, yang dai gui, qing jiu gang, na shen cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Desmodium caudatum (Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub or subshrub, 1–2 m tall. Its barks are grayish brown, many branched. The upper branches are slightly pubescent. The leaves are ternately pinnate. The stipules are lanceolate, 5–10 × 1 mm, striated and persistent. The petioles are ca. 1.5–4 cm, flat and thick, adaxially deeply furrowed, somewhat pubescent, laterally very narrowly winged. The leaflets are subleathery or papery, with the terminal ones being lanceolate or oblong, 5–9 × 1.5–2.5 cm, the lateral ones being small, apically acuminate, acute or mucronate, and the base ones being cuneate, entire, adaxially green, glossy, sparsely shortly pubescent, glabrescent when old, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent, and more densely hairy on midveins, with 10–12 lateral veins, not reaching the margins. The stipules are filiform, ca. 2–5 mm. The petioles are up to 14 mm. The racemes are terminal or axillary, ca. 5–30  cm. The rachises are densely pubescent intermixed with minute uncinate hairs, 2-flowered at each node. The bracts are subulate, ca. 3  mm. The pedicels are ca. 3–4 mm, densely appressed pubescent. The calyxes are narrowly campanulate, 3.5–4  mm long, appressed or uncinate pubescent, with lanceolate lobes. The distal lobes are slightly 2-splitted. The corollas are green-white or yellow-­white, about 5 mm long, distinctly reticulately veined. The flag petals are elliptic, shortly clawed. The wing petals are narrowly oblong, clawed. The keels are oblong, clawed. The stamens are diadelphous. The pistils are ca. 7 mm. The ovaries are densely appressed pubescent on sutures. The legumes are linear, flat, 5–7 cm long, slightly curved, with spreading, uncinate hairs, and slightly constricted on the ventral sutures, 4–8 articulate, and the articles are narrowly ellipsoidal, 9–12 × ca. 3 m. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting from September to November. Habitat: It grows in the hillside forests or grasslands 150–1000  m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces to the south of the Yangtze River and the east to Taiwan in China, as well as in countries of India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Japan and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling wind and dampness, it’s often used for the treatment of cold and fever, gastroenteritis, dysentery, infantile

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malnutrition, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as external treatment for snake bite, furuncle, carbuncle, and mastitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh root barks or whole plants are decocted for washing with or mashed for application to the affected areas. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: snake bite: Desmodium caudatum root 15–30 g, Ageratoid aster root 9–15 g, decocted in water or fresh products ground for juice for oral use. Take 2 doses per day. Or apply the medicine externally on the wound treated by routine surgical treatment. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: infantile malnutrition: Desmodium caudatum root 30 g, stewed together with pork, take the soup with meat.

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8.16  Family: Papilionaceae 8.16.1  Desmodium gangeticum Chinese Name(s): da ye shan lv dou, heng he shan lv dou, dan ye shan ma huang, da ye shan ma huang. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Desmodium gangeticum (Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, up to 1 m tall. Its stems are tender, slightly angulate, sparsely pubescent, many branched. The leaves are 1-foliolate. The stipules are narrowly triangular or narrowly ovate, ca. 10 × 1–3 mm. The petioles are 1–2 cm long and densely straight and uncinate hairy. The leaflets are papery, narrowly elliptic-ovate, sometimes ovate or lanceolate, variable in shape and size, 3–13  ×  2–7  cm, apically acute and basally rounded. The leaves are

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adaxially glabrous except for hairy midvein, abaxially sparsely grayish villous, with 6–12 lateral veins each side to the margins, entire. The stipules are subulate, 2–9 mm long. The petiolules are ca. 3 mm, hairy as petioles. The racemes are terminal and axillary, but sometimes panicles on the apex, 10–30 cm long. The rachises are slender and pubescent, 2–6 flowered at each node, separated. The bracts are acicular, caducous. The pedicels are 2–5 mm long, hairy. The calyxes are broadly campanulate, ca. 2  mm, strigose. The lobes are lanceolate, slightly longer than the calyx tubes, and the terminal lobes are slightly 2-splited. The corollas are 3–4 mm long. The flag petals are obovate, basally acuminate, with inconspicuous claws. The wing petals are oblong, basally auriculate and shortly clawed. The keels are narrowly obovate, without auricles. The stamens are diadelphous, ca. 3–4 mm. The pistils are 4–5 mm. The ovaries are linear, hairy, upper part of styles curved. The legumes are linear, slightly curved, 1.2–2  ×  ca. 0.25  cm. The abdominal sutures are slightly straight, and the dorsal sutures deeply undulate. There are 6–8 articles, which are subrounded or broadly oblong, 2–3  mm, uncinate hairy. The flowering period is from April to August and the fruiting from August to September. Habitat: It grows in the grasslands or secondary forests with altitudes of 100–900 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and Taiwan in China, as well as in countries of Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, tropical Africa and Oceania. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested all year round, and used freshly. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing blood stasis, healing fracture and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of injuries and fractures. Use and Dosage: Proper amounts of fresh product are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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8.17  Family: Papilionaceae 8.17.1  Desmodium heterocarpon Chinese Name(s): jia di dou, yi guo shan lu dou, jia hua sheng, da ye qing, bai dou. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Desmodium heterocarpon (Desmodium heterocarpon (Linn.) DC.) Morphology: The plant is a subshrub. The stem is erect or prostrate, 30–150 cm tall, many branched from base of stem, more or less strigose, glabrescent. The leaves are 3-foliolate. The stipules are persistent, narrowly triangulate, 5–15 mm long, apically long and acute, basally broad. The petioles are 1–2 cm long, slightly pubescent. The leaflets are papery. The terminal leaflet blades are elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or broadly obovate, 2.5–6 cm long, 1.3–3 cm wide, and the lateral leaflets being usually small, apically rounded or obtuse, emarginate, mucronate, basally obtuse, adaxially glabrous and lusterless, and white pubescent abaxially, entire. The lateral veins are 5–10 in pairs, not reaching the leaf margin. The stipules are filiform, ca. 5 mm long. The petioles are 1–2 mm long, densely strigose. The racemes are terminal or axillary, 2.5–7  cm long. The rachises are densely covered with hooked spreading hairs of light yellow. The flowers are extremely dense, with every 2 flowers inserting on the nodes of the inflorescences. The bracts are ovate-­ lanceolate, ciliated, arranged imbricate before blooming of flowers. The pedicels are 3–4 mm long, subglabrous or sparsely hairy. The calyxes are 1.5–2 mm long, campanulate, 4-lobed, sparsely pubescent, and the lobes are triangular, slightly shorter than the calyx tube. The upper lobes are slightly 2-toothed at apex. The corollas are purplish red, purple or white, ca. 5 mm long. The standards are obovate and oblong, apically rounded to emarginate, basally shortly clawed. The wings are obovate, auriculate and clawed. The keels are extremely curved and apically obtuse. The stamens are diadelphous, ca. 5 mm long. The pistils are ca. 6 mm long. The ovaries are glabrous or hairy, and the styles are glabrous. The legumes are dense, narrowly oblong, 1.2–2 cm × 2.5–3 mm, with upper suture being shallowly undulate, and both sutures hooked hairy, 4–7-jointed, articles being quadrate. The flowering period is from July to October and fruiting from October to November. Habitat: It grows in valleys, waterfronts, thickets, or forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces to the south of the Yangtze River, the West to Yunnan and the East to Taiwan in China, as well as in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Japan, Pacific Islands and Oceania. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and sweet in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, reducing swelling and relieving pain, it’s often used for prevention of mumps, and treatment of epidemic encephalitis B,

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laryngeal pain, as well as external treatment for snake bite, bruise, swelling and pain, carbuncle and boils. Use and Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: venomous snake bite: a: Desmodium heterocarpon, Lespedeza cuneata (Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. -Cours.) G. Don) in equal amount, dried in the sun, ground to powder, added with a small amount of starch to make tablet, each tablet containing 0.3 g crude drug. Take the tablets with warm water or grind the tablets to powder and taken with warm water, 15–20 tablets each time, 2–3 times a day. b: Desmodium heterocarpon, Hedyotis diffusa, 9  g each, Cynanchum paniculatum and Tetradium ruticarpum 6 g each, decocted in water and taken with wine. It’s often used to treat the bite of Bamboo Snake and cobra.

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8.18  Family:Papilionaceae 8.18.1  Desmodium microphyllum Chinese Name(s): xiao ye san dian jin, xiao ye shan lv dou, xiao ye shan ma huang. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Desmodium microphyllum (Desmodium microphyllum (Thunb.) DC). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb. Its stems are slender, many branched, erect or procumbent. The leaves are ternately pinnate, compound or sometimes 1-foliolate. The stipules are lanceolate, ca. 3–4 mm, sparsely pubescent. The leaflets are thinly papery, obovate-elliptic or narrowly elliptic, 10–12 × 4–6 mm, apically rounded, basally broadly cuneate, abaxially sparsely pubescent. The racemes are terminal or axillary, yellow brown pubescent, 6–10 flowered, and the flowers are about 5 mm. The bracts are ovate, yellow brown pubescent. The calyxes are about 4 mm long, 5-parted, densely yellow brown villous. The corollas are pink, as long as the calyxes. The flag petals are obovate or obovate-orbicular. The wing petals are obovate and the keels are narrowly elliptic. The stamens are diadelphous, ca. 5 mm. The ovaries are linear, pubescent. The legumes are ca. 12 × 3 mm, and the articles are flat. The flowering period is from May to September and the fruiting from September to November. Habitat: It grows in the grasslands or shrubberies of wastelands 150–2500 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions to the south of the Yangtze River, the West to Yunnan, Xizang and the East to Taiwan in China, as well as in countries of India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, removed the impurities, sectioned and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Invigorating the spleen and removing dampness, relieving coughing and asthma, detoxicating and reducing swelling, it’s often used for infantile malnutrition, jaundice, dysentery, cough, asthma, bronchitis, snake bite, carbuncle ulceration, lacquer sore, hemorrhoids, etc. Use and Dosage: 20–40 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.19  Family: Papilionaceae 8.19.1  Desmodium multiflorum Chinese Name(s): e ma huang, shan dou gen, nian shen cao, wei tong cao, hong zhang cao, duo hua shan ma huang. Source: This medicine is the roots or whole plants of Desmodium multiflorum (Desmodium multiflorum DC. [D. sambuense (D. Don) DC.]). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub, 1–2 m tall, many branched. The young branches are angulate, densely yellowish to whitish pubescent, glabrescent when old. The stipules are narrow ovate to ovate, 4–11 × 1.5–2.5 mm. The petioles are 1.5–4  cm and densely pilose. The leaflets are subleathery, elliptic or obovate, 5–10  ×  3–6  cm. The lateral ones are small, apically obtuse or acute, mucronate,

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basally cuneate, obtuse or nearly rounded, adaxially glabrous and black when dried, adaxially grayish and appressed or spreading sericeous. There are 6–8 lateral veins on each side of the midvein, which reach to the leaf margin. The stipules are narrow-­ triangular, 1–3 × 0.3–0.8 mm. The petioles are 2 mm long and pilose. The inflorescences are terminal or axillary, to 18 cm. The terminal ones are mostly paniculate, axillary ones racemose. The rachises are with dense antrorse sericeous and minute hooked hairs, often 2-flowered at each node. The bracts are lanceolate, about 1 cm long, hairy. The pedicels are about 5 mm long, slightly elongate in fruiting, straight or uncinate hairy. The calyxes are ca. 4.5 mm long, densely uncinate hairy, and the lobes are triangular, as long as the hypanthia. The corollas are purple. The flag petals are elliptic, broad-elliptic to obovate, 0.8–1.1 cm. The wing petals are narrowly elliptic, curved, 0.8–1.4 cm, clawed. The keel petals are 7–10 mm, long clawed. The stamens are monadelphous, 6–7 mm. The pistils are ca. 9 mm. The ovaries are linear, appressed pubescent. The legumes are 15–24 mm long, the abdominal sutures are nearly straight or microwave shaped. The upper sutures are nearly straight or slightly undulate, lower sutures crenate, 4–7 articulate, and the articles are obovate, 3–4 × ca. 3 mm, densely appressed brown sericeous. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It grows on the edges of grasslands or forests at altitudes of 500–1200 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Xizang, Taiwan etc. in China, as well as in countries of India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and Laos. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants and seeds are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of stomach pain, infantile malnutrition, mumps, lymphadenitis and snake bite. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription examples: Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: infantile malnutrition: Desmodium multiflorum 30 g, stewed with pork and taken orally.

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8.20  Family: Papilionaceae 8.20.1  Desmodium sequax Chinese Name(s): chang bo ye shan ma huang, bo ye shan ma huang, wa zi cao. Source: This medicine is the stems and leaves of Desmodium sequax (Desmodium sequax Wall.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 1–2  m tall, many branched. The young branches and petioles are rusty pubescent, sometimes mixed with small uncinate hairs. The leaves are ternately pinnate and compound. The stipules are linear, 4–5 × 1 mm, adaxially densely pilose, marginally ciliated. The petioles are 2–3.5 cm. The leaflets are papery, ovate-elliptic or orbicular-rhombic. The terminal ones are 4–10 × 4–6 cm. The lateral ones are slightly smaller, apically acute, basally cuneate

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to obtuse, marginally undulate above middle, adaxially densely puberulent or glabrescent, abaxially appressed pubescent and intermixed with minute hooked hairs with 4–7 lateral veins on each side and raised reticular veins. The stipules are filiform, 1–4 mm. The petioles are about 2 mm, rusty yellow pubescent and mixed with small uncinate hairs. The racemes are terminal and axillary, usually branched into panicles on terminal, up to 12  cm long. The rachises are densely spreading or upward hirsute or minutely tomentose, 2-flowered at each node. The bracts are caducous, narrowly ovate, 3–4  ×  1  mm, hairy. The pedicels are 3–5  mm long, slightly slight elongated at fruiting, and densely spreading pubescent. The calyxes are about 3 mm, and the calyx lobes are triangular, as long as calyx tubes. The corollas are purple, ca. 8  mm. The flag petals are elliptic to broadly elliptic, apically emarginate. The wing petals are narrowly elliptic, auriculate, clawed. The keel petals are long clawed, slightly auriculate. The stamen monadelphous, 7.5–8.5  mm. The pistils are 7–10 mm. The ovaries are linear, sparsely pubescent. Both sutures constricted to moniliform, 3–4.5  ×  ca. 0.3  cm, 6–10 articulate. The articles are nearly quadrate, densely covered with small brown hooked hairs. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting from September to November. Habitat: It grows in valleys, grassy slopes, or forest margins. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Xizang, Taiwan etc. in China, as well as in countries of India, Nepal, Myanmar, Java and New Guinea in Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The stems and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s astringent and slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and fire, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and astringing sores, it’s often used for treatment of conjunctivitis due to wind and heat, placenta retension, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, burns. Use and Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.21  Family:Papilionaceae 8.21.1  Desmodium styracifolium Chinese Name(s): guang jin qian cao, jin qian cao, luo di jin qian, tong qian cao, jia di dou, ma ti xiang, guang jin qian cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Desmodium styracifolium (Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr.). Morphology: The plant is subshrub herb, 20–40 cm tall, sometimes up to 1.5 m. Its branchlets are densely yellowish spreading hirsute. The leaves are mostly −1-foliolate, sparsely 3. The leaflets are subleathery, round, 1.8–5.5  cm, rarely 3-foliolate. The lateral ones are much smaller than the terminal ones, apically emarginate, basally cordate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially densely grayish white appressed sericeous. The lateral veins are 8–14  in pairs, dense and subparallel, abaxially raised. The racemes are terminal or axillary, 2.5–3 cm. densely flowered, usually 2–3 at each node on the rachises of inflorescence. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 3.5 mm, hairy, and the lobes are narrow lanceolate, one time longer than the calyx tubes. The corollas are purplish red, butterfly shaped, about 4 mm long. The flag petals are obovate. The wing petals are narrowly obovate, clawed. The keel petals are extremely curved, apically obtuse. The legumes are compressed, 1–2 cm × ca. 2.5 mm, hairy, 3–6-jointed. The articles are nearly quadrate, with the same length and width. The seeds are reniform, about 2 mm long, dark brown. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to September. Habitat: It grows in hillsides, grasslands or bushes below 1000 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan in China, as well as in countries of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. Acquisition and Processing: The plants are harvested in summer and autumn, shaken off the soils, tied into small bunches and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The stems and branches are cylindrical, long and soft, 0.2–0.3 cm in diameter, densely yellowish green spreading pilose, slightly brittle in quality, with piths on the cross sections. The leaves are alternate, 1–3 foliolate, leathery, round, apically emarginated, basally cordate, entire, 2–5.5 cm in diameter, adaxially light green, abaxially with grayish white appressed sericeous. There is a pair of stipules, which are lanceolate, apically acute, ca. 0.8 cm. It’s slightly fragrant in odor, bland and slightly sweet in taste. The plants green and with many leaves are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of bladder, liver, gall bladder, and kidneys. Functions: Clearing eat and dampness, promoting diuresis and discharging stones, it’s often used for treatment of urinary tract infection, pyretic stranguria, urolithiasis, sand strangury, stranguria, edema and oliguria, jaundice, hematuria, cholelithiasis, and acute jaundice hepatitis.

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Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. The pregnant women should not take it. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: urinary tract infection: Desmodium styracifolium 24 g, Asiatic plantain, Lygodium japonicum and honeysuckle, 15 g respectively, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose per day. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: urolithiasis: Lysimachia cantonensis, pyrrosia lingua, cochinchina cudrania root, Fructus Malvae 18 g each, Polygonum aviculare, Lygodium japonicum, 12  g each, dianthus superbus, rhizoma alismatis, Poria 9 g each, akebia 4.5 g, decocted in water for oral use. In case of lumbago Radix achyranthis bidentatae is added to the formula, in case of deficiency, Codonopsis pilosula is added. Take 1 dose per day.

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8.22  Family: Papilionaceae 8.22.1  Desmodium triflorum Chinese Name(s): san dian jin, san hua shan lv dou, ba zi cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Desmodium triflorum (Desmodium triflorum (Linn.) DC.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, prostrate, 10–50 cm tall. Its stems are slender, many branched, spreading pubescent. The leaves are ternately pinnate, compound and 3-foliolate. The stipules are lanceolate, membranous, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, adaxially glabrous, marginally sparsely sericeous. The petioles are ca. 5 mm, pubescent. The leaflets are papery. The terminal ones are obcordate, obtriangular, or obovate, 2.5–10 mm in both length and width, apically broadly truncate or slightly emarginate, basally cuneate, adaxially glabrous, abaxially white

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pubescent, glabrescent when old, with 4–5 veins on each side, which not reach the margins. The stipules are narrowly ovate, 0.5–0.8 mm, pubescent. The petioles are 0.5–2 mm long, pubescent. The flowers solitary or 2–3 fascicled in leaf axils. The bracts are narrowly ovate, 4 × 1.3 mm, adaxially sparsely appressed pubescent. The pedicels are 3–8 mm, elongated to 13 mm in fruiting, spreading pubescence or only on the top. The calyxes are about 3 mm, densely white villous, 5-parted, and the lobes are narrowly lanceolate, longer than calyx tubes. The corollas are purplish red, as long as the calyxes. The flag petals are obcordate, basally acuminate, long clawed. The wing petals are elliptic, shortly clawed. The keel petals are slightly falcate, curved, longer than the wings, long clawed. The stamens are diadelphous. The pistils are about 4 mm long. The ovaries are linear, somewhat hairy. The styles curved inwardly and glabrous. The legumes are narrowly oblong, slightly falcate, 5–12 × ca. 2.5  mm. The dorsal sutures undulate, and the abdominal sutures are straight, 3–5-jointed. The articles being subquadrate, with short, uncinate hairs, reticulate veined. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to October. Habitat: It grows in the wildernesses, in the grasses, or on the sands by the rivers. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, etc. in China, as well as in countries of India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Pacific Islands, Oceania and tropical America. Acquisition and Processing: The plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Promoting Qi flow to relieving pain, warming meridians to dissipating cold, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of abdominal pain due to heat stroke, colic, menstrual disorders, dysmenorrhea, postpartum joint pain and rabies. Use and Dosage: 9–15  g per dose, and 15–30  g per dose for fresh products, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh plants are added with a little salt, mashed and applied to the affected areas. The pregnant women should not take it.

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8.23  Family: Papilionaceae 8.23.1  Dunbaria podocarpa Chinese Name(s): chang bing ye bian dou, shan lv dou. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Dunbaria podocarpa (Dunbaria podocarpa Kurz.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial twining vine, 1–4 m long. Its stems are longitudinally angulate, densely grayish pubescent, denser so on ridges. The leaves are pinnately 3-foliolate. The stipules are small and deciduous. The petioles are 1.5–4 cm, densely pubescent. The terminal leaflets are rhomboid, ca. 3–4 cm in both length and width, apically acute, basally obtuse, rounded or subtruncate. The lateral leaflets are small and oblique ovate, densely grayish pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially reddish glandular. There are 3 basal veins and 1–3 pairs of lateral veins. The petioles are often absent. The petioles are 1–2 mm long, grayish pubescent as

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the petioles. The short racemes are axillary, 1–2 flowers, seldomly 3–4 flowers. The flowers are 1.5–2 cm. The rachises are 0.5–1 cm long. The pedicels are 2–6 mm long, densely grayish pubescent. The calyxes are campanulate, and the lobes are ovate lanceolate, pubescent and golden yellowish glandular. The corollas are yellowish. The flag petals are transversely elliptic, longer than wide, basally 2 auriculate. The wing petals are narrow elliptic, basally with curved auricles at one side. The keel petals are extremely curved, long beaked, without auricles. The stamens are monadelphous, and the ovaries are densely sericeous and with orange glands, apically long beaked, and 9–11 ovuled. The legumes are linear oblong, 5–8 × 0.9–1.1 cm, densely grayish pubescent and orange yellow tiny glandular, apically long beaked, 1.5–1.7 cm long clawed, 7–11 seeded. The seeds are suborbicular, compressed, black, about 4 mm in both length and width. The flowering and fruiting period is from June to November. Habitat: It grows on a river, thicket, or tree. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Yunnan and Huna in China, as well as in countries of India, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, it’s often used for treatment of sore throat, mastitis, toothache, snake bite, and leucorrhea. Use and Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh leaves are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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8.24  Family: Papilionaceae 8.24.1  Dunbaria punctata Chinese Name(s): yuan ye ye bian dou, luo wang teng, jia lv dou. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Dunbaria punctata (Dunbaria punctata (Wight & Arn.) Benth. [D. rotundifolia (Lour.) Merr.]). Morphology: The plant is a perennial twining vine. Its stems are slender, tender, puberulent. The leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. The stipules are small, lanceolate, deciduous. The petioles are 0.8–2.5 cm. The leaflets are papery, with the terminal ones being orbicular-rhomboid, 1.5–2.7(−4) cm, slightly wider than long, apically obtuse to rounded, basally rounded, slightly pubescent or subglabrous on both surfaces, dark brownish glandular, abaxially especially so, and the lateral ones being slightly smaller, oblique. There are 3 basal veins. The veinlets are dense and

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reticulate, grayish green when dry, undulate on margins, and curled outward. The inflorescences are axillary, 1- or 2-flowered. The calyxes are campanulate, 2–5 mm, lobed. The lobes are ovate lanceolate, densely covered with red glands and pubescence. The corollas are yellow, ca. 1–1.5 cm. The flag petals are obovate and round, apically slightly emarginate, basally with 2 tooth-like auricles. The wing petals are obovate-oblong, slightly curved, mucronate. The keel petals are falcate, apically obtusely beaked. The stamens are biodelphous. The ovaries are sessile. The legumes are linear-oblong, compressed, slightly curved, 3–5  ×  ca. 0.8  cm, pubescent or almost glabrous, apically with acicular beaks, and the stipes are absent. There are 6–8 seeds, which are subrounded, ca. 3 mm in diam, dark brown. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in hillside thickets and on wild grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan and Jiangsu in China, as well as in countries of India, Indonesia and the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, stopping bleeding and promoting granulation, it’s often used for treatment of acute hepatitis, heat in the lungs, damp heat in large intestine. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are mashed for application or decocted for washing on the affected areas.

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8.25  Family: Papilionaceae 8.25.1  Eriosema chinense Chinese Name(s): ji tou shu, zhu zai li, di cao guo, mao ban hua, gang ju, que li zhu, shan ge. Source: This medicine is the rhizomes of Eriosema chinense (Eriosema chinense Vog.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, erect, 20–50  cm tall, usually unbranched. The stems are densely brown villous intermixed with pubescence. The rhizomes are fusiform and succulent. The leaves are 1-foliolate, lanceolate,

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3–7 × 0.5–1.5 cm, apically acute, basally rounded or sometimes subcordate, adaxially and marginally scattered brown villous, abaxially grayish white short villous, and densely brown villous along the midveins, subsessile. The stipules are linear to linear lanceolate, 4–8  mm, striate, hairy, persistent. The racemes are axillary, extremely short, usually 1–2 flowered. The bracts are linear. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 3 mm, 5-lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate, brownish sericeous pubescent. The corollas are light yellow, about 3 times the length of calyxes. The flag petals are obovate, adaxially slightly sericeous, basally with 2 with 2 pendulous oblong auricles. The wing petals are obovate-oblong, auriculate on one side. The keel petals are shorter than the wings, but similar in shape. The stamens are biodelphous. The ovaries are densely long hirsute, styles incurved, glabrous. The legumes are rhomboid elliptic, 8–10 × 5–6 mm, black when mature, brownish hirsute. There are 2 seeds, which are small, reniform and black. The hila are linear, almost up to the whole length of the seeds, and the funicles are at one end of hila. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting from July to October. Habitat: It grows on sunny hillside grasslands and dry mountain tops. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan in China, as well as in countries of India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, helping saliva secretion to slake thirst, relieving cough and reducing sputum, it’s often used for upper respiratory tract infection, thirst due to fever, lungs abscess and dysentery, as well as bruise and injury for external treatment. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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8.26  Family: Papilionaceae 8.26.1  Erythrina variegata Chinese Name(s): hai tong pi, ji tong mu, kong tong shu, shan fu rong. Source: This medicine is the stem barks of Erythrina variegata (Erythrina variegata Linn. [Erythrina indica Lam.]). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree, usually 10–15 m tall, to 20 sometimes. Its stems are grayish and prickly. The leaves are pinnately 3-foliolate, alternate. The petioles are about 9–14 cm. The leaflets are papery, broad ovate, 10–15 cm, apically slightly obtuse. The lateral leaflets are somewhat asymmetric, bright green on both surfaces. The petioles are short and stipules are glandular. The inflorescences are racemes, densely flowered. The peduncles are woody, robust, 7–10 cm.

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The flowers are bright red. The calyxes are, spathe-like, 2–3 cm, oblique at mouth, split on one side. The flag petals are 5–6 cm long, and the wing and keel petals are shorter than the calyxes. The legumes are plump, to 30 cm, moniliform. The seeds are dark red, ca. 15 mm. The flowering period is in March and the fruiting in August. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Fujian in China, while native to coastal forests from India to Oceania, and is also distributed in Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: Th stem barks with pricks are peeled in early summer and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are in sheets, slightly curled on both sides, 0.3–1 cm thick, adaxially yellowish green, light brown or brown, often with longitudinal furrows of various width and width. Most of the pricks were deciduous, if persistent, it is long-conical, 0.5–0.8 cm tall, acute, basally 0.5–1 cm in diameter, yellowish brown on the inner surface, which is relatively flat and reticulately striped. It is hard and tough, dehiscent and irregular on the cross-sections. It’s fragrant in odor and slightly bitter in taste. The products thin and with pricks are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and kidneys. Functions: Dispelling wind and dampness, relaxing muscles and activating collaterals, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism, numbness, pain in waist and leg, bruise and injury, as well as in external treatment of all kinds of ringworms and eczema. Use and Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh products are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: rheumatism and osteodynia: Erythrina variegata 12 g, Philippine flemingia root 15 g, Epimeredi indica 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: pain of waist and knee, spasm of limbs: Erythrina variegata 12 g, Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata 12 g, Paeonia suffruticosa bark 9  g, Achyranthes bidentata 9  g, Cornus officinalis 9  g, Psoraleae Fructus 9 g, scallion white 10 cm, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.27  Family: Papilionaceae 8.27.1  Euchresta japonica Chinese Name(s): shan dou gen, san ye dan, ya pian qi. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Euchresta japonica (Euchresta japonica Hook. f. ex Regel). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, nearly not branched. The stems are often with adventitious roots. The leaves are 3-foliolate. The petioles are 4–5.5 cm, adaxially with a conspicuous groove. The leaflets are thick papery, elliptic, 8–9.5 × 3–5 cm, apically acuminate to obtuse, basally broadly cuneate, adaxially dark green, glabrous, corrugated when dried, abaxially pale green, pubescent. The lateral veins are very inconspicuous. The terminal petioles are 0.5–1.3 cm and the lateral petioles are almost absent. The racemes are 6–10.5 cm, the peduncles are 3–5.5 cm long, and the pedicels are 0.5–0.7 cm long, all pubescent. The bracteoles are small and subulate. The calyxes are cupular, 3–5 × 4–6 mm, shortly pubescent both inside and outside, and the lobes are bluntly triangular. The corollas are white. The flag petals are elliptic-­oblong, ca. 1 cm × 2–3 mm, apically obtuse to rounded, cochlear, abaxially sparsely appressed pubescent at base, and the claws are linear, slightly reflexed, ca. 2 mm. The wing petals are oblong, apically obtuse, ca. 9 × 2–3 mm, and the claws are curly and linear, ca. 2.5 mm, less than 1 mm wide. The keel petals are elliptic, ca. 1 cm × 3.5 mm, with distal margins connate, and small auricles at base, with claws of ca. 2 mm. The ovaries are prolate or linear, ca. 5 mm, with stipes of ca. 4 mm and styles of 3 mm. The infructescences are ca. 8 cm. The legumes are ellipsoid, 1.2–1.7 × ca. 1.1 cm, apically obtuse, mucronulate, dark, glabrous, with petioles of 1 cm and carpopodia of 4 cm, glabrous. Habitat: It grows in the valley or hillside dense forest with altitudes of 500–1150 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang in China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn sectioned and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, curing constipation, it is often used to treat acute pharyngitis, gingival swelling and pain, cough due to lungs heat, jaundice due to dampness and heat, carbuncle, furuncle and constipation. Use and Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Pay attention not to overdose for internal use.

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8.28  Family: Papilionaceae 8.28.1  Euchresta tubulosa Chinese Name(s): guan e shan dou gen, e dou gen, hu dou lian, shan dou gen, huang jie. Source: This medicine is the roots of Euchresta tubulosa (Euchresta tubulosa Dunn). Morphology: The plant is a shrub. The leaves are pinnately 3–7-foliolate. The petioles are 6–7  cm. The leaflets are papery, elliptic, obovate, or obovate-elliptic, adaxially glabrous, abaxially appressed fulvous pubescent, nearly equal in size, 8–10.5 × 3.5–4.5 cm. The racemes are terminal, ca. 8 cm, the peduncles are ca. 4 cm, and the pedicels are ca. 4 mm, all pubescent. The flowers are 2–2.2 cm. The calyxes are tubular, ca. 9 mm, ca. 2 mm in diameter. The flag petals reflexed and curved, ca. 1.5 cm, apically obtuse or emarginate, ca. 5 mm wide on the upper half, attenuate down-ward to claws, ca. 2  mm wide at base. The wing petals are oblong, ca. 8.5 × 3.5 mm, apically obtuse, basally truncate, without auricles. The keel petals are oblong, separated at the lower part, connate at the upper part, apically obtuse, with auricles of ca. 7 × 3 mm. The stamen tubes are ca. 1.2 cm. The ovaries are linear, ca. 5.5 mm, and the styles are linear, ca. 4 mm. The legumes are ellipsoid, dark brown. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting from July to September. Habitat: It grows under the forests or on the rock walls of the valleies with altitudes of 300–1700 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou and Sichuan in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up from August to September, removed the stems, leaves and fibrous roots, washed and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, relieving swelling and pain, it’s often used for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal distention, abdominal pain, stomachache, sore throat, toothache, furuncle and carbuncle. Use and Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.29  Family: Papilionaceae 8.29.1  Flemingia chappar Chinese Name(s): mo jiang qian jin ba. Source: This medicine is the roots of Flemingia chappar (Flemingia chappar Buck.-Ham.). Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, erect, ca. 1 m tall. Its branchlets are slender, densely brown tomentose. The leaves are simple, alternate, papery or sub leathery, round-cordate, 4–4.5  cm in both length and width, apically rounded or obtuse, basally slightly cordate, adaxially appressed brown hairy along veins, glabrous or sparsely pubescent except veins, abaxially with brown glands and pubescence. The cymules each enclosed in membranous and persistent shellfish-like bracts, and then arranged into racemes of several cm. The bracts are ca.2 × 3.8 cm, apically emarginate, glabrous, with obvious reticulate veins. The calyxes are 5-lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate. The flag petals are obovate, wing petals

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oblong, keel petals slightly curved. The legumes are elliptic, ca.10× 6 mm, densely brown villous. The fruiting is in May. Habitat: It grows under the forests with altitudes of 800–1700 m. Distribution: It is distributed in province of Yunnan in China, as well as in countries of Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, India, Bangladesh and Thailand. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up after autumn, washed, sectioned and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Relieving pain and inflammation. It’s often used for treatment of nephritis, cystitis and periostitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.30  Family: Papilionaceae 8.30.1  Flemingia glutinosa Chinese Name(s): xian mao qian jin ba. Source: This medicine is the roots of Flemingia glutinosa (Flemingia glutinosa (Prain) Y. T. Wei et S. Lee). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, erect, 0.4 ~ 2 m tall, many branched. Its branchlets are terete, densely inflated glandular hairy and shortly grayish villous. The stipules are lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, 6–10 mm, longitudinal striated, apically long mucronate, usually persistent. The petioles are 1.5–4 cm, wingless, with fine longitudinal ridges, adaxially shortly pubescent or sparsely intermixed with long pubescence, abaxially shortly pubescent and densely reddish brown glandular. There are 7–9 lateral veins on each side, which are flat adaxially and abaxially raised. The lateral leaflets are slightly small, obliquely elliptic, apically obtuse to acuminate, basally obliquely round, 1–3 cm or sometimes longer. The lateral veins are parallel to leaf surface adaxially, and abaxially covered with dense red-brown glands and pubescence. The panicles are terminal or axillary, 1.5–5 cm long, initially densely covered with golden, base inflated glandular hairs and villi. The peduncles are 1 cm or longer. The flowers are small, 5–7 mm long, often fascicled on the distal part of branches. The bracts are small, ovate to ovate lanceolate, densely grayish to grayish yellow pubescent. The pedicels are extremely short, 5-lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate, slightly longer than calyx tubes. The calyxes and pedicels are densely grayish villous. The corollas are yellow, as long as the calyx or slightly extended out, ca. 5 mm. The flag petals are nearly oblong, clawed and auriculate at base. The wing petals are obovate oblong to elliptic, clawed and auriculate at one side. The keel petals are nearly semicircular, apically acute, thinly clawed at base.

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The legumes are narrowly elliptic 1–1.4× 0.5–0.7 cm, apically mucronate, basally covered with base inflated yellow glandular hairs. There are 2 seeds, which are subrounded, ca. 2 mm in diameter, dark brown. The flowering and fruiting period is from February to May. Habitat: It grows in hillside, plain, roadside or thicket with altitude of 1440 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Yunnan and Guangxi, as well as in countries of Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up after autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, slightly warm in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and dispelling dampness, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, leucorrhea due to deficiency and chronic appendicitis. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.31  Family: Papilionaceae 8.31.1  Flemingia macrophylla Chinese Name(s): da ye qian jin ba, tian gen bu dao, qian jin hong, jia wu dou cao, zhou mian shu. Source: This medicine is the roots of Flemingia macrophylla (Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Prain [Moghania macrophylla (Willd.) Kuntze]). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 0.8–2.5 m tall. The young branches are with obvious longitudinal ridges and appressed sericeous. The leaves are digitately 3-foliolate. The stipules are large, lanceolate, up to 2 cm, apically long acuminate, shortly pubescent, with glandular striations, usually deciduous. The petioles are 3–6 cm, narrowly winged, hairy as on the young branches. The leaflets are papery or thin leathery. The terminal leaflets are lanceolate to elliptic, 8–15 × 4–7 cm, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, with 3 basal veins, glabrous except for veins, which is appressed pubescent, abaxially with small dark brown glands. The lateral

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leaflets are slightly small, oblique lateral, basally rounded at one side, cuneate on other, with 2–3 basal veins, and petioles of 2–5 mm long, densely hairy. The racemes are 3–8 cm, sessile. The flowers are numerous and dense. The pedicels are extremely short. The calyxes are campanulate, 6–8 mm, sericeous pubescent. The lobes are linear lanceolate, twice as long as the calyx tube, and the lower one is the longest. The inflorescence axes, bracts and pedicels are densely grayish to grayish brown pilose. The corollas are purplish red, slightly longer than the calyx. The flag petals are oblong, shortly clawed, with 2 auricles. The wing petals are narrowly elliptic, with one auricle, slenderly clawed. The keel petals are long elliptic, apically slightly curved, base long clawed and auriculate at one side. The stamens are monadelphous. The ovaries are elliptic, sericeous pubescent, and the styles are slender. The legumes are oval, 10–16 × 7–9 mm, brown, slightly pubescent, apically cuspidate, 1–2 seeded. The seeds are spherical and bright black. The flowering period is from June to September and the fruiting from October to December. Habitat: It grows in open land and thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Strengthening muscles and bones, tonifying waist and the kidneys, dispelling wind and dampness, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lumbago and leg pain, lumbar muscle strain, leucorrhea and bruise. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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8.32  Family: Papilionaceae 8.32.1  Flemingia prostrata Chinese Name(s): qian jin ba, man xing qian jin ba, yi tiao gen, lao shu wei. Source: This medicine is the roots of Flemingia prostrata (Flemingia prostrata Roxb. f. ex Roxb. [Moghania philippinensis Merr. et Role]). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub, erect or spreading. The young branches are trigonous-prismatic, densely grayish brown pubescent. The leaves are 3-­foliolate. The stipules are linear lanceolate, 0.6–1 cm, with longitudinal stripes and hairs, apically acute, persistent. The petioles are 2–2.5 cm long. The leaflets are thick papery, long elliptic or ovate lanceolate, oblique, 4–7 × 1.7–3 cm, apically obtuse sometimes with small mucro, basally rounded, adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially densely pale hairy, with 3 basic veins, the lateral veins and reticular veins sunk adaxially and raised abaxially. The lateral leaflets are slightly small. The petioles are very short, densely pubescent. The racemes are axillary, usually 2 ~ 2.5 cm, densely

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grayish brown to grayish white pubescent throughout. The bracts are narrowly ovate lanceolate. The flowers are dense, shortly petiolate. The calyx lobes are lanceolate, much longer than calyx tubes, covered with grayish white long hairs. The corollas are purplish red, as long as the calyx. The flag petals are oblong, shortly clawed at base, inconspicuously auriculate on both sides. The wing petals are falciform, shortly clawed, with one auricle. The keel petals are elliptic, slightly curved, shortly clawed at base, with acute auricle on one side. The stamens are monadelphous. The ovaries are hairy. The legumes are elliptic, 7–8  ×  5  mm, pubescent. There are 2 seeds, which are suborbicular, black. The flowering and fruiting period is in summer and autumn. Habitat: It grows in arid hillsides, roadside shrubs or grasses. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Taiwan in China, as well as in the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The plants are harvested in summer and autumn, removed the on-ground parts and fibrous roots, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are long cylindrical, often unbranched, 25–70 cm, attenuate downwards, with diameter of 1–2.5 cm on the upper part, adaxially grayish yellow to brown, apically with small rhizomes, slightly raised transverse lenticels and fine wrinkles. The corks are thin, and the brownish cortex exposed after scraping off the corks. It’s tough, not easy to break. The cortexes of sections are brownish red, easy to peel off, while the rest are yellow white, with storiform. It is odorless, slightly sweet and astringent in taste. The products thick and long rooted, yellowish white are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Eliminating wind and dampness and strengthening the waist and knees, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, pain of lumbago and leg, lumbar muscle strain, leucorrhea and bruise. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: rheumatoid arthritis: Flemingia prostrata 30 g, Radix zanthoxyli 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: chronic low back and leg pain: Flemingia prostrata 15 g, Bauhinia championii 15 g, Eucommia ulmoides 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Internal injury: Flemingia prostrata 30 g, root of Chinese clematis 12 g, decocted in water and mixed with wine for oral use.

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Chapter 9

Medicinal Angiosperms of Papilionaceae (Cont. II) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 9.1  F  amily: Papilionaceae 9.1.1  Fordia cauliflora 9.2  Family: Papilionaceae 9.2.1  Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza inflata, Glycyrrhiza glabra 9.3  Family: Papilionaceae 9.3.1  Glycine max 9.4  Family: Papilionaceae 9.4.1  Hedysarum polybotrys 9.5  Family: Papilionaceae 9.5.1  Hylodesmum oldhamii 9.6  Family: Papilionaceae 9.6.1  Indigofera pseudotinctoria 9.7  Family: Papilionaceae 9.7.1  Indigofera tinctoria

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_9

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462 9.8  Family: Papilionaceae 9.8.1 Indigofera trifoliata 9.9  Family: Papilionaceae 9.9.1 Kummerowia striata 9.10  Family: Papilionaceae 9.10.1 Lablab purpureus 9.11  Family: Papilionaceae 9.11.1 Lespedeza chinensis 9.12  Family: Papilionaceae 9.12.1 Lespedeza cuneata 9.13  Family: Papilionaceae 9.13.1 Lespedeza davidii 9.14  Family: Papilionaceae 9.14.1 Lespedeza formosa 9.15  Family: Papilionaceae 9.15.1 Lespedeza tomentosa 9.16  Family: Papilionaceae 9.16.1 Lotus frondosus 9.17  Family: Papilionaceae 9.17.1 Medicago polymorpha 9.18  Family: Papilionaceae 9.18.1 Melilotus officinalis 9.19  Family: Papilionaceae 9.19.1 Millettia dielsiana 9.20  Family: Papilionaceae 9.20.1 Millettia dielsiana var. heterocarpa 9.21  Family: Papilionaceae 9.21.1 Millettia nitida 9.22  Family: Papilionaceae 9.22.1 Millettia reticulata 9.23  Family: Papilionaceae 9.23.1 Millettia speciosa 9.24  Family: Papilionaceae 9.24.1 Millettia tsui 9.25  Family: Papilionaceae 9.25.1 Mucuna birdwoodiana 9.26  Family: Papilionaceae 9.26.1 Mucuna sempervirens 9.27  Family: Papilionaceae 9.27.1 Ormosia henryi 9.28  Family: Papilionaceae 9.28.1 Pueraria lobata, Pachyrhizus erosus 9.29  Family: Papilionaceae 9.29.1 Phaseolus lunatus 9.30  Family: Papilionaceae 9.30.1 Phyllodium elegans 9.31  Family: Papilionaceae 9.31.1 Phyllodium pulchellum

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This chapter introduces 34 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Fordia cauliflora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza inflate, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycine max, Hedysarum polybotrys, Hylodesmum oldhamii, Indigofera

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pseudotinctoria, Kummerowia striata, Lablab purpureus, Lespedeza chinensis, Lotus frondosus, Medicago polymorpha, Melilotus officinalis, Millettia dielsiana, Millettia tsui. Mucuna birdwoodiana, Mucuna sempervirens, Ormosia henryi, Pueraria lobate, Pachyrhizus erosus, Phaseolus lunatus, Phyllodium elegans, Phyllodium pulchellum of Papilionaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

9.1  Family: Papilionaceae 9.1.1  Fordia cauliflora Chinese Name(s): jing hua dou, shui luo san, ye jing dou, xia xu dou, gan hua dou, tu gan cao, da luo san. Source: This medicine is the roots of Fordia cauliflora (Fordia cauliflora Hemsl.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, up to 2  m tall. The stems are robust. The branches of the current year are densely rusty villous, glabrous later, and the old stems are reddish brown. The leaves are pinnately compound, 50 cm, of which the petioles are about 10 cm. The stipules are subulate, 2–2.5 cm, slightly curved, persistent. The leaflets are 12 in pairs, oblong to ovate-oblong, with the middle ones being larger, the lowest 1–2 pairs being smaller, which are 4–12 × 2.5–3 cm, apically acuminate, basally rounded, entire on margins, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pale white and densely appressed hairy, with lateral veins of 8–10 pairs, which are curved upward approximately to the margins. The petioles are about 3  mm. The stipules are filiform, 8–10 mm, persistent. The racemes are 15–40 cm, inserting on the base of lateral branches or old stems, straight, sometimes 2–3 fascicled. The branchlet nodes are wartlike, with 3–6(–10) flowers. The bracts are round, very small. The bracteoles are minute, round, appressed to calyxes. The flowers are 10–13 mm. The pedicels are ca. 1–2 mm. The calyxes are campanulate, 2–3 mm long. The lobes are triangular, and the calyx tubes are short. The corollas are pink to purplish red. The flag petals are round and sericeous hairy. The ovaries are narrowly ovate, pubescent, sessile, apically attenuate to styles, slender, and upcurved, 2-ovuled. The legumes are clavate, compressed, 7–10 × 2–2.5 cm, leathery, apically truncate acutely beaked, basally attenuate, appressed pubescent, glabrescent, 1–2 seeded. The seeds are round, compressed, 1  cm wide, dark brown, smooth, with membranous caruncles, wrapped in funiculus. The flowering period is from May to September and the fruiting from June to November. Habitat: It grows in shrubbery or cultivated.

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Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, and Guangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and slightly sour in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing blood stasis and swelling, moistening lungs, and dissipating phlegm, it is often used for treatment of rheumatism, pain of bone, fracture and blood stasis, and pulmonary tuberculosis. Use and Dosage: 9–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For treatment of carbuncle and furuncle, fresh roots and red sugar are mashed for external application. Pregnant women should not take it.

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9.2  Family: Papilionaceae 9.2.1  G  lycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza inflata, Glycyrrhiza glabra Chinese Name(s): guo lao, tian cao, tian gen zi. Source: This medicine is the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), Glycyrrhiza inflata (Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.). Morphology: A. Glycyrrhiza uralensis: The plant is a perennial erect herb. Its roots and rhizomes are strong and reddish brown. The branches are slightly zigzag, white tomentose, and densely scaly glandular punctate. The leaves are oddly pinnate, compound, and alternate, 7–17-foliolate. The leaflets are alternate or nearly opposite, slightly distant, with short petioles, ovate or broadly ovate, 2–5 × 1–3 cm, apically obtuse to mucronate, basally subrounded, pubescent and glandular on both surfaces. The racemes are axillary, usually shorter than leaves, densely flowered. The calyxes are campanulate, adaxially glandular punctate, and pubescent. The corollas are dark purple, butterfly shaped, 1.4–2.5 cm. The flag petals are obovate elliptic. The wing and keel petals are clawed. The stamens are monadelphous (9+1). The legumes are linear, falcate to curved into a ring, densely glandular punctate, 6–8 seeded, and the seeds are reniform. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting from July to October. Habitat: It grows on calcareous sandy soil. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast, North and Northwest China, as well as in countries of Mongolia, Russia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

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Morphology: B. Glycyrrhiza inflata: The plant is a perennial herb. Its roots and rhizomes are robust, brown and yellow scaly glandular on the root barks, light yellow and sweet inside. The stems are erect, up to 150 cm. The leaves are 4–20 cm. The petioles and rachises are densely brown glandular punctate, densely pubescent when young. The leaves are 3–7(or 9)-foliolate, ovate, elliptic or oblong, 2–6  ×  0.8–3  cm, apically acute to obtuse, basally subrounded, yellowish brown glandular punctate on both surfaces, sparse pubescent along veins, marginally more or less undulate. The racemes are axillary, many flowered but sparse. The peduncles are as long as or shorter than leaves, often elongated after anthesis, densely glandular punctate, pubescent when young. The bracts are oblong-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, densely glandular punctate, and pubescent. The calyxes are campanulate, 5–7 mm, densely orange glandular punctate and pubescent, 5 lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate, as long as the calyx tubes, upper 2 lobes joined to 1/2 from base. The corollas are purple or lavender. The flag petals are narrowly elliptic, 6–9(–12) × 4–7 mm, apically rounded, short clawed at base. The wing petals are equaling to flag petals, obviously auriculate and clawed. The keel petals are slightly shorter, auriculate, and clawed. The legumes are elliptic or oblong, 8–30 × 5–10 mm, straight or slightly curved, inflated or somewhat constricted between seeds, brown glandular punctate and glandular hairy, sparsely villous. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting from June to October. Habitat: It grows in riverbank terraces, water edges, farmland edges, or wastelands. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Xinjiang in China, as well as in countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.

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Morphology: C. Glycyrrhiza glabra: The plant is a perennial herb. Its roots and rhizomes are robust, 0.5–3 cm in diameter, to 1.5 m tall, woody at base, densely scaly glandular punctate, white hairy. The leaves are 5–14 cm. The petioles are densely yellow-brown glandular hairy and villous. The leaflets are 11–17-foliolate, ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or elliptic, 1.7–4  ×  0.8–2  cm, adaxially glabrescent or sparsely pilose, abaxially densely yellow scaly glandular punctate, apically rounded or emarginate, mucronate, basally subrounded. The racemes are axillary, densely flowered. The calyxes are campanulate, 5–7 mm, sparsely yellow glandular punctate and pubescent, 5 lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate, nearly equal to calyx tube, upper 2 lobes mostly joined. The corollas are purple or lavender, 9–12 mm. The ovaries are glabrous. The legumes are oblong, compressed, 17–35 × 4.5–7 mm, slightly falcate, constricted between seeds, glabrous or sparsely hairy, rarely densely or sparsely glandular punctate, 2–8 seeded. The seeds are dark green, smooth, reniform, ca. 2 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from May to June, and the fruiting from July to September. Habitat: It grows on the bank terraces, ditches, fields and roadsides, and can also grow on the arid salinized soils. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast, North and Northwest provinces in China, as well as in Europe, Mediterranean region, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Siberia, Russia, and Mongolia.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots and rhizomes are dug up in spring and autumn, but better in autumn, removed the branch roots, fibrous roots and pimple shaped root heads when fresh, sectioned, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: Glycyrrhiza uralensis: The products are terete, straight, and acuminate downward, ca. 30–60 cm long, 0.7–3 cm in diameter, reddish brown or dark brown on surface, with longitudinal wrinkles, transverse lenticels, and scattered fine root marks. It raised at incisions of both ends and sank in the center. It’s solid in quality. When broken, there is yellow dust sprinkle out. The sections are yellowish white, farinose, with obvious radial texture and often cracks. It’s slightly odored and sweet in taste. The products robust, hard and heavy, red, solid, sweet, and farinose are better in quality. Glycyrrhiza inflata: The roots and rhizomes are robust and woody, branched, with muricate outer skin, mostly grayish brown or grayish brown. It is hard, fibrous rather than farinose, with numerous and thick adventitious buds on rhizomes. Glycyrrhiza glabra: The roots and rhizomes are robust and woody, branched, with muricate outer skin, mostly grayish brown or grayish brown. It is hard, fibrous rather than farinose, with numerous and thick adventitious buds on rhizomes. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of heart, lungs, spleen, and stomach. Functions: Tonifying the spleen and Qi, clearing heat and detoxicating, eliminating phlegm and relieving cough, relieving spasm and pain, and harmonizing various drugs, it’s often used in treatment for weakness of spleen and stomach, fatigue, palpitation, shortness of breath, cough and phlegm, abdominal pain, carbuncle, sores, and food poisoning. Use and Dosage: 2–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Gastric and duodenal ulcer: Glycyrrhiza uralensis 10 g, eggshell 15 g, stramonium leaf 0.5 g, ground into powder. Take 3 g per dose, three times a day.

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2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Hysteria: (liquorice and jujube soup) Glycyrrhiza uralensis 15 g, jujube 30 g, Fructus Tritici Levis 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Palpitation due to blood deficiency and intermittent pulse (early pulsation): roasted Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Codonopsis pilosula, rehmanniarhizome, donkey hide gelatin, Liriope graminifolia and hemp kernel, 9 g each, Cinnamon Twig 4.5 g, ginger 3 slices, and 5 jujubes, decocted in water for oral use. For those with Yin deficiency, internal heat and restless at night, Cinnamon Twig and ginger are removed, and added with magnetite 15 g and oyster 30 g. For those with Qi deficiency, added with Astragalus mongholicus 9 g and Schisandra chinensis 4.5 g. Annotation: This product is restricted to be used with Sargassum, Beijing spurge root, knoxia root, lilac daphne flower bud, and Euphorbia kansui.

9.3  Family: Papilionaceae 9.3.1  Glycine max Chinese Name(s): da dou, huang dou, bai dou. Source: This medicine is the seeds of Glycine max (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.). Morphology: The herb is annual. Its stems are usually erect or semi tendril, robust, densely brown hirsute, 50–150 cm tall. The leaves are pinnately 3 foliolate. The leaflets are ovate, elliptic. The lateral leaflets are obliquely ovate, 5–13 × 2.5–8 cm, entire on margins, apically rounded or rounded, rarely acuminate, hairy on both surfaces. The stipules and stipels are broadly ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, abaxially hairy. The racemes are short, axillary, 2–12 flowered. The bracts and bracteoles are lanceolate, hairy. The flowers are small, reddish purple or white, 6–8 mm. The calyxes are campanulate, 5 lobed. The lobes are lanceolate, and the lowest lobes are the longest. The flag petals are subrounded, apically emarginate, clawed at base. The wing petals are crenate, with obvious claws and auricles. The keel petals are oblique obovate, with short claws. The ovaries are hairy. The legumes are densely brown, slightly hirsute, slightly curved, pendulous, about 5 × 1 cm, constricted between seeds, 2–5 seeded. The seeds are broadly reniform, ovate to orbicular, many colored depending on the varieties. Habitat: It grows on hillsides and cultivated in fields. Distribution: It is cultivated all over the country and originated in China. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun after sprouting. Medicinal Properties: The product is elliptical or quasi spherical, slightly compressed, 6–12 mm long, 5–9 mm in diameter, yellow on surfaces, smooth or wrinkled, glossy, with an oval hilium of yellowish white at one side. It’s hard in quality. The testa is thin and crisp. There are 2 cotyledons, which are plump, yellowish green or light yellow. It has slightly odored, bland and with a taste of fishy when chewing. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, relieving exterior syndrome. It’s often used for treatment of fever due to heat and dampness, measles, chest tightness, pain of joints, edema, and fullness. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. It should be used in patients with damp-heat syndrome. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute nephritis: Glycine max 100 g, crucian carp 500 g, stewed. Take twice a day for 7 days. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: pregnancy edema: Glycine max 100 g, pig’s foot 500 g, stewed. Take twice a day for 7 days. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: diarrhea due to spleen deficiency: Glycine max 100 g, pig large intestine 1 pair, stewed. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: premature graying of the hair: Glycine max 100 g, black sesame 50 g, red jujube 50 g, stewed. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: kidneys deficiency, low back pain, frequent nocturia: Glycine max 100 g, stewed in pig stomach.

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9.4  Family: Papilionaceae 9.4.1  Hedysarum polybotrys Chinese Name(s): duo xu yan huang qi, hong qi, hei qi. Source: This medicine is the roots of Hedysarum polybotrys (Hedysarum polybotrys Hand. - Mazz.). Morphology: The plants are perennial herbs, erect, up to 80 cm tall. The main roots are robust and the exodermit is reddish brown. The leaves are oddly pinnate, compound, alternate, 10–15  cm, 7–25 foliolate. The leaflets are ovate oblong, 1–3 × 0.7–1.5 cm, apically rounded or emarginate, mucronate, basally obtuse. The stipules are long lanceolate, connate at base. The racemes are axillary, many flowered. The pedicels are filiform, 3–4 mm. The calyxes are obliquely campanulate. The lobes are far shorter than the calyx tube, and the lowest lobes are about 1 time longer than the other four. The corollas are light yellow. The flag petals are obovate,

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ca. l0 mm. The wing petals are as long as the flag petals, and the keel petals are 13–16 mm. The legumes are 3–5 articulate, and the articles are subglobose, about 5 mm in diameter, narrow winged on margins, appressed pubescent and reticulate adaxially. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting from July to September. Habitat: It grows on sunny hillside, shrub, or forest edge grassland. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, etc., in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is cylindrical with few branches, slightly thicker on the upper end, 10–50 cm long and 0.6–2 cm in diameter, grayish red and brown on surfaces, with longitudinal wrinkles, long transverse lenticel-like protuberances and a few root marks. The outer skin is easy to fall off, showing the light yellowish inner part. It is hard and tough, difficult to break, fibrous in cross-sections, and pruinose. The cortex is yellowish white, the xylem is yellowish brown, with radial rays, and the cambium ring is light brown. It’s slightly odored, slightly sweet, and with a taste of beany flavor when chewing. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Tonifying qi and strengthening the superficial, reducing swelling and detoxicating, discharging pus, astringing sore, and promoting regeneration, it’s often used for treatment of Qi deficiency and asthenia, anorexia and diarrhea, sinking of middle Qi, long diarrhea and anorectal prolapse, hemafecia, metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, spontaneous perspiration, Qi deficiency and edema, prolonged carbuncle and gangrene, blood deficiency, internal heat, and thirst. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.5  Family: Papilionaceae 9.5.1  Hylodesmum oldhamii Chinese Name(s): yu ye chang bing shan ma huang, teng gan cao, yu ye shan lv dou. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Hylodesmum oldhamii (Hylodesmum oldhamii (Oliver) H.  Ohashi & R.  R. Mill [Desmodium oldhamii Oliv.]). Morphology: The plant is perennial herbs, up to 150 cm tall. The rhizomes are woody and robust. The stems are slightly angulate and glabrous. The leaves are pinnately compound, 3–7 leaflets. The stipules are subulate, 7–8×1 mm. The petioles are ca. 6 cm, pubescent. The leaflets are papery, lanceolate, oblong or ovate elliptic, 6–15  ×  3–5  cm, with the terminal leaflets being larger and the lower ones being small, apically attenuate, basally cuneate to obtuse, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, entire on margins, with 6 lateral veins on each side of the midvein. The stipules are filiform, 1–2.5  mm, caducous. The petioles of terminal leaflets are ca. 1.5 cm. The racemes are terminal or axillary, simple or short branched, up to 40 cm. The peduncles are yellowish pubescent. The flowers are lax. The bracts are narrowly triangle, 5–8 × 1 mm. The pedicels are 4–6 mm long at anthesis, 6–11 mm at fruiting, densely spreading uncinate hairy. The bracteoles are absent. The calyxes are 2.5–3 mm. The calyx tubes are 1.5–1.7 mm. The lobes are 1–1.3 mm, and the upper lobes are distinctly 2-split at apex. The corollas are purplish red, ca. 7 mm. The flag petals are broadly elliptic, apically slightly concave, shortly clawed. The wing and keel petals are narrowly elliptic, shortly clawed. The stamens are monodelphous. The ovaries are linear, hairy, with stipes, styles curved. The legumes are compressed, ca. 3.4  cm, deeply concave from the back suture to the abdominal, mostly 2-jointed, rarely 1- or 3-jointed, and the articles are obliquely triangular, 1–1.5 cm × 5–7 mm, uncinate hairy. The fruit pedicels are 6–11 mm, and the fruits necks are 10–15 mm. The seeds are 9 × 5 mm. The flowering period is from August to September and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in valley, ditch, forest and forest. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Jilin, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu in China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Expelling wind and activating blood circulation, relieving exterior syndrome and cold, promoting diuresis and killing insects, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatic bone pain, cough due to strain, hematemesis, etc., as well as in external application of sores and carbuncles. Use and Dosage: 15–20 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.6  Family: Papilionaceae 9.6.1  Indigofera pseudotinctoria Chinese Name(s): ma ji, yi wei yao. Source: This medicine is the roots of Indigofera pseudotinctoria (Indigofera pseudotinctoria Matsum.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous subshrub, 55–90 cm tall. Its branchlets are covered with whitish medifixed trichomes. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, alternate, 7–11 foliolate. The leaflets are opposite, elliptic, obovate elliptic or obovate, marginally entire, 1–2 × 0.5–1 cm, apically rounded or slightly emarginate, mucronate, basally broadly cuneate or subrounded, with medifixed trichomes

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on both surfaces. The stipules are conic and small. The racemes are axillary, 3.5–10 cm. The flowers are dense, ca. 4 mm. The calyxes are campanulate, 5-lobed, white tomentose. The corollas are butterfly shaped, light red to dark red, occasionally white, pubescent adaxially on the flag petals. There are 10 stamens, which are monadelphous (9+1). The ovaries are with medifixed trichomes. The legumes are cylindrical, 1–3.5 × 0.3 cm, densely covered with medifixed trichomes when young. The seeds are reniform. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the edge of hillside forests and bushes at altitudes of 100–1300 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan in China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in autumn, washed, sectioned, dried in the sun, or used freshly. Medicinal Properties: The products are terete, 2–3 branched at the lower part, 15–30 × 1–2.5 cm, adaxially grayish brown or brownish yellow, with sparse longitudinal wrinkles and transverse lenticels, and fine punctate root marks. It’s hard in quality, difficult to break, yellowish white, and fibrous at cross sections. It’s slightly odored, bitter in taste. The products dry, even sized, with fine skin, no fibrous roots, and impurities are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used or the treatment of cold and coughing, tonsillitis, cervical lymph node tuberculosis, infantile malnutrition, sore, carbuncle, dysentery, and hemorrhoids. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of products are mashed for application or ground for juice and smeared on the affected areas.

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9.7  Family: Papilionaceae 9.7.1  Indigofera tinctoria Chinese Name(s): mu lan, lan dian. Source: This medicine is the leaves of whole plants of Indigofera tinctoria (Indigofera tinctoria Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an erect subshrub, 0.5–1 m tall, with few branches. The young branches are angulate, twisted, covered with medifixed symmetrically 2-branched trichomes. The leaves are pinnately compound, 2.5–11 cm. The petioles are 1.3–2.5 cm, adaxially flat with shallow grooves and medifixed trichomes. The stipules are subulate, ca. 2 mm. The leaflets are 4–6 foliolate, opposite, obovate-­ oblong to obovate, 1.5–3  ×  0.5–1.5  cm, apically obtuse or emarginated, basally

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broadly cuneate to rounded, with appressed medifixed trichomes, adaxially sometimes glabrous. The midveins sank adaxially. The lateral veins are inconspicuous. The petioles are ca. 2 mm. The stipules are subulate. The racemes are 2.5–5(–9) cm long, sparsely flowered. The peduncles are nearly absent. The bracts are subulate, 1–1.5 mm. The pedicels are 4–5 mm. The calyxes are campanulate, 1.5 mm, and the lobes are triangular, nearly as long as the calyx tubes, adaxially with medifixed trichomes. The corollas are red, extended out of the calyxes. The flag petals are broadly obovate, 4–5 mm, adaxially hairy, shortly clawed. The wing petals are ca. 4 mm. The keel petals are as long as the flag petals. The anthers are cardioid. The ovaries are glabrous. The legumes are linear, 2.5–3 cm, constricted between seeds, moniliform, hairy or glabrous, 5–10 seeded. The endocarps of seeds are purplish red blotched. The fruit pedicels curved downward. The seeds are nearly cubic, ca. 1.5 mm. The flowering period is all year round and the fruiting in October. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in provinces of Anhui, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in China and is widely distributed in tropical areas of Asia and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, it’s often used for prevention and treatment of epidemic encephalitis B and mumps. For external use, the products are used to treat sore, boil, swelling, and erysipelas. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh leaves are mashed for juice and smeared to the affected areas.

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9.8  Family: Papilionaceae 9.8.1  Indigofera trifoliata Chinese Name(s): san ye mu lan, di lan gen. Source: This medicine is the leaves of whole plants of Indigofera trifoliata (Indigofera trifoliata Linn.). Morphology: The herb is perennial. Its stems are decumbent or suberect, basally lignified, with slender branches, initially hairy, later glabrous. The leaves are 3-­foliolate, pinnately or palmately compound. The petioles are 6–10 mm, slender. The stipules are minute. The leaflets are membranous, obovate long elliptic or oblanceolate, 1–2.5  ×  0.4–0.7  cm, apically rounded, basally, adaxially grayish green, abaxially light green, with dark brown or red glands, pubescent on both surfaces. The midvein sank adaxially. The lateral veins are inconspicuous. The petioles are 0.5–1 mm. The racemes are nearly capitate, far shorter than compound leaves, 6–12 flowered. The flowers are small and dense. The peduncles are ca. 2.5  mm, densely hirsute. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm, and the lobes are bristly, up to 2 mm. The corollas are red. The flag petals are obovate, ca. 6 mm, hairy. The wing petals are oblong, glabrous. The keel petals are falcate, adaxially densely hairy. The anthers are round. The ovaries are glabrous. The legumes are 1–1.5 cm, pendulous, with obvious ridges on the dorsal and ventral sutures, hairy and red gland punctate initially, then caducous, 6–8 seeded. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows on hillside grasslands. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi in China, as well as in countries of Vietnam, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property.

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Functions: Clearing heat and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of acute and chronic pharyngitis. Use and Dosage: 9–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment of mastitis, proper amounts of fresh plants are decocted for washing with.

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9.9  Family: Papilionaceae 9.9.1  Kummerowia striata Chinese Name(s): ji yan cao, ren zi cao, san ye ren zi cao, qia bu qi, lao ya xu, pu di jin. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Kummerowia striata (Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl.). Morphology: The herb is annual, decumbent, 5–30 cm. Its stems and branches are with downward-pointing hairs. The leaves are fingerlike 3 foliate, elliptic, long elliptic, oblong, obovate or obovate oblong, 5–20 × 3–8 mm, apically obtuse occasionally emarginated, mucronate, basally rounded, broadly cuneate to cuneate, adaxially glabrous to sparsely hairy, abaxially whitish hairy along midveins and margins. The stipules are large, dry membranous, longer than petioles, oblong to subovate, apically acuminate. The inflorescences are axillary, 1–3 flowered, sparsely 5. There are 2 bracts and 4 bracteoles. The pedicels are densely white pilose. The calyxes are campanulate, 5 parted. The corollas are lilac. The legumes are obovoid, slightly compressed, slightly extended outside the calyxes, adaxially with reticulated veins and fine hairs. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to September. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, roadsides, field edges, forest edges, and under forests. Distribution: It is distributed in Northeast China, North China, East China, Central South China, Southwest China, etc., as well as in North Korea, Japan, and Russia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxifying, promoting blood circulation, promoting diuresis and relieving diarrhea, it’s often used for treatment of gastroenteritis, dysentery, hepatitis, nyctalopia, urinary tract infection, bruise, and furuncle. Use and Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute gastroenteritis and dysentery: Kummerowia striata 30 g, Acalypha australis Linn 30 g, Agrimonia pilosa 30 g, Polygonum hydropiper 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: nyctalopia: Kummerowia striata 9–12 g, stir fried until yellow, ground to powder, steamed with pork liver for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: cold, high fever, cough, and chest pain: Kummerowia striata 30 g, perilla leaf 9 g, osbeckia 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: diarrhea: Kummerowia striata 15  g, added with brown sugar or white sugar, and decocted in water to take. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: jaundice hepatitis: Kummerowia striata, Serrate rabdosia herb, European verbena, Chrysanthemum indicum 15 g each, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.10  Family: Papilionaceae 9.10.1  Lablab purpureus Chinese Name(s): bai bian dou, huo lian bian dou, e mei dou, cha dou, xue dou, bian dou zi. Source: This medicine is the seeds of Lablab purpureus (Lablab purpureus (Linn.) Sweet[Dolichos lablab Linn.]). Morphology: The morphological description of this species refers to Flos Dolichoris. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is widely cultivated all over the country. Though native to India, it’s now cultivated in all tropical regions of the world. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds are harvested in autumn and winter, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The dried seeds are oblate or ovate, 8–12 × 6–9 × 4–7 mm yellowish white on the surfaces, smooth and lustrous, with white raised semilunar caruncles at one side of the margins, which accounts for about 1/3–1/2 of the circumference. After peeling off, the sunken hilum can be seen. Next to the caruncle, there is a micropyle at one end and a short prostypus at the other end. It’s hard. The episperm is thin and crisp, with 2 cotyledons inside, which are thick, yellowish white, and horny. It’s has the taste of beans when chewing. The products plump and white are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of spleen and stomach. Functions: Harmonizing stomach and dispelling dampness, strengthening spleen and relieving diarrhea, it’s often used for treatment of diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, and leucorrhea. Use and Dosage: 6–12 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: diarrhea in children: Lablab purpureu 9  g, roasted nutmeg, lotus seed 6 g each, banksia rose 4.5 g, ginger-processed coptidis 2 g, Liquiritia glycyrrhiza 3 g, ground to fine powder. Take 0.9–1.5 g per dose, 3 times a day. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: sun stroke, thirst, abdominal distention, and diarrhea: Lablab purpureus (stir fried) 120 g, agastache leaves 60 g, ground to fine powder. Take 6 g per dose with cold boiled water. In case of muscle rotation (calf gastrocnemius spasm), added with Chinese flowering quince 30 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.11  Family: Papilionaceae 9.11.1  Lespedeza chinensis Chinese Name(s): zhong hua hu zhi zi, tai yang cao, gao jiao ying geng, tai wan hu zhi zi. Source: This medicine is the roots or whole plants of Lespedeza chinensis (Lespedeza chinensis G. Don). Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, up to 1 m tall. The whole plants are appressed white hairy throughout, glabrescent at the lower part. The stems are erect or decumbent, obliquely branched, pubescent. The stipules are subulate, 3–5 mm. The petioles are ca.1 cm. The leaves are 3-foliolate. The leaflets are obovate-oblong, oblong, or ovate-obovate, 1.5–4  ×  1–1.5  cm, marginally truncated, subtruncated, slightly emarginate or obtuse, cuspidate, marginally retrorse, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, abaxially densely appressed white hairy. The racemes are axillary, not overtopping leaves, few flowered. The peduncles are very short. The pedicels are 1–2  mm long. The bracts and bracteoles are lanceolate. There are 2 bracteoles, which are 2 mm long, appressed pubescent. The calyxes are ca. 1/2 the length of the corollas, 5 parted, and the lobes are narrow lanceolate, 3 mm, appressed pubescent, ciliate on margins. The corollas are white or yellow. The flag petals are elliptic, 7 × 3 mm, basally clawed, and auriculate. The wing petals are oblong, ca. 6 mm, long clawed. The keels are ca. 8 mm. The cleistogamous flowers clustered in leaf axils of lower stems. The legumes are ovoid, ca. 4 × 2.5–3 mm, apically with beaks, basally slightly oblique, adaxially reticulated veined, and appressed white

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hairy. The flowering period is from August to September and the fruiting from October to November. Habitat: It grows in bushes, grasses, etc. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, and Sichuan in China, as well as in Macao. Acquisition and Processing: The roots or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispersing Lungs-Qi and relieving asthma, and stopping malaria, it is often used to treat high fever of children, heat stroke, asthma, dysentery, mastitis, malaria, beriberi, rheumatoid arthralgia, and arthritis. Use and Dosage: 15–18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.12  Family: Papilionaceae 9.12.1  Lespedeza cuneata Chinese Name(s): jie ye tie sao zhou, tie sao zhou, tie ma bian, cang ying chi, san ye gong mu cao, yu chuan cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Lespedeza cuneata (Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. - Cours.) G. Don). Morphology: The plant is a small shrub, 30–100  cm tall. The branchlets are slightly angulate and white pubescent. The leaves are 3-foliolate. The terminal leaflets are oblanceolate, ca. 1 (–3) cm × 2 (–5) mm, apically truncated, slightly emarginate, mucronate, basally cuneate, adaxially glabrous or sparsely hairy, abaxially densely white pilose. The lateral leaflets are small. The petioles are 5–10  mm, pubescent. The stipules are conic. The racemes are axillary, 2–4 flowered, shorter

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than the leaves. The peduncles are inconspicuous. The apetalous flower fascicled in the leaf axils. The bracteoles are narrow ovate or ovate. The calyxes are campanulate, 5 lobed, and the lobes are lanceolate, longer than the calyx tubes, pubescent. The corollas are white to light red. The flag petals are slightly shorter than the keel petals. The legumes are ovate, ca. 3  mm. The flowering period is from June to September and the fruiting in October. Habitat: It grows on the hillside roads below 100 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, etc., as well as in countries of North Korea, Japan, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, eliminating food accumulation, dispelling phlegm, and relieving coughing, it’s often used for treatment of infantile malnutrition, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, bacillary dysentery, stomachache, jaundice hepatitis, nephritis, leucorrhea, stomatitis, cough, bronchitis, as well as for external treatment of herpes zoster and snakebite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh plants are mashed and applied to the affected areas. Prescription Examples: 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: infantile malnutrition: Lespedeza cuneata root 30 g, Elaeagnus angustifolia root 30 g (bake with honey), malt 6 g and radish after seeding 6 g, decocted in casserole and taken instead of tea. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute icteric hepatitis: Lespedeza cuneata root 120 g, stewed with lean pork 30 g. Take the meat and drink the soup 1 dose per day for 14 days. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute nephritis: Lespedeza cuneata, Combined Spicebush Root, asiatic centella, 30 g each, Serissa serissoides 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose per day. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: stomatitis of children: the whole plant of Lespedeza cuneata 30 g, decocted in water and taken with sugar. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: chronic tracheitis: Lespedeza cuneata 60 g (90 g for fresh), added with 600 ml of water, decocted into 200 ml. Take 100 ml twice a day, 10 days as a course of treatment. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: venomous snakebite: Lespedeza cuneata leaves, Desmodium heterocarpum leaves in equal amount, ground into fine powder. Take 4–6 g each time, twice a day. Or fresh plants, washed for chewing. For external use, Echinacea purpurea, Euphorbia herb, and Melastoma dodecandrum 30–60  g respectively, decocted for washing with, 1–3 times a day. For

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severe cases, shave off the hair at Baihui Point, prick with disinfectant needle until slightly bleeding, take 4–6 g of the former medicinal powder, mixed with warm boiled water and apply to the point, fix with adhesive tape, change medicine 1–2 times a day. At the same time, enlarge the wound with a sterile needle or scalpel for discharging poisonous. 7. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: shingles: Lespedeza cuneata leaves, Duchesnea indica in the same amounts, added a little human milk, mashed, and smeared to the affected area every 4 hours.

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9.13  Family: Papilionaceae 9.13.1  Lespedeza davidii Chinese Name(s): da ye hu zhi zi, da ye wu shao, da ye ma liao shao, huo xue dan. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Lespedeza davidii (Lespedeza davidii Franch.). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub, 1–3 m tall. The branches are robust, slightly tortuous, distinctly angular, and densely villous. There are 2 stipules, which are ovate lanceolate, 5 mm. The petioles are 1–4 cm, densely hispidulous. The leaflets are broadly ovate or broadly obovate, 3.5–7(–13)  ×  2.5–5(–8)  cm, apically rounded or emarginate, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, marginally entire, densely yellowish white sericeous on both surfaces. The racemes are axillary or in panicles at apex of branchlets, densely flowered, longer than leaves. The peduncles are 4–7 cm, densely villous. The bracteoles are ovate lanceolate, 2 mm, villous outside. The calyxes are broadly campanulate, 5-parted, 6 mm long, and the lobes are lanceolate, villous. The flowers are reddish purple. The flag petals are obovate oblong, 10–11 × 5 mm, apically rounded or emarginate, basally clawed, and auriculate. The wing petals are narrowly oblong, shorter than the flag petals and keels, ca. 7 mm, auriculate, slenderly clawed. The keel petals are slightly falcate, subequal to standard, distinctly auriculate, and clawed. The ovaries are densely hairy. The legumes are ovate, 8–10  mm long, slightly oblique, apically mucronate, basally rounded, reticulate veined, and slightly dense sericeous. The flowering period is from July to September, and the fruiting is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in the hillside thickets 800 m above sea level.

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Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and relieving exterior symptoms, stopping coughing and bleeding, clearing and activating the channels and collaterals. It’s often used for treatment of external headache, fever, dysentery, cough, hemoptysis, urination, hematochezia, metrorrhagia, and lumbago. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.14  Family: Papilionaceae 9.14.1  Lespedeza formosa Chinese Name(s): mei li hu zhi zi, ma sao zhou, bai hua yang gu zao, ye guan men, san mei mu, jia lan gen. Source: This medicine is the roots and whole plants of Lespedeza formosa (Lespedeza formosa (Vog.) Koehne.). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub, 1–2 m tall, many branched. Its branches are spreading, pubescent. The stipules are lanceolate to linear lanceolate, 4–9 mm, brown, sparsely pilose. The petioles are 1–5 cm, pubescent. The leaflets are elliptic, oblong elliptic or ovate, rarely obovate, slightly pointed or blunt at both ends, 2.5–6 cm long, 1–3 cm wide, green on surface, slightly pubescent, light green on the back, appressed with pubescence. The racemes are single, axillary, longer than the leaves, or form a terminal panicle. The total pedicels are up to 10  cm long and pubescent. The bracts are ovate acuminate, 1.5–2 mm long, and densely fluffy. The pedicels are short and hairy. The calyxes are bell shaped, 5–7 mm long, 5-deep split, and the lobes are oblong lanceolate, 2–4 times longer than the calyx tube, densely pubescent outside. The corollas are reddish purple, 10–15 mm long, and the flag petals are nearly round or slightly hairy, 7–8 mm long. The base has ear and slender handle. The keels are slightly longer than the flag. It is significantly longer than the flag when the flowers are in full bloom. The base has ear and slender handle. Pods are obovate or obovate oblong, 8 mm in length and 4 mm in width, with reticulated and pubescent surface. The flowering period is from July to September. The fruiting period is from September to October. Habitat: It grows in hillside forests or weeds. Distribution: It is distributed in North China, East China, southwest to Guangxi, Guangdong, etc., as well as in countries of North Korea, Japan, and India.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots or whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and slightly astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and cooling blood, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, eliminating swelling, and relieving pain, it is used to treat hemoptysis due to lungs heat, lungs abscess, sore, carbuncle, furuncle, hematochezia, rheumatoid joint pain, bruise, and swelling, as well as external treatment of sprain, dislocation, and fracture. Dosage: 3–5 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

500

H. Ye et al.

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9.15  Family: Papilionaceae 9.15.1  Lespedeza tomentosa Chinese Name(s): rong mao hu zhi zi, shan dou hua, mao hu zhi zi, bai hu zhi zi, bai tu zi, bai qiu. Source: This medicine is the roots of Lespedeza tomentosa (Lespedeza tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. ex Maxim.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, up to 1  m tall, densely yellowish brown tomentose throughout. The stems are erect, simple, or branched above. The stipules are linear, ca. 4 mm. The leaves are pinnately compound, 3-foliolate. The leaflets are thick, elliptic or ovate-oblong, 3–6 × 1.5–3 cm, apically obtuse or emarginate, marginally slightly involute, adaxially appressed hairy, abaxially densely yellowish brown villous or pilose, especially so along the veins. The petioles are 2–3 cm. The racemes are terminal or axillary at the upper part of stem. The peduncles are thick, 4–8 cm. The bracts are linear lanceolate, 2 mm, hairy. The flowers are with short pedicels, densely brownish villous. The calyxes are densely hairy, ca. 6  mm, 5-parted, and the lobes are narrowly lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, apically long acuminate. The corollas are yellow or yellowish white. The flag petals are elliptic, ca. 1 cm. The keel petals are subequal to flag petals. The wing petals are shorter, oblong. The cleistogamous flowers are in leaf axils of upper stems. The legumes are obovate, 3–4 × 2–3 mm, apically mucronate, densely hairy. Habitat: It grows in hillside grasslands and shrubs below 1000 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Northeast China, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi, Henan, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Fujian in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Invigorating spleen and restoring deficiency, it’s often used for treatment of deficiency tuberculosis, blood deficiency, dizziness, edema, ascites, dysentery, and dysmenorrhea. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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H. Ye et al.

9.16  Family: Papilionaceae 9.16.1  Lotus frondosus Chinese Name(s): xing jiang bai mai gen Source: This medicine is the flowers and roots of Lotus frondosus (Lotus frondosus (Freyn)Kupr.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 10–35 cm tall, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the upper stems and leaves. The stems are many branched at base, erect or ascending, hollow, shortly articulate, and leafy. The leaves are pinnately compound, 5 foliolate. The rachises are 4–6 mm. The terminal 3 leaflets are obovate to obovate elliptic, 7–13 × 4–6 mm, apically obtuse, basally cuneate. The basal 2

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leaflets are obovate, sharp, subglabrous on both surfaces, papery. The petioles are short and glabrous. The inflorescences are umbel, 1–2(–3) flowered. The peduncles are thin, 2–5 cm long. The flowers are 8–11 mm. The pedicels are short. There are 3 bracts, which are leaf-like, or 5 foliolate, inserting at the base of the pedicels, equal to the calyxes. The calyxes are campanulate, 5–6 × 4 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. The lobes are filiform, longer than calyx tubes. The corollas are orange yellow, with red stripes. The flag petals are broadly obovate, attenuate to the petioles, as long as the wing and keel petals. The wing petals are oblong, thinly clawed. The keel petals are ovate triangle, apically beaked, curved below the middle. The styles are straight and the ovaries are linear, 30–35 ovuled. The legumes are cylindrical, 2–3 cm × 2–3 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from May to August and the fruiting from July to October. Habitat: It grows on the edges of moist saline alkali grasslands and swamps. Distribution: It is distributed in region of Xinjiang in China, as well as in Europe, Central Asia, Mongolia, Iran, India, and Pakistan. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are harvested in spring and dried in the sun. The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, washed and dried, or removed the heartwood, sliced, and dried. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: The roots function in activating blood circulation, promoting diuresis, killing pain, and strengthening. The flowers function in dispelling pathogenic wind and calming the liver, relieving coughing. It’s often used for treatment of cough due to wind heat, sore throat, epigastralgia, eczema, dysentery, hemorrhoids, and hemafecia. Dosage: 10–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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H. Ye et al.

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9.17  Family: Papilionaceae 9.17.1  Medicago polymorpha Latin name: Chinese Name(s): nan mu xu, huang hua cao zi, jin hua cai. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Medicago polymorpha (Medicago polymorpha Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a biennial herb, 20–90 cm tall. Its stems are recumbent, ascending or erect, nearly quadrangular, branched at base, glabrous or puberulent. The leaves are pinnately compound, 3 foliolate. The stipules are large, ovate oblong, 4–7  mm, apically acuminate, basally auriculate, marginally irregularly laciniate or deeply incised, obviously veined. The petioles are soft, slender, 1–5 cm, adaxially furrowed. The leaflets are obovate or triangular obovate, equaling in sizes, 7–20 × 5–15 mm, papery, apically obtuse, subtruncate or emarginated, mucronate, basally broadly cuneate, margin shallowly serrate in apical 1/3, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely pilose, without striae. The inflorescence are axillary racemes, (1–) 2–10 flowered. The peduncles are axillary, slender and glabrous, 3–15  mm, usually shorter than leaves, apically not awn-like. The bracts are very small, apically caudate. The flowers are 3–4 mm and the pedicels are less than 1 mm. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 2 mm. The lobes are lanceolate, nearly as long as the calyx tubes, glabrous, or sparsely hairy. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are obovate, apically emarginate, basally broadly cuneate, longer than the wing petals and the keels. The wing petals are oblong, basally auriculate, and broadly clawed, with developed odontoid. The keel petals are slightly shorter than the wing petals, basally auriculate and hooked. The ovaries are oblong, falcate and upward curved, slightly hairy. The legumes are discoid, greenish brown, tightly coiled in 1.5–2.5(–6) spirals, 4–6(–10) mm (excluding the length of thorns), flat and glabrous on coil surface, with multiple radial veins connected near margins and 15 thorns or tubercles in each circle. There are 1–2 seeds in each circle, which are reniform, ca. 2.5 × 1.25 mm, brown and smooth. The flowering period is from March to May and the fruiting from May to June. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated or grows in semiwild in provinces and regions of south of the Yangtze River, Shaanxi, Gansu, Guizhou, and Yunnan, as well as in Southern Europe, southwest Asia, and the whole old world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in spring and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, slightly cold in property. Functions: Clearing heat and cooling blood, removing dampness and eliminating jaundice, treating stranguria, and removing urinary calculus, it’s often used for treatment of fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, edema, urolithiasis, and hemorrhoids. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the fresh plants are mashed for application.

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H. Ye et al.

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9.18  Family: Papilionaceae 9.18.1  Melilotus officinalis Chinese Name(s): cao mu xi, she tui cao, huang hua cao mu xi. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Melilotus officinalis (Melilotus officinalis (Linn.) Pall.). Morphology: The plant is a biennial herb, 40–130 cm tall. Its stems are erect, robust, many branched, longitudinally angulate, puberulent. The leaves are pinnately compound, 3 foliolate. The stipules are falcate linear, 3–5(–7) mm, with 1 vein in the center, entire or with 1 tooth at base. The petioles are slender. The leaflets are obovate, broadly ovate, oblanceolate to linear, 15–25 (–30) × 5–15 mm, apically obtuse or truncated, basally broadly cuneate, marginally shallowly serrate, glabrous and muricate adaxially, abaxially sparsely pubescent, with 8–12 pairs of lateral veins, which are parallel and reach the teeth, unraised. The terminal leaflets are slightly larger, longer petiolate, while the lateral leaflets are shortly petiolate. The racemes are 6–15(–20) cm, axillary, 30–70 flowered, dense at first, becoming lax in anthesis. The rachis extended significantly in anthesis. The bracts are prickly, ca. 1 mm. The flowers are 3.5–7 mm. The pedicels are as long as or slightly longer than the bracts. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 2 mm, with 5 clear veins, and the lobes are triangular lanceolate, slightly unequal, shorter than the calyx tubes. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are obovate. The wing petals are obovate, as long as the wings. The keel petals are slightly shorter or sometimes all of the petals are subequal in length. The stamens tubes are often persistent and enclosing outside the fruits after anthesis. The ovaries are ovate lanceolate, (4) 6 (–8) ovuled, and the styles are longer than the ovaries. The legumes are ovate, 3–5 × ca. 2 mm, apically with persistent styles, transversely reticulately veined on surfaces, brown black, and 1–2 seeded. The seeds are ovate, 2.5 mm long, yellowish brown, smooth. The flowering period is from May to September and the fruiting from June to October. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, grasslands, and roadsides. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, etc., in China, as well as in the east coast of Mediterranean, Middle East, Central Asia, and East Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in anthesis and dried in the shade. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, removing dampness and killing insects, it’s often used for treatment chest distress due to summer heat, malaria, dysentery, gonorrhea, and skin sores.

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Dosage: 3–5  g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the plants are mashed for fumigation. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: malaria: Melilotus officinalis 30 g, decocted in water and taken 1 hour before the onset of malaria. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: urinary tract infection and stranguria: Melilotus officinalis 25 g, Dianthus superbus 20 g, Polygonum aviculare 20 g, akebia 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: pustules and bedsores: Rhinoceros melilotus officinalis 25 g, Cortex phellodendri chinensis 15 g, root of Dahurian angelica 15 g, realgar 10 g, red arsenic 5 g, borneol 0.5 g, ground into fine powder, added with 200 g of moxa, mixed, and rolled up into 5 paper tubes. Use one tube each day for fumigating on the area for several times.

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9.19  Family: Papilionaceae 9.19.1  Millettia dielsiana Chinese Name(s): xiang hua ya dou teng, guan chang xue teng, shan ji xue teng. Source: This medicine is the roots and rattans of Millettia dielsiana (Millettia dielsiana Harms). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrubs, 2–5 m. The leaves are pinnately compound, 15–30  cm long. The petioles are 5–12  cm. The rachises are sparsely pubescent, glabrescent, adaxially furrowed. The stipules are linear, 3 mm. There are 2 pairs of leaflets, which are with interval of 3–5 cm, papery, lanceolate, oblong to narrowly oblong, 5–15  ×  1.5–6  cm, apically acute to acuminate, basally obtuse, rarely subcordate, adaxially glossy and glabrous, abaxially appressed pilose or glabrous, with lateral veins of 6–9 pairs. The petioles are 2–3 mm long. The stipules are conic prickly, 3–5  mm. The panicles are terminal, broad, 40  cm, with spreading branches of 6–15 cm, with the short ones being nearly straight, while the longer ones being flabellate spreading and pendulous. The rachises are yellowish brown pilose. The flowers are solitary. The bracts are linear, acuminate, slightly shorter

510

H. Ye et al.

than the pedicels, persistent. The bracteoles are linear, adnate to calyxes, caducous. The flowers are 1.2–2.4 cm. The pedicels are ca. 5 mm. The calyxes are campanulate, 3–5 × 4–6 mm, puberulent as on the petioles. The lobes are shorter than the calyx tubes. The upper two lobes are almost completely connate, the rest are ovate to triangular lanceolate, and the lowest ones are the longest. The corollas are purplish red. The flag petals are broadly ovate to obovate, densely rusty or silver sericeous, basally slightly cordate. The wing petals are very short, about 1/2 the length of flags, apically acute, basally auriculate. The keel petals are falcate. The stamens are diadelphous, and the one across to the flag petals is free. The discs are discoid. The ovaries are linear, densely tomentose. The styles are longer than the ovaries, 8–9 ovuled. The legumes are linear to oblong, 7–12  ×  1.5–2  cm, compressed, densely grayish tomentose. The flowering period is from May to September and the fruiting from June to November. Habitat: It grows in valleys and thickets below altitude of 800 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, and Guangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and rattans are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, warm in property. Functions: Replenishing the blood and promoting blood circulation, activating the meridians and collaterals, it’s often used in the treatment of anemia, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, rheumatoid arthralgia, lumbago and leg pain, numbness of limbs, leukopenia caused by radiation reaction. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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H. Ye et al.

9.20  Family: Papilionaceae 9.20.1  Millettia dielsiana var. heterocarpa Chinese Name(s): yi guo ya dou teng. Source: This medicine is the roots of Millettia dielsiana var. heterocarpa (Millettia dielsiana Harms var. heterocarpa (Chun ex T. Chen) Z. Wei). Morphology: The morphological characteristics of Millettia dielsiana are similar to that of Millettia dielsiana, except for the differences that its leaflets are broad, carpels are thin leathery, and seeds are subrounded. Habitat: It grows in the margins or thickets of hillside miscellaneous trees. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s astringent and bland in taste, warm in property. Functions: Replenishing blood and promoting blood circulation, it’s often used in the treatment of menstrual disorders and rheumatoid arthritis. Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Millettia dielsiana 15 g, Chinese angelica 9 g, cassia twig 9 g, Asarum heterotropoides 3 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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H. Ye et al.

9.21  Family: Papilionaceae 9.21.1  Millettia nitida Chinese Name(s): liang ye ji xue teng, guang ye ya dou teng. Source: This medicine is the rattans of Millettia nitida (Millettia nitida Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a scandent shrub. The stem barks are rusty brown, muricate. The branches are rusty puberulent initially, glabrescent later. The leaves are pinnately compound, 15–20 cm. The petioles are 3–6 cm. The stipules are linear, ca. 5  mm, caducous. There are 2 pairs of leaflets, which are 2–3  cm apart, hard papery, ovate lanceolate or oblong, 5–9 × 2–4 cm, apically obtuse, basally rounded or obtuse, adaxially glabrous, sometimes hairy on the midvein, abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent, with 5–6 pairs of lateral veins, which arched to the margins, and reticulate veinlets raised on both surfaces. The petioles are ca. 3 mm. The stipules are conic prickly, ca. 2  mm. The panicles are terminal, robust, 10–20  cm, densely rusty brown villous. The flowering branchlets are 6–10 cm, straight. The flowers are solitary. The bracts are ovate lanceolate and the bracteoles are ovate, both caducous. The flowers are 1.6–2.4 cm. The pedicels are 4–8 mm. The calyxes are campanulate, 6–8 × 5–6 mm, densely villous. The calyxes are shorter than calyx tubes, with the upper two lobes being almost completely connate, the rest being triangular, and the lowest one being the longest. The corollas are cyan purple. The flag petals are densely sericeous, oblong, with 2 basal calluses. The wing petals are short and straight, basally hastate. The keel petals are falcate, long clawed of 1/3 its length. The stamens are diadelphous, the ones across to the flag petals are free. The discs are discoid. The ovaries are linear, stipitate, densely tomentose. The styles are convoluted, and the stigmas are pointing downward, 4–8 ovuled. The legumes are linear oblong, 10–14 × 1.5–2 cm, densely brown tomentose, apically beaked, basally necked, dehiscent, 4–5 seeded. The seeds are chestnut brown, bright, obliquely oblong, ca. 10 × 12 mm. The flowering period is from May to September and the fruiting from July to November. Habitat: It grows commonly at the edges of valley forests or between mountains. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Taiwan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan in China. Acquisition and Processing: The rattans are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Replenishing blood and promoting blood circulation, activating the meridians and collaterals, it’s often used in the treatment of anemia, postnatal weakness, dizziness, irregular menstruation, rheumatism arthralgia, and numbness of limbs. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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H. Ye et al.

9.22  Family: Papilionaceae 9.22.1  Millettia reticulata Chinese Name(s): kun ming ji xue teng, ji xue teng, wang luo ya dou teng. Source: This medicine is the roots and branches of Millettia reticulata (Millettia reticulata Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a liana. Its branchlets are terete, thinly ridged, initially brownish pubescent, glabrescent. The old branches are brown. The leaves are pinnately compound, 10–20 cm. The petioles are 2–5 cm, glabrous, narrowly grooved adaxially. The stipules are coniform, 3–5 mm, protruded downward into a pair of short and hard spurs at base. There are many cataphyllary leaves in axils, which are subulate, persistent. The leaflets are 3–4 in pairs, 1.5–3 cm apart, hard papery, ovate-­ elliptic or oblong, 4–8 × 1.5–4 cm, apically obtuse, acuminate, or slightly emarginate, basally rounded, glabrous on both surfaces or sparsely pubescent, with 6–7 pairs of lateral veins, and the reticulate veinlets are obviously raised on both surfaces. The petioles are 1–2 mm long, hairy. The stipules are acicular, 1–3 mm, persistent. The panicles are terminal or axillary on the apex of branches, 10–20 cm, often pendulous, basally branched, brownish pubescent on axis. The flowers are dense, solitary on branches. The bracts and stipules are in the same shape, caducous. The bracteoles are ovate, adnate to calyxes. The flowers are 1.3–1.7 cm. The pedicels are 3–5 mm, hairy. The calyxes are broadly campanulate to cupular, 3–4 × 5 mm, subglabrous, and the lobes are short and obtuse, marginally yellowish sericeous. The corollas are reddish purple. The flag petals are glabrous, ovate oblong, basally truncated, without calluses, shortly clawed. The wing and keel petals are straight, slightly longer than the flag petals. The stamens are diadelphous, the ones across to the flag petals are free. The disks are tubular. The ovaries are linear, glabrous. The styles are very short, curved up, many ovuled. The legumes are linear, oblong, ca. 15 × 1–1.5 cm, flat, dehiscent. The fruit petals are thin and hard, nearly woody, 3–6 seeded. The seeds are oblong. The flowering period is from May to November. Habitat: It grows in mountain thickets and valleys below altitude of 1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan in China, as well as in northern Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and branches are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and astringent in taste, warm in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Replenishing blood and promoting blood circulation, dispelling wind and dampness, activating the meridians and collaterals, strengthening muscles and bones, it’s often used for treatment of rheumatism arthralgia, lumbago and leg pain, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, leucorrhea, spermatorrhea, stomach ache, and anemia. Dosage: 10–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: postpartum weakness and anemia: Millettia reticulata 30 g, Codonopsis pilosula 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: rheumatic arthritis and limb numbness: Millettia reticulata 30 g, Sargentodoxa cuneata 15 g, Caulis aristolochiae manshuriensis 5 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: irregular menstruation, blood deficiency and amenorrhea: Millettia reticulata 50 g, Sargentodoxa cuneata 30 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.23  Family: Papilionaceae 9.23.1  Millettia speciosa Chinese Name(s): niu da li, tian niu da li, ba shan hu, da li shu. Source: This medicine is the rhizomes of Millettia speciosa (Millettia speciosa Champ. ex Benth.). Morphology: The plant is a liana, usually 1.5–3 m tall. Its roots are robust, intestinal or irregular moniliform, succulent and fibrous. Its young branches are brownish tomentose, and the old branches are glabrous. The leaves are imparipinnately compound. The petioles and rachised are all tomentose. There are 7–17 leaflets,

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which are thin leathery, oblong or oblong lanceolate, 4–8 × 1.5–3 cm. The terminal leaflets are usually the largest, apically mucronate or acuminate, obtuse, basally rounded, usually revolute on margins, adaxially glabrous, abaxially dark brown when dry, tomentose, or glabrous. The petioles are short. The stipules are subulate. The flowers are white, ca. 2.5 cm. The racemes are axillary, many flowered, usually congested near apex of branchlets to form large panicles. The rachis, peduncles, and calyxes are all villous. The calyxes are campanulate, shortly 5 lobed. The corollas are butterfly shaped, clawed on each petal. The flag petals are orbicular, with 2 basal calluses. The stamens are tomentose. The legumes are linear, oblong or nearly linear, 10–15 cm long, tomentose. The valves are woody, twisted after dehiscent. The flowering period is from July to October and the fruiting in February of the next year. Habitat: It grows in valleys, roadsides, sparse forests, and thickets. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The rhizomes are dug up all year round, washed, sliced lengthwise or obliquely, and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The rhizomes are terete, or several fusiform ones connected into a string, light yellow or earthy yellow, slightly scabrous, with annular stripes. Most of the products are cut into pieces of 4–9 × 2–3 × 1.5 cm-1 cm. The cortex of cross sections is nearly white, with a layer of inconspicuous brown circle, the middle part is nearly white, farinose, slightly lax. The old roots are nearly woody, tough, and the tender roots are brittle, easy to break. It’s slightly odored, slightly sweet in taste. The products that are large in piece, white, farinose, and sweet are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and kidneys. Functions: Replenishing deficiency, moistening lungs, strengthening tendons and activating collaterals, it’ s often used for treatment of lumbar muscle strain, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, chronic hepatitis, spermatorrhea, and leucorrhea. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: rheumatoid arthritis and lumbar muscle strain: Millettia speciosa, Cortex acanthopanacis 1000 g each, Tinospora sinensis, Futokadsura stem 750  g each, Radix achyranthis bidentatae 90  g, Radix lindera glauca 150 g, Ficus microcarpa (aerial root) 500 g, added with 6000 ml of water and decocted to 1000 ml. Take 50 ml twice a day. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: leucorrhea due to body deficiency: Millettia speciose 12  g, Parabarium micranthum 12  g, Flemingia philippinensis 9  g, Radix fici simplicissimae 9 g, Sargentodoxaceae 15 g, decocted in water for oral use, or stewed with pig’s feet, removed the dregs, and taken orally.

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9.24  Family: Papilionaceae 9.24.1  Millettia tsui Chinese Name(s): hui guo ya dou teng, san ye ji xue teng, xu shi ji xue teng, lao hu dou. Source: This medicine is the rattans of Millettia tsui (Millettia tsui Metc.). Morphology: The plant is a liana, 3–10 m long. Its barks are dark brown. The leaves are pinnately compound, 12–28 cm. The petioles are 5–8 cm, tomentose or glabrous as on the rachis. The stipules are broadly triangle, ca. 2 mm, persistent. The leaflets are 1–2 in pairs, subleathery, broadly elliptic to elliptic, 8–18 × 5–8 cm, apically obtuse to acute, basally rounded to cuneate, glabrous on both surfaces, glossy. The midveins are flat adaxially, raised abaxially, and the lateral vein are 6–7 in pairs, reaching the margins. The reticulate veins are prominently raised on both surfaces. The petioles are 5–7 mm, without stipules. The panicles are terminal, 15–30 cm long, with spreading flowering branchlets, which are often leafy at base, and densely brown tomentose. The flowers are dense and solitary. The bracts are small, ovate, and the bracteoles are free. The flowers are 1.5–2.5 cm. The pedicels are 5–8 mm. The calyxes are cupular, 8 × 8 mm and the lobes are shorter than the calyx tubes, broadly triangle. The corollas are light yellow flushed with red or lilac. The flag petal are sericeous as on the calyxes, broadly oblong, 2 auriculate at base, without basal calluses, shortly clawed. The wing petals are oblong, hastate at base. The keel petals are falcate, straight. The stamens are diadelphous, the one across to the flag petal is free. The discs are discoid. The ovaries are linear, densely sericeous, basally attenuate to stipes, and the styles are oblique, slightly hairy, with 4–7 ovules. The legumes are inflated, ellipsoid, ca. 5.5 × 4 cm when single seeded, and linear oblong, ca. 7 × 3 cm when 2–3 (–4) seeded, densely brown tomentose, but generally glabrescent, apically hardly hooked beaked, attenuate to stipes of 5 mm, constricted between seeds. The seeds are subglobose to oblately spheroid, 2–2.5 × 1–2.5 cm. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting from October to December. Habitat: It grows in the mountain miscellaneous forests with altitudes of 200–1000 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou in China. Acquisition and Processing: The rattans are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Replenishing blood, expelling wind and dampness, it’s often used for treatment of blood deficiency, dizziness, palpitation, irregular menstruation, rheumatic bone pain, bruise, and fracture. Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.25  Family: Papilionaceae 9.25.1  Mucuna birdwoodiana Chinese Name(s): bai hua you ma teng, xue teng, ji xue teng, he que hua, li yu teng, da lan bu ma. Source: This medicine is the rattans of Mucuna birdwoodiana (Mucuna birdwoodiana Tutch.). Morphology: The plant is a large woody vine. The leaves are pinnately compound, 3 foliolate, 17–30 cm. The stipules are caducous. The petioles are 8–20 cm. The rachises are 2–4  cm. The leaflets are subleathery. The terminal leaflets are ovate, elliptic, or slightly obovate, usually long and narrow, 9–16 × 2–6 cm, apically with mucro of 1.3–2.2 cm, basally round or slightly cuneate. The lateral leaflets are oblique, 9–16 cm, glabrous or scattered shortly hairy on both surfaces. There are 3–5 lateral veins. The midveins, lateral veins and reticulate veins are raised. The stipels are absent. The petioles are 4–8 mm long with sparse short hairs. The racemes are on old branches or axillary, 20–38 cm and 20–30 flowered, usually fasciculated. The bracts are ovate, ca. 2 mm, caducous. The pedicels are 1–1.5 cm, sparsely or densely dark brownish hairy. The bracteoles are caducous. The calyxes are densely light brown hairy inside and outside, and reddish brown deciduous hispid adaxially. The calyx tubes are broad cupular, 1–1.5 × 1.5–2.5 cm. The 2 lateral lobes are triangular, 5–8 mm, and the lowest lobes are narrowly triangular, 5–15 mm, upper lips usually equal to lateral lobes. The corollas are white or greenish white. The flag petals are 3.5–4.5 cm, apically rounded, basally with claws of 4 mm. The wing petals are 6.2–7.1 cm, apically rounded, with claws of 8 mm, densely light brownish shortly hairy, with auricles of ca. 5 mm. The keel petals are 7.5–8.7 cm, with claws of 7–8 mm at base, and auricles of less than 1 mm, densely covered with brownish short hairs. The staminal tubes are 5.5–6.5 cm. The ovaries are densely covered with erect brownish short hairs. The legumes are woody, strip-shaped, 30–45 × 3.5–4.5 × 1–1.5 cm, nearly moniliform, clothed with dense short red-brown pubescence. The young legumes often covered with reddish brown caducous bristles, 3–5 mm woodenly winged along the dorsal and abdominal sutures, with longitudinal grooves and woody septum between seeds of ca. 4  mm. There are 5–13 seeds, which are dark purple black, nearly reniform, ca. 2.8 × 2 × 8–10 mm, usually glossy. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting from June to November. Habitat: It grows in valley forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Sichuan in China. Acquisition and Processing: The rattans are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and astringent in taste, neutral in property.

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Functions: Replenishing blood, activating collaterals and strengthening tendons, it’s often used for treatment of anemia, leukopenia, irregular menstruation, paralysis, lumbago, and leg pain. Dosage: 9–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: leukopenia (caused by radiotherapy): take Mucuna birdwoodiana orally. When the average white blood cells were below 4900 / cubic mm, re-examine after 3 days of treatment, the white blood cells increased significantly. When the average white blood cells were above 7050 / cubic mm, the hemoglobin and red blood cells also increased slightly. The longer the time of taking medicine, the stronger the curative effect is.

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9.26  Family: Papilionaceae 9.26.1  Mucuna sempervirens Chinese Name(s): chang lv you ma teng, niu ma teng. Source: This medicine is the rattans of Mucuna sempervirens (Mucuna sempervirens Hemsl.). Morphology: The plant is a large evergreen woody vine, to 25 m long. The old stems are more than 30 cm in diameter. The leaves are 3 foliolate, 21–39 cm long. The stipules are deciduous. The petioles are 7–16.5 cm. The leaflets are papery or leathery. The terminal leaflets are elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 8–15 × 3.5–6 cm, apically acuminate to 15 cm, basally slightly cuneate. The lateral leaflets are extremely oblique, 7–14  cm, glabrous. The lateral veins are 4–5  in pairs, obvious on both

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surfaces, raised abaxially. The petioles are 4–8 mm long and inflated. The racemes are on old stems, 10–36 cm, 3 flowered on each node. The flowers are odorous but fragrant. The bracts and bracteoles are caducous. The bracts are narrow obovate, 15 × 15 mm. The pedicels are 1–2.5 cm, shortly hirsute. The bracteoles are ovate or obovate. The calyx are densely dark brown appressed hairy, sparse caducous goldenyellowish or reddish-brown bristles outside. The calyx tubes are broadly cupular, 8–12 × 8–15 mm. The corollas are dark purple, black after drying, ca. 6.5 cm. The flag petals are 3.2–4 cm, round, apically emarginated to 4 mm, 1–2 mm clawed at base. The wing petals are 4.8–6 × 1.8–2 cm. The keel petals are 6–7 cm, ca.7 mm clawed at base, 4 mm auriculate. The stamen tubes are ca. 4 cm. The lower part of the styles and the ovaries are hairy. The legumes are woody, strip-­ shaped, 30–60 × 3–3.5 × 1–1.3 cm, constricted between seeds, nearly moniliform, marginally thickened into a well-defined smooth rounded ridge running along suture without a wing or median grooves, with reddish brown short hairs and long caducous reddish brown bristles, 4–12 seeds. The internal septa are woody, red, brown or black, oblong, ca. 2.2–3 × 2–2.2 × 1 cm. The hila are black, ca. 3/4 of seed circumference. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It grows in subtropical forests, shrubs and valleys by river. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi (south slope of Qinling), Hubei, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, and Guangdong in China, as well as in Japan. Acquisition and Processing: The rattans are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, tonifying blood, and relaxing tendons, it is often used for treatment of irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, postpartum blood deficiency, anemia, rheumatism arthralgia, numbness of limbs, and injury. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh products are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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9.27  Family: Papilionaceae 9.27.1  Ormosia henryi Chinese Name(s): hua lu mu, hua li mu, ya gong qing, san qian san, qing zhu she, niu shi qiao. Source: This medicine is the roots, root barks, stems, and leaves of Ormosia henryi (Ormosia henryi Prain). Morphology: The plant is an evergreen tree, 16 m tall. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, 13–32.5 cm. The leaflets (1–3 pairs) are leathery, elliptic or oblong elliptic, 4.3–15 × 2.3–6.8 cm, apically obtuse to mucronate, basally rounded to broadly cuneate, marginally slightly recurved, adaxially dark green, smooth and glabrous, abaxially yellowish brown villous as on petioles. There are 6–11 pairs of lateral veins. The petioles are 3–6 mm long. The panicles are terminal, or racemes axillary, 11–17 cm long, densely brownish hairy. The flowers are 2 × 2 cm. The pedicels are 7–12 mm. The calyxes are campanulate, 5 lobed to 2/3 its length. The lobes are triangular ovate, densely appressed brownish tomentose on both surfaces. The corollas are light green in the center, green and slightly purplish on margins. The flag petals are suborbicular with callosities at base, which are semiorbicular, adaxially emarginated on center or not. The wing petals are obovate oblong, lavender green, ca. 1.4 × 1 cm, with claws of 3 mm. The keel petals are obovate oblong, ca. 1.6 cm × 0.7 mm, with claws of 3.5 mm. There are 10 stamens, which are separated, 1.3–2.5 cm, unequal in length. The filaments are light green. The anthers are light grayish purple. The ovaries are flat, densely light brownish long hairy along the sutures, otherwise glabrous, 9–10 ovuled. The styles are linear, and the stigmas are oblique. The legumes are compressed, oblong, 5–12 × 1.5–4 cm, apically beaked, with claws of 5 mm. The fruit valves are leathery, 2–3 mm thick, purplish brown, glabrous, internally septate, 4–8 seeded and occasionally 1–2 seeded. The seeds are ellipsoid or ovoid, 8–15 mm. The testae are bright red and lustrous, and the hila are 3  mm long, located at the apical end. The flowering period is from July to August and the fruiting from October to November. Habitat: It grows in mountain forests. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, etc., in China, as well as in countries of Vietnam and Thailand. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, root barks, stems, and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s astringent in taste, warm in property, poisonous. Functions: Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, dispelling pathogenic wind, and relieving swelling, it’s often used to treat bruise and injuries, lumbar muscle strain, rheumatic arthritis, postpartum blood stasis and abdominal pain, leucorrhea, mumps, and filariasis. The root barks are used externally for fractures. The leaves are used externally for burns and scalds. Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water and taken with wine or soaked in wine before oral use. For external use, the root barks are mashed for application to the

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affected areas, or dried leaves are ground into powder, mixed with oil, and smeared on the wounds. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: fracture: seven portions of the Ormosia henryi root barks, one portion of paulownia tree root barks, Chinese aralis root barks, and Adina rubella root barks, ground into powder for use. For closed fracture, the former medicinal powder is added with rice wine and made into paste, heated to 40–50°C, and directly applied to the affected area. Apply one layer of gauze to the paste, and change the dressing once a day. Before and after the application, the patients were treated with conventional reduction and small splint fixation. The pain was generally relieved within 24 hours and the swelling was completely eliminated within 48 hours. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: mumps: Ormosia henryi root 30  g, dutchmanspipe root 12 g, ground together into fine powder, mixed with wine to make paste for smearing on the affected area. In case of severe systemic symptoms, take 70% tincture at the same time, 5 ml per dose for adults, 2 ml for children, twice a day.

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9.28  Family: Papilionaceae 9.28.1  Pueraria lobata, Pachyrhizus erosus Chinese Name(s): ge hua. Source: This medicine is the flowers of Pueraria lobata (Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi), and Pachyrhizus erosus (Pachyrhizus erosus (Linn.) Urb.). Morphology: A. Pueraria lobata: The plant is a herbaceous twining liana. The main roots are massive, fusiform or oblate, succulent. The stems and branches are slightly robust and slightly hairy. The leaves are ternately compound. The petioles are 8–15 cm, with longitudinal grooves. The stipules are lanceolate, 5–6 mm. The leaflets are rhombus, equal in length and width, or the width of the terminal leaflets

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is larger than length, 10 cm or longer, sometimes to 15 cm, irregularly lobed above the middle. The lobes are small or coarsely dentate. The two sides of the lateral leaflets are extremely asymmetric. There are often 3 or sometimes 5 basal veins. The small stipels are subulate, ca. 4 mm. The inflorescences are axillary racemes, with inflated nodes on the rachises, 3–5 flowered per node. The calyxes are 9–11 mm and hirsute. The corollas are butterfly-shaped, light purple or light red. The flag petals are suborbicular, 12–18 mm in diameter, each with a yellowish green spot, two callosities at base, and 2 erect auricles on the upper part of claws. The wing petals are falcate, with linear downward auricles. The keel petals are falcate, 1.5–2 cm. The stamens are diadelphous. The legumes are linear, ca.10 × 1–1.2 cm, flat and hairy. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting in November. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in the south of China while native to tropical America.

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Morphology: B. Pachyrhizus erosus: The plant is a herbaceous vins, to 8 m, yellowish hirsute throughout. Its rhizomes are robust. The leaves are ternately compound. The stipules are peltate. The terminal leaflets are rhombic ovate, 5.5–19 × 4.5–18 cm, apically acuminate, basally rounded, marginally lobed, abaxially pruinose. The lateral leaflets are broadly ovate, obviously oblique at base, sometimes lobed on margins. The small stipules are linear lanceolate, as long as the petioles. The racemes are axillary, densely flowered, 15–30 cm. The bracts are caducous, linear lanceolate or linear, longer than the bracteoles, which are ovate. The calyxes are 8–10 mm, lobes are gradually acuminated, as long as the calyx tubes. The corollas are butterfly shaped, purple, 10–12 mm. The flag petals are suborbicular, each with a yellow-green appendage at base, shortly clawed. The wing petals are falcate, with linear downward auricles at base. The keel petals are with tiny auricles. The stamens are monadelphous. The legumes are linear oblong, compressed, 5–8 × 0.8 cm, densely brown hirsute. The flowering period is from September to October and the fruiting from November to December. Habitat: It grows on grass slopes, roadsides, or under sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed all over China except for provinces of Xinjiang and Xizang. It’s also distributed from Southeast Asia to Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole inflorescences of buds are harvested in summer, removed the branches and petioles, and dried in the sun.

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Medicinal Properties: Pachyrhizus erosus: The flowers are oblate reniform, ca. 1 cm. The calyxes are dark yellow or yellowish brown. The flowers are as large as grains, and the inflorescences are like ickers. It’s slightly odored and bland in taste. The products with large flowers, yellow, and with few pedicels are better in quality. Pueraria lobata: The flowers are in nearly full blossom or half blossom, oblate reniform, 1–2 × 0.4–0.8 cm. The calyxes are grayish green, connate at base, 5 lobed on the upper part, grayish white hairy both inside and outside. There are 5 petals, which are equal in length, purplish blue, extending out of the calyxes or enclosed in the calyxes. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of stomach. Functions: Antialcoholism and eliminating heat in stomach, it’s often used for treatment of thirst, headache, vomiting, and hemafecia after excessive drinking. Dosage: 5–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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9.29  Family: Papilionaceae 9.29.1  Phaseolus lunatus Chinese Name(s): mian dou, jin jia dou, xiang dou, da bai yun dou, xue dou. Source: This medicine is the seeds of Phaseolus lunatus (Phaseolus lunatus Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual or perennial twining herb. Its stems are glabrous or puberulent. The leaves are pinnate compound, 3 foliolate. The stipules are triangular, 2–3.5  mm, basal. The leaflets are ovate, 5–12  ×  3–9  cm, apically acuminate or acute, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, sparsely pilose or glabrous along veins. The lateral leaflets are often oblique. The racemes are axillary, 8–20 cm long. The pedicels are 5–8 mm long. The bracteoles are shorter than the calyxes, elliptic, with 3 main veins, which raised when dry. The calyxes are campanulate, 2–3 mm long, adaxially pubescent. The corollas are white, yellow or red. The flag petals are orbicular or oblate oblong, 7–10 × 5–8.5 mm, apically emarginate. The wing petals are obovate. The keel petals twisted for 1–2 turns apically. The ovaries are pubescent, and the stigmas are oblique. The legumes are falcate-oblong, 5–10 × 1.5–2.5 cm, compressed, apically beaked, 2–4 seeded. The seeds are subrhombic or reniform, 12–13 × 8.5–9.5 mm, white, purple or other colored, and the hila are white and raised. The flowering period is in spring and summer. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in provinces of Yunnan, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong, Hebei, etc., while native to tropical America. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds are harvested in autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Replenishing blood, promoting blood circulation, and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of blood deficiency, chest and abdominal pain, bruise, swelling, and edema. Dosage: 30–50 g, cooked before taken.

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9.30  Family: Papilionaceae 9.30.1  Phyllodium elegans Chinese Name(s): mao pai qian shu, lian li wei shu, mao pai qian cao. Source: This medicine is the roots and leaves of Phyllodium elegans (Phyllodium elegans (Lour.) Desv.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 0.5–1.5 m tall. The stems, branches, and petioles are densely yellowish villous. The stipules are broadly triangular, 3–5 × 2–3 mm at the base, adaxially tomentose. The petioles are ca. 5 mm long. The leaflets are leathery, ovate, elliptic to obovate, 7–10 × 3–5 cm. The lateral leaflets are obliquely ovate, about 1 time shorter than the terminal leaflets, obtuse at both ends, densely tomentose on both surfaces, especially abaxially, with 9–10 lateral veins on each

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side, reaching to the margins, shallowly dentate on margins. The stipules are acicular. The petioles are 1–2 mm long and densely yellow tomentose. The umbels are 4–9 flowered, enclosed by a pair of leaf-like bracts. The leaf-like bracts are arranged in racemose panicles, terminal or lateral, densely yellow tomentose as on the rachises. The bracts are broad elliptic, 14–35  ×  9–25  mm, apically emarginate, basally oblique. The pedicels are 2–4 mm long, densely spreading pubescent. The calyxes are campanulate, 3–4 mm long, grayish white pubescent. The corollas are white or light green. The flag petals are 6–7 × 3–4 mm, basally attenuate, inconspicuously clawed. The wing petals are 5–6 × 1 mm, basally clawed, and auriculate. The keel petals are larger than wing petals, 7–8 × 2 mm, auriculate at base, with claws of 2 mm.The pistils are 8–10 mm, hairy, with small flower discs at base. The styles are slender, curved, 5–6 mm, hairy below the middle. The legumes are usually 1–1.2 cm × 3–4 mm, densely silver gray villous, with undulate lower sutures and straight or shallowly undulate upper sutures, usually 3- or 4-articulate. The seeds are elliptic, 2.5 × 1.8–2 mm. The flowering period is from July to August and the fruiting from October to November. Habitat: It grows in plain, hilly wastelands or hillsides, sparse forests or shrubs with altitudes of 40–800 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, etc., in China, as well as in countries of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland and astringent in taste, neutral in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, resolving hard lump, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, malaria, hepatitis, cirrhosis ascites, schistosomiasis, hepatosplenomegaly, rheumatism, and injury. Dosage: 9–18 g per dose for branches and leaves, 15–30 g per dose for roots. Pregnant women should not take it.

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9.31  Family: Papilionaceae 9.31.1  Phyllodium pulchellum Chinese Name(s): pai qian shu, pai qian cao, hu wei jin qian, qian chuan cao. Source: This medicine is the roots and leaves of Phyllodium pulchellum (Phyllodium pulchellum (Linn.) Desv.). Morphology: The plant is a shrub, 0.5–2 m tall. Its branchlets are white or grayish pubescent. The stipules are triangular, ca. 5 × 2 mm at base. The petioles are 5–7 mm long, densely grayish yellow pubescent. The terminal leaflets are leathery, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 6–10 × 2.5–4.5 cm. The lateral leaflets are about 1 time smaller than the terminal ones, apically acute, basally rounded to obtuse, oblique, marginally undulate, adaxially subglabrous, abaxially sparsely pubescent. There are 6–10 lateral veins on each side, which are connected at the leaf margins. The reticular veins are obvious abaxially. The stipules are subulate, 1 mm long. The petioles are 1 mm long, densely yellow pilose. The umbels are 5–6 flowered, enclosed in the leaf-like bracts, which are arranged in racemose panicles of 8–30 cm long. The leaf-­ like bracts are round, 1–1.5 cm in diameter, slightly pubescent on both surfaces, ciliate on margins and pinnately veined. The pedicels are 2–3 mm long, pubescent. The calyxes are ca. 2 mm long, pubescent. The corollas are white or light yellow. The flag petals are 5–6  mm long, basally attenuate, shortly and broadly clawed. The wing petals are ca. 5 × 1 mm, auriculate, and clawed at base. The keel petals are ca. 6  ×  2  mm, clawed, but not auriculate. The pistils are 6–7  mm. The styles are 4.5–5.5 mm long, pubescent near the base. The legumes are 6 × 2.5 mm, slightly constricted on both sutures. There are usually 2 articles, which are glabrous or sparsely pubescent and ciliate at maturity. The seeds are broadly elliptic or nearly orbicular, 2.2–2.8 × ca. 2 mm. The flowering period is from July to September and the fruiting from October to November. Habitat: It grows in hilly wastelands, roadsides, or hillside sparse forests with altitudes of 100–1300 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Taiwan, as well as in countries of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland and astringent in taste, neutral in property, a little poisonous. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, resolving hard lump. It’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, malaria, hepatitis, cirrhosis ascites, schistosomiasis, hepatosplenomegaly, rheumatism, and injury. Dosage: 9–18 g per dose for branches and leaves, 15–30 g per dose for roots. Pregnant women should not take it. Prescription Sample(s):

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1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hepatosplenomegaly of schistosomiasis: Phyllodium pulchellum root 30 g, added with 3 bowls of water, decocted into 1 bowl. Take one bowl every other day, 7 doses (14 days) as a course of treatment. 1–2 or more courses can be used based on the severity of disease, at an interval of 7–14 days. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Phyllodium pulchellum root 30 g, capillary artemisia 9 g, Radix liquiritiae 6 gas daily dosage, made into the extract tablet. Take the tablets in 2–3 times after meal. In cases of jaundice, added with 9–15 g of Asiatic centella and Asiatic plantain, decocted and drank instead of tea until the jaundice disappeared.

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Chapter 10

Medicinal Angiosperms of Papilionaceae (Cont. III) Huagu Ye, Chuyuan Li, Wencai Ye, Feiyan Zeng, Fangfang Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Faguo Wang, Yushi Ye, Lin Fu, and Jianrong Li

Contents 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7

Family: Papilionaceae 10.1.1  Psoralea corylifolia Family: Papilionaceae 10.2.1  Pterocarpus indicus Family: Papilionaceae 10.3.1  Pueraria lobata, Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii Family: Papilionaceae 10.4.1  Pycnospora lutescens Family: Papilionaceae 10.5.1  Rhynchosia dielsii Family: Papilionaceae 10.6.1  Rhynchosia volubilis Family: Papilionaceae 10.7.1  Robinia pseudoacacia

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H. Ye (*) · F. Zeng · F. Wang · Y. Ye · L. Fu · J. Li South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] C. Li Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] W. Ye Jinan University, Guangzhou, China F. Liu Huizhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huizhou, China Y. Liu Faculty of Military Language Education, University of Defence Technology, Changsha, China

© Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_10

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Family: Papilionaceae 10.8.1  Sesbania cannabina 10.9 Family: Papilionaceae 10.9.1  Smithia sensitive 10.10 Family: Papilionaceae 10.10.1  Sophora flavescens 10.11 Family: Papilionaceae 10.11.1  Sophora japonica 10.12 Family: Papilionaceae 10.12.1  Sophora tonkinensis 10.13 Family: Papilionaceae 10.13.1  Spatholobus sinensis 10.14 Family: Papilionaceae 10.14.1  Spatholobus suberectus 10.15 Family: Papilionaceae 10.15.1  Tadehagi triquetrum 10.16 Family: Papilionaceae 10.16.1  Tephrosia purpurea 10.17 Family: Papilionaceae 10.17.1  Trifolium repens 10.18 Family: Papilionaceae 10.18.1  Trigonella foenum-graecum 10.19 Family: Papilionaceae 10.19.1  Uraria crinita 10.20 Family: Papilionaceae 10.20.1  Uraria lagopodioides 10.21 Family: Papilionaceae 10.21.1  Vicia cracca 10.22 Family: Papilionaceae 10.22.1  Vicia faba 10.23 Family: Papilionaceae 10.23.1  Vicia hirsuta 10.24 Family: Papilionaceae 10.24.1  Vicia sativa 10.25 Family: Papilionaceae 10.25.1  Vigna angularis 10.26 Family: Papilionaceae 10.26.1  Vigna minima 10.27 Family: Papilionaceae 10.27.1  Vigna radiata 10.28 Family: Papilionaceae 10.28.1  Wisteria sinensis 10.29 Family: Papilionaceae 10.29.1  Zornia gibbosa Suggested Readings

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This chapter introduces 30 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Pterocarpus indicus, Pueraria lobate, Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii, Pycnospora lutescens, Rhynchosia dielsii, Rhynchosia volubilis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sesbania cannabina, Smithia sensitive, Sophora flavescens, Sophora japonica, Sophora tonkinensis, Spatholobus sinensis, Spatholobus suberectus, Tadehagi

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triquetrum, Tephrosia purpurea, Trifolium repens, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Uraria crinita, Uraria lagopodioides, Vicia cracca, Vicia faba, Vigna radiate, Wisteria sinensis, Zornia gibbosa of Papilionaceae. This chapter introduces the scientific names, medicinal names, morphologies, habitats, distributions, acquisition, and processing methods of these medicinal plants, the content of medicinal properties, therapeutic effects, usage and dosage of these medicinal plants, and attaches unedited color pictures and pictures of part herbal medicines of each species.

10.1  Family: Papilionaceae 10.1.1  Psoralea corylifolia Chinese Name(s): bu gu zhi, po gu zhi. Source: This medicine is the mature fruits of Psoralea corylifolia (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, erect, 40–90 cm. Its branchlets are ridged, sparsely white puberulent, black gland dotted. The leaves are simple, alternate, sometimes with a much smaller lateral leaflet, which is round or ovate, 3–9 × 3–8 cm, apically obtuse to rounded, basally cordate, with black glands on both surfaces. The inflorescences are axillary, densely congested, capitate, long pedunculate. The calyxes are yellowish brown, tubular, 5-lobed on the apex. The corollas are butterfly shaped, lavender or yellow. There are 10 stamens, which are connate in a bunch. The ovaries are obovate. The legumes are elliptic, black, with persistent calyxes at base, not dehiscent, 1 seeded. The seeds are reniform, slightly compressed, brownish black. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to October. Habitat: It grows on hillsides, stream, and fields and is also cultivated. Distribution: It is distributed in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province and Jinshajiang River Valley of Sichuan Province. It is cultivated in provinces of Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Guangxi, Guizhou, etc., as well as in countries like India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Acquisition and Processing: The infructescence is harvested in autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are reniform or sub-oblong, slightly compressed, 3–5 × 2–4 × 0.5 mm, apically black, dark brown, or grayish brown with reticular wrinkles and glands, apically rounded, with a small protuberance and marks of stems on the concave side, sometimes with persistent calyxes. It’s hard in quality. The pericarps are thin, closely adnate to the testae, which are not easy to separate. After peeling off, there are two oily yellow and white cotyledons. It’s fragrant in odor, pungent, and slightly bitter in taste. The products large, full, black and fragrant are better in quality.

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Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and slightly bitter in taste, extremely warm in property, belonging to the meridians of kidneys and spleen. Functions: Warming kidneys and activating Yang, relieving asthma and stopping diarrhea, it’s often used for treatment of lumbago and arthritis, diarrhea due to Yang deficiency, enuresis of elder people, frequent urination, dawn diarrhea, impotence and spermatorrhea, as well as in external treatment for vitiligo, corns, psoriasis, and baldness. Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment of corns, proper amounts of products are made into paste to smear on the wounds. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: vitiligo, psoriasis, baldness: A: Psoralea corylifolia 50 g, add with 100ml of 75% ethanol, soaked for 5–7 days, filtered with 2–3 layers of gauze to get dark brown liquid. Heat the liquid with water bath, concentrate to 1 / 3 of the filtrate volume, and smear on the affected area. Meanwhile, bask 20–30 minutes in the sun, or 2–3 minutes in ultraviolet light. b: Inject Psoralen injection intramuscularly in hospital, 5ml each time, once a day (or as directed by the doctor), in addition with ultraviolet light, 2 minutes for the first time, gradually increase to 10 minutes. Generally, after 15 times of irradiation, it can be altered to once every 1–2 days, or after 2 weeks of rest. For sunlight shower, generally bask in strong light for 5 minutes or weak light for 20 minutes. For treatment of vitiligo, Psoralen is also used for application. It should be started from a small area, stop in case of local redness, swelling and blister, and use again until disappearance of the former symptoms. For face, hands, and other exposed parts, the medicines could be washed away after sun exposure. Generally, the therapy can be used for several months. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: kidneys deficiency and lumbago: Psoralea corylifolia 150 g, walnut meat 150 g, Rhizoma cibotii 100 g, ground together into fine powder. Take 9 g every time, twice a day with warm boiled water. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: diarrhea due to deficiency and cold of Spleen and kidneys: Psoralea corylifolia, nutmeg 9 g each, decocted in water or ground into powder to make pills. Take 9 g each time, twice a day.

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10.2  Family: Papilionaceae 10.2.1  Pterocarpus indicus Chinese Name(s): qing long mu, yin du zi tan, xiao ye zi tan, tan xiang zi tan. Source: This medicine is the resins, heartwoods, gums of Pterocarpus indicus (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.). Morphology: The plant is a large tree, 15–25 m tall, up to 60 cm in DBH. Its barks are gray. The leaves area pinnately compound, 15–30 cm long. The stipules are caducous. The leaflets are 3–5 in pairs, ovate, 6–11 × 4–5 cm, apically acuminate, basally cuneate, glabrous on both surfaces, with fine veins. The panicles are terminal or axillary, many flowered, and brownish pubescent. The pedicels are 7–10 mm long, apically with 2 linear deciduous bracteoles. The calyxes are campanulate, slightly curved, ca. 5 mm, and the lobes are broadly triangle, ca. 1 mm,

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apically rounded, brownish sericeous. The corollas are yellow. The petals are long clawed, undulate on margins. The flag petals are 10–13 mm. There are 10 stamens, which are monadelphous, and finally become diadelphous (5+5). The ovaries are shortly stipitate and densely pubescent. The legumes are round, compressed, oblique, ca. 5 cm, slightly hairy and reticulate opposite to the seeds, broadly winged of 2 cm around margin, 1–2 seeded. The flowering period is in spring. Habitat: It’s introduced and cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in Guangdong, Hainan, southern Guangxi, and southern Yunnan, while native to India. Acquisition and Processing: The resins, heartwoods, and gums are harvested all year round and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s salty in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing blood stasis and harmonizing Yin, stop bleeding and pain, detoxicating and relieving swelling, it’s often used for treatment of headache, chest and abdominal pain, persistent lochia, stranguria, carbuncle, and swelling due to pathogenic wind, and traumatic bleeding. Dosage: 3–6 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. The resins and heartwood function in anticancer. The gum is used for treatment of stomatitis by gargling with it.

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10.3  Family: Papilionaceae 10.3.1  Pueraria lobata, Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii Chinese Name(s): ge gen. Source: This medicine is the rhizomes of Pueraria lobata (Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi), or Pueraria lobate var. thomsonii (Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi var. thomsonii (Benth.) van der Maesen[Pueraria thomsonii Benth.]). Morphology: A. Pueraria lobata: The plant is a herbaceous vine, 8m long, yellowish hirsute throughout. The rhizomes are robust. The leaves are 3-foliolate. The stipules are peltate. The terminal leaflets are rhombic ovate, 5.5–19 × 4.5–18 cm, apically acuminate, basally rounded, sometimes marginally lobed, abaxially pruinose. The lateral leaflets are broad ovate, obviously oblique at base, sometimes marginally lobed. The stipels are linear lanceolate, as long as the petioles. The racemes are axillary, densely flowered, 15–30 cm long. The bracts are caducous, linear lanceolate or linear, longer than the bracteoles which are ovate. The calyxes are 8–10 mm long, lobes gradually acuminated and are as long as the calyx tubes. The corollas are butterfly shaped, purple, 10–12 mm long. The flag petals are subrounded, with yellow callosities at base, shortly clawed. The wing petals are falcate-­ oblong, with linear downward auricles. The keel petals are with very small auricles. The stamens are Monadelphous. The legumes are long elliptic, compressed, 5–8 × 0.8 cm, densely brownish hirsute. The flowering period is from September to October and the fruiting from November to December Habitat: It grows on grass slopes, roadsides or under sparse forests. Distribution: It is distributed all over China, except for provinces of Xinjiang and Xizang, as well as in areas from Southeast Asia to Australia.

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Morphology: B. Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii: The main differences between Pueraria lobata and Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii is that the terminal leaflets are rhomboid or wide ovate, and he laterals ones are oblique ovate, 10–13 cm in both length and width, apically acute to cuspitate, basally cuneate to acute, entire or 2–3 lobed, yellowish appressed pubescent on both surfaces. The corollas are 16–18 mm long. The flag petals are subrounded. The flowering period is in September, fruiting in November. Habitat: It’s distributed in mountains and shrubs or sparse forests, and mostly cultivated. Distribution: It is cultivated in provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Xizang, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, etc., as well as in countries of Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Bhutan, India, and the Philippines

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots are harvested in winter, washed, removed the root barks, heads and ends, cut into 2–4 portions for the big ones, or thick slices of 4 × 4 cm and dried in the sun or slightly baked. Medicinal Properties: The products are rectangles or small squares with different length and thickness. It is usually 5–35 cm in length and width, 0.5 cm–1 cm in thickness, yellow white or light brown on surface. Occasionally, there are residual light brown skin and longitudinal wrinkles. The cutting surfaces are yellowish white, rough and fibrous, and the cross-sections are slightly concentric. It’s loose in texture, slightly odored, and bland in taste. The product farinose and white are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and pungent in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of spleen and stomach.

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Functions: Relieving muscles to expelling heat, helping producing saliva and slaking thirst, and promoting eruption, it’s often used for treatment of cold, fever, thirst, impenetrable rash, neck rigidity, and pain caused by high blood pressure, hangover, acute gastroenteritis, diarrhea, intestinal obstruction, dysentery, angina pectoris, and sudden deafness. Dosage: 3–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: cold and fever: Pueraria lobate 9 g, Bupleurum falcatum 9 g, Scutellaria baicalensis 9 g, Schizonepeta 6 g, Saposhnikovia divaricate 6 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: polydipsia: Pueraria lobate 9  g, Rhizoma anemarrhenae 9 g, gypsum 15 g, liquorice 3 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: incomplete eruption of rashes: Pueraria lobate 6 g, forsythia 6 g, arctium fruit 6 g, Periostracum cicada 3 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Acute gastroenteritis: Pueraria lobate, Scutellaria baicalensis, Pinellia ternate, Agastache rugosus, 9  g each, Coptis chinensis 6 g, Mangnolia officinalis 6 g, liuyisan (speckstone and liquorice in proportion of 6:1) 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: neck rigidity and pain accomplished with hypertension and do not alleviate after taking antihypertensive drugs, one of the following formulas is recommended (1) Pueraria lobate 9–12 g, take 1 dose per day, decocted and taken in 2 times. (2) pueraria powder (Pueraria water extract, 1 g is equivalent to 5 g of crude drug), take 2  g per day in 2 times. (3) pueraria flavone powder, 40 mg per dose (equivalent to 5 g of crude drug). Some patients may be allergic with the medicine, and should stop taking when it happens. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: coronary heart disease and angina pectoris: (1) puerarin flavone tablets (each tablet contains 10mg of total flavone of Pueraria, about 1.5 g of crude drug). The total daily dose is 30–120 mg, taken in 2–3 times. (2) Pueraria lobate 30–60 g, Carthamus tinctorious15–30 g, peach kernel and curcuma aromatica 15 g each, decocted in water for oral use, twice a day, 20 days as a course of treatment. 7. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: early stage of sudden deafness: Puerarin flavone tablets (each tablet contains 10 mg of total puerarin flavone, about 1.5 g of crude drug). Take 2 tablets each time, 2–3 times a day. 8. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: Pueraria lobate 15 g, trichosanthes root 12 g, the dried rhizome of rehmannia and prepared rehmannia root 15 g each, corn stigma 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 9. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: vomiting and retching in heatstroke: fresh Pueraria juice, 100~200 ml each time.

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10.4  Family: Papilionaceae 10.4.1  Pycnospora lutescens Chinese Name(s): mi zi dou, jia fan dou cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Pycnospora lutescens (Pycnospora lutescens (Poir.) Schindl.). Morphology: The plant is a subshrub herb, 15–60 cm tall. The stems are erect or decumbent, branched from the base. The branchlets are grayish pubescent. The stipules are narrowly triangle, 4 × 1 mm at base, grayish pubescent, and ciliate. The petioles are ca.1  cm, grayish pubescent. The leaflets are subleathery, obovate, or obovate oblong. The terminal leaflets are 1.2–3.5 × 1–2.5 cm, apically rounded or emarginate, basally cuneate or subcordate. The lateral leaflets are often smaller or sometimes absent. There are 4–7 pairs of lateral veins, which are thin, adaxially raised. The reticular veins are obvious. The stipules are needle like, 1 mm long. The petioles are ca.1 mm, grayish pubescent. The racemes are 3–6 cm. The flowers are very small, 2-flowered at each node, with internode length of about 1  cm. The peduncles are gray pilose. The bracts are caducous, dry membranous, ovate, apically acuminate, striated, pubescent, and ciliated. The pedicels are 2–4 mm long, grayish pubescent. The calyxes are ca. 2 mm long, parted. The lobes are narrowly triangle, pilose. The corollas are light purple blue, ca. 4 mm long. The ovaries are pilose. The legumes are round, 6–10  ×  5–6  mm, inflated, with transverse veins, slightly hairy, black when mature, dehiscent along the upper sutures, and the lower sutures are distinctly prominent. The peduncles are 3–5  mm long, slender and pubescent, 8–10 seeded. The seeds are reniform-elliptic, ca. 2 mm. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to September. Habitat: It grows in the mountains, grass slopes, and plains at an altitude of 50–1300 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Taiwan in China, as well as in countries of India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bland in taste, cool in property. Functions: Removing swelling and detoxicating. It is often used to treat urolithiasis, scrofula, hoarseness, edema, and nameless swelling. Dosage: 9–18 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the fresh plants are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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10.5  Family: Papilionaceae 10.5.1  Rhynchosia dielsii Chinese Name(s): ling ye lu huo, shan huang dou teng. Source: This medicine is the roots and stems of Rhynchosia dielsii (Rhynchosia dielsii Harms ex Diels). Morphology: The plant is a herbaceous liana. Its stems are slender, usually densely yellowish brown villous or sometimes mixed pubescent. The leaves are pinnately 3-foliolate. The stipules are small, lanceolate, 3–7  mm. The petioles are 3.5–8 cm, pubescent. The terminal leaflets are ovate, ovate lanceolate, broadly elliptic or rhomboid ovate, 5–9 × 2.5–5 cm, apically acuminate or caudate-acuminate,

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basally rounded, densely pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially with sessile glands, basally 3 veined. The lateral leaflets are slightly small and obliquely ovate. The stipules are setose, ca 2  mm. The petioles are 1–2  mm long and pubescent. The racemes are axillary, 7–13 cm long, pubescent. The bracts are lanceolate, 5–10 mm long, deciduous. The flowers are sparse, yellow, 8–10 mm long. The pedicels are 4–6 mm long. The calyxes are 5-lobed. The lobes are triangular. The lower lobes are long, densely pubescent. The petals are all clawed. The flag petals are obovate-­ circular, basally with inflexed auricles at 2 sides. The wing petals are narrowly oblong, with 2 auricles, one of which is longer and inflexed, the other short. The keel petals are with long beaks and an obtuse auricle at base. The legumes are oblong or obovate, 1.2–2.2 × 0.8–1 cm, compressed, reddish purple when mature, pubescent, 2 seeded. The seeds are nearly rounded, ca. 4 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting from August to November. Habitat: It grows in hillsides and roadside shrubs at an altitude of 600–1100 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and stems are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s astringent and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, dispelling pathogenic wind and relieving convulsion, it’s often used for treatment of children with high fever, palpitation, cold, cough, and mastitis. Dosage: 3–9  g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, the fresh plants are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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10.6  Family: Papilionaceae 10.6.1  Rhynchosia volubilis Chinese Name(s): lu huo, shan hei dou, lao shu yan, tan qie dou. Source: This medicine is the whole plants or roots of Rhynchosia volubilis (Rhynchosia volubilis Lour.). Morphology: The plant is a twining herbaceous liana, densely grayish to light yellowish villous throughout. Its stems are slightly angulate. The leaves are pinnately or sometimes almost digitately 3-foliolate. The stipules are small, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, pubescent. The petioles are 2–5.5 cm. The leaflets are papery. The terminal leaflets are rhomboid or obovate-rhomboid, 3–8  ×  3–5.5  cm, apically obtuse or acute, usually mucronate, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, grayish or light yellowish villous on both surfaces, especially denser abaxially and with yellow-brown glands, 3 basally veined. The petioles are 2–4 mm, and the lateral leaflets are small and often oblique. The racemes are 1.5–4 cm long, 1–3 axillary. The flowers are about 1 cm long, arranged slightly densely. The pedicels are ca. 2 mm. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 5 mm. The lobes are lanceolate, with pubescence and glandular dots adaxially. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are subcircular, with wide and inflexed auricles. The wing petals are obovate-oblong, with 1 long auricle at one side at base. The keel petals are beaked. The stamens are diadelphous. The ovaries are hairy and densely distributed with small glandular dots, 2-ovuled. The legumes are oblong, reddish purple, 1–1.5  ×  ca. 0.8  cm, extremely com-pressed, slightly constricted between seeds, sparsely hairy to almost glabrous, apically with small beaks, usually 2-seeded. The seeds are elliptic or subreniform, black and lustrous. The flowering period is from May to August and the fruiting from September to December. Habitat: It grows on slopes and in weeds. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, etc. in China, as well as in countries of North Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants or roots are harvested in summer and autumn, sliced and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Removing food retention and dissolving lumps, relieving swelling and pain, relaxing muscles and activating collaterals, it’s often used for infantile malnutrition, toothache, neuroheadache, cervical lymph node tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lumbar muscle strain, as well as for external treatment for carbuncle, boils, and snake bite. Dosage: 15–30  g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh plants are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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10.7  Family: Papilionaceae 10.7.1  Robinia pseudoacacia Chinese Name(s): ci huai, yang huai, huai shu, ci er huai. Source: This medicine is the flowers of Robinia pseudoacacia (Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree, 10–25 m tall. Its branchlets are grayish brown, angulate when young, slightly hairy, glabrescent. The stipules are up to 2  cm. The winter buds are small, hairy. The leaves are pinnately compound, 10–30 cm long, longitudinally fissured on rachises. The leaflets are 2–12 in pairs, opposite, elliptic, or ovate, 2–5  ×  1.5–2.2  cm, apically rounded, emarginate and mucronate, basally rounded to broadly cuneate, marginally entire, adaxially green, abaxially grayish green, pubescent when young, glabrescent. The petioles are 1–3 mm. The stipules are acicular. The racemes are axillary, 10–20 cm long, pendulous, many flowered, fragrant. The bracts are caducous. The pedicels are 7–8 mm. The calyxes are obliquely campanulate, 7–9 mm, 5 lobed. The lobes are triangle to ovate triangle, densely pilose. The corollas are white, stipitate. The flag petals are suborbicular, ca. 1.6 × 1.9 cm, apically emarginate, basally rounded, reflexed, with yellow spots inside. The wing petals are obliquely obovate, ca.16 mm long, roundly auriculate at one base. The keel petals are falcate, triangular, equal to wings or slightly short, connate at leading edge, apically obtuse. The ovaries are linear, ca. 1.2  cm long, glabrous, with stalks of 2–3  mm long. The styles are subulate, ca. 8  mm long, apically curved, apically hairy, and the stigmas are terminal. The legumes are brown or reddish brown, linear oblong, 5–12 × 1–1.3(–1.7) cm, compressed, apically volute and mucronate, with short carpopodia and narrow wings along the abdominal sutures. The calyxes are persistent, 2–15 seeded, brown to dark brown, slightly glossy, sometimes with stripes, subreniform, 5–6 × ca. 3 mm. The hila are rounded, oblique to one end. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting from August to September.

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Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is introduced all over China, while native to the eastern United States. Acquisition and Processing: The flowers are harvested in summer and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Promoting diuresis and stopping bleeding, it’s often used for the treatment of hemafecia hemoptysis, hematemesis and metrorrhagia and metrostaxis. Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.8  Family: Papilionaceae 10.8.1  Sesbania cannabina Chinese Name(s): tian jing, xiao ye ma zha dou. Source: This medicine is the leaves and seeds of Sesbania cannabina (Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 2–3.5 m tall. Its leaves are pinnately compound. The rachises are 15–25 cm, adaxially furrowed, sparsely sericeous when young, glabrescent. The leaflets are 20–30 in pairs, opposite or subopposite, linear oblong, 8–20 × 2.5–4 mm, smaller at both ends of rachis than in the middle, apically obtuse to truncate and mucronate, basally rounded, asymmetric on both sides, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely appressed villous when young but glabrescent, with appressed purplish glands which are denser abaxially. The racemes are 3–10 cm 2–6 flowered, lax. The peduncles and pedicel are thin, pendulous, sparsely appressed villous. The calyxes are obliquely campanulate, 3–4 mm long, glabrous. The lobes are shortly triangular, apically acute, with 1–3 appendages between lobes, with white slender pilose inner margins. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are transversely ovate to suborbicular, 9–10 mm long, apically emarginate to rounded, basally subrounded and adaxially with various sizes of purplish black spots and stripes. The calluses are small, pyriform. The petal claws are ca. 2 mm long. The wing petals are obovate oblong, as long as the flag petals, ca. 3.5  mm in width, shortly auriculate at base, with dark grayish brown spots in the middle and transverse folded. The keel petals are shorter than the wings, broadly triangular-ovate, subequaling in length and width, apically obtuse, triangular, with claws of 4.5 mm. The stamens are diadelphous, the one across to the wing petals separated. The anthers are ovate to oblong. The pistils are glabrous. The stigmas are capitate, terminal. The legumes are long terete, 12–22 cm × 2.5–3.5 mm, slightly curved, dark brownish striate outside, with beaks of 5–7  mm apically and carpopodia of ca.

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5 mm, dehiscent, trabeculate between seeds, 20–35 seeded. The seeds are greenish brown, glossy, shortly cylinder, ca. 4 × 2–3 mm in diameter. The hila are rounded, slightly oblique to one end. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to December. Habitat: It grows in wet lowlands such as paddy fields and ditches. Distribution: It is cultivated or wild in Hainan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hong Kong, Guangxi and Yunnan, as well as in countries of Iraq, India, Indochina, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia, Ghana, and Mauritania. Acquisition and Processing: The leaves and seeds are harvested in summer and autumn, used when fresh or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat and cooling blood, detoxicating and promoting diuresis, it’s often used for treatment of fever, conjunctivitis, stranguria, hematuria and snake bite. Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh plants are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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10.9  Family: Papilionaceae 10.9.1  Smithia sensitive Chinese Name(s): po you gan, tian ji dou. Source: This medicine is the whole grass of Smithia sensitiva (Smithia sensitiva Ait.). Morphology: The plant is an annual shrubby herb, ascending to decumbent, 15–100  cm tall. The stems are slender, many branched, glabrous. The leaves are paripinnately compound, 3–10 foliolate. The stipules are dry and membranous, decurrent into auricles, longitudinally striate, glabrous. The petioles are ca. 1 mm. The rachises are 1–3 cm long, with small spinelike trichomes. The leaflets are thin papery, oblong, 4–10 × 1.5–3 mm, apically obtuse to rounded and with a spinelike mucro, and sparse bristles on the edge and adaxial midvein. There are 5 lateral veins

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on each side. The stipules are small, setose. The petioles are short, ca. 1 mm, glabrous. The racemes are axillary. The peduncles are 2–3  cm long. There are 1–6 flowers or more, which are small, densely fascicled near the apex of the peduncles. The pedicels are short. There are 2 bracteoles, which are ovate, with longitudinal stripes, ciliate on margins, about 1/3 the length of the calyx, adnate to the calyx, persistent. The calyxes are hard papery, with longitudinal stripes, 5–8  mm long, sparsely setose. The corollas are yellow, slightly longer than the calyxes. The flag petals are obovate, ca. 5 mm wide, slightly emarginate apically, shortly clawed. The wing petals are shorter than the flag petals, oblong, clawed. The keel petals are nearly as long as the wings. The ovaries are linear, with many ovules. The legumes are with 4–6 articles, which are plicate in calyxes and densely papillate. The flowering period is from August to September and the fruiting from September to October. Habitat: It grows at the edges of fields or at low humidity. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan in China, as well as in tropical Asia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, used when fresh or dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Detoxificating, reducing swelling and relieving cough. It’s often used for treatment of sore, cough, and snake injury. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, fresh plants are mashed for application to the affected areas.

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10.10  Family: Papilionaceae 10.10.1  Sophora flavescens Chinese Name(s): ku shen Source: This medicine is the roots of Sophora flavescens (Sophora flavescens Ait.). Morphology: The plant is as deciduous subshrub, 0.5~1m tall. Its roots are robust and long, cylindrical, yellow and bitter in taste. The stems are green, terete, cylindrical, with irregular longitudinal grooves. The young branches are yellowish pilose. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, alternate, 12–25  cm, 5–21

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foliolate. The stipules are linear. The leaflets are elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, apically rounded to extremely mucronate, basally rounded to cuneate, entire on margins and sparsely pubescent abaxially. The racemes are terminal, 10–20 cm long, pubescent. The calyxes are campanulate, slightly oblique, adaxially 5-lobed, 5–8 mm long. The corollas are butterfly-shaped, yellowish white, with 5 petals, of which the flag petal is slightly longer and apically subrounded. There are 10 stamens, and the filament are connate at base. There is 1 pistil, which has a long beak at the top. The legumes are linear, 6–12 cm long, dehiscent at maturity, 2–7 seeded. The seeds are subspherical, black. The flowering period is from June to August and the fruiting from July to October. Habitat: It’s distributed in the shrubbery of hillsides, sandy grasslands or near the fields below 1500 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in North and south China, as well as in countries of India, Japan, North Korea, Russia, and Siberia. Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in spring and autumn, removed the root head and small lateral roots, washed and dried in the sun, or sliced when fresh cut into pieces, and then dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The products are cylindrical, slender at the lower part and often branched, 10–30 × 1–3 cm, yellowish brown or grayish brown on surfaces, with deep longitudinal wrinkles and transverse lenticels. The outer skin is thin, mostly broken and curled outwards, easy to be peeled off, showing the yellowish and smooth endothelium. It’s solid in quality, not easy to break, cut into pieces of about 0.3~1 cm in thickness. The outer cortex is yellowish brown and the xylem is yellowish white, with obvious rings and fine radial lines. It’s slightly odored and the extremely bitter in taste. The product robust or large in piece, with slender lines, hard and bitter are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, cold in property, a little poisonous, belonging to the meridians of liver, stomach, large intestine, and bladder. Functions: Clearing heat and dampness, eliminating pathogenic wind and killing insects, it’s often used for treatment of jaundice due to dampness and heat, dysuria, leucorrhea, hemorrhoids, leprosy, acute bacillary dysentery, amebic dysentery, enteritis, tuberculous exudative pleurisy, tuberculous peritonitis (ascites type), urinary tract infection, as well as external treatment for pruritus vulvae, trichomoniasis of vagina, burn, and scald. Dosage: 4.5–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of roots are decocted for washing with or ground to powder for smearing and application to the affect areas. Annotation: The product should not be used with black false hellebore. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute bacillary dysentery: (1) Sophora flavescens 30–45  g, decocted and concentrated to 60–90  ml. Take 20–30  ml each time, three times a day. (2) Sophora flavescens tablets, 0.5  g each. Take 2–4 tablets per time, once every 4–6 hours.

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2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: trichomonas vaginalis: Sophora flavescens, shrubalthea bark, Cortex Phellodendri 150 g each, burnt alum 23 g, ground to fine powder, added 100 g of vaseline every 30 g of powder and proper amount of Fructus cnidii oil to make ointment. Take 1–2  g ointment each time, wrap in gauze and then insert into the vagina, twice a day for 15 consecutive days. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: women's pruritus vulvae: Sophora flavescens 30 g, Fructus cnidii 15 g, Pericarpium zanthoxyli 9 g, decocted for fumigation. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: intractable eczema: 30 g for Sophora flavescens, Fructus Cnidii, and Fructus Xanthii, 30 g respectively, Pericarpium zanthoxyli, realgar and alum 3 g respectively, added with 500 ml of water, decocted, filtered the dregs, and applicated to the affected areas.

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10.11  Family: Papilionaceae 10.11.1  Sophora japonica Chinese Name(s): huai hua, huai mi. Source: This medicine is the buds of Sophora japonica (Sophora japonica Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous tree, to 12 m tall, with round crowns and spreading branches. The leaves are imparipinnately compound, 7–15 foliolate. The leaflets are opposite, membranous or thin papery, ovate to oblong lanceolate, 2.5–5 ´ 1.2–5 ´ 1.2–1.8  cm, apically mucronate to acuminate, basally obtuse to broadly cuneate, asymmetric on both sides, petiolate. The inflorescences are broad panicles, terminal, 20 cm in both length and width. The calyxes are campanulate, 5-toothed and puberulent. The corollas are butterfly shaped, yellow, ca.1  cm in length. The flag petals are broad and cordate, clawed. The wing petals and keel petals are nearly oblong, clawed. There are 10 stamens, which are unequal in length, free or connate at the base. The legumes are cylindrical linear, moniliform, obviously constricted between seeds, 2–5 cm long, tawny or green, succulent and indehiscent. The flowering period is from July to August and the fruiting from August to October. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is widely cultivated in the north and south of China, especially in the Loess Plateau and North China Plain. Now it is cultivated all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The flowering branches are harvested in summer when the buds are about to open, beat and collected the buds, dried in the sun, and removed the branches and impurities.

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Medicinal Properties: The flower buds are ovate or ovate-oblong, like rice grains, 2–6 mm long and 2–3 mm in diameter, yellow, greenish yellow or turquoise, slightly shrunk. The calyxes are campanulate, yellowish green, apically with inconspicuous 5 lobes, occasionally with short petioles, upper part with yellow white corollas, which do not open. It’s light in weight, easy to be crushed. It’s fragrant in odor, bitter and astringent in taste. If immersed in water, the water is dyed bright yellow. The products large, full, even, blue and yellow, without branches are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and large intestine. Functions: Cooling blood and stop bleeding, clearing liver and improving vision. It is often used to treat hematemesis, haemorrhage, haemorrhoids, haemodysentery, metrorrhagia, conjunctivitis due to wind and heat, hypertension, and rubella. Dosage: 6–10 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hemorrhoids bleeding: Sophora japonica, Cacumen biotae, Sanguisorba officinalis, 9 g each, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hemoptysis and epistaxis: Sophora japonica 15 g, Agrimonia pilosa 18 g, Festuca arundinacea 30 g, Platycladus orientalis 20 g, decoction. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: functional uterine bleeding: Dried Sophora japonica 30 g, plant soot 15 g, ground to powder, 10 g each time, taken with hot wine. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: lymphadenitis: Sophora japonica 200 g, glutinous rice 100  g, stir fried to yellow and ground to powder. Take 10  g with boiled water in the morning every day and do not take sugar during the medication. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hemafecia: Sophora japonica 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Annotation: It is customary to call flower buds Huaimi, and open flowers Huaihua. Though their properties, tastes and functions are exactly the same, the efficacy of Huaihua is slightly inferior to that of Huaimi.

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10.12  Family: Papilionaceae 10.12.1  Sophora tonkinensis Chinese Name(s): shan dou gen, guang dou gen. Source: This medicine is the roots of Sophora tonkinensis (Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.) Morphology: The plan is a small shrub, up to 2 m tall. Its roots are cylindrical and tawny. Its branchlets are cylindrical, pubescent. The leaves are oddly pinnate, compound and alternate, 11–17 foliolate. The leaflets are elliptic oblong or ovate oblong, 1–4 cm × 5–15 mm. The terminal leaflets are usually large, entire, adaxially dark green, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, abaxially grayish white or grayish yellow, densely covered grayish white sericeous pubescent. The panicles are terminal, 8–13 cm long. The flowers are pale yellow. The calyxes are campanulate, 5 lobed. The lobes are shortly triangular, unequal in size. The corollas are butterfly shaped, 10–12 mm long. The flag petals are round, apically emarginate, clawed. The wing and keel petal are acutely auriculate. There are 10 stamens, which are monadelphous. The ovaries are hairy, with hairy, inflected styles, and capitate stigmas. The legumes are 3.5–4 cm long, 1–3 articulate, and dehiscence at maturity. The seeds are black and glossy. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting from August to December. Habitat: It grows in coastal dunes and shrubbery. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan in China, as well as in tropical coastal areas and islands all over the world.

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Acquisition and Processing: The roots are dug up in summer and autumn, washed and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The roots of this product are irregular nodule shaped at the head, often remaining stem base, clustered with several long terete roots. The roots are different in length, 0.7–1.5 cm in diameter, brown to tan, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles and protruding transverse lenticels, often branched. It is rigid and hard to break. The cortex of sections is light brown, and the xylem is light yellow. It has a beany smell and is bitter in taste. The products that are robust and rigid are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and large intestine. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxication and detumescence, relieving pain constipation. It’s often used for treatment of acute pharyngitis, tonsillitis, swelling and pain of gingiva, cough due to lungs heat, jaundice due to dampness and heat, carbuncle, boils, and constipation. Dosage: 6–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: tonsillitis and sore throat: A: 6 portions of Sophora tonkinensis, 1 portion of licorice, ground to powder, compressed into tablets, containing 0.1 g per tablet. Take 3–6 g per dose, 3–4 times a day. b: Sophora tonkinensis 6 g, Rhizoma belamcandae 9 g, Radix scrophulariae 9 g, Platycodon grandiflorum 9 g, Radix isatidis 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.13  Family: Papilionaceae 10.13.1  Spatholobus sinensis Chinese Name(s): hong xue teng, hua mi hua dou, xue ge long. Source: This medicine is the roots of Spatholobus sinensis (Spatholobus sinensis Chun et T. Chen). Morphology: The plant is a climbing vine. The leaves are 3 foliolate. The leaflets are leathery, nearly homomorphic, oblong elliptic. The terminal leaflets are 5–9.5  ×  2–4  cm. The lateral leaflets are slightly small, abruptly contracted to a slightly blunt mucro on the apex, basally obtuse and rounded, adaxially glossy and glabrous, abaxially sparsely pubescent. The midveins are prominent, impressed adaxially, raised and densely brownish strigose abaxially. The lateral veins and veinlet are slender, slightly raised on both surfaces. The petiolules are densely strigose and inflated. The stipules are subulate, 3–5 mm long, persistent. The panicles are usually axillary. The bracts and bracteoles are subulate, ca. 1  mm long. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 4  mm long, nearly as long as the pedicels, densely strigose on both surfaces, and the calyx teeth are ovate, 1.5–2 mm long, nearly as long as the calyx tubes. The upper 2 teeth are somewhat connate. The petals are purplish red. The flag petals are oblate, 5–5.5 × 6–6.5 mm, apically 2-parted, with claws of ca. 2 mm. The wing petals are obovate oblong, ca. 5 mm long, basally with short acute auricle on one side and claws of 2.5 mm long. The keel petals are falcate, oblong, ca. 3.5 mm, apically rounded, basally truncate, without auricles, and with claws of 2.5  mm long. The anthers are subglobose, uniform in size, yellow. The ovaries are sessile, densely strigose along ventral suture, sparsely pilose or subglabrous on the other parts. The legumes are oblong, 6–9 × 2–2.5 cm below the middle, and the distal part is narrow and brownish villous, especially on beak and 2 sutures, without carpopodia or with short ones of 1–3  mm. The seeds are oblong, 1.5 cm × 8 mm, black and lusterless. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting in January of the next year. Habitat: It grows in the low altitude valleys where the forest is relatively wet. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hainan, Guangdong, and Guangxi in China. Acquisition and Processing: The roots and stems are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation, relieving pain, eliminating wind and dampness, relaxing muscles and collaterals, it’s often used for rheumatism arthralgia, blood deficiency and amenorrhea, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, bruise, numbness of limbs, aching of waist and knee. Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.14  Family: Papilionaceae 10.14.1  Spatholobus suberectus Chinese Name(s): ji xue teng, xue feng, xue teng, xue feng teng. Source: This medicine is the canes of Spatholobus suberectus (Spatholobus suberectus Dunn). Morphology: The plant is a woody vine, to 20 m. The stems are robust and grayish brown, with red juice flowing out after cutting. The branchlets are terete and glabrous. The leaves are 3 foliolate. The leaflets are papery or subleathery, of different shapes. The leaflets are broad oval, symmetrical on both sides, 9–19 × 5–14 cm, apically abruptly contracted to shortly obtusely caudate, basally broadly cuneate. The lateral leaflets are ovate or broadly ovate, nearly as long as the terminal ones, asymmetric on two sides, oblique at base, nearly rounded, glabrous or slightly pubescent on both surfaces, abaxially with beard in the axils of veins. There are 6–8 pairs of veins, which slightly curved. The petioles are 5–8 mm, subglabrous. The stipules are subulate, 3–6 mm long. The panicles are axillary or at apex of branchlets, to 50 cm. The rachises and pedicels are yellowish brown puberulent. The bracts and bracteoles are linear and persistent. The calyxes are tubular, 3.5–4 mm long, densely yellowish brown puberulent outside, silvery gray hairy inside. The calyx teeth are short, less than 1 mm, apically obtuse, and the upper 2 ones are connate. The corollas are white, 7–8 mm long, clawed on each petal. The flag petals are subrounded, slightly wider than longer, apically emarginate, basally with no claws. The keels are as long as the wings or slightly shorter, and both are apically obtuse and rounded, basally with an acute auricle on one side. The stamens are hidden inside. The anthers are spherical and uniform in size. The ovaries are subsessile, densely white strigose. The legumes are subfalcate, 8–11 cm long, densely brownish velutinous, with stripes of 4–9 mm at the base. The seeds are compressed, oblong, ca. 2 × 1 cm, purple brown on the testae, thinly crustaceous, shiny. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting from November to December. Habitat: It grows in the open forests, dense forest valleys or shrubs in the mountainous area with altitudes of 500–1300 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, etc., in China, as well as in Vietnam. Acquisition and Processing: It’s harvested all year round, cut off the stems, removed the slender branches, obliquely sliced or sectioned and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The canes are cut into irregular flat terete sections, which slightly twisted, ca. 50  cm long, or oval or irregular oblong oblique slices of 5–10 × 3–6 × 0.5–2 cm. The outer surface is grayish brown, with obvious longitudinal grooves and scattered brown punctate lenticels, occasionally with grayish white spots, uplifted on nodules. It’s solid in quality, not easy to break. The cortices of the cross sections are dark brown, and the xylems are reddish brown, densely covered with punctate vessels. The resinous secretions are reddish brown or black brown, arranging between the xylems forming 3–8 eccentric semicircular or oblate rings. The medullae are eccentric and the twigs are especially obvious. It’s slightly

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odored, astringent in taste. The products with obvious red rings, more than three rings and more resin exudations are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter and sweet in taste, warm in property, belonging to the meridians of liver and kidneys. Functions: Replenishing blood and promoting blood circulation, clearing and activating the channels and collaterals, it’s often used for treatment of anemia, irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, rheumatoid arthralgia, lumbago and leg pain, numbness and paralysis of limbs, weakness of muscles and bones, spermatorrhea, and leukopenia caused by radiation reaction. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water or immersed in wine for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: aplastic anemia: Spatholobus suberectus 60–120 g, 2–4 eggs and 10 dates, added with 8 bowls of water and decocted to half of a bowl (remove the shell after the egg is cooked, put it in and boil again). Take the egg with the medicine juice, 1 dose per day. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: malnutrition and haemorrhagic anemia: Spatholobus suberectus syrup, 10–20 ml per dose, 3 times a day. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: leucorrhea: Spatholobus suberectus 30  g, Radix Rosa Laevigata, Flemingia philippinensis, Parabarium micranthum, Eclipta, 15 g each, if necessary, added with Codonopsis pilosula 15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose twice a day for 3–5 continuous days. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: lumbago and leg pain, irregular menstruation, anemia and dysmenorrhea: Spatholobus suberectus Extract Tablets, 4–8 tablets per time, 3 times a day.

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H. Ye et al.

10.15  Family: Papilionaceae 10.15.1  Tadehagi triquetrum Chinese Name(s): hu lu cha, ti dao bing, chong cao, jin jian cao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Tadehagi triquetrum (Tadehagi triquetrum (Linn.) Ohashi [Desmodium triquetrum (Linn.) DC.]). Morphology: The plant is an erect shrub or subshrub, 0.5~2 m tall. Its branches are trihedral, shortly strigose on the edges. The leaves are digitately compound. The leaflets are ovate lanceolate or lanceolate, 6–12  cm in length, apically acute to mucronate, basally shallow cordate or rounded, abaxially slightly hairy along the veins. The petioles are 1–3 cm in length, with broad wings on both sides, making the whole leaflets look like inverted gourds. There are 2 stipules, which are dry membranous, 1.5  cm in length, caducous. The flowers are light purplish red, arranged in terminal or axillary racemes. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 3 mm, 5 lobed, and the upper 2 lobes are connate to near the apex. The corollas are butterfly shaped, extending out of the calyxes. The flag petals are nearly orbicular, slightly emarginate at the apexes. The wing petals are obovate. The keel petals are falcate, arcuate, with long claws. There are 10 stamens, which are monadelphous. The legumes are 2–5 cm long, 5–8 jointed and strigose. The flowering period is from June to October and the fruiting from October to December. Habitat: It grows on the edges and roadsides of wastelands or mountain forests below 1400 m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, etc. in China, as well as in countries of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Pacific Islands, New Caledonia, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn, dried in the sun or sectioned when freshen and the dried. Medicinal Properties: The product is 40–120  cm long. Its roots are nearly terete, twisted, grayish brown or brownish red, hard and slightly tough, yellowish white on cross sections. The stems are cylindrical at base, grayish brown to dark brown, woody, triangular prism on the distal part, herbaceous, sparsely hirsute. The leaflets are ovate lanceolate, thin leathery, 6–12 cm long or slightly longer, grayish green or yellow, basally obtuse and slightly hairy adaxially. The petioles are about 1.5 cm long, with broad wings. The stipules are lanceolate, nearly as long as the petiole, light brown. The inflorescences and infructescences are axillary, 15–30 cm long. The flowers are butterfly shaped, numerous, lavender, less than 1 cm long. The legumes are compressed, 2–4 cm long, 5–8 jointed. It’s slightly odored and bland in taste. The products with roots, more leaves and green colored are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter and astringent in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of stomach and large intestine. Functions: Clearing heat and detoxicating, eliminating accumulation and dampness, killing insects and preventing corrosion, it’s often used for the treatment of cold, fever, sore throat, nephritis, icteric hepatitis, enteritis, bacterial dysentery,

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infantile malnutrition, infantile scleroderma, vomiting during pregnancy. It’s also used for relieving pineapple poisoning and preventing heatstroke. Dosage: 15–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute nephritis and edema: (1) Tadehagi triquetrum 60 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take 1 dose per day. (2) Tadehagi triquetrum 30 g, wax gourd skin 30 g, Imperata cylindrica 30 g–60 g, Ephedra 9 g, loquat leaf 15 g and almond 12 g, decocted in water and taken in 2 times. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: infantile malnutrition: 5 portions of Tadehagi triquetrum, 5 portions of Striga asiatica, 1 portion of Melia azedarach, 2 portions of Cyperus rotundus, decocted in water and concentrated to 72  g per 100 ml. Take 15–30 ml per day in three times, six days as a course of treatment. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: vomiting during pregnancy: Tadehagi triquetrum 30 g, decocted in water and taken in three times. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: scleroderma: A: fresh Tadehagi triquetrum 500 g, Leucas zeylanica 500 g, mashed and added with a little salt, stir fried, smeared to the affected areas every morning. B: dried Tadehagi triquetrum and Leucas zeylanica 1500 g respectively, added with 35 kg water, and decocted into 30  kg of solution. Soak the whole body once a day in the decoctum every afternoon. 5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hookworm disease: Tadehagi triquetrum 250 g, added with 800 ml of water, decocted to 250 ml. Take the decoctum on an empty stomach in two times and reexzam stool 10 days later. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: trichomonal vaginitis: Tadehagi triquetrum 30 g (60 g for fresh), decocted in water and taken in 2 times.

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H. Ye et al.

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10.16  Family: Papilionaceae 10.16.1  Tephrosia purpurea Chinese Name(s): hui ye, hui mao dou, ye lan dian, ye qing shu, jia dian qing, shan qing. Source: This medicine is the roots, stems and leaves of Tephrosia purpurea (Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers.). Morphology: The plant is a shrubby herb, up to 1.5 m tall, many branched. The leaves are pinnately compound, 7–15 cm long. The petioles are short. The stipules are linear and tapered, ca. 4  mm long. The leaflets are 4–8 (10) in pairs, elliptic oblong to elliptic oblanceolate, 15–35  ×  4–14  mm, apically obtuse, truncated or slightly emarginated, with mucro, narrowly rounded at base, adaxially glabrous on the leaf surface, abaxially appressed pubescent, with 7–12 pairs of lateral veins, which are prominent. The petioles are ca. 2 mm long, hairy. The racemes are terminal, opposite to leaves or in axils near apex of branchlets, 10–15 cm long, slender, 2(-4) flowered per node, scattered. The bracts are conical narrowly lanceolate, 2–4 mm long. The flowers are ca. 8 mm long. The pedicels are 2–4 mm, slightly elongated in fruiting stage, pubescent. The calyxes are broadly campanulate, 2–4 × ca. 3 mm, pubescent. The lobes are narrowly triangular, caudate, nearly equal length, ca. 2.5 mm long. The corollas are lavender. The petals are orbicular, puberulent on the outside. The wing petals are ovate oblong. The keels are nearly semicircular. The ovaries are densely pilose. The styles are linear, glabrous. The stigmas are punctate, glabrous, or slightly brush like hairy. The ovules are numerous. The legumes are linear, 4–5 cm × 0.4(–0.6) cm, slightly curved, apically with short beaks, sparsely appressed pilose, 6 seeded. The flowering period is from March to October.

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Habitat: It grows wildernesses and hillsides. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hainan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, and Yunnan in China, as well as in tropical areas all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The roots, stems, and leaves are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s slightly bitter in taste, neutral in property, toxic. Functions: Relieving exterior symptoms, invigorating spleen and drying dampness, promoting Qi circulation and relieving pain, it’s often used for treatment of cold due to wind heat, dyspepsia, abdominal distention, abdominal pain and chronic gastritis, as well as for external treatment of eczema and dermatitis. Dosage: 9–15 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, proper amounts of whole plants are decocted for washing the affected areas. Annotation: The whole plant is toxic, especially the roots, which contains cinerarin and rotenone. The symptom of poisoning is diarrhea. In case of poisoning, the patient should be treated according to the general first aid principles.

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10.17  Family: Papilionaceae 10.17.1  Trifolium repens Chinese Name(s): bai che zhou cao, bai san ye, he lan qiao yao. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Trifolium repens (Trifolium repens Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 10–30 cm tall. Its main roots are short. The lateral root and fibrous root developed. The stems are decumbent, and the upper part slightly ascend, rooted on the nodes, glabrous throughout. The leaves are palmately compound, 3 foliolate. The stipules are ovate lanceolate, membranous, sheathed at the base, subulate apically. The petioles are long, 10–30 cm. The leaflets are obovate to nearly rounded, 8–20(-30) × 8–16(-25) mm, apically obtuse to emarginated, basally cuneate and attenuate to petioles, midrib raised abaxially, with about 13 pairs of lateral veins which expanded at an angle of 50° with midrib, raised on both surfaces, split near the leaf margins and reaching the apex of teeth. The petioles are 1.5  mm, slightly puberulent. The inflorescences are spherical, terminal, 15–40 mm in diameter. The peduncles are very long, nearly one time longer than the petioles. There are 20–50(-80) flowers, which are dense, with no involucres. The bracts are lanceolate, membranous and subulate. The flowers are 7–12 mm long. The pedicels are slightly longer than or equaling to the calyxes. The calyxes are campanulate, with 10 veins and 5 lobes which are lanceolate, slightly unequal, shorter than the calyx tubes. The calyx throats are open, glabrous. The corollas are white, cream yellow or light red, fragrant. The flag petals are elliptic, nearly one time longer than the wing and keel petals, and the keels are slightly shorter than the wings. The ovaries are linear and oblong. The styles are slightly longer than the ovaries, and with 3–4 ovules. The legumes are oblong, usually 3 seeded. The seeds are broadly ovate. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to October.

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Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is commonly cultivated all over the world and originated in Europe and North Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Clearing heat, cooling blood and calming the mind, it’s often used for treatment of epilepsy, hemorrhoids bleeding, lump, and mass. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh plants are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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10.18  Family: Papilionaceae 10.18.1  Trigonella foenum-graecum Chinese Name(s): hu lu ba, lu ba zi, xiang dou zi, xiang dou cao, ku dou. Source: This medicine is the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 30–80  cm tall. The main roots are 80 cm deep, with fibrous lateral roots. The stems are erect, cylindric, many branched, and puberulent. The leaves are pinnately compound, 3 foliolate. The stipules are entire, membranous, basally adnate to petioles, apically acuminate, hairy. The petioles spread, 6–12 mm long. The leaflets are long obovate, ovate to oblong lanceolate, nearly equal sized, 15–40 × 4–15 mm, apically obtuse, basally cuneate, marginally dentate on the upper half, adaxially glabrous, abaxially sparsely pubescent, or glabrous, with 5–6 pairs of lateral veins which are inconspicuous. The terminal leaflets are long petiolate. The flowers are sessile, 1–2 arranged in axils, 13–18 mm long. The calyxes are tubulous, 7–8 mm long, villous, and the lobes are lanceolate, conic, as long as calyx. The corollas are creamy or pale yellow, violet on the base. The flag petals are long obovate, deeply concave on the apex, significantly longer than wing and keel petals. The ovaries are linear, slightly pubescent. The styles are short and the stigmas are capitate, many ovuled. The legumes are cylindric, 7–12  cm long, 4–5 mm in diameter, straight or slightly curved, glabrous or puberulent, apically with slender beaks of ca. 2 cm, including the sterile part of the upper ovary, thickened on the dorsal sutures, obviously longitudinally reticulate on the surface, 10–20 seeded. The seeds are oblong-ovoid, 3–5 × 2–3 mm, brown and uneven. The flowering period is from April to July, and fruiting from July to September. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is commonly cultivated in most parts of the country, as well as Eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Iranian Plateau, and even the Himalayas.

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H. Ye et al.

Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested when the seed matured, beat for the seeds, and dried in the sun. The seeds could be used when fresh or stir fried on slow fire. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Warming the kidneys, dispelling cold, and relieving pain. It’s often used for treatment of deficiency and cold of kidneys, abdominal cold pain, hernia, beri-beri due to cold and wet. Dosage: 4.5–9 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: abdominal pain due to cold of kidneys and Qi stagnation: Trigonella foenum-graecum 9  g, Radix aconiti carmichaeli 6  g, Cyperus rotundus 12 g, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hernia: Trigonella foenum-graecum and Fennel in equal amounts, stir fried and finely ground. Take 3 g per dose, twice a day with yellow wine.

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10.19 

595

Family: Papilionaceae

10.19.1  Uraria crinita Chinese Name(s): bu gou wei, tu wei cao, tu gou wei, niu chun hua. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Uraria crinita (Uraria crinita (Linn.) Desv. [ U. crinita (Linn.) Desv. var. macrostachya Wall.]) Morphology: The plant is an erect subshrub, 1–1.5 m tall. Its stems are with few branches, pubescent. The leaves are pinnately compound, 3–5(-7) foliolate. The leaflets are subleathery, oblong, ovate lanceolate or ovate, 10–15 × 5–7 cm, apically acute, basally rounded to shallowly caudate, adaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent on the veins sometimes, abaxially pubescent. The stipules are acicular, ca. 2 mm long. The flowers are purple and arranged in terminal or axillary racemes, to 30 cm. The bracts are broad at the base of the inflorescence, persistent and ciliate,

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attenuate upward, acicular on the apex, extended out of the flowers, making the inflorescence hairy and broomlike on the top, deciduous after blooming of flowers. The pedicels are ca. 4 mm long, elongated to 1–1.5 cm after anthesis, hooked, with short uncinate and long white hairs. The calyxes are shallowly campanulate, 5-parted, with upper 2 lobes being shorter, long white hirsute. The corollas are butterfly shaped, ca. 6 mm. The flag petals are obovate. The wing petals and keel petals are adnate. The keel petals are obtuse, slightly recurved. There are 10 stamens, which are diadelphous. The ovaries are sessile, styles recurved. The legumes are slightly pubescent, 2-4 articulate, and the articles are elliptic and reticulate. Habitat: It grows in slopes, roadsides or thickets below 850m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hongkong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Taiwan etc. in China, as well as in countries of India, Sri Lanka, Indochina Peninsula, Malay Peninsula, and south to Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in anthesis of autumn and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The product is 50–120 cm long, green or yellow, with many roots which are thick and long, tawny. The stems branched and are pubescent. The leaves are alternate, often crinkled or broken, imparipinnately compound, with long petioles. There are 3–7 leaflets, which are opposite, oblong, ovate lanceolate or elliptic, thin leathery, 10-15  cm  ×  5–7  cm, entire, adaxially glabrous, abaxially pubescent. The racemes are terminal, curved distally, ca. 30 cm or longer, similar to dog tail, with pedicels purplish and hook like. The legumes are occasionally seen. Its slightly odored, sweet and bland in tastes. The products with many branches and leaves, thick roots and spikes are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, slightly cold in property, belonging to the meridians of lungs and stomach. Functions: Dispersing blood stasis and stopping bleeding, clearing heat and stopping coughing, cooling blood and eliminating swelling, it’s often used for treatment of exterior syndrome of wind heat, cough and phlegm, malaria, hematemesis, cough, hemoptysis, hematuria, knife bleeding, metroptosis, anorectal prolapse, and infantile malnutrition. Dosage: 30–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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H. Ye et al.

10.20  Family: Papilionaceae 10.20.1  Uraria lagopodioides Chinese Name(s): li wei cao, tu wei cao, gou wei cao, hu li wei. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Uraria lagopodioides (Uraria lagopodioides (Linn.) Desv. et DC.). Morphology: The herb is perennial, usually up to 60 cm tall. Its branches are prostrate or spreading, pubescent. The leaves are 3 foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. The stipules are triangular, 3 × 1 mm, apically caudate, gray yellow villous and cilliate. The petioles are 1–2 cm long and grooved. The leaflets are papery. The terminal leaflets are nearly orbicular or elliptic to ovate, 2–6 × 1.5–3 cm, apically rounded or emarginate, with mucro, basally rounded or cordate. The lateral leaflets are small, slightly scarbrous on adaxial surface, and grayish yellow pubescent abaxially, with 5–7 lateral veins on each side of the midrib, which are straight and oblique, slightly arched near the leaf margin, raised on both surfaces, and with obvious reticular veins abaxially. The stipules are setose, 1.5 mm long. The petioles are ca. 2 mm long, densely grayish yellow pubescent. The racemes are terminal, 3–6 cm long, 1.5–2  cm in diameter, densely flowered. The bracts are broadly ovate, 8–10  mm long, apically acuminate, densely gray hairy and ciliate, deciduous in anthesis. The pedicels are 4 mm long, sparsely white villous. The calyxes are 5-lobed, with the upper two lobes being triangular, shorter, ca. 2 mm long, the lower three lobes being bristly, more than three times longer than upper ones and white villous. The calyx tubes are ca. 1 mm long. The corollas are ca. 6 mm long, lavender. The petals are obovate, basally acuminate. The stamens are diadelphous. The ovaries are glabrous, 1–2 ovuled. The legumes are small, enclosed in calyxes, 1–2 articulate. The articles are elliptic, ca. 2.5 mm, dark brown, swollen, glabrous, slightly glossy. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It’s mostly found in the wild slope shrubs below 1000  m above sea level. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Hong Kong, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Taiwan in China, as well as in countries of India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Australia. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Eliminating the mass and relieve swelling, clearing heat, and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of cervical lymph node tuberculosis, snake bite, carbuncle, and sore. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, the fresh plants are mashed and applied to the affected areas.

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H. Ye et al.

10.21  Family: Papilionaceae 10.21.1  Vicia cracca Chinese Name(s): guang bu ye wan dou, cao teng, luo dou yang. Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Vicia cracca (Vicia cracca Linn.). Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, 40–150 cm tall. Its roots are slender, many branched. The stems are climbing or trailing, angulate, pilose. The leaves are paripinnately compound, 2–3 branched on the tendrils at the top of the leaf axis. The stipules are semi-sagittate or hastate, 2 parted on the top. There are 5–12 pairs of leaflets, which are alternate, linear, oblong, or lanceolate, 1.1–3 × 0.2–0.4 cm, apically acute to rounded, mucronate, basally subrounded or cuneate, entire on margins, with sparse, ternate and obscure veins. The racemes are nearly as long as the leaf axis, many flowered of 10–40, denser on the upper part of the axis. The calyxes are campanulate, 5 lobed, and the lobes are subtriangular lanceolate. The corollas are purple, blue-purple or purplish red, ca. 0.8–1.5 cm long. The flag petals are oblong and panduriform, constricted in the middle, apically emarginate, with claws equaling to the petals. The wing petals are nearly as long as the flag petal, but obviously longer than the keel petals, apically obtuse. The ovaries are stalked and 4–7 ovuled, styles curved in angles of more than 90° with the ovaried, hairy around the distal parts. The legumes are oblong or oblong-rhomboid, 20–25 × ca. 5 mm, apically beaked and with peduncles of 0.3 cm. There are 3–6 seeds, which are oblate and spherical, 0.2 cm in diameter. The testa is dark brown, and the length of the hilum is equal to 1/3 of the circumference of the seed. The flowering and fruiting period is from May to September. Habitat: It grows on the edges of fields, roadsides, and grassy slopes. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi,

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Henan, North China, and northeast provinces. It is also distributed in Eurasia and North America. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s pungent and bitter in taste, warm in property. Functions: Eliminating phlegm and stopping coughing, activating blood circulation and regulating menstruation, and preventing attack of malaria, it’s often used for rheumatism and arthralgia, impotence and disuse of limbs, bruise, eczema, sores, irregular menstruation, cough and phlegm, malaria, and epistaxis. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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H. Ye et al.

10.22  Family: Papilionaceae 10.22.1  Vicia faba Chinese Name(s): can dou hua Source: This medicine is the flowers of Vicia faba (Vicia faba Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual erect herb. The stems are 30–180 cm tall, glabrous, unbranched. The leaves are paripinnately compound. The leaflets are 1–3  in pairs, elliptic or broadly elliptic, 4.5–7.5  cm long, apically rounded and obtuse, mucronate, basally cuneate, marginally entire. The stipules are semisagittate, serrate on both sides, glabrous. The rachises are with degenerate tendrils at the top. The flowers are solitary or arranged in axillary racemes, with very short peduncles. The flowers are large, 2.5–3.3  cm long. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 1.3 cm long, membranous, 5 lobed. The lobes are ovate lanceolate. The corollas are butterfly shaped, white, with reddish purple stripes. The flag petals are obovate, apically obtuse, basally attenuate. The wing and keel petals are with claws. There are 10 (9+1) stamens, which are diadelphous. The ovaries are sessile, glabrous, with a bunch of beards on the top of the styles abaxially. The legumes are long and oval, large and thick, 5–10 × 2 cm, 2–4 seeded. The seeds are ovoid, slightly flattened. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting in June. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It is native to the southern area of Caspian Sea and the northern part of Africa, and now cultivated in most parts of China. Acquisition and Processing: The inflorescences are harvested in anthesis from March to April, dried in the sun or over slow fire. Medicinal Properties: The products often shrunk, 2–3  cm long, dark brown, usually 1–4 inserting on the very short peduncles. The calyx tubes are campanulate, adnate to the corolla tubes, 5-lobed on the top, and the lobes are ovate lanceolate, sometimes incomplete due to dryness. The flag petals are on the outside, with wing

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and keel petals wrapped in, which were not easy to identify due to shrinkage and curl. It’s slightly fragrant in odor and bland in taste. The products dry, with complete flowers, no leaves, stems, and mildew are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet, slightly pungent in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Stopping bleeding, curing leukorrhea and lowering blood pressure, it’s often used for treatments of all kinds of internal bleeding, leucorrhea and hypertension. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Annotation: The stems are used to treat various internal bleeding, diarrhea and scald. The seeds are used to treat food distention and edema. The testae are used to treat edema, beriberi, dysuria, pemphigus, and impetigo.

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10.23  Family: Papilionaceae 10.23.1  Vicia hirsuta Chinese Name(s): xiao chao cai, xiao mai dou Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Vicia hirsuta (Vicia hirsuta (Linn.) S. F. Gray). Morphology: The plant is an annual herb, 15–90 (~ 120) cm tall, climbing or trailing. The stems are slender, angulate, subglabrous. The leaves are paripinnately compound, terminally branched into tendrils. The stipules are linear, 2–3 lobed at the base. The leaflets are 4–8 in pairs, linear or oblong, 0.5–1.5 × 0.1–0.3 cm, apically truncate, mucronate, basally acuminate and glabrous. The racemes are obviously shorter than leaves. The calyxes are campanulate, and the lobes are lanceolate, ca. 0.2 cm long. There are 2–4 (-7) flowers, which densely arranged on the top of

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inflorescences, extremely small, only 0.3–0.5 cm long. The corollas are white, light blue-green or purplish white, rarely pink. The flag petals are oval, ca. 0.3 cm long, apically truncate and emarginate. The wing petals are nearly cochlear, almost as long as the flag petals. The keel petals are shorter. The ovaries are sessile, densely brown trigose, 2 ovuled, hairs around the upper part of the styles. The legumes are oblong-rhomboid, 0.5–1 × 0.2–0.5 cm, densely brown strigose on surfaces. There are 2 seeds, which are oblate, 0.15–0.25 cm in diameter, protruding on both sides, and the navel length is 1/3 of the seed circumference. The flowering and fruiting period is from February to July. Habitat: It grows in the mountain ditch, river beach, field edge and roadside grass at altitudes of 200–1500 m. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces and regions of Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, East China, Central China, Southwest China, Guangdong and Hong Kong, as well as in countries of North America, northern Europe, Russia, Japan, and North Korea. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, neutral in property. Functions: Promoting blood circulation, harmonizing the stomach, nourishing internal organs and improving eyesight, it’s often used for treatment of acne, kidneys deficiency, spermatorrhea, and lumbago. Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.24.1  Vicia sativa Chinese Name(s): jiu huang ye wan dou, ye wan dou, da chao cai, ye lv dou, ma dou cao, ye ma wan Source: This medicine is the whole plants of Vicia sativa (Vicia sativa Linn.). Morphology: The plant is an annual or biennial herb, 15–90(-105) cm tall. Its stems are obliquely ascending or climbing, simple or branched, angulate, puberulent. The leaves are paripinnately compound, 2–10  cm, terminally split into 2–3 tendrils. The stipules are sagittate, usually 2–4 lobed, and the lobes are 0.3–0.4 × 0.15–0.35 cm. The leaflets are 2–7 in pairs, long elliptic or nearly cordate, 0.9–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, apically round or truncate and emarginate, mucronate, basally cuneate, with obscure lateral veins, appressed yellow hairy on both surfaces. There are 1–2(-4) flowers which are axillary, subsessile. The calyxes are campanulate, outside pilose, and the lobes are lanceolate or conic. The corollas are purplish red or red. The flag petals are long obovate, apically rounded, emarginate, constricted at the middle. The wing petals are shorter than flag petals, longer than keels. The ovaries are linear, slightly pilose, with 4–8 ovules. The ovaries are shortly stalked. The styles are pale yellowish beard. The legumes are linear-oblong, ca.4-6 × 0.5 cm–0.8 cm, yellowish brown on the surfaces and constricted between seeds, hairy, dehiscent on both sutures when mature and valves are curved. There are 4–8 seeds, which are spheroid, brown or dark brown. The length of hilum is 1/5 the circumference of seed. The flowering period is from April to July and the fruiting period from July to September. Habitat: It grows in barren mountains, grass beside fields and forests with altitudes of 50–1000 m. Distribution: It escaped from cultivation all over the country, and originated in southern Europe and Western Asia. It has been widely cultivated in the world. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and pungent in taste, warm in property. Functions: Tonifying the kidneys and regulating meridians, eliminating phlegm and relieving cough, it’s often used for treatment of kidneys deficiency, low back pain, spermatorrhea, irregular menstruation, cough and phlegm, as well as for external treatment of acne. Dosage: 15–30  g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external use, proper amounts of fresh herbs are mashed for application or decocted for washing the affected areas.

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10.25  Family: Papilionaceae 10.25.1  Vigna angularis Chinese Name(s): chi xiao dou, hong dou Source: This medicine is the mature seeds of Vigna angularis (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et H. Ohashi [Phaseolus angularis (Willd.) W. F. Wight]). Morphology: The plant is an annual erect herb, sometimes slightly twining. The stems are slender, 25–70  cm tall or over, inverted puberulent only on the tender parts. The leaves are ternately compound, petiolate. The stipules are peltate, usually lanceolate. The leaflets are papery, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, 4–6 cm long or slightly longer, apically mucronate or acuminate, basally rounded to obtuse, sometimes broadly cuneate, usually glabrous or only sparsely pubescent on the veins. The flowers are yellow, 2–4 arranged in terminal, long stemmed racemes. The calyxes are ca. 3–4 mm long. The corollas are butterfly shaped, ca.10 mm long. The keel petals curved apically, but without rotate beaks. The legumes are linear cylindrical, 6–10 cm long. There are 6–10 seeds, which are oblong, dark red, 3–3.5 mm in diameter. The flowering period is from May to August. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It’s cultivated in North and south of China. It has also been introduced to India, Vietnam, Philippines and Japan, Congo, and Uganda in America and Africa. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are harvested in autumn when the fruits matured, dried in the sun, beat for the seeds, removed the impurities, and dried again. Medicinal Properties: The products are oblong, slightly compressed, large on one end, 5–8 mm long, 3–5 mm in diameter, purplish red, slightly glossy. The hila are at one end, linear, white, about 2/3 of the total length, with a longitudinal groove in the middle and an inconspicuous ridge on the back. It is hard and not easy to be

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broken. Two milky white cotyledons can be seen when the testa is broken. It is odorless and slightly sweet in taste. The products plump and purple red are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet, sour in taste, neutral in property, belonging to the meridians of heart and small intestine. Functions: Clearing dampness and heat, promoting diuresis, discharging pus and reducing swelling, it’s often used for treatment of edema, beriberi, nephritis, dysuria, sore and soil. Dosage: 9–60 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Prescription Sample(s): Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: chronic nephritis: Vigna angularis 90 g, red peanuts (peanuts with red skin) 60 g, brown sugar 60 g, red dates 20 pieces (broken kernels), cooked and taken once a day, preferably before breakfast, for 3–5 months. It is suitable for patients of chronic nephritis with red blood cells and tubular type in urine test, as well as those with high urinary protein, but with weaker curative effect than the former.

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10.26  Family: Papilionaceae 10.26.1  Vigna minima Chinese Name(s): zei xiao dou, shan lv dou. Source: This medicine is the seeds of Vigna minima (Vigna minima (Roxb.) Ohwi et H. Ohashi [Phaseolus minimus Roxb.]). Morphology: The plant is an annual twining herb. Its stems are slender, glabrous, or sparsely hairy. The leaves are pinnately compound, 3-foliolate. The stipules are lanceolate, ca. 4  mm long, peltate and sparsely hirsute. The leaflets are greatly variable in shape and size, ovate, ovate lanceolate, lanceolate or linear, 2.5–7  ×  0.8–3  cm, apically acute to obtuse, basally rounded or broadly cuneate, nearly glabrous or sparsely strigose on both surfaces. The racemes are slender. The peduncles are far longer than the petioles, usually 3–4 flowered. The bracteoles are

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linear or linear lanceolate. The calyxes are campanulate, ca. 3 mm long, with 5 lobes of different sizes, which are strigose on margins. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are extremely curved, nearly rounded, ca. 10 × 8 mm. The keel petals are with long and acute auricles. The legumes are cylindrical, 3.5–6.5 × ca. 0.4 cm, glabrous, retroconvoluted when cracked. There are 4–8 seeds, which are oblong, ca. 4 × 2 mm, dark gray. The hila are linear, protruding, 3 mm long. The flowering and fruiting period is from August to October. Habitat: It grows on the roadsides, in the fields, and in the wildernesses. Distribution: It’s distributed in North, southeast to south of China, as well as in countries of Japan and the Philippines. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds are harvested in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bitter in taste, cool in property. Functions: Promoting diuresis and dispelling dampness, harmonizing blood and discharging pus, reducing swelling and detoxicating, it’s often used for treatment of edema and carbuncle. Dosage: 20–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use.

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10.27  Family: Papilionaceae 10.27.1  Vigna radiata Chinese Name(s): lv dou. Source: This medicine is the seeds of Vigna radiata (Vigna radiata (Linn.) Wilczek [Phaseolus radiatus Linn.]). Morphology: The plant is an annual erect herb, sometimes slightly twining apically, brownish villous. The leaves 3-foliolate. The terminal leaflets are broadly ovate, 6–10  cm in length, apically acuminate. The lateral leaflets are oblique, 4–10 × 2.5–7.5 cm, sparsely pilose on both surfaces. The stipules are large, broadly ovate, ca. 1 cm in length. The stipels are linear. The racemes are axillary. The peduncles are shorter than or as long as the petioles. The bracteoles are linear-lanceolate or oblong. The calyxes are obliquely campanulate, 4 lobed, with the lowest lobes being the longest and subglabrous. The corollas are yellow, ca. 1 cm long. The flag petals are reniform. The wing petals are with tapering claws. The claws of keel petals are truncated. There 10 stamens, diadelphous. The ovaries are sessile, densely villous. The legumes are linear-terete, black at maturity, 6–10 × ca. 0.6 cm, shortly hispid with pale brown hairs. The seeds are oblong, greenish or yellow-brown. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting from August. Habitat: It’s cultivated. Distribution: It’s cultivated in North and south of China, and all over the world. Acquisition and Processing: The seeds are harvested when mature and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The dried seeds are oblong, 4–6 mm, adaxially greenish yellow or dark green, lustrous. The hila are white, linear protuberant, located at the upper end of one side, ca. 1/3 of the seed length. The testae are thin and tough, after peeling off, it shows light yellowish green or yellowish white kernel. There are 2 thick cotyledons. It is solid, not fragile, slightly odored and sweet in taste and beany after chewing. The products dry, big, plump, yellow green and without impurities are better in quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet in taste, cool in property, belonging to the meridians of heart and stomach. Functions: Clearing heat, detoxicating, relieving summer heat and promoting diuresis, it’s often used for treatment of heatstroke, thirst, edema, diarrhea, erysipelas, carbuncle, and drug poisoning. Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water or ground for juice and taken orally. For external treatment, it’s ground to powder for application. Prescription Sample(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: prevention of heatstroke: appropriate amount of Vigna radiata, decocted in water for oral use. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: summer heat and thirst: Vigna radiata taste 12 g, 30 g fresh lotus leaf 30 g, Flos dolichoris 9 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: toadstool poisoning: Vigna radiata 30–120 g, dandelion, Folium isatidis, Lithospermum root 30–60 g respectively, Honeysuckle 30 g, Radix glycyrrhizae 9–15 g, decocted in water for oral use. Take one dose each day, and the dosage should be reduced for chidren. Other formulas: Vigna radiata 90 g, Radix glycyrrhizae 9 g, decocted in water for oral use. Or Vigna radiata 30–120 g smashed, soaked in water, and taken orally. Annotation: The leaves of Vigna radiata are used to treat diarrhea, macula, furuncle, and scabies. The testae are used for clearing wind and heat, improving eyesight, and reducing swelling. The flowers are used to relieve alcloholism.

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10.28  Family: Papilionaceae 10.28.1  Wisteria sinensis Chinese Name (s): zi teng, teng luo Source: This medicine is made of the barks and flowers of Wisteria sinensis (Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet). Morphology: The plant is a deciduous liana. The stems often twine leftward. The leaves are imparipinnate, 15–25  cm long. The stipules are linear, caducous. There are 3–6 pairs of leaflets, which are papery, elliptic-ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 5–8 × 2–4 cm, with basal pair smallest and becoming larger apically. The apexes are

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acuminate to caudate and the bases are rounded, cuneate, or somewhat asymmetric. The young leaves are villous on both surfaces, but later become glabrescent. The petioles are 3–4 mm long, puberulous. The stipules are setose, 4–5 mm long, and persistent. The racemes are terminal or axillary from branchlets of previous year, 15–30 cm long, and 8–10 cm in diameter. The peduncles are white villous and the bracts are lanceolate, caducous. The flowers are 2–2.5 cm long and fragrant, with 2–3 cm long pedicels. The calyxes are cupular, 5–6×7–8 mm, densely puberulous, with two obtuse adaxial lobes and three ovate-triangular abaxial lobes. The corollas are purple. The flab petals are orbicular and apically emarginated, reflexed after anthesis, basally with two calluses. The wing petals are oblong and orbicular at the base. The keel petals are shorter than the wing petals, broadly falcate. The ovaries are linear, tomentose and the styles are glabrous, apically curved, with 6–8 ovules. The legumes are oblanceolate, 10–15 × 1.5–2 cm, tomentose, hanging on branches persistently. There are 1–3 seeds per legume, which are brown, lustrous, orbicular, 1.5 cm wide, and compressed. The flowering period is from April to May and flowering period from May to August. Habitat: It grows on mountain slopes and in shrubs. Distribution: It is distributed in provinces of Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan in China. Acquisition and Processing: The barks are collected in summer and autumn. The flowers are collected and dried in spring and summer. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It is sweet, bitter in taste and warm in nature, slightly poisonous. Functions: Promoting diuresis to alleviate water retention, relieving pain and killing entozoan, it is used to treat edema, joint pain, abdominal pain, and enterobiasis. Use and Dosage: 3–5 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. Annotation: The seeds contain cyanogen compound and can cause poisoning in case of overdose. Though it treats enterobiasis, it should not be taken over a long time.

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10.29  Family: Papilionaceae 10.29.1  Zornia gibbosa Chinese Name(s): ding kui cao, ren zi cao, er ye ren zi cao, wu ying yi cao, cang ying yi, pu di jin, lao ya cao. Source: This medicine is made of the whole plant of Zornia gibbosa ([Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers.]. Morphology: The plant is a perennial herb, which is slender and many branched, glabrous, sometimes with thick rhizome. The stipules are lanceolate, 1 mm long, glabrous, with visible veins and long auricles at the base. There are 2 folioles, which are ovate-oblong, obovate, or lanceolate, 0.8–1.5 cm long, sometimes up to 2.5 cm, apically acute to mucronate, basally oblique, glabrous on both surfaces, with brown or black abaxial glands. The racemes are axillary, 2–6  cm long, with 2–6(-10)

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flowers sparsely growing on the peduncles. There are 2 bracts, which are ovate, 6–7(-10) mm long, peltately adherent, with tricholoma and 5–6 visible vertical veins. The calyx lobes are 3 mm long. The corollas are yellow. The flag petals are with vertical veins. The wing petals and keel petals are smaller and clawed. The legumes are normally longer than the bracts, with only a few shorter than them. There are 2–6 septa, which are suborbiculate, 2(-4) mm long and wide, and visible veinlets and spines on the surface of the legumes. The flowering period is from April to July and the fruiting period from July to September. Habitat: It grows on dry open fields. Distribution: It is distributed in south of the Yangtze River in China, as well as in countries of Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, India, and Sri Lanka. Acquisition and Processing: The whole plants are collected in summer and autumn. cleaned and dried in the sun. Medicinal Properties: The whole plant is about 10~30 cm long. The stems are cespitose, slender, yellow-green, and glabrous. There are 2 herringbone folioles, which grow from the apex of the petioles. The folioles are oblong to lanceolate, greyish green, thickly papery, 0.5~1 × 0.2~0.4 cm, with pricky apexes, entire, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, and with black glands. The stipules are ovate-­lanceolate. It is slightly fragrant in odor and bland in tastes. The leafy and green ones are of good quality. Natural Taste and Meridian Tropism: It’s sweet and bland in taste, cold in nature, belonging to the meridians of lungs and liver. Functions: Clearing heat and relieving exterior syndromes, cooling blood and detoxicating, eliminating dampness, and promoting diuresis, it’s often used for treatment of common cold due to wind-heat, sore throat, acute jaundice hepatitis, acute gastroenteritis, acute appendicitis, infantile malnutrition, acute mastitis, and eye conjunctivitis. For external use, it treats injury from knocks and falls, carbuncle and furuncle, and venomous snake bite. Use and Dosage: 15–30 g per dose, decocted in water for oral use. For external treatment, appropriate amounts of fresh plants are mashed for application to the affected areas. Prescription example(s): 1. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: acute mastitis: Zornia gibbosa 30~60  g, a dace fish (100 g or so), added with 3 bowls of water, decocted down to 1 bowl. Take it in 1 dose or 2. 2. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: common cold due to wind-heat: Zornia gibbosa 15 g, Aster novi-belgii 15 g and Caulis lonicerae japonicae 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 3. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: jaundice: Zornia gibbosa 60 g and Plantain 30 g, decocted in water for oral use. 4. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: hepatitis: Zornia gibbosa 15  g, Hypericum japonicum 15 g, and Polygala japonica 6 g, decocted in water for oral use.

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5. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: infantile malnutrition: Zornia gibbosa 9–15 g stewed with 60–120 g of lean pork to eat. 6. Clinical symptoms and diagnoses: venomous snakebite: Fresh Zornia gibbosa mashed for juice. Take 20–30 ml per day in 3–4 times and apply the dregs to the wound and the area round.

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Suggested Readings 1. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Part 1) [S], The Medicine Science and Technology Press of China, 2015. 2. Chinese medicinal plants, Vol. 1-30 [M], China Chemical Industry Press, 2015~2020. 3. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 1 [M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1975. 4. Xie Z W et al. Compilation of The National Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 2 [M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1975.

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5. Editorial Committee of Chinese Materia Medica of Guangdong. Chinese Materia Medica of Guangdong, Vol. 1 [M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science & Technology Press, 1994. 6. Editorial Committee of Chinese Materia Medica of Guangdong. Chinese Materia Medica of Guangdong, Vol. 2 [M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong Science & Technology Press, 1994. 7. Ye H G, Zeng F Y et al. Medicinal plants of south china [M]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 2013. 8. Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine. Hunan Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. 1 [M]. Changsha: Hunan People's Publishing House, 1962. 9. Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine. Hunan Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. 2 [M]. Changsha: Hunan People's Publishing House, 1962. 10. Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine. Hunan Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. 3 [M]. Changsha: Hunan People's Publishing House, 1962. 11. Wu Z Y et al. List of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Yunnan [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1993. 12. China National Traditional Chinese Medicine Corporation. Main Record of Chinese medicine Resources in China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 13. Fang D et al. List of medicinal plants in Guangxi [M]. Nanning: Guangxi People’s Publishing house,1986. 14. National Chinese Medicine Authority “Chinese Materia Medica” Editorial Board. Chinese Materia Medica: Mongolian Medicine Volume [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2005. 15. National Chinese Medicine Authority “Chinese Materia Medica” Editorial Board. Chinese Materia Medica: Uighur Medicine Volume [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2005. 16. Yi S Y et al. List of medicinal plants in Chongqing [M]. Chongqing: Chongqing Press, 2009. 17. China National Traditional Chinese Medicine Corporation. The Chinese Traditional Medicine Resource [M]. Beijing: Science Press,1995. 18. China National Traditional Chinese Medicine Corporation. The Chinese Traditional Medicine Resource Records [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 19. Liang G L, Yi S Y et al. Wild Medicinal Plant Resources in Jinfo Mountain [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 2013. 20. Chen S C, Tan J, Dai C Y et al. Medicinal Flora of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River [M]. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2016. 21. Wan D G. Sichuan authentic Chinese herbal Materia Medica [M]. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 2005. 22. Li Y H et al. Field Handbook of medicinal plant in Xinjiang [M]. Urumqi: Xinjiang People’s Saitary Press, 2013. 23. Zhu Y C. Medicinal plants in North China [M]. Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House, 1989. 24. Editorial Committee of Flora of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Flora of China. Vol. 1-80 (126 Volumes.) [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1959-2004.

Correction to: Common Chinese Materia Medica – Volume 4 Huagu Ye

Correction to: Common Chinese Materia Medica Volume 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6 The Front matter was inadvertently published with error. The funding information “B&R Book Program” has been updated in the FM. The book have been updated with these changes.

The updated version of the book can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-­981-­16-­5884-­6 © Chemical Industry Press 2022 H. Ye et al. (eds.), Common Chinese Materia Medica, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5884-6_11

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